6.

FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DE-MODULATION

AIM: To obtain the process of Frequency modulation and measure the modulation index, and also to observe the demodulation of FM signal. APPARATUS: 1. Signal generator 2. !" #. $ %!&22'( ). !esistors *. apacitors. (. onnecting +ires ,probes THEORY: Modulation is concerned +ith changing some characteristics of a high frequency carrier +ave in accordance +ith the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted. Frequency modulation is a system in +hich the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance +ith the amplitude variations of the message signal- +here as the amplitude of the carrier remains unaltered. $n FM the information is being carried by the carrier in its frequency variations and not in amplitude. This is a great advantage in FM because the noise generally affects the amplitudes of the +aveform. The mathematical representation of FM is .et us consider modulating signal m /t0 1 vm cos 2 m t The instantaneous frequency of the resulting FM signal is given by f 1 fc /1 3 4 vm cos 2 m t0 5here fc 1 un modulated carrier 61 proportionality constant vm cos 2 m t 1modulating voltage The maximum deviation for this particular signal +ill occur +hen the cosine term has its maximum value, i.e 37& 1. 8nder these conditions the instantaneous frequency +ill be f 1 fc /137&4 vm 0 So that the maximum deviation 9 +ill be given by 9 1 4 vm fc The quantity 9 is called the frequency deviation and the ratio of the frequency deviation 9 to the modulation frequency fm is commonly called the modulation index of the FM signal. There fore modulation index /m f 0 1 frequency deviation /90 Modulating frequency 1 fm The FM signal is given by v 1 : cos ;2 ct3 m f sin /2 m t0< =epending on the value of the modulation index m f the frequency modulation distinguishes t+o cases. >arro+ band FM? For +hich mf small compared to one radian. 5ide band FM? For +hich mf is large compared to one radian.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. S+itch on the po+er supply of the 4it /+ithout ma4ing any connections0. 2. Measure the frequency of the carrier signal at the FM output terminal +ith input terminals open and plot the same on graph. #. onnect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram. ). :pply the modulating signal of *''@A +ith 1Bp&p. *. Trace the modulated +ave on the .!." , plot the same on graph. (. Find the modulation index by measuring minimum and maximum frequency deviations from the carrier frequency using the !". C. S is maximum Frequency deviation D. Mf is modulating signal frequency E. !epeat the steps *, ( by changing the amplitude and 7or frequency of the modulating Signal. 1'. For demodulation apply the modulated signal as an input to demodulator circuit and compare the demodulated signal +ith the input modulating signal , also dra+ the same on the graph. OBSERVATIONS: S.No I/P(V) Fc H F! H F!"# H F!$% H F!"#F!$% F&'(. )'*$"+$o % Mo) $%)'#

MODEL ,AVE FORMS:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. onnection must be tight. 2. >ote the output +ave forms carefully. RESULT: The output characteristics demodulation are obtained of Frequency modulation and

VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. =efine frequency modulationF 2. Mention the advantages of indirect method of FM generationF #. =efine modulation index and frequency deviation of FMF ). 5hat are the advantages of FMF *. 5hat is narro+ band FMF (. ompare narro+ band FM and +ide band FMF C. =ifferentiate FM and :MF D. @o+ FM +ave can be converted into GM +aveF E. State the principle of reactance tube modulatorF 1'. =ra+ the circuit of varactor diode modulatorF 11. 5hat is the band+idth of FM systemF 12. 5ant is the function of FM discriminatorF 1#. @o+ does ratio detector differ from fosterseely discriminatorF 1). 5hat is meant by linear detectorF 1*. 5hat are the dra+bac4s of slope detector

-. AGC CHARACTERISTICS
AIM: To obtain the characteristics of :utomatic Hain APPARATUS: 1. :H characteristics trainer. 2. .!." /#' MhI,dual trace0. #. Gatch cards. ). !" probes BLOC. DIAGRAM: ontrol

THEORY: The purpose of automatic gain control is to vary the overall gain of a radio a receiver +ith the changing strength of the received signal to 4eep the output signal substantially constant. The :M detector used in the :M receiver is a simple half +ave rectifier +hich produces a d .c level that is proportional to the average signal level. This d.c level is put through an !. lo+ pass filter to remove the audio signal and then applied to bias the base of the !F and or $F amplifier stage. The time constant of the filter must be such that it is at least 1' times longer than the period of the lo+est modulation frequency received, +hich is usually around *'@A or about .2*.$f +e increase the time constant, it +ill give better filtering. The requirements of :H are 1. $mprove the tuning of +ea4 stations. 2. $t enables the user to a station +ithout constantly monitoring the volume control. #. $t is important for mobile receiver.

). $t helps to smooth out the rapid fading +hich may occur +ith long distance short +ave reception. The significant difference bet+een JKT and FLT receivers , rom the :H point of vie+, is that in the JKT case bias current is fed bac4 +hereas in case of FLT voltage bias is use)d.$t is again clear that the detector has been used to rectify the positive portion. $n order to have been better understanding of :H action +e consider t+o received :M signals/on corresponds to +ea4 signal , another strong signal0.The purpose of :H is to provide an output +ithout any appreciable change for these varing signal strengths. PROCEDURE: 1. S+itch on the trainer. 2. :dMust amplitude and frequency of :F generator to 2' mv , frequency 2 4hI . #. connect :F "7G of :F generator to the :F i7p of :F amplifier. ). onnect :H i7p terminal to H>=. *. Measure i7p signal voltage and o7p signal voltage. (. Bary i7p signal level and ta4e o7p values each time. C. S+itch on the :H and connect :H i7p to :H control. D. Set = bias voltage to '.*v. E. Measure :F o7p voltage for the same i7p levels of signal as in step (. 1'. Tabulate the readings and dra+ the i7p and o7p curves for simple :H and +ith out :H for the :F amplifier. 11. repeat the same procedure for different frequencies of the i7p signal. OBSERVATIONS: S.NO F $% V$% Vo /$+0 o1+ AGC Vo /$+0 AGC

MODEL ,AVEFORMS:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. :void loose connections. 2. :void shorting of supply terminals to ground. RESULT: :H haracteristics are obtained.

VIVA QUESTIONS? 1. 2. #. ). *. 5hat is meant by :H F @o+ many types of :H s are availableF 5hich type of feed bac4 is used in :H F 5hat is the effect of :H on the linearity of the circuitF 5hat are the disadvantages of :H F

2. SAMPLING THEOREM - VERIFICATION

AIM: To sample the given input signal at different sampling rates and reconstruct the original signal by passing through a lo+ pass filter . APPARATUS:

1. Sampling and reconstructing trainer 4it.

2. .!." #. onnecting +ires, Grobes THEORY: Sampling is a process by +hich a continuous time signal is converted in to a discrete time signal. This can be accomplished by representing continuous time signal at discrete number of points- these points are determined by the sampling period i.e. the samples of x /t0 can be obtained at discrete points T 1 nt +here T & sampling period n & no. of positive integers t & Time

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. onnections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. :n input of continuous&time signal +ill be given to the input terminal of the trainer. #. The discrete&time signals are observed at the 3"!45') o1+41+6 and holding outputs are observed at Ho5) o1+41+ terminal. ). Jy selecting of different sampling frequencies sampling outputs are observed. *. Jy giving this sampled output to J8TTL! 5"!T@ ."5 G:SS F$.TL! +e can observe the reconstructed output i.e. nothing but a continuous&time signal. OUTPUT ,AVE FORMS:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. onnections must be tight.

2. 5aveforms must be note carefully VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. Hive the statement of sampling theoremF 2. 5hat do you mean by >yquist intervalF #. 5hat is meant by Huard bandF ). 5hat is meant by :perture effectF *. =ra+ the sampled output of an analog signal in frequency &domainF (. 5hat is meant by :liasing effectF C. 5hich filters are used to attenuate the aliasing effectF D. 5hat are the different types of sampling techniquesF E. 5hat is meant by >yquist rateF 1'. =efine sampling theorem in time& domainF 11. RESULT: @ence sampling theorem is verified.

7.PULSEAMPLITUDE MODULATION 8DEMODULATION

AIM ? To generate a Gulse amplitude modulated signal and also demodulate the original signal. APPARATUS ? 1. 2. #. ). *. (. THEORY? $n pulse :mplitude Modulation the amplitude of the carrier pulses varies in accordance +ith the instantaneous values of message signal and the pulse +idth is fixed, in practice this is realiIed by a simple mechanical commutator or by electronic circuit. >atural G:M signal sampling occurs +hen finite +idth is used in the modulators and tops of the pulses are forced to follo+ the magnitude of modulating +aveform. Flat tapped G:M system is quite often used because of the generating the modulating +aveform and spectrum. Finite +idth pulses are used but they are flat topped after modulation. !econstruction of original signal is possible by passing the modulated signal through a lo+ pass filter. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ? J 1'C transistor&1 1'6N resistors &2 Function generators&2 !" Jread board onnecting +ires, probes

PROCEDURE? 1. onnections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Modulating signal is given to a collector terminal of a J 1'C transistors and carrier signal of @igh frequency is given to a base terminal of a transistor and s+itch "> the po+er supply. #. Then the modulated out put is observed across the transistor emitter terminal. ). The output characteristics of a G:M signal is plotted on a graph.

OUTPUT ,AVEFORM?

PRECAUTIONS? 1. onnections must be tight. 2. The +idth of the signal must be noted carefully. VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. 5hat are the classifications of pulse modulation techniquesF 2. 5hat is the transmission band+idth of Gulse amplitude modulationF #. 5hat are the =ra+ bac4s in Gulse amplitude modulated signalF ). 5hat do you mean by synchroniIation in G:MF *. 5rite the standard equation of a G:M in frequency domainF (. 5hat is meant by :perture effectF C. =ra+ the frequency spectrum of a G:M signalF D. 5hat is the time domain representation of a G:M signalF E. 5hat are the maMor differences bet+een G:M ,G5MF 1'. 5hich type of sampling technique is used in G:M signalF RESULT? The output characteristic of a Gulse amplitude modulated7demodulated signal is obtained.

9:.P,M6PPM-Mo). 8 D'!o) 9:."). PULSE ,IDTH MODULATION 8 DEMODULATION

AIM: To construct pulse +idth modulation circuit and observe modulation and demodulation. APPARATUS ? 1. 2. #. ). *. (. C. D. E. $ *** timer &1 1'4N resistor&1 )C6N resistor&1 '.'1Of capacitor&1 3 *v po+er supply Function generator Jread board onnecting +ires, probes !"

THEORY: $f the +idths of the pulses are varying in accordance +ith the modulating signal it is called pulse +idth modulation. $n Gulse +idth modulation, the amplitude of the pulses is constant. Heneration of G5M the in put modulating signal is given to non & inverting terminal of op&amp .the op&amp no+ compares +ith both the input signals. The output of the comparator is high only +hen instantaneous value of input modulating signal is grater then that of sa+ tooth +aveform. 5hen sa+ tooth +aveform voltage is grater then input modulating signal at that instant the out put of the comparator remains Iero i.e. in negative saturation. Thus out put of comparator is G5M signal. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ?

PROCEDURE? 1. onnection is made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Bary the control voltage /'&*0 v and observe the corresponding change in output square 5aveform using !". #. hange in control voltage changes the +idth of the square +ave. ). >ote do+n the T&"> and T&"FF. *. Glot the observed +aveform. OUTPUT ,AVEFORM?

PRECAUTIONS? 1. onnections must be tight. 2. The +idth of the signal must be noted carefully. VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. 5hat are the different types of GTM systemsF 2. 5hat is the other name of Gulse +idth modulationF #. 5hat do you mean by pulse time modulationF ). 5hat is the comparison bet+een the G:M and G5MF *. 5hat is the definition of G5MF (. 5hat is the transmission band+idth of G5M signalF C. 5hich type sampling technique is used in G5MF D. 5hat are the applications of G5M modulation techniqueF RESULT? Gulse +idth modulation circuit is constructed and modulation , demodulation are observed.

9:.;)PULSE POSITIONMODULATION8 DEMODULATION

AIM ? To generate a Gulse position modulated7demodulated signal by using *** timers. APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. $ *** timer &2 1'4N !esistor& 2 1 4N !esistor &1 '.'1Of capacitor&2 '.1Of capacitor Function generator .Jread board onnecting +ires, probes !"

THEORY? GGM can be considered version of G=M in G=M, long pulses expend considerable po+er during the pulse +hile bearing no additional information. $f an arrangement is made so that the unused po+er could be subtracted from the G=M, +e get a more efficient pulse modulation. $n GGM the position of a pulse relative to its unmodulated time of occurrence is varied in accordance +ith the message signal GGM may be obtained from G5M, in +hich the position of G5M pulses are position modulated. Thus these pulses +ill have time displacement proportional to the instantaneous value of the signal voltage. The simplest method of generation of GGM from G5M is to use a monostable multivibrator. $t is to be designed in such a+ay that it triggers the trailing edges of a G5M signal. $f a G5M signal is applied at the inputs, the output +ill be obviously a pulse position modulated signal +hose duration +ill be determined by the timing circuit of multivibrator. For demodulation of GGM, first it converted into G5M +ith help of flip&flop, and then it is demodulated. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ?

PROCEDURE: 1. onnections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. The supply 3*v are applied to pin) and pinD. #. The pins 2,( are stored for self triggering. ). The message signal of *''@I, 2v pp amp& is applied to pin&*. *. The output is observed on on graph sheet. !" at pin&#. !" and are plotted (. The input and output +aveforms are rated from

OUTPUT ,AVEFORMS:

VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. =efine GGMF 2. 5hat are the differences bet+een GGM , G5MF #. 5hich type of sampling technique is used in GGMF ). The Multivibrator used in GGM isF *. Gulse duration of GGM isF (. $n GGM the position is proportionally varied in +hich parameter of the modulating signalF RESULT? @ence the Gulse position modulated7demodulated signal is obtained.

99. PHASE LOC.ED LOOP

AIM ? To study and design the Ghase loc4ed loop. APPARATUS: 1. Ghase .oc4ed .oop trainer 4it 2. Function generator. #. .!.". ). onnecting +ires *. Grobs and patch cards BLOC. DIAGRAM:

3B

&B

THEORY: The phase loc4ed principle has been used in applications such as FM,stereo de coders, motor speed control ,FM de modulators ,FS6 decoders and generation of local oscillator frequencies in TB and FM tuners. The phase loc4ed loop is having three basic bloc4s +ith feed bac4 system. "ne is a phase comparator, a lo+ pass filter and a voltage& controlled &oscillator. The bloc4 diagram is as sho+n. P0"3' )'+'c+o&? The function of phase detector is to compare the $7p signal f in +ith the feed bac4 signal fout. There fore the o7p of phase detector is proportional to the phase difference bet+een fin and fout. Jut the o7p voltage of the phase detector is =. voltage and is often referred as the error voltage. Lo/ 4"33 <$5+'&: The o7p signal of phase detector is fed to the i7p of lo+ pass filter. The function of the lo+ pass filter is to remove the high frequencies and it allo+s only the lo+ frequency signals. $t produces a =. level. V.C.O: The o7p of lo+ pass filter is fed to the vco is a sine or square +ave oscillator having a free running frequency that can be determined by an external ! time constant. the vco frequency is compared +ith the $7p frequencies and adMusted until it is equal to the $7p frequencies. $n other +ords the G.. goes through three states 1. Free & running state 2. apture and #. Ghase loc4. $f no signal is applied then G..is in free& running state. "nce the $7p frequency is applied the vco frequency starts to change and the G.. is said to be in the capture mode. The vco frequency continues to change until it equals the $7p frequency and the G.. is said to be in phase loc4ed state. f$> F"8T PHASE DETECTOR LOW PASS FILTER

V.C.O

FLL= J: 6 G:T@ R'5"+$o% 30$4 ;'+/''% Fo1+6FL "%) Fc: .oc4 range f. apture range fc F out 1.*4 2.)##42.*4 2.*((4 #.*4

PROCEDURE: (F!LL !8>>$>H F!LP8L> Q0 1. S+itch on the trainer and measure the output of the regulated po+er supplies i.e., 312B and R*B 2. "bserve the output of the square +ave generator&using oscilloscope and measure the frequency range. The frequency range should be around 16@I to 1'6@I. #. alculate the free running frequency range of the circuit for different values of timing capacitor and !t. ). onnect '.1OF capacitor / 0 to the circuit and open the loop by removing short bet+een pin ) and * . Measure the minimum and maximum free running frequencies obtainable at the output of the G.. /Gin )0by varying the pot. ompare your results +ith your calculation from step # /theoretical value0. Simultaneously you can observe the output signal using !". Table 1? 1 FREE RUNNING FREQUENCY

LOC. RANGE: *. alculate the loc4 range of the circuit for a *6@I free running frequency and record in table 1.2. (. onnect pins ),* +ith the help of springs and adMust potentiometer to get a free running frequency of *6@I . onnect square +ave generator output to the input of G.. circuit. Grovide a *6@I square signal of 1 Bpp approximately /ma4e this input frequency as close to the Bcc frequency as possible0. C. "bserve the input , "utput of the G... D. "bserve the input and output frequencies +hile slo+ly increasing the frequency of the square +ave at the input. For some range output and input are equal /This is 4no+n as loc4 !ange and G.. is said to be in loc4 +ith the input signal0. !ecord the frequency at +hich the G.. brea4s loc4. /"utput frequency of the G.. +ill be around B " frequency and in oscilloscope you +ill see a Mittery

+aveform +hen it brea4s loc4 instead of clean square +ave0. This frequency is called as upper end of the loc4 range and records this as F2. E. Jeginning at *6@I, slo+ly decrease the frequency of the input and determine the frequency at +hich the G.. brea4s loc4 on the lo+ end record it as F1 1'. Find the loc4 range from F2 S F1 and compare +ith the theoretical values from step*. LOC. RANGE TABLE 9.=:

CAPTURE RANGE: 11. alculate the capture range of the circuit for a *6@I free&running frequency /consider filter capacitor / 0 is '.1OF0. 12. 5ith the oscilloscope and counter still on pin ), slo+ly increase the input frequency from minimum /say 16@I0, !ecord frequency /as F#0 at +hich the input and output frequencies of the G.. are equal, this is 4no+n as lo+er end of the capture range. 1#. >o+ 4eep input frequency at maximum possible /say 1'6@I0 and slo+ly reduce and record the frequency /as F)0 at +hich the input and output frequencies of G.. are equal. This is 4no+n as upper end of the capture range. 1). Find capture range from F) S F# and compare it +ith the theoretical value /from step110 1*. !epeat the steps from 11 to 1) +ith value '.2OF CAPTURE RANGE:

OBSERVATIONS: Theoritical values Fin F. Fout11.27)!1 1 Gractical values F. /loc4&range0 Fc /capture range0

PRECAUTIONS: 1. onnection must be tight. 2. >ote the output +ave forms carefully. RESULT: The loc4 range and capture range is measured for the given fin by using Ghase .oc4ed .oop VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. 5hat are the applications of G..F 2. 5hat is a G..F #. 5hat is a B "F ). =efine the loc4 range of a G..F *. =efine the capture range of G..F (. Hive the expression for free running frequency f' of a G..F C. 5hat is meant by the free running frequency of a G..F D. Hive the formulae for the loc4 range and capture range of the G..F

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB. 9. GENERATION OF BASIC SIGNALS USING MATLAB

AIM : To generate basic signals li4e unit impulse, unit step, unit ramp signal and Lxponential signals. R'(1$&'!'%+3 : omputer +ith M:T.:J soft+are /a0. Grogram for the generation of 8>$T impulse signal clc- close all- clear allf1&2?1?2y1;Ieros/1,20,ones/1,10,Ieros/1,20< figure/10 subplot/2,2,10stem/f,y0title/Tunit impulseT0/b0. Grogram for the generation of 8>$T step signal clc- close all- clear alln1input/Tenter the n valueT0f1'?1?n&1y1ones/1,n0figure/20 subplot/2,2,20stem/f,y0title/Tunit stepT0/c0.Grogram for the generation of unit !:MG signal clc- close all- clear alln1input/Tenter the n valueT0f1'?ny1ones/1,n0figure/#0 subplot/2,2,#0stem/f,f0title/Tunit rampT0-

/d0.Grogram for the generation of Lxponential signal clc- close all- clear alln1input/Tthe length of i7p sequencyT0f1'?n a1input/Tenter the a valueT0y1exp/aUf0figure/)0 subplot/2,2,)0- stem/f,y0xlabel/Tx&axisT0- ylabel/Ty&axisT0title/Tunit exponentialT0 OUTPUT: y1 ' ' 1 ' '

Lnter the n value ( Lnter the n value C The length of i7p value * f1 ' 1 2 # ) * (

Lnter the a value 2

u n it im p u ls e 1 0 .8 0 .6 0 .4 0 .2 0 2 1 0 u n it r a m p 6 y a x is 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 .8 0 .6 0 .4 0 .2 0 0 2 4 6 u n it s te p

u n it e x p o n e n tia l

0 0

2 x a x is

FIG? Jasic signals li4e unit impulse, unit step, unit ramp signal and Lxponential signals

R'315+: @ence +e generate basic signals li4e unit impulse, unit step, unit ramp signal and Lxponential signals.

=. AMPLITUDE MODULATION 8 DEMODULATION

AIM? To generate the amplitude modulated signal and also calculate the
modulation index R'(1$&'!'%+3 : omputer +ith M:T.:J soft+are. P&o>&"!: for the generation of amplitude modulated signal. ?"!45$+1)' !o)15"+$o% clcclear allclose allf1*''fc1*'''fs1DUfcts117fst1'?ts?D7fm1cos/2UpiUfUt0c1cos/2UpiUfcUt0s1c3m.Ucs11s.Ucsubplot/),1,10plot/t,m0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/Tmessage signalT0subplot/),1,20plot/t,c0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/Tcarrier signalT0subplot/),1,#0plot/t,s0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/T:mplitude modulated signalT0d1s.Ucsubplot/),1,)0plot/t,d0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/Tdemoduated signalT0

Fig? :mplitude Modulation R'315+? @ence +e generate the amplitude modulated signal and acalculated the modulation index

@. SINGLE SIDEBAND SYSTEM

AIM: To study the generation of single side band /SSJ0 amplitude modulation and de& modulation. R'(1$&'!'%+3 : omputer +ith M:T.:J soft+are. P&o>&"!: Vsingle side band system clcclear allclose all:c11f1*''fc1*'''fs1DUfcts117fst1'?ts?D7fm1cos/2UpiUfUt0c1cos/2UpiUfcUt0s11:c72U/m.Uc&hilbert/m0.Usin/2UpiUfcUt00s21:c72U/m.Uc3hilbert/m0.Usin/2UpiUfcUt00subplot/*,1,10plot/t,m0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/Tmessage signalT0subplot/*,1,20plot/t,c0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/Tcarrier signalT0subplot/*,1,#0plot/t,s10xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/TSSJ +ith 8pper sideband signalT0d1s1.Ucsubplot/*,1,)0plot/t,s20xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/TSSJ +ith lo+erside band signalT0-

subplot/*,1,*0plot/t,d0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/Tdemodulated signalT0-

Fig? SSJ SQSTLM !esult? @ence +e generated single side band /SSJ0 amplitude modulation and de& modulation.

A.DOUBLE SIDE BAND SYSTEM

AIM: To obtain the output characteristics of a =ouble side band& Suppressed carrier :M modulation and demodulation R'(1$&'!'%+3 : omputer +ith M:T.:J soft+are. P&o>&"!:

Vdouble side band suppressed carrier clcclear allclose allf1*''fc1*'''fs1DUfcts117fst1'?ts?D7fm1cos/2UpiUfUt0c1cos/2UpiUfcUt0s1m.Ucsubplot/),1,10plot/t,m0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/Tmessage signalT0subplot/),1,20plot/t,c0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/Tcarrier signalT0subplot/),1,#0plot/t,s0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/T=SJS signalT0d1s.Ucsubplot/),1,)0plot/t,d0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/Tdemodulated signalT0-

Fig? =SJ SQSTLM

!esult? @ence +e obtained the output characteristics of a =ouble side band& Suppressed carrier :M modulation and demodulation

B.FREQUENCY MODULATION
A$!? To generate a frequency modulation and demodulation signal using Matlab Source. R'(1$&'!'%+3 : omputer +ith M:T.:J soft+are P&o>&"!: Vfrequency mopdulation clcclear allclose allac1*f1*''fc1*'''fs1DUfcts117fst1'?ts?D7fm1cos/2UpiUfUt0c1cos/2UpiUfcUt0s1acUcos/2UpiUfcUt3*Usin/2UpiUfUt00subplot/#,1,10plot/t,m0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/Tmessage signalT0subplot/#,1,20plot/t,c0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/Tcarrier signalT0subplot/#,1,#0plot/t,s0xlabel/TtimeT0ylabel/TmagnitudeT0title/TFM signalT0-

Fig? F!LP8L> Q M"=8.:T$"> , =L M"=8.:T$">

!esult? @ence +e generate a frequency modulation and demodulation signal using Matlab Source.

6. PULSE ,IDTH MODULATION

AIM: To construct pulse +idth modulation circuit and observe modulation and demodulation. R'(1$&'!'%+3 : omputer +ith M:T.:J soft+are. P&o>&"!:

Vpulse +idth modulation clcclear allclose allfc11'''fs1)Ufcts117fsf12''t1'?ts?*7fx1.)Usin/2UpiUfUt03.*s1modulate/x,fc,fs,Tp+mT0subplot/#,1,10plot/x0subplot/#,1,20plot/s0d1demod/s,fc,fs,Tp+mT0subplot/#,1,#0plot/d0-

Fig? G8.SL 5$=T@ M"=8.:T$"> !esult? @ence +e constructed pulse +idth modulation circuit and observed modulation and demodulation.

-. PULSE AMPLITUDE MODUATION

AIM ? To generate a Gulse amplitude modulated signal and also demodulate the original signal. R'(1$&'!'%+3 : omputer +ith M:T.:J soft+are. P&o>&"!:

Vpulse amplitude modulation clcclear allclose allf1*''fs112Ufts117fst1'?ts?*7fx1'.)Ucos/2UpiUfUt03.*c1square/2UpiUfUt,'.*0subplot/2,1,10plot/x0subplot/2,1,20s1x.Ucstem/abs/s00-

Fig? Gulse :mplitude Modulation

R'315+? @ence +e generate a Gulse amplitude modulated signal and also demodulate the original signal.

2. PULSE POSITION MODULATION

AIM ? To generate a Gulse position modulated7demodulated signal using Matlab source R'(1$&'!'%+3 : omputer +ith M:T.:J soft+are. P&o>&"!: Vpulse position mosulation clcclear allclose allfc11'''fs1)Ufcts117fsf12''t1'?ts?*7fx1.)Usin/2UpiUfUt03.*s1modulate/x,fc,fs,TppmT,'.(0subplot/#,1,10plot/x0subplot/#,1,20plot/s0d1demod/s,fc,fs,TppmT,'.(0subplot/#,1,#0plot/d0-

Fig? G8.SL G"S$T$"> M"=8:.T$">

!esult? @ence +e generated a Gulse position modulated7demodulated signal using Matlab source.

7. SAMPLING THEOREM
AIM: To sample the given input signal at different sampling rates and reconstruct the original signal by passing through a lo+ pass filter . R'(1$&'!'%+3 : omputer +ith M:T.:J soft+are. P&o>&"!: V sampling theorem clcclear allclose allfm11''fs1(''ts117fst1'?ts?1'7fmx1sin/2UpiUfmUt0subplot/),1,10stem/x0fx1fft/x0xr1ifft/fx0subplot/),1,20stem/xr0fm21)''x21sin/2UpiUfm2Ut0subplot/),1,#0stem/t,x20fx11fft/x20xr11ifft/fx10subplot/),1,)0stem/xr10-

Fig? S:MG.$>H T@L"!LM RESULT: @ence sampling theorem is verified.