PV Calibration Standards and Traceability

Hung-Sen Wu
Engineer, Center for Measurement Standards (CMS), Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) Lab Head, Photovoltaics Test Laboratory, CMS, ITRI Lab Head, Optical and Electrical Test Laboratory, CMS, ITRI Guest of IEC TC82 WG2

PV Calibration Standards and Traceability

Authors Name: Hung-Sen Wu Company Name: Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute (CMS/ ITRI)

Present Date: October 9, 2009

Outline
Introduction Status of PV standards Calibration system in the world Calibration Traceability Chain Conclusions

Introduction

Quality control of PV products

Safety
Reliability

Perform ance

Component reliability Safety Research

Performance Research

Testing equipment

Technical research

Product Research
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Product Certification

Calibration
operation establishing the relation between quantity values provided by measurement standards and the corresponding indications of a measuring systems, carried out under specified conditions and including evaluation of measurement uncertainty
Source: International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology (VIM), Draft April 2004

Metrological Traceability
property of a measurement result relating the result to a stated metrological reference through an unbroken chain of calibrations of a measuring system or comparisons, each contributing to a stated measurement uncertainty
International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology (VIM), Draft April 2004

Status of PV standards

IEC standards for PV modules (1)

Standards IEC 60904-1 IEC 60904-2 IEC60904-3 Title
Photovoltaic devices - Part 1: Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics Photovoltaic devices - Part 2: Requirements for reference solar devices Photovoltaic devices - Part 3: Measurement principles for terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) solar devices with reference spectral irradiance data Photovoltaic devices Part 4: Procedures for establishing the traceability of the calibration of reference solar devices Photovoltaic devices - Part 5: Determination of the equivalent cell temperature (ECT) of photovoltaic (PV) devices by the open-circuit voltage method

Status Ed.2 (2006) Ed.2 (2007) Ed.2 (2008)

IEC 60904-4 IEC 60904-5

Ed.1 (2009) Ed.1 (1993)

IEC standards for PV modules (1)

Standards IEC 60904-7 IEC 60904-8 IEC 60904-9 IEC 60904-10 IEC 60891 Title
Photovoltaic devices - Part 7: Computation of the spectral mismatch correction for measurements of photovoltaic devices Photovoltaic devices - Part 8: Measurement of spectral response of a photovoltaic (PV) device Photovoltaic devices - Part 9: Solar simulator performance requirements Photovoltaic devices - Part 10: Methods of linearity measurement Procedures for temperature and irradiance corrections to measured I-V characteristics of crystalline silicon photovoltaic devices

Status Ed.3 (2008) Ed.2 (1998) Ed.2 (2007) Ed.1 (1998) Ed.2: FDIS Ed.1 (1987) Ed.2: FDIS

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Characteristics of Photovoltaic device

Isc Voc Pmax Fill Factor (FF) Impp Vmpp
Isc Impp
Pmax

Vmpp

Voc

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Standard Test conditions (STC)

Irradiance: 1000 W/m2 Temperature: 25 Spectral Irradiance: AM 1.5G
Zenith
Zenith angle 48 37

AM1.5

Test area

Earth

Atmosphere

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I-V characteristics at STC condition

Spectral mismatch correction (60904-7)
Reference spectral irradiance (60904-3) Spectral response measurement (60904-8) I-V measurement (60904-1)
Solar simulator (60904-9) Reference cell/ module (60904-2/ 60904-4) Temperature measurement (60904-5)

T and I correction (60891)

Linearity measurement (60904-10)

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IEC 60904-1
Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics

Accuracy of I-V measurement: 0.2 % Accuracy of temperature measurement: 1 Coplanar with ref. device and specimen: 2 Uniformity of module temperature: 1 Simulated sunlight: Class BBB solar simulator according to IEC 60904-9

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IEC 60904-1
Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics

Apparatus
PV reference device or pyranometer Means for measuring temperature of reference device and test specimen Two-axis tracker (natural sunlight ) Solar simulator (Class BBB or better) or natural sun light spectroradiometer

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IEC 60904-1
Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics

Note:
Spectral mismatch correction when spectral response of ref. device and specimen are different Correction procedure for temperature and irradiance Calibration of measurement equipments Module temperature

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IEC 60904-2
Requirements for reference solar devices

Scope and object

Classification, marking, packaging, calibration of solar reference devices

Classification of reference devices

Primary reference devices
Based on radiometer or standard detector

Secondary reference devices

Calibrated against a primary reference devices

Working reference devices

Calibrated against a secondary reference devices
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World PV Scale (WPVS)

Purpose
Introduce a worldwide reference

Members
1st : PTB, NREL, AIST, TIPS (1993) 2nd: PTB, NREL, AIST, ISE, ESTI, CIEMAT (2003)

Procedures
Round-robin test with 20 primary reference solar cells (1st), and 43 solar cells(2nd)

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IEC 60904-2
Requirements for reference solar devices

WPVS design Stable Linear with irradiance 4-wire connections (Kelvin probe) Means for measuring T

Field of view not less than 160

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IEC 60904-3
Reference solar spectrum

IEC 60904-3
The spectrum is a simulated result calculated by SMARTS software.
Condition Atmospheric water content Atmospheric ozone content Turbidity@500nm Pressure CO2 concentration Ed.1(1989) 1.42 cm 0.34 cm 0.27 Ed.2(2008) 1.4164 cm 0.3438 0.084 1013.25 hPa 370 ppm

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IEC 60904-3
Reference solar spectrum

Spectral Irradiance(W/m /nm)

2.0
Ed.1 Ed.2

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

500

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Wavelength (nm)

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IEC 60904-7
Traceability Computation of the spectral mismatch correction for measurements of photovoltaic devices

Data:
AM 1.5 reference spectral irradiance data Spectral irradiance data of the solar simulator Relative spectral response data of reference module Relative spectral response data of the test module

Compute mismatch error (%)

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Spectral response measurement system

Source: KRISS

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IEC 60904-4
Traceability of the calibration of reference solar devices

Purpose Establish the traceability of photovoltaic reference solar devices to SI units as required by IEC 60904-2 Traceability Unbroken lines for the system Primary standard WRR Cryogenic trap detector Standard lamp
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Calibration system in the world

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Calibration value
Short-circuit current Irradiance correction Temperature correction Spectral mismatch correction

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Calibration method
Global sunlight method Differential spectral responsivity calibration (DSR calibration) Solar simulator method Direct sunlight method

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PV Calibration system in NREL

Spectral responsivity system Solar cell calibration system

Source: NREL

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PV calibration in NREL
Absolute cavity radiometer Natural sun light

spectroradiometer

SR measurement

IEC reference solar spectral irradiance

Calibration of Isc

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PV calibration in PTB

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PV calibration system in AIST

Source: AIST

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PV calibration in AIST
Standard lamp Absolute cavity Radiometer *

spectroradiometer
Spectral Irradiance (absolute)

Solar simulator

Spectral Response
relative

AM 1.5 G standard Sunlight spectrum

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Calibration of Isc Primary Reference solar cell

Calibration traceability chain

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Calibration traceability for pyranometer

SI units
Primary Standard Secondary Standard Primary reference Secondary reference
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WSG

Group of cavity radiometers constituting the World Standard Group (WSG) of the World Radiometric Reference (WRR)

Absolute radiometer NIP Pyranometer

Calibration traceability for reference solar device

SI units
Primary Standard Secondary Standard Primary reference Secondary reference
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Trap detector Standard detector

Standard lamp

Spectroradiometer

Reference solar device Reference solar device

Uncertainty Analysis
Traceability of reference device Data acquisition
Current, voltage, temperature

Sensors
Reference module, module temperature sensor, shunt resistor

Measurement control
Module temperature Non-uniformity Spectral mismatch
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Conclusions
Quality control via calibration of reference device Correction procedure for STC measurement

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Thank you for your attention!

wuhungsen@itri.org.tw

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THANK YOU