List of parasites of humans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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List of parasites of humans

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main article: Human parasites

Contents
1 Endoparasites 1.1 Protozoan organisms 1.2 Helminths organisms (worms) 1.2.1 Tapeworms 1.2.2 Flukes 1.2.3 Roundworms 1.3 Other organisms 2 Ectoparasites 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

Endoparasites
Protozoan organisms

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Common name of organism or disease Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (eye infection) Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (skin infection)

Latin name (sorted)

Body parts affected

Diagnostic specimen

Prevalence

Source/ Transmission (Reservoir/ Vector) contact lenses cleaned with tap water

Acanthamoeba

eye, brain

culture

worldwide

Balamuthia mandrillaris

brain, skin

culture

worldwide

via respiratory tract or skin lesion

Babesiosis

Babesia B. divergens, B. bigemina, B. equi, B. red blood cells microfti, B. duncani

New York, Martha's Vineyard, Giemsa-stained Nantucket thin blood smear (different species have worldwide distribution) stool (diarrhea=ciliated trophozoite; solid stool=large cyst with horseshoe shaped nucleus) direct microscopy of stool (PCR, anti body) 2 - 20% of population[1]

tick bites, e.g. Ixodes scapularis

Balantidiasis

Balantidium coli

intestinal mucosa, may become invasive in some patients

ingestion of cyst, zoonotic infection acquired from pigs (feces) eating food contaminated with feces from an infected human or animal ingestion of oocyst (sporulated), some species are zoonotic (e.g. bovine fecal contamination) ingesting water or food contaminated with feces

Blastocystosis

Blastocystis

intestinal

Coccidia, cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidium

intestines

stool

widespread

Dientamoebiasis

Dientamoeba fragilis

intestines Intestines (mainly Large, can go to extraintestinal sites)

stool stool (fresh diarrheic stools have amoeba, solid stool has cyst)

up to 10% in industrialized countries areas with poor sanitation, high population density and tropical regions

Amoebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica

fecal-oral transmission of cyst, not amoeba

Giardiasis

Giardia lamblia

lumen of the small intestine

stool

widespread

ingestion of cysts in fecal contaminated water or food, can be zoonotic (deer, beavers)

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Common name of organism or disease

Latin name (sorted)

Body parts affected epithelial cells of small intestines

Diagnostic specimen

Prevalence

Source/ Transmission (Reservoir/ Vector)

Isosporiasis

Isospora belli

stool

worldwide - less fecal oral route common than ingestion of sporulated Toxoplasma or oocyst Cryptosporidium

Leishmaniasis

Leishmania

Visceral leishmaniasisvisual Worldwide; identification of cutaneous, Cutaneous lesion or mucocutaneous, leishmaniasis microscopic stain or visceral Old World; with Leishman's Mucocutaneous or Giemsa's stain leishmaniasis New World

Phlebotomus Lutzomyia- bite of several species of phlebotomine sandflies

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis Naegleria fowleri (PAM)[2][3]

brain

culture

rare but deadly

Nasal insufflation contaminated warm fresh water, poorly chlorinated swimming pools, hot springs

Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum (80% of cases), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale red blood cells, Blood film curtisi, Plasmodium liver ovale wallikeri, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesi

tropical - 250 million cases/year

Anopheles mosquito, bites at night

Rhinosporidiosis

Rhinosporidium seeberi

nose, nasopharynx

biopsy

India and Sri Lanka

nasal mucosa came into contact with infected material through bathing in common ponds ingestion of uncooked/undercooked beef/pork with Sarcocystis sarcocysts

Sarcocystosis

Sarcocystis intestine, bovihominis,Sarcocystis muscle suihominis

muscle biopsy

widespread

Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Parasitic pneumonia

eyes, brain, heart, liver

blood and PCR

ingestion of uncooked/undercooked pork/lamb/goat with Toxoplasma widespread - up bradyzoites, ingestion to one third of of raw milk with all humans Toxoplasma tachyzoites, ingestion of contaminated water food or soil with

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Common name of organism or disease

Latin name (sorted)

Body parts affected

Diagnostic specimen

Prevalence

Source/ Transmission (Reservoir/ Vector) oocysts in cat feces that is more than one day old

Trichomoniasis

female microscopic urogenital tract Trichomonas vaginalis examination of (males genital swab asymptomatic) blood lymph and central nervous systems colon, esophagus, heart, nerves, muscle and blood microscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow

7.4 million Americans

sexually transmitted infection - only trophozoite form (no cyst)

Sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma brucei

tsetse fly, day biting 50,000 to 70,000 fly of the genus people Glossina

Chagas disease

Trypanosoma cruzi

Giemsa stain blood

Mexico, Central Triatoma/Reduviidae America, South "Kissing bug" Insect America - 16-18 Vector, feeds at night million

Helminths organisms (worms)

Tapeworms

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Common name of organism or disease Tapeworm Tapeworm infection

Latin name (sorted) Cestoda, Taenia multiceps

Body parts affected intestine

Diagnostic specimen

Prevalence

Transmission/Vector

stool

rare Europe, Japan, Uganda, Peru, Chile

Diphyllobothriasis Diphyllobothrium - tapeworm latum Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus

intestines, blood

stool (microscope) imaging of hydatid cysts in the liver, lungs, kidney and spleen

ingestion of raw fresh water fish as intermediate host, ingestion of material contaminated by feces from a carnivore; as definite host, ingestion of uncooked meat (offal) from a herbivore ingestion of material contaminated by flour beetles, meal worms, cockroaches

Echinococcosis tapeworm

liver, lungs, kidney, spleen

Mediterranean countries

Hymenolepis nana, [4] Hymenolepis Hymenolepiasis diminuta Beef tapeworm Taenia saginata Intestines stool worldwide distribution

ingestion of undercooked beef

Cysticercosis-Pork Taenia solium tapeworm

Brain, muscle

stool, blood

Asia, Africa, South America, ingestion of undercooked Southern pork Europe, North America. Rare Contact with non human primates ingestion of material contaminated with infected dog or cat faeces (humans: dead-end host)

Bertielliasis

Bertiella mucronata, Bertiella studeri Spirometra erinaceieuropaei

Intestines

Stool

Sparganosis

Flukes

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Common name of organism or disease

Latin name (sorted) Clonorchis sinensis; Clonorchis viverrini|gall bladder ducts and inflammation of liver|ingestion of under prepared fresh water fish Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Body parts affected

Diagnostic specimen

Prevalence

Transmission/Vector

Clonorchiasis

Lancet liver fluke

gall bladder

rare

ingestion of ants

Liver fluke Fasciolosis[5]

Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica

liver, gall bladder

stool

Fasciola hepatica in Europe, Africa, Australia, the Americas and Oceania; freshwater snails Fasciola gigantica only in Africa and Asia, 2.4 million people infected by both species ingestion of infested water plants or water (intermediate host:amphibic snails) ingestion of raw or undercooked meat (e.g., freshwater fish, chicken, snails, frogs, pigs) or contaminated water ingestion of undercooked or salted fish

Fasciolopsiasis intestinal fluke[6]

Fasciolopsis buski

intestines

stool or East Asia - 10 vomitus million people (microscope)

Gnathostoma spinigerum, Gnathostomiasis[7] Gnathostoma hispidum

subcutaneous physical tissues (under examination the skin)

rare - Southeast Asia

Metagonimiasis intestinal fluke

Metagonimus yokogawai Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis bile duct felineus, Clonorchis sinensis Paragonimus westermani; Paragonimus africanus;

stool

Siberia, Manchuria, Balkan states, Israel, Spain

Chinese Liver Fluke

consuming infected raw, 1.5 million slightly salted or frozen people in Russia fish ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater crabs crayfishes or other crustaceans

Paragonimiasis, Lung Fluke

lungs

sputum, feces East Asia

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Common name of organism or disease

Latin name (sorted) Paragonimus caliensis; Paragonimus kellicotti; Paragonimus skrjabini; Paragonimus uterobilateralis

Body parts affected

Diagnostic specimen

Prevalence

Transmission/Vector

Schistosomiasis bilharzia, Schistosoma sp. bilharziosis or snail fever (all types)

Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia, Middle East - 200 million people intestine, liver, spleen, stool lungs, skin kidney, bladder, ureters, lungs, skin Africa, Caribbean, South America, Asia, Middle East - 83 million people Africa, Middle East

skin exposure to water contaminated with infected fresh water snails

intestinal schistosomiasis

Schistosoma mansoni

skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Biomphalaria fresh water snails skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Bulinus sp. snails

urinary schistosomiasis

Schistosoma haematobium

urine

Schistosomiasis by Schistosoma Schistosoma japonicum japonicum

intestine, liver, spleen, stool lungs, skin

skin exposure to water China, East Asia, contaminated with Philippines infected Oncomelania sp. snails skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Neotricula aperta - fresh water snails ingestion of raw fish, mollusks, snails skin exposure to contaminated water (snails and vertebrates)

Asian intestinal schistosomiasis

Schistosoma mekongi Echinostoma echinatum small intestine

South East Asia

Far East

Swimmer's itch

Trichobilharzia regenti, Schistosomatidae

Roundworms

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Common name of organism or disease

Latin name (sorted)

Body parts affected lungs, small intestine, blood

Diagnostic specimen

Prevalence common in tropical, warm, moist climates

Transmission/Vector

Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostomiasis/Hookworm Necator americanus Angiostrongyliasis Anisakiasis[8]

stool

penetration of skin by L3 larva ingestion of infected faeces or infected slugs

Angiostrongylus intestine costaricensis Anisakis allergic reaction Intestines, liver, appendix, pancreas, lungs, Lffler's syndrome Intestines, liver, lungs, brain

stool incidental host

biopsy

ingestion of raw fish, squid, cuttlefish, octopus

Roundworm - Parasitic pneumonia

Ascaris sp. Ascaris lumbricoides

stool

common in tropical and subtropical regions

Roundworm Baylisascariasis Roundworm-lymphatic filariasis Dioctophyme renalis infection Guinea worm Dracunculiasis

Baylisascaris procyonis Brugia malayi, Brugia timori Dioctophyme renale Dracunculus medinensis Enterobius vermicularis, Enterobius gregorii

rare: North America tropical regions of Asia Rare South Sudan (eradication ongoing) widespread; temperate regions

stool from raccoons

blood lymph nodes samples kidneys (typically the Urine right) subcutaneous skin tissues, blister/ulcer muscle intestines, anus stool; tape test around anus

Arthropods Ingestion of undercooked or raw freshwater fish

Pinworm - Enterobiasis

Halicephalobiasis

Halicephalobus brain gingivalis blood Connective (Giemsa, tissue, lungs, haematoxylin, eye eosin stain) subcutaneous layer of skin skin, eye, tissue bloodless skin Africa, Yemen, snip

soil contaminated wounds rain forest of West Africa - Tabanidae - horse fly, 12-13 million bites in the day people insect Simulium/Black fly, bite during the day

Loa loa filariasis, Calabar swellings

Loa loa filaria

Mansonelliasis, Filariasis River blindness, Onchocerciasis

Mansonella streptocerca Onchocerca volvulus

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Common name of organism or disease

Latin name (sorted)

Body parts affected

Diagnostic specimen

Prevalence Central and South America near cool, fast flowing rivers

Transmission/Vector

Strongyloidiasis - Parasitic pneumonia

Strongyloides stercoralis Thelazia californiensis, Thelazia callipaeda

Intestines, lungs, skin (Larva currens)

stool, blood

skin penetration

Thelaziasis

Eyes

ocular examination

Asia, Europe

Amiota (Phortica) variegata, Phortica okadai

Toxocariasis

liver, brain, eyes (Toxocara canis Toxocara canis, blood, ocular worldwide Visceral Toxocara cati examination distribution larva migrans, Ocular larva migrans) Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella nativa

pica, unwashed food contamined with Toxocara eggs, undercooked livers of chicken

Trichinosis

muscle, periorbital blood region, small intestine

more common in developing countries due to improved ingestion of feeding undercooked pork practices in developed countries. accidental ingestion of eggs in dry goods such as beans, rice, and various grains or soil contaminated with human feces

Whipworm

Trichuris large trichiura, intestine, Trichuris vulpis anus

stool (eggs)

common worldwide

ElephantiasisLymphatic filariasis

Wuchereria bancrofti

lymphatic system

thick blood smears Tropical and stained with subtropical hematoxylin.

mosquito, bites at night

Other organisms

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Common name of organism or disease

Latin name (sorted)

Body parts affected

Diagnostic specimen

Prevalence

Transmission/Vector

Archiacanthocephala, Gastrointestinal Faeces, Acanthocephaliasis Moniliformis tract, worldwide parasite itself moniliformis peritoneum, eye

ingestion of intermediate hosts ingestion of raw or undercooked lymph nodes (e.g., meat from infected camels and buffalos)

Halzoun Syndrome Linguatula serrata

nasopharynx

physical examination

Mid East

Myiasis

Oestroidea, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae Tunga penetrans

dead or living tissue Subcutaneous tissue Subcutaneous tissue physical examination physical examination Central and South America Central and South America Mosquitoes and biting flies

Chigoe flea

Human Botfly

Dermatobia hominis

Ectoparasites

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Common name of organism or disease Bedbug

Latin name (sorted) Cimicidae Cimex lectularius

Body parts affected skin

Diagnostic specimen

Prevalence

Transmission/Vector

visual visual identification under magnification visual identification under magnification (Vagabond's disease)

Worldwide

sharing of clothing and bedding

Head louse Pediculosis

hair Pediculus humanus follicles

Common worldwide

head-to-head contact

Body louse Pediculosis

Pediculus humanus corporis

Worldwide

skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding

Crab louse Pediculosis

Pthirus pubis

visual pubic area, identification eyelashes under magnification Microscopy of eyelash or eyebrow hair follicle

Worldwide

skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding

Demodex Demodicosis

Demodex eyebrow, folliculorum/brevis eyelashes /canis

Pandemic, worldwide

prolonged skin-to-skin contact skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding

Scabies

Sarcoptes scabiei

skin

microscopy of Worldwide surface scrapings

Screwworm, Cochliomyia

Cochliomyia hominivorax

skin and wounds

visual

North America (eradicated), direct contact with fly Central America, North Africa

Flea, Siphonaptera

Pulex irritans

skin

visual identification under magnification visual

Worldwide

environment

Tick

Arachnida Ixodidae skin and Argasidae

Worldwide

High grass, leaf liter, Weeds

See also
List of human parasitic diseases

References
1. ^ Amin OM (2002). "Seasonal prevalence of intestinal parasites in the United States during 2000". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66 (6): 799803. PMID 12224595 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12224595).

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2. ^ Cogo PE, Scaglia M, Gatti S, Rossetti F, Alaggio R, Laverda AM, et al. Fatal Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis, Italy (http://www.cdc.gov/Ncidod/EID/vol10no10/04-0273.htm) Emerging Infectious Diseases [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct; accessed Jan 2009 3. ^ Bennett, Nicholas John State University of New York Upstate Medical University Domachowske, Joseph; Khan, Asad A Louisiana State University Health Science Center; King, John W; Cross, J Thomas Naegleria (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972044-overview) eMedicine; accessed Jan 2009 4. ^ Tolan, Robert W Jr Hymenolepiasis (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/998498-overview) eMedicine; updated Feb 2008 5. ^ Ylmaza, Hasan; Gdekmerdan, Ahmet Human fasciolosis in Van province, Turkey (http://www.sciencedirect.com /science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T1R-4D1DKPB-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c& _acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=64aec259af5ebeea983f6d60aa2bec05) doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.04.009 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actatropica.2004.04.009) 6. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fasciolopsiasis (http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDX/HTML/Fasciolopsiasis.htm) 7. ^ Tolan, Robert W Gnathostomiasis (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/998278-overview) eMedicine, updated Feb 2008 8. ^ Anisakiasis (http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Anisakiasis.htm)

External links
A List of Human Intestinal Parasites (http://www.gitract.info/articles/intestinal-disorders/intestinal-parasites.php) accessed May 2008 Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_parasites_of_humans&oldid=599516774" Categories: Parasitic diseases Parasites of humans Lists of diseases Foodborne illnesses This page was last modified on 14 March 2014 at 00:52. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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