ETHICS IN RESEARCH There are some ethics related to research work and the participants involved in a research.

A researcher should adhere to those ethics in order to be at right place. Fundamental Ethical Principles American Counseling Association and American Psychological Association (APA) have developed a set of ethical principles and guidelines and they are: Code of thics and thical Principles of Psychologists respectively. Cultural values and considerations should be taken into account while interpreting ethical codes and guidelines. There are five fundamental ethical principles: !on "alificence# beneficence# autonomy# $ustice and fidelity according to %eppner# &ampold ' (ivlighan ()**+). Nonmaleficence: According to ,iener and Crandall as cited in %eppner# &ampold ' (ivlighan ()**+) sub$ects who take part in research should not be harmed- this is the most basic guideline. And this principle is called nonmaleficence. According to this principle intentional and unintentional both types of harms should be avoided. .esearch should be planed in such a way that participants are safe and secure. According to ,iener and Crandall if we must choose between harming someone and perhaps helping another person# its obligation of the researcher to avoid harm. Beneficence: According to /eauchamp and Childress as cited in %eppner# &ampold ' (ivlighan ()**+) health and welfares of the participants is also important other than avoiding harm. /eneficence is defined as doing good for others. 0oal of the counseling is also to help people resolve their problems that they are unable to do themselves alone. Competence is also part of beneficence- people come to counseling when they are in need and they rely on counselor for helping them. Then it1s an obligation of the counselor and the researcher to help them out as competently as possible. &ith regard to research according to 2indsey as cited in %eppner# &ampold ' (ivlighan ()**+) research should promote welfare of the participants. 3o the researches should be significant and effective. An important aspect of beneficence is for researchers to take an

active# altruistic approach in order that the results of the research provide benefit to the community under investigation. Autonomy: The principle of autonomy states that people are free to choose their actions# including freedom of actions and freedom of choices. This principle of freedom is present in American political institutions# law and culture. 4ndividual freedom is ranked as one of the most important value in America according to .okeach (5678) %eppner&ampold ' (ivlighan ()**+) in research# participants are free to take part in research or to refuse to take part. 4nformed consent is also related to this principle that will be discussed further. ustice: The principle of $ustice implies fairness. 4n research it includes selection of sample on e9uality basis. :or e;ample if both genders are e9ually important for a particular research then both genders should be treated and selected e9ually in research. Fidelity: According to .amsey as cited by %eppner# &ampold ' (ivlighan ()**+) the principle of fidelity implies faithfulness# loyalty and keeping promises or agreements. 4ssue of confidentiality is directly related to this principle. And particularly in counseling trustworthy relationship between client and counselor is very essential. :idelity is important for the reputation of the profession as well as for the person. Ethical Issues Related To Scholarly !or" E#ecution of the research study: According to %eppner# &ampold ' (ivlighan

()**+) it is the ethical responsibility of the researcher to plan and conduct the research accurately and reliably. To reduce methodological biases and errors researchers should have an accurate and sensitive understanding of the population. There are many tasks involved in doing a research and they all re9uire a lot of attention. These tasks include contacting participants# arranging conditions for data collection# if conducting e;periment than random assignment of participants is also involved# assembling assessment instruments# administering instruments# coding data# entering the data into

computer and then analy<ing the data. There are also some other steps involved in conducting a research like collecting the 9uestionnaire and checking for data entry errors etc= it is the ethical responsibility of the researcher to be responsible for the accuracy and reliability of carrying out all of them. Another responsibility of the researcher according to ethics is to be there with the assistant researcher because close supervision is very important. 3ometime assistant gets bored by the research typically when the research is not of their interest or when they do not know the purpose of research. 4n these cases researcher is ethically responsible for conducting the research in his presence and supervision. 4t is the duty of the researcher to ethically train the assistant. 4n short it can be said that during the whole process of collection of data and conducting research a researcher needs to be vigilant to ensure the collection of accurate and reliable data. Reportin$ the Results a% Presentin$ the facts: 4t seems that reporting the results is a simple task but there are many comple;ities and responsibilities involved in this task. /eneficence and non maleficence are the two fundamental principles involved in reporting the results. 4t is the responsibility of the researcher to report accurately and prevent misuse of research results. 4t is ethical responsibility of the researcher to be honest in reporting the findings and presenting them in clear and understandable way. /efore conducting the research# researchers should not have preconceived notions and they should not try to get particular results. :or e;ample some researchers think that their results will be accurate only if they support some theory but it is not true. As Carl .ogers said >facts are always friendly?. 4t means that if results are not supporting the given hypothesis then researcher should not feel bad about it. thical responsibility of the researcher is to present the facts of what happened in the study. To present proper interpretations or findin$s: According to %eppner# &ampold ' (ivlighan ()**+) it is the responsibility of the researcher to present proper interpretations of findings. specially when data has multiple interpretations or when data is being interpreted in cultural conte;t.

@ne way of doing this is to ask the participants in a 9ualitative study to verify the accuracy of conclusions drawn from the data. &iscussin$ the limitations of research: 4t is the responsibility of the researcher to discuss the limitations of the data. Particularly it is important to discuss the limitations when the research might be interpreted in such a way as to harm persons in particular groups eg gender# race# ethnicity# social class= it is also essential to mention the e;tent to which result are applicable for diverse populations. 3ometimes researchers do not discuss the limitations because they believe that doing so will weaken their results. 4t is important to remember that the goal of the researcher is to provide the most accurate information possible about the phenomenon of interest. 4t is helpful for the professionals as well as for the future researches to mention the limitations. A'aila(ility of ori$inal data: 4t 4 the responsibility of the researcher to make original data available to other 9ualified researcher who are also interested in that phenomenon and want to investigate it or verify claims. .esearcher should keep the raw data with him at least for five years after publication. Fa(rication of data: According to %eppner# &ampold ' (ivlighan ()**+) fabrication of data is one of the most serious problems. There are three ways through which data is contaminated: 4nventing findings without any original data collection Tampering with actual finding to more closely resemble the desired outcomes Trimming actual findings to delete unwanted information

3uch wrong information can cause confusion and misunderstanding. E#ample: 3ir Cyril /urt was a /ritish psychologist who publici<ed his research on identical twins. %e was a well known scientist. /ut it was e;posed that /urt published fictitious data that supported his own theory of inherited intelligence. This information misleads the psychological profession for many years.

4n short fabrication of data results in negative conse9uences for the counseling profession because most of our research is aimed at improving psychological service to people who are in need. According to A3 federal government rule fabrication and falsification is defined as misconduct. &uplicate and piecemeal pu(lication: it means that same set of date is publici<ed by the author more than once. According to ACA Code of ethics counselors should submit manuscripts for consideration to only one $ournal at a time. Taking material including tables# figures and data from the author1s own prior publications is considered duplicate publication or self plagiarism. The $ournal of the AP3 (American Psychological 3ociety) accepts only papers that are original work# no part of which has been published elsewhere e;cept as brief abstract. 3ome problems can be caused by duplicate publication of data as it wastes valuable resources# including $ournal space and editors1 time. Piecemeal Pu(lication: Publication of several and slightly different researches from the same data set is called piecemeal publication. According to APA :ragmented (or piecemeal) publication involves dividing the report of a research pro$ect 4nto multiple articles. g it is possible in piecemeal publication to have one study reporting findings on relationship between depression# hopelessness and suicidal ideation# while a second study from the same data set reports on relationship among depression# hopelessness# suicidal ideation and irrational beliefs. Pu(lication Credit: According to ACA code of ethics credit is given through $oint authorship# footnote statements# or other appropriate means to those who have contributed significantly to research. The principle contributor is listed first and minor technical or professional contributions are acknowledged in footnotes or introductory statements. "inor professional contribution includes such activities as giving editorial feedback# administering an intervention# collecting or entering data.

)raduate Students Thesis: As supervisors provide emotional support and students become enable to complete their work $ust because of supervisors1 effort so supervisors name should be mentioned in the thesis. Pla$iarism: According to ACA plagiarism means contributing another person1s work with ones name. This is prohibited for the researchers. Buotation marks and proper citation form should be used while 9uoting a passage verbatim from another article. APA has given set of instructions on giving the references (in te;t as well as at the end) to give credit to the author and to refrain from plagiarism. &hile writing students face some difficulties and American teachers often instruct students to: ,evelop a topic based on what has already been said and written .ely on e;pertsC and authoritiesC opinions 0ive credit to previous researchers B*T 4mprove your nglish to fit into a discourse community by building upon what you hear and read This is one of the ways to avoid plagiarism. Ri$hts of Research Participants A 9uick survey of the websites of some ma$or research bodies and universities (e.g. Aga (han Aniversity# American Anthropological Association# American ducational .esearch Association# /ritish ducational .esearch Association) shows that B*T

B*T &rite something new and original B*T 4mprove upon andDor disagree with those same opinions "ake your own significant contribution Ase your own words and your own voice

there are four or five key ethical principles that are common across the board. These include: a) 4nformed and voluntary consentb) Confidentiality of information and anonymity of research participantsc) !o harm to participants# beneficence and reciprocity (%alai. A.# )**E) . Informed Consent in Research Consent refers to the process of giving participant the opportunity to decide whether or not to participate in a particular research study. 3pecifically following elements are to be incorporated into a written consent form 5. !ame# phone number# and address of the person(s) conducting the study# and whom to contact for additional information or 9uestion- name# phone number and address of faculty member if the investigator is a student- whom to be contact in the event of a researchFrelated in$ury to the participant ). A statement that the study involve research# along with the title# purpose# and general description of the study 8. A description of the procedures# including amount of the time involved and any general plans for contacting participants at a later time. G. ,escribes any attendant discomforts and risks# H. ,escribes any benefits or changes in individuals or organi<ations that might be reasonably e;pected# E. ,iscloses appropriate alternative procedures that would be advantageous for participants#

7. @ffers to answer any in9uiries concerning the procedures# +. ,escribes any limitations on Confidentiality# 6. A statement that result may be published or reported to a government or funding agencies 5*. 4nstructs participants that they are free to withdraw their consent and to discontinue participation in the pro$ect at any time without penalty. 55. :or research involving more than minimal risk# an e;planation of whether compensation or medical treatment are available if any in$ury Consent to ser'e as a participant in research 4 hereby consent to take part in research sponsored by department of behavioral science. 3tudent of ". phil counseling psychology in :atimah Iinnah women university .awalpindi. Purpose+ The purpose is to study the reliability and validity of the new methods of empathy Re,uirements + "y part of this research will be to complete a paper and pencil surey designed to measure the way 4 empathi<e with others. 3urvey will be completed by group of students in university classrooms. Time needed+ The total time re9uired will be appro;imately )H minutes. -oluntary participation "y participation is completely voluntary. ven after begin participating- 4 will be stop to free any time.

Ne. de'elopments 4 will be told of any new information that develops during the course of this study that might affect my willingness to participate in this study. Benefits 4 will receive the debriefing sheet that e;plain more about empathy. general benefit will come to myself and others in the forms of increased scientific understanding of how people relate to and understand other people Protection 5) !o part of the survey will ask for my name or other identifying information# my response will be completely anonymous# )) 4 am free to discontinue my participation at any time# 8) 4 am free to skip any 9uestion or item that 4 find too sensitive or stressful "y 9uestions about this research have been answered. 4f 4 have further 9uestions# 4 should contact# /////////////////////////// /////////////////////////// ////////////////////////// Si$nature/////////////// &ate //////////////////// &eception At times# researchers may choose to hide from participants the true nature of the study ,eception by @mission &ithholding important facts from the participants ,eception by Commission 2ie to or purposely mislead research participants Counselors do not conduct research involving deception unless alternative procedures are not feasible and the prospective value of the research $ustifies the deception. 4f such deception has the potential to cause physical or emotional harm to research participants# the research is not conducted# regardless of prospective value. &hen the methodological

re9uirements of a study necessitate concealment or deception# the investigator e;plains the reasons for this action as soon as possible during the debriefing. Student0Super'isee Participation .esearchers who involve students or supervisees in research make clear to them that the decision regarding whether or not to participate in research activities does not affect one1s academic standing or supervisory relationship. 3tudents or supervisees who choose not to participate in educational research are provided with an appropriate alternative to fulfill their academic or clinical re9uirements. Client Participation Counselors conducting research involving clients make clear in the informed consent process that clients are free to choose whether or not to participate in research activities. Counselors take necessary precautions to protect clients from adverse conse9uences of declining or withdrawing from participation. Confidentiality of Information 4nformation obtained about research participants during the course of an investigation is confidential. &hen the possibility e;ists that others may obtain access to such information# ethical research practice re9uires that the possibility# together with the plans for protecting confidentiality# be e;plained to participants as a part of the procedure for obtaining informed consent. Persons Not Capa(le of )i'in$ Informed Consent &hen a person is not capable of giving informed consent# counselors provide an appropriate e;planation to# obtain agreement for participation from# and obtain the appropriate consent of a legally authori<ed person. Commitments to Participants Counselors take reasonable measures to honor all commitments to research participants.

E#planations After &ata Collection After data are collected# counselors provide participants with full clarification of the nature of the study to remove any misconceptions participants might have regarding the research. &here scientific or human values $ustify delaying or withholding information# counselors take reasonable measures to avoid causing harm. 1ral &e(riefin$ That1s conclude your participation in the study. Thanks so much for your help. !ow that you have finished giving your opinion# 4 can e;plain more to you about the whole purpose of the study. 4 could not do so before now without biasing your responses. :irst# the study is concerned with more than? interviewing styles? .we are more interested in impression of college student about bereaved and depressed persons. 3pecially# we want to find out both about your personal reaction to someone who is bereaved and also your attitude about what is normal or pathological grief. &e didn1t want people to know e;actly what we were looking for in advance# because it could have influenced who signed up for the e;periment or the answer they gave. &e regret that we could not more fully inform to before you participated. &e strongly hop you will respect our need to withhold this information and will not discuss this e;periment with your fellow classF mates. 3ome of you received instructions that you were listening to a tape of middleFaged widow- some were told that she had become widowed three week ago and some were told she become widowed two years ago. Jou were in e;perimental group. @thers received instruction that you were listening to a tap of someone who had a lost $ob. Jou were in a control group. &e were looking for differences in theses various condition depending on whether the sub$ect are male and female. 4 want to tell you that non of you come back to participate in this study. ,oes anyone have any 9uestionK (Pause for 9uestion).4 will sign your research cards and you are free to leave. 4f you have any difficulty dealing with either bereavement or depression# 4 have the telephone numbers of our university counseling service# and will be glad to give them to you when you have finished.

Informin$ Sponsors Counselors inform sponsors# institutions# and publication channels regarding research procedures and outcomes. Counselors ensure that appropriate bodies and authorities are given pertinent information and acknowledgment. &isposal of Research &ocuments and Records &ithin a reasonable period of time following the completion of a research pro$ect or study# counselors take steps to destroy records or documents (audio# video# digital# and written) containing confidential data or information that identifies research participants. &hen records are of an artistic nature# researchers obtain participant consent with regard to handling of such records or documents. Ris"s and (enefits: There are number of risks and benefits are involved in this. Assure That Benefits 1ut.ei$h Ris"s .esearch must be $ustified on the basis of a favorable benefitDrisk assessment for the research participant. /enefits must outweigh risks. This is similar to the principal of beneficence or >do no harm.? .esearchers must protect participants from harm and ma;imi<e their wellFbeing. A >risk? refers to a harm or likelihood of a harm. The degree of severity of a possible harm may be unclear. A >benefit? refers to a positive value that accrues to the participant andDor to the society. The precise degree of gain that might accrue to the participant andDor to the society may be uncertain. Types of Ris"s and Benefits .isks or harms and benefits may be physical (pain or in$ury)# psychological# social# economic# or legal. .isks or benefits of research may apply to individual participants# families# groups or organi<ations# communities# or nations.

.isks and benefits to the research participant usually carry the most weight.

)eneral Principles There is absolutely no $ustification for inhumane treatment of participants. .isks to participants should always be reduced to the ma;imum e;tent possible. 4f a significant risk is involved# $ustification of the research must be e;amined with particular care. &henever vulnerable persons are participants# the need to involve them must be carefully demonstrated.

References %eppner# P. P.# &ampold# /. . ' (ivlighan# ,. ". ()**+). /etween group and &ithin 0roup ,esign. 4n Research Design in Counseling (ed. 8rd). (pp 55GF588). A3A: Thomson 2earning 4nc. ACA (American Counseling Association) Code of thics APA (American Psychological Association) %alai. A.# )**E# thics ,ilemmas in Bualitative .esearch# Aniversity of (arachi from !ovember 8FG# )**E

Ethics in Research Assi$nment

By 2ariam Hafee3 2ariam Bi(i Huma Ali 2+ Phil Counselin$ Psycholo$y To &r+ Aneela 2a,sood Course Research Ethics

Fatima innah !omen *ni'ersity4

The 2all4 Ra.alpindi4 Pa"istan+ 5678