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John Latham (1921-2006). Portrait dated August 1994 copyright John A. Walker
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Critical opinion regarding the merits of John Latham's art and ideas remains
divided, nevertheless there is a significant body of opinion in Europe and the United
States which maintains that he is one of Britain's most radical avant-garde artists of
the post-Second World War era, that he is a figure comparable in stature to Joseph
Beuys or Robert Rauschenberg. Art historians also acknowledge that he has made
important contributions to such international tendencies as Tachism, Assemblage,
Performance, Installation, Book and Conceptual art. The record shows that he has
added terms to the vocabulary of art - for instance, 'time-based arts' and ‘event
structure'.
The sheer variety of art forms and media in which he has worked, the many new
departures and initiatives he has pursued, and the originality of his thought, has
stimulated the imagination of successive generations. Since the 1960s there has not
been a decade in which Latham has not influenced and/or inspired British art
students and younger artists. Today, artists such as John Stezaker, Douglas Gordon
and Richard Wentworth are happy to acknowledge a debt to Latham. Even his
contemporary Richard Hamilton has remarked: 'We owe him'. Latham is now
[1997] in his seventies, but he continues to produce new works and to fine tune his
theories; thus his work remains relevant - which is why it continues to be displayed
alongside that of much younger artists in mixed exhibitions such as Material Culture
(London: Hayward Gallery, 1997). And, given the recent intense public interest in
scientific theories about the origin and character of the universe, Latham's
Britannica: Art from Britain, Sydney, Museum of Contemporary Art, 1997] are
they relied on these two works alone as evidence. This is because his oeuvre
encompasses films and videos, street events involving towers of burning books,
performances with live actors, an ecological device, and theoretical texts, besides
emphases of his art since 1954 have been on time and event rather than space and
has developed a theory of time and structure-in-events that challenges those put
Consequently, his art and writings embody ideas that he regards as vital to
he of the significance of his discoveries that he is willing to address them not only to
the art world but also to the Queen of England, British Prime Ministers and the
Secretary General of the United Nations. He argues that instead of thinking of the
universe as consisting of solid things made from small units of matter such as atoms,
we should think of it as consisting of events made from various units of time, the
smallest being defined as 'a least event', and the largest being the whole lifespan of
the cosmos. Everything between the micro and the macro has different durations.
temporal emerges from state zero or nothing (no thing), a ground that is invisible
and atemporal, which religious believers call God. (This explains Latham's
describes one cycle of a cosmos's existence: from nothing an event occurs, it repeats,
but then reverts to nothing. Another cycle may then happen.) The dialectic between
the two realms has been a constant theme of his work. El Greco's Christian painting
The Burial of Count Orgaz (1586-88) inspired a relief assemblage of 1958 because of
its simultaneous depiction of transient life on Earth and the eternal life of Heaven,
that is, the temporal and the atemporal appear within the same picture space.
John Latham, Burial of Count Orgaz, (1958). London: Tate Gallery collection.
All photos of Latham’s work copyright the Estate of John Latham and the
Lisson Gallery.
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could be solved if his alternative 'theory of everything' was adopted. For this reason
February 1990. Recently Adrian Searle, the British critic, declared that Latham's
theories were 'mad'; but one wonders if critics who reach this conclusion are simply
too lazy to follow the arguments put forward in such essays as Time-Base and
What such critics also overlook is that creativity and visualisation are common
to both art and science - this means that art can provide cognitive insights as well as
aesthetic pleasure and that, during the 1950s, Latham was an honorary, founding
member of the Institute for the Study of Mental Images (ISMI), established with
two scientists - Clive Gregory and Anita Kohsen. The content of the latter's 1959
Chart of the O-Structure from Gregory and Kohsen’s book The O-Structure:
p. 69.
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cognition, and his emphasis on time rather than space, have set him apart from
autonomous, specialist practices concerned only with issues of space, colour and
form, and their own identities. The hybridity of Latham's assemblages was
antipathetic to Greenberg's purist aesthetic, and their stress on content ran counter
to the American Critic's obsession with form. Latham met Greenberg in New York
in 1961 and they crossed swords a few years later. Latham's notorious event Chew
and Still (1966) - which involved the mastication and distillation of Greenberg's
book Art and Culture (the documentation of the event is now in the Museum of
Modern Art, New York) - was a direct riposte to Greenberg's influence, an act of
obscure the fact that he has striven, via his contributions to the activities of the
motivation behind the founding of APG in 1966 was to restore the artist's
connection with the centres of power in society by placing them for extended
during 1975-77 inside the Scottish Office, Edinburgh, and produced a stream of
proposals - including designs for monumental public sculptures in the shape of
books - that could have helped to revive derelict industrial zones in West Lothian
Latham was born in the British colony of Rhodesia, Africa, in 1921 but was
educated at a public school in England. During the Second World War he served in
the Royal Navy and started to paint seascapes with birds or warships. From 1946 to
1950 he studied fine art at the Regent Street Polytechnic and Chelsea School of Art.
In the 1950s, while Tachism and Action painting were in vogue, he used a spray-gun
while spraying paint that he had a revelation: he perceived that the white ground of
the canvas could be thought of as 'state zero' and the 'quantum-of-mark' made by
pressing the trigger of the spray-gun for an instant could be thought of as the trace
of 'a least event'. Latham concluded that visual art was superior to language and
once.
primarily second-hand books. He was struck by the similarity of form - black marks
appropriated books -everyday objects - and made them strange by treating them as
visual/palpable things rather than as literature. His strategy was to 'reverse the
function and conception and see what you get'. Reversal also occurred in his
Latham's first use of books may have been a matter of chance or intuition, but
this hardly explains the central role they came to play in his oeuvre; nor does it
account for the need to shift from the two-dimensional plane of the spray-gun
paintings to the third dimension of the relief. It would appear that books served as
surrogates for the human presence in nature, an emergence on the surface of the
Earth: the books literally erupted from their supports. This growth and thrusting
closed, they were as solid as planks and, placed at right angles to the picture plane,
they jutted out with phallic aggression. Alternatively, flat on their backs with their
pages wired open, they evoked female vulnerability. In addition to the closed/open
and contents. The linguistic matter of certain books did play a role in terms of the
was established, via titles and commentary, between the reliefs Shem and Shaun
(1958) and the Observer series (1959-60) and a specific literary text - Dostoyevsky's
1880 novel The Brothers Karamazov - that was not physically present.
John Latham, Observer 1, (1960). Tate Gallery collection.
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time; the reader's repetitive act of turning pages can also be regarded as 'a
recurrent event'. As part of a relief, a book's linear-time potential was negated; but
Latham's tactic of cutting back the pages nevertheless served to suggest the book's
temporal character by means of a strata-like exposure. Another temporal aspect of
the book reliefs resulted from the possibility of painting the pages of wired open
books in different colours, and then changing the appearance of the relief by
Latham generated some highly original 16 mm films. Paradoxically, they were non-
moving movies.
His Skoob Films of the early 1960s depict static objects which nevertheless
change their appearance as time elapses. They were intended to illustrate how the
remain the same but display endless variation and development'. When the films
are projected, abrupt changes of state occur: books open, close and alter hue.
Volumes seem to have a will of their own: their behaviour appears automatic and
voluntary. The books gape open and snap shut like the mouths of fish gasping for
air. Although the book-mouths utter no sounds, they convey the impression of
animated chatter. What the viewer experiences are constantly changing patterns of
via text and illustration; but in this case words have been replaced by a silent, visual
In the 1950s and 1960s Latham's assaults on books shocked many viewers who
were reminded of the Nazi book burnings of the 1930s. He certainly mounted an
and civilisations; but his aims were not those of the Nazis. There is something
exquisitely poignant and tragic about Latham's early assemblages. They were made
during the era of ‘bomb culture' and CND marches, a decade or so after a World
War in which Latham had fought against the menace of fascism, a war in which
over 50 million died, in which the horrors of the Holocaust and the atomic bomb's
had caused this unprecedented outbreak of violence, destruction and atrocity, was
not Latham right to indict it? Was he not right to depict that 'civilisation' as a ruin,
as a system dominated by logic and language which had gone terribly wrong?
Perceiving that there was an intellectual crisis in both the arts and the sciences of
Latham began to use thick sheets of glass in the early 1980s. A series of works
made from glass and books that included The Moral High Ground (1988) was
displayed at the Lisson Gallery in October 1988. Glass is a difficult and paradoxical
material: strong yet brittle; solid yet transparent. Those familiar with his event-
structure writings will probably deduce that the glass sheets symbolise 0 in
Latham's formula 01-10. Glass, Latham feels, is the substance which best represents
state zero because the material is the nearest one can get - perceptually speaking - to
nonmateriality. Duchamp's Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even is clearly the
key art-historical precedent for the use of glass in modern art, and it is curious that
the concept of time was associated with this work also: Duchamp referred to it as 'a
delay in glass'.
In contrast to the coldness and hardness of the glass sheets, the book
fragments also making up Latham's 1980s constructions appeared warm and soft,
iconoclasm in respect of books was no mere vandalism - there was a polemical point.
For instance, the volume he targeted in History of Time (1988) was an account of the
nature of the universe: A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes by
This text - a best-seller for a scientific book in 1988 - was sawn in half and then
wooden base. Hawking's book was 'divided' in order to symbolise the divided-state
conception which, according to Latham, still informed scientific accounts of the
work directly with them and thus have a more intimate knowledge. And since visual
works of art are dimensional structures which directly embody the creative impulse
informing the universe, they are more likely to be truthful than the models of the
scientists which, aside from gestures towards 'the anthropic principle’ have little to
Glass sheets divide and penetrate the books, but since they also support them,
they are an essential base without which the structures could not exist. Thus
Latham insists that the atemporal ground of state zero represented by the glass is as
essential as the temporality of existence: only a theory which takes account of both
The Moral High Ground was fabricated from rectangles of glass bonded
together in order to simulate the V shape of a half-open book; and from a copy of
the New English Bible, another volume entitled Let God be True, a fragment of
newspaper with the heading 'fighting for the High Moral Ground in a Secular
Society', plus a light bulb and a cartoon of two well-known British politicians, one
Labour and one Conservative. In this piece Latham ironically contrasted his own
quest for enlightenment with the disciplines of religion, philosophy and politics.
Since his work was built from and included the latter, his own solutions claimed a
October 1992.
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These artefacts hung from the gallery's ceiling and were perhaps the most
overtly astronomical in Latham's oeuvre, in the sense that they resembled the
planets of the solar system. However Latham's 'planets' looked as though massive
collisions had taken place in outer space, between them and showers of books and
metal objects. Oddly shaped metallic parts and damaged books projected from the
interiors or surfaces of the planets. The perfection and integrity of the spheres was
While Latham's art and ideas have evolved over the decades, there has also
been a recursive factor, that is, his habit of circling back to take up themes and forms
unity of Latham's quest: he returns again and again to the same fundamental issues
Arguably, Latham is one of the last avant-gardists; for, since the death of
Beuys in 1986, he seems to stand almost alone as an artist who produces radical,
iconoclastic art, who believes passionately that art has vital social and intellectual
purposes, and who is inspired by a holistic vision with lessons that - should they be
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NOTES
1. For a detailed survey of Latham's work, see my monograph, John Latham - The
Incidental Person - His Art and Ideas, (London: Middlesex University Press, 1995).
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essay first appeared in the 1997 catalogue for the exhibition Pictura Britannica: Art
from Britain, (Sydney: Museum of Contemporary Art). John A. Walker has written
several books and many periodical articles. A topic he has explored in some depth is
"http://www.artdesigncafe.com">www.artdesigncafe.com</a>