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Pressure Vessels o Any container that holds a fluid under a positive or negative internal pressure Pressure may be well

l above or below atmospheric pressure Vessels holding fluids under static pressure are also pressure vessels o Many are used in everyday life

Lesson Examples

Lab Procedure o You will perform tests on two different pressure vessels Thin-walled and thick-walled o Thin-Walled Vessel Test Pressure vessel is considered thin-walled if Inside radius > ! Wall Thickness We will use a " strain gage rosette to measure strain on the outside of the vessel wall as pressure is applied inside #ote the orientation of the " strain gages in the rosette $hould be !% &'% and (!) Also make sure you properly label which gage is A% *% and + for the data you collect ,raw on board

-rient the ./ a.is along gage A and y/ a.es along gage + Measure the orientation angle using a protractor $hould be measured as the angle between the a.ial direction of the cylinder and the gage oriented the closest to the a.ial direction 0gage A1 2ero the amp $et the gage factor *alance the strain +lose the pressure relief valve 3se the pump to increase the pressure in 4'! psi increments from ! psi to 4!!! psi Take readings from the " strain gages at each 4'! psi increment -nce you reach 4!!! psi and are finished taking readings% open the pressure relief valve

o Thick-Walled Pressure Vessel Test The two strain gages we will use are designated as 5 and 54 on your data sheet These gages are aligned in two of the principal directions o 5 is aligned in the hoop direction o 54 is in the radial direction 2ero the amp% set the gage factor% and balance the strain for gage 5 3se the switch to change to gage 54 ,o not balance the strain again Write down what the strain is at ! psi and subtract this value from all your others for gage 54 +lose the pressure relief valve 3se the pump to increase the pressure in 4' psi increments from ! psi to !!! psi Take strain reading for the two gages at each 4' psi increment -pen the pressure relief valve when finished Calculations o Thin-Wall Experiment *egin by entering your data in 6.cel +reate a plot of normal strain vs7 pressure with a line for each of your strain gages Put all the lines on the same graph
0in 9 in 1
A
p

B
p

C
p

p (psi)

i 3se linear regression to calculate the slope p of the lines for each of your strain gages +alculate the strains along the ./ and y/ a.es along with the shearing strain A x8 = o

p p C y 8 = p p

4 B A C x 8 y 8 + = p p p p Above e:uations come from the fact that if we have " strain gages measuring strain at a given point o With each gage arbitrarily oriented we can use the following; A = x 8 cos 4 A + y 8 sin 4 A + x 8 y 8 sin A cos A o

B = x 8 cos 4 B + y 8 sin 4 B + x 8 y 8 sin B cos B C = x 8 cos 4 C + y 8 sin 4 C + x 8 y 8 sin C cos C


<ages are on surface of pressure vessel =n a state of plane stress 3se bia.ial >ooke/s law to convert your strains into stresses
y8 x8 p + p y8 E y8 = + x 8 4 p p p x8 E = p 4
p =G

x8 y 8

x8y8
p

?elationship between elastic constants


G= E 4( + )

3se Mohr/s circle or the e:uations method to find; Principal normal stresses per unit pressure o will be the principal stress in the hoop direction
p

4
p

will be the principal stress in the a.ial direction

-rientation angle of the principal a.es with respect to the ./ a.is o @p should be the same as

o Thick-Wall Experiment Much simpler than the thin-walled vessel <age 5 directly measures principal strain in the hoop direction <age 54 directly measures the principal strain in the radial direction " Again% create a strain vs7 pressure plot and find the slope of the two lines on your graph 3se >ooke/s law to calculate principal stresses using the measured principal strains E + " = 4 p p p " E " + = 4 p p p ,o not worry about the ma.imum shear stresses for the thick wall vessel o Theoretical Equations- Reference Values Thin-Wall Pressure Vessel 6:uations are applicable if
a ! t

The thin-walled e:uations neglect the radial stresses in the wall by assuming none are present due to the thin wall We will use them as a reference for both vessels to show that they fail miserably for a thick-walled vessel a = 0hoop1 o o o
p t 4 a = 0a.ial1 p 4t

"
p

= 0radial1

Thick-Wall Pressure Vessel 6:uations take into account radial stresses b4 a4 + o r4 0hoop1 = 4 4 p b a 4 a4 o 0a.ial1 = 4 4
p b a
4

"
p

b4 a 4 r b4 a4

0radial1

These e:uations work for both thin and thick-walled vessels o #ote that for the thin-walled vessel r A b

x 8
p

Lab Report o Memo completed by your group worth !! points Attach your initialed data sheet Also attach a set of hand calculations o 6.perimental ?esults Thin-walled vessel $how the graph you will create from your data =nclude a table or tables showing your calculated e.perimental values for the following; x 8 p y 8 y 8 x 8 y 8 4 x y
8 8

Also include a table showing the reference values of

and

4
p

for the thin-walled vessel using both the thin-wall and thick-wall theory o 3se a B error to compare your e.perimental values to the reference values Thick-Walled Vessel $how the graph you will create from your data =nclude a table showing the following calculated e.perimental values; " "
p p p

Also include a table showing the reference values for

and

"
p

found using both the thin-wall and thick-wall theories o 3se a B difference to compare the theoretical values to your e.perimental values o ,iscussion of ?esults +ompare your e.perimental principal stresses to those found using the two theories You need to compare your e.perimental results from each vessel to both of the theories 3se a percent error ,iscuss how well the theories work o =n particular mention if the thin-walled theory is appropriate for use on thick-walled vessels +ompare the calculated principal direction for the thin-walled vessel to the measured orientation angle =n theory these should be the same Presentation

o 6ach group will come to the board and fill in their e.perimental values for the following; Vessel Type " 4 p p p Thin-Walled #9A Thick-Walled #9A Then two random groups will be asked :uestions7

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