SESSION: 2013-14

PROJECT ON AN OPERATING SYSTEM

PRIYANKA MODERN SR. SEC. SCHOOL DHAMPUR
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION, NEW DELHI

Submitted to: MRS. SWETA MAM

Submitted By: DEEPTI DWIVEDI CLASS - IX Roll.No:.

Heartiest thanks to

Mrs. Shushma Singh (Principal), Priyanka Modern

Sr. Sec. School, Dhampur (Bijnor) and other faculty members, librarian and all
other staffs of my esteemed institute for their time to time assistance.

I express my heartfelt gratitude toward

Mrs. Sweta Mam (Project Supervisor),

for giving me the

Priyanka Modern Sr. Sec. School, Dhampur (Bijnor)

opportunity to do the Project Work and for providing me this learning experience in this area.

Lastly I would express my sincere thanks to all respondents for their cooperation. I am extremely obliged and highly thankful all those who have contributed to completion of this Project.

Deepti Dwivedi Class-IX Roll NO. :..

This is to certify that this project was carried out sincerely by

NITIKA AGARWAL of Class XII (SCIENCE) . Roll No.. a student of GYANDEEP PUBLIC SR. SEC. SCHOOL, SEOHARA (BIJNOR) under my supervision
for partial fulfillment of Physical Education Practical Examination under Board of Secondary Education for the year 2013-14

Submitted to: MRS. CHITRA KUMARI

INDEX OPERATING SYSTEMS

Topics
1. COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS (a) HISTORY OF OS (b) INTRODUCTION (c) TYPES (d) FUNCTIONS (e) TYPES OF FILE SYSTEM 2. MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMS (A) TYPES 3. SUMMARY 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY

COMPUTER Operating Systems

History of Operating System
Operating systems have been evolving through the years. Following table shows the history of OS.

Generation First Second Third Fourth

Year 1945 55 1955 1965 1965 1980 Since 1980

Electronic devices used Vacuum tubes Transistors Integrated Circuit (IC) Large scale integration

Types of OS and devices Plug boards Batch system Multiprogram ming PC

Introduction
An operating system (OS) is the software component of a computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of the computer. The OS acts as a host for application programs that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an OS is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware. This relieves application programs from having to manage these details and makes it easier to write applications. Almost all computers use an OS of some type. OSs offer a number of services to application programs and users. Applications access these services through application programming interfaces (APIs) or system calls. By using these interfaces, the application can request a service from the OS, pass parameters, and receive the results of the operation. Users may also interact with the OS by typing commands or using a graphical user interface (GUI).

TYPES OF COMPUTER OS

The Big 3
Common contemporary OSs include Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. Microsoft Windows has a significant majority of market share in the desktop and notebook computer markets, while the server and embedded device markets are split amongst several OSs.

Linux
Linux (also known as GNU/Linux) is one of the most prominent examples of free software and open source development which means that typically all underlying source code can be freely modified, used, and redistributed by anyone. The name Linux comes from the Linux kernel, started in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The systems utilities and libraries usually come from the GNU operating system (which is why it is also known as GNU/Linux). Linux is predominantly known for its use in servers. It is also used as an operating system for a wide variety of computer hardware, including desktop computers, supercomputers, video game systems, and embedded devices such as mobile phones and routers.

Design
Linux is a modular Unix-like OS. It derives much of its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Linux uses a monolithic kernel which handles process control, networking, and peripheral and file system access. The device drivers are integrated directly with the kernel. Much of Linuxs higher-level functionality is provided by seperate projects which interface with the kernel. The GNU userland is an important part of most Linux systems, providing the shell and Unix tools which carry out many basic OS tasks. On top of the kernel, these tools form a Linux system with a GUI that can be used, usually running in the X Windows System (X). Linux can be controlled by one or more of a text-based command line interface (CLI), GUI, or through controls on the device itself (like on embedded machines). Desktop machines have 3 popular user interfaces (UIs): KDE, GNOME, and Xfce. These UIs run on top of X, which provides network transparency, enabling a graphical application running on one machine to be displayed and controlled from another (thats like running a game on your computer but your friends computer can control and see the game from his computer). The window manager provides a means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interacts with the X window system.

A Linux system usually provides a CLI of some sort through a shell. Linux distros for a server might only use a CLI and nothing else. Most low-level Linux components use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks, and provides very simple inter-process communication. A graphical terminal is often used to access the CLI from a Linux desktop.

Bash Screenshot

Development
The primary difference between Linux and many other OSs is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open source software. Free software projects, although developed in a collaborative fashion, are often produced independently of each other. A Linux distribution, commonly called a distro, is a project that manages a remote collection of Linux-based software, and facilitates installation of a Linux OS. Distros include system software and application software in the form of packages. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of installed Linux systems, system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole.

Linux is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some vendors develop and fund their distros on a volunteer basis. Others maintain a community versionof their commercial distros. In many cities and regions, local associations known as Linux Users Groups (LUGs) promote Linux and free software. There are also many online communities that seek to provide support to Linux users and developers. Most distros also have IRC chatrooms or newsgroups for communication. Online forums are another means for support. Linux distros host mailing lists also. Most Linux distros support dozens of programming languages. The most common collection of utilities for building both Linux applications and OS programs is found within the GNU toolchain, which includes the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and the GNU build system. GCC provieds compilers for Ada, C, C++, Java, and Fortran. Most distros also include support for Perl, Ruby, Python and other dynamic languages. The two main frameworks for developing graphical applications are those of GNOME and KDE.

Ubuntu CD

Uses
As well as those designed for general purpose use on desktops and servers, distros may be specialized for different purposes including: computer architecture support, embedded systems, stability, security, localization to a specific region or language, targeting of specific user

groups, support for real-time applications, or commitment to a given desktop environment. Linux runs on a more diverse range of computer architecture than any other OS. Although there is a lack of Linux ports for some Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows programs in domains such as desktop publishing and professional audio, applications roughly equivalent to those available for OS X and Windows are available for Linux. Most Linux distros have some sort of program for browsing through a list of free software applications that have already been tested and configured for the specific distro. There are many free software titles popular on Windows that are available for Linux the same way there are a growing amount of proprietary software that is being supported for Linux. Historically, Linux has been used as a server OS and been very successful in that area due to its relative stability and long uptime. Linux is the cornerstone of the LAMP server-software combination (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python) which has achieved popularity among developers, and which is one of the more common platforms for website hosting.

Windows
Windows (created by Microsoft) is the most dominant OS on the market today. The two most popular versions of Windows for the desktop are XP and Vista (Vista being the latest version). There is also a mobile version of Windows as well as a server version of Windows (the latest being Windows Server 2008). Windows is all proprietary, closed-source which is much different than Linux licenses. Most of the popular manufacturers make all of their hardware compatible with Windows which makes Windows operate and almost all kinds of new hardware.

XP
The term XP stands for experience. Windows XP is the successor to both Windows 2000 Professional and Windows ME. Within XP there are 2 main editions: Home and Professional. The Professional version has additional features and is targeted at power users and business clients. There is also a Media Center version that has additional multimedia features enhancing the ability to record and watch TV shows, view DVD movies, and listen to music. Windows XP features a task-based GUI. XP analyzes the performance impact of visual effects and uses this to determine whether to enable them, so as to prevent the new functionaility from consuming excessive additional processing overhead. The different themes are controlled by the user changing their preferences.

Windows XP Screenshot

Windows XP has released a set of service packs (currently there are 3) which fix problems and add features. Each service pack is a superset of all previous service packs and patches so that only the latest service pack needs to be installed, and also includes new

revisions. Support for Windows XP Service Pack 2 will end on July 13, 2010 (6 years after its general ability).

Vista
Windows Vista contains many changes and new features from XP, including an update GUI and visual style, improved searching features, new multimedia creation tools, and redesigned networking, audio, print, and display sub-systems. Vista also aims to increase the level of communication between machines on a home network, using peer-to-peer technology to simplify sharing files and digital media between computers and devices. Windows vista is intended to be a technology-based release, to provide a base to include advanced technologies, any of which are related to how the system functions and thus not readily visible to the user. An example is the complete restructuring of the architecture of the audio, print, display, and networking subsystems; while the results of this work are visible to software developers, end-users will only see what appear to be evolutionary changes in the UI.

Windows Vista Screenshot

Vista includes technologies which employ fast flash memory to improve system performance by chaching commonly used programs

and data. Other new technology utilizes machine learning techniques to analyze usage patterns to allow Windows Vista to make intelligent decisions about what content should be present in system meomry at any given time. As a part of the redesign of the networking architecture, IPv6 has been fully incorporated into the OS and a number of performance improvements have been introduced, such as TCP window scaling. For graphics, it has a new Windows Display Driver Model and a major revision to Direct3D. At the core of the OS, many improvements have been made to the memory manager, process scheduler and I/O scheduler.

Security
Windows is the most vulnerable OS to attacks. Security software is a must when youre using Windows which is much different then Linux and OS X. It has been criticized for its susceptibility to malware, viruses, trojan horses, and worms. Security issues are compounded by the fact that users of the Home edition, by default, receive an administrator account that provides unrestricted access to the underpinnings of the system. If the administrators account is broken into, there is no limit to the control that can be asserted over the compromised PC. Windows has historically been a tempting target for virus creators because of its world market dominance. Security holes are often invisible until they are exploited, making preemptive action difficult. Microsoft has stated that the release of patches to fix security holes is often what causes the spread of exploits against those very same holes, as crackers figured out what problems the patches fixed, and then launch attacks against unpatched systems. It is recommended to have automatic updates turned on to prevent a system from being attacked by an unpatched bug.

OS X
OS X is the major operating system that is created by Apple Inc. Unlike its predecessor (referred to Classic or OS 9), OS X is a UNIX

based operating system. Currently OS X is in version 10.5, with 10.5.3 being the last major software update and plans for 10.6 having been announced. Apple has chosen to name each version of OS X after a large cat with 10.0 being Cheetah, 10.1 as Puma, 10.2 as Jaguar, 10.3 as Panther, 10.4 as Tiger, 10.5 as Leopard, and the unreleased 10.6 named Snow Leopard. Apple also develops a server OS X that is very similar to the normal OS X, but is designed to work on Apples X-Serve hardware. Some of the tools included with the server OS X are workgroup management and administration software that provide simplified access to common network services, including a mail transfer agent, a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, a graphical interface for distributed computing (which Apple calls Xgrid Admin), and others.

Description
OS X is a UNIX based OS built on top of the XNU kernel, with standard Unix facilities available from the CLI. Apple has layered a number of components over this base, including their own GUI. The most notable features of their GUI are the Dock and the Finder. The Dock is the bar at the bottom of the screen. To the left of the dotted line you can place the applications that you use most frequently, and any application that is currently running will appear there with a blue light underneath it. To the right you can place any documents that you access most frequently. In 10.5 Leopard they added a tool called Stacks to the right side of the dock. Stacks are folders that when you click on them spread upward to reveal the contents without actually opening a finder window.

OS X Taskbar

The Finder does exactly what it says it does. It finds everything in your machine. This is how you find all of the documents, applications, movies, music, photos, and whatever else you have stored on your machine. There are four ways to view the contents of

the directory youre looking at that are chosen from the four icons at the top left of the window: icons, list, column, or Cover Flow. The icon and list views are pretty standard, but the column and Cover Flow views are fairly unique to OS X.

Compatibility
OS X is not backward compatible with earlier Mac OSs. It functions like Unix-based Linux systems which mean that most BSD or Linux packages can be run on OS X. Due to earlier PowerPC processors, OS X has an image of not being compatible with Windows standards, documents, etc. However, with new Intel-based machines, dual booting and virtual machines have become possible.

Security and Usage

OS X is a more secure OS than Windows just like Linux. Rather than Linux, however, OS X is a closed OS. The latest version of OS X (10.5 - Leopard) was designed to add a lot more features. The next version of OS X will focus more on functionality than cool features.

Basic functions of an operating system

Functions of an operating system
The basic functions of an operating system are: i. ii. iii. iv. Booting the computer Performs basic computer tasks eg managing the various peripheral devices eg mouse, keyboard Provides a user interface, e.g. command line, graphical user interface (GUI) Handles system resources such as computer's memory and sharing of the central processing unit (CPU) time by various applications or peripheral devices Provides file management which refers to the way that the operating system manipulates, stores, retrieves and saves data.

v.

Booting the computer

The process of starting or restarting the computer is known as booting. A cold boot is when you turn on a computer that has been turned off completely. A warm boot is the process of using the operating system to restart the computer.

Performs basic computer tasks

The operating system performs basic computer tasks, such as managing the various peripheral devices such as the mouse, keyboard and printers. For example, most operating systems now are plug and play which means a device such as a printer will automatically be detected and configured without any user intervention.

Provides a user interface

A user interacts with software through the user interface. The two main types of user interfaces are: command line and a graphical user interface (GUI). With a command line interface, the user interacts with the operating system by typing commands to perform specific tasks. An example of a command line interface is DOS (disk operating system). With a graphical user interface, the user interacts with the operating system by using a mouse to access windows, icons, and menus. An example of a graphical user interface is Windows Vista or Windows 7. The operating system is responsible for providing a consistent application program interface (API) which is important as it allows a software developer to write an application on one computer and know that it will run on another computer of the same type even if the amount of memory or amount of storage is different on the two machines.

Handles system resources

The operating system also handles system resources such as the computer's memory and sharing of the central processing unit (CPU) time by various applications or peripheral devices. Programs and input methods are constantly competing for the attention of the CPU and demand memory, storage and input/output bandwidth. The operating system ensures that each application gets the necessary resources it needs in order to maximise the functionality of the overall system.

Provides file management

The operating system also handles the organisation and tracking of files and directories (folders) saved or retrieved from a computer disk. The file management system allows the user to perform such tasks as creating files and directories, renaming files, coping and moving files, and deleting files. The operating system keeps track of where files are

located on the hard drive through the type of file system. The type two main types of file system are File Allocation table (FAT) or New Technology File system (NTFS).

Types of file system

File Allocation table (FAT) New Technology file system (NTFS)

File Allocation table (FAT) uses the file allocation table which records, which clusters are used and unused and where files are located within the clusters. NTFS is a file system introduced by Microsoft and it has a number of advantages over the previous file system, named FAT32 (File Allocation Table). One major advantage of NTFS is that it includes features to improve reliability. For example, the new technology file system includes fault tolerance, which automatically repairs hard drive errors without displaying error messages. It also keeps detailed transaction logs, which tracks hard drive errors. This can help prevent hard disk failures and makes it possible to recover files if the hard drive does fail. NTFS also allows permissions (such as read, write, and execute) to be set for individual directories and files.

Mobile Operating Systems (Mobile OS)

INTRODUCTION
A mobile operating system, also called a mobile OS, is an operating system that is specifically designed to run on mobile devices such as mobile phones, smart phones, PDAs, tablet computers and other handheld devices. The mobile operating system is the software platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, can run on mobile devices. The operating system is responsible for determining the functions and features available on your device, such as thumbwheel, keyboards, WAP, synchronization with applications, email, text messaging and more. The mobile OS will also determine which third-party applications (mobile apps) can be used on your device.

Types of Mobile Operating Systems

When you purchase a mobile device the manufacturer will have chosen the operating system for that specific device. Often, you will want to learn about the mobile operating system before you purchase a device to ensure compatibility and support for the mobile applications you want to use.

9 Popular Mobile Operating Systems 1. Android OS (Google Inc.)

The Android mobile operating system is Google's open and free software stack that includes an operating system, middleware and also key applications for use on mobile devices, including smartphones. Updates for the open source Android mobile operating system have been developed under dessert-inspired codenames (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich) with each new version arriving in alphabetical order with new enhancements and improvements

2. Bada (Samsung Electronics)

Bada is a proprietary Samsung mobile OS that was first launched in 2010. The Samsung Wave was the first smartphone to use this mobile OS. Bada provides mobile features such as multipoint-touch, 3D graphics and of course, application downloads and installation.

3. BlackBerry OS (Research In Motion)

The BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Research In Motion for use on the companys popular BlackBerry handheld devices. The BlackBerry platform is popular with corporate users as it offers synchronization with Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Domino, Novell GroupWise email and other business software, when used with the BlackBerry Enterprise Server.

4. iPhone OS / iOS (Apple)

Apple's iPhone OS was originally developed for use on its iPhone devices. Now, the mobile operating system is referred to as iOS and is supported on a number of Apple devices including the iPhone, iPad, iPad 2 and iPod Touch. The iOS mobile operating system is available only on Apple's own manufactured devices as the company does not license the OS for third-party hardware. Apple iOS is derived from Apple's Mac OS X operating system.

5. MeeGo OS (Nokia and Intel)

A joint open source mobile operating system which is the result of merging two products based on open source technologies: Maemo (Nokia) and Moblin (Intel). MeeGo is a mobile OS designed to work on a number of devices including smartphones, netbooks, tablets, invehicle information systems and various devices using Intel Atom and ARMv7 architectures.

6. Palm OS (Garnet OS)

The Palm OS is a proprietary mobile operating system (PDA operating system) that was originally released in 1996 on the Pilot 1000 handheld. Newer versions of the Palm OS have added support for expansion ports, new processors, external memory cards, improved security and support for ARM processors and smartphones. Palm OS 5 was extended to provide support for a broad range of screen resolutions, wireless connections and enhanced multimedia capabilities and is called Garnet OS.

7. Symbian OS (Nokia)
Symbian is a mobile operating system (OS) targeted at mobile phones that offers a high-level of integration with communication and personal information management (PIM) functionality. Symbian OS combines middleware with wireless communications through an integrated mailbox and the integration of Java and PIM functionality

(agenda and contacts). Nokia has made the Symbian platform available under an alternative, open and direct model, to work with some OEMs and the small community of platform development collaborators. Nokia does not maintain Symbian as an open source development project.

8. webOS (Palm/HP)
WebOS is a mobile operating system that runs on the Linux kernel. WebOS was initially developed by Palm as the successor to its Palm OS mobile operating system. It is a proprietary Mobile OS which was eventually acquired by HP and now referred to as webOS (lower-case w) in HP literature. HP uses webOS in a number of devices including several smartphones and HP TouchPads. HP has pushed its webOS into the enterprise mobile market by focusing on improving security features and management with the release of webOS 3.x. HP has also announced plans for a version of webOS to run within the Microsoft Windows operating system and to be installed on all HP desktop and notebook computers in 2012.

9. Windows Mobile (Windows Phone 7)

Windows Mobile is Microsoft's mobile operating system used in smartphones and mobile devices with or without touchscreens. The Mobile OS is based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel. In 2010 Microsoft announced a new smartphone platform called Windows Phone 7.

SUMMARY
An Operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and services, such as memory, processors, devices and information. The Operating System correspondingly includes programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, memory management module, I/O programs, and a file system. Assembler Input to an assembler is an assembly language program. Output is an object program plus information that enables the loader to prepare the object program for execution. Loader A loader is a routine that loads an object program and prepares it for execution. There are various loading schemes: absolute, relocating and directlinking. In general, the loader must load, relocate, and link the object program Compilers A compilers is a program that accepts a source program in a high level language and produces a corresponding object program.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.webopedia.com Wikipedia-the free encyclopaedia http://openbookproject.net
Modern Operating Systems (Goal) - Andrew S. Tanenbaum.