TEST 4: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE and PERIODIC TABLE 3.

1 The diagram sho)s the energy level diagram for an atom. <ra) all the possi#le electron jumps from e&cited states leading to the emission of light. <ra) the line spectrum you )ould e&pect to see indicating the direction of increasing frequency.

4.1

The energy of the line at the convergence limit of the Lyman series in the H-atom spectrum corresponds to the largest energy jump on the energy level diagram. This energy is equal to the ionisation energy for the H-atom: the energy needed to remove an electron from an isolated atom forming an H ! ion. "f the frequency of the line is found to #e 3.$% & 1'1( s-1 calculate the energy associated )ith it using the formula: E=hx )here *lanc+,s constant h - ...3 & 1'-34 / s0 1vogadro constant - ..'$ & 1'$3

2onvert your ans)er to +/ and multiply #y 1vogadro,s constant to give your ans)er in +/ mol-1. 1.1 a. 3sing o&ygen atom as an e&ample e&plain the follo)ing: i. Hund,s 4ule ii. *auli 5&clusion *rinciple. 6rite do)n the electronic configuration of the iron atom 7e and the iron8""9 ion 7e$!. 1 cation A2+ has the follo)ing electronic configuration: 1s$ $s$ $p. 3s$ 3p. a. 5&plain the term :cation,. #. Ho) many electrons )ould atom A consist of;
1

1.3 1.(

c. 6rite do)n the electronic configuration for atom A. d. 5&plain )hy atom A forms an ion )ith a charge of !$. e. "dentify element A. $.1 $.$ 1.1 1.3 $.1 a. <escri#e the general trend in electrical conductivity across *eriod $. #. <oes *eriod 3 sho) the same trend; Ho) does the trend in electrical conductivity across a period relate to the structure of the elements; <escri#e the general trend in melting points across *eriods $ and 3. The atoms in diamond and in o&ygen are joined #y covalent #onds. 6hy is there such a huge difference in melting point #et)een these t)o elements; a. The si=e of the atoms decreases across each of the periods. 6hy does this happen; #. The 1st ionisation energy of magnesium is greater than that of sodium in the same period #ut smaller than that of #eryllium in the period a#ove it. 5&plain this considering the proton num#er and electronic configuration in these atoms.

The diagram a#ove sho)s the valence electronic configuration of an element in the ground state. a. "dentify the element and state its proton num#er. #. 6rite similar diagrams to sho) the valence electronic configuration of the ion formed )hich has a charge of !3. 3.$ >ive an e&planation for each of the o#servations regarding the ioni=ation energies of the d-#loc+ elements from ?candium 8?c9 to @inc 8@n9. a. There is little change in the ionisation energy of the elements from titanium to copper. #. The second ionisation energy of copper is higher than e&pected. c. 2r has the highest $nd ionisation energy An has the highest 3rd ionisation energy and 7e has the highest 4th ionisation energy of the elements from ?c to @n. d. The 3rd ionisation energy of 7e is lo)er than e&pected.