Jessie Zhao Period: 1

Chapter #31: American Life in the "Roaring Twenties" Big Picture Themes 1. A red scare struck America in the 20s. Fear of communism resonated through society and was fueled by mail bombings and illustrated by the Sacco and Vanzetti executions. 2. Anti-immigration ran high as well. Laws were passed to limit immigration, and specifically, to limit New Immigrants from Italy and Poland. 3. The Scopes Monkey Trial illustrated the new controversy of evolution vs. creation. 4. Businesses had a good run in the 20s and consumers bought products wildly, often on credit or with an installment plan. 5. Three Republican presidents were pro-business. The economy and consumers got to running too fast, and coupled with over-buying in the stock market, initiated the Stock Crash and Great Depression. Chapter #31 Identifications A. Mitchell Palmer The "Fighting Quaker", used a series of raids to arrest 6,000 suspected communists during the Red Scare John T. Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution in Tennessee. His trial was watched all over the country. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs. the Modernalist. In the outcome he was only fined $100.00 dollars. While it seemed the Fundamentalists had won, the trial made them look bad. Clarence Darrow A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible. Andrew Mellon Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in taxexempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics) Frederick W. Taylor was an engineer, an inventor, and a tennis player. He sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management especially time-management studies.

Margaret Sanger Woman who organized the birth-control movement H. L. Mencken was a patron to many young writers in the 1920's. "Bad Boy of Baltimore". He criticized many subjects like the middle class, democracy, marriage and patriotism in his monthly AMERICAN MERCURY. F. Scott Fitzgerald Author who wrote The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise, both of which appealed to young readers. Ernest Hemingway Author who wrote The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, exemplified the "Lost Generation" of WWI Sinclair Lewis A heavy-drinking journalist who wrote Main Street and Babbitt, belittled small-town America was the chief chronicler of Midwestern life. He was a master of satire. Buying on Margin This kind of buying stocks was usually only used by poor and middle class people. They would buy the stock, but only pay for part of it and borrow money from the stockbrokers to pay the rest. Then when they sold the stock for a higher price, they would pay the broker off and keep the rest of the profit. This practice led to the great depression, because the banks couldn't get their money back when the stock market crashed. Red Scare erupted in the early 1920's. The American public was scared that communism would come into the US. Left-winged supporters were suspected. This fear of communism helped businessman who used it to stop labor strikes. Sacco and Vanzetti Case Nicola Sacco was a shoe-factory worker and Bartholomew Vanzetti was a fish peddler. They were both convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard in 1921. They were supported by Liberals and Radicals. The case lasted 6 years and resulted in execution based on weak evidence. Mainly because Americans were xenophobic (afraid of foreigners). Emergency Quota Act 1921 This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the United States in 1910. Immigration Quota Act 1924 was passed in 1924--cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants in 1890--purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition (which was largely Northern European) --prevented Japanese from immigrating, causing outrage in Japan. Volstead Act implemented the 18th Amendment. It established illegal alcohol at above .5%. Fundamentalism

movement that pushed that the teachings of Darwin were destroying faith in God and the Bible. It consisted of the old-time religionists who didn't want to conform to modern science. Modernists believed that God was a "good guy" and the universe a pretty chummy place; these were the people who believed in God but were also able to except evolution and modern science Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions Seeing Red Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti 1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare. -many jailings -accusations -deportations -hatred for immigrants Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK 2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen. The old Ku Klux Klan group was only against African-Americans taking power. The new Ku Klux Klan was against many: Catholics, Jewish, pacifists, communists, internationalist, revolutionists, gambling, adultery, and birth control. They were pro-white Anglo-Saxons who shunned anyone that did not hold the same beliefs. Stemming the Foreign Flood Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act 3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's. Many immigrants came from Europe. Because of the peoples fear of the red scare, Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921, which reduced the number of immigrants allowed to come to America by 3%. The Immigration Act in 1924 reduced the percentage even lower to 2%.

Makers of America: The Poles Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw 4. What factors led Poles to America? Many Poles were drawn to America by the promise of land and bread. Overpopulation and limited land encouraged many to immigrate to America.

The Prohibition "Experiment" Know:Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment 5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently? Many were used to drinking on a daily basis. So when the Volstead Act was passed to carry out the eighteenth amendment, many snuck alcohol into America. The Golden Age of Gangsterism Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law 6. What was Gangsterism?

Gangsterism is a term related to organized crime and the gang wars during the Roaring 20s. Due to prohibition, an industry was made for the distribution of alcohol under the radar. Gangs fought for customers and booze. They forced many to pay a protection feeThe most evident gangsterism was in Chicago, led by Scarface Al Capone. Monkey Business in Tennessee Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow 7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's. While Professor John Dewey advocated learning by doing and John T. Scopes taught about evolution, many criticized the new movement of education by saying that it was discouraging belief in God and the Bible. The Mass-Consumption Economy Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey 8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's. Henry Ford was able to perfect his cars and made assembly lines that mass-produced cars every ten seconds. Production was increasing, and many turned to advertisements to sell their products. Bruce Barton began the job of marketing. Mass media helped lured in customers before they knew what they were buying. Putting America on Rubber Tires Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T

9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles? Fredrick Taylor improved efficiency and productivity of mass-production by using stopwatches on workers to eliminate wasted time. The price for a car was so low that common citizens were able to afford them. In 1929, there was one car for every 4.9 persons. The Advent of the Gasoline Age 10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile? Because of the automobile, 6 million jobs were created. Workers were needed to make parts, assemble cars, and make road for the cars to travel on. Many were also needed o fill the cars need for gasoline. Cars became the main mode of transportations. A million people had died in car crashes by 1951. Humans Develop Wings Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh 11. What effects did the early airplane have on America? Airplanes were used in World War 1 to spy, bomb and fight. They were used for national mail. Charles Lindberg was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, making him a celebrity among citizens and a representation of the anti-jazz age. The Radio Revolution 12. How did America change as the result of the radio? The radio broadcasted news that drew people back to the family and sit listening to the radio. Sports were popularized, and music became more accepted in homes. Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies Know: 13. The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?

D.W. Griffiths Birth of a Nation was considered the first full-length movie. The movie industrywas launched, and Hollywood soon became the capital of the world for movies. Motion pictures were originally used for proproganda in World War 1. Jazz signer Al Johnson was the first to talk in one of these movies without sound. The Dynamic Decade Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey 14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain.

By 1920s more Americans lived in urban arrears rather than in rural areas. Women continued to find jobs and support themselves. The National Womens Party was formed around this time to ensure equal rights. Cultural Liberation Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright 15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?

H.L. Mencken was able to criticize society in general in his newspaper. Fitzgerald wrotes books depicting the time periods glamor and senselessness. Dreiser wrote about the crime of a couple. Hemingway wrote about the empty lives of his generation who had been affected by the war. Anderson revealed the conditions of small towns. Faulkner wrote about his life in the south. Pound and Frost wrote of other countries, like New England. Wall Street's Big Bull Market Know: 16. Margin, Andrew Mellon Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?

Congress passed the Bureau of the Budget, which made the rich put their money in other places than the factories. They were able to eventually lower the national debt. However, it cause many to over speculate and go into debt. Chapter #32: The Politics of Boom and Bust Big Picture Themes 1. President Harding had several scandals underneath him, notably the Teapot Dome Scandal over oil. 2. America entered into policies of isolationism whereby the US just wanted to look after herself and leave Europe alone. 3. Coolidge was very pro-business, following a hands-off approach by government. 4. Hoover held the same ideas with his rugged individualism phrase. When the Stock Crash hit and Great Depression started, Hoover was very reluctant and slow to take government action.

Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon treasury secretary, favored expansion of capital investment, tax policies, successfully pushed congress to lower taxes Herbert Hoover sec of commerce, made his job important, good w/ foreign trade for US manufacturers Albert B. Fall scheming anti-conservationist, corrupt sec of interior Robert LaFollette pompous senator from WI- AFL endorsed his prez nominee-->headed crumbing progressive party Alfred E. Smith Governor of New York who ran as a Democrat for the 1928 elections Ohio Gang A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved. Washington Conference (1921) Conference of major powers to reduce naval armaments among Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States. Kellogg-Briand Pact agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law a huge tariff increase, 27-38.5%, duties on farm produce increased Teapot Dome Scandal senator fall convinced denby to give him control of oil fields (teapot dome). He leased this fields to sinclair (major oil company) and in return recieved bribes secretly Dawes Plan Charles Dawes- rescheduled German reparation payments & opened the way for further American private loans to Germany Hawley-Smoot Tariff reduced flow of goods into united states and prevented other countries from earning american currency to buy american goods

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) govt. lending bank, provided indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural enterprises, etc. Bonus Army WWI veterans who marched on Washington demanding their $1,000 bonus pay before the 1945 due date Hoover-Stimson doctrine the US would not recognize any territorial acquistions achieved by force

Chapter #32 Identifications The Republican "Old Guard" Returns Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang 1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?

He was of average intelligence , lacked vigor, and was gullible. He was not able to see the truth in people and sought to have the best in his administration. GOP Reaction at the Throttle 2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration. Harding appointed four supreme court justices and Taft as chief justice. The Adkins v. Childrens Hospital revoked the ruling in favor of women and labor. All anti-trust laws were set aside for businesses. The I.C.C. was set up to regulate railroads. The Aftermath of War Know: 3. Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?

The government backed away from business intervention and allowed private enterprises. The Railway Labor Board cut wages by 12%, which indirectly resulted in 30% decrease of union enrollment. Congress passed the Adjusted Compensation Act to help veterans. America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact 4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's? Unofficial observes were at League of nation Meetings to watch. A Disarment conference was

held, where the Five-Power treaty, Four-Power treaty, the Nine-Power treaty was made. Sixtytwo nations signed the Kellog-Briand Pact which outlawed war. Hiking the Tariff Higher Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law

5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs? The debt was not being repaied by European nations because the Fordney-McCumber Tariff raised the prices for exported goods from27% to 38.5%. Because they could not export, they were not able to pay their debts. The Stench of Scandal Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty

6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain Harding did not or did not want to admit that his administration was dishonest. Forbes as chief of the Veterans Bureau kept $200 million to himself while building veteran hospitals. Sectary of Interior Albert Fall was involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal by accepting bribes. Attorney General Daugherty was suspected of selling liquor permits during Prohibition. Silent Cal Coolidge Know: Calvin Coolidge 7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency? Yes, he was a cautious person who thought before he spoke. He was calm and shy, and did not speak much. Frustrated Farmers Know: McNary-Haugen Bill

8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same? During World War I, farmers provided much needed food to armies. The increased supply still maintained the same prices, so when the war ended, farmers fell onto tough times. Congress passed the McNary-Haugen Bill to keep the price of agricultural goods high. A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924 Know: Robert La Follette

9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election? Republicans all agreed on Calvin Coolidge. Democrats were split between wets and drys, urbanites and farmers, Fundamentalists and Modernists, northern liberals and southern standpatters, immigrants and old-stock Americans and last turned to nominate John W. Davis. New

Progressive party nominated Robert La Follette, but the party fielded only a presidential ticket, with no candidates for local office Foreign-Policy Flounderings 10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries? Allies said repayment was unfair- protected America until the Unready came into battle and the Allies risked the lives of millions. Unraveling the Debt Knot Know: Dawes Plan 11. What were the world-wide repercussions of Americas insistence on debt repayment? The Dawes Plan, created by Charles Dawe, stated that America would loan money to Germany, Germany would make payments to Britain and France, and then they would repay their loans to the U.S. The plan was simply the cycling of money, nothing was gained by the U.S however on paper the debt was repaid. Though the debt was paid the U.S received a lot of resentment from Britain and France who thought the U.S was greedy. The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928 Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin" 12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?

Hoover was popular due to the fact he came from poor background and made himself into a millionaire. Al Smith was unpopular due to the fact he was Irish Catholic, a drinker and from the cities. President Hoover's First Moves Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff 13. Did Hoovers attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain. Farm board was set up by Hoovers Agricultural Marketing Act so farmers were able to support themselves with the board. Grain Stabilization Corporation and Cotton Stabilization Corp. were helpful in buying surpluses to strengthen sagging prices. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised tariff to 60%. However, many were against trend of low tariffs because it slowed down trade and worsened the depression. The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?" 14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?Business depression was at home and abroad. More than 4 million people were jobless. Banks crashed along with the citizens life savings. Honest people lost their homes and farms to foreclosure Hooked on the Horn of Plenty Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles

15.

What causes contributed to the Great Depression?

There was an overabundance of farm and factory products, and production greatly exceeded consumption. As a result, over-expansion of credit created unsound faith in money. Drought caused Mississippi Valley farms to be sold to pay for debt. Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian 16. How did President Hoovers beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression? Because he did not agree with laissez-faire, he did not pass measures that could have made the Depression less severe. By the end of his term, he eventually started to use the government to help the people. Hoover Battles the Great Depression Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts 17. Is Hoovers reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain. Reputation for being a prominent conservative is justified due to his actions against the Bonus Army, his Anti Lassiez-Faire ideology, initiation of the prosecution of gangsters, his dislike of civil rights. Routing the Bonus Army in Washington Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur 18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why? Veterans marched on to the capital for cash-payment redemption for their service. When hostilities arose, Hoover ordered the army to forcefully evict the veterans. He deployed tanks/gas/armed soldiers against the camp. Overall, it led to over 1000 civilian's injured. Japanese Militarists Attack China Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine 19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations? The Japanese took advantage of the depression to capture Manchuria. Both the US and the League of Nations wanted to take action as Japanese moves violated fair play and more importantly, the open door policy, but the League, without US membership, and with most countries in depression, was powerless to do anything. Despite their ability to do so, the League was hesitant to stop Japan since they were not confident on American support Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy 20. What was President Hoovers policy toward Latin America Hoover sought to seek a friendlier yet more passive relationship with Latin American countries, taking away the Roosevelt Corollary. The policies were well met, as the depression struck American had no intention to resume the economic imperialism they once pursued. Thus the creation of the Good Neighbor policy was soon met with opposition from FDR.

Chapter #33: The Great Depression and the New Deal Big Picture Themes 1. FDR quickly got many New Deal programs passed. The general philosophy was: the government will start massive projects and spend huge quantities of money, and this will jump-start the economy. 2. These programs hit on all walks of life. Emphasis was placed on creating jobs, housing, construction projects, and restoring confidence in banks. 3. Though FDR was popular, there were critics to the New Dealsome saying it did too much, others that it did too little. 4. FDR pretty much had his way with Congress, until he asked for more Supreme Court judges and was finally told, No. 5. All told, though the New Deal may have helped the economy a bit, it did not boost the U.S. from the Depression.

Chapter #33: Identifications Eleanor Roosevelt FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women Harry Hopkins A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans. Frances Perkins secretary of labor, 1st woman cabinet member Father Coughlin catholic priest- "social justice"- anti-deal/anti-semitic and facsist--> did radio broadcasts until shut down by govt. Huey Long Louisiana Senator who opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a , "Share the Wealth" wants to give $5k to all families Francis Townshend retired physician who devised plans for senior citizens to receive pensions

Harold Ickes headed the PWA for unemployment relief, sec of interior Alfred M. Landon ran for prez in 1936 vs. FDR...Hoover backed him, he didnt like social security Brain Trust(s) small group of reform minded intellectuals who wrote FDR's speeches often and other new deal legislation (often young college professors) The three R's relief, reform, recovery National Labor Relation Board reasserted the right of organized labor (unions) Congress of Industrial Organizations led by John Lewis, orginially began as a group of unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. As there popularity grew they came known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", there efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to thrive under the New Deal.( page 790-791)

Liberty League group of wealthy conservatives who organized to fight socialist "New Deal" schemes Court-packing scheme FDR tried to appoint lots of new supreme court justices urgently, all based on the fact they were his allies and liked new deal, didnt do it fairly. People were angry he tried to disrupt the checks and balances system Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt 1 What kind of man was FDR?

He was tall, athletic, and handsome but suffered from polio in 1921, and was confined to a wheelchair. He empathized with the forgotten man. His wife, Eleanor, was the most active first lady in history. He was a great speaker and the first person to accept the presidential nomination. Presidential Hopefuls of 1932 2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?

FRD preached for a New Deal for the forgotten man. He proved that he was true and attacked Hoovers spending. The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932 3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory? Hoover lost to Roosevelt 472 to 59 electoral votes. There was a transition of the black vote from Republican to the Democratic Party. FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's, 4. Describe the New Deal. It was a series of government programs that aimed to help get the country out of the Great Depression. It included relief, recovery, and reform. A banking holiday was first created. The New Deal focused on unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum wage regulation, conservation and development on natural resources, and child labor. Roosevelt Manages the Money Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency 5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?

He passed the Emergency banking Relief Act to regulate banks and made the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which promised individuals insurance on their money. Creating Jobs for the Jobless Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA 6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do. The New Deal agencies wanted to use federal money on programs so that it would help with the economy. They created programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps to hire young men to work in national forests. The Federal Relief Administration handed out 3 billion to the states in dole payments. The Agricultural Adjustment Act offered low interest loans to farmers so they could keep their land. A Day for Every Demagogue Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA 7. List other historical demagogues. Father Charles Coughlin was a catholic priest who gave regular radio addresses about his view on anti-New Deal. Senator Huey Long wanted to give $5,000 to every family by taking money from the rich. Dr. Francis Townsend wanted to give $200 to every senior citizen to help start the economy. Congress started the Works Progress Administration in response. This spent $11

billion dollars to build public facilities and reduce unemployment. New Visibility for Women Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck 8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.

A decade after the ratification of the 19 Amendment, women finally began to take active roles in society. Frances Perkins was the first member in the Cabinet as Secretary for Labor. Mary McLeod Bethune was head of the Office of Minority Affairs. She served as the highest-ranking African American in the Roosevelt Administration. Ruth Benedict was an anthropologist who wrote Patterns in Culture. Margaret Mead studied under Benedict and helped popularize anthropology. Pearl Buck wrote The Good Earth, which won the Nobel Peace Prize in Literature in 1938. These women served as examples for others. Helping Industry and Labor Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes 9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry? The NRA attempted to combine immediate relief with long-range recovery and reform by assisting in industry, labor, and the unemployed. Individual industries made codes of fair competition that reduced hours for more employment and restore industry. Max work hours and min wages were set up, and gave granted benefits to labor. Paying Farmers Not to Farm 10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers? Congress tried to help by creating the Agricultural Adjustment Act which paid farmers not to farm. However, the Supreme Court declare it unconstitutional and a Second Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed, still encouraging farmers not to farm. Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act 11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?

There was a lack of rain, and strong winds in the Dust Bowl that caused many Arkies and Okies to move to California. It blew away the topsoil of many farm and many were not able to farm crops. Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles 12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same? The great depression caused many people from eastern Colorado, northern Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and western Missouri to leave their homes. A fourth of these people, called Okies and Arkies, moved to California. However, California didnt have as many jobs as

Portrayed. The San Joaquin Valley was very similar to the old homes of the migrants. Eventually, Okievilles developed in California, bringing in western music, pecan pie, and evangelical religion to the Far West. Battling Bankers and Big Business Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC 13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain. The Hundred Days Congress passed the Truth in Securities Act which requires companies to report honest numbers. The Securities Exchange Commission was set up to watch stocks markets. The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism 14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project? The TVA was created to build a series of dams along the Tennessee River. It provided 2.5 million people jobs and electricity for homes. They were determined to find the true cost of electricity to compare the fairness of rates by private companies. Critics argued that it was socialistic. Housing Reform and Social Security Know: FHA, Social Security 15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate? The FHA offered low interest home loans which allowed people to buy homes and build them. The U.S. Housing Authority lent money to states for construction projects. The Social Security Act set up a payment plan to the elderly and disabled. A New Deal for Labor Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike 16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal? Workers responded with a series of strikes and walkouts. Unskilled workers began to organize into unions. Landon Challenges "the Champ Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League 17. What was the significance of the 1936 election? In the election of 1936, the Republicans nominated Alfred Landon, the governor of Kansas. Landon was a hypocrite who criticized FDRs s[endings but favor the New Deal. FDR won the election 523 to 8 electoral votes. Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench 18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to

the Supreme Court? Roosevelt wanted more power because the Supreme Court kept blocking Roosevelts New Deal programs. He was viewed as trying to become a dictator. The Court Changes Course Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black 19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court? Hugo Black was appointed the position of justice by FDR and replaced the oldest justice. His plan failed, and show that Americans did not want to tamper with the justice system The Twilight of the New Deal Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act 20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term. The economy took another brief downturn during the Roosevelt Recession. However, unemployment went down by 10%. FDR continued spending, urged by British economist John Maynard Keynes. He was able to gain some authority for administrative reforms through the Reorganization Act. The Hatch Act banned federal officials from campaigning and soliciting, except for the highest officers. New Deal or Raw Deal? 21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?

The least fair was that anti- New Deal people criticized the New Deal for wasting money because nothing had been accomplished. Many of the plans in the New Deal were successful. The most fair was when the federal debt increase twice its initial when he left the office due to his major spending. Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition 22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.) The New Deal was not too radical but not too conservative. There was a balance of power among the branches. The New Deal was simply a response to the Depression to help improve living conditions. Many at the time wanted to reform the government, nor overthrow it.