MC 0086 Digital Image Processing

Contents Unit 1 Digital Image Processing An Introduction Unit 2 Digital Image Fundamentals Unit 3 Image Sampling and Quantization Unit 4 Image Enhancement Unit 5 Image Restoration Unit 6 Morphological Image Processing Unit 7 Image Future Extraction Unit 8 Edge Detection
Edition: Fall 2007 BKID B1007 10 June 2009
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Unit 9 Image Segmentation 1 Unit 10 Image Segmentation Unit 11 Shape Analysis Unit 12 Wavelets and Multi Resolution Processing References

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Prof. S. Kannan Director & Dean (in-charge) Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical & Technological Sciences (SMU-DDE) Board of Studies Dr. U. B. Pavanaja (Convenor) General Manager Academics st MUL Manipal Towers, 1 Floor 14, Airport Road, Bangalore 560 008 Mr. Nirmal Kumar Nigam Head of Program (IT) SMU DDE, Manipal 576 104 Prof. Bhushan Patwardhan Chief Academics Manipal Education st Manipal Towers, 1 Floor 14, Airport Road, Bangalore 560 008 Dr. Harishchandra Hebbar Director Manipal Centre for Information Sciences Manipal Dr. N. V. Subba Reddy HOD (CS & E) Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal 576 104 Dr. Ashok Hegde Vice-President, Mind Tree Consulting Ltd. Bangalore 78 Dr. A. Kumaran Research Manager Multilingual Research Labs India Bangalore 80 Dr. Ashok Kallarakkal Vice-President, IBM India Bangalore Mr. H. Hiriyannaiah Group Manager EDS Mphasis Bangalore 59 Special Invitees Dr. Ramprasad Varadachar Director Computer Studies Dayanand Sagar Institutions Bangalore 19 Mr. P. V. Goverdhan Manager Academics st MUL, Manipal Towers, 1 Floor 14, Airport Road, Bangalore 560 008

Content Preparation Team Content Writing Content Editing Mr. Vinay Menon Mr. Vinayak G. Pai Senior Lecturer Asst. Professor IT NMAMIT, Nitte 574 110 SMU DDE, Manipal 576 104 Language Editing Dr. Kalpana Dhananjay Professor English S.S.M.R.V. Degree College, Jayanagar Bangalore Edition: Fall 2007 This book is a distance education module comprising a collection of learning material for our students. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form by any means without permission in writing from Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical and Technological Sciences, Gangtok, Sikkim. Printed and published on behalf of Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical and Technological Sciences, Gangtok, Sikkim by Mr. Rajkumar Mascreen, GM, Manipal Universal Learning Pvt. Ltd., Manipal 576 104. Printed at Manipal Press Limited, Manipal.

SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Digital image processing allows one to enhance image features of interest while attenuating detail irrelevant to a given application, and then extract useful information about the scene from the enhanced image. Digital image processing is a subset of the electronic domain wherein the image is converted to an array of small integers, called pixels, representing a physical quantity such as scene radiance, stored in a digital memory, and processed by computer or other digital hardware. Digital image processing, either as enhancement for human observers or for performing autonomous analysis, offers advantages in cost, speed and flexibility, and with the rapidly falling price and rising performance of personal computers it has become the dominant method in use. This book deals with fundamentals of Digital Image Processing. It has been split into 12 units to cover the overview of Image processing. Unit 1 Digital Image Processing An Introduction : This unit deals with Introduction to Digital image, the Origins of Digital Image Processing, Examples of Fields that use Digital Image Processing, Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing and Components of an Image Processing System. Unit 2 Digital Image Fundamentals : This unit covers Elements of Visual Perception, Light and the

Electromagnetic Spectrum, Image Sensing, Image Acquisition and also A Simple Image Formation Model. Unit 3 Image Sampling and Quantization : This unit deals with Basic concepts in Sampling and Quantization, Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels, Linear and Nonlinear Operations.

Unit 4 Image Enhancement : In this unit we discuss Contrast Manipulation, Histogram Modification, Noise Cleaning, Edge Crispening, Color Image Enhancement and Multispectral Image Enhancement. Unit 5 Image Restoration : This unit deals with General Image Restoration models, Optical system Models, Photographic process models, Continuous image spatial filtering restoration, and also Blind image restoration. Unit 6 Morphological Image Processing : This unit deals with Basic operations on image, Hit-or-miss transformation, Morphological algorithm operations on binary images and Morphological algorithm operations on gray scale images. Unit 7 Image Feature Extraction : In this unit we discuss Image Feature Evaluation, Amplitude Features, Transform Coefficient Features, Texture Definition, Visul Texture

Discrimination and Texture Features. Unit 8 Edge Detection : In this unit we discuss Edge, Line and Spot models, First-Order Derivative Edge Detection, Second-Order Derivative Edge Detection, Edge-Fitting Edge Detection, Luminance Edge Detector Performance, Color Edge Detection and Line, Spot Detection. Unit 9 Image Segmentation 1 : In this unit we discuss Detection of Discontinuities, Edge Linking and Boundary Detection.

Unit 10 Image Segmentation 2 : In this unit we discuss Thresholding, Global Thresholding, Adaptive Thresholding Region-Based Segmentation, Basic Formulation Region Growing , Region Splitting and Merging. Unit 11 Shape Analysis : In this unit we discuss Topological Attributes, Distance, Perimeter and Area Measurements, Spatial Moments, Shape Orientation Descriptors, Fourier Descriptors, Thinning and Skeletonizing. Unit 12 Wavelets and Multi Resolution Processing : In this unit we discuss, Image Pyramids, Series Expansion, Scaling functions - Continuous Wavelet Transform, Haar Transform, Subband coding, Wavelet functions, Discrete Wavelet transform in one dimension, Wavelet transforms in two dimensions, Multiresolution processing and wavelets.