CHEMISTRY SEMESTER 3 DEFINITION, PRINCIPLE, LAWS & FORMULA

CHAPTER 14 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Empirical formula - the simplest ratio of the numbers of each type of atom present in a molecule. 2. Molecular formula - the actual numbers of each type of atom present in a molecule. 3. Homologous series - a series of organic compound with the same functional group and can be represented by a general formulae. 4. Structural isomerism - compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. 5. Stereoisomerism - compounds with the same molecular and structural formulae but different arrangement of atoms in space. 6. Geometrical isomer - different compounds having the same molecular formula and structural formula but the spatial arrangement of the atoms or groups are different due to the presence of double bonds in the molecule that prevents free rotation. 7. Optical isomer - different compounds having the same molecular formula and structural formula but are mirror images and cannot be superimposed on one another. 8. Homolytic fission - the breaking of a single covalent bond that result each of the atoms get one of the bonding electrons. 9. Heterolytic fission - the breaking of a covalent bond that result two bonding electrons go to the same atom. 10. Free radicals - an atom or a group of atoms with a single unpaired electron. 11. Nucleophile - a species that can donate a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. 12. Electrophile - a species that can accept a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. CHAPTER 15 HYDROCARBONS 1. Markovnikovs rule - in the addition of HX to an alkene, the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon atom of the double bond having the greater number of hydrogen atoms. CHAPTER 16 HALOALKANES 1. SaytzeffS rule - in dehydration and dehydrogenation, the formation of the more substituted alkene is preferred.

CHAPTER 21 POLYMERS 1. Polymer - a large molecule made by linking together many smaller ones. 2. Monomer - small molecule that can combine together to form a polymer. 3. Condensation polymerization - the formation of a bond between two monomer unit with the loss of a small molecule such a H2O, HCl or ROH. 4. Addition polymerization - monomers with double bonds are joined together to form a polymer. 5. Copolymer - a polymer formed from two or more different monomers. 6. Homopolymer - a polymer formed from only one type of monomer. 7. Thermoplastics - a polymer that soften when heated and can be moulded, They can be remoulded. 8. Thermosetting - hard polymeric materials that do not soften when heated and can be moulded only once. 9. Elastomers - a polymer that has the ability to return to its original shape after being stretched or distorted. 10.Vulcanisation - the process of improving properties of rubber by adding sulphur and heating it. 11. Glass trasition temperature, Tg - the temperature above which a polymer becomes rubbery or flexible.

@2013 by Ooi Yoong Khang Chemistry Semester 3 Definition, Principle, Laws and Formula