ACTIVITY 28 1. Acid halide a. Phosphorus(III) chloride is a liquid at room temperature.

Its reaction with a carboxylic acid is less dramatic than that of phosphorus(V) chloride because there is no hydrogen chloride produced. You end up with a mixture of the acyl chloride and phosphoric(III) acid (old names: phosphorous acid or orthophosphorous acid), H3PO3. For example:

Sulphur dichloride oxide (thionyl chloride) is a liquid at room temperature and has the formula SOCl2. Traditionally, the formula is written as shown, despite the fact that the modern name writes the chlorine before the oxygen (alphabetical order). The sulphur dichloride oxide reacts with carboxylic acids to produce an acyl chloride, and sulphur dioxide and hydrogen chloride gases are given off. For example:

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/acylchlorides/preparation

b. Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

Anhydride Formation Treatment of a carboxylic acid with a strong acid such as H2SO4 in the absence of a nucleophile such as methanol leads to the formation of carboxylic acid anhydrides. Like acid chlorides, acid anhydrides are generally not target molecules, but rather they are used as intermediates in the synthesis of other members of the carboxylic acid family such as esters and amides. Equation 8 outlines the preparation of acetic anhydride from acetic acid.

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/bonline/library/newton/Chy251_253/Lectures/CarboxylicAcids/CarboxylicAcids

c. Acid amides 2. 3. Acetanilide

The molecular formula for acetanilide is C6H5NH(COCH3). -analgesic and antipyretic -used in the synthesis of sulfa drugs

http://chemistry.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Chemical-Structures---A/Acetanilide 4.

Testing for halide ions

A test using silver nitrate

The halogens are the elements in group 7 of the periodic table, like chlorine, bromine and iodine. Their ions are called halide ions. You can test to see if a solution contains chloride, bromide or iodide ions by using silver nitrate. If silver nitrate solution is added to a sample of water containing halide ions the silver halide is precipitated. This is because the silver halides are all insoluble in water.

ACTIVITY 29 Aspirin (USAN), also known as acetylsalicylic acid (/stlslslk/ -SET-l-SAL-i-SIL-ik; abbreviated ASA), is a salicylate drug, often used as analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication. Aspirin was first isolated byFelix Hoffmann, a chemist with the German company Bayer in 1897. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin Asprin is one of the oldest medications available to man. It has a mild, non-narcotic analgesic effect that relieves pain. It also prevents fever and inflammation. Its ability to prevent platelets from forming clots makes it one of the most common over-the-counter maintenance medications for senior citizens. This drug should be taken on a full stomach. Aspirin is a generic name. Its common chemical name is acetyl salicylic acid but its systematic name is 2-(acetyloxy) benzoic acid.

http://health.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Aspirin

Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen or wintergreen oil) is an organic ester that is naturally produced by many species of plants. Some of the plants which produce it are called wintergreens, hence the common name. This compound is used as a fragrance. It is also found in liniments (rubbing ointments).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_salicylate salol (phenyl salicylate) a white powder with a pleasant taste and odor; used to absorb light in sun tan lotions or as a preservative or an antiseptic or a coating for pills in which the medicine is intended for enteric release

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/salol The esterification reaction is both slow and reversible. The equation for the reaction between an acid RCOOH and an alcohol R'OH (where R and R' can be the same or different) is:

So, for example, if you were making ethyl ethanoate from ethanoic acid and ethanol, the equation would be:

The basic reaction If you add an acyl chloride to an alcohol, you get a vigorous (even violent) reaction at room temperature producing an ester and clouds of steamy acidic fumes of hydrogen chloride. For example, if you add the liquid ethanoyl chloride to ethanol, you get a burst of hydrogen chloride produced together with the liquid ester ethyl ethanoate. Acid halide + alcohol http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/esters/preparation Definition of terms: analgesic /analgesic/ (-jezik) 1. relieving pain. 2. pertaining to analgesia. 3. an agent that relieves pain without causing loss of consciousness. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/analgesic antipyretic /antipyretic/ (-pi-retik) 1. relieving or reducing fever. 2. an agent that so acts. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/antipyretic liniment (lin'i-mnt) Liquid preparation for external application or application to gingiva; frequently applied by friction to skin; used as counterirritants, rubefacients, or cleansing agents. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/liniment enteric coating,

a layer added to oral medications that allows the medication to pass through the stomach and be absorbed in the intestinal tract. The coating protects against the effects of stomach juices, which can interact with, destroy, or degrade these drugs. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/enteric+coating