THE WORLD BANK

Environmental Governance in Petroleum Producing Countries Findings From a Comprehensive Survey

September 2009

Environmental Governance in Petroleum Producing Countries: Findings From A Comprehensive Survey

Prepared by:
Integrated Environments (2006) Ltd.
Calgary, Canada

DAppolonia SpA.
Genoa, Italy

Prepared for:
World Bank Group Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)

September 2009

Disclaimer: The information presented in this document has been compiled and interpreted exclusively for the purposes of the World Bank and the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) by Integrated Environments (2006) Ltd. (IEL) and DAppolonia SpA. (DAppolonia) in accordance with conditions specified by contract. IEL and DAppolonia have exercised reasonable care, skill and due diligence to assess the data and information reviewed during the preparation of this report, but makes no specific warranties or guarantees regarding the completeness and accuracy of this information. The contents of this report are based on, and limited by, the circumstances and conditions stated herein, the results of surveys and interviews, and upon publicly accessible information available at the time of its completion. The professional opinions, recommendations and guidance expressed in report are based on the information reviewed and expertise of the consultant team.

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Table of Contents
1 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................7 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 11 PETROLEUM GOVERNANCE INITIATIVE (PGI) ................................................................................................... 11 WORLD OIL DEMAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE .............................................................................. 12 PREPARING THE PGI SURVEY .................................................................................................... 15 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE .............................................................................................. 15 ESTABLISHMENT OF A BENCHMARK TEMPLATE ................................................................................................. 15 SELECTION OF SURVEY COUNTRIES ................................................................................................................. 18 SELECTION OF KEY THEMES ........................................................................................................................... 19 SURVEY ADMINISTRATION ............................................................................................................................ 20 SURVEY LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................................... 21 SURVEY RESULTS CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS ............................................................................. 23 OIL PRODUCTION VERSUS PETROLEUM GOVERNANCE ....................................................................................... 23 GROSS NATIONAL INCOME ........................................................................................................................... 24 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX ...................................................................................................................... 26 SURVEY RESULTS BY THEME ..................................................................................................... 27 IMPROVING THE LEGAL, CONTRACTUAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK.............................................................. 27 STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR GOVERNANCE CAPACITY ................................................................... 28 EXPANDING PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE ...................................................................................... 30 ELIMINATING BARRIERS TO INFORMATION ....................................................................................................... 31 OPTIMIZE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS ......................................................................... 32 EIA Approval Process, Screening and Scoping .................................................................................... 33 EIA Content and Approach ................................................................................................................. 33 Project Siting ...................................................................................................................................... 35 Ensuring Effective EIA Monitoring and Follow-up of Agreed Environmental Management Plans .... 35 IMPROVING REGULATORY ENFORCEMENT ....................................................................................................... 36 INCORPORATING BEST ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICE AND TECHNOLOGIES .............................................................. 38 UNDERSTANDING FUTURE LIABILITY AND RECLAMATION COSTS .......................................................................... 38 KEY FINDINGS .......................................................................................................................... 41 SURVEY DELIVERY........................................................................................................................................ 41 LEGAL, REGULATORY AND CONTRACTUAL FRAMEWORK..................................................................................... 42 INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING OF GOOD GOVERNANCE ................................................................................. 43 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS ........................................................................................................ 43 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT, DISCLOSURE AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION .................................................................... 44 PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT IN BEST ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICE .................................................................. 46 DECOMMISSIONING, ABANDONMENT AND LIABILITY ......................................................................................... 46 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................... 47

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 51

List of Tables
Table 3-1: Selection of Survey Countries ..................................................................................... 18 Table 3-2: Criteria for Selection of Benchmark Countries ........................................................... 17

List of Figures
Figure 2-1: World Oil Production 2007-2030................................................................................ 13 Figure 4-1: Oil production against PGI survey score..................................................................... 24 Figure 4-2: Gross National Income against PGI survey score ....................................................... 25 Figure 4-3: Human development index (HDI) against PGI survey score ....................................... 26 Figure 5-1: PGI Scores - Legal, Regulatory and Contractual Framework ...................................... 28 Figure 5-2: PGI Scores for Institutional Capacity .......................................................................... 29 Figure 5-3: PGI Scores - Public Consultation and Disclosure ........................................................ 30 Figure 5-4: PGI Scores Environmental Information Systems ..................................................... 32 Figure 5-5: PGI Scores EIA Approval, Screening and Scoping .................................................... 34 Figure 5-6: PGI Scores EIA Content and Approach .................................................................... 35 Figure 5-7: PGI Scores Ensuring EIA Monitoring and Follow-Up ............................................... 36 Figure 5-8: PGI Scores Enforcement, Best Practice Standards and Risk Management ............. 37 Figure 5-9: PGI Scores Decommissioning and Abandonment ................................................... 40

List of Appendices
Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaire ............................................................................................... 55 Appendix 2: Survey Results ........................................................................................................... 84

Abbreviations
ARPEL BP CAPP CASRO EIA EITI EMS EU GDP GNI HDI IAIA IEA IFC IPIECA IEL Mb/d NORAD OECD PGI PPP UN WBG Regional Association of Oil and Natural Gas Companies in Latin America and the Caribbean British Petroleum Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers Council of American Survey Research Organizations Environmental impact assessment Extractive industries transparency initiative Environmental management system European Union Gross domestic product Gross national income Human development index International Association for Impact Assessment International Energy Agency International Finance Corporation International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association Integrated Environments (2006) Ltd. Million barrels per day Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Petroleum governance initiative Purchasing power parity United Nations World Bank Group

Acknowledgements
The authors of this publication are consultants Miles Scott-Brown of Integrated Environments (2006) Ltd., Calgary, Canada, and Marcello Iocca of DAppolonia SpA, Rome, Italy. Eleodoro Mayorga Alba, Principal Petroleum Economist from the Oil Gas and Mining Policy Unit (COPCO) of the World Bank was the Task Team Leader. We wish to thank the many participants that contributed towards this project in the 32 target and benchmark countries surveyed. The group contribution in each country was both essential and integral in completing the summary version of each survey, representing a snapshot of country governance. Other World Bank staff involved in the development and review of this project includes Mohammed Bekhechi, Harvey Himberg, Marcelo Acerbi, Hocine Chalal, and Michael Levitsky. The contribution of consultants who assisted the core team is also greatly appreciated including Fernando Rodriguez, Michael McWalter, Joseph Akpokodje, Peishen Wang, Maged Mahmoud Hamed, Yahya Albadwi and Marcia Oliveira. The consultant team also wishes to thank the contribution, time and effort of World Bank staff in Angola, Argentina, Gabon, Cameroon, Colombia, Congo-Br, Mauritania and Peru for organizing survey logistical arrangements. Finally, the authors wish to thank the Oil for Development program of NORAD who provided funding for the projec

1 Executive Summary
The Petroleum Governance Initiative (PGI) is a joint effort of the Government of Norway and the World Bank Group to provide assistance to oil producing nations to allow for effective environmental and social management of oil and gas development. As part of the Environmental Pillar, or theme, this report summarizes the results of a survey of national governments as to how they manage the environmental and social impacts of oil and gas projects. The focus of the project is to measure environmental and social performance of national governments against a benchmark standard, derived from five countries, representing a compendium of best management practices for minimizing the impacts of oil and gas activity. The outcome of the project is to identify areas where the World Bank can provide assistance to improve environmental governance and management systems, particularly in those developing countries undergoing rapid oil and gas industry development, where resource revenues form a major portion of GDP. Five pilot countries were selected to pre-test and further refine the questionnaire - Angola, Colombia, Gabon, Azerbaijan and Mauritania. In addition, a total of 29 countries were initially approached, of which 27 countries participated in the survey, across four regions - Latin America and Caribbean, Sub- Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa and Asia & Pacific. The survey was completed using on-line survey software and survey questionnaires were translated into French, Spanish, Russian and Portuguese. Five pilot countries were selected to pre-test and further refine the questionnaire - Angola, Colombia, Gabon, Azerbaijan and Mauritania. The survey assessed governance of the oil and gas industry for the following ten general themes: Improving the Legal, Contractual and Regulatory Framework Strengthening Institutions and their Governance Capacity Expanding Public Consultation and Disclosure Improving Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Beyond the Approval Stage Ensuring Effective Monitoring and Follow-up of Agreed to Environmental Management Plans Improving Regulatory Enforcement Eliminating Barriers to Information Incorporating Best Environmental Practice and Technologies Understanding Future Liability and Reclamation Costs Managing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

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Surveys were sent to government, industry and civil society representatives. A single version of the survey was consolidated for each country, representing a compendium of the opinions of the survey respondents, and the professional opinion of the consultant team. Statistically, the results may not be entirely valid for an individual country, but taken as a whole, they represent a valid research effort to identify the most serious gaps of the environmental governance system in oil producing developing nations. Key findings of the survey are as follows: 1. Environmental protection is considered to be a key component of good governance. As countries become richer in terms of economic growth, concern for environmental protection becomes more evident. 2. The results of the survey show that in the majority of countries surveyed, a sufficiently appropriate, but largely theoretical, environmental policy and legal framework is in place for managing impacts of the oil and gas industry. Most governments of emerging oil producers have a dedicated institution for managing the environmental and social impacts of the oil and gas sector. In most cases, the principles of their regulatory system are those already adopted in more developed countries, largely transposed into national legislation. Oil and gas operators, in particular those large oil companies with an established environmental policy, prefer to operate in countries where a modern regulatory system is implemented. 3. There is a large variability across all survey countries as to how the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process for oil and gas activities is implemented. Overall, most countries have some form of EIA process that has been incorporated within their regulatory framework. However, much of the emphasis of the EIA process appears directed towards the approval of oil and gas projects, rather than to a life cycle approach for minimizing environmental and social impacts. Particularly lacking are a systematic involvement of the public and local stakeholders, access to baseline environmental and social information in the project affected area, and the analysis of project alternatives and cumulative regional impacts beyond the project level. 4. Monitoring and project follow-up are considered part of the EIA regulatory framework enforced in the majority of surveyed countries. Nevertheless, actual enforcement practices are inadequate, monitoring is insufficient and reported data is not disclosed. Most countries show an insufficient, sometime totally absent control and enforcement mechanisms during the post-EIA approval phase. 5. While governments may consult about oil and gas activities, they disclose little to the public and affected stakeholders. Governments generally choose to inform stakeholders rather than involve them in decisions regarding oil and gas development. The impact of

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the public consultation process on the ability to affect decisions regarding oil and gas projects is unclear. 6. Similarly, there are significant barriers to the disclosure of information about oil and gas projects and the natural and social environments in which they occur. In a global information age, efforts are needed to improve access to information. Most governments lack a policy about how information about oil and gas projects is to be disclosed or disseminated to the public and affected stakeholders. They also lack a clear commitment to responding to project stakeholders in a timely and effective manner and to establish and implement a centralized information system for dissemination of information concerning oil and gas development. 7. Governments generally lack a mechanism to require oil and gas companies to adhere to the regulatory framework for managing environmental and social impact. An ongoing dialogue with industry and local stakeholders could help governments incorporating changes and introducing best environmental practice into national environmental regulations. 8. Finally, governments should pay more consideration to decommissioning and abandonment of oil and gas facilities and their associated liability costs. Indeed, more attention is paid to granting approval to proceed with oil and gas projects today, rather than considering what are the long terms impacts and costs of these projects at some time in future. Recommendations to the Bank arising from the PGI survey include the following: 1. Undertake a gap analysis in specific countries as a further refinement of the survey. Country diagnostics could be undertaken as part of project preparation. 2. Undertake a gap analysis at a regional level in order to identify the most appropriate mechanism for institutional strengthening of environmental governance, enabling development of a common coherent and consistent environmental and social regulatory system, while at the same time optimizing resource development. 3. Improve country capacity in EIA monitoring and follow-up through training, workshops, and case studies on the job training is preferred to make use of real world experience and to maximize the benefit of capacity building. 4. Promote the development of outsourcing of monitoring and EIA review capacities. 5. Improve the consultation and outreach process to develop and build trust between industry, governments and local communities look at creative mechanisms such as shared

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regional development plans or impact benefit agreements to ensure that producing regions benefit economically from oil and gas and that social conditions are improved and not impaired. 6. Support the development of regional information systems for disseminating environmental and social information relating to proposed oil and gas development. 7. Support an approach for management of environmental liabilities arising from oil and gas development, such as an overarching regulatory and accounting framework, assistance in the determination of liability costs and their assignment, understanding of decommissioning, closure and abandonment procedures. 8. Delivery of training programs for key themes identified as part of the PGI survey.

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2 Background
Petroleum Governance Initiative (PGI)
The Petroleum Governance Initiative (PGI) is a bilateral collaboration of the Government of Norway and the World Bank Group (WBG) aimed at achieving structured cooperation on petroleum sector governance issues. In particular, it is designed to provide support to petroleum producing countries in the implementation of appropriate petroleum governance frameworks, including resource and revenue management, linkages to the effective management of environmental, social and community issues arising from oil and gas development, and fostering mechanisms for community development and benefits in oil producing regions. Petroleum is a key economic sector in many developing countries. However, given weak institutional structures and lack of local competence to manage petroleum resources, it is often a challenge for many of these countries to avoid the resource curse how to translate petroleum resources and revenues into improved living conditions and sustainable economic growth, while fostering environmental protection and minimizing the social impacts of a resource boom economy. This topic is the subject of considerable debate (Brunnschweiler, 2008; Gary & Karl, 2003; Karl, 1997; ODI, 2006; Overseas & Institute, 2006; Pegg, 2006; Sachs & Warner, 1999, 1999 revised, 2001). The PGI covers three general themes, or pillars, that addresses issues of transparency and economic responsibility, environmental sustainability and responsible community development. These three PGI pillars are as follows: Pillar 1 - Petroleum sector governance and petroleum revenue management; Pillar 2 - Environment; and Pillar 3 - Community development. Pillar 2 of the PGI (Environment) involves four main activities: Assessment of environmental governance and management systems in oil producing countries (this report); A strategic environmental and social assessment of oil and gas activity in Mauritania, highlighting West Africa coastal and marine zones and the application of environmental regulations to petroleum sector operations;

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Workshops and a toolkit on decommissioning and abandonment of oil and gas operations; and Specific in-country assistance in environmental management on a case-by-case basis.

World Oil Demand and Environmental Governance

According to the reference scenario of the International Energy Agency (IEA) World Energy Outlook 2008 (IEA, 2008; International, Energy, & Agency, 2008), world oil demand before the current economic downturn - was expected to increase from 84 mb/d in 2007 to 106 mb/d in 2030. Most of that increase in production was predicted to come from non-OECD countries, rising from 44% in 2007 to 51% in 2030. Production of conventional oil (crude oil, natural gas liquids and enhanced oil recovery) was expected to drop off at that time (see Figure 2-1).1 By 2030, fossil fuels are still predicted to account for 80% of the worlds primary energy mix, with oil remaining the dominant fuel. The bulk of the net increase in oil production is expected to come from natural gas liquids and from non-conventional oil sources, including Canadian oilsands. Some 64 mb/d of additional oil supply, the equivalent of six times current daily production from Saudi Arabia, will be needed to cover energy demand increase and current production decline (IEA, 2008). Even if this projection does not materialize, oil and gas producers will be forced to explore and develop oil and gas fields in more remote, frontier and often more fragile environments, including the Amazon basin, sub-Saharan Africa, the circumpolar Arctic and offshore deepwater areas. Not only will these exploration and production activities be costly, they could have significant environmental and social impacts, if not managed properly. It is essential that governments of oil producing nations enhance their capacity to protect their natural environment and ensure that sustainable benefits of oil and gas development accrue for their citizens, today and into the future.

World Energy Outlook 2008, Executive Summary. OECD IEA.

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Figure 2-1: World Oil Production 2007-2030

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3 Preparing the PGI Survey

The focus of the PGI survey is to measure environmental and social performance of national governments against a benchmark standard, representing a compendium of best management practices for minimizing the impacts of oil and gas activity. Detecting gaps, and more importantly, facilitating the rapid implementation of corrective measures, are an important challenge of the World Bank Group in its safeguard efforts to preserve natural habitats and the culture of indigenous peoples.

Development of the Survey Questionnaire

In order to survey countries in a cost effective manner, and in order to reach a broad audience of respondents representing diverse opinions from governments, industry and civil society, a web-based survey tool was developed. The web-based survey tool was developed in English, although companion surveys were developed in Spanish, Russian, Portuguese and French, allowing participants access to the survey in five languages.2 The survey featured a multiple choice response for a series of questions centering around 10 key themes, that are considered to be representative of good environmental governance (a copy of the survey is provided in Appendix 1). The responses to each question were structured in relation to compliance with a benchmark template representing an ideal governance response derived from five benchmark countries. The response to each question was then assigned a score relative to the template as follows: 0 Did not comply with the benchmark template 1 - Partially complies with the benchmark template 2 Fully complies with, or exceeds, the benchmark template

Establishment of a Benchmark Template

A benchmark template was developed from five countries Canada, Norway, Italy, Malaysia and Brazil. The template was considered to represent a compendium of best practices undertaken by governments in managing the impacts of the oil and gas industry. These benchmark countries were selected for the following reasons: Canada representative of best practices for continental production of oil and gas and would incorporate US on-shore practices (Bailey & Engelhardt, 1983);
2

The web-based survey tool selected was Survey Monkey - see www.surveymonkey.com. The survey is also presented in Appendix 1.

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Norway representative of best practices for offshore production of oil and gas and would incorporate UK off-shore practices (Kinn, 1999; Lind, 1983); Italy incorporation of EU standards; Malaysia large oil and gas producer in South Asia; and Brazil large oil and gas producer in South America. Criteria for the selection of benchmark countries are shown in Table 3-1. Benchmark responses for each question were derived by three means: By direct survey means (Brazil and Norway); By opinion of knowledgeable experts (Italy and Canada); and By literature review and Internet survey (Malaysia). It should be noted that the benchmark template represents a best practice ideal for survey comparison purposes only. An optimal environmental governance framework for a given oil and gas producing country should be designed, adopted and implemented taking into consideration each countrys specific environmental constraints, proposed oil and gas projects, the regulatory and legal framework and institutional capacity. Five pilot countries were selected to pre-test the questionnaire, and to further refine the survey approach. The pilot countries were Angola, Colombia, Gabon, Azerbaijan and Mauritania. In each pilot country, contacts were made with various representatives of government, industry and civil society, in order to solicit support in completing the questionnaire. The questions were discussed with potential respondents as to their clarity and suitability in assessing petroleum governance. In some cases, where further clarification was required, the questionnaire was modified and this version was used for all subsequent surveys.

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Table 3-1: Criteria for Selection of Benchmark Countries

Environmental Governance (State of Development) High High High Petroleum Production (Greater than 1 MMbbl/d) Oil Production (Onshore vs. Offshore) Onshore and offshore Onshore and offshore Offshore Onshore and Offshore Offshore ? Continent/Geographic Representation Accessible Information Highly accessible IEL team has extensive incountry experience Accessible Accessible Highly accessible IEL team has extensive incountry experience Accessible Somewhat accessible

Country

Selected

Canada USA

North America North America Europe European Community Europe Asia

No Duplicate with Canada

OECD

Norway

Italy UK Malaysia

High High Moderate

No 0.11 No 0.8

No Duplicate with Norway No Suggested survey country More information needed No Suggested survey country More information needed No Suggested survey country

Kuwait

Less

Onshore

Asia

Somewhat accessible

Non-OECD

South Africa

Moderate

No 0.23

Offshore Onshore and Offshore Onshore and Offshore Onshore and Offshore

Africa

Somewhat accessible

Algeria

Less

Africa

Less Accessible

Brazil

Moderate

South America

Somewhat accessible

Mexico

Low to Moderate

Central America

Moderately accessible

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Selection of Survey Countries

A total of 29 countries, currently either receiving World Bank assistance, or eligible for assistance, were initially selected for the survey. Of these 29 countries, results for 27 countries were compiled (see Table 3-2). No survey responses were obtained for Mozambique and Kuwait. Four regions were selected, based on a division of regions in use by the World Bank as follows:3 Latin America and Caribbean Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Mxico, Per, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. Sub- Saharan Africa Angola, Cameroon, Congo-Br, Gabon, Mauritania, Nigeria and Sao Tome and Principe. Middle East and North Africa Algeria, Egypt, Syria and Yemen.4 Asia & Pacific Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines and Thailand. The selection of survey countries was made in accordance with the following factors: Country is a petroleum producer, or a potential petroleum producer; Country receives World Bank assistance, or is eligible for Bank assistance; In-country contacts available within NORAD and the Bank; and, Feasibility of survey completion. Table 3-2: Selection of Survey Countries Latin America and Caribbean
Argentina Colombia Ecuador

Middle East and North Africa

Algeria Egypt Syria

Sub Saharan Africa

Angola Cameroon Congo

Asia/Pacific

Afghanistan Azerbaijan Cambodia

Mexico

Yemen

Gabon

China

3 The Eastern Europe and Central Asia region were combined with the Asia & Pacific region, as only one representative,

Azerbaijan, was included 4 No other OPEC countries were selected as they do not receive World Bank assistance

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Latin America and Caribbean

Per Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela

Middle East and North Africa

Sub Saharan Africa

Mauritania Nigeria Sao Tome and Principe

Asia/Pacific

Indonesia Kazakhstan PNG Philippines Thailand

Selection of Key Themes

The survey was constructed around 10 themes that are considered to represent essential elements of good governance for managing the environmental and social impacts of oil and gas development. The themes were derived from consideration of best governance practices and best environmental and social practices applicable to the oil and gas industry. In the context of this report, we define best environmental practice for the oil and gas industry to be the application of the most appropriate combination of management measures for minimizing the impacts of oil and gas development. The ten best practice themes in this report were derived from the following sources: Codes of environmental practice for the oil and gas industry (Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), 1999; E&P Forum, 1991, 2002; IPIECA, nd; UNEP, 2002); Other governance studies for the petroleum industry or other sectors (Chatham House, 2007; Environmental Agency, 2004; OECD, 2002; World Bank, 2004); Sector evaluations (Fraser Institute, 2008; World Bank, 2005, 2009); Lessons learned from the Extractive Industry Review and the recent review of IFC safeguards; and Professional experience and opinion of the project team in relation to oil and gas development in a variety of countries. The ten governance themes are as follows: Improving the Legal, Contractual and Regulatory Framework Strengthening Institutions and their Governance Capacity

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Expanding Public Consultation and Disclosure Improving Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Beyond the Approval Stage Ensuring Effective Monitoring and Follow-up of Agreed Environmental Management Plans Improving Regulatory Enforcement Eliminating Barriers to Information Incorporating Best Environmental Practice and Technologies Understanding Future Liability and Reclamation Costs Managing Greenhouse Gas Emissions A further description of these themes is provided in Section 4.

Survey Administration
The procedure for administration of the survey questionnaire was as follows: Contact was made with the local World Bank office in each country and invitation letters, if required, were made to local government institutions; Individuals from government, industry and civil society and their appropriate affiliation or institution were contacted to set up interviews; The survey was discussed with potential respondents, and if in agreement, a timeline for completion made; Background information pertaining to the legal and regulatory framework and local operating environment was collected; Respondents were provided the opportunity to complete the on-line survey or a Word version in one of five languages; In the case of the on-line survey, respondents were sent a survey link to their specific email address. This provides access to only one individual and helps maintain confidentiality and anonymity of the survey; Respondents completed the on-line survey at their leisure and once complete the survey returned automatically to the project team; In the case of the non on-line versions of the survey, these results were entered into Survey Monkey;

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The project team and consultants also completed their own version of the on-line survey; Follow-up emails were sent to those respondents who did not complete the survey on a timely basis; The survey results were tabulated using the Survey Monkey software, all responses were considered anonymous and compiled for each question; A single version of the survey was then compiled for each country using the results from individual respondents and those of the project team; A score was assigned for each question relative to the benchmark result; and Scores were tallied and then analyzed in Excel relative to each of the 10 survey themes.

Survey Limitations
The survey to assess environmental governance and management systems in petroleum producing countries was intended to provide a broad overview of how governments manage the impacts of the oil and gas industry. Limitations to the survey approach and results are as follows: Not all governments chose to participate in the survey. Some were concerned that the survey may be interpreted as representative of official government position, or policy, and as a result, did not participate. The survey was administered to government, industry and civil society in an attempt to garner a wide range of opinion in relation to environmental governance. However, for the questions that do not specifically refer to factual issues, this divergence of views and positions also resulted in a difference in opinions as to the meaning and effectiveness of governance. Discrepancies in perception (sensitivity) about some themes may have occurred as different categories of interviewees (government officials, private sector and NGOs) completed the questionnaire. Normally, governments tended to give evidence of a wellstructured and functional national legislative framework and the corresponding regulatory system, while private sector representatives and NGOs generally responded to questions on the basis of their perception of the actual situation. In general, responses from government officials cover all themes, the institutional and legal aspects in particular, while other respondents focused more on the effectiveness of the regulatory system. In order to deal with these discrepancies, a single response was collated for each country that represented the teams professional opinion of the actual Page | 21

governance situation based on expert knowledge and survey results from respondents in each country. The survey was relatively long, involving 80 questions. This was a hindrance to those who did not have much time in which to respond. However, it was felt that the survey could not be reduced further and adequately cover the breadth of responses required for the ten survey themes selected. Many respondents demonstrated initial interest and enthusiasm in completing the survey. Final responses however were fewer. Surveys responses for each question and theme were compared to the benchmark response. Results from the survey were not intended to measure environmental performance between countries. The survey should in no way be considered a statistical representation of the data for a specific country, but rather represents a mosaic of opinions. Its main value appears at the regional and global level in understanding gaps in the environmental management system of producing countries and identifying areas for much needed improvement. Although there were two questions on greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, they were not considered in the final review because the data was not extensive enough to make any pertinent conclusions. The question concerned participation in the WB Global Gas Flaring Reduction Initiative and greenhouse gas emission reporting.

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4 Survey Results Causal Relationships

In order to first examine the results of the PGI survey, consideration was given to exploring possible causal relationships between the PGI country score and independent variables that have some relationship or relevance to petroleum governance. The major assumptions explored were as follows: Oil and Gas Production: As the oil and gas production experience and resource revenues are key elements to sustainable oil and gas management, countries that are major oil producers should also tend to have higher PGI country scores. Gross National Income. It would be expected that countries that have higher national incomes as a result of oil revenue would be able to expend more funds on environmental protection and human development. Human Development Index: As the level of human development is a major asset, those countries with a higher human development index should also tend to have higher PGI country scores.

Oil Production versus Petroleum Governance

In order to determine the relationship between oil production and PGI scores, oil production data in thousands of barrels per day was taken from BP Statistical Review of Oil Production 5 for year 2007. For those countries not included in the BP individual country data, such as Afghanistan, Cambodia, Mauritania, Papua New Guinea and Philippines, oil production data was taken from Index Mundi 20056. One would expect that countries with a higher rate of oil production and therefore higher resource revenues would have a higher governance score, as more resources could be made available. However as shown in Figure 4-1, this does not appear to be the case.

5 6

See at http://www.bp.com/productlanding.do?categoryId=6929&contentId=7044622 Visited December 20 2008. See at http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ph&product=oil&graph=production Visited December 20, 2008.

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Figure 4-1: Oil production against PGI survey score

The analysis shows an unexpected almost no causal relation (R2=0.13) between oil production and PGI score. In fact, those countries that have a high rate of oil production, such as China, Mexico, Venezuela, Algeria and Angola show relatively low PGI scores. These countries could be potential recipients of assistance to help improve their petroleum governance scores.

Gross National Income

The next analysis considers the relationship between PGI scores and GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) based on the World Bank, World Development Indicators Database7. The results of this analysis are shown in Figure 4-2.

Data for each country can be found at: http://ddpext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&WSP =N&HF=N/CPProfile.asp Visited December 22, 2008.

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Figure 4-2: Gross National Income against PGI survey score

There is a weak polynomial regression relationship between GNI and PGI scores (R 2=0.42). This indicates that countries with higher GNI may have more financial resources available to spend on improving environmental and social performance of the oil and gas industry. As countries experience greater prosperity and economic progress, their citizens, and governments, pay more attention to the noneconomic aspects of living conditions, including concern for environmental protection and human health (Gangadharan & Valenzuela, 2001; Grossman & Krueger, 1995). The relationship also indicates opportunities for improvement in petroleum governance in those countries below and to the right of the polynomial regression line (higher GNI) including Argentina, Gabon, Venezuela, Kazakhstan and Trinidad and Tobago.

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Human Development Index

Another analysis was to consider PGI scores against the Human Development Index (HDI) from the UN Human Development Report.8 The HDI measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. It is calculated for 179 countries and territories for which data is available. Results for this analysis are shown in Figure 4-3. Figure 4-3: Human development index (HDI) against PGI survey score

The data shows a low causal relationship between these two variables (R2=0.27). It indicates that those aspects of a high level of human development such as longevity and decent standard of living are not necessarily related to high scores of petroleum governance. However the relationship does indicate opportunities for improvement in for those countries with a high human development index and low PGI score below the regression line including Mexico, Argentina, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Kazakhstan and Ecuador.

UN, Human Development Report, at http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ - 2006 data

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5 Survey Results by Theme

This section of the report presents the result of the petroleum governance survey by each of the 10 governance themes. The entire survey data set is shown in Appendix 2.

Improving the Legal, Contractual and Regulatory Framework

The Legal, Contractual and Regulatory Framework of the PGI survey addresses a broad range of issues including the following: Constitutional rights and obligations; Environmental policy and regulations for managing the impacts of oil and gas development; International obligations and agreements; Host country and production sharing agreements; Parks, protected areas and other restrictions on oil and gas development; and Mechanisms for resolving environmental disputes. While this theme is broad ranging in its extent, it scored 59% against the benchmark indicating that, for the most part, survey countries have a well-developed legal and regulatory framework for managing the oil and gas industry. Environmental considerations are included in the constitutional rights and obligations of many countries and this question scored the highest at 76% against the benchmark. Similarly many countries also had restrictions on developing oil and gas in parks and protected areas; this question scored 67% against the benchmark. Nearly a quarter of surveyed countries (23%) still lack a specific environmental law and a full set of environmental regulations addressing environmental issues arising from the O&G development. A summary of PGI scores for the Legal Regulatory and Contractual Framework is provided in Figure 5-1. Most countries have a well-developed policy and legal framework for managing the environmental impacts of oil and gas development. This theme scored 59% against the benchmark. While countries may have an entrenched regulatory and legal framework for managing oil and gas impacts, this does not necessarily mean that these legal provisions are entrenched in host country or production sharing agreements. This question had two parts: inclusion of environmental considerations into host country agreements scored 96% against the benchmark, while inclusion into production sharing agreements scored higher at 58% for an overall score (both questions) of 77% against the benchmark.

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Figure 5-1: PGI Scores - Legal, Regulatory and Contractual Framework

There was a mixed response in regards to incorporation of international obligations and agreements for environmental protection. Overall, this theme scored 55% against the benchmark. However when examined in detail, the responses of survey countries were as follows: Most countries incorporate international agreements, provisions and obligations for environmental and social considerations into their legal system score of 69%; Nearly half consider trans-boundary impacts score of 46%; and Half stipulate that oil and gas operators adhere to environmental regulations and provisions from their country of origin score of 50%.9 In regard to resolution of environmental disputes, the countries surveyed scored 62% overall for the three questions asked. Most notably is that many countries provide the public access to the courts and legal system in resolving environmental disputes; the score for this question was 78% against the benchmark value.

Strengthening Institutions and Their Governance Capacity

An important theme in the governance survey is the capacity of government institutions to manage the impacts of the oil and gas industry, considering available human, financial and technical (e.g. equipment) resources. Although the overall response to the questions in this theme scored 60% against the benchmark, there are apparent differences between institutional structure (score of 74%) and institutional effectiveness (score of 51%).
9 The benchmark countries scored very low in this regard as they have stringent regulations in place, whereas in some of the

survey countries they scored higher particularly in cases where the national environmental and legal framework may be lacking.

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A summary of PGI results, considering institutional capacity as two general themes (institutional structure and institutional effectiveness), is shown in Figure 5-2. The results show that most survey countries have a well-developed institutional structure to manage the impacts of the oil and gas industry, but lack the institutional capacity to effectively management these impacts. Figure 5-2: PGI Scores for Institutional Capacity

Most governments indicated that they have a dedicated institution for managing the impacts of the oil and gas industry (score of 64% against the benchmark). Governments also indicated that this institution has a written mandate and objectives and a clear set of strategies for managing impacts of the oil and gas industry (score of 84%). When it came to the ability to express this mandate and whether the institution has adequate capacity to fulfil its strategies, most governments indicated a number of limitations to doing so. A total of 89% of countries surveyed did not comply or only partially complied with the benchmark, expressing limitations in budget, personnel, training, equipment and retention of institutional knowledge. Limitations in institutional knowledge are related to the capacity of the institution to retain personnel in key positions. Many countries (64%) indicated that they have a moderate or high rate of turnover within their institution. This is directly related to whether the institution can pay competitive salaries compared to other government departments or the private sector. A total of 88% of countries surveyed did not comply, or only partially complied, with the benchmark, recognizing that they do not pay competitive salaries, which is one factor in the high turnover rate of personnel.

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Expanding Public Consultation and Disclosure

The survey questions regarding the theme of public consultation and disclosure had two components; the first dealt with the process of public consultation and involvement while the second dealt with consultation specifically relating to indigenous peoples. Most governments surveyed have some form of public consultation in place with an overall score of 67% against the benchmark. A summary of PGI scores considering public disclosure is shown in Figure 5-3. As the figure indicates, most countries have a process for public consultation and involvement. However, transparency and information disclosure lag behind consultation efforts, while survey countries lack effective consultation procedures for indigenous peoples. There are also gaps in disseminating baseline environmental and social information pertaining to the project and its effects. Figure 5-3: PGI Scores - Public Consultation and Disclosure

From the survey results, it appears that the overall intent of consultation is to inform stakeholders and the public about the project, rather than to use information gained from consultation for consideration in decisions regarding the project approval and implementation process (score of 62% against the benchmark). Only 35% of countries surveyed indicated that public consultation has the ability to affect the project approval process. This indicates a low level of public confidence in their ability to affect government decisions regarding oil and gas development. Most governments (54% of those countries surveyed) indicated that public consultation begins early on in the project cycle (score of 77% against the benchmark) and 54% of countries Page | 30

surveyed indicated that the timing and location of consultation should be both convenient and accessible to stakeholders (score of 73% against the benchmark). Governments however do not usually reimburse costs incurred by stakeholders acting as interveners in the consultation process. Only three countries out of all countries surveyed indicated that such costs are provided. Similarly the results of public consultation are not published and made publicly available. Only 32% of countries surveyed indicated that this is the case (score of 62% against the benchmark). In regard to indigenous peoples, less than one half (31%) of countries surveyed indicated that they have ratified the International Labor Convention (ILO) 169 regarding the rights of indigenous peoples and consultation. Very few countries (15%) indicated that they have a law and associated regulations that addresses the rights and obligations for indigenous peoples specifically establishes a consultation process (score of 50% against the benchmark).

Eliminating Barriers to Information

This theme examines how governments make information available to stakeholders and the public about proposed oil and gas projects and disclose their predicted impacts on natural and human environments (Figure 5-4). Overall, the survey results indicate that there are significant barriers to governments in disseminating information about oil and gas activities and also the processes in place to manage environmental and social impacts of petroleum development. The overall average score of questions in this theme tallied 22% against the benchmark. There are significant differences as to whether governments have a dedicated environmental information system, compared to how information about oil and gas projects is disseminated to the public. Most governments surveyed do not have a dedicated or centralized environmental and social information system in place to assist in management of oil and gas impacts (score of 31% against the benchmark). Only 11% of governments surveyed indicated that they have a dedicated information system to retrieve baseline and other types of environmental and social information associated with the oil and gas industry. For the most part, this system is not available to the public and stakeholders (only 8% of countries indicated so), and there are insufficient resources in place to ensure its effective function.

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Figure 5-4: PGI Scores Environmental Information Systems

Governments indicated that they lack a clear information disclosure policy as to how information about oil and gas activities and their management is communicated to the public and stakeholders (score of 48% against benchmark). Similarly, most governments do not have a commitment to respond to all information requests in a timely manner only 21% of countries fully complied with this benchmark standard. Governments did a better job in communicating information about oil and gas projects to the public early on during the project cycle (score of 66% against the benchmark). A total of 32% of countries surveyed fully complied with the benchmark to disclose information about pending oil and gas activities at the earliest date possible. Governments also try to make sure that any information disclosed about oil and gas development is accessible in some way to different languages, culture and indigenous people (score of 66% against the benchmark).

Optimize the Environmental Impact Assessment Process

The environmental impact assessment theme focuses on the implementation of an effective environmental impact assessment process, regulating new oil and gas projects, including mitigation and the minimization of environmental and social impacts. The overall theme scored an encouraging value of 67% against the benchmark. The following sub-themes were considered: EIA approval process, screening and scoping (score of 72% against the benchmark) what mechanisms are in place for reviewing projects, assessing their environmental and social impacts and arriving at a decision in the public interest ?

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EIA content and approach (score of 64% against the benchmark) what processes and procedures are used in the environmental assessment process? What considerations are taken into account when siting oil and gas projects? (score of 67% against benchmark). What procedures are in place for evaluating and managing the environmental and social risks associated with oil and gas development? (score of 65% against the benchmark). Generally the survey results shows that many countries are well versed in the EIA process as it pertains to the approval of oil and gas projects. EIA content and approach are well developed and the siting of oil and gas projects usually includes consideration of environmental and social concerns. However, monitoring and follow-up post project approval is generally weak throughout many countries surveyed (see below). EIA Approval Process, Screening and Scoping Survey results show that most countries have set up an adequate EIA process for the review and initial regulatory approval of oil and gas projects (overall score of 72% against the benchmark, see Figure 5-5). It is important to note that although many countries may not have enforced a specific environmental law addressing environmental issues arising from oil and gas development, some form of impact assessment is routinely undertaken throughout all phases of exploration and production activities. The screening process for all oil and gas projects is mandatory in 67% of surveyed countries. Some form of scoping is also conducted in all surveyed countries; in 56% of these countries, the public is normally involved. Specific Terms of Reference for oil and gas projects are set by governments and include some form of public review (score of 61% against the benchmark). Adherence to specific timelines in the review of oil and gas projects is undertaken to a somewhat greater extent (score of 67% against the benchmark). EIA Content and Approach This subtheme (overall score of 64% against benchmark countries) explores the degree of completeness of the EIA process and the quality of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), or Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), utilised for that purpose (see Figure 5-6). Although most countries have established an environmental assessment review process, it is not always completed in a comprehensive and exhaustive manner, according to internationally accepted best EIA practice standards. Analysis of alternatives (score of 61% against benchmark) is in fact often incomplete (48%), or totally missing (15%). Only 37% of surveyed countries take into account the option zero (no development alternative). Page | 33

A total of 63% of surveyed countries do not fully incorporate an analysis of cumulative effects, or an integration of social and biophysical impacts in the EIA process. Cumulative effects are not considered at all in 15% of countries surveyed. In most cases (score of 86% against the benchmark), environmental impact studies include all environmental information necessary to carry out a proper impact assessment, while social and cultural aspects are often under represented. Figure 5-5: PGI Scores EIA Approval, Screening and Scoping

Impact assessment of regional effects is not considered in half of the countries surveyed, indicating that impact assessment efforts largely consider only project level impacts. Lacking a proper data collection and processing centre makes it difficult to identify and measure cumulative impacts. Qualitative and also quantitative characterizations of project impacts are fully performed in 46% of the surveyed countries, while qualitative analysis alone is performed in another 46% of survey countries. In the remaining 8% of survey countries, the environmental impact study does not include any characterization of the importance of each potential environmental impact. Planning of impact specific mitigation measures is considered within the EIA process for 96% of survey countries (though in half of them the process does not include public review). In the remaining 4% of survey countries, no mitigation measures at the project level are taken into account.

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In 52% of cases, environmental baseline information are available at the project level but not necessarily at the regional level, while in 12% of the countries, environmental baseline information is considered proprietary to the proponent and not made available to the public. Figure 5-6: PGI Scores EIA Content and Approach

Project Siting For the siting and location of new oil and gas projects, 76% of survey countries take into account provisions and limitations stipulated by relevant land use policies and planning. Some form of public consultation and review of where oil and gas facilities are sited takes place in 88% of countries surveyed. Governments in only 28% of those countries surveyed complete appropriate consultation (see Figure 5-6). Ensuring Effective EIA Monitoring and Follow-up of Agreed Environmental Management Plans This theme examines the capacity and capability of governments in the follow-up of EIA approval conditions and requirements, and how proponents are complying with those conditions (see Figure 5-7). The EIA monitoring and follow-up theme only scored 50% against the benchmark, despite the consideration that 88% of surveyed countries require the mandatory preparation and enforcement of a monitoring and environmental management plan. The reasons for this low score are due to the relative lack of third party independent monitoring and making monitoring results available to the public.

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Figure 5-7: PGI Scores Ensuring EIA Monitoring and Follow-Up

Both governments and/or proponents regularly undertake monitoring and project follow-up in 46% of surveyed countries. In 77 % of surveyed countries there is no third party independent monitoring and follow-up of mitigation effectiveness or compliance assessment. In 31% of cases some form of corrective action, or adaptive management, is undertaken in order to mitigate unexpected environmental effects. Only 4% of the surveyed countries make monitoring results fully available to the public, either through a centralized database, or other means.

Improving Regulatory Enforcement

The regulatory enforcement and compliance theme examines how governments are enforcing environmental laws or regulations applicable to the oil and gas industry and also specific conditions as stipulated by project approval requirements. Figure 5-8 shows PGI scores for the following themes: regulatory enforcement and compliance, best environmental practice, risk avoidance and management.

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Figure 5-8: PGI Scores Enforcement, Best Practice Standards and Risk Management

In general, the data shows that many survey countries have a well development regulatory enforcement and compliance framework and consider a risk management approach. Less emphasis is placed on the incorporation of best environmental practice. This theme scored 64% overall against the benchmark. A form of regulatory enforcement and compliance system is enforced in 93% of survey countries through a command and control basis. Analysis indicates that command and control approaches involve a wide range of methods (sanctions, monetary penalties, closure of facilities, etc.) while the approach and use of tools or instruments for regulatory enforcement and compliance (record keeping and reporting, public release of no compliance events, environmental audits) are relatively less developed. In many survey countries, the overall picture of the mechanisms concerning regulatory enforcement and compliance is fairly unclear and often contradictory. In one half of the countries surveyed, remedies to seek enforcement of environmental laws or regulations in case of no compliance are not, or somewhat, available to the public. In terms of risk avoidance, 54% of survey countries have only vaguely implemented, or not considered at all, the adoption of the precautionary principle in regards to environmental risks that could arise from oil and gas development. In 85% of surveyed countries, the EIA process requires an Emergency Response Plan to be developed in some form, but the proper assessment of ERP effectiveness is conducted in only 28% of surveyed countries. In 58% of the surveyed countries, the EIA process considers environmental risk and risk management as part of the assessment of oil and gas projects. Page | 37

Incorporating Best Environmental Practice and Technologies

This theme addresses how governments are incorporating best industry practices to minimize the environmental and social impacts arising from the oil and gas industry, particularly in those instances where best practice standards exceed existing regulatory requirements. Best practice in this case would be based on industry association standards (e.g. API, IPIECA, OGP/E&P Forum etc.), or publically available corporate environmental operating standards. The incorporation of best environmental practice by the oil and gas industry is one way of creating a standardized level of best practice, even if the regulatory environment may be lacking. Overall, the survey indicated that governments generally do not consider, or have implemented, the necessary processes to incorporate best environmental practice the average of the questions in this theme scored 60% against the benchmark value. About one half of the governments surveyed indicated that they have some form of policy to work with oil and gas proponents and promote the use of Best Available Techniques (BAT) or Best Environmental Practices (BEP) for environmental and social management of oil and gas development (score of 60% against the benchmark). Just over one half of countries surveyed indicated that they have a requirement to comply with international best environmental practices for oil and gas activities within their national jurisdiction (score of 73% against the benchmark). Governments however indicated that they do not have a mechanism or procedures for incorporating or updating changes in best environmental practices within their national laws and regulations applicable to the activities of the oil and gas industry (score of 41% against the benchmark). Only 17% of countries fully complied with the benchmark that encourages dialogue between industry and government in this regard.

Understanding Future Liability and Reclamation Costs

Incorporating future liability and reclamation costs associated with current oil and gas activities is a concern to the oil and gas industry. However many governments around the world are more concerned with the immediate financial gains associated with the promotion of oil and gas development, compared to possible future implications of liability costs. This is an obvious concern to communities living adjacent to oil and gas development and there are numerous examples of the negative financial and health burdens of extractive industry development (World Bank, 2005). The survey found that little attention is being paid by governments to assessing future liability and reclamation costs. Overall, all countries surveyed had a score of 55% against the benchmark as to how they are managing future liability and reclamation costs (see Figure 5-9).

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Governments lack an established process for managing the decommissioning and abandonment of oil and gas projects; overall the score for this question was 46% against the benchmark. A total of 81% of countries surveyed did not comply or only partially complied with the benchmark. Governments also generally lack a commitment to ensure that oil and gas facilities are decommissioned and remediated in a timely manner. This was one of the lowest of all responses made for this question a score of 28% against the benchmark. A total of 96% of all countries surveyed either did not comply or partially complied with the benchmark in response to this question. There are a lack of guidelines specifying the residual limits for contamination in soil and water. This obviously is a concern to local communities and poses an issue for both short and long term human and ecological health. Overall this question scored 37% against the benchmark and 57% of countries surveyed did not comply, indicating that they have no guidelines in placing for residual contamination originating from the oil and gas industry. There are no procedures in place for assigning costs for orphan wells those abandoned oil and gas facilities that have no ownership but yet have ongoing liability concerns and associated costs. This was one of the lowest responses in the survey, scoring 14% against the benchmark. Governments in these countries do not have any capacity and procedures in place for managing orphaned wells, or assessing the responsibility for environmental liability that has no apparent ownership. There are small differences in approaches to decommissioning and abandonment between offshore and onshore. Governments stated that decommissioning and abandonment requirements apply to both offshore and onshore facilities, both scoring 87% and 82% respectively against the benchmark. Governments generally do not or determine a value for costs associated with restoration of environmental damage arising from the oil and gas industry. This question scored 48% against the benchmark and a total of 76% of survey responses for this question did not comply with the benchmark. While EIAs do include reference to decommissioning and abandonment plans, there are little or no requirements of government to approve these plans. This question scored 56% against the benchmark with 72% of survey responses not complying or only partially complying with the benchmark, whereby governments are required to approve decommissioning and abandonment plans.

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Figure 5-9: PGI Scores Decommissioning and Abandonment

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6 Key Findings
This section describes key findings of the PGI survey considering the following: Survey delivery; Legal, regulatory and contractual framework; Institutional strengthening of good governance; EIA process; Public consultation, disclosure and access to information; Private sector involvement in best environmental practice; and Liability.

Survey Delivery
The PGI survey was administered to 27/29 countries over a period of about 9 months. Primary concerns about the survey and its delivery were indicated as follows: The survey was relatively long; The response from governments and local stakeholders was mixed, and the survey relied on the ability of the consultant team to extract and summarize survey results; Results from the survey were not intended to measure environmental performance between each country; and The survey should in no way be considered to be a statistical representation for an individual country, but rather represents the opinion of survey respondents and the project team as to how national governments compare to an ideal benchmark governance condition. Nonetheless, there has been a high degree of interest from participants in regard to the results of the survey. While some may have considered the survey to be too long, it was also viewed to be comprehensive and provided a high level of information regarding environmental management and governance of the oil and gas industry. The online survey process allowed

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participants to enter and leave the survey at will. However, the survey could have been shortened, particularly those questions concerning the legal and regulatory framework that consisted of about 25% of the survey total. While cooperation of the World Bank was provided throughout the Survey, particularly from local Bank offices, a more formal effort to engage key government representatives could have resulted in higher participation of respondents, but this would also be offset by additional time requirements for survey completion. The online version of the survey (Survey Monkey) was administered to the email addresses of specific respondents and featured an automatic return to the consultant team at the conclusion of the survey (respondents selected a complete survey button at the end). The survey featured a multiple choice response in regards to no, partial, or full compliance with the benchmark template. The online version was easy to administer, provided great flexibility to participants in relation to time to complete, was cost effective to administer (limited or no travel) and also provided a mechanism for rapid compilation and easy analysis of survey results. The only negative feedback to the online survey was that no other language version was provided. Future surveys should consider reuse of the online survey software. Follow-up to the survey is required to ensure that those respondents who expressed interest in completing the survey actually did so. It is also recommended that the survey results be provided to governments of each country for discussion and further refinement. This could be beneficial in the context of preparation of relevant future Bank interventions.

Legal, Regulatory and Contractual Framework

Survey responses show a wide range of variability regarding the legal and regulatory framework due to two main factors: On one side, there are obligations resulting from the international context of laws, regulations, treaties and agreements governing oil and gas exploration and production activities. In particular, ratified international treaties and agreements endorsed by local governments impose compliance to national legislative and regulatory requirements, while also incorporating international standards set for the governance of the oil and gas development activities. A sufficiently appropriate, but largely theoretical, environmental policy for the oil and gas industry exists in the majority of countries surveyed. In most cases, the regulatory system principles already adopted in more developed countries are largely transposed into the national legislation of emerging oil producers. In turn, oil and gas operators, in particular those large oil companies with an established and stringent environmental policy, prefer to operate in countries where a modern regulatory system is implemented.

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On the other side, some countries surveyed do not have a sufficiently organized administrative structure to allow for the enforcement of an efficient regulatory system. Other countries do not have the organizational capability or the human and financial resources available to set up an effective and organized management system for oil and gas activities. Some countries may incorporate into domestic legislative system a general environmental law setting policy to address environmental issues arising from oil and gas activities, only as a means of attracting foreign investors and operators, while neglecting additional obligations concerned (i.e. EIA process, public involvement, environmental monitoring, data disclosure, etc.). Survey results show that in 89% of countries surveyed, the responsible institutions for environmental management have little (74%) or insufficient (15%) resources (budget, staff, training, technology, information system, etc) to effectively implement their strategies and fulfil their regulatory mandate. The results of the above considerations show that in many cases, the regulatory system in place is somewhat of an empty box. The governance structure and frameworks exist, but the implementation of governance into an efficient and effective environmental management system for oil and gas activities is not fully in place. Therefore, efforts are necessary to strengthen either the administrative and technical capabilities of local governments in order to improve environmental governance of the oil and gas industry.

Institutional Strengthening of Good Governance

Most governments surveyed have a dedicated institution for managing the environmental and social impacts of the oil and gas industry. This is either a dedicated Ministry of the Environment, or a similar institution embedded within another Ministry - e.g. Ministry of Energy and Mines. The survey responses indicate that institutional strengthening and capacity building is needed in all countries, particularly in regard to training. Other institutional needs such as increased salaries and benefits, employee turnover, retention of institutional memory etc. are more appropriately dealt with at a country level and could form part of a diagnostic and action plan initiative (see Section 6).

Environmental Assessment Process

The survey results indicate that there is a large variability across all survey countries as to how the EIA process for oil and gas activities is implemented. Overall, most countries have some form of EIA process that has been incorporated within each countries regulatory framework. However, much of the emphasis of the EIA process appears directed towards the regulatory approval of oil and gas projects, rather than to a life cycle approach for minimizing environmental and social impacts across the entire project life. In some countries,

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the full extent of the EIA process, as dictated by best EIA practice, has yet to be implemented, and these countries scored poorly against their benchmark counterparts. Particularly lacking are the following: systematic and sufficient involvement of the public and local stakeholders in the EIA process, access to baseline environmental and social information in the project affected area, complete analysis of project alternatives, and consideration of cumulative effects and regional impacts beyond the project level. The majority of countries surveyed incorporate analysis of environmental risk and risk management, however effective efforts in regulatory enforcement of EIA commitments, and follow-up and monitoring efforts, as part of verification and oversight, are lacking. The survey indicates that environmental monitoring and project follow-up are considered part of the EIA regulatory framework enforced in the majority of surveyed countries. Nevertheless, in many cases actual enforcement practices are inadequate, environmental monitoring is insufficient and monitoring data are not disclosed, or made widely available to the public and affected stakeholders. Moreover, most countries show an insufficient, sometime totally absent control and enforcement mechanisms during the post-EIA approval phase. While many countries indicate that regulatory enforcement mechanisms and risk management procedures for oil and gas activities are incorporated into the regulatory framework, actual onthe-ground enforcement of EIA approval conditions and regulatory limits is not taking place in a systematic and effective manner.

Public Involvement, Disclosure and Access to Information

Results of the survey indicate that while governments may consult about oil and gas activities, they often disclose little to the public and affected stakeholders. Consultation still has a long way to go in the countries surveyed; governments generally choose to inform stakeholders rather than involve them in decisions regarding oil and gas development. The impact of the public consultation process on the ability to affect decisions regarding oil and gas projects is not clear. This obviously has a significant effect on the confidence of locally affected stakeholders and communities that their specific concerns about oil and gas projects can be effectively heard and considered. There is good attention to recognizing the need to consult early on in the oil and gas development phase and governments recognize the importance of doing so. However, there is little consideration given by governments to providing costs for participation in the consultation process, or that industry can also participate in providing reimbursement of

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stakeholder costs. Most governments give consideration to holding consultation activities in the directly affected project area as a means of maximizing local involvement. However, in many cases the consultation with local communities focuses more on the amount to be negotiated as compensation rather than establishing communication links for management of environmental impacts throughout the entire project cycle. Survey results show that little attention is paid to involving indigenous peoples in consultation regarding oil and gas projects. Less than one half of the countries surveyed have ratified the international convention ILO 169 regarding indigenous peoples, and ensuring their voice is heard as to how resource projects are developed. As a result, few governments have specific laws and regulations as to how involvement of indigenous peoples in the review and approval of oil and gas projects would actually take place. This is of concern, in that many oil and gas projects in developing nations actually take place in frontier areas within the traditional lands of many indigenous peoples. This also has relevance for the recently signed UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples that was adopted by 144 states in September 2007. 10 One of the largest areas for improvement pertains to improving the dissemination of information about the consultation process. Survey results indicate that little information is communicated back to project stakeholders about the results of the consultation process, or how, if any, it affected the outcome of project approval decisions. This is a key component of gaining public trust that their involvement in the public consultation process actually can affect project outcomes and help improve the project decision-making process. Similarly, there are significant barriers to the disclosure of information about oil and gas projects and the natural and social environments in which they occur. In a global information age, there is little access to information. Survey results show that most governments lack a policy as to how information about oil and gas projects is to be disclosed or disseminated to the public and affected stakeholders. Most governments also lack a clear commitment to responding to project stakeholders in a timely and effective manner, thereby eroding public confidence that their voice is being listened to and heard by government. Generally most governments lack a commitment to establish and implement a centralized information system, whether electronically on-line or otherwise. This is another area where significant improvements can be made, providing there is a strong government effort to make information available to the public, rather than spending resources on developing systems to do so. Governments however recognize the need to consider diversity and pay good attention to considering language and cultural differences in the public consultation process.
10 http://un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/declaration.html

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Private Sector Involvement in Best Environmental Practice

Another area for improvement is the opportunity to involve the private sector to apply internationally accepted best environmental practices by the oil and gas industry to minimize environmental and social impacts. Most governments surveyed lack a mechanism to require oil and gas companies to adhere to the regulatory framework for managing environmental and social impacts in their country of origin. This is particularly important for those countries that lack a well-developed national regulatory framework and are under pressure to rapidly develop oil and gas resources to help improve economic conditions and local development. Governments also lack an ongoing dialogue with industry for incorporating ongoing changes or updates in best environmental practice into national environmental regulations.

Decommissioning, Abandonment and Liability

In less than one half of all countries surveyed, governments pay little or no attention to liability and decommissioning of oil and gas facilities. More attention is paid to granting approval to proceed with oil and gas projects today, rather than considering what are the long terms impacts and costs of these projects at some time in future. Governments lack a policy and process for decommissioning and abandonment but also do not routinely assess, determine or assign the future liability costs of decommissioning and abandonment. It is not unusual that governments direct more attention to economic benefits from short-term gains within their mandate, rather than considering these costs at a later date in some future administration. Most governments also indicated that there is no commitment to ensuring timely reclamation. Governments also lack regulatory limits or guidelines for defining residual contamination limits in soil and water. Without any such guidelines, it would be impossible to define how contamination should be cleaned up and to determine how these future costs should be assigned. While governments do include the need for a conservation and reclamation plan as part of the EIA, there is little or no requirement for governments to approve those plans and have proponents implement them. Most governments also lack a process and procedures for dealing with the liabilities from oil and gas facilities that have no owners, or have been abandoned (orphan wells). This is another issue of concern for developing countries as the costs of remediating these liabilities may face many years of litigation in court rather than being dealt with in a timely manner.

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7 Recommendations
Based on these initial results of the PGI survey, the following are recommendations to the World Bank. 1. Undertake a gap analysis in specific countries as a further refinement of the survey. Country diagnostics could be undertaken as part of project preparation. Rationale: There are a number of countries that have expressed interest in the survey and results of the survey, particularly on a country performance level. The Bank could support an in-depth diagnostic of a given countrys governance performance, with full and complete participation from governments, rather than peripherally as occurred through the survey. Governments could use the outcome of this analysis to identify where strengthening of governance is required. This information may also be useful for other economic sectors, other than oil and gas, particularly where the Bank may be supporting infrastructure development. 2. Undertake a gap analysis at a regional level in order to identify the most appropriate mechanism for institutional strengthening of environmental governance, enabling development of a common coherent and consistent environmental and social regulatory system, while at the same time optimizing resource development. Rationale: it may also useful to do this exercise at a regional level to identify where synergies exist on a regional basis and to tie this into strategic regional level planning. A good example of this would be in the Gulf of Guinea where five or six countries are either well underway with hydrocarbon development (Nigeria) or undergoing a boom and al l the expectations associated with it (Cameroon, Ghana). This gap analysis could also be extended into a regional strategic environmental assessment of oil and gas for the West Africa region. The Bank is supporting similar initiatives for the African mining sector. 3. Improve country capacity in EIA monitoring and follow-up through training, workshops, and case studies on the job training is preferred to make use of real world experience and to maximize the benefit of capacity building. Rationale: One of the key findings of the PGI review and also a common shortcoming in EA worldwide is the lack of adequate monitoring and follow-up capacities of governments. As stated in the report, most governments are more interested in approving oil and gas development projects and granting licenses today rather than adequately managing the impacts that follow. It would be useful to have training focused on the monitoring and follow-up capacities of government regulatory agencies.

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This of course would have to be linked with regulatory strengthening of these follow-up, monitoring and compliance initiatives, as the lack of capacity is very much associated with a lack of regulatory requirements and consistent enforcement practices. 4. Promote the development of outsourcing of monitoring and EIA review capacities. Rationale: One of the key findings of the PGI study has to do with the accelerated pace of oil and gas development in many developing countries. In many emerging oil producing nations, there is significant pressure to develop the hydrocarbon resource in the shortest time and fastest way possible often this is done without a complete assessment and mitigation of associated social and environmental impacts. Governments therefore are more interested in approving licenses associated with environmental applications and there is often great pressure on environmental agencies from other government departments that will experience the immediate financial benefits from oil and gas e.g. energy ministries. It is unrealistic to expect that any support of capacity building from the Bank to build monitoring and follow-up capabilities in environmental regulatory agencies will be able to withstand the pace of development that is occurring. We therefore suggest it would be prudent to support the development of outsourcing capacities where external consultants or organizations could assist governments in developing environmental management capacities beyond project approvals. This could be done by placing experts into these countries during over a two to three year period during which they could be a catalyst for EA strengthening and provide in-house capacity development. These experts would provide an immediate source of experience, training, capacity building and regulatory enhancement that could otherwise not be achieved through training on a shortterm basis. 5. Improve the consultation and outreach process to develop and build trust between industry, governments and local communities look at creative mechanisms such as shared regional development plans or impact benefit agreements to ensure that producing regions benefit economically from oil and gas and that social conditions are improved and not impaired. Rationale: The PGI survey found that while public consultation processes are in place in many oil-producing countries, they are questionable as to their effectiveness in ensuring that all affected stakeholders are actively engaged during the review and approval process. It is important not only to consider how stakeholders are involved in the decision making process, but also how assurances can be put in place that they will benefit from oil and gas development and not suffer as a result. We therefore suggest that the Bank consider capacity building in stakeholder engagement on one hand, but more importantly tie this training to the implementation of Livelihood Development Plans, thereby ensuring that the flow of oil and gas revenues can be directed to the producing region to ensure community benefits on a long term and sustainable basis. Page | 48

6. Support the development of regional information systems for disseminating environmental and social information relating to proposed oil and gas development. Rationale: Associated with the publics right to be involved in development d ecisions that affect their livelihood, there is an associated right to be adequately informed about the pending oil and gas development and of its associated environmental, social and health consequences. We suggest that the Bank support the development of regional information systems that could provide stakeholders with basic information on oil and gas development, its technical and socio-environmental consequences, mitigation measures, best practices, follow-up and enforcement procedures etc. It could also serve as a portal providing a centralized location for information about specific project opportunities. These regional information centres could be supported via a variety of funding mechanisms from both private and public sources. The creation of these centers should encompass the need for managing the entire value chain links of oil and gas development from the awarding of licenses and contracts, to the collection of revenues and their use in sustainable projects, along with the collection and dissemination of environmental and social data. The creation of these centers should become a condition for funding of large EI projects. The objectives for the proposed Environmental and Social Information Centers would be as follows: Produce reliable, relevant, secure and timely public information about oil and gas activities; Disclose information about the outcomes of the bidding process for oil and gas leases for that information in the public domain; Maximize transparency for all revenue flows and the social and environmental data associated with proposed oil and gas projects; and Provide all documentation and information on the regulatory process for environmental permitting, approval, follow-up and monitoring. The type of information and data contained in such a system could include the following: Pertinent laws, regulations, approvals and regulatory standards for oil and gas projects; Baseline environmental and social information in areas of oil and gas development; Project development plans and associated environmental and social impact assessment studies and reports; Environmental monitoring and follow-up studies and reports; Strategic Environmental Assessments, Regional Environmental Assessments and Cumulative Effects Assessments;

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All Social and Environmental Assessments studies and their monitoring and follow up information; Financial statements and audits of production data and revenue flows; Information on environmental liabilities and decommissioning of oil and gas projects, and Information on new oil-gas projects under consideration. Development of an environmental and social information system for oil and gas projects will be a major undertaking and the Bank should undertake an assessment of similar projects underway internally, or by other donors. Perhaps the most cost-effective approach would be to undertake a pilot study, or several pilot studies across regions. 7. Support an approach for management of environmental liabilities arising from oil and gas development, such as an overarching regulatory and accounting framework, assistance in the determination of liability costs and their assignment, understanding of decommissioning, closure and abandonment procedures. This is underway and a manual is currently in preparation. Rationale: The liabilities of oil and gas development and the eventual abandonment of oil and gas facilities are greatly overlooked in many oil-producing nations. There is more emphasis placed in promoting the financial benefits of oil and gas development today than considering the financial consequences and possible detriments at a later date when closure is imminent. The other module of the PGI is addressing this issue by producing a toolkit manual on decommissioning and abandonment of oil and gas and mining projects. It is suggested that the Bank support and promote further initiatives in this regard. 8. Delivery of training programs for key themes identified as part of the PGI survey. Rationale: The Bank may wish to support training programs as part of capacity building in environmental management of oil and gas development. Training in the following themes is suggested: Public consultation and developing of tripartite dialogues; Decommissioning, abandonment and environmental liabilities; Environmental monitoring, follow-up and audits; Incorporation of best environmental practices; and Development of environmental and social information systems. Training could include on-site workshops and seminars, production of manuals and training aides and regional workshops. Wherever possible, practical case studies should be featured to maximize training benefits in real world situations. A standardized set of materials could be provided and made available in English and other appropriate languages. Page | 50

8 References
Bailey, R. H., & Engelhardt, F. R. (1983). Environmental management of offshore oil and gas activities in Canada. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 4(3-4), 523-538. Brunnschweiler, C. N. a. E. R. B. (2008). The resource curse revisited and revised: A tale of paradoxes and red herrings. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 55(2008), 248-264. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) (1999). Environmental Operating Practice for the Upstream Petroleum Industry - Alberta Operations. CXalgary, AB, Canada. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) (2003). Guide for Effective Public Involvement. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: http://www.capp.ca/getdoc.aspx?DocID=73244. Chatham House (2007). Report on good governance of the national petroleum sector: Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy, University of Dundee. E&P Forum (1991). Oil industry operating guideline for tropical rainforests. E&P Forum (2002). Oil and gas exploration & production in arctic offshore regions. Guidelines for environmental protection: International Association of Oil & Gas Producers. Environmental Agency (2004). Corporate environmental governance. A study into the influence of environmental governamce and financial performance full report. Published by Environment Agency, Bristol, UK.: www.environment-agency.gov.uk. Fraser Institute (2008). Global Petroleum Survey. 2008 Edition. Vancouver, B.C. Gangadharan, L., & Valenzuela, M. R. (2001). Interrelationships between income, health and the environment: extending the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. Ecological Economics, 36(3), 513-531. Gary, I., & Karl, T. L. (2003). Bottom of the Barrel. Africa's Oil Boom and the Poor. Catholic Relief Services. Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic Growth and the Environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377.

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IEA (2008). World Energy Outlook 2008. Paris Cedex 15, France. International, Energy, & Agency (2008). World Energy Outlook 2008. Paris Cedex 15, France. International Finance Corporation (IFC) (1998). Doing Better Business Through Effective Public Consultation and Disclosure. A Good Practice Manual. Washington, D.C. IPIECA (nd). The oil and gas industry: operating in sensitive environments. London, United Kingdom. Karl, T. (1997). Paradox of Plenty: Oil booms and Petro States. University of California Press, Berkely. Kinn, S. J. (1999). Regional environmental impact assessment - experiences from Norewgian petroleum activity. Paper presented at the Proceedings frm the 3rd Nordic EIA/SEA Conference. Lind, T. (1983). The environmental impact assessment process for offshore oil and gas exploration and development in Norway. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 4(3-4), 457-472. ODI (2006). Meeting the challenge of the resource curse.Unpublished manuscript, London, U.K. OECD (2002). Governance for sustainable development. Five OECD case studies. Paris Cedex 16, France. Overseas, & Institute, D. (2006). Meeting the challenge of the resource curse.Unpublished manuscript, London, U.K. Pegg, S. (2006). Can policy intervention beat the resource curse? Evidence from the ChadCameroon pipeline project. Afr Aff (Lond), 105(418), 1-25. Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. M. (1999). The big push, natural resource booms and growth. Journal of Development Economics, 59(1), 43-76. Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. M. (1999 revised). Natural resource abundance and economic growth. National Bureau of Economic Research Economic Growth Working Paper, No. 5398 (Cambridge, MA.). Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. M. (2001). The curse of natural resources. European Economic Review, 45(4-6), 827-838.

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UNEP, E. P. F. a. (2002). Environmental management in oil and gas exploration and production. An overview of issues and management approaches: International Association of Oil & Gas Producers/UNEP. World Bank (2004). Company codes of conduct and international standards. An analytical comparison. Part II of II Oil Gas and Mining. Washington, D.C. World Bank (2005). Extractive industries and sustainable development. An evaluation of World Bank Group experience. 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. World Bank (2009). Extractive Industries Value Chain A comprehensive integrated approach to developing extractive industries 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C.

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Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaire

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1. Introduction
Welcome to the Environmental Governance Survey of the Oil and Gas Industry! The Petroleum Governance Initiative (PGI) is a bilateral collaboration of the Government of Norway and the World Bank Group (WBG) designed to achieve structured cooperation on petroleum sector governance issues. It is intended to provide support to developing countries in the implementation of appropriate petroleum governance frameworks, including resource and revenue management and linkages to the effective management of environmental, social and community issues. This survey assesses environmental and social governance and how governments in oil-producing countries are managing the environmental and social impacts of oil and gas development. The questions that follow address eleven elements of environmental and social governance: Legal, Regulatory and Contractual Framework - What is the legal, regulatory and contractual framework governing the social and environmental management of the oil and gas industry? Institutional Structure and Capacity for Key Environmental Agencies What are the institutional structure and capacity issues that affect service delivery? Environmental and Social Information Systems What environmental and social information systems are available to provide background data in areas proposed or subject to oil and gas development? Environmental Assessment and Approval Process What is the process for environmental approval? Environmental Monitoring and Follow-up What processes are in place to follow-up on commitments made by the proponent and the regulator? Decommissioning and Abandonment Does the government have policies, process and procedures in place for decommissioning and abandonment? Regulatory Enforcement and Compliance What is the regulatory regime for enforcement and compliance of regulations pertinent to the oil and gas industry? Transparency and Information Dissemination What policies, process and procedures are in place to provide information to the public about oil and gas development? Public Consultation and Involvement What process does the public play in the review and approval of oil and gas projects? Best Environmental Techniques and Practices How are these applied to minimize environmental and social impacts? Risk Avoidance and Management What procedures are in place to manage environmental and social risk? Most of the survey questions provide multiple choices; respondents should select the response most appropriate to that of government. In some cases, respondents are requested to provide one or more responses. Assistance in the survey is provided in the attached Survey Guide. The questionnaire is being sent to your email address only so that it can automatically be returned to us. All survey responses will be considered anonymous and your name will not be released. The results will be used to support and confirm the responses being compiled by the survey team. Your contribution to the success of the survey is greatly appreciated. Best Regards, Miles Scott-Brown

Integrated Environments Ltd. Consultant, World Bank

1. Please identify where you work?

j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
Government Industry Non-governmental organization Other

2. Legal, Regulatory and Contractual Framework

The following questions pertain to the legal, regulatory and contractual framework governing the social and environmental management of the oil and gas industry.

1. Is the national legal system primarily a common law or civil law system?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
A common law system A civil law system A hybrid of common and civil law

2. Are there Constitutional rights and obligations that (check one or more as appropriate):
c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g
Address the ownership of natural resources Protect human health Protect and sustain the environment Address the status of indigenous people

3. Does the legal system rely primarily on penalties or on incentives to achieve its environmental governance objectives?
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Primarily penalty-based Roughly equal combination of penalty and incentive Primarily incentive-based

4. Is there a specific law (or set of laws) that establishes policy for the oil and gas industry? If yes, are there regulations duly passed under the law (s) that establish policy for the development of the oil and gas industry that provide direction to implement the policy?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There are no regulations duly passed under the law(s) that establish policy for the development of the oil and gas industry that provide direction to implement the policy There are some regulations duly passed under the law(s) that establish policy for the development of the oil

and gas industry that provide direction to implement the policy but these are incomplete [Provide citation(s)] There are a complete set of regulations duly passed under the law(s) that establish policy for the development

of the oil and gas industry that provide direction to implement the policy [Provide citation(s)] Provide Citation(s)

5. Is there a specific environmental law that sets policy to address environmental issues arising from oil and gas (or, generally, resource extraction activities) development? If yes, are there are regulations duly passed that provide direction for policy implementation?
j k l m n j k l m n
There is no specific environmental law that sets policy to address environmental issues arising from oil and gas (or, generally, resource extraction activities) development Under the specific environmental law that sets policy to address environmental issues arising from oil and gas

(or, generally, resource extraction activities) development there are no regulations duly passed that provide direction for policy implementation [Provide citation(s)]

j k l m n

Under the specific environmental law that sets policy to address environmental issues arising from oil and gas

(or, generally, resource extraction activities) development there are some regulations duly passed that provide direction for policy implementation but they are incomplete [Provide citation(s)]

j k l m n

Under the specific environmental law that sets policy to address environmental issues arising from oil and gas

(or, generally, resource extraction activities) development there are a full set of regulations duly passed that provide direction for policy implementation [Provide citation(s)] Provide Citation(s)

6. In the context of oil and gas industry development, are there laws that establish policy in regard to the following (circle where applicable) For yes answers, provide citation(s) for the appropriate laws and their associated regulations
c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g
Water use Emissions into air, onto land or into water Effluents into air, onto land or into water Waste management (including hazardous water management) Decommisioning and abandonment Pollution Noise

Provide Citation(s)

7. Has the national government incorporated international law rights and obligations within its legal system that address environmental issues arising from oil and gas industry development?
j k l m n j k l m n
The national government has not incorporated international law rights and obligations within its legal system that address environmental issues arising from oil and gas industry development The national government has incorporated international law rights and obligations within its legal system that

address environmental issues arising from oil and gas industry development. [Provide citation(s)] Provide citation(s)

8. Does the government set out policy or procedures to address the potential environmental impacts having effects in neighbouring countries by notifying and consulting each other?
j k l m n j k l m n
No, the government does not set out policy or procedures to address environmental impacts in trans-boundary context Yes, the government set out policy or procedure to address environmental impacts in trans-boundary context

9. Are multinational oil and gas companies required to adhere to the corporate policies established as a result of the jurisdictional requirements followed in its country of origin?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
No, multinational oil and gas companies are not required to adhere to national corporate policies from their country of origin Multinational oil and gas companies are required to adhere to some national corporate policies from their

country of origin for certain oil and gas projects Yes, multinational oil and gas companies are required to adhere to national corporate policies from their

country of origin

10. Does the national government participate in the WB Global Gas Flaring Reduction Initiative (GGFR)?
j k l m n j k l m n
No, the national government does not participate in the WB Global Gas Flaring Reduction Initiative Yes, the national government does participate in the WB Global Gas Flaring Reduction Initiative

11. Is there a specific host government agreement that puts forward the contractual rights and obligations of the host government arising from an oil and gas development? Does this host government agreement also directly address the host governments related environmental rights and obligations?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There is no host government agreement The host government agreement does not directly address the host governments environmental rights and

obligations arising from an oil and gas development The host government agreement somewhat addresses the host governments environmental rights and

obligations arising from an oil and gas development The host government agreement directly addresses the host governments environmental rights and

obligations arising from an oil and gas development

12. Is there a specific production sharing agreement that puts forward the contractual rights and obligations of the proponent(s) of an oil and gas development? Does the production sharing agreement also directly address the proponent(s) related environmental rights and obligations?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There is no specific production sharing agreement that puts forward the contractual rights and obligations of the proponent(s) of an oil and gas development The production sharing agreement does not directly address the environmental rights and obligations of the

proponent(s) arising from its oil and gas development The production sharing agreement somewhat addresses the environmental rights and obligations of the

proponent(s) arising from its oil and gas development The production sharing agreement does directly address the environmental rights and obligations of the

proponent(s) arising from its oil and gas development

13. Is oil and gas development allowed in parks and protected area?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
Oil and gas development is not permitted to occur within parks and protected areas and setback requirements are in place for development in areas outside of park and protected area boundaries Oil and gas development is allowed within parks and protected areas but with special operating conditions Oil and gas development is allowed within parks and protected areas under the same requirements as non-

protected areas

14. Are there areas identified where the siting of oil and gas activities are prohibited or restricted?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There are no restrictions on the siting of oil and gas activities Some restrictions may apply after the bidding process Yes, there are clearly identified restrictions which apply prior to the bidding process

15. Has the government ratified the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
No Not yet, but there is intention to sign Yes, the government is a signatory of the ILO Convention 169 but has not yet ratified Yes, the government has signed and ratified ILO Convention 169

16. Is there a law(s) that establishes a policy for stakeholders and the general public to be consulted regarding an oil and gas development? If yes, does the law have regulations duly passed that provide direction for the implementation of the policy?
j k l m n j k l m n
There is no law(s) that establishes a policy that stakeholders and the general public are to be consulted regarding an oil and gas development Under the law that establishes a policy that stakeholders and the general public are to be consulted regarding

an oil and gas development there are no regulations duly passed that provide direction for the implementation of the policy

j k l m n

Under the law that establishes a policy that stakeholders and the general public are to be consulted regarding

an oil and gas development there are some regulations duly passed that provide direction for the implementation of the policy but they are incomplete. [Provide citation(s)]

j k l m n

Under the law that establishes a policy that stakeholders and the general public are to be consulted regarding

an oil and gas development there are a full set of regulations duly passed that provide direction for the meaningful implementation of the policy. [Provide citation(s)] Provide Citation(s)

17. Is there a law(s) that specifically identifies and establishes a policy that addresses the rights and obligations of Indigenous people in relation to oil and gas industry (or, more generally, resource extraction) development? If yes, does the law have regulations duly passed that provide direction for policy implementation?
j k l m n j k l m n
There is a no law(s) that specifically identifies and establishes a policy that addresses the rights and obligations of Indigenous people in relation to oil and gas industry (or, more generally, resource extraction) development Under the law(s) that specifically identifies and establishes a policy that addresses the rights and obligations of

Indigenous people in relation to oil and gas industry (or, more generally, resource extraction) development there are no regulations duly passed that provide direction for policy implementation

j k l m n

Under the law(s) that specifically identifies and establishes a policy that addresses the rights and obligations of

Indigenous people in relation to oil and gas industry (or, more generally, resource extraction) development there are some regulations duly passed that provide direction for policy implementation but these are incomplete [Provide citation(s)]

j k l m n

Under the law(s) that specifically identifies and establishes a policy that addresses the rights and obligations of

Indigenous people in relation to oil and gas industry (or, more generally, resource extraction) development there are a full set of regulations duly passed that provide direction for policy implementation [Provide citation(s)] Provide Citation(s)

18. Do the host government, the proponent(s) of an oil and gas development and stakeholders affected by an oil and gas development have access to a functioning, independent quasi-judicial board or commission or a functioning national court system for an ultimate adjudication of disputes and determination of remedies arising from an oil and gas development?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
No access Access to Quasi-judicial board or commission Access to National Court System Access to Quasi-judicial board or commission and access to National Court System

19. Is there a law(s) that identifies and establishes appeals process or public hearings for controversial and/or complex projects?
j k l m n j k l m n
No Yes (provide citations)

Provide Citations

20. What remedies or means are available to the public to seek the enforcement of environmental laws and regulations, particularly in the case of non-compliance?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There are no remedies, means or measures available to the public to seek the enforcement of environmental laws and regulations There is a notification process for the public to inform regulatory agencies about environmental non-

compliances The public has access to the court and legal system to seek remedies for environmental non-compliance

21. Are measures in place for the reporting of greenhouse gases associated with the oil and gas industry? If yes, is there in place a specific GHG emission plan allocating gas emission allowance trading or any other measure to achieve the reduction goals?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
No, companies are not required to report emissions of greenhouse gases Yes, there is a requirement to report emissions of greenhouse gases but there is no requirement as of yet for

reduction Yes, there is a requirement to report emissions of greenhouse gases and to reduce where possible

3. Institutional Structure and Capacity for Key Environmental Agencies

The following questions are directed to the institution responsible for environmental and social management of the oil and gas industry to address issues of institutional structure and capacity.

1. Which government institution is responsible for the environmental and social management of the oil and gas sector?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
An institution equivalent to the Ministry of Environment The responsibility is shared by a number of institutions or ministries (specify) An institution equivalent to the Ministry of Energy and Mines Other (specify)

Comments

2. Does the institution responsible for the environmental and social management of the oil and gas sector have a written mandate and objectives?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The institution has no mandate or objectives in place The institution claims to have a mandate and/or objectives The institution has a poorly defined mandate and objectives The institution has a well defined mandate and objectives

3. Are the resources of the institution sufficient to fund all activities required to implement its strategies and fulfill its objectives?
Staff Training related to Budget Staff Personnel environmental and gas development Sufficient Somewhat Sufficient Insufficient Access to equipment, information Retention of institutional information

management of oil technologies and

c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g

c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g

c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g

c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g

c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g

4. Is there a significant rate of staff turnover in government departments responsible for environmental planning, management and/or enforcement of the oil and gas sector?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There is a low rate of staff turnover within the institution There is a moderate rate of staff turnover within the institution There is a high rate of staff turnover within the institution

5. Does the institution responsible for social and environmental management of the oil and gas sector pay competitive wages that would be sufficient to attract and retain staff?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
Salaries within the institution are lower than other government departments and the private sector Salaries within the institution are equivalent to other government departments but lower than the private sector Salaries within the institution are equivalent to other government departments and the private sector Salaries within the institution are superior to the private sector

4. Environmental and Social Information Systems

The following questions pertain to the development and maintenance of baseline environmental and social information which would be available to effectively manage environmental and social performance of the oil and gas sector.

1. Does the government have an information system (that may or may not be electronic) to store and retrieve baseline and other types of environmental and social information associated with the oil and gas industry?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The government has no centralized information system An environmental information system is contained within one ministry or department and may or may not be

used to support decisions regarding oil and gas development An environmental information system is available across ministries and departments and used to support

decisions regarding oil and gas development An environmental information system is available across all levels of government and used to support decisions

2. Is the information system accessible to all stakeholders involved in an oil and gas development or are there any restrictions on access?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The information system is not accessible to the public The information system is accessible to the public but certain information, or data layers are restricted All information and data layers are available to the public through subscription All information and data layers are freely available to the public at no cost

3. Are there sufficient resources dedicated to the maintenance of the environmental information system (including data updating and verification of data accuracy, reliability and integrity)?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There are insufficient resources available to update the information system a regular basis and data quality is not routinely checked There are sufficient resources available to maintain the information system but improvements are required There are sufficient resources available to maintain the information system to high degree of reliability

5. Environmental Assessment and Approval Process

The following questions apply to the environmental assessment and approval process for oil and gas activities.

1. Is environmental assessment undertaken, in some form, through all phases of oil and gas development including exploration, development and production?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
Environmental assessment of oil and gas projects is not routinely undertaken Environmental assessment of oil and gas projects is undertaken for some phases, but not all (specify) Environmental assessment is undertaken for all phases of oil and gas development

Specify

2. Is there a screening process that determines whether an environmental assessment is necessary?

j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There is no mandatory screening to determine whether and environmental impact assessment is necessary There is a screening process to determine whether environmental impact assessment is necessary but it is not

mandatory and there are no categories of EIA assigned. There is a mandatory screening process but categories of EIA are not assigned There is a mandatory screening process that assigns specific EIA categories

3. Does the environmental assessment include a scoping process to identify key issues, timing and spatial boundaries, public consultation and other delimiters that will govern the level of effort and direction?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
Scoping is not conducted at the onset of the environmental assessment process Scoping is conducted at the onset of the environmental assessment process but does not involve public review

and comment Scoping is conducted at the onset of the environmental assessment process and involves public review and

comment

4. Is a terms of reference prepared for the environmental impact assessment of oil and gas projects and is this subject to public and government review?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
A specific terms of reference for the environmental impact assessment of oil and gas projects is not prepared A terms of reference for the environmental impact assessment of oil and gas projects is prepared but not

subject to public review and comment A terms of reference for the environmental assessment of oil and gas projects is prepared and comments of

other agencies and government are incorporated prior to being finalized

5. Are specific timelines established for the environmental assessment review process that clearly establishes the responsibility of project proponents and government regulators?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There are no timelines established There are timelines established but they are not adhered to Yes, there are specific timelines established and they are adhered to

6. Does the environmental assessment process consider an analysis of alternatives to establish the preferred or most environmental and socially sound option for oil and gas development?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The EIA process does not consider the assessment of project alternatives The EIA process includes an assessment of project alternatives, but not necessarily the no development

alternative The EIA process includes an assessment of project alternatives, including the no development alternative

7. Does the EIA process consider socio-economic, biophysical and cumulative effects in an integrated manner?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The EIA process considers social and biophysical impacts, but not cumulative effects The EIA process considers social, biophysical and cumulative effects but not in an integrated manner The EIA process considers social, biophysical and cumulative effects in an integrated manner

8. Does the Environmental Assessment process of oil and gas projects sufficiently address the following? Select one or more as appropriate.
c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g
Environmental baseline information of pre-project conditions Qualitative and quantitative information related to water, air, soils, vegetation and wildlife Qualitative and quantitative estimations of environmental effects Mitigation measures the proponent intends to adopt to reduce or avoid impacts Landscape and cultural heritage Public Health Monitoring Plan Project effects on protected areas

9. Do environmental assessments of oil and gas projects include an assessment of regional effects that may arise as a result of project development?
j k l m n j k l m n
There is no assessment of regional effects The scope of the assessment requires an assessment of local and regional effects

10. Is an assessment of importance made for each potential environmental impact, including positive impacts?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
No assessment or characterization of project impact is made A qualitative assessment of the importance of each potential impact is made A qualitative and quantitative assessment of the importance of each potential impact is made

11. Is mitigation planning used to reduce, or eliminate potential significant residual effects?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The environmental impact assessment does not present mitigation measures for each project impact in the form of specific management plans The environmental impact assessment presents mitigation measures for each project impact in the form of

specific management plans and discussed with project regulators The environmental impact assessment presents mitigation measures for each project impact in the form of

specific management plans and discussed with project regulators and the public

12. Is baseline information considered to be in the public domain and accessible to proponents, stakeholders and regulators?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
Baseline information is considered proprietary to the proponent and not available to the public Baseline information is considered in the public domain but is only available at the project level Baseline information is considered in the public domain and is available at both the project and regional level

13. Does the government take into account land use policies and/or other relevant policies for the siting of new oil and gas development?
j k l m n j k l m n
The government does not take into account land use policies and/or other relevant policies for the siting of oil and gas development The government takes into account land use policies and/or other relevant policies for the siting of new oil and

gas development, with the objective to maintain appropriate distances between the oil and gas development and sensitive areas (e.g. existing industrial facilities, residential areas, areas of public use, and areas of particular natural sensitivity or interest)

14. Does the government conduct appropriate consultation procedures to facilitate implementation of land use policies and/or other relevant policies for the siting of new oil and gas development?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The government does not set up appropriate consultation procedures for the siting of new oil and gas development The government sets up somewhat consultation procedures for the siting of new oil and gas development The government sets up appropriate consultation procedures for the siting of new oil and gas development,

including technical advice on the risks associated to the oil and gas development

6. Environmental Monitoring and Follow Up

The following questions pertain to the environmental monitoring and follow-up of oil and gas projects to ensure that Environmental Assessment commitments are adequately fulfilled.

1. Is a monitoring and environmental management plan required for the review and approval of the environmental authority?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There is no monitoring and environmental management plan There is a monitoring and environmental management plan but it is not mandatory There is a mandatory monitoring and environmental management plan

2. Does the government or the proponent perform regular monitoring and follow-up of oil and gas projects?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The proponent undertakes regular monitoring and follow-up and submits reports to the government The government undertakes regular independent monitoring and follow-up The proponent and the government undertaken separate regular monitoring and follow-up

3. Is independent monitoring of project impacts, mitigation effectiveness and compliance assessment undertaken in addition to the proponent or government?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There is no independent or third party monitoring and follow-up of project impacts, mitigation effectiveness or compliance assessment undertaken There is an independent or third party monitoring and follow-up of project impacts, mitigation effectiveness or

compliance assessment undertaken but the results are not binding on governments and proponents There is an independent or third party monitoring and follow-up of project impacts, mitigation effectiveness or

compliance assessment undertaken and the results are binding on government and proponents

4. The following question addresses projects with significant environmental and/or social impacts which are a concern for many stakeholders. Are the results of monitoring made publicly available?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The results of monitoring are not available to the public The results of monitoring are available to the public but are not maintained in a centralized database The results of monitoring are available to the public and are maintained in a centralized database and registry

5. Is there an adaptive management process to apply corrective actions in the case that monitoring indicates that prescribed mitigation actions are not working?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There is no corrective action tied to monitoring and follow-up results There is a corrective action response tied to the results of monitoring and follow-up but it is informal or non-

binding There is a corrective action response tied to the results of monitoring and follow-up which is formal and legal

binding

7. Decommissioning and Abandonment

The following questions pertain to the decommissioning and abandonment of oil and gas projects.

1. Does the government have an established process for managing the decommissioning and abandonment of oil and gas projects?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The government has no established process or procedures for managing decommissioning and abandonment of oil and gas projects The government has a process for managing decommissioning and abandonment of oil and gas projects, but it

not considered to be effective The government has an established and effective process for managing decommissioning and abandonment of

oil and gas projects

2. Does liability rest with the owner/operator, or does it default to government after the conclusion of resource extraction activities?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There is no assignment of liability to the owner/operator or to government The liability always rests with the owner operator The liability defaults to government

3. Does government require decommissioning and abandonment plans as part of Project applications?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
Governments do not require decommissioning and abandonment plans as part of project approvals Governments require only conceptual decommissioning and abandonment plans as part of project applications Governments require conceptual decommissioning and abandonment plans at the time of project approvals and

detailed decommissioning and abandonment plans prior to closure

4. Decommissioning and abandonment requirements apply to the following onshore facilities (select as appropriate):
c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g
Wellsites Pipelines Production Facilities Other (specify)

Specify

5. Decommissioning and abandonment requirements apply to the following offshore facilities (select as appropriate):
c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g
Wells and Flowlines Subsurface Production Facilities Platforms or other surface production facilities Pipelines Other (specify)

Specify

6. Does the government have specific guidelines for specifying the residual limits for soil and water (ground water and surface water) following the conclusion of decommissioning and abandonment of oil and gas facilities?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There are no guidelines specifying the residual limits for soil and water contamination There are guidelines specifying the residual limits for soil contamination There are guidelines specifying the residual limits for water contamination There are guidelines specifying the residual limits for soil and groundwater contamination

7. Does the government make or confirm an assessment of liability costs associated with the restoration of decommissioned or abandoned oil and gas facilities?
j k l m n j k l m n
The government does not make or confirm an assessment of liability costs associated with the restoration of decommissioned or abandoned oil and gas facilities The government makes or confirms an assessment of liability costs associated with the restoration of

decommissioned or abandoned oil and gas facilities

8. Does government require that the owner/operator of an oil and gas facility provide a security in the form of a deposit, bond or other financial instrument for liability associated with oil and gas activities?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The government requires no security for liabilities associated with oil and gas operations. The government requires a security for liabilities associated with oil and gas operations but only to the point of

closure The government requires a security for liabilities associated with oil and gas operations that includes the post-

closure period

9. Does the government has a process or procedures in place for assigning decommission and abandonment costs of orphan wells?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There is no process in place for assigning costs for orphan wells or facilities There is a process that assigns costs for orphan wells or facilities There is a fund set up for assigning costs for orphan wells and facilities that covers all future decommissioning

and abandonment costs

10. Does the government have a commitment to ensuring that inactive oil and gas facilities are remediated in a timely manner? What percentage of oil and gas facilities no longer in active production are undergoing remediation and cleanup activities?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
None at present 0-25% 25-50% Greater than 50% Unknown

8. Regulatory Enforcement and Compliance

The following questions apply to the institution responsible for the regulatory enforcement and compliance of the environmental and social management of the oil and gas sector.

1. Does the responsible authority primarily invoke a command and control approach to regulatory enforcement and compliance, including some combination of the following: fines or monetary penalties, closure of facilities, suspension or cancellation of permits, imprisonment, injunctions and the cost of containing or cleaning up pollution
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There is no effective regulatory enforcement and compliance regime in place The responsible authority primarily utilizes a command and control approach The responsible authority utilizes a variety of regulatory approaches including command and control and

voluntary approaches

2. Which of the following command and control approaches are implemented? Select one or more as appropriate.
c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g
Fines, sanctions or monetary penalties. Closure of facilities Suspension of permits Imprisonment of officers or responsible corporate parties Costs of contamination or pollution clean-up

3. Are options for indirect enforcement implemented as an alternative to direct measures? Select one or more as appropriate.
c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g
Record keeping and reporting Public release of non-compliance Issuing bulletins or other statements to operators on enforcement procedures Conducting environmental audits Seeking assurances of voluntary compliance Encouraging mediation and arbitration

4. What remedies or means are available to the public to seek the enforcement of environmental laws and regulations, particularly in the case of non-compliance?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There are no remedies, means or measures available to the public to seek the enforcement of environmental laws and regulations There is a notification process for the public to inform regulatory agencies about environmental non-

compliances The public has access to the court and legal system to seek remedies for environmental non-compliance

9. Transparency and Information Dissemination

The following questions apply to the institution responsible for the information dissemination regarding the environmental and social management of the oil and gas industry.

1. Does the responsible institution have an information disclosure policy regarding environmental and social issues associated with oil and gas development?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The institution has no policy on dissemination of information. The institution claims to have a policy or makes a vague commitment to disseminate information The institution has a policy which addresses dissemination of information

2. Does the responsible institution make a commitment to respond to all information requests?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The institution makes no commitment to respond to information requests The institution makes a vague commitment to respond to some information requests The institution makes a strong commitment to respond to all information requests The institution makes a strong commitment to respond to all

3. Is the timing of information dissemination regarding oil and gas development relative to the project phase?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
Not applicable there is no information dissemination Information is provided early in the project cycle (i.e. scoping phase) Late in the project cycle (i.e. after project approval) After the oil and gas development is completed

4. Does the form and method of information dissemination consider the following? Select one or more as appropriate.
c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g
Language Culture Special consideration to target vulnerable or disadvantaged groups Indigenous populations

10. Public Consultation and Involvement

The following questions apply to the institution responsible for the information dissemination regarding the environmental and social management of the oil and gas industry.

1. Is it mandatory for the government to conduct a public consultation process on all oil and gas projects?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
Public consultation is optional Public consultation is mandatory for certain classes of oil and gas projects Public consultation is mandatory for all oil and gas development

2. Does the government have a separate consultation role and process apart from the Proponents responsibility for consultation at the project level?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
Only performed by the proponent Only performed by the government Performed separately by both the proponent and government Not applicable because there is no public consultation process

3. Will information collected from consultation have the ability to affect project approval and implementation?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
No, the consultation process is performed to inform stakeholders of the project Partly, the consultation process has the ability to affect some aspects of approval or implementation Yes, the consultation has the ability to affect project approval and implementation

4. Is the identification of stakeholders fully inclusive of all potentially affected individuals, organizations and groups?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There is no effort to identify stakeholders The identification of stakeholders includes some people affected by the project The identification of stakeholders is fully inclusive of all potentially affected individuals

5. Does the form and method of public consultation consider the following? Select one or more as appropriate.
c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g
Language Culture Special consideration to target vulnerable or disadvantaged groups Indigenous populations

6. When in the project cycle does the public consultation process begin?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
Not applicable there is no public consultation After the oil and gas development is completed Late in the project cycle (i.e. just before or after project approval) Early in the project cycle (i.e. scoping phase)

7. Is the timing and location for public consultation close to the project location and conveniently accessible to stakeholders?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The timing and location for public consultation is not required to be convenient or accessible to stakeholders The timing and location for public consultation is somewhat convenient and/or accessible to stakeholders in

some circumstances The timing and location for public consultation is required to be both convenient and accessible to stakeholders

8. Are the costs incurred by eligible stakeholders acting as interveners reimbursed by the government or the proponent?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
No costs are reimbursed Some costs are reimbursed All costs are reimbursed

9. Is there an appeals process or public hearings for controversial and complex projects?
j k l m n j k l m n
There are no opportunities for appeals or public hearing There are opportunities for appeals or public hearings

10. Is information on the consultation process and its results available to stakeholders? Is stakeholder feedback published and made publicly available?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
No information on the consultation process and its results are made available to stakeholders Some information on the consultation process and its results is made available to stakeholders All information on the consultation process and its results is made available to stakeholders upon request Stakeholder information is published and made publicly available except information that is confidential

11. Best Available Techniques (BAT) and Best Environmental Practice (BEP)
The following questions apply to governments promote the use of Best Available Techniques (BAT) and Best Environmental Practice (BEP). BAT is defined as "the latest stage of development (state of the art) of processes, of facilities or of methods of operation, which indicate the practical suitability of a particular measure for limiting discharges, emissions and waste". They are are defined as including "both the technology used and the way in which the installation is designed, built, maintained, operated and dismantled". Best Environmental Practice (BEP) is defined as "the application of the most appropriate combination of environmental control measures and strategies".

1. Is there a government policy to work with oil and gas proponents to promote the use of Best Available Techniques (BAT) or Best Environmental Practices (BEP) for environmental and social management of oil and gas development?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The government has no policy The government claims to have a policy or makes a vague commitment to promote best practices The government has a policy which promotes BAT and BEP jointly with industry

2. Does government require compliance with international best practices and standards for oil and gas projects?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
No compliance is required. Only compliance to national best practices and standards is required. Compliance with both national and international best practices and standards is required.

3. Does the institution responsible for environmental and social management of the oil and gas sector have a a process in place to review and propose changes to laws and regulations and incorporate the latest environmental standards applicable to the activities of the oil and gas industry? If yes, please select the most appropriate response that follows:
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
No. The institution responsible does not have a established process to review and propose changes to laws and regulations and incorporate the latest environmental standards applicable to the oil and gas industry. Yes. The institution has a process to review and propose changes to laws and regulations and incorporate the

latest environmental standards, but this process is not applied systematically. Yes. The institution has a process to review and propose changes to laws and regulations and incorporate the

latest environmental standards in a systematic way, but that process does not include participation by oil companies and other non-governmental institutions.

j k l m n

Yes. The institution has a process to review and propose changes to laws and regulations and incorporate the

latest environmental standards in a systematic manner, that includes the participation of oil companies and other non-governmental institutions.

12. Risk Avoidance and Management

The following questions apply to the institution responsible for the risk avoidance and management regarding the environmental and social management of the oil and gas industry.

1. Does the government have a policy to implement the precautionary principle in regards to environmental risk associated with oil and gas development?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
The government has no commitment or policy to implement the precautionary principle in regards to environmental risk associated with oil and gas development The government claims to have a policy that makes a vague commitment to the precautionary principle in

regards to environment risk associated with oil and gas development The government has a policy that makes a commitment to the precautionary principle in regards to

environmental risk

2. Is there a requirement in the environmental assessment process to provide an emergency response plan (ERP) describing response procedures in relation to a blowout, oil spill, accident, fire, or other emergency?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
There is no requirement in the EIA to provide an ERP describing response procedures in relation to a blowout, oil spill, accident, fire or other emergency There is a requirement in the EIA to provide an ERP describing response procedures in relation to a blowout, oil

spill, accident, fire or other emergency but no assessment of significance is required There is a requirement in the EIA to provide an ERP describing response procedures in relation to a blowout, oil

spill, accident, fire or other emergency and an assessment of the significance of the event is required

3. Is there a process to evaluate the effectiveness of the emergency response plan and their implementation from both the proponent and the responsible institution?
j k l m n j k l m n j k l m n
No procedures are available Only procedures to evaluate the effectiveness of the ERP of the proponent Procedures are in place to evaluate the effectiveness of the ERP of both the proponent and the responsible

institution

4. Does the environmental assessment process consider risk and risk management? Select one or more as appropriate.
c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g c d e f g
Human health Flora, fauna, ecosystems and biodiversity Soil, water, air, climate and landscape Use of land, natural resources and raw materials Protected areas and sites of special significance Heritage, recreation and amenity assets Well being of affected communities

Appendix 2: Survey Results

Page | 84

Papua New Guinea

Benchmark Countries Question Number Chapter Number

LAC

SSA So Tom and Prncipe

MENA

Asia-Pacific

Results and sub-themes and themes averages Theme average % # not complying with benchmark (0) # countries with no data 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 0 0
Page 85

# fully complying benchmark (2)

Country Score Total

Score as % of benchmark

Colombia

Malaysia

Thailand

Ecuador

Benchmark Template Canada Norway Brazil Italy

# partially complying with benchmark (1)

Trinidad and Tobago

Afghanistan

Kazakhstan

Benchmark Average

Number of Responses

Philippines

Azerbaijan

Mauritania

Cameroon

Venezuela

Cambodia

Indonesia

Argentina

Angola

Mexico

Nigeria

Algeria

Yemen

Congo

Gabon

China

Egypt

Syria

Peru

1 1 1.1 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 4 1.4

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY 1.0 Legal, Regulatory and Contractual Framework 1.1 Legal, Regulatory and Contractual Framework Overview 1. The national legal system is primarily based on common law or civil law. 1.2 Constitutional Rights and Obligations 2. There are Constitutional rights and obligations which: Address the ownership of natural resources; Protect human health; Protect and sustain the environment; Address the status of indigenous people. 1.3 Environmental Governance Objectives 3. The legal system relies primarily on penalties or on incentives to achieve its environmental governance objectives. 1.4 Environmental Policy for the Oil and Gas Industry 4. There is a specific law (or set of laws) that establishes policy for the development of the oil and gas industry and there are regulations duly passed which provide direction to implement the policy. 5. There is an environmental law(s) that sets policy to address environmental issues arising from oil and gas development and there are a full set of regulations duly passed that provide direction for policy implementation. 6. In the context of oil and gas industry development, there are laws that establish policy in regard to the following: Water use Emissions into air, onto land or into water Effluents into air, onto land or into water Waste management (including hazardous waste management) Decommissioning and abandonment Pollution Noise There are regulations duly passed that provide direction to the implementation of their respective policies and have quantitative standards. 1.5 International Obligations and Agreements 7. The national government has incorporated international law rights and obligations within its legal system that address environmental issues arising from oil and gas industry development. 8. The government sets out policy to address potential environmental impacts which effect neighbouring countries through notification or consultation. 9. For multi-national oil and gas companies, the company is required to adhere to the corporate policies established as a result of the jurisdictional requirements followed in its country of origin. 1.6 Host Government Agreement / Production Sharing Agreement 11. There is a specific host government agreement that puts forward the contractual rights and obligations of the host government arising from an oil and gas development and also directly addresses the host governments related environmental rights and obligations. 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 25 26 96 6 23 13 50 7 27 12. There is a specific production sharing agreement that puts forward the contractual rights and obligations of the proponent(s) of an oil and gas development which also addresses the proponents related environmental rights and obligations.. 1.7 Parks, Protected Areas and other restrictions of Oil and Gas Activities 13. Oil and gas development is not allowed in parks and protected areas. 14. There are clearly identified restrictions which apply prior to the bidding process. 1.8 Environmental Disputes 100 2 1 v v v 2 2 v v v v 2 2 v v v v 2 2 v v v v 2 1 v v v 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 v v v v 2 2 v v v v 2 2 v v v v 2 2 v v v v 2 2 v v v v 2 2 v v v v v 2 2 v v v v 2 1 v v v 2 2 v v v v 2 2 v v v v 2 1 v v 2 2 v v v v 2 2 1 v v 2 1 v 2 1 v v v 2 2 v v v v 2 2 v v v v 2 1 v 2 1 v v 2 2 v v v 2 2 v v v v 2 1 v 2 1 v v v 2 1 v 2 1 v 2 1 v 54 38 27 25 100 76 76 13 52 12 48 0 0

65 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 34 26 65 59 8 31 18 69 0 0

2 5 1.4

31

26

60

31

15

58

2 2 v v v v v v v

2 2 v v v v v v v

2 2 v v v v v v v

2 2 v v v v v v v

2 1 v v v v -

2 2

2 2 v v v v v v v

2 1 v v v v v v

2 2 v v v v v v v

0 2 v v v v v v v

1 2 v v v v v v v

1 1 v v v v v v

1 2 v v v v v v v

1 1 v v v v

1 1 v v v v v v

0 -

2 2 v v v v v v v

2 1 v -

1 v v -

0 -

1 -

0 1 v v v v -

1 2 v v v v v v v

1 2 v v v v v v v

1 1 v v v v v v -

1 1 v v v v v v

1 1 v v v v v v -

1 1 v v v v v v

1 2 v v v v v v v

0 1 v v v v v

2 1 v v v v v v

0 1 v v v v v -

1 1 v v v -

26 33

26 24

50 69

6 9

23 38

14 15

54 63

6 0

6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5

55

1.5

36

26

69

18

69

1.5

24

26

46

11

42

13

1.5 1.6

13

26

50 77

19

12

18

11

1.6

12

1.6

29

25

58 67

32

13

52

1.7 13 14 1.7 1.7 1.8

2 2

1 2

1 2

2 2

1 2

2 2

2 2

2 2

1 1

1 2

1 1

1 0

1 2

2 1

1 1

2 2

1 1

2 1

2 0

2 0

2 2

0 2

1 0

2 2

2 2

2 2

0 1

2 1

1 2

1 0

1 2

0 2

1 2

36 36

27 27

67 67 62

12 14

44 52

12 8

44 30

3 5

Summary Data

9/18/2009

% 12 23 0 31 50 69 16 11 19

Papua New Guinea

Benchmark Countries Question Number Chapter Number

LAC

SSA So Tom and Prncipe

MENA

Asia-Pacific

Results and sub-themes and themes averages Theme average % # not complying with benchmark (0) # countries with no data 2 1 1 No dt 2 2 2 3 3 No dt 0 2 2 2 6
Page 86

# fully complying benchmark (2)

Country Score Total

Score as % of benchmark

Colombia

Malaysia

Thailand

Ecuador

Benchmark Template Canada Norway Brazil Italy

# partially complying with benchmark (1)

Trinidad and Tobago

Afghanistan

Kazakhstan

Benchmark Average

Number of Responses

Philippines

Azerbaijan

Mauritania

Cameroon

Venezuela

Cambodia

Indonesia

Argentina

Angola

Mexico

Nigeria

Algeria

Yemen

Congo

Gabon

China

Egypt

Syria

Peru

18

1.8

19 20

1.8 1.8

18. There is meaningful access to quasi-judicial board or commission and access to National Court System for all stakeholders to a functioning judiciary for independent, ultimate adjudication of disputes and determination of remedies arising from the environmental implications of oil and gas industry development. 2 19. There is a law which identifies and establishes appeals process or public hearings for controversial and/or complex projects. 2 20. The public has access to the court and legal system to seek remedies for environmental non-compliance. 2 Sum(except question 1) 23 Answered questions (except question 1) 12 % of benchmark 96 Summary (average) of the scores by region

1 2 2 24 15 80

2 2 2 23 12 96

2 2 2 28 15 93

2 19 12 79 89

2 2 2

1 2 2 22 15 73

0 2

0 0

1 0 1 15 15 50

2 2 2 19 15 63

2 2 1 10 12 42

1 0

2 2

2 2 1 25 15 83

1 0

1 0

1 1 1 13 11 59

1 0 2 8 13 31 65

2 0

1 2

1 0 2 16 15 53

1 2 2 20 14 71 62

1 2 1 17 15 57

0 0

0 0

0 2

1 -

2 2

1 0 2 16 15 53

2 2 1 17 15 57

1 2 2 19 15 63 56

28 29 42

26 26 27

54 56 78

7 14 15

27 54 56

14 1 12

54 4 44

5 11 0

1 2 19 12 15 15 63 40

1 2 16 23 15 15 53 77 55

2 2 2 20 21 18 14 14 15 71 75 60

1 1 18 16 14 14 64 57

1 1 19 11 14 15 68 37

2 2 2 16 15 19 15 14 15 53 54 63

59

Country Cn 2 2.1 22 23 2.1 2.1 2.2 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 26 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

Nr

It

Br

Ml

Av

Ar

Cl

Ec Mx

Pr

T&T

Vn An Cm Cg Gb Mr Ng ST&P

Al

Eg Sy Ym Af

Az Cb Ch

In Kz PNG Ph

Th

Sum Numb Score

Ave r BM 2 74

BM 1

BM 0

2.0 Strengthening Institutions and their Governance Capacity 2.1 Institution Structure 22. The institutional set-up for the environment and social management of the oil and gas sector includes a dedicated 2 2 2 2 2 environmental authority or a separate ministry/department. 23. The responsible institution has a written mandate and objectives and a clear set of strategies to accomplish these. 2 2 2 2 2 2.2 Institutional Capacity 24. The institution has sufficient resources to implement its strategies and fulfil its objectives, including the following: 2 2 2 2 Budget s i s Staff personnel s i s Staff training related to the environmental management of oil and gas development s i s Access to equipment, technologies and information s i s Retention of institutional knowledge s i s 25. There is a low rate of staff turnover within the responsible institution. 2 0 2 2 26. The responsible institution pays wages which are competitive and 2 0 are sufficient to attract and retain staff. 2 2 Sum 10 10 10 6 4 Questions answered 5 5 5 5 2 % of the benchmarks 100 100 100 60 100 Summary (average) of the scores by region 92

2 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

2 1

1 2

2 2

1 1

1 2

1 2

1 2

2 2

1 1

1 2

1 2

2 2

2 2

1 2

2 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

2 2

1 2

1 1

32 42

25 25

64 84 51

7 17

28 68

18 8

72 32

0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

1 i i i s s 1 1 6 5 60

1 s ss ss ss ss 1

1 s s ss s i 0

1 i ss i ss i 0 1 5 5 50

1 s s i i ss 1 1 6 5 60

1 s ss i ss i 0 0 5 5 50

1 i i

1 ss i

1 ss ss 1 5 4 63

1 ss i i i ss 2

2 s s s s s 1

1 i i i i i 2

1 i i ss i ss 2 1 7 5 70

67

2 s s s s s 2

1 ss ss ss ss ss 2

1 ss s i ss ss 1 0 6 5 60

0 i i i i i 2 1 6 5 60 70

0 i i i i i 2 1 7 5 70

1 s s i ss s 1

1 ss ss i i i 1

1 s ss ss ss ss 1

1 i ss ss i ss 1

1 s i i i i 0

0 i i i i i 0 1 5 5 50

0 i i i i 2 2 7 5 70

1 i ss i i i 2 1 6 5 60 56

24

26

46

2 0

20

77

ss i i ss s ss 0 1

28 25

25 25

56 50

9 3

36 12

10 19

40 76

6 3

0 2 5 6 5 5 50 60

1 1 4 6 5 5 40 60 53

1 1 1 7 8 6 5 5 5 70 80 60

1 1 8 8 5 5 80 80

1 2 5 2 5 50 50

2 1 1 6 5 4 5 5 5 60 50 40

60

Country Cn 3 3.1 67 68 3.1 3.1 3.0 Expanding Public Consultation and Disclosure 3.1 Public Consultation and Involvement 67. Public consultation is mandatory for certain classes of oil and gas projects. 68. The government and the proponent perform public consultation in the context and manner appropriate to their mandate. 69. Information collected from consultation will have the ability to affect the project approval and implementation in a meaningful way. 2 70 71 71 71 71 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 70. The identification of stakeholders is comprehensive. It includes all people affected by the project, the general public, public sector officials, non-governmental organizations and private sector companies. 71. The form and method of consultation considers the following: Language Culture Special consideration to target vulnerable or disadvantaged groups. 2 1 v v -

Nr

It

Br

Ml

Ar

Cl

Ec Mx

Pr

T&T

Vn An Cm Cg Gb Mr Ng ST&P

Al

Eg Sy Ym Af

Az Cb Ch

In Kz PNG Ph

Th

Sum Numb Score

Ave r BM 2 67

BM 1

BM 0

38

27

70

15

56

30

2 69 3.1

23

26

44

15

15

58

32

26

62

35

14

54

2 2 v v v

2 -

2 2 v v v

2 2

1 2 v v v

2 2 v v v

0 1 v v -

2 2 v v v

2 2 v v v

1 -

2 2 v v v

0 -

2 2 v v v

2 1 v v -

1 1 v v -

2 1 v v

2 2 v v v

0 1 v -

1 1 v v -

0 -

2 1 v

1 2 v v v

1 1 v -

1 -

2 1 v v v

1 1 v v -

0 1 v -

2 2 v v v

2 2 v v v

2 1 v v v

34 32

26 22

65 73

13 10

50 45

8 12

31 55

5 0

Summary Data

9/18/2009

% 19 42 0 % 0 0 15 24 12 % 15 27 12 19 0

Papua New Guinea

Benchmark Countries Question Number Chapter Number

LAC

SSA So Tom and Prncipe

MENA

Asia-Pacific

Results and sub-themes and themes averages Theme average % # not complying with benchmark (0) # countries with no data 3 4 3 3 3 2 0 1 No dt 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 2
Page 87

# fully complying benchmark (2)

Country Score Total

Score as % of benchmark

Colombia

Malaysia

Thailand

Ecuador

Benchmark Template Canada Norway Brazil Italy

# partially complying with benchmark (1)

Trinidad and Tobago

Afghanistan

Kazakhstan

Benchmark Average

Number of Responses

Philippines

Azerbaijan

Mauritania

Cameroon

Venezuela

Cambodia

Indonesia

Argentina

Angola

Mexico

Nigeria

Algeria

Yemen

Congo

Gabon

China

Egypt

Syria

Peru

71 72 73 74 75 76

3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2

15

3.2

16

3.2

17

3.2

Indigenous populations. v 72. Information about project activities should be provided to stakeholders early in the project cycle (i.e. during the scoping stage). 2 73. The timing and location of the consultation is required to be convenient and accessible to stakeholders. 2 74. There are provisions to reimburse the costs incurred by eligible stakeholders acting as interveners. 2 75. There are opportunities for appeals regarding project decisions or a public hearing for controversial and complex projects. 2 76. The stakeholder information is published and made publicly available except information that is confidential. 2 1.8 Consultation / Indigenous People 15. The government has ratified the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries 16. There is a law(s) that establishes a policy that stakeholders and the general public are to be consulted regarding an oil and gas development and there are regulations duly passed that provide direction for the implementation of the policy. 2 17. There is a law(s) that specifically identifies and establishes a policy that addresses the rights and obligations of Indigenous people in relation to oil and gas industry (or, more generally, resource extraction) development and there are regulations duly passed that provide 2 direction for policy implementation. Sum 23 Questions answered 12 % of the benchmarks 96 Summary (average) of the scores by region

v 2 2 1 2 2

2 2 0 2 2

v 2 2 1 2 2

2 2 2 1 2 2

v 2 2 0 2 2

v 2 2 0 2 1

v 1 1 1 2 1

v 2 2 1 2 2

v 1 2 1 2 2

2 1 0 2 1

v 1 1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0 0

v 2 2 1 2 1

1 1 1 0 2

1 2 1 2 1

2 1 0 0 1

v 2 2 2 2 2

1 2 0 2 1

2 2 0 2 1

2 2 0

1 0 2 2 2

v -

v 1 1 1 2 2

2 0 0 0 1

2 1 1 2 2

2 1 0 0 1

1 2 1 2 1

v 1 2 0 2 1

v 2 2 1 2 1

2 2 1 2 1 37 35 17 38 31 24 24 25 25 25 77 73 68 76 62 44 13 13 3 19 8 54 54 12 76 32 11 9 11 0 15 46 38 44 0 60 0 2 11 6 2 0 8 44 24 8

19

26

37

31

12

15

25

27

46

19

15

56

1 24 13 92

18 10 90

0 22 13 85

1 5 4 63 85

0 17 13 65

2 0 17 11 13 13 65 42

0 22 13 85

2 21 13 81

12 11 55

0 0 14 6 13 12 54 25 64

0 19 13 73

0 2 1 13 13 14 13 12 13 50 54 54

1 22 13 85

0 4 5 40 54

0 0 10 12 13 13 38 46

1 5 10 25

1 13 13 50 40

1 9 8 56

0 0 15 8 13 12 58 33

0 0 0 18 9 13 13 13 13 69 35 50

0 16 13 62

2 22 12 92

0 19 13 73 59

13

26

50

15

19

17

56

Country Cn 4 4.1 30 4.1 4.0 Improving Environmental Assessment beyond the Approval Stage 4.1 Approval Process, Screening and Scoping 30. Environmental assessment is undertaken at all phases of oil and gas development including exploration, development and production. 2 31 4.1 31. The environmental assessment screening process is mandatory for all projects and is used to determine potential for significant negative environmental effects. 32. The environmental assessment includes a scoping process to identify key issues, timing, spatial boundaries, public consultation and other delimiters which will govern the level of effort and direction. 33. For each oil and gas project, a terms of reference (TOR) is prepared by the government that determines what is to be included in the EIA. The TOR is reviewed by other agencies of government and the public before being finalized. 34. The EIA application and review process for oil and gas project includes specific timelines in regard to the responsibilities of proponents and government regulators. 4.2 EIA Content and Approach 35. The environmental assessment process considers an analysis of alternatives to establish the preferred or most environmental and socially sound option for oil and gas development. 36. The environmental assessment process includes an assessment of socio-economic, biophysical, and cumulative impacts in an integrated manner. 37. Environmental assessments of oil and gas projects include: Environmental baseline information of pre-project conditions. Qualitative and quantitative information related to water, air, soils, vegetation and wildlife. Qualitative and quantitative estimations of environmental effects.

Nr

It

Br

Ml

Ar

Cl

Ec Mx

Pr

T&T

Vn An Cm Cg Gb Mr Ng ST&P

Al

Eg Sy Ym Af

Az Cb Ch

In Kz PNG Ph

Th

Sum Numb Score

Ave BM 2 r

BM 1

BM 0

72

41

26

79

16

62

35

43

27

80

18

67

26

32

4.1

2 33 4.1

41

27

76

15

56

11

41

33

27

61

11

41

11

41

34

4.1 4.2

36

27

67 64

11

41

14

52

35

4.2

33

27

61

10

37

13

48

36 37 37 37 37

4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2

2 2 v v v

2 2 v v v

2 2 v v v

2 2 v v v

2 v v v

2 2

0 2 v v v

2 2 v v v

1 2 v v v

2 2 v v v

1 2 v v v

1 -

2 2 v v v

1 1 v v v

2 2 v v v

1 1 v v

1 2 v v v

0 1 v v

2 2 v v v

2 -

2 2 v v v

0 2 v v v

1 2 v v v

1 1 v v

1 1 v v v

1 1 v v v

0 2 v v v

1 2 v v v

2 1 v v v

2 2 v v v

1 2 v v v

2 2 v v v

1 2 v v v

33 43

27 25

61 86

10 18

37 72

13 7

48 28

4 0

Summary Data

9/18/2009

% 58 26 65 % 4 7 4 19 7 15 15 0

Papua New Guinea

Benchmark Countries Question Number Chapter Number

LAC

SSA So Tom and Prncipe

MENA

Asia-Pacific

Results and sub-themes and themes averages Theme average % # not complying with benchmark (0) # countries with no data 2 2 3 3 3 3 No dt 1 2 1 2 2 No dt 1 3 0
Page 88

# fully complying benchmark (2)

Country Score Total

Score as % of benchmark

Colombia

Malaysia

Thailand

Ecuador

Benchmark Template Canada Norway Brazil Italy

# partially complying with benchmark (1)

Trinidad and Tobago

Afghanistan

Kazakhstan

Benchmark Average

Number of Responses

Philippines

Azerbaijan

Mauritania

Cameroon

Venezuela

Cambodia

Indonesia

Argentina

Angola

Mexico

Nigeria

Algeria

Yemen

Congo

Gabon

China

Egypt

Syria

Peru

37 38 38 38 38 38 39 40 41

4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3

42 43

4.3 4.3

Mitigation measures the proponent intends to adopt to reduce or avoid impacts. v v v v v Landscape and cultural heritage. v v v v v Public Health. v v v v v Monitoring Plan. v v v v v Project effects on protected areas. v v v v v 38. Environmental assessments include an assessment of regional effects. 2 2 2 39. A qualitative and quantitative characterization of the importance of each potential environmental impact is made (including positive impacts). 2 2 2 2 40. Mitigation planning is used to reduce or eliminate potential significant effects. 2 2 2 2 41. Baseline information is considered to be in the public domain and is available at both the project and regional level. 2 2 2 2 4.3 Project Siting 42. The government considers land use policies and/or other relevant policies for locating new oil and gas developments 2 2 2 2 43. Consultation is required for the siting of new oil and gas 2 development. 2 2 2 Sum 26 28 26 28 12 Questions answered 13 14 13 14 6 % of the benchmarks 100 100 100 100 100 Summary (average) of the scores by region 100

v v v v v 2 1

v v v v v 2

v v v v v 0

v v v v v 2

v v v v v 0

v v v v v 2

v v 0

v v v v v 0

v v v v 0

v v v v v 0

v v v 0

v v v v v 0

v v v v v 2

v v v v v 2

v v v v v 0

v v v v 2

v 0

v v v 0

v v v v v 0

v v v v v 2

v v v v 0

v v v v v 2

v v v v v 2

v v v v v 2

v v v v v 0 21 26 40 10 38 1 4 15 58

2 2 2

1 1 2

2 2 2

1 1 1

2 1 2

1 2 2

1 1 2

2 2 1

0 1 1

2 2 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

1 1 1

2 1 0

0 -

2 1 1

2 1 0

1 1 1

1 0 2

2 2 1

1 2 1

2 2 1

2 1 1

2 2 2

1 2 1

2 2 2

1 1 2

36 34 31

26 25 25

69 68 62 67

12 10 9

46 40 36

12 14 13

46 56 52

2 1 3

2 2

2 1 19 14 68

2 2 23 14 82

0 1 18 14 64

0 0 16 13 62

2 2 23 14 82

2 0 20 14 71

8 7 57 58

0 1 12 14 43

2 1 20 14 71 64

9 9 50

2 1 19 14 68

2 2 25 14 89

2 2 18 14 64 70

38 29

25 25

76 58

19 7

76 28

0 15

0 60

6 3

1 1 27 16 14 14 96 57

2 1 24 13 14 14 86 46 74

1 1 1 15 15 12 14 14 14 54 54 43

0 2 18 22 14 14 64 79

2 1 22 16 14 14 79 57

1 1 1 23 19 20 14 14 14 82 68 71

67

Country Cn

Nr

It

Br

Ml

Ar

Cl

Ec Mx

Pr

T&T

Vn An Cm Cg Gb Mr Ng ST&P

Al

Eg Sy Ym Af

Az Cb Ch

In Kz PNG Ph

Th

Sum Numb Score

Ave r BM 2 50

BM 1

BM 0

44 45

5.1 5.1

46 47 48

5.1 5.1 5.1

5.0 Ensuring Effective EIA Monitoring and Follow-up 5.1 Environmental Monitoring and Follow-up 44. Environmental monitoring and environmental management plans are required for review and approval for oil and gas projects. 2 2 45. Regular monitoring is undertaken by the responsible agency and involves tracking changes to the environmental or social baseline of a region resulting from all activities in the area. 2 46. There is independent monitoring of project impacts, mitigation effectiveness and compliance assessment for large projects with significant environmental and/or social impacts. 1 2 47. The results of environmental monitoring are made publicly available. 2 2 48. In the case that monitoring indicates that prescribed mitigation 2 actions are not working, adaptive management is applied. 2 Sum 8 9 Questions answered 4 5 % of the benchmarks 100 90 Summary (average) of the scores by region

49

26

94

23

88

12

33

26

63

12

46

35

0 2 2 8 5 80

2 0

2 -

2 2 2

1 0 1 5 5 50

0 1

0 0

2 0 0 5 5 50

0 1 1 6 5 60

0 1 2 5 5 50

0 1

0 0

1 1 1 7 5 70

1 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 1 5 5 50

52

0 0

0 0

0 0 1 3 5 30

0 0 0 4 5 40 40

0 1 1 3 5 30

0 2

0 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 1 3 5 30

2 1 2 9 5 90

2 1 1 7 5 70 53

9 11 29

26 26 26

17 21 56

3 1 8

12 4 31

3 9 13

12 35 50

20 16 5

2 8 4 5 2 80 100 90

1 2 6 5 5 5 60 50

0 2 4 6 5 5 40 60 51

0 1 2 5 3 5 5 5 5 50 30 50

1 2 3 6 5 5 30 60

2 1 7 6 5 5 70 60

2 1 0 6 3 4 5 5 5 60 30 40

50

Country Cn 6 6.1 59 60 60 60 60 60 61 61 61 61 61 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.0 Optimizing Regulatory Enforcement 6.1 Regulatory Enforcement and Compliance 59. The responsible authority primarily invokes a command and control approach to regulatory enforcement and compliance. 60. The following command and control approaches are invoked: Fines, sanctions or monetary penalties Closure of facilities Suspension of permits Imprisonment of officers or responsible corporate parties Costs of pollution clean 61. Indirect enforcement measures include: Record keeping and reporting Public release of non-compliances Issuing bulletins or other statements to operators on enforcement procedures

Nr

It

Br

Ml

Ar

Cl

Ec Mx

Pr

T&T

Vn An Cm Cg Gb Mr Ng ST&P

Al

Eg Sy Ym Af

Az Cb Ch

In Kz PNG Ph

Th

Sum Numb Score

Ave r BM 2 64

BM 1

BM 0

2 2 v v v v v 2 v v v

2 2 v v v v v 2 v v v

2 2 v v v v v 2 v v v

2 2 v v v v v 2 v -

2 -

2 2

2 2 v v v v v 1 v -

1 1 v v v v 1 v v -

1 2 v v v v v 1 v v -

2 2 v v v v v 2 v v v

1 2 v v v v v 2 v v v

2 1 v 1 -

1 2 v v v v v 1 v -

0 1 v 1 -

2 1 v v v v 1 -

1 1 v v v v 1 v v

1 2 v v v v v 1 -

1 1 v 1 v v

2 1 v v v v 1 v -

1 2 v v v v v 2 v v v

1 1 v 1 v -

1 2 v v v v v 1 v v

2 1 v v v v 1 v v v

1 1 v 1 -

1 1 v v v 1 v v v

1 1 v v v v v 1 v v

2 2 v v v v v 1 v v v

2 1 v v v v 1 v v v

1 1 v v v 1 -

0 1 -

1 2 v v v v v 1 v v v

1 1 v 1 v -

32 35

26 25

62 70

8 10

31 40

16 15

62 60

2 0

29

26

56

12

23

88

Summary Data

9/18/2009

% 8 4 12 24 12 % 0 19 77 62 19 % 8 0 0

Papua New Guinea

Benchmark Countries Question Number Chapter Number

LAC

SSA So Tom and Prncipe

MENA

Asia-Pacific

Results and sub-themes and themes averages Theme average % # not complying with benchmark (0) # countries with no data 3 No dt 0 4 4 4 4 3 6 No dt 2 2 5 No dt
Page 89

# fully complying benchmark (2)

Country Score Total

Score as % of benchmark

Colombia

Malaysia

Thailand

Ecuador

Benchmark Template Canada Norway Brazil Italy

# partially complying with benchmark (1)

Trinidad and Tobago

Afghanistan

Kazakhstan

Benchmark Average

Number of Responses

Philippines

Azerbaijan

Mauritania

Cameroon

Venezuela

Cambodia

Indonesia

Argentina

Angola

Mexico

Nigeria

Algeria

Yemen

Congo

Gabon

China

Egypt

Syria

Peru

61 62 62 62

6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1

Conducting environmental audits v v v v Seeking assurances of voluntary compliance v v v Encouraging mediation and arbitration. v v v 62. Remedies are available to the public to seek the enforcement of 2 environmental laws and regulations. 2 2 2 2 Sum 8 8 8 8 4 Questions answered 4 4 4 4 2 % of the benchmarks 100 100 100 100 100 Summary (average) of the scores by region 100

v 2 2 7 4 88

v -

v v v

v v v

v v 2 6 4 75

v -

v -

v 4 3 67

v -

v -

v v -

v v v 1 5 4 63

55

v v v

v -

v 2 6 4 75

v v 4 3 67 67

v 1 4 4 50

v v v

v -

v -

v 1 2 3 33

v v 1 5 4 63

v v v 2 5 4 63 59 33 24 69 12 50 9 38 3 13

2 0 2 2 5 4 8 7 4 4 4 4 63 50 100 88

1 0 5 2 4 4 63 25 75

2 2 0 5 6 3 4 4 4 63 75 38

1 1 6 4 4 4 75 50

1 1 4 4 4 4 50 50

2 2 2 7 6 5 4 4 4 88 75 63

64

Country Cn 7 7.1 27 7.1 7.0 Eliminating Barriers to Information 7.1 Environmental and Social Information System 27. The government has an information system (may or may not be electronic) to store and retrieve baseline and other types of environmental and social information associated with oil and gas development. 28. The system is accessible to all stakeholders, but may restrict different types of information or layers from certain parties. 29. There are sufficient resources to ensure that the information system receives proper maintenance, maintains a high integrity of information and the content is up-to-date. 7.2 Transparency and Information Dissemination 63. The responsible institution has an information disclosure policy. 64. The responsible institution makes a commitment to respond to all requests for information and provides justification for any denial. 2 65 66 66 66 66 66 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 65. Information dissemination is conducted early in the project cycle. 2 66. The form and method of information dissemination considers the following: Language Culture Special consideration to target vulnerable or disadvantaged groups. Indigenous populations. 1 v v

Nr

It

Br

Ml

Ar

Cl

Ec Mx

Pr

T&T

Vn An Cm Cg Gb Mr Ng ST&P

Al

Eg Sy Ym Af

Az Cb Ch

In Kz PNG Ph

Th

Sum Numb Score

Ave r BM 2 22

BM 1

BM 0

2 2

2 2

2 2

2 2

2 -

2 2

0 0

2 2

1 0

1 1

1 1

0 -

0 1

0 0

1 -

0 0

0 0

0 0

2 2

0 -

1 0

1 0

0 0

1 0

1 1

1 1

0 0

2 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 1

1 1

17 11

27 24

31 23

3 2

11 8

11 7

41 29

13 15

28 29

7.1 7.1 7.2

24

10 56

21

19

63 64

7.2 7.2

22

23

48

22

12

52

2 2 2 v v

2 2 -

2 2 2 v v

2 2 2

2 0 1 v 4 7 29

1 1 2 v v

0 2 1 v -

2 2 2 v v v v 10 7 71

2 2 2 v v v v 10 7 71

2 2 6 4 75

1 1 1 v

0 1 1 v -

2 2 2 v v v v 7 4 88

1 0 -

1 1 1 v v

1 1 1 v

1 2 2 v v v v 11 7 79

41

1 2 1 v v

0 0 1 v v

0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0

1 1 1 v 5 7 36 27

3 3 50

1 1 v -

0 2 1 v -

1 2 1 v v

0 2 1 v v

1 2 1 v -

1 1 2 v v v v 4 7 29

1 1 2 v v v v 8 7 57

1 1 1 v v 6 7 43 41

23 32 29

24 25 22

48 64 66

5 11 7

21 44 32

13 10 15

54 40 68

6 4 0

v v v v v Sum 13 14 12 12 4 Questions answered 7 7 6 7 2 % of the benchmarks 93 100 100 86 100 Summary (average) of the scores by region 96

v v v 9 5 7 7 64 36

v v 5 2 7 7 36 14 55

v 2 4 3 6 7 7 17 29 21

v 6 4 7 7 43 29

5 3 5 7 50 21

v 9 3 5 7 7 7 64 21 36

43

Country Cn 8 8.1 77 78 79 8.1 8.1 8.1

Nr

It

Br

Ml

Ar

Cl

Ec Mx

Pr

T&T

Vn An Cm Cg Gb Mr Ng ST&P

Al

Eg Sy Ym Af

Az Cb Ch

In Kz PNG Ph

Th

Sum Numb Score

Ave r BM 2

BM 1

BM 0

8.0 Incorporating Best Environmental Practice 8.1 Best Environmental Techniques (BET) and Best Environmental Practice (BEP) 77. Environmental institutions have a policy which promotes BAT and BEP jointly with industry. 2 2 2 2 78. Compliance with international best practices and standards is required for oil and gas development projects. 1 0 2 2 79. The institution has a process to review and change laws to 2 incorporate the latest environmental standards. 2 2 2 Sum 6 5 6 4 Questions answered 3 3 3 3 % of the benchmarks 100 83 100 67 Summary (average) of the scores by region

60 88 2 2 2 1 1 0 2 3 33 2 1 1 0 2 1 2 5 3 83 1 1 0 2 3 33 2 2 1 5 3 83 0 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 0 2 2 2 69 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 3 2 75 1 2 2 5 3 83 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 3 67 1 2 1 4 3 67 2 2 1 5 3 83 63 34 38 19 26 26 23 65 73 41 13 14 4 50 54 17 8 10 11 31 38 48 5 2 8 19 8 35

1 0 4 1 3 3 67 17

1 1 2 1 0 0 2 2 4 6 4 3 2 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 33 67 100 67 50 33 100 50

1 1 0 5 4 5 1 3 2 3 3 83 100 83 17 60

1 0 0 5 1 3 3 3 3 83 17 50

61

9.0

Country Cn Understanding Future Liability, Clean-up and Reclamation Costs

Nr

It

Br

Ml

Ar

Cl

Ec Mx

Pr

T&T

Vn An Cm Cg Gb Mr Ng ST&P

Al

Eg Sy Ym Af

Az Cb Ch

In Kz PNG Ph

Th

Sum Numb Score

Ave r BM 2

BM 1

BM 0

Summary Data

9/18/2009

% % 48 63 79 26 25 16 0 % %

Papua New Guinea

Benchmark Countries Question Number Chapter Number

LAC

SSA So Tom and Prncipe

MENA

Asia-Pacific

Results and sub-themes and themes averages Theme average % # not complying with benchmark (0) # countries with no data 1 2 2 5 9 5 3 4 3 5 No dt 2 1 3 2 No dt
Page 90

# fully complying benchmark (2)

Country Score Total

Score as % of benchmark

Colombia

Malaysia

Thailand

Ecuador

Benchmark Template Canada Norway Brazil Italy

# partially complying with benchmark (1)

Trinidad and Tobago

Afghanistan

Kazakhstan

Benchmark Average

Number of Responses

Philippines

Azerbaijan

Mauritania

Cameroon

Venezuela

Cambodia

Indonesia

Argentina

Angola

Mexico

Nigeria

Algeria

Yemen

Congo

Gabon

China

Egypt

Syria

Peru

9.1 49 50 51 52 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1

53 54 55 56 57 58

9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1

9.1 Decommissioning and Abandonment 49. The government has an established process for managing the decommissioning and abandonment of oil and gas projects. 2 2 2 50. Liability for oil and gas activities rests with owner/operator, or transfers to government after the conclusion of resource extraction. 2 51. Governments are required to approve decommissioning and abandonment plans. 2 2 2 52. Decommissioning and abandonment requirements apply to all onshore oil and gas facilities (well sites, pipelines and production facilities). 2 2 53. Decommissioning and abandonment requirements apply to all offshore oil and gas facilities (wells and flow lines, subsurface production facilities, platforms and pipelines). 2 2 54. There are specific guidelines specifying the residual limits for contamination in soil and water. 2 2 55. The government makes or confirms an assessment of liability costs associated with restoration. 0 2 56. Government requires that the owner/operator provides a security in the form of a deposit, bond or other financial instrument for future liability associated with oil and gas activities. 0 0 57. There are procedures in place for assigning decommissioning and abandonment costs of orphan wells. 58. The government have a commitment to ensure that inactive oil 2 and gas facilities are remediated in a timely manner. 2 Sum 14 4 14 Questions answered 9 2 8 % of the benchmarks 78 100 88 Summary (average) of the scores by region

55 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 0 2 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 2 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 24 28 28 26 26 25 46 54 56 5 5 7 19 19 28 14 18 14 54 69 56 7 3 4 27 12 16

36

22

82

14

64

36

2 1 1

2 2 1

2 2 0

2 0 0

1 0

1 2 0

1 1 0

2 0 0

2 2 2

1 0 0

1 0

1 2

0 0

2 0 2

2 2 0

1 0

2 2 2

2 2

2 0 0

2 0

0 0

2 0 0

2 0 0

2 0 2

2 0 0

2 0 0

2 0 0

33 17 12

19 23 25

87 37 48

14 7 6

74 30 24

5 3 0

26 13 0

0 13 19

1 2

1 2 2

0 0 0 9 10 45

1 0

1 0

1 0 1 9 10 45

1 0 1 9 10 45

0 1 6 9 33

2 0

0 0

1 2 9 8 56

0 1

0 0

2 0

0 0 1 12 10 60

45

2 2

1 0

1 0 1 10 8 63

2 0 0 11 10 55 58

2 0 1 11 9 61

0 0

0 0

0 0

2 1

1 0 0 8 10 40

2 1 0 11 10 55

1 0 0 9 10 45 40

23 7 13

24 25 23

96 14 28

7 2 1

29 8 4

9 3 11

38 12 48

8 20 11

1 15 6 10 3 75 100 88

0 2 7 9 10 9 35 50

1 1 13 6 10 10 65 30 45

0 0 9 2 11 8 8 10 56 13 55

1 0 11 11 9 10 61 55

1 0 2 7 8 10 13 35

0 1 5 13 1 10 10 2 25 65 25

46

Country Cn 10 10.1 10. Effective risk management 10.1 Risk Avoidance and Management 80. The government is committed to implementing the precautionary principle that, where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. 81. The environmental assessment process should contain a description of emergency response procedures in relation to an accident, natural event or other emergency. 82. There is a process to monitor the effectiveness of the emergency response plan by both the proponent and the responsible institution.

Nr

It

Br

Ml

Ar

Cl

Ec Mx

Pr

T&T

Vn An Cm Cg Gb Mr Ng ST&P

Al

Eg Sy Ym Af

Az Cb Ch

In Kz PNG Ph

Th

Sum Numb Score

Ave BM 2 r 65

BM 1

BM 0

80

10.1

33

26

63

12

46

35

81

10.1

35

26

67

13

50

35

82 83 83 83 83 83 84 84 84

10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1

2 2 2 2 83. The environmental assessment process considers the following in 2 relation to risk and risk management: 2 2 2 Human health v v v v Flora, fauna, ecosystems and biodiversity v v v v Soil, water, air, climate and landscape v v v v Use of land, natural resources and raw materials v v v v Protected areas and sites of special significance v v v v Heritage, recreation and amenity assets v v v v v Well being of affected communities v v v Sum 8 8 8 8 2 Questions answered 4 4 4 4 1 % of the benchmark 100 100 100 100 100 Summary (average) of the scores by region 100

2 2

0 2 v v v v v v v 2 4 25

2 2 v v v v v v v 7 4 88

1 2 v v v v v v v 5 4 63

1 1 v v v v 6 4 75

63

1 2 v v v v v v v 7 4 88

1 2 v v v v v v v 5 4 63 75

0 1 v v v v v v 3 4 38

0 1 v v v v v 4 4 50

0 2 v v v v v v v 6 4 75

1 1 v 6 4 75 54

25 41

25 26

50 79

7 15

28 58

11 11

44 42

7 0

2 2 v v v v v v v v v v v v v v 7 8 4 4 88 100

2 1 2 2 2 1 2 v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v 7 4 8 4 4 2 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 88 50 100 50 50 25 100 75

2 1 v v v v v v v v 6 6 4 4 75 75

1 1 v v v v v v v v v v v 3 3 3 4 50 38

2 1 1 v v v v v v v v v v v v v 7 4 2 4 4 4 88 50 25

65

Country Cn 11 11.1 11.0 11.1 Climate Change Climate Change

Nr

It

Br

Ml

Ar

Cl

Ec Mx

Pr

T&T

Vn An Cm Cg Gb Mr Ng ST&P

Al

Eg Sy Ym Af

Az Cb Ch

In Kz PNG Ph

Th

Sum Numb Score

Ave r BM 2 72

BM 1

BM 0

Summary Data

9/18/2009

% 0 0 57 76 33 80 48 % 19 15 28 0 %

Papua New Guinea

Benchmark Countries Question Number Chapter Number

LAC

SSA So Tom and Prncipe

MENA

Asia-Pacific

Results and sub-themes and themes averages Theme average % # not complying with benchmark (0) # countries with no data 3 1 No dt
Page 91

# fully complying benchmark (2)

Country Score Total

Score as % of benchmark

Colombia

Malaysia

Thailand

Ecuador

Benchmark Template Canada Norway Brazil Italy

# partially complying with benchmark (1)

Trinidad and Tobago

Afghanistan

Kazakhstan

Benchmark Average

Number of Responses

Philippines

Azerbaijan

Mauritania

Cameroon

Venezuela

Cambodia

Indonesia

Argentina

Angola

Mexico

Nigeria

Algeria

Yemen

Congo

Gabon

China

Egypt

Syria

Peru

10 21

11.1 11.1

10. The national government participates in the WB Global Gas Flaring Reduction Initiative (GGFR). 21. Measures are in place for reporting of greenhouse gas originating from the oil and gas industry and reducing emissions where possible. Sum Questions answered % of the benchmark Summary (average) of the scores by region Sum of all scores Number of responses (counted) Country score in % of maximum value (benchmark)

26

25

104

13

52

13

81 141 138 135 140 60 74 74 71 82 34 95 93 95 85 88 Nr It Br Ml 91

1 2 2 2 2 4 2 1 1 2 1 2 100 100 100 25

0 0 2 0

1 1 2 25

0 0 2 0

2 2 2 50

1 3 2 75

0 0 2 0 77 72 53 T&T

98 108 71 111 106 82 82 81 82 82 60 66 44 68 65 Ar Cl Ec Mx Pr

0 0 2 0 21 94 82 57

1 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 2 75 100 100

0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 50 50 100

75 117 88 81 78 111 81 75 78 78 82 77 46 78 56 52 48 72

1 1 2 25 71 21 27 39

2 4 2 100

2 0 4 2 2 2 100 50 63 90 92 74 95 79 79 79 80 57 58 47 59 Al

0 0 1 0

0 2 2 4 2 2 50 100 72 66 55

0 0 2 0

2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 50 50 50

0 0 2 0 81 81 50

88 64 104 80 78 73 81 82 81 74 60 40 63 49 53 Az Cb Ch

1 1 2 25 39 115 101 81 82 71 62 Th 56

1 1 2 25

22

27

41

30

26

13

46

Country Cn Summary (average) of the scores by region

Vn An Cm Cg Gb Mr Ng ST&P 59 56

Eg Sy Ym Af 55

In Kz PNG Ph

Sum Numb Score

Ave BM 2 r

BM 1

BM 0

Summary Data

9/18/2009

% 52 48 %

THE WORLD BANK