The Sex Instinct and Human Eroticism Author(s): John Money Source: The Journal of Sex Research, Vol.

1, No. 1 (Mar., 1965), pp. 3-16 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3811223 . Accessed: 27/11/2013 05:04
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The Journal of Sex Research

Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3-16

March, 1965

The

Sex

Instinct

and

Human

Eroticism

JOHN MONEY Sex and senseare two simpleroot wordsin basicEnglishas in basic psychology.Yet from sense, there are twenty-fourderived words, fromsex thereare only five:sexing,sexual,sexuality,sexualwhereas ize and sexualization.Little wonderthat it is hard to talk about sex and to developscientificconceptsof sexuality. From this dearth of words, I turn to the term, eroticism,in its scentificmeaningof sexual sensationsand their stimuli as they pertain to sexualarousaland excitation. A sometimes garbled confusion has appeared in sexual theory through failure to distinguish two dimensions in the growth and of eroticismin man. On the one hand, eroticismdifdifferentiation ferentiates,like other systemsand functions of the body, quantitatively from less to more-from immatureto mature. On the other hand, eroticismhas the qualitativefeatureof bipolardiSerentiation ilne versus temlnlne. nto mascua REDEFINED INSTINCT way was to see both processesas one by The easy, old-fashioned postulatingan original, predetermineddichotomyof male and female, each of which subsequentlyfollowed its own pattern of unfolding and development. That is to say, the difference between as a simple masculineand feminine eroticdevelopmentwasregarded matterof geneticsor constitutionin the form of instinct. A new conception of instinct has appearedin experimentalpsychologyover the last twentyyearsand has completelyoutmodedthe older one (Scott, 1962).Let me take as an illustrationan experiment by Herbert Birch concerning the maternal instinct in rats. Birch (1956) raised female rats from infancy with a sort of Elizabethan ruff of rubber around their necks. The rats were thus totally deprived of the normal experience of licking their own bodies and, since they were reared in isolation, they could not lick other rats
* The author is supported in full time research by RCDA Grant HD-K3-18,635 and Grant HD-0032S, the National Institute of Mental Health, United States Public Health Service.

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JOHN MONEY

either. They becamepregnant.\Shen readyto deliver, they were released from their ruffs. But they continued apraxic for licking and failed in the normal functionsof licking the yollng as tiley zn7ere deiivered.Moreover, they failed to distingllishlicking frorneating,and proceededto devour rnanyof the yollng-. The infant rnortality rate was 100%for most litters.Tlle 5Noof survivors were retardedly and irnproperly retrieved,and badlysuckled.Sorneof the survivingpups were eaten after being carriedto the nest. Three survivors of a large litter died of starvation.Tlleir rnotherhad shepherdedtllernunder her chin everytirnethey approached her belly to find a nipple! These experirnentalfindings, wllich have parallels in priluates (Harlow, 1962),show that a so-calledinstinctivepatternof behavior does not ernergefull-grown,like Minervafrornthe brain of Jupiter. No! It has a developrnental history,just as an elubryohas a developrnentalhistory in which the earlier events determineand influence the later ones. In Birch'srats, the cornpletematernalpatternof delivery and neonatal care could not appearzn7itl-lout prior operation of patternsof smelling, licking, tasting and not biting tlle perianal parts of the body. An instinctive pattern of behavior is, tllen, the culrnination of a developmental interactionof a seriesof stinlllli and responses. The importance of the perceptualstimulusin releasinginstinctive behavior is something that has only recently been fully realized, chiefly as a result of anirnalstudies by psychologists of tlle grollp known in Europeas ethologists.Ethologistshave developedthe concept of an innate releasingmechanism(IRM) in the nervoussystern, whichrequiresa highly specificperceptual releaserto set it off. Thus, the male fish of the stickleback variety(Thorpe, 1956)in the Inating season has nest bui]ding behavior released by the sight of green vegetation. Then his zig-zagcourtship dance is dependent on the silhouette of a female with an abdornenswollen witll eggs. She in turn reactsto his red color and zig-zagmovementby swimrnin;, directly towardhim, and so on. It is possible to vary the perceptual qualitiesof the releaserstimulus,usingartificialstimulusobjects,and so ascertainthe phylogeneticlimits zitllin which it may cllangeancT still be effective. \Shen a particular releaserstimulusllas set a responsein motion, that stimulustends to exert a continuous,persistentinfluence until the responseis complete.This persistence may last for a long period

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SEX INSTINCT AND HUMAN EROTICISM

of time, in which case it is usual to say that the animal has become imprintedto the stimulus.Thus, a newly hatchedmallardduckling imprintsthe firstsquat-shaped, movingobject it encounters, and then followsthis objectas mother,even if it be the waddlingexperimenter himself,for the remainderof its babyhood. Learning of the imprinting variety has another characteristic in additionto persistence, namelythat it is capableof takingplace only at a criticalperiod of tlle life cycle, after which the imprint will not take,or will take only weakly. Though imprintingmay be ratherless stereotypedin the human than in the lower species,it appliesin human beings to that learning in which a responsebecomesassociatedwith its effectivereleaserat a critical period in the life cycle and then persistspermanentlyor exertsits influencefor a long period of time. The redefinitionof the old concept of instinct into the new concept of imprintingis applicableto the developmentaldifferentiation of masculinityand femininity in human intants and children. The supportingevidencecomes from hermaphroditism, a subject of special research interestto me and my colleaguesat Johns Hopkinsover the past dozen years(Money 1963a).Owing to the ambiguityof the sex org-ans in hermaphroditism and the related deformityof penile agenesis,it so happens that individualsof identical diagnosishave been found assignedand rearedsome in the male sex7some in the female.The patientsare surgicallycorrectedin conformitywith the sex of rearing,preferably at an earlyage. At the time when puberty shouldoccur,they are given appropriate hormonalsubstitutiontherapy. In gender role and gender identity, they develop congruently with the sex of assignmentand rearing.There are only rare exceptions. These casesshow a completetranscending of the chromosomal and ,onadal sex, so far as their psycllosexual destiny is concerned. They bear eloquent testimonyto the power and importanceof the perceptualstimulusin releasingand developingsex-specific reactions and behavior. GENETICS Caseslike the foregoing plus other cases of hermaphroditism in which rearingand psychosexual identitycontradictthe chromosomal sex, illustrateconclusively thateroticorientationas a manor a woman is not a primary genetictraitn directlydeterminedchromosomally and

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JOHN MONEY

genetically.Corroborative evidence, (Money, 1961b) that a genetic factoris not a primarycomponentof erotic differentiation as a man or womancomesfromtwo sources.One is thathomosexuals and transvestiteshave the sex-chromatin patternas wrell as the actualchromosome count normal for their body morphologyand phenotypicsex. The other is that syndromesassociatedwith abnormalchromosome countsn such as in the XXY Klinefeltersyndrome tlle XO Turner's syndrome and its mosaicchromosomal variants,and the triple-Xsyndrome, are not characterized by psychosexualdeviation, except on Occaslon anc perhapstortultously. Geneticsis a componentof erotic differentiation as male or female apparentlyin only a secondaryway. Its first line of influence is by wayof the anatomyand thus of the bodyimage.The genital anatomy normallydeterrnines the sex of assigntnent. There are exceptionsin which anatomyis defeated,but in the majorityof casesit does guarantee that a child, looking at himself will see an irnageof his body thatconfirms his assignedsex. This is a confirmation of what genetics decided even in casesof a genetic error,such as the error that producesthe XY, testicular feminizingsyn(lrorne. These individualshave a one hundredpercentfemale body configuration externally,are always raised as girls, develop the eroticismof women, and become wivesand mothersby adoption. Genetics exerts a secondaryinfluence also, insofar as it controls hormonal sex at puberty or errors of horrnonalsex and thus controls tlle secondarysexual characteristics of puberty. But here genetics may be defeated. Modern medicine may readily intervene to reversehormonalpubertyas desired,for examplein the treatment of hermaphroditism. Even withoutsuch intervention,an herrnaphrodite may develop an erotic orientationin leeepingwith rearingand totally at variancewith hormonalpuberty. Other examplesof contradiction are found in the psychosexualpathologies,as when an hormonallynormal person manifeststhe syndromeof sex-reassignment compulsion, transvestismor essential homosexualism.Hormonal imbalanceis not a characteristic of these syndrornes, and hormonal therapydoes not cure them (Money, 1961a). It is not possible in the present state of knowledge to specify whetherthere may be some geneticallydetermined,innate releasing mechanisms (IRM) for behaviorthat is independentof horrnones and yet sex specific and thereforepossiblyrelated to sex differencesin
. ,% . L

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SEX IN'STINCTAND HUMAN EROTICISM

eroticism.To illustrate, there is some evidence (Money, 1963b) to support the conception that the trait of territory-rights defence, a very powerfultrait in some mammals,occursin the human species, thoughperhaps in vestigialform,andis specificto males.The counterpart in femaleswould no doubt be a trait for makinga lair and protecting the young. In homosexualsof each sex, respectively,these traitsare quite commonlyand often from early childhood,missing; or they are transposed from male to femaleand vice versa.Their absencedoesnot, however,of necessityimplya geneticfailure.It maybe due to the interference of someothersuppressing agentor experience. HORMONES The subjectivefeeling of sexualdesireor libido, if one judgesfrom clinical evidence(Money,1961a),is positivelyrelatedto postpubertal levels of circulatinghormone.In extremestarvation, hormonelevels fall, and so does sexual desire. Excessiveincreasesin sex hormone are not paralleledby excessiveincreasesin sexual desire the excess is simply excreted in the urine. Hormonally,the sexual drive appears to be neither male nor female, however,but undifferentiated an urge for the warmthand sensationof close body contact and
. * .

genlta. E proxlmlty.

There is an accumulating bodyof clinical evidence(Money,1961a) that androgenis the libido hormone for both men and women. A group of workers associated with the Sloan-Kettering Institute (Waxenberg,Drellich and Sutherland,1959;Schonand Sutherland,1960) producedstrong support for this propositionin a study of women whose own sex hormones were abolished, for purposes of breastcancertherapy,by removal,variously,of ovaries,adrenals,and pituitarygland. The loss of adrenalandrogenswas more importantthan loss of ovarian estrogensin bringing about loss or diminution of libido. The function of estrogen in the female after it has effectively broughtabout pubertalmaturationappearsto be mainly the maintenanceof lubricantsecretions of the vaginapreparatory to copulation, and the monitoringof endometrialgrowth in coordinationwith the progestinicfunction of monitoringnidation and gestation. Experimentalstudies by Schneider,Costiloe, Howard and Wolf (1958) and by Le Magnen (1952) indicated a relationshipbetween estrogenlevel and smell acuity.Womenhave greateracuitythan men

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JOHN MONEY

and children, and their acuity varies with the menstrual cycle, being decreased during the menstrual (progestinic) phase. Women who are castratedor hypogonadal have lessened smell acuity which is, however, increased, with the institution of estrogen substitution therapy. Fluctuations of sexual desire in women are often attributed to the horrnonal changes of the menstrual cycle. Unfortunately, authorities disagree as to when, in the cycle, desire is greatest. Many women report their greatest desire during the progestinic menstrual phase (Beach, 1947 p. 274) but some associate it with the ovulatory midpoint of the cycle. Predictable cycles of sexual desire in men have seldom been taken seriously. Lower in the primate scale, the menstrual cycle is marked by another rhythmic, sexual phenomenon, namely grooming as a prelude to copulation (Micllael and Herbert, 1963). In the rhesus monkey, at midcycle, near ovulationn the females grooming of the male diminishes, with a corresponding increase in his $rooming of her. It is in her progestinic phase that the female's grooming of her rnate is maximal. These grooming cycles are abolished by ovariectomy and also are masked in the presence of a nervous and excitable mate. The function of the small amounts of estrogen normal in the male is not known. Administration of large amounts of exogenous estrogen to Inales brings about growth of the breasts and functional castration with, very oftenadiminution or loss of sexual desire. Estrogen is therefore sometimes recommended for treatment of otherwise intractible
sex-crlme compu]slons.

The libido androgens in normal women could be of adrenal origin or derived from progestins. Biochemically, the sex hormones and adrenocortical hormones are closely related and it is a relatively simple natter for the body to synthesize one from the otherX The site of action of androgen as a libido hormone is problematical. It;is known that androgen has a very definite effect on the undeveloped penis and clitorisn bringing about extensive dilation of the vaseulature and growth in size. In the male, androgen is also essential to the secretion of an ejaculate in orgasnl, though a dry-run orgasm without ejaculation of fluid is not impossible, and has been reported in cases of prostatectoinyand postpubertal castration (Moneya 1961a and 1961b). Phoenixa Goy, Gerall and Young (1959), put forth an hypothesis of a prenatal effect of androgen on neurosexual organization in guinea

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SEX INSTINCT AND HUMAN EROTICISM

to pregnantguinea pigs, thus herandrogens pigs.They administered some of the would-befemales.These animals,and to maphrodizing normal, though androgenized a lesser degree their morphologically female mates,gained scoresin varioussubsequentmating tests that controlfemales. were closerthan to thoseof normal,unandrogenized FUNCTION NEURAL ANDSOMESTHETIC (1938)showed and Langworthy Workingwith the malecat, Semans of emissionor secretion and neurophysiology that the neuroanatomy and distinctfrom ejaculaof semeninto the upperurethrais separate tion of this fluid throughand out of the penis, and that both of these are separateand distinct from erection. Kuhn (1950), studying the concludedthat the same distincspinal reflexesof male paraplegics, and ejaculationis applicableto man. tion betweenerection,emission The distinctionbetweenerectionand ejaculationcan be identified not only in the spinalcordand genitopelvicperipheryof the nervous systembut also in the brain itself. MacLean(1962),using implanted electrodesto stimulate the brain of the squirrel monkey, explored of sexual functions. He found that: the cerebralrepresentation
"penile erectionis elicited bYstimulationwithin partsof three cortico-subcortical subdivisionsof the limbic system.Seminal dischargewith motile sperm and/or quasi-pruriticgenital scratchingresults from stimulation at points within and region of the thalamus,as well as along borderingupon the caudal intra]aminar the courseof the spinothalamicpathway.The findingssuggestthat thalamicstructures involved in ejaculationand genital sensationlie in close proximityto, and probablyarticulatewith, those that are nodal with respect to penile erection."

technique has been used for the purpose The microimplantation of the brain. Olds (1958a,p. 146) was able to imof self-stimulation plant electrodesin such a position in the rat brain that self-stimulation producedalso an erection of the penis. With Critchlaw,Olds (1958b,p. 683) showedalso a connection between neural activation \Vith some electrodeplaceand androgenlevel in the bloodstream. responsesdisments and certain low electric shock, self-stimulation progresand reappeared, appeared almostcompletelyaftercastration, propionate in oil. with testosterone sively after replacementtherapy not of electrodesbut of miniscule amountsof Microimplantation hormonehas also been undertakenexperimentally.Harris,Michael and Scott (1958) showed that stilbestrolmicroimplantedin the posof spayedcats led to the full developmentof terior hypothalamus

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10

MONEY JOHN

anestrous. behavior, despite a genital tract that remained mating effect contrary a of the rat, found (1962),in the hypothalamus Lisk tuberalcentersin the region of the basal testosterone-sensitive from of testosteronein this region, eminence. Microimplantation median ovarianatrophyor to not elsewherein the diencephalon,led to but thirtydayslater. of the testes,seminalvesiclesand prostate atrophy studies have yet been reported No systematicmicroimplantation that there is a man, and it is clearlyobvious from the foregoing on on the relationshipof brain and complexstoryto be discovered long activationto genitopelvicfunction. cell contracin man it is possible for the spasmodic Genitopelvically, of in the absence secreand feelingsof ejaculationto take place tions section. It is also posof semen,as mentioned in the preceding tion the absenceof erection for both these functionsto take place in sible lost their 1961b).Men with penises that have permanently able to (Money, are still tissue, as a sequel to an attackof priapism, erectile comes stimulation and get the feeling of orgasm.Penile ejaculate vagina. the entry into rubbing, sucking or friction of partial from than in the ego. genitopelvic loss that thesepatientssufferis less The lies in their inability to satisfythe partner greatmortification Their they themselvesare being satisfied. while may take place The functionsof erection,emissionand ejaculation of the brain. participation on an exclusively reflex level, without patientswho, because paraplegic from Therelevantevidencecomes beno messages of the spinal cord, receiveand transmit ofseverance Kuhn (1950)found that tweenthe genitopelvicsystemand the brain. by tactual stimulationof erectionin paraplegiacould be produced towardthe anus and the andaroundthe penis, extendingperineally of eroticzones in the upper insidesurfaceof each thigh. Stimulation the genitals. Ejaculationin partof the body elicited no responsein becausecoordinaas a sequel to erectionis extremelyrare paraplegics and ejaculation tion of the neuralfunctionsof emission(sympathetic) (somatic)is almostalwaysdisturbed. of ejaculationin the male havetheircounterspasms The muscular docuphotographic partin the female,accordingto the intravaginal These observers 1962). mentation of Mastersand Johnson (1961; orgasmicplatformimmedidescribethe tumescenceof a cylindrical along the vaginal barrel for ately inside the vagina and extending platformand adjacent about one third of its length. The orgasmic

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SEX INSTINCT AND HUMAN EROTlCISM

ll

tissuesoutside the vaginal orifice throb and contractspasmodically at the time that orgasmis reported.Meanwhile,the innermostend of the vagina has ballooned out and the cervix has retractedsomewhat. These manifestations of orgasmare the samewhetherstimulation is masturbatory and clitoral,or from artificialcoitus with a hollow, clear-plasticpenis. It is possiblefor sexualstimulationculminatingin orgasmto take place despite loss of enormous amounts of external genital tissue (Money, 1961b). Some women with epidermoid carcinomaof the vulva haveundergoneradicalresectionof clitoris,labia majora,labia minora and the mucosaof the introituswithout losing the capacity for orgasm. Partialor total resectionof the penis is compatiblewith retention of ejaculationand the feeling of orgasm,accordingto the reportsof some patients.The stimulationmay be from insertionof the penile stumpinto the vaginain intercourse, or from frictionand pressure in the genital area if the stump is too short. Extensiveloss of genital tissue without loss of orgasmis commonplace in female hermaphrodites with the adrenogenitalsyndrome whose congenitallymasculinizedsexual anatomyis surgicallyfeminized. The operation entails either amputationor extirpationof a greatly enlarged clitoris. The operation is compatible not simply with retention of the capacityfor orgasm,but with an exceptional erotic sensitivityand frequency,which are characteristic of many patients with the syndrome. BRAIN ANDCOGNITION There is, in the orgasm dreamsof paraplegicmen and women (Money, 1960), evidence of a quite extraordinary capacityof erotic functioningin the brain to be independentof genitopelvichappenings. In the nature of things in paraplegia,there is no neural connection between the upper and lower parts of the nervous system. The orgasmthat occursin these patients'erotic dreamsis, therefore, a phantomorgasmwith no correlativehappeningsin the genital organs.A phantomexperienceof a differentorderoccursin the patient with an amputatedpenis who has the feeling that his genital is there, complete,when he awakesfrom a wet dream. The evidence of erotic phantom experiencesunderlines the importanceof the brain and cognition in initiating erotic arousal.The

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JOHN MONEY

stimulus to arousalmay be a spontaneousmemory image, or a perceptual image. The perceptualimage may be from stinlulation on or within the body, that is, tactualor somesthetic;or it may be received from a distancethrough the eyes or ears. Perceptually, there is a sex differencein distractibility. More than the female.,the male is likely to be distracted from one love object by another,especially overa periodof time, exceptperhaps when he is in the eye of the stormof just havingfallen desperately in love. The femaleis more steadfastly tied for a longer time to a single romantic objector concept. In the act of copulation the male is more likely to be distractedby strange or uncongenial surroundings though, oncea singlenessof purposeis established, he becomesoblivious perhapseven to noxious stimuli. This sex differenceappearsto hold widelyin the animalkingdom(Beach,1947,p. 264). Gantt (1949, p. 37)describedhow a female cat or dog, but not her partnercan accept food duringcopulation.The femaleis less easily distracted from her offspringthan from the sexual act. Kinsey Pomeroy,Martinand Gebhard(1953) assembled able evidencein supportof the thesisthatwomenaremore considerdependent on touch for eroticarousalthan men. The difference is not absolute, but it does showup statisticallyn as in the greatercapacityof the male for promiscuous arousalfrom picturesor real-lifevisual imagesand in the greaterincidence of psychosexual aberrancies, like fetishism, in the male.It is possiblethatthissex difference is horrnone-regulated. There is a tendency for women who have, or have had high titers of androg,en, as in the adrenogenitalsyndrome,Inore frequently to have a lower thresholdthan other women for visual and narrative erotlc
. * .

stlmulatlon.

Perceptualstimulationappearsto have a greatdeal to do with the phenomenon of fallingin love. Loveat firstsight whichmay in some cases be very long-lasting is at the outset a responseto a visual stimulus. One may conceive of the act of falling in love as the triggering of a releasingmechanismby a perceptual releasern the love object avhich thenceforthbecomes imprinted for the duration of the love affair. Phylogenetically, the limits of wvhat may constitute a perceptual releaser of erotic arousalare apparentlyvery broad, though not infinite, if one judges from the evidence of the psychosexual aberrations. Exactlyhow an aberrant or erroneousstimulusgainsthe power

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SEX INSTINCT AND HUMAN EROTICISWI

13

to be eroticallystimulatingfor a person so afflictedis, you do not need to be reminded,one of the many majorproblemsof abnormal psychology.It is known that some of these aberrations put in their first, incontrovertiblesigns as early as the age of three (Green and Money, 1961);and it is probablethat all of them have their anlagen in evidencein early or middle childhood. There is some experimentalanimal evidence to confirmthe sensitivity of sexual function to experiencesmediatedby the brain and cognition in the juvenile years.One type of experimentshows the adverseeffectof deprivationand distortionof earlysocial experience on subsequentcopulatory achievement. Workingwith the rat, Beach (1942; 1958)demonstrated that it is possiblefor male rats rearedin isolationsubsequentlyto copulatewhen firsttested.It was different, however,when the isolatedyoung ratswere allowedone play period of ten minutes a week with a female, or with another male (Kagan and Beach, 1953).Then, in postpubertal mating tests,the rats'juvenile habitsof playfulwrestling,pawingand climbingover the partner competed and interfered with a tendency to copulate, enough to significantlyimpair ejaculationfrequency.Some of the animalsdid not copulate at all. Harlow (1961; 1962), in his now famous experiments, raised macaquemonkeysin isolationcages,separated from their real mothers, in order to study the effect of surrogatemothers.Deprived of social opportunitywith monkeysof their ozvnage in play that normally znrould include extensivesexual gesturing,posturingand partactions,these creatures all grew up unable to copulateeven after extensive tutelage from a gentle and experiencedtutor. When finally some of them did, afterheroic experimentaleffort,becomepregnant and deliver, their abnormalisolationfrom mother and age-mates in childhood showed up again. They exhibited no maternalsense in child care, neglected their babies, squashed them and sometimes killed them. There is a small amount of anthropologicalevidence (Ford and Beach, 1951)to the effect that sexual aberrationis rare or absent in societieswithout a sex taboo, where sexual and copulatorygamesof childrenare tolerableto the adults,and where adult eroticismis not rigidlyhidden from children. Another type of animal experimentillustratesthe deleteriousef[ect of a difficultregimen of perceptualdiscriminationin Pavlovian

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JOHN MONEY

reflex conditioning to avoid mild electric shock. Liddell (1956) reported the case of a sheep Robert, that, among multiple neurotic afflictions,showed no signs of normal mating behavior,nor of the normalmale fightingpattern.Gantt (1949) describedthe dog, Nick, that developedan experimentalneurosiswhen auditorydiscriminations becametoo difficult.The symptomswere respiratory, cardiac, urinaryand sexual After discontinuance of the experimentsfor two yearsand longer the symptomswould be reactivatedwheneverthe animal was brought into contact with the experimentalroom, the food used as an experimentalreward or the laboratorypersonnel even when theyvisitedthe dog on a rest-farm 2()0miles awayfromthe laboratory. Reactivatedby these reminders the symptomsincluded, amongothers,pollakiuriaand erectionsand ejaculations. The latter firstappearedtwo yearsafter the onset of the neurosis.Ejaculation would occur even when the stimulus was one of the children of a laboratory worker,apparentlybecauseof a family olfactorylikeness. At the same time an adequate and appropriatesexual stimulus, namely a bitch in heat, in the experimentalenvironmentfailed to evoke an adequate sexual response.Instead, the dog reacted with ejaculatioprecoxor with some evidenceof impotence.Nonetheless, in the laboratory or on the farm,sexualexcitementhad an inhibitory effecton the other neuroticsymptoms. The neuroticsymptoms in the dog, Nick, continuedto be reactivative for ten years,until the dog's death. One is not surprised,therefore that life-historyexperiencescan producedisruptionsof the human sexual instinctand its functioningthat have extremelydurable persistence.
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