ORGANIC LED (OLED)

SUNITA.A.B, POOJA.H.D
IV SEM ECE, VTU-BELGAUM SKSVMACET-LAXMESHWAR
sunita.a.b.050@gmail.com pooja.h.d.038@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Have !" eve# $%!"&%$ !' %av()& a %(&%-*e'()($(!) TV $%a$ (+ ,(&&e# $%a) "+"a- LCD *(+.-a , a)* $%a$ /!)+"0e+ !)- %a-' $%e .!1e# !' a) !#*()a# !)e2 W%a$ (' !" /!"-* ea+(- #!-- $%e TV a)* .a/3 ($ ". +! $%a$ !" /a) "+e ($ '!# a $#(.2 4e+, $%(+ (+ .!++(,-e 1($% $%e O#&a)(/ L(&%$ E0($$()& D(!*e (OLED) $e/%)!-!& , 1%(/% (+ +(0.-e +!-(* +$a$e *ev(/e /!0.#(+e* !' ve# $%() '(-0+ !' !#&a)(/ /!0.!")*+ () $%e e-e/$#!--"0()e+/e)$ -a e#. OLED (+ /a.a,-e !' 0a3()& a %(&% /!)$#a+$ #a$(! 1%e) ($ (+ *(+.-a e* () a *a#3 #!!0 $%a) LCD a)* LED.

II- LITR'TURE 7UR8E: 't t e first $e "sed t e tec nolo!ies li1e( LCD( Li5"id Crystal Display (LCD) screens "se a matri4 of t in-film transistors $ ic apply volta!e to li5"id crystal filled cells# 3 en electricity its t e cells t ey "nt$ist allo$in! li! t t ro"! to create t e pict"re# Eac of t e pi4els as a red. !reen and %l"e cell# 0ict"re 5"ality is also !ood and ne$ advances in tec nolo!y allo$ t e %ac1 li! t to dim locally creatin! %lac1er %lac1s# ;o$ever. it still la!s %e ind OLED and 0lasma in t e contrast area. and also t e vie$in! an!le is a lot narro$er# 0L'7/'( 0lasma screens are ne4t on t e list and "se an array of tiny cells $it ioni<ed !as (plasma)# T is !as activated eac cells p osp or $ ic in t"rn. creates t e pict"re# ;o$ever. one pro%lem t ey ave is t at t e %lac1s do not al$ays appear %lac1 d"e to idle %ri! tness# ;o$ever. t e pict"re 5"ality is e4cellent and t e screen is a%le to 1eep a consistent %ri! tness from corner to corner $ ic LCDs str"!!le to do# ;o$ever. t e T8s can %e po$er "n!ry and 5"ite eavy too and s"ffer from ima!e %"rn in# =or t e money t ey are an e4cellent option# No$ OLED as over come t ese tec nolo!ies# &=i!#)9

I- INTRODUCTION OLEDs are simple solid-state devices (more of an LED) comprised of very t in films of or!anic compo"nds in t e electro-l"minescent layer# T ese or!anic compo"nds ave a special property of creatin! li! t $ en electricity is applied to it# T e or!anic compo"nds are desi!ned to %e in %et$een t$o electrodes# O"t of t ese one of t e electrodes s o"ld %e transparent# T e res"lt is a very %ri! t and crispy display $it po$er cons"mption lesser t an t e "s"al LCD and LED# &'ttention(
T e discovery of t e electrol"minescence property in or!anic materials in )*+,s is considered to %e t e steppin! stone of OLED# Later in )*-,. a scientist called /artin 0ope discovered an o mic. dar1 in2ectin! electrode contact to or!anic nat"re of crystals# 3it t is e $as also a%le to e4plain t e $or1 f"nctions for %ot t e oles and electrons $ ile in2ectin! electrode contacts# T ese dar1 in2ectin! oles and electrons formed to %e t e %ase for an OLED device# T e tec ni5"e $as f"rt er e4perimented $it DC electrol"minescence "nder different conditions# Later it $as fo"nd t at electrol"minescent materials can also act as doped ins"lators# T "s came t e discovery of a do"%le in2ection ind"ced OLED device# T e first proper OLED $as man"fact"red in )*6, %y Dr# C in! 3 Tan! and 7teven 8an 7ly1e# T e OLED ad a do"%le layer str"ct"re# 3 en t e oles and electrons $ere transported separately and $ en com%ined to!et er prod"ced a li! t in t e or!anic layer centre# T is li! t $as prod"ced at a very lo$ operatin! volta!e $it i! efficiency# No$ more researc is %ein! done $it t e application of OLED on polymer so as to o%tain a i! er efficiency OLED#9

=i!#) OLED-LCD or 0L'7/'

III- CO/0ONENT7 O= OLED T e components in an OLED differ accordin! to t e n"m%er of layers of t e or!anic material# T ere is a %asic sin!le layer OLED. t$o layer and also t ree layer OLEDs# 's t e n"m%er of layers increase t e efficiency of t e device also increases# T e increase in layers also elps in in2ectin! c ar!es at t e electrodes and t "s elps in %loc1in! a c ar!e from %ein! d"mped after reac in! t e opposite electrode# 'ny type of OLED consists of t e follo$in! components# )# ># ?# @# 'n emissive layer ' cond"ctin! layer ' s"%strate 'node and cat ode terminals#

made very t in and very po$er efficient $ en compared to LCD ($ ic do re5"ire a $ ite %ac1li! t)# Aeca"se OLEDs are so t in. efficient and simple. t ey can %e made fle4i%le. transparent. and even %e "sed to create $ ite-li! tin!# &=i!#>9

's t e emissive layer and t e cond"ctin! layer is made "p of or!anic molec"les (%ot %ein! different). OLED is considered to %e an or!anic semi-cond"ctor. and ence its name# T e or!anic molec"les ave t e property of cond"ctin! electricity and t eir cond"ctin! levels can %e varied form t at of an ins"lator to a cond"ctor# T e emissive layer "sed in an OLED is made "p of or!anic plastic molec"les. o"t of $ ic t e most commonly "sed is polyfl"orene# T e cond"ctin! layer is also an or!anic molec"le. and t e commonly "sed component is polyaniline# T e s"%strate most commonly "sed may %e a plastic. foil or even !lass# T e anode component s o"ld %e transparent# Us"ally indi"m tin o4ide is "sed# T is material is transparent to visi%le li! t# It also as a !reat $or1 f"nction $ ic elps in in2ectin! oles into t e different layers# T e cat ode component depends on t e type of OLED re5"ired# Even a transparent cat ode can %e "sed# Us"ally metals li1e calci"m and al"mini"m "sed %eca"se t ey ave lesser $or1 f"nctions t an anodes $ ic elps in in2ectin! electrons into t e different layers# IV- What is an OLED display? OLED (Or!anic Li! t Emittin! Diodes) is a flat display tec nolo!y. made %y placin! a series of or!anic t in films %et$een t$o cond"ctors# 3 en electrical c"rrent is applied. a %ri! t li! t is emitted# Aeca"se OLEDs prod"ce (emit) li! t t ey do not re5"ire a %ac1li! t# T is means t at OLEDs can %e

=i!#> OLED DI70L':

8- 3ORBINC O= 'N OLED Aefore !oin! on to t e detailed e4planation of its $or1in!. it is important to 1no$ o$ t e emissive layers and cond"ctin! layers are added to t e s"%strate# T ere are mainly t ree %asic met ods for t is operation# T ey are(1. Inkjet Printing Technique D T is is t e c eapest and most commonly "sed tec ni5"e# T e met od is same as t e paper printin! mec anism $ ere t e or!anic layers are sprayed onto t e s"%strates# T is met od is also i! ly efficient and t ey can %e "sed for printin! very lar!e displays li1e %ill%oards and also %i! T8 screens# 2. Organic Vapour Phase Deposition (OVPD) D T is is also an efficient tec ni5"e $ ic can %e carried o"t at a lo$ cost# ' cooled s"%strate is %ein! it %y t e or!anic molec"les. $ ic $as evaporated in a lo$ press"re. i! temperat"re c am%er# T e !as is carried onto t e s"%strate $it a elp of carrier !as# 3. Vacuum Thermal E aporation (VTE! - T is met od is also commonly 1no$n as vac""m deposition met od# T is operation is carried o"t %y gently eatin! t e or!anic molec"les so t at t ey evaporate and s"%side on t e s"%strates# 's t e eatin! met od is complicated and t e strictness of parameters s o"ld %e i! ly acc"rate. t is met od is economical as $ell# 'fter t e or!anic material as %een applied to t e s"%strate t e real $or1in! of t e OLED %e!ins#

T e s"%strate is "sed to s"pport t e OLED# T e anode is "sed to in2ect more oles $ en t ere is a pat of c"rrent# T e cond"ctin! layer is "sed to carry t e oles from t e anode# T e cat ode is "sed to prod"ce electrons $ en c"rrent flo$s t ro"! its pat # T e emissive layer is t e section $ ere t e li! t is prod"ced# T is layer is "sed to carry t e electrons form t e cat ode# =irst. t e anode is 1ept positive $#r#t t e cat ode# T "s t ere occ"rs an electron flo$ from t e cat ode to t e anode# T is electron flo$ is capt"red %y t e emissive layer ca"sin! t e anode to $it dra$ electrons from t e cond"ctive layer# T "s. t ere occ"rs a flo$ of oles in t e cond"ctive layer# 's t e process contin"es. t e cond"ctive layer %ecomes positively c ar!ed and t e emissive layer %ecomes ne!atively c ar!ed# ' com%ination of t e oles and electrons occ"r d"e to electrostatic forces# 's t e electrons are less mo%ile t an t e oles. t e com%ination normally occ"rs very close to t e emissive layer# T is process prod"ces li! t in t e emissive re!ion after t ere as %een a drop in t e ener!y levels of t e electrons# T e emissive layer !ot its name as t e li! t prod"ced in t e emissive re!ion as a fre5"ency in t e visi%le re!ion# T e colo"r of t e li! t prod"ced can %e varied accordin! to t e type of or!anic molec"le "sed for its process# To o%tain colo"r displays. a n"m%er of or!anic layers are "sed# 'not er factor of t e li! t prod"ced is its intensity# If more c"rrent is applied to t e OLED. t e %ri! ter t e li! t appears# No$ consider t e process $ en t e anode is ne!ative $#r#t t e cat ode# T is $ill not ma1e t e device $or1 as t ere $ill not %e any com%ination of t e oles and electrons# T e oles $ill move to$ards t e anode and t e electrons to t e cat ode# &>9 &=i!#?9

8I- OLED RE8ENUE7 =OREC'7T

=i!#@ OLED RE8ENUE7 =OREC'7T

Display 7earc also reported t at $orld$ide OLED display reven"e in E@,6 $as F)+- million. an increase of )GH EIE# OLED reven"es for =:>,,6 reac ed F-)+ million. a >@H increase :I:# 0/OLED ad a $ea1 E@,6. ca"sed %y slo$in! s ipments of monoc rome and area color OLED# '/OLED e4perienced a stron! 5"arter. driven %y demand for mo%ile p one main displays. as No1ia. 7ams"n! Electronics and 7ony Ericsson eavily promoted '/OLED mo%ile p ones in early >,,*# T e OLED display ind"stry is at a crossover point. as '/OLED passes 0/OLED on a reven"e %asis# 0/OLED ma1ers need to investi!ate ne$ mar1et and prod"ct opport"nities s"c as OLED li! tin!# T e Display 7earc "uarterl# O$ED %hipment an& 'orecast (eport incl"des s ipments %y s"pplierJ %y '/OLED vs# 0/OLEDJ %y small molec"le vs# polymerJ %y monoc rome vs# area color vs# f"ll colorJ and %y application. s"c as mo%ile p one main display. s"%-display. mini-note. note%oo1 0C. T8. /0?. a"to console. car a"dio. di!ital still camera. near-eye and ot ers# It also s o$s capacity plans %y s"pplier and as a compre ensive s"pplyIdemand forecast# 8II- 8IE3INC 'NCLE7 OLED T8 screens ave near perfect vie$in! an!le# OLEDs create li! t $ ic are emissive rat er t an %loc1 li! t# Every pi4el is lit independently and t at li! t $ill %e seen from off a4is vie$in! an!les easily and acc"rately. m"c t e same as plasma# 's a res"lt. e4pect perfect vie$in! an!les of )G, de!rees# 0lasma screens also ave emissive li! t t ro"! eac pi4el and perfect vie$in! an!les of )G, de!rees#

=i!#? OLED CRE'TINC LIC;T

8III- DI==ERENT T:0E7 O= OLED 'ccordin! to t e type of man"fact"re and t e nat"re of t eir "se. OLEDs are mainly classified into 6 types# T ey are 1. )cti e *atri+ O$ED ()*O$ED! T is type of OLED is s"ita%le for i! resol"tion and lar!e si<e display# T o"! t e man"fact"rin! process is t e same. t e anode layers ave a T in-film transistor (T=T) plane in parallel to it so as to form a matri4# T is elps in s$itc in! eac pi4el to its on or off state as desired. t "s formin! an ima!e# T is is t e least po$er cons"min! type amon! ot ers and also as 5"ic1er refres rates $ ic ma1es t em s"ita%le for video as $ell# 2. Passi e *atri+ O$ED (P*O$ED! T e desi!n of t is type of OLED ma1es t em more s"ita%le for small screen devices li1e cell p ones. /0? players and so on# T o"! t is type is less po$er cons"min! t an an LCD and LED (even if connected to ot er e4ternal circ"itrys). it is t e most po$er cons"min! comparative to ot er OLEDs# T is type is very easy to ma1e as strips of anode and cat ode are 1ept perpendic"lar to eac ot er# 3 en t ey are %ot intersected li! t is prod"ced# 's t ere are strips of anode and cat ode. c"rrent is applied to t e selected strips and is applied to t em# T is elps in determinin! t e on or off pi4els# 3. In erte& O$ED T is type "ses a %ottom cat ode. $ ic is connected to t e drain end of an n-c annel T=T %ac1plane# T is met od is "s"ally "sed for prod"cin! lo$ cost OLED $it little applications# ,. 'ol&a-le O$ED T is type is mainly "sed in devices $ ic ave more c ance of %rea1in!# 's t is material is stron! it red"ces %rea1a!e and t erefore is "sed in cell p ones. comp"ter c ips. C07 devices and 0D's# T ey are also fle4i%le. d"ra%le and li! t$ei! t# 's its name e4plains. t ese OLEDs are folda%le and can also %e connected to clot es# T ey "se different types of s"%strates li1e fle4i%le metallic foils. plastics and so on# .. Top Emitting O$ED T is type of OLED is inte!rated $it a transistor %ac1plane t at is not transparent# 7"c devices are s"ita%le for matri4

applications li1e smart cards# T e s"%strate "sed for t is device is of t e opa5"eIreflective type# 's a transparent s"%strate is "sed t e electrode "sed is eit er semi-transparent or f"lly transparent# Ot er$ise t e li! t $ill not pass t ro"! t e transparent s"%strate# /. Transparent O$ED T is device as a !ood contrast even in %ri! t s"nli! t so it is applica%le in ead-"p displays. mo%ile p ones. smart $indo$s and so on# In t is device. t e entire anode. cat ode and t e s"%strate are transparent# 3 en t ey are in t e off position. t ey %ecome almost completely transparent as t eir s"%strate# T is type of OLED can %e incl"ded in %ot t e active and passive matri4 cate!ories# 's t ey ave transparent parameters on %ot t e sides. t ey can create displays t at are top as $ell as %ottom emittin!# 0. 1hite O$ED T is device creates t e %ri! test li! t of all# T ey are man"fact"red in lar!e s eets# T "s t ey can easily replace fl"orescent lamps# T ey are also cost-effective and also cons"mes less po$er# 2. %tacke& O$ED T is device "ses t e composite colo"rs as s"% pi4els and also on top of eac ot er# T is ca"ses t e red"ction in pi4el !ap and also an increase in colo"r dept # T "s t ey are %ein! introd"ced as television displays# IK-'D8'NT'CE7 O= OLEDs )-T e man"fact"re of OLEDD is i! ly economical and is more efficient t an LCD and flat panel screens# >-It $ill %e a !reat s"rprise to see displays on o"r clot in! and fa%rics# T is tec nolo!y $ill elp in carryin! "!e displays in o"r ands# ?-T ere is m"c difference in $atc in! a i! -definition T8 to a OLED display# 's t e contrast ratio of OLED is very i! (even in dar1 conditions). it can %e $atc ed from an an!le of a%o"t *, de!rees $it o"t any diffic"lty# @-No %ac1li! t is prod"ced %y t is device and t e po$er cons"mption is also very less#

+-OLED as a refres rate of ),,.,,, ;< $ ic is almost **,, ;L !reater t an an LCD display# --T e response time is less t an ,#,) ms# LCD needs a response time of ) ms# G-3e can easily fold OLED as s o$n %elo$ KI- '00LIC'TION7 OLED tec nolo!y is "sed in commercial applications s"c as small screens for mo%ile p ones and porta%le di!ital a"dio players (/0? players). car radios. di!ital cameras. and i! -resol"tion microdisplays for ead-mo"nted displays# 7"c porta%le applications favor t e i! li! t o"tp"t of OLEDs for reada%ility in s"nli! t. and t eir lo$ po$er drain# 0orta%le displays are also "sed intermittently. so t e lo$er lifespan of OLEDs is less important ere# 0rototypes ave %een made of fle4i%le and rolla%le displays $ ic "se OLEDsM "ni5"e c aracteristics# )-/ILIT'R: '00LIC'TION O= OLED /ICRODI70L': TEC;NOLOC:(

=i!#+ =le4i%le OLED

K- DI7'D8'NT'CE7 O= OLED )-T e po$er cons"mption of t is device depends "pon t e colo"r t at is displayed on t e screen# Less t an +,H po$er is only cons"med $ en a %lac1 ima!e is displayed. compared to an LCD# A"t t e percenta!e increases to almost t ree times $ en a %ri! t ima!e s"c as a $ ite colo"r is displayed# T "s. t is device is disadvanta!eo"s for mo%ile applications# >-T e OLED tec nolo!y is only risin! and d"e to t is. t e commercial availa%ility of OLED prod"cts are very less# T o"! t ey can %e easily made t e fa%rication process is considered e4pensive and t "s t e initial amo"nt is e4pensive# ?-'s t ere is no reflective li! t tec nolo!y "sed in s"c a device it as a very poor readin! effect in %ri! t li! t s"rro"ndin!s# Even if t is is to %e overcome additional po$er s o"ld %e "sed# @-3it time. t e %ri! tness of t e OLED pi4els $ill fade# +-T e ima!es displayed in t is device are created %y an artificial li! t so"rce# 7o. t e $ ole electricity as to %e "sed to perform s"c an operation# LCDs. on t e ot er and "se some percenta!e of li! t from s"nli! t and also ein1# --T e device is not at all $ater resistant# G-T e lifetime of t is device is m"c lesser $ en compared $it an LCD or LED#

=i!#- TO0 E/ITTINC OLED

Lo$-po$er Or!anic Li! t Emittin! Diode (OLED) displays are "sed in a !ro$in! n"m%ers of applications s"pportin! dismo"nted soldiers and commanders in sit"ational a$areness. t ermal ima!in!. sim"lation and trainin!# T$o types of OLED applications are c"rrently "nder vario"s p ases of mat"ration D t e near-eye microdisplays. developed %y e/a!in and =le4i%le OLED developed %y Universal Display Crop (UDC)# OLED tec nolo!y promises to revol"tioni<e everyt in! 1no$n a%o"t information display. from video $alls. to dynamic pricin! in s"permar1ets# =or t e military. Top-emittin! OLED(TOLED) applications co"ld incl"de $rist-mo"nted. feat er$ei! t. r"!!ed 0D's and $eara%le electronic displays s"c as Ndisplay sleevesO #Ot er applications co"ld %e conformed. i! -contrast a"tomotive instr"ment panels. $inds ield displays and visor mo"nted displays to %e "sed %y for pilots. drivers and divers. etc# /ove f"t"ristic applications co"ld %e "tili<ed in camo"fla!e systems. NsmartO li! t emittin! $indo$sIs ades etc# &@9 &=i!#-9

>-OLEDs can easily folded as t ey are fle4i%le# D"e to t ere fle4i%le nat"re t ey are "sed in many fields# &=i!#G9

=i!#), LU/IAL'DE

=i!#G =LEKIALE OLED

?- OLEDs are "sed in T8 screens d"e to t ere perfect vie$in! an!les and it as i! contrast ratio# &=i!#69

--Researc and development in t e field of OLEDs is proceedin! rapidly and may lead to f"t"re applications in eads"p displays. a"tomotive das %oards. %ill%oard-type displays. ome and office li! tin! and fle4i%le displays# Aeca"se OLEDs refres faster t an LCDs -- almost ).,,, times faster -- a device $it an OLED display co"ld c an!e information almost in real time# 8ideo ima!es co"ld %e m"c more realistic and constantly "pdated# T e ne$spaper of t e f"t"re mi! t %e an OLED display t at refres es $it %rea1in! ne$s and li1e a re!"lar ne$spaper. yo" co"ld fold it "p $ en yo"Mre done readin! it and stic1 it in yo"r %ac1pac1 or %riefcase# &=i!#))9

=i!#6 OLED U7ED IN T8 7CREEN7

@- OLEDs are "sed in mo%ile screens# &=i!#*9

=i!#)) OLED DI70L':

G-7everal companies ave already %"ilt prototype comp"ter monitors and lar!e-screen T8s t at "se OLED tec nolo!y# &=i!#)>9

=i!#* OLED U7ED IN /OAILE 7CREEN7

5- 3it OLEDs. li! t can %e incorporated into desi!ns. rat er t an idden $it in t e fi4t"re# It can %ecome a part of t e art$or1. $ ic 0 ilips as demonstrated at a conference in /ilan# T e desi!ns are %ea"tif"l displays of li! t and art mes ed to!et er to demonstrate t e applications of OLEDs# &=i!#),9
=i!#)> /ONITOR

6-Te4as Instr"ments Inc# (TI) introd"ced an or!anic li! t emittin! diode (OLED) po$er driver desi!ned to en ance ima!e 5"ality for small form factor displays of "p to >#+ inc es# T e T07-+)?- po$er inte!rated circ"it s"pports active matri4 OLED ('/OLED) displays "sed in mo%ile p ones. di!ital cameras and porta%le media players# '/OLED displays allo$ eac pi4el to emit its o$n li! t. res"ltin! in i! colo"r sat"ration. t in form factor. i! contrast ratio. fast response time and lo$ po$er cons"mption# T e T07-+)?- mana!es po$er to '/OLED displays %y providin! positive and ne!ative volta!es. and s"pplyin! less c"rrent and lo$er volta!es t an passive matri4 displays# *-NovaledMs 0IN OLEDs are especially s"ited for t e ne4t !eneration of porta%le displays# ;o$ever###$it t eir lo$ drivin! volta!e. e4tremely i! po$er efficiency and lon! lifetime. t ey are ideal for virt"ally any OLED applicationP Novaled clients are a%le to o%tain very specific sol"tions for t eir prod"cts# T ese are tailored to t eir individ"al needs. "sin! t e companyMs proprietary dopin! and transport materials in com%ination $it advanced emitter systems# &=i!#)?9

KII- CONCLU7ION 3it t is tec nolo!y yo" can easily ma1e 0C monitors. i! clarity cell-p one screens. $atc es and also indicators# T ey can also %e "sed for ill"minatin! a lar!e area and is s"re to replace t e Li5"id Crystal Display Tec nolo!y (LCD) in t e near f"t"re# T ese types of displays can %e %"ilt on even yo"r clot in! and are fle4i%le eno"! to %e porta%le# KII- RE=ERENCE
&)9( ttp(II$$$#circ"ittoday#com &>9( ttp(IIelectronics# o$st"ff$or1s#com &?9( ttp(IIen#$i1ipedia#or! &@9( ttp(IIdefense-"pdate#com &+9( ttp(II!ad!etven"e#com

=i!#)? 0IN OLED