STANDARD SOLUTION

The following solutions are used as reference standards in limit tests and should, unless experience has shown it to be unnecessary, be prepared immediately before use. In monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia, the symbol '%' may be replaced by the words 'per cent'. In such cases the reagent described below is to be used. Acetaldehyde Standard Solution (100 ppm C2H4O) Dissolve 1.0 g of acetaldehyde in sufficient propan-2-ol to produce 100 ml and dilute 5.0 ml of the solution to 500.0 ml with propan-2-ol. Prepare immediately before use. Acetaldehyde Standard Solution (100 ppm C2H4O) R1 Dissolve 1 g of acetaldehyde in water and dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent. Dilute 5 ml of the solution to 500 ml with water . Prepare immediately before use. Aluminium Standard Solution (200 ppm Al) Dissolve in water a quantity of aluminum potassium sulphate containing 0.352 g of AlK(SO4)2,12H2O. Add 10 ml of 1M sulphuric acid and dilute to 100 ml with water. Aluminium Standard Solution (100 ppm Al) chloride to 10 volumes immediately before use. Dilute 1 volume of a 0.8947% w/v solution of aluminium

Aluminium Standard Solution (10 ppm Al) Dilute 1 volume of a 1.39% w/v solution of aluminium nitrate to 100 volumes with water immediately before use. Aluminium Standard Solution (2 ppm Al) Dilute 1 volume of a 0.352% w/v solution of aluminium potassium sulphate in 0.1M sulphuric acid to 100 volumes with water immediately before use. Ammonium Standard Solution (100 ppm NH4) chloride to 25.0 ml with water. Ammonium Standard Solution (2.5 ppm NH4) chloride to 100 volumes with water . Dilute 10.0 ml of a 0.0741% w/v solution of ammonium

Dilute 1 volume of a 0.0741% w/v solution of ammonium

Ammonium Standard Solution (1 ppm NH4) Dilute 1 volume of ammonium standard solution (2.5 ppm NH4) to 2.5 volumes with water immediately before use. Antimony Standard Solution (1 ppm Sb) Dissolve 0.274 g of antimony potassium tartrate in 20 ml of 7M hydrochloric acid and dilute the clear solution to 100.0 ml with water. To 10.0 ml of this solution add 200 ml of 7M hydrochloric acid and dilute with water to 1000.0 ml. To 100.0 ml of this solution add 300 ml of 7M hydrochloric acid and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water. Prepare the dilute solutions immediately before use. Antimony Standard Solution (100 ppm Sb) Dissolve antimony potassium tartrate equivalent to 0.274 g of C4H4KO7Sb,H2O in 500 ml of 1M hydrochloric acid and dilute the clear solution to 1000 ml with water . Arsenic Standard Solution (10 ppm As) Dissolve 0.330 g of arsenic trioxide in 5 ml of 2M sodium hydroxide and dilute to 250.0 ml with water. Dilute 1 volume of this solution to 100 volumes with water immediately before use. Arsenic Standard Solution (1 ppm As) Dilute 1 volume of arsenic standard solution (10 ppm As) to 10 volumes with water immediately before use.

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Arsenic Standard Solution (0.1 ppm As) volumes with water immediately before use. Barium Standard Solution (0.1% Ba) 1000 ml.

Dilute 1 volume of arsenic standard solution (1 ppm As) to 10

Dissolve 1.778 g of barium chloride in sufficient water to produce

Barium Standard Solution (50 ppm Ba) Dilute 1 volume of a 0.178% w/v solution of barium chloride in distilled water to 20 volumes with distilled water immediately before use. Bismuth Standard Solution (100 ppm Bi) Dissolve bismuth R equivalent to 0.500 g of Bi in 50 ml of nitric acid R and dilute to 500.0 ml with water R. Dilute the solution to 10 times its volume with dilute nitric acid R immediately before use. Cadmium Standard Solution (0.1% Cd) Dissolve a quantity of cadmium containing 0.100 g of Cd in the minimum quantity of a mixture of equal volumes of hydrochloric acid and water and dilute to 100.0 ml with a 1% v/v solution of hydrochloric acid.

Cadmium Standard Solution (10 ppm Cd) Dilute 1 volume of cadmium standard solution (0.1% Cd) to 100 volumes with a 1% v/v solution of hydrochloric acid immediately before use. Calcium Standard Solution (400 ppm Ca) Dissolve 1.0 g of calcium carbonate in 23 ml of 1M hydrochloric acid and add sufficient distilled water to produce 100 ml. Dilute 1 volume of this solution to 10 volumes with distilled water immediately before use.

Calcium Standard Solution (100 ppm Ca) Dissolve 0.624 g of dried calcium carbonate in distilled water containing 3 ml of 5M acetic acid and add sufficient distilled water to produce 250 ml. immediately before use dilute 1 volume of this solution to 10 volumes with distilled water. Calcium Standard Solution (100 ppm Ca), Alcoholic Dissolve 2.50 g of dried calcium carbonate in 12 ml of 5M acetic acid and dilute to 1000.0 ml with distilled water . Dilute 1 volume of this solution to 10 volumes with ethanol (96%) immediately before use. Calcium Standard Solution (100 ppm Ca) R1 Dilute 1 volume of a solution of anhydrous calcium chloride containing the equivalent of 0.2769% w/v of CaCl2 in 2M hydrochloric acid to 10 volumes with water immediately before use.

Calcium Standard Solution (10 ppm Ca) Dissolve 0.624 g of dried calcium carbonate in distilled water containing 3 ml of 5M acetic acid and dilute to 250 ml with distilled water . Dilute 1 volume of this solution to 100 volumes with distilled water immediately before use. Chloride Standard Solution (50 ppm Cl) Dilute 1 volume of a 0.0824% w/v solution of sodium chloride to 10 volumes with water immediately before use. Chloride Standard Solution (8 ppm Cl) Dilute 1 volume of a 0.132% w/v solution of sodium chloride to 100 volumes with water immediately before use. Chloride Standard Solution (5 ppm Cl) Dilute 1 volume of a 0.0824% w/v solution of sodium chloride to 100 volumes with water immediately before use.

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Chromium Liposoluble Standard Solution (1000 ppm Cr)

A chromium (metal) organic compound in an oil.

The reagent CONOSTAN standard, available, for example, from SPIN 91965 Courtaboeuf Cedex France (info@spin.fr) has been found suitable. Chromium Standard Solution (0.1% Cr) to produce 1000 ml. Dissolve 2.82 g of dried potassium dichromate in sufficient water

Chromium Standard Solution (100 ppm Cr) water to produce 1000 ml.

Dissolve 0.283 g of dried potassium dichromate in sufficient

Chromium Standard Solution (0.1 ppm Cr) Dilute 1 volume of chromium standard solution (100 ppm Cr) to 1000 volumes with water immediately before use. Cobalt Standard Solution (100 ppm Co) Dissolve cobalt nitrate equivalent to 0.494 g of Co(NO3)2,6H2O in 500 ml of 1M nitric acid and dilute the clear solution to 1000 ml with water . Copper Liposoluble Standard Solution (1000 ppm Cu) A copper (metal) organic compound in an oil.

The reagent CONOSTAN standard, available, for example, from SPIN 91965 Courtaboeuf Cedex France (info@spin.fr) has been found suitable. Copper Standard Solution (0.1% Cu) 100 ml. Dissolve 0.393 g of copper sulphate in sufficient water to produce

Copper Standard Solution (10 ppm Cu) Dilute 1 volume of a 0.393% w/v solution of copper(II) sulphate to 100 volumes with water immediately before use. Copper Standard Solution (0.1 ppm Cu) Dilute 1 volume of copper standard solution (10 ppm Cu) to 100 volumes with water immediately before use. Digitoxin Standard Solution Dissolve 0.1250 g of digitoxin EPCRS in sufficient glacial acetic acid to produce 100.0 ml. Dilute 4.0 ml of the solution to 100.0 ml with glacial acetic acid. To 25.0 ml of the resulting solution add 3.0 ml of water and mix well.

Elementary Standard Solutions for Atomic Spectrometry, 1.000 g/l These solutions are prepared, generally in acidic conditions, from the element or salt of the element the minimum concentration of which is not less than 99.0%. The quantity per litre of solution is greater than 0.995 g throughout the guaranteed period, as long as the vial has not been opened. The starting material (element or salt) and the characteristics of the final solvent (nature and acidity, etc.) are mentioned on the label. Ferricyanide Standard Solution (50 ppm Fe(CN)6) Dilute 1 volume of a 0.78% w/v solution of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) to 100 volumes with water immediately before use. Ferrocyanide Standard Solution (100 ppm Fe(CN)6) hexacyanoferrate(II) to 100 volumes with water . Dilute 1 volume of a 0.20% w/v solution of potassium

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Fluoride Standard Solution (10 ppm F) Immediately before use, dilute 1 volume of a 0.0442% w/v solution of sodium fluoride, previously dried at 300 for 12 hours, to 20 volumes with water . Keep the concentrated solution in a polyethylene container. Fluoride Standard Solution (1 ppm F) with water immediately before use. Dilute fluoride standard solution (10 ppm F) to 10 times its volume

Formaldehyde Standard Solution (5 ppm CH2O) Dilute 1 volume of a solution formaldehyde solution in 1000.0 ml to 200 volumes with water immediately before use.

containing 3.0 g of

Germanium Standard Solution (100 ppm Ge) Dissolve ammonium hexafluorogermanate(IV) equivalent to 0.307 g of (NH4)2GeF6 in a 0.01 per cent V/V solution of hydrofluoric acid. Dilute the clear solution to 1000 ml with water . Glucose Standard Solution Dissolve 0.10 g of glucose in a saturated solution of benzoic acid in water , dilute to 100 ml with the saturated benzoic acid solution and dilute 2 ml of this solution to 100 ml with water . Glucose Standard Solution contains 20 g of glucose per ml. Glyoxal Standard Solution (20 ppm C2H2O2) Dilute a quantity of glyoxal solution containing 0.200 g of C2H2O2 to 100 ml with absolute ethanol . Dilute 1 volume to 100 volumes with absolute ethanol immediately before use. Glyoxal Standard Solution (2 ppm C2H2O2) Immediately before use, dilute glyoxal standard solution (20 ppm C2H2O2) to 10 times its volume with ethanol R. Hydrogen Peroxide Standard Solution (10 ppm H2O2) Dilute 10.0 ml of dilute hydrogen peroxide solution to 300.0 ml with water. Dilute 10.0 ml of this solution to 1000.0 ml with water. Prepare immediately before use.

Iodide Standard Solution (20 ppm I) ml with water . Iodide Standard Solution (10 ppm I) volumes immediately before use.

Dilute 10.0 ml of a 0.026% w/v solution of potassium iodide to 100.0

Dilute 1 volume of a 0.131% w/v solution of potassium iodide to 100

Iron Standard Solution (0.1% Fe) Dissolve 0.10 g of iron in the smallest amount necessary of a mixture of equal volumes of hydrochloric acid and water and add sufficient water to produce 100 ml. Iron Standard Solution (250 ppm Fe) Dilute 1 volume of a 4.84% w/v solution of iron(III) chloride hexahydrate in a 15.0% w/v solution of hydrochloric acid to 40 volumes with water immediately before use.

Iron Standard Solution (20 ppm Fe) Dissolve 0.863 g of ammonium iron(III) sulphate in water containing 25 ml of 1M sulphuric acid and add sufficient water to produce 500 ml. Dilute 1 volume to 10 volumes with water immediately before use. Iron Standard Solution (10 ppm Fe) Dissolve 7.022 g of ammonium iron(II) sulphate in water containing 25 ml of 1M sulphuric acid and add sufficient water to produce 1000.0 ml. Dilute 1 volume to 100 volumes with water .

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Iron Standard Solution (8 ppm Fe) Dilute 1 volume of a solution containing 80 mg of iron and 50 ml of hydrochloric acid (220 g/l HCl) in 1000 ml to 10 volumes with water immediately before use.

Iron Standard Solution (2 ppm Fe) with water immediately before use. Iron Standard Solution (1 ppm Fe) with water immediately before use.

Dilute 1 volume of iron standard solution (20 ppm Fe) to 10 volumes

Dilute 1 volume of iron standard solution (20 ppm Fe) to 20 volumes

Lead Liposoluble Standard Solution (1000 ppm Pb)

A lead (metal) organic compound in an oil.

The reagent CONOSTAN standard, available, for example, from SPIN 91965 Courtaboeuf Cedex France (info@spin.fr) has been found suitable. Lead Standard Solution (0.1% Pb) ml. Dissolve 0.400 g of lead(II)nitrate in sufficient water to produce 250.0

Lead Standard Solution(0.1% Pb) R1 Dissolve in dilute lead-free nitric acid a quantity of lead nitrate equivalent to 0.400 g of Pb(NO3)2 and dilute to 250.0 ml with the same solvent. Lead Standard Solution (100 ppm Pb) with water immediately before use. Dilute 1 volume of lead standard solution (0.1% Pb) to 10 volumes

Lead Standard Solution (20 ppm Pb) Dissolve 0.80 g of lead(II) nitrate in water containing 2 ml of nitric acid and add sufficient water to produce 250 ml. Dilute 1 volume to 100 volumes with water immediately before use. Lead Standard Solution (10 ppm Pb) Dilute 1 volume of lead standard solution (100 ppm Pb) to 10 volumes with water immediately before use. Lead Standard Solution (10 ppm Pb) R1 Dissolve 0.160 g of lead(II) nitrate in 100 ml of water , add 1 ml of lead-free nitric acid and sufficient water to produce 1000 ml. Dilute 1 volume to 10 volumes with water immediately before use. Lead Standard Solution (10 ppm Pb) R2 Dilute lead standard solution (0.1%% Pb) R1 to 100 times its volume with dilute lead-free nitric acid. Use within 1 week. Lead Standard Solution (2 ppm Pb) with water immediately before use. Lead Standard Solution (1 ppm Pb) with water immediately before use. Dilute 1 volume of lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) to 5 volumes

Dilute 1 volume of lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) to 10 volumes

Lead Standard Solution (0.5 ppm Pb) Dilute lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R2 to 20 times its volume with dilute lead-free nitric acid. Use within 1 day. Lead Standard Solution (0.1 ppm Pb) with water immediately before use. Dilute 1 volume of lead standard solution (1 ppm Pb) to 10 volumes

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Lithium Standard Solution (100 ppm Li) produce 1000 ml.

Dissolve 0.6109 g of lithium chloride in sufficient water to

Magnesium Standard Solution (0.1% Mg) Dissolve magnesium sulphate R equivalent to 1.010 g of MgSO4,7H2O in distilled water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same solvent Magnesium Standard Solution (100 ppm Mg) Dilute 1 volume of a solution containing 1.010% w/v of magnesium sulphate to 10 volumes with water immediately before use. Magnesium Standard Solution (10 ppm Mg) sulphate to 100 volumes with water . Dilute 1 volume of a 1.01% w/v solution of magnesium

Magnesium Standard Solution (10 ppm Mg) R1 Dilute 1 volume of 0.8365% w/v solution of magnesium chloride in 2M hydrochloric acid to 100 volumes with water immediately before use. Manganese Standard Solution (100 ppm Mn) Dissolve manganese sulphate equivalent to 0.308 g of MnSO4H20 in 500 ml of 1M nitric acid and dilute the clear solution to 1000 ml with water . Mercury Standard Solution (1000 ppm Hg) Dissolve 1.354 g of mercury(II) chloride in 50 ml of 2M nitric acid and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water . Mercury Standard Solution (100 ppm Hg) Dissolve 1.080 g of yellow mercury(II) oxide in the minimum volume of 2M hydrochloric acid and add sufficient water to produce 1000 ml. Mercury Standard Solution (10 ppm Hg) Immediately before use, dilute with water to 100 times its volume a solution containing mercuric chloride equivalent to 0.338 g of HgCl2 in 250.0 ml. Mercury Standard Solution (5 ppm Hg) 100.0 ml with water . Dilute 1.0 ml of a 0.0675% w/v solution of mercury(II) chloride to

Nickel Liposoluble Standard Solution (1000 ppm Ni)

A nickel (metal) organic compound in an oil.

The reagent CONOSTAN standard, available, for example, from SPIN 91965 Courtaboeuf Cedex France (info@spin.fr) has been found suitable. Nickel Standard Solution (10 ppm Ni) Dilute 1 volume of a 0.478% w/v solution of nickel(II) sulphate to 100 volumes with water immediately before use. Nickel Standard Solution (0.2 ppm Ni) Dilute 1 volume of nickel standard solution (10 ppm Ni) to 50 volumes with water immediately before use. Nickel Standard Solution (0.1 ppm Ni) Dilute 1 volume of nickel standard solution (10 ppm Ni) to 100 volumes with water immediately before use. Nitrate Standard Solution (100 ppm NO3) Dilute 1 volume of a 0.163% w/v solution of potassium nitrate to 10 volumes with water immediately before use. Nitrate Standard Solution (10 ppm NO3) Dilute 1 volume of nitrate standard solution (100 ppm NO3) to 10 volumes with water immediately before use.

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Nitrate Standard Solution (2 ppm NO3) Dilute 1 volume of nitrate standard solution (10 ppm NO3) to 5 volumes with water immediately before use. Nitrite Standard Solution (20 ppm NO2) Dissolve 0.6 g of sodium nitrite in sufficient water to produce 100 ml and dilute 1 ml of this solution to 200 ml with water . Palladium Standard Solution (500 ppm Pd) dilute to 100 ml with water . Dissolve 50 mg of palladium in 9 ml of hydrochloric acid and

Palladium Standard Solution (20 ppm Pd) Dissolve 0.333 g of palladium chloride in 2 ml of warm hydrochloric acid and dilute the solution to 1000 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of 2M hydrochloric acid and water . Dilute 1 volume to 10 volumes with water immediately before use. Palladium Standard Solution (0.5 ppm Pd) Dilute palladium standard solution (500 ppm Pd) with a mixture of 0.3 volume of nitric acid and 99.7 volumes of water . Phosphate Standard Solution (200 ppm PO4) Dissolve 0.286 g of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate in sufficient water to produce 1000 ml immediately before use.

Phosphate Standard Solution (100 ppm PO4) Dilute 10.0 ml of a 0.143% w/v solution of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate to 100.0 ml with water immediately before use. Phosphate Standard Solution (5 ppm PO4) Dilute 1 volume of a 0.0716% w/v solution of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate to 100 volumes with water immediately before use.

Platinum Standard Solution (30 ppm Pt) Dilute 1 volume of a 0.080% w/v solution of chloroplatinic(IV) acid in 1M hydrochloric acid to 10 volumes with the same solvent immediately before use. Potassium Standard Solution (0.2 % K) Dissolve dipotassium sulphate R equivalent to 0.446 g of K2SO4 in distilled water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same solvent. Potassium Standard Solution (600 ppm K) Dissolve 1.144 g of potassium chloride, previously dried at 100 to 105 for 3 hours, in sufficient water to produce 1000 ml. Potassium Standard Solution (100 ppm K) Dilute 1 volume of a 0.446% w/v solution of potassium sulphate to 20 volumes with water immediately before use. Potassium Standard Solution (20 ppm K) Dilute 1 volume of potassium standard solution (100 ppm K) to 5 volumes with water immediately before use. Selenium Standard Solution (100 ppm Se) Dissolve 0.100 g of selenium in 2 ml of nitric acid, evaporate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 2 ml of water and evaporate to dryness; carry out three times. Dissolve the residue in sufficient 2M hydrochloric acid to produce 1000.0 ml. Selenium Standard Solution (1 ppm Se) 1000 ml with water immediately before use. Silver Standard Solution (5 ppm Ag) volumes with water . Dilute 25.0 ml of a 0.00654% w/v solution of selenious acid to

Dilute 1 volume of a 0.079% w/v solution of silver nitrate to 100

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Sodium Standard Solution (200 ppm Na) Dilute a solution containing 0.509 g of sodium chloride in 100 ml to 10 times its volume with water immediately before use. Sodium Standard Solution (50 ppm Na) volumes with water . Dilute 1 volume of sodium standard solution (200 ppm Na) to 4

Strontium Standard Solution (1.0 per cent Sr) Cover 1.6849 g of strontium carbonate with water , cautiously add hydrochloric acid until all the solid has dissolved and there is no further sign of effervescence and dilute to 100 ml with water . Sulphate Standard Solution (100 ppm SO4) Dilute 1 volume of a solution of potassium sulphate containing the equivalent of 0.181% w/v of K2SO4 in distilled water to 10 volumes with distilled water immediately before use. Sulphate Standard Solution (10 ppm SO4) Dilute 1 volume of a 0.181% w/v solution of potassium sulphate in distilled water to 100 volumes with the same solvent immediately before use.

Sulphate Standard Solution (10 ppm SO4) R1 Dilute 1 volume of a 0.181% w/v solution of potassium sulphate in ethanol (30%) to 100 volumes with ethanol (30%). Sulphite Standard Solution (80 ppm SO2) Dissolve 3.150 g of anhydrous sodium sulphite in freshly prepared distilled water and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same solvent. Dilute 0.5 ml to 100.0 ml with freshly prepared distilled water . Sulphite Standard Solution (1.5 ppm SO2) Dilute 5.0 ml of a 0.152% w/v solution of sodium metabisulphite to 100.0 ml with water . To 3.0 ml of this solution add 4.0 ml of 0.1M sodium hydroxide VS and dilute to 100.0 ml with water . Thallium Standard Solution (10 ppm Tl) Dilute 10.0 ml of a 0.01235% w/v solution of thallium(I) sulphate in a 0.9% w/v solution of sodium chloride to 100.0 ml with the same solution.

Tin Liposoluble Standard Solution (1000 ppm Sn)

A tin (metal) organic compound in an oil.

The reagent CONOSTAN standard, available, for example, from SPIN 91965 Courtaboeuf Cedex France (info@spin.fr) has been found suitable. Tin Standard Solution (5 ppm Sn) Dissolve 0.500 g of tin in a mixture of 5 ml of water and 25 ml of hydrochloric acid and add sufficient water to produce 1000 ml. Dilute 1 volume of this solution to 100 volumes with a 2.5% v/v solution of hydrochloric acid immediately before use. Tin Standard Solution (0.1 ppm Sn) water . Dilute 1 volume of tin standard solution (5 ppm Sn) to 50 volumes with

Titanium Standard Solution (100 ppm Ti) Dissolve 0.10 g of titanium in 100 ml of hydrochloric acid diluted to 150 ml with water , heating if necessary. Allow to cool and dilute to 1000 ml with water . Vanadium Standard Solution (1 g/l V) Dissolve a quantity of ammonium metavanadate containing the equivalent of 0.230 g of NH4VO3 in sufficient water to produce 100 ml.

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Water, Standard Solution for the Micro Determination of Standard solution of commerce for the coulometric determination of water containing a certified content of water in a suitable solvent. Zinc Standard Solution (5 mg/ml Zn) to 500 ml with water . Dissolve 3.15 g of zinc oxide in 15 ml of hydrochloric acid and dilute

Zinc Standard Solution (100 ppm Zn) Dissolve 0.440 g of zinc sulphate in water containing 1 ml of 5M acetic acid and add sufficient water to produce 100.0 ml. Immediately before use dilute 1 volume of this solution to 10 volumes with water . Zinc Standard Solution (25 ppm Zn) water immediately before use. Zinc Standard Solution (10 ppm Zn) with water immediately before use. Zinc Standard Solution (5 ppm Zn) with water immediately before use. Dilute 25.0 ml of zinc standard solution (100 ppm Zn) to 100.0 ml with

Dilute 1 volume of zinc standard solution (100 ppm Zn) to 10 volumes

Dilute 1 volume of zinc standard solution (100 ppm Zn) to 20 volumes

Zirconium Standard Solution (1 g/l Zr) Dissolve 0.293 g of zirconyl nitrate in sufficient of a mixture of 2 volumes of hydrochloric acid and 8 volumes of water to produce 100 ml.

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