ADJECTIVES

NOTA: We usually use no more than three adjectives preceding a noun. Biasanya kita tidak menggunakan lebih dari tiga adjectives untuk menerangkan sesuatu nouns dalam ayat itu.

Opinion

Dimension

Shape

Age

Color

Origin

Material

1. Opinion / Pandangan / Pendapat

Contoh: an interesting book, a boring lecture

2. Dimension / Dimensi / Saiz

Contoh: a big apple, a thin wallet

3. Shape / Bentuk

Contoh: a square box, an oval mask, a round ball

4. Age / Umur / Usia

Contoh: a new car, a modern building, an ancient ruin

5. Colour / Warna

Contoh: a pink hat, a blue book, a black coat

6. Origin / Asal

Contoh: some Italian shoes, a Perak town, a Malaysian car

7. Material / Bahan

Contoh: a wooden box, a woolen sweater, a plastic to

Adjectives
1. Adjectives are words that tell us more about people, animals, places and things. Examples a. Samy is a tall boy. (tall tells us about Samy) b. That thick book is very heavy. (thick tells us about the book) c. Wild animals are kept in cages in the zoo. (wild tells us about the animals) d. Dollah's grandfather is busy. (busy tells us about Dollah's grandfather)

2. We can also use adjectives to compare people, animals, places and things. There are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative. The positive form of the adjective is used when no comparison is made. Examples a. She is a smart girl. b. He is a fast runner. c. The cat is a quiet animal.

The positive form is also used when comparing two persons or things that are similar or equal. Examples a. We are as slow as the other group. b. She is as kind as her father. c. Thomas is as hungry as his uncle

The comparative form is used when two unequal persons, places or things are compared. The comparative form of many adjectives is formed by adding -er to the adjective followed by the word 'than'. Examples a. He is older than my father. b. I am taller than my sister. c. They are younger than I am.

The comparative form of some adjectives is formed using 'more + adjective + than'. Examples a. This problem is more difficult than that. b. My book is more interesting than yours. c. She is more hardworking than her brother.

The superlative form is used when three or more persons, places or things are compared. The superlative form of many adjectives is formed by adding est to the adjective. We must use the before the adjective. Examples a. This is the shortest way to the post office. b. The 'Kancil' is the smallest car in Malaysia. c. Malek is the strongest boy in his class.

The superlative form of some adjectives is formed by adding most before the adjective.

Examples a. Harlina is the most beautiful girl in my village. b. Tan is the most hard-working boy in the school. c. Chun Chong is the most disobedient pupil in class.

Note: The spelling of some adjectives changes completely when they are used in the comparative and superlative degrees. LIST OF ADJECTIVES IN THE DIFFERENT DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Positive active bad beautiful big

Comparative more active worse more beautiful bigger

Superlative the most active the worst the most beautiful the biggest

black bright clean clever confused cruel dark difficult dirty fascinating famous far fast

blacker brighter cleaner cleverer more confused crueler darker more difficult dirtier more fascinating more famous farther/further faster

the blackest the brightest the cleanest the cleverest the most confused the cruellest the darkest the most difficult the dirtiest the most fascinating the most famous the farthest/furthest the fastest

fat fierce generous good graceful great handsome hard-working happy

fatter fiercer more generous better more graceful greater more handsome more hard-working happier

the fattest the fiercest the most generous the best the most graceful the greatest the most handsome the most hard-working the happiest

heavy important kind late light little long

heavier more important kinder later lighter less longer

the heaviest the most important the kindest the latest the lightest the least the longest

old poor proud quiet responsible rich

older poorer prouder quieter more responsible richer

the oldest the poorest the proudest the quietest the most responsible the richest

sad sharp short simple slow small

sadder sharper shorter more simple slower smaller

the saddest the sharpest the shortest the most simple the slowest the smallest

strange strong

stranger stronger

the strangest the strongest

tall thin ugly weak wise young

taller thinner uglier weaker wiser younger

the tallest the thinnest the ugliest the weakest the wisest the youngest

Nouns

Determines
Determiners are used to tell us the amount or number of nouns. Some determiners are used for countable nouns and others for uncountables nouns. Certain determiners can be used for both countable and uncountable nouns. 1. Determiners for countable nouns A few, several, many, a small number of, a large number of Examples a. There are a few boxes of chocolates in the cupboard. b. There are several pupils in the classroom. c. He bought many books for his nephews. d. Only a small number of workers were at the meeting. e. A large number of people came for the show. 2. Determiners for uncountable nouns A little, much, a small amount of, a large amount of, less Examples a. There is only a little water left. b. She did not put much sugar in the coffee. c. We have a small amount of curry left. d. They want a large amount of paper. e. There is less salt in this food. 3. Determiners for both countable and uncountable nouns A lot of, plenty of, any, some, more Examples a. We need a lot of food at the party. (food = uncountable noun) b. There were a lot of soldiers at the show. (soldiers = countable noun) c. We have plenty of water in the well. (water = uncountable noun) d. They have plenty of storybooks to read. (storybooks = countable noun) e. There isn't any oil left in the pan. (oil = uncountable noun)

f.

There aren't any chairs left in the room. (chairs = countable noun)

g. Harith has some butter left on his plate. (butter = uncountable noun) h. I need some girls to help me. (girls = countable noun) i. j. Mary wants more sand for the playground. (sand = uncountable noun) There are more plates in the cupboard. (plates = countable noun)

Nouns
Nouns are words that refer to people, animals, places and things. Common nouns are names given to people, animals, places and things. Examples a. people man, boy, girl, husband, uncle, niece, king, princess b. animals cat, tiger, ant, eagle, shark, monkey, turtle c. places school, field, cinema, house, zoo d. things umbrella, knife, cup, table, book Proper nouns are names given to people and places. Examples a. people Rashid, Helen, Hui Woon. b. places Bukit Jalil Sports Complex, K.L. Tower, London Bridge, Eiffel Tower c. countries and cities The United Kingdom, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur

Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted.

Examples

one boy

twenty oranges

six horses

twelve candles

Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted.

Examples

sand

oil

hair

air

water

rice

Prepositions
Prepositions are words that we use before nouns or pronouns. There are prepositions of directions, time, place and position. I. Prepositions of direction

Daud is walking up the stairs.

Adrian is running down the stairs.

The bird flew in through the window.

Tim jumped over the fence.

They walked along the row of houses.

She has returned from town.

I am walking to school.

Richard came into the room.

My brother is taking off his shirt,

The taxi went past the mosque.

The boys ran across the road.

They are running round the tree.

II.

Prepositions of time

In Examples

a. Jalil was born in 198 6. b. The holidays will be in Decem ber. c. We leave for Penang in a week's time. d. We go to school in th e morning.
At Examples

a. We will meet my father at ni ght. b. The class began at th ree o'clock. c. At what time is he leaving?
On Examples

a. Malaysia gained independence on 31 August 1957. b. He goes swimming on Tuesday. c. On what day is Deepavali?
During Examples

a. We will visit our grandfather during the holidays. b. It is cool during the night. c. We had a quiz during our History class yesterday.
For Examples

a. The football team trained for a month. b. We lived in Subang Jaya for three years. c. They will be in America for a fortnight.
Since Examples

a. He has been studying in Australia since 2002. b. Farouk has not written to me since January. c. There was been no rain since last month. d. We have not played football since Salim left our kampung.

III.

Prepositions of time

The book is on the chair.

The ball is under the table.

The fan is above the boy.

The cat is between the three and the car.

The boy is beside the car.

Haiqal sits next to Harjit in class.

The walking stick is against the wall.

The teacher is standing among his pupils.

There is a kitten in the box.

The spoon is near the bowl.