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show/hide details "Britannica" redirects here. For other uses, see Britannica (disambiguation). Page protected with pending changes level 1Page move-protected Encyclopdia Britannica Britannica's logo of a blue thistle Britannica's thistle logo Author As of 2008, 4,411 named contributors Illustrator Several, initial engravings by Andrew Bell Country United Kingdom (1768 1900) United States (1901 present) Language English Subject General Genre Reference encyclopaedia Published 1st through 6th editions (1768 1826): private publishers such as Andrew Bell, Arch ibald Constable, and Colin Macfarquhar 7th through 9th editions (1827 1901): A & C Black 10th through 14th editions (1901 1973): American businesses, including Sears Roebu ck and the Benton Foundation 15th edition: Benton Foundation and Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. (as a separate e ntity, alongside Britannica.com Inc.) Publisher Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. Official site Publication date 1768 2010 (printed version) Media type 32 volumes, hardbound (15th edition, 2010); now only available d igitally Pages 32,640 (15th edition, 2010) ISBN ISBN 1-59339-292-3 OCLC 71783328 Dewey Decimal 031 LC Class AE5 .E363 2007 Text Encyclopdia Britannica at Wikisource A wooden crate reading "THE / ENCYCLOPAEDIA / BRITANNICA / STANDARD OF THE WORLD / FOURTEENTH EDITION / BLUE CLOTH / BOOKS KEEP DRY" A wooden shipping crate for the 14th set The Encyclopdia Britannica (Latin for "British Encyclopaedia"), published by Ency clopdia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It is written by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors, i ncluding 110 Nobel Prize winners and five American presidents. It is regarded as one of the most scholarly of English-language encyclopaedias. The Britannica is the oldest English-language encyclopaedia still being produced . It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, Scotland as three v olumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size: the second edition was 10 volumes, and b y its fourth edition (1801 1810) it had expanded to 20 volumes. Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875 1889) and 11th editions (1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literar y style. Beginning with the 11th edition and its acquisition by an American firm , the Britannica shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal in the North American market. In 1933, the Britannica became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinte d and every article updated on a schedule. In March 2012, Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. announced it would no longer continue to publish its printed editions, ins tead focusing on its online version, Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Its final pri nt edition was in 2010, a 32-volume set.[1] The 15th and latest edition has a three-part structure: a 12-volume Micropdia of

short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 19-volume Macropdia of long ar ticles (two to 310 pages) and a single Propdia volume to give a hierarchical outl ine of knowledge. The Micropdia is meant for quick fact-checking and as a guide t o the Macropdia; readers are advised to study the Propdia outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. The size of the Britannica has remained roughly constant over 70 years, with about 40 million words on hal f a million topics. Although publication has been based in the United States sin ce 1901, the Britannica has largely maintained British spelling. Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Editions 1.1.1 1768 1826 1.1.2 1827 1901 1.1.3 1901 1973 1.1.4 1974 1994 1.1.5 1994 present 1.2 Dedications 2 Critical and popular assessments 2.1 Reputation 2.2 Awards 2.3 Coverage of topics 2.4 Editorial choices 2.5 Criticism of Encyclopdia Britannica 3 Present status 3.1 Print version 3.2 Related printed material 3.3 Optical disc, online, and mobile versions 4 Personnel and management 4.1 Contributors 4.2 Staff 4.3 Editorial advisors 4.4 Corporate structure 5 Competition 5.1 Print encyclopaedias 5.2 Digital encyclopaedias on optical media 5.3 Internet encyclopaedias 6 Edition summary 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History[edit] Main article: History of the Encyclopdia Britannica Past owners have included the Scottish publisher A & C Black, Horace Everett Hoo per, Sears Roebuck and William Benton. The present owner of Encyclopdia Britannic a Inc. is Jacqui Safra, a Swiss billionaire and actor. Recent advances in inform ation technology and the rise of electronic encyclopaedias such as Encyclopdia Br itannica Ultimate Reference Suite, Encarta and Wikipedia have reduced the demand for print encyclopaedias.[2] To remain competitive, Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. has stressed the reputation of the Britannica, reduced its price and production costs, and developed electronic versions on CD-ROM, DVD, and the World Wide Web . Since the early 1930s, the company has promoted spin-off reference works.[3] Title page of the first edition of the Encyclopdia Britannica Editions[edit] The Britannica has been issued in 15 editions, with multi-volume supplements to the 3rd and 5th editions (see the Table below). The 10th edition was only a supp lement to the 9th, just as the 12th and 13th editions were supplements to the 11

th. The 15th underwent massive re-organisation in 1985, but the updated, current version is still known as the 15th. Throughout history, the Britannica has had two aims: to be an excellent referenc e book and to provide educational material.[4] In 1974, the 15th edition adopted a third goal: to systematise all human knowledge.[5] The history of the Britann ica can be divided into five eras, punctuated by changes in management or re-org anisation of the dictionary. 1768 1826[edit] In the first era (1st 6th editions, 1768 1826), the Britannica was managed and publi shed by its founders, Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, by Archibald Constable, and by others. The Britannica was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edin burgh as the Encyclopdia Britannica, or, A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, compi led upon a New Plan. In part, it was conceived in reaction to the French Encyclo pdie of Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert (published 1751 72), which had be en inspired by Chambers's Cyclopaedia (first edition 1728). The Britannica was p rimarily a Scottish enterprise; it is one of the most enduring legacies of the S cottish Enlightenment.[6] In this era, the Britannica moved from being a three-v olume set (1st edition) compiled by one young editor William Smellie[7] to a 20-volu me set written by numerous authorities. Several other encyclopaedias competed th roughout this period, among them editions of Abraham Rees's Cyclopdia and Colerid ge's Encyclopaedia Metropolitana[8] and David Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia . The early 19th-century editions of Encyclopdia Britannica included seminal resear ch such as Thomas Young's article on Egypt, which included the translation of th e hieroglyphs on the Rosetta Stone (pictured). 1827 1901[edit] During the second era (7th 9th editions, 1827 1901), the Britannica was managed by t he Edinburgh publishing firm, A & C Black. Although some contributors were again recruited through friendships of the chief editors, notably Macvey Napier, othe rs were attracted by the Britannica's reputation. The contributors often came fr om other countries and included the world's most respected authorities in their fields. A general index of all articles was included for the first time in the 7 th edition, a practice maintained until 1974. The first English-born editor-in-c hief was Thomas Spencer Baynes, who oversaw the production of the 9th edition; d ubbed the "Scholar's Edition", the 9th is the most scholarly Britannica.[9][10] After 1880, Baynes was assisted by William Robertson Smith.[11] No biographies o f living persons were included.[12] James Clerk Maxwell and Thomas Huxley were s pecial advisors on science.[13] However, by the close of the 19th century, the 9 th edition was outdated and the Britannica faced financial difficulties. 1901 1973[edit] In the third era (10th 14th editions, 1901 73), the Britannica was managed by Americ an businessmen who introduced direct marketing and door-to-door sales. The Ameri can owners gradually simplified articles, making them less scholarly for a mass market. The 10th edition was a nine-volume supplement to the 9th, but the 11th e dition was a completely new work, and is still praised for excellence; its owner , Horace Hooper, lavished enormous effort on its perfection.[10] When Hooper fel l into financial difficulties, the Britannica was managed by Sears Roebuck for 1 8 years (1920 23, 1928 43). In 1932, the vice-president of Sears, Elkan Harrison Pow ell, assumed presidency of the Britannica; in 1936, he began the policy of conti nuous revision. This was a departure from earlier practice, in which the article s were not changed until a new edition was produced, at roughly 25-year interval s, some articles unchanged from earlier editions.[3] Powell developed new educat ional products that built upon the Britannica's reputation. In 1943 Sears, throu gh its attorneys, Lederer, Livingston, Kahn & Adsit (now known as Arnstein & Leh r, LLP) made a gift of Encyclopaedia Britannica to the University of Chicago. Wi lliam Benton, a vice president of the University provided the working capital fo r its operation. The stock was divided between Benton and the University with th e University holding an option on the stock. [14] William B. Benton, became Chai

rman of the Board and managed the Britannica until his death in 1973. [15] Bento n set up the Benton Foundation, which managed the Britannica until 1996. In 1968 , near the end of this era, the Britannica celebrated its bicentennial. U.S. advertisement for the 11th edition from the May 1913 issue of National Geog raphic Magazine 1974 1994[edit] In the fourth era (1974 94), the Britannica introduced its 15th edition, which was re-organised into three parts: the Micropdia, the Macropdia, and the Propdia. Unde r Mortimer J. Adler (member of the Board of Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica sin ce its inception in 1949, and its chair from 1974; director of editorial plannin g for the 15th edition of Britannica from 1965),[16] the Britannica sought not o nly to be a good reference work and educational tool but to systematise all huma n knowledge. The absence of a separate index and the grouping of articles into p arallel encyclopaedias (the Micro- and Macropdia) provoked a "firestorm of critic ism" of the initial 15th edition.[9][17] In response, the 15th edition was compl etely re-organised and indexed for a re-release in 1985. This second version of the 15th edition continued to be published and revised until the 2010 print vers ion. The official title of the 15th edition is the New Encyclopdia Britannica, al though it has also been promoted as Britannica 3.[9] 1994 present[edit] Advertisement for the 9th edition (1898) In the fifth era (1994 present), digital versions have been developed and released on optical media and online. In 1996, the Britannica was bought by Jacqui Safra at well below its estimated value, owing to the company's financial difficultie s. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. split in 1999. One part retained the company name and developed the print version, and the other, Britannica.com Inc., developed digital versions. Since 2001, the two companies have shared a CEO, Ilan Yeshua, who has continued Powell's strategy of introducing new products with the Britann ica name. In March 2012, Britannica's president, Jorge Cauz, announced that it w ould not produce any new print editions of the encyclopaedia, with the 2010 15th edition being the last. The company will focus only on the online edition and o ther educational tools.[1][18] Britannica Global Edition was printed in 2010. It contained 30 volumes and 18,25 1 pages, with 8,500 photographs, maps, flags, and illustrations in smaller "comp act" volumes. It contained over 40,000 articles written by scholars from across the world, including Nobel Prize winners. Unlike the 15th edition, it did not co ntain Macro- and Micropedia sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up to the 14th had. The following is Britannica's description of the work:[19] The editors of Encyclopdia Britannica, the world standard in reference since 1768 , present the Britannica Global Edition. Developed specifically to provide compr ehensive and global coverage of the world around us, this unique product contain s thousands of timely, relevant, and essential articles drawn from the Encyclopdi a Britannica itself, as well as from the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, the Br itannica Encyclopedia of World Religions, and Compton's by Britannica. Written b y international experts and scholars, the articles in this collection reflect th e standards that have been the hallmark of the leading English-language encyclop edia for over 240 years. Dedications[edit] The Britannica was dedicated to the reigning British monarch from 1788 to 1901 a nd then, upon its sale to an American partnership, to the British monarch and th e President of the United States.[9] Thus, the 11th edition is "dedicated by Per mission to His Majesty George the Fifth, King of Great Britain and Ireland and o f the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, and to William Howard Taft, President of the United States of America."[20] The order of the dedicati ons has changed with the relative power of the United States and Britain, and wi th relative sales; the 1954 version of the 14th edition is "Dedicated by Permiss

ion to the Heads of the Two English-Speaking Peoples, Dwight David Eisenhower, P resident of the United States of America, and Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth the S econd."[21] Consistent with this tradition, the 2007 version of the current 15th edition was "dedicated by permission to the current President of the United Sta tes of America, George W. Bush, and Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II,"[22] while the 2010 version of the current 15th edition is "dedicated by permission to Bara ck Obama, President of the United States of America, and Her Majesty Queen Eliza beth II."[23] Critical and popular assessments[edit] Reputation[edit] A copperplate by Andrew Bell from the 1st edition. Since the 3rd edition, the Britannica has enjoyed a popular and critical reputat ion for general excellence.[9][24][25] The 3rd and the 9th editions were pirated for sale in the United States,[10] beginning with Dobson's Encyclopaedia.[26] O n the release of the 14th edition, Time magazine dubbed the Britannica the "Patr iarch of the Library".[27] In a related advertisement, naturalist William Beebe was quoted as saying that the Britannica was "beyond comparison because there is no competitor."[28] References to the Britannica can be found throughout Englis h literature, most notably in one of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's favourite Sherlock Holmes stories, "The Red-Headed League". The tale was highlighted by the Lord M ayor of London, Gilbert Inglefield, at the bicentennial of the Britannica.[29] The Britannica has a reputation for summarising knowledge.[30] To further their education, some people have devoted themselves to reading the entire Britannica, taking anywhere from three to 22 years to do so.[10] When Fat'h Ali became the Shah of Persia in 1797, he was given a set of the Britannica's 3rd edition, whic h he read completely; after this feat, he extended his royal title to include "M ost Formidable Lord and Master of the Encyclopdia Britannica".[29] Writer George Bernard Shaw claimed to have read the complete 9th edition except for the science articles[10] and Richard Evelyn Byrd took the Britannica as reading material for h is five-month stay at the South Pole in 1934, while Philip Beaver read it during a sailing expedition. More recently, A.J. Jacobs, an editor at Esquire magazine , read the entire 2002 version of the 15th edition, describing his experiences i n the well-received 2004 book, The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World. Only two people are known to have read two in dependent editions: the author C. S. Forester[10] and Amos Urban Shirk, an Ameri can businessman, who read the 11th and 14th editions, devoting roughly three hou rs per night for four and a half years to read the 11th.[31] Several editors-inchief of the Britannica are likely to have read their editions completely, such as William Smellie (1st edition), William Robertson Smith (9th edition), and Wal ter Yust (14th edition). Awards[edit] The CD/DVD-ROM version of the Britannica, Encyclopdia Britannica Ultimate Referen ce Suite, received the 2004 Distinguished Achievement Award from the Association of Educational Publishers.[32] On 15 July 2009, Encyclopdia Britannica was award ed a spot as one of "Top Ten Superbrands in the UK" by a panel of more than 2,00 0 independent reviewers, as reported by the BBC.[33] Coverage of topics[edit] Topics are chosen in part by reference to the Propdia "Outline of Knowledge".[5] The bulk of the Britannica is devoted to geography (26% of the Macropdia), biogra phy (14%), biology and medicine (11%), literature (7%), physics and astronomy (6 %), religion (5%), art (4%), Western philosophy (4%), and law (3%).[9] A complem entary study of the Micropdia found that geography accounted for 25% of articles, science 18%, social sciences 17%, biography 17%, and all other humanities 25%.[ 24] Writing in 1992, one reviewer judged that the "range, depth, and catholicity of coverage [of the Britannica] are unsurpassed by any other general Encyclopae dia."[34] The Britannica does not cover topics in equivalent detail; for example, the whol

e of Buddhism and most other religions is covered in a single Macropdia article, whereas 14 articles are devoted to Christianity, comprising nearly half of all r eligion articles.[35] However, the Britannica has been lauded as the least biase d of general Encyclopaedias marketed to Western readers[9] and praised for its b iographies of important women of all eras.[24] It can be stated without fear of contradiction that the 15th edition of the Brit annica accords non-Western cultural, social, and scientific developments more no tice than any general English-language encyclopedia currently on the market. Kenneth Kister, in Kister's Best Encyclopedias (1994) Editorial choices[edit] The Britannica is occasionally criticised for its editorial choices. Given its r oughly constant size, the encyclopaedia has needed to reduce or eliminate some t opics to accommodate others, resulting in controversial decisions. The initial 1 5th edition (1974 1985) was faulted for having reduced or eliminated coverage of c hildren's literature, military decorations, and the French poet Joachim du Bella y; editorial mistakes were also alleged, such as inconsistent sorting of Japanes e biographies.[36] Its elimination of the index was condemned, as was the appare ntly arbitrary division of articles into the Micropdia and Macropdia.[9][17] Summi ng up, one critic called the initial 15th edition a "qualified failure...[that] cares more for juggling its format than for preserving information."[36] More re cently, reviewers from the American Library Association were surprised to find t hat most educational articles had been eliminated from the 1992 Macropdia, along with the article on psychology.[37] Britannica-appointed contributors are occasionally mistaken or unscientific. A n otorious instance from the Britannica's early years is the rejection of Newtonia n gravity by George Gleig, the chief editor of the 3rd edition (1788 1797), who wr ote that gravity was caused by the classical element of fire.[10] However, the B ritannica has also staunchly defended a scientific approach to emotional topics, as it did with William Robertson Smith's articles on religion in the 9th editio n, particularly his article stating that the Bible was not historically accurate (1875).[10] Wendy Doniger, who is on the editorial board of Britannica,[38] has been critici sed for her negative portrayal of Hinduism.[39][40] Criticism of Encyclopdia Britannica[edit] See also: Encyclopdia Britannica Eleventh Edition#Notable commentaries on the Ele venth Edition The Britannica has received criticism, especially as editions become outdated. I t is expensive to produce a completely new edition of the Britannica,[41] and it s editors delay for as long as fiscally sensible (usually about 25 years).[3] Fo r example, despite continuous revision, the 14th edition became outdated after 3 5 years (1929 1964). When American physicist Harvey Einbinder detailed its failing s in his 1964 book, The Myth of the Britannica,[42] the encyclopaedia was provok ed to produce the 15th edition, which required 10 years of work.[9] It is still difficult to keep the Britannica current; one recent critic writes, "it is not d ifficult to find articles that are out-of-date or in need of revision", noting t hat the longer Macropdia articles are more likely to be outdated than the shorter Micropdia articles.[9] Information in the Micropdia is sometimes inconsistent wit h the corresponding Macropdia article(s), mainly because of the failure to update one or the other.[24][25] The bibliographies of the Macropdia articles have been criticised for being more out-of-date than the articles themselves.[9][24][25] In 2010 an inaccurate entry about the Irish civil war was discussed in the Irish press following a decision of the Department of Education and Science to pay fo r online access.[43][44] Speaking of the 3rd edition (1788 1797), Britannica's chief editor George Gleig wr ote that "perfection seems to be incompatible with the nature of works construct ed on such a plan, and embracing such a variety of subjects."[45] In March 2006, the Britannica wrote, "we in no way mean to imply that Britannica is error-free ; we have never made such a claim."[46] The sentiment is expressed by its origin al editor, William Smellie: With regard to errors in general, whether falling under the denomination of ment

al, typographical or accidental, we are conscious of being able to point out a g reater number than any critic whatever. Men who are acquainted with the innumera ble difficulties of attending the execution of a work of such an extensive natur e will make proper allowances. To these we appeal, and shall rest satisfied with the judgment they pronounce. William Smellie, in the Preface to the 1st edition of the Encyclopdia Britannica However, Jorge Cauz (president of Encyclopdia Britannica Inc.) asserted in 2012 t hat "Britannica [...] will always be factually correct."[1] Present status[edit]

15th edition of the Britannica. The initial volume with the green spine is the P ropdia; the red-spined and black-spined volumes are the Micropdia and the Macropdia , respectively. The last three volumes are the 2002 Book of the Year (black spin e) and the two-volume index (cyan spine). Print version[edit] Since 1985, the Britannica has had four parts: the Micropdia, the Macropdia, the P ropdia, and a two-volume index. The Britannica's articles are found in the Microand Macropdia, which encompass 12 and 17 volumes, respectively, each volume havi ng roughly one thousand pages. The 2007 Macropdia has 699 in-depth articles, rang ing in length from 2 to 310 pages and having references and named contributors. In contrast, the 2007 Micropdia has roughly 65,000 articles, the vast majority (a bout 97%) of which contain fewer than 750 words, no references, and no named con tributors.[25] The Micropdia articles are intended for quick fact-checking and to help in finding more thorough information in the Macropdia. The Macropdia article s are meant both as authoritative, well-written articles on their subjects and a s storehouses of information not covered elsewhere.[9] The longest article (310 pages) is on the United States, and resulted from the merger of the articles on the individual states. Information can be found in the Britannica by following the cross-references in the Micropdia and Macropdia; however, these are sparse, averaging one cross-refere nce per page.[24] Hence, readers are recommended to consult instead the alphabet ical index or the Propdia, which organises the Britannica's contents by topic.[47 ] The core of the Propdia is its "Outline of Knowledge", which aims to provide a lo gical framework for all human knowledge.[5] Accordingly, the Outline is consulte d by the Britannica's editors to decide which articles should be included in the Micro- and Macropdia.[5] The Outline is also intended to be a study guide, to pu t subjects in their proper perspective, and to suggest a series of Britannica ar ticles for the student wishing to learn a topic in depth.[5] However, libraries have found that it is scarcely used, and reviewers have recommended that it be d ropped from the encyclopaedia.[37] The Propdia also has color transparencies of h uman anatomy and several appendices listing the staff members, advisors, and con tributors to all three parts of the Britannica. Taken together, the Micropdia and Macropdia comprise roughly 40 million words and 24,000 images.[47] The two-volume index has 2,350 pages, listing the 228,274 top ics covered in the Britannica, together with 474,675 subentries under those topi cs.[24] The Britannica generally prefers British spelling over American;[24] for example, it uses colour (not color), centre (not center), and encyclopaedia (no t encyclopedia). However, there are exceptions to this rule, such as defense rat her than defence.[48] Common alternative spellings are provided with cross-refer ences such as "Color: see Colour." Since 1936, the articles of the Britannica have been revised on a regular schedu le, with at least 10% of them considered for revision each year.[3][24] Accordin g to one Britannica website, 46% of its articles were revised over the past thre e years;[49] however, according to another Britannica web-site, only 35% of the articles were revised.[50] The alphabetisation of articles in the Micropdia and Macropdia follows strict rule s.[51] Diacritical marks and non-English letters are ignored, while numerical en

tries such as "1812, War of" are alphabetised as if the number had been written out ("Eighteen-twelve, War of"). Articles with identical names are ordered first by persons, then by places, then by things. Rulers with identical names are org anised first alphabetically by country and then by chronology; thus, Charles III of France precedes Charles I of England, listed in Britannica as the ruler of G reat Britain and Ireland. (That is, they are alphabetised as if their titles wer e "Charles, France, 3" and "Charles, Great Britain and Ireland, 1".) Similarly, places that share names are organised alphabetically by country, then by ever-sm aller political divisions. In March 2012, the company announced that the 2010 edition would be the last pri nted version. This was announced as a move by the company to adapt to the times and focus on its future using digital distribution.[52] The peak year for the pr inted encyclopaedia was 1990 when 120,000 sets were sold, but it dropped to 40,0 00 in 1996.[53] 12,000 sets of the 2010 edition were printed, of which 8,000 had been sold as of 2012.[54] By late April 2012, the remaining copies of the 2010 edition had sold out at Britannica's online store. Related printed material[edit] Britannica Junior was first published in 1934 as 12 volumes. It was expanded to 15 volumes in 1947, and renamed Britannica Junior Encyclopdia in 1963.[55] It was taken off the market after the 1984 printing. Children's Britannica A British Children's Britannica edited by John Armitage was issued in London in 1960.[56] Its contents were determined largely by the 11-plus standardised tests given in Britain.[57] Britannica introduced the Children's Britannica to the U. S. market in 1988, aimed at ages 7 to 14. In 1961 a 16 volume Young Children's Encyclopaedia was issued for children just learning to read.[57] My First Britannica is aimed at children ages six to twelve, and the Britannica Discovery Library is for children aged three to six (issued 1974 to 1991).[58] There have been and are several abridged Britannica encyclopaedias. The single-v olume Britannica Concise Encyclopdia has 28,000 short articles condensing the lar ger 32-volume Britannica.[59] Compton's by Britannica, first published in 2007, incorporating the former Compton's Encyclopedia, is aimed at 10 17-year-olds and c onsists of 26 volumes and 11,000 pages.[60] Since 1938, Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. has published annually a Book of the Yea r covering the past year's events, which is available online back to the 1994 ed ition (covering the events of 1993). The company also publishes several speciali sed reference works, such as Shakespeare: The Essential Guide to the Life and Wo rks of the Bard (Wiley, 2006). Optical disc, online, and mobile versions[edit] The Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 2012 DVD contains over 100,000 articles. [61] This includes regular Britannica articles, as well as others drawn from the Britannica Student Encyclopdia, and the Britannica Elementary Encyclopdia. The pa ckage includes a range of supplementary content including maps, videos, sound cl ips, animations and web links. It also offers study tools and dictionary and the saurus entries from Merriam-Webster. Britannica Online is a website with more than 120,000 articles and is updated re gularly.[62] It has daily features, updates and links to news reports from The N ew York Times and the BBC. As of 2009, roughly 60% of Encyclopdia Britannica's re venue came from online operations, of which around 15% came from subscriptions t o the consumer version of the websites.[63] As of 2006, subscriptions were avail able on a yearly, monthly or weekly basis.[64] Special subscription plans are of fered to schools, colleges and libraries; such institutional subscribers constit ute an important part of Britannica's business. Articles may be accessed online for free, but only a few opening lines of text are displayed. Beginning in early 2007, the Britannica made articles freely available if they are hyperlinked fro m an external site.[65] On 20 February 2007, Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. announced that it was working w

ith mobile phone search company AskMeNow to launch a mobile encyclopaedia.[66] U sers will be able to send a question via text message, and AskMeNow will search Britannica's 28,000-article concise encyclopaedia to return an answer to the que ry. Daily topical features sent directly to users' mobile phones are also planne d. On 3 June 2008, an initiative to facilitate collaboration between online expe rt and amateur scholarly contributors for Britannica's online content (in the sp irit of a wiki), with editorial oversight from Britannica staff, was announced.[ 67][68] Approved contributions would be credited,[69] though contributing automa tically grants Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. perpetual, irrevocable license to tho se contributions.[70] On 22 January 2009, Britannica's president, Jorge Cauz, announced that the compa ny would be accepting edits and additions to the online Britannica website from the public. The published edition of the encyclopaedia will not be affected by t he changes.[71] Individuals wishing to edit the Britannica website will have to register under their real name and address prior to editing or submitting their content.[72] All edits submitted will be reviewed and checked and will have to b e approved by the encyclopaedia's professional staff.[72] Contributions from non -academic users will sit in a separate section from the expert-generated Britann ica content,[73] as will content submitted by non-Britannica scholars.[74] Artic les written by users, if vetted and approved, will also only be available in a s pecial section of the website, separate from the professional articles.[71][74] Official Britannica material would carry a "Britannica Checked" stamp, to distin guish it from the user-generated content.[75] On 14 September 2010, Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. announced a partnership with m obile phone development company Concentric Sky to launch a series of iPhone prod ucts aimed at the K-12 market.[76] On 20 July 2011, Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. announced that Concentric Sky had ported the Britannica Kids product line to Int el's Intel Atom-based Netbooks.[77][78] In March 2012 it was announced that the company would cease printing the encyclo paedia set, and that the Britannica would be available online for a subscription fee. Personnel and management[edit] Contributors[edit] The 2007 print version of the Britannica has 4,411 contributors, many eminent in their fields, such as Nobel Laureate economist Milton Friedman, astronomer Carl Sagan, and surgeon Michael DeBakey.[79] Roughly a quarter of the contributors a re deceased, some as long ago as 1947 (Alfred North Whitehead), while another qu arter are retired or emeritus. Most (approximately 98%) contribute to only a sin gle article; however, 64 contributed to three articles, 23 contributed to four a rticles, 10 contributed to five articles, and 8 contributed to more than five ar ticles. An exceptionally prolific contributor is Christine Sutton of the Univers ity of Oxford, who contributed 24 articles on particle physics. While Britannica's authors have included writers such as Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, and Leon Trotsky, as well as notable independent encyclopaedists such as Isaac Asimov, some have been criticised for lack of expertise:[80] With a temerity almost appalling, [the Britannica contributor, Mr. Philips] rang es over nearly the whole field of European history, political, social, ecclesias tical... The grievance is that [this work] lacks authority. This, too this relianc e on editorial energy instead of on ripe special learning may, alas, be also count ed an "Americanizing": for certainly nothing has so cheapened the scholarship of our American encyclopaedias. Prof. George L. Burr, in the American Historical Review (1911) Staff[edit] Portrait of Thomas Spencer Baynes, editor of the 9th edition. Painted in 1888, i t now hangs in the Senate Room of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. Dale Hoiberg, a sinologist, is the Britannica's Senior Vice President and editor -in-chief.[81] Among his predecessors as editors-in-chief were Hugh Chisholm (19 02 1924), James Louis Garvin (1926 1932), Franklin Henry Hooper (1932 1938),[82] Walte

r Yust (1938 1960), Harry Ashmore (1960 1963), Warren E. Preece (1964 1968, 1969 1975), Sir William Haley (1968 1969), Philip W. Goetz (1979 1991),[9] and Robert McHenry (1 992 1997).[83] Anita Wolff and Theodore Pappas serve as the current Deputy Editor and Executive Editor, respectively.[81] Prior Executive Editors include John V. Dodge (1950 1964) and Philip W. Goetz. The current editorial staff of the Britannica includes five Senior Editors and n ine Associate Editors, supervised by Dale Hoiberg and four others. The editorial staff help to write the articles of the Micropdia and some sections of the Macro pdia.[84] The preparation and publication of the Encyclopdia Britannica requires trained st aff. According to the final page of the 2007 Propdia, the staff are organised int o ten departments:[85] Editorial staff (19 editors and 1 executive assistant) Art and Cartography (9 employees) Compositional Technology and Design (4 employees) Copy Department (12 employees) Editorial and Publishing Technologies (5 employees) Information Management (9 employees) Media Asset Management and Production Control (4 employees) Reference Librarians (3 employees) World Data (5 employees) Manufacturing (1 employee) Some of these departments are organised hierarchically. For example, the copy ed itors are divided into 4 copy editors, 2 senior copy editors, 4 supervisors, plu s a coordinator and a director. Similarly, the Editorial department is headed by Dale Hoiberg and assisted by four others; they oversee the work of five senior editors, nine associate editors, and one executive assistant. Editorial advisors[edit] The Britannica has an Editorial Board of Advisors, which includes 12 distinguish ed scholars:[86][87] non-fiction author Nicholas Carr, religion scholar Wendy Do niger, political economist Benjamin M. Friedman, Council on Foreign Relations Pr esident Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb, computer scientist David Gelernter, Physics Nob el laureate Murray Gell-Mann, Carnegie Corporation of New York President Vartan Gregorian, philosopher Thomas Nagel, cognitive scientist Donald Norman, musicolo gist Don Michael Randel, Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, Pres ident of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and cultural anthropologist Michael Wes ch. The Propdia and its Outline of Knowledge were produced by dozens of editorial adv isors under the direction of Mortimer J. Adler.[88] Roughly half of these adviso rs have since died, including some of the Outline's chief architects: Rene Dubos (d. 1982), Loren Eiseley (d. 1977), Harold D. Lasswell (d. 1978), Mark Van Dore n (d. 1972), Peter Ritchie Calder (d. 1982) and Mortimer J. Adler (d. 2001). The Propdia also lists just under 4,000 advisors who were consulted for the unsigned Micropdia articles.[89] Corporate structure[edit] In January 1996, the Britannica was purchased from the Benton Foundation by bill ionaire Swiss financier Jacqui Safra,[90] who serves as its current Chair of the Board. In 1997, Don Yannias, a long-time associate and investment advisor of Sa fra, became CEO of Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc.[91] A new company, Britannica.com Inc. was spun off in 1999 to develop the digital versions of the Britannica; Ya nnias assumed the role of CEO in the new company, while that of Encyclopdia Brita nnica, Inc. remained vacant for two years. Yannias' tenure at Britannica.com Inc . was marked by missteps, large lay-offs and financial losses.[92] In 2001, Yann ias was replaced by Ilan Yeshua, who reunited the leadership of the two companie s.[93] Yannias later returned to investment management, but remains on the Brita nnica's Board of Directors. In 2003, former management consultant Jorge AguilarCauz was appointed President of Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. Cauz is the senior e xecutive and reports directly to the Britannica's Board of Directors. Cauz has b een pursuing alliances with other companies and extending the Britannica brand t o new educational and reference products, continuing the strategy pioneered by f

ormer CEO Elkan Harrison Powell in the mid-1930s.[94] Under Safra's ownership, the company has experienced financial difficulties, and has responded by reducing the price of its products and implementing drastic co st cuts. According to a 2003 report in the New York Post, the Britannica managem ent has eliminated employee 401(k) accounts and encouraged the use of free image s. These changes have had negative impacts, as freelance contributors have waite d up to six months for checks and the Britannica staff have gone years without p ay rises.[95] Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. now owns registered trademarks on the words Britanni ca, Encyclopdia Britannica, Macropdia, Micropdia, and Propdia, as well as on its thi stle logo. It has exercised its trademark rights as recently as 2005.[96][97] Competition[edit] As the Britannica is a general encyclopaedia, it does not seek to compete with s pecialised encyclopaedias such as the Encyclopaedia of Mathematics or the Dictio nary of the Middle Ages, which can devote much more space to their chosen topics . In its first years, the Britannica's main competitor was the general encyclopa edia of Ephraim Chambers and, soon thereafter, Rees's Cyclopdia and Coleridge's E ncyclopaedia Metropolitana. In the 20th century, successful competitors included Collier's Encyclopedia, the Encyclopedia Americana, and the World Book Encyclop edia. Nevertheless, from the 9th edition onwards, the Britannica was widely cons idered to have the greatest authority of any general English language encyclopae dia,[30] especially because of its broad coverage and eminent authors.[9][24] Th e print version of the Britannica was significantly more expensive than its comp etitors.[9][24] Since the early 1990s, the Britannica has faced new challenges from digital info rmation sources. The Internet, facilitated by the development of search engines, has grown into a common source of information for many people, and provides eas y access to reliable original sources and expert opinions, thanks in part to ini tiatives such as Google Books, MIT's release of its educational materials and th e open PubMed Central library of the National Library of Medicine.[98][99] In ge neral, the Internet tends to provide more current coverage than print media, due to the ease with which material on the Internet can be updated.[100] In rapidly changing fields such as science, technology, politics, culture and modern histo ry, the Britannica has struggled to stay up-to-date, a problem first analysed sy stematically by its former editor Walter Yust.[21] Although the Britannica is no w available both in multimedia form and over the Internet, its preeminence is be ing challenged by other online encyclopaedias, such as Wikipedia.[1] Print encyclopaedias[edit] The Encyclopdia Britannica has been compared with other print encyclopaedias, bot h qualitatively and quantitatively.[9][24][25] A well-known comparison is that o f Kenneth Kister, who gave a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the Brit annica with two comparable encyclopaedias, Collier's Encyclopedia and the Encycl opedia Americana.[9] For the quantitative analysis, ten articles were selected a t random circumcision, Charles Drew, Galileo, Philip Glass, heart disease, IQ, pan da bear, sexual harassment, Shroud of Turin and Uzbekistan and letter grades of A D or F were awarded in four categories: coverage, accuracy, clarity, and recency. In all four categories and for all three encyclopaedias, the four average grades fell between B- and B+, chiefly because none of the encyclopaedias had an artic le on sexual harassment in 1994. In the accuracy category, the Britannica receiv ed one "D" and seven "A"s, Encyclopedia Americana received eight "A"s, and Colli er's received one "D" and seven "A"s; thus, Britannica received an average score of 92% for accuracy to Americana's 95% and Collier's 92%. The 1994 Britannica w as faulted for publishing an inflammatory story about Charles Drew that had long been discredited. In the timeliness category, Britannica averaged an 86% to Ame ricana's 90% and Collier's 85%. After a more thorough qualitative comparison of all three encyclopaedias, Kister recommended Collier's Encyclopedia as the super ior encyclopaedia, primarily on the strength of its writing, balanced presentati on and easy navigation.[citation needed] Collier's has not been in print since 1998; the Encyclopedia Americana was last

published in 2006[citation needed] and Britannica announced the discontinuation of its print editions in 2012. Digital encyclopaedias on optical media[edit] The most notable competitor of the Britannica among CD/DVD-ROM digital encyclopa edias was Encarta,[101] now discontinued, a modern, multimedia encyclopaedia tha t incorporated three print encyclopaedias: Funk & Wagnalls, Collier's and the Ne w Merit Scholar. Encarta was the top-selling multimedia encyclopaedia, based on total US retail sales from January 2000 to February 2006.[102] Both occupied the same price range, with the 2007 Encyclopdia Britannica Ultimate CD or DVD costin g US$50[103] and the Microsoft Encarta Premium 2007 DVD costing US$45.[104] The Britannica contains 100,000 articles and Merriam-Webster's Dictionary and Thesau rus (US only), and offers Primary and Secondary School editions.[103] Encarta co ntained 66,000 articles, a user-friendly Visual Browser, interactive maps, math, language and homework tools, a US and UK dictionary, and a youth edition.[104] Like Encarta, the Britannica has been criticised for being biased towards United States audiences; the United Kingdom-related articles are updated less often, m aps of the United States are more detailed than those of other countries, and it lacks a UK dictionary.[101] Like the Britannica, Encarta was available online b y subscription, although some content could be accessed for free.[105] Internet encyclopaedias[edit] Online alternatives to the Britannica include Wikipedia, a freely available Webbased free-content encyclopaedia. A key difference between the two encyclopaedia s lies in article authorship. The 699 Macropdia articles are generally written by identified contributors, and the roughly 65,000 Micropdia articles are the work of the editorial staff and identified outside consultants. Thus, a Britannica ar ticle either has known authorship or a set of possible authors (the editorial st aff). With the exception of the editorial staff, most of the Britannica's contri butors are experts in their field some are Nobel laureates.[79] By contrast, the a rticles of Wikipedia are written by people with varying levels of expertise: mos t do not claim any particular expertise, and of those who do, many are anonymous and have no verifiable credentials.[106] Another difference is the pace of arti cle change: the Britannica was published in print every few years, while many of Wikipedia's articles are frequently updated. Robert McHenry, paid by the Encycl opaedia, stated that Wikipedia cannot hope to rival the Britannica in accuracy.[ 107] In 2005, the journal Nature chose articles from both websites in a wide range of topics and sent them to what it called "relevant" field experts for peer review . The experts then compared the competing articles one from each site on a given t opic side by side, but were not told which article came from which site. Nature go t back 42 usable reviews. In the end, the journal found just eight serious errors, such as general misunde rstandings of vital concepts: four from each site. It also discovered many factu al errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in Wikipedia and 123 in Brita nnica, an average of 3.86 mistakes per article for Wikipedia and 2.92 for Britan nica.[106][108] In its detailed 20-page rebuttal, Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. ca lled Nature's study flawed and misleading[46] and called for a "prompt" retracti on. It noted that two of the articles in the study were taken from a Britannica yearbook and not the encyclopaedia, and another two were from Compton's Encyclop edia (called the Britannica Student Encyclopedia on the company's website). The rebuttal went on to mention that some of the articles presented to reviewers wer e combinations of several articles, and that other articles were merely excerpts but were penalised for factual omissions. The company also noted that several o f what Nature called errors were minor spelling variations, and that others were matters of interpretation. Nature defended its story and declined to retract, s tating that, as it was comparing Wikipedia with the web version of Britannica, i t used whatever relevant material was available on Britannica's website.[109] Interviewed in February 2009, the managing director of Britannica UK said: Wikipedia is a fun site to use and has a lot of interesting entries on there, bu t their approach wouldn't work for Encyclopdia Britannica. My job is to create mo re awareness of our very different approaches to publishing in the public mind.

They're a chisel, we're a drill, and you need to have the correct tool for the j ob.[63] Edition summary[edit] Main article: History of the Encyclopdia Britannica Edition/supplement Publication years Size Sales Chief editor(s) Notes 1st 1768 1771 3 volumes, 2,670 pages, 160 plates 3,000[110] William Smellie Largely the work of one editor, Smellie; 3,000 sets sold; 30 articles lo nger than three pages 2nd 1777 1784 10 volumes, 8,595 pages, 340 plates 1,500[10] James Ty tler Largely the work of one editor, Tytler; 150 long articles; pagination er rors; all maps under "Geography" article; 1,500 sets sold [10] 3rd 1788 1797 18 volumes, 14,579 pages, 542 plates 10,000 or 13,000[111] Colin Macfarquhar and George Gleig 42,000 profit on 10,000 copies sold; firs t dedication to monarch; pirated by Moore in Dublin and Thomas Dobson in Philade lphia supplement to 3rd 1801, revised in 1803 2 volumes, 1,624 pages, 50 plate s George Gleig Copyright owned by Thomas Bonar 4th 1801 1810 20 volumes, 16,033 pages, 581 plates 4,000[112] James Mi llar Authors first allowed to retain copyright. Material in the supplement to 3rd not incorporated due to copyright issues. 5th 1815 1817 20 volumes, 16,017 pages, 582 plates James Millar Reprint of the 4th edition. Financial losses by Millar and Andrew Bell's heirs; EB rights sold to Archibald Constable supplement to 5th 1816 1824 6 volumes, 4,933 pages, 125 plates1 10,500[1 0] Macvey Napier Famous contributors recruited, such as Sir Humphry Davy, Sir Walter Scott, Malthus 6th 1820 1823 20 volumes Charles Maclaren Reprint of the 4 th and 5th editions with modern font. Constable went bankrupt on 19 January 1826 ; EB rights eventually secured by Adam Black 7th 1830 1842 21 volumes, 17,101 pages, 506 plates, plus a 187-page index volu me 5,000[10] Macvey Napier, assisted by James Browne, LLD Widening network of famous contributors, such as Sir David Brewster, Thomas de Quincey, Antonio Panizzi; 5,000 sets sold [10] 8th 1853 1860 21 volumes, 17,957 pages, 402 plates; plus a 239-page index volu me, published 18612 8,000 Thomas Stewart Traill Many long articles were copied from the 7th edition; 344 contributors including William Thomson; authori zed American sets printed by Little, Brown in Boston; 8,000 sets sold altogether 9th 1875 1889 24 volumes, plus a 499-page index volume labeled Volume 25 55,000 authorized[113] plus 500,000 pirated sets Thomas Spencer Baynes (1 875 80); then W. Robertson Smith Some carry-over from 8th edition, but mostly a n ew work; high point of scholarship; 10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 au thorized sets made in USA by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY, but pirated widely (500,000 sets) in the U.S.3 10th, supplement to 9th 1902 1903 11 volumes, plus the 24 volumes of the 9th4 70,000 Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace and Hugh Chisholm in London; Arthur T. Hadl ey & Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City American partnership bought EB r ights on 9 May 1901; high-pressure sales methods 11th 1910 1911 28 volumes, plus volume 29 index 1,000,000 Hugh Chi sholm in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City Another high point of sc holarship and writing; more articles than the 9th, but shorter and simpler; fina ncial difficulties for owner, Horace Everett Hooper; EB rights sold to Sears Roe buck in 1920 12th, supplement to 11th 1921 1922 3 volumes with own index, plus the 29 volumes of the 11th5 Hugh Chisholm in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New Yo rk City Summarised state of the world before, during, and after World War I 13th,

supplement to 11th 1926 3 volumes with own index, plus the 29 volumes of the 11th6 James Louis Garvin in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in N ew York City Replaced 12th edition volumes; improved perspective of the event s of 1910 1926 14th 1929 1933 24 volumes 7 James Louis Garvin in London, Franklin H enry Hooper in New York City Publication just before Great Depression was fin ancially catastrophic revised 14th 1933 1973 24 volumes 7 Franklin Henry Hooper until 1938 ; then Walter Yust, Harry Ashmore, Warren E. Preece, William Haley Began co ntinuous revision in 1936: every article revised at least twice every decade 15th 1974 1984 30 volumes 8 Warren E. Preece, then Philip W. Goetz Introduced three-part structure; division of articles into Micropdia and Macropdia ; Propdia Outline of Knowledge; separate index eliminated 1985 2010 32 volumes 9 Philip W. Goetz, then Robert McHenry, currently Dale Hoiberg Restored two-volume index; some Micropdia and Macropdia articles m erged; slightly longer overall; new versions were issued every few years. Last p rinted edition. Edition notes 1Supplement to the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the Encyclopdia Britannic a. With preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences. 2 The 7th to 14th editions included a separate index volume. 3 The 9th edition featured articles by notables of the day, such as James Maxwel l on electricity and magnetism, and William Thomson (who became Lord Kelvin) on heat. 4 The 10th edition included a maps volume and a cumulative index volume for the 9th and 10th edition volumes: the new volumes, constituting, in combination with the existing volumes of the 9th ed., the 10th ed. ... and also supplying a new, distinctive, and independent library of reference dealing with recent events an d developments 5 Vols. 30 32 ... the New volumes constituting, in combination with the twenty-nin e volumes of the eleventh edition, the twelfth edition 6 This supplement replaced the previous supplement: The three new supplementary volumes constituting, with the volumes of the latest standard edition, the thirt eenth edition. 7 This edition was the first to be kept up to date by continual (usually annual) revision. 8 The 15th edition (introduced as "Britannica 3") was published in three parts: a 10-volume Micropdia (which contained short articles and served as an index), a 19-volume Macropdia, plus the Propdia (see text). It was reorganised in 1985 to ha ve 12 and 17 volumes in the Micro- and Macropdia. 9 In 1985, the system was modified by adding a separate two-volume index; the Ma cropdia articles were further consolidated into fewer, larger ones (for example, the previously separate articles about the 50 U.S. states were all included into the "United States of America" article), with some medium-length articles moved to the Micropdia. The first CD-ROM edition was issued in 1994. At that time also an online version was offered for paid subscription. In 1999 this was offered for free, and no re vised print versions appeared. The experiment was ended in 2001 and a new printe d set was issued in 2001. See also[edit]

Portal icon United Kingdom portal Portal icon Books portal List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge List of encyclopedias by language#English List of historical encyclopedias List of online encyclopedias References[edit] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Bosman, Julie (13 March 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopdi a Britannica Stops the Presses". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2012. Jump up ^ Day, Peter (17 December 1997). "Encyclopaedia Britannica changes to su rvive". BBC News. Retrieved 27 March 2007. "Sales plummeted from 100,000 a year to just 20,000." ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Encyclopaedia". Encyclopdia Britannica (14th ed.). 1954. A side from providing an excellent summary of the Britannica's history and early s pin-off products, this article also describes the life-cycle of a typical Britan nica edition. A new edition typically begins with strong sales that decay as the encyclopaedia becomes outdated. When work on a new edition is begun, sales of t he old edition stop, just when fiscal needs are greatest: a new editorial staff must be assembled, articles commissioned. Elkan Harrison Powell identified this fluctuation of income as a danger to any encyclopaedia, one he hoped to overcome with continuous revision. Jump up ^ "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopdia Britannica 18 (15th ed.). Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. 2007. pp. 257 286. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e The New Encyclopdia Britannica (15th edition, Propdia ed.) . 2007. pp. 5 8. Jump up ^ Herman, Arthur (2002). How the Scots Invented the Modern World. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-609-80999-0. Jump up ^ Krapp, Philip; Balou, Patricia K. (1992). Collier's Encyclopedia 9. Ne w York: Macmillan Educational Company. p. 135. LCCN 9161165. The Britannica's 1s t edition is described as "deplorably inaccurate and unscientific" in places. Jump up ^ On editions of the Britannica through 1803 see Kafker and Loveland, ed s, Early Britannica, ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Kister, KF (1994). Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias (2n d ed.). Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. ISBN 0-89774-744-5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kogan, Herman (1958). The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopdia Britannica. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. LC CN 588379. Jump up ^ Cousin, John William (1910). "Wikisource link to Baynes, Thomas Spence r". A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. Wikisource Jump up ^ Wikisource-logo.svg Baynes, T.S., ed. (1878). "Editor's Advertisement" . Encyclopaedia Britannica 1 (9th ed.). Jump up ^ Wikisource-logo.svg Baynes, T.S., ed. (1875 1889). "Prefatory Notice". E ncyclopaedia Britannica (9th ed.). Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune, February 22, 1945 Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune, January 28, 1943 Jump up ^ Mortimer J. Adler, A Guidebook to Learning: for the lifelong pursuit o f wisdom. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, 1986. p.88 ^ Jump up to: a b Baker, John F. (14 January 1974). "A New Britannica Is Born". Publishers Weekly. pp. 64 65. * Wolff, Geoffrey (June 1974). "Britannica 3, History of". The Atlantic. pp. 37 47 . * Cole, Dorothy Ethlyn (June 1974). "Britannica 3 as a Reference Tool: A Review" . Wilson Library Bulletin. pp. 821 825. "Britannica 3 is difficult to use ... the division of content between Micropdia and Macropdia makes it necessary to consult another volume in the majority of cases; indeed, it was our experience that even simple searches might involve eight or nine volumes."

* Davi s, Robert Gorham (1 December 1974). "Subject: The Universe". The New York Times Book Review. pp. 98 100. * Hazo, Robert G. (9 March 1975). "The Guest Word". The New York Times Book Revi ew. p. 31. * McCracken, Samuel (February 1976). "The Scandal of 'Britannica 3'". Commentary . pp. 63 68. "This arrangement has nothing to recommend it except commercial novel ty." * Waite, Dennis V. (21 June 1976). "Encyclopdia Britannica: EB 3, Two Years Later ". Publishers Weekly. pp. 44 45. * Wolff, Geoffrey (November 1976). "Britannica 3, Failures of". The Atlantic. pp . 107 110. "It is called the Micropdia, for 'little knowledge', and little knowledg e is what it provides. It has proved to be grotesquely inadequate as an index, r adically constricting the utility of the Macropdia." Jump up ^ Pepitone, Julianne (13 March 2012). "Encyclopedia Britannica to stop p rinting books". CNN. Retrieved 14 March 2012. Jump up ^ The Britannica online store http://store.britannica.com/products/04300 9100 Jump up ^ Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). 1910. p. 3. ^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopdia Britannica (14th ed.). 1954. p. 3. Jump up ^ The New Encyclopdia Britannica (15th edition, Propdia ed.). p. 3. Jump up ^ The New Encyclopdia Britannica, Propdia: Outline of Knowledge and Guide to the Britannica, 15th edition, 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Sader, Marian; Lewis, Amy (1995). Encyclop edias, Atlases, and Dictionaries. New Providence, New Jersey: R. R. Bowker (A Re ed Reference Publishing Company). ISBN 0-8352-3669-2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e reviews by the Editorial Board of Reference Books Bullet in ; revised introduction by Sandy Whiteley. (1996). Purchasing an Encyclopedia: 12 Points to Consider (5th ed.). Booklist Publications, American Library Associ ation. ISBN 0-8389-7823-1. Jump up ^ Arner, Robert D. (1991). Dobson's Encyclopaedia: The Publisher, Text, and Publication of America's First Britannica, 1789 1803. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3092-2. Jump up ^ "Patriarch Revised". Time XIV (13). 23 September 1929. pp. 66 69. Jump up ^ "A Completely New Encyclopaedia (sic) Britannica". Time XIV (12). 16 S eptember 1929. pp. 2 3. ^ Jump up to: a b Banquet at Guildhall in the City of London, Tuesday 15 October 1968: Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the Encyclopdia Britannica and the 25 th Anniversary of the Honorable William Benton as its Chair and Publisher. Unite d Kingdom: Encyclopdia Britannica International, Ltd. 1968. ^ Jump up to: a b Thomas, Gillian (1992). A Position to Command Respect: Women a nd the Eleventh Britannica. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-2567-8. Jump up ^ "Reader". The New Yorker 9. 3 March 1934. p. 17. Jump up ^ "2004 Distinguished Achievement Awards Winners: Technology". Associati on of Educational Publishers. 1 August 2003. Archived from the original on 17 Oc tober 2006. Retrieved 11 April 2007. Jump up ^ "Top Ten Superbrands 2009 2010". BBC. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 15 July 20 09. Jump up ^ Lang, JP (1992). Reference Sources for Small and Medium-Sized Librarie s (5th ed.). Chicago: American Library Association. p. 34. ISBN 0-8389-3406-4. Jump up ^ The New Encyclopdia Britannica (15th edition, Macropdia ed.). 2007. ^ Jump up to: a b Prescott, Peter S. (8 July 1974). "The Fifteenth Britannica". Newsweek: 71 72. ^ Jump up to: a b reviews by the Editorial Board of Reference Books Bulletin ; r evised introduction by Sandy Whiteley. (1992). Purchasing an Encyclopedia: 12 Po ints to Consider (4th ed.). Booklist Publications, American Library Association. ISBN 0-8389-5754-4. Jump up ^ "Encyclopdia Britannica Board of Editors". Encyclopdia Britannica. Retri eved 16 August 2012. Jump up ^ Ramaswamy, Krishnan ed. Invading the Sacred. 2007. New Delhi. Rupa and co.

Jump up ^ "The Interpretation of Gods", by Amy Braverman, University of Chicago Magazine: 97:2 (2004) Jump up ^ According to Kister (1994), the initial 15th edition (1974) required o ver $32 million dollars to produce. Jump up ^ Einbinder, Harvey (1964). The Myth of the Britannica. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-384-14050-9. Jump up ^ Cunningham, Grainne (3 February 2010). "Britannica errors spark unholy row". Irish Independent. Retrieved 30 August 2010. Jump up ^ Sheehy, Clodagh (4 February 2010). "Are they taking the Mick? It's the encyclopedia that thinks the Civil War was between the north and south". Evenin g Herald (Dublin). Jump up ^ Supplement to the Encyclopdia or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Misce llaneous Literature. 1803. pp. iv. ^ Jump up to: a b "Fatally Flawed Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accu racy by the journal Nature" (PDF). Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. March 2006. Retri eved 30 June 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b The New Encyclopdia Britannica (15th edition, Index preface ed. ). 2007. Jump up ^ "Defense mechanism". Encyclopdia Britannica 3 (15th ed.). Encyclopdia Br itannica, Inc. 2007. p. 957. Jump up ^ "Encyclopdia Britannica: School & Library Site, promotional materials f or the 2007 Britannica". Retrieved 11 April 2007.[dead link] Jump up ^ "Australian Encyclopdia Britannica, promotional materials for the 2007 Britannica". Retrieved 10 April 2007. Jump up ^ The New Encyclopdia Britannica (15th edition, Micropdia preface ed.). 20 07. Jump up ^ "Change: It's OK. Really.". Encyclopdia Britannica. 13 March 2012. Jump up ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica to end print editions". Fox News. Associated Press. 14 March 2012. Jump up ^ Bosman, Julie (13 March 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britann ica Stops the Presses". The New York Times. Jump up ^ Britannica Junior Encyclopdia, 1984 Jump up ^ Children's Britannica. 1960. Encyclopdia Britannica Ltd. London. ^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopdia Britannica, 1988 Jump up ^ "Britannica Discovery Library (issued 1974 1991)". Encyclopdia Britannica (UK) Ltd. Retrieved 11 April 2007. Jump up ^ "2003 Britannica Concise Encyclopedia". Encyclopdia Britannica (UK) Ltd . Retrieved 11 April 2007.[dead link] Jump up ^ "2007 Compton's by Britannica". Encyclopdia Britannica (UK) Ltd. Retrie ved 11 April 2007.[dead link] Jump up ^ "Britannica 2012 Ultimate Reference DVD". Encyclopdia Britannica. Retri eved 15 November 2013. Jump up ^ "Home page". Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved 28 September 2008. ^ Jump up to: a b Graham Charlton (10 February 2009). "Q&A: Ian Grant of Encyclo pdia Britannica UK [interview]". Econsultancy. Retrieved 10 February 2009. Jump up ^ "Britannica Online Store BT Click&Buy". Encyclopdia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 August 2006. Retrieved 27 September 2006. Jump up ^ "Instructions for linking to the Britannica articles". Encyclopdia Brit annica. Retrieved 26 March 2007. Jump up ^ "Encyclopdia Britannica Selects AskMeNow to Launch Mobile Encyclopedia" (Press release). AskMeNow, Inc. 21 February 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2007. Jump up ^ Collaboration and the Voices of Experts Jorge Cauz, 3 June 2008 Jump up ^ Van Buskirk, Eliot (9 June 2008). "Encyclopdia Britannica To Follow Mod ified Wikipedia Model | Wired.com". Wired. Retrieved 30 June 2011. Jump up ^ Staff writer. "Encyclopdia Britannica dips toe in Wiki waters". PC Pro, 9 June 2008. Jump up ^ "Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. Corporate Site". Encyclopdia Britannica. R etrieved 30 June 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b "Encyclopdia Britannica fights back against Wikipedia." The Dai ly Telegraph. 22 January 2009

^ Jump up to: a b "Britannica looking to give Wikipedia a run for its money with online editing". Tgdaily.com. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2011. Jump up ^ "Encyclopdia Britannica takes on Wikipedia". DigitalJournal.com. 25 Jan uary 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b Britannica 2.0 shows Wikipedia how it's done. The Times. 22 Ja nuary 2009 Jump up ^ "Britannica reaches out to the web". BBC. 24 January 2009 Jump up ^ "New Britannica Kids Apps Make Learning Fun" (Press release). Encyclopd ia_Britannica, Inc. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010. Jump up ^ "Encyclopdia Britannica to supply world-leading educational apps to Int el AppUp? center" (Press release). Encyclopdia_Britannica, Inc. 20 July 2011. Ret rieved 20 July 2011. Jump up ^ "Encyclopedia Britannica", Concentric Sky. Retrieved 28 July 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b The New Encyclopdia Britannica (15th edition, Propdia ed.). 2007 . pp. 531 674. Jump up ^ Burr, George L. (1911). "The Encyclopdia Britannica: A Dictionary of Ar ts, Sciences, Literature and General Information". American Historical Review (A merican Historical Association) 17 (1): 103 109. doi:10.2307/1832843. JSTOR 183284 3. ^ Jump up to: a b The New Encyclopdia Britannica (15th edition, Propdia ed.). 2007 . p. 745. Jump up ^ "Franklin Henry Hooper obituary". Time. 26 August 1940 Jump up ^ "History of Encyclopdia Britannica and Britannica Online". Encyclopdia B ritannica, Inc. Retrieved 17 October 2006. Jump up ^ "Biochemical Components of Organisms". Encyclopdia Britannica, 15th ed. 14. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. 2007. pp. 1007 1030. Jump up ^ The New Encyclopdia Britannica (15th edition, Propdia ed.). 2007. Jump up ^ The New Encyclopdia Britannica (15th edition, Propdia ed.). 2007. p. 5. Jump up ^ "Encyclopdia Britannica Board of Editors". Encyclopdia Britannica. Retri eved 30 June 2011. Jump up ^ The New Encyclopdia Britannica (15th edition, Propdia ed.). 2007. pp. 52 4 530. Jump up ^ The New Encyclopdia Britannica (15th edition, Propdia ed.). 2007. pp. 67 5 744. Jump up ^ "Britannica sold by Benton Foundation". University of Chicago Chronicl e. 4 January 1996. Jump up ^ "Encyclopdia Britannica Announces Appointment Of Don Yannias As Chief E xecutive Officer" (Press release). Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. 4 March 1997. Arc hived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2012. Jump up ^ Abramson, Ronna (9 April 2001). "Look Under "M" for Mess Company Busines s and Marketing". The Industry Standard. Retrieved 26 March 2007. Jump up ^ "Ilan Yeshua Named Britannica CEO. Veteran Executive to Consolidate Op erations of Encyclopdia Britannica and Britannica.com" (Press release). Encyclopdi a Britannica, Inc. 16 May 2001. Jump up ^ The New Encyclopdia Britannica (15th edition, Propdia ed.). 2007. p. 2. Jump up ^ "Cash-shy Britannica". New York Post. 11 September 2003. p. 6. Retriev ed 26 March 2007.[dead link] Jump up ^ "WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center, Case No. D2002-0487, Encyclopdi a Britannica, Inc. v. null John Zuccarini, Country Walk". World Intellectual Pro perty Organization. 12 August 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2007. Jump up ^ "WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center, Case No. D2005-0865, Encyclopdi a Britannica, Inc. v. Michele Dinoia/SZK.com". World Intellectual Property Organ ization. 10 October 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2007. Jump up ^ Lawrence S., Giles C. (1999). "Accessibility of information on the web ". Nature 400 (6740): 107 9. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..107L. doi:10.1038/21987. PMID 10428673. Jump up ^ Lawrence S., Giles C. (1999). "Searching the Web: general and scientif ic information access". Communications Magazine, IEEE 37 (1): 116 122. doi:10.1109 /35.739314. Jump up ^ "Electronic publishing takes journals into a new realm". American Chem

ical Society. Retrieved 11 April 2007.[dead link] ^ Jump up to: a b Seymour, Ursula (9 November 2006). "Encyclopedia face-off: Enc arta vs Britannica". PC Advisor. IDG. Retrieved 21 November 2006. Jump up ^ "Microsoft Encarta Premium 2007: Overview". Microsoft. Retrieved 6 April 2007. Sales figures for January 2000 February 2006 as provided by the NPD Group . ^ Jump up to: a b "The Britannica Store". Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved 21 No vember 2006.[dead link] ^ Jump up to: a b "Amazon.com: Microsoft Encarta Premium 2007: Software". Retrie ved 21 November 2006. Jump up ^ Encarta's Encyclopedia Article Center. Archived from the original on 3 1 October 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2007. ^ Jump up to: a b Giles, J. (2005). "Internet encyclopaedias go head to head". N ature 438 (7070): 900 1. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..900G. doi:10.1038/438900a. PMID 16 355180. edit Jump up ^ McHenry, Robert (15 November 2004). "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia". TC S Daily. Jump up ^ Terdiman, Daniel. "Study: Wikipedia as accurate as Britannica". Staff Writer, CNET News. CNET News. Retrieved 5 July 2011. Jump up ^ "Encyclopdia Britannica: a response" (PDF). Nature (Press release). 23 March 2006. Retrieved 21 October 2006. Jump up ^ Writings of Archibald Constable, as quoted on p. 58 of Frank Kafker an d Jeff Loveland (eds), The Early Britannica, Oxford University Press, 2009. Cons table estimated in 1812 that there had been 3,500 copies printed, but revised hi s estimate to 3,000 in 1821. Jump up ^ According to Smellie, it was 10,000, as quoted by Robert Kerr in his " Memoirs of William Smellie." Archibald Constable was quoted as saying the produc tion started at 5,000 and concluded at 13,000. All this information is found in the 14th edition of Britannica, Volume 8, in the article "Encyclopedia" on page 374. Jump up ^ This is stated in the 9th edition of Britannica in Volume VIII in the article "Encyclopedia". Jump up ^ in the 14th edition of Britannica, Volume 8, in the article "Encyclope dia" on page 376, it gives the numbers of 10,000 sets sold by Britannica plus 45 ,000 genuine American reprints by Scribner's Sons, and "several hundred thousand sets of mutilated and fraudulent 9th editions were sold..." Most sources estima te there were 500,000 pirated sets. Further reading[edit] Einbinder, Harvey (1964). The Myth of the Britannica. New York: Grove Press. ISB N 978-0-384-14050-9. Jacobs, Arnold Stephen, Jr. (2004). The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to B ecome the Smartest Person in the World. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7 432-5062-7. Kister, Kenneth F. (1994). Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to G eneral and Specialized Encyclopedias (2nd ed.). Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. IS BN 978-0-89774-744-8. Kogan, Herman (1958). The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopdia Britannica. Chic ago: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 588379. Lee, Timothy. Techdirt Interviews Britannica President Jorge Cauz, Techdirt.com, 2 June 2008 Greenstein, Shane, and Michelle Devereux (2006). "The Crisis at Encyclopdia Brita nnica" case history, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University. External links[edit] Find more about Encyclopdia Britannica at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions and translations from Wiktionary Media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Source texts from Wikisource

Database entry Q455 on Wikidata Official website 12th edition (1922) vol 30-31-32 partly online; full text of vol 30 ABBE to ENGL ISH HISTORY online free; scans of each page of vol 30-31-32 in 12th edition (192 2), covering 1911-1922 Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 182582870 LCCN: nr89013909 GND: 4284672-9 SUDOC: 031794831 BNF: c b12294436q (data) NDL: 00627915 Categories: Encyclopdia Britannica1768 books1768 establishments in ScotlandCompan ies based in EdinburghCompanies based in Chicago, IllinoisAmerican encyclopedias Scottish encyclopediasEnglish-language encyclopediasHistory of EdinburghOnline e ncyclopediasPrivately held companies based in IllinoisScottish EnlightenmentPubl ications established in 1768 Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools Print/export Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch ??????? Az?rbaycanca ????? Bn-lm-g ?????????? ????????? Bosanski Brezhoneg Catal Ce tina Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Din bizaad Eesti ???????? Espaol Esperanto Euskara ????? Franais Galego ??? ?????? Hrvatski Ilokano

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