HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

"Hydrogen peroxide is one of the few simple miracle substances still available to the public. Its safety and multiple uses ranks it right up there with Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO). If you've never used either of these compounds you are overlooking two of the most powerful healing tools ever discovered." - Dr. David G. Williams

Basic Information of Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenoxygen single bond). It is colourless and a weak acid. Common name : Hydrogen Peroxide Other names : Dihydrogen Dioxide, Dioxydane, Oxydanyl Chemical formula : H2O2 Structures :

General Description
Hydrogen Peroxide is a is a strong oxidizing agent and a weak acid in water solution. The formular is similar to that of water, with an extra atom of oxygen attached, H2O2. It is completely soluble in water. Pure anhydrous hydrogen peroxide is a colorless to pale blue syrupy liquid which decomposes violently into water and oxygen if heated above 80 C. it also decomposes in light and in the presence of metal ions or oxidizable organic materials. A small amount of stabilizer such as acetanilide is added to the solutions to retard the decomposition. One volume of hydrogen peroxide releases ten volumes of oxygen when it decomposes. It is commercially prepared by electrolysis of ammonium bisulfate or potassium bisulfate with sulfuric acid. Catalytic oxidation of hydrogen and water with oxygen using nickel, palladium, or platinum with an anthraquinone, reaction of barium peroxide with sulfuric acid and by oxidation of isopropanol with acetone are also industrial processes for the production of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxides are marketed in concentration of 3-90% by wt as a solution in water. The most valuable property of hydrogen peroxide is that it breaks down into water and oxygen and therefore does not form any persistent, toxic residual compounds. It is used in the processes of epoxidation, oxidation, hydroxylation and reduction. Its oxidizing properties are used in the bleachings and deodorizing for textile, hair and in paper manufacture. It is also used medicinally as an antiseptic. Its application involves the production of chemicals, e.g. organic peroxides, perhydrates. It is also used in water and sewage treatment, mining, electronics, food and cosmetic industry

History
Louis Jacques Thnard first described hydrogen peroxide in 1818. He produced it by reacting barium peroxide with nitric acid. An improved version of this process used hydrochloric acid, followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium sulfate byproduct. Thnard's process was used from the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century.

Louis Jacques Thnard

Petre Melikishvili

Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable. This was because of failed attempts to separate the hydrogen peroxide from the water, which is present during synthesis. However, this instability was due to traces of impurities (transition metals salts) that catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide. One hundred percent pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained through vacuum distillation by Richard Wolffenstein in 1894. At the end of the 19th century, Petre Melikishvili and his pupil L. Pizarjevski showed that of the many proposed formulas of hydrogen peroxide, the correct one was HOOH.

The use of H2O2 sterilization in biological safety cabinets and barrier isolators is a popular alternative to ethylene oxide (EtO) as a safer, more efficient decontamination method. H2O2 has long been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. In aerospace research,H2O2 is used to sterilize artificial satellites and space probes.
Barrier isolator

The U.S. FDA has granted 510(k) clearance to use H2O2 in individual medical device manufacturing applications. EtO criteria outlined in ANSI/AAMI/ISO 14937 may be used as a validation guideline. Sanyo was the first manufacturer to use the H2O2 process in situ in a cell culture incubator, which is a faster and more efficient cell culture sterilization process.
Space probe

Structure of Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is not a flat molecule; it adopts a non-planar (twisted) structure of C2 symmetry. Although chiral (the twist can be left or right-handed), the molecule undergoes rapid racemization, the result of which is that the left and right-handed twist forms cannot be isolated as they can quickly "flip" their handedness. The observed anticlinal "skewed" shape is a compromise between two conformers, called syn and anti. If the molecule had the flat shape of the anti conformer, it would minimize steric repulsions. However, if it had the 90 torsion angle of the syn conformer, there would be optimized mixing between the filled p-type orbital of the oxygen (one of the lone pairs) and the LUMO of the vicinal O-H bond. The compromise angle has the lowest energy state. The bond angles can also be affected by hydrogen bonding between molecules. As the molecules in gasses are too far apart for hydrogen bonding, the molecular and crystalline forms is different; indeed a wide range of values is seen in crystals containingH2O2.Although the OO bond is a single bond, the molecule has a relatively high barrier to rotation, of 29.45 kJ/mol; for comparison, the rotational barrier for the bulkier molecule ethane is 12.5 kJ/mol. The increased barrier is ascribed to repulsion between nonbonding electrons (lone pairs) of the adjacent oxygen atom.

Structure and dimensions of the H2O2molecule in the gas phase...

...structure and in the solid (crystalline) of the gaseous phase.

Manufacture of Hydrogen Peroxide

Formerly, hydrogen peroxide was prepared by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid or acidic ammonium bisulfate(NH4HSO4), followed by hydrolysis of the peroxodisulfate S2O82 that is formed. Today, hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the Riedl-Pfleiderer or anthraquinone process which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939, and involves the autoxidation of a 2-alkyl anthrahydroquinone (or 2-alkyl-9,10dihydroxyanthracene) to the corresponding 2-alkyl anthraquinone. Major producers commonly use either the 2-ethyl or the 2-amyl derivative. The cyclic reaction depicted below shows the 2-ethyl derivative, where 2-ethyl-9,10dihydroxyanthracene (C16H12(OH)2) is oxidized to the corresponding 2-ethylanthraquinone (C16H12O2) and hydrogen peroxide. Most commercial processes achieve this by bubbling compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene, whereby the oxygen present in the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group), giving hydrogen peroxide and regenerating the anthraquinone. Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinonederivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the presence of a metal catalyst. The cycle then repeats itself.

The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple H2 + O2 H2O2

Properties of Hydrogen Peroxide

Molecular formula Molar mass Appearance Odor Density 2(HO) 34.0147 g/mol Very light blue color; colorless in solution slightly sharp 1.135 g/cm3 (20 C, 30-percent) 1.450 g/cm3 (20 C, pure) -0.43 C, 273 K, 31 F 150.2 C, 423 K, 302 F Miscible soluble in ether, alcohol insoluble in petroleum ether 11.75 1.4061 1.245 cP (20 C) 2.26 D

Melting Point Boiling Point Solubility in water Solubility

Acidity (pKa) Refractive index (nD) Viscosity Dipole moment

Amazing Uses for Hydrogen Peroxide

Kitchen

Clean Your Wooden Cutting Board. An improperly cleaned cutting board is a breeding ground for bacteria. Clean it thoroughly, without harsh chemicals, with hydrogen peroxide and vinegar. Grow Mushrooms in the Fridge. Its true! With the help of hydrogen peroxide, you can grow oyster mushrooms in a freezer bag in your fridge. Make Sure Your Veggies are Safe. Nobody wants bacteria-filled vegetables. Place 3% hydrogen peroxide into a spray bottle and mist over your produce, letting it soak for about five minutes before rinsing off and drying. Clean Sponges. Just cant seem to get that funky smell out of your sponges? Combine equal parts hydrogen peroxide and warm water in a shallow bowl, and let the sponge soak for about 15 minutes before rinsing thoroughly.

Stain Fighting

Red Wine. Have a little too much fun last night? Cover the evidence by combining equal parts hydrogen peroxide and liquid detergent and pouring over the stain. Blot with a towel, wash with warm water, and let it dry. Armpits. Sweaty? Get rid of embarrassing armpit stains by placing a mixture of 1 part dishwashing liquid and 2 parts hydrogen peroxide on the affected area. Let it sit for about an hour before rinsing away in cold water. Blood. Hydrogen peroxide is a bleach, so itll help get rid of pesky blood stains. Pour it directly onto the stain and let it sit for about five minutes. Blot and rinse in cold water. You may need to repeat this once or twice to fully lift the stain. Word of warning: as a (albeit mild) bleach, it can also whiten your clothes use caution! Stained Tiles & Stone Countertops. No matter what the culprit was, hydrogen peroxide works wonders on removing stains from stone and tile. Combine it with flour to create a thick paste and apply to the stain. Let it sit overnight covered in plastic wrap. Carefully remove in the morning.

Health & Beauty

Whiten Nails. Who needs a French manicure when you can make your nails shine with a little hydrogen peroxide? Hydrogen peroxide is a natural whitener. Just get some 3 percent hydrogen peroxide (your local pharmacy should carry it), soak a cotton ball with it, and then rub it on your nails. Get Rid of a Cold. It might sound a little strange, but putting a few drops of hydrogen peroxide into each of your ears every morning can help you beat a cold. Many patients at have had remarkable results in curing colds and flu within 12 to 14 hours when administering a few drops of 3 percent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into each ear. You will hear some bubbling, which is completely normal, and possibly feel a slight stinging sensation. Wait until the bubbling and stinging subside (usually 5 to 10 minutes), then drain onto a tissue and repeat with the other ear. A bottle of hydrogen peroxide in 3 percent solution is available at any drug store for a couple of dollars or less. It is simply amazing how many people respond to this simple, inexpensive treatment. Use as a Mouthwash. Dilute in water (the mixture should be about half water-half hydrogen peroxide) and use as a mouthwash, being very careful not to swallow any of the stuff. Itll kill germs & whiten your teeth. Some experts even thin k it helps alleviate toothaches and canker sores!

Cleaning

Disinfect Countertops. Hydrogen peroxide is great for keeping your countertops clean and safe. Spray onto counters, let it sit, and wipe clean. Clean Toilet Bowls. Easy: just pour the stuff into the bowl and let it soak for about 20-30 minutes before scrubbing clean. Clean Out the Fridge. Non-toxic hydrogen peroxide is an ideal cleaning tool for your fridge. Apply, let it soak, and wipe clean. You can also do this with dishwashers. Clean up Mold. Hydrogen peroxide works wonders on pesky mold even the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services agrees!

Resources
En.wikipedia.org/wiki/hydrogen_peroxide Upload.wikimedia.org/Wikipedia/commons/0/04/Hydrogen-peroxide-3D-balls.png Upload.wikimedia.org/Wikipedia/commons/3/32/hydrogen-peroxide-2D.png www.stuffintheair.com/images/cartoonchemist.gif Sd-keepcalm-o-matic.co.uk/i/keep-calm-and-study-chemistry-5.png Nzic.org.nz/chemprocesses/production/1E.pdf www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebfile/HPAweb_C/1246260031428 En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Thenard En.wikipedia.org/wiki/petre_melikishvili En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_wolffenstein_chemist www.scienceclarified.com/images/vesc_ En.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:H2O2_solid_structure.svg Gmptech.in/barrier-isolator.htm Chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/inorganic/HYDROGEN%20PEROXIDE.htm www.care2.com/greenliving/15-surprising-uses-for-hydrogenperoxide.html?page=2