GARDEN CITY HIGH SCHOOL

TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

UNIT 6: MECHANISMS. PULLEYS AND GEARS

1.- MECHANISMS
Mechanisms are used to con"ert bet!een one t$pe of motion and another. An$ machine can be loo'ed on as a #roup of interconnected mechanisms !hich con"ert one t$pe of motion to a "ariet$ of other motions. &hese chan#es ma$ be to con"ert rotar$ motion to strai#ht line motion or to con"ert reciprocal )bac' and forth* motion to intermittent motion. &he$ ma$ also transform a fi,ed t$pe of motion% for e,ample b$ ma#nif$in# a linear motion or b$ slo!in# do!n a rotar$ motion. Here% motions are di"ided into si, basic t$pes. Clic' on each of the lin's belo! for information about each of the motion t$pes and the mechanisms that can be used to con"ert them.

1.1.- Types of motio s

!" LINEAR M#TI#N Linear motion is the most basic of all motions. Uninterrupted ob ects !ill continue to mo"e in a strai#ht line indefinitel$. Under e"er$ da$ circumstances #ra"it$ and friction conspire to brin# ob ects to rest. Linear motion is measured in t!o parts. Speed% and direction. &o#ether these ma'e up the "elocit$. Linear motion% is not often used as a startin# point for mechanisms $" R#TARY M#TI#N (otar$ motion is motion in a circle. &he startin# point for man$ mechanisms. Measurement:(otar$ motion is measured in either an#ular "elocit$% the number of de#rees turned in a #i"en time% or in re"olutions per minute )rpm*. &he direction of turn% either cloc'!ise or anti-cloc'!ise is also part of the measurement of rotar$ motion. &he stren#th of rotar$ motion is 'no!n as the tor+ue% the turnin# force. &or+ue is measured in Ne!ton Metres defined as the force of one ne!ton actin# at a perpendicular distance of one metre from the a,is of rotation. C" INTERMITTENT M#TI#N Intermittent motion is motion !hich starts and stops re#ularl$. -or e,ample% in a cinema pro ector the film needs to be mo"ed on one frame at a time then held stationar$ !hile the li#ht pro ects it onto the screen. &his is usuall$ done !ith a #ene"a stop as sho!n here. Intermittent motion is usuall$ the end result of a mechanism rather than the startin# point for con"ersion.

UNIT 5: MECHANISMS-PULLEYS AND GEARS

GARDEN CITY HIGH SCHOOL

TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

D" RECIPR#CATING M#TI#N (eciprocatin# motion is bac' and forth motion. In the e,ample to the left the reciprocatin# motion of the piston is con"erted to the rotar$ motion in the cran'. (eciprocatin# motion is measured b$ its thro! )the distance bet!een the t!o e,tremes of motion* and b$ its period )the len#th of time for each c$cle* E" #SCILLATI#N .scillation is bac' and forth motion about a pi"ot point. It is measured in terms of both the an#le of thro! )amplitude* and the period of time for one complete c$cle )periodic time* or the number of c$cles in a #i"en time )fre+uenc$*. .scillation tends to be an endin# point for a mechanism rather than the startin# point% ho!e"er some mechanisms are a"ailable to con"ert or transform oscillations.

%.- MECHANISMS: PULLEYS

A pulle$ is a !heel !ith a #roo"e alon# its ed#e% for holdin# a rope or cable. /ulle$s are usuall$ used to reduce the amount of force needed to lift a load. Ho!e"er% the same amount of !or' is necessar$ for the load to reach the same hei#ht as !ould be necessar$ !ithout the pulle$s. &he ma#nitude of the force is reduced% but it must act o"er a lon#er distance. 1.0.1.- &$pes of pulle$s 1st *i+e'1 A fi,ed pulle$ has a fi,ed a,le. &hat is% the a,le is 2fi,ed2 or anchored in a place ) ma$be the roof*. A fi,ed pulle$ is used to redirect the force in a rope. 0nd Mo,!-(e 1 3A mo"able pulle$ has a free a,le. &hat is% the a,le is 2free2 to mo"e in space. A mo"able pulle$ is used to transform forces. A mo"able pulle$ has a mechanical ad"anta#e of 0. 4rd Compo& ' A compound pulle$ is a combination of fi,ed and mo"able pulle$ s$stems. &he simplest theor$ of operation for a pulle$ s$stem assumes that the pulle$s and ropes are !ei#htless% and that there is no ener#$ loss due to friction. It is also assumed that the ropes do not stretch. Compo& ' p&((ey fo)m&(! A basic e+uation for a pulle$1 In e+uilibrium% 3the force - on the pulle$ a,le is e+ual and
opposite to the sum of the tensions in each line lea"in# the pulle$% and these tensions are e+ual. See fi#ure on the left. In this case% -orces up!ards 5 -orces do!n!ards Lets see an e,ample1 1st ) fi#ure no 1 * A simple pulle$ s$stem - a sin#le mo"able pulle$ liftin# a unit !ei#ht. &he tension in each line is half the unit !ei#ht and there is an ad"anta#e of 0. E,ample 0 ) fi#ure no 0* - Another simple pulle$ s$stem similar to e,ample 0% but in !hich the liftin# force is redirected do!n!ard. E,ample 4 ) fi#ure no 4*. A simple compound pulle$ s$stem - a mo"able pulle$ and a fi,ed pulle$ liftin# a unit !ei#ht. &he tension in each line is one third the unit !ei#ht. E,ample 6. A mo"able pulle$ and a fi,ed pulle$ ) fi#ure 6 * liftin# a unit !ei#ht% !ith an additional pulle$ redirectin# the liftin# force do!n!ard. &he tension in each line is one third the unit !ei#ht. 7hich is its M.A8 3 2

UNIT 5: MECHANISMS-PULLEYS AND GEARS

GARDEN CITY HIGH SCHOOL

TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

..- PULLEY SYSTEM

/ulle$ s$stems are used !hen there is a need to transmit rotar$ motion. &he dia#ram belo! sho!s a simple s$stem comprised of t!o pulle$ !heels and a belt. It is a simple mechanical de"ice to !inch up and do!n a rope. 7hen the motor is turned on it re"ol"es the dri"er pulle$ !heel. &he belt causes the dri"en pulle$ !heel to rotate as !ell% !indin# out the rope.

/ulle$ !heels are #roo"ed so that the belt cannot slip off. Also% the belt is pulled ti#ht bet!een the t!o pulle$ !heels )in tension*. &he friction caused b$ this means that !hen the dri"er rotates the dri"en follo!s.

UNIT 5: MECHANISMS-PULLEYS AND GEARS

GARDEN CITY HIGH SCHOOL

TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Most pulle$ !heels ha"e a central shaft on !hich the$ rotate. &o 'eep the !heel firml$ attached to the shaft it is usual to use !hat is called a 9'e$:. &he dia#rams to the left sho!s a 'e$ed shaft !hich is pushed throu#h the centre of the pulle$ !heel. A small rectan#ular 'e$ is then 9tapped: into position% holdin# the shaft and the pulle$ !heel to#ether. &his fittin# means that the pulle$ !heel cannot slip on the shaft.

..1.- P&((ey System: /e(o0ity R!tio

&he dia#ram opposite sho!s a small dri"er pulle$ pullin# round a lar#er dri"en pulle$. &he rpm )re"olutions per minute* of the lar#er dri"en pulle$ !heel !ill be less than the smaller dri"er pulle$ !heel. &he same principle re#ardin# speed of rotation re#ardin# #ears applies to pulle$ s$stems as !ell

7.(;IN< .U& &HE =EL.CI&> (A&I. .- /ULLE>S &he s$stem sho!n abo"e has a dri"er pulle$ attached to a motor. 7hen the motor is s!itched on the dri"er pulle$ re"ol"es at 0? rpm. &he diameter of the dri"er pulle$ !heel is 0??mm and the dri"en pulle$ !heel is 6??mm. &his means for e"er$ sin#le re"olution of the lar#er dri"en pulle$ !heel% the smaller dri"er pulle$ !heel rotates t!ice. &his is due to "elocit$ ratio. &he ratio can be !or'ed out mathematicall$ in different !a$s.

UNIT 5: MECHANISMS-PULLEYS AND GEARS

GARDEN CITY HIGH SCHOOL

TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

1.- GEARS AND GEAR SYSTEMS

<ears can be found in man$ machines in a !or'shop or factor$ and at home the$ are often an important part of mechanical de"ices. In a car the #ears help the dri"er to increase and decrease speed as he@she chan#es the #ears !ith the #ear stic'. Can $ou name and describe a mechanical de"ice !ith #ears% that $ou or $our friends use 8

&he #ears sho!n belo! are called spur #ears because the$ mesh to#ether. <ear 9A: is called the 9dri"er: because this is turned b$ a motor. As #ear 9A: turns it meshes !ith #ear 9A: and it be#ins to turn as !ell. <ear 9A: is called the 9dri"en: #ear.

<ear 9A: has 4? teeth and #ear 9A: has 0? teeth. If #ear 9A: turns one re"olution% ho! man$ times !ill #ear 9A: turn 8 7hich #ear re"ol"es the fastest 8

7hen #ear BAB completes one re"olution #ear BAB turns 1.C re"olutions )1D times*

UNIT 5: MECHANISMS-PULLEYS AND GEARS

GARDEN CITY HIGH SCHOOL

TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

>ou should ha"e also found the #ear 9A: re"ol"es the fastest. A basic rule of #ears is - if a lar#e #ear )#ear 9A:* turns a small #ear )#ear 9A:* the speed increases. .n the other hand% if a small #ear turns a lar#e #ear the opposite happens and the speed decreases. 6.1.- <EA( &(AINS

&his is a #ood e,ample of a 9#ear train:. A #ear train is usuall$ made up of t!o or more #ears. &he dri"er in this e,ample is #ear 9A:. If a motor turns #ear 9A: in an anticloc'!ise directionE 7hich direction does #ear 9A: turn 8 7hich direction does #ear 9C:: turn 8 Foes #ear 9C: re"ol"e faster or slo!er than #ear :A 8 e,plain $our ans!er.:

So far $ou ha"e read about 9dri"er: #ears% 9:dri"en: #ears and #ear trains. An 9idler: #ear is another important #ear. In the e,ample belo! #ear 9A: turns in an anticloc'!ise direction and also #ear 9C: turns in an anticloc'!ise direction. &he 9idler: #ear is used so that the rotation of the t!o important #ears is the same. Is the speed of #ears A and A the same 8

UNIT 5: MECHANISMS-PULLEYS AND GEARS

GARDEN CITY HIGH SCHOOL

TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

EXERCISE: In one sen en!e e"#$%&n '(% %n )&*$e+, -e%+s *oes.

Man$ machines use #ears. A "er$ #ood e,ample is a bic$cle !hich has #ears that ma'e it easier to c$cle% especiall$ up hills. Aic$cles normall$ ha"e a lar#e #ear !heel !hich has a pedal attached and a selection of #ear !heels of different siGes% on the bac' !heel. 7hen the pedal is re"ol"ed the chain pulls round the #ear !heels at the bac'.

Loo' at the #ear !heel !ith the pedal attached and compare it in siGe to the #ear !heels in the centre of the bac' !heel. 7hat do $ou notice about them8

Can $ou name an$ other machines that use #ears8

UNIT 5: MECHANISMS-PULLEYS AND GEARS

GARDEN CITY HIGH SCHOOL

TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Most people ha"e c$cled a bic$cle up a hill. &he steeper the hill #ets the more difficult it is to pedal and normall$ a c$clist !ill chan#e #ears to ma'e it easier. 7hen the c$clist chan#es #ear% the chain mo"es from a small #ear to a lar#er #ear !ith more teeth% ma'in# it easier to push the pedals round. &he more teeth the bac' #ear has% the easier it is to c$cle up hill althou#h the bic$cle mo"es for!ard more slo!l$. 7hat !ill happen if a c$clist #oin# up a hill chan#es #ear from a lar#er to a smaller #ear !heel8 7ill it be easier or harder to pedal8

1.%.- GEAR RATI# 2/EL#CITY RATI#"

&he reason bic$cles are easier to c$cle up a hill !hen the #ears are chan#ed is due to !hat is called <ear (atio )"elocit$ ratio*. <ear ratio can be !or'ed out in the form of numbers and e,amples are sho!n belo!. Aasicall$% the ratio is determined b$ the number of teeth on each #ear !heel% the chain is i#nored and does no enter the e+uation. EHAM/LE1 If the pedal #ear re"ol"es once ho! man$ times !ill the sproc'et #ear re"ol"e8

&he e,ample abo"e sho!s that e"er$ time the pedal #ear re"ol"es once the sproc'et #ear on the bac' !heel re"ol"es t!ice ma'in# it easier to c$cle up hill.

UNIT 5: MECHANISMS-PULLEYS AND GEARS

GARDEN CITY HIGH SCHOOL

TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

6.4.- <EA( 7HEELS )S/(.C;E&S* ANF CHAINS E"er$one has seen a bic$cle or used one and noticed that it is dri"en b$ a lar#e dri"er #ear !heel !ith pedals attached. Smaller #ears at the bac' are dri"en round% in turn dri"in# round the bac' !heel. As the bac' !heel turns the bic$cle mo"es for!ards. <ears dri"en b$ chains are used in machiner$% motorc$cles% in car en#ines and ha"e man$ more applications.

A chain is made up of a series of lin's !ith the lin's held to#ether !ith steel pins. &his arran#e ma'es a chain a stron#% lon# lastin# !a$ of transmittin# rotar$ motion from one #ear !heel to another. Chain dri"e has one main ad"anta#e o"er a traditional #ear train. .nl$ t!o #ear !heels and a chain are needed to transmit rotar$ motion o"er a distance. 7ith a traditional #ear train% man$ #ears must be arran#ed meshin# !ith each other in order to transmit motion.

7.(;IN< .U& <EA( (A&I. ANF (/M 7hen !or'in# out #ear @ "elocit$ ratio and the rpm of chain dri"en #ears it must be remembered that the chain is i#nored. &his means the $ou simpl$ find out the teeth per #ear !heel and the rpm and use the same method of calculatin# as $ou !ould !ith a normal% meshin# #ear s$stem )see #ear !or' sheets*

UNIT 5: MECHANISMS-PULLEYS AND GEARS

GARDEN CITY HIGH SCHOOL

TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

UNIT 5: MECHANISMS-PULLEYS AND GEARS

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