BEFORE NAVISmeans ship AGEREmeans to drive TODAY!

Y! Art & Science Recording , planning & controlling Craft Safe Route Time Position Experience & Decision How to determine the position? >Longitude, Latitude, and Altitude. Parameters: >Time, Distance, Speed, and Direction.

Early Navigational Tools Magnetic Compass Navigational Chart Marine Sextant Almanac Chronometer Lighthouse Buoys

UT1 is also known as the GMT Time References Ephemeris Time Universal Time (UT) Greenwich Mean time (GMT) Atomic Time Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) Atomic Time based on the transitions in the atom. 9,192,631,770 cycles of cesium atom = 1 second. The first cesium atomic beam clock as portrayed by Ripley's "Believe It or Not" in September 1953 UTC is a high-precision Atomic Time Standard

Early Navigational Techniques 1. Celestial Navigation 2. Geo-Navigation a. Piloting b. Dead-Reckoning Celestial Navigation It is the art and science of finding one's geographic position by means of astronomical observations, particularly by measuring altitudes of celestial objects sun, moon, planets, or stars. It usually requires a chronometer, sextant , an almanac, a set of sight reduction tables, and a chart of the region. Piloting A position fixing technique that uses fixed visual references on the ground or sea by means of sight to guide oneself to a destination, with the help of a chart. Common types of visual references are: Natural: Mountains, hills, lakes, rivers, cliffs, rocks, and beaches. Man made: sea marks such as lighthouses, and buoys, and land marks like airports, piers, dams, highways, etc. Dead Reckoning It is the process of estimating one's position based upon a previously determined position, or fix, and advancing that position based upon the known speed, elapsed time, and course. This fix is then advanced, mathematically or directly on the

chart, by means of recorded heading, speed, and time. The world wars encouraged the development of an all weather and accurate Electronic Radio Navigation Systems. A method of position fixing using radio and electronic means. Types: Passive Radio Navigation Range = C*t Active Radio Navigation Range = C*t/2 Ground Based Radio Navigation Space Based Radio Navigation Sample Problem A ship has its chronometer reading of 0430 hrs, while the ships local time is 1042 hrs. What is the position of the ship in longitude? Answer: 93 East is the ships longitude.

Airfield Terminal Information Service or ATIS. Airfield Weather Information Service, or AWIS. PIP monitoring. Radio Direction Finders (RDF) is a device for finding the direction to a radio source. -It typically operates from 285 KHz to 315 KHz. Automatic Direction Finding (ADF) simply provides the relative bearing of a basic ground based NDB to the fore/aft axis of the aircraft by using a directional antenna assembly in the aircraft. The basic principle of ADF systems is to use a directional loop antenna and a non-directional sense antenna to determine a beacon position. Loop Antenna

Non-Directional Beacons (NDB) is a radio broadcast station in a known location that emits an Omni-directional vertically polarized AM modulated carrier. Features/Characteristics: Power Output Generally, NDBs are low-power; usually 25 watts Category: Low power: less than 50 Watts Medium power: 50 watts to 2,000 Watts High power: more than 2,000 Watts Operating frequency ICAO specifies that NDBs be operated on a frequency between 190 KHz and 1750 KHz. NDBs typically operate in the frequency range from 190 KHz to 535 KHz. A gap between 495 and 505 kHz because 500 KHz is the International Maritime Distress Frequency. NDB Signals Identification: 3 letters Morse code using 400 Hz or 1020 Hz.

Bidirectional or figure of 8 radiation pattern of loop antenna. Sense antenna is an Omni-directional vertical antenna.

8. Vertical effect Long range NDBs may have useful ranges of more than 50Nm - possibly several hundred miles over oceanic areas. Low power Locator NDBs are often found on airfields and may only have a 1025Nm range. Accuracy is +/-5deg. Direction Finder Antenna Adcock Antenna

Unidirectional Cardiod radiation pattern Relative Bearing Indicator (RBI) -This display looks like a compass card with a needle superimposed, except that the card is fixed with the 0 degree position corresponding to the centerline of the aircraft. Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) - A compass card is added to the RBI that rotates automatically with the turning of the aircraft to point the magnetic bearing of the NDB station. MB = MH + RB Applications The NDB/ADF can be used to plot your position, track inbound and outbound, and intercept a bearing. Used to execute holding patterns and non-precision instrument approaches. Used in defining airways. The ADF may be used to home in on a station. Homing is flying the aircraft on any heading required to keep the needle pointing directly to the 0 RB position

Bellini-Tosi Antenna

Navigation using an ADF to track NDBs is subject to several common effects: 1. Night effect 2. Terrain effect 3. Shoreline effect 4. Electrical effect 5. Bank effect 6. Quandrantal effect 7. Semi-circular effect