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FINEST HOUR
Summer 1997 Number 95
Journal of The Churchill Center and The International Churchill Societies

THE

CHURCHILL CENTER

PATRON: THE LADY SOAMES D B E I N T E R N A T I O N A L C H U R C H I L L " S O C I F TT F S " " " ^ S T A T E S U N I T E D K I N G D O M . C A N A D A - AUSTRALIA The Churchill Center is an international academic institution which encourages shiHv nf tv, re u (, , c J l L Churchill; fosters research about his speeches, writings and deeds; advances knowleovJ ofZ ?d t h U g h t f W m s t J o n l . S grammes of teaching and publishing, imparts that learning to men, women and young p e o S e a S * * ^ " T ' r I Y F~ sponsors Finest Hour, special publications, international conferences and tours The Cent I * Churchill Societies, knowledge Ithe I n t e r n a t i o n a l , which were founded in 1968 to p preserve interest in and nowledge of of t thl rf^ nTf iloso n m Hnn ffi1iafP of L ^ _ ,A, , , P P y and heritage of the Rt. Hon. ^ir SirWinston Winston S. S. Churchill, Churchill, and and are are independent independent non-nrnfit non-profit aaffiliates ofrt,o the rCenter e: www:winstonchurchill.org. THE CHURCHILL CENTER A non-profit corporation, IRS No. 02-0482584 TRUSTEES The Hon. Celia Sandys, Fred Farrow, George A. Lewis, Ambassador Paul H. Robinson, Jr. BOARD OF GOVERNORS (1996-1997) William C. Ives, Richard M. Langworth, Parker H. Lee III, Dr. John H. Mather, Dr. Cyril Mazansky, James W. Muller, John G. Plumpton, Douglas S. Russell, Jacqueline Dean Witter OFFICERS Richard M. Langworth, President 181 Burrage Road, Hopkinton NH 03229 Tel. (603) 746-4433, Fax. (603) 746-4260 William C. Ives, Vice President 77 W. Wacker Dr., 44th fir., Chicago IL 60601 Tel. (312) 634-5034, Fax. (312) 634-5000 Parker H. Lee, III, Executive Director 117 Hance Road, Fair Haven NJ 07704 Tel. (908) 758-1933, Fax. (908) 758-9350 E-mail: PHLeeIII@aol.com EXECUTIVE COMMIITTEE William C. Ives, Parker H. Lee in, Richard M. Langworth, Dr. Cyril Mazansky, John G. Plumpton ACADEMIC ADVISORS Professor James W. Muller (Chairman) University of Alaska Anchorage 1518 Airport Hts. Dr., Anchorage AK 99508 Tel. (907) 786-4740 Fax. (907) 786-4647 E-mail: afjwm@uaa.alaska.edu Prof. Keith Alldritt, Univ. of Br. Columbia Dr. Larry Arnn, Pres., Claremont Institute Prof. Eliot A. Cohen, Johns Hopkins Univ. Prof. Kirk Emmert, Kenyon College Prof. Barry Cough. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Prof. Warren F. Kimball, Rutgers University Prof. Patrick Powers, Assumption College Prof. Paul A. Rahe, University of Tulsa Dr. Jeffrey Wallin, Pres., National Academy Prof. Manfred Weidhorn, Yeshiva Univ. DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE Garnet R. Barber, Colin D. Clark, Max L. Kleinman, James F. Lane, Richard M. Langworth, Parker H. Lee III, Michael W. Michelson, Alex M. Worth, Jr. Consultant: Anthony Gilles THE CHURCHILL CENTER, contd. INVESTMENT COMMITTEE John M. Mather, Douglas S. Russell, Parker H. Lee, III ONLINE COMMITTEE Homepage: www.winstonchurchill.org Listserv: Winston@vm.marist.edu John Plumpton, Editor, Savrola@ican.net Moderator: Jonah.Triebwasser@marist.edu Books and FH: Malakand@aol.com Associate: Beverly Carr, bcarr@interlog.com Assistant: Ian Langworth Catrap32@aol.com CHURCHILL STORES (Back Issues and Sales Dept.) Gail Greenly PO Box 96, Contoocook NH 03229 Tel. (603) 746-3452 Fax (603) 746-6963 E-mail: greengail@aol.com INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETY HONORARY MEMBERS The Lady Soames, DBE The Duke of Marlborough, JP, DL The Rt Hon the Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, FRS The Hon. Caspar W. Weinberger, GBE William Manchester Colin L. Powell, KCB Wendy Russell Reves Paul H. Robinson, Jr. Winston S. Churchill Sir Martin Gilbert, CBE Grace Hamblin, OBE Robert Hardy, CBE James C. Humes Yousuf Karsh, OC Anthony Montague Browne, CBE, DFC COUNCIL OF CHURCHILL SOCIETIES The Rt. Hon. Jonathan Aitken, Chairman 45 Great Peter Street London SW1P 3LT, England ICS AUSTRALIA Subscriptions and renewals: Robin Linke, 181 Jersey Street, Wembley, WA 6014 ACT Representative: David Widdowson 167 Chuculba Crescent, Giralang, ACT 2617 ICS CANADA Revenue Canada No. 0732701-21-13 Ambassador Kenneth W. Taylor, Honorary Chairman Garnet R. Barber, President 4 Snowshoe Cres., Thornhill, Ont. L3T 4M6 Tel. (905) 881-8550 ICS Canada, continued John G. Plumpton, Executive Secretary 130 Collingsbrook Blvd, Agincourt ON M1W 1M7 Tel. (416) 497-5349 Fax. (416) 395-4587 E-mail: Savrola@ican.net Jeanette Webber, Membership Secretary 3256 Rymal Road, Mississauga ON L4Y 3P1 Tel. (905) 279-5169 Bill Milligan, Treasurer 54 Sir Galahad Place, Markham ON L3P w Tel. (905) 294-09523 The Other Club of Ontario Bernard Webber, President 3256 Rymal Rd., Mississauga, Ont. L4Y 3C1

Leslie A. Strike, President 701-1565 Esquimalt Av., W.Vancouver BC V7V 1R4 ICS UNITED KINGDOM' Charity Registered in England No. 800030 David Boler, Chairman (through 6Jul97) PO Box 244, Tunbridge Wells, K e n t S 0 Y F Tel. and Fax. (01892) 518171 "C1INJOYF UK TRUSTEES The Hon. Nicholas Soames MP (Ch^m ^ TheDukeofMarlboroughjyDL Bo.er Richard C . G . J ^ ^

COMMITTEE Lt Col. Nigel Knocker; Dominic Waltersothers to be appointed at AGM, 6 July!

f"miTEDslATEsTmc~
A non-profit corporation, IRS No. 02-0365444 Ambassador Paul R Robinson Jr Chairman, Board of Trustees ' George A. Lewis, Treasurer ad, Westfield NJ 07090 5, Fax. (908) 518-9439

CONTENTS
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FINEST HOUR
Summer 1997 Journal of The Churchill Center and Societies Number 95
5 Churchill Center Associates Programme Launched Endowment Campaign Hits $460,000 Lady Soames authorizes the naming of three levels of Associates; Canada and UK represented on Board. 8 Founding Members of The Churchill Center From Wendy Reves, the first to express faith in us, to the hundreds who joined her: our grateful thanks.
compiled by Barbara F. Langworth & Parker H. Lee, III

28 Winston Churchill and the Litigious Lord How Lord Alfred Douglas libeled Winston Churchill, lived to regret it, and survived to repent it; and How Winston Churchill was Magnanimous in Victory by Michael T. McMenamin BOOKS, ARTS & CURIOSITIES: 38 There are at least twenty-seven Churchill portraits on "display," sort of, notes Douglas Hall, though it might take a Cabinet Minister to get to see some of them....There's a good book out on Churchillian leadership, says The Editor....The Churchill-Conover Correspondence has novel virtues, thinks Chris Bell....Barbara Langworth interprets Georgina Landemare's Recipes From No. 10 for modem kitchens equipped with Cuisinarts....Cyberspace Churchillians debate who really were Honorary American Citizens....Cecil King's memoirs, With Malice Toward None, are never dull....You won't believe the latest computerland breakthrough, says Woods Corner. 41 Churchilliana Commemoratives Calendar, Part 5:1951-64 A relatively lean time for bric-a-brac: the quiet period before the flood of memorabilia to come.
by Douglas }. Hall

17 The 1997 Manard E. Pont Seminar: A Triumph for the Churchill Center Sixteen American and Canadian students assembled with faculty to discuss "Thought and Action in the Life of Winston S. Churchill." The result: brand new insights into My Early Life and Thoughts and Adventures 20 The Churchill Portraits of Alfred Egerton Cooper One of Sir Winston's most prolific portrayers, Cooper succeeded where many failed: WSC liked all his works.
by Jeanette Hanisee Gabriel

26 From the Canon: The Maiden Speech, Bath, 1897 Young Winston envisioned profit sharing, long before it was widespread. by Winston S. Churchill, Aged 22

4 Amid These Storms 5 Churchill Center Report 11 International Datelines 14 Local & National Events 16 Riddles, Mysteries, Enigmas 25 Despatch Box 36 Action This Day 43 Churchill Online 44 Woods Corner 45 Churchilltrivia 46 Immortal Words 47 Ampersand Churchill in Stamps resumes in FH 96.

y.

Cover: Found in a Chelsea bookshop loft, Alfred Egerton Cooper's 1947 work study for a finished portrait of Winston Churchill at Chartwell set Jeanette Gabriel on a quest for information about the artist. This led to her research on one of the most prolific Churchillian artists, a dapper painter whose work was invariably appreciated by its greatest sitter. A Churchill contemporary, "Fred" Cooper died at the same age as WSC, with much the same outlook: "Do not tell them how old I am....They might not give me any more commissions." Story on page 20.

ERRATUM
Fastidious readers will notice that the Cooper work study on the cover of this issue (Finest Hour #95) has been printed in reverse. Our apologies to our readers, the author, and Mr. Peter C. Cooper. The Editor

AMID THESE STORMS

W
FINEST HOUR
ISSN 0882-3715
Barbara F. Langworth, Publisher Richard M Langworth, Editor Post Office Box 385 Hopkinton, New Hampshire 03229 USA Tel. (603) 746-4433 E-mail: Malakand@aol.com
Senior Editors

John G. Plumpton 130 Collingsbrook Blvd. Agincourt, Ontario M1W1M7 Canada E-mail: Savrola@ican.net Ron Cynewulf Robbins 198 St. Charles St. Victoria, BC, V8S 3M7 Canada News Editor John Frost 8 Monks Ave, New Bamet, Herts. EN5 1D8 England
Features Editor

ASHED up for reading matter in February, I read Eminent Churchillians by Andrew Roberts, which /"//panned back in issue 85. I concluded that there is more to recommend it than I had imagined. The author is biasedwho isn'tbut not so much anti-Churchill as anti-Tory-establishment. His book records the Royal Family's devotion to Appeasement, to the point of meddling in areas where they did not belong, and their aversion to Churchill in 1940; Mountbatten's long skein of failures, culminating in the disastrous result when he arbitrarily selected a premature date for Britain's exit from India; the postwar Tories who continued the economic damage that Labour had commenced in 1945; Arthur Bryant's decade of testimonials to Nazism before his overnight conversion to an English patriot; Walter Monckton's deals to placate the unions during Churchill's second premiership. Roberts's claim is that mistakes were made by people who have tended to be beyond reproach. I will unsay none of the things our observant reviewer said: Eminent Churchillians has many typos and a frustrating number of footnotes that read "private information." I did find it thoughtfully devastating of several icons If Churchill can suffer revision, why not George VI? So few people today are willing to call a spade a spade. Roberts at least has the courage of his convictions.

Douglas J. Hall 183A Somerby Hill, Grantham Lines. NG31 7HA England
Editorial Assistant

Gail Greenly Contributors Sir Martin Gilbert, United Kingdom George Richard, Australia Stanley E. Smith, United States James W. Muller, United States David Boler, United Kingdom Wm. John Shepherd, United States Curt Zoller, United States
FINEST HOUR is published quarterly for The Churchill Center and the International Churchill Societies, which offer several levels of support in their respective currencies. Membership applications and changes of address should be sent to the appropriate national offices on page 2. Permission to mail at non-profit rates in the USA granted by the US Postal Service, Concord, NH, Permit no. 1524. Copyright 1997. All rights reserved. Designed and produced for The Churchill Center by Dragonwyck Publishing Inc. Production by New England Foil Stamping Inc. Printed by Reprographics Inc. Made in U.S.A.

* A recent issue of the American TV Guide "cheered" Churchill for his supposed retort to Lady Astor about drinking poison if she were his wife. Evidently this line was used in the sitcoms "Home Improvement" and "Fraser" on NBC and ABC respectively. It received a lot of laughs on the former but fell flat on the latter, as duly reported via our E-mail listserver (Winston@vm.marist.edu). We should not be surprised that indicators of the popular taste like "F and "Home Improvement" fall for such canards. After all, the popular media have variously conjectured that Churchill arranged to sink the Lusitania, engineered the 1929 Wall Street Crash, kept secret his prior knowledge of the Pearl Harbor attack, murdered Sikorski, offered peace to Mussolini, sacked the British Empire, laid the ' groundwork for the Red Chinese revolution, and rescued Martin Bormann from the Berlin Bunker to set him up as a Sussex squire. And he did all this in between reeling off one-liners to Nancy Astor. What a maner, person! * Members of ICS United States will be interested to know that a consolidation plan has been adopted by its directors, and those of The Churchill Center that will see ICS/USA consolidated into the Center in 1998. No changes in any of'the programs of either organization will occur, but present "Friends of ICS/USA" will become "Members of the Churchill Center." The word "members" was deemed much more appropriate and suitable, since everbody uses it anyway. The changes will have no effect on the Churchill Societies in Canada, the UK or Australia, which will be esteemed affiliates or The Churchill Center (see opposite). This consolidation will reap many advantages by combining two parallel administrative and managerial structures, yielding considerable savings in operating costs and time spent by volunteers and staff. In fact, many improvements have

t 7 n y i < T k t f r m i h e Cemer>S beginning t0 C n d u C t P r e v i o u s ^ t i o n s of

ICS/USA such as academic events, seminars and publications. The final step in the process will be the consolidation of budgets, financial statements and transfer of assets, followed, finally, by the opening of the Center's office in Washington D C The celebration of all these accomplishments will occur at the l 5 th International" Churchill Conference at Williamsburg, Virginia on 5-8 November 1998 Please save that date and plan on being there with us. " RICHARD M. LANGWORTH

The Churchill Center: Summer 1997

The mission of the Churchill Center is to encourage international study of the life and thought of Sir Winston Churchill; to foster research about his speeches, writings and deeds; to advance knowledge of his example as a statesman; and by programmes of teaching and publishing, to impart that learning to men, women and young people around the world. Programmes include course development, symposia, standard and electronic libraries, CD-rom research, an annual Churchill Lecture, visiting professorships, seminars, publishing subventions, fellowships, and publications.

Churchill Center Associates Programme Launched Endowment Campaign Hits $460,000

HE Churchill Center Associates Programme, which $49,999). Their names will appear at the Center and on all publications of the Center, forever. will build the Churchill Center, is now in place. Winston Churchill Associates. (Gifts of $50,000 and Fifteen Associates joined in the first three weeks, includup; from the $100,000 level up are many named gift ing, to date, eight of the Churchill Center Governors. opportunities, including a large variety of programmes; Together with major contributions by ICS/USA and the the library, conference room and other rooms; and the Center itself, Associates have pledged $460,000, which Churchill Center building itself.) Their names will will build to a seven-figure endowment and createat appear at the Center, on all publications of the Center, long lastour dream. and on the programmes of all events sponThe Associates programme is designed sored by the Center, forever. expressly for members of ICS who wish to be Associates are already pledged at all part of this exciting project. Over the next three of these levels, including one year, many ICS members who have expressed Clementine Churchill and five Winston interest in supporting the Center in the past Churchill Associates. ICS members who genwill be contacted by members of the Board of erously responded to the 1997 Annual Report Governors or Development Committee. with gifts of cash will be pleased to know that They will be able to view our new video, nar100% of their contribution, some $8,000, has rated by Gregory Peck, along with relevant C.C. BROCHURE been transferred to the Endowment printed materials. If you wish to do this but are Campaign, and may be credited against the cost of their unsure whether you are on the list, please contact the Associateships. Center's Executive Director, Parker Lee. A toll-free numChurchill Center Associates may remit their chosen ber has been established for this and any other questions amount in self-determined installments over four years, involving the Associates programme: (888) WSC-1874. and it is possible, now and in the future, to move to a Success breeds success. A strong commitment from higher level through an additional gift. Those pledging our Associates will allow principals of the Center to more than $10,000 may defer any amount over $10,000 approach high-level donors of named,gifts, and foundathrough a bequest or later gift. For example, one may tions, with the backing of hundreds of Churchillians. A become a Winston Churchill Associate with a gift of successful Associate campaign is the key to achieving the $10,000 in the 1997-2000 period, and a bequest of high-level support necessary fully to endow the Center. If $40,000, substantiated in a memorandum of underwe ever needed you, we need you now! standing, and a copy of the applicable bequest. Associate names may include the name of a spouse. THE ASSOCIATES PROGRAMME The Churchill Center is a registered non-profit instiOur Patron, Lady Soames, has authorized the naming tution in the United States and contributions to the of three Associates levels. All Associates will have their Endowment Fund are 100% tax deductible. Canadians names engraved on a plaque in the reception room of the may contribute at similar tax-deductibility through the Center, to commemorate their faith and generosity: International Churchill Society, Canada, which is han Mary Soames Associates. (Gifts of $10,000 to dling the Canadian Endowment Campaign. The person $24,999). Their names will appear at the Center, as in charge is John Plumpton, Executive Secretary of ICS, described above. Canada (address on page 2). continued > Clementine Churchill Associates. (Gifts of $25,000 to
FINEST HOUR 95 / 5

METHODS OF GIVING Aside from outright gifts, there are methods in place to ease payment by completing it in installments, the installments set by yourself, through 31 December 2000. You may also become a Winston Churchill or a Clementine Churchill Associate now by pledging $10,000 or more spread over the next four years and the balance in a future gift or bequest. This has the advantage of raising you to the upper levels immediately, assuring you of all the commemorations those benefactors receive. A method of giving which surprisingly few people consider is appreciated securities. For American citizens, the full current value of appreciated securities is tax-deductible, whereas, if sold outright, sellers would be subject to high capital gains taxes on the appreciated amount. The Center can provide information on its account and broker, to which appreciated securities can be transferred directly for an immediate tax deduction. We have on retainer a planned giving consultant who can advise you on other, truly brilliant alternatives, such as the charitable remainder trust. By donating, say, a piece of property to the Center, a couple or single person may receive an annuity for life, leave the property's full value to their heirs, and that same value to the Center. This in effect doubles your legacy, free of federal tax: a remarkable opportunity that should appeal to many. "WE SHAPE OUR HOUSES, AND AFTERWARD OUR HOUSES SHAPE US. " -WSC WHAT YOUR SUPPORT MEANS: NOW AND FIFTY YEARS FROM NOW The Churchill Center's goal is aggressively to project Winston Churchill's thought, word and deed deep into the next millennium. You can share in Sir Winston's immortality by helping to provide the wherewithal to make these activities continue as far as the eye can see. Churchill said of the House of Commons: "We shape our houses, and afterward our houses shape us." That same philosophy governs The Churchill Center: an institution that, fifty years on, will still be doing the things it is doing today. A question many donors put to us is: "How do you mean to assure me that ten or twenty or fifty years from now, The Churchill Center won't have become just another wishy-washy academic establishment, paying no more than lip service to its titular hero, dispensing grants and benefits to a constituency which cares and knows little about Churchill?" Given the number of institutions founded in someone's name, now doing things that would never have their namesake's blessing, this is a legitimate question. The answer in The Churchill Center's case is twofold:

1) By having the right people in charge, and 2) By having the right programs in place. Having the right people in charge: "Time, the churl, is running." Changes in personnel are inevitable and, frankly, desirable. New people will always have to be found "to keep the memory green and the record accurate,* in our Patron's words. Thus The Churchill Center has a very clear and firmly fixed understanding of what we are and do, and what we aren't and don't dotogether with a fierce resistance to being budged from it. The key personnel provision is that the Board of Governorsthe sole management authoritychooses its own. The people now in charge will choose their successors, in installments of three Governors annually, ad infinitum. Each Governor serves for a three-year term, and three terms end each year. There are also term limits: twelve years maximum. The Board of Governors is solely entrusted with choosing new Governors to fill new terms. (And we have had a lot of past experience to guide us.) Having the right programmes in pla.rp- Specific programmes have often been outlined in these pages, and are set out in detail in The Churchill Center brochure that is now available. In supporting documents for these activities, our plans and purposes are being drafted as guidance for the years ahead. Academic symposia must be built around some aspect of Churchill's career or thought. Student seminars must discuss Winston Churchill not something that somebody believes might have interested him were he alive today. Publications and publishing grants must relate to our namesake, and serve to further interest in his life and thought. In choosing like-minded collaborators on these and other programmes, many of whom we will welcome, we rorge a tight circle around our fundamental purposes and direction, so that we aren't pushed off course by current feshions-or personal ambitionsat variance with the Center s purpose. We welcome critics as well as champions of Winston Churchill. What we don't welcome are deviations from our course. If we think of the ways that the foundations set up by many prominent persons have, insensibly but dramatically departed from the purposes expected by their rounders, we must admit that this problem is not imaginary The Churchill Center chooses to address this problem directly now, while those who have launched this institution are still here, still active, still situated and still committed.

We have often listed things that The Churchill Center can usefully do. We say equally what it is for, and why w< we want to do those various things. The Churchill Center is FINEST HOUR 95/6

not founded out of hero-worship. It exists because Winston Churchill stands for something. He exemplifies certain critical human possibilities that are always worth bringing to the attention of thoughtful people, in order to perpetuate what Winston Churchill held dear: respect of country; the fraternal relationship of the Great Democracies and the English-speaking peoples; their common heritage of law, language and literature; and above all the love of liberty. All of these are summed up in his words, "Withhold no sacrifice. Grudge no toil. Seek no sordid gain. Fear no foe. All will be well." These guiding principals ensure that the Founders have done as much as is humanly possible to see that what we launch lasts.

Canada and UK Representatives to Churchill Center Board of Governors

The Executive Committee of The Churchill Center, meeting in Boston last May, moved to invite representatives of the International Churchill Societies of Canada and the United Kingdom to attend the annual Board of Governors meeting, scheduled this year for Washington. The persons appointed are left to the Societies, and are additional to citizens of either country (such as John Plumpton) who may actually be serving as Governors already. In this way, two key affiliates of The Churchill Center will continually be kept informed, and be able to contribute to, decisionmaking at the highest level. I CALENDAR

THE CHURCHILL 1997

Local event organizers are welcome to send entries for this calendar; owing to our quarterly schedule, however, we need copy at least three months in advance

6 July: Annual General Meeting of ICS United Kingdom, Chartwell, Westerham, Kent. 26 July: Centenary of Churchill's Maiden Political Speech, American Museum, Claverton Down, Bath, Somerset. 27-28 August: Combined meeting of Churchill Center Board of Governors and Development Committee, Washington, D.C. 28 August: Launch of the book Churchill as Peacemaker, (papers from the first Churchill Center Symposium), Washington. 29 August: Churchill Panel at the American Political Science Association Convention, Washington. September: Inauguration of the course, "Winston Churchill: The Making of a War Leader,"Edinburgh University, Scotland. 16-19 October: 14th International Churchill Conference, hosted by ICS, Canada at Toronto and Niagara Falls, Ontario. 1 November: Annual General Meeting of The Churchill Center Board of Governors, Army & Navy Club, Washington, D.C. 30 November: Sir Winston Churchill's 123rd Birthday Anniversary. 1998 1-2 May: Executive Committee meeting of The Churchill Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 15-16 May: Third Churchill Center Symposium, "Winston Churchill's Life of Marlborough," Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire. 15-27 May: Ninth International Churchill Tour: Blenheim, Lake District, Edinburgh, Scottish Lowlands, Yorkshire. 15 June: International Churchill Society Thirtieth Anniversary (founded at Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, 1968). 5-8 November: 15th International Churchill Conference & First Annual Churchill Lecture, Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia. 1999 August: "Winston Churchill's Escape Into Fame," Tenth International Churchill Tour: Republic of South Africa. Spring: Second Student Symposium Autumn: 16th International Churchill Conference.

2000
Spring: Fourth Churchill Symposium '. 14-17 September: 17th International Churchill Conference, Anchorage, Alaska. 2001 14 February: Centenary of Churchill's Entry into Parliament Autumn: 18th International Churchill Conference.

2003
Twentieth International Churchill Conference and 50th Anniversary of the Bermuda Conference, Hamilton, Bermuda

Forthcoming Books Produced with the Aid of The Churchill Center August 1997: Churchill as Peacemaker: Papers from the First Churchill Center Symposium (Cambridge Univ. Press) Autumn 1997: Churchill Proceedings, 1994-1995. 1998: Churchill's "Sinews of Peace": Papers from the 50th Anniversary Sinews of Peace Conference, Fulton, Mo. 1998: Connoisseur's Guide to the Books of Sir Winston Churchill, by Richard M. Langworth (Brasseys UK Ltd.) 1998: Winston Churchill in the Postwar Years. Papers from the Second Churchill Symposium. 1999: The River War Centenary Edition (the 1899 unabridged edition, the 1902 additions and a critical appraisal).
FINEST HOUR 95 / 7

Foun ding Memhers of The Churchill Center

From Wendy Reves, tke first to express faitk in us ty underwriting tke Churchill War Papers, to tke kundreds wko joined ker to found tke Ckurckill Center: our grateful tkanks.We are forever in your debt.
"... We in it shall be remember 'd; We few, we happy few, we band of brothers. And gentlemen in England now a-bed Shall think themselves accursed they were not here, And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks That fought with us upon Saint Crispin 's Day. " -Henry V, Act 4, Scene 3 ' I 'he origins of The Churchill _L Center can be traced to our Founding Members. It is they who put up Si00, or the equivalent, or moresome $8000 in allwhich covered the cost of developing the Associates Programme now launched. We honor them for the commitment we share, that Winston Spencer Churchill's thought, word and deed shall never be forgotten by those who come after us. $1.000 plus M. Emery Reves & Mme. Wendy Reves, France Fred Farrow, USA Amb. Pamela Harriman, USA John F. Hawkridge, II, USA Mr & Mrs Richard Leahy, USA Ethel Maisler Pont, USA Robert M. Sprinkle, USA Aequus Institute, USA The Edelman Foundation, USA Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, USA Philip Morris Companies, USA $101-$999 In Memory of Walter Percy Abott, England Larry P. Arnn, USA Randy & Solveig Barber, Canada Marquis Henri Costa de Beauregard, Austria Herbert Peter Benn, USA In Memory of James &C Lavina Bonine, USA Leslie Bradshaw, Erie Mr & Mrs C.C. Brown, England Harry Fisher, England The Rt. Hon. Sir Winston Spencer Churchill Society (Calgary), Canada In Memory of Dan Clark, USA Brendan J. Conkling, USA Peter Coombs, England Major J. A. Dure, Canada Thomas Faesi, Switzerland J. C. Fleury, France In Memory of Donald Logan Forbes, CBE, FCA, JP, England Harry R. Freer, Canada Mr & Mrs Anthony Gilles, USA Dr R. W. Gillmann, USA M. Pierre Godec & Mme. Marie Godec, England MrTeddR. Haas, USA The Rt. Hon. The Earl Jellicoe, KBE, DSO, MC, FRS, England Eric R. Jones, MBE, Wales L. J. Jouhki, Finland Mr & Mrs Gerald Drake Kambestad, USA Dr G. Donald Kettyls & Mrs Barbara Kettyls, Canada D. Barry Kirkham, QC, Canada Diana M. Kropinska, Canada In Memory of Richard A. Lavine, USA Dr C.J. Maats & Mrs H. C. Maats-Holm, Netherlands Dr/Mrs A. MacDonald, Canada Drs. John & Susan Mather, USA T. W. McGarry & Marlane McGarry, USA Dr Forrest C. Mischler, USA Dr A. Wendell Musser, USA Marvin S. Nicely, USA John W. Parke, USA Robert G. Peters, Canada John & Ruth Plumpton, Canada M. & Mme. Christian Pol-Roger, France Ueli Prager, England Mr & Mrs R.W.J. Price, England Ambassador & Mrs Paul H. Robinson, Jr., USA Serge Roger, Canada Frederick S. Rutledge & Jane A. Rutledge, USA In Memory of Patrick James Schneider, USA Dr J. Stewart Scott, Scotland Mr Claude Sere & Mrs Yoshino Sere, England Jack Shinneman, USA L.Neal Smith, Jr., USA Mr &C Mrs Donald L. Stephens, Jr., USA Roger John Thomas, England George Touzenis, France Peter J. Travers, USA William G. Underhill, USA Lodewijk J. Hijmans Van den Bergh, England Bernard & Jeanette Webber, Canada Mr & Mrs Geoffrey J. Wheeler, England In Memory of Ralph Follett Wigram, USA Mr Si Mrs William E.R. Williams, Canada Mr &c Mrs Kenneth J. Yule, Canada Mr&Mrs Richard Zimbert, USA $100 George W. Abel, USA Mr & Mrs Thomas Abert, USA Mr &c Mrs Conrad Abrahams-Curiel, England Ronald D. Abramson, USA William B. Achbach, USA Mr &: Mrs Christopher Adams, USA Sam F. Adams, USA Sharon Agee, USA Ian A. Aitchison, USA Jonathan Aitken, England Timothy L. Alexson, USA Professor Paul Alkon, USA Mr & Mrs Karl W. Almquist, USA Miles Alperstein, Anne Alperstein & Zaccary Alperstein, Canada Mr & Mrs Joseph C. Amaturo, USA Dr Arnold E. Andersen, USA Mr & Mrs Charles Anderson, Canada George D. Anderson, Canada The Annenberg Foundation.USA Mr & Mrs Richard D. Applegate, USA Randall Abbott Baker, USA Scott A. Balthaser, USA Dr Richard N. Baney, USA Mary Stuart Barnhart, USA Major & Mrs J. W. Frank Battershill, Canada Danforth Beal, USA Mr & Mrs Wm. E. Beatty, USA Brant Scott Beaudway, USA Stephen Allen Becker, USA Mr & Mrs Robert W. Beckman, USA James B. Bennett, USA Rev. Msgr. William Benwell.USA Dr Michael A. Berk, USA Donald A. Best, USA Mr & Mrs David Randolph Billingsley, USA Eric & Hilda Bingham, England Mr & Mrs Ronald W. Birmingham, USA Stephen F. & Anne M. Black, USA L. J. Blackwell, England Gordon Bloor, England Charles K. Bobrinskoy, USA Mary Anne Bobrinskoy, USA Mr & Mrs Robert E. Boen, Jr., USA Mr & Mrs Bruce Bogstad, USA Mr & Mrs Henry Bohm, USA David & Diane Boler, England Charles S. Price, Esq., USA Bruce F. Bond, USA Daniel &c Susan Borinsky, USA Dorothy M. Boyden, USA Arthur Bray, Canada Mr & Mrs Herman L. Breitkopf, USA Dr & Mrs John M. Briggs, USA Alec W. Brindle, USA Thomas E. Brinkman, USA Mr & Mrs Ronald Broida, USA Captain Thomas P. Brooks, USA David B. Brooks, USA J. Mayo Brown, USA Andrew Brown, USA John S. Bunton, USA Dr & Mrs James W. Burkson, USA

FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 8

Graham J. Butler, England Hon. Harry F. Byrd, Jr., USA Mike Byrne, USA Dr & Mrs Douglas Cairns, USA Thomas M. Campbell, USA Robert S. Campbell, Jr., USA Mr & Mrs Arnold Carter, USA Robert T. Castrey, USA John R. Chace, USA In Memory of Jeffrey Van Vleet, USA Mr/Mrs W. Chapman, England Harry Chapman, Jr., USA Dr Yong-Min Chi, USA Colonel & Mrs Forrest S. Chilton, USA George E. Christian, USA Dr John William Churchill, USA Winston S. Churchill, England Captain &C Mrs Winston G. Churchill, USCG, USA Lt. Col.John P. Chutter, Canada Dr Michael W. Clare, USA Colin D. Clark, USA Norman & Irene Clark, Canada Michael & Nancy Close, USA Colonel &C Mrs Robert Coe, USA Dr & Mrs Gordon Cohen, USA Michael G. Comas, USA Mr & Mrs Brock Comegys.USA Michael D. Connole, Australia John D. Connolly, USA Alistair Cooke, USA Dr & Mrs Chester Cooper, USA G. R. Cooper, England Charles C. Cornelio, USA Elliott H. Costas, USA Martin & Ruth Cousineau, USA John Cox, USA John J. Crabbe, USA Norman D. Crandles Canada Henry E. Crooks, England Dr Philip T. Crotty, USA Mr & Mrs Fenton S. Cunningham, III, USA Brig. General Dick Danby (Ret), OBE, DSO, CD, Canada Roy &; Janet Daniels, England D. George Davis, USA Gregory Davis, USA G. Kevin Davis, USA Dr Alan H. DeCherney, USA Evelyn deMille, Canada David Devine, FCA, Canada James Doane, USA Steven A. Draime, USA Ken Dreyer, USA Mr/Mrs David Druckman, USA Richard A. C. Du Vivier,England Hon. Stephen M. Duncan, USA Robert H. Dunn, USA Alan Durban, England William N. Durkin, USA Donald Easton, Canada Richard Eaton, England

Michael V. Eckman, USA In Memory of John Galbraith Edison, Canada Tom Edwards, USA Mr/Mrs Simon Eedle, Singapore Timothy C. Egan, USA David W. Eisenlohr, USA D. C. Elks, USA Mr & MrsTony Ellard, England Warrick E. Elrod, Jr., USA Kirk & Elizabeth Emmert, USA Mr & Mrs John S. Evans, USA Mr & Mrs William Evans, USA In Memory of Mr William D. Faulhaber,Jr.,USA Mr & Mrs C. Fenemore, Canada Dr Ronald A. Ferguson, USA DrJohnA. Ferriss, USA Dr Edwin J. Feulner, Jr., USA In Memory of Don Lipsett, USA Mr & Mrs Wm. S. Field, USA Dr Joseph J. Fins, USA Richard L. Fisher, USA Edward W. Fitzgerald, USA James R. Fitzpatrick, USA Tranum Fitzpatrick, USA Dr & Mrs J. Will Fleming, USA Edward R. Flenz, USA Mr & Mrs Matthew C. Fox, USA Mr & Mrs J.A. Houghton, England Jane Fraser, USA Dr & Mrs Alfred Fratzke, USA Lars E. Frieberg, England David Fromkin, USA Mr & Mrs Angelo J. Gabriel, USA John R. Garner, USA Dr Patrick J. Garrity, USA Richard Arthur Gaunt, England Walter J. Gavenda, USA Mr & Mrs Laurence Geller, USA George A. Gerber, USA John L. Gibson, USA Sir Martin Gilbert,CBE, England Robert S. Gillan, Canada Roger M. Gold, USA Dr Russell Golkow, USA Jay S. Goodgold, USA Norman & Evelyn Gordon, USA Dr & Mrs Nicholas Gotten, USA Michael J. Gough, Canada Mr & Mrs John E. Grant, USA David Grant, Canada Derek John Greenwell, England B. J. Greenwood, USA James Hill Gressette, USA Frauke Grundel, Germany Andrew J. Guilford, USA Marie B. Haas, USA Matthew Walsh Haggman, USA Alfred W. Hahn, USA Douglas J. Hall, England H. Robert Hamilton, USA David A. Handley, USA Sidney & Marilyn Hanish, USA Mr & Mrs Warren Hanscom, USA

Frederick C. Hardman, USA David E. Harlton, Canada Dr Christopher C. Harmon.USA The Keepers & Governors of Harrow School, England Stuart B. Hartzell, USA Caroline R. Hartzler, USA John E. Harvey, CBE, England Dr & Mrs William Hatcher, USA John T. Hay, USA Drs Lonnie & Karen Hayter.USA Mr & Mrs Richard Hazlett, USA Duvall Y. Hecht, USA Sue M. Hefner, USA Anthony B. Helfet, USA Ron & Jean Helgemo, USA Mark Helprin, USA Mr & Mrs J. D. Henry, USA Dr & Mrs John Herring, USA Robert J. Hewitt, Jr., USA Dr John R. Hewson, Canada James L. Hill, USA Douglas Hilland, QC, Canada C. Paul Hilliard, USA Mr & Mrs Thomas Hirsch.USA Dr & Mrs Brooks Hoffman, USA Mr & Mrs Oscar Hofstetter, USA Derek Hollingsworth, Australia Mr & Mrs Stephen Holstad, USA Jon C. Holtzman, USA Robert Randall Hopper, USA D. Craig Horn, USA Joseph O. Horney, USA Dr Lee S. Hornstein, USA Glenn Horowitz, USA Daniel R. Hughes, USA Mr & Mrs Nathan Hughes, USA James C. Humes, USA Van Garlington Hunt, USA Robert R. Hunt, USA J. Jeffrey Hutter, Sr., USA Intl. Churchill Society, Canada Intl. Churchill Society, UK Intl. Churchill Society, USA Mr & Mrs K. Ikeya, Japan Mr & Mrs Gilbert H. lies, USA William C. Ives, USA Geo. M. Ivey, Jr., USA Dorothy Jackson, BEM & Dennis Jackson, OBE, England Dr Harry V. Jaffa, USA Wm. & Beatrice Jennings, USA David A. Jodice, USA Dr Tom M. Johnson, USA J.Willis Johnson, USA John R. Johnson, USA Mr &c Mrs Corbett Johnson and Drew Johnson, USA Donald R. Johnson, USA Allan W. Johnson, USA Peter Johnson, England Derek Lukin Johnston, Canada Dorothy Jones, England Johnie Jones, USA Dr Russell M.Jones, USA

Mr & Mrs Joseph Just, USA Alexander Justice, USA Dr Thomas R. Kain, USA Raymond H. Kann, USA Dr William J. Kay, USA Dr Yvonne F. Kaye, USA Mr & Mrs John H. Keck, USA Senator Tim Kelly, USA The Hon. Jack Kemp, USA S. J. Kernaghan Family, Canada David H. Keyston, USA Dr & Mrs David King, Canada Charles Graham King, Canada Dr Henry A. Kissinger, USA Hersch M. Klaff, USA Mr & Mrs Max Kleinman, USA Mr & Mrs Richard Knight, USA John Michael Kops, USA Robert Kraff, USA George Kropinski, Canada Allan Kruse Nielsen, Denmark Mr & Mrs Hollis Lane, Canada Mr & Mrs R. Langworth, USA In Memory of Harriet and Michael Langworth, USA Eugene Larson, USA "Raymond A. Lavine, USA Mr & Mrs Robin Lawson, USA Paul S. Leavenworth, Jr., USA C. A. Lebsanft, Australia Mr & Mrs Parker Lee, III, USA Terrence & Mary Leveck, USA Dave Levering, USA Laurence B. Levine, USA Victor B. Levit, USA George A. Lewis, USA Morgan Lewis, USA Ulf Lindeborg, Sweden Dr & Mrs Roy Lindseth, Canada Walter P. Linne, USA Andrew L. Lluberes, USA Amb. John L. Loeb, Jr., USA Mr & Mrs J. Wm. Lovelace, USA Richard S. Lowry, USA Mr & Mrs Jas. Lukaszewski, USA Gerard P. Lynch, USA Philip J. Lyons, USA George Macintosh, QC, Canada Sir Fitzroy Maclean of Dunconnel KT, Scotland J. Alexander MacMurtrie, USA Tamara Madai, USA Gordon Maggs, QPM, England Mr & Mrs Rafe Mair, Canada William Manchester, USA Dorothee Ryfun Senich, USA Count & Countess Guagni Dei Marcovaldi, England Mr & Mrs John J. Marek, USA Mark Edward Marhefka, USA The Duke of Marlborough, England David Marriott, England In Memory of Mr George C. Marrs, Canada

FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 9

INTERNATIONAL DATELINES Richard said that in 1969!" (As WSC remarked, "I have often had to eat my words, and have found them a wholesome diet.") John aims to index every issue from #1 to #100. The Index will be published with special commemorative issue #100, appearing for the Churchill Conference in Williamsburg, Virginia in November 1998. MAJOR SUCCESS AT BLETCHLEY BLETCHLEY PARK, BUCKS. Over 1300 schoolchildren have toured Jack Darrah's Churchill Rooms Exhibition at Bletchley Park (featured in FH 85 and 91) in the last six months alonea titanic contribution by Jack and his wife Rita toward "keeping the memory green and the record accurate"for as visitors to the Exhibition know, Jack is a stickler for accuracy. This is a great effort and Jack is to be congratulated for this outstanding educational endeavor. To help support the Churchill Rooms fund, readers are invited to purchase a special edition designer tea towel, shown here with Rita Darrah and ICS/UK and Churchill Center Trustee Celia Sandys, with her son Alexander. Designed by Rita and her granddaughter Clare, the 30xl9-inch (shocking) conversion charges. Cheques and IMOs should be made payable to J.E. Darrah and should be sent to 9 Cubbington Close, Luton, Bedfordshire LU33XJ, England. -DRH THATCHER ARCHIVES GIFT LONDON, MARCH 18TH Baroness Thatcher announced today that she is permanently loaning her personal and political archives to Churchill College Cambridge, allowing scholars to study the longest premiership of the 20th century. More than 1000 boxes of documents, videos, photographs and personal effects will be handed over for safekeeping in the college strongrooms, where they will join the archive of Lady Thatcher's hero, Sir Winston Churchill. Lady Thatcher said that she wanted her papers always to remain in Britain: "I hope they will be a valuable source for students and scholars who wish to study the great changes brought about by the governments that I had the privilege to lead." OPJB: TRUTH OR FICTION? TORONTO, JUNE 12TH Norman Crandles of ICS, Canada, wrote to us of a new spy book, Op JB: The Lost Great Secret of the Second World War, by "Christopher Creighton," allegedly a personal spy recruited by Churchill (codename "Tigger") to perform extraordinary top secret missions assigned directly by the Prime Minister. Op JB was described in some quarters as factual, and Mr. Crandles wonders if anyone has read it and can comment? In Finest Hour #48 (1985), we reviewed The Paladin by Brian Garfield (Macmillan:1980), a supposed novel starring "Christopher Creighton," who hops a Kentish garden wall and finds himself face to face with Churchill, who recruits him as a master spy. At a tender age Christopher unmasks the Belgian plan to surrender in 1940, sabotages a Dutch ship bringing news of the Japanese fleet headed for Pearl Harbor (thus to get the Americans into the war), murders his girlfriend to prevent her from spilling the beans, blows up secret U-boat pens in Eire, and tricks the Germans into expecting the D-Day invasion at Calais. The stories make for
FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 1 2

an entertaining yarn. Garfield tantalizes readers by saying, "The hero is a real person. He is now in his late fifties. His name is not Christopher Creighton." It seems more than coincidental that "Christopher Creighton" has now surfaced to recount the war's "last great secret." We sent this information to the Churchill internet community, suggesting that Op JB and its "author" are products of the imaginative Brian Garfield, author of The Paladin. Professor David Stafford of Edinburgh University, author of the forthcoming (and factual) Churchill and the Secret Service (due in October from John Murray Publishers, London), replied as follows: "I felt obliged at least to glance at this book, despite extreme skepticism induced by media-hype. When, on the first page, my eye fell on an egregious factual error that even a cursory reading of Martin Gilbert's short biography would have prevented (I now forget what), I decided it was pure fiction. Nothing that I have read or heard of since persuades me otherwise, and your comments reinforce this. Churchill did on one occasion employ a personal secret agent behind the back of 'C/ the head of the Secret Intelligence Service. But this was before the First World War, when he was still young, impetuous, and unschooled in the ways of the secret service. More details can be found in my book!" Readers may query Professor Stafford personally at the International Churchill Conference in Toronto this October, where he is one of the participating faculty. CHURCHILL GRAVE TRUST JULY 23RD Mr. Winston Churchill has founded a Trust, Charity Registration no. 1049202, whose object is to refurbish and maintain the Churchill Graves at Bladon, which have become run down over the years and are urgently in need of improvement. The Trustees are the Duke of Marlborough, Lady Soames, Rev. Humphreys (Rector of Bladon and Woodstock) and Mr. Churchill (chairman). Some five years ago Peregrine Churchill (WSC's nephew) and Winston Churchill commissioned a >
LONDON,

Rita Darrah, Celia Sandys and her son Alexander with the Bletchley tea towel.

100% cotton tea towel is English-made, and printed with a view of the Mansion and Churchill's famous tribute, "...My geese that laid the golden eggs but never cackled." Aside from its practical uses, the tea towel makes a wonderful display item. Order several! Cost including airmail postage worldwide is 6 per towel provided payment is made by sterling cheque or International Money Order. This is the way to go, because payment in US dollars has to be $25 per towel to cover the

INTERNATIONAL DATELINES

Grave Trust, continued...

distinguished architect, William Bertram, who has done work for the Prince of Wales and the Prince's Trust, to draw up a plan to deal with the twin problems at Bladon: an enormous volume of visitors (two or three coach-

loads at a time is common), and the fact that the graves, situated on a slope, are slowly but perceptibly sliding downhill. The provisional estimate of cost is $500,000, of which Mr. Churchill hopes to provide a significant amount. All Friends of Sir Winston who wish to donate to this cause are most welcome to do so. The editor will be pleased to send a copy of the plans and problem analysis to anyone in North America who wishes to review them; elsewhere (and, if you prefer in North America), please contact Mr. Churchill at 4 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PH, tel. (0171) 245-9534. 8

ICS United Kingdom Report

by David Boler, Outgoing Chairman (1994-1997)

he Annual General Meeting of the International Churchill Society, United Kingdom, occurred at Chartwell July 6th; the results will be reported in the next issue of Finest Hour. The past twelve months were dominated by the International Conference which the UK Society had the honour and privilege of hosting in October 1996. I am delighted that this was the largest and most successful Conference ever held by the Society on this side of the Atlantic and I am extremely grateful to all those who gave so generously of their time and, more importantly, expended so much energy and hard work, to ensure ICS UK a major triumph. It was pleasing to see so many UK Friends at the various events. I have reached the end of my three year term as Chairman, which has been enormous fun and involved a steep learning curve in all aspects of the Society's affairs! I have found that the increasing workload, including ever more foreign travel for Lloyd's, is such that I cannot give the time and effort that the Society deserves or expects, and therefore I am standing down to allow others to take the Society forward into the next millennium. In this regard, Nigel Knocker, who was coopted onto the Committee earlier this year, has very kindly allowed his name to be considered for the position

-3

David Boler presents the ICS Blenheim Award to Miss Grace Hamblinfor her years of service to the Churchills and as Chartwell's first Administrator, April.

of Honorary Chairman by the new Committee. Nigel has the support and warm wishes of both the Trustees and members of the Churchill family for offering his services in this way. Dominic Walters, son of Celia Sandys and great grandson of Sir Winston Churchill, was also coopted onto the Committee during the year, and both of them are being formally elected to the Committee at this AGM. I am sure all of you welcome this commitment by Dominic, as a member of the Churchill family, to our Society. Anyone who is interested in serving on the new Committee is most welcome to apply. I must stress that the Committee will have much hard work to do and I urge only those prepared to offer a lot of time and energy to consider serving. I was honoured to be asked by the
FINEST HOUR 95/13

Trustees at their May meeting to serve as a Trustee of the Society, and I am delighted to accept this responsibility. The Society faces a paradox in financial terms: on the one hand the doubling of cost of Finest Hour over the last three years, against a static basic subscription of 20 for individual membership, has now resulted in an annual loss of some 2,000 on the Society's ordinary income and expenditure. The good news is that the surplus generated by the various major events we have held in the last three years, notably the V.E. Day Dinner and 1996 Conference, has more then compensated for this. However, despite reserves now totalling several thousand pounds, the Society must not rely on profits of events such as these to survive, and we must have a subscription charge that covers annual expenditure leaving surplus from functions to be distributed for charitable and other purposes. Consequently as a matter of urgency the July 6th meeting considered an increase of 10 in the annual subscription. (This writing June 20th). Also retiring from the Committee are Mark Weber, Dennis Jackson, and Vice Chairman Wylma Wayne. Wylma has been indefatigable in her devotion to ICS and we are all eternally grateful to her for her work on the V.E. Day Dinner and the Blenheim Banquet for last year's Conference. My thanks to all those who have served on the Committee with me over the last three years. I cannot conclude my remarks without giving heartfelt thanks to Joan Harris for her wonderful work as Secretary to ICS. She is the focal point for all members in their dealings with the Society, and has worked way above and beyond the call of duty on many occasions, notably during the Conference, when, despite suffering a broken ankle, she continued organising events and, as many of us saw, attended the Conference on crutches, whilst in severe pain. Joan deserves all our thanks. I also pay tribute to my wife Diane and to my family who so often allowed me to put ICS before them.
CONTINUED OVERLEAF >

INTERNATIONAL DATELINES

Local and National Events

TORONTO
for each event is C$75, of which $50 is a charitable deduction to support the educational work of ICS, Canada. We are anxious to know the outcome of these fascinating proposals and wish we could attend each. Toronto area members should contact Bernie Webber (address on page 2).

DALLAS
Randy Barber with speaker Hugh Segal. 29TH The Other Club of Ontario held its annual Tribute Dinner at the Albany Club, welcoming Albany Club members in recognition of their interest in the International Churchill Conference next October. The result: an exciting event for 167 people, the largest so far in the Other Club's history. Club President Bernie Webber "emceed" an interesting program featuring a tribute to Churchill's memory by Other Club member Bill Williams and a fond look at Sir Winston's continuing relevance by guest speaker Hugh Segal, former chief of staff to Canadian Prime Minister Mulroney and advisor to former Ontario Premier William Davis. ICS Canada President Randy Barber introduced Mr. Segal who, after a knowledgeable address as one of Canada's foremost political affairs commentators, was thanked by Other Club member Henry Rodrigues. Randy also outlined plans for the conference, announcing that Mr. Segal will be one of the featured speakers. This drew an enthusiastic response from the gathering and the evening was a fine kickoff to the Conference Year. -Bernie Webber
JANUARY

ERRATA, Finest Hour 94: Page 7: Contrary to our statement, Churchill was still only 22 when he delivered his maiden political speech, turning 23 in November. Thanks to Fred Hardman. Page 47: The answer to trivia question #747 states that Churchill was knocked down by a New York taxi in December 1931. According, to the official biography, Volume 5, page 421 footnote, Churchill was hit by a private motorcar, not a taxi. Thanks to Nick Gotten. to The Churchill Center, I maintained photocopies of all the materials and had reproductions made of the photographs. These were all on display, and I gave a brief background on how the archive came to the attention of our firm, the appraisal process, and our decision to bequeath it to ICS, and ultimately to The Churchill Center, as the best way to carry out our client's wishes. We also have a discussion of topics for presentation at forthcoming meetings. -Michael McMenamin
Northern Ohio events are frequent. Anyone in the area interested in the latest plans should contact Michael McMenamin at 1300 Terminal Tower, Cleveland OH 44113, telephone (216) 781-1212 (days).

16TH A sherry reception at the home of Mr. & Mrs. David Willette preceded a lecture by Dr. Dorothy Rushing to North Texas Churchillians. Her discussion, "A Great American Citizen," highlighted the many American influences on Churchill's early life and light-hearted anecdotes about his encounters with America. Dr. Rushing, an award winning history instructor at Dallas Community College, compared some of Churchill's characteristics with those of Washington, Jefferson, Edison and other prominent Americans. Following the presentation, the group enjoyed high tea with cucumber sandwiches, scones and trifle. The speaker is shown third from right with other members of the Dallas support group.
FEBRUARY

NEW ENGLAND
MAY 19TH- A handsome sum of $2,985 was donated to The Churchill Center Endowment Fund today by Dr. Cyril Mazansky. This represents proceeds on events held by New England Friends of ICS over the past three years. The Churchill Center is deeply grateful to Dr. Mazansky and all the friends of the Center and Society in New England.

Dr. Dorothy Rushing (3rd from right) with members. Dallas Churchillians meet regularly. For details contact Nathan Hughes, 1117 Shadyglen Circle, Richardson TX 75081, tel (972) 235-3208.

EDINBURGH
"Winston Churchill: The Making of a War Leader" is the new course being offered for Msc. students at the Centre for Second World War Studies, University of Edinburgh. The Churchill Center has promulgated two scholarships for American or Canadian students registering for this course, which will be taught by Drs. Paul Addison and David Stafford, both closely associated with the Churchill Center
SEPTEMBER-

OHIO
To liand as we go to press are a series of summer dinner proposals from The Other Club, no fewer than four of them, all intriguing: "A Picnic en Provence," as Churchill might Ixave enjoyed on a painting trip in King City; a "Churchillian Dinner" hosted by the Watts and Weatheralls in Rosedale; a 1930s Patriotic Dinner in Brampton; and a "Sail Around the Harbour" from the RCYC city station. Tlie cost

MAY nth Northern Ohio Churchillians met this evening to discuss the new Churchill Center publication, The Churchill-Conover Correspondence (see book review this issue). These letters were a gift to The Churchill Center from the estate of my law firm's client, David Conover. While the entire correspondence and accompanying photographs have indeed been turned over
FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 1 4

and Societies.

continued opposite >

INTERNATIONAL DATELINES "In spite of Churchill's enduring fame/' states the course description, "few University courses have ever sought to analyse the nature of his achievement and his strengths and weaknesses as a war leader. This course will provide a unique opportunity for an intensive study of his war leadership, set in the context of his life and career as a whole. Extensive use will be made of primary sources and students will have access to all the primary printed materials on Churchill's life. "The first term will be devoted to studying Churchill's character and multifarious career from his birth in 1874 to his appointment as Prime Minister in May 1940. The second term will focus on his conduct of the war as grand strategist, military leader, diplomatist, Prime Minister and historian, along with the myth, controversy and debate that have sprung up in the wake of this period. In the third term, students will begin a dissertation on an aspect of Churchill's career of their own choice relevant to the main themes of the course." The reading list includes Churchill's war memoirs and wellknown works by Addison, Charmley, Gilbert, Rhodes James and Rose. For an application to this course and consideration for Churchill Center scholarships, please contact Mrs. Kate Marshall, Postgraduate Admissions, University of Edinburgh, Faculty of Arts Office, David Hume Tower, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JK, telephone (0131) 650-3578. was especially concerned. Stanley Winfield of the BC Society has sent Finest Hour a copy of the 1996 winning essay, "The Diary of Felix Bartmann," by Lucy Harrison, a 31-year-old history major at Langara College in Vancouver. Her account is historical fiction, based on research and interviews with her mother, who was a Kindertransport child, evacuated to England from Vienna in 1938. Comprehensively researched and footnoted, the essay in part consists of diary entries, and describes the situation of an Austrian Jewish family in Vienna from the time of the Anschluss (13 March 1938) until the end of that year, when the children arrived via Kindertransport in England. "100,000 children from Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia wanted to leave via Kindertransport," Ms. Harrison footnotes. "Only 10,000 children actually arrived in Britain between December of 1938 and August of 1939, while this service was in operation." Finest Hour will make copies available to anyone who would like to peruse this fine essay.

ABSENT FRIENDS
DICKDANBY 1ST- I am sorry to report the death of a dear friend of the Churchill Societies, Brigadier General (Ret.) Ernest Deighton Danby, DSO, OBE, CD, aged 81.1 told his wife Jean that I was letting Finest Hour know, and she spoke warmly of the Churchill Tour we all shared, and Dick's moving tribute to Sir Fitzroy Maclean (ICS Proceedings for 1987, p. 31). I know little of Dick's army career; he rarely spoke of himself. I do know he was awarded his DSO during the Italian Campaign, in the fighting for the Hitler Line. He was wounded at this time but returned to the war in Northern Europe. A service of celebration of his life was held at West Vancouver United Church. Their many friends may like to write Jean Danby at 1007 - 195 21st Street, West Vancouver, BC, Canada V7V 4A4. We are the poorer for his loss. -Don Kettyls
VANCOUVER, APRIL

JACKFISHMAN
LONDON, APRIL

LONDON
CALL 1-800-WINSTON Here's a hopeful sign that children are not entirely forgetting the Man of the Century: "One 2 One," a mobile phone company, ran a national poll asking who people would most like to have a mobile phone conversation with. The top three choices were Richard Branson (Chairman, Virgin Airways), Nelson Mandela and Winston Churchill. Not bad! (At the bottom of the list were Oasis's Liam Gallagher, just under Pamela Anderson.)
MARCH 12TH

VANCOUVER
The Rt. Hon. Sir Winston S. Churchill Society of British Columbia's essay contest, which stemmed from an earlier Scholarship Foundation and student debates programme, has been in place since 1993, when it replaced the previous debating competitions. The contest is open to British Columbia university undergraduates taking coursesJn History, International Relations or Political Science. Although essays on any important topic of contemporary political relevance are eligible, preference is given to essays related to Churchill's life and times or essays on issues with which he

HASTINGS SALE NETS 50,000 LONDON, JUNE 6 T H Christie's sale of the Robert Hastings Churchilliana collection netted the Winston Churchill Foundation 50,000, according to our good friend, WCF President Ambassador John Loeb, Jr. Bob Hastings, inveterate collector in Pasadena, California, willed the proceeds of the sale to the Foundation, which provides scholarships for Churchill College Cambridge. We are very pleased that Bob's fine collection went to a good cause.
FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 1 5

23RD Jack Fishman, the famous journalist friend of Churchills and author of My Darling Clementine (the first CSC biography, on best-seller lists for a year) has died aged 76. Fishman wrote many best-sellers and popular songs; he also had a hand in the exposure of Kim Philby as a Soviet spy. For his Men of Spandau (1954), he was threatened with imprisonment by the British Government for breaking the Official Secrets Act. He went on to write songs for thirty feature films and became music supervisor for Cannon/MGM, overseeing more than 100 feature films. In 1966 he edited a posthumous Churchill work using Sir Winston's writings on the theme, /// Lived My Life Again, Fishman was to have been honoured this year at the Cannes Film Festival for his contributions to film music. He had attended every festival since its inauguration fifty years ago. Jack Fishman married, in 1944, Lillian Richman; they had two sons. -The Times M

Send your questions (and answers) to the Editor

Riddles, Mysteries, Enigmas

l have seen a quote attributed to Churchill, "History is what the winners say it is," and I am wondering when and where he said it. -Joe Just, Chicago

I am trying to find the video "The Finest Hours." Living in a rather remote part of Canada, I am having a hard time locating it.

Write to: Electronic Publishing Corporation, Ltd., 68-70 Wardour Street, London W1V3HP, England and be sure to ask them for a NTSC version.
-Jonah Triebwasser

issue of Finest Hour recalls that a London wine merchant, sent to appraise the cellar at Chartwell, pronounced it a "shambles," the only items of value being a large supply of vintage Pol Roger Champagne (regularly topped up by shipments from Madame Odette Pol-Roger in Epernay); cases of Hine brandy; and some bottles of chardonnay which Churchill had bottled with Hillaire Belloc and which WSC forbade anyone to touch. Despite its Belloc association, the merchant pronounced the chardonnay "undrinkable"!

A Our references fail to turn up that z~\.quote can any reader help? Churchill certainly held that sentiment; he remarked to Ismay during the Nuremberg Trials that it was a good thing they had won, lest they be standing in the dock. He often told critics to leave the past to history, especially since he planned to write that history himself. But we suspect the line you quote is one of those bon mots that could have been said by many people.

From Ma]. Gen. Ken Perkins in England comes a telephone request from wifeCelia, lecturing in London on her grandfather: What commercial brands of cigars and spirits did Sir Winston prefer?

Cigars: a lot were specially made up for him, bearing his name on the wrapper with no brand indicated. But his favorite commercial brands were Camacho and Romeo y Julieta, both Havanas, and therefore for the time being unavailable, legally, to denizens of the USA. (Wm. F. Buckley, Jr., speaker at the ICS1995 Conference, wrote recently that he was told that the Dunhills he received from ICS were Churchill's favorites, earning an E-mail riposte from the editor that Dunhill's man must have been smoking something other than tobacco.) Scotch: Johnny Walker Red (Sir Winston was a personal friend of Sir Alexander Walker, judging by the fine jacketed copy of Into Battle inscribed to Walker, which I have just added to my collection.) He apparently did not have any special preference for single malts. Brandy: Vintage Hine. An early

Offered at a recent art auction was a pencil sketch of Winston Churchill done and signed by Sarah Churchill that was entitled "Iron Curtain." I believe that tlie bottom part of the piece also had some words from that speech and was embossed with a seal. The price of the piece started at $650 and it sold to a local banker for $750.1 opened the bidding and wish now that I had continued with a bid, but presumably the purdiaser would liave prevailed. Can you tell me about this artwork, what tlie "going price" elsewhere is, and where I might find another one like it? It was new to me and I found it a very attractive rendering.

l am looking for information about Sir Winston Churchill's fondness of cats. I am particularly interested in the names of his pet cats (if he ever liad any, which I understand he did) and some rescuable anecdotes.

A Sarah ^^Churchill published a number of intaglio sketches of her father signed by her, but apparently not all done by her, in large quarto size. The sketches also exist in a smaller format, about 8x10. The large ones, of which yours is one, often attract bids of $500, but some collectors tell us that they are not worth that much singly. The complete set is of course of considerable value. We recently were asked to appraise one of the large ones (WSC riding to hounds, c.1947). The owner attached an appraisal of $5000! We had to advise that this figure was a "terminological inexactitude." Comments from readers would be appreciated.
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All we know are the conventional things, viz...that he had a particular fondness for animals, although he considered cats aloof. ("Dogs look up to you, cats look down on you, pigs look you in the eye and treat you like an equal.") His private secretary, Jock Colville, presented him with a marmalade cat which he duly named "Jock." Jock HI today lives at Chartwell. Churchill owned several cats. Honorary member Grace Hamblin, private secretary from 1932 and first Chartwell Administrator, told us in 1987 of an earlier pet cat which she fed and cared for. Churchill said, "Good morning, Cat," but "Cat made no effort to be near him. He slashed at it with his papers and the cat ran from the house. Cat didn't return the next day or the next or the next. Finally he said, 'Do you think it's because I hit him?' Of course I said, 'Yes, definitely.'" Sir Winston was contrite and made Grace put a card in the window saying, "Cat: come home, all is forgiven." Miss Hamblin continues: "Cat did come home several days later with a wire round his neck. Given cream and the best salmon and so on, he did recover, I'm glad to say." (Reference: Proceedings of the International Churchill Society 1987.) m

The 1997 Manard E. Pont Seminar: A Triumph for The Churchill Center
Sixteen outstanding American and Canadian students assembled with faculty to discuss "Thought and Action in the Life of Winston S. Churchill." The result: brand new insights into Churchill's My Early Life and Thoughts and Adventures

HAT stood out about the Manard Pont Seminar was the vibrant experience sixteen outstanding students derived from what was for most of them their first reading of Churchill. Said one of our professors, Paul Rahe: "I remember Adam Ake of West Point addressing questions of military strategy, and Kathryn Shea of Harvard suggesting something wonderful: that, in a sense, Churchill had two familiesan aristocratic family, made up of his parents, and a democratic family, in Tocqueville's sense, constituted by Nanny Everest. Daphna Renan, our only

Faculty members for the seminar were Paul K. Alkon, Leo S. Bing Professor of English at the University of Southern California; Mark N. Blitz, Professor of Government at Claremont McKenna College; James W. Muller, Professor of Political Science at the University of Alaska, Anchorage; Paul A. Rahe, Jay P. Walker Professor of History at the University of Tulsa; and Peter Stansky, Frances and " Charles Field Professor of History at Stanford University.

1997 Manard E. Pont Fellows. Top row: Jeffrey Metzger, Adam Ake, Scott Watson, Rohit Khanna. Third roiu: Caleb Richardson, Mahindan Kanakaratnam, Micah Schwartzman, Alicia Mosier. Second row: Jeffrey Giesea, Dark Spiers, Mark Pickup. Front row: Kathryn Shea, Julie Johnson, David Raksin, Daplma Renan. Not pictured: Kevin Wack.

freshman, held her own without trouble, commenting on the theme of magnanimity as it evidences itself in My Early Life...! had fun with the animal imagery in the early part of My Early Life: horses to ride, elephants that march, a mother who is compared with a pantherall animals with a certain grandeur. And I made much of WSC's spiritedness (and of the spiritedness of the animals which he admired)." The 1997 Manard E. Pont Seminar, a project of The Churchill Center, was held at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, on 18-19 April. This inaugural seminar brought together sixteen outstanding undergraduate students and six faculty members to talk about two of Churchill's most evergreen books. Our students, the 1997 Manard E. Pont Fellows, were nominated by faculty at thirteen leading North American colleges and universities. They ranged from freshmen to graduating seniors. Each Fellow received a grant to cover books, transportation, and lodging for the seminar, as well as an honorarium of $100.

HE Churchill Center named this seminar after the late Manard E. Pont, M.D., a distinguished neurosurgeon who had an abiding interest in Churchill. It was made possible by a generous gift from his wife, Ethel M. Pont, with additional funding by the Intercollegiate Studies Institute. It was one of the events recognized by the British Consulate General in San Francisco as part of their spring program, "Britain Meets the Bay." Fellows and faculty gathered on Friday, 18 April, at the Stanford Park Hotel in Menlo Park, California. After a brief orientation, they met several dozen Friends of The Churchill Center and the International Churchill Society at a reception, followed by an address on "Churchill the Writer" by Professor Muller, who connected Sir Winston's long literary career to his lifelong endeavor to educate himself about politics. Fellows and faculty had a chance to talk with their benefactress Ethel Pont afterwards over dinner. Gerald A. Dorfman, Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, welcomed them as host. continued overleaf >

Ti

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Above (L-R): Ethel Pont, the lady who made it possible, toasts the memory of Sir Winston Churchill; at the Saturday banquet, Dr. Mark N. Blitz reviews the statesmanship of The Gathering Storm; Adam Ake of West Point toasts Mrs. Pont. Left; Singing Harrow Songs at the Hoover Institute. Below: Our talented organizers: Churchill Center Executive Director Parker Lee presents a gift of thanks to the Center's Academic Chairman James. W. Muller.

HE seminar discussion began the next morning on Saturday 19 April, in Stauffer Auditorium at the Hoover Institution. In addition to the faculty and Fellows, about thirty observers were present for an invigorating day of thinking about Churchill. It was interesting to watch some of the best college students in America and Canada grappling with Sir Winston's screed. When faculty members called on them by name, they remembered, quickly found, read aloud, and talked about particular passages in the books. "Now then, Mr. ," asked Professor Rahe, "what did Churchill say about horses?" With the rapidity of a Nexis survey, the student found and quoted that famous advice to fathers in My Early Life to give their sons horses, not money. It was a bravura performance which left many listeners amazed. "It was fascinating to hear Winston Churchill, about whom we all know so much, interpreted and analyzed by young people who had mostly not read his books before," said Parker Lee. Both morning sessions were devoted to My Early Life. Professor Rahe led the first session, a lively discussion of Churchill's perspective on life in which Fellows argued over his moral education, his viewpoints on war, and his relations with his parents. After the singing of the Harrow School song "The Silver Arrow" and a break, Professor

Stansky led the second session, offering his thoughts on the social and historical context of Churchill's early years. After luncheon on the terrace and a chance to tour an exhibit of British posters organized by Professor Stansky's students, seminar participants returned to the auditorium for a presentation by Paul Rahe on "The River War: Nature's Provision, Man's Desire to Prevail, and the Prospects for Peace."

HE afternoon sessions considered Thoughts and Adventures. Professor Alkon asked the Fellows about some of Churchill's literary devices, and they argued over whether Churchill was wise to use so many counter-factual hypotheses in its writingto ask what else would have been different if a given thing had happened otherwise. After a break, Professor Muller led the discussion of Churchill's reflections on the threats to twentiethcentury statesmanship posed by mass democracy and modem science. The seminar ended with the singing of the Harrow School anthem "Stet Fortuna Domus," including the special verse written in honor of Churchill in December 1940. Afterwards many of the Fellows enjoyed the view from the top of the Hoover Tower. The Saturday evening banquet at the Stanford

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Above (L-R): Ethel Pont congratulates Daphna Renan (Harvard), who had also proved adept at air traffic control; and Mahindan Kanakaratnam (University of Toronto), who will next appear at the Toronto panel on WSC's "The Dream"; Constance Reid pays tribute to Manard Pont. Right: Lively interchange at Hoover Institute, 19 April. Left: Parker Lee presents Pol Roger to fellow organizer, Churchill Center Governor Jacqueline Dean Witter.

Park Hotel was a salute to Manard Pont, featuring warm reminiscences of the man by two associates, his student and associate Jeffrey B. Randall, M.D., and his teacher Constance Reid. Master of Ceremonies Parker H. Lee, III, Executive Director of the Churchill Center, thanked Ethel Pont for her generosity as benefactress of the seminar. He presented her certificate as a Founding Member of The Churchill Center and an Oscar Nemon Churchill bust. The after-dinner speech, "What Churchill's Gathering Storm Teaches about Statesmanship," was delivered by Professor Blitz. Afterwards Ethel Pont presented each of the Fellows with a certificate. Adam Ake of West Point, chosen class marshall by his peers, replied by thanking her on behalf of the Fellows. Just before the Fellows withdrew for their photograph on the hotel stairs, Ethel Pont ended the formal proceedings by proposing a toast, in his favorite Pol Roger Champagne, to the memory of Sir Winston.

Churchill's example as they argued over his books. In the beautiful surroundings of Stanford University and a first-class hotel, the Fellows enjoyed above all the chance to meet each other and to talk over their own plans and dreams in the shadow of the exuberant Winston. Fellows, faculty, and observers all left looking forward to the next chance to come together to talk about Churchill.

he seminar committeeJacqueline Dean Witter, Parker Lee, and Jim Muller (all Governors of The Churchill Center)fine-tuned the seminar to perfection; the faculty launched the discussion with pointed questions; but what really brought it to life were the intelligence and high spirits of the Fellows, who warmed to

ne small postscript by Paul Rahe testifies to the resourcefulness of the Pont Fellows: "American Airlines kept Daphna Renan and me sitting at JFK for something like seven hours, parading us on and off the plane, retaining our tickets (which they had collected when we first boarded), and telling us repeatedly not to worry, the repair work was almost done. Finally, they confessed that they no longer had a pilot and crew to fly the plane. At that point, I headed for the main desk in the hope of finding another flight. While I did so, Daphna located a flight & talked the desk agent into letting us on it...without tickets (which we could not get back from the desk agent for our original flight). In short, my presence at the gathering was a consequence of the moxie displayed by an exceedingly capable undergraduate. You can say that I was rescued from passivity by an intrepid freshman!"

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COVER STORY

The Winston Churchill Portraits of Alfred Egerton Cooper

One of the most prolific portrayers of Sir Winston Churchill, Cooper succeeded where many others failed: the Great Man liked all his works.
By Jeanette Hanisee Gabriel

HILE searching for bargain books and autographs in London two years ago, my husband and I happened upon an old Chelsea bookshop. Already we had looked up, telephoned or visited every Churchilliana dealer we could find, but had bought only a signed 1901 photo. Entering the ancient premises, we asked if they had any autographs. "Maybe up on the fourth floor," the clerk replied. Following his pointing finger, we found and panted up a steep, narrow, Dickensian staircase. At the topmost level we emerged and, turning, saw hanging high above us in the stairwell an oil portrait of Sir Winston Churchill at Chartwell, gazing at us with a sweet, pensive expression. It was the consummate serendipitous experience. Had we set out to find such a portrait we would never have looked in an out-of-the way antiquarian bookshop. Those who have encountered Destiny in her boldest garb will know what we felt: this portrait was meant for us. The proprietors knew little of the artist or the history of the work. In fact, a continuing mystery is the number "59" affixed in the upper left cornerperhaps a sale or inventory number. On the back is painted "Chartwell 1947." Only after returning to the United States and scramMs. Gabriel is writing a book on Churchill portraits and sculpture, and would be most grateful to know of their location and owners. Please write to her at 1341 Stanford Street, Santa Monica, CA 90404 USA.

bling for information did an outline emerge of the artist responsible: the prominent portraitist A. Egerton Cooper (1883-1974). We were especially fortunate to reach (via Finest Hour) the artist's son, Peter. C. Cooper, who is Director of the Grosse Pointe Art Gallery near Detroit, Michigan. The impetus behind the 1947 portrait is not known, but there is an anecdote connected to it, related by a former owner. It is said that during his first long sitting for the study, Churchill, bored with inactivity, fell to bedeviling poor Cooper. Raconteurs tend to embellish their Churchill stories, and it's quite likely that the exchange went two ways, with a deal of good-natured joking, since Churchill had sat for Cooper before. In fact, Cooper had painted one of the Prime Minister's favorite portraits, the famous "Profile for Victory" (cover, Finest Hour 75). Our present cover portrait is unusual in that it shows Churchill at home in a familiar and informal setting: a sunny corner of Chartwell. Behind him is a large model of a ship, inventoried today as "an eighteenth or nineteenth century three-masted sailing barge" and housed in Churchill's Chartwell studio. Cooper's portrait is 30 by 24 inches unframed, and executed in a very loose, painterly style akin to that adopted by Churchill in his own paintings. Sir Winston was influenced by the impressionistic brushwork of Sir John Lavery and Richard Sickert; Cooper was of the same gener-

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PAGE OPPOSITE: Cooper with the final version of the our cover portrait (OPPOSITE RIGHT), presented to the Junior Carlton Club in 1950; it hangs at the Carlton today, along with Cooper's famous "Profile for Victory" (ABOVE RIGHT), which graced the cover of Finest Hour 75. ABOVE LEFT: The final Cooper portrait, begun 1953, completed 1965, owned by Schweppes. Photos courtesy Schweppes Cadbury Ltd. and Peter C. Cooper.

generation. One can see the similarity in execution of Cooper's portrait to Churchill's own 1928 painting, "Tea at Chartwell" (Coombs #35, plO3), which portrays the Sickerts, Diana Mitford, Eddie Marsh, Diana Churchill and Clementine Churchill seated around the table with Winston). The face of Churchill looking over his shoulder at the viewer bears an uncanny resemblance to Cooper's portrait, particularly the bold planes of light on the face. Our cover portrait is actually the first version of a lifesize oil which would be created later at Egerton Cooper's studio. Being a preparatory work for a more formal painting, is called a "study," but it has all the substance and merit of a finished work of art. The final, full-scale portrait is shown in the photo opposite, loaned by Peter Cooper, with his father standing beside the completed painting. One can see that it is more technically refined and realistically detailed than the earlier study. This larger painting was completed in 1950 and given to the Junior Carlton Club, whose records, unfortunately, are not sufficient to reveal the donor. It is illustrated in Gentleman's Clubs of England, in the Club dining room, and was pictured in color on a Christmas card issued by the Club in the Fifties. The Carlton and Junior Carlton merged in 1977, and the painting now hangs at the Carlton Club building at 69 St. James's Street. Adjacent to it, on the same wall, hangs a portrait of Lord Randolph Churchill.

Both Lord Randolph and his son were members of the Carlton, certainly the most famous political club of modern times. Formed in 1832 by opponents of the Reform Bill, its tables have traditionally been crowded with Members of Parliament and Cabinet Ministers. Winston Churchill was elected to membership in 1925, after he had "re-ratted," as he put it, returning to the Tories following twenty years as a Liberal.

HE Carlton Club actually has two Cooper portraits of Churchill, the second being the aforementioned "Profile for Victory." According to Cooper's son, the "Profile" was acquired through the generosity of Sir Edward Mortimer Mountain (1872-1950), Chairman of Eagle Star Insurance Company, who donated the portrait in 1948. Sir Edward was a member of the Carlton Club and the Royal Auto Club (where Cooper's portraits of the Dukes of Connaught and Kent hang), and had himself been painted by Cooper, a close friend who often joined him for salmon fishing in Scotland. Cooper's "Profile" had a curious inception. One evening in 1942, Cooper was at the Arts Club in Dover Street playing billiards with a group of members. Among these was the distinguished sculptor William Reid Dick, King's Sculptor in Ordinary for Scotland and President of the Royal Society of British Artists. Dick had done busts of

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George V and the model for his memorial at Westminster after the King's death. His later subjects would include the Duke of Windsor, George VI, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, Princess Elizabeth, a model for Kitchener Memorial in St. Paul's, and the statue of President Roosevelt in Grosvenor Square. In the midst of shooting billiards, Dick related that he had been commissioned to sculpt a bronze of Churchill, who had protested that he didn't have the time, but the King had prevailed upon WSC to meet the sculptor. Dick

said he would soon be going to Downing Street to take preliminary measurements. Cooper became excited at this and, eager for a chance to see the great man firsthand, asked if he might accompany Dick in the capacity of an assistant. Dick agreed, the arrangements were made, and on the assigned day the two departed for Number 10. The meeting came off without a hitch. Churchill sat while Dick took his measurements and read them off to Cooper, who quickly recorded them as he rapidly sketched Churchill's profile. What had come to Cooper's mind was

ABOVE LEFT: "Tea at Chartwell, 29 August 1927" by Churchill, 1928 (The National Trust). Seated around the table from left to right are Therese Sickert, Diana Mitford, Eddie Marsh, Winston Churchill, Frederick Lindemann, Randolph Churchill, Diana Churchill, Clementine Churchill and Richard Sickert. The face of Churchill bears a resemblance to Cooper's cover study. ABOVE RIGHT: The painting now at Lloyd's (see also the article in FH 67). BELOW: Dinner at Lloyds, 1948: Clementine Churchill, Lloyd's Chairman Sir Eustace Pulbrook, WSC and Lady Pulbrook.

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a series of "Profile" biographies of prominent persons in the Observer. After finishing his sketch, Cooper wrote below it, "Profile For Victory." Then, taking a calculated risk, he showed it to Churchill. After some small talk and a reasonable interval, he asked if he might paint the PM's portrait in that pose. Churchill grumbled and puffed, remarking that Cooper was not a sculptor and must have therefore come under false pretenses to make this request. Nonetheless he soon calmed down and must have admired the sketch, for he did indeed consent to sit for Cooper. The resulting portrait, considered by Cooper to be his finest work, was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1943 and later published as a morale-boosting poster for the general public. The painting itself was purchased by Cooper's friend Sir Edward Mountain, who, according to Cooper's son, commissioned several signed reproductions of the painting from Cooper for "important persons in the UK and overseas."

havoc on German dams of the Ruhr River. A 1954 motion picture called "The Dam Busters" starred Michael Redgrave as Wallis. It was filmed at the Wallis house, where some of Cooper's paintings can be seen hanging on the walls.

ANY eminent artists have executed portraits of Winston Churchill, but few if any artists have painted more than A. Egerton Cooper. Like most painters of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, little documentation is available on Cooper, but it is worthwhile from the perspective of art history to record something about this talented artist, born the same year as Churchill himself. Cooper showed artistic talent early, exhibiting (for the first of forty times) at the Royal Academy at eighteen and graduating on a scholarship from London's Royal College of Art in 1911. While still a student, Cooper entered a competition for which John Singer Sargent (1856-1925) was one of the judges. Sargent was perhaps the most celebrated artist of his generation, called by Rodin "The Van Dyck of our times." Impressed by the young artist's work, Sargent voted for Cooper, who came in second. Fortuitously, Sargent asked' Cooper to work with him at his studio, the famous 31-33 Tite Street in Chelsea which had belonged to James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903). Cooper spent about a year there as Sargent's assistant, doing backgrounds and details for his paintings. What the master passed along to his disciple is evident on our cover. When the Great War came, "Fred" Cooper joined the famous 28th County of London Volunteer Regiment, the Artists Rifles. At the end of the war he was made official artist to the R.A.F. He became an expert in the art and technique of large scale aerial camouflage, sketching and painting landscapes from a variety of aircraft. Some are now at London's Imperial War Museum. One of Cooper's R.A.F. friends was Dr. Barnes S. Wallis, a leading British aircraft designer after World War I, and responsible for the famous Wellington bomber. Wallis's most famous invention was the "bouncing bomb," popularly known as the Dam Buster, which wrought

HILE training Army recruits in 1917 near Romford, Essex, Cooper met his future wife. Her parents entertained local officers at their home. After getting to know the young man and learning he was an artist, his future father-in-law referred to him as 'Teter the Painter," and Cooper was "Peter" to his friends and family the rest of his life. An odd link lies behind this anecdote. One morning in early 1911, Churchill, then Home Secretary, was called dripping from his bath to the telephone and informed that a gang of anarchists were surrounded at 100 Sidney Street, Whitechapel. Their leader, apparently absent, was the infamous Peter Piaktow, aka "Peter the Painter," so-named because he, like Hitler, had once been a house painter. Churchill despatched the Scots Guards and, throwing on his clothes, soon arrived in person. It was a scene of intense tumult, with barrages exchanged between the rebels, Guards and police. William Manchester believes that Churchill's inspiration for the tank came at this moment, as he speculated whether to storm the hideout using metal shields. In the end, the house caught fire and the anarchists were incinerated. This historical drama so imprinted itself on the public mind that seven years later it inspired the nickname of Cooper, who ironically was also destined to play a role with Churchill. Cooper's career progressed and his reputation spread; he was primarily a portraitist, but also painted landscapes, coastal and harbor views, and racing scenes including the Derby and Ascot. His contact with the Royal Family came in the 1920s when an American painter friend was asked to portray George V's horses. Since he painted only horses, he asked Cooper to paint the backgrounds. On Sunday mornings, the two of them would confer with the King, who, it is said, used their meetings as a reason to avoid attending church with Queen Mary. Instead the three of them would hold a pleasant rendezvous at Buckingham Palace, leisurely drinking Black Velvets (half Guiness, half Champagne) while they discussed the work in progress! Over the course of his career Cooper painted countless notable persons, including two portraits of George VI commissioned in 1939. One depicts the King in Naval attire, the other in uniform of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps. They hang respectively in the Sea Cadets Barracks and Hounslow Barracks. After his preliminary study of George VI at the Palace, Cooper worked on the portraits in his studio at 27 Glebe Place, Chelsea. The King's military medals and decorations were delivered for him to copy at a time when the Blitz was in full swing, and Cooper was in a state of

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nervous anxiety lest they be blown to bits, not to mention himself. Another Royal commission took place at the 1954 Light Brigade Ball, a centennial celebration honoring the Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava in the Crimean War. His large canvas, entitled "The Queen and The Queen Mother at the Light Brigade Ball," depicts the Hyde Park Hotel ballroom filled with whirling figures, the Queen and Princess dancing with their partners. The Queen examined the developing painting and chatted with Cooper, who was working in white tie and tails at his easel alongside the orchestra. His son, who owns a second copy of this painting,* relates that Cooper generally looked more like a retired British Colonel than an artist, and always dressed to the nines, even in his studio.

writing Room at Lloyd's 1 Lime Street headquarters. The Captains' Room had its beginnings in a seventeenth-century coffee house owned by Edward Lloyd, where the firm had its inception.

LOYD'S of London owns the penultimate Cooper Churchill portrait. Churchill's connection with Lloyd's originates with his father-in law, Colonel Henry Montague Hozier (1838-1907), an army officer and pioneer in military intelligence. Like Churchill, Hozier was a military correspondent: he covered the Austrian-Prussian War for The Times and was a prolific writer of military history. In 1874 Hozier left the army to become Secretary of Lloyd's, a position he held for thirty-two years. One of his most significant innovations was setting up wireless stations to monitor sea traffic, a system which in 1911 put Lloyd's in touch with First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill. From that time, Lloyd's shipping information was routinely passed to the Admiralty, where it played a vital intelligence role during the First World War. (See also "Churchill and Lloyds" by David Boler, Finest Hour 67.) In 1944 Lloyd's elected Churchill an Honorary Member of their Society, the fifth so honored after Marconi, Admiral Beatty, Lord Haig and Admiral Sturdee. Too busy at the time to attend the ceremony, the PM later made a public appearance at Lloyd's in 1948 for a dinner in the Captains' Room. A press photo of the dinner shows Mrs. Churchill, Sir Eustace Pulbrook (Chairman of Lloyd's), Winston Churchill and Lady Pulbrook. Anticipating the approach of his eightieth birthday in 1954, Lloyd's commissioned a portrait of Churchill by A. E. Cooper. It was one of several commissioned by various artists for that occasion, not all of which had happy repercussions. But of Cooper's work Lloyd's said with relief, "he actually liked it!" This portrait was again sited at Chartwell, Churchill seated tranquilly beneath an old oak, symbolic perhaps of his own evolutionary status in life. The painting hangs at the entrance to the famous company restaurant, the Captains' Room, situated below the Under* Mr. Peter Cooper says he would like to sell this painting. Anyone interested may contact him at 36231 Grand River Ave., Apt 203, Fdrmington, Michigan 48335 USA.

HE final Cooper portrait of Churchill, owned by Cadbury Schweppes, is displayed in the firm's executive directors offices, which since 1992 have been at 25 Berkeley Square, London. This painting was purchased by Schweppes from the artist in 1967 when the firm was at 2 Connaught Placeanother site with significant Churchill connections. From 1883 to 1892, during Winston's formative schooldays at Brighton and Harrow, Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill lived at 2 Connaught Place. Winston was his father's epigone, pasting press cuttings and cartoons of Lord Randolph in scrapbooks. To Connaught Place Winston addressed his admiring, yearning letters to his father, who in 1886 reached his political pinnacle as Chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of the House of Commons, only to resign abruptly before the year was out. In 1893, expenses forced Lord, Randolph's family to sell Connaught Place and move in with the dowager Duchess of Marlborough at 50 Grosvenor Square. Begun in 1953, the Schweppes portrait was set aside when Churchill suffered a stroke, and was only completed after Sir Winston's death in 1965. Churchill here appears in stem visage, in full evening dress with decorations, seated in an armchair, the ubiquitous cigar in his left hand. There is at least one copy of the Schweppes portrait in the United States. Beginning in the 1960s, Cooper made annual excursions to the American midwest, where Carl Weinhart, Director of the Minneapolis Institute of Art (whose secretary, Gloria, was married to Cooper's son) brought him numerous clients. Robert Naegele, head of a Twin Cities advertising firm, and his wife both sat for Cooper. Being admirers of Churchill, they ordered a copy of the Schweppes portrait. The Naegeles later gave it to Lord Fletcher's Restaurant in Minnetonka, Minnesota, where it still hangs today. Like Churchill, Alfred Egerton Cooper lived a long and productive life, working until he died at age ninety. Some of his last words might equally have been appropriate to Churchill: "Do not tell them how old I am," he would say with a smile: "They might not give me any more commissions." $ For kind assistance in research the author wishes to thank Mr. Peter C. Cooper, Director of the Grosse Point Art Gallery in Michigan; Mrs. Gloria Cooper; the Carlton Club; Cadbury Schweppes Ltd.; Mr. David Bolcr of Lloyd's of London; Mrs. Jean Broome; Mr. Richard Langivorth; and Mr. Alan Bell, manager of Lord Fletcher's Restaurant.

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DESPATCH BOX

PONT met at the 1992 Conference in England. By SEMINAR the time I reached the 1996 tour article I (Letters to was in floods. But thank you for the kind Parker Lee) words. l am B*W writing ELIZABETH SNELL, HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA ^"^ to thank you once again for inviting me to be a Pont During a visit to Chartwell in 1987, Fellow. As I mentioned to Professor Tar- my wife and I were joined by a charming cov upon my return, the conference on man who offered to show us round. He Churchill was simply exceptional. I left in clearly had an intimate knowledge of WOODFORD CAMPAIGN, 1945 (To Derek Brownleader) You may be awe of Churchill, and in some ways Churchill and the house. He was, of interested to know that as a 17-year-old I believe that his life will always be in the course, Ed Murray. We had a fascinating actively campaigned for Winston back of my mind. The best part of the con- insight into many of the things that only ference was interacting with the students, he could have known and was happy to Churchill during the 1945 General Elecall of whom were very impressive. In relate, including the way the house had tion. He represented our Parliamentary sum, I enjoyed and profited from the changed over the years, and what each constituency of Woodford & Wanstead. experience tremendously and now hold room contained and meant to Sir Winston. Although, of course, he won handsomely, his party lost the election. I have still not Churchill as one of my heroes along with At the end of our "guided" tour, I asked recovered from the shock! He was then, Lincoln and Gandhi. what his relationship had been to the big and still is now, in my 69th year, the ROHTT KHANNA, CHICAGO man, whom I had read could be quite dif- supreme inspirational influence in my life. ficult to work for. He replied, "I loved that All continued success in your efforts to I found the seminar fascinating and man. I would have died for him." This, I make The Churchill Center viable for the have the impression that for most of the now know, was typical of Ed, a comment 21st Century. students it was effective in awakening expected of him. As a result of that visit I PETER BROWNE, ESCONDIDO, CALIFORNIA them to Churchill. They were certainly an learnt about the ICS and joined. I also impressive group: the superb people one bought a copy of his book, which he subKARSH COVER OF FH94 always dreams of having but never gets in sequently inscribed. He was a lovely man. Your cover photo last issue reminds such concentrated doses in ordinary class- MAKTIN SMITH, PENN, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE me of an experience twenty-odd years es or even most honors sections. My chief ago. I was on the sleeper train from Chicaregret is that we did not have more time WINKLE PHOTO go to Los Angeles and was reading a book for discussing the readings in greater The photo- about Churchill in the lounge car. It had a detail, pursuing points brought up, and graph on page 33 cover with one of the famous 1941 picfor talking informally. There are so many of FH 87, for tures of WSC on it. The man to my left more things to say about the two books, which you had said, "I took that picture." It was Yousuf and Churchill. I hope there will be more requested identifi- Karsh! He told me how he got the "angry such seminars. [There will!] cation, was taken lion" photo by removing the PM's cigar. PAUL ALKON, PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH in Hastings on 7 We had a good chat! UNTV. OF SO. CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES September 1955, when Sir Winston CHARLES R. BERGH, BREWSTER, N.Y. Churchill became a member of the Winkle ABSENT FRIENDS Club. There is a very good painting of the Last issue's cover of the Returning to Nova Scotia I plucked presentation in the Hastings Museum, on dynamic, dauntless lion, an issues 92 and 93 out of the pile and was what is known as the Stade (the fish mar- excellent selection, recalls a deeply saddened to read of the death of ket, where fishing boats are drawn up on matter that has long troubled your mother. Jaime and I had breakfast the beach). In the painting, "Dear Murray" me: the statue of Churchill in with her that last morning in Boston and is standing beside the Humber Staff car Parliament Square. I have we thought her the finest lady. She spoke and to the left of Field Marshal Mont- always been appalled that so proudly of her family. As you write so gomery. such a monstrosity could be erected. My movingly, words don't helpnot at this Recent letters drew my attention to senses are assaulted each time I see it. It time; they do later. And then H. Ashley the problem of travelling to Chartwell does not conjure up the dynamics and Redburn, a gentleman of the old school, where one of our members was misled vivaciousness of the great man, but such a lovely, lovely man. My post con- into taking a train to East Croyden, a long instead shows an stooped, infirm old man tained a Christmas card from him which taxi drive away. I have found that the best leaning on his cane. What will future gensaid he was delighted to have met my route is by train to either Oxted (Surrey) or erations think of the man who led Britain "charming daughter." More correctly, she Edenbridge (Kent) from Victoria and a through one of its most perilous crises? had the opportunity of meeting a delight- taxi from either station. I hope this infor- Cannot the Churchill Societies undertake ful, dedicated person. Thank goodness he mation will be of assistance to members an effort to replace that "object" with a received the Blenheim Award in time. who travel by rail. proper remembrance? And Edmund Murray, whom Jaime and I W. S. OSBORNE, CH3CHESTER, W. SUSSEX JOHN GALLAGHER, MOUNT PLEASANT, S.C M)
FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 2 5

Editor's response: Many thanks. Per Finest Hour 67, page 6, the Hastings Winkle Club, whose badge is a replica winkle shell, is an exclusive men's club whose members must shell out a fine (to charity) if they fail to produce their winkle at the command, "Winkle Up!" Prince Philip and Montgomery were longtime members. Chartwell rail tactics were discussed in "Despatch Box" (FH 91, page 5), where Oxted seemed to be the best choice; your advice is a timely reminder.

FROM THE CANON

The Maiden Speech, Bath, 1897

"At the present time it is exceedingly difficult to find anything to talk about/' But Young Winston envisioned profit sharing, long before it was widespread
By Winston S. Churchill, Aged 22

F it were pardonable in any speaker to begin with the well worn and time honoured apology, "unaccustomed as I am to public speaking," it would be pardonable in my case, for the honour I am enjoying at this moment of an audience of my fellow-countrymen and women is the first honour of the kind ever received. (Cheers.) I can assure you that it was a very great pleasure able to accept Mr. Skrine's invitation to come down to the ancient city of Bath and to do what little I can to forward the great work of the Primrose League. (Cheers.) But every pleasure has its corresponding drawback, just as every rose has its thorn, and the corresponding drawback in my case is that at the present time it is exceedingly difficult to find anything to talk about. Everyone has been feeling so loyal and patriotic during the last few weeks that now all is over and the Jubilee is dead and done, a sort of reaction has set in, and people do not want to get enthusiastic about anything for quite a long time to come.* (Laughter.) Even Parliament is affected by a general dullness, for the truth is politics are extremely dull, no exciting debates, no close divisions, no violent scenes ruffle the serenity of the House of Commons, no violent agitation disturbs the tranquility of the countryall is rest and sleepy, comfortable peace. (Laughter.) In fact in the words of the popular song you might have heard:
Every eyelid closes, All the world reposes, Lazily, lazily, drowsily, drowsily, In the noonday sun.

sure is before them of the greatest importance to the working men of this country. (Cheers.) I venture to hope that, if you think it presumptuous in one so young to speak on such a subject, you will put it down to the headstrong enthusiasm of youth. (Hear, hear and laughter.)

But sleepy, comfortable peace, I must remind you, involves sleepy, comfortable progress, and leads eventually to comfortable prosperity. So that, although bad for the speaker, this rest is good for the people. And though Parliament is dull, it is by no means idle. (Hear, hear.) A mea*Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee was celebrated in early 1897. The actual anniversary of her accession was 20 June. This speech is published by kind permisison of the copyright holder, Winston S. Churchill.

HIS measure is designed to protect workingmen in dangerous trades from poverty if they become injured in the service of their employers. (Hear, hear.) When the Radicals brought in their Bill and failed, they called it an Employers' Liability Bill. Observe how much better the Tories do these things. (Hear, hear.) We call the Bill the Workmen's Compensation Bill, and that is a much nicer name. (Laughter and hear, hear.) This Bill is a great measure of reform. It grapples with evils that are so great that only those who are intimately connected with them are able to form any idea of them. (Cheers.) Every year it is calculated that 6,000 people are killed and 250,000 injured in trades in this country. That is a terrible total, larger than the greatest battle ever fought can show. (Hear, hear.) I do not say that workmen have not been treated well in the past by the kindness and consideration of their employers, but this measure removes the question from the shifting sands of charity and places it on the firm bedrock of law. (Cheers.) So far it is only applied to dangerous trades. Radicals, who are never satisfied with Liberals, and always liberal with other people's money (laughter), ask why it is not applied to all. That is like a Radicaljust the slapdash, wholesale, harum-scarum policy of the Radical. It reminds me of the man who, on being told that ventilation was an excellent thing, went and smashed every window in his house, and died of rheumatic fever. (Laughter and cheers.) That is not Conservative policy. Conservative policy is essentially a tentative policya look-before-you-leap policy; and it is a policy of don't leap at all if there is a ladder. (Laughter.) It is because our progress is slow that it is sure

FINEST HOUR 95 / 26

and constant. (Hear, hear.) But this Bill might be taken as indicating the forward tendency of Tory legislation, and as showing to thousands of our countrymen engaged in industrial pursuits that the Tories are willing to help them, and besides having the inclination, that they also have the power (hear, hear), and that the British workman has more to hope for from the rising tide of Tory democracy than from the dried-up drainpipe of Radicalism. (Laughter and cheers.) I am sorry to say that what is being done in one direction is being undone in another. I allude, of course, to the great strike of engineers. (Hear, hear.) A great war between capital and labour has broken out, and it can not fail to leave a most dreadful desolation behind it (hear, hear), and must bring misery on thousands. Whoever is right, masters or men, both are wrong, whoever might win, both must lose. (Hear, hear.) In the great economic struggles of nations no quarter is ever shown to the vanquished. Every individual and every community has, no doubt, a right to buy the best goods in the cheapest market, and if the British manufacturer can not produce goods for export-at the lowest price in the market of our trade the pride of England and the envy of the foreignerwould simply go to the German Emperor or some other equally unattractive individual. (Laughter and applause.)

definite end. And as we have home our share of work, we might claim our share of the credit. (Hear, hear.) Those reflections are not unpleasant to many of those who, like Mr. Skrine and Colonel Wright, our Ruling Councillor, have watched the Primrose League from its early humble commencement. At first regarded merely as a trick of the Fourth Party, viewed with contempt by the Radicals and with suspicion by the Tories, the League had a narrow shave of existence at all. But it grew, in the face of ridicule and opposition, and extended its ramifications into almost every town and village in the land (cheers); and its influence pervaded all classes, until we see it in one of the most complicated arrangements of political machinery, and one of the most tremendous monuments of Constitutional power that the world has ever seen. (Cheers.)

NE of the questions which politicians have to face is how to avoid disputes between capital and labour. (Hear, hear.) Ultimately I hope that the labourer will become, as it were, a shareholder in the business in which he works, and would not be unwilling to stand the pressure of a bad year because he shares some of the profits of a good one. But this is a solution which can be only reached in the distant future, and in the meantime it is the duty of everyone who has influence and opportunity to do what he can to bring these continual disputes to an end. It is still more the duty of any political Organisation to do this, and it is no more the duty of any such Organisation than it is the duty of the Primrose League. The League has indeed set itself many hard tasks in the past fifteen years. It has been teaching the people of Great Britain the splendour of their Empire, the nature of their Constitution, and the importance of their fleet. But more remains to be done. (Cheers.) We must carry out the work of popularising those institutions which have made this country what it is, and by which we can alone maintain our proud position. (Cheers.) It is a heavy task, but we are not without encouragement. All this Imperial sentiment, this desire for unity, this realisation of Empire which has characterised and glorified the sixtieth year of The Queen's reign (cheers), is in entire harmony with the principles and sentiments of the Primrose League. (Cheers.) I do not go so far as to say it is entirely the outcome of it, because that would be an exaggeration, and when you have a good cause there is no need for exaggeration. (Hear, hear.) But we might fairly claim to have afforded the rallying point for all who sympathise with the Imperial movement, a sphere of action for all who are enthusiastic about it; we have, as it were, collected public opinion throughout the country and concentrated it for a

N 1880 the Tory party was crushed, broken, dispirited. Its great leader, Lord Beaconsfield, was already touched by the finger of Death. Its principles were unpopular; its numbers were few; and it appeared on the verge of extinction. Observe it now. (Cheers.) That struggling remnant of Toryism has swollen into the strongest Government of modern times. (Cheers.) And the great Liberal party which in 1879 was vigorous, united, supreme, was shrunk to a few discordant factions of discredited faddists, without numbers, without policy, without concord, without cohesion, around whose neck is bound the millstone of Home Rule. (Cheers.) In all this revolution of public opinion the Primrose League has borne its share. (Cheers.) It has kept pegging away, driving the principles of the Tory party into the heads of the people of this country, and, though the task has been heavy and labour long, we have had in the end a glorious reward. (Cheers.) The Radical party has been knocked out of time. It is flat upon the ground, and it is the business of the League to see that it never gets up again. (Laughter.) The Primrose League has stood the test of ridicule, it has borne defeat, it remains now to see whether it can stand the higher test of victory. We must not rest. We have three years before the next election. Let us select our quarrysome stalwart Radicalrun him down, hold him until the moment comes to take him in triumph to the poll, and then the election of 1901 will be as glorious for the Empire as the election of 1895. (Cheers.) HERE are not wanting those who say that in this Jubilee year our Empire has reached the height of its glory and power, and that now we shall begin to decline, as Babylon, Carthage, Rome declined. Do not believe these croakers but give the lie to their dismal croaking by showing by our actions that the vigour and vitality of our race is unimpaired and that our determination is to uphold the Empire that we have inherited from our fathers as Englishmen (cheers), that our flag shall fly high upon the sea, our voice be heard in the councils of Europe, our Sovereign supported by the love of her subjects, then shall we continue to pursue that course marked out for us by an all-wise hand and carry out our mission of bearing peace, civilisation and good government to the uttermost ends of the earth. (Loud cheers.) $

FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 2 7

Vvinsfon

an o. one

[IOTULS JL^OFO. JL^OF

How Lord Alfred Douglas libeled. vVinston

.Lived to regret it, and survived to repent it, and flow Winston C^niircliiM was JVILagnaniiniioiis in
ly Mickacl T.
2 June 1916:

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TAT

l / \ / Churchill V V was surprised, perhaps even a little flattered. Advisers to Arthur Balfour, Churchill's successor as First Lord of the Admiralty, had asked him to their offices to offer his views on the Battie of Jutland, so they could be released to the public. The press had widely reported the encounter in the North Sea between the British Grand Fleet and the German High Seas Fleet as a defeat for the British Navy, with fourteen ships sunk and 6,000 lives lost, compared to eleven ships and German losses of 2,000 to 2,500. Churchill still received grudging admiration, even from his many political enemies, for his role in building up the British fleet in the years leading up to Mr. McMenamin is a partner with Walter, Haverfield, the outbreak of war Buescher & Chockley in Cleveland, Ohio. This article is conin August 1914.
densed from the first publication, in Litigation, Winter 1995.
FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 2 8

Accordingly, Balfour was pleased and gratified to hear that Churchill was not taking a critical view of the recent North Sea encounter. Rather, Churchill had taken the longer and more optimistic view that the battle was at best a draw which exposed the inferiority of the German Fleet; removed any lingering doubts that the Germans had naval surprises in store; and left the British Navy with the same margin of superiority it had enjoyed before the battle. This latter point was key. Worldwide control of the oceans was critical to an island people like the British, and their dominions scattered throughout the globe. Without it, survival was in peril. Not so with Germany, a land-based power in the center of Europe. Winston Churchill said as much in a communique the Admiralty issued over his name the next day. Stock in British companies on the New York Stock exchange, which had suffered dramatic drops after the first reports of Jutland, bounced back after the release of Churchill's report. Churchill probably never noticed. He was more keenly aware that the Commander-in-Chief of the British Fleet, Admiral John Jellicoe, was the one man in the world who could "lose the war in an afternoon." Faced with that opportunity on 31 May 1916, in the North Sea, Jellicoe had not lost. If Jellicoe had not been as aggressive as some would have liked, Churchill knew he had been following previously agreed upon grand strategy crafted while Churchill was at the Admiralty helm. Little did Churchill realize that the simple act of preparing, at his government's request, a favorable postmortem of the Battle of Jutland would lead him seven years later into playing a major role in two prominent libel trials within a six-month period. The trials would involve Lord Alfred Douglas, a notorious British literary figure, son of the Marquess of Queensbury, who was to accuse Churchill of plot-

ting with Jewish financiers to manipulate stock exchanges through issuance of false communiques on Jutland. The two trials would involve identical fact situations but entirely different legal standards which, inadvertently but presciently, illustrate how presentday American and English libel law would deal with the same defamation action involving the same public figure.

The Publication
26 April 1923: LORD Alfred Douglas was angry. This was not an unusual condition. A convert to Catholicism and something of a puritan in later life, he was still best known for his scandalous affair with Oscar Wilde as a young man just before the turn of the century. His relationship with Wilde had played a prominent role in the latter's conviction and imprisonment for gross indecency and procuringa conviction brought about through a campaign waged by Lord Alfred's outraged father, the man who had formulated the modern rules of boxing. According to Lord Douglas's biographer, the British barrister and historian, H. Montgomery Hyde, the notoriety from the Oscar Wilde scandal left Lord Alfred, now in his early fifties, "a man with a permanent chip on his shoulder, aggressive, quarrelsome and apt to take offense easily." And when Douglas took offense, he frequently ended up in court as a libel plaintiff or defendant. Douglas was angry today because the Conservative newspaper, The Morning Post, a paper with whose politics he agreed, had published an article containing the following sentence: "It must no longer be

The stories about Churchill were equally far fetched. According to Douglas, Churchill had caused an initial false report to be issued about the Battle of Jutland at the behest of a group of Jewish financiers, thus producing a decline in the stock markets. Churchill then issued a more optimistic report a day later; the financiers profited: and so, did Churchill, receiving a check for 40,000 (over 1,250,000 or $2,000,000 in current value) from his friend, Sir Ernest Cassel. Douglas instructed his solicitors to sue for libel. He had not "invented" anything. He had sources for his stories. He believed them. His pleadings alleged that the plain meaning of the words in The Morning Post were that he knew the articles to be untrue but published them anyway in order to make money.

The First Trial

17 July 1923: Trial commenced before Mr. Justice Salter. Arthur Comyns Carr represented Douglas. The famed barrister Patrick Hastingscalled by some "the finest crossexaminer seen in the courts in this century"represented The Morning Post.

According to Hyde, Douglas testified in direct examination that he had no personal prejudices against Jews and had many friends among them....It was simply a question of evidence. All the articles were based on information received by him or in his possession, and he believed them to be true. Douglas identified his primary source as a former British Secret Intelligence Service officer, Captain Harold Spencer, who had unsuccessfully stood for Parliament a paying proposition for men like Mr. Crosland and Lord in 1918. Spencer was an American of uncertain menAlfred Douglas to invent vile insults against the Jews." tal stability who had been invalidated out of the serDouglas believed he had been defamed. Along vice by an army medical board in September 1917. He with the Yorkshire journalist T. W. H. Crosland, he claimed to have talked about Jutland with Churchill had been a major contributor to an anti-Semitic week- at a luncheon in Dundee in 1919, and that Churchill ly journal, Plain English. Douglas pursued editorial had confirmed "We did it to get the money out of the policies at the publication designed to illustrate his Yanks." Another source was the prominent physician, belief in international financial conspiracies led by a Sir Alfred Fripp, who Douglas claimed told him that "clique of rich Jews." Sir Ernest Cassel had given Churchill 40,000 in one The "inventions" to which The Morning Post check after the Battle of Jutland. referred were a series of articles in Plain English which, The major portion of Hastings's cross-examinaaccording to Hyde, "purported to show the sinister tion of Douglas (and the most readily accessible influence exercised by the Jews in recent world source for testimony in the first trial) appears in events, notably the death of Lord Kitchener and the Hyde's biography of Douglas: Battle of Jutland ..." Kitchener had died a few days after Jutland, when his warship, bound for Russia, Hastings: Your article says, "It may also be said sank after hitting a mine. Douglas claimed that Kitchthat the Cabinet Minister who drew up and issued the ener was murdered by a Jewish conspiracy to keep false report about the Battle of Jutland which prohim from reaching Russia and preventing the Bolsheduced this fall in stocks had spent the week-end with vik revolution. one of the most powerful members of the financial
FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 2 9

group, Sir Ernest Cassel." Who was the Cabinet Minister referred to there?
Douglas: Mr. Churchill

Hastings: Do you happen to know that Mr. Churchill had not been First Lord of the Admiralty for twelve months before the Battle of Jutland?
Douglas: That has been explained as being a slip of the pen.

Churchill were true. Instead, he claimed that his client had acted honestly and in good faith in publishing them. Accordingly, after the plaintiff's case had been concluded, he advised the Court that he would decline to cross-examine any defense witnesses about the truth of the articles on Jutland and Kitchener. I HE first defense witness was Lord Balfour, who appeared by deposition. Balfour testified that he himself had drawn up the first communique on Jutland. Minor alterations were made, and it was issued on 3 June. Churchill had absolutely nothing to do with it. Balfour admitted that the next day he had shown Churchill the telegrams received from the fleet and asked him to write his own analysis of the battle to rebut "the misleading statements issued by the German Admiralty." Comyns Carr declined to read his cross-examination of Balfour into evidence, whereupon his client, Lord Douglas, stormed out of the court room in protest. With Douglas absent, the stage was set. Hastings called Churchill as his next witness. Churchill flatly denied the accusations about Jutland and Cassel, calling them "an absolute lie": Hastings: When you first saw these articles, did you consider the advisability of prosecuting the man who wrote them?
Churchill: I sent the articles to the Law Officers, and the Attorney General gave a great deal of attention to the matter. He most strongly advised me against instituting a prosecution either personally or through the Director of Public Prosecutions. His view was that the status of the paper was so obscure and contemptible that it would only give it a needless advertisement and notoriety if a State prosecution or an action for libel were started. Lastly, he considered that the character of Lord Alfred Douglas made it unnecessary for me to take any notice at that stage of these very gross and cruel libels, but he assured me that if, at any time, the question was raised why I had not taken action to clear my honour, he would himself testify to the advice he had given me and the reasons for doing so. That was the reason I abstained from prosecuting.

Hastings: Do you know that Lord Balfour has stated in his evidence taken on commission that the only person who drew up the so-called false report was himself?
Douglas: I know, but I don't believe it.

Ti

Hastings: You suggest that he has committed perjury?

Douglas: He has either committed perjury or his memory failed.

Hastings: Do you suggest now that Mr. Churchill drew up mat report?
Douglas: Certainly.

Hastings: What information have you on the point now?

Douglas: The same information as I had then. It was told me by Captain Spencer.

Hastings: You say later on in reference to Mr. Churchill: "It is true that by most subtle means and by never allowing him more than a pony ahead, this ambitious and brilliant man, short of money and eager for power, was trapped by the Jews. After the Jutland business his house was furnished for him by Sir Ernest Cassel." Do you mean to say that Mr. Churchill was financially indebted to the Jews?
Douglas: Yes, certainly.

Hastings: Do you want to persist in that now?

Douglas: Of course 1 do.

Hastings: Who were the Jews in whose clutches he was?

Douglas: Chiefly Cassel.

Hastings: What justification had you in your own mind for making that charge against Mr. Churchill?
Douglas: I had the evidence of what was told me by men at the Admiralty, and Sir Alfred Fripp told me that Cassel had given Mr Churchill 40,000 in one cheque.

Hastings: Was it after the Battle of Jutland he got a cheque for 40,000?
Douglas: Certainly.

Hastings: Between the date when you left the Admiralty and the date of the battlejust over a yeardid you have any share or part in the direction of the Admiralty?

Churchill: None whatever, except that I was a memcoming here and can be asked questions financial and ber of the Cabinet and had an opportunity of discussing the Admiralty. otherwise, which it is desired to ask him? Douglas: Of course I realise it. Hastings: Had it [Churchill's analysis of Jut-

Hastings: Do you realise that Mr Churchill is

Douglas's barrister, Comyns Carr, had no intention of arguing to the jury that the articles about

land] anything to do with any manipulation of stocks in any market in the world?
Churchill: Such an idea never entered my mind.

FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 3 0

Hastings: Did you make a penny piece of money in any way out of it? Churchill: No. After Churchill stepped down, without being cross-examined by Douglas's counsel, Hastings called only one more witness, W. D. Geddes, who had been Cassel's business secretary. Cassel had died in 1921, and Geddes testified that Cassel neither bought nor sold stocks for months before or after Jutland.

Republication 3 August 1923: Lord Alfred Douglas was angry again. He told a Mend in a letter that he had "won a great victory in s p it e of the miserable cowardice of my counsel" He i a t e r elaborated on this in an incredible post-trial letter to Patrick Hastings: -Your delightful clients and the gang behind them, including "dear Winston," may make the best of the fact that I was done out of the heavy damages which were my due, because my counsel had not the pluck to use the ample material with which I supplied him for cross-examining Churchill, and because he and you between you succeeded in keeping Balfour's cross-examination out. But you can tell them with my compliments that this action is only the first roundNow, standing in Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street in London, Douglas addressed a meeting organized by "The Lord Kitchener and Battle of Jutland Publicity Committee." He repeated his accusations against Churchill's receiving a large sum of money from Sir Ernest Cassel after issuing a false account of the Battle of Jutland. He then dared Churchill to sue him for libel: .... I have always taken it to be fairly well established that if you bring a serious accusation against a man involving his honour, and if you bring that accusation in the most public manner possible, and if that man ignores your accusation and takes no proceedings against you, you are entitled to believe that your accusation is true....If the positions were reversed, if Mr. Churchill were editing a paper and if he printed in his column one-half, one-quarter, one-fifth of what I printed about him, I would have him round at Bow Street magistrates' court with his nose hanging over the edge of the dock to answer a charge of criminal libel. I promise you.

ASTINGS rested and the case was sent to the jury. As Hyde tells us, the issue before the jury was identical to The New York Times "actual malice" standard in public figure libel cases: The question which the jury had to determine... was not whether the stories about the Jews were true.or not but whether in publishing them Lord Alfred Douglas had acted in good faith or whether he had "invented" themin other words, as the judge told the jury, whether he neither knew nor cared if they were true or false.

It is tempting to say that Comyns Carr outlawyered Hastings on this occasion. After having received fair warning from Comyns Carr that he was not going to prove the truth of the Jewish conspiracy articles but would instead focus on the good faith belief of Douglas, Hastings made no attempt to attack the sources Douglas relied upon, especially the unstable Captain Spencer. Instead, he put on an abbreviated defense, designed to prove the articles false as to Churchill. In less than a day of deliberations, the jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff, but it was Hastings, not Comyns Carr, who left the courtroom with a smile. The jury only awarded damages of one farthing to Douglas and, as a consequence, the judge suspended the rule that the prevailing party receive his costs and attorneys fees, and directed each side to pay their own costs. Hastings had instinctively understood what present-day American media defense lawyers have discovered in defending public figure libel trials: try the case on the truth. The jury won't forgive you if your client got the story wrong. Save that actual malice standard for your appeal. Unfortunately for Lord Douglas, his jury did understand the actual malice standard on which his counsel tried the case but didn't forgive him for getting the story wrong. The contemptuous award of one farthing reflected this. But, as we shall see, Douglas learned nothing from the experience.

HURCHILL didn't rise to the bait. He was probably unaware of the speech before such an obscure anti-Semitic forum. Douglas was undaunted. Churchill's biographer, Martin Gilbert, tells us that Douglas had the speech printed as a pamphlet and distributed over 30,000 copies in London, one of which he sent to Churchill with the following note: "I challenge you to show your face in the witness box & answer the questions I shall put to you."

FINEST HOUR 95/31

IG mistake. Or, as Douglas's biographer Hydeand also the biographer of Patrick Hastingsmore gently put it:
Taking the most charitable view of [Douglas's] behaviour, it was due to his ignorance of the law and his counsel's tactics that he reacted as he did. [His counsel] was quite justified in not-crossexamining Churchill or any of the other defendant's witnesses, the reason being that such tactics would not have helped his client's case. There was no point in attempting to prove the truth... .The only question at issue was not whether the allegations were true or false but rather whether [Douglas] regarded them as being true when he made them, although they were in fact not so....Brilliant as he had shown himself as a witness in earlier cases, this time he had brought his pitcher to the legal well once too often. The result was a warning which he chose to ignore with what were to prove tragic consequences to himself.

Churchill: In no way.

Hogg: Did you know anything about it until it appeared in the Press?
Churchill: Nothing whatever.

Churchill then described the process by which, at the government's request, he had come to write his "appreciation." Typical of Churchill's writing style, he had dictated the communique to an Admiralty stenographer. Thereafter, he had taken it to Lord Fisher, Churchill's First Sea Lord when he was at the Admiralty. Now retired, Fisher told Churchill that his appreciation was "exactly right." Churchill said he then telephoned the Admiralty and authorized it to issue the communique over his name.

Hi

The consequences were swift. Douglas was arrested on 6 November 1923 on a warrant charging him with criminal libel. Hyde tells us that it was unusual publicly to prosecute a libel case involving someone like Churchill, who was no longer a government official. He reports that the Attorney General, Sir Douglas Hogg, believed that the libel was directly related to work Churchill had done for the government at its request and that Churchill should not have to bear the expense of a private prosecution.

The Second Trial

20 December 1923: At long last, Lord Alfred Douglas had Winston Churchill just where he wanted himin the witness box to undergo cross-examination. Douglas's counsel, Cecil Hayes, a junior barrister, was much more likely than his predecessor, Comyns Carr, to follow his client's precise instructions on the questions to put to the well-known, 49-year-old politician. Churchill was the second witness for the prosecution. Hogg asked him about the first communique which admittedly had caused a drop in the market for stock of British companies (the most readily accessible source for transcript excerpts from this trial is Hyde's
book, Their Good Names):

"OGG next explored Churchill's friendship with Sir Ernest Cassel, a German and natu.ralized British subject who had been knighted and appointed a Privy Councillor. Churchill admitted to his close friendship with Cassel, who had long been a friend of the Churchill family, including Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill. Upon his father's death in 1895, Churchill had turned to Cassel to invest his literary earnings as a foreign correspondent in the Boer War, as the author of several books and as a speaker on the lecture circuit. The amount given to Cassel to invest (apparently at no charge to Churchill) was substantial12,000 (over 125,000 or $800,000 in current value). None of this had come out in the first trial, although Churchill insisted that "There was not the slightest secrecy about it." Churchill had earlier in his testimony denied that Cassel had given him a gift of furniture or anything else after the Battle of Jutland. But there was an element of truth hidden in the charge, which Hogg brought out on direct examination: Hogg: Did Sir Ernest Cassel give you any furniture?
Churchill: The foundation for this was that in 19051 took a small house in South Bolton Street, and Sir Ernest asked Lady Randolph wliether fie could furnish a library for me. She consented.

Hogg: Did you know anything about the communique of June 2nd before it was issued?
Churchill: Nothing wliatever.

Hogg: Were you consulted as to its issue?

Churchill also volunteered that Cassel had given him a wedding present in 1908 of 500 (over 20,000 or $35,000 in current value). None of this had come out in the first trial either. None of it was especially scandalous, and perhaps not even uncommon, for politicians like Churchill who did not have inherited wealth. But it was previously unknown by the public, as was Cassel's management of Churchill's literary earnings. It is a tribute to Hogg's lawyering that

FINEST HOUR 95/32

all of this was brought out on direct examination, not on cross, where it could have appeared more sinister. To his client's dismay, young Cecil Hayes was no match for Churchill on cross-examination: Hayes: Did you know that Sir Ernest Cassel was born in Germany of German parents?
Churchill: I knew that.

Churchill: I had nothing to do with it!

Hayes: He came to England a German subject?

Churchill: Certainly.

Judge: Is all this supposed to show the domination of Sir Ernest Cassel over Mr. Churchill? Hayes: I suggest that Mr. Churchill was influenced as a young man and dominated by Sir Ernest Cassel. Judge: Why don't you ask him? Hayes: I put it to you that you were influenced by Sir Ernest Cassel in these German overtures and dominated by his personality?
Churchill: Certainly not. I was not at all. I was influenced by an earnest desire to prevent a breach between England and Germany.

Hayes: He became naturalized in England.

Churchill: He did.

Hayes: And in due course was made a knight and a Privy Councillor?
Churchill: Yes.

Hayes: You know he started in the City of London as a clerk at 2 a week?

Churchill: Is that very much against him?

Hayes: You were the First Lord of the Admiralty, and I suggest that owing to your blunders in the war there was great loss of life and that it was therefore to the public benefit that the words which are the subject of the alleged libel should be published.
Churchill: It would be most important that I should be punished if such foul charges were true.

Hayes: In your book The World Crisis, you said that in 1907 you first met Lord Fisher and that you stayed with him as guest of a common friend. That common friend was Sir Ernest Cassel?
Churchill: Yes, he had a villa in Biarritz.

Hayes: I suggest that throughout the war you were a wholly discredited person.
Churchill: I repudiate your suggestion. I do not believe it is true; if it were it would be undeserved.

Hayes: You did not mention the name of your host in your book?
Churchill: No.

Hayes: I will put some questions to you to show that you were.
Churchill: I shall be delighted to answer them.

Hayes: In your book are the words, "We [Fisher and I] talked all day and far into the night."

Churchill: We did not talk continuously for twentyayes followed this up a short while later with four hours, but we had some conversations in the daytime a question about Churchill's Achilles' heel, and some at night. Sir Ernest Cassel was not present on the failed attempt in 1915 to force the Dardany occasion. All these talks were secret conferences on con- anelles, which led to the defeat of British, Australian fidential matters and were talks between ourselves alone, as and New Zealand forces on the Gallipoli Peninsula: I have said.

Hayes: Did you send your host to bed to get him out of the way?
Churchill: The point never arose.

Hayes: Would it be right to say that the attempt to rush the Narrows was a reckless enterprise without any possible hope of success?
Churchill: It would be wholly incorrect to say so. Some people hold that view; but, as I have said, some of the highest and best naval authorities, including Admiral Keyes, believed that it could be done, and I believe that the best opinion is steadily focusing on that view.

Hayes: It was rather lonely for the poor man, was it not?
Churchill: No, he had other guests.

Hayes also asked Churchill about his trip in June of 1914, as the guest of the Kaiser at the Kiel Regatta, followed by a series of questions about Cassel's influence over Churchill: Hayes: Had you any idea that the Emperor was humbugging you with that hospitality at Kiel?
Churchill: I do not think he was. I do not think that at the time of the Kiel Regatta there was any intention of going to war on the part of Germany, but the whole situation was altered by the murder of the Archduke.

Later, Hayes returned to The World Crisis: Hayes: I suggest that the book is really what happened to Winston Churchill and not to the nation.
Churchill: No. I think that would be a very inadequate appreciation of the book.

Hayes: Would it surprise you to know that in thirteen lines there are thirteen "I"s?
Churchill: It would be a great pity if there were, and if you will show me the passage I will endeavour to cut out a few in the next edition.

' Hayes: We do not know the cause of that murder.

FINEST HOUR 95/33

Hayes: You had a considerable sum of money out of it?

Churchill: Yes

Hayes: 20,000? Churchill: No. Hayes: 15,000? [over 300,000 or $500,000 in current value]
Churchill: Yes.

Hayes: And that money goes to you privately.

Churchill: Yes.

Hayes: And you are not spending any of it on this prosecution?

Churchill: Thanks to the decision of the AttorneyGeneral I am not.

great Duke of Marlborough. Therefore both men stand before you as members of the same caste and class. Nobody in the world can ever say that anything Lord Alfred Douglas has ever done in any journal was for pay or money. He is an honest man and was once called an honest fool. It is through his honesty perhaps that he has been brought to his present position, and everyone must come to the conclusion that he believes everything he has written. Lord Alfred was Hayes's first witness and proved to be less than temperate on the stand as evidenced by the following exchange with the judge: Judge: Your attention has been called to the issue of Plain English of March 19th, 1921, which contains a letter to the Home Secretary. Did you write it?
Douglas: Yes.

Finally Hayes questioned Churchill about his attendance at the civil luncheon given for Lord Haig in Dundee in 1919, when Captain Spencer claimed that Churchill had made damaging admissions about the Jutland incident: Hayes: Did you say to him "Hello, Spencer, what are you doing here?" and the captain replied, "Oh, I am going to turn you out at Dundee"?
Churchill: I don't remember that at all.

Judge: Did you write the article?

Douglas: Yes. I wrote it.

Hayes: You said, "What is your grouse?"

Churchill: I never remember using that expression.

Hayes: He said, "That Jutland business was pretty thick, wasn't it?" Do you remember that?
Churchill: No.

Hayes: And you said, "What do you care anyhow? We got the money out of the Yanks"?
Churchill: I am sure I did not.

Judge: Including this passage? "We are not in the least afraid of the Public Prosecutor, because even that official, backed up by the evil forces which control the present Government, has no power to dispense with a jury. We take the liberty to tell him that if he fondly imagines he will be able to obtain a conviction against us by prosecuting us in the absence of the person whom we have accused [Mr. Churchill] he is making even a bigger mistake than the Government made when they put up Mr. Justice Darling in a vain attempt to secure the conviction of Mr. Pemberton." Did you write that?
Douglas: I did. I wrote that about Mr. Justice Darling because I was present in court when the case was tried, and by the evidence of my own senses saw that Mr. Justice Darling was very anxious to get Mr. Pemberton Billing convicted and used every possible art.

Shortly thereafter, with Churchill having been in the witness box for approximately one and a half days, Hayes concluded his cross-examination. After calling several Admiralty witnesses, including Lord Balfour's Assistant Private Secretary, Sir Edward, Packe, as well as Cassel's Private Secretary, W. D. Geddes, the prosecution rested.

Judge: You wrote that he had been put up by the Government to secure a conviction?
Douglas: These things are done. I have not been allowed to put my case before the court at all. I have been treated grossly unfairly. Every time I tried to present my case to the jury I have been prevented from doing so. I have never been able to tell the jury why I did it or where I got tlie information, and everything has been stopped. It is the most abominable piece of unfairness I have seen in my life.

N his opening statement for the defense, Cecil Hayes attempted to make the case a credibility contest between Churchill and Douglas. Perhaps to draw attention to the fact that Churchill's mother was American, he asked the jury in his opening statement to consider whether Churchill, like George Washington, was incapable of lying, conceding that if that were so, the defense would have no case. He then tried to put Churchill and Douglas on the moral scale: Hayes: Historically, and by lineage, Lord Douglas's family is perhaps the premier family of Scotland. Mr. Winston Churchill is descended from the

After the testimony of Lord Douglas, Hayes's case lay in shambles. Hayes had bluntly suggested in his opening statement that Churchill was a liar: "You have seen his charm of personality and exquisite manners, but I trust you will not be led away by them. Stripped of the kudos of Right Honourable and the solemnity of high office, Mr. Churchill is nothing but a professional politician...."

FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 3 4

But Churchill had been backed up by Balfour, a former Prime Minister, while Douglas had come off as something akin to a raving paranoid. The cross-examination of Churchill which Douglas had meticulously engineered through his counsel had come to nothing. The rest of the case was anticlimactic. Douglas's main source, Captain Harold Spencer, was the next witness. He confirmed that he had supplied Douglas with the alleged conversations about the Battle of Jutland. He also testified that Sir Edward Packe had told him on the evening following the Battle of Jutland that Churchill had been responsible for the issuance of the false report. [Packe had already rebutted this in the prosecution's case.] In Hogg's relatively brief cross-examination, Spencer admitted that in September 1917, an Army Medical Board had examined him and certified that he was insane and unfit for further service. On reexamination by Hayes, Spencer dug an even deeper hole for the defense. According to Hyde:
Spencer was asked about his war service and he retailed a fantastic story of how he had compiled an intelligence report when in the Balkans forecasting the assassination of the Russian royal family and that the report had eventually reached the Prime Minister, then Lloyd George, in Downing Street. He denied that the doctor who examined him at this time had said he was insane; the doctor told him he merely had "a touch of the sun."

sought to rely in support of this plea of justification was a person like Harold Spencer, whom you yourself had denounced in your own paper as unworthy of belief, I must act on the view that you have deliberately persisted in this plea of justification without the slightest excuse, or without the slightest ground for believing that you are now telling the truth in this plea..." Douglas was sentenced to six months in jail, most of which was spent in the prison hospital. Two cases over the same libel involving the same public figure were tried in entirely different ways. One focused more on the journalist's conduct and good faith belief than the truth, and the public figure "lost." The other focused entirely on the truth, and the public figure "won." Yet far more embarrassing information about dose financial ties between Churchill and Cassel came to light in a trial based on the truth than had emerged in the earlier trial.

The Aftermath
4 July 1941: Lord Alfred Douglas was no longer angry. He looked down at his copy of the Daily Mail and found, prominently featured, a sonnet he had recently submitted, entitled Winston Churchill:
Not tliat of old I loved you over-much Or followed your quick changes with great glee While through rough paths or harsh hostility You fought your way, using a sword or crutch To serve occasion. Yours it was to clutch And lose again. Lacking the charity Which looks behind Hie mask, I did not see TJie imminent slwdow of "the Winston touch." Axe for embedded evil's cancerous roots, Wlien all the world was one vast funeral pyre, Like genie smoke you rose, a giant form Clotlied with the Addisonian attributes Of God-directed angel. Like your sire You the rode the whirlwind and out-stormed the storm.

After a summation from the Judge, the jury deliberated for only eight minutes before rendering a decision of guilty. Lord Alfred Douglas had prevailed before a jury on the same libel for which he was now convicted. The first jury had believed he had not acted in "reckless disregard" of the truth. The second jury wasn't so constrained. While the second jury did not have to judge Lord Douglas by an actual malice standard. Mr. Justice Avory stated in passing sentence that, based upon the evidence, Douglas would not have prevailed even under such a lenient standard: "Alfred Bruce Douglas. It is to be regretted that your undoubted literary abilities should have been degraded to such purposes as these. If I could have taken the view that you have been honestly deceived into believing the truth of these accusations, I should have taken a different and more lenient course. In view of the fact that in the action tried in the High Court against Vie Morning Post you had full notice that these accusations were untrue, and in view of the fact that the only person upon whom you apparently

OUGLAS'S nephew sent an advance copy of the poem to the 66-year-old Churchill, who had been Prime Minister since May 1940, rallying the British people against German air attacks in what Churchill called Britain's "Finest Hour." In responding to this gesture, Churchill lived up to his lifelong motto: "In victory, magnanimity": "Thank you very much for the sonnet you sent me which I shall keep and value. Tell [Lord Douglas] from me that Time Ends All Things.'" g

FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 3 5

ACTION THIS DAY BYJOHNG. PLUMFTON

One hundred years ago: Summer 1897 Age 22
Seeking Blood...
On July 26th Churchill made his maiden political speech, which is published on pages 26-27 in this issue. He was pleased with the press reports. On the same day an uprising began on the Indian frontier. Sir Bindon Blood had offered to let him join future expeditions in the area, and Churchill left England so quickly that he had no time to say goodbye to his brother and mother. Aboard the SS Rome, near Aden, he wrote of the conditions to his mother: "We are just in the hottest part of the Red Sea. The temperature is something like over 100 degrees and as it is damp heat it is equal to a great deal more. Several people who have been about 20 years in India tell me that they have never known such heat. It is like being in a vapour bath. The whole sea is steamy and there-is not a breath of airby night or day." It was so hot, he said, that his views on a new novel he had just read (Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure) had melted. While he waited in Bangalore, India for word from Blood, he worked on his own novel, subsequently published as Savrola. When word did come, it was disappointing news: Blood was unable to get "his pals" appointed to his staff. He advised Churchill to come to the frontier as a war correspondent and, as soon as possible, he would have him appointed to the staff of the Malakand Field Force. Churchill sent his brother the following comments on India: "Nothing can impress one with the size of this country so much as to take a journey....! asked how far my destination was. Two thousand and twenty seven miles. Nearly as far as across the Atlantic. It is a proud reflection that all this vast expanse of fertile, populous country is ruled and administered by Englishmen." In a letter to his mother he reflected on the irony of risking his life in a profession which he soon intended to discard: soldiering. "I feel that the fact of having seen service with British troops while still a young man must give me more weight politicallymust add to my claims to be listened to and may perhaps improve my prospects of gaining popularity with the country. Besides thisI think I am of an adventurous disposition and shall enjoy myself not so much in spite of as because of the risks I run." Upon arrival at the Malakand camp, he began writing a series of letters for the Daily Telegraph on the adventures of the Malakand Field Force. He told his mother not to worry about him. "A philosophical temperament should transcend all human weaknessesfrom fear or affection." the future than in the past....there is nothing we should like better than to see North and South join hands in an all-Ireland assembly without prejudice to the existing rights of either....The prize is so great that other things should be subordinated to gaining it. The bulk of people are slow to take in what is happening, and prejudices die hard. Plain folk must have time to take things in and adjust their minds to what has happened. Even a month or two may produce enormous changes in public opinion." Collins asked for the support of Churchill and the British Government in opposing the Local Government Bill for Northern Ireland. He argued that it would "oust the Catholic and Nationalist people of the Six Counties from their rightful share in local administration." His pleading was unsuccessful. The cause of peace received two serious blows in August with the loss of two signatories to the Irish Treaty. The first was Arthur Griffith, whom Churchill described as "a man of good faith and good will." Eight days later Michael Collins was assassinated in County Cork. Churchill had just received this message from Collins through an intermediary: "Tell Winston we could never have done anything without him." Churchill now feared his greatest problem would be in dealing with "a quasi-repentant De Valera. It may well be that he will take advantage of the present situation to try to get back from the position of a hunted rebel to mat of a political negotiator." While Michael Collins was being ambushed, Churchill was returning from a holiday in France which was marred by cold and wet weather. On their fourteenth wedding anniversary Clementine wrote: "...if only we could get a little country home within our means and live there within our means it would add great happiness and peace to our lives." Unknown to his wife, on the next day he offered to buy Chartwell Manor near Westerham in Kent for 4,800. It would bring him great happiness and peace but not his wife,

Seventy-five years ago: Summer 1922 Age 47

Chartwell and Mary...

The Patron of the Churchill Center and Societies, 1922. Many happy returns!

Churchill was consumed by the Irish situation during the summer. The Provisional Government and the Irish Republicans engaged in armed struggle which led to a civil war. In Churchill's words "the Irish labour in the rough sea." He supported Michael Collins and wrote him these encouraging words: "...I have a strong feeling that the top of the hill has been reached, and that we shall find the road easier in
FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 3 6

Finest Hour Editor Dalton Newfield had recently visited Churchill College, Cambridge, and quoted Sir Winston on the college named for him: "Technological progress is of vast significance not only to our Commonwealth and Empire, but also to the United States. It is a theme on which the English-speaking peoples can and must work together, disregarding national boundaries and seeking unity in the benefits their joint efforts can offer to all men." Dal was most impressed by what he saw at Cambridge. How pleased "A little place within our means," as interpreted by Winston, 75 years ago. (Family Album). and proud he would have been to know that his early efforts laid the principally because they could not Churchill's summer was spent foundation for The Churchill Center. maintain it "within our means." working on his memoirs with a team Finest Hour noted that Sir Winston On that very same day, however, of researchers led by Bill Deakin. had no compunction about drinking another event occurred which Denis Kelly's recollections of this phe- German wines during the war. It was brought great and lasting peace and nomenal effort are told in Sir Martin reported that he said, before downing pride to them both: the birth of their Gilbert's "Never Despair." Despite this a glass of hock: "I think anything Gerdaughter Mary, now Lady Soames, busy schedule he still had time for man should be interned." Patron of The Churchill Center and relaxation, according to one of his And then there was this nugget, detectives, Ronald Golding. While gleaned by the ever-watchful Dal, the International Churchill Societies. rabbit hunting on his farm: from David Niven's new book, The "Mr. Churchill clambered slowly Moon's A Balloon: Fifty years ago: out of the Jeep. Just as he got his feet "Guy Gibson, the master bomber, on the ground there was a shout from spent a weekend with us just after he Summer 1947 Age 72 the others and a rabbit darted from had been awarded the Victoria Cross "Cast care aside..." the centre of the field. In a flash Mr. for blowing up the Eder and Mohne As Churchill went into surgery for Churchill raised his gun and fired one dams. He was in a rare state of excitea hernia operation he told the doctor: barrel. The rabbit keeled over dead. It ment because Winston Churchill had "Wake me up soon, I've got lots of was a wonderful shot, and the usual invited him to dinner at 10 Downing work to do." In addition to his politi- Churchill luck. The others had been St. on the Monday. Guy made a date cal duties, he was eager to get on with waiting hours for the opportunity." with us for luncheon at one o'clock on his six-volume war memoirs (and he the following day so he could report still had to publish his four-volume everything the great man said.
History of the English-Speaking Peoples).

Back at Chartwell, the bedridden, recuperating patient received enough visitors to tire a healthy middle-aged person. He was 72! At the same time he was concerned with the health of Clementine. "Cast care aside," he wrote her. "What we may have to face cannot be worse than all we have crashed through together." Before he could return to London, backroom politicians plotted to create a Coalition Government led by Bevin, but Eden and Macmillan killed the plan. Some Conservatives wished Churchill to retire as party leader but none was willing to suggest it directly.

Twenty-five years ago: Summer 1972

Churchill at Fulton (2)

Finest Hour #25

reported a speech given by Winston S. Churchill, Sir Winston's grandson, upon receiving an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Westminster College, Fulton. He was presented the degree by his mother, Pamela Harriman.
FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 3 7

"Primmie [Mrs. Niven] and I were at the Berkeley sharp at oneno Gibson. Two o'clockno Gibson. We were just finishing our ersatz coffee around three o'clock when he came tottering in, looking ghastly. "How was it?" we asked. "Marvelousfabulous!" he croaked. "God! I'm tired. That was the best yet!" "What did he say?" "Who?" said Gibson. "Churchill," I said with a touch of asperity. Gibson looked stricken, then he clutched his head. "Jesus Christ! I FORGOT!" >

Correspondence: Winston S. Churchill to Christine Lewis Conover18991943. With a Foreword by Sir Martin Gilbert. Washington: The Churchill Center, 1996.36 pages in card wrappers, illustrated. Available for $15 (US) from Churchill Stores, PO Box 96, Contoocook NH 03229.

ly annotated and clearly laid out, as one would expect, but they are also reproduced in facsimile, along with their envelopes! This attention to detail pervades every page of this small booklet and makes it a delight to read. The only significant error to mar the work is the unfortunate misdating of the letter mentioned above (see sidebar). Sir Martin Gilbert has also included two appendices to provide the reader with further background information. The first is Churchill's speech of 1 June 1899 to the Midland Conservaletters, printed here for the first time, tive Club in Birmingham, which do not by themselves make for partic- Churchill alluded to in one of his letularly interesting reading, being ters to Conover when he complained that The Times"a vy pompous invariably brief and largely confined to trivial matters. The first missive is paper, but with tremendous typical. "Many thanks for your let- power"was not paying sufficient ter," Churchill wrote from the Savoy attention to him. This early speech, the full text of which was not printed Hotel in Cairo. "I should like to go for a drive this afternoon & if you will in Rhodes James's Complete Speeches, come with me I will call at Shep- provides a fascinating glimpse of the young Churchill's world view and heards hotel at a half past four." Readers should not, therefore, shows how strongly it had been pick up the Churchill-Conover Corre- shaped by the social Darwinism so typical of the late-Victorian era: spondence expecting any literary "I do not hesitate to say that if nuggets or important new informathe idea of brute force as an ultimate tion. Nor should they expect possibility were removed from the Churchill's letters to form a rich and minds of men, much that is essential detailed narrative, as they did so to human improvement would be effectively in an earlier ICS publicaremoved as well." tion, The Chartwell Bulletins. In fact, the full story of Churchill's long asso"The second appendix is a report ciation with Conover only emerges of this speech from the next day's from Sir Martin Gilbert's introduction Morning Post, a paper which (revealing what Churchill was doing Churchill was happy to note did when he heard from Christine 37 devote adequate space to his "perforyears after their last correspondence) mances," calling him "a fresh strain in and an engaging memoir by Christine political life." British understatement. herself, written in 1943. Gilbert proBy making these forgotten vides the flesh and bones to the story, pieces of Churchilliana available to while Christine gives the tale a spark the public, The Churchill Center has of life with its charming and intimate performed a valuable service, one for portrait of the young Churchilland which this non-profit institution is his photographic memory when, uniquely qualified. There remains a while visiting Washington in 1943, he vast amount of material written by instantly remembers her from the disChurchill which has never before tant past. been publishedand still more which has been published and is now This minor reservation should all but forgottennone of which is not be taken as a criticism. The story is a fascinating one, and the volume is viable for commercial publishers. It in all respects a first-rate production, can only be hoped that The Churchill for which much credit must go to the Center will continue to unearth this editor and The Churchill Center. The material and bring as much of it as $ letters themselves are not only expert- possible into print.
FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 4 0

Conover Correspondence: Errata

Chris Bell, in reviewing the Churchill-Conover Correspondence (now available to all readers of Finest Hour), and Ron Cohen (who is writing a Churchill bibliography) have found errors in our booklet of a nature that makes the editor reach for his GOD! rubber stamp, except that he doesn't have one for E-mail. The first letter published, dated 4 February 1899, was in fact written on 2 April, since on 4 February Churchill was still in India, which he did not leave until March, spending only two weeks in Cairo, Egypt. That Churchill would use American dating in this letter to Miss Conover, while using British dating on all the others, simply never occurred to the editor or Sir Martin. Accordingly, the letter on page 10 of the Correspondence is not the first -but the fourth letter from Churchill to Miss Conover, following the one on page 13. Also, in the letter of 30 March, we have mistranscribed the word "dine" (line 9 of the holograph letter) as "drive." Clearly in the evening Churchill would be proposing to dine, not drive. In announcing the book in Finest Hour 93, I stated (bottom of page 19, on to page 20) that a brief excerpt of Churchill's speech to the Midland Conservative Club in 1899 appeared in Robert Rhodes James's Complete Speeches. This is incorrect; no part of the speech occurs in the Complete Speeches and its publication in the Conover booklet is therefore its first appearance in volume form. Sir Martin Gilbert took these discoveries with his usual aplomb, and cheered us up: "One can only console oneself in the face of inevitable errors with Churchill's marvellous comment: 'The man who makes no mistakes makes nothing.'" RML

DOUGLAS HALL'S

CHURCHILLIANA

Churchill Commemoratives Calendar Part 5:1951-64

HURCHILL'S second term as Prime Minister and the final years of his life did not see the issue of too many noteworthy commemorative pieces, but the steady flow of volumes of his two block-

busters, The Second World War and A History of the English-Speaking Peoples,

and various compilations of speeches, ensured that there was always plenty to interest his followers. Harry Fenton's trio of Royal Doulton tobies remained best sellers throughout their second and third decades. John Beswick's "We shall fight on the beaches..." toby remained in production until 1954. The 1951-54 period saw a number of cheap plaster caricature figures in various shapes and sizes (top right). Most were fairly crude and poorly painted but there were exceptions the figure on the left with medal ribbons, Garter Sash and Star, and the dimunitive, three-inch-tall figure in the front centre. Commemorative medals were struck in Italy, Venezuela, Germany, Australia and Holland between 1951 and 1964 but the only British one, available to the general public, was the Eightieth Birthday Commemorative medal issued by the Conservative Association in 1954. These 1 1/2-inch diameter medals, in silver or bronze, carried a not-entirely-successful portrait of Churchill on the obverse. On , the reverse was the inscription: "18741954. To commemorate the 80th birthday of the Right Honourable Sir Winston S Churchill KG OM CH. Britain's wartime leader. Never was so much owed by so many." Throughout the period, china plates, dishes, beakers, mugs and like items, carrying the same portrait transfer, came from a great number of potteries. Many were unmarked but among the backstamps can be found Conway Ridgway, Harleigh, Vogue Tarns, Rydalra and Royal Imperial. Quality varies. During the early 1950s most of the pieces were in plain white

ABOVE: Plaster caricatures from the early 1950s. BELOW LEFT: A popular transfer on 1950s and 1960s chinaware; fine engraved glass goblets by Royal Brierley and Webb Corbett, both rare. BELOW: One of the most delectable pieces of Churchilliana for bibliophiles is the book-end set by Jon Douglas, which both Mr. Hall and the editor desire desperately. Alas they appear to be as rare as For Free Trade, which would look wonderful sandwiched between. PHOTO BY RONALD SMITH

lEisaf
tal glass goblet by Royal Brierley (lower photo) is actually dated 1964. It was originally commissioned to celebrate Churchill's award of Honorary Citizenship of the United States, but his death intervened and most of the goblets in the limited edition of 500 had an additional line engraved recording the death date. They sold Ronald Smith's Churchill: Images of originally for 31.50 but are very rare, Greatness). The edition was very small valued at 130 in the UK and much and the book-ends are rarely seen on more in the USA. Illustrated alongside the secondary marketvalue 100+. the Royal Brierley goblet is another, of The Worshipful Company of Makers an entirely different shape, from of Playing Cards produce a special Webb Corbett. It has an engraving of commemorative pack every year; in Big Ben on the reverse and was issued 1955 they marked Churchill's retireto celebrate the Churchill Centenary ment with a pack of cards bearing his in 1974. A limited edition of 1,000, it portrait and depicting him wearing came in a blue leatherette box with the insignias of the Order of the brass fittings and blue and white satin Garter and the Order of Merit. lining. It is fairly rare: about 75 in the United Kingdom. $5 Jon Jones's superb engraved crysFINESTHOUR95/41

or cream china, but in the 1960s the transfer was used on some nicely decorated plates. A selection is shown in the centre photograph. Churchill's retirement in 1955 was also marked by a fine pair of bookends in the form of waist-length creamware portrait busts modelled by Jon Douglas (above right, from

RECIPES FROM NO. 10

Edited and Annotated for the Modern Kitchen by Barbara F. Langworth

S MUCH interest surrounds Winston Churchill's taste in food as in cigars and spirits, but much less information is available. The best source is Georgina Landemare's Recipes From No. 10 (Collins: 1959), based on her experiences as the Churchill family cook from 1939 through 1954. I recently spent a delectable afternoon with Lady Soames, leafing through Mrs. Landemare's book. She would chortle with delight when she recognized an old favorite recipe, and had nothing but praise for Mrs. Landemare's culinary skills. She also reminded me how much has changed: prepared foods are available in today's markets which weren't there for Mrs. Landemare, who had little choice but to start from scratch. I thought it would be fun to update Mrs. Landermare's recipes for modem usage, and with Lady Soames's guidance, offer herewith the first installment.

Introduction to Recipes From No. 10

by Clementine Spencer-Churchill republished by kind permission of Lady Soames

have all my life had a taste for cooking, having inherited this interest from my Mother and Grandmother. I have known Mrs. Landemare for a long rimein fact since the early Twenties. Her husband, with whom she had worked for many years, was a renowned chef; and when he died she decided to do temporary work. She used to visit Scotland in the Autumn, Newmarket during racing weeks, and in London she cooked delicious dinners and ball suppers. Mrs. Landemare used to come to Chartwell for week-end parties, because in those days I had eager but inexperienced young cooks, and to them she would impart as much of her knowledge and skill as they were able to absorb. And so, when at the

outbreak of War in 1939, Mrs. Landemare came to see me and offered us her full-time services, I was enchanted because I knew she would be able to make the best out of rations and that everyone in the household would be happy and contented. She then remained with me for fifteen years, and when in 1954 she retired, I was at a loss. GEORGINA LANDEMARE Mrs. Landemare's food Collins With an Introduction by Lady Churchill is distinguished. She is an inspired intuitive cook, and it is I who encouraged her 2 sticks softened butter (7oz) to write a book. I hope her readers 2 cups flour (7oz) will find it of value, but I expect they 1/2 cup dark brown sugar ("2 oz will have to try again and again dark foot sugar") before they get the magic touch. large jar of good marmalade
-C.S.C.

RECIPES FROM NO.10

Gateau Hollandaise
"""phis gateau makes a delicious hot X sweet if the layers are sandwiched with raspberry jam. It should then be served with hot raspberry sauce and whipped cream.
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Cream butter and sugar; blend in flour to form a soft dough. Divide into six equal pieces. (You may need to refrigerate dough if you have used a food processor.) Roll each piece into a 6" circle (a small plate can be used as a guide) on a lightly floured surface or between two pieces of waxed paper. Place two at a time on a well greased baking sheet and bake at 350 for 10-12 minutes. They will be like large cookies. Carefully loosen with a spatula. Slip one carefully on to a flat plate. Spread with marmalade while still warm; repeat with the second. Continue until all six are baked and layered with marmalade. Sprinkle confectioner's (icing) sugar on top. $

CHURCHILL ONLINE
INTERNET EXCHANGES ON SIR WINSTON The Churchill Home Page: http://www.winstonchurchill.org
THE CHURCHILL WEBSITE: Aim your web browser at the above Internet address and the Churchill Page should appear. Press any of the red buttons to be led to the latest Churchill Center - Churchill Society information. The "Finest Hour" button produces the earliest publication of the next issue. If you experience any difficulty please email John Plumpton: Savrola@ican.net LISTSERV "WINSTON": Subscribe free to the Churchill Internet community: send the E-mail message "SUBSCRIBE WINSTON" to: Listserv vm.marist.edu you'll receive confirmation and may then send and receive all messages to the Churchill Online community by Emailing to: WINSTON@VM.Marist. edu. In case of problems, E-mail Tonah.Triebwasser@marist.edu hono(u)red by Congress. If so, Lafayette's must have come via Presidential edict. I think that is evidence enough to change the name of the park across from the V/hite House to Churchill Park! From: SHEPHERW@CUA.EDU (W?n. John Shepherd)

HONORARY AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP

From: tronnel9@IDT.NET (Todd Ronnei)

I conducted an Internet search for the names of persons granted Honorary U.S. citizenship. Multiple sources agreed that there have been five honorary citizenships granted by acts of Congress: Sir Winston Churchill (1963), Raoul Wallenberg (1981), William and Hannah Penn (1984) and Mother Teresa (1996). Neither Lafayette nor Solzhenitsyn were mentioned by any source. Any comments?
From: awjm@uaa.alaska.edu (James W. Midler):

This topic continues to bemuse. My understanding was that Lech Walesa was also made an Honorary Citizen a few years back.
From: 104335.2371@compuserve.com (Frederick C. Hardman)

I had always heard that Lafayette was the first honorary citizen of the United States, Churchill the second, and Solzhenitsyn the third. Wallenberg was added later, and there may now have been others. But I have recently been told that those researching the Lafayette precedents in the early Sixties, when it had been proposed to honor Churchill, found Lafayette's situation different and that Churchill was therefore the first honorary citizen of the US. I don't know the details, and it would be worthwhile for someone to sort them out.
From: savrola@ican.net (John Plumpton) My understanding (as a Canadian looking down from the far north) is that Churchill was the first to be

I have recently been reading through some issues of the Nezv York Times from 1954, around the time of Sir Winston's 80th birthday. Among the many stories about him, I came across an editorial that also said this: "...we have an illustrious precedent for honorary citizenship for Sir Winston himself. In 1784 the General Assembly of Maryland passed a law bestowing citizenship on the Marquis de Lafayette. It would take a law of Congress now, but Congress is a sovereign body and could do it if it were deemed proper." Despite all of the above, we are still not satisfied that we have a definite list of all Honorary American citizens, nor do we believe we have all the facts on the Marquis de Lafayette. Enlightenment requested! $3

FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 4 3

WOODS CORNER
A BIBLIOPHILE'S COLUMN NAMED FOR THE LATE BIBLIOGRAPHER, FRED WOODS

INTERNET BREAKTHROUGH!
Announcing the new Built-in Orderly Organized Knowledge device (B.O.O.K.):

Newspaper magnate Cecil King

WTHMAUCETOWARDNONE

ecil King's war diary (London: Sidgwick & Jackson 1970) is a useful book for the Churchill library. During the war King directed the policies of the Daily Mirror and Sunday Pictorial, two popular papers whose circulation had reached 7,000,000 by 1945. King's papers were among the few that had backed Churchill during the 1930s, but the relationship cooled during the war: King thought Churchill was not tough enough in chucking the Neville Chamberlain crowd that he held responsible for Britain's dangers. King writes about many encounters with the Prime Minister, not all friendly but every one fascinating, if only for the height of King's misjudgement. For example, he describes one of Churchill's broadcasts as "a few stumbling sentences to the effect that the situation was disastrous, but all right..it was the poorest possible effort on an occasion when he should have produced the finest speech of his life." King was referring to the "Finest Hour" speech! An impressive demonstration of Churchill's political philosophy comes early in the book, when King urges the new PM to "clean house" and rid the government of the "Men of Munich"and WSC flatly refuses. According to King, Churchill said "it was all very well to plead for a Government excluding elements that had led us astray of recent years, but where was one to stop? They were everywhere, not only in the political world, but among the fighting service

chiefs and the Civil Service chiefs. To clear these out would be a task impossible in the disastrous state in which we found ourselves. In any case, if one were dependent on the people who had been right in the last few years, what a tiny handful one would have to depend on." As to Chamberlain, Churchill was "very glad to have him. He was clearheaded, methodical and hardworking, and the best man he had head and shoulders over the average man in the administration, who was mostly pretty mediocre." (This incidentally defies the revisonist notion that Churchill chose a mediocre Governmentby suggesting that he didn't have much to choose from!) Of particular relevance today is Churchill's reaction to King's argument that he would be justified in sacking Chamberlain because public feeling against Chamberlain was very strong. Churchill replied that "he didn't see that the public had any right to take such a line. They had voted for Chamberlain when he was making these blunders: why should they seek his blood when he (and they) were proved wrong?" Technically they hadn't voted for Chamberlain, who succeeded to the Premiership on the retirement of Baldwin without an election. But can you think of any political leader presently in office who would so thoroughly stick to a discredited predecessor, on the ground that he was "head and shoulders over the average," and refuse to accept "that the public had any right to take such a line"? The President of Estonia, maybe. Lennart Meri happens to be a Churchillian... That steadfast loyalty to principle and colleagues, which refused to bend to public opinion when in his judgment the public was wrongso regularly displayed by Churchill, often to his political disadvantageis a characteristic that continues to distinguish the great man. RML
FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 4 4

t's a revolutionary breakthrough in technology: no wires, no electric circuits, no batteries, nothing to be connected or switched on. It's so easy to use even a child can operate it. Just lift its cover. Compact and portable, it can be used anywhereeven sitting in an armchair by the fireyet it is powerful enough to hold as much information as a CD-ROM disk. Here's how it works: Each BOOK is constructed of sequentially numbered sheets of paper (recyclable), each capable of holding thousands of bits of information. These pages are locked together with a custom-fit device called a binder which keeps the sheets in their correct sequence. By using both sides of each sheet, manufacturers are able to cut costs in half. Each sheet is scanned optically, registering information directly into your brain. A flick of the finger takes you to the next sheet. The BOOK may be taken up at any time and used by merely opening it. A "browse" feature allows you to move instantly to any sheet, and move forward or backward as you wish. Most come with an "index" feature, which pinpoints the exact location of any selected information for instant retrieval. An optional "BOOKmark" accessory allows you to open the BOOK to the exact place you left it in a previous sessioneven if the BOOK has been closed! BOOKmarks fit universal design parameters; thus a single BOOKmark can be used in BOOKs by various manufacturers. Each BOOK is instantly understood by either Macintosh or Windows users. Portable, durable and affordable, the BOOK is the entertainment wave of the future. Many new titles are expected soon, due to the surge in popularity of its great new programming tool, the Portable Erasable Nib Cryptic Intercommunication Language Stylus $5

CHURCHILLTRIVIA

BY CURT ZOLLER

EST your knowledge! Most questions can be answered in back issues of Finest Hour or other Churchill Center publications, but it's not really cricket to check. 24 questions appear each issue, answers in the following issue. Questions are in six categories: Contemporaries (C), Literary (L), Miscellaneous (M), Personal (P), Statesmanship (S), War (W). 793. About whom did Churchill comment: "We know that he has more than any other man the gift of compressing the largest amount of words into the smallest amount of thought"? (C) 794. How much was Churchill paid for his articles from Cuba? (L) 795. Whom did the Germans try to use to contact the Duke of Windsor and ask him if he would assume the throne after German victory? (M) 796. In 1943 on a drive with President Roosevelt to Shangri-La, (now Camp David), Churchill recited a famous poem by an American poet. Can you name the poem and the author? (P) 797. How did Churchill characterize the statesman in his speech at the unveiling of the monument to The Earl of Oxford and Asquith? (S) 798. Who replaced Vice-Admiral Sackville Hamilton Carden as Commander-in-Chief of the Dardanelles Naval Forces? (W) 799. What was Malcolm Muggeridge's opinion of Churchill as writer and orator ? (C) 800. Roosevelt included a poem in an introductory letter to Churchill. Whom did the letter introduce, and what was the poem ? (L) 801. In May 1961 Sotheby's sold Churchill's painting "The Olive Tree." What was the price? (M) 802. When was Churchill made an Honorary American Citizen? (P) 803. What was the famous comment Churchill made regarding the liquidation of the British Empire? (S) 804. What was Churchill's first military award? (W) 805. Who wrote "The Malakand is one of Churchill's most literary works,

in its striving after 'poetic' effects, its many epigraphs, allusions, and quotations, and its references to historical events...."? (L) 806. When Churchill met Miss Christine Lewis on board the Carthage, which book was he working on? (L) 807. What was Churchill's favorite card game? (M) 808. Who owned Chartwell when Churchill purchased it? (P) 809. In what reference did Churchill declare, in a speech on 23 May 1939: "...I could not stand by and see solemn engagements into which Britain has entered before the world set aside for reasons of administrative convenience...."? (S) 810. Who coined the phrase: "Now the hour had come for him [Churchill] to mobilize the English language and send it into battle"? (W) 811. Where did Churchill comment, "To gain one's way is no escape from the responsibility for inferior solutions"? (L) 812. About what book did Churchill comment, "I have consistently urged my friends to abstain from reading it"? (L) 813. In what reference did Churchill comment, "Why do you have to have all these committee meetings"? (M) 814. What was the paternal name of Churchill's grandfather? (P) 815. Which speech ended: "....if all British moral and material forces and convictions are joined with your own in fraternal association, the high-roads of the future will be clear, not only for us but for all, not only for our time, but for a century to come"? (S) 816. Who became First Lord of the Admiralty when Churchill became Prime Minister? (W) Answers to last issue's questions: (769) Air Vice Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder was named Deputy Supreme Commander by Churchill. (770) Churchill did not meet with Hitler in Munich in 1932. (771) In My Early Life Churchill described a typical day while in service in India. (772) During the discussions on Home Rule, Clementine reminded Winston to go along with Lloyd George. (773) Churchill believed
FINEST HOUR 9 5 / 4 5

the League of Nations failed because its principles were deserted by the States, because the governments feared to face the facts, and act while time remained. (774) Colville was Private Secretary to three PMs: Chamberlain, Churchill and Attlee. (775) Churchill commented in 1929 to his son Randolph that he was leading a perfectly useless existence. (776) Churchill gave his last Parliament speech on 3 Marchl955. {777) "Great peoples are always groping for the truth" was written by Churchill in 1906 in the Preface to For Free Trade. (778) His comments on the Policy for the Unionist Party was made in favor of Free Trade in response to Joseph Chamberlain's Tariff Reform and Imperial Preference proposal in May 1903. (779) Prime Minister Menzies of Australia wrote to Neville Chamberlain, "....if Winston got into the Government it would not be too long before it were at war." (780) Lady St. Helier, aka Lady Jeune, convinced Sir Evelyn Wood to get Churchill to the Omdurman campaign and in March 1908 held a dinner party where Winston devoted all his attention to his beautiful neighbor, Clementine Hozier. (781) Churchill addressed Miss Violet Asquith when he identified himself as a "glow-worm." (782) Major Desmond Morton, Industrial Intelligence Centre; Michael Creswell and Ralph Wigram, Foreign Office; Squadron Leader Charles Torr Anderson; and Group Captain Lachlan Maclean helped Churchill with intelligence data. (783) "Hambone" was the name used by Churchill's children to address Grace Hamblin. (784) Averell Harriman accompanied Churchill to Moscow. (785) The British Gazette was published by the presses of The Morning Post. (786) The Garron Tower estate brought 4000 a year income. (787) During the Cairo Press Conference, 1 February 1943, Churchill made the statement regarding prophesy. (788) General Montgomery did not allow Churchill to address the troops. (789) Churchill characterized General Montgomery: "In defeat indomitable; in victory unbearable." (790) Neville Chamberlain was Lord President of the Council in Churchill's 1940 Government. (791) Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover and Sandwich were the original Cinque Ports. (792)
ARGONAUT was the codeword for the

Big Three at Yalta; Churchill's headquarters was the 100-year-old Vorontsov Villa, located in Alupka. $5

"WE HAVE COME THROUGH" I am often asked to say how we are going to win this war. I remember being asked that last time very frequently, and not being able to give a very precise or conclusive answer. vwe kept on doing our best; we kept on improving. We profited by our mistakes and our experiences. We turned misfortune to good account. \rJe were told we should run short of this or that, until the only thing we ran short of was Huns. We did our duty. We did not ask to see too far ahead, but strode forth upon our path, guided by such lights as led us and then one day we saw those who had forced the struggle upon the world cast down their arms in the open field and immediately proceed to beg for sympathy, mercy, and considerable financial support. Now we have to do it all over again. Sometimes I wonder why. Having chained this fiend, this monstrous power of Prussian militarism, We saw it suddenly resuscitated in the new and more hideous guise of Nazi tyranny. We have only to face once more the long struggle, the cruel sacrifices, and not be daunted or deterred by feelings of vexation. With quite a little forethought, a little care and decision, and with rather a greater measure of slow persistency, we need never have had to face this thing in our lifetime or in that of our children. However, we are all resolved to go forward... A year and three months ago we found ourselves absolutely alone.... Every country in the world outside this island and the Empire to which we are indissolubly attached had given us up, had made up their minds that our life was ended and our tale was told. o u t by unflinchingly despising the manifestations of power and the threats by which we were on all sides confronted, we have come through that dark and perilous passage, now once again masters of our own destiny.
The Guildhall, Hull, 7 November 1941

FINEST HOUR 95/46

AMPERSAND
-<

The Things They Say: Part 1,790

LONDON PR firm named Wolf-Ollin has volunteered some tips for upgrading the image of the United Kingdom, beginning with a change of name. "UK," they say, "sounds like a radio station" (don't radio call signs contain three or four letters?), so "UK" goes in the dustbin. And England is too limiting. What about "Great Britain"? Ah, but "if we're great, and know we're great, we don't have to proclaim it, so let's drop 'Great' and call it simply 'Britain.'" (Isn't "Great" as used here a geographic collective for an island containing England, Scotland and Wales?) As for the Union Flag ("stodgy, and captured now as a symbol of the radical right"), Wolf-Ollin wants "a simple, red and blue banner with the word 'Britain' in white letters, flying over Buckingham Palace." The National Anthem also has to go: "It's all very nice and emotional," says a Wolf-Ollinperson, "but of course obsolete." "Would you change just the words or the music too?," asked the clearly impressed American interviewer on "The People's Radio" (NPR). "Oh, the whole thing," said the agency's representative-"Why not?" Why not indeed? As a modest contribution to this new, with-it image, Finest Hour respectfully offers additions to the Wolf-Ollin programme. Since the national flag does not fly over Buckingham Palace when

HM The Queen is in residence, they need also to revise the Royal Standard: dump all those lions and wotnot for a simple red and gold banner with white letters reading "queen." (Lower case, noticewe don't want to be too assertive. In fact "britain" is much better than "Britain.") To take this a step further, Clarence House could have a powder blue flag reading "queenmum," while The Duke of Edinburgh could have a personal banner of Scots plaid reading "edinburra," teaching tourists correctly to pronounce his title. Speaking of lions, those obsolete statues in Trafalgar Square would bring a pretty price at Christie's, helping to support the cost of these important changes. Finally, since Coca-Cola recently scrapped its long running slogan, "Just for the fun of it, Diet Coke," this outstanding motto is there for the taking. So why not replace "Dieu et Mon Droit" with "Just for the fun of it, quiet britain?" This is exactly the ticket as britain quietly becomes the 51st state (of "europe"). RML

true is not relevant, and what is relevant is not obviously true." Unfortunately, neither the quote nor the attribution was accurate. This was not said by Churchill, but Churchill quoting Arthur J. Balfour (Prime Minister, July 1902-December 1905), in Great Contemporaries (London & New York, 1937, last reprinted 1990, page 250 of the first edition): "...'there were some things that were true, and some things that were trite; but what was true was trite, and what was not trite was not true'..."

A Man of the Century Nomination

by Ryan Thornburg
(To Parker Lee) I just wanted to get back to you about my 7th grade son who was working on the book report about Winston Churchill. You were kind enough to send him some material and information from The Churchill Center. We received the package and used most of the pictures for the poster part of the report. You will be glad to know that he received a 100% on his work! I will send a copy of his report with a picture of Ryan and the poster as soon as he gets it back from the teacher. All the work was displayed in the classroom. You asked if Ryan chose his subject. Yes, he did. The children could have chosen anyone from any field past or present. You can imagine the range of subjects. This was an English assignment, and not a History project as you might think. Ryan will send you a personal thank you note along with a contribution to the Center. We appreciate all your help. MARY KAY THORNBURG, TOPEKA, KANSAS Readers will enjoy Ryan Thornburg's excellent "Man of the Century" poster on our back cover. M>

Wit and Wisdom: Score One for Arthur Balfour

E should start compiling the bons mots attributed to Churchill which he never said. The most famous are: "If I were married to you I'd drink it [poison]" (F.E. Smith to Nancy Astor) and the one about "The only traditions of the Royal Navy." (There are several earthy variations of the rest of this quote, but this is a family magazine.) The Navy quip was mentioned to Sir Winston in 1955 by Anthony Montague Browne; WSC said he hadn't said it, but wished he had. But there are many more. A Washington law firm recently asked us to confirm an alleged Churchill quote they had paraphrased in a brief they were about to file: Their opponents' brief "contains much that is obviously true, and much that is relevant; unfortunately, what is obviously
FINEST HOUR 95 / 47

WANTED: THE MAN OF THE CENTURY

LOOKING FOR THE MAN WHO: CAN LEAD HIS COUNTRY TO VICTORY AGAINST ALL ODDS. IS AN ENGLISHMAN WHO NEVER QUITS. CAN INSPIRE A NATION AND'THE WORLD WITH HIS WORDS. ENTERTAIN ALL PEOPLE WITH HIS WTT. IS AN HISTORIAN. WRITER AND STATESMAN. ACCEPTS DEFEATS. FAILURES AND SETBACKS AND CARRIES ON ANYWAY.
MTNOft CHARACTER FLAWS THAT ARE ACCETT*
SOMEWHAT EGOTISTICAL A N D ARROGANT NOT ALWAYS WFLUNG TO NEGOTIATE I BE CRITICAL OF NEARLY EVERYTHING. BUT ALMOST I

ONLY ONE PERSON NEED APPLY: SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL

POLITICAL CABTOON I M 6

o!: the C e n t u r v N o m i n a t i o n : Poster hv R i . m T;

iy VM-'f p a g e d / ; .