Macedonia ( i/msdoni/ mas-i-DOH-nee-; Macedonian: , transliterated: Makedonija), o iciall!

t"e Republic of Macedonia (#$%&' , transliterated: Republika Makedonija (r)*+li,a ma,dni-a. ( listen)), is a co*ntr! located in t"e central /al,an )enins*la in 0o*t"east 1*ro)e2 3t is one o t"e s*ccessor states o t"e ormer 4*5osla6ia, rom 7"ic" it declared inde)endence in 89982 3t +ecame a mem+er o t"e :nited ;ations in 899< +*t, as a res*lt o a dis)*te 7it" =reece o6er its name, it 7as admitted *nder t"e )ro6isional re erence o the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia(9.(8>. ($?@ A%BC'DC #$%&' ,(88. transliterated: EoraneFna G*5oslo6ens,a He)*+li,a Ma,edoni-a), sometimes a++re6iated as I4HJM2 K landloc,ed co*ntr!, t"e He)*+lic o Macedonia is +ordered +! Loso6o(a. to t"e nort"7est, 0er+ia to t"e nort", /*l5aria to t"e east, =reece to t"e so*t", and Kl+ania to t"e 7est2(8M. 3t constit*tes a))roNimatel! t"e nort"7estern t"ird o t"e lar5er 5eo5ra)"ical re5ion o Macedonia, 7"ic" also com)rises t"e nei5"+o*rin5 )arts o nort"ern =reece and a smaller )ortion in /*l5aria2 O"e co*ntr!Ps ca)ital is 0,o)-e, 7it" Q>R,9MR in"a+itants accordin5 to t"e M>>M cens*s2 Jt"er cities incl*de /itola, L*mano6o, Erile), Oeto6o, J"rid, Seles, Tti), LoUani, =osti6ar, La6adarci and 0tr*mica2 3t "as more t"an Q> la,es and siNteen mo*ntains "i5"er t"an M,>>> m (R,QRM t)2 Macedonia is a mem+er o t"e :; and t"e Vo*ncil o 1*ro)e2 0ince Wecem+er M>>Q it "as also +een a candidate or -oinin5 t"e 1*ro)ean :nion and "as a))lied or ;KOJ mem+ers"i)2

Contents

8 1t!molo5! M Xistor!
o o o o o o o o

M28 Kncient and Homan )eriod M2M Medie6al and Jttoman )eriod M2< Macedonian nationalism M2Y Lin5doms o 0er+ia and 4*5osla6ia M2Q Zorld Zar 33 )eriod M2R 0ocialist 4*5osla6ia )eriod M2[ Weclaration o inde)endence M2\ Kl+anian ins*r5enc!

< =eo5ra)"!
o o o o

<28 Oo)o5ra)"! <2M X!dro5ra)"! <2< Vlimate <2Y ;ational )ar,s

Y Ilora

Q Ia*na
o

Q28 Womestic animals

R Eolitics
o o o o

R28 Earliament R2M =o6ernment R2< ]a7 and co*rts R2Y Iorei5n relations

R2Y28 ;amin5 dis)*te

R2Q X*man ri5"ts

[ Militar! \ 1conom!
o o o

\28 3n rastr*ct*re and e^in rastr*ct*re \2M Orade and in6estment \2< Oo*rism

9 Kdministrati6e re5ions
o

928 M*nici)alities

8> Wemo5ra)"ics
o o o

8>28 Vities 8>2M Heli5ion 8>2< ]an5*a5es

88 0cience
o

8828 1d*cation

8M 0ociet!
o o o o o

8M28 Vinema and media 8M2M V*lt*re 8M2< E*+lic "olida!s 8M2Y V*isine 8M2Q 0)ort

8< =aller!

8Y 3nternational ran,in5s 8Q 0ee also 8R ;otes 8[ He erences 8\ 1Nternal lin,s

Etymology
0ee also: Macedonia namin5 dis)*te O"e co*ntr!Ps name deri6es rom t"e =ree, _`abcdef` (Makedona),(8<.(8Y. a ,in5dom (later, re5ion) named a ter t"e ancient Macedonians2 O"eir name, _`abcgebh (Makednes), is co5nate to t"e Kncient =ree, ad-ecti6e i`abcegh (makedns), meanin5 jtall, slimj2 3t 7as traditionall! deri6ed rom t"e 3ndo^1*ro)ean root kma,^ meanin5 Plon5P or PslenderP, +*t accordin5 to modern researc" +! Ho+ert /ee,es +ot" terms are o Ere^=ree, s*+strate ori5in and cannot +e eN)lained in terms o 3ndo^1*ro)ean mor)"olo5!2(8Q.

History
Main article: Xistor! o t"e He)*+lic o Macedonia

Ancient and Roman period

Main articles: Eaeonia (,in5dom), Lin5dom o Macedon, and Wardanian Lin5dom

O"e r*ins o Xeraclea ]!ncestis, a cit! o*nded +! E"ili) 33 o Macedon in t"e Yt" cent*r! /V 3n antil*it!, most o 7"at is no7 t"e He)*+lic o Macedonia 7as t"e ,in5dom o Eaeonia,(8R. in"a+ited +! t"e Eaeonians, a O"racian )eo)le,(8[. 7"ilst t"e nort"7est 7as in"a+ited +! t"e Wardani and t"e so*t"7est +! tri+es ,no7n "istoricall! as t"e 1nc"elae, Eela5ones and ]!ncestae; t"e latter t7o are 5enerall! re5arded as Molossian tri+es o t"e nort"7estern =ree, 5ro*), 7"ilst t"e ormer t7o are considered 3ll!rian2(8\.(89.(M>.(M8.(MM.(M<. 3n <QR /V E"ili) 33 o Macedon a+sor+ed(MY. t"e re5ions o :))er Macedonia (]!n,estis and Eela5onia) and t"e so*t"ern )art o Eaeonia (We*rio)*s) into t"e ,in5dom o Macedon2(MQ. E"ili)Ps son KleNander t"e =reat conl*ered t"e remainder o t"e re5ion, and incor)orated it in "is em)ire, reac"in5 as ar nort" as 0c*)i, +*t t"e cit! and t"e s*rro*ndin5 area remained )art o Wardania2(MR.

O"e Homans esta+lis"ed t"e Ero6ince o Macedonia in 8YR /V2 /! t"e time o Wiocletian, t"e )ro6ince "ad +een s*+di6ided +et7een Macedonia Prima (j irst Macedoniaj) on t"e so*t", encom)assin5 most o t"e ,in5dom o Macedon, and Macedonia Salutaris (,no7n also as Macedonia Secunda, jsecond Macedoniaj) on t"e nort", encom)assin5 )artiall! Wardania and t"e 7"ole o Eaeonia; most o co*ntr!Ps modern +o*ndaries ell 7it"in t"e latter, 7it" t"e cit! o 0to+i as its ca)ital2(M[. Homan eN)ansion +ro*5"t 0c*)i area *nder Homan r*le not till t"e time o Womitian (\8^9R KW) and it ell 7it"in t"e Ero6ince o Moesia2(M\. Z"ilst =ree, remained t"e dominant lan5*a5e in t"e eastern )art o t"e Homan em)ire, ]atin s)read to some eNtent in Macedonia2(M9.

Medieval and Ottoman period

Main article: 0o*t" 0la6s I*rt"er in ormation: /*l5aria (t"eme) and Jttoman Sardar Macedonia W*rin5 t"e Q\>s, /!mantine literat*re attests to t"e 0la6s raidin5 /!mantine territories in t"e re5ion o Macedonia, aided +! K6ars or /*l5ars2 Xistorical records doc*ment t"at in c2 R\> a 5ro*) o /*l5ars, 0la6s and /!mantines led +! a /*l5ar called L*+er settled in t"e re5ion o Leramisian )lain, centred on t"e cit! o /itola2(<>. EresianPs rei5n a))arentl! coincides 7it" t"e eNtension o /*l5arian control o6er t"e 0la6ic tri+es in and aro*nd Macedonia2 O"e 0la6ic )eo)les t"at settled in t"e re5ion o Macedonia acce)ted V"ristianit! as t"eir o7n reli5ion aro*nd t"e 9t" cent*r!, d*rin5 t"e rei5n o Osar /oris 3 o /*l5aria2 3n 8>8Y, /!mantine 1m)eror /asil 33 de eated t"e armies o Osar 0am*il o /*l5aria and 7it"in o*r !ears t"e /!mantines restored control o6er t"e /al,ans (incl*din5 Macedonia) or t"e irst time since t"e [t" cent*r!2 Xo7e6er, +! t"e late 8Mt" cent*r!, /!mantine decline sa7 t"e re5ion contested +! 6ario*s )olitical entities, incl*din5 a +rie ;orman occ*)ation in t"e 8>\>s2 3n t"e earl! 8<t" cent*r!, a re6i6ed /*l5arian 1m)ire 5ained control o t"e re5ion2 Ela5*ed +! )olitical di ic*lties t"e em)ire did not last and t"e re5ion came once a5ain *nder /!mantine control in earl! 8Yt" cent*r!2 3n t"e 8Yt" cent*r!, it +ecame )art o t"e 0er+ian 1m)ire, 7"o sa7 t"emsel6es as li+erators o t"eir 0la6ic ,in rom /!mantine des)otism2 0,o)-e +ecame t"e ca)ital o Osar 0te an W*sanPs em)ire2 Zit" W*sanPs deat", a 7ea, s*ccessor a))eared and )o7er str*55les +et7een no+les di6ided t"e /al,ans once a5ain2 O"is coincided 7it" t"e entr! o t"e Jttoman O*r,s into 1*ro)e2 O"e Lin5dom o Erile) 7as one o t"e s"ort li6ed states t"at emer5ed rom t"e colla)se o t"e 0er+ian 1m)ire in t"e 8Yt" cent*r!2(<8. =rad*all! all t"e central /al,ans 7ere conl*ered +! t"e Jttoman 1m)ire and remained *nder its domination or i6e cent*ries2

Macedonian nationalism
Main article: Macedonian nationalism

;i,ola Lare6, )resident o t"e s"ort^li6ed Lr*Fe6o He)*+lic d*rin5 t"e 3linden :)risin5

Avtonomna Makedonia )eriodical, /el5rade, 89>Q Zit" t"e +e5innin5 o t"e /*l5arian ;ational He6i6al in t"e 8\t" cent*r!, man! o t"e re ormers 7ere rom t"is re5ion, incl*din5 Miladino6 /rot"ers,(<M. Ha-,o ninmi o6, Goa,im LrUo6s,i,(<<. Liril Ee-Uino6i(<Y. and ot"ers2 O"e +is"o)rics o 0,o)-e, We+ar, /itola, J"rid, Seles and 0tr*mica 6oted to -oin t"e /*l5arian 1Narc"ate a ter it 7as esta+lis"ed in 8\[>2(<Q. 0e6eral mo6ements 7"ose 5oals 7ere t"e esta+lis"ment o a*tonomo*s Macedonia, encom)assin5 t"e entire re5ion o Macedonia, +e5an to arise in t"e late 89t" cent*r!; t"e earliest o t"ese 7as t"e /*l5arian Macedonian^Kdriano)le He6ol*tionar! Vommittees, later trans ormed to 0MJHJ2 3n 89>Q it 7as renamed as 3nternal Macedonian^Kdriano)le He6ol*tionar! Jr5animation (3MKHJ) and a ter Zorld Zar 3 t"e or5anisation se)arated into t"e 3nternal Macedonian He6ol*tionar! Jr5animation (3MHJ) and t"e 3nternal O"racian He6ol*tionar! Jr5anisation (3OHJ)2 3n t"e earl! or5anisation t"e mem+ers"i) 7as allo7ed onl! or /*l5arians, +*t later it 7as o)ened to all in"a+itants o 1*ro)ean O*r,e!, regardless of their nationalit or religion2(<R. O"e ma-orit! o its mem+ers "o7e6er 7ere Macedonian /*l5arians(<[. 3n 89><, 3MHJ or5anised t"e 3linden^Ereo+ram"enie :)risin5 a5ainst t"e Jttomans, 7"ic" a ter some initial s*ccesses, incl*din5 t"e ormin5 o t"e jLr*s"e6o He)*+licj, 7as cr*s"ed 7it" m*c" loss o li e2 O"e *)risin5 and t"e ormin5 o t"e Lr*s"e6o He)*+lic are considered t"e cornerstone and )rec*rsors to t"e e6ent*al esta+lis"ment o t"e Macedonian state2

Kingdoms of Serbia and Yugoslavia

O"e di6ision o t"e re5ion o Macedonia a ter t"e /al,an Zars accordin5 to t"e Oreat! o /*c"arest Iollo7in5 t"e t7o /al,an 7ars o 898M and 898< and t"e dissol*tion o t"e Jttoman 1m)ire, most o its 1*ro)ean "eld territories 7ere di6ided +et7een =reece, /*l5aria and 0er+ia2 O"e territor! o t"e modern Macedonian state 7as t"en named !u"na Srbija, j0o*t"ern 0er+iaj2 K ter t"e Iirst Zorld Zar, Lin5dom o 0er+ia +ecame )art o t"e Lin5dom o 0er+s, Vroats and 0lo6enes2 3n 89M9, t"e Lin5dom 7as o iciall! renamed t"e Lin5dom o 4*5osla6ia and di6ided into )ro6inces called +ano6inas2 0o*t"ern 0er+ia, incl*din5 all o 7"at is no7 t"e He)*+lic o Macedonia, +ecame ,no7n as t"e Sardar /ano6ina o t"e Lin5dom o 4*5osla6ia2 O"e conce)t o a :nited Macedonia 7as *sed +! t"e 3nternal Macedonian He6ol*tionar! Jr5animation (3MHJ) in t"e inter+ell*m2 3ts leaders o li,e Oodor KleNandro6, Kle,sandar Eroto5ero6, 36an Mi"ailo6, )romoted inde)endence o t"e Macedonian territor! s)lit +et7een 0er+ia and =reece or t"e 7"ole )o)*lation, re5ardless o reli5ion and et"nicit!(citation needed.2 O"e /*l5arian 5o6ernment o KleNander Malino6 in 898\ o ered to 5i6e Eirin Macedonia or t"at )*r)ose a ter Zorld Zar 3,(<\. +*t t"e =reat Eo7ers did not ado)t t"is idea, +eca*se 0er+ia and =reece o))osed(citation needed.2