EN0214:Data Communication & Transmission System

2010

Data Communications EN0214 Answer Scheme for Exercise/Past Final Exam_ ine Co!in"

No# 200$

1a) What is the relationship between bit rate and baud rate in the context of digital communications and hence show that the mathematical relationship between then is given by:

rb = rs log2

where rb = bit rate !bps)" rs = baud rate !baud) and

= number of symbols

!b) !i) #xplain why $%& signaling is not suitable for synchroni'ation at the receiver and why" using a anchester encoding scheme is suitable(

!ii) What method or techni)ue can be used to overcome the biphase for synchroni'ation over a long distance* !+m)

Solution%

When a signal,encoding techni)ues are used" a distinction needs to be made between data rate !expressed in bits per seconds) and modulation rate !expressed in baud)(

-he data rate or a bit rate is 1.-b " where -b = bit duration( -he modulation rate is the rate at which signal element are generated
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EN0214:Data Communication & Transmission System

2010

rs = rb ./ = rb .log2 rb = rs log2

where "

rb = data rate " bps rs = baud rate / = number of bits per signal element = number of different signal element

!b) !i) When it is a long string of 0s or 1s" it is behave li1e a dc components( 2nder this condition" any drift between the timing of the transmitter and receiver will results in loss of synchroni'ation between two( 3i,phase has no dc component( -here is a transition at the middle of each bit period( -he mid,bit transition serves as a cloc1ing mechanism and also as a data( -he problems are when the applications at relatively high data rates !up to 10 bps)( -he line format such 4536 and 37&8 will help to overcome the issues above(

Au"ust 2010

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2010

91 !a) :onsider a stream of binary data consisting of + bits long se)uence of 1s follows by a 'ero followed by another + bits long strings of 1s( 5raw the waveform for this se)uence using i( ii( iii( $%&,/ 3ipolar ;< = >seudoternary !2m) !1m) !2m)

!b) -he bipolar,< = waveform representing the binary se)uence 0100101011 is transmitted over a noisy channel( -he received waveform is shown in ?ig1" it contains a single error( /ocate the position of this error and explain your answer( !6m)

?ig(1

8olution:

!i)

$%&,/

!ii)

3ipolar,< =

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EN0214:Data Communication & Transmission System

2010

!iii)

>seudorternary

!b) %eceived ; given by )uestion:

%eceived ; correct waveform for 3ipolar < =:

#rror detected

-he error position has been located( -he error happening is because of the alternatively for successive ones !most preceding 1 bit has negative voltage)

Exercise%
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EN0214:Data Communication & Transmission System

2010

#ncode the following input 10011100 and 11011110 in

anchester encoding

?or

anchester: 0: transition from high to low in the middle of the interval 1: transition from low to high in the middle of the interval

&a' 2000

@!ii) #ncode the following data

1001000000001100001 using following codes:

a) < = b) anchester

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EN0214:Data Communication & Transmission System

2010

c) 4536

8olution:

a)< =

!b)

anchester

!c) 4536

1 A

0 0

0 0

1 ,

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 B

0 3

0 0

0 0

0 B

1 ,

1 A

0 3

0 0

0 0

0 B

1 A

En0214/ October 2010/ssm

EN0214:Data Communication & Transmission System

2010

or

1 ,

0 0

0 0

1 A

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 B

0 3

0 0

0 0

0 B

1 A

1 ,

0 3

0 0

0 0

0 B

1 ,

&a' 2002

!b) ?igure 91!b) shows a various line codes used for data transmission( :ompare the line codes in terms of 3andwidth" 5: voltage and synchronisation( !@m)

$%& < 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

%& 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

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EN0214:Data Communication & Transmission System

2010

anchester 1 < 0 1 1 0 1 0

,<

Solution% Enco!in" N+, (an!wi!th 3W = 1.2C = rb .2 DC )olta"es 4as 5: component during long string of 0s or 1s S'nchroni*ation ,$o synchroni'ation due to unipolar( ,$o inherent cloc1 signals unless a pattern of 1"0"1"0"1"0Dis transmitted( :ommon format used to synchroni'e at the receiver via >hase loc1 /oop >redictable transition during each bit time and have self,cloc1ing codes that can be used for synchroni'ation

+, 3W min = rb

$o 5: component

&anchester

,%easonably narrow with no 5: component ,3W re)uired is greater and wider than multilevel binary codes

$o 5: component

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