Umts Outdoor RF Design Guidelines v4.1 - External Version

UMTS OUTDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINES
Document number: UMT/DCL/APP/035539 Document issue: V4.1/ Document status: Standard Date: 21/JUL/2011
External document
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UMT/DCL/APP/035539 V4.1/ Standard 21/JUL/2011 Page 1/95
UMTS OUTDOOR DESIGN GUIDELINES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 INTRODUCTION OBJECT SCOPE OF THIS DOCUMENT AUDIENCE FOR THIS DOCUMENT PRE-SALES PHASE OVERVIEW TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS
Services availability:
5 5 5 5 6 8
8
2.2 LINK BUDGET & CAPACITY OVERVIEW 2.2.1 Uplink available path loss calculation 2.2.2 Capacity R99
2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 Uplink Downlink
9 9 10
10 11
HSXPA
12 12 12 13
13 14
3.1 HSDPA 3.1.1 UPLINK IMPACT 3.1.2 DOWNLINK IMPACT

3.1.2.1 3.1.2.2 HS-SCCH CPICH dimensioning with HSDPA
3.1.3 MUG tables 3.2 HSUPA 3.2.1 UL IMPACT

3.2.1.1 3.2.1.2 Description Analysis on different environments
15 17 17
17 18
3.2.2 DL IMPACT 3.2.3 THROUGHPUT CALCULATION 3.3 HSXPA CARRIER DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY 4 UMTS FREQUENCY SPACING REQUIREMENTS WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 5 UMTS & GSM UMTS & CDMA UMTS & UMTS SOLUTIONS TO FREE FREQUENCY BAND
18 19 20 21 21 24 24 25 26 26 26
26 27 27 28
900 MHZ
5.1 ANTENNA SHARING SOLUTIONS 5.1.1 Dual Duplexer solution

5.1.1.1 Description Impact on the link budget Drawbacks 5.1.1.2 2G Equipment requirements
5.1.2
UMTS900-GSM900 Twin TMA combiner solution
30
31
Drawbacks
5.1.3 Double dual antenna solution 5.2 LB COMPARISON UMTS900/UMTS2100 5.2.1 Description 5.2.2 Comparison between 2100MHz and 900MHz for TMA recommendations 5.3 LB COMPARISON GSM900 VS UMTS900
32 33 33 34 34


5.4 UMTS900 VS UMTS2100 PERFORMANCES COMPARISON 5.4.1 COVERAGE COMPARISON 5.4.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON
5.4.2.1 5.4.2.2 Assumptions Performances improvement
35 35 37
37 38
5.4.3
UMTS900 DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY
39
39 39 40 40 40
5.4.3.1 Dense Urban / Urban Hot spot UMTS900 sites deployed to ensure better deep indoor RSCP and complete 2100MHz layer (case3) UMTS900 deployed to ensure a better deep indoor RSCP and same capacity than 2100MHz layer 5.4.3.2 Suburban/Rural
CAPACITY & COVERAGE IMPROVEMENT SOLUTIONS
42 42 42 42 42 43 44 46 46 47
47 47 49
6.1 RF SOLUTION FOR COVERAGE IMPROVEMENT 6.1.1 Height tower increase: 6.1.2 Space diversity: 6.1.3 4 way receivers 6.1.4 RRH vs Macro-Node B 6.1.5 REPEATER 6.1.6 SMALL CELL LAYER 6.1.7 EXTENDED & ULTRA-EXTENDED CELL SOLUTION 6.1.8 SAME CELL RADIUS WITH UL LOAD INCREASE (HSUPA)
6.1.8.1 6.1.8.2 6.1.8.3 4 way receivers 21 dBi antennas UMTS 900 RF SOLUTIONS FOR CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT
6.2 6.2.1 TX DIVERSITY FEATURE 6.2.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON BETWEEN 1, 2&3 CARRIERS CONFIGURATIONS 6.2.3 Dual Cell 6.2.4 RRH vs Macro-NodeB 6.2.5 UMTS900 implementation 6.2.6 MICRO-CELL LAYER 6.3 SITE SECTOR INCREASE 6.4 SITE DENSIFICATION 7 7.1 7.2 RADIO DESIGN METHOD FOR MACRO-CELL NETWORK OVERVIEW MACRO-CELL SITE ACQUISITION
7.2.1.1 7.2.1.2 7.2.1.3 Site survey Antenna characteristics & tilt optimization max values Co-sitting RNP MAIN INPUTS
49 50 50 51 53 54 54 54 54 56 56 57
57 58 59
7.3 7.3.1
GEOGRAPHICAL DATABASES
61 61
62 63 63 64 65 66 66
7.3.1.1 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) 7.3.1.2 CLUTTER 7.3.1.2.1 Raster 7.3.1.2.1.1 Clutter definition 7.3.1.2.1.2 Data extraction method 7.3.1.2.2 Building outlines 7.3.1.2.3 Databases usage recommendations
7.3.2
7.3.2.1
PROPAGATION MODEL
CW calibration measurements
67
67


7.3.2.2 STANDARD PROPAGATION MODEL 7.3.2.3 Ray tracing Models Volcano propagation model Winprop propagation model 68 68 69 69
7.3.3
ENGINEERING MARGINS ANALYSIS
69
70 70 71 71 71 71 71 72 72 72 73 74 74 74 74 74 75 76 76 78 78
7.3.3.1 COMMON PARAMETERS 7.3.3.1.1 Standard parameters 7.3.3.1.2 Shadow margin and penetration losses 7.3.3.1.2.1 Link Budget approach 7.3.3.1.2.1.1 Shadow margin calculation for QoC 7.3.3.1.2.1.2 Indoor/Incar penetration losses 7.3.3.1.2.2 Fast fading margin 7.3.3.1.3 UPLINK BUDGET 7.3.3.1.3.1 Environment parameters 7.3.3.1.3.2 UL radio performances 7.3.3.1.3.2.1 TMA impact on NF and UL losses 7.3.3.1.4 DOWNLINK BUDGET 7.3.3.1.4.1 Max power, Pilot dimensioning & common channels settings 7.3.3.1.4.1.1 Max power setting Global recommendations Special case: several MCPA per sector with different number of carriers (STSR2+1) 7.3.3.1.4.1.2 CPICH power calculation 7.3.3.1.4.1.3 UL/DL Unbalanced 7.3.3.1.4.1.4 Common Channels power setting 7.3.3.1.4.2 Power overhead (SHO margin) 7.3.3.1.4.3 Parameters and assumptions
7.4 DIMENSIONNING SERVICE RECOMMENDATIONS & TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS 7.4.1 DIMENSIONING SERVICE 7.4.2 TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS 7.5 RF DESIGN TARGETS 7.5.1 RSCP target 7.5.2 Ec/Io target 7.5.3 UL/DL effective service area & user rejection 7.5.4 Polluted area & overlap analysis 7.5.5 Overshooting and post azimuth/tilt optimization analysis 7.6 OPTIMIZATION 7.6.1 Methodology 7.6.2 Optimization phases
7.6.2.1 Pre-optimization method & constraints with RNP and ACP tools 7.6.2.2 Neighboring plan / Scrambling Code plan: Planning strategy: Same site scrambling code strategy (tcell parameter setting) 7.6.2.3 Optimization and validation based on RF field analysis
79 79 79 80 81 82 83 83 84 84 84 86
86 88 89 90 90
7.7 OUTDOOR MICRO-CELL LAYER DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY 7.7.1 Antennas

7.7.1.1 Types and using 7.7.1.2 Height 7.7.1.3 Carrier strategy allocation 7.7.1.3.1 Shared carrier with macro-layer Link budget balance 7.7.1.3.2 Dedicated carrier
91 91
91 92 92 92 93 93
ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS
95

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Object
This document describes the process of dimensioning and designing the radio system of a UMTS network. It provides a detailed presentation of the different steps to perform. The studies have been detailed in documents or presentations which are mentioned in this document and referenced at its end. 1.2 Scope of this document This document contains UMTS radio design process Design solutions for coverage and capacity problems 1.3 Audience for this document The audience for this document is the people involved in: Radio Network design and Planning Radio Network engineering Radio Network optimization

PRE-SALES PHASE OVERVIEW
This section is an overview of the different stages to go through in order to perform a complete radio planning of an UMTS network. As in GSM design this process is mainly divided in three phases: The radio and traffic assumption definition The cell count estimation and the strategy definition The radio network simulation and optimization
NOTE:
In the case of an existing operator, reusing sites (for economical and administrative reasons) has a great impact on the cell planning process and can lead to a large increase on the total number of sites.

Figure 1: Radio planning process


The assumptions used for the design of an UMTS network will have a large impact in the final radio planning results. Depending on the target quality of service, the service availability, the number of carriers available and the traffic forecast, the number of sites can dramatically be increased by a factor 2 or even more. These assumptions should thus be specified in close relation with the customer needs, keeping in mind all the possible implications in terms of cost, design constraints and global quality. 2.1 TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS The traffic assumptions for a W-CDMA network are necessary to define the coverage objectives together with the offered capacity. Both are closely linked, and the size of a cell will depend on the services provided, but also on the total number of captured users. The traffic assumptions should be based on the busy hour, that is, the average traffic during the busiest hour of the day. It will describe, for each service (Speech, CS/ PS, data rate) the offered traffic density (in Erlang per /km or duration of communication per hour per km for circuit switched data and speech, and kbps/km for packet switched data).
Services availability: The first requirement is to define the services which should be supported by the network. The UMTS specification proposes several services such as voice service, different data rates in circuit switched mode (Long Constraint Delay mode), and in packet mode (Unconstraint Delay Data). Each of these services requires different radio quality in terms of Eb/N0, and will have different impact on the design.
In most of the cases the services required are: speech, PS64, CS64, PS128, PS384, HSDPA and HSUPA. The second step is to define: Analyze areas User characteristics (speed, call profile.) should be defined for each area


Quality of service required Quality of coverage required per service The cell count estimation is based on the link budget results. It will help to determine if the design assumptions are not too constraining in terms of number of sites, and if the traffic assumptions will be met.
It also helps to evaluate the limitation of the network, and gives baselines for the design strategy. As in GSM, a W-CDMA network can be coverage or capacity limited. Coverage limitation means that the total number of cells is determined by the target quality of coverage. Capacity limitation means that the final cell count is determined by the traffic assumptions. When coverage limited, the noise rise assumption given (UL Interference margin) in the link budget can be relaxed. The design should then be done in order to meet exactly the coverage requirements, in order to minimize the number of sites.
When capacity limited, different solutions may be chosen, such as increasing the noise rise level (load) in the link budget, resulting in reducing the size of the cells, adding a new carrier, or implementing a second layer (small cells). These solutions will depend on the target offered capacity. They will be treated in the design strategy section. 2.2 LINK BUDGET & CAPACITY OVERVIEW
2.2.1 Uplink available path loss calculation
The link budget helps to determine the UL available path loss in a cell for a given service at a required quality of coverage, in a given environment, for a given capacity. Link budget is essentially used in pre-sales, in order to calculate the Node B and site number for the analyzed area. The LB allows: For each service, calculate the design threshold, based on engineering margin Cell radius calculation for each environment type, using a propagation model


This will be used to define the number of sites necessary. Several parameters like shadowing margin, Eb/N0, orthogonality factor, UL load .are re-used in postsales phase. The default propagation model is Okumura Hata model @ 900MHz, or 850MHz and CostHata@1800MHz to 2100MHz. The cell size of the dimensioning service, for a given environment, will then be used for the cell count estimation.
2.2.2 Capacity R99
In the link budget is given the estimated uplink capacity per cell, given the noise rise. It is based on the N-pole capacity equation: 2.2.2.1 Uplink The number of simultaneous connected users, for a given service, that can be served per UMTS cell carrier, in the uplink, is given by the N-pole capacity equation:
N pole =
N=
1 1 + 1 (1 + f ). (C / I )

X UL 1 + 1 (1 + f ). (C / I )
Where
Npole is the theoretical maximum uplink capacity of a CDMA system, N is the actual capacity corresponding to the uplink cell load XUL
Here N represents the number of simultaneously active users. X UL uplink cell load = Actual number of users / Maximum number of users. Typically, UL cell load = 65%, corresponding to 4.5dB noise rise. f is the ratio between intercell and intracell interference C/I= (Eb/No) / PG is the ratio of signal over interference + Noise target to reach a given BLER quality for the service, Eb/No is the UL performance requirement and PG the processing gain (ratio between the service bit rate and the 3.84Mcps chip rate. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction
UMT/DCL/APP/035539
V4.1/
Standard
21/JUL/2011
Page 10/95

In this formula, all the parameters are service or environment dependent. It should be noted here that the number of radio links available in a cell is dependent on the loading of the cell, which is determined by the RF designer in the link budget. Based on this loading the interference margin is automatically processed in the tool, in order to determine the total margin to be applied in the cell. 2.2.2.2 Downlink A downlink capacity equation is also available. It characterizes the fact that the total power available in the base station PA is shared between the power used for common channels, the power reserved for SHO, and all the users. The following formula gives a simplified approach to derive the DL capacity per service type.
1 Eb (i) N 0 Target (PA CCCH Pwr SharedPwr ) OF + PG (i) G SHO
DL Sector Capacity (i ) =
1 AF (i) ( DL MeanF + OF ) PA + UE Th. Noise DL Mean Total PL
With
AF (i ) : Activity factor
DL MeanF : mean ratio between interference extra-cell and intra-cell typically equal to 0.6 - 0.8 CCCH Pwr : Total power used for common channels SharedPwr : Power reserved for SHO DL Mean Total PL : mean DL path loss from Node-B connector to UE antenna PG (i ) : processing gain GSHO : is the average gain obtained on the Eb/No due to uplink reselection diversity in soft handoff.

HSxPA
3.1 HSDPA
The general approach is to assign a lower priority to HSDPA service than to the R99 ones. HSDPA introduces new common channels HS-DPCCH in UL and HS-SCCH in DL. This part analyzes the impact of these channels and, also presents the throughput calculation method.
3.1.1 UPLINK IMPACT
The introduction of a new UL common channel induces a new spread signal value weight hs for HSDPCCH added to existing R99 spread signal value weight c for DPCCH, and d for DPDCH. This has a direct impact on the PDCH UL power calculation, and on the UL Eb/No values. The PDCH power calculation is given by the following formula
c2 + d 2 PDCH (dB) = MaxUETxPower (dB) + 10 * log 2 2 2 + + d hs c
The Eb/No loss created by HS-DPCCH is given by the following formula:
d2 + c2 LOSS = 10 log 2 + 2 + 2 c hs d
The Eb/No loss values calculated for each UL R99 service are the following ones. These losses must be added UL Eb/No values for only HSDPA users in the cell and not all the cell users.

Eb/No loss (dB) for iCEM PS64 PS128 PS384 1.9 1 0.4
Figure 2: HS-DPCCH Impact on UL iCEM Eb/N*
Eb/No loss (dB) for xCEM PS64 PS128 PS384 0.9 0.55 0.3
Figure 3: HS-DPCCH impact on UL xCEM Eb/No
3.1.2 DOWNLINK IMPACT
3.1.2.1 HS-SCCH HS-SCCH is power controlled. It is calculated, based on an iterative process using the table below.
CQI 17 89 10 12 13 30 Power relative to CPICH Power (dB) 0 -3 -5 -8
Figure 4: HS-SCCH Power Control

In 9955, the HS-SCCH power control has not been implemented like this. The HS-SCCH power control is based on Ec/No calculation, and the user had to specify an Ec/No target value. The Ec/No formula is the following one.
Ec / No =
With
PHS SCCH Ie 1 1 ( . Rxdiv _ gain / 10 + ).PBS .PHS SCCH + Pn .L. Rxdiv _ gain / 10 I i 10 10
PHS-SCCH: HS-SCCH power L: path loss between MS and Node B Ie: extra-cell interference (R99+HSDPA) Ii: intra-cell interference
: orthogonality factor Pn: noise power

Pn = kTB +NF with k = 1.38.10-23 J/K, T = 293K, B = 3.84MHz, NF: mobile noise figure PBTS: total transmitted power
: advance receiver gain

After many simulations, based on the same path loss matrix, with our internal RF simulator, and comparison with 9955 results, the Ec/No target value which provides realistic results in term of cell throughput, throughput distribution, and area where HSDPA is supported is the following one. Ec/No= -13dB 3.1.2.2 CPICH dimensioning with HSDPA The aim is to have the same equivalence path loss point in UL and DL between two cells.


3.1.3 MUG tables
In order to calculate cell throughput in 9955, MUG tables have been extrapolated from Alcatel-Lucent RF simulator considering 55% of PedB profile and 45% of PedA profile. MUG tables have been done for two cases
Only UE category 12 are simulated

Dense urban/urban 3km/h 1.00 1.62 1.77 1.86 1.92 1.94 1.94 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 Suburban 50km/h 1.00 1.48 1.62 1.65 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.70 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71
Nb of users 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Rural 120km/h 1.00 1.39 1.39 1.40 1.40 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46
Figure 5: MUG table for UE category 12 simulations

Several UE categories can be simulated

Dense urban/urban 3km/h 1.00 1.47 1.49 1.49 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.55 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58
Nb of users 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Suburban 50km/h 1.00 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.32 1.36 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38
Rural 120km/h 1.00 1.27 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34
Figure 6: MUG table for all UE categories simulations


3.2 HSUPA The general approach is to assign a lower priority to HSUPA service than to the R99 ones. HSUPA is only available on carriers where HSDPA is supported. HSUPA introduces new channels E-DPCCH in UL, UL dedicated traffic channel: E-DPDCH E-AGCH (Absolute Grant Channel), E-HICH (HARQ Indicator Channel) and E-RGCH (Relative Grant Channel) in DL This part analyzes the impact of these channels and the throughput calculation method
3.2.1 UL IMPACT
3.2.1.1 Description The UL impact is very important. As HSDPA, HSUPA has a lower priority compared to R99. E-DCH traffic is assigned the unused UL load up to the max. A R99 call can not be dropped due to an UL load increase caused by HSUPA. However, an increase in E-DCH RoT is comparable to an increase of R99 RoT (since R99 UEs must transmit at higher level to be received correctly by NodeB), which if UL iRM Scheduling is activated could cause the downgrade of high speed UL PS calls (e.g. PS384 downgraded in PS128). The Node-B noise figure is required in order to estimate correctly the UL load. It is highly important to have a good reference value for the Node-B noise as it is the main input for UL load computation In R99/R5 networks, the design is usually done assuming 3dB max UL load (50% UL load). In order to support high E-DCH throughput, this value should be increased, drawback is: Coverage reduction for R99 traffic (mix carrier) considering the same R99 dimensioning service without downgrading Higher interference In order to limit the amount of interference, correct neighboring declaration is needed => UL RSSI cleaning strategy required


The UL load recommended for HSUPA is 75%, so 6dB, in order to have good throughputs, which can induce a reduction on R99 UL coverage for mixed carrier configuration.
3.2.1.2 Analysis on different environments This is confirmed by simulations on different environments Results obtained:
Dense Urban Urban Suburban 65% 75% 50% 65% 75% 50% 65% 75% % of area supported for each UL load (delta between supported service area supported @ 50% UL load & with other %of UL load) UMTS 2100 93% 88% 83% 91% 86% 76% 91% 84% 70% (-5%) (-10%) (-5%) (-15%) (-6%) (-21%) % UL load 50%
Figure 7: UMTS2100 study results
Based on these results, increasing the UL load to 75% reduces significantly the network service area, and has a direct impact on the QoC and QoS. In such cases a user which was able to establish a call at cell edge with 50% UL load; will have a high risk of CAC failure at the same position with 75% UL load.
3.2.2
DL IMPACT
1 E-AGCH is enough for early deployment. In case there are two users, 2 TTI will be necessary to grant both users. 1 E-RGCH is enough (up 15 signatures). The E-RGCH power is negligible, it carries one bit per user signature The activity factor of the E-AGCH and E-HICH should be low in early E-DCH deployment. E-AGCH is not transmitted all the time (as for the HS-SCCH). Once the user is granted, E-AGCH is not transmitted again. A fix power is reserve at the RNC level for DL E-DCH channels. This power is preempted from HSDPA max power and is taken into account in the R99 RNC CAC.


Power rel. to CPICH [dB] E-AGCH E-HICH
per user signature
-2.5 dB
per user signature

Figure 8: HSUPA DL power settings
-8.0 dB
The maximum HSDPA power signaled to the Node-B will be reduced. The R99 CAC will reject R99 calls earlier than before in case of highly loaded cell.
2100MHz Node-B 45W PA 30 m cable + 0.4dB jumper Without HSUPA DL CCH impact With HSUPA DL CCH impact DL capacity decrease due to HSUPA
Speech 273kbps 246.7kbps -9.6%
CS 64 565.8kbps 511.2kbps -9.6%
PS 64 604.9kbps 546.4kbps -9.6%
PS 128 681.5kbps 615.6kbps -9.6%
PS 384 840.4kbps 759.1kbps -9.6%
Figure 9: DL capacity loss due to HSUPA
9.6% capacity is a worst case, as it takes into account cells full loaded all the time. Around 5% capacity loss can be expected, in standard case. This has been confirmed by studies and detailed in document R24.
3.2.3 THROUGHPUT CALCULATION
With HSUPA, the shared resource in the uplink is noise rise. Based on the following inputs, the HSUPA throughput is calculated. Max UL noise rise (R99 + HSUPA) Eb/No target table extracted from R&D simulations For each cell, the remained UL noise rise available is evaluated, considering R99 has the highest priority. Based on this, the path loss prediction, the UE power acceptable is evaluated in order to respect the max UL load in the cell. Then with the intra cell and extra cell interferences calculation, the max Eb/N0 value is calculated per HSUPA mobile. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

The throughput is obtained with the correspondence table between Eb/No value and Throughput. 3.3 HSxPA carrier deployment strategy ALU HSxPA implementation recommendations on existing R99 outdoor networks are the following ones: :2 carriers available o 2 shared carrier R99 & HSxPA
3 carriers available o Option 1 or o Option 2: 3 shared carriers R99 & HSxPA 1 carrier R99 2 shared carriers R99 & HSxPA

UMTS Frequency spacing requirements with other technologies

4.1.1 UMTS & GSM
UMTS allocated band is inside GSM or TDMA band 3GPP recommends blocking -47dBm GMSK signal with a 2.8MHz offset in UL, and -56dBm in DL. To guarantee these recommendations, frequency spacing must respect 2.8MHz frequency spacing should be respected between UMTS and TDMA or GSM Technologies. This is corresponding to 200kHz frequency gap.
TCH on the 5 first adjacent channels
Figure 10: Frequency spacing rule between an UMTS carrier and TDMA band
For both case analyzed below the degradation target is to have a sensitivity degradation less than 0,5dB or a capacity loss lower than 5%. Recommendations below have been done considering hopping TCH as GSM adjacent channels of UMTS900 band. The best way to optimise frequency band used is to implement UMTS band in sandwich mode like above
UMTS band positioning: In order to avoid interferences provided by: UE transfer from BCCH to TCH over the UMTS band, Hopping between TCH over the UMTS band Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

The GSM channels adjacent of the UMTS band must support TCH with frequency hopping. Below two cases are analyzed case where GSM and UMTS are co-localized on a same site and case where they are not and so the worst configuration then is when GSM cell edge is close to UMTS site We have now two types of filters in our product, Standard filter whose attenuation starts at 2.2MHz offset from center frequency which provides an attenuation higher than 50dB after 2.4MHz frequency offset from center frequency Reduced filter whose attenuation starts at 2.0MHz offset from frequency band center and provides more than 50dB attenuation after 2.2MHz frequency offset from frequency band center. The impact reduced filter in DL is negligible
None co-located case: Standard filter ALU recommendation is to have 2,6MHz frequency offset This implies that 5MHz must be free in upper or lower edge of the operator GSM frequency band. Reduced filter ALU recommendation is to have 2,4MHz frequency offset This implies that 4.6MHz must be free in upper or lower edge of the operator GSM frequency band.
Co-located case: Standard filter used in NodeB Frequency hopping is done over less than 10 frequencies ALU recommendation is to have 2,4MHz frequency offset This implies that 4.6MHz must be free in the GSM frequency band on the area where UMTS is deployed. For the surrounded area of UMTS900/GSM900 cluster where only GSM900 is deployed, a 2.2MHz frequency offset is sufficient; this induces to free 4.2MHz.

GSM uses all 900MHz band
Figure 11: Illustration of the buffer zone
Frequency hopping is done over more than 10 frequencies ALU recommendation is to have 2,2MHz frequency offset This implies that 4.2MHz must be free in upper or lower edge of the operator GSM frequency band. Reduced filter used in NodeB ALU recommendation is to have 2,2MHz frequency offset without any frequency hopping constraint This implies that 4.2MHz must be free in the GSM frequency band on the area where UMTS is deployed.
In order to avoid interferences between GSM900 area where all operator 900MHz band is used and UMTS900 cluster, it is necessary to have a dead zone around UMTS900 cluster where only channels which respect the previous recommendations are used. This dead zone is not homogeneous because generally environment is not homogeneous, as sites can be positioned on a small mountain, so they have more coverage impact than those in city center. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

For this reason the rule to respect to define sites where all 900MHz band of an operator can be used without impact UMTS900 cluster is the following one: Lets consider cell A as a UMTS900 cell of a UMTS 900MHz cluster, and cell B a GSM900 cell to re-use channels inside UMTS900 band. BCCH cell B must respect For RSCPcellA -100dBm: DL Rxlev_cellB RSCPcellA -10dB
4.1.2 UMTS & CDMA
3.385MHz frequency spacing should be respected between UMTS and CDMA frequency band
3.385MHz
270 kHz Figure 12: Frequency spacing rule between an UMTS carrier and a CDMA carrier
4.1.3 UMTS & UMTS
5MHz frequency spacing should be respected between two UMTS frequency band
Figure 13: Frequency spacing rule between two UMTS carriers
The following curves have been established considering the Tx filter and Rx filter of ALU product. They show the capacity loss vs the frequency offset between two adjacent UMTS frequency bands. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction
Figure 14: UMTS capacity vs adjacent UMTS interferer spacing (MHz) for co-located case (doted line) and case
not co-located
4.1.4
SOLUTIONS TO FREE FREQUENCY BAND
Several solutions are proposed for having 4,2MHz (co-located case) or 5MHz free (non co-located case) Fine GSM frequency plan with AFP tool Decrease C/I targets but still maintain network quality Increase the GSM1800 capacity by modifying the frequency plan to reduce the traffic on GSM900. This can be possible when inter-site GSM 900 is in the same order than the GSM1800, so generally in dense urban/urban. Re-optimize the GSM900 frequency plan, in order to reduce the band used

900 MHZ
900 MHZ has been created in order to support UMTS technology in rural areas as 2100MHz necessitates too many sites compared to 900MHz. Anyway reusing GSM frequency band for UMTS imposes some frequency spacing rules. We also see in this part what we can expect with 900 MHZ in rural environments and in dense urban/urban environments where the limitation is essentially due to interferences.
5.1 ANTENNA SHARING SOLUTIONS All the solutions specified here for antenna sharing between UMTS900 and GSM900 are also available for other frequencies like UMTS850/GSM850 or UMTS1900/GSM1900.
5.1.1 Dual Duplexer solution
5.1.1.1 Description GSM and UMTS emissions must be separated to avoid inter-modulation. This solution is a Full band solution which means there is no need of frequency planning. GSM BTS receives the RX signals of the both networks (high linearity LNA) Attenuators allow reducing the UMTS signals, to be compatible with UMTS Node B. UMTS Node B is in mode mix TMA. DC Blocks are used on the two 3G ways.

Figure 15: Dual duplexer description
Impact on the link budget
DL impacts: Nothing in GSM (if GSM is transmitted on one antenna port before UMTS900 implementation) 0.5dB loss (0.7 max) in UMTS UL impacts: 1 dB loss on GSM (not critical if DL limited) 0.3 dB on UMTS M&D
Drawbacks
UMTS900 and GSM900 transmissions must use separated antenna ports If GSM transmissions done on the two antenna ports before UMTS900 implementation then new Hybrid duplexer risk to be required: 3 dB impact on the GSM link budget. o To correct this, the solutions are: Increase PA power


Increase antenna gain
RF cables shared in emissions and reception GSM and UMTS cable length must be identical GSM BTS and UMTS Node-B must be at the same distance from the antenna
Cabinets must be close from each other
5.1.1.2 2G Equipment requirements Whatever the site configuration, RF interface have to be met in any case GSM specs 3GPP TS 05.05 are applicable UMTS specs 3GPP TS 25.104 are applicable
UMTS BTS performance shall not be degraded by 2G BTS Alcatel-Lucent defines a system requirement, that translates into 2G BTS requirements and Dualduplexer requirements.
RX_link definition is part of system specification: Without TMA
Figure 16: Configuration without TMA
RX_link = Dual-duplexer+W4+2G BTS+W5+Dual-duplexer+W6 Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

With TMA
Figure 17: Configuration with TMA
RX_link = TMA+W2+Feeder+W3 +Dual-duplexer+W4+2G BTS+W5+ Dual-duplexer+W6
The 2G BTS must be able to receive useful signal in UMTS Bandwidth In this band the following criteria must be respected, by the 2G BTS Gain RX_link NF at BTS input access UMTS blocking level In RX Band at @ 10 MHz Out of RX band @ 20Mhz - 40 dBm - 15 dBm 9 dB 1.5 dB < 3.5 dB < 5 dB (DDM in TMA Mode)


5.1.2 UMTS900-GSM900 Twin TMA combiner solution
GSM and UMTS emissions are separated.
Figure 18: example of UMTS-GSM combiner type
The combiner must be placed at BTS level and not at antenna level in order to avoid doubling the cables along the pylon
Several way of implementation Case1: no existing TMA on GSM site, 2 options: Option 1 :TMA supported by GSM BTS Configure BTS UMTS is in mode mix TMA. TMA required for UMTS900 UMTS-GSM combiner can be configured in active mode with 9dB to 10dB TMA gain depending on the product The impact on the link budget is DL impacts: 0.5dB loss in UMTS &GSM UL impacts: 0,4dB loss in UMTS &GSM
Figure 19: Configuration with UMTS-GSM combiner only
Option2: TMA not supported by GSM BTS Configure BTS UMTS is in mode no TMA.


UMTS-GSM combiner can be configured in passive mode
The impact on the link budget is DL impacts: 0.5dB loss in UMTS &GSM UL impacts: 4.5dB loss in UMTS &GSM
Case2: Existing TMA on GSM site, Solution 1: Remove TMA and implement UMTS-GSM combiner in active mode to obtain the same configuration than case 1 option 1 configuration analysed above
Solution2: if TMA is not removed BTS UMTS is in mode mix TMA. UMTS-GSM combiner should be configured in passive mode
Impact on the link budget DL impacts: 0.5dB loss in UMTS &GSM UL impacts: 4.5dB loss for GSM compare to before UMTS900 implementation UMTS: no loss compared to a configuration without TMA configuration
Figure 20: Configuration with existing TMA and GSM combiner
Drawbacks
UMTS900 and GSM900 transmissions must use separated antenna ports If GSM transmissions done on the two antenna ports before UMTS900 implementation then new Hybrid duplexer risk to be required: 3 dB impact on the GSM DL link budget Some GSM BTS can not manage TMA; an attenuator must be added when combiner is used in active mode with 8dB gain Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction
5.1.3 Double dual antenna solution
Figure 21: Double dual antenna
Currently this type of antenna exists only in 900MHz band, but RFS, and power wave are studying to combine 900MHz, and 1800-2100MHz band, in order to have a solution for bi-band or tri-band antennas. Advantages: Tilt can be changed independently per sector without any impact on the existing sites Max efficiency if well installed No signal mixed on the same antenna (avoid blocking, or inter-mod problems) The RF problems are minimized. Same pylon than a standard dual antenna can be used No impact on GSM even if GSM900 used two antenna ports before UMTS900 implementation which is not the case for combiner solutions Drawbacks: Antenna width 1.5 larger which induces a highest wind loading than a single antenna. The pylon must support it Number of cables along pylon are doubled


5.2 LB COMPARISON UMTS900/UMTS2100
5.2.1 Description
The table below summarizes the different parameters change between 900MHz and 2100 MHz. + qualify a gain provides by 900MHz compared to 2100MHz - qualify a loss provides by 900MHz compared to 2100MHz The propagation path loss comparison has been done using calibrated models in different environments and also based on field measurements.
45W MCPA output power is used at 2100MHz and 55W SCPA is used at 900MHz.
Rural Radio propagation path loss Node-B sensitivity Node-B antenna gain UE antenna gain Feeder losses PA power difference UE noise figure Penetration losses (DL only) ( incar for rural, - 3 dB -1 dB 0 dB + 7 dB Suburban + 8dB -0,5dB -1 dB 0 dB + 3dB/100m +1dB -3dB -3 dB -1 dB 0 dB Dense urban /Urban + 10dB
indoor for urban, suburban)
+2dB
+2dB
+2dB
Figure 22: parameters comparison between 900MHz & 2100MHz
Based on this table, the following gain can be expected, for 40 meters cable length in rural, 30 meters cable length in dense urban, urban, suburban

Rural Configurations Incar/outdoor 2100 MHz with TMA and +6,5 dB/+4,5dB in UL +7dB/+ 5dB in DL +9 dB/+7dB in UL +6 dB/+4dB in DL + 7,5dB in UL + 7,5 dB in DL + 9,5dB in UL +6,5dB in DL +10,5dB in UL +10,5 dB in DL +12,5dB in UL +9,5dB in DL Suburban Dense urban /Urban
900MHz without TMA 2100 MHz without TMA and 900MHz without TMA
Figure 23: 900MHz gain expected per environment
5.2.2 Comparison between 2100MHz and 900MHz for TMA recommendations
TMA impact is the UL cables losses reduction. In rural environments, UMTS 900 should be positioned on GSM 900 sites, and the aim is to have the same coverage. As GSM900 do not have any TMA, it seems not necessary to use one for UMTS. If 900 MHz should replace a 2100MHz site in order to extend coverage, TMA using is not necessary. Based on the previous table, the comparison between 900MHz and 2100MHz with TMA, for 40m cable length in rural area, shows 3 dB UL gain with 900MHz configuration. Such difference represents more than 70m 7/8 cable length. So 900MHz configuration does not require TMA since 7/8 cable length do not exceed 110m. For urban areas TMA are used at 2100MHz to increase chances to cover deep indoor areas, but with 900MHz, the TMA using is not necessary as the indoor coverage is ensure due to the lower frequency. 5.3 LB COMPARISON GSM900 vs UMTS900 The both link budget have been compared for rural environment considering the following assumptions: UE antenna gain: 0dBi Slant loss: 2.5dB 7/8 cable length: 40m Node B antenna gain: 17 dBi Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

GSM UE output power: 2W and 0.8W UMTS UE output power: 24dBm
Avalable pathloss GSM900 UE output power: 2W (PA 30W/ PA 60W) GSM900
Voice available path loss (dB)
CS 64 available path loss (dB)
143,9/ 144,5
140,5 UE output power: 0.8W UL load: 30% UMTS900 144 UL load: 50% UMTS900 142.5 140 141,5
Figure 24: UMTS900 link budget comparison with GSM900
Based on the previous analysis, TMA is required in order to ensure same coverage as GSM900 in case where UL CS64 is the dimensioning service. For an UL load higher than 30%, a TMA is required for UMTS900 to reach the same coverage radius than with GSM900. 5.4 UMTS900 vs UMTS2100 PERFORMANCES COMPARISON
5.4.1 COVERAGE COMPARISON
The impact of 900 MHz on the number of sites compared to 2100 MHz has been simulated with 9955. The design approach is exactly the same than for 2100MHz, but the UL dimensioning service could be PS64 in rural, and PS128 in urban.


Based on this study, a 40% reduction on the number of sites can be expected with 900 MHz compared to UMTS 2100, in rural environment. 900 MHz allows deploying sites at the same positions than GSM 900 ones. 900 MHZ antennas can reuse GSM900 antennas with dual duplexer using without impacting significantly GSM900 cell radius. With this solution, the azimuths and tilts can not be changed without impacting GSM900 network. T The study done is summarized below.
18 sites, 48 cells for 300km Inter-site distance around 7km Mean antenna height: 40m Dimensioning service considered is: CS64 UL. 10% CPICH power ratio 36dBm output cabinet pilot power at 900MHz 35 dBm output cabinet pilot power at 2100MHz
The RSCP targets to guarantee CS64 UL service are -92 dBm at 900MHz -94,5 dBm at 2100MHz

Figure 25: RSCP curves for the different configurations 5.4.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON
5.4.2.1 Assumptions A study based on simulations has been done in order to show the impact and possible benefits of UMTS 900 compared to UMTS 2100, for R 99, HSDPA and HSUPA. Several assumptions have been done in order to guarantee a correct performance comparison between UMTS2100 and UMTS900. This study has been done based on the same R99 call profile, on urban environment Different cases of UMTS900 sites deployment have been considered: Case 1: Same number of site between UMTS 900 & UMTS 2100. This case characterise a dense UMTS900 deployment in urban area Case 2: Number of UMTS900 sites deployed must be sufficient to support the same R99 traffic density over the same area. This case characterise a mature UMTS900 deployment in urban area Case 3: Number of UMTS900 sites deployed must be sufficient in order to guarantee the same CPICH QoC than with UMTS2100. The UMTS 900 sites are positioned only where there are UMTS2100 existing sites. Only electrical tilt can be changed. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction
The main RF assumptions are detailed in the following table:

UMTS 2100 Node-B Antenna Gain [dBi] Node-B Noise Figure [dB] Cable Losses [dB per 100m] PA [W] CPICH Tx Power TMA Body Loss [dB] UE Antenna Gain [dBi] UE Noise Figure [dB] 7
Figure 26: Assumptions
UMTS 900 17 3 3.8 55 (i.e. . 46.1dBm output cabinet)
18 2.5 7 45 (i.e. 45.2dBm output cabinet)
10% * PA Used Not used
Speech: 3dB, Data: 1dB 0 10
5.4.2.2 Performances improvement Case1

R99 capacity gain with UMTS900 (Dense urban/ suburban) HSDPA mean cell throughput gain with UMTS900 (Dense urban/ suburban) E-DCH mean cell throughput gain with UMTS900 (Dense urban/ suburban) Difference of area supported with 75% UL load between UMTS900 and UMTS2100 (Dense urban/ suburban)
Figure 27: Case1 results
+ 20%/ +40% + 21%/28% + 5% + 15%/+20%

Case2
Site reduction with UMTS900 for a same capacity network (Dense urban/ suburban) HSDPA mean cell throughput gain with UMTS900(Dense urban/ suburban) E-DCH mean cell throughput gain with UMTS900 (Dense urban/ suburban) Difference of area supported with 75% UL load between UMTS900 and UMTS2100 (Dense urban/ suburban)
29% / 44% 16% / 21% + 5% 12% / 20%
Case3
Site reduction for a same pilot QoC (Dense urban/ suburban) R99 capacity gain with UMTS900(Dense urban/ suburban) HSDPA mean cell throughput gain with UMTS900 (Dense urban/ suburban) E-DCH mean cell throughput gain with UMTS900 ( Dense urban/ suburban) Difference of area supported with 75% UL load between UMTS900 and UMTS2100 ( Dense urban/ suburban)
58%/ 48% -60% / -20% 16% /21% + 1% 7%/12%
Based on these results, our recommendation is to start a deployment in UMTS900, in order to support same pilot QoC like case3, then to evaluate to case2, if the traffic demand increase. The improvement from case2 to case1 doesnt seem significant and required 30% more sites.
5.4.3 UMTS900 DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY
5.4.3.1 Dense Urban / Urban Three scenarios can be considered

Hot spot
UMTS 900 could be deployed in limited area, in order to Improve deep indoor penetration


Improve capacity
UMTS900 sites deployed to ensure better deep indoor RSCP and complete 2100MHz layer (case3)

This ssolution allows having a homogenous layer with around 50% less sites than 2100MHz layer. It supports HSUPA max throughput without coverage reduction, and also a better HSDPA cell throughput. This solution is appropriate for an earlier phase which requires only deep indoor coverage improvement but not necessarily a capacity improvement, as the traffic density supported is 40% to 58% less than 2100MHz layer.
UMTS900 deployed to ensure a better deep indoor RSCP and same capacity than 2100MHz layer
Deployment to support same traffic density than 2100MHz layer ( case2) Solution for mature network Required 25% less sites than 2100MHz layer Improve HSUPA max throughput area Improve HSDPA cell throughput and traffic density 5.4.3.2 Suburban/Rural
Deployment to support same RSCP distribution than 2100MHz layer (Suburban) Recommended to have a homogenous layer with at least 48% less sites Support HSUPA max throughput without coverage reduction
Better HSDPA cell throughput Best compromise as the traffic density supported is between 20% less than 2100MHz layer
Deployment without any existing UMTS layer Suburban Rural Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction
Deploy the number of sites required to reach -95dBm RSCP value over 95% of the area. Re-use a maximum of existing GSM sites

Re-use GSM900 sites in order to deploy UMTS900 layer which complete UMTS2100 layer essentially deployed in urban areas.

CAPACITY & COVERAGE IMPROVEMENT SOLUTIONS

6.1 RF solution for coverage improvement
This part details basic solutions to improve coverage, essentially for rural.
6.1.1 Height tower increase:
The coverage gain expected is between 15% (from 30m to 40m) to 40% (from 30m to 60m). The drawback of this solution is the cost, and the difficulty to negotiate some sites over 40 meters.
6.1.2 Space diversity:
It cancels the slant polar loss which provides 1.5 dB gains in urban and 2.5 dB gain in rural, but requires at least a 10 wavelength spacing between antennas. So it can only applied in rural due to the lack of place and the difficulty of adding an antenna on the roof tops in urban areas.
6.1.3 4 way receivers
The gain expected by 4 way receiver is around 2 dB in uplink, but it requires: 4 Vpolar antennas per sector which is not realistic even in rural or 2 Xpolar antennas. 2 ddm per sector are required Cable length must be identical between each way But in that case, 4 way receivers just cancel slant polar loss, and it is as efficient as space diversity. The only way to have an improvement compare to space diversity solution is to use 21 dBi H65 antenna, which is possible only in rural, and at 2100MHz. These antennas are only available in Xpolar. The combination with such antennas and 4 way receiver gives a better improvement than space diversity.

6.1.4
RRH vs Macro-Node B
This is a good solution to eliminate cables losses for any rural site. It can be easily applied in chain configuration along railways, motorways as optical fiber is available. For coverage comparison two cases have been analyzed, considering the UL coverage limitation Macro without TMA vs RRH The UL path loss difference between Node-B configuration and RRH configuration is equal to the cable losses between Node-B cabinet and 7/8 top mast connector.
Generally based on same UL service with same antenna type: RRH cell radius configuration > Node-B cell radius configuration is except if RRH - antenna connector cable losses= Node-B- antenna connector cable losses
Macro with TMA vs RRH UL cable loss with TMA is 0.8 dB (0.4dB due to jumper between TMA an antenna, 0.4 dB between Node-B and TMA) for any cable length. Generally based on same UL service with same antenna type: RRH cell radius configuration = Node-B cell radius only if RRH - antenna connector cable losses < 0.8 dB As 0.4 dB jumper loss can not be reduce, the cable losses which can be add between RRH and antenna should be lower than 0.4 dB. Based on this the max cable length between RRH and jumper supported in order to have RRH 20W cell radius configuration = Node-B cell radius configuration, is 6m. In case of the cable is higher than 6m which can happen if the pylon can not support RRH + antennas then RRH can be positioned at the same area than Node-B, with a TMA; so the cell radius is the same than with the Node-B configuration

Figure 30: Node-B and RRH configurations
6.1.5
REPEATER
Repeater can be used to extend coverage in all environment types, but the approaches are different. In rural, repeaters are used to resolve hole of coverage problems, due to local obstacles. Generally RF repeaters are used particularly in hilly environment, as optical fibers are not available. The requirements for RF repeaters in rural conditions are: To be in LOS conditions with Source Node-B Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

Highly Directive donor antenna in LOS High Output Power Repeater for big cell range RX diversity increases UL available path loss Repeaters can also be used in urban environment. The aim is to resolve local hole of coverage or to enhance indoor coverage. Repeater should not be linked to a cell already full loaded. RF repeater UL and DL gains should be set taking into account the following aspects: UL repeater gain increase risks decreasing Node-B sensitivity A repeater placed far from the Node-B needs to have a high UL gain in order to be able to transmit and receive signal. The aim is to find the best compromise in order to extend coverage enough without polluting Node-B. The repeater should be placed not at cell border but before: leads to better signal for users at cell border (TX Power saved) and reduces desensitization effect The gains are set to ensure the coverage expected, and not necessarily at maximum output power (to limit noise rise)
The rule to avoid an UL interference increase due to repeater using is to have ( Noiserepeater * GUL _ repeater ) / Coupling _ lossrepeater _ NodeB equals to 0dB in order to have
Noise with _ repeater = Noise w / o _ repeater

This rule is also written with another equation: Gt = G BS L + G Donor + GUL (in dB) With
GBS : Node-B antenna gain GDonor : Donor antenna gain GUL : UL repeater gain set
L : path loss between Node-B antenna and the Donor antenna

Gt must be equal to 0 dB in order to avoid interference increase at the Node-B level.
The % of capacity improvement is directly linked to the % of traffic in the area covered by the repeater compared to the traffic supported by the serving cell.


6.1.6 SMALL CELL LAYER
Small cell layer can be deployed on same carrier than macro-cell layer in urban area, in order to extend coverage. To avoid interference and decrease macro-call network quality The constraint is to have a macro-cell RSCP signal level lower than a given level which depends on the small cell power , in order to avoid interference and decrease macro-call network quality. Based on this, the shared channel between macro and small cell layers can be done only to resolve hole of coverage problems, and capacity problems but only on areas with RSCP<XdBm. The % of capacity improvement with shared carrier is directly linked to the % of areas where RSCP<-X dBm. The X value depends on small cell power
Small cell total power with 5dBi antenna gain 2W (33dBm) 1W (30dBm) 250mW (24 dBm) 125mW (21 dBm) Maximum outdoor macro-cell RSCP signal strength where small cells can be -79dBm -82 dBm -88 dBm -91 dBm
6.1.7 EXTENDED & ULTRA-EXTENDED CELL SOLUTION
The software feature extended and ultra extended cell allows the extension of the synchronization window in order to support time delay which corresponds to cell radius up to 150km.
Even if the time delay can be managed in order support such cell radius, the radio propagation conditions must be ideal to reach such distance which means that they must be near the free space conditions. In free space 142dB path loss can cover 150km distance. Such conditions can only be found over sea, big lakes, or other 200km flat area; no obstacle is allowed to support such distance.
The second aspect is the earth rotundity; which start to have an impact on a radio link when distance exceeds 30km, even if the environment is flat. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

To avoid the earth interference on the radio link the transmitter and receiver must be in visibility (LOS). Considering a 200km flat environment and a receiver height between 1.5m and 2m, the transmitter height must at least have the following values in order to ensure the different cell radius.
Cell radius Transmitter antenna height @2100MHz Transmitter antenna height @900MHz
50km
60km
70km
80km
100km
150km
90m
140m
200m
250m
400m
900m
70m
100m
140m
200m
350m
800m
Figure 31: Transmitter height required in flat environment to support long cell radius
6.1.8 SAME CELL RADIUS WITH UL LOAD INCREASE (HSUPA)
The UL load increase has a direct impact on the cell radius. The aim of this part is to propose solutions in order to keep the same cell radius even with UL load increase. The UL load increase appears only in dense urban and urban areas, so only these environments area considered here. 6.1.8.1 Not supported yet by our product. This is the same solution, than the one used to increase cell radius in rural environment. 4 way receivers
Advantages
Drawbacks Second antenna implementation per sector is required Very hard to negotiate in urban area
2dB UL gain
Figure 32: 4 way receiver gain and constraints
6.1.8.2
21 dBi antennas
One solution to compensate coverage reduction due to UL load increase is to increase antenna gain. 65 H beam antennas Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

There is some existing 21dBi 65antenna Cellmax. The drawback is the height increase compared to 18dBi antenna, which can be hard to negotiate. 30 H beam antennas As antenna height is limited in urban areas in major European countries, using 30 antennas instead of 65 ones is one way to increase by 3dB antenna gain. 30 horizontal beam antennas allows a high gain considering 7 vertical beam width like current 65 H beam antennas used in urban areas. To keep same overlap between sectors of a same site is to increase the number of sector per site. The current Node-B can support 6 sectors by adding 6 MCPA. The mix cabinet (classical Node-B and RRH, see the picture below) can also be used in order to increase the number of sectors per sites. It is a classical cabinet modified to create mix cabinet able to deploy 1 standard 3 cells site and in addition up to 3 RRH modules. The drawbacks are: Increase the number of sector per site required increasing the number of antennas which is very hard to negotiate Adding some sectors required azimuth re-optimization of all around sectors Changing antenna type can be a problem on GSM/UMTS sites with shared antennas as 30 antennas are not necessary for GSM. New neighboring plan required New scrambling code plan required

Figure 33: 6 sectors mix cabinet configuration
6.1.8.3 6.2
UMTS 900
RF solutions for capacity improvement
In the design strategy the solutions to support capacity increases should be analyzed according to the customer Features New carrier implementation, RRH 900 MHz HCS network, Sites densification


6.2.1 TX DIVERSITY FEATURE
Transmit diversity feature is a solution to improve capacity of an existing network. Transmit diversity gain in term of Eb/Io
Eb/Io gain vs. no Tx Div Open loop Close loop
speed <10km/h 1 dB 3 dB
speed ~50km/h 1 dB 1 dB
High speed >50km/h 1 dB 0 dB
Figure 34: Tx div gain table
CPICH power transmitted on two ways requires 1 dB more power HSDSCH traffic use same Tx div scheme as associated DCH - scheduler selection impacts performance gain as Tx div reduces power variance Use Cases HSDPA throughput increase for slow UE: +15% to +30% (system level simulation) DCH capacity: +15 to 44% - STSR1+1: one carrier for HSDPA, one for DCH Spectrum efficiency need for re-farming 900 MHz frequency band The gain expected is around 10% of capacity improvement, with a main constraint of adding a second PA. This feature is not supported yet.
6.2.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON BETWEEN 1, 2&3 CARRIERS CONFIGURATIONS
In case of large area lacking capacity, a second or third carrier can be added. The capacity with 2 carriers is expected to be a little bit less than 2 times the capacity of 1 carrier with an optimized management of the carriers. Using 2 or 3 carriers over one MCPA may imply reduction of power available per carrier; this method is essentially used in interference limited areas. If the power reduction per carrier has an impact on the DL cell radius because the pilot Ec/I0 or RSCP is not reached, the solution is then to add a new PA dedicated to the new carrier, in order to keep the cell size and to improve sector capacity.


The table below presents the capacity obtained with different PA power and with different number of carrier. Dense Urban environment Cell size service dimensioning CS 64; Cell size = 620 m; Cable losses: 3 dB; TMA + jumper: 0.8 dB UL loss User profile: VehA 3km/h UE NF=7dB
Total Power @cabinet connector (@ output PA) 20 W (30W) # Carriers 1 1 30 W (45W) 2 1 2 667 615,3 880,8 1286,6 1062,5 1685,4 1497,6 1164,3 1846,8 1613,6 1254,4 1990 1763,8 1372,8 2176 Speech (kbps) 440,4 545,7 CS64 (kbps) 842,7 980,3 PS 64 (kbps) 923,4 1074,2 PS 128 (kbps) 995 1157,4 PS 384 (kbps) 1088 1266,6 HSDPA (kbps) 1591.7 1873,7 2610,4 (If HSDPA is implemented on the 2 freq) 2156.9.1 3183,4 (If HSDPA is implemented on the 2 freq) 3973,4 (If HSDPA is implemented on the 3 freq)
40 W (60W)
1000,5
1969,9
2246,4
2420,4
2648,7
Figure 35: DL capacity obtained with different number of carriers and power configurations
6.2.3 Dual Cell Dual Cell feature allow to a UE to use two carriers in order to increase the potential peak throughput. This feature allows flexibility in resource management.. The capacity gain between Dual cell vs two carriers without dual cell feature has been estimated by simulation around 7%. The simulation conditions are detailed below: Dual Cell feature allows Propagation model: Okumura Urban


Cell radius: 1km (or inter-site distance = 1732m) on a hexagonal grid NodeB antenna height: 12m UE antenna height: 1.6m RRH 40W No cable loss (i.e. cable from NodeB to antenna) 10 UE per cell Cat-14 for single carrier baseline Cat-24 for DC HSDPA. 12 cell network with wrap around FTP with file size of 20GB (i.e. the FTP continues throughout the simulation) Composite channel:25% AWGN 1.5km/h, 37% Ped.A 3km/h, 13% Ped.A 30km/h, 12% Veh.A 30km/h, 13% Ped.A 120km/h No UE Rx diversity
urban 1km 40w: user gain=7.6%, cell gain=7.6%

1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6
CDF
0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
cat-14 user cat-24 cell cat-14 user cat-14 cell
6000
7000
8000
kbps
Anyway such gain seems very difficult to evaluate on the field

6.2.4 RRH vs Macro-NodeB
The comparison between RRH and Macro NodeB is done in the table below, what is the main information to extract from this table is more the relative capacity comparison between each solution instead of the absolute capacity value per comparison which depends one user profile and other parameters
Cell radius (m) RRH 20W/carrier with 0.4dB jumper loss NodeB 45W PA (30W TOC) with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper loss NodeB 60W PA (45W TOC) with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper loss TRDU 40W or RRH 40W with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper loss RRH 40W with 0.4dB jumper loss TRDU 60W & RRH 60W with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper loss RRH 60W with 0.4dB jumper loss NodeB 45W PA (30W TOC) with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper loss NodeB 60W PA (45W TOC) with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper loss TRDU 40W or RRH 40W with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper loss TRDU 60W & RRH 60W with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper loss 660 550 550 550 660 550 660 Speech PS64 (kbps) (kbps) Without TMA 942.3 545.7 620 625 779 799.9 909.9 With TMA 660 660 660 660 541.7 610 615.3 782 1070 1158 1164.3 1353.7 1151 1247 1254.4 1458.6 1262 1368.8 1372.8 1596 1870 2008 2012 2335 1032.6 1074.2 1169 1176 1322 1371.7 1481.7 PS128 (kbps) 1112.5 1157.4 1258 1269 1434.8 1468.6 1572.6 PS384 (kbps) 1217.5 1266.8 1381 1389 1568.3 1608.2 1698.2 HSDPA (kbps) 1820.1 1874.2 2020 2032 2309 2342 2445
Figure 36: Capacity comparison between Macro NodeB and RRH configuration


6.2.5 UMTS900 implementation
All the details of 900MHz capacity impact have been analyzed in 900MHz dedicated part in this document.
6.2.6 MICRO-CELL LAYER
In this document a dedicated part on micro-cell layer deployment details the impact of different configurations. The gain expected, the constraints and limitations of each strategy are detailed.
6.3 SITE SECTOR INCREASE The current Node-B can support 6 sectors by adding 3 MCPA to an existing 3 sector site. The mix cabinet (classical Node-B and RRH, see figure 34) can be used in order to increase the number of sectors per sites. It is a classical cabinet modified to create mix cabinet able to deploy 1 standard 3 cells site and in addition up to 3 RRH modules. This allows increasing site capacity. If more than 4 sectors are implemented on a same roof top, then it is advised to use 30 horizontal beam width antenna, in order to avoid a too important overlap between sectors. Adding some sectors required: Azimuth re-optimization of all around sectors As 30 antenna gain is 21dBi, this increase the sector cell radius, and a down-tilt optimization. The capacity improvement expectation is at least 70% compared to a 3 sector site. Anyway considering the heavy impact on RF optimization, site negotiation; the first solutions to improve capacity is increasing the number of carrier, by adding if necessary another new PA (STSR2+1) or changing the existing one to a powerful one (STSR3 with 60W PA). Such configuration provides 47% capacity improvement, and requires less HW change and RF activities. 6.4 SITE DENSIFICATION The last solution to increase network capacity is to density the number of sites. This solution is the most expensive, and the most complex, thats why it is only used when all others have been applied. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

Adding sites necessitate Finding new sites (hard negotiation) A RF survey and site acquisition. A RF re-optimization of the existing sites all around the new one This induces change of antennas azimuths and tilts.

RADIO DESIGN METHOD FOR MACRO-CELL NETWORK

7.1 OVERVIEW
Propagation model calibration
GSM sites reused for UMTS Sites candidate validated after RF survey
Geographical databases CW measurements
LB max available path loss based on: Service dimensioning RSCP & EC/Io targets Engineering margins Traffic load RF Design done with Radio network Planning (RNP) and Automatic Cell Planning (RNP) Site selection Antenna tilt and azimuth optimization Neighbours Planing realization Scrambling code planning realization
Radio parameters field implementation
Field network validation
Figure 37: Roll out phase steps


7.2 MACRO-CELL SITE ACQUISITION The site acquisition problems must be taken into account at the beginning of the radio planning, as the sites analyzed must correspond to those which are going to be implemented on the field. Generally the customer should provide the site candidates positions, and the GSM existing sites positions which generally should be re-used. The customer request is generally to re-use a maximum of existing sites and to not have any new sites implementation. Based on this request, it is better to have two UMTS sites implemented in existing GSM sites positions instead of having 1 new site implemented only for UMTS. Anyway sometimes, there is no other way than implementing a new 3G site, in order to reach radio QOC and QOS, the aim is to reduce a number lowest as possible.
7.2.1.1 Site survey Even if the sites positions are proposed by the customer, they must be analyzed and validated by Alcatel-Lucent. Radio site search and validation is an important step in the UMTS radio network planning and implementation. It allows identifying If a site is good for coverage required, by detecting some masks which have not been seen with radio planning tool. Detection of pattern distortion risk due to the environment and the structure near the antenna Analysis of the antenna height compare to the nearest environment. A site must not be too high relative to its environment, except if only coverage is the constraint, because it increases intercell interferences. All the type of equipment available on the rooftop, and their frequency band. Based on that it can be deduce what type of antenna is required, and where to position it in order to avoid interferences created by co-siting. Spurious signals in the UL band. The difficulty in finding sites is a critical issue for UMTS projects since UMTS come after GSM and several other radio systems; the available sites are very limited in most of the cities. The constraint on site construction is more and more important. Antenna selection and co-sitting rules are described in the following parts. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

7.2.1.2 Antenna characteristics & tilt optimization max values The basic rules for antenna selection are summarized in the following items: Frequency band o o Gain Polarization: o o The two main possibilities are dual- polarized antennas in +/-45 polarization or vertical polarized antennas. Selection depends on the environment as the vertical polarization has a coverage advantage essentially on rural environment, but it is constraining in term of place as two antennas are required to support Rx diversity; thats why dual-polarized antennas are used most of the time whatever the environment is Antenna decoupling is with dual polarized antenna as 30dB are ensured inside a same radome. Two linear antennas must be separated by a minimum of 0.5m which induces another mast or on the roof top , which is very constraining VSWR stability in the frequency band Stability of the gain in the frequency band
o o
Directivity antenna type: omni-directional or sector antenna. o For outdoor macro-cells network, the antennas essentially used are sectors, as it allows a better efficiency to manage interferences, with azimuth and tilt. Omni-directional antennas do not have variable tilt
Radiating pattern must be adapted with the area to cover o Vertical beam width: vertical angular sector in which the attenuation is lower than 3dB. o From 6 to 9 for common sector antennas used in 900MHz band to 2.6GHz band 15 for common sector antennas used in 700MHz band
Horizontal beam width: horizontal angular sector in which the attenuation is lower than 3dB. The most common H beam width sector antenna used is 65; but 90 are also used on the field


o Front to back ratio: essentially for sector antennas, must be at least equal to 25dB
Mechanical tilt range o o o 2 to 12 for antennas in frequency bands 850MHz and 900MHz 2 to 8 for antennas in frequency band range 1800MHz to 2600MHz 2 to 15 for antennas in 700MHz frequency band
For 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, 1900MHz, AWS, and 2100MHz bandwidth: XXpol antennas are already available and well known to support a technology in 1800MHz band & another one in 2100MHz band. XXpol antennas are already available and well known to support a technology in 900MHz band (or 850MHz band) & 1800MHz( or 1900MHz or AWS or 2100MHz ) band. XXXpol antennas are already available and well known to support a technology in 900MHz band (or 850MHz band), another one in 1800MHz (or 1900MHz) band & another one 2100MHz band.
The main providers used by Alcatel-lucent are: RFS Kathrein Comba
But other providers can be used like KMW; Jaybeam wireless. 7.2.1.3 Co-sitting
Several rules have been studied in order to be able to do co-sitting between different technologies without having some interference problems. A minimum isolation must be guaranteed between technologies. This isolation depends on the technologies. This isolation can be obtained by different way. The most current is the antenna decoupling. When the offset between frequency bands is significantly important (more that 25% of the central frequency of the highest band), then it can be possible to have some antennas which combine the two bands while respecting the 30dB isolation.


For other cases, some filters modules are required, or a second antenna must be implemented on the roof top with a significant spacing distance to ensure isolation required. The table below shows the isolation measured for different horizontal separation and vertical separation and for different frequency bands.
Vertical Isolation 0.5m 3m Antennas in the same frequency bands 700MHz with 700MHz 43 850/900MHz with 850/900MHz 48 1800/1900MHz with 1800/1900MHz 58 AWS/2100MHz with AWS/2100MHz 60 2300MHz with 2300MHz 62 2600MHz with 2600MHz 63 Antenna Frequency Band Combination Antennas in different frequency bands 700MHz with 850/900MHz 46 700MHz with 1800/1900MHz 65 700MHz with AWS/2100MHz 66 700MHz with 2300MHz 67 700MHz with 2600MHz 69 850/900MHz with 1800/1900MHz 65 850/900MHz with AWS/2100MHz 66 850/900MHz with 2300MHz 67 850/900MHz with 2600MHz 70 1800/1900MHz with AWS/2100MHz 61 1800/1900MHz with 2300MHz 62 1800/1900MHz with 2600MHz 64 AWS/2100MHz with 2300MHz 62 AWS/2100MHz with 2600MHz 63 2300MHz with 2600MHz 65
51 59 72 73 76 78
Figure 38: Isolation provided by horizontal separation for different frequency bands
55 75 78 80 81 74 76 77 80 75 78 79 75 77 78

Horizontal Isolation 0.5m 3m Antennas in the same frequency bands 700MHz with 700MHz 30 39 850/900MHz with 850/900MHz 35 47 1800/1900MHz with 1800/1900MHz 45 58 AWS/2100MHz with AWS/2100MHz 47 60 2300MHz with 2300MHz 49 62 2600MHz with 2600MHz 50 63 Antenna Frequency Band Combination Antennas in different frequency bands 700MHz with 850/900MHz 37 700MHz with 1800/1900MHz 54 700MHz with AWS/2100MHz 55 700MHz with 2300MHz 57 700MHz with 2600MHz 59 850/900MHz with 1800/1900MHz 56 850/900MHz with AWS/2100MHz 57 850/900MHz with 2300MHz 58 850/900MHz with 2600MHz 59 1800/1900MHz with AWS/2100MHz 50 1800/1900MHz with 2300MHz 52 1800/1900MHz with 2600MHz 53 AWS/2100MHz with 2300MHz 51 AWS/2100MHz with 2600MHz 53 2300MHz with 2600MHz 55
46 63 65 67 70 65 67 69 71 61 63 63 64 65 67
Figure 39: Isolation provided by horizontal separation for different frequency bands
7.3
RNP Main inputs

7.3.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DATABASES
Geographical databases are not necessarily provided by the customer. This paragraph provides some fundamental rules to select the correct database type corresponding to our need.
Two geographic database categories Altitude database: Digital Terrain Model Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

Environment database: Clutter 7.3.1.1 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) Contains altitude values of the region Characterized by a latitude Y, a longitude X, and an accuracy Resolution is directly linked to original satellite, or topographic data which are provided with a given scale This scale guarantees the effective resolution of the database. Based on the original data scale, it is possible to verify if: The database resolution and precision correspond to those expected after considering the original data scale The provider has re-sampled the database in order to obtain the resolution required based on a worst database resolution.
Figure 40: Correspondence between original data scale and final resolution product

original
Carte 1/250K
Effective Resolution
DTM @ 100m
Resolution delivered
Re-sample @ 50m
Accuracy
X,Y = 100m
Carte 1/50K
DTM @ 20m
Re-sample @ 50m
X,Y = 20m
Figure 41: original data scale impact on the final accuracy
7.3.1.2 CLUTTER Characterized by a latitude Y, a longitude X As for DTM databases, resolution is linked to original data (same correspondence table) There are two type of clutter database: Raster and building outlines 7.3.1.2.1 Raster Include geographic environnent distribution: Natural environments: river, forest... Housing areas: dense urban, urban No clutter height information Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction
7.3.1.2.1.1 Clutter definition Two clutter databases with same resolution on the same areas can be totally different. Clutter types must be chosen the most efficiently for radio propagation study, see the recommendations in sectionError! Reference source not found.. Clutter types can be different between a country database and a city one A minimum number of clutter types must be defined to have enough details for clutter description
Below an example of the difference in clutter details due to the original data scale
Figure 44: Original data: 1/200k topo map
Figure 43: Original data: 20-30m satellite or 1/50k topo
Figure 42: Original data: 10m satellite or 1/25k topo map
A resolution higher than 30m is not accurate enough to describe a big city. Below there is an example of clutter
type definition which must be delivered by the geo database provider.


Forest Forested land with dense & sparse tree canopy
Villages
Small built-up area in rural surrounding
Mean_urban
Residential, commercial and industria zones in suburban environment. These areas typically feature sparse density and some vegetation Areas of dense development within the urban perimeter
Dense_urban
Industrial
Areas outside the urban perimeter including buildings with large footprints and rather low, separated by large streets Houses in suburban environment. Suburban density typically involves laid out street patterns in which streets are visible. Lots may be as small as 30m by 30m, but are typical larger and include vegetation cover.
Residential
Figure 45: Type of clutter definition
7.3.1.2.1.2 Data extraction method
Figure 46:10m satellite imagery
Figure 47: Automatic Extraction
Figure 48: Manual Extraction
The data extraction method has an important impact on the clutter distribution. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction
The pictures above show the extraction method has a big impact on the clutter distribution, so on the database accuracy. Automatic extraction method provides a worst result than the manual one. 7.3.1.2.2 Building outlines It corresponds to very accurate geographic databases, which contain all building details, including their heights. Resolution <= 5m Height accuracy: 1m A layer of 3D building vectors can be added. The face of each building is described Only 3D ray-tracing models can use the 3D vectors in order to predict micro-cell and mini-cell coverage. Several format of building outline databases can be imported into 9955: Buildings are defined as clutter class per height range with 1m step. For forest or other clutter the step is 5m Two files are available, one clutter class for the clutter distribution, and another clutter height for the height value in each bin of the area analyzed. 3D vector database file, which is necessary when using ray tracing model These database types are very expensive and generally used by operators more than by network vendors. 7.3.1.2.3 Databases usage recommendations For big and medium cities are: Building outlines without 3D vectors, if a micro-cell design is not required. These databases are described in the previous section Or Raster databases with 10m resolution depending on budget For small cities: Raster databases with 25m resolution For rural areas: Raster databases with 50m resolution Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

Each raster database should have at least 12 clutter types, with at least 8 different housing clutter types.
7.3.2 PROPAGATION MODEL
The aim of a radio coverage simulation with a propagation model is to provide a prediction of the coverage, which has to be as close as possible to reality. In order to make reliable simulations with an accurate propagation model, the propagation modeling is of capital importance. It is very important to choose and to calibrate an accurate propagation model. The stability criterion is analyzed by keeping some measurement for validation. The tuned propagation model global performances must not change more than 0,5dB, on the validation measurements. The standard deviation target value is around 7dB, but it depends on the type of database used. 25% of the total measurements must be kept for validation. After the global performance analysis, then the stability of the model in distance must also be verified. A tuned model can not have a mean error equal to 2dB in the range 100m to 500m, and then have a means error equal to -2dB in the range 500m to 1km. A good tuned model guarantees, A good RF design in term of site position, azimuth, tilt A good interference analysis A good simulation quality, for HSxPA and R99 performances Two models are currently used and recommended which can be easily tuned are: Standard Propagation Model: default model included in 9955 Volcano realized and supported by Siradel 7.3.2.1 CW calibration measurements CW measurements must be done very precisely, as these measurements are reference to tune a propagation model. They must be done following some essential Advanced RF competence center recommendation in order to guarantee a good accuracy in the signal strength measured, and also a very precise geo positioning of the samples on the database used, whatever the database precision is.


7.3.2.2 STANDARD PROPAGATION MODEL This model is available with all databases except 3D building vectors and all environments and the most commonly used. This model can only be used for macro-cells prediction calculation, but not for micro-cells, as the later require ray tracing calculation method. Macro-cell: antenna over roof top Mini-cell: antenna under roof top and higher than the second first floor height Micro-cell: antenna height between the ground level, and the second floor
Pathloss = K1+ K2log(d)+ K3log(Htxeff)+ K4Diffraction+ K5log(Htxeff)log(d)+ K6(Hrxeff) + Kclutter*f(clutter)
Where: K1: constant offset (dB). K2: multiplying factor for log (d). d: distance between the receiver and the transmitter (m). K3: multiplying factor for log(HTxeff). HTxeff : effective height of the transmitter antenna (m). K4 : multiplying factor for diffraction calculation. K4 has to be a positive number. Diffraction : loss due to diffraction over an obstructed path (dB). K5: multiplying factor for log(HTxeff)log(d). K6: multiplying factor for HRxeff . HRxeff : effective mobile antenna height (m). Kclutter: multiplying factor for f(clutter). f(clutter): losses due to clutter. The frequency domain of SPM is from 450MHz to 2.7GHz. The validity domain of such model depends on measurement range of distance, and measurement antenna height on which it has been calibrated. 7.3.2.3 Ray tracing Models The two following propagation models should be used for micro-cell or mini-cell configurations. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

Micro-cell configuration corresponds to antenna height between ground level to 10m in dense urban and urban areas. Mini-cell configuration corresponds to antenna height between 10m to roof top-5m height. In 9955 planning tool, for macro-cell configuration it is recommended to use SPM model as it is free and provide good results. Volcano propagation model Volcano is a propagation model realized and supported by Siradel. It is a complete model as it can realize predictions for any cell type, for should be used more for microcell, and mini-cell. For mini-cell and micro-cell, Volcano uses the ray tracing calculation method, but it requires 3D building vectors. This model has an automatic calibration module. The frequency domain of Volcano propagation model is from 300MHz to 3.5GHz. The validity domain of such model depends on measurement range of distance, and measurement antenna height on which it has been calibrated.
Winprop propagation model Winprop is a propagation model realized and supported by AWE-communications. It is a complete model as it can realize predictions for any cell type, for should be used more for microcell, and mini-cell. This model has an automatic calibration module. For mini-cell and micro-cell, Winprop uses the ray tracing calculation method, but it requires 3D building vectors. The frequency domain is from 300MHz to 3.5GHz. The validity domain of such model depends on measurement range of distance, and measurement antenna height on which it has been calibrated.
7.3.3 ENGINEERING MARGINS ANALYSIS
All the inputs must have been validated by the customer.


The goal of the uplink budget review is to validate the customer thresholds for the design and for the acceptance. If link budget with customer assumptions is more constraining, there will have some reservation on KPI commitments or exclusion areas. In the opposite case, a full validation of customer thresholds is required. These inputs are: All engineering margins and engineering targets Traffic load assumptions Service dimensioning In the following parts the parameters detailed are those currently used, but they can be modified after discussion with the customer. This chapter also describes how some parameters are taken into account in the Link Budget, and their settings in 9955. 7.3.3.1 COMMON PARAMETERS These parameters are fixed by standards or by customer according to his field experience. 7.3.3.1.1 Standard parameters
Body loss for Speech application Body loss for Data application MS antenna gain Standard macro-cell Antenna 3 dB 0 dB 0 dBi@2100MHz & 900MHz 18 dBi, H beam width 65@2100MHz 17dBi, H beam width 65@900MHz Standard micro-cell Antenna 8 dBi, sector antenna 5dBi omni-directionnal antenna Standard Cable Loss depends on average site height, default cable used is 7/8 with 7dB/100m loss@2100MHz or 3.7dB/100m@900MHz Figure 49: standard parameters


7.3.3.1.2 Shadow margin and penetration losses 7.3.3.1.2.1 Link Budget approach
7.3.3.1.2.1.1 Shadow margin calculation for QoC Alcatel-Lucent Networks considers there are four independent propagation phenomena which are log normal fading of the outdoor propagation, building penetration variation, indoor propagation inside the building and power control variation due to fast fading effect. Then, according to statistical laws, a global standard deviation is calculated which characterizes the whole propagation channel:
2 Tot = Outdoor
With
Outdoor: STD for outdoor shadowing
7.3.3.1.2.1.2 Indoor/Incar penetration losses The penetration loss values are detailed in the table below. These values include a margin calculated based on 6dB penetration factor standard deviation of the penetration measured on the field.
Environment Penetration Loss [dB] UMTS Frequency Band: 1700, 1900, 2100MHz Dense Urban Urban Suburban Suburban & Rural in car 20 17 14 8 UMTS Frequency Band: 900, 850MHz 18 15 12 6
Figure 50: Penetration Loss according to environment and frequency
7.3.3.1.2.2 Fast fading margin The fast fading margin models the impact of fast power control which is not anymore efficient at cell edge (the mobile reaching its maximum transmit power). This margin is calculated based on layer 1 simulations. It is extracted by making the difference between the DL TX Eb/No and DL Rx Eb/No with and without power control. The different environment values are the following ones:

Environment Dense Urban Urban Suburban Suburban & Rural in car
Fast fading margin for Voice 1.7 1.7 1.7 0
Fast fading margin for CS64 2 2 2 0
Fast fading margin for PS 1.7 1.7 1.7 0
Fast fading margin for HSxPA 0.6 0.6 0.6 0
Figure 51: Fast fading margin according to environment
7.3.3.1.3 UPLINK BUDGET 7.3.3.1.3.1 Environment parameters The table below presents parameters linked to environment definition.
Dense Urban Uplink load with R99 only (with HSUPA) Modeling Channel for C/I performance Mobile speed Coverage type 65% (75%) Vehicular A 3 km/h Indoor Urban 65%(75%) Vehicular A 3 km/h Indoor Suburban 65%(75%) Vehicular A 50 km/h Indoor Rural 65%by default but it can be reduced, Vehicular A 50 km/h Indoor/incar/outdoor
Figure 52: Environment global parameters
The model standard deviation used is the calibrated model one. 7.3.3.1.3.2 UL radio performances Usually, all sites are integrated with mounted head amplifier (TMA) in order to push back uplink coverage limitation. Node-B radio performance in uplink is mainly characterized by two parameters, noise figure and Eb/No values or SIR performance.


7.3.3.1.3.2.1 TMA impact on NF and UL losses Typical Node-B ( or RRH) noise figure value is increase from 2.5dB without TMA to 3.3 dB with TMA configuration. TMA impact is calculated using Friis formula which is reminded below:
In the configuration with TMA recommended, the total NF stays equal to BTS NF without TMA. Typical TMA figures are 2 dB NF and 12 dB Gain. Node-B noise figure is impacted by TMA using .Anyway the overall calculation with Friis formula find a global NF degradation equals to 0.2dB between with and without TMA Alcatel-Lucent considers TMA annihilates the feeder loss without any additional reception gain, and the remain loss is the jumper loss between TMA and antenna connector To go faster with Radio Planning tool and to avoid a friis formula calculation for each site, which takes time when it concerns huge urban area; TMA impact can be approximated. In that case it is considered that the UL feeder losses are reduced to 0.4dB which is the jumper loss between TMA and antenna. TMA is useful when Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

cable + jumpers losses between Node-B (or RRH) cabinet connector and antenna connector >1.5dB
7.3.3.1.4 DOWNLINK BUDGET UMTS downlink budgets are always built the same way. In fact there are two downlink budgets, first one deals with pilot dimensioning and second one with service dimensioning.
The pilot dimensioning phase allows as well fixing common channels contribution as their power is relative to pilot one. 7.3.3.1.4.1 Max power, Pilot dimensioning & common channels settings 7.3.3.1.4.1.1 Max power setting
Global recommendations
Basically there is no maximum power limitation, when there is one MCPA per sector, it means that max power setting can be set to any value, generally it is recommended to set it to max PA power If there are several MCPA per sector, each MCPA must have the same max power setting.
Special case: several MCPA per sector with different number of carriers (STSR2+1)
The recommended approach is to have, for all carriers of a sector, the same power available on each carrier. To obtain that power per carrier is defined based on carrier power available with MCPA where the highest number of carrier is supported. Then MCPA max power which supports the lower number of carrier must be limit to Power per carrier x number of carrier supported by MCPA Example: For STSR2+1 configuration, with 2 45W MCPA; the power available in STSR2 configuration, considering an equal power distribution, is 22.5 W per carrier. Then on second MCPA which support only one carrier; max power must be limited to 22,5W. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

Remark: It possible to increase CPICH power & max Tx Power of the 3rd carrier but the interest is very limited No gain for HSUPA carrier (FDD3) as the limitation comes from UL load Gain only in areas with DL limitation and low interferences => Deep Indoor PCIPCH & MaxTxPower must be homogeneous across cells to ensure mobility Possible to favor HSDPA carrier (FDD2) : improve Indoor coverage and PA power for HSDPA capacity
7.3.3.1.4.1.2 CPICH power calculation The aim is to determine the minimum CPICH power ratio to insure a certain pilot quality at cell edge. The max allowable path loss is fixed by the uplink budget and usually based on the dimensioning service. Pilot quality is estimated by the ratio of energy chip over interference Ec/Io. The recommended CPICH power ratio is 10%, this value has been deduced considering Pilot Ec/Io target = -15dB in full traffic load conditions.
Under such value ALU considers pilot good detection by the mobile can be problematic. Extra-cell interference has been evaluated to DL Ie/Ii= 200% compared to intra-cell, considering two neighboring macro-cells received with the same RSCP than the serving cell pilot ratio is the same for the serving cell and the two neighbors serving cells and the two neighbors have the same traffic load In order to estimate the Io value at cell edge, in addition of the path loss, the following inputs are required:
Mobile noise figure and antenna gain are used to determine the noise floor In an UMTS network where TMA are implemented, the variation of the cable losses between neighbor sectors has a tiny influence on UL coverage whereas the DL coverage is strongly dependent of cable losses. In order to avoid significant asymmetry between UL and DL soft HO areas it is recommended to have for the whole network less than 3dB difference on pilot power at antenna connector (after TMA). Ideally pilot power at antenna port should be the same for the whole network. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction
7.3.3.1.4.1.3 UL/DL Unbalanced The CPICH power evaluation depends on the cells configurations. The aim is to have the same equivalence path loss point in UL and DL between two cells. This requirement is important for HSDPA as macro-diversity is not available. The aim is to avoid to receive cell A in DL and to be received by cell B in UL, because in that case there is an HSDPA call drop, instead of having a hard handover.
UL analysis:
UL_diff= Cell_A_sensitivity Cell_B_sensitivity + external_ losses_ Cell_A - external_ losses_ Cell_B
DL analysis DL diff= Cell_A_CPICH_output_cabinet power Cell_B_CPICH_output_cabinet_power + external_ losses_ Cell_A external_ losses_ Cell_B With external loss= all losses between Node-B or RRH cabinet connector and antenna connector The CPICH power must be set in order to have: 8%of total power<CPICH power<12% IUL_diff DL_diffI< 3dB This requirement is resolved, between Node-B with quite the same cable length, by setting the same CPICH power value at the antenna connector for all the cells. The CPICH must be tuned differently for all the neighboring relations like: 45W Node-B vs 20W RRH 45W Node-B vs micro-Node-B Between two 45W Node-B if the cable length are very different (20m difference) without TMA Between two Node-B, one without TMA, and the other with TMA
7.3.3.1.4.1.4 Common Channels power setting


Common channels are always fixed relatively to pilot power. The table below contains the common channel power settings recommended.
Common Channels Power Distribution DL Ie/Ii Target for AR=90% CPICH Ec/I0 Target [dB] CPICH Power Ratio [%] 200% -15.0 dB Between 8% and 12% Power rel. to CPICH [dB] P-CPICH P-SCH S-SCH P-CCPCH S-CCPCH PICH AICH Common Control Channels Power Ratio [%] Shared Power reserved for R'99 Traffic [%] Figure 53: Common channels power settings -5.0 dB -5.0 dB -2.0 dB -1.0 dB -5.0 dB -7.0 dB Time multiplexed 100% of time ------100% of time 30% of time 100% of time 100% of time 22% 10.00%
As mentioned in the table above the recommended % of CPICH power ratio is between 8% to 12%; 8% for Dense urban, urban and some suburban areas which are interference limited 12% Suburban and rural zones essentially noise limited
Some of ALU customers have different recommendations and can use 5% CPICH power ratio, in that case ALU will use these recommendations, but the Ec/Io target should change too. For instance with 5% CPICH power ratio the Ec /Io target value for 80% network traffic load should be -18dB instead of -15dB with ALU recommended power settings.


7.3.3.1.4.2 Power overhead (SHO margin)
SHO margin is considered equal to 15% of the traffic power, which represents around 10% of the total power. Based on this the max downlink power allowed including Common channels is 90% of the PA power. 7.3.3.1.4.3 Parameters and assumptions
2100MHz/1900MHz Thermal Noise (3840 MHz) -108 dBm 8 dB 0 dBi 2 (Ie=2*Ii) -15 dB 900MHz/850MHz -108 dBm 9 dB 0 dBi 2 (Ie=2*Ii) -15 dB
MS noise figure MS antenna gain Interference factor @ cell edge CPICH Ec/Io target Orthogonality factor (0 no orthogonality) TMA insertion loss TMA to antenna jumper loss
0.6 in dense urban/urban (@3km/h 0.5 in suburban(@3km/h)/rural (@50km/h 0.4 dB 0.4 dB Figure 54: DL budget parameter
The orthogonality factor values have been deduced considering PedA profile 45% of time and PedB profile 55% of time as it has been statistically evaluated on the field. Penetration losses are the same than for uplink The DL shift values represent the delta dB in path loss due to UL and DL frequency differences. The values presented below come from Cost-Hata model.
DL/UL conversion factor Okumura Hata model (850MHz, 900MHz) Cost Hata model (1850MHz, 1900MHz; 2GHz) 0.5dB 1.35 dB
Figure 55: DL/UL frequency shift for urban

7.4
DIMENSIONNING SERVICE RECOMMENDATIONS & TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS

7.4.1 DIMENSIONING SERVICE
The process of the design is based on the coverage requirements of the worst link budget in the uplink (or the dimensioning service negotiated with the customer). The recommended dimensioning service is generally PS128 with 65% UL load Dimensioning with this service allows having an enough path loss to support DL PS128 service at cell edge for 90% traffic load with 95% area probability DL PS384 service at cell edge for 50% traffic load with 95% area probability 256kbps HSUPA throughput at cell edge with 75% UL load The available UL path loss has been calculated in the LB with the parameter settings validated with the customer.
7.4.2 TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS
The traffic analysis is the second stage of the simulation. The traffic load should have been defined or validated by the customer. In the following are presented in detail the service and traffic information necessary to complete an UMTS design. Traffic assumption has a large impact on the cell count and radio planning results. They should thus be detailed for each of the required services.
The traffic assumptions can be defined in different ways: A % of traffic load or total power used is specified between 75% to 90% of traffic load including common channels and shared power are usually considered according to the customer this value can change. This is taken into account in 9955, by setting in Cells table, the Total Power column to power values in dBm corresponding to the % of total PA power A mixed traffic is provided by the customer. This mixed traffic is based on a user call profile which contains each service activity and their duration or data volume transmitted during a busy hour. First it is necessary to determine exhaustively all the services the


network will have to support. A service is the conjunction of a data type (voice or data), a transport mode (circuit switched or packet switched), and a data rate. The services which can commonly be met on projects are the following: Conversational Speech 12.2 CS64 PS64 PS128 PS384 HSDPA HSUPA The area where each service has to be provided must be clearly defined (like high data rate is required in urban center.) These areas are generally defined per environment type, but traffic can also be defined per service and per user type, and per sector. The user type (indoor, outdoor, in car 50km/h, 120km/h) per service, per area is necessary as well. Indeed the required Eb/N0 for a given service in a given environment may be different according to the profile of the user. UMTS simulations must be run, in order to take into account the right traffic in 9955 7.5 RF DESIGN TARGETS Based on dimensioning service and traffic assumptions, the RF design can be completed and optimized. The first step is then to select the correct candidate sites in order to fulfill the required QoC and QoS per area. During the design, it is important to keep in mind that a W-CDMA network is an interference limited system, and that in such cases, the sites should be positioned so as to limit inter site interference. Therefore, high sites or sites on top of hills or mountains should be avoided (in very hilly environment, some bi-sector sites could be chosen) the sites should be regularly positioned over homogeneous areas, electrical down tilt based on the site height and the cell size should be used In order to ensure a good network, the following criteria must be completed. The RF performances are analyzed with 9955 using the predictions templates and UMTS simulation module. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction
The different design targets are the following ones:

7.5.1 RSCP target
It depends on the dimensioning service selected . The % of QoC is 95%, except for rural areas where it is 90%. It means that, when shadowing margin is taken into account, for a 100% covered area obtained in prediction with radio planning tool for RSCP>=RSCP target criteria, 95% of this area has RSCP>=RSCP target criteria on the field. With 9955 there is no solution to take into account the SHO gain for coverage signal analysis.
So only for this study, the easiest way to realize a prediction is to use LB available path loss without including penetration loss Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction
Set penetration margin to 0 in the LB Set the standard deviation of the propagation model used (If it is the ALU default model, then the STD is 8dB). Here the example is for a 7dB tuned model
An RSCP design targets computed by LB are in indoor then and include fast fading margin; shadowing margin; and SHO gain.
7.5.2 Ec/Io target
The Ec/Io target value depends on the traffic load. The values detailed below considers CPICH power ratio between 8% to 12%; if CPICH ratio is out of this range then Ec/Io target should be modified in consequence (5% CPICH ratio induce a 3dB decrease on the target values detailed below) 95% of the design area should have a Ec/I0 value higher than -15dB, with 85% DL load Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

95% of the design area should have a Ec/I0 value higher than-14dB, with 75% DL load 95% of the design area should have a Ec/I0 value higher than -12dB, with 50% DL load 95% of the design area should have a Ec/I0 value higher than -9dB, with 25% DL load
Such Ec/Io criteria allow managing interferences in order to obtain a RF network design able to support PS384 service at cell edge when surrounded cells have 50% traffic load or PS128 at cell edge when surrounded cells have 80% traffic load. 400kbps HSDPA throughput at cell edge when surrounded cells have 75% traffic load 400kbps HSUPA throughput at cell edge with UE category 12.
UL/DL effective service area & user rejection
Scrambling code planning must be done, using the automatic code planning in RNP .
7.5.3
UL & DL effective service area Coverage target for each service must complete 95% of the design area. A service is considered to be supported when UL and DL Eb/N0 are reached. As we have seen Eb/N0 values take into account all the profile characteristics, speed, orthogonality factor
User rejection: should not exceed 2% for each service.
7.5.4 Polluted area & overlap analysis
The aim is to optimize tilt in order to reduce the number of servers covering the same area, thereby minimizing interference without impacting coverage, quality and at the same time enhancing the SINR Pollution and interference analysis Within 4dB of the best server o o % area with 4 servers should be < 2%. % of area with 2 servers should be < 35%.
Within 10dB of the best server o % of area with 7 servers or more should be < 2%.
The optimization method to reach these targets is detailed in the part below. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction
7.5.5 Overshooting and post azimuth/tilt optimization analysis
This analysis should be done after tilt and azimuth optimization so after several ACP iterations analysis to reach the coverage quality and overlapping targets, and before neighbors list and cell ID attribution This analysis consists in verifying the several following aspects over the area which has just been optimized Ensure that best server area is continuous and there is no interruption in best serving zone by a neighbor cell which would have higher signal strength. Verify that all targets are respected and try to improve them manually on the areas where it is not the case Check that the sites the most far away which create some interference have the maximum down-tilt value applied. o If it is not the case on the site has a bad impact on Ec/Io, overlapping, or Eb/Nt, increase its down-tilt by 2 steps and see the impact.
Verify that the solution propose is applicable; the highest sites must be the most downtilted ones compare to low height sites. o ACP can propose solution where some high sites are not down-tilted much and low sites have a big down-tilt, this must be corrected. If it impacts too much sites then ACP must be re-run with a specific tilt range for high sites and another one for low sites. This can be done easily with Edit in excel function in ACCO ACP too
7.6 OPTIMIZATION
7.6.1 Methodology
The methodology consists in analyzing the area optimized; verify the interference and quality targets, neighbor plan and scrambling code plan. The scrambling code plan and polluters reduction should take care about the following points The SC of the optimized area re-used in the 2nd external site ring or further are not necessarily the last polluters in term of ranking (4th, 5th servers). If all polluters are belonging to the first ring, it can be due to a design issue (missing site, non homogeneous design, high sites) or an environment issue (Open in urban, hill, Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

mask). In this case, the goal is to create dominance from one or two sectors increasing their influence and decreasing other influences. Most of the time tilt manipulations are not sufficient and azimuth changes are required. There are also some fine tuning changes that consist in reducing the sector BTS side while keeping the coverage in the main direction. Its realized by electrical down-tilts associated with a mechanical up-tilt.
These methods are identical in all radio system in order to limit inter cell interference, or to improve the QOC. In case of pilot unavailability pilot power may also be tuned, in order to provide a dominant server. The pilot signal should be decoded in every location, as it is required to enter a cell, to start a communication, and for handoff. When the Ec/I0 is insufficient then the interference of the neighbors should be minimized, and/or the best server received energy increased. Such optimizations can be done manually, for a low number of sites but the optimization can be done by an Automatic Cell Planning tool (ACP) allowing a treatment of a higher number of sites in a short time delay. This tool extracts from the RF planning tool, all the information necessary to the optimizations: Path loss Call profile Traffic assumptions Mobile types Node-B Characteristics Antennas .. Based on these information, and with some KPI targets values like RSCP level, QOS target Ec/I0 target, GOS target, Pollution window, Active set size, The ACP is able to optimize the Network, by changing the different parameters the user allowed (Cpich power, mechanical tilt, electrical tilt, azimuth, antenna type). Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

The user is able to define a % for each KPI, and to weight them. The users can configure the ACP in order to Re-use a maximum of existing 2G sites Implement a minimum of new 3G ones Currently ACCO tool, from Symena society, is recommended. The network optimization stage is done according to the simulation results in order to reach the target quality thresholds, and to optimize the final radio planning results. The optimization of the network radio planning is based on the results of the analysis. Depending on the blocking level, or coverage holes location and size, different solutions can be used.
7.6.2 Optimization phases
The optimization phase is done simultaneously or just after the coverage study. The aim is to reach and improve all the RF design targets defined in the previous part. This optimization phase contains several steps: 7.6.2.1 Pre-optimization method & constraints with RNP and ACP tools This phase is done systematically, before making any field analysis Based on existing or candidates sites locations, traffic assumptions and RF targets which are only based on propagation model prediction The main part of tilt, azimuth, Cpich power adjustments is done in this phase. Cpich power must be configure without using ACP in order to have the same value at the antenna port. It is highly recommended to use ACP to Select sites over all the candidates Optimize tilt, azimuth o Tilt optimization constraints 900MHz/850MHz up to 12 overall tilt ( mechanical + electrical) can be required 2100MHz/AWS/1900MHz/1800MHz: up to 10 overall tilt ( mechanical + electrical) can be required


o Azimuth optimization constraint: Minimum inter-sector angle should be at least equal to the highest antenna H beam width value of the two sectors.
Examples: 60inter-sector angle between two 60 H beam width antennas, or one 60H beam width antenna and one 30H beam width Or 90 inter-sector angle between two 90 H beam width antennas, or one 60H beam width antenna and one 90H beam width The recommended method is the following one: o Identify the cluster to optimize, the number of sites for this cluster should not exceed 500 sites. The cluster must be surrounded by a ring of sites which have already been implemented on the field but which would not be optimized and used as interferer. This can be done with RNP tool and ACP tool using focus zone which includes sites to optimize; and computation whose sites outside the focus zone are activated and considered as interferers but not optimized
o o o o
Export the environment from RNP to ACP Run ACP with the parameter settings detailed in Re-import optimization results from ACP to RNP. Same approach can be applied to an adjacent cluster sites of an already optimized cluster; first optimized adjacent sites must be included in the computation zone, but not in the focus zone which should contain only the sites to optimize For each zone optimized and after re-import from ACP to RNP, a post azimuth and tilt optimization analysis must be done. Then when everything has been verified and is ok , neighbors and Scrambling Code allocation can be done
o o


7.6.2.2 Neighboring plan / Scrambling Code plan: At the end of this phase a neighboring plan is automatically generated with 9955. This neighboring plan is implemented on the field. The main planning rule is to re-use cell ID with a sufficient distance in order to avoid radio interferences. This distance depends on propagation path loss, the environment and the frequency. A correct RF design and optimization allow having an average number of neighbors per cell between 16 and 22 . The main criterion is radio constraint detailed below: Considering two cells cell A and cell B, on the same frequency carrier using the same scrambling code, the distance between those must satisfy the following criteria: At cell A edge (RSCPcellA -95dBm): RSCPcellA RSCPcellB + 10dB At cell B edge (RSCPcellB -95dBm): RSCPcellB RSCPcellA + 10dB To complete radio constraint, a distance criterion can be added but it can not be used alone as it assumes a homogeneous environment and a flat terrain area The distance detailed below represents the minimum distance to consider a cell not as a neighbor, or to consider that scrambling code can be re-used Dense urban/ urban Considering mean cell radius around 700m, the minimum inter-site distance are: 2,4km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz Considering mean cell radius around 1,5km @ 850MHz and 900MHz, the minimum intersite distance is 5,5km Suburban Considering mean cell radius around 2,2km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz, the minimum inter-site distance is: 7km Considering mean cell radius around 5,5km @ 850MHz and 900MHz, the minimum intersite distance is 18km Rural Considering mean cell radius around 7km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz, the minimum intersite distance is: 21km Considering mean cell radius around 18km @ 850MHz and 900MHz, the minimum intersite distance is: 53km Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction
Scrambling code information is provided by SCH broadcast physical channel which contains P-SCH and S-SCH. The cell search process is the following one: In the fist step P-SCH is used for providing slot synchronization Second step S-SCH is decoded to provide frame synchronization and scrambling code group used in the cell Third step the scrambling code is found by correlating symbol by symbol over P-CPICH with the codes in the group found in step2.
Planning strategy:
Two strategies are possible. The first one is to use a low number of groups with a maximum number of codes on each group; the second one is to use a high number of groups with a low number of codes per group.
The table below summarizes the advantages and drawbacks of each strategy.
Strategy Strategy 1
Code Planning Rule Small number of Code groups
Advantages * Fast Synchronization Acquisition * Handover procedure efficiency * Decrease the UE processing load * Longer UE battery life
Drawbacks * Extra load on UE processing * Reduced UE battery life * Low Synchronization time * Probably not enough time for HO
Strategy 2
High number of Code groups
Figure 56: Advantages and drawbacks of each scrambling code planning strategy
Like for neighboring plan, one rule of the scrambling code planning is to re-use scrambling code with a sufficient distance in order to avoid interferences. To improve synchronisation time vs. UE processing load since bad synchronisation will finally impact the network performance and the quality of service Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

Check network topology: Multi-layer networks: Use 1st Strategy Macro-cell environment with no high speed users: Use 2nd strategy
Same site scrambling code strategy (tcell parameter setting)
On one site, it is possible to apply an offset using tcell parameter setting in order to desynchronize the SCH channels. Default parameters are 0, 3, and 6 for the 3 cells. Moreover the SC group is identical over the 3 cells. Recommendation: To keep different tcell values in order to better distribute the interference generated by the SCH channels over the time. 7.6.2.3 Optimization and validation based on RF field analysis
This part describes the field measurement process used to finalize and validate the RF parameters in order to obtain the best network performances. A drive test measurement campaign using RF measurement scanners with reception antenna positioned on car rooftop for step 0 to step 2 Test mobiles, is done for the other optimization steps. The services analyzed are voice, visio 64kbps for CS services, and 384kbps and HSDPA for PS services. The KPI performances are: Call success rate, Call setup success rate, Bler UL (only for CS services), Bler DL, DL DCH throughput (only for PS services)
Step 0: done to check the current network radio performances, before the implementation of the preoptimization parameters.


Step1: done to verify and validate the pre-optimization efficiency compare to the results obtained in step 0. Based on these measurements, the aim is also to correct some radio parameters in order to improve the coverage and radio quality, and to identify some neighboring problems which required an update of the neighboring plan.
Step 2: validation of the radio optimization. Step 3: done to optimize UTRAN parameters in order to maximize the CS and PS R99 performances. Step 4: done to optimize UTRAN parameters in order to maximize the HSxPA performances. The main parameters modified and optimized concern the following domains: Handover and active set management Cell selection/reselection Neighboring cell offset Power configuration Common channel settings Dedicated power setting 7.7 OUTDOOR MICRO-CELL LAYER DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY
In this part the different approach and constraints of a microcellular layer deployment are analyzed. The main aspects treated are Antennas: type, positions, height Carrier strategy allocation: shared carrier with macro-cell network or dedicated carrier
7.7.1 Antennas
Antennas used for micro-cells are up to 1m length. 7.7.1.1 Types and using 3 types of antennas are used for micro-cells: Omni directional antennas: used to cover a multi direction zone, like a place with adjacent street. Omni directional antennas are generally positioned at a crossroad corner, with such configuration, the place is covered and a part of the crossing streets are also covered due to reflections and refractions on the buildings (canyon effect). Such antenna gain is 5dBi. Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

Directive antennas: used to cover streets, hot spot and other narrow areas. Due to sector pattern the covered area is focused on the antenna azimuth direction. Directive antennas allow a better indoor penetration. By positioning it in the middle of a street, a good penetration in the front of building is ensured, and street canyon effect allows a good outdoor coverage all along the street. Such antenna gain is 10dBi; it can go up to 12 dBi Coupled antennas: also called bi-directional antennas, used to ensure a good outdoor coverage all along large streets, but with a poor indoor penetration. Such antenna gain is 7dBi. 7.7.1.2 Height The antenna height depends on two different factors: Safety rules: impose a minimum height in order to respect the maximum safety threshold fixed by the country or region. In France the safety threshold is 41dBV/m, but for certain regions is has been reduced to 2dBV/m. The minimum antenna height is 5m which is between the first and the second floor. Building heights: microcells antennas are placed between the middle of the first floor and the last floor before the roof top, thats why the antenna height is directly link to the mean buildings ones. In Europe the micro-cells are placed between 5m to 15m, considering a mean building height in large city around 20m. 7.7.1.3 Carrier strategy allocation A small cell layer may be necessary in order to absorb the captured capacity or to complete macro-cell coverage. However different solutions can be implemented and careful design is necessary. Two carrier allocations are possible Shared carrier with macro layer Dedicated carrier These two approaches have been analyzed, in dense urban area with 9955. Several configurations have been run with ACP and 9955 in order to find solutions to improve macro-cell network capacity by adding micro-cells on the same carrier, and on a separate carrier. 7.7.1.3.1 Shared carrier with macro-layer Several configurations have been run with ACP and 9955 in order to find solutions to improve macro-cell network capacity by adding micro-cells on the same carrier. On a same carrier small cells should be deployed only on the areas where macro layer outdoor RSCP signal level is lower than -75dBm.


If this rule is not respected, it can induce an interference increase on the macro layer, and the radio QoS can be decreased significantly. Based on this, the shared carrier between macro and small cell layers can be done only to resolve hole of coverage problems, and capacity problems but only on areas with RSCP<XdBm. The % of capacity improvement with shared carrier is directly linked to the % of areas where RSCP<-X dBm. The X value depends on small cell power
Small cell total power Macro-cell RSCP limit where small cells can be implemented in outdoor conditions -75 dBm -82 dBm -88 dBm
5W (37dBm) 1W (30W) 250mW (24 dBm)
A continuous small cell layer deployment over the entire macro layer is not possible with shared carrier configuration.
Link budget balance
In order to avoid soft handover problems, the best case is to have the same difference between small cell Node-B and macro Node-B in UL and in DL. 9 dB UL difference between the product sensitivities (macro Node-B has the lowest sensitivity). UL analysis: UL diff= small cell_sensi - Macro_sensi + cable_ loss_ small cell_config - external_ loss_ macro_config DL analysis DL diff= small cell_carrier_output_cabinet power - macro_carrier_output_cabinet_power + cable_ loss_ small cell_config external_ loss_ macro_config Not necessary to include antenna gains in the formula as they are the same in UL and DL. The aim is to have UL_diff = DL_diff, or the nearest as possible. 7.7.1.3.2 Dedicated carrier The small cells can be deployed everywhere without any interference problem with the macro layer.


For a number of outdoor micro-cells deployed equal to the number of macro-cells, the network capacity is multiplied by 2.5. Number micro-cells added = Number existing macro-cells =>network capacity (micro+macro) = macro capacity*2.5 When a large capacity increase over a large area is required, then a small cell layer using a different carrier can be implemented. Implementing a micro-layer on a dedicated carrier allows resolving capacity macro-cell limitations on the entire network. The drawback is the necessity to do a hard handover, between micro and macro layer. This could be essentially a problem for Risk of CS quality decrease when users move from hot spot area to another area by micro layer. Risk of CS quality decrease, if one user goes from street to a building floor, as micro layer only covered area between ground floor and antenna height.

8
Acronym BTS DDM DDSM FRS PLM STSR UMTS UTRAN
ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS

Definition Base Transceiver Station Dual Duplexer Module Dual Duplexer Sharing Module Feature Requirement Specification Product Line Management Tri-Sectorial Transmit / Tri-Sectorial Receive Universal Mobile Telephone System Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network


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UMTS OUTDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINES

Not to be used or disclosed except in accordance with applicable agreements.

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UMTS OUTDOOR DESIGN GUIDELINES

3.1 HSDPA 3.1.1 UPLINK IMPACT 3.1.2 DOWNLINK IMPACT

3.1.3 MUG tables 3.2 HSUPA 3.2.1 UL IMPACT

5.1 ANTENNA SHARING SOLUTIONS 5.1.1 Dual Duplexer solution

UMTS900-GSM900 Twin TMA combiner solution

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UMTS900 DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY

CAPACITY & COVERAGE IMPROVEMENT SOLUTIONS

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ENGINEERING MARGINS ANALYSIS

7.7 OUTDOOR MICRO-CELL LAYER DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY 7.7.1 Antennas

ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS

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PRE-SALES PHASE OVERVIEW

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Figure 1: Radio planning process

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2.2.1 Uplink available path loss calculation

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UMTS OUTDOOR DESIGN GUIDELINES

1 AF (i) ( DL MeanF + OF ) PA + UE Th. Noise DL Mean Total PL

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3.1.1 UPLINK IMPACT

c2 + d 2 PDCH (dB) = MaxUETxPower (dB) + 10 * log 2 2 2 + + d hs c

The Eb/No loss created by HS-DPCCH is given by the following formula:

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Figure 2: HS-DPCCH Impact on UL iCEM Eb/N*

Figure 3: HS-DPCCH impact on UL xCEM Eb/No

3.1.2 DOWNLINK IMPACT

Figure 4: HS-SCCH Power Control

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: orthogonality factor Pn: noise power

: advance receiver gain

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Only UE category 12 are simulated

Figure 5: MUG table for UE category 12 simulations

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Several UE categories can be simulated

Figure 6: MUG table for all UE categories simulations

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Figure 7: UMTS2100 study results