Gross, C.A.

Power Transformers
The Electrical Engineering Handbook
Ed. Richard C. Dorf
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000
1999 by CRC Press LLC
64
over Translormers
64.1 Tiansfoimei Constiuction
The Tiansfoimei Coie Coie and Shell Types Tiansfoimei
Windings Taps
64.2 Powei Tiansfoimei Modeling
The Thiee-Winding Ideal Tiansfoimei Equivalent Ciicuit A
Piactical Thiee-Winding Tiansfoimei Equivalent Ciicuit The
Two-Winding Tiansfoimei
64.3 Tiansfoimei Peifoimance
64.4 Tiansfoimeis in Thiee-Phase Connections
Phase Shift in Y-A Connections The Thiee-Phase Tiansfoimei
Deteimining Pei-Phase Equivalent Ciicuit Values foi Powei
Tiansfoimeis: An Example
64.5 Autotiansfoimeis
64.1 Translurmer Cunstructiun
The Translurmer Cure
The coie of the powei TRANSFORMER is usually made of laminated cold-iolled magnetic steel that is giain
oiiented such that the iolling diiection is the same as that of the ux lines. This type of coie constiuction tends
to ieduce the eddy cuiient and hysteiesis losses. The eddy cuiient loss P
e
is piopoitional to the squaie of the
pioduct of the maximum ux density B
M
(T), the fiequency [ (Hz), and thickness (m) of the individual steel
lamination.
P
e
K
e
(B
M
[ )
2
(W) (64.1)
K
e
is dependent upon the coie dimensions, the specifc iesistance of a lamination sheet, and the mass of the
coie. Also,
P
|
K
|
[ B
M
n
(W) (64.2)
In Eq. (64.2), P
|
is the hysteiesis powei loss, n is the Steinmetz constant (1.5 < n < 2.5) and K
|
is a constant
dependent upon the natuie of coie mateiial and vaiies fiom 310
-3
m to 2010
-3
m, wheie m coie mass in
kilogiams.
The coie loss theiefoie is
P
e
P
e
- P
|
(64.3)
CharIes A. Cross
Auburn Inverry
1999 by CRC Press LLC

Cure and She!! Types

Tiansfoimeis aie constiucted in eithei a shell oi a coie stiuctuie. The shell-type tiansfoimei is one wheie the
windings aie completely suiiounded by tiansfoimei steel in the plane of the coil. Coie- type tiansfoimeis aie
those that aie not shell type. A powei tiansfoimei is shown in Fig. 64.1.
Multiwinding tiansfoimeis, as well as polyphase tiansfoimeis, can be made in eithei shell- oi coie-type
designs.

Translurmer Windings

The windings of the powei tiansfoimei may be eithei coppei oi aluminum. These conductois aie usually made
of conductois having a ciiculai cioss section; howevei, laigei cioss-sectional aiea conductois may iequiie a
iectangulai cioss section foi effcient use of winding space.
The life of a tiansfoimei insulation system depends, to a laige extent, upon its tempeiatuie. The total
tempeiatuie is the sum of the ambient and the tempeiatuie iise. The tempeiatuie iise in a tiansfoimei is
intiinsic to that tiansfoimei at a fxed load. The ambient tempeiatuie is contiolled by the enviionment the
tiansfoimei is subjected to. The bettei the cooling system that is piovided foi the tiansfoimei, the highei the
kVA" iating foi the same ambient. Foi example, the kVA iating foi a tiansfoimei can be incieased with foiced
aii (fan) cooling. Foiced oil and watei cooling systems aie also used. Also, the duiation of opeiating time at
high tempeiatuie diiectly affects insulation life.

FIGURE 64.1

230kVY:17.1kV

1153-MVA 3

powei tiansfoimei. (Photo couitesy of Geneial Electiic Company.)
1999 by CRC Press LLC
Othei factois that affect tiansfoimei insulation life aie vibiation oi mechanical stiess, iepetitive expansion
and contiaction, exposuie to moistuie and othei contaminants, and electiical and mechanical stiess due to
oveivoltage and shoit-ciicuit cuiients.
Papei insulation is laid between adjacent winding layeis. The thickness of this insulation is dependent on
the expected electiic feld stiess. In laige tiansfoimeis oil ducts aie piovided using papei insulation to allow a
path foi cooling oil to ow between coil elements.
The shoit-ciicuit cuiient in a tiansfoimei cieates enoimous foices on the tuins of the windings. The shoit-
ciicuit cuiients in a laige tiansfoimei aie typically 8 to 10 times laigei than iated and in a small tiansfoimei
aie 20 to 25 times iated. The foices on the windings due to the shoit-ciicuit cuiient vaiy as the squaie of the
cuiient, so wheieas the foices at iated cuiient may be only a few newtons, undei shoit-ciicuit conditions these
foices can be tens of thousands of newtons. These mechanical and theimal stiesses on the windings must be
taken into consideiation duiing the design of the tiansfoimei. The
cuiient-caiiying components must be clamped fimly to limit move-
ment. The solid insulation mateiial should be piecompiessed and
foimed to avoid its collapse due to the theimal expansion of the wind-
ings.
Taps
Powei tiansfoimei windings typically have taps, as shown. The effect
on tiansfoimei models is to change the tuins iatio.
64.2 Puver Translurmer Mude!ing
The electiic powei transformer is a majoi powei system component which piovides the capability of ieliably
and effciently changing (tiansfoiming) ac voltage and cuiient at high powei levels. Because electiical powei
is piopoitional to the pioduct of voltage and cuiient, foi a specifed powei level, low cuiient levels can exist
only at high voltage, and vice veisa.
The Three-Winding Idea! Translurmer Equiva!ent Circuit
Considei the thiee coils wiapped on a common coie as shown in Fig. 64.2(a). Foi an infnite coie peimeability
() and windings made of mateiial of infnite conductivity (o):
(64.4)
wheie o is the coie ux. This pioduces:
(64.5)
Foi sinusoidal steady state peifoimance:
(64.6)
wheie V, etc. aie complex phasois.
The ciicuit symbol is shown in Fig. 64.2(b). Ampeie`s law iequiies that
(64.7)
N
J
J
N
J
J
N
J
J
1 1 2 2 3 3

o o o

N
N

N
N

N
N
1
2
1
2
2
3
2
3
3
1
3
1

V
N
N
V V
N
N
V V
N
N
V
1
1
2
2 2
2
3
3 3
3
1
1

` `
H J|
[
enclosed
0
1999 by CRC Press LLC
0 N
1

1
- N
2

2
- N
3

3
(64.8)
Tiansfoim Eq. (64.8) into phasoi notation:
(64.9)
Equations (64.6) and (64.9) aie basic to undeistanding tiansfoimei opeiation. Considei Eq. (64.6). Also
note that -V
1
, -V
2
, and -V
3
must be in phase, with dotted teiminals defned positive. Now considei the total
input complex powei -S.
(64.10)
Hence, ideal tiansfoimeis can absoib neithei ieal noi ieactive powei.
It is customaiy to scale system quantities (V, I, S, Z) into dimensionless quantities called pei-unit values.
The basic pei-unit scaling equation is
The base value always caiiies the same units as the actual value, foicing the pei-unit value to be dimensionless.
Base values noimally selected aibitiaiily aie V
base
and S
base
. It follows that:
FIGURE 64.2 Ideal thiee-winding tiansfoimei. (a) Ideal thiee-winding tiansfoimei; (b) schematic symbol; (c) pei-unit
equivalent ciicuit.
N I N I N I
1 1 2 2 3 3
0 + +
S V I V I V I + +
1 1 2 2 3 3
0


Pei-unit value
actual value
base value
I
S
V
Z
V
I
V
S
base
base
base
base
base
base
base
base

2
1999 by CRC Press LLC
When pei-unit scaling is applied to tiansfoimeis V
base
is usually taken as V
iated
as in each winding. S
base
is
common to all windings; foi the two- winding case S
base
is S
iated
, since S
iated
is common to both windings.
Pei-unit scaling simplifes tiansfoimei ciicuit models. Select two piimaiy base values, V
1base
and S
1base
. Base
values foi windings 2 and 3 aie:
(64.11)
and
(64.12)
By defnition:
(64.13)
It follows that
(64.14)
Thus, Eqs. (64.3) and (64.6) scaled into pei-unit become:
(64.15)
(64.16)
The basic pei-unit equivalent ciicuit is shown in Fig. 64.2(c). The extension to the n-winding case is cleai.
A Practica! Three-Winding Translurmer Equiva!ent Circuit
The ciicuit of Fig. 64.2(c) is ieasonable foi some powei system applications, since the coie and windings of
actual tiansfoimeis aie constiucted of mateiials of high and o, iespectively, though of couise not infnite.
Howevei, foi othei studies, disciepancies between the peifoimance of actual and ideal tiansfoimeis aie too
gieat to be oveilooked. The ciicuit of Fig. 64.2(c) may be modifed into that of Fig. 64.3 to account foi the
most impoitant disciepancies. Note:
R
1
,R
2
,R
3
Since the winding conductois cannot be made of mateiial of infnite conductivity, the windings must
have some iesistance.
X
1
,X
2
,X
3
Since the coie peimeability is not infnite, not all of the ux cieated by a given winding cuiient will
be confned to the coie. The pait that escapes the coie and seeks out paiallel paths in suiiounding
stiuctuies and aii is iefeiied to as |ea|age ux.
R
t
,X
m
Also, since the coie peimeability is not infnite, the magnetic feld intensity inside the coie is not zeio.
Theiefoie, some cuiient ow is necessaiy to piovide this small H. The path piovided in the ciicuit
foi this magnetizing" cuiient is thiough X
m
. The coie has inteinal powei losses, iefeiied to as tore
|oss, due to hysteieses and eddy cuiient phenomena. The effect is accounted foi in the iesistance R
t
.
Sometimes R
t
and X
m
aie neglected.
V
N
N
V V
N
N
V
2
2
1
1 3
3
1
1
base base base base

S S S S
1 2 3
base base base
base

I
S
V
I
S
V
I
S
V
1
1
2
2
3
3
base
base
base
base
base
base
base base base

I
N
N
I I
N
N
I
2
1
2
1 3
1
3
1
base base base base

V V V
1 2 3
pu pu pu

I I I
1 2 3
0
pu pu pu
+ +
1999 by CRC Press LLC
The ciicuit of Fig. 64.3 is a iefnement on that of Fig. 64.2(c). The values R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, X
1
, X
2
, X
3
aie all small
(less than 0.05 pei-unit) and R
t
, X
m
, laige (gieatei than 10 pei-unit). The ciicuit of Fig. 64.3 iequiies that all
values be in pei-unit. Ciicuit data aie available fiom the manufactuiei oi obtained fiom conventional tests. It
must be noted that although the ciicuit of Fig. 64.3 is commonly used, it is not iigoiously coiiect because it
does not piopeily account foi the mutual couplings between windings.
The teims primary and secondary iefei to souice and load sides, iespectively (i.e., eneigy ows fiom piimaiy
to secondaiy). Howevei, in many applications eneigy can ow eithei way, in which case the distinction is
meaningless. Also, the piesence of a thiid winding (teitiaiy) confuses the issue. The teims se u and se
Jown iefei to what the tiansfoimei does to the voltage fiom souice to load. ANSI standaids iequiie that foi a
two-winding tiansfoimei the high-voltage and low-voltage teiminals be maiked as H1-H2 and X1-X2, iespec-
tively, with H1 and X1 maikings having the same signifcance as Jos foi polarity maikings. Refei to ANSI
C57 foi compiehensive infoimation.] JJe and su|rate rans[ormer o|ary iefei to the physical posi-
tioning of high-voltage, low-voltage JoeJ teiminals as shown in Fig. 64.4. If the dotted teiminals aie adjacent,
then the tiansfoimei is said to be su|rate, because if these adjacent teiminals (H1-X1) aie connected togethei,
the voltage between H2 and X2 is the J[[erente between piimaiy and secondaiy. Similaily, if adjacent teiminals
X1 and H2 aie connected, the voltage (H1-X2) is the sum of piimaiy and secondaiy values.
The Tvu-Winding Translurmer
The device can be simplifed to two windings. Common two-winding tiansfoimei ciicuit models aie shown
in Fig. 64.5.
(64.17)
FIGURE 64.3 A piactical equivalent ciicuit.
FIGURE 64.4 Tiansfoimei polaiity teiminology: (a) subtiactive; (b) additive.
Z Z Z
e
+
1 2
1999 by CRC Press LLC
(64.18)
Ciicuits (a) and (b) aie appiopiiate when -Z
m
is laige enough that magnetizing cuiient and coie loss is
negligible.
64.3 Translurmer Perlurmance
Theie is a need to assess the quality of a paiticulai tiansfoimei design. The most impoitant measuie foi
peifoimance is the concept of effciency, defned as follows:
(64.19)
wheie P
out
is output powei in watts (kW, MW) and P
in
is input powei in watts (kW, MW).
The situation is cleaiest foi the two-winding case wheie the output is cleaily defned (i.e., the secondaiy
winding), as is the input (i.e., the piimaiy). Unless otheiwise specifed, the output is undeistood to be iated
powei at iated voltage at a usei-specifed powei factoi. Note that
ZL P
in
- P
out
sum of losses
The tiansfoimei is fiequently modeled with the ciicuit shown in Fig. 64.6. Tiansfoimei losses aie made up of
the following components:
Electiical losses: I
1
2
R
eq
I
1
2
R
1
- I
2
2
R
2
(64.20a)
Piimaiy winding loss I
1
2
R
1
(64.20b)
Secondaiy winding loss I
2
2
R
2
(64.20c)
FIGURE 64.5 Two-winding tiansfoimei-equivalent ciicuits. All values in pei-unit. (a) Ideal case; (b) no load cuiient
negligible; (c) piecise model.
Z
R ,X
R ,X
m
t m
t m

+
( )
q
P
P
out
in
1999 by CRC Press LLC
Magnetic (coie) loss: P
t
P
e
- P
|
V
1
2
/R
t
(64.21)
Coie eddy cuiient loss P
e
Coie hysteiisis loss P
|
Hence:
ZL I
1
2
R
eq
- V
1
2
/R
t
(64.22)
A second concein is uctuation of secondaiy voltage with load. A measuie of this situation is called o|age
regu|aon, which is defned as follows:
(64.23)
wheie V
2FL
iated secondaiy voltage, with the tiansfoimei supplying iated load at a usei-specifed powei
factoi, and V
2NL
secondaiy voltage with the load iemoved (set to zeio), holding the piimaiy voltage at the
full load value.
A complete peifoimance analysis of a 100 kVA 2400/240 V single-phase tiansfoimei is shown in Table 64.1.
64.4 Translurmers in Three-Phase Cunnectiuns
Tiansfoimeis aie fiequently used in thiee-phase connections. Foi thiee identical thiee-winding tiansfoimeis,
nine windings must be accounted foi. The thiee sets of windings may be individually connected in wye oi delta
in any combination. The symmetiical component tiansfoimation can be used to pioduce the sequence equiv-
alent ciicuits shown in Fig. 64.7 which aie essentially the ciicuits of Fig. 64.3 with R
t
and X
m
neglected.
The positive and negative sequence ciicuits aie valid foi both wye and delta connections. Howevei, Y-A
connections will pioduce a phase shift which is not accounted foi in these ciicuits.
FIGURE 64.6 Tiansfoimei ciicuit model.
FIGURE 64.7 Sequence equivalent tiansfoimei ciicuits.
Voltage Regulation (VR)
V V
V
NL FL
FL
2 2
2
1999 by CRC Press LLC
TABLE 64.1 Analysis of a Single-Phase 2400:240V 100-kVA Tiansfoimei
Voltage and Powei Ratings
HV (Line-V) LV (Line-V) S (Total-kVA)
2400 240 100
Test Data
Shoit Ciicuit (HV) Values Open Ciicuit (LV) Values
Voltage 211.01 240.0 volts
Cuiient 41.67 22.120 ampeies
Powei 1400.0 787.5 watts
Equivalent Ciicuit Values (in ohms)
Values iefeiied to HV Side LV Side Pei-Unit
Seiies Resistance 0.8064 0.008064 0.01400
Seiies Reactance 4.9997 0.049997 0.08680
Shunt Magnetizing Reactance 1097.10 10.9714 19.05
Shunt Coie Loss Resistance 7314.30 73.1429 126.98
Powei Factoi Effciency Voltage Powei Factoi Effciency Voltage
(-) (%) Regulation (%) (-) (%) Regulation (%)
0.0000 lead 0.00 -8.67 0.9000 lag 97.54 5.29
0.1000 lead 82.92 -8.47 0.8000 lag 97.21 6.50
0.2000 lead 90.65 -8.17 0.7000 lag 96.81 7.30
0.3000 lead 93.55 -7.78 0.6000 lag 96.28 7.86
0.4000 lead 95.06 -7.27 0.5000 lag 95.56 8.26
0.5000 lead 95.99 -6.65 0.4000 lag 94.50 8.54
0.6000 lead 96.62 -5.89 0.3000 lag 92.79 8.71
0.7000 lead 97.07 -4.96 0.2000 lag 89.56 8.79
0.8000 lead 97.41 -3.77 0.1000 lag 81.09 8.78
0.9000 lead 97.66 -2.16 0.0000 lag 0.00 8.69
1.0000 - 97.83 1.77
Rated load peifoimance at powei factoi 0.866 lagging.
Secondaiy Quantities; LOW Voltage Side Piimaiy Quantities; HIGH Voltage Side
SI Units Pei-Unit SI Units Pei-Unit
Voltage 240 volts 1.0000 Voltage 2539 volts 1.0577
Cuiient 416.7 ampeies 1.0000 Cuiient 43.3 ampeies 1.0386
Appaient powei 100.0 kVA 1.0000 Appaient powei 109.9 kVA 1.0985
Real powei 86.6 kW 0.8660 Real powei 88.9 kW 0.8888
Reactive powei 50.0 kvai 0.5000 Reactive powei 64.6 kvai 0.6456
Powei factoi 0.8660 lag 0.8660 Powei factoi 0.8091 lag 0.8091
Effciency 97.43%; voltage iegulation 5.77%.
1999 by CRC Press LLC
The zeio sequence ciicuit iequiies special modifcation to account foi wye, delta connections. Considei
winding 1:
1. Solid giounded wye - shoit 1 to 1.
2. Giound wye thiough -Z
n
- connect 1 to 1 thiough 3-Z
n
.
3. Ungiounded wye - leave 1 to 1 open.
4. Delta - shoit 1 to iefeience.
Winding sets 2 and 3 inteiconnections pioduce similai connection constiaints at teiminals 2-2 and 3-3,
iespectively.
Thiee identical tiansfoimeis aie to be used in a thiee-phase system. They aie connected at theii
teiminals as follows:
Winding set 1 wye, giounded thiough -Z
n
Winding set 2 wye, solid giound
Winding set 3 delta
The zeio sequence netwoik is as shown.
Phase Shilt in Y~A Cunnectiuns
The positive and negative sequence netwoiks piesented in Fig. 64.7 aie misleading in one impoitant detail. Foi
Y-Y oi A-A connections, it is always possible to label the phases in such a way that theie is no phase shift
between coiiesponding piimaiy and secondaiy quantities. Howevei, foi Y-A oi A-Y connections, it is impos-
sible to label the phases in such a way that no phase shift between coiiesponding quantities is intioduced. ANSI
standaid C57.12.10.17.3.2 is as follows:
For e|er wye-Je|a or Je|a-wye tonnetons, |ases s|a|| |e |a|e|eJ n sut| a way |a ose sequente
quanes on |e |g| o|age sJe |eaJ |er torresonJng ose sequente quanes on |e |ow o|age
sJe |y J0
o
. T|e e[[et on negae sequente quanes may |e |e reerse, .e., HV a|ues lag LV a|ues |y J0
o
.
This 30
o
phase shift is no accounted foi in the sequence netwoiks of Fig. 64.7. The effect only appeais in the
positive and negative sequence netwoiks; the zeio sequence netwoik quantities aie unaffected.
The Three-Phase Translurmer
It is possible to constiuct a device (called a thiee-phase tians-
foimei) which allows the phase uxes to shaie common magnetic
ietuin paths. Such designs allow consideiable savings in coie
mateiial, and coiiesponding economies in cost, size, and weight.
Positive and negative sequence impedances aie equal; howevei,
the zeio sequence impedance may be diffeient. Otheiwise the
ciicuits of Fig. 64.7 apply as discussed pieviously.
Determining Per-Phase Equiva!ent Circuit
Ya!ues lur Puver Translurmers
One method of obtaining such data is thiough testing. Considei the pioblem of obtaining tiansfoimei equiv-
alent ciicuit data fiom shoit-ciicuit tests. A numeiical example will claiify pei-unit scaling consideiations.
1999 by CRC Press LLC
The shoit-ciicuit test ciicuit aiiangement is shown in Fig. 64.8. The objective is to deiive equivalent ciicuit
data fiom the test data piovided in Fig. 64.8. Note that measuiements aie made in winding ", with winding
," shoited, and winding |" left open. The shoit ciicuit impedance, looking into winding " with the
tiansfoimei so teiminated is designated as Z
,
. The indices , ,, and |, can be 1, 2, oi 3.
The impedance calculations aie done in pei-unit; base values aie piovided in Fig. 64.8(c). The tiansfoimei
iatings of the tiansfoimei of Fig. 64.2(a) would conventionally be piovided as follows:
3o 3W Tiansfoimei
15kVY/115kVY/4.157kVA
100/100/20 MVA
wheie 3o means that the tiansfoimei is a thiee-phase piece of equipment (as opposed to an inteiconnection
of thiee single-phase devices). 3W means thiee thiee-phase windings (actually nine windings). Usually the
schematic is supplied also. The 15 kV iating is the |ne (phase-to-phase) value; thiee-phase appaiatus is always
iated in |ne values. Y" means winding No. 1 is inteinally wye connected. 115kVY means that 115 kV is the
line voltage iating, and winding No. 2 is wye connected. In 4.157kVA, again, 4.157kV" is the line voltage iating,
and winding No. 3 is delta connected. 100/100/20 MVA aie the oa| (3o) powei iatings foi the piimaiy,
secondaiy, and teitiaiy winding, iespectively; thiee-phase appaiatus is always iated in thiee-phase teims.
The pei-unit bases foi S
3obase
100 MVA aie piesented in Fig. 64.8(b). Calculating the shoit-ciicuit imped-
ances fiom the test data in Fig. 64.8(c):
FIGURE 64.8 Tiansfoimei ciicuit data fiom shoit-ciicuit tests. (a) Setup foi tiansfoimei shoit-ciicuit tests;
(b) tiansfoimei data; (c) shoit-ciicuit test data; (d) shoit-ciicuit impedance values in pei-unit.
Z
V
I
R
R
I
X Z R
,

,
, , ,

line
line
line
/
/
3
3
3
1
2
2 2
o
1999 by CRC Press LLC
Now calculate the tiansfoimei impedances fiom the shoit-ciicuit impedances:
Results aie shown in Fig. 64.8(d). Obseive that the Y-A winding connections had no impact on the calculations.
Anothei detail deseives mention. Although the ieal and ieactive paits of the shoit-ciicuit impedances (-Z
12
,
-Z
23
, --Z
31
) will always be positive, this is not tiue foi the tiansfoimei impedances (--Z
1
, --Z
2
, --Z
3
). One oi
moie of these can be, and fiequently is, negative foi actual shoit-ciicuit data. Negative values undeiscoie that
the ciicuit of Fig. 64.7 is a or equa|en ciicuit, pioducing coiiect values at the winding teiminals.
64.5 Aututranslurmers
Tiansfoimei windings, though magnetically coupled, aie electiically isolated fiom each othei. It is possible to
enhance ceitain peifoimance chaiacteiistics foi tiansfoimeis by electiically inteiconnecting piimaiy and sec-
ondaiy windings. Such devices aie called autotransformers. The benefts to be iealized aie lowei cost, smallei
size and weight, highei effciency, and bettei voltage iegulation. The basic connection is illustiated in Fig. 64.9.
The issues will be demonstiated with an example.
Considei the conventional connection, shown in Fig. 64.9(a).
FIGURE 64.9 Autotiansfoimei connection. (a) Conventional step-up connection; (b) autotiansfoimei connection; (c)
pait (b) iediawn.
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
1 12 23 31
2 23 13 12
3 31 12 23
1
2
1
2
1
2
+

+

+

V aV
I
a
I
S V I V I S
2 1
2 1
1 1 2 2
1

iating load
1999 by CRC Press LLC
Now foi the autotiansfoimei:
Foi the same effective iatio
1 - | a
Theiefoie each winding iating is:
Foi example if | 1 (a 2)
S
iating
1/2 S
load
meaning that the tiansfoimei iating is only 50% of the load.
The piincipal advantage of the autotiansfoimei is the incieased powei iating. Also, since the losses iemain
the same, expiessed as a peicentage of the new iating, they go down, and coiiespondingly, the effciency goes
up. The machine impedances in pei unit diop foi similai ieasons. A disadvantage is the loss of electiical isolation
between piimaiy and secondaiy. Also, low impedance is not necessaiily good, as we shall see when we study
faults on powei systems. Autotiansfoimeis aie used in thiee-phase connections and in voltage contiol appli-
cations.
Dehning Terms
Autotransformer: A tiansfoimei whose piimaiy and secondaiy windings aie electiically inteiconnected.
Polarity: Consideiation of in-phase oi out-of-phase ielations of piimaiy and secondaiy ac cuiients and
voltages.
Primary: The souice-side winding.
Secondary: The load-side winding.
Tap: An electiical teiminal that peimits access to a winding at a paiticulai physical location.
Transformer: A device which conveits ac voltage and cuiient to diffeient levels at essentially constant powei
and fiequency.
Re!ated Tupics
1.3 Tiansfoimeis 3.4 Powei and Eneigy 3.5 Thiee-Phase Ciicuits
Relerences
ANSI Standaid C57, New Yoik: Ameiican National Standaids Institute.
S. J. Chapman, E|etrt Mat|nery FunJamena|s, 2nd ed, New Yoik: McGiaw-Hill, 1991.
V. Del Toio, Bast E|etrt Mat|nes, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Pientice-Hall, 1990.
M.E. El-Hawaiy, E|etrt Power Sysems. Desgn anJ na|yss, Reston, Va.: Reston Publishing, 1983.
O.I. Elgeid, E|etrt Energy Sysems T|eory. n InroJuton, 2nd ed., New Yoik: McGiaw-Hill, 1982.
R. Feinbuig, MoJern Power Trans[ormer Pratte, New Yoik: Wiley, 1979.
A.E. Fitzgeiald, C. Kingsley, and S. Umans, E|etrt Mat|nery, 5th ed., New Yoik: McGiaw-Hill, 1990.
V V |V | V
I I |I | I
2 1 1 1
1 2 2 2
1
1
+ +
+ +
( )
( )
S S
|
|
iated load

_
,

1
1999 by CRC Press LLC
C. A. Gioss, Power Sysems na|yss, 2nd ed., New Yoik: Wiley, 1986.
N.N. Hancock, Marx na|yss o[ E|etrta| Mat|nery, 2nd ed., Oxfoid: Peigamon, 1974.
E. Lowden, Pratta| Trans[ormer Desgn HanJ|oo|, 2nd ed, Blue Ridge Summit, Pa.: TAB, 1989.
G. McPheison, n InroJuton o E|etrta| Mat|nes anJ Trans[ormers, New Yoik: Wiley, 1981.
A. J. Pansini, E|etrta| Trans[ormers, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pientice-Hall, 1988.
G.R. Slemon, Magneoe|etrt Detes, New Yoik: Wiley, 1966.
R. Stein and W. T. Hunts, Ji., E|etrt Power Sysem Comonens. Trans[ormers anJ Roang Mat|nes, New Yoik:
Van Nostiand Reinhold, 1979.
Further Inlurmatiun
Foi a compiehensive coveiage of geneial tiansfoimei theoiy, see Chaptei 2 of E|etrt Mat|nes by G.R. Slemon
and A. Stiaughen (Addison-Wesley, 1980). Foi tiansfoimei standaids, see ANSI Standaid C57. Foi a detailed
explanation of tiansfoimei pei-unit scaling, see Chaptei 5 of Power Sysems na|yss by C.A. Gioss (John Wiley,
1986). Foi design infoimation see Pratta| Trans[ormer Desgn HanJ|oo| by E. Lowden (TAB, 1989).