SCRIPTA CLASSICA.

RADU ARDEVAN SEXAGENARIO DEDICATA

BOOK EDITED WITH THE FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF THE ROMANIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (ANCS)

 B AB E -B OL Y AI UNIVERSITY, CLUJ -NAPOCA D EPART MEN T OF AN CIE NT HISTORY A ND ARCHAEOLOG Y CEN T RE FOR ROMAN STUDIES

RADU ARDEVAN SEXAGENARIO DEDICATA

SCRIPTA CLASSICA.

EDITORS: IOAN PISO Viorica Rusu-Bolinde RADA VARGA Silvia Musta EUGeNIA BeU-DACHIN LIGIA RUSCU

MEGA PUBLISHING HOUSE CLUJ-NAPOCA 2011

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei SCRIPTA CLASSICA : Radu Ardevan sexagenario dedicata / editors : Ioan Piso, Viorica Rusu-Bolinde, Rada Varga, ... Cluj-Napoca : Mega, 2011. ISBN 978-606-543-196-6. I. Piso, Ioan (ed.) II. Rusu-Bolinde, Viorica (ed.) III. Varga, Rada (ed.) 082.2 (Ardevan, R.) 902 (498) (082) 904 (498) (082)

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SCRIPTA CLASSICA. Radu Ardevan sexagenario dedicata Cluj-Napoca 2011 465474

COINS WITHIN THE FUNERARY CONTEXT OF THE ROMAN NECROPOLIS FROM APULUM STADION
Constantin INEL

Abstract: The detailed analysis of numismatic pieces from the context of the Roman necropolis from Apulum Stadion, based on two main criteria numismatic and archaeological, offers complex data that may be utilised in future comparative studies for the phenomenon of placing coin in graves of Roman period, being known the fact that this habit will be taken over and will be mantained in christianity, during the centuries that followed the abandonment of the province Dacia. If for the Roman necropolis from Apulum Stadion, out of the total of cca 1024 graves, in 88 from these were found 97 coins, the resulting percentage being of ca 8.5%, for other necropolises researched partially percentages were slightly lower under this level. In fact, researches of funerary archaeology for Roman Dacia, emphasize town Apulum, with more than 1700 of biritual graves, and from this perspective it is clear that also the greatest number of coin placed in grave is significantly higher, and percentages of graves with coin in inventory will be bigger in proportion as researches in the funerary areas identified will exhaust surfaces of these necropolises. The necropolis approached in the present study is close from terminating research of the whole area of development, so that it is probable percents to modify slightly as far as preference for this habit of coin placement is concerned. Keywords: coins; funerary archaeology; Apulum; necropolis.

Problematic issues concerning discoveries of coins in funerary context for classic antiquity were intensely discussed, beginning with the end of the 19th century and throughout the whole 20th century. In the recent volume dealing with the main aspects of funerary phenomenon from Roman Dacia Funeraria Dacoromana, a special approach is dedicated to the coin in funerary context1. Thus, to classic interpretation given for the coin placed in graves as Charons obol2 superposes the new terminology proposed by thecoin of the deceased3 as extended expression that may include more possible practices (offerings of coins, coin-amulet etc). For Roman Dacia the mentioned study brings a catalogue of graves with coin that includes approximately 171 graves out of a total approximated at the date of the volumes release of 2640 ofgraves for Dacia4. By this date, only for Apulum the archaeological researches unearthed more than 1700 ofRoman graves, so that data concerning inventories of these graves will bring considerable increases also for the number of graves with coin.
1 2 3 4

Pslaru 2003, 4482 with bibliography. Pslaru 2003, with bibliography cited on notes 112. Pslaru 2003, with bibliography cited to K. Grinder-Hansen (p.44, note 2). Pslaru 2003, 82.

466 Constantin INEL

For the Roman necropolis from Apulum Stadion, which is the object of the present study, the comparative analysis of the existence of the coin in funerary context is quite difficult, if it were to mention only the fact that research of this necropolis was carried out on several stages, recording of archaeological data and even existence of efficient and complete site documents is very unsatisfactory, so that final data by which one may operate referring to the coin in the funerary context of this necropolis are differently presented by the diverse studies that dealt with this aspect5. That is why, approach of the comparative analysis for coins discovered in the clearly mentioned context of Roman graves, will be performed only based on their identification as being part from the inventory of graves from this necropolis, and for those whose mention is undetermined (in the inventory records they are registered as being discovered in an uncertain context eg. excavations 19801985, Staia de Salvare, archaeological section/area X) will be included in the catalogue of coins from theRoman necropolis from Apulum Stadion, expressing reservations, also because for some situations, theRoman coin was reused in early medieval graves discovered in Statia de Salvare, while others do not have specified the exact location of discovery, thus it may only be assumed the fact that these may result from the inventory of some graves. Anyhow, discussion about these coins is incomplete without researching the site documents (unfortunately, for the remembered period we do not have thecomplete documentation at hand)6. Complex inventory of Roman graves from Apulum Stadion necropolis includes for some ofthese also coin as offering/Charons obol. Thus, out of the total of more than 1000 graves discovered until present in Apulum Stadion necropolis, coins are recorded only in the inventory of approximately 88 graves, which means only 8.5% for this necropolis, sligthly above the minimum of 6.48% for graves analysed in the remembered article for Dacia province7.

Roman necropolis Apulum Stadion

Necropolis sector STAIA DE SALVARE STAIA DE SALVARE OMV
5 6

Period of research Total of graves 197919808 198119859 200210 186 149 176

Incineration 112 88 152

Inhumation 74 61 24

Coins/number ofgraves 29/28 34/31 17/16

8 9 10

Bljan, Stoicovici 1994, 5974; Pslaru 2003, 5762; Gzdac et alii 2009. For example at a general gathering of coins recorded by inventories of the National Museum of Union Alba Iulia, as resulting from researches afferent to the area of the Roman necropolis that we named Apulum Stadion (which includes also discoveries previously mentioned as Staia de Salvare, respectively Spitalul Veterinar), wenoticed that there are registered approximately 101 Roman coins. On a thorough analysis only for 52 of them we have the clearly mentioned context as being discovered within the inventory of Roman graves from this necropolis, while for the others, either their recording is incomplete not mentioning the exact place / archaeological complex that they come from, or it didnt exist at the date of recording sufficient data to ensure their exact recording. That is why, in the specialised study published by Bljan, Stoicovici 1994, are remembered 33 Roman coins as resulting from 31 of graves from the area of this necropolis, and in inventories of the museum are found only 21 clearly mentioning provenience from graves. The rest may be hardly determined as belonging to some graves, this thing not being stated at the moment of their inventory. Pslaru 2003, 82. Also in this study are catalogued 49 coins discovered in graves from Apulum, in both Roman necropolises, as well as other 20 coins discovered in the area of the necropolises, by 10 until the Aurelian retreat, and another 10 from the Diocletian-Gratian period, all are assumed to be part from funerary context (5762). Research team 19791980 (October 1979, 16th of April30th of December 1980): M. Bljan, Al. Popa, I. erban. Wewant to thank M. Bljan (March 2009), for the relevant information. Research team 19811985: I. erban, H. Ciugudean, V.Moga, Cl. Blu, I. Al. Aldea. We want to thank H.Ciugudean (November 2009), for the relevant information. Research team OMV 2002 (13th of March20th of April 2002): C. Inel, M. Drmbrean, A. Gligor, A. Dragot, R.Ciobanu (National Museum of Union Alba Iulia), G. Rustoiu, D.O. Dan (County Office for Culture and National Cultural Heritage, Alba County).

Coins within the funerary context of the Roman necropolis from Apulum Stadion 467
Coins/number ofgraves 7/7 6/6 93/88 (cca. 8.5%)

Necropolis sector PROFI STADION TOTAL OF COINS/ NUMBER OF GRAVES

Period of research Total of graves 200211200312 2010

13

Incineration 347 98 52/49

Inhumation 50 8 45/39

397 >106 1024

19802010

Table 1. Distribution of coins in Roman necropolis Apulum Stadion. Coins discovered in the funerary context of the necropolis are analysed according to two main criteria: numismatic criteria and archaeological criteria (context of discovery).

1. Numismatic criteria
From this point of view coins are analysed according to issuer, type of coin (denomination) and their composition (metal). 1. 1. Statistics by issuing emperors. As far as situation of coins by issuers is concerned it is noticeable that the most used coins are those issued by Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, followed by those issued by Septimius Severus and Alexander Severus.
ISSUER Gaius Agrippa Nero Iulia-Claudia Dynasty Vespasian: Titus Nerva Traian Hadrian Hadrian: Sabina Antoninus Pius Antoninus Pius: M.Aurelius (Caesar) Antoninus Pius: Diva Faustina I Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Marcus Aurelius / Lucius Verus Marcus Aurelius: Lucius Verus Marcus Aurelius: Commodus Marcus Aurelius: Diva Faustina II Marcus Aurelius: Lucilla Marcus Aurelius: Faustina II/Lucilla/Crispina Commodus Septimius Severus Septimius Severus: Iulia Domna Septimius Severus: Caracalla (Augustus) Septimius Severus: Geta (Caesar) Caracalla Elagabal
11

Coins from Apulum Stadion necropolis 1 1 1 1 3 4 16 1 12 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 7 2 2 1 5 4

12 13

Research team Profi 2002 (21st of August 31st of October 2002): A.Dragot (National Museum of Union Alba Iulia), G.Rustoiu (Alba County Office for Culture and National Cultural Heritage), D.-S. Brnda (National Museum of Union Alba Iulia). Research team Profi 2003 (21st of April 15th of August 2003): A.Dragotsite supervisor, C.Plantos, D.-S. Brnda (National Museum of Union Alba Iulia), G. Rustoiu (Alba County Office for Culture and National Cultural Heritage). Research team Stadion 2010 (25 July September 2010): C. Inel site supervisor, O. Oarg, A. Bolog (NationalMuseum of Union Alba Iulia).

468 Constantin INEL

ISSUER Severus Alexander Severus Alexander: Iulia Mamaea Philippus I: Otacilia Severa Philippus I: Philippus II (Caesar) Unidentified coins: Total of coins

Coins from Apulum Stadion necropolis 10 1 1 2 3 93

Table 2. Coins from Apulum Stadion necropolis. Statistics by issuing emperors 1. 1. Statistics by denominations. As far as preference for denominations is concerned, theas predominated by far, being followed by the bronze coin (AE), while the denarius is found in the area of the necropolis, more rarely in graves (as inventory) and especially for the period of Severan dynasty.
Denomination Total of denominations Denarius 15 (5 subaerati) Sestertius 4 Dupondius 2 As 59 AE 13 Total of pieces 93

1. 2. Statistics by the metal from the coin composition. It was shown a strong preference for the bronze coin, of low value, while silver is very rarely placed in graves, it appearing in the area of the necropolis in different contextes. In Annexe II are presented also metallographic analyses of coins discovered in researches carried out between 20022003.
Metal Number of pieces Silver 15 Bronze 78 Total of findings 93

1. Archaeological criteria As for the archaeological contexts in which coin appears in grave, are followed frequency of associations of pieces, so that there could be noticed certain predispositions, respectively the coin appears most frequently associated with ceramics (in a fragmentary state or whole vessels) or by itself, and in other cases associated with earthenware lamps, bronze or iron pieces. a. Association of coin with ceramics appears in more than 30 cases: M32/S9; M25/S12; M27/ S15; M29/S15; M20/S18; M2/S20; M16/S23; M7/S28; M1/S38; M4/S41 (all from 19811985). b. Association of coin with cu earthenware lamps appears in 7 situations: M26/S11; M25/S12; M39/S13; M20/S18; M10/S34 (19811985). c. Association of coin with unguentarium is attested in 2 situations. d. Association of coin with metal appears in 9 situations: d.1. 4 cases of association coin bronze bracelets: M33/S8; M32/S9; M27/S15 (from 19811985); d.2. 1 case of coin-small bell made of bronze: M26/S11 (from 19811985); d.3. 4 cases coin-fragments of iron pieces: M33/S18; M14/S38. e. Association of coin with pieces of clothing 1 case (coin with button): M5/S23 (19811985). f. Association of coin with jewels 3 cases: M5/S33 (beads); M7/S41 (gold necklace beads and semi-precious stone) (both from 19811985). g. In 2 cases a whetstone made of gritstone also appears next to the coin: M36/S18 and M10/ S34 (19811985). h. In 2 cases also glass pieces gutti, appear associated: M39/S13; M29/S15 (both from period 19811985).

Coins within the funerary context of the Roman necropolis from Apulum Stadion 469

i. In more than 20 cases only the coin itself appears in the inventory of graves: M25/S5; M20/ S6; M10/S15; M22/S15; M16/S20; M13/S37; M9/S39; (all from 19811985); M6/S6; M10/S6; M2/ S2a; M10/S1 (all from OMV). j. In several cases associations of more coins in the grave appear, practice attested more inthe4th century14: j.1. In 6 cases two coins appear associated in a grave: M32/S10 (19811985); M75, M243, M309, M702 (from 1980); M2/S2a (OMV); j.2. In 2 cases three coins appear associated in a grave: M7/S41 (19811985); M489 from 1980. Chronologically, coins discovered in graves also from the area of the necropolis from Apulum Stadion are grouped this way: Emissions from the 1st century: 8 pieces; Emissions from the 2nd century: 56 pieces; Emissions from the 3rd century: 26 pieces; Unidentified: 3 pieces. As for chronological disposal of coins in graves it reflects somehow changes of rite which shows that inhumation gained considerable ground in the 3rd century before incineration dominant ever since the 2nd century. Thus, coins issued in the 3rd century were found in more inhumation graves (7pieces, by comparison with 2 pieces found in incineration graves). Respectively, coins of 2nd century predominate in incineration graves (15 pieces by comparison with 9 pieces found in inhumation graves). For necropolis from Apulum Stadion coins were put in the grave in more places. Position ofcoins for inhumation graves is the following: a. in the mouth of the deceased: M21/S3, M8/S17 (Profi); M703, M702, M587, M452 (1980); b. on the chest of the deceased: M702, M70 (1980); c. in the filling of the pit/brick cist: M325, M415, M75 (1980); d. near skull: M4/S9, M1/S10 OMV; M720, M723, M653, M554, M561 (1980). In incineration graves coins were discovered either in the urn (e.g. M7/S6 OMV), or directly in the pit (e. g. M17/S2b OMV), majority of coins presenting evidence of firing, which shows us that these would be buried with the deceased before cremation. Conservation state of coins discovered in the funerary context of the necropolis from Apulum Stadion is different from case to case, usually coins that passed through the funerary rod, during incineration were quite affected. Coins placed in inhumation graves are preserved in some better conditions, but also here are situations when soil acidity affected conservation state. In fact, composition of coins influenced itself the state of conservation, respectively silver coins and suberates are preserved in better conditions than bronze emissions (asses). Metallic structure of coins from Apulum Stadion necropolis is presented in the bulletin of metallographic analyses from Annexe II, made on the whole range of coins from the catalogue presented here15. Silver coins denarii and suberate denarii, represent 16.13% from the total of the studied pieces, there being analysed 15 pieces identified as denominations of silver. In 9 pieces predominates content ofsilver (varying from 67% to more than 95%), other 4 pieces have a silver content between 3.39 21.34%, and for other 2 pieces the content is lower than 1%. Bronze coins constitute the majority of studied pieces, respectively 83.87%, being analysed 78 pieces identified as being made of bronze. Metallographic analyses offer interesting data, percents ofcopper from alloy composition are between 8599 %, there being identified even 2 pieces having 100% copper. Another piece has only 61.96% copper, 4.12% tin, 33.92% lead. Percentage of tin varies also in the alloy from 15%, being part next of diverse smaller pergentages of zinc and lead, from the composition of the bronze alloy.
14 15

Pslaru 2003, 78. We thank the Numismatic Bureau from the National Museum of Romanian History, whose specialists made themetallographic analyses.

470 Constantin INEL

2. Conclusions
Detailed analysis of numismatic pieces from the context of the Roman necropolis from Apulum Stadion, based on two main criteria numismatic and archaeological, offers complex data that may be utilised in future comparative studies for the phenomenon of placing coin in graves of Roman period, being known the fact that this habit will be taken over and will be mantained in christianity, along centuries that followed to departure from Dacia. If for the Roman necropolis from Apulum Stadion, out of the total of ca 1024 graves, in 88 from these were found 93 coins, the resulting percentage being of cca 8.5%, for other necropolises researched partially percentages were slightly lower under this level (Anexe I). In fact, researches of funerary archaeology for Roman Dacia, emphasize town Apulum, with more than 1700 of biritual graves, and from this perspective it is clear that also the greatest number of coin placed in grave is significantly higher, and percentages of graves with coin in inventory will be bigger in proportion as researches in the funerary areas identified will exhaust surfaces of these necropolises. The necropolis approached in the present study is close from terminating research of the whole area of development, so that it is probable percents to modify slightly as far as preference for this habit of coin placement is concerned. As for interpretation given to this phenomenon, we presume also for this case study necropolis from Apulum Stadion, that coins fulfill in general the function of Charons obol, asmanifestation of burial beliefs and rituals. This thing seems plausible also if we analyse presence of coins as only inventory for more from situations presented in the above statistics, respectively a special concern that the family of the deceased had for him/her to pass into the afterlife having this obol, forStyx crossing, obvious care shown even in situations in which graves appear quite poor and careless handled, fact which might determine us to believe that also lower social categories manifested belief that the deceased needed that obol. Concern for the soul of the deceased and not to lack anything in the afterlife, isobvious in cases of offerings, very diverse for some graves, where the most interesting associations appear: vesel-coin-earthenware lamp; coin-bronze-vessel; coin-jewels; coingrooming objects/objects for personal use, etc. Out of the catalogue we made, results that coins were discovered certainly in 46 graves yielding 52 coins, for other 42 (39?) graves being assumed to belong 45 (40?) coins16. Anyway, comparative analysis of pieces associations for inventories of Roman graves, will bring further comments as for affiliation of some definite funerary complexes of the remembered coins as being discovered in the area of the Roman necropolis Staia de Salvare / Stadion. As far as chronological categorization is concerned we encounter the following situation: 56pieces for the 2nd century, and 26 pieces for the 3rd century, yet also 8 pieces from the 1st century were used as obol. From this point of view, it is demonstrated that Charons obol was most frequently a coin issued a long time ago, even coins of the 2nd century could be used a long time after their emission, even throughout the 3rd century (possibly also subsequently), analogies being encountered both in Dacia and in the Roman world, if it were to remeber here only the situation from Worms17, where in the necropolis from Mainzer Strae 16, coins of 2nd century were used for a long period of time.
16

17

Due to difficulty of identifying the funerary complex in which appeared, respectively in inventorying some pieces the archaeological complex was not written down, only generically Staia de Salvare and period of discovery, yet in numismatic catalogues made for the two periods of research 1980, respectively 19811985, appear graves with coin which only when thorough examinated may be placed in inventory of some funerary complex). That is why, the catalogue we published in this present study was named Catalogul monedelor din necropola Apulum Stadion (Catalogue of the coins from Apulum Stadion necropolis) and not from graves of the necropolis. As a matter of fact, on the authenticity of identifying the discovery context for some of the placements of coins, we have serius reservations, if it were to remember here only two cases mentioned in the study of Bljan, Stoicovici 1994. We refer to positions from their catalogue no. 18 (M309) recorded as being an early medieval inhumation grave, no.24 (M489), in both cases coins discovered are worn around neck, in necklaces of beads, so that the 3 Roman coins mentioned for M489 (dupondius and as from Hadrianus, respectively perforated semis) may be part also from an early medieval inhumation grave, such are known numerous cases of reusing the Roman coin in context of inhumations from the early Middle Ages. In this contex, these pieces will be used, having considerable reservations, in discussions about presence of coins in the Roman graves. Grunewald 1990, 8291.

Coins within the funerary context of the Roman necropolis from Apulum Stadion 471

Taking over of Charons obol custom by Danubian populations, occured only after these lands were Romanized. Situation is also evident for Dacia, especially through the recent discoveries from Alburnus Maior, where were researched more incineration necropolises in the spots from Hop-Guri, Tul Cornii, arina, Jig-Vidoaia the first two being published18; it was reflected the practice of this custom also in immigrant populations, as well as it exists in autochtonous populations in Obreja19, Soporu de Cmpie20 etc. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alburnus Maior I Alburnus Maior III Babe 1970 Bljan, Popa 1981 Bljan, Stoicovici 1994 Gzdac et alii 2009 Grnewald 1990 Moga 1987 Pslaru 2003 Protase 1959a Protase 1959b Protase 1961 Protase 1971 Protase 1974 Protase 1976 Inel et alii 2002 P. Damian (coord.), Alburnus Maior I, Bucureti 2003. P. Damian (coord.), Alburnus Maior III. Necropola roman de incineraie de la Tul Corna, partea I, ClujNapoca 2008. M. Babe, Zu den Bestattungsarten im nrdlichen Flachgrberfeld von Romula. Ein Beitrag zur Grabtypologie des rmischen Daziens, Dacia N.S., XIV, 1970, 167207. M. Bljan, Al. Popa, Cercetrile arheologice de la Alba Iulia Staia de salvare, MCA, XV, 1981, 375380. M. Bljan, E. Stoicovici, Studiul numismatic i metalografic al monedelor descoperite recent la Alba Iulia (19791981), Marisia, XXIIIXXIV, 1994, 5974. C. Gzdac, V. Suciu, A. Alfldy-Gzdac, Apulum, CRSCRCR, vol. V, ClujNapoca 2009. M. Grnewald, Der rmische Nordfriedhof in Worms. Funde von der Mainzer Strasse, Worms 1990. V. Moga, Cercetri arheologice la Apulum, Apulum, XXIV, 1987, 157168. M. Pslaru, Obolul lui Charon. In: M. Brbulescu (coord.), Funeraria Dacoromana. Arheologia funerar a Daciei romane, ClujNapoca 2003, 4482. D. Protase, antierul Alba Iulia i mprejurimi, MCA, V, 1959, 433452. D. Protase, antierul arheologic Alba Iulia, MCA, VI, 1959, 397405. D. Protase, Spturile de la Alba Iulia, MCA,VII, 1961, 407410. D. Protase, Riturile funerare la daci i daco-romani, Bucureti 1971. D. Protase, Necropola oraului Apulum, Apulum, XII, 1974, 134159. D. Protase, Soporu de Cmpie, Bucureti 1976. C. Inel, M. Drmbrean, A.Gligor, A.Dragot, R.Ciobanu, G. Rustoiu, D.O. Dan, Raport preliminar privind cercetrile arheologice de la Alba Iulia-Apulum II Stadion, campania martie-aprilie 2002, Patrimonium Apulense, II, Alba Iulia 2002, 142145.

Constantin Inel National Museum of the Union, Alba Iulia inel_constantin@yahoo.com

18 19 20

Alburnus Maior I, 211212; Alburnus Maior III, 91, 105, 134, 143, 148, 164, 179, 184, 201, 226227. Protase 1971, 9697. Protase 1976, 2030, 35.

472 Constantin INEL

ANEXA I The situation of the coins from the Apulum Stadion necropolis issue/type criterion
Denomination: Denomination: Denomination: Denomination: Denomination: Total DENARIUS SESTERTIUS DUPONDIUS AS AE emitent Gaius Agrippa 1 1 Nero 1 1 IuliaClaudia Dynasty 1 1 Vespasian: Titus 1 1 Nerva 3 3 Traian 4 4 Hadrian 16 16 Hadrian: Sabina 1(dupondius?) 1 Antoninus Pius 1 11 12 Antoninus Pius: M. Aurelius 1 1 (Caesar) Antoninus Pius: Diva 1 1 Faustina I Marcus Aurelius 1 (subaerat) 1 1 3 Lucius Verus 1 1 Marcus Aurelius / Lucius 1 1 Verus Marcus Aurelius: Lucius 1 1 Verus Marcus Aurelius: Commodus 1 1 Marcus Aurelius: Diva 2 1 3 Faustina II Marcus Aurelius: Lucilla 1 1 Marcus Aurelius: 1 1 Faustina II/Lucilla/Crispina Commodus 1 1 Septimius Severus 2 1 4 7 Septimius Severus: Iulia 1 (subaerat) 1 2 Domna Septimius Severus: Caracalla 1 (subaerat) 1 2 (Augustus) Septimius Severus: Geta 1 1 (Caesar) Caracalla 1 2 2 5 Elagabal 2 (1 subaerat) 2 4 Severus Alexander 6 (1 subaerat) 1 1 (as?) 1 1 10 Severus Alexander: Iulia 1 1 Mamaea Philippus I: Otacilia Severa 1 1 Philippus I: Philippus II 1 1 2 (Caesar) Unidentifiable coins 1 2 3 Total denominations: 15 4 2 59 13 93 (5 subaerati) ISSUER

Coins within the funerary context of the Roman necropolis from Apulum Stadion 473

ANEXA II Metal analyses report for the coins of the Apulum Stadion necropolis
Crt. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Inventory no. 8591 av 8591 rv 8587 av 7241 av 7258 av 7166 av 8585 av 8582 av 8581 av 8580 av 7146 av 7683 av 7687 av 7237 av 7236 av 8583 av 8738 av 8737 av 8588 av 7253 av 7684 av 7228 av 7682 av 7681 av 7680 av 7259 av 7257 av 7233 av 7232 av (green) 7231 av 7229 av 7230 av 8736 av (green) 8735 av (green) 8579 av 7676 av 7242 av 8592 av 7168 av (green) 7165 av 7678 av 7145 av 8578 av (dark reen) 7685 av Cr Fe Mn Ni 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Cu 91.05 95.43 99.88 97.75 96.52 99.08 84.27 89.52 99.61 97.8 89.12 99.47 99.36 98.71 88.4 99.78 96.68 99.5 100 99.65 95.45 98.58 87.4 98.56 99.64 98.05 99.01 87.13 99.69 99.52 98.27 99.58 98.35 95.04 100 93.06 81.77 95 99.57 93.17 90.61 95.87 99.02 99.71 Ag 0.001 As 0.001 0.001 0.001 Au Bi Sn 4.86 2.72 Zn 3.42 1.04 Pb 0.26 0.38 0.001 0.79 2.24 0.68 10.91 0.62 0.21 0.25 2.18 0.47 0.24 1.29 2.2 0.001 0.58 0.33 0.001 0.35 2.1 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.23 0.45 0.19 3.32 0.24 0.13 0.47 0.25 0.29 4.09 0.001 3.14 0.2 3.04 0.001 0.15 1.58 0.92 0.11 0.12

0.2

0.41 0.43 0.12 0.12 1.17 0.17 0.23 0.12 0.8 0.001 0.19 0.23 0.07 0.09 0.001 0.41 0.22 1.02 0.17 0.001 0.001 0.09 0.19 0.52 0.36 0.13 0.001 0.23 0.36 0.07 0.35 0.38 0.17 1.06

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.001 0.001

0.001

0.16 1.06 0.001 4.7 4.31 0.18 1.11 8.47 0.31 9 0.95 0.001 0.77

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

4.75 0.65

0.001 0.001

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.001

2.36 0.16

0.72 11.91 0.22 0.72 1.5 0.57 4.06

0.001 0.001 0.001

5.12

0.67

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.59 0.001 0.001 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.49 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.21 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.15 0.25 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.3 0.15 2.68 1.18 17.2 0.44

0.58 0.001 0.29 0.001 0.11 0.16 0.34 0.33 0.25 0.1 0.12 0.001 0.59 0.17

0.001 0.001 0.001

6.09 7.72 2.23 0.28

0.34 0.87

474 Constantin INEL

45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

7679 av 7677 av 7226 av 8577 av 7139 av 7227 av 7150 av 7692 av 7260 av 7696 av 7255 av 7695 av 8586 av 7143 av 8593 av 8589 av 8741 av 7694 av 7167 av 7171 av 7140 av 7141 av 7138 av 7163 av 7148 av 7144 av 7137 av 7249 av 0.001 7247 av (red) 7246 av 7147 av 8590 av 7250 av 7250 rv 7248 av 7235 av 7693 av 7691 av 7690 av 7689 av 7244 av 7688 av 7162 av 7136 av 7149 av 8594 av 8584 av 7686 av 7239 av 7240 av 8739 av 8740 av 8740 rv

0.14 0.11 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.17 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.07 0.36 0.11 0.07 0.001 0.13 0.001 0.23 0.32 1.65 0.17 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.16 0.17 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.1 0.14 0.09 0.13 0.49 0.001 0.07 0.35 0.001 0.07 0.17 0.001 0.31 0.13 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.33 0.001 0.1 0.09 0.69 0.83

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.18 0.11 0.08 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.14 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.28 0.98 0.001 0.001 0.12 0.24 0.08 0.16 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.66 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.89 0.47 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

99.1 99.21 61.96 100 2.34 99.34 90.89 95.2 97.59 91.81 95.19 98.83 93.89 30.01 87.17 86.13 57.01 96.71 75.78 4.34 13.79 22.97 6.84 98.62 95.73 78.38 4.72 84.14 98.41 92.1 98.59 94.61 93.12 12.59 97.76 92.54 85.37 99.87 95.64 97.59 88.48 94.6 8.4 4.98 96.35 99.45 95.8 94.37 99.69 90.9 99.69 98.67 97.86

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 95.78

0.001

0.001

0.54

0.001

0.74 3.39 0.001 0.001 0.001 67.33 0.001 0.21 0.001 0.001 21.34 93.71 84.15 72.55 91.98 0.001 19.76 94.01 0.001 0.001 0.37 0.001 0.001 6.39 87.15 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.21 0.001 89.45 93.2 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.27

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.13 0.24 0.24 0.2 0.34

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.13 0.34

0.001

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.14

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.12 0.001 0.001 0.18 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.73 0.001 0.83 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

0.16 0.19

0.001

0.26 0.5 0.42 0.25 4.12 0.001 33.92 0.001 1.34 0.19 2.43 4.99 1.49 1.89 2.63 0.57 0.55 1.73 2.88 2.28 2.46 0.76 0.4 4.05 0.33 1.6 0.94 0.001 1.45 1.84 10.2 0.42 11.24 0.67 1.43 10.38 0.74 30.22 2.58 0.54 2.26 0.001 0.49 0.001 0.001 1.7 1.81 0.001 4.29 0.84 0.75 0.2 0.57 2.46 1.73 0.001 0.93 14.96 0.72 0.92 0.001 0.33 1.55 0.001 5.76 0.83 0.32 1.43 3.74 0.001 0.001 0.11 1.28 0.23 6.27 0.85 11.5 3.13 0.07 2.25 1.02 0.92 1.4 10.22 0.12 4.65 0.62 1.42 0.99 3.02 0.62 0.55 3.19 1.01 2.67 1.04 1.59 0.31 7.75 1.25 0.22 0.48 0.27 0.86