Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions Balancing Chemical Reactions Types of Reactions Ionic Equations The Mole and Chemical Equations Limiting Reactants

Chemical equations
Chemists shorthand to describe a reaction. It contains: All reactants All products The state of all substances Any conditions used in the reaction CaCO3 (s)
Reactant
!

CaO (s) +
Products

CO2 (g)

Balancing chemical equations

Each side of a chemical equation must have the same number and type of atoms. It all must add up. CaCO3 (s) Reactants 1 Ca 1C 3O CaO (s) + CO2 (g) Products 1 Ca 1C 3O

Balancing chemical equations

Step 1 Count the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. Step 2 Determine which atoms are not balanced. Step 3 Balance one atom at a time using coefcients in front of one or more chemicals. Step 4 Whenever you feel that things have been balanced, repeat Step 1.

Balance the following

HCl + Ca _____> CaCl2 + H2 Step 1 & 2 1H 1 Cl 1 Ca 2 H - not balanced 2 Cl - not balanced 1 Ca

Balance the following

C2H6 + O2 ___> CO2 + H2O Step 1 & 2 2C 6H 2O 1 C - not balanced 2 H - not balanced 3 O - not balanced

Step 3 Step 4

2 HCl + Ca _____> CaCl2 + H2 2 H 2 Cl 1 Ca 2H 2 Cl 1 Ca

Step 3 Balance big molecule rst, C2H6

C2H6 + O2 ___> 2 CO2 + 3 H2O 2C 6H 2O 2C 6H 7O

Step 4

Balanced equation: 2 HCl + Ca ___> CaCl2 + H2

- not balanced

Balance the following

C2H6 + O2 _____> 2 CO2 + 3 H2O Step 3a C2H6 + 3.5 O2 _____> 2 CO2 + 3 H2O Step 4a 2C 6H 7O 2C 6H 7O Now lets balance for O2

Example. Decomposition of urea

(NH2)2CO + H2O ____> NH3 + CO2 2N 1 N < not balanced 6H 3 H < not balanced 1C 1C 2O 2O We need to double NH3 on the right.

You cant have 3.5 O2 , double the equation! Balanced Equation

2 C2H6 + 7 O2 _____> 4 CO2 + 6 H2O

(NH2)2CO + H2O ____> 2 NH3 + CO2

Another example
CH3OH + PCl5 ___> CH3Cl + POCl3 + H2O 1C 1C 4H 5 H 1O 2O 1P 1P 5 Cl 4 Cl We need another Cl on the right. Increase CH3Cl then recheck.

Another example.
CH3OH + PCl5 _____> 2 CH3Cl + POCl3 + H2O 1C 2C 4H 8H 1O 2O 1P 1P 5 Cl 5 Cl Another C is needed on the left so double CH3OH.

Another example.
2 CH3OH + PCl5 __> 2 CH3Cl + POCl3 + H2O 2C 8H 2O 1P 5 Cl Now its balanced! 2C 8H 2O 1P 5 Cl

Chemical Reactions

Nonredox Combination Double replacement Decomposition

Redox Combination Single replacement Decomposition

Types of chemical reactions

Oxidation and reduction

Chemical reactions where reactants exchange electrons - REDOX Examples of REDOX reactions

Oxidation and reduction

Oxidation - when a reactant loses electron(s). Na (s) Na+ + e-

All types of batteries

alkaline, NiCad, car batteries

Reduction - when a reactant gains electron(s). Cl2 (g) + 2 e2 Cl-

Rusting and corrosion Metabolism

The above are called half reactions and must occur in pairs.

Oxidation and reduction

Together, they make a complete reaction 2 Na (s) 2 Na+ + 2 eCl2 (g) + 2 e2 Cl2 Na(s) + Cl2 (g) 2 Na+ + 2 Cl-

Oxidation and reduction

Assigned redox states. Atoms dont have to gain or lose electrons to be assigned a REDOX value. In a bond, the atom with the higher electronegativity will be given credit for the electron. The other atom will have lost credit. Charges are then assigned as though electrons had actually moved from one atom to the other. H is written rst, more positive, assigned 1+

Sodium gave its electrons to chlorine.

H-F

F is written last, more negative, assigned 1-

Oxidation state
Describes the charge of each element in a chemical. Rules Oxidation state of an element in its natural form is 0. Examples N2, Na, P4, H2

Oxidation states
Even more rules For certain groups, the oxidation is the same as the group number
Group IA Group IIA Group VIIA Oxygen Hydrogen Hydrogen +1 +2 -1 -2 usually +1 if bonded to nonmetal -1 if bonded to metal

For simple ions, the state equals the

Examples Na+, Cl-, Ca2+ charge.

In formula, a positive element is written rst, a negative one is last.

Assign the oxidation states for all elements in a water molecule.

REDOX reactions
Oxidation of O is 0 Oxidation of H is 0

+1 for H

H2O __/ \___

-2 for O

Oxidation of H is 1+
Oxidation of O is 2-

2 x (+1 ) + (-2) = 0 We must have done it right!

2 H 2 + O2

2 H2 O

Example

Example
Find the oxidation state for all elements in:

Use what you know and plug in the difference.

1+
H must be positive since it is written 1st 1+ is assigned

6Oxygen is at the end so must be 2-. Total charge of 6-

HNO3
Hydrogen we know - it must be 1+ Oxygen should be 2- in this case. What about nitrogen?

HNO3
1+ 2-

Now, finding nitrogen is pretty easy. (+1) + (-6) + charge on nitrogen = 0 Nitrogen must have a value of +5

Decomposition reactions
A class of reactions where a single reactant is broken down to form two or more products. It can be either REDOX or NONREDOX. Example. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

Addition or synthesis reactions where two or more reactants combine to form a product. Both REDOX and non-REDOX types. REDOX example 4 Al + 3 O2

2 Al2O3

2 H2O2

2 H2 O + O 2

nonREDOX example SO3 + H2O H2SO4 The reactants are typically simpler substances than the products.

This example is for a REDOX reaction. In this case, oxygen starts as -1 and ends up being both -2 (H2O) and 0 (O2).

Combination reactions

Single replacement reaction

Where one element displaces another in a chemical compound. H2 + CuO Cu + H2O

Double replacement reaction

Double replacement or metathesis is when two reactants swap partners.
AgNO3(aq) + HCl(aq) AgCl(s) + HNO3(aq)

In this example, hydrogen replaces copper. This type of reaction always involves oxidation and reduction (REDOX).

These reactions typically take place for reactants dissolved in water (in solution). They do not involve REDOX.

When ionic substances dissolve in water, they dissociate into ions. AgNO3 HCl
H2O H2O

Ionic equations
To help make the reaction easier to see, we commonly list only the species actually involved in the reaction. Full ionic equation
Ag+ + NO3- + H+ + ClAgCl(s) + H+ + NO3-

Ag+

+ NO3

H+ + Cl-

When a reaction occurs, only some of the ions are actually involved in the reaction.
Ag+ + NO3- + H+ + Cl+ AgCl(s) (s + H + NO3

Net ionic equation Ag+ + Cl-

AgCl(s)

NO3- & H+ are referred to as spectator ions.

Ionic equations

The mole & chemical equations

Stoichiometry The calculation of quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
You need a balanced equation and you WILL work with moles.

Stoichiometry, General steps.

Balance the chemical equation.

Calculate formula weights.

Convert masses to moles.

Use chemical equation to get the needed answer.
Convert back to mass if needed.

Mole calculations
The balanced equation shows the reacting ratio between reactants and products. 2 C2H6 + 7 O2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O

Mole-gram conversion
(just a reminder!)

For each chemical, you can determine the moles of each reactant consumed moles of each product made If you know the formula weight, gram quantities can be used.

How many moles are in 14 g of N2 ? Formula Weight = 2 N x 14.01 g/mol = 28.02 g /mol moles N2 = = 14 g x 1 mol /28.02 g 0.50 moles

Mass calculations

We dont try to measure out whole molar quantities. In most cases this is TOO much material and cant be measured directly We can use measured masses like kilograms, grams or milligrams. The formula weights and the chemical equations allow us to use either mass or molar quantities.

How many grams of hydrogen will be produced if 10.0 grams of calcium is added to an excess of hydrochloric acid? 2 HCl + Ca CaCl2 + H2

Note: We produce one H2 for each calcium. There is excess of HCl so we have all we need.

Mass calculations

Mass calculations
2 HCl + Ca ____> CaCl2 + H2 First - Determine the number of moles of calcium available for the reaction. Moles Ca = grams Ca / FW Ca = 10.0 g / 40.08 g/mole = 0.25 moles Ca

Mass calculations
2 HCl + Ca _____> CaCl2 + H2 10 g Ca = 0.25 moles Ca According to the chemical equation, we get one mole of H2 for each mole of Ca. So we will make 0.25 moles of H2. g H2 produced = moles x FW H2 = 0.25 mol x 2.016 g/mol = 0.504 grams

Mass calculations
How many grams of CaCl2 were made? 2 HCl + Ca _____> CaCl2 + H2 10 g Ca = 0.25 moles Ca We would also make 0.25 mol of CaCl2. g CaCl2 = 0.25 mol x FW CaCl2 = 0.25 mol x 110.98 g / mol CaCl = 27.75 grams CaCl2

Limiting reactant
In the last example, we had HCl in excess. The reaction stopped when Ca ran out. Ca is considered the limiting reactant. Limiting reactant - the material that is in the shortest supply based on a balanced chemical equation.

Limiting reactant example

Sample Reaction - Balanced

For the following reaction, which is limiting if you have 5 g of hydrogen and 10 g oxygen? Balanced Chemical Reaction 2 H 2 + O2
________

>

2 H 2O

Who cares? This type of problem only depends on the reactants!

You need 2 moles of H2 for each mole of O2. Moles of H2 5 g / 2.0 g/mol = 2.5 moles Moles of O2 10g / 32.0 g/mol = 0.3 moles

Example

Balanced Chemical Reaction 2 H 2 + O2 2 H 2O You need 2 moles of H2 for each mole of O2 You have 2.5 moles of H2 and 0.3 moles of O2 Need a ratio of 2:1 but we have a ratio of 2.5 : 0.3 or 8.3 : 1. Hydrogen is in excess and oxygen is the limiting reactant.