EXPERIMENT NO.

SUBCELLULAR COMPONENTS A. Make a generalized animal cell and label all the parts

B. Make table summarizing the di erent !ell "rganelles !"m#"siti"n and un!ti"n
Sub$!ellular stru!ture Microvilli Cell membrane C"m#"siti"n Extensive folding of the cell membrane Bilayer of phospholipid molecules ith inserted proteins !emi"gelatinous !ubstance %un!ti"n Increase surface area for Absorption Acts as a gate ay for and barrier to movement of material bet een the interior of the cell and the extracellular fluid Contains dissolved nutrients# ions# astes# insoluble inclusions$ suspends the organelles 'igest bacteria# old organelles$ metabolize fatty acids Modify and package &roteins &roduces most of cell*s A+& 'irect movement of ',A during cell 'ivision Contains ',A to direct all functions of the cell Contains the genes that direct synthesis of ribosomal -,A !ite of protein synthesis !ynthesis of fatty acids# steroids# and lipids &rovide strength and support$ enable cell motility$ transport

Cytosol

%ysosomes and &eroxisomes (olgi Complex Mitochondrion Centrioles ,ucleus ,ucleolus -ough endoplasmic reticulum !mooth endoplasmic reticulum Microtubules and Microfilaments

Membrane"bound vesicles filled ith enzymes )ollo membranous !acs 'ouble all ith central matrix Bundles of Microtubules Central lumen ith a t o"membrane outer envelope ith pores -egion of ',A# -,A# and protein -ough endoplasmic reticulum !ame as rough Eithout ribosomes &rotein fibers

&S"ur!e' (uman Ph)si"l"g) b) Sil*erth"rn+

C. ,h) d" the di erent mi!r"m"le!ules re-uire di erent !entri ugati"n sediment rates and nu!lei! a!ids in the h)dr"l)zed li*er e.tra!t/ -epeated centrifugation at progressively higher speeds ill fractionate homogenates of cells into their components. In general# the smaller the subcellular component# the greater is the centrifugal force re.uired to sediment it 0. ("1 d" )"u a!!"unt "r the di eren!es in the am"unt " #r"tein2 li#ids2 !arb"h)drates and nu!lei a!ids in the h)dr"l)zed li*er e.tra!t/ +his indicates that protein# lipids# carbohydrates and nuclei acids level are different for each subcellular components. !ince every organelle has different functionalities# chemical compositions do vary. +he difference in their chemical compositions directs the specialized function of that part of the cell /ex. ,ucleus" ',A0-,A synthesis# Cell membrane"&rotection and passive permeability

A. Carbohydrates1 2. 3bservation1

4. &rinciple behind the test procedure +o test the presence of Carbohydrates# Molisch test as performed. 5 Molische test is a sensitive chemical test for the presence of carbohydrates# based on the dehydration of the carbohydrate by sulfuric acid to produce an aldehyde# hich condenses ith t o molecules of phenol /usually 6"naphthol# though other phenols /e.g. resorcinol# thymol5 also give colored products5# resulting in a red" or purple"colored compound. B. &rotein1 2. 3bservation1

4. &rinciple behind the test procedure In order to test subcellular components for protein# Biuret test as performed. +he biuret test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of peptide bonds. In the presence of peptides# a copper/II5 ion forms violet"colored coordination complexes in an alkaline solution. +he Biuret reaction can be used to assess the concentration of proteins because peptide bonds occur ith the same fre.uency per amino acid in the peptide. +he intensity of the color# and hence the absorption at 789 nm# is directly proportional to the protein concentration# according to the Beer" %ambert la . C. %ipids1 2. 3bservation1

4. &rinciple behind the test procedure +o check the subcellular components for lipids# !udan test as performed. !udan staining is the use of !udan dyes to stain sudanophilic substances# usually li#ids. !udan lysochromes /in our case# e used !udan I:5 are used. !udan dyes have high affinity to fats# therefore they are used to demonstrate triglycerides# lipids# and lipoproteins. '. ,ucleic Acid /',A5 2. 3bservation1

4. &rinciple behind the test procedure 'ische diphenylamine test as used to detect the presence of ',A. A positive test for ',A is indicated by a blue color change E. ,uclei Acid /-,A5 2. 3bservation1

4. &rinciple behind the test procedure +he basis of this test is the conversion of a pentose sugar in the presence of hot acid to furfural# hich then reacts ith orcinol to give a green color. +he reagent for this test contains orcinol solution prepared in concentrated )Cl hich can dehydrate sugar to form furfural . If a pentose sugar is present# the green color is formed in 29 minutes.