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Bring out some more commercially available admixtures like shown above and some special qualities they have which have brought a revolution in construction industry ?????? in 2 A4 sheets.
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Competitive Cost There are numerous cost savings associated with Roller Compacted Concrete. Historically, Roller Compacted Concrete has been comparable in cost to asphalt pavement. With rising oil/asphalt costs, Roller Compacted Concrete may actually be lower in initial paving costs. When compared to conventional concrete paving costs, Roller Compacted Concrete can provide savings of 25% to 30%. And owners will appreciate the lower Life-Cycle cost associated with Roller Compacted Concretes low maintenance requirements. Sustainability Roller Compacted Concrete pavements are environmentally friendly. Supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag can be used, reducing the amount of Portland cement and thus lowering the embodied energy of an Roller Compacted Concrete mix. Roller Compacted Concretes lighter color provides greater light reflectivity, which means brighter and safer surroundings as well as lower lighting requirements. In fact, Roller Compacted Concrete pavement can reduce energy consumption by as much as 37% by either reducing the number of light fixtures needed or by allowing lower wattage light. The lighter color of Roller Compacted Concrete also means less heat is absorbed, resulting in cooler communities. Utilizing a lighter colored pavement such as Roller Compacted Concrete can reduce ambient air temperatures by as much as 7-10 degrees. Roller Compacted Concrete pavements have a solar reflectance index (SRI) greater than the minimum 29 that is necessary to obtain the appropriate credits for heat island mitigation non-roof in the USGBCs LEED Green Building Rating System.
Coarse Aggregates Coarse aggregates meeting ASTM C33/AASHTO M6/M80 standards are recommended for Roller Compacted Concrete mixtures. Coarse aggregates are often limited to a Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregate (NMSA) of inch to prevent segregation and achieve a tight surface. Typical NMSA varies from 5/8 inch to inch. NMSAs larger than inch (up to 1 ) can be used and, if properly proportioned (with adequate fines), can render a good quality finish. Larger NMSAs are typically used for non-wearing course or secondary applications where surface appearance is not of high importance. NMSAs smaller than inch (as small as inch) can be used to reduce segregation, enhance cohesiveness, provide a closed surface, and improve riding quality. However, smaller NMSAs may increase the cement consumption.
Like coarse aggregates, fine aggregates should also meet ASTM C33/AASHTO M6/M80. The use of fines passing the No. 200 sieve, if they are non-plastic, may help reduce the fine aggregate voids in Roller Compacted Concrete mixtures.
Fine Aggregates The Roller Compacted Concrete aggregate skeleton, which is consolidated under compaction efforts, is significantly affected by the fine aggregates. A higher amount of fine aggregates allows for the reduction of cement and corresponding paste, which, when balanced by the proper gradation with coarse aggregate, provides for a compactable and durable mixture. Like asphalt, when crushed fine aggregates are used, aggregate interlock is important for load carrying abilities. However unlike asphalt, Roller Compacted Concrete can use rounded fine aggregates since it has a very strong binder (cement mortar) compared to asphalt binder. As a result, naturally derived fine aggregate sources with a lack of angularity can be combined with properly graded coarse aggregate and a strong cement binder. The outcome is a single lift that can be up to 10 in. thick and still meet the required density.
Cementitious The basic types of hydraulic cement, blended cements or a combination of hydraulic cement and a pozzolan can be used in the Roller Compacted Concrete mix. Like conventional concrete, materials used in Roller Compacted Concrete mixtures should be selected for chemical resistance to sulfate attack, potential alkali reactivity, and resistance to abrasion. Type I and II cements are commonly used in Roller Compacted Concrete pavements. Type III can be used when early strength gain is required. Type V can be used when specific soils require high sulfate resistance. Cementitious materials should meet the requirements of ASTM C150 or ASTM C1157. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) can be used to provide additional fine material and ensure adequate compaction, particularly in mixtures containing standard-graded concrete fine aggregate. However, SCMs have not been extensively used in Roller Compacted Concrete mixtures in the United States and in particular the southeast.
Chemical Admixtures To date, most usage has been in central batch and transit mixer operations. Admixtures have not commonly been used in pugmill operations. Because Roller Compacted Concrete mixtures are very dry, admixtures must be added in higher quantities than that of conventional concrete in order to be effective. Any admixture considered should be tested prior to use to determine its effectiveness on fresh and hardened Roller Compacted Concrete properties. ASTM C494 should be consulted for any Roller Compacted Concrete placement. It is important that when considering the use of a chemical admixture in Roller Compacted Concrete mixes, that proper laboratory and field testing should be conducted to ensure performance and compatibility. The testing will also verify the proper dosage rates for the admixtures which are different from conventional PCC
How did roller compacted concrete changed the concept of road construction in the world . What is the Scenario in India .????
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GROUTING
Grouting reinforcement into holes drilled in existing concrete is commonly specified in the repair and retrofit of reinforced concrete structures. The procedure is widely used in highway construction to attach barriers and widen existing bridges, applications that involve relatively low cover on the grouted bars. In spite of its widespread use, little data exists on the bond strength of grouted reinforcement to concrete, and no data exists for bars with low cover. This lack of data has prevented the development of rational anchorage design procedures. Designers usually make use of proprietary design tables provided by grout manufacturers. These tables provide strengths that are based on highly confined pullout specimens. The strengths are then typically reduced by a factor of safety to establish allowable anchorage strengths. The strengths and modes of failure exhibited by highly confined specimens do not, however, match those obtained by grouted bars loaded under realistic conditions.
Elaborate the above study with respect to the topic How grouting is impo rtant in construction industry. What are the advancements in grouting techniques.????? in 2 A4 sheets max .