The Rights of a Family, the Responsibility of a Nation Annotated Bibliography

Joyce Cao Nancy Li Senior Division Group Website

Primary Sources: "2008 Human Rights Report: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, 25 Feb. 2009. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. This report analyzes the Chinese governments human rights record. One of the things inspected was the One Child Policy. The report illustrates the American viewpoint regarding the policy and how its restrictions are an infringement on human rights. This provided a good contrast for Chinese opinion on the policy and allowed us to compare the different viewpoints. By comparing the viewpoints we were able to gain a better picture of how the citizens in China may feel about the policy.

""Baby Hatch" Halted in Southern China City." Xinhua News. Xinhua, 16 Mar. 2014. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. Part of the recent changes to the One Child Policy, baby hatches have risen. This article describes a new issue regarding families abandoning their babies at baby hatches which take care of abandoned babies in an attempt to prevent families from abandoning babies on the streets where they are more likely to die. However, many people argue that these hatches are now encouraging people to have more kids, knowing that they will be safe at a baby hatch. This is an important development to the new policy changes.

Bossen, Laurel. Chinese Women and Rural Development: Sixty Years of Change in Lu Village, Yunnan. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. Print. Written by an author who observed the effects of development firsthand in rural Yunnan, China, this book contained lots of primary insight on family planning within local towns. The controversy surrounding the one-child policy is examined within the microcosm of Lu village. The author presents us with useful anecdotes and statistics about gender ratios and household sizes.

"China - One Child Policy." ABC Australia. 23 Nov. 2005. Television. Filmed in China, this program documents the effects of the Chinese population control techniques. Chinese citizens from varying economic classes are interviewed and give their opinions on being able to have only one child. The video presents us with opinions from people who are directly affected by the policy.

China. Beijing Centre of Communication and Education for Family Planning. Better Birth, Better Upbringing, Glory, Happiness. By Chenghan Lin. N.p.: n.p., 1980. Print. This poster was issued from the Chinese government and used as propaganda to promote better family planning. Illuminating a single child amongst wealth and happiness, the poster served to demonstrate that having one child would be better for the people.

China. Beijing Jihua Shengyu Xuanchuan Jiaoyu Zhongxin. Less Births, Better Births, to Develop China Vigorously. N.p.: n.p., 1987. Print.

This poster was issued from the Chinese government and used as propaganda to promote better family planning. Featuring a young happy family, the poster explains how having less children promoted economic development of China.

China. New Household' Publishers. Do a Good Job in Family Planning to Promote Economic Development. By Zhenhua Zhang. Liaoning: New Household', 1986. Print. This poster was issued from the Chinese government and used as propaganda to promote better family planning. Depicting a young woman gracefully embracing a newborn child, the poster served to promote the importance of family planning in helping economic development.

China. Sub-Center of Education and Family Planning. Carry out Family Planning. Implement the Basic National Policy. By Yuwe Zhou. Liaoning: n.p., 1986. Print. This government poster, which shows a happy only-child carried by his mother, was used by the Chinese government to promote the one-child policy. It is our websites header image.

Greenhalgh, Susan, and John Bongaarts. "Fertility Policy in China: Future Options."Science 235.4793 (1987): 1167-172. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. The authors ranked varying policies, such as the only-child policy, a two-child policy, or stopping at two children and delaying births, based on Chinese cultural preferences, macrodemographic effects, and microdemographic effects. The authors of this article concluded that it is most desirable to implement a two-child alternative policy in China, based on its calculated average of ranks. From this article, we could analyze and include the evidence backing up alternative population control policies on our website.

Hemminki, Elina, Zhuochun Wu, Guiying Cao, and Kirsi Viisainen. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 11 Aug. 2005. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. This document translates and summarizes many Chinese documents, laws, regulations, and articles that describe the One Child Policy. It provides an in depth investigation of the policy as well as its many exceptions that allow some families to have more than one child.

Hesketh, Therese, Lu Li, and Wei Xing, Zhu. "The Effect of China's One-Child Family Policy after 25 Years." The New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society, 15 Sept. 2005. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. This report collects and analyzes data on Chinas population growth, sex ratio, and ratio of oldage dependency based on the effects of the One Child Policy. These statistics illustrate the effect that the One Child Policy has had on demographics in China that serve as the cause for various problems such as declining youth population and avoidance of medical care due to unapproved pregnancies. The report is important to analyzing the effects of the One Child Policy objectively, not with political bias.

Hesketh, T., J. D. Chu, and A. Tomkins. "Health Effects of Family Size: Cross Sectional Survey in Chinese Adolescents." Archives of Diseases in Childhood 88 (2003): 467-71. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. Chinese only children are often depicted as egocentric, prone to obesity, and socially inept. However, as the authors of this article discovered, only two significant differences were found between only children and children with siblings (once adjusted for gender, parental education, and area): children with siblings are more likely to be bullied and less likely to confide with their parents. This paper offers evidence that the one-child policy may not be as harmful as critics claim it to be.

"Interview with Chen An." Interview by Cara Abraham. Primary Source. Springshare, n.d. Web. Nov. 2012. Chen An, a young Chinese woman who grew up under the influence of Chinas one-child policy, talks about her struggles between independence and obeying her parents high standards. Her experiences reflect the feelings and struggles of many other Chinese girls born after 1979, and illustrates the impacts of the one-child policy within the family unit. Jin, Aowen. "Made in China Series: One Child ." Aowen Jin. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Jan. 2014. <http://www.jinaowen.com/Collections/The-Giver-And-The-Taker/>. This site provides an artists interpretation on the one-child policy. Through academic research and case studies, the artist reflects on her own experiences as an only child as well as presents other peoples experiences as an only child. The art and interviews provided on the website illustrate the impact of the policy on cultural, social, and economic development in China.

Kaneda, Toshiko. "China's Concern Over Population Aging and Health." China's Concern Over Population Aging and Health. Population Reference Bureau, June 2006. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. Kaneda gathered data about Chinas demographics and present them in charts and graphs. The data trends imply that China will have a serious problem in the future--only-children must take care of the aging populace, unable to share the burden with siblings. The labor force may become too small to care for the elderly as a consequence of the one-child policy.

Ng, Shu Wen. Being a Little Emperor or Empress Matters Equally: The One Child Policy and Child Nutrition in China. Tech. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2005. Web. Analyzing more than 10,000 observations of two- to eighteen- year olds, this paper found that Chinese only children received much more of their energy from fat and animal food intake, compared to households with multiple children. This finding suggests that the one-child policy may be contributing towards less healthy nutrition in urban Chinese children.

Nie, Jing-Bao. Behind the Silence: Chinese Voices on Abortion. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. Print.

This book followed the lives of various families in China and how theyve dealt with the onechild policy. In particular the author focused on how the policy has led to a lot of government issued abortions and increased infanticide. It depicts a large range of opinions regarding Chinas population policies, but also demonstrates an acceptance of the policies being taken.

"One-Child Policy in China." Family in Society: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 310-315. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. This article provides a statement from the Bush Administration regarding human rights issues in China. In particular it analyzes the intrusiveness of the one-child policy on human rights. It also takes into account the problems that the policy has created in regards to gender imbalance and the status of female children.

People's Republic of China. 25th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. Population and Family Planning Law of the People's Republic of China (Order of the President No.63). Gov.cn, 2012. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. The translation of this order provided us with exactly what the government planned to do to enforce family planning laws in the 21st century. We included this piece on our website since it explained much of the Chinese governments perspective on family planning and population control.

United States. Cong. House. Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission. An Evaluation of 30 Years of the One-Child Policy in China. 111th Cong., 1st sess. H. Rept. Intellectual Takeout, 10 Nov. 2009. Web. Jan. 2014. This source is the official transcript from a Congressional hearing in which various individuals give testimonies about the ordeals they went through so that Chinas one-child policy could be enforced. From this transcript, we could understand how individuals suffered as a result of the policy.

Wang, Feng. "China's Population Destiny: The Looming Crisis." Research. The Brookings Institution, Sept. 2010. Web. Jan. 2014. We found this source very useful since the author presents facts about Chinas demographics following the implementation of the one-child policy, and analyzes them in a very objective way. It becomes evident that China must take action, or else face serious issues with a diminishing labor force.

Yoon, Eunice. "How China's One-child Policy Hurts the Elderly." CNBC. NBC Universal, 22 Oct. 2013. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. This article interviews an elderly man living in China that has to live in a retirement community instead of with his family. This is one of the effects that the One Child Policy has on people in China. With a rapidly aging population and fewer number of youth, there are not enough people to care for the

elderly like people would have traditionally in the past. This was an aspect we wanted to showcase as a possible failure of the One Child Policy.

Yu, P. "Chinese Youth Favour One-child Families." Population Today 23.4 (1995): 4-5. Web. Contrary to what foreigners believe, many Chinese students surveyed in this study were found to support one-child families. Around 90% of them believed that China had a population growth problem, and the majority found the one-child household ideal. Most significantly, the authors discovered that modern Chinese youth did not necessarily equate happiness with sons or larger families. This paper gave us a better insight into modern Chinese family planning norms.

Secondary Sources:

Coonan, Clifford. "Chinese Director Zhang Yimou Faces Fine of $1.2 Million for Breaking One Child Policy." The Hollywood Reporter. The Hollywood Reporter, 29 Dec. 2013. Web. Jan. 2014. Director Zhang Yimou is one of Chinas most well-known directors (he directed the Beijing Olympics Opening Ceremony), but he knowingly broke the one-child policy and was fined by the Chinese government. Following traditional Chinese beliefs, he explains that he believed more children brought more happiness. This article helped us gain an insight into the reasoning by Chinese adults who break one-child laws.

Croll, Elisabeth, Delia Davin, and Penny Kane. China's One-Child Family Policy. New York: St. Martin's, 1985. Print. This book provides a detailed account of how the one-child policy has affected China. It analyzes the degree of which government intervention in family planning has actually affected population growth rates. Additionally the source provides statistics on general trends in Chinas family size in relation to family planning policies and lifestyle.

Goh, Esther C. L. China's One-child Policy and Multiple Caregiving: Raising Little Suns in Xiamen. New York, NY: Routledge, 2011. Print. This book presents a negative viewpoint of the policy by addressing the social issues that arise when only-children are raised by multiple cross-generational caregivers in modern China. These only-children, called Little Emperors because parents and grandparents dote on one child, demonstrate a host of social behavioral problems.

Kaiman, Jonathan. "Time Running out for China's One-child Policy after Three Decades." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 01 Feb. 2014. Web. 03 Jan. 2014. Chinas one-child policy was recently relaxed so that couples could have two children if one

parent is an only-child. However there are still many people unsatisfied with the new laws, such as the woman that the author interviews. The author of the article believes that the one-child policy is already on its way out; many Chinese have shifted their viewpoints and the policy is very unpopular.

White, Tyrene. China's Longest Campaign: Birth Planning in the People's Republic, 1949-2005. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 2006. Print. Written from a perspective against the one-child policy, this book argues that China's one-child policy was implemented at a great human and social cost. The author thinks that this "demographic engineering" would best be left behind, and gives us carefully researched evidence of the negative consequences that resulted from the one-child policy.

Zhu, W. X. "The One Child Family Policy." Archives of Disease in Childhood 88.6 (2003): 463-64. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. The author summarizes the controversies and benefits of Chinas One Child Policy, jumpstarting our research. While the policy helped women gain access to reproductive healthcare and opportunities to work outside of the home instead of taking care of many children, the law has also contributed to gender imbalances in rural places, as well as rare cases of female infanticide.