CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

Hence, the allocated bandwidth is subdivided among the users. The methods which are mentioned above have some limitations regarding capacity, performance and complexity. In fact, the TDMA method has an unacceptable restriction when users may sometimes have to wait in order to get the chance to communicate. Here, each user may suffer some time loss due to waiting. Similarly, the above situation is inherent in FDMA method and accessible bandwidths are partitioned among the users into specific channels. The number of channels is limited and when a channel is not available, other users cannot access the channel [21]. Moreover, while each channel is occupied just once for each user, the total capacity of the system will be severely limited. These drawbacks are removed in CDMA technique. In our project we are focused on Direct Sequence Spread spectrum i.e DS-SS CDMA and the problem related to it. An analogy to the problem of multiple accesses is a channel in which people wish to communicate with each other. To avoid problem, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages i.e (code division) [21].

1.3 Organization of Thesis

This Thesis is organized as follows:

CHAPTER 1: Introduction - This chapter covers motivation behind the work, various
issues in cellular Communication System, Background of Cellular Communication, Organization of this thesis, Proposed work and Literature survey.

CHAPTER 2: Communication system - This chapter covers history of CDMA,

Classification of CDMA, Spread Spectrum Overview, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, Problem Description.

CHAPTER 3: Ad-hoc Networks & Mac protocol structure - This chapter covers a
brief discussion about Ad-hoc networks, History, Medium access control concept, Types of Mac protocol, Basic physical structure of Mac based DS-CDMA system. VHDL Implementation of DS-SS CDMA based Mac protocol for Ad-hoc Networks 2

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 4: Language and FPGA Tools - We considered VHDL as our primary
language. The Xilinx Synthesis Technology (XST) of Xilinx ISE tool will be used for synthesis of transmitter and receiver on FPGAs. Xilinx v 14.1 and Modelsim Xilinx Edition 10.1C (MXE) tool will be used for functional simulation and logical verification.

CHAPTER 5: Software Implementation - Pin Schematic, Synthesis report. CHAPTER 6: Conclusion, Application and Future scope

1.4 Language and Tools used

VHDL (VHSIC hardware description language) is a hardware description language used in an electronic design automation to describe digital and mixed-signal systems such as fieldprogrammable gate arrays and integrated circuits. In this project we uses the VHDL Implementation on Xilinx 14.1 and Model sim Xilinx Edition 10.1C (MXE) tool will be used for functional simulation and logic verification at each block level and system level. The Xilinx Synthesis Technology (XST) of Xilinx ISE tool will be used for synthesis of transmitter and receiver on FPGAs.

1.5

Literature Survey
The world's 1st cellular networks were introduced in the early Nineteen Eighties, using

analog radio transmission technologies like AMPS (Advanced mobile phone System). The first CDMA networks were commercially launched in 1995, and had roughly ten times more capacity than analog networks much more than other multiple access technique. Since then, DS-CDMA has become the fast-growing of all wireless technologies, with over a hundred million subscribers worldwide. CDMA systematically provides better capacity for voice and data communications than other commercial mobile technology [21]. VHDL Implementation of DS-SS CDMA based Mac protocol for Ad-hoc Networks 3

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

1.5.1 Design and Construction of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum CDMA Transmitter and Receiver. Spread Spectrum Communication techniques have been widely accepted in mobile and wireless communication. They have very beneficial and tempting features like Anti jam, security, and multiple accesses. The purpose of this paper to describe the Spread Spectrum systems. Focus will be on the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS) scheme, Pseudo Noise signals (PN), Modulators as well as Demodulators, Hardware implementation and demonstrate some of the DS-SS system features [1].

1.5.2 Transmitter Implementation Using DS-CDMA technique in FPGA Using Verilog.

The DS-CDMA is expected to be the major medium access technology in the future mobile systems owing to its potential capacity enhancement and the robustness against noise. DS-CDMA is a spread-spectrum communication system in which multiple signal channels occupy the same frequency band, which is distinguished by the use of different spreading codes. Implementation of DS-CDMA transmitter using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) has been proposed. It describes the design for pseudo random PN coding and a direct sequence principle based wireless transmitter. The circuit of the transmitter is made of basic digital components, such as shift registers, flip-flops, BPSK modulator and a PN coder. Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) was used for coding of the design [2].

1.5.3 FPGA implementation of DS-SS CDMA Transmitter and receiver For ad-hoc networks

The DS-CDMA is expected to be the major medium access technology in the future mobile systems owing to its potential capacity enhancement and the robustness against noise. CDMA is featured by its spectrum-spreading randomization process employing a pseudo-noise sequence, thus is often called the spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA). As different CDMA VHDL Implementation of DS-SS CDMA based Mac protocol for Ad-hoc Networks 4

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
users take different PN sequences, every CDMA receiver can distinguish and detect its own signal, by treating the signals transmitted by other users as noise like interferences. In this direct sequence principle based CDMA transmitter and receiver is implemented in VHDL for FPGA [3]. The digital frequency synthesizer principle is used in generating the carrier signals both at transmitter and receiver modules [3]. The transmitter module mainly consists of digital local oscillator, symbol generator, spreader and BPSK modulator blocks, programmable PN sequence generator [3]. The receiver module consists of programmable PN sequence generator, matched filter, BPSK demodulator and threshold detector blocks [3]. The CDMA receiver gets this input and recovers the data using matched filter [3]. Applications of the developed CDMA system for Ad-hoc networks and defense communication links were studied. The possible extensions of work in view of advancements in software defined radio principles were discussed [3].

1.5.4 A QoS Based MAC Protocol For Wireless Ad-hoc

Multimedia communication over wireless Ad-hoc networks has become the driving technology for many of the important applications, experiencing spectacular market growth and promising innovative experiences in personal communication, entertainment, military, security and more [4]. A node in an Ad-hoc network is normally battery operated which poses a huge constraint on the power consumption of such a node. Therefore, designing a power resourceful MAC protocol for ad-hoc wireless networks is a major challenge [4]. In this paper, a CDMA based power controlled medium access (PAMA) protocol for mobile and ad-hoc network (MNA) is proposed. The protocol conserves power and provides QoS guarantees for traffic. In this network one of the primary challenge in MANETs is how to increase the overall network throughputs well as reading the delay while maintaining how energy consumption for packet processing in communication. Simulation results depicts that the performance of protocol with increase in traffic while QoS is better in terms of Energy consumption, throughput and communication delay than existing protocol [4]. VHDL Implementation of DS-SS CDMA based Mac protocol for Ad-hoc Networks 5

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
1.5.5. An overview of the transmission capacity of wireless networks

Sensor MAC, a medium access control (MAC) protocol designed for wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks utilize battery operated computing and sensing devices [6]. A network of such devices will collaborate for a common application such as environmental monitoring. It is expected sensor networks to be deployed in an ad-hoc manner, with individual nodes remaining inactive for long period of time, but after sometime becoming suddenly active when something is detected [6]. These characteristics of sensor networks and applications motivate a MAC that is different from traditional wireless MACs such as, IEEE 802.11 in every way. Energy conservation and self-configuration are main goal, while node fairness and latency are less important. S-MAC utilize three novel techniques for reducing energy consumption and support self configuration. To decrease energy consumption in listening to an idle channel, nodes sometimes sleep. Adjacent nodes form virtual clusters to auto-synchronize on sleep schedules. Finally, S-MAC applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor network applications that require store and forward processing as data move through the network [6].

1.5.6 IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol over wireless mesh networks: problems and perspectives

WLAN operation is defined by the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. Its MAC layer protocol utilizes CSMA/CA mechanism, which is based on medium sharing and single hop transmission. Wireless mesh networks have the characteristics of multi-hop transmission. The medium sharing and the weakness of CSMA/CA make standard IEEE 802.11 MAC not fit the requirements of backhaul networking in wireless mesh networks. The IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol has been adopted as the medium access control [9].

VHDL Implementation of DS-SS CDMA based Mac protocol for Ad-hoc Networks 6

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

1.5.7 Medium Access Control protocols for ad-hoc wireless networks: a survey

Studies of Ad-hoc wireless networks are a relatively new field gaining more popularity for various new applications. In this type of networks, the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols are responsible for coordinating the access from active nodes [10]. These protocols are of significant importance since the wireless communication channel is inherently prone to errors and unique problems such as hidden terminal, exposed terminal problem, and signal fading effects [10]. Although a lot of research has been conducted on MAC protocols, various issues concerned have mostly been presented in isolation of each other. Therefore an attempt to present a comprehensive survey of main schemes, integrating a variety of related issues and challenges with a view to providing a big-picture outlook to this vast area. A classification of MAC protocols and their short description, based on their operating principles and fundamental features [10].

1.5.8 A Quality of Service Assured & Faired MAC protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Network

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes with active topology. Such networks are of interest as they do not require any prior investment in fixed infrastructure. As a substitute, the network nodes agrees to relay each other's packets and hence act as routers and automatically form their own cooperative infrastructure [11]. The main responsibility of a medium access control (MAC) protocol in Ad-hoc Network is the distributed arbitration for the shared channel for transmission of packet. The performance of Ad-hoc Network depends upon the sincerity of the MAC protocol [11]. The MAC protocol of this kind of network should be distributed and free from hidden and exposed terminal problem. It must also support real-time traffic, power control and be compatible with directional antennas [11]. Researchers have proposed lots of MAC protocol for Mobile ad-hoc network, but not any of them are simultaneously distributed, support Quality of Service besides being distributed. In this paper a VHDL Implementation of DS-SS CDMA based Mac protocol for Ad-hoc Networks 7

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
new type of MAC protocol has been proposed which supports quality of service and exhibit fairness and workable in a multi-hop environment [11].

1.5.9 Improvement Method of MAC Protocol Based on Ad-hoc Network Traffic Characteristic.

In allusion to the self-similarity and burst characters of ad-hoc traffic and based on simulated input produced by multiple superposition of ON/OFF sources, a back off algorithm in MAC protocol is raised which is suitable for Ad-hoc burst traffic [12]. Through rational analysis of burst status of each source, this algorithm introduces an appropriate competence coefficient, such that channel accessing of nodes can be rationally assigned in accordance to current network traffic. Experiments conducted on OPNET depicts each graph of network performance through analogue simulation under different number of terminals and different burst degree of traffic flow. The results show the improved protocol have better performance in time delay and throughputs [12].

1.5.10 Dynamic Safe Transmit Power MAC protocol in Wireless Ad-hoc MAC Protocol.

Ad-hoc Wireless networks performance is always measured by the number of packets successfully transmitted corresponding to power consumption of the nodes. This quantifies the battery's life. In multi-hop wireless networks, every node acts as an intermediary node to forward packets to other nodes. The network connectivity depends on the life of battery. As one node dies the topology of the network changes [13]. The standard IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC protocol is designed for the transfer of packets between two neighboring nodes through the wireless media. however it consumes lot of energy, and is not able to avoid the hidden problem completely, thereby leading to numerous collisions. Researchers have proposed MAC protocols to resolve this problem, however these schemes reduce network throughput as well as bring unfairness to the network in order to reduce power consumption. This protocol uses the concept of Bounded VHDL Implementation of DS-SS CDMA based Mac protocol for Ad-hoc Networks 8

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
Wait State to reduce power consumption and at the same time improve the fairness in the network [13].

1.5.11 Energy Efficient Cognitive Radio MAC Protocols for Ad-hoc Network: A Survey

Opportunistically accessing the licensed spectrum of the primary user (PU) by the secondary user (SU) without creating interference in the main user, this phenomenon increases the usability of existing allocated frequency spectrum and reduces the scarcity of radio band availability, hence only 6% of total allocated spectrum/licensed spectrum are now being fully exploited [1]. The increasing demand of cognitive radio and its application also increase the urge to make energy efficient cognitive radio because it is an emerging technology and to meet the future demand of cognitive radio will target the Ad-hoc structure of communication where battery consumption is one of the major issues in ad-hoc/mobile devices [4]. So to develop energy efficient MAC protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad-hoc Network (CRAN) is now todays need [14].

1.5.12 REECR-MAC: Reliable and Energy Efficient Cognitive Radio MAC Protocol for Ad-hoc networks Cognitive radio technology can enhance spectrum usability by allowing secondary users to opportunistically access unused or under-utilized frequency bands. even if a number of ideas have been proposed for improving the performance of cognitive radio networks, but small attention has been given to the selection of reliable data channel and energy efficiency at MAC layer. In [15] this paper, a novel reliable and energy efficient MAC protocol for cognitive radio ad-hoc networks has been proposed which selects the best data channel with respect to the channel ranking to reduce the additional overhead at the control packets. To validate the idea, co results show that the proposed MAC consumes less communication time and energy and achieves higher throughput as compared with CREAM-MAC and DS-MAC protocols [15].

VHDL Implementation of DS-SS CDMA based Mac protocol for Ad-hoc Networks 9

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

1.5.13 The guard zone in wireless ad-hoc networks

The central issue in Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access ad-hoc networks is the prevention of a near far issue. This paper considers two guard zones that may be used to control the near-far problem: a fundamental exclusion zone and an additional CSMA guard zone that may be established by the carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) protocol [8]. In the exclusion zone, no mobiles are actually present, modeling the least physical separation among mobiles that is always present in real networks. Potentially interfering mobiles away from a transmitting mobiles exclusion zone, but inside its CSMA, guard zones are deactivated. This work provides an study of DS-CSMA networks with either or both types of guard zones. A finite extent network with a finite number of mobiles is modeled as a uniform clustering process. The analysis utilizes a closed form expression for the outage probability in the presence of fading, conditioned on the network geometry. By means of the analysis developed in this paper, the issues between exclusion zones and CSMA guard zones are explored for DS-CDMA and unspread networks [8].

1.5.14 Review on DS SS CDMA Tx and Rx for Ad-hoc Network

In Telecommunication, Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum is a modulation technique. As other spread spectrum technologies, here the transmitted signal takes up more bandwidth than what was required for the information signal that modulates the broadcast frequency. DS-CDMA is beneficial for ad-hoc networks because it eliminates the need for any frequency or time-slot coordination, benefits from stationary terminals in the network. Ad-hoc network is a VHDL Implementation of DS-SS CDMA based Mac protocol for Ad-hoc Networks 10

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
decentralized kind of wireless network. The network is called ad-hoc as it does not rely on a preexisting infrastructure, as routers in wired networks and access points in managed wireless network [5]. This paper investigates the benefit of Medium access Protocol based on directsequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) Ad-hoc network. This article gives a brief review of MAC protocol that have been proposed for Direct sequence spread spectrum code Division Multiple Access(DS-SS CDMA) for ad-hoc network using VHDL implementation. first the problem of DS CDMA used for ad-hoc networks described, and then How to remove problem of DS CDMA using our proposed protocol is discussed [5]. The main issue in DSCDMA ad-hoc networks is the prevention of a near-far problem in packet communication and low throughput, collision & cross correlation. Two solutions to reduce the near far effect are power control and medium access. So medium access problem is focused and multiple access interference (MAI) at the protocol level using VHDL implementation is developed. Objective is VHDL Implementation for design a DS-SS CDMA based Transmitter with MAC protocol & receiver for ad-hoc network that increases the throughput and avoided the collision and cross correlation also improves performance in Ad-hoc network [5].

VHDL Implementation of DS-SS CDMA based Mac protocol for Ad-hoc Networks 11