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Effect of Fault Location on Optimal Coordination of Directional over Current Relay

Chetan Aggarwal, H.A. Mangalvedekar and H.B. Chaudhari VJTI-Siemens-AICTE High Voltage Laboratory Electrical Dept, VJTI
Abstract--The objective of optimal relay coordination in interconnected power system is to achieve selectivity without sacrificing sensitivity & fast fault clearance time. This paper presents the effect of fault location on the flow of current direction & optimal coordination of directional over current relay. In this coordination problem Time Dial Setting (TDS) & Pick up Current Setting (Ip) of all relays considered as optimal parameter & it will provide coordination for all kind of fault (LLL, LLG, LG). The problem is solved using optimization toolbox of MatLab for continuous value of TDS & Ip Index Terms-- Power system protection, Optimal relay coordination, Over current relay, LLL LLG LG fault coordination.

HE problem of coordinating protective relay in electric power system consists of selecting suitable settings such that their fundamental protective function is met under the requirements of sensitivity, selectivity, reliability and speed. These requirements must be met for a variety of system conditions and configurations and can be translated into conditions such as : (i) a variety of fault condition must be detected by the appropriate relays, (ii) the relays located closer to the fault should have priority of operation, (iii) if a primary relay fails , a backup relay should operate and (iv) the operation of relay should be as fast as possible to prevent equipment damage and must occur only in presence of abnormal operating conditions which jeopardize the system integrity.[1] In a system where there is a source at more than one of the line terminals, fault and load current can flow in either direction. Relays protecting the line are therefore subject to fault currents flowing in both directions. If nondirectional relays were used in such systems, they would have to coordinate with not only relays at the remote end of the line, but also the relays behind them. Since directional relays operate only when the fault current flows in the specified tripping direction, they avoid compromising line protection. [2] Directional overcurrent relays have two types of settings: time dial setting (TDS) and pickup current setting (Ip). The settings should be designed for minimum relay time operation. On the other hand, the settings should also provide selectivity and reliability by providing backup protection. Each zone in the system should be protected by a primary and backup relay. In other words, the settings should be chosen to minimize the

I. INTRODUCTION

overall time of operation of relays while maintaining selectivity and reliability. Thus, the directional overcurrent relay coordination problem involves optimization, where the solution is the optimal settings of each relay. [3] The problem of determining the settings of the relays using optimization was first stated in [4,5,6,7]. In general, the protective relay coordination problem was formulated in previous work either as a linear, nonlinear, or a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem depending on the type of variables in the problem. The pickup current setting is the variable that determines mainly the type of problem. If Ip is set fixed, the coordination problem becomes a Linear Programming (LP) problem. For continuous Ip values, the problem becomes a Nonlinear Programming (NLP) problem. Lastly, if the discrete values of Ip are taken into account, the problem becomes a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) problem. It was observed by authors that the same relay backups are not functioning using optimal algorithm for various fault location. The backup relays are different for different fault location. One of the issue identified was that current direction become opposite during fault condition when fault location changes. This leads to change in backup relay operations. This problem has been dealt in this paper where we have added a new constraint when the direction of current changes. When the direction of current remains same in backup zone during fault condition as original we have one identified backup relay for every primary relay. The proposed approach determines the optimal solution to coordination problem for all kind of faults (LLL, LLG, LG) & what ever the fault location. For solving the optimal problem Medium Scale Algorithm of optimization toolbox of MatLab is used [11]. The paper is organized as follows: Section II & III presents an overview on the optimization theory and relay characteristic. Section IV & V presents the problem formulation & proposed algorithm. Simulation results are presented in section VI. Finally, conclusions are drawn in section VII. II. OPTIMAL COORDINATION PROBLEM OF PROTECTIVE RELAY The coordination problem of protective relay in power system is stated here as an optimization problem of the following general form [1]: min [ z (s, p) ] ..(1) s S where z represents a suitable performance index, s represents the protective device setting, S is the set of permissible setting and p represents the perturbation or fault conditions. This

coordination problem is very large dimensional problem, especially when a large number of perturbations are to be considered. One way of obtaining a solution to this problem is by using the extended minimax approach proposed by means of which the problem in eq. (1) is written as: min [max z (s, p) ] sS p P ..(2)

where K1, K2 and K3, are constants that depend upon the specific device being considered. A more precise formula for approximating the relay characteristics is as follows T = P(TDS)P(Ip) Where P(TDS) = K10 + K11TDS + K12TDS2 + K13TDS3 A A2 A3 A4 P(Ip) = A0 + 1 + + + (M 1) (M 1)2 (M 1)3 (M 1)4 M is the ratio of relay current (I) to the pickup current (Ip) and K10, K11, K12, K13, A0, A1, A2, A3, and A4 are scalar quantities which characterize the particular device being simulated. The calculation of two settings, TMS and Ip, is the essence of the overcurrent relay coordination study. It is very important to mention that in general these two parameters are discrete. In this study, however, these parameters were assumed to be continuous variables. The discrete solution are obtained by rounding-off the continuous solution to the nearest discrete values. IV. PROBLEM FORMULATION The system in fig. 1 serves to explain how fault location could lead to miscoordination of directional over current relay. In fig. 1 each protection zone corresponds with one of the transmission line & each zone has two directional relays, one operates for clockwise & second for anticlockwise current. As given in [1] assume a 3 phase fault occur at F1 in zone 3. (This fault current direction is shown in fig. 1) Relay R21 the only relay which may act as backup relay to main relay R23. For relay R13, R12 is the only backup relay & normal coordination constraints for both the main relays R23, R13 & backup relays R21, R12 respectively, are given by: TR21 (F1) TR23 (F1) CI ..... (7) TR12 (F1) TR13 (F1) CI . (8) Where: TR21 (F1) = Operating time of R21 for a fault at F1 TR23 (F1) = Operating time of R23 for a fault at F1 TR12 (F1) = Operating time of R12 for a fault at F1 TR13 (F1) = Operating time of R13 for a fault at F1 CI = Coordination Interval Now if 3 phase fault occur at F2 (fig. 2) then the direction of current changes in zone 1 & zone 2 this leads to certain difficulties in backup relay coordination shown in fig. 2 (6)

where the sub problem [ max z (s, p) s.t. p P ] is assumed to have multiple local solutions pk* P* , k = 1,np. P* = { p1*,.pnp* } is the set of np worse or more relevant perturbations. This set, which might be determined with the help of system expertise, contains boundaries & other relevant points of the perturbation space. The problem of determining P* is not treated here and is assumed to have been solved beforehand. Each of the relevant perturbations, pk* P* , k =1,np define a separate optimization problem with its own objective & constrain set, so that in essence the problem stated in eq. 2 can be formulated as a multiple objective optimization problem in terms of setting, as follows: min [ z (s, p1*), .z (s, pnp*) ] (3) s.t. s S1 ..s Snp where Sk, k = 1, . np, represents the feasible set of setting for the relevant perturbations or scenarios. Assuming one objective per perturbation, this problem can be formulated as a multiple criteria nonlinear optimization problem of the form: min [z1(s , T) .znp (s, T) ] s.t. h (T) 0 ( coordination criteria ) smin s smax ( bounds on the relay settings ) Tmin T Tmax ( bounds on operation times )

T = f(s) (relay characteristic ) The particularization of this general problem to the case of directional overcurrent relay is presented below. III. MODELING OF OVERCURRENT RELAY CHARECTERISTIC Over-current relay generally include an instantaneous unit and inverse time equipment. The inverse time operation characteristic can be provided in terms of a family of curves depending on a parameter usually referred as the time multiplier setting. The mathematical modelization of this family of curves can be performed using multiple regression techniques in order to obtain an expression giving the operating time in function of time multiplier and the current flowing through the relay. In general, overcurrent relays respond to a characteristic function of the type [2]: T = f(TDS, Ip, I) . (4) where T is the operation time, TMS is time multiplier setting, Ip is the pickup current and I is the current flowing through the relay. Under simplistic assumption, the above equation can be approximated by the following equation: T = K1
TDS (I / Ip) K 2 + K 3

Fig. 1

..(5)

TDSimin TDS TDSimax .... (16) Ipimin Ip Ipimax . (17) Tikmin Tik Tik max . (18)
Fig. 2

From fig. 2 it is clear that relay R21 will not provide backup to main relay R23 because backup relay R21 operates only for anticlockwise current. So R21 may not act as backup to R23 & this leads to failure of backup protection. In order to overcome the above problem, the coordination problem has been reformulated and additional constraints were added. In proposed algorithm, main relay has been coordinated with two backup relays, one operates for clockwise current & other operates for anticlockwise current. Now whatever the fault location or current direction one of the backup relay will act as a backup relay to primary relay & only one backup relay will operate at a time. So coordination constraints are given by: TR21 (F1) TR23 (F1) CI .. (9) TR11 (F1) TR23 (F1) CI . (10) TR12 (F1) TR13 (F1) CI . (11) TR22 (F1) TR13 (F1) CI . (12) Where TR11 (F1) = Operating time of R11 for a fault at F1 TR22 (F1) = Operating time of R22 for a fault at F1 Equations (10) & (12) are the new constraints added. V. PROPOSED ALGORITHM A. Objective function In the coordination problem, the main objective is to calculate the TDS and Ip, which would minimize the time of operation of the relays [8-9]. The coordination problem of directional overcurrent relays in a power system can be stated as follows: Objective=min

D. Relay characteristics All relays were assumed identical and with characteristic functions approximated by: Tik=0.14 x TDSi / [(Iik / Ipi)0.04 1] .(19) where Iik is the fault current passing through the relay for a fault in zone k. E. Transient Configuration Equations For the transient configuration that occurs when only one relay of a zone has operated, the coordination criteria must still assure a coordination operation, independently of a tripping sequence, that is [10]: TR1k (F1) TRij (F1) T (20) TR2k (F1) TRij (F1) T (21) where the superscript ( ) indicates transient configuration quantities. VI. SIMULATION RESULTS The system under study is shown in fig.1 was designed to demonstrate the calculation of the time dial settings and pickup current settings of the directional overcurrent relay using the proposed problem formulation.
Table 1 Generator Data

G1 G2 G3

100 MVA 25 MVA 50 MVA

69 KV 69 KV 69 KV

20 % 12 % 18 %

Table 2 Line Data

W ' T

i ik

. (13)

where Tik indicates the operation time of relay Ri for a fault in zone k and Wi is a coefficient and is usually set to 1. The objective is to minimize the time of operation of the relays under the following constraints. B. Coordination Criteria TR1k (F1) TRij (F1) TR2k (F1) TRij (F1) Where TRij (F1) operating time of primary relay Ri of jth zone TR1k (F1) operating time of first backup relay R1 of kth zone TR2k (F1) operating time of second backup relay R2 of kth zone T is the coordination time interval and is taken to be 0.2 seconds. C. Bounds on relay settings and operation times

LINE 12 LINE 23 LINE 31

50 KM 40 KM 60 KM
Table 3 Backup Relay

Z = 5.5 + j 22.85 Z = 4.4 + j 18 Z = 7.6 + j 27

T T

(14) (15)

Primary Relay R11 R12 R13 R21 R22 R23

Backup Relay R13, R23 R11, R21 R12, R22 R22, R12 R23, R13 R21, R11
Table 4 Relay setting

Actual Backup Relay R13, R23 R11 R12, R22 R22 R23 R21, R11

Relays R11 R12 R13 R21 R22 R23

TDS 0.2243 0.2657 0.2192 0.1900 0.2739 0.2475

Pickup Current 123.4501 60.0000 84.1039 123.5184 60.0000 84.7948

primary relay R23 & backup relay R21 characteristic and operating time for fault F1 in fig 1. Fig 4 shows relay R11 providing backup to relay R23 when fault location changes to point F2 in fig 2. In fig. 3 & 4 PC, BC and OT are Primary Characteristic, Backup Characteristic and Operating time respectively. VII. CONCLUSION In this paper, an optimization methodology is presented to solve the problem of coordinating directional overcurrent relays in an interconnected power system. This paper presented a new algorithm for coordinating directional overcurrent relays. When change in fault location lead to directional change in current. The new algorithm takes into account the effect of fault location on current direction and optimal solution of coordination problem. The coordination problem is a nonlinear programming problem and it is solved using optimization toolbox of MatLab. VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

10

Priary relay R23 & backup relay R21 for fault F1 PC--R23 BC--R21 OT--R23 OT--R23

T im e

10

X: 7.461 Y: 0.6486

X: 40.7 Y: 0.4503

The authors are gratefully acknowledges Mr. V.D.Vaidya, General Manager, Electrical, Jacobs Engg. India Pvt Ltd. for their support and guidance in making this paper IX. REFERENCES

10

-1

10

10 PSM

10

Fig. 3
Primary relay R23 and Back up Relay R11 for Fault F2

10

PC--R23 BC--R11 OT--R23 data4

10

10

-1

10

10 PSM

10

Fig. 4

Table 1 & Table 2 show generator data & line data of 3 bus system in fig. 1. Table 3 shows backup relays & actual backup relay (If current in backup zone does not change with change in fault location then we coordinate primary relay with only one backup relay according to current direction in backup zone) which is actually used in solving coordination problem. Simulation result of coordination problem has been shown in Table 4. Objective function value is 2.5425 sec. Fig 3 shows

[1] A. J. Urdaneta, R. Nadira, and L. G. Perez, Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays in Interconnected power Systems,IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 3, pp. 903-911, July 1988. [2] H. Zeineldin, E. F. El-Saadany, and M. A. Salama, A Novel Problem Formulation for Directional Overcurrent Relay Coordination, power engineering, LESCOPE, 2004.,pp.48-52, July2004. [3] Javad Sadeh, Optimal Coordination of Overcurrent Relay in an Interconnected Power System, 15th PSCC, Liege, 22-26 August 2005. [4] H. Zeineldin, E. F. El-Saadany, and M. A. Salama, Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relay Coordination, Power Engineering society general meeting, IEEE, pp. 1101-1106, vol. 2, June 2005. [5] A. J. Urdaneta, H. Restrepo, S. Marquez, and J. Sanchez, Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relay Timing Using Linear Programming technique, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 11, pp. 122-129, Jan. 1996. [6] B. Chattopadhyay, M. S. Sachdev, and T. S. Sidhu, An online relay coordination algorithm for adaptive protection using linear programming technique, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol.11, pp. 165-173, Jan. 1996. [7] L. Perez, and A. J. Urdaneta, Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays Considering Definite Time Backup Relaying, IEEETransactions on Power Delivery, vol. 14, pp. 1276 1284, Oct. 1998. [8] C. W. So, and K. K. Li, Time Coordination Method for Power System Protection by Evolutionary Algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 36, pp.1235- 240, Sept. 2000.

T im e

[9] H. A. Abyaneh, M. Al-Dabbagh, H. K. Karegar, S. H. H. Sadeghi, and R. A. J. Khan, A new optimal approach for coordination of overcurrent relays in interconnected power systems,IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol.18, pp. 430-435, April, 2003. [10] A. J. Urdaneta, L. Perez, and H. Restrepo, Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays Considering Dynamic hanges in The Network Topology, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 12, pp. 1458-1464, Oct. 1997. [11] Matlab optimization toolbox user guide. X. BIOGRAPHY Aggarwal Chetan was born in Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India, on December 15, 1983. He received his Bachelor Degree in Electrical Engineering in 2005 from SKIT Management & Gramothan affiliated to Rajasthan University, Rajasthan, India and pursuing Master Degree in Electrical Engineering with specialization in Power Systems Engineering in 2008 from V. J. Tech. Institute Mumbai, India.(Email- chetanraj.aggarwal@gmail.com) Harivittal. A. Mangalvedekar was born in Lalgudi, Tamilnadu, INDIA, on May 29, 1957. He finished his Bachelor Degree in 1979, Master Degree in 1984 and Doctorate in 1995 in Electrical Engg. from Mumbai University. He is presently working as a professor in the dept. of Electrical Engineering at V. J. Tech. Institute. His areas of interest include Power Systems, High Voltage Engineering and Pulsed Systems. He is a life member of ISTE and Power Beam Society of INDIA. Harish. B. Chaudhari was born in Jalgon, INDIA on April 24, 1967. He has finished his Bachelor Degree in Electrical Engineering 1989 and Master Degree in Electrical Engineering with specialization in Control Systems in 1992. He is presently working as a lecturer in the dept. of Electrical Engg. at V. J. Tech Institute. His areas of interest include power Electronics applications to Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering. He is a life member of ISTE.