Sizing optimization of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic/wind power

generation system
A. Kaabeche
a,
*
, M. Belhamel
a
, R. Ibtiouen
b
a
Centre de Dveloppement des Energies Renouvelables, B.P. 62 16340 Bouzareah, Algiers, Algeria
b
Ecole Nationale Suprieure Polytechnique dEl Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 20 April 2010
Received in revised form
15 November 2010
Accepted 17 November 2010
Available online 23 December 2010
Keywords:
Hybrid PV/wind system
Unit sizing
Optimization
Economic evaluation
a b s t r a c t
To allow a real penetration of the huge dispersed naturally renewable resources (wind, sun, etc.)
intermittent and more or less easily predictable, optimal sizing of hybrid renewable power generation
systems prove to be essential. This paper recommends an optimal sizing model based on iterative
technique, to optimize the capacity sizes of different components of hybrid photovoltaic/wind power
generation system using a battery bank. The recommended model takes into account the submodels of
the hybrid system, the Deciency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP) and the Levelised Unit Electricity
Cost (LUEC). The ow chart of the hybrid optimal sizing model is also illustrated. With this incorporated
model, the sizing optimization of grid-independent hybrid PV/wind power generation system can be
accomplished technically and economically according to the system reliability requirements. A case study
is conducted to analyze one hybrid project, which is designed to supply residential household located in
the area of the CDER (Center for Renewable Energy Development) situated in Bouzarah, Algeria (36

48
0
N, 3

1
0
E, 345 m).
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Energy consumption in the last century has considerably
increased due to massive industrialization. The forecast of energy
needs for years to come only conrm this trend, especially given
demographic trends and development in some world regions,
particularly in Asia. On the one hand, the elds of traditional energy
resources of fossil origin can be exploited for several decades,
which suggests a situation of energy shortage globally which will
be imminent. On the other hand, nuclear waste poses further
problems in terms of pollution of radioactive waste, decom-
missioning of old plants and industrial hazard. To meet the energy
needs of todays society, it is necessary to nd solutions and to
diversify them.
Alternative energy resources such as solar and wind have
attractedenergy sectors to generate power ona large scale. However,
commondrawbackwithsolar andwindenergyis their unpredictable
nature and dependence on weather and climatic changes. Stand-
alone photovoltaic (PV) or wind energy systems do not produce
usable energy for considerable portion of time during the year.
In order to efciently and economically utilize the renewable
energy resources, one optimum match design sizing method is
essential. The sizing optimization method can help to endorse the
lowest investment with adequate and full use of the solar system,
wind system and battery bank, so that the hybrid system can work
at optimum conditions in terms of investment and system power
reliability requirement.
Different optimization techniques for hybrid PV/wind systems
sizing have been reported in the literature such as dynamic pro-
gramming, graphical construction technique, probabilistic app-
roach, articial intelligence methods, multi-objective design, linear
programming and iterative technique [1].
Thus, Musgrove [2] presented a dynamic programming model,
RAPSODY, which is designed to determine optimal operating strat-
egies for a hybrid wind power system incorporating battery storage
and an auxiliary diesel generator. The model takes capital, operating
and maintenance, and fuel costs into account to calculate the
average daily cost of satisfying an electrical load prole. The devel-
oped model is provided with an efcient optimizing routine which
allows the user to obtain optimal component sizes for a particular
load prole and wind or solar resource. A graphical construction
technique to follow the optimum combination of PV array and
battery for a hybrid solarewind system has been presented by
Borowy and Salameh [3]. For a given load and a desired LPSP, the
number of batteries and PV modules were calculated based on the
minimumcost of the system. The minimumcost will be at the point
of tangency of the curve that represents the relationship between
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 213 21 90 15 03; fax: 213 21 90 15.
E-mail address: h.kaabeche@hotmail.com (A. Kaabeche).
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Energy
j ournal homepage: www. el sevi er. com/ l ocat e/ energy
0360-5442/$ e see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.11.024
Energy 36 (2011) 1214e1222
the number of PV modules and the number of batteries. Then the
optimum sizing of the battery bank and the PV array can be ach-
ieved. Another graphical technique has been given by Bin et al. [4],
Kaabeche et al. [5] and Markvart [6], to optimally design a hybrid
solarewind power generation system. However, in both graphical
methods, only two parameters (either PV and battery, or PV and
wind turbine) were included in the optimization process.
Tina et al. [7] presented a probabilistic approach based on the
convolution technique [8] to incorporate the uctuating nature of
the resources and the load, thus eliminating the needfor time-series
data, to assess the long-term performance of a hybrid solarewind
system for both stand-alone and grid-connected applications.
Disadvantage of this probabilistic approach is that it cannot repre-
sent the dynamic changing performance of the hybrid system.
A methodology for optimum design of a hybrid PV/wind system
has been proposed by Koutroulis et al. [9]. The purpose of the
proposed methodology is to suggest, among a list of commercially
available system devices, the optimum number and type of units
ensuring that the 20-year round total system cost is minimized by
Genetic Algorithms subject to the constraint that the load energy
requirements are completely covered, resulting in zero load rejec-
tion. Yang et al. [10] proposed one optimum sizing method based
on Genetic Algorithms by using the Typical Meteorological Year
data. This optimization model is proposed to calculate the system
optimum conguration which can achieve the desired LPSP with
minimum Annualized Cost of System. Another Heuristic technique
based on the evolutionary algorithms have been performed by
Ekren et al. [11] for optimizing size of a PV/wind integrated hybrid
energy system with battery storage. The proposed methodology
uses a stochastic gradient search for the global optimization. In the
study, the objective function is the minimization of the hybrid
energy system total cost.
Bernal-Agustn et al. [12] present a multi-objective optimization
(NPC versus CO2 emissions) for a hybrid solar/wind/diesel system
with battery storage based on Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algo-
rithms (MOEAs). A triple multi-objective optimization to minimize
simultaneously the total cost throughout the useful life of the
installation, pollutant emissions (CO2) and unmet load has been
presented by Dufo-Lpez and Bernal-Agustn [13]. For this task,
a MOEAs and a Genetic Algorithm have been used in order to nd
the best combination of components and control strategies for the
hybrid system. According to the methods proposed by Chedid and
Rahman [14] and Yokoyama et al. [15] the optimal sizes of the PV
and wind power sources and the batteries are determined by
minimizing the system total cost function using linear program-
ming techniques. The total system cost consists of both the initial
cost and yearly operation and maintenance costs.
Yang et al. [16,17] have proposed an iterative optimization
technique following the loss of power supply probability (LPSP)
model for a hybrid solarewind system. The number selection of the
PV module, wind turbine and battery ensures the load demand
according to the power reliability requirement, and the system cost
is minimized. Similarly, an iterative optimization method was
presented by Kellogg et al. [18] to select the wind turbine size and
PV module number needed to make the difference of generated and
demanded power (DP) as close to zero as possible over a period of
time. From this iterative procedure, several possible combinations
of PV/wind generation capacities were obtained. The total annual
cost for each conguration is then calculated and the combination
with the lowest cost is selected to represent the optimal mixture.
Another iterative optimization technique for a stand-alone
hybrid photovoltaic/wind system (HPWS) with battery storage is
presented by Diaf et al. [19]. The main objective of the presented
study is to nd the optimumsize of system, able to fulll the energy
requirements of a given load distribution, for three sites located at
Corsica island and to analyze the impact of different parameters on
the system size. In the proposed stand-alone system, the supply of
wind power via an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is used and
therefore the energy produced by the wind generator can be sent
directly to the load.
In this paper, a grid-independent hybrid PV/wind system opti-
mization model, which utilizes the iterative optimization technique
to follow the Deciency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP) model
and the Levelised Unit Electricity Cost (LUEC) model for power
reliability and system cost respectively, is presented. At the differ-
ence of the system conguration used by Diaf et al. [19] in which
the wind generator is taken as the primary source of energy and the
PV generator as the secondary source of energy. This conguration
is good especially for high wind potential regions. The congura-
tion adopted in this study corresponds to the hybrid PV/wind
system in which both wind and PV generators present the primary
source of energy thereby represent the best complementarity
between the two renewable energy sources photovoltaic and wind
and leads to an energy management strategy different from that
presented in [19]. Also, the algorithm developed in this study does
not allow the unballasting of the production in the event of surplus
energy: power produced from natural sources intermittent (wind,
sun) greater than the amount of power consumed and the
maximum acceptable power storage device. Moreover, this algo-
rithm permits the calculation of the excess energy. So, the surplus
energy produced could be used in the production of hydrogen from
an electrolyzer for Long-term energy storage, helping to improve
the total efciency of the hybrid system. Using the DPSP objective
function, the congurations of a hybrid systemwhich can meet the
system reliability requirements can be obtained. There are three
sizing parameters in the simulation, i.e. the capacity of PV system,
the rated power of wind system and the capacity of the battery
bank. The optimum conguration can be identied from the set of
the above obtained congurations by reaching the lowest Levelised
Unit Electricity Cost (LUEC). couter Lire phontiquement.
2. Grid-independent system description
A schematic diagram of a stand-alone hybrid PV/wind system is
shown in Fig. 1. Battery chargers, connected to a common DC bus,
are used to charge the battery bank from the respective PV and
wind input power sources. Depending on the battery charger
technology, the maximum available power can be extracted from
the PV and wind power sources (Maximum Power Point Tracking,
MPPT). The battery bank is used to store the energy surplus and to
supply the load in case of low wind speed and/or irradiation
Fig. 1. Block diagram of a hybrid PV/wind system.
A. Kaabeche et al. / Energy 36 (2011) 1214e1222 1215
conditions. A DC/AC inverter is used to interface the DC battery
voltage to the consumer load AC requirements. The energy
produced from each PV or wind source is transferred to the
consumer load through the battery charger and the DC/AC inverter,
while the energy surplus is used to charge the battery bank.
3. Hybrid PV/wind system model
3.1. PV generator model
The hourly output power of the PV generator with an area A
pv
(m
2
) at a solar radiation on tilted plane module G
t
(W/m
2
), is given
by [20]:
P
pv
h
pv
A
pv
G
t
(1)
Where h
pv
represents the PV generator efciency and is given by
[21,22]:
h
pv
h
r
h
pc
_
1 b
_
T
c
T
cref
__
(2)
Where h
r
is the reference module efciency, h
pc
is the power
conditioning efciency which is equal to 1 if a perfect maximum
power tracker (MPPT) is used. b is the generator efciency
temperature coefcient, it is assumed to be a constant and for
silicon cells the range of b is 0.004e0.006 per (

C), T
cref
is the
reference cell temperature (

C) and T
c
is the cell temperature (

C)
and can be calculated as follows [23]:
T
c
T
a
NOCT 20=800G
t
(3)
Where T
a
is the ambient temperature (

C) and NOCT is the nominal

cell operating temperature (

C). h
pc
b, NOCT and A
pv
, are parameters
that depend upon the type of module used. The data are obtained
from the PV module manufacturers.
3.2. Wind turbine system model
The wind speed distribution for selected sites as well as the
power output characteristic of the chosen wind turbine are the
factors that have to be considered to determine the wind energy
conversion systempower output. Choosing a suitable model is very
important for wind turbine power output simulations. The most
simplied model to simulate the power output of a wind turbine
can be described by [24]:
P
w
V
_
_
_
P
R
__
V2 V
2
C
__
V
2
R
V
2
C
_
; V
C
V V
R
P
R
; V
R
V V
F
0; Otherwise
(4)
Where P
R
is the rated electrical power; V
C
is the cut-in wind speed;
V
R
is the rated wind speed; and V
F
is the cut-off wind speed. In this
study, the adjustment of the wind prole for height is taken into
account by using the power law that has been recognized as
a useful tool to model the vertical prole of wind speed. The
equation can be described by [25,26]:
VH
V
_
H
ref
_
_
H
H
ref
_
f
(5)
Where V(H) is the wind speed at hub height H, m/s; V(H
ref
) is the
wind speed measured at the reference height H
ref
, m/s; a is the
power law exponent. The determination of a becomes very
important. The value of 1/7 is usually taken when there is no
specic site data [26,27].
3.3. Battery bank model
Battery bank storage is sized to meet the load demand during
non-availability period of renewable energy source, commonly
referred to as days of autonomy. Normally the number of days of
autonomy is taken to be 2 or 3 days. Battery sizing depends on
factors such as maximum depth of discharge, temperature correc-
tion, rated battery capacity and battery life. The total capacity of the
battery bank that is to be employed to meet the load is determined
using the following expression [28]:
C
B

E
L
S
D
V
B
DOD
max
T
cf
h
B
(6)
Where E
L
is the load in Wh; S
D
is the battery autonomy or storage
days; V
B
is the battery bank voltage; DOD
max
is the maximum
battery depth of discharge; T
cf
is the temperature correction factor
and h
B
is the battery efciency.
Depending on the PV and wind energy production and the load
power requirements, the state of charge of battery can be calculated
from the following equations:
Battery charging,
SOCt SOCt 1$1 s E
Gen
t E
L
t=h
inv
$h
B
(7)
Battery discharging,
SOCt SOCt 1$1 s E
L
t=h
inv
E
Gen
t (8)
Where SOC(t) and SOC(t-1) are the states of charge of battery bank
(Wh) at the time t and t e 1, respectively; s is hourly self-discharge
rate; E
Gen
(t) is the total energy generated by PV array and wind
generators after energy loss of controller; E
L
(t) is load demand at
the time t; h
inv
and h
B
are the efciency of inverter and charge
efciency of battery bank, respectively. At any time t, the charged
quantity of the battery bank is subject to the following two
constraints:
SOC
min
SOCt SOC
max
(9)
The maximum charge quantity of battery bank SOC
max
takes the
value of nominal capacity of battery bank C
B
, and the minimum
charge quantity of battery bank SOC
min
, is determined by the
maximum depth of discharge (DOD): SOC
min
(1 e DOD)$C
B
.
According to the specications from the manufacturers, the bat-
terys lifetime can be prolonged to the maximum if DOD takes the
value of 30e50%. In this paper, the DOD takes the value of 50%.
4. Optimal sizing criteria for hybrid renewable energy system
In the existing literature there are various methods to evaluate
the hybrid PV/wind energy system (HPWES) such as energy to load
ratio, battery to load ratio, and non-availability of energy [28]. In
order to select an optimal combination of a HPWES to satisfy the
load demand, evaluation may be carried on the basis of reliability
and economy of power supply. The proposed methodology for
evaluation of HPWES is described in the next section.
4.1. Reliability criteria based on DPSP technique
In this study, reliability of the system is expressed in terms of
deciency of power supply probability (DPSP) which is the proba-
bility that an insufcient power supply results when the hybrid
system (PV array, wind power and energy storage) is unable to
satisfy the load demand. The DPSP technique is considered to be the
technical implemented criteria for sizing and evaluating a hybrid
PV/wind system employing a battery bank. The technical model for
A. Kaabeche et al. / Energy 36 (2011) 1214e1222 1216
Fig. 2. Flow chart of the optimal sizing model.
A. Kaabeche et al. / Energy 36 (2011) 1214e1222 1217
hybrid system sizing is developed using the DPSP technique. The
methodology used can be summarized in the following steps:
(a) If the power generated from the PV/wind system is greater
than the load for a particular hour. In this case, the energy surplus is
stored in the battery bank and the newstate of charge is calculated
using Eq. (7) until the full capacity is obtained; the remainder of the
available energy is not used.
(b) When the energy demand of the load is greater than the
available energy generated by the PV/wind system, the battery
bank will be used to assure the load demand. In this case, the new
state of charge at hour t is calculated using Eq. (8).
In case (a) when the state of charge of the battery bank reaches
a maximum value, SOC
max
, the control system stops the charging
process. The excess power generated (EPG) is an important
parameter, which gives the excess in power generated and unuti-
lized by the system. This value can vary due to the variation of
hourly average demand, insolation, wind velocity and state of
charge of the battery bank. At hour t, the excess power generated
(EPG) can be expressed as follows:
EPGt E
Gen
t E
L
t=h
inv
SOC
max
SOCt 1=h
B

(10)
The relative excess power generated (REPG), expressed as the
ratio of power excess to the sum of load demand during the
considered period is calculated by the following equation:
REPG

T
t 1
EPGt=

T
t 1
E
L
t (11)
In case (b), if the state of charge of the battery bank decreases to
its minimum level, SOC
min
, the control system disconnects the load
and that decit called deciency power supply (DPS) at hour t, can
be expressed as:
DPSt E
L
t E
Gen
t SOCt 1 SOC
min
h
inv
(12)
The deciency of power supply probability (DPSP), for
a considered period T (1 year in this study), can be dened as the
ratio of all the (DPS(t)) values for that period to the sum of the load
demand. This can be dened as [29]:
DPSP

T
t 1
DPSt=

T
t 1
E
L
t (13)
A DPSP of 1 means that the load will never be satised and the
DPSP of 0 means that the load will be always satised. From the
above-describedsituations, a programis developedinMATLABtosize
the components for eachconguration, for a particular DPSPspecied
by the user. The ow chart of HPWES model is illustrated in Fig. 2.
In this program, P
pv,min
, P
pv,max
and P
w,min
, P
w,max
represent the
lower and higher limits of the variation interval of the PV and wind
generator rated power, respectively. DP
PV
and DP
W
represent the
variation step of the PV and wind power, Dt the simulation step and
DS
D
is the step of storage days. In this study the maximum number
of storage days, NS
D
5.
The program input data set consists of hourly solar irradiation
on a tilted plane, hourly mean values of ambient temperature and
wind speed, desired DPSP, load power requirements during the
year and specications of the system devices. Using the developed
program, a set of system congurations, which satisfy the system
power reliability requirements, can be obtained. The optimal one is
subsequently predicted on the basis of the minimum LUEC.
4.2. Economic criteria based on LUEC concept
It is pertinent that economic analysis should be made while
attempting to optimize the size of integrated hybrid PV/wind
generation systems favouring an affordable unit price of power
produced. The economical approach, according to the concept of
Levelised Unit Electricity Cost (LUEC), is developed to be the best
indicator of economic protability of system cost analysis in this
study. The LUEC is dened as the total cost of the whole hybrid
system divided by the energy supplied from the hybrid system.
Four main parts are considered: PV array, wind turbine, battery
bank, and the inverter. Then, the LUEC can be expressed by:
LUEC$=kWh
LCC CRF

8760
t 1
E
Gen
t
(14)
Where LCC is the life cycle cost of the hybrid system; E
Gen
is the
hourly total energy generated by both the wind and PV system; CRF
is the capital recovery factor, a ratio to calculate the present value of
an annuity (a series of equal annual cash ows). The equation for
the capital recovery factor is:
CRF
_
k
d
; L
p
_

k
d
1 k
d

Lp
1 k
d

Lp
1
(15)
In which k
d
is the annual real interest rate (8e10%), L
p
is the
system life period in years (25 years) [30]. The annual real interest
rate k
d
is related to the nominal interest rate k
0
d
(the rate at which
you could get a loan) and the annual ination rate f by the equation
given below.
k
d

k
0
d
f
1 f
(16)
According to the studied system, the life cycle cost (LCC) takes
into account the capital cost (C
cap
), the present value of replace-
ment cost (C
rep
) and the present value of maintenance cost (C
main
).
4.2.1. The initial capital cost
The initial capital cost of each system component consists of the
component price, the cost of civil work, installation and the
connections. In this study, the civil work and installation costs are
taken as 40% of PV generator price for PV part and 20% of wind Table 1
The costs and lifetime aspect for the system components.
Component Unit Price
(US$/W)
Maintenance cost
in the rst year %
Lifetime
(year)
Real interest
rate k
d
(%)
Ination
rate f (%)
PV array
a
4.84 1% of price 25 8 4
Wind turbine
a
3.000 3% of price 20
Battery bank
a
0.207 1% of price 4
Inverter
a
0.715 0% of price 10
a
Mean value of the literature data.
Table 2
Specications of the PV module.
Type Voc (V) Isc (A) V
max
(V) I
max
(A) P
max
(W)
Arco-Solar 21.7 2.7 17.3 2.49 43
Table 3
Specications of the wind turbine.
Type Rated
power
(W)
Cut-in
speed
V
C
(m/s)
Rated
speed
V
R
(m/s)
Cut-off
speed
V
F
(m/s)
Tower
high (m)
AIR 403 400 3 12 25 10
A. Kaabeche et al. / Energy 36 (2011) 1214e1222 1218
generator price for wind part. Then the initial capital cost for the
hybrid system, (C
IC
) is given by:
C
IC

__
C
PV
C
Unit;PV
_

_
C
W
C
Unit;W
_

_
C
B
C
Unit;B
_

_
C
INV
C
Unit;INV
_
C
0

(17)
Where (C
PV
, C
unit,PV
) are the total capacity (W) and unit cost
($/W) of PV array respectively; (C
W
, C
unit,W
)are the total capacity
(W) and unit cost ($/W) of the wind machine respectively; (C
B
,
C
unit,B
) are the total capacity (Wh) and unit cost ($/Wh) of the
battery bank respectively; and (C
INV
, C
unit,INV
)are the nominal
capacity (W) and unit cost ($/W) of the inverter respectively; and C
0
is the total constant cost including the cost of civil work and
installation.
4.2.2. The present value of replacement cost
The present value of replacement cost of a system component is
the present value of all the replacement costs occurring throughout
the system lifetime. As the life period of wind generator, battery
banc and inverter are shorter than PV system; the replacement cost
of the wind generator, the batteries and the inverter have to be
included in the cost analysis of the hybrid system. Considering the
ination rate of component replacements f
0
and real interest rate
(k
d
), the present value of replacement cost (C
rep
) can be determined
as follows [31]:
C
rep
C
unit
C
nom

Nrep
i 1
_
1 f
0

1 k
d

_
N
i
=Nrep1
(18)
Where C
nom
is the nominal capacity of the replacement system
component (wind generator in (W); battery bank in (Wh) and
inverter in (W)); C
unit
is the unit component cost (wind generator
($/W); battery bank ($/Wh) and inverter ($/W)) and N
rep
is the
number of component replacements over the system life period.
4.2.3. The present value of operation and maintenance cost
In its general form, the present value of operation and mainte-
nance cost of the hybrid system C
O&M,Hyb
is expressed as [32]:
C
O&M;Hyb

_
C
O&M
0
_
1f1
k
d
f1
_
_
1
_
1f1
1k
d
_
Lp
_
; for k
d
sf
1
C
O&M
0
L
p
; for k
d
f
1
(19)
Where f
1
is the ination rate for operations; k
d
is the annual real
interest rate and L
p
is the system life period in years. C
O&M
is the
operation and maintenance cost in the rst year. It can be given as
a fraction "k" of the initial capital cost (C
IC
).C
O&M
is expressed as:
Table 4
Specications of the single battery.
Type Nominal
capacity (Ah)
Voltage (V) Round-trip
efciency
DOD (%)
Varta Solar 100 12 0.85 50
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
L
o
a
d

p
o
w
e
r

(
W
)
Time (hours)
Fig. 3. Hourly load prole.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 8760
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time (hours)
H
o
u
r
l
y

s
o
l
a
r

i
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n

(
W
h
/
m
2
)
a
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 8760
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Time (hours)
W
i
n
d

s
p
e
e
d

(
m
/
s
)
b
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 8760
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Time (hours)
A
m
b
i
e
n
t

t
e
m
p

r
a
t
u
r
e

(

C
)
c
Fig. 4. Meteorological conditions for optimal design. (a) solar irradiation on horizontal
plane, (b) wind speed and (c) ambient temperature.
A. Kaabeche et al. / Energy 36 (2011) 1214e1222 1219
C
O&M
0
k C
IC
(20)
In this study it is assumed that all prices escalate at the same
rate, and use annual real interest rate rather than the nominal
interest rate.
The following unit price, maintenance cost and lifetime of each
component (PV array, wind generator, battery bank and inverter) in
this study are assumed as mentioned in Table 1. The conguration
with the lowest (LUEC) is taken as the optimal one from the set of
congurations which guarantee the required reliability of power
supply.
5. Results and discussion
5.1. Case study
The recommended methodology has been applied to analyze
a stand-alone hybrid PV/wind energy system, which is designed to
supply residential household locatedin the area of the CDER(Center
for Renewable Energy Development) situated in Bouzarah, Algeria
(36

48
0
N, 3

1
0
E, 345 m). The technical characteristics of the PV
module and wind turbine as well as the battery used in the studied
project are listed inTables 2, 3 and 4. The load prole adopted in this
research is that represented on Fig. 3. This hourly energy distribu-
tionis consideredidentical for every dayof theyear andcorresponds
to the load prole generally encountered in remote areas in Algeria.
Hourly data of solar irradiation on the horizontal plane, wind
speed as well as ambient temperature, plotted in Fig. 4 during the
year 2003, were recorded using a properly data-acquisition system
installed at the CDER [33]. The annual wind energy potential for
Bouzarah at 10 m height is 187 kWh/m
2
and the annual total solar
radiation on the horizontal surface is 1626 kWh/m
2
. On a compar-
ative basis between the solar insolation and wind distribution of
the site, there is a great scope for generating power from solar for
longer periods in a year. Thus, the data recorded are used in system
unit sizing and the generation is assumed to keep constant in each
hour interval.
5.2. Impact of power reliability on system congurations
The relationships between system reliabilities and system
congurations are studied. Figs. 5, 6 and 7 show the results of the
relationship between system reliabilities or DPSP values and
system congurations for different days of autonomy of the battery
bank. Fig. 5 shows the relationships for a one day-storage battery
bank. In this gure, the curves are hyperbolic nature. Each point of
them represents a couple (Number of PV modules, wind turbine
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Rated Power of Wind Turbine (W)
s
e
l
u
d
o
M
V
P
f
o
r
e
b
m
u
N
DPSP=1 %
DPSP=3 %
DPSP=5 %
1 day storage
Fig. 5. System congurations for different DPSP for 1 day of autonomy of the battery
bank.
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Rated Power of Wind Turbine (W)
s
e
l
u
d
o
M
V
P
f
o
r
e
b
m
u
N
DPSP=1 %
DPSP=3 %
DPSP=5 %
3 days storage
Fig. 6. System congurations for different DPSP for 3 days of autonomy of the battery
bank.
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Rated Power of Wind Turbine (W)
s
e
l
u
d
o
M
V
P
f
o
r
e
b
m
u
N
DPSP=1 %
DPSP=3 %
DPSP=5 %
5 days storage
Fig. 7. System congurations for different DPSP for 5 days of autonomy of the battery
bank.
400
800
12001600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000
20
40
60
80
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
s
e l
u
d
o
M
V
P
f
o
r
e
b
m
u
N
) W ( e n i b r u T d n i W f o r e w o P d e t a R
)
h
W
k
/
$
(
t
s
o
c
y
t
i
c
i
r
t
c
e
l
e
t
i
n
u
d
e
s
i
l
e
v
e
L
LUEC for 1 day storage
LUEC for 3 days storage
LUEC for 5 days storage
Fig. 8. System congurations and Levelised Unit Electricity Cost for DPSP 1%.
A. Kaabeche et al. / Energy 36 (2011) 1214e1222 1220
power) that guarantees the desired energy autonomy. In the case of
a zero value of the DPSP, the corresponding curve is called curve of
autonomy of the system: each point of this curve represents
a combinationwhich ensures the total autonomy of the system. The
areas above the curves are also congurations that can ensure the
required power reliability. It also shows that when the system
reliability is higher; the system conguration (PV module and wind
turbine power) is higher too for the same capacity of battery bank.
A similar situation happens to the system for three and ve days-
storage battery bank (Figs. 6 and 7), but compared to the system
with one day-storage battery bank, the PV module and wind
turbine power are more moderate. It means the hybrid systemwith
more batteries (5 days of storage capacity) can meet the load
demand with less supply failure.
5.3. Impact of system congurations on the LUEC
The congurations meeting different desired DPSP requirements
under different battery capacities are obtained from the simulation
results. After the technical criteria, the Levelised Unit Electricity Cost
(LUEC) is utilized as the economic benchmark. The simulation results
are demonstrated, and the relationships between the LUEC and
system congurations are analyzed. In Figs. 8, 9 and 10, the curves
given by the solid symbols represent the Levelised Unit Electricity
Cost (LUEC) under different congurations. Obviously, one point
with the minimum LUEC value occurs in each curve which means
the best conguration for one certain DPSP value and one certain
battery bank. This conguration is considered as the optimal one
which meets the system reliability requirement with the lowest
LUEC value. On the other hand, a meticulous examination into Figs.
8, 9 and 10 shows that the lowest LUEC is found when the capacity of
wind turbine and the number of PV modules are both moderate. It is
also shown that the LUEC for one day battery storage is lower than
three and ve days for the desired DPSP of 1%, 3% and 5% for the
studied case because batteries are much more expensive with
a short lifespan.
5.4. Impact of power reliability on the LUEC
The minimal values of the Levelised Unit Electricity Costs for
different DPSP (power reliability requirements) are calculated by
the proposed optimal sizing method. The results for hybrid system
are demonstrated in Fig. 11. The best congurations for one, three
and ve days of autonomy of the battery bank happen for a DPSP of
10% (lowest value). It conrms that higher power reliable systems
are more expensive than lower requirement systems. On the other
hand, a deeper examination into Fig. 11 shows that the optimal
congurations for one day-storage capacity have the lowest LUEC
than the three and ve days-storage capacity because batteries are
much more expensive with a short lifespan. Thus, choosing an
optimal system conguration according to system power reliability
requirements can help save investment and avoid blind capital
spending sizing.
6. Conclusions
In this paper, a grid-independent hybrid PV/wind system opti-
mization model, which utilizes the iterative optimization technique
to follow the Deciency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP) model
and the Levelised Unit Electricity Cost (LUEC) model for power
reliability and system cost respectively, is presented. The congu-
ration adopted in this study corresponds to the hybrid PV/wind
system in which both wind and PV generators present the primary
source of energy thereby represent the best complementarity
between the two renewable energy sources photovoltaic and wind
and leads to an energy management strategy different from that
presented in the previous studies. The recommended model
consists of three mainparts: the submodel of the hybrid system, the
technical submodel developed according to the Deciency of Power
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000
10
20
30
40
50
60 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
s
e l
u
d
o
M
V
P
f
o
r
e
b
m
u
N ) W ( e n i b r u T d n i W f o r e w o P d e t a R
)
h
W
k
/
$
(
t
s
o
c
y
t
i
c
i
r
t
c
e
l
e
t
i
n
u
d
e
s
i
l
e
v
e
L
LUEC for 1 day storage
LUEC for 3 days storage
LUEC for 5 days storage
Fig. 9. System congurations and Levelised Unit Electricity Cost for DPSP 3%.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Deficiency of power supply probability (%)
C
E
U
L
e
h
t
f
o
s
e
u
i
l
a
v
l
a
m
i
n
i
M
1 day storage
3 days storage
5 days storage
Fig. 11. Minimal values of LUEC vs. DPSP [fx3]for different days of autonomy of the
battery bank.
400
800 1200
1600
2000 2400
2800
3200
3600 4000
10
20
30
40 0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
s
e l
u
d
o
M
V
P
f
o
r
e
b
m
u
N ) W ( e n i b r u T d n i W f o r e w o P d e t a R
)
h
W
k
/
$
(
t
s
o
c
y
t
i
c
i
r
t
c
e
l
e
t
i
n
u
d
e
s
i
l
e
v
e
L
LUEC for 1 day storage
LUEC for 3 days storage
LUEC for 5 days storage
Fig. 10. System congurations and Levelised Unit Electricity Cost for DPSP 5%.
A. Kaabeche et al. / Energy 36 (2011) 1214e1222 1221
Supply Probability (DPSP) technique for system reliability evalua-
tion and the economic submodel developed based on the concept
of the Levelised Unit Electricity Cost (LUEC) which is considered as
a good indicator of economic protability in the eld of renewable
energy. A set of congurations meeting the desired DPSP can be
obtained by using the DPSP submodel. The conguration with the
lowest LUEC gives the optimal one.
Acase study is conducted to analyze one hybrid project, which is
designed to supply residential household located in the area of the
CDER (Center for Renewable Energy Development) situated in
Bouzarah, Algeria (36

48
0
N, 3

1
0
E, 345 m). The algorithm input
data set consists of hourly solar irradiation on the horizontal plane,
wind speed as well as ambient temperature recorded at Bouzarah
(Algeria) for the year 2003, the desired DPSP, load power require-
ments during the year and specications of the system devices.
The grid-independent hybrid PV/wind system is simulated by
running the developed program and the relationships between
system power reliability and system congurations have been
studied. The optimal congurations of the hybrid system are de-
termined in terms of different desired system reliability require-
ments (DPSP) and the Levelised Unit Electricity Cost (LUEC).
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