SIMPLE PENDULUM

Index 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Introduction1 Aim & Apparatus.2 Theory.3 Experimental procedure.4 Observations & Calculations..7 Conclusion..9 Acknowledgement.10 Reference.11

INTRODUCTION A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely. When a pendulum is displaced from its resting equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. When released, the restoring force combined with the pendulum's mass causes it to oscillate about the equilibrium position, swinging back and forth. The time for one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing, is called the period. A pendulum swings with a specific period which depends (mainly) on its length. The period of a simple pendulum may depend on the length, amplitude, size the local strength of gravity, and to a small extent on the maximum angle that the pendulum swings away from vertical, Since the period of a simple pendulum depends on its length this knowledge can be effectively used to find height of the lab.

AIM TO study the factors upon which the period of oscillation of a simple pendulum depends. To find the height of the room or the laboratory by the method of oscillation using a simple pendulum arranged. MATERIALS REQUIRED A simple pendulum, metre scale, stop clock, bobs of different masses, wooden blocks, a long string which has greater than the height of the laboratory.

THEORY

When amplitude is small, the period of oscillation (T) of a simple pendulum is given by T= 2pvl/g where l is the length of the pendulum measured as the distance b/w the bottom of the cork to centre of the bob and g, the acceleration due to gravity. We have the relation for period T= 2 pvl/g, i.e., T is directly proportional to vl or T2 is directly proportional to l or l/T2is constant at a place. If period (TH) can be found corresponding to a length which the height (H) of the lab and knowing l/T2value at the place, the height (H) can be calculated by the formula H= (l/T2) TH2. The height (H) is also calculated from the formula.

TH = 2 p vH/g I.e. H = (TH2)/4 p2 g

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The pendulum is suspended from a fixed point. The radius of the bob is determined using wooden blocks. The length of the pendulum l is first adjusted to be 0.6 m. A chalk mark is made on the edge of the table to indicate the rest or equilibrium position. The bob is drawn to one side by a small distance and released. When the pendulum just passes the chalk mark a stop watch is started counting it as zero. When the pendulum again crosses the chalk mark in the same direction it is counted as one and so on.

At the end of 20 oscillations the stop clock is stopped and the time is noted this is repeated once again and the mean value for 20 oscillations is found out. This time (t) divided by 20 gives the period of oscillations. T (time for one oscillations)

To find the (l/T2) value The pendulum is arranged on a retort stand placed on a table. The time for 10 oscillations is found for different known length (l).the time for one oscillation period (T) corresponding to each of these length is found by formula T= t/20 It is found once again. Mean (l/T2) is found as shown in the tabular column. To find the period (TH) corresponding to the length (H) of the laboratory:The bob is suspended from the ceiling of the lab. A spare fan hook at the ceiling is sufficient to suspend the bob. The bob should not touch the floor. The time for 20 oscillations is found. The period (TH) is calculated. The length of the pendulum which is the height (H) of the lab is calculated using the formula, H = mean (l/T2) TH2 To find (H) by the given formula:Since the period (TH) corresponds to the height of the laboratory and the value of g is known,(H) can be calculated by the formula H= (TH2/4 p2) g. The mean of the height obtained by tabulation and formula is found. The height (H) thus obtained can be corrected by adding the height of the bob from the floor to it.

OBSERVATION &CALCULATIONS:a) To find the dependences of period a length:Diameter of the bob, d= 2.8 cm. Radius of the bob, r = d/2 = 1.4 cm. Table -1 b) to find dependence of period on amplitude. Length of pendulum (l) = 1 m = 100 cm. Diameter of the bob (d) = 2 cm. Radius of the bob (r ) = d/2 = 1 cm. I.e. (l-r ) = 99 cm.

Table -2

c)To find the dependence of period on mass :Length of pendulum( l) = 1 m= 100 cm Table -3 d) To find the height of the room diameter of the bob= 2.8 cm Radius of the bob= 1.4 cm

Table -4 To find H from tabulation:-

H= mean (l/t2) TH2 = 24.49 x 16.4 = 401.6 cm = 4.02m

To find H by the formula H= (TH2/4p2) g = 0.42 x 9.8 = 4.12 m

To find height of the bob from the floor L= distance b/w bottom of the bob to floor +r = 1+ 1.4 cm = 2.4 cm = 0.024m

Corrected height (H) = (H +h) = 4.02 + 0.024 = 4.044 m Result Diameter of the bob, d= 2.8 cm Radius of the bob, r = d/2 = 1.4 cm Length of pendulum (l) = 1 m = 100 cm Height (H) = 4.044 m

CONCLUSION - time period of a simple pendulum increases with increase in length. - Time period of a simple pendulum is independent of the amplitude of oscillation - Time period of a simple pendulum is independent of the mass or radius of the bob of the pendulum. - The height of the laboratory by the method of oscillation of the simple pendulum = 4.044 m

Acknowledgement I would like to thank my teacher Miss Dimple for giving us a project to work on and also for giving us the freedom to choose our topic. Working on this project has given me an idea of how a simple pendulum works and how to use it to calculate things such as the height of a room. I would also like to thank my parents for their endless support, and last but not the least I would like to thank god without whom this would not have been possible.

REFERENCE: -Thomas E.V , A manual of Practical Physics, Tess Publishers , Thiruvalla -Mathur D.S , elements of Properties of Matter , S. Chand & Co. -Arora C.L Mechanics and Properties of matter , S. Chand & Co