Rizal Technological University

Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

College of Engineering and Industrial Technology Bachelor of Science in Architecture

Construction Management

Submitted by:

John Christian Dominic B. Gallego CEIT 01 801A

Submitted to:

Prof. Arch. Michael F. Luga

INTRODUCTION Construction management blends construction knowledge with business principles for the planning and execution of projects designed by architects and engineers. Construction managers coordinate a diverse workforce in order to ensure that projects advance on time and within budget. QUESTION NO. 1: ONE OF THE POSSIBLE POSITIONS OR DESIGNATIONS OF AN ARCHITECT MAY ASSUME AND MAY BE REQUIRED TO BE ACTED UPON AS MAY BE REQUESTED BY THE CLIENT IS CONTRUCTION MANAGEMENT? EXPLAIN THE ARCHITECTS COMPETENCE IN THIS FIELD. CITE HIS STRONG POINTS AS PROJECT SUPERINTENDED. Indeed, yes, Architect may assume and may be required to be acted upon as may be requested by the client as construction manager. Architects are much aware of contracts and handling personnels. In this kind of profession, architects have a diversified knowledge in construction and construction monitoring. As Project Superintended, he shall be required to present various construction methodologies possible to make and implement a certain scope of work. He shall also decide how the commencement of work be made. Construction Manager plays a crucial role in realization of technicalities of working drawing and in consruction implementation. He also transmits information to the Designer or the Architect on Variation/Change Orders, Suspensions due to Alterations, Material Testing and other concerns relative to the implementation of the Project. And lastly, he must update the Architect on the progress of the Project, particularly on the compliance of the Plans and Specifications. QUESTION NO. 2: CITE POSSIBLE PROJECT CIRCUMSTANCES THAT MAY CAUSE UNEXPECTED DELAYS AND SHOULD BE ACTED UPON BY A CONSTRUCTION MANAGER. When it comes into construction, we cannot find ways to avoid unexpected delays especially in methodologies and in the delivery of materials. For instance, in the course of construction start-up, the underlying soil are unsuitable, obstructed and are affected by various environmental concerns, the circumstances must be acted by the Construction Manager through reporting to the Architect and the Owner as soon as possible because such instances may pose suspesions or delays of works or may alter the entire execution of the project.

Such details, dimensions, actual working scenarios, time constraints and schedule, force majuere, critical site topographical and geographical issues, environmental concerns are some of few concerns that may cause unexpected delays which the Construction Manager should be acted on the construction. QUESTION NO. 3: LOOK FOR THE SAMPLE OF BILL OF MATERIALS. A Bill of Materials (BOM) is often compared to a cake recipe. Both identify and list the components of a finished product. While the cake recipe identifies ingredients such as flour, sugar, and eggs, the BOM identifies and lists all raw materials, subassemblies, and even intangibles that contribute to the costs of manufacturing a product. While a recipe and a BOM are similar, the consequences of inaccuracy are not. The wrong ingredient in a cake recipe may create a "flop" that ends up in the garbage, a loss, but one that could be resolved in a matter of hours by baking a second cake. Producing product with a wrong component in a BOM is not so easily resolved. An accurate engineering BOM is a prerequisite to developing other operating systems. It's a "building block," a central source of information that supports product costing, inventory control, and engineering documentation.

QUESTION NO.4: WHAT ARE THE HEAVY EQUIPMENTS USED FOR EARTHWORKS? It is a common fact that we find a wide variety of construction machines on every construction sites, which make the construction jobs easy, safe and quicker. Depending on the application, construction machines are classified into various categories. A. Earthmoving equipments Earthmoving equipment is used in the construction industry to : - shift large amounts of earth, - dig foundations and landscape areas. Types of earthmoving equipment include hydraulic excavators,bulldozers, compressors and loaders. A1 : EXCAVATORS Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house"). The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. Excavators are also called diggers. Excavators are used in many ways: Digging of trenches, holes, foundations Material handling Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments Forestry work Demolition General grading/landscaping Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining River dredging Driving piles, in conjunction with a pile driver A2 : LOADERS A loader is a heavy equipment machine often used in construction, primarily used to load material (such as

asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, and woodchips) into or onto another type of machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed- hopper, or railcar). A3 : GRADERS A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, a blade, a maintainer, or a motor grader, is a construction machine with a long blade used to create a flat surface. Typical models have three axles, with the engine and cab situated above the rear axles at one end of the vehicle and a third axle at the front end of the vehicle, with the blade in civil engineering, the graders purpose is to "finish grade" (refine, set precisely) the "rough grading" performed by heavy equipment or engineering vehicles such as scrapers and bulldozers. Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and prepare the base course to create a wide flat surface for the asphalt to be placed on. Graders are also used to set native soil foundation pads to finish grade prior to the construction of large buildings. A4 : CRAWLER LOADERS The crawler loader combines the stability of the crawler tractor with the abilities of a wheel loader. However, to construct a reliable crawler loader it requires more than simply attaching a loader bucket onto a crawler tractor. It must be designed with its specific purpose in mind to ensure it has the strength to withstand heavy excavating. The introduction of hydraulic excavators diminished the market for the crawler loader because it was unable to match the excavators lifting power and flexibility. However, crawler loaders are capable of maneuvering across the entire construction site under its own power, whereas most hydraulic excavators require towing or transport. While crawler tractors are still being manufactured today for niche markets, they reached their peak of popularity in the 1960s.

A5 : BACKHOE A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating equipment or digger consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two- part articulated arm. They are typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader. The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, and the section which carries the bucket is known as the dipper or dipper stick (the terms "boom" and "dipper" having been used previously on steam shovels). The boom is attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as the kingpost, which allows the arm to slew left and right, usually through a total of around 200 degrees. Modern backhoes are powered by hydraulics. A7 : BULLDOZERS A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a caw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely-compacted materials. A6 : TRENCHERS Trenchers, or ditchers as they are sometimes called, are similar to excavators in the sense that they penetrate the earth, breaking soil and rock, and remove it from the ground. They differ from excavators in that the soil is removed in one continuous movement. Trenchers are specifically used for digging trenches for pipes, but other machines have been improvised in the past to. Trenchers can come in two types: ladder trenchers and wheel trenchers, and can dig trenches at speeds that other machines cannot compare to.

A7 : SCRAPERS In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of heavy equipment used for earthmoving. The rear part has a vertically moveable hopper (also known as the bowl) with a sharp horizontal front edge. The hopper can be hydraulically lowered and raised. When the hopper is lowered, the front edge cuts into the soil or clay like a plane and fills the hopper. When the hopper is full it is raised, and closed with a vertical blade (known as the apron). The scraper can transport its load to the fill area where the blade is raised, the back panel of the hopper, or the ejector, is hydraulically pushed forward and the load tumbles out. Then the empty scraper returns to the cut site and repeats the cycle. A8 : A power shovel (also stripping shovel or front shovel or electric mining shovel) is a bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and for mineral extraction. Power shovels are used principally for excavation and removal of overburden in open- cut mining operations, though it may include loading of minerals, such as coal. They are the modern equivalent of steam shovels, and operate in a similar fashion. A shovels work cycle, or digging cycle, consists of four phases: digging swinging dumping returning B. Construction vehicles Engineering or Construction vehicles are heavy-duty vehicles,specially designed for executing construction (Civil engineering) tasks,most frequently, ones involving earth moving.

B1 : DUMPERS A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, often on building sites. Dumpers are distinguished from dump trucks by configuration: a dumper is usually an open 4-wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver, while a dump truck has its cab in front of the load. The skip can tip to dump the load; this is where the name "dumper" comes from. They are normally diesel powered. A towing eye is fitted for secondary use as a site tractor. Modern dumpers have payloads of up to 10 tones and usually steer by articulating at the middle of the chassis. B2 : TIPPERS A truck or lorry the rear platform of which can be raised at the front end to enable the load to be discharged by gravity also called tip truck. Tippers are suited for the rough and tumble of mining & quarrying operations, as well as for carrying bulk loads in construction and infrastructure industries. Complete maneuverability, high performance and long-term endurance are common to all trucks, resulting in lower operating costs. B3 : TRAILERS A trailer is generally an unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle. Commonly, the term trailer refers to such vehicles used for transport of goods and materials.

C. Material handling equipments C1 : CRANES A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a man. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment. C2 : CONVEYORS A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials, which make them very popular in the material handling and packaging industries. C3 : FORKLIFTS A forklift truck (also called a lift truck, a fork truck, a forklift, or a towmotor) is a powered industrial truck used to lift available in many variations and load capacities. In a typical warehouse setting most forklifts used have load capacities between one to five tons. Larger machines, up to 50 tons lift capacity are used for lifting heavier loads.

C4 : HOISTS A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift- wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium. The load is attached to the hoist by means of a lifting hook. Also known as a Man-Lift, Buckhoist, temporary elevator, builder hoist, passenger hoist or construction elevator, this type of hoist is commonly used on large scale construction projects, such as high-rise buildings or major hospitals. There are many other uses for the construction elevator. Many other industries use the buckhoist for full time operations. The purpose is being to carry personnel, materials, and equipment quickly between the ground and higher floors, or between floors in the middle of a structure. D. Construction equipments D1 : TUNNELING AND HANDLING EQUIPMENTS A tunnel boring machine (TBM) also known as a "mole", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from a meter (done with micro-TBMs) to 19.25 m to date. Tunnels of less than a meter or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. D2 : COMPACTORS The plate compactor has a large vibrating base plate and is suited for creating a level grade, while the jumping jack compactor has a smaller foot. The jumping jack type is mainly used to compact the backfill in narrow trenches for water or gas supply pipes etc. Road rollers may also have vibrating rollers.

D3 : PAVERS A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher, paving machine) is an engineering vehicle used to lay asphalt on roadways. It is normally fed by a dump truck. A separate machine, a roller, is then used to press the hot asphalt mix, resulting a smooth, even surface. The sub-base being prepared by use of a grader to trim crushed stone to profile after rolling. D4 : ROAD ROLLER A road roller (sometimes called a rollercompactor, or just roller) is a compactor type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations, similar rollers are used also at landfills or in agriculture. D5 : STONE CRUSHERS A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, or rock dust. Crushers may be used to reduce the size, or change the form, of waste materials so they can be more easily disposed of or recycled, or to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials (as in rock ore), so that pieces of different composition can be differentiated.

QUESTION NO. 5: WHAT ARE THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION?

Materials used in construction are those that are employed in the edification. In construction we can exploit different types of materials: Petrous or stony materials Aglomerative materials Concrete Ceramic materials Other materials Petrous or stony materials Compact rocks They are blocks of limestone, marble, granite, slate, sandstone, etc... Disintegrated rocks They are fragments of rocks of variable size. In construction we use: > Clay: it can absorb water. > Arids or fragments of the disgregation of rocks. They can be sand, gravel and etc. Aglomerative rocks When they are mixed with water they turn pasty and when they solidify they adquire lightness. Lime : to obtain this material we heat limestone. Gypsum : it is mineral in powder and, when we add water to it, we use it to cover walls or roofs. There are three types: > Black with impurities. > White without impurities. > Plaster. Cement : its the most used aglomerant. There are a lot of types (metallurgical,...). The most employed is Portland cement, which is made up of a mix of limestone and clay and it is cooked in a rotative oven. Concrete It is a mixture of arids, aglomerants and water. There are different types of concrete, but the most used are: Regular concrete: it includes powdered cement mixed with water. Cellular concrete: it is concrete produced by the addition of an air entraining agent to the concrete or a lightweight aggreggate like expanded clay pellets or cork granules. Cyclopean concrete: it is made up of cement, water and big arids (of more of 30 cm of diameter). Reinforced concrete: inside of it there is an armor made up of steel bars that can be tense before the concrete solidifies, or after.

Ceramic materials They are pieces fabric with molded clay and cooked in an oven. The process of elaboration: Mixing and molding: clay and water are mixed together and then it is molded. Cooked in oven: the molded material is heated inside ovens with differents temperatures so it doesnt break. There are different types of ceramic materials: Bricks: they are pieces of cooked clay. There are two types, thin bricks and ordinary bricks. Tiles: they are square or rectangular pieces. We used them for the tiled of walls. Roof tiles: they are employed in roofs and covers. Porcelain: it is covered with varnish. It is used in baths. Other materials Metals; those we use in construction are: > Steel. > Aluminium. > Copper. Woods: it is very use in doors, floors, walls and for scaffolding before. Plastics: their use is more common now. They are used in cables, plugs, insulators, outlets. Glass: they are used in windows, doors, decoration, dividers and curtain walls. QUESTION NO.6: PERSONNEL HANDLING Personnel handling is one of the crucial part of work in any professions because it deals with different kinds of attitudes. Sometimes it causes a fight between two because of how they treat each other which may affect the perfomance of the company. In construction, there are branches of staff that deals with their sprecific task. Well, there are also some scenarios that staffs are having quarell and we cannot avoid that. Speaking of branches, these create a heirarchy in organization or team on a construction or a project to finished it very well. Each staffs have a corresponding members with different task assigned to them. But all of these are govern by a Construction Manager.