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Thermosets
Dr. Dmitri Kopeliovich Thermosets are Polymers which do not melt when heated. Thermosets molecules are cross-linked by strong covalent intermolecular bonds, orming one giant molecule. !ross-linking is irreversible there ore thermosets can not be reprocessed "re-melt#. !ross-linking is achieved in curing process initiated by heat, chemical agents or radiation. $e ore curing processing thermoset materials are stored in partially polymeri%ed condition. &ulcani%ation "cross-linking, curing# results in sharp increase o strength, elasticity and stability o thermosets. Thermosets are stronger and sti er than Thermoplastics. 'ti ness o thermosets is even higher than some metals "aluminum#. Thermosets also have higher thermal, chemical and creep resistance than thermoplastics. Thermoset materials may contain iller materials in orm o powder or ibers, providing improvement o speci ic material properties "strength, sti ness, (odulus o )lasticity, thermal resistance, lubricity#. !ommon iller materials are glass in various orms, metal powders, *raphite or molybdenum disul ide powder. Thermoset groups:

Epoxies (EP) Unsaturated Polyesters (UP) Phenolics (PF) Amino Resins Urea Formaldehyde (UF)

Melamine Formaldehyde (MF) Alkyds (AMC)

Properties and applications of some thermosets

Thermoset )po,y ")P# Thermoset -nsaturated Polyester "-P# Thermoset Phenolics "P.# Thermoset -rea .ormaldehyde "-.# Thermoset (elamine .ormaldehyde "(.# Thermoset /lkyds "/(!#

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Polymer structure Polymer materials "0ntroduction# )lastomers Thermoplastics 'hore "1urometer# hardness test (ethods o polymers abrication &ulcani%ation o rubber Plastics welding /dhesives Paints 0on e,change resins Plastics recycling

Related external links http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse234/class.htm http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms5sta s/akkus/$0622335notes/polymers.pd http://users.encs.concordia.ca/7woodadam/*!89+3+/0mportant:23polymers.pd http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es32+/)'32+a52339/;ecture:23<otes/!hap:23+=-+>:23:23Polymers.pd http://ocw.mit.edu/<?/rdonlyres/(echanical-)ngineering/2-33@'pring233=/>)$++A..$$A$-=3=B-4@$9- A+>2>=@.41=>/3/3=5polymer5+595 .pd http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/meA>>/;ectures/'p2339/lecture+423:23Polymer,:23Polymer: 23Processing,:23composites.ppt http://www.engr.siu.edu/sta 2/derunt%/0T23@/!hapter:23+@:23(anu acturing:23with :23Plastics.ppt

to Polymers

Thermoset Epoxy (EP)

"submitted by the website administration# Thermoset Epoxy (EP) Property

"alue in metric unit "alue in U# unit ensity +.+> C+3D kg/mD B+.@ lb/ tD Modulus of elasticity 2+ *Pa A3=3 ksi Tensile stren$th +=3 (Pa 23333 psi Elon$ation = : = : Flexural yield stren$th 2=3 (Pa A>333 psi Compressi%estren$th 22> (Pa A2333 psi -9 Thermal expansion (&' (C) A+C+3 E!FG +BC+3-9 in/"inC E.# Thermal conducti%ity 3.+B H/"mCI# +.+@ $T-Cin/"hrC tJCE.# #pecific heat capacity ++33 K/"kgCI# 3.29 $T-/"lbCE.# Maximum )ork temperature 233 E! =33 E. 8igh strengthL ),cellent corrosion resistanceL ),cellent dimension stabilityL ),cellent toughnessL *ood dielectrical propertiesL ;ow shrinkageL *ood adhesion. /pplications: electrical molding, electrical circuits "rein orced with glass iber#, protective coating, pipe ittings, adhesive, rocket motors components "rein orced with glass- ilament-wound#, sinks, coating or wear resistant industrial loors, encapsulation. Related internal links

'ingle component high strength epo,y adhesive Two component ast curing epo,y adhesive Two component toughened epo,y adhesive Thermoset -nsaturated Polyester "-P# Thermoset Phenolics "P.# Thermoset -rea .ormaldehyde "-.# Thermoset (elamine .ormaldehyde "(.# Thermoset /lkyds "/(!#

Related external links

http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse234/class.htm http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms5sta s/akkus/$0622335notes/polymers.pd http://users.encs.concordia.ca/7woodadam/*!89+3+/0mportant:23polymers.pd http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es32+/)'32+a52339/;ecture:23<otes/!hap:23+=-+>:23:23Polymers.pd http://ocw.mit.edu/<?/rdonlyres/(echanical-)ngineering/2-33@'pring233=/>)$++A..$$A$-=3=B-4@$9-A+>2>=@.41=>/3/3=5polymer5+595 .pd http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/meA>>/;ectures/'p2339/lecture+423:23Polymer,:23Polymer:23Processing,:23composites.ppt http://www.engr.siu.edu/sta 2/derunt%/0T23@/!hapter:23+@:23(anu acturing:23with :23Plastics.ppt to Thermosets to Properties o polymers thermoset5epo,y5ep.t,t M ;ast modi i

Thermoset Unsaturated Polyester (UP)

"submitted by the website administration# Thermoset Unsaturated Polyester (UP) Property "alue in metric unit "alue in U# unit ensity +.+9 C+3D kg/mD B2.= lb/ tD Modulus of elasticity +4 *Pa 2B33 ksi Tensile stren$th +43 (Pa 2B333 psi Elon$ation A : A : Flexural yield stren$th A+3 (Pa =>333 psi Compressi%estren$th 2A3 (Pa AA333 psi -9 Thermal expansion (&' (C) A+C+3 E!FG +BC+3-9 in/"inC E.# Thermal conducti%ity 3.+B H/"mCI# +.+@ $T-Cin/"hrC tJCE.# Maximum )ork temperature +B3 E! A2> E. ),cellent rigidityL 8igh strengthL 8igh creep strengthL ),cellent dielectrical propertiesL *ood chemical resistanceL /pplications: iberglass boats, building panels, ans, ences, helmets, compressor housing, auto body components, bathroom accessories. Related internal links

Thermoset )po,y ")P# Thermoset Phenolics "P.# Thermoset -rea .ormaldehyde "-.# Thermoset (elamine .ormaldehyde "(.# Thermoset /lkyds "/(!#

Related external links http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse234/class.htm http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms5sta s/akkus/$0622335notes/polymers.pd http://users.encs.concordia.ca/7woodadam/*!89+3+/0mportant:23polymers.pd http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es32+/)'32+a52339/;ecture:23<otes/!hap:23+=-+>:23:23Polymers.pd http://ocw.mit.edu/<?/rdonlyres/(echanical-)ngineering/2-33@'pring233=/>)$++A..$$A$-=3=B-4@$9-A+>2>=@.41=>/3/3=5polymer5+595 .pd http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/meA>>/;ectures/'p2339/lecture+423:23Polymer,:23Polymer:23Processing,:23composites.ppt http://www.engr.siu.edu/sta 2/derunt%/0T23@/!hapter:23+@:23(anu acturing:23with :23Plastics.ppt to Thermosets to Properties o polymers thermoset5unsaturated5polyester5up.t,t M ;ast modi ied: 233@/3>/+

Thermoset Phenolics (PF)

"submitted by the website administration# Thermoset Phenolics (PF) Property "alue in metric unit "alue in U# unit ensity +.2@ C+3D kg/mD @3.3 lb/ tD Modulus of elasticity +A *Pa +@@3 ksi Tensile stren$th >3 (Pa B333 psi Elon$ation + : + : Flexural yield stren$th 92 (Pa 4333 psi Compressi%estren$th +>3 (Pa 22333 psi -9 Thermal expansion (&' (C) =@C+3 E!FG A3C+3-9 in/"inC E.# Maximum )ork temperature +23 E! 2>3 E. 8igh hardnessL $rittleL ),cellent thermal stabilityL &ery good dielectric properties.

>

/pplications: wiring devices, lamps holders, switchboards, bottle caps, automotive parts, plugs and switches, handles on kitchen utensils " illed with mineral ibers#, motor housings, welding tongs, ashtrays. Related internal links

Thermoset )po,y ")P# Thermoset -nsaturated Polyester "-P# Thermoset -rea .ormaldehyde "-.# Thermoset (elamine .ormaldehyde "(.# Thermoset /lkyds "/(!#

Related external links http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse234/class.htm http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms5sta s/akkus/$0622335notes/polymers.pd http://users.encs.concordia.ca/7woodadam/*!89+3+/0mportant:23polymers.pd http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es32+/)'32+a52339/;ecture:23<otes/!hap:23+=-+>:23:23Polymers.pd http://ocw.mit.edu/<?/rdonlyres/(echanical-)ngineering/2-33@'pring233=/>)$++A..$$A$-=3=B-4@$9-A+>2>=@.41=>/3/3=5polymer5+595 .pd http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/meA>>/;ectures/'p2339/lecture+423:23Polymer,:23Polymer:23Processing,:23composites.ppt http://www.engr.siu.edu/sta 2/derunt%/0T23@/!hapter:23+@:23(anu acturing:23with :23Plastics.ppt to Thermosets to Properties o polymers thermoset5phenolics5p .t,t M ;ast modi ie

Thermoset Urea Formaldehyde (UF)

"submitted by the website administration# Thermoset Urea Formaldehyde (UF) Property ensity (cellulose filled) Modulus of elasticity Tensile stren$th Elon$ation Flexural yield stren$th Compressi%estren$th

"alue in metric unit "alue in U# unit +.>> C+3D kg/mD 49.@ lb/ tD 4 *Pa +A33 ksi 9> (Pa 4>33 psi 3.@ : 3.@ : +33 (Pa +=333 psi 2=3 (Pa A>333 psi

Thermal expansion (&' (C) 24C+3-9 E!FG Maximum )ork temperature @3 E! 8igh hardness "higher than phenolics#L $rittleL 8igh toughnessL 'cratch resistantL 6paNue.

+9C+3-9 in/"inC E.# +B3 E.

/pplications: dinnerware, protective coatings, adhesives, lighting i,tures, heavy duty electrical eNuipment, decorative laminates. Related internal links

Thermoset )po,y ")P# Thermoset -nsaturated Polyester "-P# Thermoset Phenolics "P.# Thermoset (elamine .ormaldehyde "(.# Thermoset /lkyds "/(!#

Related external links http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse234/class.htm http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms5sta s/akkus/$0622335notes/polymers.pd http://users.encs.concordia.ca/7woodadam/*!89+3+/0mportant:23polymers.pd http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es32+/)'32+a52339/;ecture:23<otes/!hap:23+=-+>:23:23Polymers.pd http://ocw.mit.edu/<?/rdonlyres/(echanical-)ngineering/2-33@'pring233=/>)$++A..$$A$-=3=B-4@$9-A+>2>=@.41=>/3/3=5polymer5+595 .pd http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/meA>>/;ectures/'p2339/lecture+423:23Polymer,:23Polymer:23Processing,:23composites.ppt http://www.engr.siu.edu/sta 2/derunt%/0T23@/!hapter:23+@:23(anu acturing:23with :23Plastics.ppt to Thermosets to Properties o polymers thermoset5urea5 ormaldehyde5u .t,t M ;ast mo

Thermoset Melamine Formaldehyde (MF)

"submitted by the website administration# Thermoset B

Melamine Formaldehyde (MF) Property "alue in metric unit "alue in U# unit ensity (cellulose filled) +.>> C+3D kg/mD 49.@ lb/ tD Modulus of elasticity +2 *Pa +@33 ksi Tensile stren$th 9> (Pa 4>33 psi Elon$ation 3.9 : 3.9 : Flexural yield stren$th +=3 (Pa 23333 psi Compressi%estren$th 2=3 (Pa A>333 psi -9 Thermal expansion (&' (C) 24C+3 E!FG +9C+3-9 in/"inC E.# Maximum )ork temperature +>3 E! A33 E. &ery high hardness "higher than phenolics#L $rittleL 8igh toughnessL 'cratch resistantL 6paNue. /pplications: table tops, dinnerware, protective coatings, adhesives, lighting i,tures, heavy duty electrical eNuipment, decorative laminates. Related internal links

Thermoset )po,y ")P# Thermoset -nsaturated Polyester "-P# Thermoset Phenolics "P.# Thermoset -rea .ormaldehyde "-.# Thermoset /lkyds "/(!#

Related external links http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse234/class.htm http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms5sta s/akkus/$0622335notes/polymers.pd http://users.encs.concordia.ca/7woodadam/*!89+3+/0mportant:23polymers.pd http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es32+/)'32+a52339/;ecture:23<otes/!hap:23+=-+>:23:23Polymers.pd http://ocw.mit.edu/<?/rdonlyres/(echanical-)ngineering/2-33@'pring233=/>)$++A..$$A$-=3=B-4@$9-A+>2>=@.41=>/3/3=5polymer5+595 .pd http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/meA>>/;ectures/'p2339/lecture+423:23Polymer,:23Polymer:23Processing,:23composites.ppt http://www.engr.siu.edu/sta 2/derunt%/0T23@/!hapter:23+@:23(anu acturing:23with :23Plastics.ppt to Thermosets to Properties o polymers

Thermoset Alkyds (AMC)

"submitted by the website administration# Thermoset Alkyds (AMC) Property "alue in metric unit "alue in U# unit Modulus of elasticity +2 *Pa +@33 ksi Tensile stren$th => (Pa 9>33 psi Flexural yield stren$th 43 (Pa +A333 psi Compressi%estren$th +B3 (Pa 2>333 psi -9 Thermal expansion (&' (C) A9C+3 E!FG 23C+3-9 in/"inC E.# Maximum )ork temperature +43 E! AB> E. *ood rigidityL 8igh toughnessL *ood color stabilityL *ood dimensional stabilityL *ood dielectric properties. /pplications: circuit breakers, switch gears, colored parts. Related internal links

Thermoset )po,y ")P# Thermoset -nsaturated Polyester "-P# Thermoset Phenolics "P.# Thermoset -rea .ormaldehyde "-.# Thermoset (elamine .ormaldehyde "(.#

Related external links http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse234/class.htm http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms5sta s/akkus/$0622335notes/polymers.pd http://users.encs.concordia.ca/7woodadam/*!89+3+/0mportant:23polymers.pd http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es32+/)'32+a52339/;ecture:23<otes/!hap:23+=-+>:23:23Polymers.pd http://ocw.mit.edu/<?/rdonlyres/(echanical-)ngineering/2-33@'pring233=/>)$++A..$$A$-=3=B-4@$9-A+>2>=@.41=>/3/3=5polymer5+595 .pd http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/meA>>/;ectures/'p2339/lecture+423:23Polymer,:23Polymer:23Processing,:23composites.ppt http://www.engr.siu.edu/sta 2/derunt%/0T23@/!hapter:23+@:23(anu acturing:23with :23Plastics.ppt

to Thermosets to Properties o polymers thermoset5alkyds5amc.t,t M ;a

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