Fredric Jameson Fredric Jameson Full Fredric Jameson name April 14, 1934 (age 76) Born Cleveland,

Ohio, U A Era !"#h$ % !1s#$cen#&r' philosoph' Region (es#ern )hilosoph' School *ar+ism Main )os#modernism *odernism science interest ,ic#ion U#opia his#or' narra#ive C&l# s &ral s#&dies dialec#ics s#r&c#&ralism Notable cogni#ive mapping na#ional ideas allegor' poli#ical &nconscio&s -n,l&enced .' Jac/&es 0acan 1arl *ar+ 2ladimir 0enin 3egel Jean$)a&l ar#re 4heodor Adorno 5'6rg' 0&78cs (al#er 9en:amin ;rnes# *andel ;rich A&er.ach <a'mond (illiams ;rns# 9loch 0o&is Al#h&sser Fran7,&r# chool Jean$ Fran=ois 0'o#ard -n,l&enced

lavo: >i?e7 )err' Anderson 5opal 9ala7rishnan Fredric Jameson (born 14 April 1934) is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist. He is best kno n !or his analysis o! contemporary c"lt"ral trends#he once described postmodernism as the spatiali$ation o! c"lt"re "nder the press"re o! or%ani$ed capitalism. Jameson&s best'kno n books incl"de Postmodernism: The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism(The Political Unconscious( and Marxism and Form. Jameson is c"rrently )illiam A. *ane +ro!essor in ,he +ro%ram in *iterat"re and -omance .t"dies at /"ke 0ni1ersity. Contents

1 0i,e and @or7s o 1A1 ;arl' @or7s o 1A! <esearch in#o *ar+ism o 1A3 Anal'sis o, s#r&c#&ralism o 1A4 Barra#ive and his#or'

o o o

1AC 4he cri#i/&e o, pos#modernism 1A6 <ecen# @or7 1A7 3ol.erg -n#erna#ional *emorial

)riDe 1AE -n,l&ence in China ! 9i.liograph' o !A1 9oo7s o !A! elec#ed ar#icles o !A3 elec#ed .oo7 revie@s o !A4 elec#ed in#ervie@s 3 Bo#es
o

4 ee also [edit]Life and works

Jameson as born in 2le1eland( 3hio. A!ter %rad"atin% !rom Ha1er!ord 2olle%e in 1944( he brie!ly tra1eled to 5"rope( st"dyin% at Aix'en'+ro1ence( M"nich and 6erlin( here he learned o! ne de1elopments in continental philosophy( incl"din% the rise o! str"ct"ralism. He ret"rned to America the !ollo in% year to p"rs"e a doctoral de%ree at 7ale 0ni1ersity( here he st"died "nder 5rich A"erbach.

[edit]Early works 5rich A"erbach o"ld pro1e to be a lastin% in!l"ence on Jameson&s tho"%ht. ,his as already apparent in the latter&s doctoral dissertation( hich o"ld be p"blished in 1981 as Sartre: the Origins of a Style. A"erbach&s concerns ere rooted in the 9erman philolo%ical tradition: his orks on the history o! style analy$ed literary !orm ithin social history. Jameson o"ld !ollo in these steps( examinin% the artic"lation o! poetry( history( philolo%y( and philosophy in the orks o! Jean'+a"l .artre. Jameson&s ork !oc"sed on the relation bet een the style o! .artre&s ritin%s and the political and ethical positions o! his existentialist philosophy. ,he occasional Marxian aspects o! .artre&s ork ere %lossed o1er in this book: Jameson o"ld ret"rn to them in the !ollo in% decade. Jameson&s dissertation( tho"%h it dre on a lon% tradition o! 5"ropean c"lt"ral analysis(

di!!ered markedly !rom the pre1ailin% trends o! An%lo'American academia ( hich ere empiricismand lo%ical positi1ism in philosophy and lin%"istics( and ;e 2ritical !ormalism in literary criticism). <t ne1ertheless earned Jameson a position at Har1ard 0ni1ersity( here he ta"%ht d"rin% the !irst hal! o! the 198=s. [edit]Research into Marxism His interest in .artre led Jameson to intense st"dy o! Marxist literary theory. 51en tho"%h >arl Marx as becomin% an important in!l"ence in American social science( partly thro"%h the in!l"ence o! the many 5"ropean intellect"als ho had so"%ht re!"%e !rom the .econd )orld )ar in the 0...( s"ch as ,heodor Adorno( the literary and critical ork o! the )estern Marxists ere still lar%ely "nkno n in American academia in the late 194=s and early 198=s. Jameson&s shi!t to ard Marxism as also dri1en by his increasin% political connection ith the ;e *e!t and paci!ist mo1ements.

His research !oc"sed on critical theory thinkers o!( and in!l"enced by( the Frank!"rt .chool s"ch as >enneth 6"rke( 9y?r%y *"k@cs( 5rnst 6loch( ,heodor Adorno( )alter 6enAamin( Herbert Marc"se( *o"is Alth"sser( and .artre( ho 1ie ed c"lt"ral criticism as an inte%ral !eat"re o! Marxist theory. ,his position represented a break ith more orthodox Marxism' *eninism( hich held a narro 1ie o! historical materialism. <n some ays Jameson has been concerned( alon% ith other Marxist c"lt"ral critics s"ch as ,erry 5a%leton( to artic"late Marxism&s rele1ance in respect to c"rrent philosophical and literary trends. <n 1989( Jameson co' !o"nded the Marxist *iterary 9ro"p ith a n"mber o! his %rad"ate st"dents at the 0ni1ersity o! 2ali!ornia( .an /ie%o.B1C )hile the 1"l%ar Marxist 1ie o! ideolo%y held that the c"lt"ral Ds"perstr"ct"reD as completely determined by the economic DbaseD( the )estern Marxists critically

analy$ed c"lt"re as a historical and social phenomenon alon%side economic prod"ction and distrib"tion or political po er relationships. ,hey held that c"lt"re m"st be st"died "sin% the He%elian concept o!immanent critiE"eF the theory that adeE"ate description and criticism o! a philosophical or c"lt"ral text m"st be carried o"t in the same terms that text itsel! employs( in order to de1elop its internal inconsistencies in a manner that allo s intellect"al ad1ancement. Marx hi%hli%hted immanent critiE"e in his early ritin%s( deri1ed !rom He%el&s de1elopment o! a ne !orm o! dialectic thinkin% that o"ld( as Jameson comments( &p"ll itsel! "p by its bootstraps.& [edit]Analysis of structuralism At the same time( Jameson st"died the main c"rrent alternati1e to Marxist analysis( as it as takin% shape in 5"ropeF the str"ct"ralist theory o! lan%"a%e and literat"re. A!ter mo1in% to the 0ni1ersity o! 2ali!ornia( .an /ie%o in 198G( Jameson p"blished Marxism and Form: Twentieth

Century !ialectical Theories of Literature (19G1) and The Prison "ouse of Language: # Critical #ccount of Structuralism and $ussian Formalism (19GH). 6oth these books attempted to en%a%e ith !eat"res o! mainstream literary and academic li!e that Jameson percei1ed as tendin% to ard detachment !rom reality. He critici$ed both the enshrinin% o! the ork o! art as an obAect completely separate !rom the context o! its prod"ction thro"%h the h"manist praise o! the artist and the anti'historical !ormalism deri1ed !rom a restricti1e interpretation o! str"ct"ralist method. Jameson sa both trends as !ail"res to percei1e the key elements o! the contemporary prod"ction and cons"mption o! artistic obAects. Jameson also held( as in pre1io"s orks( that c"lt"ral obAects m"st be "nderstood accordin% to c"lt"ral r"les: he ar%"ed that care!"l and detailed analysis o! c"lt"ral practices o"ld re1eal art and c"lt"re to be %ro"nded in economic realities.

Jameson&s ork d"rin% the 19G=s contin"ed in this direction. <t combined a m"lti'layered appraisal o! literary texts( incl"din% %enres and contemporary a"thors ho ere scarcely treated by academic st"dies( ran%in% !rom science !iction to -aymond 2handler( ith theoretical disc"ssions o! ideolo%y( modernism and literary history. [edit]Narrative and history History came to play an increasin%ly central role in Jameson&s interpretation o! both the readin% (cons"mption) and ritin% (prod"ction) o! literary texts. Jameson marked his !"ll'!led%ed commitment to He%elian'Marxist philosophy ith the p"blication o! The Political Unconscious: %arrati&e as a Socially Sym'olic #ct( the openin% slo%an o! hich is Dal ays historici$eD (19I1). The Political Unconscious takes as its obAect not the literary text itsel!( b"t rather the interpreti1e !rame orks by hich they are no constr"cted. <t emer%es as a mani!esto !or ne acti1ity concernin% literary narrati1e.

,he book&s ar%"ment emphasi$es history as the &"ltimate hori$on& o! literary and c"lt"ral analysis. <t borro ed notions !rom the str"ct"ralist tradition and !rom -aymond )illiams&s ork inc"lt"ral st"dies( and Aoined them to a lar%ely Marxist 1ie o! labor ( hether bl"e'collar or intellect"al) as the !ocal point o! analysis. Jameson&s readin%s exploited both the explicit !ormal and thematic choices o! the riter and the "nconscio"s !rame ork %"idin% these. Artistic choices that ere ordinarily 1ie ed in p"rely aesthetic terms ere recast in terms o! historical literary practices and norms( in an attempt to de1elop a systematic in1entory o! the constraints they imposed on the artist as an indi1id"al creati1e s"bAect. ,o !"rther this metacommentary( he described the ideologeme( or Dthe smallest intelli%ible "nit o! the essentially anta%onistic collecti1e disco"rses o! social classes.D Jameson&s establishment o! history as the only pertinent !actor in this analysis( hich deri1ed the cate%ories %o1ernin% artistic

prod"ction !rom their historical !rame ork( as paired ith a bold theoretical claim. Jameson&s book claimed to establish Marxian literary criticism( centered in the notion o! an artistic mode o! prod"ction( as the most all'incl"si1e and comprehensi1e theoretical !rame ork !or "nderstandin% literat"re. ,he %ro"nd ork laid o"t in this book o"ld ser1e as a basis !or another o! Jameson&s best'kno n orks. [edit] he criti!ue of "ostmodernism D+ostmodernism( or( ,he 2"lt"ral *o%ic o! *ate 2apitalismD as initially p"blished in the Ao"rnal %ew Left $e&iew in 19I4( d"rin% Jameson&s ten"re as +ro!essor o! *iterat"re and History o! 2onscio"sness at the 0ni1ersity o! 2ali!ornia( .anta 2r"$. ,his contro1ersial article( hich o"ld later be expanded to a !"ll'si$ed book in 1991( as part o! a series o! analyses o!postmodernism !rom the dialectical point o! 1ie Jameson had de1eloped in his earlier ork on narrati1e. Jameson here 1ie ed the postmodern Dskepticism to ards metanarrati1esD as a Dmode o!

experienceD stemmin% !rom the conditions o! intellect"al labor imposed by the late capitalist mode o! prod"ction. +ostmodernists claimed that the complex di!!erentiation bet een DspheresD or !ields o! li!e (s"ch as the political( the social( the c"lt"ral( the commercial( etc.) and bet een distinctclasses and rJles ithin each !ield( had been o1ercome by the crisis o! !o"ndationalism and the conseE"ent relati1i$ation o! tr"th'claims. Jameson ar%"ed( a%ainst this( that these phenomena had or co"ld ha1e been "nderstood s"ccess!"lly ithin a modernist !rame ork: postmodern !ail"re to achie1e this "nderstandin% implied an abr"pt break in the dialectical re!inement o! tho"%ht. <n his 1ie ( postmodernity&s mer%in% o! all disco"rse into an "ndi!!erentiated hole as the res"lt o! the coloni$ation o! the c"lt"ral sphere( hich had retained at least partial a"tonomy d"rin% the prior modernist era( by a ne ly or%ani$ed corporate capitalism. Follo in% Adorno and Horkheimer&s

analysis o! the c"lt"re ind"stry( Jameson disc"ssed this phenomenon in his critical disc"ssion o! architect"re( !ilm( narrati1e and 1is"al arts( as ell as in his strictly philosophical ork. , o o! Jameson&s best' kno n claims !rom Postmodernism are that postmodernity is characteri$ed by pastiche and a crisis in historicity. Jameson ar%"ed that parody ( hich reE"ires a moral A"d%ment or comparison ith societal norms) as replaced by pastiche (colla%e and other !orms o! A"xtaposition itho"t a normati1e %ro"ndin%). -elatedly( Jameson ar%"ed that the postmodern era s"!!ers !rom a crisis in historicityF Dthere no lon%er does seem to be any or%anic relationship bet een the American history e learn !rom schoolbooks and the li1ed experience o! the c"rrent( m"ltinational( hi%h'rise( sta%!lated city o! the ne spapers and o! o"r o n e1eryday li!eD (HH). Jameson&s analysis o! postmodernism attempted to 1ie it as historically %ro"nded: he there!ore explicitly reAected

any moralistic opposition to postmodernity as a c"lt"ral phenomenon( and contin"ed to insist "pon a He%elian immanent critiE"e. His !ail"re to dismiss postmodernism !rom the onset( ho e1er( as percei1ed by many as an implicit endorsement o! postmodern 1ie s. [edit]Recent work Jameson&s later ork has dispelled the perception that he is sympathetic to postmodern tho"%ht: ho e1er he approaches postmodern a"thors dialectically and does not merely dismiss their ork. He t"rned to Adorno a%ain in search o! a contemporary theoretical !rame ork !or Marxian dialectics. He s"pplemented his critiE"e o! postmodernism ith additional material( appearin% !irst in a casebook compiled by /o"%las >ellner in 19I9 "nder the title Postmodernism)*ameson( Criti+ue and then in the extended 1ersion o! the 19I4 article( p"blished in book !orm as Postmodernism( or( The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism in 1991 (see also re!erence

to 5rnest Mandel). ,his book earned him the Modern *an%"a%e Association&s *o ell A ard. /"rin% the 199=s Jameson !"rther de1eloped this line o! tho"%ht in the 1994 Seeds of Time( in his )ellek *ibrary lect"res at the 0ni1ersity o! 2ali!ornia( and in the 199I ,recht and Method. ,his last as an analysis o! the political and social context s"rro"ndin% 6recht&s political commitment. Jameson&s most recent ork incl"des #rchaeologies of the Future( a st"dy o! "topia and science !iction( la"nched at Monash 0ni1ersity in Melbo"rne( A"stralia( in /ecember H==4: The Modernist Papers (H==G)( a collection o! essays on modernism: and -alences of the !ialectic (H==9)( hich incl"des Jameson&s critical responses to .la1oA KiLek( 9illes /ele"$e( and others. , o complementary st"dies o! dialectical theory are The "egel -ariations (H=1=)( a commentary on He%el&s +henomenolo%y o! .pirit( and $epresenting Capital: # $eading of

-olume One (!orthcomin%( H=11)( an analysis o! Marx&s /as >apital. A recent o1er1ie o! Jameson&s ork( Fredric *ameson: Li&e Theory( by <an 6"chanan( as p"blished in H==G. [edit]#ol$er% &nternational Memorial 'ri(e 3n 18 .eptember H==I it as anno"nced that Jameson recei1ed the Holber% <nternational Memorial +ri$e !or H==I.BHC ,he pri$e is ;3> 4.8 million (c. M84I(===) and Jameson recei1ed it !rom ,ora Aasland( ;or e%ian Minister o! 5d"cation and -esearch( in 6er%en( ;or ay on H8 ;o1ember H==I.B3C [edit]&nfluence in )hina

,he !irst edition co1er o! Jameson&sPostmodernism and Cultural Theories( tr. ,an% Niaobin% (19IG( .haanxi ;ormal 0ni1ersity +ress). Jameson has had an enormo"s in!l"ence( perhaps %reater than that o! any other sin%le !i%"re o! any nationality( on the theori$ation o! the postmodern in 2hina. <n mid'19I4( shortly a!ter the be%innin% o! the c"lt"ral !e1er (early 19I4 to J"ne Fo"rth( 19I9)#a period in 2hinese intellect"al history characteri$ed in part by intense interest in )estern theoriesB4C# Jameson introd"ced the idea o! postmodernism to 2hina in lect"res

at +ekin% 0ni1ersity and the ne ly !o"nded .hen$hen 0ni1ersity.B4CB8C ,hese ere minor e1ents amid the lar%er c"lt"ral !erment( yet ended "p bein% E"ietly seminalF Jameson&s ideas as presented at +ekin% 0ni1ersity had a maAor impact on some %i!ted yo"n% st"dents( incl"din% Ohan% 7i " and Ohan% N"don%( b"ddin% scholars hose ork o"ld come to play an important role in the analysis o! postmodernity in 2hina.BGC ;ot ithstandin% the impact o! these lect"res on a !e !"t"re intellect"als( 19IG as the date o! Jameson&s tr"ly enormo"s contrib"tion to postmodern st"dies in 2hinaF a book entitled Postmodernism and Cultural Theories (simpli!ied 2hineseF : pinyinF ".uxi/nd/i0h1y2 y1 w3n hu/ l4l5n)( translated into 2hinese by ,an% Niaobin%. Altho"%h the 2hinese intelli%entsia&s en%a%ement ith postmodernism o"ld not be%in in earnest "ntil the nineties( Postmodernism and Cultural Theories as to become a keystone text in that en%a%ement: as

scholar )an% ;in% rites( its in!l"ence on 2hinese thinkers o"ld be impossible to o1erestimate.B8C <ts pop"larity may be partially d"e to the !acts that it as not ritten in a scholarly style and that( beca"se o! Jameson&s speci!ic critical approach( it as possible to "se the text to s"pport either praise or criticism o! the 2hinese mani!estation o! postmodernity.B8C <n )an% 2haoh"a&s interpretation o! e1ents( Jameson&s ork as mostly "sed to s"pport praise( in hat amo"nted to a !"ndamental misreadin% o! JamesonF he caustic ed%e of Jameson*s theory+ which had descri$ed "ostmodernism as ,the cultural lo%ic of late ca"italism+, was a$andoned for a contented or even enthusiastic endorsement of mass culture+ which [a certain %rou" of )hinese critics] saw as a new s"ace of "o"ular freedom- Accordin% to these critics( intellect"als( ho concei1ed o! themsel1es as the bearers o! modernity( ere reactin% ith shock and anxiety at their loss o! control ith the arri1al o!

postmodern cons"mer society( "tterin% cries o! DE"ixotic hysteria(D panic'stricken by the reali$ation o! hat they had once called !or d"rin% the ei%hties.B4C ,he Jameson' and speci!ically Postmodernism and Cultural Theories'!"eled debate o1er postmodernism as at its most intense !rom 1994 to 199G( carried on by 2hinese intellect"als both inside and o"tside the mainland: partic"larly important contrib"tions came !rom Ohao 7ihen% in *ondon( N" 6en in the 0...( and Ohan% N"don%( also in the 0...( ho had %one on to st"dy "nder Jameson as a doctoral st"dent at /"ke.B4C [edit].i$lio%ra"hy 6iblio%raphy at Jameson&s /"ke 0ni1ersity !ac"lty pa%e

[edit].ooks Sartre: The Origins of a Style. ;e Ha1enF 7ale 0ni1ersity +ress. 1981. Marxism and Form: Twentieth Century !ialectical Theories of Literature.

+rincetonF +rinceton 0ni1ersity +ress. 19G1. The Prison "ouse of Language: # Critical #ccount of Structuralism and $ussian Formalism. +rincetonF +rinceton 0ni1ersity +ress. 19GH. !or more in!o seeF B1C Fa'les of #ggression: 6yndham Lewis( the Modernist as Fascist. 6erkeleyF 0ni1ersity o! 2ali!ornia +ress. 19G9. The Political Unconscious: %arrati&e as a Socially Sym'olic #ct. <thaca( ;.7.F 2ornell 0ni1ersity +ress. 19I1. The 7deologies of Theory8 9ssays :;<:= :;>?8 -ol8 :: Situations of Theory. MinneapolisF 0ni1ersity o! Minnesota +ress. 19II. The 7deologies of Theory8 9ssays :;<:= :;>?8 -ol8 @: The Syntax of "istory. MinneapolisF 0ni1ersity o! Minnesota +ress. 19II. Postmodernism and Cultural Theories (simpli!ied 2hineseF : pinyinF ".uxi/nd/i0h1y2 y1

w3nhu/ l4l5n). ,r. ,an% Niaobin%. Ni&anF .haanxi ;ormal 0ni1ersity +ress. 19IG. Late Marxism: #dorno( or( The Persistence of the !ialectic. *ondon P ;e 7orkF Qerso. 199=. Signatures of the -isi'le. ;e 7ork P *ondonF -o"tled%e. 199=. Postmodernism( or( The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. /"rham( ;2F /"ke 0ni1ersity +ress. 1991. The Aeopolitical #esthetic: Cinema and Space in the 6orld System. 6loomin%tonF <ndiana 0ni1ersity +ress. 199H. The Seeds of Time8 The 6elleB Li'rary lectures at the Uni&ersity of California( 7r&ine. ;e 7orkF 2ol"mbia 0ni1ersity +ress. 1994. ,recht and Method. *ondon P ;e 7orkF Qerso. 199I. The Cultural Turn: Selected 6ritings on the Postmodern( :;>C :;;>. *ondon P ;e 7orkF Qerso. 199I. -eiss"edF H==9 (Qerso)

# Singular Modernity: 9ssay on the Ontology of the Present. *ondon P ;e 7ork Qerso. H==H. #rchaeologies of the Future: The !esire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions. *ondon P ;e 7orkF Qerso. H==4. The Modernist Papers. *ondon P ;e 7ork Qerso. H==G. *ameson on *ameson: Con&ersations on Cultural Marxism. /"rham( ;2F /"ke 0ni1ersity +ress. H==G. The 7deologies of Theory. *ondon P ;e 7orkF Qerso. H==9. -alences of the !ialectic. *ondon P ;e 7orkF Qerso. H==9. The "egel -ariations: On the Phenomenology of Spirit. *ondon P ;e 7orkF Qerso. H=1=. $epresenting Capital: # $eading of -olume One. *ondon P ;e 7orkF Qerso. H=11( !orthcomin%.

[edit]/elected articles D+ostmodernism( or ,he 2"lt"ral *o%ic o! *ate 2apitalismD (%ew Left

$e&iew <R148( J"ly'A"%"st 19I4: !"ll text behind pay all at %L$: excerpts at marxists.or%) Fear and *oathin% in 9lobali$ation (%ew Left $e&iew H3( .eptember'3ctober H==3) F"t"re 2ity (%ew Left $e&iew H1( May' J"ne H==3) 9lobali$ation and +olitical .trate%y (%ew Left $e&iew 4( J"ly'A"%"st H===) ,he +olitics o! 0topia (%ew Left $e&iew H4( Jan"ary'Febr"ary H==4) .ymptoms o! ,heory or .ymptoms !or ,heoryS (Critical 7n+uiry 3=FH( )inter H==3) [edit]/elected $ook reviews ,hen 7o" Are ,hem( a re1ie o! The Dear of the Flood by Mar%aret At ood (London $e&iew of ,ooBs .eptember 1=( H==9) First <mpressions( a re1ie o! The Parallax -iew by .la1oA KiLek (London $e&iew of ,ooBs .eptember G( H==8)

[edit]/elected interviews ,opical excerpts !rom inter1ie s at the .tan!ord +residential *ect"res ebsite

[edit]Notes 0 httpFRRml%.eser1er.or%Rabo"tRa' short'history'o!'the'ml% !A 0 D+ro!essor Fredric -. Jameson a arded Holber% +ri$e H==ID. ;or ay.or%. 18 .eptember H==I. httpFRR .nor ay.or%RrestechRhol ber%TH==I.htm. -etrie1ed H==I'=9'1G.
1A

Bdead linBC

0 DAmerican c"lt"ral theorist a arded the Holber% +ri$eD. Ministry of Foreign #ffairs E%orwayF. I /ecember H==I.httpFRR .nor ay.or%.a"R*atestT ;e sRholber%prisenUH==I.htm. -etrie1ed 19 /ecember H==I.Bdead linBC 4A 0 Ohan% N"don%. D3n .ome Moti!s in the 2hinese &2"lt"ral Fe1er& o! the *ate 19I=sF .ocial 2han%e( <deolo%y( and ,heory.D Social Text 39 (."mmer 1994)F 1H9'148.
3A

V a b c )an% 2haoh"a. D<ntrod"ctionF Minds o! the ;ineties.D 3ne 2hina( Many +aths. 5d. )an% 2haoh"a. ;e 7orkF Qerso( H==3. 6A V a b c )an% ;in%. D,he Mappin% o! 2hinese +ostmodernity.D Postmodernism and China. 5d. Ari! /irlik and N"don% Ohan%. /"rhamF /"ke 0ni1ersity +ress( H==1. 7A 0 )an% H"i. D,he ;e 2riticism.D One China( Many Paths. 5d. )an% 2haoh"a. ;e 7orkF Qerso 6ooks( H==3. +re1io"sly p"blished( in an earlier 1ersion( as DFire at the 2astle 9ateD in %ew Left $e&iew ? (;o1ember' /ecember H===)F pp. 89'99.
CA

[edit]/ee also

/ialectic /ialectical materialism He%el *iterary theory Marx Marxism

Marxist theorists Modernism +olitical conscio"sness +ostmodernism -ealism 0topia

2ate%oriesF 1934 births W *i1in% people W American academics W American socialists W /"ke 0ni1ersity !ac"lty W Ha1er!ord 2olle%e al"mni W *iterary critics W Marxist theorists W Marxist riters W +eople !rom 2le1eland( 3hio *o% in R create acco"nt Article /isc"ssion -ead 5dit Qie history

;a1i%ation Main pa%e 2ontents Feat"red content

2"rrent e1ents -andom article /onate to )ikipedia <nteraction Help Abo"t )ikipedia 2omm"nity portal -ecent chan%es 2ontact )ikipedia ,oolbox )hat links here -elated chan%es 0pload !ile .pecial pa%es +ermanent link 2ite this pa%e +rintRexport 2reate a book /o nload as +/F +rintable 1ersion *an%"a%es A$Xrbaycanca 2atalY /e"tsch

5spaZol Fran[ais <taliano \]^_` +olski +ort"%"as bcddefg ."omi ,hrk[e ,his pa%e as last modi!ied on 14 /ecember H=1= at HHF48. ,ext is a1ailable "nder the 2reati1e 2ommons Attrib"tion'.hareAlike *icense: additional terms may apply. .ee ,erms o! 0se !or details. )ikipediai is a re%istered trademark o! the )ikimedia Fo"ndation( <nc.( a non' pro!it or%ani$ation. 2ontact "s +ri1acy policy Abo"t )ikipedia /isclaimers