UNIMAS e-Journal of Civil Engineering

Vol. 1 Issue. 2/2010

Abstract In general, the prediction of pipeline residual life can effectively assist pipeline operators to evaluate future safe
operating strategies including re-inspection and appropriate maintenance schedule. As a result it can minimize the possibility of
pipeline failures until it reaches its designed lifetime. A semi-probabilistic methodology for predicting the remaining strength of
submarine pipelines subjected to internal corrosion based on Recommended Practice RP-F! by "et #ors$e %eritas &"#%' is
described in this paper. It is used to estimate the ma(imum allo)able operating pressure of the corroding pipelines based on series
of pigging data, )hich represents corrosion pit location and dimension. *he introduction of partial safety factors in the "#% code
to minimise the effect of uncertainties due to the defect sizing has improved the reliability of pipeline assessment methodology.
#evertheless, the code is still regarded as a fully deterministic approach due to its incapability of predicting the remaining life of
corroded pipeline. *hus, )e have added prediction capabilities to the capacity e+uation by introducing a standard deviation model
of future defect depth. ,y doing so, the variation of safety factors of the capacity e+uation can be fully manipulated in )hich
prediction of future pipeline residual life becomes feasible. *he paper demonstrates calculation and prediction of pipeline residual
life subjects to internal corrosion. *he results sho)s the standard deviation of corrosion parameter affected the value of partial
safety factor as corrosion progressing, hence amplify the conservatism of time to failure.
Keywords: Pipeline, DNV RP-F101, corrosion, probabilistic.
I. IN!"#UCI"N
ffs$ore %&arine' an( ons$ore )i)elines are one of *$e safes*+ e,ono&i,al an( as a ,onse-uen,e+ *$e &os* a))lie( &eans
of *rans)or*ing oil an( gas in *$e .orl( no.a(a/s. Unfor*una*el/+ *$e in,reasing nu&0er of aging )i)elines in o)era*ion
$as signifi,an*l/ in,rease( *$e nu&0er of a,,i(en*s
1
. As )i)eline ages+ i* ,an 0e affe,*e( 0/ a range of ,orrosion &e,$anis&s+
.$i,$ &a/ lea( *o a re(u,*ion in i*s s*ru,*ural in*egri*/ an( even*ual failure
1-1
. Corrosion is an i&)era*ive for& of )i)eline
(e*eriora*ion (ue *o aggressive environ&en*s
2
. 3i*$ou* )ra,*i,al an( effe,*ual ,orrosion )reven*ion s*ra*eg/+ ,orrosion .ill
,on*inue *o )rogress an( *$e ,os* of re)airing a (e*eriora*ing )i)eline .ill es,ala*e. Signifi,an* savings are )ossi0le 0/
o)*i&i4ing *$e ins)e,*ion an( ,orrosion )reven*ion s*ra*egies
5
.
"
II. !ESEA!C6 7!"89EM AN# ME6"#"9":;
Sin,e ,orrosion is a ,o&)le< )ro,ess involving nu&erous un=no.n fa,*ors+ *$e )re(i,*ion *as= $as al.a/s 0een a ,$allenge
*o )i)eline o.ners es)e,iall/ .$en vi*al infor&a*ion is la,=ing of. $e in$eren* un,er*ain*ies e&0e((e( .i*$in &e*al loss
(a*a )la/s signifi,an* roles in re(u,ing *$e a,,ura,/ of )i)eline fu*ure assess&en*. $ese un,er*ain*ies are rela*e( *o *ool
i&)erfe,* &easure&en*+ ran(o&ness of environ&en* an( varia*ion of o)era*ional (a*a. o ,a*er *$e un,er*ain*ies+ #NV !7-
>101 $as in,or)ora*e( safe*/ fa,*ors .$i,$ s)e,iall/ *ailore( for (efe,* (e)*$. ;e*+ *$e ,o(e is s*ill regar(e( as a
(e*er&inis*i, a))roa,$ a=in *o o*$er ,a)a,i*/ e-ua*ion su,$ as ASME 811: an( 7C"!!C sin,e *$e safe*/ fa,*ors re)resen*
average( value an( no varia*ion of )ara&e*ers are in,lu(e( in *$e ,al,ula*ion of )i)eline re&aining )ressure. Unli=e
,onven*ional safe*/ fa,*ors+ *$e value is (e)en(en* u)on ins)e,*ion *ool a,,ura,/ .$i,$ is (efine( 0/ *$e (is)ersion of
,orrosion gro.*$ ra*e value an( &e*al loss (a*a. Never*$eless+ *$e ,o(e is (esigne( *o assess *$e ,on(i*ion of *$e line a* *$e
*i&e of ins)e,*ion o.ing *o ,ons*an* )ar*ial safe*/ fa,*or. In or(er *o )re(i,* *$e re&aining )ressure in *$e fu*ure+ *$e a&oun*
of un=no.n un,er*ain*ies .$i,$ *$eore*i,all/ es,ala*e .i*$ *i&e &us* 0e *a=en in*o a,,oun*. $is is refle,*e( 0/ *$e in,re&en*
of )ar*ial safe*/ fa,*ors as a fun,*ion of *i&e *o re)resen* *$e influen,e 0/ *$ese un=no.n un,er*ain*ies rela*e( *o ran(o&ness
of ,orrosion )rogress+ environ&en* as .ell as &a*erial )ro)er*ies
?
. $e originali*/ of *$is )a)er relies on *$e in*ro(u,*ion of
s*a*is*i,al-0ase( e-ua*ion .$i,$ a0le *o es*i&a*e *$e ne. s*an(ar( (evia*ion value of )ossi0le fu*ure (efe,* (e)*$. In our
.or=s+ .e &ani)ula*e *$e varia*ion of safe*/ fa,*ors in !7->101 *o &a=e *$e (e*er&inis*i, ,a)a,i*/ e-ua*ion ,a)a0le of
)re(i,*ing *$e fu*ure gro.*$ of (efe,*s. $e fu*ure &e*al loss (a*a 0ase( on )re(i,*ion is su))ose( *o )ose $ig$er varia*ion of
i*s value ,o&)are( *o a,*ual &e*al loss (a*a. 6en,e+ $ig$er safe*/ fa,*ors of (efe,* (e)*$ .ill in,rease *$e ,onserva*is& of
assess&en* (ue *o ra)i( re(u,*ion of s*ru,*ure ,a)a,i*/ .$i,$ is &ore realis*i,.
@1+2+1 A 2
Au*$ors are .i*$ *$e !elia0ili*/ Engineering an( Safe*/ Assess&en* !esear,$ :rou) %!ESA'+ >a,ul*/ of Civil Engineering+ Universi*i e=nologi
Mala/sia %e-&ail: nor$a4ilanBu*&.&/'.
*he Forecasting Residual -ife of .orroding
Pipeline based on /emi-Probabilistic 0ethod
N.M. Noor
1
+ N. ;a$a/a
2
+ N.A.N "4&an
1
+ S.!. "*$&an
2
1
UNIMAS e-Journal of Civil Engineering
Vol. 1 Issue. 2/2010
III. 7I7E9INE INS7ECI"N #AA
In our ,ase s*u(/+ an e<*ensive a&oun* of )igging (a*a $as 0een ga*$ere( *$roug$ re)ea*e( in-line ins)e,*ion a,*ivi*ies using
M>9 in*elligen* )ig on *$e sa&e )i)elines a* (ifferen* )oin* of *i&es. $e *rans&ission )i)elines lo,a*e( in Nor*$ Sea area
use( *o ,onve/ ,ru(e oil an( gas %&ul*i)$ase line' fro& ,en*ral offs$ore )la*for& *o ons$ore *er&inal. $e (a*a )rovi(es
valua0le infor&a*ion on *$e in*ernal ,orrosion (efe,* geo&e*r/+ su,$ as (efe,* lo,a*ion+ (e)*$ an( leng*$+ orien*a*ion an(
*/)es of ,orrosion regions as (is)la/e( in a0le 1.
*able 1 A typical presentation of pigging data
/pool -ength
&m'
Relative
distance
&m'
Absolute
distance
&m'
d%
wt
l
&mm'
W
&mm'
23cloc$ t
&mm'
-oc.
11.? ?.? 101?.5 1C 12 22 ?.00 12.2 In*ernal
11.5 11.5 1011.0 1D 2? ?2 5.10 12.2 In*ernal
11.C 10.? 1021.? 12 1C 55 5.10 12.2 In*ernal
11.E 1 1025.C 11 2C C1 5.10 12.2 In*ernal
.$ere:
Absolute distance : #is*an,e of ,orrosion fro& s*ar* of )i)eline
d%wt : Ma<i&u& (e)*$ of ,orrosion in *er&s of )er,en*age
l : 9ongi*u(inal e<*en* of ,orrosion
Loc : 9o,a*ion of ,orrosion ei*$er in*ernal or e<*ernal.
O!loc" : "rien*a*ion of ,orrosion as a ,lo,= )osi*ion.
Relati#e distance : !ela*ive (is*an,e of ,orrosion fro& u)s*rea& gir*$
S)ool leng*$ : 9eng*$ of )i)e 0e*.een .el( %10& *o 12& a))ro<i&a*el/'
t
t
: No&inal *$i,=ness of )i)e in )i)e s)ool
$ : E<*en* of ,orrosion aroun( )i)e ,ir,u&feren,e .el(
IV. ASSESSMEN 7!ACICE
In general+ *$e (egree of ,onserva*is& in regar( *o s*ru,*ural assess&en* is (ue *o *$e i&)le&en*a*ion of safe*/ fa,*or in
(e*er&inis*i, &e*$o(. $is safe*/ fa,*or is asso,ia*e( .i*$ loa( fa,*or or resis*an,e fa,*or %s*reng*$ of &a*erial'+ .$i,$ is
,o&&onl/ foun( in all ,o(es of assess&en* for ,orro(e( )i)elines. $e un,er*ain*ies su0Fe,*e( *o s*ru,*ural )ro)er*ies+
loa(ing ,on(i*ion+ environ&en*al 0e$avior an( ,ons*ru,*ion )erfor&an,e are al.a/s negle,*e( in *$e ,al,ula*ion (ue *o *$e
e&)lo/&en* of safe*/ fa,*or. In )i)eline assess&en*+ (e*er&inis*i, assess&en* is a s*raig$*-for.ar( a))roa,$ 0ase( on ,o(es
or (evelo)e( ,a)a,i*/ e-ua*ion. :enerall/+ *$e (e*er&inis*i, &e*$o(s use lo.er 0oun( (a*aG for ins*an,e )ea= (e)*$ of
,orrosion+ &a<i&u& ,orrosion ra*e an( &ini&u& .all *$i,=ness .i*$ou* ,onsi(ering *$e e<is*ing un,er*ain*ies
E
.
Conse-uen*l/+ i* ,an 0e over ,onserva*ive in *er&s of safe*/ .$en 0eing i&)le&en*e( *o )i)elines ,on*aining e<*ensive
,orrosion (efe,*s. >or e<a&)le+ *$e )re(i,*ion of fu*ure gro.*$ of ,orrosion (efe,*s lo,a*e( in *$e )i)elines .ill use an
average for single ra*e value .i*$ou* ,onsi(ering *$e )ossi0ili*/ *$a* no* all (efe,*s .ill gro. a* *$e sa&e ra*e. $e average(
ra*e is use( for *$e sa=e of si&)li,i*/ o.ing *o la,= of infor&a*ion )er*aining *o environ&en*al an( &a*erial )ro)er*ies.
Assess&en* &e*$o( is re-uire( *o (e*er&ine *$e severi*/ of su,$ (efe,*s .$en *$e/ are (e*e,*e( in )i)elines
C
. $e
assess&en* of *$e ,on(i*ion of e<is*ing oil an( gas )i)eline is ne,essar/ in or(er *o )ro*e,* *$e )u0li,+ finan,ial inves*&en*
an( environ&en* fro& su,$ failures. S/s*e&a*i, an( o)*i&i4e( regular ins)e,*ions of )i)elines .i*$ s*a*e-of-*$e ar* *ools an(
)ro,e(ures ,an re(u,e signifi,an*l/ *$e ris= of an/ un(ue a,,i(en* ,ause( 0/ a la,= of una.areness of *$e in*egri*/ of *$e line
D
.
V. #NV-!7>101 C"#E
$e #NV !e,o&&en(e( 7ra,*i,e for *$e assess&en* of ,orro(e( )i)elines+ #NV-!7->101 .as issue( in 1DDD. !7->101
(es,ri0es *.o al*erna*ive a))roa,$es .i*$ (ifferen* safe*/ )$iloso)$/. $e e-ua*ions in !7->101 .ere (erive( 0/ a
)ro0a0ilis*i, ,ali0ra*ion
10
+ *a=ing in*o a,,oun* *$e un,er*ain*ies in (efe,* &easure&en*s an( 0urs* ,a)a,i*/. $e e-ua*ions
a,,oun* (ire,*l/ for *$e a,,ura,/ in si4ing *$e ,orrosion (efe,*. $e !7 H>101 re,o&&en(s *$e assess&en* of ,orro(e(
)i)elines su0Fe,* *o in*ernal )ressure an( in*ernal )ressure ,o&0ine( .i*$ longi*u(inal ,o&)ressive s*resses
10
. Moreover+ *$is
ne. ,ri*erion )rovi(es an assess&en* )ro,e(ure for single (efe,*+ in*era,*ing (efe,*s an( ,o&)le< s$a)e( (efe,*s. $e
&a<i&u& allo.e( o)era*ion )ressure in )i)elines for a single (efe,* is given as:
%ao
P
& t d
d
t D
t d
d
'()' t
%
p
P

1
I ' / % 1 '% %
'I' / % 1 % 2

%1'
2
UNIMAS e-Journal of Civil Engineering
Vol. 1 Issue. 2/2010
.$ereG

2
11 0 1

,
_

+
Dt
L
. &
%2'

J / K ' / % 'I / % t d 'tD
d
%eas
t d t d +
%1'
an(G
D L ou*er (ia&e*er
d L (e)*$ of ,orrosion (efe,*
t L no&inal )i)e .all *$i,=ness
L L &easure( leng*$ of ,orrosion (efe,*
*d+t,
%eas
L &easure( rela*ive ,orrosion (e)*$
P
%ao
L &a<i&u& allo.a0le o)era*ing )ressure
'tD-d+t. L s*an(ar( (evia*ion for &easure&en* %(/*' ra*io
'()' L s)e,ifie( &ini&u& *ensile s*reng*$
VI. 7A!IA9 SA>E; >AC"!
$e )ar*ial safe*/ fa,*ors
&
an(
(
+ an( *$e fra,*ile value
(
are (e*er&ine( fro& *a0les .$i,$ (e)en( on *$e safe*/ ,lass
,lassifi,a*ion+ *$e )i)e -uali*/+ ins)e,*ion &e*$o( an( si4ing a,,ura,/ of *$e ins)e,*ion *ool
11
. I* .as given as fun,*ions of
*$e si4ing a,,ura,/ of *$e &easure( (efe,* (e)*$ for ins)e,*ions 0ase( on rela*ive (e)*$ &easure&en*s an( for ins)e,*ions
0ase( on a0solu*e (e)*$. $e safe*/ ,lass is s)e,ifie( 0ase( on a0le 2 *o a0le 2.
a0le 2: 7ar*ial safe*/ fa,*or
&
+
11
Inspection 0ethod /afety class
-o) #ormal 4igh
!ela*ive %e.g. M>9'
&
L 0.ED
&
L 0.E2
&
L 0.E0
A0solu*e %e.g. U'
&
L 0.C2
&
L 0.EE
&
L 0.E2
a0le 1: S*an(ar( (evia*ion+ S*# K(/*J+ for M>9 ins)e,*ion *ool
11
Relative sizing accuracy .onfidence level
5!6 7!6
E<a,* M %0.0 of *' S*#K(/*J L 0.00 S*#K(/*J L 0.00
t 0.05 of * S*#K(/*J L 0.02 S*#K(/*J L 0.01
t 0.10 of * S*#K(/*J L 0.0C S*#K(/*J L 0.0?
a0le 2: 7ar*ial safe*/ fa,*or+
(
an( fra,*ile value fa,*or+
(

11
Inspection sizing accuracy
/t"8d9t: d
/afety class
-o) #ormal 4igh
%e<a,*' 0.00 0.0
(
L 1.00
(
L 1.00
(
L 1.00
0.02 0.0
(
L 1.1?
(
L 1.1?
(
L 1.1?
0.0C 1.0
(
L 1.20
(
L 1.2C
(
L 1.12
VII. SEMI-7!"8A8I9ISIC ENUAI"N
$e ne<* se,*ion of *$is )a)er (e&ons*ra*es *$e effor*s of (eriving a se&i-)ro0a0ilis*i, e-ua*ion in*en(e( *o ,al,ula*e *$e
fu*ure varia*ion of ,orrosion (efe,*s. $e *er& se&i-)ro0a0ilis*i, &eans *$a* *$e )ro)ose( e-ua*ion s*ill re-uires average(
values %fi<e( value' of )ara&e*ers ins*ea( of ran(o& values. None*$eless+ *$e es*i&a*e( value is rela*e( *o *$e )ro0a0le
varia*ion of ,orrosion (efe,*s in *$e fu*ure. Moreover+ *$e e-ua*ion is (erive( 0ase( on *$e )rin,i)al of varian,e of
)ro0a0ili*/ (is*ri0u*ion. 6en,e+ *$e *er&s se&i-)ro0a0ilis*i, .as ,$osen *o signif/ *$e )ro0a0ilis*i, ele&en* .i*$in
(e*er&inis*i, e-ua*ion. $e aug&en*a*ion of )re(i,*ion ,a)a0ili*ies 0/ in,reasing *$e s*an(ar( (evia*ion of )re(i,*e( ,an 0e
e<)laine( &a*$e&a*i,all/ 0/ referring *o linear gro.*$ ra*e &o(el. $e ,orrosion ra*e e-ua*ion ,an 0e .ri**en as:
1
UNIMAS e-Journal of Civil Engineering
Vol. 1 Issue. 2/2010

)
d d
!R
i
t t

+ 1 1
%2'
.$ere+
i i
t t )
+ 1
an( is a ,ons*an* value.
If ,orrosion (e)*$ d is assu&e( s*a*is*i,all/ varie( .$ereas ) is fi<e(+ *$e varia*ion of ,orrosion ra*e ,an 0e e<)resse( as:
( )
i
t t !R
d d
)

+ 1 1
varian,e .
1
2
2
%5'
an(+ si&)lifie( in*o:
[ ] [ ] ( )
2 2
2
2
1
1
i i
t t !R
d d
)

+
%?'
$erefore+ *$e rela*ions$i) 0e*.een ins)e,*ion *i&e in*erval an( *$e varia*ion in ,orrosion gro.*$ ra*e ,an 0e )resen*e( as:
[ ] [ ] ( )
2 2
1
1
i i
t t !R
d d
)

+
%E'
Sin,e L'td+ *$erefore
[ ] [ ] ( )
2 2
1
1
i i
t t !R
d 'td d 'td
)
'td
+
%C'
Ins)e,*ion (a*a of &e*al loss fro& M>9 )ig *ools usuall/ is re)resen*e( as a ra*io of (efe,* (e)*$ *o .all *$i,=ness+ d+t. 8/
re)la,ing *$e e<a,* &e*al loss value+ d .i*$ &e*al loss ra*io+ d+t + E-ua*ion C ,an 0e re.ri**en as follo.sG

,
_

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

+
2 2
1
1
i i
t t
t
d
'td
t
d
'td
) t
cr
'td %D'
8/ assu&ing *$e .all *$i,=ness+ t as a fi<e( value .i*$ no varia*ion+ an( cr / d+t+ *$e ,on,lusive e-ua*ion ,an 0e )resen*e( as

[ ] [ ] ( )
2
2
2
2
J K / / cr 'td
t
)
t d 'td t d 'td
o )
+
%10'
.$ere:
S*(K(/*J
o
L S*an(ar( (evia*ion of ins)e,*ion *ool in firs* /ear assess&en*.
S*(K(/*J

L S*an(ar( (evia*ion of ins)e,*ion *ool in *$e fu*ure.

S*(K,rJ L S*an(ar( (evia*ion of ,orrosion ra*e.
L )re(i,*ion in*erval in /ear
$e e-ua*ion (e)i,*s rela*ions$i) 0e*.een (evia*ion of )re(i,*e( (a*a an( *$e in*erval of )re(i,*ion. $e longer *$e
)re(i,*ion in*erval+ *$e $ig$er *$e varia*ion of fu*ure &e*al loss+ $en,e *$e $ig$er *$e )ar*ial safe*/ fa,*ors for &e*al loss.
a0le 5 s$o.s *$e e-ua*ions re-uire( *o es*i&a*e *$e )ar*ial safe*/ fa,*ors for &e*al loss an( fra,*ile value a,,or(ing *o *$e
range of &e*al loss s*an(ar( (evia*ion+ 'td-d+t..
a0le 5: 7ol/no&ial e-ua*ion for )ar*ial safe*/ fa,*or %(efe,* (e)*$' an( fra,*ile value K#NV+ 2002J
/afety Factors d and d
Range
2
UNIMAS e-Journal of Civil Engineering
Vol. 1 Issue. 2/2010
9o.
d
L 1.0 O 2.0 S*#Kd+tJ

d
L 1 O 5.5 S*#Kd+tJ H 1E.5 S*#Kd+tJ
2

d
L 1.2
S*#Kd+tJ P 0.02
0.02 S*#Kd+tJ P 0.0C
0.0C S*#Kd+tJ 0.1?
Nor&al
d
L 1 O 2.? S*#Kd+tJ H 11.D S*#Kd+tJ
2
S*#Kd+tJ 0.1?
6ig$
d
L 1 O 2.1 S*#Kd+tJ H 2.1 S*#Kd+tJ
2
S*#Kd+tJ 0.1?
VIII.!ESU9S A #ISCUSSI"N
7i)eline *i&e *o failure .as (e*er&ine( using *$e #NV !7->101 ,a)a,i*/ e-ua*ion %7ar* A'+ also =no.n as a se&i-
)ro0a0ilis*i, assess&en*
11
. >igures 1 *o 1 s$o. *$e )re(i,*ion resul* of )i)eline assess&en* su0Fe,*s *o in*ernal ,orrosion
fro& /ear t
0
*o t
0
. $ese )re(i,*ions .ere 0ase( on ga*$ere( ,orrosion (a*a fro& )igging ins)e,*ion (one in /ear t
0
. >ro& *$e
assess&en* resul* in /ear t
0
+ *$e &easure( ,orrosion (efe,* is .i*$in *$e a,,e)*an,e ,ri*eria for all o)era*ing )ressures .$ere
*$ere are no (efe,*s e<,ee(ing *$e a,,e)*an,e line as s$o.n in >igure 1. >ur*$er )re(i,*ion .as ,arrie( ou* fro& /ear t
1
un*il
t
0
. $e )i)eline is ,onsi(ere( fail or in ,ri*i,al ,on(i*ion (ue *o 0urs*ing in /ear t
0
.$en *$e a,,e)*an,e ,ri*eria for all
o)era*ing )ressure .ere e<,ee(e( 0/ *$e )roFe,*e( (efe,*s %refers >igure 1'. 8ase( on *$e resul*+ i* ,an 0e ,on,lu(e( *$a* *$e
)i)eline s$oul( 0e ins)e,*e( no la*er *$an /ear t
2
for ever/ ,on(i*ion of o)era*ing )ressure %refer >igure 2'. $e a,,e)*an,e
line )re(i,*e( 0/ *$e ,orrosion (efe,* in /ear t
0
.as foun( *o 0e lo.er *$an *$e one es*i&a*e( for *$e t
0
)re(i,*ion. $is is (ue
*o *$e in,re&en* of un,er*ain*ies rela*e( *o *$e average( ,orrosion gro.*$ ra*e. E-ua*ion 10 an( a0le 5 .ere use( *o
re,al,ula*e *$e a0ove&en*ione( values as ,orrosion )rogress in *i&e. 6en,e+ re(u,e *$e &a<i&u& allo.a0le (efe,* leng*$
an( (e)*$.
IQ. C"NC9USI"N
$e (e*er&inis*i, a))roa,$ $as *$e (is*in,* a(van*age of si&)li,i*/ *$a* ,a)a0le *o 0e a))lie( in an en*ire )i)eline or
,olle,*ion of )i)elines easil/. $e (isa(van*age of *$e (e*er&inis*i, a))roa,$ &a/ of*en+ 0u* no* en*irel/ 0e lin=e( *o
ina,,ura,ies in *$e in)u* (a*a+ 0u* no*a0l/ *$e ina0ili*/ *o (eal .i*$ un,er*ain*ies in *$e in)u* (a*a. $e un,er*ain*ies of *$e
(e*er&inis*i, a))roa,$ are ,ause( &ainl/ 0/ *$e average( value of ea,$ )ara&e*er in *$e ,al,ula*ion i.e. lo.er 0oun( of (a*a.
In *$e (e*er&inis*i, assess&en* *$e )o)ula*ion of *$e ,orrosion (i&ension .as assu&e( *o gro. a* *$e sa&e ra*e. A se&i-
)ro0a0ilis*i, *$eor/ .as in*ro(u,e( in *$e #NV !7->101 ,o(e 0/ es*i&a*ing *$e s*an(ar( (evia*ion of ins)e,*ion *ool error
an( (efe,* si4ing. Never*$eless+ *$e un,er*ain*ies in *$eor/ s*ill in$eren*l/ e<is* o.ing *o a single or average( value of
)ara&e*ers use( in *$e ,al,ula*ion. $ese average( or single values are una0le *o eli&ina*e *$e un,er*ain*ies *$a* &ig$* $ave
o,,urre( an( in,rease( over *$e /ears of servi,e. $erefore+ *$e )re(i,*ion of )i)eline in*egri*/ 0/ using a (e*er&inis*i,
assess&en* ,anno* fulfill *$e ,os* saving re-uire&en* 0/ *$e o)era*ors. $is lea(s *o *$e ,on(i*ion .$ere0/ *$e o)era*ors $ave
*o ins)e,* *$eir )i)elines fre-uen*l/ in or(er *o o0*ain a,,ura*e infor&a*ion on )i)eline ,on(i*ion. 6o.ever+ (e*er&inis*i,
assess&en* is s*ill .i(el/ use(+ 0u* onl/ *o assess *$e ,urren* ,on(i*ion of *$e )i)elines+ o.ing *o *$e la,= of i*s )re(i,*ion
,a)a0ili*ies. $e in*ro(u,*ion of )ar*ial safe*/ fa,*ors *o &ini&ise *$e effe,* of un,er*ain*ies (ue *o *$e (efe,* si4ing an(
s*an(ar( (evia*ion &o(el of fu*ure &e*al loss $as i&)rove( *$e ,a)a0ili*/ of )re(i,*ing *$e fu*ure gro.*$ of ,orrosion (efe,*s
(e*er&inis*i,all/. o i&)rove )re(i,*ion ,a)a0ili*/ .i*$in (e*er&inis*i, fra&e.or=+ *$e in,lusion of se&i-)ro0a0ilis*i,
e-ua*ion of fu*ure (efe,* (e)*$ varia*ion ,an 0e )er,eive( as *$e rig$* *ool in re(u,ing *$e s*agnan* s*a*e of s*ru,*ure
resis*an,e. In fa,*+ s*ru,*ure assess&en* &us* *a=e in*o a,,oun* *$a* .$en )i)eline is aging+ so (oes *$e s*ru,*ure resis*an,e or
,a)a,i*/.
>igure 1: 7roFe,*ion of ,orrosion (e)*$ in /ear t
0
using #NV !7->101 Assess&en* ,o(e
5
UNIMAS e-Journal of Civil Engineering
Vol. 1 Issue. 2/2010
>igure 2: 7roFe,*ion of ,orrosion (e)*$ in /ear t
2
using #NV !7->101 Assess&en* ,o(e
>igure 1: 7roFe,*ion of ,orrosion (e)*$ in /ear t
0
using #NV !7->101 Assess&en* ,o(e
ACRN"39E#:EMEN
$e firs* au*$or is )lease( *o a,=no.le(ge *$e Minis*r/ of S,ien,e+ e,$nolog/ an( Innova*ion+ Mala/sia %M"SI' an( *$e
Minis*r/ of 6ig$er E(u,a*ion %M"6E' for *$e su))or* 0/ )rovi(ing *$e resear,$ fun(s an( s,$olars$i) %NS>'.
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3nternational 4ournal o5 Pressure Vessels and Pipin6. C5. 22C - 21E.
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rd
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2
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Mala/sian Journal of Civil Engineering 21%1' : ?D - C1
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*$
In*erna*ional "ffs$ore an( 7olar Engineering Conferen,e. June 1E-22.
Vol II. D1-101.
K11J #NV %#e* Nors=e Veri*as' %2002'. S!e,o&&en(e( 7ra,*i,e !7->101 for Corro(e( 7i)elines 2002.T Nor.a/: #e*
Nors=e Veri*as.
?