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No. 32.2
Container Securing
JULY 2011
This Classification Note includes all amendments and corrections up to August 2011.
FOREWORD
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Classification Notes
Classification Notes are publications that give practical information on classification of ships and other objects. Examples
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Det Norske Veritas AS July 2011
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Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Changes - Page 3
CHANGES
This revision replaces the October 2009 edition of the document.
Text affected by the main changes is highlighted in red colour in the electronic pdf version. However, where
the changes involve a larger section, only the title may be in red colour.
Main Changes
The strength ratings for typical pressure elements, and the corresponding transverse compressive strength
ratings in containers, have been increased.
Amendments 2011-08-03
In addition to some editorial corrections, superfluous text on page 2 was removed.
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 4
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
CONTENTS
1. General.................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Procedure ..................................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Definitions.................................................................................................................................................6
1.4 Assumptions..............................................................................................................................................7
2. Design Loads........................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1 General ......................................................................................................................................................7
2.2 Wind load..................................................................................................................................................7
2.3 Accelerations.............................................................................................................................................8
3. Loading Conditions................................................................................................................................ 8
3.1 General ......................................................................................................................................................8
3.2 LC1: Transverse loading I ........................................................................................................................8
3.3 LC2: Vertical loading ...............................................................................................................................8
3.4 LC3: Transverse loading II .......................................................................................................................9
3.5 LC4: Longitudinal loading........................................................................................................................9
4. Acceptance Criteria ............................................................................................................................. 10
4.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................10
4.2 Containers ...............................................................................................................................................10
4.3 Container securing devices .....................................................................................................................11
4.4 Ship structure ..........................................................................................................................................13
5. Direct Calculation using Beam Analysis............................................................................................ 13
5.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................13
5.2 Modelling of geometry ...........................................................................................................................13
5.3 Boundary conditions ...............................................................................................................................14
5.4 Loading conditions..................................................................................................................................14
5.5 Results.....................................................................................................................................................14
6. Formula based Analysis, Basic Formulae.......................................................................................... 15
6.1 Rigid container securing arrangements (cell guides and similar)...........................................................15
6.2 Non-rigid securing arrangements (lashings and similar) ........................................................................15
6.3 Container stack with four flexible horizontal supports...........................................................................16
6.4 Container stack with combined rigid and flexible horizontal supports ..................................................18
6.5 Container blocks .....................................................................................................................................18
7. Formula based Analysis, Derived Formulae ..................................................................................... 19
7.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................19
7.2 Container stack with single rigid support ...............................................................................................20
7.3 Container stack with two rigid horizontal supports ................................................................................21
7.4 Container stack with three rigid horizontal supports ..............................................................................22
7.5 Container stack with single flexible support...........................................................................................23
7.6 Container stack with one rigid and one flexible support ........................................................................23
7.7 Container stack with two flexible horizontal supports ...........................................................................24
7.8 Container stack with one rigid and two flexible horizontal supports .....................................................25
7.9 Container stack with three flexible horizontal supports .........................................................................25
8. Special Container Arrangements ....................................................................................................... 27
8.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................27
8.2 20' container in 40' cell guides................................................................................................................27
8.3 40' container in 45' cell guides................................................................................................................27
8.4 Effectiveness of lashings attached to lashing bridge ..............................................................................28
8.5 Vertical lashings wind lashing.............................................................................................................28
8.6 Block stowage in hold without cell guides .............................................................................................28
8.7 Platform-based containers with reduced stiffness...................................................................................28
8.8 Containers placed on two hatches or on hatches and side pillars ...........................................................28
Appendix A.
Approval of Lashing Computers/Software.................................................................................................. 29
Appendix B.
Calculated Examples...................................................................................................................................... 33
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 5
1. General
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 For ships intended for container transport the Rules for Classification of Ships require that approved
securing arrangements for the cargo containers are fitted.
1.1.2 The purpose of this publication is to serve as an aid to those responsible for the planning and strength
evaluation of securing arrangements for cargo containers on board ships. Acceptable assumptions and
calculation procedures supplementing the general requirements stated in the Rules for Classification of Ships
are given.
1.1.3 Principles of analysis have been outlined for normal types of securing arrangements, including cellular
containment structures (rigid containment system).
1.1.4 For securing arrangements based on lashings or similar, calculation formulae taking into account the
interaction of containers and supports have also been included.
1.2 Procedure
This classification note describes methods for performing calculations of container securing arrangements. The
calculations are based on requirements given in Rules for Classification of Ships.
Two different calculation methods are described Direct calculation using beam analysis and a Formula-
based analysis these two methods are in general considered to be equivalent. Should there however be
discrepancies in the results of the two methods the direct calculation method will be decisive (this is also the
method used in approval).
The flowchart in Figure 1-1 gives an overview of applicable sections, depending on the calculation method.
The sections are briefly described in the following:
Sec.2. Design loads, gives description or reference to the applicable local loads, like wind loads and
accelerations.
Sec.3. Loading conditions, gives a description of the applicable loading conditions.
Sec.4. Acceptance criteria, gives applicable strength ratings for the containers and recommendations for the
lashing equipment.
Sec.5. Direct calculation using beam analysis outlines the procedure for calculation of container arrangements
where the containers and lashings are modelled as beam elements.
Sec.6. Formula based analysis, basic formulae, outlines the basic formulae for the simplified calculation of
ordinary container arrangements.
Sec.7. Formula based analysis, derived formulae, gives derived formulae (from the Basic formulae described
in Sec.6) for simplified calculation of ordinary container arrangements.
Sec.8. Special container arrangements, describes calculation methods for special container arrangements
which are not necessarily covered by the other methods e.g. 20' containers in 40' cell guides.
Appendix A. Approval of lashing computer/software gives guidance to procedure for type approval of computer
software for determination of forces in lashing systems.
Appendix B. Calculated examples, gives some calculated examples for easy reference.
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
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DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Figure 1-1
Flowchart of the calculation procedure
1.3 Definitions
1.3.1 References to directions refer to the principal axis system of the ship. Thus the terms vertical, horizontal,
longitudinal and transverse when used refer to the ships axes.
1.3.2 With regard to terms used in this note reference is made to Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2
Sec.6.
1.3.3 The following symbols are used:
a
v
= combined vertical acceleration *
a
t
= combined transverse acceleration *
a
l
= combined longitudinal acceleration *
g = acceleration of gravity = 9.81 m/s
2

P
w
= wind load according to the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 G
k
r
= radius of gyration*
GM= metacentric height*
| = roll angle*
M = mass of container (M
a
for variable container masses)
b
s
= distance between bottom supports of container in mm
h = height of container in mm
n
b
= number of interconnected stacks in container block
n = number of tiers in stack or block
i = number of tiers of containers in stack or block below the level in question (also valid for j, k and m)
K
c
= racking stiffness in kN/mm of container wall
K
i
= horizontal stiffness in kN/mm of container lashing connected to level i
P
h
= horizontal force in kN acting per half container (P
ha
for variable forces)
a = denominator of container in stack (from 1 to n)
P
l i
= lashing force in kN of lasing connected to level i, similar for k, j and m
P
ri
= horizontal support force in kN acting at level i, similar for k, j and m
P
sh
= vertical support force in kN acting at bottom of container stack due to horizontal loads
P
ch
= vertical support forces in kN acting in side posts of lower most container of stack due to horizontal loads
= P
sh
P
h1
h / 2 b
s
Ch.2
Design loads
Ch.3
Loading conditions
Ch.5
Direct calculation
using beam
analysis
Ch.6 and 7
Formula based
analysis
Ch.8
Special container
arrangements
Ch.4
Acceptance
criteria
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Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 7
o = assumed fraction of horizontal load acting on container end, which is transmitted through the container
wall, normally o should be equal to VCG (min. 0.45) and 0.0 for end and side walls respectively
o
ic
= clearance in mm of rigid transverse support at level i, similar at levels j, k and m
o
io
= calculated horizontal displacement in mm at level i of a horizontal unsupported stack of containers when
subjected to a uniform horizontal load, similar at levels j, k and m
o
ij
= calculated horizontal displacement in mm at level i of a stack of containers when subjected to a
horizontal point load at level j, similar for other combinations of displacement and point load levels.
*For details see the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.4 B.
1.4 Assumptions
1.4.1 Ship hull supports are normally assumed rigid. In special cases, e.g. shoring forces at ship sides, it may
be necessary to consider non-rigid supports. See also Sec. 8.
1.4.2 Calculations assume that containers have at least normal strength and stiffness, i.e. closed boxes, open-
top boxes, tank containers. For platform-based containers see Sec. 8.
1.4.3 All containers in a stack or block are placed in the same directions, i.e. all containers have the doorless
end facing the same direction.
1.4.4 Friction effects are not taken into account.
1.4.5 Pretensioning of lashings is not considered.
2. Design Loads
2.1 General
2.1.1 Design loads applied in direct calculations are to be taken as given in the Rules for Classification of Ships
Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E. Wind loads and accelerations are further specified in 2.2 to 2.3 in the following.
2.2 Wind load
2.2.1 For wind-exposed container stacks, a wind load of 1.171 kN/m
2
is to be applied to the side and end walls.
In accordance with the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E, the wind force, P
w
, acting on ISO
container walls shall be taken as:
Figure 2-1
Windload
Sides 20 ft long, 8.5 ft high P
w
= 18.5 kN
Sides 40 ft long, 8.5 ft high P
w
= 37 kN
Ends, 8.5 ft high P
w
= 7.5 kN
Wind exposed
container
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2.3 Accelerations
2.3.1 Accelerations should be computed according to the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6
E300.
The actual/realistic roll radius of gyration, k
r
, and metacentric height, GM, may be used in the calculations
instead of the rule-defined values, provided that these have been computed for the actual condition.
Note:
The rule-defined rolling angle is given in the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.4. If rolling angles are
specified in excess of those defined in the rules, the accelerations should in general be computed in accordance with
the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.4 B, utilising the specified roll angle and the rule-defined period
of roll. This will lead to very high accelerations unless the period of roll is increased.
---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e---
3. Loading Conditions
3.1 General
3.1.1 Applicable loading conditions are listed in Table 3-1. In the subsequent sections the relevant loading
conditions will be described in more detail.
3.2 LC1: Transverse loading I
3.2.1 For deck stowage extreme transverse accelerations are combined with the acceleration of gravity acting
downwards.
Wind loads shall be added to wind exposed containers.
See also Figure 3-1.
3.2.2 For hold stowage extreme transverse accelerations are combined with the acceleration of gravity acting
downwards.
See also Figure 3-1.
Figure 3-1
Load case 1
3.3 LC2: Vertical loading
3.3.1 For deck stowage extreme vertical accelerations are combined with the acceleration of gravity acting
downwards.
See also Figure 3-2.
3.3.2 For hold stowage extreme vertical accelerations are combined with the acceleration of gravity acting
downwards.
See also Figure 3-2.
Table 3-1 Load case overview
LC Description Vertical Horizontal Wind
1 Transverse loading I g a
t
Yes
2 Vertical loading g + a
v
- No
3 Transverse loading II g cos(|) a
t
Yes
4 Longitudinal loading g a
l
Yes
P
w

M g
M
M a
t
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Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 9
Figure 3-2
Load case 2
3.4 LC3: Transverse loading II
3.4.1 For deck stowage extreme transverse accelerations are combined with the vertical component of
acceleration of gravity acting downwards.
Wind loads shall be added to wind exposed containers.
See also Figure 3-3.
3.4.2 For hold stowage extreme transverse accelerations are combined with the vertical component of
acceleration of gravity acting downwards.
See also Figure 3-3.
Figure 3-3
Load case 3
3.5 LC4: Longitudinal loading
3.5.1 For deck stowage extreme longitudinal accelerations are combined with the acceleration of gravity
acting downwards.
Wind loads shall be added to wind exposed containers.
See also Figure 3-4.
3.5.2 For hold stowage extreme longitudinal accelerations, based on half the maximum service speed, are
combined with the acceleration of gravity acting downwards.
See also Figure 3-4.
Figure 3-4
Load case 4
M (a
v
+g)
M
P
w

M g cos|
M
M a
t

M g
|
P
w

M g
M
M a
l
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4. Acceptance Criteria
4.1 General
4.1.1 Acceptance criteria for containers, securing equipment, support fittings and ship structures are outlined
in the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E. In the following sections, strength ratings for ISO
containers and guidance as to the allow-able forces in the securing equipment are given.
4.2 Containers
4.2.1 Container strength limits are normally to be in accordance with the required minimum (tested) strength
values and capabilities given in ISO-standard 1496/1. Strength ratings are given in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1 Strength ratings
Standard ISO
20 ft 40 ft
Racking force door end 150 150
Racking force doorless end 150 150
Racking force side walls 75 (150*) 75 (150*)
Corner post compression 848 848
Vertical tension in top corner (from locking device) 250 250
Vertical tension in bottom corner (from locking de-
vice)
250 250
Lashing loads in corner casting (in plane of cont. wall)
Horizontal 150 150
Vertical 300 300
Horizontal shoring forces on corners (perp. to cont. wall)
Lower corner, tension 200 250
Lower corner, compression 500 500
Upper corner, tension 200 250
Upper corner, compression 340 340
* For closed box containers
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Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 11
Figure 4-1
Strength ratings for 20'/40' containers
4.3 Container securing devices
4.3.1 Working loads in container securing devices are in general not to exceed 50% of the minimum breaking
load.
Table 4-2 shows guidance values of maximum securing loads for selected types of the container securing
devices, for calculation purposes values for actual equipment are to be used.
150/150 kN
150/150 kN
150/150 kN
75/75 (150) kN
75/75 (150) kN
75/75 (150)kN
848/848 kN
848/848 kN
250/250 kN
250/250 kN
200/250 kN
200/250 kN
300/350 kN
300/350 kN
200/250 kN
200/250 kN
200/250 kN
200/250 kN
150/150 kN
150/150 kN
300/300 kN
300/300 kN
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Table 4-2 Guidance values for container securing devices
Item Type Figure Typical MSL [kN]
1)
Lashings
1 Lashing rod
240
2 Turnbuckle
3 Penguin Hook
4 D-Ring
5 Lashing plate
Twistlocks and deck connections
6 Twist lock (single) 210
250
7 Twist-lock (linked) 210
2)
8 Flush ISO socket 250
9 Pedestal ISO socket 250
210
10 Dove tail socket with twist lock 250
210
Hold and block stowage
11 Stacker (single) 210
12 Stacker (double) 210
3)
13 Linkage plate 210
14 Pressure element 840
15 Tension/pressure element 550/840
1) These values are selected to match the strength rating of the containers; for light-weight stacks smaller values may be accepted.
2) As item 6 + horizontal tension as given
3) As item 11 + horizontal tension as given
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Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
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4.4 Ship structure
4.4.1 The supporting structure for the containers such as hatch covers, decks, inner bottom and bulkheads shall
be evaluated according to the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 and the acceptance criteria given
in E700.
5. Direct Calculation using Beam Analysis
5.1 General
5.1.1 This section provides guidance on how to perform beam analysis for container lashing arrangements. See
also Appendix B for examples.
5.1.2 The procedure described below represents the method used by the program NAUTICUS Container
Securing.
5.1.3 The container stacks are modelled as two independent 2-dimensional beam models, one for the door end
and one for the doorless end, to incorporate the different racking stiffness.
Each stack may be analysed separately unless there are connections between the stacks such as double stackers
or similar, in which case the whole block needs to be analysed. Non-structural top bridge fittings are ignored
in the analysis.
5.1.4 Nonlinearities such as compression elements and gaps in horizontal supports must be included. The
analysis is also to include the effects of clearances. For individual container stacks, clearances of stack fittings
may be ignored. Stipulated clearances between container stacks and horizontal supports are to be taken into
account. For container blocks with horizontal supports, clearances of bridge fittings within the block are to be
taken into account. Non-linearities such as compression elements and gaps in horizontal supports must be
included.
5.2 Modelling of geometry
5.2.1 The analysis is to take into account the flexibility of the containers. Unless otherwise specified, the
racking stiffness Kc of container end walls for normal closed box ISO containers may be taken as:
K
c
= 10 kN/mm for doorless ends
K
c
= 3.85 kN/mm for door ends
Unless otherwise specified, the racking stiffness of container sidewalls may be taken equal to doorless
container end walls.
The corner posts are modelled with a shear area so that the correct racking stiffness is obtained, according to
Figure 5-1. The bending stiffness of the beams should be high in order to avoid introduction of bending stresses
in the elements.
Figure 5-1
Racking stiffness of container
When a force F (3.85 kN for the door end and 10 kN for the doorless end), is applied to the container the
calculated deflection should be 1 mm.
5.2.2 Twistlocks are to be modelled with an area sufficiently large to avoid large tensile deformations.
The twistlocks must be modelled with a hinge at one end to avoid transfer of bending moments between the
containers, as shown in Figure 5-2.
o
F
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DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Figure 5-2
Hinge at end of twist lock
5.2.3 Stacking cones are modelled as twist locks with the difference that these must be modelled as non-linear
elements capable of taking compression and shear but not tension.
5.2.4 Double stackers, linked twistlocks and linkage plates are modelled with the actual cross sectional area.
The transverse elements should be positioned at the midpoint of the twistlock/stacking cone and in general be
fitted with hinges at both ends, as shown in Figure 5-3. For components that have the capability to transfer
vertical shear forces, these hinges should be omitted. Gaps in the bridges must be modelled as nonlinearities.
Figure 5-3
Linking elements and double stackers
5.2.5 Buttress supports, compression and tension elements are modelled with the actual cross sectional area.
Pure compression elements must be modelled as nonlinear elements taking compression only. In addition, the
gap between the element and the supporting structure must be modelled as a nonlinearity.
Hull deformations, if significant, are to be taken into account when determining the shoring forces.
5.2.6 For ordinary lashing units with one turnbuckle or lashing, the lashing should be modelled as beam
elements with characteristics according to Table 5-1. The lashings elements shall be fitted with hinges at both
ends to avoid transfer of bending moments.
For wind lashings please see section 8.4.
5.3 Boundary conditions
5.3.1 Elements attached to the ship structure should be restricted from translation.
5.4 Loading conditions
5.4.1 Loading conditions are to be in accordance with Sec. 2 and 3.
5.4.2 Loads should be applied as point loads in the corners of the containers. The distribution of transverse
inertia forces between the top and bottom corners should be taken in relation to the centre of gravity of the
container, which should in no case be taken lower than 45% of the container height. Vertical inertia forces are
only applied to the bottom corners of the container. Wind loads may be equally distributed between the four
corners of the container, on the windward side or distributed on all corners of the container.
5.5 Results
5.5.1 Forces shall be extracted from the model to confirm that the loads in the securing devices between the
containers and in the containers themselves do not exceed the safe working load of the securing devices or the
container strength limit, according to Sec. 4.
In addition the reaction forces in the ship structure must be considered.
Table 5-1 Lashing rod characteristics
Area Modulus of elasticity [N/mm
2
]
Rod lashing Actual area of rod 14 (l+6500) maximum 2.06 10
5
l = The length of lashing including turnbuckle, in mm

Twist lock
Hinge
Hinge
Linking elements
Twist lock
Link
Hinge
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Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 15
6. Formula based Analysis, Basic Formulae
6.1 Rigid container securing arrangements (cell guides and similar)
6.1.1 The maximum vertical support force from corner base fitting may be taken as:
6.1.2 The maximum compressive force in container end posts may be taken as:
6.1.3 The stresses and forces in securing structures resulting from horizontal accelerations and wind forces, where
relevant, are to be calculated as M a
t
+ P
w
and M a
l
+ P
w
in transverse and longitudinal direction, respectively.
6.1.4 The analysis required for rigid container securing arrangements depends on the complexity of the
arrangement. For complex cellular securing structures, direct analyses may be necessary. In other cases manual
calculations will be sufficient.
6.1.5 Hull deformations, if significant, are to be taken into account when determining the shoring forces.
6.2 Non-rigid securing arrangements (lashings and similar)
6.2.1 For non-rigid securing arrangements the vertical support forces, internal forces of the container stacks,
horizontal support forces and lashing forces are all to be calculated, if relevant.
6.2.2 The analysis is to take into account the flexibility of the containers. Unless otherwise specified, the
racking stiffness, K
c
, of container end walls for normal closed-box ISO containers may be taken as:
K
c
= 10 kN/mm for doorless ends
K
c
= 3.85 kN/mm for door ends
Unless otherwise specified, the racking stiffness of container sidewalls may be taken equal to doorless
container end walls.
6.2.3 Calculations of container stacks or blocks are to be performed for both doorless and door end walls.
Normally maximum vertical and horizontal reaction forces at the stack base are found in doorless ends, whilst
maximum horizontal support forces and lashing forces are found in door ends.
6.2.4 The analysis is to be based on the elastic stiffness of lashings according to their type and dimensions, ref.
Sec. 7.1.1.
6.2.5 The analysis is to include the effects of clearances. For individual container stacks, clearances of stack
fittings may be ignored. Stipulated clearances between container stacks and horizontal supports are to be taken
into account. For container blocks with horizontal supports, clearances of bridge fittings within the block are
to be taken into account as outlined in section 6.5.
6.2.6 The effects of vertical connections between the containers in a stack are to be taken properly into
account. The effects of possible tipping of container stacks without lock connection at bottom supports are of
special importance and must be especially considered. Reference is made to section 5.2.
6.2.7 The calculations are to be based on analysis methods applicable to structures in general. In the analysis
the container walls may be considered as shear panels. The interaction between the two ends, or sides, of
containers may normally be assumed negligible. See also section 8.2.
6.2.8 Generally, the horizontal force in each container end or side is to be taken as:
a
h
= a
t
or a
l
for transverse or longitudinal accelerations, respectively.
6.2.9 Maximum vertical support forces, racking forces, horizontal support forces and lashing forces may
normally be determined directly in accordance with chapter 7.
6.2.10 The combined maximum vertical support forces may be determined as the larger of:
( )

=
+ =
n
a
v a s
a g M P
1
25 . 0 [kN]
( )

=
+ =
n
a
v a s
a g M P
2
25 . 0 [kN]
( )
w h h
P a M P + = 5 . 0 [kN]
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
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DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
On compression side (positive):
or
On tension side (negative):
If P
st
becomes negative tipping will take place and locking cones or twistlocks are to be installed. See also
Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 F302, for stacks without lashing or shoring.
P
sh
= calculated vertical support force due to horizontal loads as given in Sec. 7.2.3
EP
sl
= sum of the vertical components of relevant lashing forces according to Sec.7
On compression side EP
sl
is only added when internal cross lashing is used
On tension side EP
sl
is only added when external lashing is used
6.2.11 The combined maximum compressive force in the lowermost container posts is normally determined
as the larger of:
and
P
ch
= calculated compressive force in post due to horizontal loads
EP
sl
= as given in Sec. 6.2.10
6.2.12 The racking force in the wall of the lowermost container is determined by:
EP
r
= sum of horizontal lashing or supporting forces (P
ri
, P
rj
etc.) calculated in accordance with Sec.7.
P
h1
= horizontal force in lowermost container end
In cases where there are two or more containers above the upper lashing or fixed support, the racking force in
the lower of these should also be checked.
6.3 Container stack with four flexible horizontal supports
6.3.1 Consider a container stack supported by lashings at levels i, j, k and m in that order from the bottom.
For the analysis in the following, reference is made to Figure 6-1.

+ + =
=
sl sh
n
a
a sc
P P g M P
1
25 . 0
[kN]

( )
=
+ =
n
a
v a sc
a g M P
1
25 . 0
[kN]

+ =
=
sl sh
n
a
a st
P P g M P
1
cos 25 . 0 | [kN]
( )

=
+ =
n
a
v a c
a g M P
2
25 . 0 [kN]

+ + =
=
sl ch
n
a
a c
P P g M P
2
25 . 0 [kN]

=
+ =
n
a
r h ha r
P P P S
2
1
o [kN]
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 17
Figure 6-1
Four flexible supports, general case
6.3.2 Disregarding the lashings, the free horizontal displacement at level i is given by:
and similar for other levels j, k and m.
6.3.3 The horizontal displacement at level i due to a horizontal force acting at the same level is given by:
and similar for other levels j, k and m.
The displacement at levels below the force in question is proportional to the level number, e.g. the displacement
at level i due to force acting at level k is given by:
The displacement at levels above the force in question is equal to the displacement at the force level.
6.3.4 The support force at level i is expressed as a function of the resulting horizontal displacement at the same
level, i.e.:
and similar for levels j, k and m.
6.3.5 The horizontal forces as mentioned in 6.3.3 must be equal to the corresponding support forces given in
2.3.4. Consequently the following linear equations may be derived, in matrix form:
K
m
K
k
K
j
K
i
P
m
P
k
P
j
P
i
o
mm
o
kk
o
jj
o
ii
o
mo
o
ko
o
jo
o
io
P
h6
P
h5
P
h4
P
h3
P
h2
P
hk
n=6

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

= = + =
i
a
i
a
n
a b
hb ha
c
io
P P
K
1 1 1
1
o o
c
i
ii
K
P i
= o
kk ik
k
i
o o =
( ) | |
ii ij ik im io i ri
K P o o o o o + + + =
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 18
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
From these equations the horizontal support forces P
rm
, P
rk
, P
rj
and P
ri
may be solved. If the number of lashings
is less than four, the system reduces correspondingly. E.g. for a system with two lashings the system reduces to:
6.4 Container stack with combined rigid and flexible horizontal supports
6.4.1 Consider a stack of containers as in 2.3. Let one support be rigid, for example at level j. A clearance o
jc
at that support is assumed.
6.4.2 The support forces at levels i, k and m are given by the formulae in 6.3.4. At level j the resulting
displacement is given by:
Consequently the linear equations in 6.3.5 are modified as follows:
6.4.3 In this way the linear equations may be set up for an arbitrary combination of rigid and flexible supports.
For example, with four rigid supports the horizontal support forces are given by:
6.5 Container blocks
6.5.1 Container stacks connected by horizontal bridge stackers may be regarded as a block with respect to
lashing and rigid horizontal supports. It is assumed that bridge stackers are fitted at each level of horizontal
support and that the clearances at stackers normally are negligible. The block may be calculated on the basis
of an analysis of single stacks with the same deflection (fixed support clearance). The resulting horizontal
support force will be the sum of all support forces from the individual stacks.
If the horizontal stackers are fitted with a clearance o
b
at each stacker, the support clearances o
ic
, o
jc
, o
kc
or o
lc
are for each stack away from the rigid support to be increased by o
b
. Arrangement with a single rigid support
is shown in Figure 6-2.
- The diagonal element
- The displacement
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
c io
c jo
c ko
c mo
ri
rj
rk
rm
i
c
j
c
k
c
m
c
K
K
K
K
P
P
P
P
i
K
K
i i i
i j
K
K
j j
i j k
K
K
k
i j k m
K
K
o
o
o
o
(

=
(

(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
c io
c jo
ri
rj
i
c
j
c
K
K
P
P
i
K
K
i
i j
K
K
o
o
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
ii jj kk mm jo jc
k
j
m
j
o o o o o o
j j
K
K
j
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
jc jo jo
o o o
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

c ic io
c jc jo
c kc ko
c mc mo
ri
rj
rk
rm
K
K
K
K
P
P
P
P
i i i i
i j j j
i j k k
i j k m
) (
) (
) (
) (
o o
o o
o o
o o
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 19
Figure 6-2
Block with single rigid horizontal support
6.5.2 If the number of stacks in a block is greater than 4 and bridge stackers are fitted at all levels in the block,
a reduction in the horizontal support forces may be introduced due to the stackers giving a certain vertical shear
restraint. The final support forces may be found as:
P
ri
= calculated horizontal reaction force for block
C
r
= reduction factor as given in Table 6-1
The racking force, S
r
, in the end wall of the lowermost container is to be calculated according to 6.2.12 with
the reduced P
rif
inserted in the formula. The vertical support forces may be calculated with the uncorrected P
ri
.
6.5.3 In order to reduce the horizontal support forces at rigid block supports, the supports may be arranged for
absorbing both compression and tension. If the clearances at the individual stackers are considered to be
negligible, a 50% distribution between the compression and tension side may normally be used when
calculating the support forces according to 6.5.1 and 6.5.2.
In case there is a clearance in each horizontal bridge stacker, redistribution towards 100% compression will
take place. A 50% distribution may be achieved by omitting all bridge stackers between middle stacks, thus
obtaining two individual blocks.
7. Formula based Analysis, Derived Formulae
7.1 General
7.1.1 The following describes elementary formulae for the analysis of container stacks subjected to horizontal
forces. In general, the formulae may be applied for the determination of vertical support forces, horizontal
support forces and lashing forces. It should be noted that the formulae for vertical support forces do not include
the vertical component of possible lashing forces and vertical mass forces.
7.1.2 The calculation formulae are based on the following assumptions:
The bending stiffness of the container wall is assumed to be significantly higher than the shear stiffness;
the container walls are therefore considered as shear panels
Table 6-1 Reduction factors
n
b
1 to 4 5 6 7 8 9 >10
C
r
1 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.85 0.79 0.75
o
ic
P
ri
o
io
Bridge stackers
clearance: o
b
n=6

i=5

P
sh
ri r rif
P C P =
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 20
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Internal clearances in stacking and locking members of individual stacks are ignored
Tensile vertical forces are assumed taken by lock stackers; if lock stackers are not fitted and containers may
be subject to tilting, the lashing forces will have to be specially considered
The flexibility of container walls and lashings are assumed to be linear
Pre-stressing of lashings is not included in the consideration
Containers subjected to horizontal acceleration forces are assumed homogeneously loaded, with the centre
of gravity in the centre point of the container. However a VCG of 45% of the container height may be
utilised.
7.1.3 The horizontal spring stiffness of simple lashing rods supporting the container stack at level i may be
expressed as:
E
l
= modulus of elasticity as per Table 5-1.
The modulus of elasticity of non-standardised lashing equipment, such as wires and chains, will be subject to
special consideration, and may have to be determined experimentally.
Figure 7-1
Stiffness of simple lashing
7.2 Container stack with single rigid support
7.2.1 A container stack with single rigid support is shown in Figure 7-2.
The clearance at the rigid support, o
ic
, is assumed to be known. The unsupported displacement, o
io
, may be
calculated with the formula in 6.3.2.
7.2.2 The horizontal support force derived from the general formulae in 6.4.3 is given by:
Not valid for o
ic
> o
io
.
( )
3
2
1
2
2
s h
s A E
K
l
l l l
i
+
=
l
l l
i
l
A E
K

2
sin
=
or [kN/mm]

P
li
o

K
li
l
l
s
l
h
l
i=3

i
K
P
ic io c
ri
) ( o o
=
[kN]
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 21
7.2.3 The vertical support force due to the horizontal forces is given by:
Figure 7-2
Single rigid horizontal support
7.3 Container stack with two rigid horizontal supports
7.3.1 A container stack with two rigid supports is shown in Figure 7-3.
The clearances at the lower and higher supports, o
ic
and o
jc
respectively, are assumed to be known. The
unsupported displacements, o
io
and o
jo
, may be calculated in accordance with the formulae in 6.3.2.
7.3.2 The horizontal support forces derived from the general formulae in 6.4.3 are given by:
At level i:
At level j:
If any of the support forces becomes negative, this support will not be engaged. The calculation then has to be
repeated with the remaining support only, according to 7.2.
( )
s
n
a
ri ha
sh
b
h iP P a
P
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

=1
5 . 0
[kN]
o
ic
o
io
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ij i
j i K
P
ic io jc jo c
ri

=
2
o o o o
[kN]
( ) ( ) | |
( ) i j
K
P
ic io jc jo c
rj

=
o o o o
[kN]
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 22
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
7.3.3 The vertical support force is given by:
Figure 7-3
Two rigid horizontal supports
7.4 Container stack with three rigid horizontal supports
7.4.1 The clearances at the three supports, o
ic
, o
jc
and o
kc
are assumed to be known. The unsupported
displacements, o
io
, o
jo
and o
ko
, may be calculated in accordance with the formulae in 6.3.2.
7.4.2 The horizontal support forces derived from the general formulae in 6.4.3 are given by:
At level i:
At level j:
At level k:
If any of the support forces becomes negative, this support will not be engaged. The calculation then has to be
repeated with the remaining supports, according to 7.3.
( ) ( )
s
n
a
rj ri ha
sh
b
h jP iP P a
P
(

+
=

=1
5 . 0
[kN]

o
jc
o
jo
o
ic
o
io
P
rj
P
ri
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ij i
j i K
P
ic io jc jo c
ri

=
2
o o o o
[kN]
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
(

=
j k i j
K P
jc jo kc ko ic io jc jo
c rj
o o o o o o o o
[kN]
( ) ( ) | |
( ) j k
K
P
jc jo kc ko c
rk

=
o o o o
[kN]
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 23
7.4.3 The vertical support forces are given by:
7.5 Container stack with single flexible support
7.5.1 A container stack with single flexible support is shown in Figure 7-4.
The horizontal spring stiffness of the lashing, K
i
, may be calculated in accordance with the formula in 7.1.3.
The unsupported displacement, o
io
, may be calculated in accordance with the formula in 6.3.2.
7.5.2 The horizontal support force derived from the general formulae in 6.3.5 is given by:
7.5.3 The vertical support forces may be calculated as given in 7.2.3.
Figure 7-4
Single flexible horizontal support
7.6 Container stack with one rigid and one flexible support
7.6.1 A container stack with one rigid and one flexible support is shown in Figure 7-5.
The horizontal spring stiffness of the lashing, K
i
, may be calculated in accordance with the formula in 7.1.3.
The clearance at the rigid support, o
ic
, is assumed to be known.
The unsupported displacements, o
io
and o
jo
, may be calculated in accordance with the formulae in 6.3.2.
7.6.2 The horizontal support forces derived from the general formulae in 6.3.5 and 6.4.3 are given by:
At level i:
( ) ( )
s
n
a
rk rj ri ha
sh
b
h kP jP iP P a
P
(

+ +
=

=1
5 . 0
[kN]
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
i
K
K
K
P
i
c
io c
ri
o
[kN]

K
i P
ri
o
io
( ) | |
j i
K
K
i
j i K
P
i
c
io jc jo c
ri
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
2
o o o
[kN]
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 24
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
At level j:
7.6.3 The vertical support forces may be calculated as given in 7.3.3.
Figure 7-5
One rigid and one flexible support
7.7 Container stack with two flexible horizontal supports
7.7.1 A container stack with two flexible horizontal supports is shown in Figure 7-6.
The horizontal spring stiffness of the lashing, K
i
and K
j
, may be calculated in accordance with the formula in
7.1.3.
The unsupported displacements, o
io
and o
jo
, may be calculated in accordance with the formulae in 6.3.2.
7.7.2 The horizontal support forces derived from the general formulae in 6.3.5 are given by:
At level i:
At level j:
( )
2
i j i
K
K
i i
K
K
K
P
i
c
io jc jo
i
c
c
rj

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
o o o
[kN]
K
i P
ri
o
io
o
jc
o
jo
P
rj
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
j
K
K
i
K
K
i
j
K
K
i K
P
j
c
i
c
io
j
c
jo c
ri
2
o o
[kN]
2
i j
K
K
i
K
K
i i
K
K
K
P
j
c
i
c
io jo
i
c
c
rj

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
o o
[kN]
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 25
7.7.3 The vertical support forces may be calculated as given in 7.3.3.
Figure 7-6
Two flexible horizontal supports
7.8 Container stack with one rigid and two flexible horizontal supports
7.8.1 A container stack with one rigid and two flexible supports is shown in Figure 7-7.
The horizontal spring stiffness of the lashing, K
i
and K
j
, may be calculated in accordance with the formula in
7.1.3.
The clearance at the rigid support, o
kc
, is assumed to be known.
The unsupported displacements, o
io
, o
jo
and o
ko
, may be calculated in accordance with the formulae in 6.3.2.
7.8.2 The horizontal support forces derived from the general formulae in 6.3.5 and 6.4.3 are given by:
At level i:
At level j:
At level k:
7.8.3 The vertical support forces due to the horizontal loads and forces may be calculated as given in 7.4.3.
7.9 Container stack with three flexible horizontal supports
7.9.1 The horizontal spring stiffness of the lashing, K
i
, K
j
and K
k
, may be calculated in accordance with the
formula in 7.1.3.
The unsupported displacements, o
io
, o
jo
and o
ko
, may be calculated in accordance with the formulae in 6.3.2.
K
i P
ri
o
io
o
jo
P
rj
K
j
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 i C k j C j kC
k j i j kC i C j
K P
j i j
jo j io j kc ko
c ri
+
+ +
=
o o o o
[kN]
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 i C k j C j kC
i kC k j i jC i
K P
j i j
i jo io i kc ko
c rj
+
+ +
=
o o o o
[kN]
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 i C k j C j kC
jC i C j i i C C
K P
j i j
i jo j io j i kc ko
c rk
+
+ +
=
o o o o
[kN]
i
K
K
C
i
c
i
+ =
j
K
K
C
j
c
j
+ =
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 26
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
7.9.2 The horizontal support forces derived from the general formulae in 6.3.5 are given by:
At level i:
At level j:
At level k:
7.9.3 The vertical support forces due to horizontal loads and forces may be calculated as given in 7.4.3.
Figure 7-7
Container stack with one rigid and two flexible supports
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
k j i k j i
k j io k jo j ko
c ri
C C j i C j C C C
j C C C j i C j i
K P
+
+ +
=
2
2 2
2
o o o
[kN]
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
k j i k j i
k io k i jo i ko
c rj
C C j i C j C C C
C j i i C C jC i
K P
+
+ +
=
2
2 2
2 2
o o o
[kN]
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
k j i k j i
j io i jo j i ko
c rk
C C j i C j C C C
C j i jC i i C C
K P
+
+ +
=
2
2 2
2 2
o o o
[kN]
i
K
K
C
i
c
i
+ =
j
K
K
C
j
c
j
+ =
k
K
K
C
k
c
k
+ =
K
j P
rj
o
jo
o
kc
o
ko
P
rk
K
i
P
ri
o
io
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 27
8. Special Container Arrangements
8.1 General
8.1.1 In this section some special cases of container arrangements are presented with applicable analysis
methods. The calculation methods described in the previous sections are not necessarily applicable to these
arrangements.
8.2 20' container in 40' cell guides
8.2.1 20' containers may be carried in cell guides designed for 40' containers provided that the following are
considered:
Cones fixed to the tank top, or similar arrangements, are fitted at mid-hold, to prevent the lowermost
container from sliding in transverse direction.
Each tier of 20' containers is connected to the next by at least two stacking cones, one in each end, fitted
diagonally.
The uppermost 20' container is connected to the lowermost 40' container, if any, by two stacking cones in
the cell guide end.
The loads transferred to containers and securing devices do not exceed container strength ratings and
maximum securing load (MSL), respectively.
The 20' containers have steel walls and top, i.e. that they are not of open-frame type.
8.2.2 Maximum container weights in 20' stacks are determined by the racking force limit of the lowermost
container.
The racking force in the lowermost 20' container is determined by summing the transverse forces from each 20'
container. The contribution from the lowermost container should be taken equal to the fraction o,
corresponding to the VCG. The transverse dynamic forces in each tier may be assumed distributed 35% to the
mid-hold end and 65% to the cell guide end, provided that the stack is topped by at least one 40' container.
8.2.3 If the 20' stack is not topped by a 40' container, the transverse force distribution is to be taken as 45% to
the mid-hold end and 55% to the cell guide end. Stacks with more than 10 tiers without a 40' container on top
will be specially considered.
8.2.4 The deformation of the container stack should also be analysed, taking into account the clearances
between the stacking cones and the corner castings, to verify that the different stacks will not come into contact.
The analysis should be performed in longitudinal and transverse direction, and as a combination of both.
8.3 40' container in 45' cell guides
8.3.1 40' containers may be carried in cell guides designed for 45' containers provided that:
Cones fixed to the tank top, or similar arrangements, are fitted at mid-hold, to prevent the lowermost
container from sliding in transverse direction
Each tier of 40' containers is connected to the next by at least two stacking cones, one in each end, fitted
diagonally
The loads transferred to containers and securing devices do not exceed container strength ratings and
maximum securing load (MSL), respectively.
The 40' containers have steel walls and top, i.e. that they are not of open-frame type.
8.3.2 Maximum container weights in 40' stacks are determined by the racking force limit of the lowermost
container.
The racking force in the lowermost 40' container is determined by summing the transverse forces from each 40'
container. The contribution from the lowermost container should be taken equal to the fraction o,
corresponding to the VCG. The transverse dynamic forces on each tier may be assumed distributed 50% to the
free end and 50% to the cell guide end.
8.3.3 Stacks more than 10 tiers high will be specially considered.
8.3.4 The deformation of the container stack should also be analysed, taking into account the clearances
between the stacking cones and the corner castings, to verify that the different stacks will not come into contact.
The analysis should be performed in longitudinal and transverse direction, and as a combination of both.
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 28
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
8.4 Effectiveness of lashings attached to lashing bridge
8.4.1 When a lashing is attached to a lashing bridge the relative movement of the hatch cover and the ship
structure will give rise to increased loads in the lashing. To account for this phenomenon in the calculations,
the MSL of the lashing is in general to be reduced according to Table 8-1.
8.4.2 Specialised arrangements with extreme lashing angles or unusually long distance between lashing bridge
and container are to be specially considered.
8.5 Vertical lashings wind lashing
8.5.1 Vertical lashings cannot in general be included in the analysis but must be considered as a separate item.
8.5.2 Due to the clearances in the twistlocks the vertical lashing will carry the whole load until the
deformations of the stack have closed these clearances.
8.5.3 For vertical lashings fitted with special turnbuckles, in order to have the same clearance of the lashing
as the twistlocks, the vertical tensile force may be assumed divided between the container corner post and the
lashing, 1/3 in the lashing and 2/3 in the corner post.
For lashings without such a device the method in B.3 of Appendix B can be used.
8.6 Block stowage in hold without cell guides
8.6.1 Care must be taken so that the vertical and transverse support points of the containers are aligned with
the areas of the ship structure which have been reinforced for this purpose.
8.6.2 The effects of stowing mixed container heights in the holds must be specially considered, taking into
account the support points in the transverse bulkhead and side structure.
8.6.3 The effects of hull deflections due to sea loading are to be taken into account when calculating transverse
shoring forces. This is especially important for vessels with long holds and where the ship side deflections are
large. If the hull deflections are unknown a conservative assumption should be made.
8.6.4 Clearances in securing equipment between the securing equipment and the supporting structure must be
specified.
8.6.5 Container blocks in holds without transverse connections, only compression i.e. pads (OSHA adaption)
should be specially considered since this equipment does not give any vertical shear restraint and hence the
horizontal support forces will be increased.
8.7 Platform-based containers with reduced stiffness
8.7.1 Platform-based containers generally have reduced racking stiffness and longitudinal strength, which
must be taken into account in the analysis.
8.8 Containers placed on two hatches or on hatches and side pillars
8.8.1 If containers are placed on two hatches or on hatches and side pillars the relative deformations must be
accounted for in the arrangement by fitting overlong ISO sockets, or by including this deformation in the
lashing calculations.
Table 8-1 Reduction of MSL
Length
20' container stack
1)
40' container stack
Short
lashing
2)
Long
lashing
3)
Short
lashing
2)
Long
lashing
3)
L < 270 m 10% 0% 15% 0%
270 < L <315 15% 0% 20% 0%
L > 315 20% 0% 25% 0%
1) Assuming a lashing gap at mid-hold otherwise values as 40' should be utilised
2) Lashing from lashing bridge to first tier above
3) Lashing from lashing bridge to second tier above
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 29
Appendix A
Approval of Lashing Computers/Software
A.1 Introduction
This is guidance to those who are involved in approval and certification of lashing computers for a specific ship,
i.e. software manufacturers who wish to have their software approved for a specific vessel.
Guidance is also given for manufacturers who wish to have their software type approved.
A.2 Definitions
Lashing computer system
A lashing computer system is a computer-based system for calculation and control of container securing
arrangements for compliance with the applicable strength requirements. The lashing computer system consists
of software (calculation program) and hardware (the computer on which it runs).
Approval and certification for a specific vessel
Approval of software means that DNV approves the software for a specific installation on board a specific
vessel. The approval is based on a review and acceptance of design, calculation method, verification of stored
data and test calculation for the specific vessel.
Approval of the software is to be carried out for each specific vessel where the software is to be installed.
Approval of the software results in approved test conditions.
If the software is type approved, the review and acceptance of design is not necessary for each specific vessel.
Only verification of user manual, stored data and test calculations for the specific vessel will then be carried
out.
Certification (installation testing) is carried out to ensure that the lashing computer system works properly
onboard the specific vessel, and to ensure that the correct approved version of the software has been installed.
Certification is to be carried out for each vessel where a lashing computer system has been installed.
Type approval
Type approval means that DNV has approved the design methods and specifications of the software in general.
The type approval is given based on a review and acceptance of design, calculation methods and documented
test results for at least two test vessels. A type approval certificate is issued.
In the type approval certificate it will be stated what kind of calculations the type approval covers.
In connection with approval for a specific vessel with type approved software, less documentation will be
required, and a lower fee will be charged.
A.3 General requirements
The approval and certification process includes the following procedures for each ship:
1) Approval of software which results in approved test conditions.
2) Approval of computer hardware, where necessary.
3) Certification of the installed lashing computer system, which results in a lashing computer certificate.
The approved test conditions are to be kept onboard together with the user manual and the lashing computer
certificate.
The approved software is either installed on a type approved hardware, or it is to be installed on two nominated
computers. If two nominated computers are available, approval of the hardware may be waived, but both
nominated computers are subject to certification. In addition, computers that are to be a part of a ships network
should be approved in accordance with other relevant requirements imposed by the Society.
The lashing computer is to be capable of producing printouts of the results numerically. These numeric values
are to be presented both as absolute values and as a percentage of the allowable values.
All screen and hardcopy output data are to be presented in a clear and unambiguous manner, with identification
of the version number of the calculation program.
A.4 General hardware requirements
In case two nominated computers are used, these are to be equipped with separate screens and printers.
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 30
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
A.5 General software requirements
It is recommended that the design and production of the calculation program be in accordance with appropriate
quality standards.
The software is to present the relevant parameters of each container arrangement. The following is to be
presented:
1) Draught
2) GM value
3) Each container weight
4) Position of each container stack
5) Lashing arrangement
6) Forward visibility
7) Accelerations of each container
8) Strength limitation: Listing of obtained values compared with the limit values according to Sec. 4 (internal
forces in containers, forces in securing equipment and forces in supports)
9) A clear warning is to be given if any of the strength limitations are not complied with
10) The data is to be presented as screen and hard copy output to the user in a clear and unambiguous manner.
The software is to reject input errors by the user. For instance, negative weight input on containers or containers
positioned outside the ship is not to be accepted.
The software and the stored characteristic data are to be protected against erroneous use. The software should
be written to ensure that these can not be altered by the user.
The software is to be user-friendly, with a graphic presentation of the container arrangement.
Any changes made to the software are to be made by the manufacturer or his appointed representative. The
Society is to be informed immediately of any changes. Failure to advise of any modifications to the software
will invalidate the certificates issued. In such cases the modified software is to be reassessed in accordance with
the approval and certification procedure.
A.6 Documentation to submit for approval
A.6.1 Hardware documentation
Requirements in Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.4 Ch.9 are to be complied with.
If the hardware is to be type approved, documentation according to Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.4 Ch.9
Sec.1 is to be submitted.
A.6.2 Software documentation
Approval of the test conditions is mainly based on comparing the input and the results of the software
calculations with values calculated by DNV. The difference is not to be greater than 5%, calculated according
to the following:
((Value calculated by software) (Value calculated by DNV)) / (Allowable) s 5
The documentation must be prepared in a language understood by the users. If this language is not English, a
translation into English is to be included.
All submitted documentation is to be identified with the following:
1) Name of vessel, name of yard, the yard building number and the DNV identification number of the ship for
which the program applies
2) Program name, version number and version date
3) Program manufacturer and address
4) List of contents.
For each specific ship the following documentation is to be submitted:
1) User manual
2) Program description (not required for type approved software)
3) Test conditions
4) Stored characteristic data.
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 31
The user manual is to contain:
1) A general description of the program denoting identification of the program and its version number stated
2) Where applicable, a copy of the type approval certificate
3) Hardware specification needed to run the program
4) Listing of error messages and warnings with instructions for actions to be taken by the user in each case
5) Listings of allowable strength limits with respect to the container, lashing equipment and ship
6) Example of calculation procedure supported by illustrations and sample computer output
7) Example of computer output of each screen display with explanatory text.
The program description is to contain the following:
1) Description of functionality, including flowcharts
2) Descriptions of calculation methods and principles.
Program description is not required for type approved software.
In some cases where the functionality and principles are not clear, the entire program may need to be submitted
for evaluation at the discretion of the Society.
The test conditions are to be as follows:
1) Typical stowage in hold
2) Mixed stowage, if applicable
3) Typical stowage on deck
4) Deck stowage with twistlocks only
5) Case with exceeded stack weight
6) Case with exceeded lashing force
7) Case with exceeded lifting force
8) An example where outboard stack is missing.
The stored characteristic data are to include the following:
1) Main dimensions of the ship
2) The position of each bay from the aft perpendicular
3) Strength limitations (for containers, lashing equipment and the ship)
4) General loading limitations.
A.7 Certification
Certification is carried out to ensure that the lashing computer system works properly onboard, and to ensure
that the correct approved version of the software has been installed.
The approved test conditions are to be tested on the lashing computer system in presence of a surveyor from
the Society before the lashing computer certificate is issued.
During the test, the securing arrangements calculated on the installed lashing computer system are to be verified
to be identical to the approved test conditions. If numerical output from the lashing computer system is at
variance with the approved test conditions, a certificate cannot be issued.
During the tests, at least one of the test conditions is to be built up from scratch, to ensure that the calculating
methods function properly.
Where the hardware is not type approved, the test is to be carried out on both the first and the second nominated
computer prior to the issuance of the lashing computer certificate. Both of the nominated computers are to be
identified on the certificate.
After completion of satisfactory tests, the lashing computer certificate is to be issued.
The following is to be listed in the lashing computer certificate:
1) Name of vessel, name of yard, yard number and year of built for the vessel
2) Software name, software version
3) Software manufacturer name and address
4) Type approval certificate number, if relevant
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 32
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
5) Hardware name, serial number and manufacturer
6) Name and serial number of the second nominated computer or type approval certificate number
7) Identification of the approved test conditions used for the certification.
The lashing computer certificate and the approved test conditions are to be kept onboard attached to the user
manual.
The certification is to be carried out onboard.
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 33
Appendix B
Calculated Examples
In this appendix the following calculated examples are given using both the direct analysis method and the
formula-based method:
B.1 Three-tier stack with single lashing, no windload
B.2 Four-tier stack with two cross lashing, no windload (formula-based method).
B.3 Wind lashing without special turnbuckle
B.1 Three-tier stack with single lashing
Formula-based method
Three-tier 40' standard ISO container stack with single cross lashing to top of tier 1, no wind load included, see
Figure B-3.
Figure B-1
Three-tier stack with single lashing, no wind load
Horizontal force per container end:
P
h
= 30 6.67 = 100 kN
Lashing (see Sec. 7.1.3):
General data:
Container weights: 30 t (all tiers)
Twistlocks: SWL 250 kN (between each tier)
Lashing rods: Steel, diameter 25 mm
SWL 250 kN
Transverse accelerations:
Tier 1: 6.67 m/s
2
Tier 2: 6.67 m/s
2
Tier 3: 6.67 m/s
2
Vertical acceleration:
Tier 1-3 7.60 m/s
2
Roll angle, | 27
A
l
= 491 mm
2
h
l
= 2591 mm

P
h
P
h
P
h
n=3
i=1
P
lsi
P
li
P
s P
s
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 34
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Calculation for doorless end walls
End wall racking stiffness (see 6.2.2): K
c
= 10 kN/mm
Free displacement at level i (see 6.3.2):
Horizontal support force of lashing (see 7.5.2):
Vertical support force (see 7.2.3):
Lashing force:
Vertical component of lashing force:
Combined vertical support forces (see 6.2.10):
Compression side
=> P
sc
= 727.0 kN (into ship structure)
Tension Side (P
sl
= 0))
Twistlock with SWL= 250 kN.
Compressive force in lowermost container (see 6.2.11):
=> P
c
= 596.1 kN (< 848)
Racking force in lowest container (see 6.2.12):
s
l
= 2438 mm
l
l
= 3558 mm
E
l
= 14(l + 6500) = 14(3558 + 6500) = 140 812 N/mm
2
=
140.8 kN/mm
2
mm kN K
j
/ 13 . 9
) 2438 2591 (
2438 491 8 . 140
3 2 2
2
=
+

=
( ) mm 25.0 100 100 100 5 . 0
10
1
0
= + + =
i
o
) 150 ( 3 . 119
1
13 . 9
10
25 10
< =
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
ri
P
( )
kN P
sh
5 . 379
2258
2591 3 . 119 1 100 5 . 4
=

=
) 250 ( 1 . 174
2438
2438 2591
3 . 119
2 2
< =
+
=
li
P
) 300 ( 8 . 126
2438
2591
3 . 119 < = =
sl
P
0 . 727 8 . 126 5 . 379 81 . 9 30 3 25 . 0 = + + =
sc
P
) 250 ( 8 . 182 5 . 379 27 cos 81 . 9 30 3 25 . 0 < = =

st
P
kN P
c
1 . 596 8 . 126
2258 2
2591 100
5 . 379 81 . 9 30 2 25 . 0 = +

+ =
) 150 ( 7 . 130 3 . 119 100 5 . 0 100 2 < = + =
r
S
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 35
Calculation for door end walls
End wall racking stiffness (see 6.2.2): K
c
= 3.85 kN/mm
Free displacement at level i (see 6.3.2):
Horizontal support force of lashing (see 7.5.2):
Vertical support force (see 7.2.3):
Lashing force:
Vertical component of lashing force:
Combined vertical support forces (see 6.2.10):
Compression side
=> P
sc
= 723.5 kN (into ship structure)
Tension Side (P
sl
= 0)
Twistlock with SWL = 250 kN.
Compressive force in lowermost container (see 6.2.11):
=> P
c
= 591.6 kN (<848)
Racking force in lowest container (see 6.2.12):
Tipping moment/pull-out force for tier 2
Vertical support forces:
( ) mm 64.9 100 100 100 5 . 0
85 . 3
1
0
= + + =
i
o
) , 150 ( 8 . 175
1
13 . 9
85 . 3
9 , 64 85 . 3
OK Not P
ri
> =
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
( )
3 . 333
2258
2591 5 . 159 1 100 5 . 4
=

=
sh
P
) 250 ( 8 . 232
2438
2438 2591
5 . 159
2 2
< =
+
=
li
P
) 300 ( 5 . 169
2438
2591
5 . 159 < = =
sl
P
5 . 723 5 . 169 3 . 333 81 . 9 30 3 25 . 0 = + + =
sc
P
) 250 ( 6 . 136 3 . 333 27 cos 81 . 9 30 3 25 . 0 < = = kN P
st

kN P
c
6 . 591 5 . 169
2258 2
2591 100
3 . 333 81 . 9 30 2 25 . 0 = +

+ =
) 150 ( 5 . 90 5 . 159 100 5 . 0 100 2 < = + =
r
S
( )
kN 229.5
2258
2591 0 1 100 2
=

=
sh
P
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 36
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Compression side
Tension Side
B.2 Four-tier stack with two cross lashings
Four-tier 40' standard ISO container stack with two cross lashings, no wind load included, see Figure B-6.
Figure B-2
Four-tier stack with two cross lashings, no wind load
Lashings (see 7.1.2):
General data:
Twistlocks: SWL 250 kN
(between each tier)
Lashing rods: Steel, diameter 25
mm
SWL 250 kN
Mass
Transverse
acceleration, a
t
:
P
ha
Tier 1: 30 6.10 m/s
2
91.5 kN
Tier 2: 30 6.25 m/s
2
93.8 kN
Tier 3: 30 6.40 m/s
2
96.0 kN
Tier 4: 3 6.55 m/s
2
9.8 kN
Vertical acceleration:
Tier 1-3 4.20 m/s
2
Roll angle, | 25
kN 376.7 5 . 229 81 . 9 30 2 25 . 0 = + =
sc
P
250) ( kN 98.4 - 5 . 229 27 cos 81 . 9 30 2 25 . 0 < = =
st
P

P
h4
n=4
i=1
j=2
P
h3
P
h2
P
h1
mm 3558 2438 2591
2 2
= + =
i
l
( ) mm 5727 2438 2591 2
2
2
= + =
j
l
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 37
E
i
= 14 (3 558 - 6500) = 140 812 N/mm
2
= 140.8 kN/mm
2
E
j
= 14 (l + 6500) = 14 (5727+6500) = 171 178 N/mm
2

= 171.2 kN/mm
2
Calculation for doorless end walls.
End wall racking stiffness (see 6.2.2): K
c
= 10 kN/mm
Free displacement at level i and j (see 6.3.2):
Horizontal support force of lashing (see 7.7.2):
Vertical support force (see 7.3.3):
Lashing force:
Vertical component of lashing force:
Combined vertical support forces (see 6.2.10):
Compression side
mm kN K
i
/ 13 . 9
) 2438 2591 (
2438 491 8 . 140
3 2 2
2
=
+

=
( )
mm kN K
j
/ 66 . 2
) 2438 2591 2 (
2438 491 2 . 171
3 2 2
2
=
+

=
( ) mm 24.5 8 . 9 0 . 96 8 . 93 5 . 91 5 . 0
10
1
0
= + + + =
i
o
( ) ( ) mm 39.8 8 . 9 0 . 96 8 . 93 8 . 9 0 . 96 8 . 93 5 . 91 5 . 0
10
1
0
= + + + + + + =
j
o
) 150 ( 5 . 91
2
66 . 2
10
1
13 . 9
10
1
5 . 24 2
66 . 2
10
8 . 39 1 10
2
< =
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
= kN P
ri
) 150 ( 2 . 53
1 2
66 . 2
10
1
13 . 9
10
5 . 24 1 8 . 39 1
13 . 9
10
10
2
< =
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
= kN P
rj
( )
kN P
rj
6 . 301
2258
2591 2 . 53 2 5 . 91 1 8 . 9 5 . 3 96 5 . 2 8 . 93 5 . 1 5 . 91 5 . 0
=
+ + +
=
) 250 ( 5 . 133
2438
2438 2591
5 . 91
2 2
< =
+
= kN P
l i
( )
) 250 ( 0 . 125
2438
2438 2591 2
2 . 53
2 2
< =
+
= kN P
lj
) 300 ( 2 . 97
2438
2591
5 . 91 < = = kN P
sli
) 300 ( 1 . 113
2438
2591 2
2 . 53 < =

= kN P
slj
( ) kN P
sc
0 . 740 1 . 113 2 . 97 6 . 301 81 . 9 3 30 3 25 . 0 = + + + + =
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 38
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
=> P
sc
= 740.0 kN (into ship structure)
Tension Side (P
sl
= 0)
Twistlock with SWL = 250 kN.
Compressive force in lowermost container (see 6.2.11):
=> P
c
= 613.9 kN (<848)
Racking force in lowest container (see 6.2.12):
B.3 Wind lashing without special turnbuckle
Force in wind lashing, FWL = F
o
+ 1/3 F
STACK

Force in twistlock/corner post, FT = 2/3 F
STACK
F
STACK
= FTOT - F
o
where:
F
TOT
= total force in twistlock/corner post
F
o
= force in wind lashing due to elongation,

where:
o = total clearance (i.e. sum of clearances in twistlock, see Fig. B-3)
L = length of wind lashing, including turnbuckle
E = effective E-modulus of wind lashing
A =cross section area of wind lashing
Figure B-3
Sum of clearances in twistlock
Example:
Wind lashing from deck to top of tier 2.
Data:
F
TOT
= 300 kN (From container securing program, Vertical forces in twistlock)
L = 5.2 m
( ) ) 250 ( 9 . 94 6 . 301 25 cos 81 . 9 3 30 3 25 . 0 < = + = kN P
st

( ) kN P
c
9 . 613 1 . 113 2 . 97
2258 2
2591 5 . 91
6 . 301 81 . 9 3 30 2 25 . 0 = + +

+ + =
) 150 ( 7 . 100 2 . 53 5 . 91 8 . 9 0 . 96 8 . 93 5 . 91 5 . 0 < = + + + =
r
S
L
A E
F

=
o
o
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2011
Page 39
A = 22 mm; 380 mm
2
E = 14 (l + 6500) = 14 (5200+6500) = 1.64105 N/mm
2
o = 5 + 5 + 2.5 = 12.5 mm
The force in the wind lashing due to the elongation:
Force in wind lashing:

Force in twistlock/corner post:

kN
x
L
A E
F 149
5200
380 10 64 . 1 5 . 12
5
=

=

=
o
o
kN F F F
TOT STACK
151 149 300 = = =
o
) 250 ( 199 151
3
1
149
3
1
kN kN F F F
STACK WL
< = + = + =
o
) 250 ( 101 151
3
2
3
2
kN kN F F
STACK T
< = = =