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1.1 UNDERSTAND COMPLEX NUMBERS IN CARTESIAN FORM ( .
A Complex Number is a combination of a Real Number and an Imaginary Number.





However, if the value of 1 is defined as equals to the value i, then i
2
= ( 1 )
2
= -1.









You may remember that for a quadratic equation ax
2
+ bx + c =0, their roots can be found by using
the following formula:










1,12.38, ,-2,

: real numbers
1 , ,

: imaginary numbers
( when we squared, it cannot be stated in
a real number form)

a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=
UNIT 1 : COMPLEX NUMBERS

A Complex Number is a combination
of a Real Number and an Imaginary
Number

Real part Imaginary part

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For example, if you are given the quadratic equation x
2
4x +13 = 0, by using the formula you get,

a = 1, b = -4, c = 13 and the roots are

) 1 ( 2
) 13 )( 1 ( 4 16 4
= x

i x 3 2 1 3 2
2
36 4
= =

=



Example 1.1

Simplify the following numbers :


a) 9
=
) 1 ( 9
=
2
9i
= 3i


b) 50
=
50 = ) 1 ( 50 =
2
50i
= 5 2 i


c)
= (


d)
= 2(



e)
= (
=

f)

((



Note that,
2
a =

=
2 2
i a = ai

For numbers in the form i
n
, there are 4 things you have to remember:

i =
i
2
= -1
(-1)
even number
= 1
(-1)
odd number
= -1
= i
2 : real part
3i : imaginary part
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Example 1.2

Determine the values for the following complex numbers:


a) i
8

= i
2 (4)
= (

= 1


b) i
15

= i
2(7)
i
= (-1)
7
i
= (-1) i
= -i


c) 3 i
34
- i
13
+3

= 3 i
2(17)
- i
2(6)
i +3
= 3 (-1)
17
- (-1)
6
i +3
= 3 (-1) 1 i +3
= - i


d) 2 i
3
+ 2 i
18
- 3 i
50
= -2 i
2
i + 2 i
2(9)
- 3 i
2(25)



= -2 (-1) i + 2 (-1)
9
- 3 (-1)
25


= 2 i + 2 (-1) 3 (-1)
= 2 i 2 +3
= 2 i + 1



1.2 ALGEBRA OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS

(a) Addition and Subtraction

Adding or subtracting two complex numbers is quite easy. If you are given two complex numbers,
say z = x + iy and w = u + iv, where x, y , u and v e R , then

z + w = x + iy + u + iv
= ( x + u ) + ( y + v)
and
z w = x + iy ( u + v
= (x u) + ( y v ) i








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Example 1.3

Solve the following expression :


a) ( 4 + 5i ) + ( 6 + 7i)
= ( 4 + 6 ) + (5 + 7 )i
= 10 + 12i


b) ( 4 + 5i ) ( 6 + 7i)
= ( 4 6 ) + ( 5 7 )i
= 2 2i

c) ( (
=


d) ( (





(b) Multiplication (Product)

Multiplying two complex numbers is a little bit different. You have to be careful with the
expression i
2
as it is equals to 1.

Example 1.4

Solve the following expression :


a)

(



b) (

(


c) ( (

(


d) (

( (

(



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i
2
= 1
(c) Conjugate

Did you notice how the i
2
has been changed to -1?
Specifically, if you have z = x + iy and w = x iy, where x and y e R, then:
zw = ( x + iy) ( x iy )

= x
2
- (yi)
2

= x
2
+ y
2
(real number)

Can you see that the answer is not a complex number anymore? This is a special case. The
complex number w is called the conjugate of z.











Example 1.5

Write the conjugate of:


a)
( (

Therefore, the conjugate of 2 + 3i is 2 3i.

b)
( (

Therefore, the conjugate of 3 + 4i is 3 4i.



(d) Division

In order to divide two complex numbers, first you have to convert the denominator to a real
number. This can be done by multiplying the denominator with its conjugate. Multiply both top
and bottom by the conjugate of the bottom.


A conjugate is where you change the sign in
the middle like this:
conjugate

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Example 1.6

Write each answer in the form a+bi .


a)

(
=
(
(

(We should then put the answer back into a + bi form)


b)

(
(

c)

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(e) Equivalent Complex Numbers

Two complex numbers, z = x + iy and w = u + iv, can be considered as equivalent if and only if x = u
and y = v, then

z = w.
and
x + iy = u + iv , so x = u and y = v


For example, if x + yi = 9 7i, you can solve this by comparing the real parts and the imaginary
parts.

Example 1.7

Find the value of a and b for each of the following problems :


a)



b)

c) ( (






d) ( (

(
(

(
(

(
(

(
(

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Activity 1(a)

1) State the real and imaginary parts of each of the complex numbers below :

Complex Numbers Real part Imaginary part
a) -3-3i
b) 4+5i
c) - 4i

d) -4i
e) 5
f) 3-2.5i


2) Express the following in the form of , where a and b are real numbers:

a)



d)




b)



e)



c) 6



f)

3) Simplify the following Complex Numbers:

a) i
7



d) i
36



b) i
12


e) 7i
56
i
3 5


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c) i
20


d) 8i
59
+ 5i
97









4) Solve the following equations :

a) x
2
6x +10 = 0






b) x
2
+ 3x = -5







c) 6x - 5 = 5x
2











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Feedback for Activity 1(a)

1)

a) -3-3i real part = -3 imaginary part = -3
b) 4+5i real part =4 imaginary part = 5
c) - 4i real part =
imaginary part = -4
d) -4i real part r = 0 imaginary part = -4
e) 5 real part r = 5 imaginary part = 0
f) 3-2.5i real part r =3 imaginary part = -2.5


2)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

3)
a) i
7
= i
2 (3)
i

= (-1)i = -i
b) i
12
= i
2 (6)
= (-1) = 1
c) i
20
= i
2 (10)
= (-1) = 1
d) i
36
= i
2 (18)
= (-1) = 1
e) 6
f) -3i

4)
a) 3 + i , 3 - i c)

,


b)

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Activity 1 (b)

1. State the following complex numbers in the form a + ib

a)





b) 8 16
c) 9




d)
e) +

f)


2. Simplify each of the following

a) ( 3 + 4i) + ( 5 2i)






b) ( 7 + 6i) ( 4 3i)
c) ( (




d) ( (




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e) ( (





f) ( (
g) (






h) (


3. State the following complex numbers in the form a + ib

a)
i + 1
2








b)
i
i
2 1
2

+









c)

d)

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e)

f)

4. Determine the values of x and y.

a)






b)

(







c) ( (













d) ( x + iy ) (2 + 7i ) = 11 4i








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e) x + iy = ( 3 + i )(2 3i)





f)

5. Solve the following expressions.

a) ((






b) ((







c) ( (










d) ( (








e) (

f) ( (







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Feedback for Activity 1(b)


1. a) b) c)
e) e)

f)

2. a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
g) h)


3. a) b)
c)

d)

e)

f)

4. a) b)
c) d)

e) f)

5. a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
















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x

x
0
y
P
1
( x , y )


1.3 ARGANDS DIAGRAM

We can represent a complex number (z =a+bi) as a coordinate P (a, b) by using Cartesian
coordinate (x, y) on an Argands Diagram. The y-axis can be used as the imaginary axis
and the x-axis can be used as the real axis.
















Example 1.8

Sketch Argand Diagram for the following complex numbers :


a) 2 + 5i





b) -3 + 4i




P( x, y )
Figure 1.1
i
g
u
r
e

2
.
2

Figure 2.1
(real axis)
(imaginary axis)
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c) -3 - 4i






d) 4 - 3i




1.4 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS USING ARGANDS DIAGRAM


Figure 1.2 : Addition of Complex Numbers Using Argands Diagram



OP
3
= OP
1
+ OP
2


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Figure 1.3 : Subtraction of Complex Numbers Using Argands Diagram




OP
4
= OP
1
+ ( OP
2
)
OP
4
= OP
1

OP
2



Example 1.9

Find addition and subtraction for the following complex numbers.Then, draw lines to represent the solution in the
Argands diagram.


a)











(
(
( (
( (


(6, 1)


(-2, 3)

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b)






c)

















d)














(
(
( (
( (


(2, -6)


(8,2)
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Given that z = x + iy (x , y)
The modulus of z , R = z =
2 2
y x +
Argument of z , arg z
=
tan
1
( y/x)



1.5 MODULUS AND ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

In the Argands Diagram shown in Figure 2.3, the length of the line OP is known as its modulus
and is written as z = x + iy and it is always positive.















Notes: The value of u or agument is measured within 0 < u < 360 .



O
x , real axis
P( x, y )
Imagianry axis, y
r
u
x
y
arg P ,
P
=
arg Q,
Q
= + 180, (-)
arg R ,
R
= + 180, (+)
arg S,
S
= + 360, (-)

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Example 1.10

Find the modulus and argument for the following complex numbers:
a) b)
c) d)

Example 1.11

1) Given that and .Calculate modulus and argument for :
a) b)
c) d)

||

)
(
a) (

|| (

)
( (
b) (

|| (

)

(
c) (
||

)
(
(
d) (

( (
||

)

(


(

( (
||

)

(


(

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( (
(
(
|| (

)


(

(
(

||

)


(
a)

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Activity 1(c)

1) Given that z
1 =
2 + 3i, z
2
= -3 + 5i , z
3
= -4 3i and z
4
= 5 4i, draw lines to represent the
following in an Argands Diagram.

a)

b)

2) Given that z
1
= 3 2i dan z
2
= 2 + 4i, draw lines to represent the following in an Argands
Diagram.

a) ( z
1
+ z
2
) b) 3z
1
+ 2z
2














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3) Given that z
1
= 3 + i and z
2
= 2 + 4i, draw lines in an Argands Diagram to represent the
following: z
1 ,
z
2 ,
z
1 +
z
2
and

z
1

z
2 .
































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Activity 1(d)

1) Plot the Argands Diagram for each of the following complex numbers and use it to
determine its modulus and argument:

a) z = 3i











b) z = 2 - 3i
c) z = -4 + i








d) z = 1 + 2i
e) z = + 2i









f) z = -1 - i
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2) Given that

and

.Calculate modulus and argument

for

and

3) Given that find the modulus and argument for and


























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1.6 COMPLEX NUMBERS IN POLAR AND EXPONENTIAL FORMS

Complex numbers can be represented in 4 forms, which are :


Cartesian Form


z = a + b i

Polar Form

z = R Z u
( R is modulus and u is argument of z in unit of
degree)
Trigonometric form R ( cos u + i sin u )
( R is modulus and u is argument of z in unit of
degree)

Exponential Form

Re
iu

( R is modulus and u is argument of z in unit of
radian)


Example 1.12


1) Convert z = 5 + 2i to the Polar and Exponential forms






2) Convert z = 2.5 (cos 189 + i sin 189 ) to the Cartesian, Polar and Exponential forms.
















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1.7 SOLVING MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS IN POLAR FORMS.

It is easier to solve multiplication and division of complex numbers in the polar forms.







Note : u in unit of degree


Example 1.13


1) Given that z = 2 2i and w = 1 + 3i , solve for zw and z/w in polar forms.

Solution:

a) zw = ( 2 2i )( 1 + 3i )

= ( 2.83 Z 45.0
o
)( 3.16 Z 71.56
o
)

= ( 2.83 x 3.16 ) Z ( 45.0
o
+ 71.56
o
)

= 8.94 Z 26.56
o



b) z = 2 2i
w 1 + 3i

= 2.83 Z 45.0
o

3.16 Z 71.56
o


= (2.83 3.16) Z ( 45.0
o
71.56
o
)

= 0.895 Z 116.56
o



2) Simplify
( (
(
in
a) Trigonometric form
b) Polar form


Multiplication of polar form : (

Z
1
) (

Z
1
) = R
1
R
2
Z
1 +

2


Divison of polar form :

Z
1
-
2


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Solutions :

a)
( (
(

=
( ( ( (
(

=
(
(

=


( ( (
= (

b)
( (
(

=
((

=
( (

= (



3) Given that a = 4+i , b = 210 and c=

. Find,

in polar form.

Solution :

a = 4 + i (4 , 1)

||

)
(

Polar form, a : 4.12

c =

from this form we know that:

R = 4

Polar form , c : 4 20.05

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( (

=
( (

=
(

= (

=




































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Activity 1(e)

1) Convert 6i - -3 z = into polar form and exponential form.

2) Convert these complex numbers to the Polar and Exponential form.
a. z = 4 ( cos 54 + i sin 54 )
b. z = 15 ( cos 200 + i sin 200 )

3) Convert these complex numbers to the Polar and Exponential form.
a. 3 + 3i
b. 5 + 2i
c. 3 3i
d. 5 2i

4) Given that ) 218 sin 218 (cos 10
0 0
i z + = . Express z in polar, exponential and cartesian
form.

5) Find the product of and . Then, convert into polar form.






















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SELF ASSESSMENT 1 (a)

1) Solve the following quadratic equations
a) x
2
+ 6x + 13 = 0
b) 3x
2
2x + 5 = 0

2) State the following complex numbers in a+bi form.
a)
b)

3) Simplify
a. i
3
b. i
9
c.
2
2
i
d.
5
3
i


4) Given and Find :
a)
b)

c)

5) Simplify each of the following and state your answers in the form a+ib.
a) ( 7 5i ) + ( -4 2i )
b) ( -8 + 11i ) ( 6 5i )
c) ( 8 3i )( 7 + 4i )
d)
i
i
2 3
9
+



6) Determine the real parts and the imaginary parts of the following.
a)
i
i
3 2
3

+

b)
i
i i
4 3
) 3 2 )( 1 (
+
+

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SELF ASSESSMENT 1 (b)

1) Plot the following complex numbers in an Argand diagram and find its
modulus and argument.
a) 5i
b)
c)
d)

2) Given and
a) Solve for and .
b) Sketch the answer in Argands diagram.
c) Find the modulus and argument based on the diagram in b).

3) Given and
a) Find and .
b) Sketch the answer in Argands diagram.
c) Find the modulus and argument based on the diagram in b).

4) Given that and . Calculate modulus and argument for
and

.

5) Calculate modulus and argument for ( ( )



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SELF ASSESSMENT 1 (c)

1. Convert z = 5 3i to the Polar form.

2. Given that z = 2 ( cos 25
o
+ i sin 25
o
) , state z
3
in Polar form.

3. If z
1
= 12 ( cos 125
o
+ i sin 125
o
) and z
2
= 3 ( cos 72
o
+ i sin 72
o
),
find the values of :
a. z
1
z
2
b.
2
1
z
z

Carry out your solution in Polar form.

4. Given that z = 3 + 4i and w = 2 ( cos 30
o
+ i sin 30
o
) . Solve for zw and z/w in Polar
Forms.
















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SOLUTION : SELF ASSESSMENT 1 (a)

1. a. 3 2i b. 0.33 1.25i

2. a. b.

3. a. i
b. i
c. 2
d. 3i

4. a.
b.

c.

5. a. 3 7i
b. 14 +16i
c. 44 23i
d.
13
15 29 i +


6. a.
13
11 3 i +
,
real part :

, imaginary part :

7. b.
25
17 19 i
,
real part :

, imaginary part :

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SOLUTION : SELF ASSESSMENT 1 (b)

1.


2.
a)
b)

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c)


3.
a)
b)


c)


4.

5.




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SOLUTION : SELF ASSESSMENT 1 (c)

1. 5.83 Z -149.04
2. 8 Z 75
3. a. 36 Z 197
b. 4 Z 53
4. a. 10 Z 23.1
o

b. 2.5Z 83.13
o