GUA PARA LOS AMANTES DEL INGLS

Ben Fernndez
Este libro est dedi!do ! "i #!"ili!$ es%ei!l"ente ! "i &er"!no De"etrio ' ! "i
()!d! *!ndi$ ' ! todos los "!estros$ %ro#esores$ re+isores ' ,ente de b(en!
+ol(nt!d t!nto es%!)oles o"o e-tr!n.eros /(e "e &!n !'(d!do ! !"!r todos los
idio"!s$ sobre todo el in,l0s ' el !stell!no$ ' ! des(brir el deseo de onoer$ !"!r
' o"%!rtir1
El orden de los re+isores se,2n el tie"%o dedi!do$ !lid!d de l! re+isi3n ' otros
#!tores es4 56 Andre7 So(t&!ll1 86 Dere9 S&!ne1 :6 Gerr' Ri&!rdson1 ;6 Fr!nis
Os(lli+!n1 A,r!dei"ientos$ %or orden se,2n el tie"%o dedi!do ' otros #!tores$ !4
56 Prisill! *&!se1 86 L!(r! P!rslo71 :6 D!+id Mn(lt'1 ;6 Ni&ol!s Ne7"!n1 <6
D!nn' Gr!e1 =6 Mi&!el >!tt1 ?6 N!n' Mon!,&!n1 @6 A!ren Dr!9e1 B6 Peter
*l!r9e1 5C6 Delzie P!'ne1 556 Mi&!el L(sti,1 586 Bill Eite1 5:6 F!t&er Bri!n1 5;6
Sister A!te1 5<6 Roberto Fonse!1 5=6 Eenr' D!(,&!n1 5?6 S&irle' >ol+erson1 5@6
Lo(ise ML!ren1 5B6 Ronnie Eolds7ort&1
Este libro sir+e en s( tot!lid!d %!r! los %ro#esores de in,l0s$ !l("nos (ni+ersit!rios
/(e est(dien #ilolo,F! in,les! o %erson!s on !lto ni+el de in,l0s %ero sir+e t!"bi0n
en ,r!n %!rte %!r! o%osiiones$ %!r! !l("nos de ense)!nz! se(nd!ri! o %erson!s
on (n ni+el inter"edio ' en "enor ,r!do %!r! %erson!s on (n ni+el b!.o o
%rini%i!ntes1
Ediiones Ben1 8G edii3n H+irt(!l64 diie"bre 8C5:1 I"%reso en Es%!)!1
NDI*E GENERAL H*ONTENTS6
*APTULO PRIMERO4
Obser+!iones e%F,r!#e 515
*onsider!iones ,ener!les 518
Fon0ti!$ !ento$ rit"o$ enton!i3n 51:I<5
*APTULO SEGUNDO
El !rtF(lo deter"in!do 815IB5
El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do 81B8I5:=
*APTULO TER*ERO
El no"bre :15I555
*APTULO *UARTO
El !d.eti+o ;15I=5
*APTULO JUINTO
El %rono"bre <15I:8
*APTULO SEKTO
El +erbo =15I5@@
El estilo indireto =15@BI88;
*APTULO SPTIMO
El !d+erbio ?15I;8
Derbos on %!rtF(l!s ?1;:I;
Derbos !d+erbi!les ?1;<I?
*APTULO O*TADO
L! %re%osii3n @15I5=
Derbos %re%osiion!les on %re%osiionesL %!rtF(l!s %re%osiion!les @15?I8<
Ad.eti+os se,(idos de %re%osiiones @18=
*APTULO NODENO
L! on.(ni3n B15I5B
L! inter.ei3n B18CI8
*APTULO D*IMO
P!l!br!s !n,los!.on!s ' l!tin!s e/(i+!lentes 5C15
Dobletes 5C18
F!lsos !"i,os 5C1:
For"!s %!r! deir l! ed!d 5C1;
P!l!br!s /(e no !"bi!n +!'!n en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l 5C1<
Posible tr!d(i3n de !l,(n!s %!l!br!s 5C1=
In,l0s britnio ' est!do(nidense 5C1?I5;
Orto,r!#F! o deletreo de %!l!br!s 5C15<
Di+isi3n de %!l!br!s 5C15=
Ti%os de len,(!s 5C15?
Sint!-is 5C15@I;?
Modis"os 5C1;@
Los si,nos de %(nt(!i3n 5C1;BI==
ndie !l#!b0tio 5C1=?
Biblio,r!#F! 5C1=@
Pre"io 5C1=B


*APTULO PRIMERO
Obser+!iones 515
*onsider!iones ,ener!les 518
El !l#!beto ' los si,nos #on0tios 51:I;
Do!les 51<I5B
Di%ton,os 518C
Tri%ton,os 5185
Se"i+o!les ' se"ionson!ntes 5188
*onson!ntes 518:I:5
Gr(%os onsonntios 51:8I:<
P!l!br!s /(e se esriben i,(!l ' se %ron(ni!n de di#erente "!ner! 51:=
P!l!br!s /(e no se esriben i,(!l ' se %ron(ni!n i,(!l 51:?
Aento t3nio en l!s %!l!br!s on "s de (n! sFl!b! 51:@
Aento %ri"!rio ' se(nd!rio 51:B
Aento en l!s %!l!br!s on %re#i.os ' s(#i.os 51;C
Aento en los no"bres o"%(estos 51;5
Aento %or ontr!ste ' 0n#!sis 51;8
No"bres o !d.eti+os ' +erbos de dos sFl!b!s /(e tienen l! "is"! #or"! %ero
se distin,(en en l! %ron(ni!i3n 51;:
P!l!br!s /(e s(elen lle+!r !ento 51;;
P!l!br!s o"%(est!s on !ento %ri"!rio ' se(nd!rio 51;<
El rit"o 51;=
*!"bio de !ento %or el rit"o 51;?
P!l!br!s on #or"!s #(erte ' d0bil en l! %ron(ni!i3n 51;@
L! enton!i3n 51;B
Tono desendente 51<C
Tono !sendente 51<5
5151I OBSERDA*IONES
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br!$ #r!se ( or!i3n se (tiliz! en in,l0s se %(eden d!r los si,(ientes
!sos4
!6 J(e se (se "(' %oo %or/(e se! !r!i!$ !nti(!d!$ "(' t0ni! o %or otr!s
r!zonesM se (tiliz! en deter"in!dos onte-tos sol!"enteM se %one N!r!ioO ' es
"e.or %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes no (tiliz!rl!1
b6 J(e no se (se "(&oM se %one Nliter!rioOM se re#iere t!nto !l in,l0s liter!rio o"o
!l in,l0s esrito$ #or"!l$ reb(s!do$ .(rFdio$ "0dio$ t0nioM se (tiliz! s3lo en
deter"in!dos onte-tos1
6 J(e no se (se "(&oM se %one Nolo/(i!lOM se re#iere !l in,l0s &!bl!do$ #!"ili!rM
se (tiliz! en deter"in!dos onte-tos s3lo1
d6 J(e no se (se "(&oM se (tiliz! en deter"in!dos onte-tos sol!"enteM se %one
N+(l,!rOM es "e.or %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes no (tiliz!rlo$ %or/(e es (n ,iro o
e-%resi3n %o%(l!r +(l,!r$ "(' olo/(i!l$ (n t!o o !l,o /(e se %(ede (s!r en (n
onte-to deter"in!do %ero no on %erson!s desonoid!s$ '! /(e no es !e%t!do
%or todos %or r!zones ,r!"!ti!les$ %or r!zones "or!les$ %or %erteneer ! (n! .er,!
o !r,ot Hsl!n,6 o %or otros "oti+os1
e6 J(e se (se "(&oM es (!ndo no !%!ree n!d! detrs o (!ndo$ %!r! e+it!r
on#(siones$ !%!ree detrs Nestnd!rOM es in,l0s estnd!rL nor"!l Hst!nd!rd
En,lis&6M se (tiliz! en todos los onte-tosM es lo /(e o(rre en "s del B<P de los
!sos1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br!$ #r!se o ontr(i3n$ es inorret! en in,l0s es %or/(e no se (s!
ni se %(ede (s!r de !(erdo on l!s nor"!s del (so ' de l! ,r!"ti!M ! +ees
"(&os %ro#esores ' libros %ed!,3,ios dien on b(en!s inteniones /(e no es
orreto deir (n! %!l!br!$ #r!se ( or!i3n$ %ero lo /(e /(ieren deir es /(e no es
reo"end!ble s( (so %or ser !r!io o +(l,!rM otros on no "enos b(en!s
inteniones tr!t!n ! +ees de si"%li#i!r l!s os!s !2n "s ' d!n o"o +lid!
sol!"ente l! #or"! del in,l0s estnd!r ' no l! del in,l0s liter!rio o del in,l0s
olo/(i!l on el #in de !&orr!r es#(erzos ! los !l("nos o letoresM !/(F se it!n los
distintos ni+eles de l! len,(! %or ser (n libro de re#ereni! o ons(lt!M ! los
%rini%i!ntes se les reo"iend! i,nor!r todos los ni+eles e-e%to el del in,l0s
estnd!r1
Lo /(e +! en letr! ne,rit! es l! sFntesis o lo "s rele+!nte1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! en l! tr!nsri%i3n #on0ti! lle+! LrL en USA ' en GB no$ /(iere
deir /(e en l! "!'or %!rte de GB ' en %e/(e)!s zon!s de USA no se %ron(ni!
nor"!l"ente l! QrQ ' en l! "!'or %!rte de USA ' en !l,(n!s %!rtes de GB$ o"o
Esoi!$ Irl!nd! del Norte ' !l,(nos ond!dos in,leses$ sF1 E.14 #!t&er LR#!4SeL NGBO
' LR#!4SerL NUSAO1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! en l! tr!nsri%i3n #on0ti! lle+! L&L en USA ' en GB no$
/(iere deir /(e en l! "!'or %!rte de GB ' en %e/(e)!s zon!s de USA no se
%ron(ni! nor"!l"ente l! Q&Q ' en l! "!'or %!rte de USA ' en !l,(n!s %!rtes de
GB$ o"o Esoi!$ Irl!nd! del Norte ' !l,(nos ond!dos in,leses$ sF4 E.14 >&!tT
L7otL NGBO ' L&7!4tL NUSAO1
*(!ndo se %one (n! letr! o si,no$ (n! %!l!br! o "s entre %!r0ntesis /(iere deir
/(e no es nees!rio esribirl! o %ron(ni!rl!$ ! no ser /(e lo /(e est0 entre
%!r0ntesis se! l! tr!d(i3n !l !stell!no o el e/(i+!lente en in,l0s1
*(!ndo se %one (n! b!rr! L detrs de (n! %!l!br! /(iere deir /(e se %(ede (s!r es!
%!l!br! o l! /(e +! detrsM ,ener!l"ente se %one %ri"ero l! "s (s!d!$ si si,ni#i!n
lo "is"o$ ! no ser /(e s3lo l! %ri"er! ten,! /(e +er on l! e-%li!i3n de !l,o1
*(!ndo &!' list!s de e.e"%los estn nor"!l"ente orden!dos !l#!b0ti!"ente se,2n
el riterio "s %ed!,3,io1
Si no se %one n!d! detrs de (n! %!l!br! ( or!i3n es %or/(e se (s! t!nto en GB
o"o en USAM si se (s! s3lo en Gr!n Bret!)! se %one NGBO ' si se (s! sol!"ente
en Est!dos Unidos se %one NUSAO1
5181I *ONSIDERA*IONES GENERALES
El in,l0s es$ o"o el !stell!no$ %rini%!l"ente (n! len,(! #le-ible$ &etero,0ne! '
!n!lFti!$ !(n/(e onser+e !l,(nos r!s,os sint0tios o"o iert!s ter"in!iones o
"or#e"!sM en +ez de tener %!l!br!s distint!s %!r! !d! !so o"o el l!tFn$ el
!le"n$ et1$ (tiliz! %re%osiiones del!nte de l! "is"! %!l!br! %!r! !d! !so o se
sir+e del orden ,r!"!ti!l %!r! e-%res!r el !soM sin e"b!r,o$ el in,l0s tiene (n
orden sinttio "(&o "s rF,ido /(e el !stell!noM no obst!nte$ se sir+e$ o"o el
!stell!no$ de di#erentes ti%os de enton!i3n sin tener /(e !"bi!r el orden
sinttio de l! or!i3n1 E.14 Ee is ri&+ ND1 51<C15O Hl es rio6 ' UEe is ri&|TV
Nor!i3n en(ni!ti+! interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!4 D1 51<515=O HW*on/(eL O se! /(e 0l es
rioTL WJ(e 0l es rioT61
*er! del ?CP del +o!b(l!rio en in,l0s es del "is"o ori,en /(e el !stell!no$ es
deir$ del l!tFn$ del ,rie,o ' de l!s len,(!s ro"!nes$ sobre todo del #r!n0sM &!'
"(&!s %!l!br!s ND1 :1;=O /(e ! %ri"er! +ist! %!reen !n,los!.on!s ! (n
!stell!no&!bl!nte %ero no lo sonM en ,ener!l l!s %!l!br!s !n,los!.on!s ND1 5C15O son
"s onret!s '$ %or eso$ nor"!l"ente "s %o%(l!res /(e l!s no !n,los!.on!s del
,r(%o it!do$ /(e s(elen ser "s !bstr!t!s1 Al,(nos entendidos &!bl!n inl(so de
distint!s +!ri!ntes de in,l0s4 in,l0s britnio$ in,l0s !"eri!no$ in,l0s !n!diense$
in,l0s !(str!li!no$ in,l0s neozel!nd0s$ in,l0s de l! Indi!$ donde se (tiliz! el in,l0s
o"o len,(! n!ion!l debido ! l! e-isteni! ' l(&! %or l! %re%onder!ni! de "s
de 5C idio"!s re,ion!les$ o de otros %!FsesM es e-!,er!do &!bl!r del in,l0s o"o si
est(+ier! di+ididoM l!s +!ri!ntes del in,l0s estn entre el in,l0s britnio ' el in,l0s
de USA$ '! /(e en (nos !s%etos oiniden on (no ' en otros on el otroM in,l0s
no &!' "s /(e (no '$ !(n/(e &!'! +!ri!ntes$ o"o o(rre on el !stell!no de
Es%!)! ' de L!tino!"0ri!$ los distintos ti%os o +!ri!ntes del in,l0s o del !stell!no
no se &!n onstit(ido en idio"!s di#erentes ni &!' "oti+os %!r! %ens!r /(e o(rr!
en el #(t(ro$ '! /(e &!' (n! serie de "edios de o"(ni!i3n /(e no e-istF!n !ntes
' +i+i"os en (n "(ndo donde l!s rel!iones intern!ion!les son !d! +ez "s
#re(entesM %or t!nto l!s +!ri!ntes se onsider!n o"o (n! o%i3n "s ' enri/(een
el idio"!$ !(n/(e !l "is"o tie"%o lo &!,!n "s o"%le.o '$ o"o onse(eni!$
"s di#Fil de lle,!r ! !%render bienM no e-iste$ %(es$ nin,2n %eli,ro de /(e el in,l0s
o el !stell!no se #r!,"enten en "(&!s otr!s len,(!s$ o"o o(rri3 on el l!tFnM l!
"!'or di+er,eni! /(e &! &!bido entre el in,l0s de GB ' de USA se dio d(r!nte el
s1 KIK$ %ero d(r!nte el s1 KK ' %osterior"ente el !er!"iento &! sido !d! +ez
"!'or debido ! los "edios de o"(ni!i3nM !ntes &!bF! (n :P de di#ereni! entre
el in,l0s de Est!dos Unidos ' el de Gr!n Bret!)!M !&or! '! &!' s3lo (n 8P de
di#ereni! !%ro-i"!d!"enteM !ntes &!bF! (n 8P de di#ereni! entre el !stell!no de
Es%!)! ' el de L!tino!"0ri!M !&or! '! &!' s3lo (n 5P de di#ereni!
!%ro-i"!d!"ente1
En los %!Fses de &!bl! in,les! s(ele &!ber on(rsos si"%le"ente %!r! deletre!r
%!l!br!sM los on(rs!ntes no son sol!"ente ni)os$ &!' t!"bi0n %erson!s !d(lt!s e
inl(so !ni!nosM en in,l0s &!' %residentes ' %ri"eros "inistros /(e no s!ben
deletre!r bien %!l!br!s t!n bsi!s o"o U%ot!toV$ et1M esto es i"%ens!ble en l!
"!'orF! de los idio"!sM en !stell!no (n /(ine!)ero %(ede deletre!r %rti!"ente
(!l/(ier %!l!br! !(n/(e no l! &!'! +isto !nterior"enteM en in,l0s es otro !nt!rM
eso die "(&o de (n idio"!1
L! &istori! del in,l0s nos "(estr! (n !"ino desde l! sFntesis !l !nlisis lin,XFstio$
desde los !sos de l! delin!i3n &!st! el orden sinttio /(e los s(Hb6stit('e$ desde
l! ter"in!i3n de l!s %!l!br!s de !(erdo on los !sos no"in!ti+o$ !(s!ti+o$
,eniti+o$ et1$ &!st! l! r!Fz de l!s distint!s %!l!br!s /(e %(eden tener l! "is"! #or"!
%!r! no"bres ' +erbos$ %rono"bres ' !d+erbios$ !d.eti+os ' %rono"bres o +erbos$
et1M en !stell!no se d! t!"bi0n esto %ero en "enor "edid! '$ ,r!i!s ! (n! serie de
ir(nst!ni!s ' ! l! e-isteni! de l! Re!l A!de"i! de l! Len,(!$ /(e no e-iste en
los %!Fses de &!bl! in,les!$ el !stell!no tiene (n! l3,i! "(&o "!'or /(e el in,l0s
t!nto en l! %ron(ni!i3n o"o en l! esrit(r! ( otros !s%etos de l! len,(! %or/(e
&! sido en!(z!d!$ "ientr!s /(e l! l3,i! en el in,l0s est "s di+ersi#i!d! !l no
&!ber sido en!(z!d! %or nin,(n! instit(i3nM &! &!bido intentos ! tr!+0s de los
2lti"os si,los de re!r (n! A!de"i! de l! len,(! o de re#or"!r l! esrit(r! %ero
sin "(&o 0-ito1 D1 5C1=
El in,l0s tiene "s %!l!br!s de (n! sol! sFl!b! /(e el !stell!no o (!l/(ier otr!
len,(! e(ro%e!M l! b(en! %ron(ni!i3n in,les! (est! "(&o do"in!rl! ' se
%(ede deir /(e n(n! se ter"in! de do"in!r$ '! /(e no se %(ede tener l! ertez!
!bsol(t! si no se &! oFdo !ntes l! %ron(ni!i3n de !d! %!l!br!M se %(ede !di+in!r
l! %ron(ni!i3n de "(&!s %!l!br!s (!ndo (no tiene '! (n onoi"iento
inter"edio del in,l0sM t!"bi0n &!' /(e tener en (ent! /(e "(&!s %!l!br!s %(eden
%ron(ni!rse de +!ri!s "!ner!s$ se,2n se %ron(nien on "!'or o "enor 0n#!sisM
%or e.e"%lo$ l! %!l!br! QtoQ %(ede %ron(ni!rse o"o Lt(L si se en#!tiz! ' o"o LteL
si no tiene 0n#!sisM &!' (n ,r!n n2"ero de %!l!br!s /(e tienen dos o "s #or"!s de
%ron(ni!i3nM %or e.e"%lo$ l! %!l!br! QB'z!ntineQ Hbiz!ntino6 %(ede %ron(ni!rse
de ino "!ner!s4 LbIRzYnt!InL$ LbIRzYnti4nL$ Lb!IRzYnt!InL$ LRbIzent!InL
' LRbIzenti4nLM !l,(nos !(tores dien /(e iert!s %!l!br!s o"o U!ri!t(re$
e-e"%l!r'$ e-%(r,!tor$ #!"ili!rit'$ 'nos(re$ !%ill!r'$ e(t&!n!si!V$ et1$ %(eden
%ron(ni!rse de "s de ino "!ner!s distint!sM esto !#ort(n!d!"ente o(rre on
%o/(Fsi"!s %!l!br!sM no obst!nte$ no es nees!rio (tiliz!r l!s distint!s #or"!sM
nor"!l"ente l! "!'orF! de l! ,ente (s! (n!$ dos$ o tres o"o "-i"oM !d! (no
tiene libert!d de elei3n &!st! ierto %(nto4 QdiretQ se %(ede
%ron(ni!r LdIRre9tL$ Ld!IRre9tL o LdeRre9tL$ et1$ %ero ! +ees en Gr!n Bret!)! se
(tiliz! (n! ' en Est!dos Unidos otr!4 7!s L7ozL NGBO ' L7!4zL NUSAO Her!L est!b!6$
et1M otro %roble"! es /(e &!' %!l!br!s /(e tienen el !ento %ri"!rio en (n! sFl!b!
en GB ' en otr! en USA4 D151:@M !(n/(e &!'! iert! di+ersid!d$ l! tendeni! es
&!i! l! (ni#i!i3n dentro de !d! %!Fs ' entre los di#erentes %!FsesM %!r! (n
%rini%i!nte es! ri/(ez! en l! %ron(ni!i3n res(lt! desonert!nte$ %ero on el
tie"%o se d! (ent! de /(e no lo es t!ntoM "(&!s %!l!br!s /(e !ntes se
%ron(ni!b!n de #or"! di#erente en GB ' USA !&or! se %(eden %ron(ni!r de l!
"is"! #or"! en !"bos %!Fses1 At(!l"ente e-iste "!'or (ni#or"id!d en el (so de
los si,nos #on0tios %!r! l! %ron(ni!i3n1
Al,(n!s %erson!s dien /(e el in,l0s es "(' di#FilM sF$ es ierto si !n!liz!"os
!l,(nos !s%etos o"o l! orto,r!#F!$ l! %ron(ni!i3n H(n @CP de l!s %!l!br!s en
in,l0s no se esriben o"o se %ron(ni!n6$ los +erbos irre,(l!res$ los +erbos on
%!rtF(l!s$ los "odis"os o #r!ses idio"ti!s$ los %ro+erbios ' !l,(n!s os!s "sM
el !stell!no es t!"bi0n di#Fil$ si !n!liz!"os !l,(nos !s%etos o"o los +erbos
irre,(l!res$ los "odis"os o #r!ses idio"ti!s$ los %ro+erbios ' otr!s os!s
rel!ion!d!s on l! ,r!"ti!4 el ,0nero de l!s %!l!br!s$ et1M bsi!"ente se die
/(e el in,l0s se esribe de (n! "!ner! ' se %ron(ni! de otr!M es l! re!lid!dM en
"(&os otros idio"!s o"o el #r!n0s$ el !le"n$ et1$ %!s! lo "is"o %ero &!' (n!
di#ereni! #(nd!"ent!l '! /(e e-isten (n!s re,l!s l3,i!s %!r! l! %ron(ni!i3n '
en ,ener!l no o#reen ,r!ndes di#i(lt!des !l %rini%i!nteM l! "!'orF! de los idio"!s
tienen (n! %ron(ni!i3n /(e se %(ede lle,!r ! do"in!r sin "(&o es#(erzoM %or
s(%(esto /(e res(lt! "(&o "s senill! l! %ron(ni!i3n en !stell!no$ en
%ort(,(0s o en it!li!no '! /(e es #on0ti! en (n %orent!.e "(' !lto$ !(n/(e no
t!nto o"o en es%er!nto$ %or e.e"%loM es l3,io %or/(e el es%er!nto %!rti3 de (n!s
estr(t(r!s l3,i!s ' los idio"!s it!dos !nterior"ente son (n %rod(to de l! l3,i!
' del (so /(e t!n ! "en(do +! en ontr! de l! l3,i!M entre los idio"!s i"%ort!ntes
del "(ndo %or el n2"ero de "illones de %erson!s /(e los &!bl!n ' %or s(
i"%ort!ni! en distintos !"%os Hel in,l0s$ el !stell!no$ el #r!n0s$ el !le"n$ el
it!li!no$ el %ort(,(0s$ el r(so$ el r!be$ el &indi$ el &ino$ el .!%on0s6 el "s di#Fil
%!r! los no n!ti+os de los < ontinentes es el &ino$ debido ! los di#erentes tonos$ '
el "s #il es el !stell!no ' l(e,o el %ort(,(0s$ el it!li!no$ el #r!n0s$ el !le"n$ el
in,l0s$ el r(so$ el r!be$ el &indi$ el .!%on0sM de todos los idio"!s del "(ndo el "s
#il es el es%er!ntoM los "s rios son el in,l0s ' el !stell!no %or/(e son los /(e se
&!bl!n en "s %!Fses o"o len,(! "!tern!$ si bien los 55 "s i"%ort!ntes son
todos ellos "(' riosM el r!be no &! onser+!do l! (nid!d /(e tienen el in,l0s ' el
!stell!no$ !(n/(e on el tie"%o se #or"!r (n! len,(! o"2n en los distintos
%!Fses donde se &!bl!n +!ri!ntes o di!letos del r!beM en los diion!rios de in,l0s
' de !stell!no #i,(r!n nor"!l"ente "enos de ien "il %!l!br!sM no obst!nte$
nin,(n! %erson! lle,! nor"!l"ente ! (s!r ni si/(ier! in(ent! "il %!l!br!sM !&or!
entender$ %(ede entender "(&Fsi"!s "sM no obst!nte$ se &!n o"%(t!do &!st!
"s de (n "ill3n de %!l!br!s en (n diion!rio in,l0sM en !stell!no no se &!n
o"%(t!do t!nt!s %ero t!"bi0n e-istenM lo /(e %!s! es /(e l! "!'or %!rte de l!s
%!l!br!s /(e no !%!reen en los diion!rios en !stell!no son !r!i!sL "('
liter!ri!sM !l,(n!s son liter!ri!sM b!st!ntes son olo/(i!les ' (n ,r!n n2"ero de ell!s
son +(l,!resL "(' olo/(i!les1
El in,l0s$ o"o el !stell!no ' "(&os otros idio"!s$ es (n! len,(! +is(!l '! /(e el
letor %(ede +er on iert! #!ilid!d /(e iert!s %!l!br!s estn rel!ion!d!s o
#or"!n (n! #!"ili!1 E.14 si,nL si,n!lL si,nedM %&otoL %&oto,r!%&L %&oto,r!%&iL
%&oto,r!%&'M 7!ntedL #illedL st!ted N%ret0ritos i"%er#etosL inde#inidosL %er#etos '
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO$ et1
En in,l0s l! "!'or %!rte de los tie"%os +erb!les se #or"!n %oniendo !(-ili!res /(e
&!en de %orteros %!r! lle+!rnos !l %!s!do o !l #(t(ro$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no
son l!s ter"in!iones l!s /(e nos indi!n el tie"%o +erb!l1
Al,(n!s +ees se (s!n %re%osiiones distint!s en GB ' USA1 D1@1@
En in,l0s se (s! "(&o "s l! +oz %!si+! ND1=15?8I@@O ' los +erbos on %!rtF(l!s
!d+erbi!les ND1?1;<I=O /(e en !stell!noM el siste"! "0trio dei"!l se (s! "(&o
"s en GB /(e en USA1
En in,l0s se (s!n "(&!s %!l!br!s o"%(est!s o"o re(rso %!r! e-%res!r +!ri!s
os!s$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no se (nen +!ri!s %!l!br!s on %re%osiionesM se (s!
"(&o el ,er(ndio$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no se (tiliz! el in#initi+o1
E-isten "(&os no"bres /(e %(eden lle+!r on el "is"o si,ni#i!do l!
ter"in!i3n l!tin! It' ' l! !n,los!.on! Iness1 E.14 %!ssi+it'L %!ssi+eness$ et1
M(&!s %!l!br!s tienen l! "is"! #or"! %!r! el no"bre ' el +erbo o"o Qre!sonQ
Hr!z3nL r!zon!r6 ND151;:O$ %!r! el +erbo ' el !d.eti+o o"o Qle!r Hl!roL des%e.!doL
des%e.!r6$ b(s'$ t&in$ slo7Q$ et1 ND151;:O$ %!r! el no"bre ' el !d.eti+o ND1;18O$ %!r!
el !d.eti+o ' el !d+erbio ND1?18<O$ %!r! el %rono"bre ' el no"bre o"o Qso"ebod'$
nobod'$ so"et&in,Q$ et14 So"ebod' !"e HDino !l,(ien6 ' US&e is ! so"ebod'V
HEll! es !l,(ien6M Ee s!7 so"et&in, Hl +io !l,o6 ' UT&ereZs ! little so"et&in,V
HE!' (n %oo6M Qbro7n$ 7!steQ$ et1$ %(eden ser !d.eti+os$ no"bres ' +erbosM
Qle!rQ %(ede ser !d.eti+o$ +erbo ' !d+erbioM Qli,&t$ 7ellQ$ et1$ %(eden ser !d.eti+os$
no"bres$ +erbos ' !d+erbiosM Qli9eQ %(ede ser !d.eti+o$ no"bre$ +erbo$ !d+erbio$
%re%osii3n ' on.(ni3nM Qro(ndQ %(ede ser !d.eti+o$ no"bre$ +erbo$ !d+erbio '
%re%osii3nM Q(%Q %(ede ser !d.eti+o$ !d+erbio$ no"bre$ %re%osii3nM se %(eden (s!r
los no"bres on l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+os on "(&! #!ilid!d %oni0ndolos del!nte
de (n no"bre1 E.14 ! &ool!te !9e H(n %!stel de &ool!te61 D1 ;15;15;I88$ ;1;5I8
El in,l0s de USA es "s (ni#or"e /(e el de GBM l! "!'or %!rte de los
!"eri!nis"os est!do(nidenses t!nto en l! #on0ti! o"o en l! ,r!"ti! son
re"iniseni!s del in,l0s /(e se (s!b! en Gr!n Bret!)! &!e si,los$ %or e.e"%lo$
(!ndo se (s! Q,ottenQ en USA en +ez de Q,otQ ND1 =155OM en el l0-io &!' (n! %!rte
/(e son re"iniseni!s t!"bi0n ' otr! #or"!d! %or neolo,is"os /(e son %!l!br!s
re!d!s reiente"ente en Est!dos UnidosM en (!nto ! l! orto,r!#F! e-isten iertos
!"bios /(e son %rod(to de l! +ol(nt!d de los est!do(nidenses %or re,(l!riz!r l!
esrit(r!M en USA se esriben l!s %!l!br!s "s o"o se %ron(ni!n /(e en GB$ es
deir$ el in,l0s est!do(nidense es "s #on0tio /(e el de GBM los est!do(nidenses
&!n onse,(ido !l,o %ero no "(&o '! /(e res(lt! "(' di#Fil$ %or no deir
i"%osible$ tr!ns#or"!r (n!s estr(t(r!s on "(&os si,los de +id!4 D15C15;M l!
esrit(r! del in,l0s en A(str!li!$ N(e+! [el!nd!$ S(d#ri!$ se %!ree "s ! l! de
GB /(e ! l! de USAM en *!n!d &!' (n! "ezl! de los dos$ %ero se %!ree "s ! l!
de GB /(e ! l! de USAM sin e"b!r,o$ en l! %ron(ni!i3n se %!ree "s ! l! de
USA /(e ! l! de GB1 No obst!nte$ el in,l0s est e+ol(ion!ndo '$ si bien es ierto
/(e &!n e-istido "(&!s "!ner!s %!r! %ron(ni!r iert!s %!l!br!s ' +!ri!ntes en l!
esrit(r! de %!l!br!s$ &!' (n! tendeni! !d! +ez "!'or$ ,r!i!s ! los "edios de
o"(ni!i3n !t(!les$ ! (tiliz!r iert!s #or"!s en +ez de otr!s /(e /(ed!n
obsolet!s ' ! (ni#i!r riterios en todos los sentidosM no &!e "(&os !)os se %odF!
esribir Q%res!,eQ o Q%res!,e"entQ H%res!,io6$ Qs&o7Q o Qs&e7Q H"ostr!r6$
Q+oodooQ o Q+o(do(Q$ et1$ %ero !t(!l"ente sol!"ente se (tiliz! l! %ri"er! ' en los
!sos en /(e !2n %er+i+en dos o "s #or"!s se tiende ! (tiliz!r (n! "s /(e l!s
de"s on lo (!l es %re+isible /(e l!s otr!s ! l! l!r,! tiend!n ! des!%!reer o"o
o(rre t!"bi0n en el !stell!no1
Res("iendo se %(ede deir /(e el in,l0s re/(iere (n ,r!n es#(erzo en l!
%ron(ni!i3n ' esrit(r!$ %ero se +e o"%ens!do %or (n! ,r!"ti! rel!ti+!"ente
senill!$ "ientr!s /(e de los de"s idio"!s it!dos$ e-e%t(!ndo el es%er!nto ' el
&ino$ no se %(ede deir /(e ten,!n (n! ,r!"ti! senill!M otr! os! es /(e l!
&!'!"os !%rendido de %e/(e)os sin d!rnos (ent! de l! o"%le.id!d /(e enierr!M
todo es (esti3n de %rti! '$ si (no le dedi! tie"%o ' tiene "oti+!i3n %!r!
!%render$ l! %ron(ni!i3n in,les! se lle,! ! do"in!r ! l! +(elt! de (n ierto
tie"%oM de tod!s #or"!s tene"os /(e !e%t!r /(e es %rti!"ente i"%osible %!r!
(n! %erson! /(e no se! bilin,Xe i"it!r o tener l! %ron(ni!i3n de (n n!ti+oM
t!"%oo es nees!rio %(es lo i"%ort!nte es o"(ni!rse '$ si nos entienden$ W/(0
"s d! /(e ten,!"os (n !ento es%!)ol (!ndo &!ble"os en in,l0sT A +ees
res(lt! &!st! "s interes!nteM (n in,l0s tiene t!"bi0n (n !ento distinto ! (n
est!do(nidense o (n !(str!li!no$ !sF /(e \Di+! l! di#ereni!] El in,l0s es H"('6
di#Fil %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes ' el !stell!no es di#Fil %!r! los !n,lo&!bl!ntes$
es deir$ tod!s l!s len,(!s son H"('6 di#Files %!r! los e-tr!n.erosM (n idio"! es
o"o el !"or$ "(' rio$ ' %!r! lle,!r ! !"!rlo &!' /(e onoerlo %ri"ero1
LA PRONUN*IA*I^N
51:1I El alfabeto ingls consta de las siguientes letras con la pronunciacin o
transcripcin fontica entre barras de acuerdo con el alfabeto fontico
internacional4 ! LeIL$ b Lbi4L$ Lsi4L$ d Ldi4L$ e Li4L$ # Le#L$ , Ldi4L$ & LeIt[L$ i L!IL$
. LdeIL$ 9 L9eIL$ l LelL$ " Le"L$ n LenL$ o Lo(L$ % L%i4L$ / L9.(4L$ r L!4L NGBO ' L!4rL NUSAO$
s LesL$ t Lti4L$ ( L.(4L$ + L+i4L$ 7 LRdAbl.(4L$ - Le9sL$ ' L7!IL$ z Hzed6 LzedL NGB ' *!n!dO
' Hzee6 Lzi4L NUSAO1
Vocales4 LYL o"o Q!t$ #!tQM LAL o"o Q(%$ b(tQM L!4L o"o Q#!t&er$ #!rQM LeL o"o
Qbed$ lessQM L4L o"o Q,irl$ sirQM LeL o"o Qd!(,&ter$ &ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
&onor NUSAOQM LIL o"o Qti%$ bitQM LiL N!l3#ono de LILO o"o Ul!d'$ S!t(rd!'VM Li4L
o"o Qsee$ #eetQM LoL NGBO o"o Qdo,$ sorr'QM Lo4L o"o Q#o(r$ "oreQM L(L o"o
Qboo9$ ,oodQM L(4L o"o Qtoo$ doQ1
Diptongos4 L!IL o"o Q&ild$ dieQM L!(L o"o Qs&o(t$ no7QM Le eL NGB
%rini%!l"enteO o"o Q&!ir$ !irQM LeIL o"o Qr!in$ ei,&tQM LIeL NGB %rini%!l"enteO
o"o Q beer$ &ereQM LoIL o"o Qbo'$ oilQM Lo(L o"o Q,o$ ro!dQM L(eL o"o Q%oor$
s(reQM L( IL NGB %rini%!l"enteO o"o Qr(in!tionQ1
Triptongos4 L! IeL N"s (s!do en GB /(e en USAO o"o Q#ire$ b('erQM LeIeL o"o
Q%l!'er$ %!'erQM LoIeL o"o Qe"%lo'er$ o'erQM L!( eL N"s (s!do en GB /(e en
USAO o"o Q+o7el$ %o7erQ ' Lo( eL N"s (s!do en GB /(e en USAO o"o Qlo7er$
#ollo7erQ1
Semiconsonantes o onson!ntes4 L.L o"o Q'esterd!'$ 'e!rQM L7L o"o Q7&ite$
oneQ1 Consonantes4 LbL o"o Qb(s$ bod'QM L%L o"o Q%(t$ %!'QM LdL o"o Qd!'$
do,QM LtL o"o Qtod!'$ te!QM L,L o"o Q,!"e$ ,i+eQM L9L o"o Q(t$ oldQM L#L o"o
Q#i+e$ #(nQM L+L o"o Q+!lid$ +erbQM LuL o"o Qt&ird$ b!t&QM LSL o"o Qt&en$ t&ereQM LsL
o"o Qseond$ s!'QM LzL o"o Qzero$ zooQM L[L o"o Qs&i%$ s&o%QM LL o"o Q(s(!l$
+isionQM LrL o"o Qri,&t$ r!inQM L&L o"o Q&!"$ &o"eQM Lt[L o"o Q&e!%$
"(&QM LdL o"o Q.(st$ ,ener!lQM L"L o"o Q"elon$ M!'QM LnL o"o Qno$
needQM LL o"o Qsin,$ #in,erQM LlL o"o Qlo+e$ l!d'Q1
Sin e"b!r,o$ en "(&os diion!rios est!do(nidenses !ntes no se (s!b!n estos
si,nosM (s!b!n ' !l,(nos si,(en (s!ndo L!L en +ez de LYL$ L_L o L! on Q`Q eni"!L en
+ez de L!4L$ LeL en +ez de LAL$ LaL$ LeeL o Li'L en +ez de Li4L$ L_L o L!L en +ez de LoL$ Lo
on Q`Q eni"!L ( LorL en +ez de Lo4L$ L( on Q`Q eni"!L en +ez de L(L$ LXL$ L(L o L(7L
en +ez de L(4L$ LbL o L!'L en +ez de L!IL$ LY(L$ L!( on Q`Q eni"! de l! Q(QL o L!7L en
+ez de L!(L$ LcL$ LeL o Le'L en +ez de LeIL$ Lo'L o Loi on Q`Q eni"! de l! QoQL en +ez de
LoIL$ LdL$ LoL ( Lo7L en +ez de Lo(L$ L'( on Q`Q eni"! de l! Q(QL en +ez de L.(L$ L'XL
en +ez de L.(4L$ L'L en +ez de L.L$ L&L$ LeL o LtfL en +ez de Lt[L$ Lt&L en +ez de LuL$ Lt&L
o Ld&L en +ez de LSL$ L.L o LdgL en +ez de LdL$ Ls&L o LfL en +ez de L[L$ Lz&L o LgL en +ez
de LLM en l! !t(!lid!d se (s! '! el !l#!beto #on0tio intern!ion!l en USA t!"bi0nM
"eree l! %en! !%render los si,nos del !l#!beto #on0tio intern!ion!l %or/(e
%er"iten (n do"inio !si %er#eto de l! %ron(ni!i3n1
51;1I El in,l0s no es (n idio"! #onol3,io o #on0tio o"o el !stell!no1 L!
orto,r!#F! se !d!%t! ! riterios eti"ol3,ios e &ist3rios1 En ingls existen 26
letras$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no &!' 8B ont!ndo l! Q7$ 'Q1 Cinco son vocales,
dos son semivocales o semiconsonantes el resto, diecinueve, son consonantesM
on es!s letr!s se #or"!n los distintos #one"!s$ (!rent! ' (!tro1 En in,l0s$ o"o
en !stell!no ' en l! "!'orF! de los idio"!s e-e%to en es%er!nto$ (n! letr! %(ede
%ron(ni!rse de distint!s "!ner!s ' &!' #one"!s /(e tienen distint!s ,r!#F!s1 En
in,l0s no e-iste t!nt! on,r(eni! entre l! %ron(ni!i3n ' l! esrit(r! o"o en
!stell!no '! /(e (n! letr! %(ede orres%onder ! "2lti%les #one"!s ' (n #one"!
%(ede !%!reer esrito on distint!s letr!s de%endiendo de !d! %!l!br!M no e-iste$
%(es$ "(&! orres%ondeni! entre l! %ron(ni!i3n ' l! orto,r!#F! o esrit(r!1 E.14
l! ! %(ede %ron(ni!rse de diez "!ner!s distint!s4 LY$ !4$ e$ e$ eI$ I$ o NGBOL !4
NUSAO$ o4$ o(LM l! e %(ede %ron(ni!rse de seis "!ner!s distint!s4 Le$ I$ i$ i4$ eI$ eLM
l!s iL ' %(eden %ron(ni!rse de ino "!ner!s distint!s4 L!I$ I$ i$ i4$ eLM l! o %(ede
%ron(ni!rse de n(e+e "!ner!s distint!s4 LA$ e$ 4$ I$ o NGBO$ o($ ($ (4$ 7ALM l! (
%(ede %ron(ni!rse de siete "!ner!s distint!s4 LA$ .(4$ (4$ ($ I$ e$ eLM el ,r!#e"! e!
%(ede %ron(ni!rse de dieiseis "!ner!s distint!s4 LY$ !4$ e$ e e NGBO$ e$ 4$ eI$ eI!4$
eIo$ iY$ I$ Ie$ i4 Nel "s (s!doO$ i4e$ ieI$ i4eILM el ,r!#e"! ee s(ele %ron(ni!rse
o"o Li4L ' "enos #re(ente"ente o"o LiL$ LeLM los ,r!#e"!s eiL e' s(elen
%ron(ni!rse o"o LeIL ' "enos #re(ente"ente o"o L!IL$ Li4L o LeL NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOM el ,r!#e"! e( s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o L.(4L$ L(4L o LeLM el ,r!#e"!
e7 s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o L.(4L$ L(4L sobre todo detrs de l!s onson!ntes Lt[$ l$ rL '
"enos #re(ente"ente o"o Lo(LM el ,r!#e"! ie s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o L!IL o Li4L
' "enos #re(ente"ente o"o LeL o LeLM el ,r!#e"! o! s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o
Lo(L ' "enos #re(ente"ente o"o Lo4L o LeLM el ,r!#e"! oi s(ele %ron(ni!rse
o"o LoIL o LeLM el ,r!#e"! oo %(ede %ron(ni!rse de ino "!ner!s distint!s4 LA$
o4$ o($ ($ (4 Nel "s (s!doOLM el ,r!#e"! o' s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o LoILM el
,r!#e"! o( s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o L!(L ' "enos #re(ente"ente o"o LAL$
Lo(L$ Lo4L$ L(4L$ LeL$ L(LM el ,r!#e"! o7 s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o L!(L ' "enos
#re(ente"ente o"o LAL$ Lo(L$ Lo4L o L(4LM el ,r!#e"! (i s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o
L.(4L o L(4L ' "enos #re(ente"ente o"o LIL$ L7IL$ L(ILM l! %(ede %ron(ni!rse
o"o LsL o L9LM l! , %(ede %ron(ni!rse o"o L,L o LdLM l! & %(ede %ron(ni!rse
o"o LdL$ L.L o LLM l! s %(ede %ron(ni!rse o"o LsL$ LzL$ L[L o LLM el ,r!#e"! t&
%(ede %ron(ni!rse o"o LuL o LSL1
E!' (n intento de "!ntener l! eti"olo,F! en iertos !sos ' onser+!r iert!s
%!l!br!s o"o se esriben en otros idio"!s$ %ero !l no !%li!r los "is"os riterios
en (n!s %!l!br!s ' en otr!s no se onsi,(e (n! #on0ti! l3,i! sino (n! "ezl!
enor"e de %e(li!rid!des1 Es (n siste"! /(e se &! (s!do en otros idio"!s o"o el
.!%on0s$ et1$ ' /(e di#i(lt! "(&o el !%rendiz!.e de (n! len,(! %(esto /(e &!'
"(&! +!ried!d1
L! %ron(ni!i3n en este libro$ /(e es l! /(e nor"!l"ente !%!ree en los
diion!rios$ se b!s! en Ust!nd!rd Britis& En,lis&VM !ntes se deF! QJ(eenZs En,lis&$
Ain,Zs En,lis&$ RHeei+ed6 PHron(ni!tion6$ BH16BH16*H16 En,lis&QM l! %ron(ni!i3n
de USA se b!s! en Ust!nd!rd A"eri!n En,lis&VM !ntes se deF! QGener!l
A"eri!nQ1 En l! %ron(ni!i3n el in,l0s de Est!dos Unidos se distin,(e del
britnio %or l! !rti(l!i3n de los #one"!s$ s( distrib(i3n$ l! enton!i3n de l!
#r!se ' l! !ent(!i3n de iert!s %!l!br!s de dos o "s sFl!b!sM el in,l0s
est!do(nidense es "s n!s!l %or/(e se n!s!liz!n l!s +o!les ' los di%ton,os del!nte
de l!s onson!ntes L"$ n$ L '$ ! +ees$ t!"bi0n detrs1

DO*ALES
51<1I Con las cinco vocales se forman doce fonemas voc!licos" a abierta #$#, a
intermedia #A#, a larga #a"#, e corta #e#, e larga L4L, e rela%ada Le#, i corta #I#, i
larga #i"#, o corta #o# NGBO, o larga #o"#, u corta #u#, u larga #u"# dos alfonos" i
intermedia u intermedia1 E!'$ %(es$ ino #one"!s +olios l!r,os ' los siete
rest!ntes son ortosM los dos !l3#onos estn entre ortos ' l!r,os$ %ero son "s
ortos /(e l!r,osM (!tro de los #one"!s +olios Li4$ I$ e$ YL ' el !l3#ono LiL se
ll!"!n !nteriores %or/(e se %ron(ni!n en l! %!rte del!nter! de l! bo!M tres de los
#one"!s +olios Le$ 4$ AL se ll!"!n entr!les %or/(e tienen el %(nto de
!rti(l!i3n en el entro de l! bo! ' ino de los #one"!s +olios L!4$ o NGBO$ o4$
($ (4L$ .(nto on el !l3#ono U( inter"edi!V$ se ll!"!n %osteriores %or/(e tienen el
%(nto de !rti(l!i3n en l! %!rte de !trs de l! bo!1 En in,l0s no e-iste !ento
,r#io o"o en !stell!noM l!s %!l!br!s /(e lo lle+!n son de ori,en e-tr!n.eroM
e-iste sol!"ente el !ento t3nio$ /(e no se +e en l! esrit(r!$ !sF /(e &!' /(e
!%renderlo de "e"ori! (!ndo se o'e (n! %!l!br! o$ si no$ "ir!rlo en el
diion!rio$ /(e tr!e sie"%re l! tr!nsri%i3n #on0ti! .(nto on el !ento t3nio /(e
se e-%res! on l! tilde R del!nte de l! sFl!b! !ent(!d!M l!s %!l!br!s de (n! sol! sFl!b!
no lle+!n l! tilde R1
51=1I &a a abierta es !nterior$ b!st!nte !biert! ' ort!M no e-iste en !stell!noM se
transcribe fonticamente en los diccionarios como #$#$ se,2n el !l#!beto #on0tio
intern!ion!lM s(ele esribirse o"o (n! U!V$ "enos #re(ente"ente o"o U!iV$ UiV$
U(!V$ U!lV en USA$ U!(V en USA$ Ue!V1 E.14 &!t L&YtL Hso"brero6$ !t L9YtL H,!to6$
#!t L#YtL H,ordo6$ %l!it L%lYtL Htrenz!L trenz!r6$ "erin,(e L"eRrYL H"eren,(e6$
,(!r!ntee L,YrenRti4L H,!r!ntF!6$ &!l# L&Y#L NUSAO H"edio6$ l!(,& LlY#L NUSAO HreFr6$
r!tion LRrY[He6nL o LRre I[ H e6nL NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Hr!i3n6$ %ine!%%le$ et1
Es "s ort! /(e l! ! !stell!n! ' se !bre l! bo! "(&o "sM los l!bios estn "('
!biertos ' l! %(nt! de l! len,(! sobres!le %or eni"! de los dientes inisi+os
in#eriores ! los /(e to!M se %!ree ! l! ! !stell!n! de Q()!$ ll!+e$ &!toQ$ et1 Este
#one"!$ /(e no se d! ! #in!l de %!l!br! ! no ser /(e +!'! se,(ido de (n!
onson!nte en sFl!b! !ent(!d!$ %ero no en sFl!b! no !ent(!d!$ es "s l!r,o
(!ndo +! del!nte de onson!ntes sonor!s /(e (!ndo +! del!te de onson!ntes
sord!s1 E.14 l! LYL de Q!b$ b!d$ b!,$ b!d,e$ S!"$ r!nQ$ es "s l!r,! /(e l! de Q!t$
b!t$ b!9$ b!t&Q1
*(!ndo (n! ! +! %reedid! de 7 3 ( %ron(ni!d! L7L ' se,(id! de L9L$ L,L o LL se
%ron(ni! o"o LYL1 E.14 7!- L7Y9sL Her!6$ 7!, L7Y,L H"o+er6$ t7!n, Lt7YL
Ht!)ido6$ et1
E!' /(e tener (id!do %or/(e &!' %!l!br!s /(e se di#ereni!n sol!"ente %or tener
(n! L!4L o (n! LYL4 !(nt L!4ntL NGB ' %oo (s!do en USA donde se die
#re(ente"ente LYntLO HtF!6 ' U!ntV LYntL H&or"i,!6M !r" L!4"L NGBO ' L!4r"L NUSAO
Hbr!zo6 ' U!"V LY"L Hso'L esto'6$ et1
L! +o!l ! se %ron(ni! LYL (!ndo +! sol! en (n! %!l!br! de (n! sFl!b! ter"in!d!
en (n! o "s onson!ntes1 E.14 b!t$ !t$ #!t$ ,l!d$ "!%$ s!d$ +!n$ 7!-$ et1M &!'
!l,(n! e-e%i3n4 sl!+ Lsl!4+L Hesl!+o6$ M!& L"!49L o L"Y9L H"!&6$ '!&t L.otL
NGBO ' L.!4tL NUSAO H'!te61
E!' (n ,r(%o de %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni! on LYL en USA ' on L!4L en GB1 D1 51@
Q>r!t&Q Hir!6 se %ron(ni! on LYL en USA ' on LoL en GB1
Pero &!' /(e tener en (ent! /(e4
!6 L! & #in!l es "(d! ' %or t!nto est! onson!nte no (ent! o"o t!l1 E.14 s&!& L[!4L
Hs&!&61 b6 *(!ndo l! %ri"er! onson!nte detrs de l! ! se! (n! r$ entones l! ! se
%ron(ni! L!4L1 E.14 b!r Lb!4L NGBO ' Lb!4rL NUSAO Hb!r6$ !r L9!4L NGBO ' L9!4rL NUSAO
Ho&e6$ #!r L#!4L NGBO ' L#!4rL NUSAO Hle.os6$ !rd L9!4dL NGBO ' L9!4rdL NUSAO
Ht!r.et!6$ !r" L!4"L NGBO ' L!4r"L NUSAO Hbr!zo6$ %!r9 L%!49L NGBO ' L%!4r9L NUSAO
H%!r/(e6$ !rt L!4tL NGBO ' L!4rtL NUSAO H!rte6$ et1
6 *(!ndo l! ! +! se,(id! de Ild$ Il9$ Ilt$ Ill se lee nor"!l"ente Lo4L en GB ' USA4
b!ld$ s!ld$ t!l9$ 7!l9$ &!lt$ "!lt$ !ll$ t!ll$ et1M en USA se lee t!"bi0n L!4L %ero no en
tod!s l!s %!l!br!s4 t!ll Ns3lo Lo4LO$ et1M en GB en !l,(n!s$ "(' %o!s$ se %(ede leer
t!"bi0n LoL4 &!lt$ "!lt$ et1 P!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes lo reo"end!ble es leer
sie"%re Lo4L1
d6 *(!ndo l! ! +! se,(id! de Il"$ I.$ se lee L!4L ' l! l es "(d!1 E.14 !l" L9!4"L
Htr!n/(ilo6$ %!l" L%!4"L H%!l"er!6$ r!. Lr!4dL Hsober!nF!6$ et1
e6 *(!ndo l! ! +! %reedid! de l! se"i+o!l o se"ionson!nte L7L$ l! ! se
%ron(ni! o"o LoL en GB ' o"o L!4L en USA en +ez de LYL1 E.14 7&!t L7otL NGBO
' L&7!4tL NUSA o L&7AtLO H/(0L lo /(e6$ 7!s L7ozL NGBO ' L7!4zL NUSAO Her!L
est!b!6$ s/(!t Ls97otL NGBO ' Ls97!4tL NUSAO Hsent!rseL %onerse en (lill!s6$
s7!"% Ls7o"%L NGBO ' Ls7!4"%L NUSAO H%!nt!no6$ /(!d L97odL NGBO ' L97!4dL
NUSAO H(!drn,(loL (!trillizo6$ et1M U/(!,V t!"bi0n %(ede %ron(ni!rse on LYLM
&!' !l,(n!s e-e%iones en l!s /(e l! ! se %ron(ni! LYL4 /(!9$ s7!,$ s7!n9$ 7!,$
7!-$ 7&!9$ 7&!n,1
#6 *(!ndo l! ! +! %reedid! de l! se"ionson!nte L7L ' se,(id! de r$ se %ron(ni!
o"o Lo4L en +ez de L!4L4 7!r L7o4L NGBO ' L7o4rL NUSAO H,(err!6$ s7!r" Ls7o4"L
NGBO ' Ls7o4r"L NUSAO Hen.!"bre6$ /(!rtz L97o4tsL NGBO ' L97o4rtsL NUSAO
H(!rzo6$ et1
En l!s %!l!br!s deri+!d!s se d!n t!"bi0n tod!s est!s re,l!s !(n/(e l!s %!l!br!s
ten,!n "s de (n! sFl!b!M %or e.e"%lo$ se %ron(ni!n on LYL Qt!nQ ' l!s %!l!br!s
deri+!d!s de 0st!4 t!ns$ t!nnin,$ t!nned$ t!nner$ t!nners$ t!nner'$ t!nneriesM &!'
iert!s %!l!br!s /(e d(%li!n l! onson!nte #in!l !l #or"!r %!l!br!s deri+!d!s on el
#in de /(e es! ! "!nten,! l! "is"! %ron(ni!i3n1 E.14 #!t L#YtL H,ordHo$ !66$
#!tter LR#YteL NGBO ' LR#YterL NUSAO H"s ,ordoHs6$ !Hs66$ t&e #!ttest LR#YtI st$ estL HelL
los "s ,ordoHs6L l!Hs6 "s ,ord!Hs66$ Hto6 %!t L%YtL Hto!r Non l! "!noO6$
%!ttin, LR%YtIL Hto!ndo6$ %!tted LR%YtI d$ edL HtoH3L !do66$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo l! +o!l ! +! se,(id! de (n! sol! onson!nte h e "(d! en
%!l!br!s de (n! sFl!b!$ se %ron(ni! LeIL1 E.14 !9e L9eI9L$ !"e L9eI"L$ d!te LdeItL$
,!"e L,eI"L$ &!te L&eItL$ l!te LleItL$ "!te L"eItL$ 7!9e L7eI9L$ et1 E!' !l,(n!
e-e%i3n4 l! %!l!br! Q&!+eQ se %ron(ni! on LYL$ l! %!l!br! U!teV se %ron(ni! on
LeIL en USA ' GB ' on LeL en GBM l! %!l!br! U+!seV se %ron(ni! on LeIL en USA
' on L!4L en GB1
*(!ndo l! ! +! se,(id! de Ire$ s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o LeeL en GB ' LeHe6rL en
USA1 D1 518C1:
En l!s %!l!br!s deri+!d!s se ("%len t!"bi0n est!s re,l!s$ !(n/(e l!s %!l!br!s
ten,!n "s de (n! sFl!b!4 l! ! se %ron(ni! LeIL en l! %!l!br! Qs&!"eQ ' en l!s
%!l!br!s deri+!d!s de 0st!4 s&!"es$ s&!"in,$ s&!"ed$ s&!"e#(l$ s&!"e#(ll'$
s&!"eless$ s&!"elessl'$ s&!"elessness1
*(!ndo l! ! +! !ent(!d! en (n! %!l!br! no deri+!d! on "s de (n! sFl!b!$ se
("%len nor"!l"ente l!s re,l!s d!d!s !nterior"ente$ %ero &!' "s e-e%ionesM l!
%!l!br! Qtob!oQ +iene de l! %!l!br! !stell!n! Qt!b!oQ$ %ero se esribe on dos
es %!r! indi!r /(e l! ! se %ron(ni! LYL1
T!nto en GB o"o en USA$ (!ndo l! +o!l ! +! en (n! %!l!br! on (n! sol!
sFl!b! o !ent(!d! en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! de (n! %!l!br! on dos sFl!b!s ' se,(id! de
(n! onson!nte doble nor"!l"ente se %ron(ni! LYL1 E.14 !dd$ t!%%ed LtY%tL$ R!tti$
Rb!nner$ RD!nn'$ R,!sses$ R,r!nn'L R,r!nnie$ R&!""er$ Rl!dder$ et1M &!' e-e%iones
(!ndo l! onson!nte doble es l! l4 !ll L9o4lL$ et1M (!ndo l! onson!nte doble es l!
s$ se s(ele %ron(ni!r o"o LYL en USA ' o"o L!4L en GB4 ,l!ss L,lYsL NUSAO '
L,l!4sL NGBO$ et1$ e-e%to Q!ssQ LYsL H!sno6 %!r! no on#(ndirlo on Q!rseQ L!4sL
NGBO H(lo6M (!ndo l! onson!nte doble es l! #$ !l,(n!s %!l!br!s se %ron(ni!n on
LYL en USA ' L!4L en GB4 &!##$ st!##$ et1$ %ero otr!s on LYL en USA ' GB4 !##$
T!##$ et1 El %re#i.o tr!nsI %odF! %ron(ni!rse on L!4L o LYL en GB$ %ero !&or! se
%ron(ni! o"o LYL$ l! 2ni! #or"! en USA$ ' "enos #re(ente"ente o"o L!4L
%ero no sie"%re1
51?1I &a a intermedia es entr!l$ se"i!biert! ' ort!M los l!bios no estn
redonde!dosM l! %(nt! de l! len,(! to! (n %oo on l!s enF!s de los dientes
inisi+os in#erioresM no e-iste en !stell!noM se transcribe fonticamente como #A#
' s(ele !%!reer en l! esrit(r! o"o (n! U(V$ UoV$ "enos #re(ente"ente o"o
Uo(V$ UooV$ UoeV1 E.14 (% L9A%L Ht!z!6$ b(t LbAtL H%ero6$ &(t L&AtL H&oz!6$
br(s/(e LbrAs9L N%ero en GB "s (s!d! on L(H46LO Hbr(so6$ %(ddle LR%AdHe6lL
H&!ro6$ s(btle LRsAtHe6lL Hs(til6$ brot&er LRbrASeL NGBO ' LRbrASerL NUSAO
H&er"!no6$ lo+e LlA+L H!"or6$ ol!nder LR9AlendeL NGB o LR9olendeLO
' LR9AlenderL NUSAO Hol!dor6$ eno(,& LIRnA#L Hs(#iiente6$ o(ntr' LR9AntriL H%!Fs6$
blood LblAdL Hs!n,re6$ so(t&ern LRsASenL NGBO ' LRsASernL NUSAO Hdel s(r6$
does LdAzL H&!e6$ "on,rel LR"A,relL o LR"!4 ,r elL NUSAO H&(&o6$
&o+el LR&A+elL o LR&o+ elL NGBO o LR&!4+ elL NUSAO Ht(,(rio6$ et1
T!nto en in,l0s britnio o"o est!do(nidense (!ndo l! +o!l ( +! !ent(!d! en
l! %ri"er! sFl!b! de (n! %!l!br! on dos sFl!b!s ' se,(id! de (n! onson!nte doble
nor"!l"ente se %ron(ni! LAL1 E.14 Rb(tter$ R(tter$ R,(nner$ R%(tter$ et1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n LAL en GB ' L4L en USA1 E.14 b(rro7 LRbAro(L
NGBO ' LRb4ro(L NUSAO H"!dri,(er!L one.er!6$ o(r!,e LR9ArIdL NGBO
' LR94rIdL NUSAO Hor!.eL ni"oL +!lor6$ (rr!nt$ (rren'$ (rrent$ (rrile$
*(rrie$ (rr' LR9AriL NGBO ' LR94riL NUSAO H(rr'L %re%!r!r on (rr'6$ diso(r!,e '
deri+!dos Hdes!ni"!r6$ eno(r!,e ' deri+!dos H!ni"!r6$ #lo(ris& LR#lArI[L NGBO
' LR#l4rI[L NUSAO H#loreer6$ #l(rr' LR#lAriL NGBO ' LR#l4riL NUSAO H!l(+i3nL
&!%!rr3nL r#!,!6$ #(rro7 LR#Aro(L NGBO ' LR#4ro(L NUSAO Hs(roL !rr(,!6$
&(rri!ne LR&ArI9enL NGBO ' LR&4rI9enL NUSAO H&(r!n6$ &(rr' LR&AriL NGBO
' LR&4riL NUSAO H%ris!L d!rse %ris!6$ t&oro(,& LRuAreL NGBO ' LRu4ro(L NUSAO
H"in(iosHo$ !66 ' deri+!dos$ 7orr' LR7AriL NGBO ' LR74riL NUSAO H%reo(%!i3nL
%reo(%!rse6$ et1
L! LAL no !%!ree ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ ! no ser /(e +!'! se,(id! de (n! onson!nte
en sFl!b! !ent(!d!$ %ero no en sFl!b! no !ent(!d!1
E!' /(e %rest!r !teni3n %or/(e e-isten %!res de %!l!br!s /(e se di#ereni!n
sol!"ente %or tener (n! LYL o (n! LAL1 E.4 !n9le LRYn9He6lL Htobillo6 '
U(nleV LRAn9He6lL HtFo6M !"%(s LR9Y"%esL HreintoL !"%(s6 '
Uo"%!ssV LR9A"%esL Hbr2.(l!6M distr!t LdIsRtrY9tL ' Udestr(tV LdIsRtrA9tLM ,r!nt
L,rYntL NUSAO ' L,r!4ntL NGBO Hbe!L s(b+eni3nL oneder6 ' U,r(ntV L,rAntL
H,r()idoL reso%lidoL ,r()ir6M &!ssle Nolo/(i!lO LR&YsHe6lL Hdis%(t!L lFoL #!stidi!r6 '
U&(stleV LR&AsHe6lL H!.etreoL est!#!L !%res(r!rse6M l!9 LlY9L H#!lt!6 ' Ul(9V LlA9L
Hs(erte6M "!t& L"Yt[L Herill!6 ' U"(&V L"At[L H"(&o6M r!bble LRrYbHe6lL
H%o%(l!&oL r!ble!r6 ' Ur(bbleV LRrAbHe6lL H,r!+!L !s!.o6M r!"ble LRrY"bHe6lL
H+!,!b(ndeoL !lle.e!r6 ' Ur("bleV LRrA"bHe6lL Hr(,idoL r(,ir6M t!n LtYnL
Hbrone!do6 ' UtonV LtAnL Htonel!d!6$ et1
*(!ndo l! o de (n! %!l!br! s(en! o"o (n! es%eie de ! ort! !l
!stell!no&!bl!nte es sie"%re l! LAL1 E.14 son$ "one'$ so"e$ none$ et1
51@1I &a a larga es %osterior$ !biert! ' l!r,!M l! %(nt! de l! len,(! est retr!Fd! ' en
ont!to on el #renillo de l! len,(!M no e-iste en !stell!noM se transcribe
fonticamente como #a"# ' s(ele re%resent!rse ,r#i!"ente o"o U!Hr6VM U!rV se
%ron(ni! o"o (n! L!4L en l! "!'or %!rte de GB (!ndo est !l #in!l de (n!
%!l!br! o +! se,(id! de (n! onson!nteM ! +ees$ se esribe o"o U!(V en GB$
o"o U!(V en USA ND1515<O$ o"o U!V se,(id! de #$ l$ n$ s h onson!nte en GB$
o"o U!V en GB$ o"o U!V se,(id! de t& #in!lM "enos #re(ente"ente !%!ree
esrit! o"o UeHr6V$ Ue!Hr6VM r!r!"ente %(ede !%!reer %reedid! de l!
se"ionson!nte L7L esrit! o"o UoiHr6V$ Uo(,&V en USA ND1515<OM t!"bi0n o"o
U!!V$ U!sV en GB$ U!tV en GB$ U!&V$ UeV$ Ue!(V en USA ND1 515;O$ UiV en USA1 E.14
!r" L!4"L NGBO ' L!4r"L NUSAO Hbr!zo6$ #!r L#!4L NGBO ' L#!4rL NUSAO Hle.os6$
M!r& L"!4t[L NGBO ' L"!4rt[L NUSAO H"!rzo6$ %!r9 L%!49L NGBO ' L%!4r9L NUSAO
H%!r/(e6$ st!rtle LRst!4tHe6lL NGBO ' LRst!4rtHe6lL NUSAO H!s(st!r6$ &!r!de L[eRr!4dL
NGBO ' L[eRreIdL NUSAO H#!rs!L %!'!s!d!6$ e-!"%le LI,Rz!4"%He6lL NGBO
e LI,RzY"%He6lL NUSAO He.e"%lo6$ #!t&er LR#!4SeL NGBO ' LR#!4SerL NUSAO H%!dre6$
ser,e!nt LRs!4dentL NGBO ' LRs!4rdentL NUSAO Hs!r,ento6$ &e!rt L&!4tL NGBO ' L&!4rtL
NUSAO Hor!z3n6$ "e"oir LR"e"7!4L NGBO ' LR"e"7!4rL NUSAO Hnot! bio,r#i!6$
%!tois LR%Yt7!4L Hdi!leto6$ b!! Lb!4L Hb!lidoL \bee]L b!l!r6$ #r!!s Nliter!rioO LR#rY9!4L
NGBO ' LR#reI9esL NUSA o LR#rY9esLO H!lter!do6$ no(,!t LRn(4,!4L NGBO ' LRn(4,etL
NUSAO$ Ut!& LR.(4t!4L NGB %rini%!l"enteO o LR.(4to4L NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$
entr0e LR!4ntreIL Hentr!d!6$ lin,erie Ll!4neRreIL NUSAO ' LRlYnereIL NGBO HlenerF!6$
et1
L! ! l!r,! no s(ele ir se,(id! de LL1
E-isten !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e en GB se %ron(ni! on L!4L ' en USA on L4L4
ler9 L9l!49L NGBO ' L9l4r9L NUSAO Ho#iinist! NGB ' USAOL de%endiente NUSAO6$
derb' LRd!4biL NGBO ' LRd4rbiL NUSAO Hderb'6$ Ber9ele' LRb!49111L NGBO ' LRb4r9111L
NUSAO$ Ber9s&ire$ et1
*(!ndo l! L!4L +! se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sord! no es t!n l!r,! o"o (!ndo +!
! #in!l de %!l!br! o se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sonor!1 E.14 U%!rt$ !rt$ ler9 NGBO$
l!st NGBO$ !r&$ !l# NGB4 l! UlV es sonor! %ero l! /(e (ent! es l! 2lti"!4 l! U#VOV
tienen (n! L!4L "s ort! /(e en l!s %!l!br!s UBots7!n!$ #!r$ &!rd$ #!t&er$ !r"$
"e"oir$ b!!1
*(!ndo l! ! +! se,(id! de r$ s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o L!4L t!nto en GB o"o en
USA$ %ero el si,(iente ,r(%o de %!l!br!s se %ron(ni!Hn6 on L!4L en l! "!'or %!rte
de GB ' on LYL en Est!dos Unidos ' en !l,(n!s %!rtes de Gr!n Bret!)! Hel norte$
et16M o"o se %(ede +er$ l! ! +! se,(id! nor"!l"ente de los #one"!s L#$ u$ d$ S$ sL
o L"$ nL$ se,(idos de (n! onson!nte ol(si+! o #ri!ti+! sord!M %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes lo "s senillo es %ron(ni!rl!s tod!s on LYL en !so de d(d!1
E.14 !d+!ne LedR+YnsL H!+!neL !+!nz!r6$ !d+!nt!,e LedR+YntIdL H+ent!.!6$ !#t
LY#tL ' U!b!#tV LeRbY#tL H!L en l! %o%!6$ !#ter N' deri+!dosO LRY#terL Hdes%(0s6$
!#terRnoon$ !,&!st LeR,YstL H&orroriz!do6$ !ns7er LRYnserL Hre%(est!6$ !s9 LYs9L
H%re,(nt!r6$ !sl!nt LesRlYntL Hobli(!"enteL ! tr!+0s de6$ !(nt LYntL HtF!6$
!+!l!n&e LRY+elYn[L H!+!l!n&!6$ b!n!l LbeRnYlL$ b!n!n! LbeRnYneL$ b!s9 LbYs9L
Hdis#r(t!r6$ b!s9et LRbYs9etL Hest!6$ b!t& LbYuL Hb!)o6$ be&!l# LbIR&Y#L H%!rte6$ Hto6
bl!n& LblYnt[L Hbl!n/(e!r6$ Bl!n&e LblYnt[L HBl!n!6$ bl!st LblYstL He-%losi3nL
+ol!r6$ br!n& LbrYnt[L Hr!"!6$ br!ss LbrYsL Hl!t3n6$ !d!+er L9eRdY+erL$
!dre LR9Ydri4L NUSAO ' LR9!4deL NGBO H(!dro Nno de %intoresO6$ !l# L9Y#L Hternero6$
!nZt L9YntL Hno %(edo6$ !s9 L9Ys9L Hb!rril6$ !s9et LR9Ys9etL Ho#reL (rn!6$ !st N'
deri+!dosO L9YstL Hre%!rtoL e&!r6$ !ster LR9YsterL Hr(edeit!L es%ol+ore!dor6$
!stle LR9YselL H!stillo6$ !stor LR9YsterL Hr(edeit!L es%ol+ore!dor6$
enot!%& LRsenetY#L Henot!#io6$ &!## Lt[Y#L H%!.!L broz!6$ &!ne Lt[YnsL
Ho%ort(nid!dL s(erte6$ &!nel LRt[YnselL Horo ' %resbiterio6$
&!nellor LRt[YnsHe6lerL H!niller6$ &!ner' LRt[YnseriL Htrib(n!l de .(stii!6$
&!ndler LRt[YndlerL H#!bri!nte de +el!sL %ro+eedor de b(/(es6$ &!nt Lt[YntL
Hs!l"odi!L !ni3n6$ l!s% L9lYs%L Hbro&e6$ l!ss L9lYsL Hl!se6$ o""!nd N'
deri+!dosO L9eR"YndL$ Rontr!st LR9ontr!4stL NGBO ' LR9!4ntrYstL NUSAO Hontr!ste6 '
UHto6 onRtr!stV L9enRtr!4stL NGBO ' L9enRtrYstL NUSAO Hontr!st!r6$ o(nter"!nd$
o(nters&!#t LR9!(nter[Y#tL Htr!ns"isi3n inter"edi!6$ r!#t N' deri+!dosO L9rY#tL
Ho#iio6$ d!#t LdY#tL HtontHo$ !66$ d!ne LdYnsL Hb!ileL b!il!r6$ de"!nd LdIR"YndL
He-i,irL e-i,eni!6$ dis!ster LdIRzYsterL Hdes!stre6$ dist!## LdIsRtY#L Hr(e!6$ dr!#t
LdrY#tL NUSAO ' Udr!(,&tV Ldr!4#tL NGB %rini%!l"enteO Horriente de !ireL !l!doL
tiroL de tiroL de b!rril6 ND1 5C15;15CO$ dr!#ts"!n LRdrY#ts" enL NUSAO '
Udr!(,&ts"!nV LRdr!4#ts" enL NGBO Hdeline!nteL dib(.!nte6$ en&!nt LInRt[YntL
H!(ti+!rL en!nt!r6$ en,r!#t LInR,rY#tL Hin.ert!r6$ en&!ne LInR&YnsL Hre!liz!rL
re#orz!rL "e.or!r6$ e%it!%& LRe%etY#L He%it!#io6$ e-!"%le LI,RzY"%He6lL He.e"%lo6$
#!st N' deri+!dosO L#YstL Hr%idoL r%id!"enteL !'(noL !'(n!r6$ #!sten LR#YsHe6nL
H!bro&!r6$ #l!bber,!st LR#lYber,YstL H%!s"!r6$ Fl!nders LR#lYnderzL HFl!ndes6$
#l!s9 L#lYs9L H#r!soL %et!!L ter"o6$ Fr!ne L#rYnsL HFr!ni!6$ Fr!nes LR#rYnsesL
HFr!nis!6$ Fr!nis LR#rYnsesL HFr!niso6$ ,!s% L,Ys%L H,ritoL .!de!r6$
,&!stl' LR,YstliL H&orrible6$ ,ir!##e LeRrY#L H.ir!#!6$ ,l!ne L,lYnsL H"ir!d!6$ ,l!ss
L,lYsL H+!so6$ ,r!#t L,rY#tL Hin.ert!r6$ ,r!nt L,rYntL Hbe!L oneder6$ ,r!s% L,rYs%L
H!,!rr!rL o"%renderL !l!neL o"%rensi3n6$ ,r!ss L,rYsL H&ierb!6$ &!#t L&Y#tL
He"%()!d(r!6$ &!l# L&Y#L H"edio6$ &!l+e L&Y+L H%!rtir %or l! "it!dL e"%!t!r6$
i"%l!nt$ l!ne LlYnsL Hl!nz!L s!.!r6$ L!nelot$ l!st LlYstL H2lti"o6$ l!t& LlYuL Hlist3n6$
l!t&er LRlYSerL Hes%("!6$ l!(,& LlY#L HreFr6$ %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en I"!nd$ "!s9
L"Ys9L H"s!r!6$ "!s/(e L"Ys9L H"!s!r!d!6$ "!st L"YstL H"stil6$
"!ster LR"YsterL H!"oL "!estroL do"in!r6$ n!st' LRnYstiL Htr!+ieso6$ o+erdr!#t
NUSAO H,iro en des(biertoL sobre,iroL s!ldo de(dorL tiroL orriente de !ire N/(e
%!s! %or eni"! de (n #(e,oL &ornoO6L o+erdr!#t NGBO H,iro en des(biertoL
sobre,iroL s!ldo de(dor6 ' Uo+erdr!(,&tV NGBO HtiroL orriente de !ire N/(e %!s! %or
eni"! de (n #(e,oL &ornoO6$ %!ss N' deri+!dosO L%YsL H%!s!r6$ %!ss%ort LR%Ys%o4rtL
H%!s!%orte6$ %!ss7ord$ %!st L%YstL H%!s!doL del!nte de6$ %!sti"e$ %!stor N'
deri+!dosO LR%YsterL H%!stor N%rotest!nteO6$ %!st(re$ %!t& L%YuL Hsendero6$ %l!nt
L%lYntL H%l!nt!L %l!nt!r6$ %l!ster LR%lYsterL H'eso N!lb!)ilerF!OL es!'ol! Nen "ediin!
' !rtesOL enl(ir6$ %r!ne L%rYnsL Hbrin!r6$ r!#t LrY#tL Hb!ls!L ir en b!ls!6$
r!#ter LRrY#terL H+i,!6$ r!n& LrYnt[L$ r!s!l LRrYs9elL H!s!rr!bi!sL ,r!n(.!6$ r!s%
LrYs%L Heso#in!L r!s%!r6$ r!s%berr' LRrYzberiL H#r!"b(es!6$ r!t&er LRrYSerL H"s
bien6$ re"!nd$ re%!st LrIR%YstL Ho"id!6$ re%ri"!nd$ s!l+e LsY+L Hbls!"o6$
s!"%le LRsY"%He6lL H"(estr!6$ s!"%ler LRsY"%lerL H!t!dor6$
S!ndersHon6 LRsYndersHen6L$ s&!#t L[Y#tL H#le&!6$ s&!nZt L[YntL$ sl!nder LRslYnderL
H!l("ni!6$ sl!nt LslYntL Hinlin!i3nL inlin!r6$ st!## LstY#L H%erson!l6$
st!n&ion LRstYnt[He6nL H%(nt!l6$ Hto6 s(%%l!nt LseR%lYntL Hs(%l!nt!r6$ s(rR%!ss$ t!s9
LtYs9L Ht!re!6$ tr!ne LtrYnsL H0-t!sis6$ +!st L+YstL H+!sto61
Sin e"b!r,o$ Q,o(l!s&Q se %ron(ni! LR,(4lY[L NGB %rini%!l"enteO ' LR,(4l!4[L
NUSAO Hesto#!do H&2n,!ro661
Inl(so en el s(r de In,l!terr! se %(ede (tiliz!r l! L!4L o l! LYL en iert!s %!l!br!s '
l! LYL en el resto de GB ' en USA4 Ale-!nder$ Ale-!ndr!$ !(to,r!%&$ b!st!rd$
*!ss!ndr!$ di,r!%&$ ,r!%&$ lit&o,r!%&$ "ono,r!%&$ osilo,r!%&$ %!nto,r!%&$
%!r!,r!%&$ %!ste(rizeL %!ste(rise NGBO N' deri+!dosO$ %&ono,r!%&$ %&oto,r!%&$
%l!nt!tion$ %oli,r!%& H%olF,r!#o6$ st!ne$ tele,r!%&$ tr!ns!t Ltr!4nRzY9tL o
LtrYnRzY9tL Htr!"it!r6$ tr!nsend$ tr!nsribe$ tr!nsri%tion$ tr!ns#or" N' deri+!dosO$
tr!ns#(se N' deri+!dosO$ tr!nsistor$ tr!nsiti+e$ tr!nsl!te N' deri+!dosO$ tr!nsliter!te N'
deri+!dosO$ tr!nsl(ene N' deri+!dosO$ tr!ns"it N' deri+!dosO$
tr!ns%l!nt LRtrYns%lYntL N' deri+!dosO Htr!ns%l!nte6$ tr!ns%ort N' deri+!dosO$
tr!ns%ose N' deri+!dosO$ tr!nsse-(!l N' deri+!dosO$ tr!ns(bst!nti!te N' deri+!dosO$
tr!ns+erse N' deri+!dosO$ tr!ns+estis" N' deri+!dosO$ et1
Q>!#tQ Hbo!n!d!L r#!,!L lle+!r %or el !ire6 se %ron(ni! on L!4L en USA ' GB$ o
on LoL en GB ' on LYL en USA1
E!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e solo se distin,(en %or tener (n! LYL$ (n! LAL o (n! L!4L4
b!n LbYnL H%ro&ibii3n6$ b(n LbAnL Hbollo Nde %!nO6 ' Ub!rnV Lb!4nL NGBO H,r!nero6M
b!9 LbY9L Hes%!ld!6$ b(9 LbA9L H,!"o6 ' Ub!r9V Lb!49L NGBO Hl!dridoL ortez!6M
&!" L&Y"L H.!"3n6$ &(" L&A"L Hz("bidoL t!r!reo6 ' U&!r"V L&!4"L NGBO Hd!)o6M
l!9 LlY9L H!reni!6$ l(9 LlA9L Hs(erte6 ' Ul!r9V Ll!49L NGBO H!londr!L .(er,!6M l!st
Ll!4stL NGBO ' LlYstL NUSAO H2lti"Ho$ !66 ' Ul(stV LlAstL Hl(.(ri!6M S!" LsY"L
HS!"(el6$ s(" LsA"L Hs("!6 ' U%s!l"V Ls!4"L Hs!l"o6$ et1
E-isten (n! serie de %!l!br!s en l!s /(e ,ener!l"ente l! o$ ! +ees l! ! ' r!r!"ente
l! e!($ o7$ se %ron(ni!n o"o L!4L en l! "!'or %!rte de USA ' o"o LoL en GBM
sin e"b!r,o$ l! L!4L de USA en est!s %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni!n on LoL en GB
s(en! ! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes ' ! l! "!'orF! de los no est!do(nidenses b!st!nte
distint! de l! L!4L britni!M s(en! (n %oo o"o l! Lo4LM &ot L&!4tL NUSA4 s(en! (n
%oo o"o Lo4LO ' U&e!rtV L&!4tL NGBO son "(' %!reid!s %ero no s(en!n
e-!t!"ente i,(!l ! (n !stell!no&!bl!nte$ "ientr!s /(e l! L!4L de Q!r"Q$ Q#!t&erQ o
Q&e!rtQ en GB ' USA s(en! i,(!l ! los oFdos de (n !stell!no&!bl!nteM
nor"!l"ente l! L!4L lle+! !ento %ri"!rio ' r!r!"ente !ento se(nd!rio1 E.14
!bsond LYbsR9!4ndL H#(,!rse6$ !9Rno7led,e N' deri+!dosO$ Rb!t&os Htri+i!lid!d6$
Hto6 Rbot&er$ b(Rre!(r!'$ Hb'I6R%rod(t$ &!Roti$ lo9$ lot$ o""on LR9!4"enL
Ho"2nHes66$ od$ Roddle$ Roll!r$ Rolle,e$ Rolon' N' deri+!dosO$ Rol("nist$
Ro"bine$ Ro""ent$ oR""odit'$ Ro"%!t$ Ro"%li"ent$ Ro"%o(nd$
o"%reR&ensi+e$ Ro"%ress$ H(n6Ro"%ro"isin, N' deri+!dosO$ Ro"r!de$ Ronrete$
Rondor$ Rond(t$ Rond(it$ Ronsio(s$ Ronsort$ H(n6onstiRt(tion!l$ Ronstr(t$
Ront!t$ Rontest$ Rontr!t$ Rontr!st$ Ron+ert$ Ron+it$ ot$ doll!r LRd!4lerL Hd3l!r6$
eoRno"i N' deri+!dosO$ #lo9$ #lo,$ #lo%$ R#ollo7$ R#ollo7er$ R,ro+el Nt!"bi0n
on LAL en USAO$ &o9$ Hdis6R&onest$ &os%it!l LR&!4s%ItelL H&os%it!l6$ &ot$ R&ots&ot$
9nob N' deri+!dosO$ 9no9 N' deri+!dosO$ 9not N' deri+!dosO$ R9no7led,e$ Rlobster$
lo9 N' deri+!dosO$ lod,e$ loll$ R"odel$ R"odi("$ "oll$ not Ln!4tL NUSA ' LntL no
!ent(!do en GB ' USAO Hno6$ Rno+elist$ Robelis9$ ob+io(s LR!4b+iesL Hob+ioHs6$ !Hs66$
odd$ ono"!to%oei L!4ne"YteR%i4I9L NUSAO ' Lone"YteR%i4I9L NGBO
Hono"!to%0'io6$ %eriRodi!l$ %&oRto,r!%&er$ R%o"e,r!n!te Nt!"bi0n on LAL en
USAO$ %ond$ R%rob!ble N' deri+!dosO$ R%rod(e$ R%ro.et$ %ro"$ R%ro"en!de$
R%ro"inene N' deri+!dosO$ R%ro"ise$ R%ro"ontor'$ R%ro"%tl'$ Hto6 R%ro"(l,!te N'
deri+!dosO$ R%ronto$ Hto6 %ro%$ Hto6 R%ro%!,!te N' deri+!dosO$ R%ro%er$ R%ro%&e'$
%ro%oRsition$ /(!##$ R/(!ntit' N' deri+!dosO$ res%onse LrIsR%!4nsL Hres%(est!6$ ro9 N'
deri+!dosO$ Rro9et N' deri+!dosO$ Rroster$ s&o9$ Rsolid$ Rsonoro(s Nliter!rioO Nen USA
t!"bi0n on Lo(L o LseRno4resL4 GB ' USAO$ sto9$ sto%$ Rs7!llo7$ s7!n$ s7!%$ Hto6
s7!t$ s7!t&$ to% Lt!4%L Hi"!6$ R+ol!tile$ R+ol(nt!r'$ R7!nder$ 7!tt$ 7&!t Nt!"bi0n on
LAL en USAO$ R7&o%%in,$ '!&t$ et1
En !stell!no l!s ino +o!les l!r,!s in,les!s s(en!n (n %oo %ed!ntes$ %ero sobre
todo l! ! l!r,! '! /(e es "s !biert!1
Entre l!s +o!les l! /(e "s se (s! en in,l0s es l! LeL1
51B1I &a e corta es !nterior$ entre se"i!biert! ' se"ierr!d! ' ort!M no e-iste en
!stell!noM se transcribe fonticamente como #e# o "enos #re(ente"ente
o"o LcLM !/(F se tr!nribe o"o LeL %or r!zones %ed!,3,i!sM s(ele esribirse o"o
UeV !ent(!d!M "enos #re(ente"ente o"o U!V$ U!eV$ Ue!V$ UeoV$ U!iV$ U!'V$ UeiV$
UieV$ UoeV$ U(V$ U(eV1 E.14 bed LbedL H!"!6$ set LsetL H%oner6$ less LlesL H"enos6$ "!n'
LR"eniL H"(&os6$ !est&eti NGB %rini%!l"enteOL est&eti NUSAO LesRuetI9L NGB4
"enos (s!do ' USA4 "s (s!doO ' t!"bi0n Li4sRuetI9L NGB4 "s (s!doO o LIsRuetI9L
N"enos (s!do4 GB ' USAO Hest0tioHs6$ !Hs66$ &e!+en LR&e+He6nL Hielo6$
leo%!rd LRle%edL NGBO ' LRle%erdL NUSAO Hleo%!rdo6$ s!id LsedL Hdi.o6$ s!'s LsezL
Hdie6 %ero Q,!ins!'sQ LIseIzL$ &ei#er LR&e#eL NGBO ' LR&e#erL NUSAO Hno+ill!6$
#riend L#rendL H!"i,o6$ Oedi%(s LRed I % esL o LRed e% esL NUSA4 "s (s!dos los
8O$ LRi4dI%esL NGB ' USA4 "enos (s!doO HEdi%o6$ b(r' LRberiL Henterr!r6$ ,(ess L,esL
H!di+in!rL s(%osii3nL s(%onerL !l(l!r Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"ente4 los :O6$
,(est L,estL H&(0s%edL in+it!dHo$ !66$ et1
L! e !stell!n! es "s l!r,! /(e l! LeL in,les!$ %ero "enos l!r,! /(e l! L4L in,les!M
l! %(nt! de l! len,(! to! on los dientes inisi+os in#erioresM est! LeL es %!reid! ! l!
e de l!s %!l!br!s !stell!n!s Uerr!r$ de.o$ %eineV1
E!' /(e tener (id!do en no on#(ndir l! LeL on l! LIL$ '! /(e s(en!n b!st!nte
%!reid!s1 E.14 %en L%enL H%l("!6 ' U%inV L%InL H!l#iler6M bell LbelL H!"%!n!6 '
UbillV LbIlL H(ent!6M net LnetL Hred6 ' U9nitV LnItL H&!er %(nto6M !te LetL NGBO o LeItL
Ho"iH3L do6 e UitV LItL Hello6M se- Lse9sL Hse-o6 ' Usi-V LsI9sL Hseis6$ et1
L! LeL s(ele ir en sFl!b! !ent(!d!$ t!"bi0n "(&o "enos #re(ente"ente en sFl!b!
no !ent(!d! /(e no +!'! ! #in!l de %!l!br!M no s(ele ir ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ ! no ser
/(e +!'! se,(id! de (n! onson!nte en sFl!b! !ent(!d!$ %ero no en sFl!b! no
!ent(!d!1 L! e ort! no es "s l!r,! del!nte de onson!ntes sonor!s /(e de
onson!ntes sord!s1
L! %!l!br! Qleis(reQ se %ron(ni! LRleeL NGBO ' LRleerL NUSA4 "enos (s!do
o LRli4erL4 "s (s!doO1
L! %!l!br! Qlie(ten!ntQ se %ron(ni! Lle#RtenentL NGB4 "s (s!do o Lle#RtenentLO '
Ll(4RtenentL NUSAO1
A +ees$ se %(ede %ron(ni!r (n! LeL en USA ' (n! LeL en GB4
e-tr!ordin!r' LI9Rstro4rdeneriL NUSAO e LI9Rstro4deneriL NGBO He-tr!ordin!riHo$ !661
D1 5155
*(!ndo l! +o!l e +! se,(id! de (n! o "s onson!ntes en (n! %!l!br! de (n!
sFl!b!$ se %ron(ni! nor"!l"ente o"o LeL1 E.14 bed$ lend$ red$ rest$ se-$ 7ell$ et1
*(!ndo detrs de l! e +! (n! r sol! o se,(id! de otr! onson!nte$ se %ron(ni! L4L1
E.14 Bert$ &er$ %er$ %er&$ %er"$ et1M l! %!l!br! Qler9Q se lee L9l4r9L NUSAO ' L9l!49L
NGBO1
Si l! e +! se,(id! de +!ri!s onson!ntes h e "(d!$ t!"bi0n se lee nor"!l"ente
o"o LeL1 E.14 t&ene$ tense$ sled,e$ s%e9le$ ste%%e$ 7ed,e$ et1M ! +ees$ se %(ede
esribir de dos "!ner!s (n! %!l!br!4 Q&e9Q en USA ' Q&e/(eQ en GB
%rini%!l"ente H&e/(e6$ %ero sir+e t!"bi0n l! re,l! !(n/(e l! e +!'! %reedid! de
( %or/(e l! ( es "(d!1
En l!s %!l!br!s deri+!d!s t!"bi0n se ("%len est!s re,l!s$ !(n/(e l!s %!l!br!s
ten,!n "s de (n! sFl!b!1 Por e.e"%lo$ de l! %!l!br! UlendV se deri+!n l!s si,(ientes
%!l!br!s4 lends$ lendin,$ lent$ lender$ lenders1
E!' iert!s %!l!br!s /(e d(%li!n l! onson!nte #in!l !l #or"!r %!l!br!s deri+!d!s
on el #in de /(e es! QeQ "!nten,! l! "is"! %ron(ni!i3n1 E.14 bet LbetL H!%ost!r6$
bettin, LRbetIL H!%ost!ndo6$ betted LRbetI d$ edL H!%ostH3L !do66$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ si l! e +! se,(id! de (n! sol! onson!nte h e "(d! en (n! %!l!br! de
(n! sol! sFl!b!$ se %ron(ni! Li4L1 E.14 bre+e$ e+e$ "ete$ %e9e$ Pete$ sene$ s&e"e$
t&e"e$ etM en l!s %!l!br!s deri+!d!s t!"bi0n se ("%len est!s re,l!s !(n/(e l!s
%!l!br!s ten,!n "s de (n! sFl!b!1 Por e.e"%lo$ de l! %!l!br! Qs&e"eQ se deri+!n
l!s si,(ientes4 s&e"es$ s&e"in,$ s&e"ed$ s&e"er$ s&e"ers1 Est!s re,l!s
s(elen ("%lirse en %!l!br!s no deri+!d!s de "s de (n! sFl!b!$ %ero &!' "s
e-e%iones /(e en l!s de (n! sol! sFl!b!1
Si l! e +! se,(id! de Ire en (n! %!l!br! de (n! sol! sFl!b!$ %(ede %ron(ni!rse4
!6 *o"o LeeL en GB ' LeHe6rL en USA1 E.14 ere$ t&ere$ 7&ere1
b6 *o"o LIeL en GB ' o"o LIHe6rL en USA1 E.1 "ere$ sere1
6 *o"o L4L en GB ' L4rL en USA1 E.14 7ere1
E!' "(&!s %!l!br!s de (n! sol! sFl!b! /(e lle+!n (n! onson!nte se,(id! de (n!
e "(d! !l #in!l %!r! &!er /(e l! +o!l !nterior se! l!r,!$ (n di%ton,o o (n
tri%ton,o1 E.14 b!le$ ede$ #ire$ l!"e$ l!te$ "ete$ s!le$ s!"e$ 7i#e$ et1
T!nto en in,l0s britnio o"o est!do(nidense (!ndo l! +o!l e +! !ent(!d! en l!
%ri"er! sFl!b! de (n! %!l!br! on dos sFl!b!s ' se,(id! de (n! onson!nte doble
nor"!l"ente se %ron(ni! LeL1 E.14 Rbetter$ Rletter$ Rseller$ et1$ %ero &!' e-e%iones1
515C1I &a e larga es entr!l$ se"ierr!d! ' l!r,!M no e-iste en !stell!noM
fonticamente se transcribe generalmente como #4#$ #e4# o "(&o "enos
#re(ente"ente o"o LLM !/(F !%!ree o"o L4L %or r!zones %ed!,3,i!sM s(ele
esribirse o"o UeHr6V$ UiHr6V$ U(Hr6V$ U(Hrr6V$ U'Hr6V$ U'Hrr&6V$ Ue!Hr6V se,(id! de (n!
onson!nte$ UoHr6V %reedid! de 7$ Uo(Hr6VM "enos #re(ente"ente o"o UoHr6V no
%reedid! de 7$ Ue(Hr6V$ UeHrr6V$ UoloV en GB ' UoV en USA$ U(eHr6V1 E.14 &er L&4L
NGBO ' L&4rL NUSAO Hs( Hde ell!66$ sir Ls4L NGBO ' Ls4rL NUSAO Hse)or6$ ,irl L,4lL
NGBO ' L,4rlL NUSAO H"(&!&!6$ Air,'zst!nL Air,&izst!n L94,IzRst!4nL NGBO
' L9Ir,IzRstYnL NUSA o L94r,IzRstYnLO HAir,(istn6$ #(r L#4L NGBO ' L#4rL NUSAO
H%iel6$ %(rr L%4L NGBO ' L%4rL NUSAO Hronroneo6$ "'rtle LR"4tHe6lL NGBO
' LR"4rtHe6lL NUSAO H"irtoL !rr!'n6$ "'rr& L"4L NGBO ' L"4rL NUSAO H"irr!6$
&e!rd L&4dL NGBO ' L&4rdL NUSAO Ho'3L oFdo6$ 7or9 L749L NGBO ' L74r9L NUSAO
Htr!b!.oL tr!b!.!r6$ .o(rne' LRd4niL NGBO ' LRd4rniL NUSAO H+i!.e6$ so(r,e
Ls94dL NGBO ' Ls94rdL NUSAO H!l!"id!dL !zote6$ !ttorne' LeRt4niL NGBO
' LeRt4rniL NUSAO H!bo,!do6$ !"!te(r LRY"et4L NGB4 "enos (s!do /(e LRY"eteLO
' LRY"et4rL NUSA4 "enos (s!do /(e LRY"eerLO H!#iion!do6$ 7ere L74L NGBO
' L74rL NUSAO Hest!b!L er!6$ olonel LR94nHe6lL NGBO ' LR94rnHe6lL NUSAO
Horonel6$ G(ernse' LR,4nziL NGBO ' LR,4rnziL NUSAOM Q'e!r H!)o6Q ! +ees se
%ron(ni! L.4L en GB$ %ero nor"!l"ente se %ron(ni! L.IeL en Gr!n Bret!)!
' L.IHe6rL en Est!dos UnidosM en Est!dos Unidos se s(ele %ron(ni!r l! r detrs de l!
e l!r,!1
L! L4L tiene el %(nto de !rti(l!i3n "s !lto /(e l! LeLM l! L4L es distint! de l! LeL en
lon,it(d ' (!lid!dM %or eso$ se tr!nsriben on si,nos distintosM l! %(nt! de l!
len,(! to! !l,o los dientes inisi+os ' los l!bios no estn redonde!dos1 Este
#one"! no s(ele ir se,(ido de LL1
L!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en Ie(r s(elen %ron(ni!rse on L4L1 E.14 oi##e(r
L97!4R#4L NGBO ' L97!4R#4rL NUSAO H%el(/(ero6$ "!sse(r L"YRs4L NGBO ' L"YRs4rL
NUSAO H"!s!.ist! N&o"breO6$ r!onte(r LrY9onRt4L NGBO ' LrY9!4nRt4rL NUSAO
H!nedotist!6$ et1
L!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en Ie(se s(elen %ron(ni!rse on L4zL1 E.14 oi##e(se
L97!4R#4zL H%el(/(er!6$ "!sse(se L"YRs4zL H"!s!.ist! N"(.erO6$ et1
*(!ndo l! L4L +! se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sord! no es t!n l!r,! o"o (!ndo +!
! #in!l de %!l!br! o se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sonor!1 E.14 Q#irst$ dirt$ &(r&$ s(r#$
%(rse$ 7or9Q tienen (n! L4L "s ort! /(e l!s %!l!br!s Qsir$ stir$ &e!rd$ ,irl$
.o(rne'Q1
E!' %!res de %!l!br!s en GB /(e se s3lo se distin,(en %or tener (n! e ort! o (n! e
l!r,!4 bed LbedL H!"!6 ' UbirdV Lb 4dL NGBO H%.!ro6M debt LdetL Hde(d!6 ' UdirtV
Ld 4tL NGBO Hs(ied!d6M #e!t&er LR#eS eL NGBO H%l("!6 ' U#(rt&erV LR# 4S eL NGBO H"s
!ll6M lend LlendL H%rest!r6 ' Ule!rnedV Ll 4ndL NGBO H!%rendiH3L do66M ten LtenL Hdiez6
' Ut(rnV Lt 4nL NGBO H,ir!r6M 7est L7estL Hoeste6 ' U7orstV L7 4stL NGBO Hel %eor6$ et1
51551I &a e rela%ada Hs&7!6 es entr!l$ se"ierr!d! ' ort!M +! en sFl!b! no
!ent(!d!M l! %(nt! de l! len,(! to! (n %oo los dientes inisi+os s(%erioresM no
e-iste en !stell!no o"o #one"! %ero sF o"o !l3#onoM se transcribe
fonticamente como #e# ' %(ede esribirse o"o U!V$ UeV$ UiV$ U'V$ UoV$ U(V$ U!iV$
U!Hr6V$ U!(V$ Ue!V$ Ue!(V$ UeiV %rini%!l"ente en USA$ UeHr6V$ UeoV$ Ueo(V ND1
518?1?O$ Ue(Hr6V$ Ui!V$ UieV se,(id! de n ND1 518?1?O$ UieHr6V$ UioV se,(id! de n$ Uio(V
ND1 518?1?O$ Uo!V$ Uo!Hr6V$ UoeV$ UoiV$ UoHr6V$ Uo(V$ Uo(,&V en GB$ Uo(Hr6V en GB '
UoV en USA !l #in!l de %!l!br!$ UIreV ! #in!l de %!l!br! en GB ND1 5C15;1;O$ U(!V$
U(eV$ U(Hr6V$ U(Hre6V !l #in!l de %!l!br!$ U!&V1 E.14 !bo(t LeRb!(tL H!er! de6$
%!+e"ent LR%eI+"entL H!er!6$ &orrible LR&orebHe6lL NGBO ' LR&o4rebHe6lL NUSAO
H&orrible6$ %&'sii!n L#eRzI[enL o L#IRIL H"0dio6$ le"on LRle"enL Hli"3n6$
"!r!t&on LR"YreuenL NGBO ' LR"Yreu!4nL NUSAO H"!r!t3n6$ o%%orRt(nit'$
Rso%&o"ore NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ s(%%orter LseR%o4teL NGBO ' LseR%o4rterL
NUSAO H%!rtid!rio6$ &or(s LR9o4resL Horo6$ #o(nt!in LR#!(ntenL H#(ente6$
%!rti(l!rl' L%eRtI9.eleliL NGBO ' L%erRtI9.elerliL NUSAO H%!rti(l!r"ente6$
rest!(r!nt LRrestHe6rentL Hrest!(r!nte6$ ser,e!nt LRs!4dentL NGBO ' LRs!4rdentL
NUSAO Hs!r,ento6$ b(re!(r!t LRb.(ere9rYtL NGBO ' LRb.(re9rYtL NUSAO Hb(r3r!t!6$
"(llein LR"AlenL NUSAO o LR"AlInL NGB ' USAO ' LR"AleInL NGBO H,ordolobo6$
d!(,&ter LRdo4teL NGBO ' LRdo4terL NUSAO H&i.!6$ e!stern LRi4stenL NGBO e LRi4sternL
NUSAO Hdel este6$ s(r,eon LRs4denL NGBO ' LRs4rdenL NUSAO Hir(.!no6$
Rd(n,eon$ l(n&eon$ tr(n&eon$ &!(##e(r LR[o(#eL NGB o L[o(R#4LO ' LR[o(#erL
NUSA o L[o(R#4rLO H&3#er6$ %!rli!"ent LR%!4le"entL NGBO ' LR%!4rle"entL NUSAO
H%!rl!"ento6$ soldier LRso(ldeL NGBO ' LRso(lderL NUSAO Hsold!do6$
e"otion LIR"o([enL He"oi3n6$ 7!isto!t LR7es9etL NUSA %rini%!l"enteO
o LR7eIs9o(tL NGB %rini%!l"enteO H&!leo6$ (%bo!rd LR9AbedL NGBO ' LR9AberdL
NUSAO H!r"!rio6$ P&oenii!n L#eRnI[enL H#eniio6$ tortoise LRto4tesL NGBO ' LRto4rtesL
NUSAO Htort(,!6$ e##ort LRe#etL NGBO ' LRe#ertL NUSAO Hes#(erzo6$ #!"o(s LR#eI"esL
H#!"oso6$ Pl'"o(t& LR%lI"euL ' otr!s i(d!des /(e ter"in!n en I"o(t&$
boro(,& LRbAreL NGBO ' LRb4ro(L NUSA4 "s (s!do o LRbAro(LO H"(nii%io6$
t&oro(,& LRuAreL NGBO ' LRu4ro(L NUSAO H"eti(loso6$ &ono(r LRoneL NGBO ' &onor
LR!4nerL NUSAO H&onor6$ t&e!tre NGBO LR u i4 eteL NGBO Hte!tro6$ Anti,(! LYnRti4,eL
HAnti,(!6$ ,(errill! L,eRrIleL H,(errillero6$ s(r%rise LseR%r!IzL NGBO ' LseHr6R%r!IzL
NUSAO Hsor%res!L sor%render6$ n!t(re LRneIt[eL NGBO ' LRneIt[erL NUSAO Hn!t(r!lez!6$
#i,(re LR#I,eL NGBO ' LR#I,.erL NUSAO$ &eet!& LRt[i4teL H,(e%!rdo6$
+er!nd!H&6 L+eRrYndeL H,!lerF!61
L! LeL in,les!$ /(e %(ede ir ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d o !l #in!l de %!l!br! en sFl!b! no
!ent(!d!$ es "s o "enos o"o l! e rel!.!d! !stell!n!M l! e rel!.!d! !stell!n!
orres%onde ! (n! e en l! esrit(r!M se d! sol!"ente$ si se %ron(ni!n l!s %!l!br!s
sin 0n#!sis$ en l! sFl!b! no !ent(!d! (!ndo l!s %!l!br!s tienen s3lo dos sFl!b!s
o"o en UtieneV LRt.eneL$ ' en l! sFl!b! /(e est0 entre el !ento %ri"!rio ' el !ento
se(nd!rio (!ndo l!s %!l!br!s tienen tres o "s sFl!b!s o"o en U*!stell3nV
L9!steR/onL o L9!steR.onL$ Uon0deleV L9onRueSeleL1
Se %one #re(ente"ente (n! LeL en l! %ron(ni!i3n de iert!s %!l!br!s /(e
e"%iez!n %or MI$ en otr!s /(e lle+!n (n! s se,(id! de " en sFl!b! no !ent(!d!$
(n! Ld$ z$ t$ +L se,(id! de LntL$ (n! Ld$ l$ n$ tL se,(id! de L+L en sFl!b! no !ent(!d!$
(n! LtL se,(id! de Ld$ lL en sFl!b! no !ent(!d!$ et1 D1 =15?C
L!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or los %re#i.os I!$ beI NLbeIL o LbIILO$ deI NLdeIL o LdIILO$
Iob$ IoI$ o"I$ onI$ orI$ %reI NL%reIL o L%rIILO$ soI$ s(bI$ s(%I$ s(elen lle+!r LeL$
(!ndo di&os %re#i.os no +!n !ent(!dos1
L!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en I!$ I!ble$ I!l$ I!n$ I!ne$ I!n' N%ero
U%oi,n!n'V LI.ensiLO$ I!nt$ I!r on !d.eti+os ' !l,(nos no"bres$ I!rt$ I!r'$
I!t$ Ir!'$ Ido"$ Iel$ Ie"$ Ien on !d.eti+os$ %!rtii%ios de %!s!do '
no"bres$ Iene$ Ien'$ Ient$ Ier$ Iern$ Ier'$ Iest NLIestL o LIIstLO$ Iet$ Ii!n$
Iible NLIebHe6lL o LIIbHe6lLO$ Iless NLIlesL o LIlIsLO$ I"!l$ I"ent$ Iness NLInesL o
LInIsLO$ Io9$ Ior$ Ior'$ Io(r NGBOL Ior NUSAO$ Iot$ Io(s$ Iso"e$ Ister$ Ition$
I(re$ I(s$ I(t$ 7!rd$ s(elen lle+!r LeL (!ndo di&!s ter"in!iones no +!n
!ent(!d!s4 s'ste" LRsIstHe6"L$ %roble"$ ite"$ %ollen$ +isible LR+IzebHe6lL o
LIzIIL$ et1 D1 :1:<18$ :1:<1;$ ;1::18
A "en(do (n! de l!s +o!les !$ e$ i$ o$ ($ %(ede %ron(ni!rse de dos
"!ner!s de%endiendo del 0n#!sis4 d0bil"ente sin 0n#!sis o"o LeL o
#(erte"ente on 0n#!sis o"o se tr!nsrib! es! +o!lM en USA$ si tienen
dos o tres sFl!b!s sol!"ente$ &!' (n! tendeni! "(&o "!'or /(e en GB !
%ron(ni!r l! +o!l on LeL %ero$ si tiene (!tro sFl!b!s o "s$ es !l
ontr!rioM %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "s #il (s!r LeL$ (!ndo l!
+o!l no +! !ent(!d!1 E.14 !bdo"in!l LebRdo"InHe6lL NGB o LYbIL4 "s
(s!doO ' LebRd!4"InHe6lL NUSA o LYbIL4 "s (s!doO H!bdo"in!l6$
!bilit' LeRbIletiL No LIlIIL H&!bilid!d6$ !e%t Le9Rse%tL N"s (s!do o LY9ILO
H!e%t!r6$ beo"e LbIR9A"L N"s (s!do o LbeILO Hlle,!r ! ser6$
be,!n LbIR,YnL N"s (s!do o LbeILO Ho"enz36$ be&!l# LbIR&!4#L NGB4 "s
(s!do o LbeILO ' LbIR&Y#L NUSA4 "s (s!do o LbeILO$ !l(l!te LR9Yl9.eleItL
o LI9.(IL4 GB4 "enos (s!doO H!l(l!r6$ &!llen,e LRt[YlendL No LIlIIL
Hdes!#Fo6$ ondor LR9ondo4L NGB4 "s (s!do o LR9ondeLO ' LR9!4ndo4rL NUSA4
"enos (s!do o LR9!4nderLO H3ndor6$ delin/(en' LdIRlI97ensiL N"s (s!do
o LdeILO Hdelin(eni!6$ di+idend LRdI+edendL N"s (s!do o LIendLO
Hdi+idendo6$ di+ine LdIR+!InL N"s (s!do o LdeIO Hdi+ino6$
e"ble" LRe"ble"L o LIble"L NGB4 "enos (s!doO He"ble"!L si"boliz!r6$
eno(,& LIRnA#L N"s (s!do o LeILO Hs(#iiente6$ &oor!'] L&(RreIL N"s (s!do
o L&eILO H\&(rr!]6$ instr("ent LRInstre"entL o LItr(IL NGB4 "enos (s!doO
Hinstr("ento6$ instr("ent!l LInstreR"entelL o LI nstr(R"ent elL NGB4 "enos
(s!doO Hinstr("ent!l6$ instros%eti+e LInstro(sR%e9tI+L N"s (s!do o
LItresILO Hinstros%eti+o6$ L!nelot LRl!4nHt6sH e6lotL NGBO ' LRl Y nHt6sH e6l!4tL
NUSA4 "s (s!do o LRl!4nHt6sHe6l!4tL o LRl!4nHt6sH e6l etL Nel "enos (s!doOO$
/(!ntit' LR97ontetiL NGB4 "s (s!do o LItI ILO ' LR97!4ntetiL NUSA4 "s
(s!do o LItI ILO H!ntid!d6$ s%e(l!te LRs%e9.eleItL o LI9.(IL NGB4 "enos
(s!doO Hes%e(l!r6$ et1
No obst!nte$ !t(!l"ente l! tendeni! es ! %ron(ni!rl!s de (n! sol!
"!ner!$ es deir$ on LeL$ "ientr!s /(e !ntes se %odF! %ron(ni!r t!"bi0n
de otr! "!ner! es! LeL1 E.14 !b!ndon"ent LeRbYnde"entL N!ntes t!"bi0n
on LeLO H!b!ndono6$ !bbre+i!te LeRbri4+ieItL N!ntes t!"bi0n on LYLO
H!bre+i!r6$ !/(ire LeR97!IeL NGBO ' LeR97!IHe6rL NUSAO N!ntes t!"bi0n
on LYLO H!d/(irir6$ !"end LeR"endL N!ntes t!"bi0n on LYLO Hen"end!r6$
ondolene L9enRdo(lensL N!ntes t!"bi0n on LoL en GBO H%0s!"e6$ ond(i+e
L9enRd.(4sI+L N!ntes t!"bi0n on LoL en GBO H/(e ond(e6$
s(%%osed LseR%o(zdL N!ntes t!"bi0n on LALO Hs(%(so6$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! !ent(!d! en l! se,(nd! sFl!b! lle+! (n eI sol! en l!
%ri"er! sFl!b! o (n! onson!nte on (n! sol! e en l! %ri"er! sFl!b!$
#e(ente"ente l! e se %(ede %ron(ni!r o"o LeL o LIL4
de+otion LdIR+o([He6nL N"s (s!do o LdeILO Hde+oi3n6$ et1
L!s ,r!#F!s !r$ er$ or$ (r$ s(elen %ron(ni!rse o"o LeL en GB ' LerL en USA
(!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s1
El s(#i.o I#(l se %ron(ni! nor"!l"ente on on LeL o on L(L1 E.14 b!s&#(l$
!re#(l$ "ind#(l$ %lenti#(l$ re,ret#(l$ et1
L! ! del s(#i.o !d+erbi!l Ii!ll' se %ron(ni! o"o LeL ' est! LeL se %(ede
s(%ri"ir$ (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1
En !si tod!s l!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en I!r'$ Ier'$ Ior'$ /(e tienen tres sFl!b!s$ l!s !$
e$ o$ se %ron(ni!n ,ener!l"ente o"o LeL (!ndo no lle+!n !ento ni %ri"!rio ni
se(nd!rioM l! LeL se %(ede s(%ri"ir$ (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido$ en l!s %!l!br!s
ter"in!d!s en I!r'$ Ier'1 E.14 Rdiet!r' NGB %ero on LeL en USAO$ R#!tor' LR#Y9tHe6riL
H#bri!6$ R,loss!r'$ R,r!n!r'$ R,reener'$ R,roer'$ R&istor'$ Ri+or'$ Rli+er'$ Rlotter'$
R"!ster'$ R"e"or'$ R"o9er'$ R%ri"!r' Nt!"bi0n on LeL en USAO$ Rsener'$ Rs(ller'$
Rsensor'L Iil'$ Rsil+er'$ Rsli%%er'L Iil'$ Rsnobber'$ Rs(r,er'$ Rtern!r'$ Rt&eor'$ Rtr!er'$
Rtre!&er'$ Rtri9er'$ R+itor'$ R+ot!r'$ R7!ter'$ et1
En l!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en I!r'$ Ier'$ Ior'$ /(e tienen tres sFl!b!s$ l!s Q!$ e$ oQ se
%ron(ni!n o"o LeL (!ndo +!n %reedid!s de (n %re#i.o4 e-tr!Rsensor'$
"iroRs(r,er'$ et1
A "en(do$ (!ndo (n! %!l!br! tiene (!tro o "s sFl!b!s ' ter"in! en Ior'$ en GB
l! o se %ron(ni! o"o LeL o$ si se %ron(ni! "(' r%ido$ no se %ron(ni! l! oM sin
e"b!r,o$ en USA l! o se s(ele %ron(ni!r nor"!l"ente o"o Lo4LM o(rre lo
"is"o on el !d+erbio$ si lo tienenM (!ndo lo tienen se %one QL Iil'Q1 E.14
!R(s!tor'$ !dR"onitor'$ R!d(l!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!do ' USAOL !d(Rl!tor' NGB4
"s (s!doO$ !dR+o!tor'$ !R##ir"!tor'$ R!lle,or'$ R!"!tor'$ R!"b(l!tor' NGB4 "enos
(s!do ' USAOL !"b(Rl!tor' NGB4 "s (s!doO H!"b(l!nteL !"b(l!torio NUSAO6$
!ntii%!tor'L Iil' LYntIsIR%eIterIHli6L NGBO ' LYnRtIse%eto4rIHli6L NUSAO
H!ntii%!torio6$ !R%%rei!tor'$ !rRti(l!tor' NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAOL !rti(Rl!tor'
NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ R!(ditor'$ R!te,or'$ Relebr!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!do ' USA4
"s (s!doOL eleRbr!tor' NGB4 "s (s!doOL eRlebr!tor' NUSA4 "enos (s!doO$
Rir(l!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!do ' USAOL ir(Rl!tor' NGB4 "s (s!doO$ Rit!tor' NGB4
"s (s!do ' USAOL iRt!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ Rl!ssi#i!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!do
' USA4 "s (s!doOL l!ssi#iR!tor' NGB4 "s (s!doOL l!Rssi#i!tor' NUSA4 "enos
(s!doO$ Ro"bin!tor' NGB4 "s (s!do ' USA4 "s (s!doOL o"biRn!tor' NGB4
"enos (s!doOL o"Rbin!tor' NUSA4 "enos (s!doO$ o"R%ens!tor' NGB4 "enos
(s!do ' USAOL o"%enRs!tor' NGB4 "s (s!doO$ onRili!tor' NGB4 "s (s!do '
USAOL oniliR!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ onde"n!tor' L9enRde"neteriL NGBO
' L9enRde"neto4riL NUSAO Honden!torio6$ on#ir"!tor' L9enR#4"eteriL NGBO
' L9enR#4r"eto4riL NUSAO$ onR#is!tor' NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAOL on#isR!tor'
NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ onser+!tor' L9enRs4+etriL NGBO ' L9enRs4r+eto4riL NUSAO$
onRsol!tor'$ onRs(lt!tor' NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAOL ons(lRt!tor' NGB4 "enos
(s!doO$ Hnon6onRtrib(tor'$ oRrrobor!tor'$ deRl!"!tor'$ Rdedi!tor'$ deR#!"!tor'$
deR%il!tor'$ de%ositor' LdIR%ozIteriL NGBO ' LdIR%!4zIto4riL NUSAO Hde%osit!rioL
!l"!0n6$ Rde%re!tor' NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAOL de%reR!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!doO$
deR%rei!tor'$ deR%red!tor' NGB4 "s (s!do ' USA4 "enos (s!doOL de%reRd!tor'
NGB4 "enos (s!doOL Rde%red!tor' NUSA4 "s (s!doO$ deRro,!tor'L Iil'$ Rdes(ltor'L
Iil'$ Rdil!tor'L Iil'$ disRri"in!tor'$ disRtill!tor'$ diR+in!tor'$ Rdon!tor'$ Rdor"itor'$
e-Rit!tor'$ e-R(l%!tor'$ e-R&ibitor'$ Re-%i!tor' NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAOL e-%iR!tor'
NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ e-R%ir!tor'$ e-R%l!n!tor'$ e-R%lor!tor'$ e-R%ositor'$ R,(st!tor'$
&!Rll(in!tor' L&eRl(4sInetHe6riL NGB4 "s (s!doO$ L&eRl(4sHI6neto4riL NUSAO '
U&!ll(iRn!tor'V NGB4 "enos (s!doO H!l(in3,eno6$ iRll(sor'L Iil' Nliter!rioO$
inRri"in!tor' NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAOL inri"iRn!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!doO$
inR(l%!tor'$ inR#l!""!tor'$ inR#or"!tor'$ Rinno+!tor'$ inRs%ir!tor'$ inti"iRd!tor'
Nliter!rioO$ Rin+entor'$ inR+esti,!tor' N' on LeL en USA4 "enos (s!doO$ inR+it!tor'$
R.!(l!tor'$ l!Rbor!tor' NGBOL Rl!bor!tor' NUSAO$ Rl!&r'"!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!do '
USAOL l!&r'R"!tor' NGB4 "s (s!doO$ Rl!(d!tor'$ Rl!+!tor'$ Rlibr!tor'$ R"!nd!tor'
NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAOL "!nRd!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ R"!sti!tor' NGB4 "s
(s!do ' USAOL "!stiR!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ R"!st(rb!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!do '
USAOL "!st(rRb!tor' NGB4 "s (s!doO$ R"i,r!tor' NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAOL
"iR,r!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ R"in!tor'$ R"or!tor'$ ob#(sR!tor' NGBOL
obR#(s!tor' NUSAO$ oRbli,!tor'L Iil' NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAOL obliR,!tor'L Iil' NGB4
"enos (s!doO$ obRser+!tor'$ Ro##ertor'$ Ror!tor'$ %!rRtii%!tor' NGB4 "s (s!do '
USAOL %!rtiiR%!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ R%erse(tor' Nen USA t!"bi0n on LeLO$
%l!R!tor' NGBOL R%l!!tor' NUSAO$ %red!tor'L Iil' LR%redetHe6riL NGBO ' LR%redeto4riL
NUSAO Hde%red!dorHes6$ !Hs6L r!%!zL r!%!es6$ R%re#!tor'L Iil'$ %reR"onitor'L Iil'$
%reR%!r!tor'L Iil'$ R%rob!tor'$ R%ro(r!tor'$ R%ro"issor' H%!,!r06$ R%ro"ontor'$
%roR%iti!tor'$ R%(r,!tor'$ re!R%it(l!tor'$ reoR""end!tor'$ reR#or"!tor'$ Rre,(l!tor'
NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAOL re,(Rl!tor' NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ Rre%ertor'$ reR%ositor'$
Rres%ir!tor' NUSA %ini%!l"enteOL resR%ir!tor' NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ reRt!li!tor'L
ret!liR!tor' NGBO$ reRtrib(tor'$ re+eRl!tor' NGBOL Rre+el!tor' NUSAO$ Rrot!tor'$
s!l(t!tor' LseRl(4teteriL NGBO ' LseRl(4teto4riL NUSAO Hde bien+enid!L s!l(t!i3n6$
Rsi,n!tor'$ Rst!t(tor'$ Rs(%%li!tor'$ territor' LRterIteriL NGB o LIreILO ' LRtereto4riL
NUSA o LIrIILO$ Rtr!nsitor'L Iil'$ +!Rlid!tor'$ R+esi!tor'$ et1
En "(&!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en I!r'$ Ier'$ /(e tienen (!tro sFl!b!s o "s$ l!s !$
e$ se %ron(ni!n o"o LeL sin !ento se(nd!rio o$ si se %ron(ni! "(' r%ido$ no
se %ron(ni!n l!s !$ e$ en GBM si no se %ron(ni! l! LeL &!' (n! sFl!b! "enosM en
USA$ sin e"b!r,o$ l!s !$ e$ se %ron(ni!n nor"!l"ente o"o (n! LeL on !ento
se(nd!rio o sin 0l4 R!t(!r' NGB4 : sFl!b!s ' USA4 ; sFl!b!sO$ R!d+ers!r'$ !nRill!r'
NGB ' UR!nill!r'V4 USAO$ !nniR+ers!r'$ !nRti%&on!r'$ R!nti/(!r'$ R!%i!r' NGB4 :
sFl!b!s ' USA4 ; sFl!b!sO$ R!rbitr!r'$ Rbesti!r' NGB4 : sFl!b!s ' USA4 ; sFl!b!sO$
bienRten!r' NGB ' USA4 "enos (s!do o UbiRenten!r'V4 USA4 "s (s!doO$
Rb(d,et!r'$ !R%ill!r' NGBOL R!%ill!r' NUSAO$ !rdioR%(l"on!r'$ R!(tion!r'$
Re"eter'$ Ro""ent!r'$ Ro""iss!r'$ onRession!r'$ onRst!b(l!r'$ onRte"%or!r'L
Iil'$ oRroll!r' NGBOL Roroll!r' NUSAO$ Roron!r'$ R(lin!r'$ R(sto"!r'$ deRenn!r'$
deR%osit!r' Hde%osit!rioL !lb!e!6$ disi%lin!r' LdIsIR%lIneriL NGB4 "s (s!do
o LRdIsI%lIneriLO ' LRdIse%leneriL NUSAO$ disRretion!r'L Iil'$ diR+ersion!r'$ Re"iss!r'$
eR%istol!r'$ Rest(!r' NGB4 : sFl!b!s ' USA4 ; sFl!b!sO$ e+oRl(tion!r'$ e-Rl(sion!r'$
e-Rtortion!r'$ e-Rtr!ordin!r'$ #iRd(i!r'$ R#r!,"ent!r'L Iil'L NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAOL
#r!,R"ent!r'L Iil' NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ R#(ntion!r'$ R#(ner!r'$ &eRredit!r'$ R&onor!r'$
iR"!,in!r'$ inRendi!r'$ inR#l!tion!r'$ Rinno+!tor'$ inRs!nit!r'$ inRter!l!r'$
interRdisi%lin!r'$ interR"edi!r'$ inR+ol(nt!r'L Iil'$ iRtiner!r'$ R.!niss!r'$ .(Rdii!r'$
Rl!%id!r' Nliter!rioO$ Rle,end!r'$ Rle,ion!r'$ Rliter!r'L Iil'$ Rl("in!r'$ R"!,ister'$
R"!-ill!r'$ R"eren!r'$ R"ilit!r'L Iil'$ "iRllen!r' NGBOL R"illen!r' NUSAO$ R"illiner'$
R"ission!r'$ R"o"ent!r'$ R"on!ster' LR"onesteriL NGBO ' LR"!4nesteriL NUSAO$
R"onet!r'L Iil'$ R"ort(!r' NGB4 : sFl!b!s ' USA4 ; sFl!b!sO$ neess!r' LRnesesHe6riL
NGBO ' LRneseseriL NUSAOL Iil'$ oRbit(!r'$ Rordin!r'$ %eR(ni!r'L Iil'$ %eRtition!r'$
R%i,"ent!r'$ %iRt(it!r'$ R%l!net!r'$ %leni%oRtenti!r' N!d.eti+o ' no"breO Nen USA
on LeL ' t!"bi0n on LeLO$ %reR!(tion!r'$ R%resb'ter'$ %roRb!tion!r'$ %roR%riet!r'$
R%(l"on!r'$ reR!tion!r'$ reRession!r'$ reR#l!tion!r'$ Rreli/(!r'$
reRsid(!r' LrIRsId.(eriL NGB o LrIRsId(eriLO ' LrIRsId(eriL NUSAO$ reR+ersion!r'$
re+oRl(tion!r'$ Rrose"!r'$ s!Rli+!r' NGB4 "s (s!doOL Rs!li+!r' NGB4 "enos (s!do '
USAO$ Rs!l(t!r'L Iil'$ Rs!nt(!r' NGB4 : sFl!b!s ' USA4 ; sFl!b!sO$ Rs!n,(in!r'L Iil'$
Rs!nit!r'L Iil'$ Rseond!r'L Iil'$ H(nder6Rseret!r' LRse9retHe6riL NGBO ' LRse9reteriL
NUSAO$ Rsedent!r'$ seRdition!r'$ Rse"in!r'$ Rsolit!r'L Iil'$ Rst!tion!r'$ Rst!tioner'$
Rst!t(!r'$ stiR%endi!r'$ s(bRsidi!r'LI il'$ Rs("%t(!r' Nliter!rio4 en GB tiene s3lo tres
sFl!b!sO$ s(%ern("er!r' Ls(4%eRn.(4"ereriL NGBO ' Ls(4%erRn(4"ereriL NUSAO$
Rte"%or!r'L Iil'$ terenRten!r'$ Rterti!r' NGB4 : sFl!b!s ' USA4 ; sFl!b!sO$ Rto%i!r'
NGB4 : sFl!b!s ' USA4 ; sFl!b!sO$ Rtrib(t!r'$ R(nit!r'$ (nRneess!r'L Iil'$ (nRs!nit!r'$
+!leRt(din!r'$ R+esti!r' NGB4 : sFl!b!s ' USA4 ; sFl!b!sO$ R+eterin!r'$ R+ision!r'$
+oR!b(l!r'$ R+ol(nt!r'$ et1
A +ees t!"bi0n en %!l!br!s rel!ion!d!s on l!s "enion!d!sM !d+erRs!ri!l$ et1
No obst!nte$ &!' %!l!br!s en l!s /(e l! o se %ron(ni! o"o LeL en GB '
o"o Le(L en USA1 E.14 Rere"on' LRserI"eniL NGB o LIreILO ' LRsere"e(niL NUSA
o LIrIIO Here"oni!6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ &!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en I!r'$ Ier'$ Ior'$ /(e tienen (!tro
sFl!b!s o "s /(e se %ron(ni!n on LeL en GB ' USAM l! LeL se %(ede s(%ri"ir$
(!ndo se &!bl! r%ido$ en l!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en I!r'$ Ier'1 E.14 !Res!r'L Iil'$
!Resor'L Iil'$ !Rd(lter'$ !d+isor' LedR+!IzeriL$ !liR"ent!r'$ !rRtiller'$ beneR#ii!r'$
!leR#!tor'$ o"%leR"ent!r'L Iil'$ o"%liR"ent!r'L Iil' Nen USA se (s! "s
Qo"%li"enRt!ril'Q on LeLO$ o"R%(lsor'L Iil'$ ontr!Rditor'L Iil'$ deRli+er'$
deRl(sor'$ deRrisor'$ diRretor'$ disRo+er'$ disR(rsor'$ disR%ens!r'$ diss!tisR#!tor'$
disRtiller'$ do(R"ent!r'$ eleR"ent!r'L Iil'$ eRle+!tor'$ eR"(ntor'$ eR-e"%l!r'L Iil'$
iRll(sor'L Iil'$ iR"!,er'$ inR#ir"!r'$ introRd(tor'L Iil'$ "!R&iner'$ R"idR7i#er'$
olR#!tor'$ Ror!n,er'$ %eniRtenti!r'$ %eRre"%tor'L Iil'$ %erR#(ntor'L Iil'$ %eRri%&er'
Nliter!rioO$ reRo+er'$ reR#etor'$ reR#iner'$ reR#r!tor'$ reR+isor'$ r(diR"ent!r'L Iil'$
s!tisR#!tor'L Iil'$ sediR"ent!r'$ sel#Iontr!Rditor'$ s9(lRd(,,er' NoO s9(llRd(,,er'
NUSAO$ s(%erR+isor'$ s(%%leR"ent!r'$ tr!R.etor'$ (no"%liR"ent!r'$ (%R&olster'$
+!leRditor'$ R+eri#i!tor'$ et1
Al,(nos de estos !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en I!r'$ Ior'$ de (!tro o "s sFl!b!s e
inl(so de tres !)!den el s(#i.oL ter"in!i3n Il' (!ndo son !d+erbiosM en GB l! ! '
l! o se %(eden %ron(ni!r o"o LeL si el !ento +! en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! en in,l0s
liter!rio o o"o LeL si el !ento %rini%!l no +! en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! en in,l0s
olo/(i!l de GB$ e/(i+!lente "s o "enos ! l! %ron(ni!i3n en USAM en USA no
lle+!n n(n! el !ento %ri"!rio en l! %ri"er! sFl!b!1 E.14 !rbrit!ril'$ (sto"!ril'$
e-tr!ordin!ril'$ "o"ent!ril'$ neess!ril' LRnesIserIliL NGB4 liter!rioO o LneseRsereliL
NUSA4 estnd!r ' GB4 olo/(i!lO$ ordin!ril'$ %ri"!ril' LR%r!I"ereliL NGB4 liter!rioO$
L%r!IR"ereliL NUSA4 estnd!r ' GB4 olo/(i!lO$ (nneess!ril'$ +ol(nt!ril'$ et1
P!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes lo "s senillo es %ron(ni!r sie"%re o"o LeL l!s !$
e$ o$ no !ent(!d!s$ de tod!s l!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en I!r'$ Ier'$ Ior'$ /(e tienen
tres sFl!b!s o "s1
A +ees$ l! LeL no se %ron(ni!$ si se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 !bortion LeRbo4[He6nL NGBO
' LeRbo4r[He6nL NUSAO H!borto H+ol(nt!rio66$ bio,r!%&i!l Lb!Io(R,rY#I9He6lL
Hbio,r#io6$ biolo,i!l Lb!IeRlodI9He6lL Hbiol3,io6$ bl!t!nt LRbleItHe6ntL
Hdes!r!do6$ o"#ort!ble LR9A"H#e6tebHe6lL H3"odo6$ dit!tion LdI9RteI[He6nL
Hdit!do6$ #!tor' LR#Y9tHe6riL H#bri!6$ #res&en LR#re[He6nL Hre#res!r6$ ,ener!liz!tionL
,ener!lis!tion NGBO LdenHe6rel!IRzeI[He6nL H,ener!liz!i3n6$ ,(r,le LR,4,He6lL
NGBO ' LR,4r,He6lL NUSAO H,or,ote!r6$ &i9or' LR&I9He6riL Hn(ez d(r!6$
&ooli,!nis" LR&(4lI,enIzHe6"L H,!"berris"o6$ intention LInRten[He6nL Hinteni3n6$
9ettle LR9etHe6lL Hteter! H%!r! &er+ir !,(!66$ li"it!tion LlI"IRteI[He6nL Hli"it!i3n6$
"iner!l LR"InHe6rHe6lL H"iner!l6$ "in,le LR"I,He6lL H"ezl!r6$ r!i!l LRreI[He6lL
Hr!i!l6$ s!"%le LRs!4"%He6lL NGBO ' LRsY"%He6lL NUSAO H"(estr!6$ si,n!l LRsI,nHe6lL
Hse)!l6$ s"(,,le LRs"A,He6lL H%!s!r de ontr!b!ndo6$ t!ble LRteIbHe6lL H"es!6$
t!lent LRtYlHe6ntL Ht!lento6$ t&eoreti!l LuIeRretI9He6lL Hte3rio6$ tid!l LRt!IdHe6lL Hde l!
"!re!6$ et1 D1 51:8I;
En l!s ter"in!iones Ier o Ire$ no !ent(!d!s ' %reedid!s de (n! onson!nte o dos$
de todos los +erbos$ l! e se %ron(ni! o"o (n! LeL$ %ero (!ndo esos "is"os
+erbos estn en %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente se %(ede %ron(ni!r o no l! LeL1 E.14
enterin, NUSAOL entrin, NGB %rini%!l"enteO LRsentHe6rIL$
o+erin, LR9A+He6rIL$ #ilterin, LR#IltHe6rIL$ et1 D1 51;:$ 5C15;1;
L!s si,(ientes %!l!br!s tienen (n! LeL (!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s ' (n! LYL (!ndo
+!n !ent(!d!s4 !"$ !n$ !nd$ !s$ !t$ !n$ &!+e$ &!s$ &!d$ s&!ll$ t&!n$ t&!tM (n! LeL
(!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s ' (n! LAL (!ndo +!n !ent(!d!s4 b(t$ does$ "(st$ so"e$
(sM (n! LeL (!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s ' (n! L!4L (!ndo +!n !ent(!d!s4 !reM (n! LeL
(!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s ' (n! LoL en GB o (n! L!4L en USA (!ndo +!n
!ent(!d!s4 #ro"$ o#$ 7!sM (n! LeL (!ndo no +!n !ent(!dos ' (n! LeL (!ndo +!n
!ent(!dos4 t&e"M (n! LeL (!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s ' (n! L4L (!ndo +!n
!ent(!d!s4 &er$ sir$ 7ereM %or e.e"%lo$ QsirQ se %ron(ni! Ls4L NGBO ' Ls4rL NUSAO
(!ndo +! solo$ %ero Qsir L!nelotQ se %ron(ni! Lse Rl!4nHt6sHe6lotL NGBO ' Lser
Rl!4nHt6sHe6l!4tL NUSAOM (n! LeL (!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s ' (n! Li4L (!ndo +!n
!ent(!d!s4 t&e Ho"o LSeL del!nte de +o!l (!ndo es d0bil ' o"o LSi4L (!ndo es
#(erte del!nte de +o!l o onson!nte6M (n! LeL (!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s ' (n! LIL
(!ndo +!n !ent(!d!s4 7illM (n! LeL (!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s ' (n! Lo4L (!ndo
+!n !ent(!d!s4 #or$ orM (n! LeL (!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s ' (n! L(L (!ndo +!n
!ent(!d!s4 o(ld$ s&o(ld$ 7o(ldM (n! LeL (!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s ' (n! L(4L
(!ndo +!n !ent(!d!s4 do$ toM (n! LeL (!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s ' (n! LeIL (!ndo
+!n !ent(!d!s4 !$ "!'$ S!intM (n! LeL (!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s ' (n! LeeL en GB
o (n! LeHe6rL en USA (!ndo +!n !ent(!d!s4 t&ere1
L! LeL rel!.!d!$ /(e !%!ree sie"%re en sFl!b!s no !ent(!d!s$ es el #one"! /(e
"s se (s! en in,l0s4 en "s del 8<P de sFl!b!s1 L! LeL se (s! "(&o "s en USA
/(e en GB$ !(n/(e e-ist!n %!l!br!s /(e lle+en LeL en GB ' no en USA1 E.14 !%s(le
LR9Y%selL NUSA4 "s (s!do o LIs.(lL4 "enos (s!doO$ LR9Y%s.(4lL NGBO$
&!s(ble LRt[Yz.(bHe6lL NGBO$ LRt[Yz.ebelL NUSA4 "s (s!do o LIzeIL4 "enos (s!doO
H!s(ll!6$ ons(l!r LR9ons.(leL NGB o LIs.eILO ' LR9!4ns.elerL NUSA o LIseILO$
%enins(l! L%IRnIns.(leL NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ L%eRnIns.eleL NGB4 "s (s!do ' USA4
"enos (s!doO ' L%eRnInseleL NUSA4 "s (s!doO$ et1
En GB se tiende ! (s!r l! LeL en l!s %!l!br!s /(e l! lle+!n en USA1 E.14
sol(ble LRsol.ebHe6lL NGB4 "s (s!do o LIl.(ILO ' LRs!4l.ebHe6lL NUSA4 "s (s!do o
LIl.(IO$ et1
L! %!l!br! Qtob!oQ +iene de l! %!l!br! !stell!n! Qt!b!oQ$ %ero se esribe QtoQ
%!r! /(e se %ron(nie LteL$ /(e es lo "s !%ro-i"!do ! l! %ron(ni!i3n
!stell!n! LteL$ si no lle+! 0n#!sis$ ' Lt!L$ si lle+! 0n#!sisM si se esribier! Qt!Q en
in,l0s$ &!brF! /(e %ron(ni!rlo LtYL ' no serF! t!n !ert!doM deletre!ndo es! %!l!br!
!sF$ se onsi,(e l! %ron(ni!i3n "s er!n! %osible !l !stell!noM esto de"(estr!
/(e &!' (n! l3,i! detrs del deletreo en in,l0s$ !(n/(e %!rez! !bs(rdo ! (n
%rini%i!nte1
51581I &a i corta es !nterior$ se"ierr!d! ' ort!M no e-iste en !stell!noM suele
transcribirse fonticamente como LIL ' s(ele esribirse o"o UiV$ "enos
#re(ente"ente o"o U'V no !ent(!d! ' /(e no est0 ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ U!V no
!ent(!d!$ es%ei!l"ente en l!s ter"in!iones I!e$ I!,e$ I!te$ UeV no !ent(!d!$
UeiV no !ent(!d!$ UoV$ UieV$ U(V no !ent(!d!$ U(iVM r!r!"ente o"o U!iV no
!ent(!d!$ Ue!V no !ent(!d!$ Ui!V no !ent(!d!$ UoeV no !ent(!d!1 E.14 ti% LtI%L
H%ro%in!6$ s/(irrel LRs97IrHe6lL NGBO ' LRs974rHe6lL NUSAO H!rdill!6$ 'st LsIstL
H/(iste6$ le!+!,e LR9li4+IdL Hesisi3n6$ #!stest LR#!4stI st$ estL NGBO ' LR#Ystest$ I stL
NUSAO Hel "s r%ido6$ e+o9e LIR+o(9L He+o!r6$ #orei,n LR#orI n$ enL NGBO
' LR#o4ren$ I nL NUSAO He-tr!n.eroHs6$ !Hs66$ R#or#eit LIL o LeL$ Rso+erei,n LIL o LeL$
Rs(r#eit LIL o LeL$ 7o"en LR7I"I n$ enL H"(.eres6$ sie+e LsI+L Ht!"iz6$
"in(te LR"InItL H"in(to6$ b(ild LbIldL Honstr(ir6$ ir(it LRs49I t$ etL NGBO
' LRs4r9et$ I tL NUSAO Hir(ito6$ ,(it!rist L,IRt!4rI st$ estL H,(it!rrist!6$
"o(nt!in LR"!(ntI n$ enL H"ont!)!6$ #ore&e!d LR#orI d$ edL NGB o LR#o4&edLO
' LR#o4red$ I dL NUSA o LR#o4r&edL o LR#!4red$ I dLO H#rente6$ "!rri!,e LR"YrIdL
H"!tri"onio6$ "ini!t(re LR"InIt[eL NGBO ' LR"InIt[erL NUSAO H"ini!t(r!6$ oede"!
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ede"! NUSA %rini%!l"enteO LIRdi4"eL Hede"!61
L! i l!tin! de !l,(n!s %!l!br!s o"o UR%ri+!' Hinti"id!dL +id! %ri+!d!6$ +it!"inV$
et1$ se %ron(ni! o"o LIL en GB ' o"o L!IL en USA ' GB1 Est! i %(ede !%!reer
en sFl!b!s !ent(!d!s ' no !ent(!d!s %ero "s en sFl!b!s no !ent(!d!sM %(ede ir
se,(id! de (n! onson!nte !l #in!l de (n! %!l!br! en sFl!b! no !ent(!d!1 Est! i es
"s ort! /(e l! i !stell!n! ' se %!ree ! l! eM se %one l! bo! o"o %!r!
%ron(ni!r e ' se die i o !l re+0sM es "s !biert! /(e l! Li4LM l! %(nt! de l! len,(!
to! (n %oo los inisi+os in#erioresM este sonido es %!reido ! l! i no !ent(!d! del
!stell!no4 !si$ ,it!no1
E!' /(e %ro(r!r no on#(ndir l! LIL on l! Li4L$ %or/(e &!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e se
di#ereni!n sol!"ente %or esoM el %(nto de !rti(l!i3n es "s b!.o en l! LIL /(e en
l! Li4L1 E.14 &is L&IzL Hs('o6 ' U&eZsV L&i4zL H0l esL est6M is N!ent(!doO LIzL HesL est6 e
Ue!seV Li4zL H#!ilid!d6M ri& LrIt[L Hrio6 ' Ure!&V Lri4t[L H!l!nz!r6M si- LsI9sL Hseis6 '
Usee9sV Lsi49sL Hb(s!6$ et1
L! i es$ ! +ees$ sord!1 E.14 b(siness LRbIznes$ I zL Hne,oio6$ "ediine LR"edsenL
NGBO ' LR"edesenL NUSA o LIdIILO H"ediin!6$ reli,ion LrIRlIdenL Hreli,i3n61
*(!ndo l! i NoO ' +! se,(id! de (n! o "s onson!ntes en (n! %!l!br! de (n! sol!
sFl!b! se %ron(ni! nor"!l"ente o"o LIL$ es%ei!l"ente (!ndo l! onson!nte es
doble o"o Q9Q$ Q##Q$ QssQ1 E.14 is$ bit$ li9$ li##$ #ill$ #il"$ &it$ list$ "iss$ ri&$ s&i%$
s%rin,$ 7ind$ ,'"$ l'n-$ et1 E!' !l,(n!s e-e%iones /(e se leen on L!IL4 *&rist$
%int$ et1
E!' /(e tener en (ent! /(e4
!6 *(!ndo detrs de l! i NoO ' +! (n! r sol! o se,(id! de otr!s onson!ntes$
entones se %ron(ni! L4L1 Por e.e"%lo4 bird$ dirt$ #ir"$ #irst$ #lirt$ ,irl$ sir$ stir$
"'rr&$ et1
b6 *(!ndo l! i NoO ' +! se,(id! de I,&$ I,&t$ I,n$ Ild$ I"b$ Ind se %ron(ni!
nor"!l"ente L!IL1 Por e.e"%lo4 &i,&$ t&i,&$ #ri,&t$ 9ni,&t$ li,&t$ "i,&t$ ni,&t$ ti,&t$
ri,&t$ 7ri,&t$ si,n$ "ild$ 7ild$ li"b$ blind$ #ind$ ,rind 9ind$ "ind$ 7ind L7!IndL
H(r+!L +(elt!L o+ill!rL ser%ente!rL d!r (erd! ! N(n relo.OL so%l!r N%ero L7IndL
H+ientoL !lientoL de.!r sin !liento6O6$ et1
*(!ndo son %!l!br!s deri+!d!s$ se ("%len t!"bi0n est!s re,l!s1 E.14 de Us9illV se
deri+!n s9ills$ s9il#(lHl'6 NGB %rini%!l"enteOL s9ill#(lHl'6 NUSAO1
E!' iert!s %!l!br!s /(e d(%li!n l! onson!nte #in!l !l #or"!r %!l!br!s deri+!d!s
on el #in de /(e es! i "!nten,! l! "is"! %ron(ni!i3n1 E.14 bi, LbI,L H,r!nde6$
bi,,er LRbI,eL NGBOL LRbI,erL NUSAO H"s ,r!nde6$ t&e bi,,est LRbI,I st$ estL HelL l!
"s ,r!nde6$ sit LsItL Hsent!rse6$ sittin, LRsItIL Hsentndose6$ sli% LslI%L Hresb!l!rL
%!tin!r6$ sli%%er LRslI%eL NGBO ' LRslI%erL NUSAO Hz!%!till!6$ et1
L!s %!l!br!s on i NoO ' se,(id! de +!ri!s onson!ntes h e "(d! s(elen
%ron(ni!rse on LIL1 E.14 s&in,le$ sine$ sin,e$ sin,le$ s%indle$ s%ittle$ t&i"ble$ tilde$
tittle$ /(ine$ et1 L!s /(e ter"in!n en Iiddle$ Ii##le$ Iittle$ se %ron(ni!n on LIL4
#iddle$ Liddle$ "iddle$ %i##le Nolo/(i!lO LR%I#He6lL$ riddle$ ri##le LRrI#He6lL Hb!r!.!r6$
s9i##le$ sni##le$ little$ s9ittle$ et1$ %ero l!s /(e ter"in!n en Iidle$ Ii#le$ Iitle$ se
%ron(ni!n on L!IL4 sidle$ ri#le LRr!I#He6lL Hri#leL des+!li.!r6$ sti#le LRst!I#He6lL$ tri#le$
title$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo l! i NoO ' en sFl!b! !ent(!d! +! se,(id! de (n! sol!
onson!nte h e "(d! se %ron(ni! L!IL1 E.14 bite$ li9e$ "ine$ ride$ s't&e$ side$ size$
s%ine$ st'le$ t'%e$ 7&ile$ et1M l! %!l!br! Qli+eQ %(ede %ron(ni!rse Ll!I+L H+i+o6
(!ndo es !d.eti+o ' LlI+L H+i+ir6 (!ndo es +erboM &!' !l,(n! e-e%i3n4 ,i+e L,I+L$
et1M l! 2lti"! i de Udisi%line$ o%%ositeV se %ron(ni! o"o LIL %or/(e no +!
!ent(!d!M sin e"b!r,o$ Ql!nRdestineQ se %ron(ni! on L!IL en GB$ on LIL en GB
' USA$ on LeL en GB ' USA$ %ero l! i no +! !ent(!d!1 A +ees$ en (n ,r(%o de
%!l!br!s deri+!d!s &!' e-e%iones1 Por e.e"%lo4 Qs&ri+eQ se %ron(ni! on L!IL '
Qs&ri+enQ on LIL1
Si l! i NoO ' +! se,(id! de Ire$ l! UireL 'reV se %ron(ni! o"o L!IeL NGBO ' L!IHe6rL
NUSAO1 E.14 #ire$ &ire$ ire$ l're$ "ire$ sire$ s&ire$ s%ire$ s/(ire$ tire$ t're$ 7ire$ et1
L! i NoO ' se %ron(ni! t!"bi0n L!IL en l!s %!l!br!s deri+!d!sM %or e.e"%lo$ se
%ron(ni!n on L!IL Qli9eQ ' l!s %!l!br!s deri+!d!s4 li9es$ li9in,$ li9ed$ li9el'$
li9eli&ood$ li9eness$ li9e7ise$ li9He6!ble$ li9eI"inded1
*(!ndo l! +o!l i +! !ent(!d! en %!l!br!s on dos sFl!b!s ' se,(id! de (n!
onson!nte doble h +o!l no !ent(!d! h onson!nte nor"!l"ente se
%ron(ni! LIL1 E.14 Rbitten$ Rli%%ed$ R%inned$ Rsinner$ Rsi%%ed$ Rtinned$ R7ritten$ et1
L!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or los %re#i.os beI$ deI$ reI$ %reI$ s(elen %ron(ni!rse
on LIL$ e-e%to (!ndo reI si,ni#i! Ude n(e+oV1
L!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en Ii$ i!l$ Iin,$ Iis&$ Iis"$ Ii+e$ Is&i%$ se %ron(ni!n on
LIL1 E.14 lo,i!l LRlodI9He6lL NGBO ' LRl!4dI9He6lL NUSAO$ et1
L!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en I!,e ' no son %r0st!"os del #r!n0s introd(idos !
%!rtir del si,lo KDII se %ron(ni!n on LIL4 "!n!,e$ +ill!,e$ et1
P!r! l! %ron(ni!i3n de l!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en I!te D1 =155B1
L!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en I!e$ Ied ND1 =15=:$ ?18BO$ Iest$ Iet es%ei!l"ente
detrs de L9$ ,$ t[$ dL$ Iibition$ Ii!tion $ Iie$ Ii'$ Iid$ Iil'$ Iiness$ Iist$ Iit$ Iite$ Iiti+e$
Iit'$ Iless$ Ilet$ Iness$ Iret$ Isis$ et1$ en sFl!b! no !ent(!d! se %(eden %ron(ni!r
on LIL o LeL1 E.14 %!l!e LR%YlI s$ esL$ !ented LY9RsentI d$ edL H!ent(H3L !do66$
!l(l!ted LR9Yl9.eleIted$ I dL o LR9Yl9.(le I tI d$ edL NGBO H!l(lH3L !do66$ deR+oted$
interested LRIntHe6restI d$ edL Hinteres!do6$ "(ted LR".(4tI d$ edL Hsordo6$
!blest LReIblI st$ estL$ ,re!test LR,reItI st$ estL Hel "s ,r!nde6$ lon,est LRlo,I st$ estL
NGBO ' LRlo4,est$ I stL NUSAO Hel "s l!r,o6$ Rb(d,et$ R!binet$ R&!t&et$ R%o9et$
Rt!r,et %ero U+!letV LR+YlI t$ etL o LR+YleIL o L+ eRle IL NUSAO Hri!do6$ e-&ibition
Le9sIRbI[enL o LIseRIL$ erti#iR!tion$ deserti#iR!tion LdIz4tI#IR9eI[enL NGB o LIteILO '
LdIz4rte#IR9eI[enL NUSA o LI#eILO$ identi#iR!tion$ Alie LRYlI s$ esL HAlii!6$ R%oli'$
Rsolid$ &!%%il' LR&Y%IliL o LI%eIL$ &!%%iness$ !rtist$ #!t!list LR#eItHe6lI st$ estL
H#!t!list!6$ Rno+elist$ %(rist$ &!bit LR&YbI t$ etL H&bito6$ r!bbit LRrYbI t$ etL$ +isit LR+IzI t$
etL H+isit!L +isit!r6$ %ositi+e LR%ozItI+L NGB o LIzeILO ' LR%!4zetI+L NUSA o LIzIILO$
sensiti+e LRsensItI+L o LIseIL$ /(!lit' LR97olItiL NGB o LIetiLO ' LR97!4letiL NUSA
o LIItiLO$ &o%eless LR&o(%les N"s (s!doO$ I s N"enos (s!doOL$ s%ee&less LRs%i4t[les
N"s (s!doO$ I s N"enos (s!doOL H"(do6$ br!elet$ %!"%&let LR%Y"#lI t$ etL H#olleto6$
s!rlet$ ,oodness LR,(dnes N"s (s!doO$ I s N"enos (s!doOL$ loneliness$ R7itness$
l!ret$ ,!rret$ seret LRsi49ret N"s (s!doO$ it N"enos (s!doOL$ !n!l'sis LeRnYlesI s$
esL H!nlisis6$ risis LR9r!IsI s$ esL Hrisis6$ e"%&!sis LRe"#esI s$ esL H0n#!sis6$
s'n!%sis LsIRnY%sI s$ esL Hsin!%sis6$ s'no%sis LsIRno%sI s$ esL NGB o LseRno%ses$ I sLO
' LseRn!4%ses$ I sL NUSA o LsIRn!4%sI s$ esLO$ s'nt&esis LRsInuIsIsL N"enos (s!do
o LRsInuesI s$ esL4 "s (s!dosO HsFntesis6$ et1
L!s %!l!br!s #e"enin!s /(e ter"in!n en Iess %(eden %ron(ni!rse on LIL$ LeL o LeL4
!bbess LRYbIsL$ LRYbesL o LRYbesL H!b!des!6$ !(t&oress LRo4uHe6rIsL$ LRo4uHe6resL
( LRo4uHe6resL$ d(&ess LRdAt[IsL$ LRdAt[esL o LRdAt[esL$ et1
L! i no !ent(!d! de !l,(n!s %!l!br!s si,(e %ron(nindose o"o LIL$ %ero se
%(ede %ron(ni!r t!"bi0n o"o LeL1 E.14 R!ttrib(te$ Re%ilo,(e$ "is&ie# LR"Ist[I #$
e#L Hd!)o6$ re7!rd LrIR7o4dL NGB o LreILO ' LrIR7o4rdL NUSA o LreILO Hreo"%ens!L
reo"%ens!r6$ r(in LRr(4InL o LRr(4enL Hr(in!6$ r(in!tion Hdestr(i3n6$ r(ined$
r(ino(s$ et1
At(!l"ente l! "!'or %!rte de los diion!rios distin,(en tres ti%os de i4 56 L! i
ort! /(e tr!nsriben o"o LIL1 86 L! i inter"edi! /(e tr!nsriben o"o LiL1 :6 L! i
l!r,! /(e tr!nsriben o"o Li4LM la i intermedia es !nterior$ entre se"ierr!d! '
err!d!M es !l,o "s l!r,! /(e l! i ort! ' "(&o "enos l!r,! /(e l! i l!r,!M es l!
"s %!reid! ! l! i del !stell!noM suele transcribirse fonticamente como #i# '
%(ede esribirse nor"!l"ente o"o U'V no !ent(!d! ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ U!'V no
!ent(!d! ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ Ue'V no !ent(!d! ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ UiV no !ent(!d!$
UeeV no !ent(!d! ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ UeV no !ent(!d!$ UieV no !ent(!d! ! #in!l de
%!l!br!$ r!r!"ente o"o UoisV no !ent(!d! ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ r!r!"ente o"o
Uie(V no !ent(!d! ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ et1 E.14 !r"' LR!4"iL NGBO ' LR!4r"iL NUSAO
He.0rito6$ Rb!b'$ Rit'$ Rde!rl'$ deRlin/(en'$ disRre%!n'$ Rdo7r'$ Re!s'$ R#!irl'$
Rre"ed'$ Rsill'$ si"iRl!rit'$ Mond!' LR"AndiL o LIdeIL N' otros dF!s de l! se"!n! o
%!l!br!s o"%(est!s on Id!' !l #in!lO Hl(nes6$ !bbe' LRYbiL H!b!dF!6$
"one' LR"AniL Hdinero6$ !ries$ &eerio Lt[IeriRo(L NGBO ' Lt[IHe6riRo(L NUSAO
H!di3s6$ A(stri!$ S!(di LRs!(diL o LRso4diL o LRs!4diL NUSAOM re!d' LRrediL4
re!dier LRredieL NGBO ' LRredierL NUSAO$ re!diest LRrediI st$ estL N' lo "is"o on el
o"%!r!ti+o ' s(%erl!ti+o de todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en I'OM %ro%iti!tion
L%re%I[iReI[enL H!%!i,(!"ientoL %ro%ii!i3n6$ %eriodi L%IeriRodI9L NGBO
o L%IriR!4dI9L NUSAO H%eri3dioHs6$ !Hs66$ "!teri!l ' U"!t0rielL "!terielV ND1
51:?18OM seri!lHs6 ' Uere!lHs6V ND1 51:?18OM o##ee LR9o#iL NGBO o LR9!4#iL NUSA
o LR9o4#iLO H!#06$ re!t LriRY9tL Hre!ion!r6$ o'ote L9!IRo(tiL o LR9!Io(tL o L9o I Ro(tiL
NGB4 el "s (s!doO Ho'ote6$ !erieL !er' LReeriL NGBO ' U!erieL !er'L e'rieL
e'r'V LReHe6riL NUSAO H!,(iler!L nido de ,(il!s6M #!erieL #!ir'L #!er' LR#eeriL NGBO
' LR#eHe6riL NUSAO H&!d!L %!Fs de &!d!s6M sortie LRso4tiL NGBOL LRso4rtiL NUSAO Hs!lid!L
"isi3n de o"b!te6$ &!"ois LR[Y"iL H,!"(z! N!ni"!lO6$ &!"ois LR[Y"iL le!t&er
H%iel de ,!"(z!6$ Be!(lie( LRb.(4liL NGBO$ et1
Est! i inter"edi! %(ede onsider!rse o"o (n !l3#ono de l! i ort!M &!' di#ereni!
#on0ti!"ente entre l! i ort! LIL ' l! i inter"edi! LiL (!ndo se %ron(ni! des%!io
' on 0n#!sis l! %!l!br! /(e lle+e (n! i inter"edi!$ %ero en l! !den! &!bl!d!$ sobre
todo (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido$ se %ron(ni! "s o "enos o"o (n! i ort!1
E-isten s3lo !l,(nos %!res de %!l!br!s /(e %(eden distin,(irse
#on0ti!"ente ' /(e tienen (n si,ni#i!do di#erente4 !ndied LR9YndidL
Nno LIIdL o LIedLO H!z(!r!doL on#it!doL !brill!nt!do6 ' U!ndidV LR9YndI d$
edL H#r!noHs6$ !Hs6L sineroHs6$ !Hs66M %!rtied LR%!4tidL NGBO ' LR%!4rtidL
NUSAO Nno LIIdL o LIedLO H#(eL ib!L ido ! #iest!s6 ' U%!rtedV LR%!4tI d$ edL
NGBO ' LR%!4rtI d$ edL NUSAO Hse se%!r3L se se%!r!b!L !%!rt!do6M
%itied LR%ItidL Nno LIIdL o LIedLO Ho"%!deiH3L do66 ' U%ittedV LR%ItI d$ edL
H%i!do Nde +ir(el!sOL des&(es!do NUSAO6M st(died LRstAdidL Nno LIIdL
o LIedLO Hest(diH3L !do66 ' Ust(ddedV LRstAdI d$ edL Ht!&on!doL s!l%i!do6M
tre!ties LRtri4tizL Nno LIIzL o LIezLO Htr!t!dos Ni !(erdosO6 ' Utre!tiseV LRtri4tI z$
ezL Htr!t!do Ni libroO61
No obst!nte$ en l! !den! &!bl!d!$ sobre todo (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido$ es "('
di#Fil not!r l! di#ereni! %!r! los !n,lo&!bl!ntes entre l! LiL ' l! LIL '! /(e se
%ron(ni!n "s o "enos o"o (n! i ort! LILM de &e&o$ &!st! no &!e "(&os
!)os l! i inter"edi! se tr!nsribF! o"o (n! LIL ' &!' diion!rios /(e si,(en
&!i0ndoloM el te"! es "s o"%li!do de lo /(e %!reeM &!' diion!rios /(e
distin,(en l! i ort! de l! i inter"edi!M todos ellos tr!nsriben %!l!br!s o"o
Uler,'$ o(ntr'$ 7!r'V$ et1$ on i inter"edi! LiL ' l(e,o tr!nsriben l!s %!l!br!s
deri+!d!s o"o Uler,'"!n$ ler,'"en$ o(ntr'"!n$ o(ntr'"en$ 7!rinessV$
et1$ (nos on i inter"edi! LiL ' otros on i ort! LILM en re!lid!d e-iste otr! i "s$
inter"edi! entre l! i ort! ' l! i inter"edi!$ %or/(e l! U'V de es!s %!l!br!s lle+!
"enos 0n#!sis (!ndo no +! !l #in!l de l! %!l!br! ' !de"s l! i inter"edi! n(n! +!
en sFl!b! !ent(!d!M es! i es !%ro-i"!d!"ente o"o l! i ort! (!ndo +! en sFl!b!
!ent(!d!4 R%&'si!l$ Rsill'M l! i de UR%&'si!lV se tr!nsribe i,(!l /(e l! '$ !(n/(e es
(n %oo "s ort!M l! i de U%&'si!lV$ l! i de Usill'V ' l! U'V de Uler,'V son tres
!l3#onos de (n "is"o #one"!4 l! i ort!M %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "e.or
%ron(ni!r sie"%re (n! i ort! LIL en l!s %!l!br!s deri+!d!s '! /(e "(&!s
%!l!br!s o"o U7!r'$ #(nn'$ &e!+'V$ et1$ se tr!nsriben on (n! i inter"edi! LiL$
%ero U7!ril'$ #(nnil'$ &e!+il'V$ et1$ se tr!nsriben on (n! i ort! LIL o on e
rel!.!d! LeL1
AsF$ %(es$ no %!s! n!d! si (n !stell!no&!bl!nte %ron(ni! l! i inter"edi! LiL
o"o i ort! LILM %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "(' #il %ron(ni!r (n! i
inter"edi! '! /(e es "s o "enos o"o l! i del !stell!no en U#ilVM lo di#Fil es
%ron(ni!r l! i ort! ' de &e&o "(&os !stell!no&!bl!ntes tienen tendeni! !
%ron(ni!r tod!s l!s i ort!s o"o i inter"edi!s o !siM lo #(nd!"ent!l %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes es onoer l! (esti3n ' s!ber /(e no "eree l! %en!
o"%li!rse l! +id! %or esto '! /(e lo i"%ort!nte es distin,(ir l! i ort! de l! i
l!r,!M lo "s i"%ort!nte %!r! distin,(ir esos < %!res de %!l!br!s es el onte-to '!
/(e l! "ente &("!n! inter%ret! lo /(e o'e de #or"! /(e ten,! sentido$ !(n/(e !
+ees no on(erde on lo /(e o'e #on0ti!"ente1
UMe$ &e$ s&e$ 7e$ beV %(eden lle+!r (n! i inter"edi! (!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s '
(n! i l!r,! (!ndo +!n !ent(!d!s1
515:1I &a i larga es !nterior$ err!d! ' l!r,!M no e-iste en !stell!noM suele
transcribirse fonticamente como #i"# ' %(ede esribirse nor"!l"ente o"o
UeeV$ Ue!VM o"o UieV nor"!l"ente ! "it!d de %!l!br!M "enos ! "en(do o"o
UeiV$ Ue'V$ U!'V$ U!eV$ UeoV$ UeV !ent(!d!$ UiV !ent(!d!$ Ue!(V$ UoeV$ Ui!V$ U('V1
E.14 #eet L#i4tL H%ies6$ see Lsi4L H+er6$ been Lbi4nL NGB %rini%!l"enteO ' LbInL NUSA '
#or"! d0bil en GBO$ e!t Li4tL Ho"er6$ #ield L#i4ldL H!"%o6$ r!bies LRreIbi4zL Hr!bi!6$
eit&er LRi4SerL NUSA %rini%!l"enteO ' LR!ISeL NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ho6$
neit&er LRni4SerL NUSA %rini%!l"enteO ' LRn!ISeL NGB %rini%!l"enteO Hni6$
%erei+e L%eRsi4+L NGBO ' L%erRsi4+L NUSAO H%eribir6$ 9e' L9i4L Hll!+e6$ ,e'ser LR,i4zeL
NGB o LR,!IzeLO ' LR,!IzerL NUSAO H,0iserL s(rtidorL !lent!dor de !,(! NGBO6$
/(!' L9i4L H"(elle6$ &!e"o,lobin NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &e"o,lobin NUSAO
L&i4"o(R,lo(bInL NGB o LIenLO ' LR&i4"e,lo(benL NUSA o LIInLO H&e"o,lobin!6$
%eo%le LR%i4%He6lL H,ente6$ interede LInteRsi4dL NGBO ' LInterRsi4dL NUSAO
Hintereder6$ &e L&i4L N!ent(!do ' L&iL$ Li4L o LiL no !ent(!doO H0l6$ "e L"i4L
N!ent(!do ' L"iL no !ent(!doO H! "FL "e6$ 7e L7i4L N!ent(!do ' L7iL no
!ent(!doO HnosotrHos$ !s66$ le+er LRli4+eL NGB %rini%!l"enteO ' LRle+erL NUSAO
H%!l!n!6$ e+ol(tion Li4+eRl(4[enL o Le+IL$ R%redeessor LR%ri4IL o LR%reIL NUSAO$
"!&ine L"eR[i4nL H"/(in!6$ li/(e L9li49L N"s (s!doO o L9lI9L H%!ndill!6$
Be!(&!"% LRbi4t[e"L$ P&oeni- LR#i4nI9sL$ I!in LRi4enL Hj(!n61
E!' (n! serie de %!l!br!s en l!s /(e l! ei se %ron(ni! o se %(ede %ron(ni!r Li4L4
!##eine$ !sein$ eilin,$ odeine$ onReit$ onei+e$ o(nter#eit NGB ' on LIL "s
(s!do en USA ' GBO$ deeit$ deei+e$ eit&er$ &eino(s NGB ' on LeIL en GB '
USAO$ in+ei,le$ neit&er$ %erei+e$ %&enol%&t&!lein$ %&t&!lein$ %lebei!n$ %rotein$
reei%t$ reei+e$ reei+er$ seiz!ble ND15C15<1::O1
E!' (n! serie de %!l!br!s en l!s /(e l! ei se %ron(ni! Li4IL4 !sein$ deis"$ deist$
deisti$ rei#i!tion$ rei#'$ et1
En l!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en Ieit' o"o Qonte"%or!neit'$ or%oreit'$ deit'$
&etero,eneit'$ si"(lt!neit'$ s%ont!neit'$ +elleit'Q$ et1$ l! ei s(ele %ron(ni!rse
o"o Li4eL en USA ' GB ' o"o Li4IL en GB "enos #re(ente"ente1
L! Li4L es "s l!r,! /(e l! i del !stell!no ' "s err!d! /(e l! i ort!M l! %(nt! de l!
len,(! to! (n %oo los dientes inisi+os in#erioresM es$ %(es$ di#erente de l! i ort!
no sol!"ente en lon,it(d sino t!"bi0n en (!lid!d '$ %or eso$ se tr!nsriben on
si,nos (n %oo distintosM el %(nto de !rti(l!i3n de l! i l!r,! es "s !lto /(e el de
l! i ort!M es (n sonido %!reido ! l! i de l! %!l!br! !stell!n! UsFV (!ndo se
en#!tiz! "(&o$ %ero el %(nto de !rti(l!i3n donde se %rod(e el sonido es "s
#ront!l$ "s er!no ! los dientes s(%eriores1
*(!ndo l! Li4L +! se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sord!$ no es t!n l!r,! o"o (!ndo +!
! #in!l de %!l!br! o se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sonor!1 E.14 Qdee%$ be!t ' %e!9Q
tienen (n! Li4L "s ort! /(e l!s %!l!br!s Q#le!$ te!$ #eed$ le!,(eQ1
L!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en Iee$ Iteen$ se %ron(ni!n on Li4L1
P!r! %!l!br!s %olisilbi!s /(e se %ron(ni!n o"o LIsi4dL en l! 2lti"! sFl!b!
D15C15<1;51
E!' /(e tener (id!do en no on#(ndir l! LIL ' l! Li4L$ '! /(e e-isten %!res de
%!l!br!s /(e sol!"ente se di#ereni!n %or eso1 E.14 s&i% L[I%L Hb!ro6 ' Us&ee%V L[i4%L
Ho+e.!Hs66M #ill L#IlL Hllen!r6 ' U#eelV L#i4lL Hsentir6M &it L&ItL H,ol%e!r6 ' U&e!tV L&i4tL
H!lor6M it LItL Hello6 e Ue!tV Li4tL Ho"er6M li+e LlI+L H+i+ir6 ' Ule!+eV Lli4+L H"!r&!rse6M
"ill ' U"e!lVM bit& LbIt[L H%err! NoO %rostit(t!6 ' Ube!&V Lbi4t[L H%l!'!6M en (n!
o!si3n (n %ro#esor es%!)ol de in,l0s est!b! ense)!ndo (lt(r! es%!)ol! ! (n ,r(%o
de est!do(nidenses ' di.o4 QIn S%!in t&ere !re be!(ti#(l bit&esQ1 J(erF! deir UEn
Es%!)! &!' %l!'!s &er"os!sV$ %ero no di.o Qbe!&esQ$ !sF /(e todos e"%ez!ron !
reFrse ' 0l se dio (ent! r%id!"ente ' di.o4 QI "e!n H/(iero deir6 be!(ti#(l
be!&esQ ' ellos re'eron /(e &!bF! sido Q! .o9eQ H(n! bro"!6 %ero$ en re!lid!d$
&!bF! sido (n des%iste #on0tio1
Entre l!s +o!les l! "s #re(ente es l! LeL$ %ero el sonido /(e "s se (tiliz! en
in,l0s ! los oFdos de (n !stell!no&!bl!nte es el de l! i /(e inl('e l! LIL$ l! i
inter"edi! LiL ' l! Li4L$ .(nto on l! LIL de +!rios di%ton,os ' tri%ton,os$ ' l(e,o el de
l! ! /(e inl('e l! LYL$ l! LAL$ l! L!4L ' l! ! de los di%ton,os ' tri%ton,os1
515;1I &a o corta es %osterior$ se"i!biert! ' ort!M los l!bios estn (n %o/(ito
redonde!dosM no e-iste en !stell!noM suele transcribirse fonticamente como LbL
( #o# M !/(F se (tiliz! LoL %or r!zones %ed!,3,i!sM ,ener!l"ente se esribe o"o
UoV$ "enos #re(ente"ente o"o U!V$ ,ener!l"ente %reedid! de 7$ 7& o de ( /(e
se %ron(nie L7LM ! +ees$ se esribe o"o Uo(V$ U!(V ' "s r!r!"ente o"o U!V$
Uo7V$ Ue!(V$ U&oV$ U!7V ND1 51851;OM e-iste en GB %ero en USA s3lo en el este '
%!rte del s(rM en el resto de USA se s(ele %ron(ni!r (n! Lo4L o (n! L!4LM %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes es "e.or %ens!r /(e es sie"%re (n! Lo4L !(n/(e se! (n! L!4L '!
/(e s(en! "s ! (n! Lo4L /(e ! (n! L!4L en l!s %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni!n on LoL en
GBM (!ndo se %one GB se inl('e es! %e/(e)! %!rte de USA t!"bi0n ' (!ndo se
%one USA se re#iere ! l! "!'or %!rte de USA1 E.14 solid LRsolI d$ edL NGBO ' LRs!4led$
I dL NUSAO Hs3lido6$ bottle LRbotHe6lL NGBO ' LRb!4tHe6lL NUSAO Hbotell!6$ do, Ldo,L
NGBO ' Ldo4,L NUSA o Ld!4,LO H%erro6$ "odel LR"odHe6lL NGBO ' LR"!4dHe6lL NUSAO
H"odelo6$ &ot L&otL NGBO ' L&!4tL NUSAO H!liente6$ te!%ot LRti4%otL NGBO ' LRti4%!4tL
NUSAO$ ,one L,onL NGBO ' L,o4nL NUSA o L,!4nLO Hido6$ s&one L[onL NGBO ' L[o(nL
NUSAO Hbrill!do6$ 7!nder LR7ondeL NGBO ' LR7!4nderL NUSAO H+!,!r6$ 7&!t L7otL
NGBO ' L&7!4tL NUSA o L&7AtLO H/(06$ /(!ntit' LR97ontItiL NGB o LIteILO
' LR97!4ntetiL NUSA o LItIILO H!ntid!d6$ '!&t L.otL NGBO ' L.!4tL NUSAO H'!te6$
/(!r!ntine LR97orenti4nL NGBO ' LR97o4renti4nL NUSA o LR97!4ILO H(!renten!6$
/(!rrel LR97orHe6lL NGBO ' LR97o4rHe6lL NUSA o LR97!4ILO H%ele!L %ele!rse6$
/(!rr' LR97oriL NGBO ' LR97o4riL NUSA o LR97!4riLO H!nter!6$ o(,& L9o#L NGBO '
L9o4#L NUSA o L9!4#LO HtosL toser6$ A(stri! LRostrieL NGBO ' LRo4strieL NUSA o LR!4ILO$
s!(s!,e LRsosIdL NGBO ' LRso4sIdL NUSA o LRs!4ILO Hs!l&i&!6$ be!(se LbIR9ozL
NGBO ' LbIR9o4zL NUSA o LIR9!4zLO H%or/(e6$ l!(rel LRlorelL NGBO ' LRlo4relL NUSA
o LRl!4ILO$ !9no7led,e Le9RnolIdL NGBO ' Le9Rn!4lIdL NUSAO H!d"itir6$
b(re!(r!' Lb.(eRro9resiL NGBO ' Lb.(Rr!49resiL NUSAO Hb(ror!i!6$ &onest LRonI st$
estL NGBO ' LR!4nest$ I stL NUSAO H&onesto61
L! LoL no !%!ree ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ ! no ser se,(id! de (n! onson!nte en sFl!b!
!ent(!d!$ %ero no en sFl!b! no !ent(!d!1
*(!ndo (n! o +! !ent(!d! ' se,(id! de (n! onson!nte n!s!l o"o L"L o LnL se
%(ede %ron(ni!r o"o LoL o LAL en GB ' o"o L!4L en USA en (n! serie de
%!l!br!s4 !o"%lie Nt!"bi0n on LAL en USAO H3"%lie6$ !o"%lis& Nt!"bi0n
on LAL en USAO Hre!liz!r6 ' %!l!br!s deri+!d!s$ Ro"b!t Ho"b!te6$
o"r!de LR9o"re IdL NGB o LR9AILO ' LR9!4"rYdL NUSAO H!"!r!d!6 ' deri+!dos$
ond(it LR9ondH.(6ItL NGB o LR9And.( ItLO ' LR9!4ndH(46etL NUSA o LIH(46ItLO$
Hond(to6$ Ronst!ble Nt!"bi0n on LAL en USAO$ Rdro"ed!r' Nt!"bi0n on LAL en
USAO$ R%o""el Nt!"bi0n on LAL en USAO$ et1
L! o del !stell!no es "s l!r,! /(e l! LoL in,les!$ /(e es "s !biert! /(e l! o del
!stell!no ' no tiene los l!bios t!n redonde!dos o"o l! o del !stell!noM l! %(nt!
de l! len,(! est (n %oo retr!Fd! sobre l! b!seM se %!ree ! l! o del !stell!no
se,(id! de (n! r4 ordel$ et1
En in,l0s britnio$ (!ndo l! +o!l o +! se,(id! de (n! o +!ri!s onson!ntes$ es
deir$ en sFl!b! err!d! en (n! %!l!br! de (n! sol! sFl!b!$ nor"!l"ente se %ron(ni!
LoL$ es%ei!l"ente (!ndo l! onson!nte es doble o"o Q9$ ##$ ssQM en USA se
%ron(ni! L!4L ' ! +ees Lo4L1 E.14 blo9$ on$ #rot&$ &ot$ not$ lost$ on$ o#$ o##$ s%lot&$
to%$ toss$ et1
E!' e-e%iones /(e se %ron(ni!n en GB ' USA4
56 *on LAL4 #ront$ "on9$ "ont&$ son$ ton$ 7on$ et1
86 *on Lo(L4 boll$ bolt$ bot&$ olt$ o"b$ droll$ ,&ost$ ,ross$ &ost$ 9noll$ lot&$ R"olten$
%oll$ %ost$ reR+olt$ roll$ /(ot&$ sroll$ slot&$ stroll$ s7Rollen$ toll$ troll$ 7ont L7o(ntL
NGB ' USA4 "enos (s!doO$ L7o4ntL NUSA4 "s (s!do o L7!4ntL4 "s (s!do
o L7AntL4 "enos (s!doO$ R7&oll'$ et1
86 *on L(4L4 to"b$ 7o"b$ et1
:6 *on L(L4 7ol#1
En in,l0s britnio$ (!ndo l! +o!l o +! !ent(!d! en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! de (n!
%!l!br! on dos sFl!b!s ' se,(id! de (n! onson!nte doble$ nor"!l"ente se
%ron(ni! LoLM en USA se %ron(ni! L!4L ' ! +ees Lo4L1 E.14 Rbobbin$ Rlo,,'$
Ro""! LR9o"eL NGBO ' LR9!4"eL NUSAO Ho"! N$O6 N%ero Uo"!V LR9o("eL Ho"!
Ni inonsieni!O6O$ Rnoddin,$ Rsto%%er$ et1
En USA no e-iste l! LoL$ e-e%to en %!rte del este ' del s(r$ !sF /(e de l!s %!l!br!s
/(e se %ron(ni!n on LoL !ent(!d! en GB !l,(n!s se %ron(ni!n en USA4
56 *o"o Lo4L ND1515<O1
86 *o"o L!4L4 lo9 L9lo9L NGBO ' L9l!49L NUSAO Hrelo. Nde %!redO6$ s/(!d Ls/7odL
NGBO ' Ls/7!4dL NUSAO H%elot3nL bri,!d!6$ et1 ND151@O1
:6 *o"o Lo4L ' L!4L ND1515<OM s(ele esribirse o"o o ,ener!l"ente ' !l,(n!s +ees
o"o !M no obst!nte$ &!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s o"o Q&o+el$ &o+er$ &o+err!#tQ$ /(e se
%ron(ni!n on LoL en GB ' on LAL o L!4L en USAM otr!s se %ron(ni!n on LoL en
GB ' on Lo(L en USA4 'o,&(rtL 'o,(rtL 'o,&o(rt$ et1
Pero t!nto en GB o"o en USA &!' /(e tener en (ent! /(e4
!6 L! & #in!l es "(d! ' no (ent! o"o onson!nte1 E.14 o&] Lo(L H\o&]61
b6 *(!ndo detrs de l! o +! (n! r sol! o se,(id! de (n! onson!nte$ se %ron(ni!
o"o Lo4L1 E.14 or$ nor$ #or$ born$ orn$ #or"$ lord$ s%ort$ stor9$ et1
6 *(!ndo l! o +! %reedid! de 7 3 7& ' se,(id! de r 3 r h (n! o dos onson!ntes$
se %ron(ni! o"o L4L1 E.14 7ord$ 7or9$ 7orld$ 7or"$ 7ort&$ 7orst$ 7&orl$ et1M
&!' !l,(n! e-e%i3n4 7orn Lo4L1
d6 *(!ndo l! o +! se,(id! de l!s onson!ntes I&l$ I&"$ Ild$ Il9$ Ill$ Ilt$ se %ron(ni!
nor"!l"ente o"o Lo(L1 E.14 9o&l$ o&"$ bold$ old$ #old$ ,old$ &old$ old$ sold$ sold$
told$ "old$ 7old$ #ol9$ 'ol9$ bolt$ olt$ "olt$ +olt$ boll$ droll$ 9noll$ %oll$ roll$ sroll$
toll$ troll1 E!' !l,(n!s e-e%iones /(e se %ron(ni!n on LoL en GB ' L!4L en USA4
doll$ loll$ "oll1
L! o se %ron(ni! t!"bi0n !sF en l!s %!l!br!s deri+!d!s$ !(n/(e ten,!n "s de (n!
sFl!b!1 Por e.e"%lo$ de l! %!l!br! Qto%Q s!len l!s si,(ientes %!l!br!s deri+!d!s4 to%s$
to%%in,$ to%%ed$ to%o!t$ to%Idress$ to%I#li,&t$ to%HI6,!ll!nt$ to%HI6&!t$ to%I&e!+'$
to%9not$ to%Ir!n9in,$ to%"!st$ to%s!il$ to%"ost$ to%less1
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo detrs de l! o +! (n! sol! onson!nte se,(id! de e "(d!$ l! o
se %ron(ni! Lo(L1 E.14 bone$ blo9e NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ lose$ lot&e$ ,no"e$ .o9e$ &ole$
&o"e$ note$ %rone$ %rose$ stole$ zone$ et1M &!' +!ri!s %!l!br!s /(e tienen I,(e
detrs de l! o$ %ero l! ( es "(d! ' s( 2ni! #(ni3n es /(e l! , se %ron(nie L,L ' no
LdL4 ro,(e$ +o,(e1 D1 5C15;
L! %!l!br! QsoneQ se %ron(ni! on Lo(L en USA ' GB o on LoL en GBM l! %!l!br!
Qs&oneQ se %ron(ni! on Lo(L en USA ' on LoL en GB1
E!' e-e%iones /(e se %ron(ni!n4
56 *on LAL en GB ' USA4 o"e$ done$ do+e$ ,lo+e$ lo+e$ none$ so"e$ s&o+e$ et1
86 *on L(4L en GB ' USA4 %ro+e$ et1
:6 *on L7AL en GB ' USA4 one1
;6 *on LoL en GB ' on Lo4L en USA4 ,one1 Pero$ si l! o +! se,(id! de Ire$ se
%ron(ni! t!"bi0n o"o Lo4L en GB1 E.14 bore$ &ore$ #ore$ &orse$ &orde$ lore$ "ore$
ore$ store$ et1
*(!ndo l! o +! %reedid! de 7&I ' se,(id! de !l,(n! onson!nte on e "(d! o sin
ell! !l #in!l$ 7&oI se %ron(ni! L&(4IL1 E.14 7&oZd$ 7&oZll$ 7&o"$ 7&oZs$ 7&ose1
E!' !l,(n! e-e%i3n4 7&o% L7o%L NGBO ' L&7!4%L NUSAO1
L! o se %ron(ni! t!"bi0n !sF en l!s %!l!br!s deri+!d!s$ !(n/(e ten,!n "s de (n!
sFl!b!1 Por e.e"%lo$ de QnoteQ se deri+!n l!s si,(ientes %!l!br!s4 notes$ notin,$
noted$ noteboo9$ note%!%er$ note!se$ note7ort&'1 Est!s re,l!s s(elen ("%lirse en
%!l!br!s no deri+!d!s de "s de (n! sFl!b!$ %ero &!' "s e-e%iones /(e en l!s de
(n! sol! sFl!b!1
515<1I &a o larga es %osterior$ entre se"i!biert! ' se"ierr!d! ' l!r,!M no e-iste en
!stell!noM suele transcribirse fonticamente como #o"# ( LoLM a'u( se utili)a #o"#
%or r!zones %ed!,3,i!sM se esribe o"o Uo(Hr6V$ UoHre6V$ UooHr6V$ U!7V$
#re(ente"ente ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ U!(V nor"!l"ente del!nte de (n! onson!nte '
o"o UoHr6V ! #in!l de %!l!br! o se,(id! de (n! onson!nteM "enos #re(ente"ente
o"o UoV$ Uo(V en USA$ U!V se,(id! de t o ele doble #in!l$ U!lV se,(id! de 9$ s$ t$
U!oHr6V$ Uo!V$ Uo!Hr6V$ U!Hr6V %reedid! de 7 o (n! ( %ron(ni!d! o"o L7L$ Uo(,&V
se,(id! de t$ U!(,&V se,(id! de t ' r!r!"ente o"o U!sV$ UeorV en GB ' UeoV en
USA$ U!7eVM (!ndo se %one GB se inl('e %!rte del este ' s(r de USA t!"bi0n '
(!ndo se %one USA se re#iere ! l! "!'or %!rte de USA1 E.14 #o(r L#o4L NGBO ' L#o4rL
NUSAO H(!tro6$ "ore L"o4L NGBO ' L"o4rL NUSAO H"s6$ door Ldo4L NGBO ' Ldo4rL
NUSAO H%(ert!6$ s!7 Lso4L H+io6$ !(t&or LRo4ueL NGBO ' LRo4uerL NUSAO H!(tor6$
l!(d!ble LRlo4debelL Hlo!ble6$ l!(n& Llo4nt[L o Ll!4nt [L NUSAO Hl!n&!L l!nz!rL bot!r6$
nor Lno4L NGBO ' Lno4rL NUSAO Hni6$ s%ort Ls%o4tL NGBO ' Ls%o4rtL NUSAO Hde%orte6$
stor9 Lsto49L NGBO ' Lsto4r9L NUSAO Hi,Xe)!6$ #or" L#o4"L NGBO ' L#o4r"L NUSAO
H#or"!6$ nort&ern LRno4SenL NGBO ' LRno4rSernL NUSAO Hdel norte6$ ,lor' LR,lo4riL
H,lori!6$ so#t Lso4#tL NUSA o Ls!4#tLO ' Lso#tL NGBO Hs(!+e6$ o(,& L9o4#L NUSAO ' L9o#L
NGBO HtosL toser6$ 7!ter LR7o4teL NGBO ' LR7o4terL NUSA o LR7!4ILO H!,(!6$ #!ll L#o4lL
H!Fd!L !er6$ &!lt L&o4ltL NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAO ' L&oltL NGB4 "enos (s!doO
H%!r!r6$ e-tr!ordin!r' LI9sRtro4deneriL NGBO e LI9sRtro4rdeneriL NUSAO
He-tr!ordin!rio6$ bro!d Lbro4dL H!n&o6$ o!r Lo4L NGBO ' Lo4rL NUSAO Hre"o6$ 7!r"
L7o4"L NGBO ' L7o4r"L NUSAO H!liente6$ /(!rter LR97o4teL NGBO ' LR97o4rterL
NUSAO H(!rto6$ bo(,&t Lbo4tL Ho"%rH3L !do66$ so(,&t Lso4tL Hb(sH3L !do66$ t!(,&t
Lto4tL Hense)H3L !do66$ Ar9!ns!s LR!49enso4L NGBO ' LR!4r9enso4L NUSAO$
Geor,e Ldo4dL NGBO ' Ldo4rdL NUSAO Hjor,e6$ !7e Lo4L Hsobreo,i"ientoL
te"or re+ereni!l61
L! oo se,(id! de (n! sol! r %(ede %ron(ni!rse4 56 S3lo o"o Lo4L en !l,(n!s
%!l!br!s en GB ' USA4 door$ #loor$ et1$ ' 86 S3lo o"o L(He6L en USA ' o"o Lo4L
o L(eL en GB4 boor$ "oor$ %oor Nt!"bi0n o"o Lo4L en USAO$ s%oor$ et1
L! Lo4L es "s l!r,! /(e l! o del !stell!noM l! o del !stell!no est entre l! LoL ' l!
Lo4L in,les!sM l! Lo4L se %ron(ni! on los l!bios redonde!dos$ "ientr!s /(e l! LoL se
%ron(ni! on los l!bios sol!"ente (n %oo redonde!dosM l! %(nt! de l! len,(! est
retr!Fd! sobre l! b!se (!ndo se %ron(ni! l! Lo4LM l! Lo4L se distin,(e de l! LoL no s3lo
en lon,it(d sino t!"bi0n en (!lid!d '$ %or eso$ ! +ees$ se tr!nsribe l! LoL
o"o LbL ' l! Lo4L o"o #o"#M l! Lo4L tiene el %(nto de !rti(l!i3n "s !rrib! /(e
l! LoLM l! Lo4L es$ %or otr! %!rte$ "s err!d! /(e l! LoLM %or eso$ ! (n
!stell!no&!bl!nte l! Lo4L %(ede son!r o"o (n! es%eie de ( !stell!n!1 L! Lo4L$ /(e
no s(ele ir se,(id! de LL$ %(ede ir ! #in!l de %!l!br! en sFl!b! no !ent(!d!4 ondor$
et1
L! !7 s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o Lo4L si !"b!s letr!s se en(entr!n en l! "is"!
sFl!b!1
*(!ndo l! Lo4L +! se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sord! en GB no es t!n l!r,! o"o
(!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! o se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sonor!1 E.14 Qo(rt$
!(,&t$ s!lt$ &orse$ &!l9Q$ tienen (n! Lo4L "s ort! /(e l!s %!l!br!s Ql!7$ s!7$
#iord$ loo"$ nor$ #or$ born$ orn$ #or"$ lordQ1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni!n on LoL en GB ' %(eden %ron(ni!rse on Lo4L ' L!4L
en USA4 Hto6 !bRsol+e$ !lon,$ !R"or!l$ beR!(se$ bo,$ Hto6 Rborro7$ brot&$ !ll$
!(li#lo7er$ lo,$ lot& L9louL NGBO ' L9lo4uL NUSA o L9l!4uLO H%!)o6$ lot&s$ o##ee$
ost$ o(,&$ ro#t$ ross L9rosL NGBO ' L9ro4sL NUSA o L9r!4sLO Hr(zL r(z!r6$ Hto6
deR+ol+e$ Rdi%&t&on,$ di%&Rt&on,!l$ di%&t&on,iRz!tionL di%&t&on,iRs!tion NGBO$
Rdi%&t&on,izeL Rdi%&t&on,ise NGBO$ diRssol+e$ do##$ do,$ doll$ Rdon9e'$ dross$
Relon,!ted NGBOL eRlon,!ted NUSAO$ Re%ilo,(e$ eR+ol+e$ #loss$ #o,$ R#orei,n$ R#orei,ner$
R#orest$ #ro,$ #rost$ R,loss!r'$ God$ ,ol#$ ,one$ ,on,$ &o,$ &on9$ R&on9'Iton9
Nolo/(i!lO$ R&orrible$ Hto6 inR+ol+e$ l!(rel LRlorelL NGBO ' LRlo4relL NUSA o LRl!4ILO
Hl!(rel6$ RL!(reneL RL!7rene LRlorensL NGBO ' LRlo4rensL NUSA o LRl!4ILO$ lo#t$ lo,$
lon,$ Rlon,er$ loss LlosL NGBO ' Llo4sL NUSA o Ll!4sLO$ lost$ "!&.on,L "!&I.on,,$
"o9$ R"or!l$ "oss$ "ot&$ o##$ o##!l$ o##ie$ o##ier LR!4#eserL Ho#ii!l6$ Ro##set$ o#t
Nliter!rioO$ Ro#ten N( Lo4L en GBO$ on$ Rono"in,$ Ron7!rd$ R%!t&os H%!tetis"o6$
%riRorit'$ R%rolo,(e$ %roRlon,$ %rolonR,!tion$ %roRlon,(ed$ %ron,$ R%ron,ed$
R/(!r!ntine$ R/(!rrel$ R/(!rr'$ reRsol+e$ reR+ol+e$ reR+ol+er$ Rs!(s!,e$ so##$ Rsin,son,$
so#t$ Rso#ten$ sol+e$ son,$ Rson,bird$ Rson,boo9$ Rson,ster$ Rsorrel$ Rsorro7$ Rsorr'$
stron,$ Rstron,est$ s7!"%$ s7!t& N"s (s!do on Lo4L en GBO$ t&on,$ toR"orro7$
ton,s$ toss$ 7!nt$ R7!rr!nt LR7orentL NGBO ' LR7o4rentL NUSA o LR7!4ILO$ 7!t&$
7ron,$ et1
L! "!'or %!rte de l!s %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni!n on LoL en GB se %(eden
%ron(ni!r t!"bi0n on Lo4L en USA$ !(n/(e se! %osible en "(&os !sos (s!r L!4L
t!"bi0n en USAM !sF /(e %(ede res(lt!r "s #il %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes
!soi!r !"b!s %ron(ni!iones$ '! /(e ! +ees no es %osible (s!r "s /(e Lo4L en
USA1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni!n on Lo4L en GB ' %(eden %ron(ni!rse on Lo4L '
L!4L en USA4 !7e$ b!ld$ b!l9L b!(l9 NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ b!ll$ b!(-ite$ b!7bee$
b!7dH'6$ b!7l$ !ldron NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL !(ldron NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ !ll$
*!(!si! N' deri+!dosO$ !((s$ !(d!l$ !(d!te$ *!(dine$ !(dle$ !(,&t$
!(li#lo7er$ !(l9Her6$ !(s!lHit'6 N' deri+!dosO$ !(stiHit'6$ !(terizeL !(terise
NGBO N' deri+!dosO$ !(ter'$ !(tionH!r'6$ !(tio(s$ !7Hed6$ d!(b$ d!(,&ter$ d!(nt
N' deri+!dosO$ d!(%&in$ d!(%&ine$ #!(!l$ #!(es$ #!(et$ #!(lt N' deri+!dosO$ #!(n$
#!(n!$ #!7n$ ,!(d$ ,!(ntHlet6$ ,!(ze$ ,!79 N' deri+!dosO$ ,!7%$ ,(R##!7$ &!(l N'
deri+!dosO$ &!(l"$ &!(n&$ &!(nt N' deri+!dosO$ &!7 N' deri+!dosO$ &!79 N'
deri+!dosO$ &!7se N' deri+!dosO$ iRn!(,(r!l$ .!7 N' deri+!dosO$ l!(d Nliter!rioO N'
deri+!dosO$ l!(n& N' deri+!dosO$ l!(nder N' deri+!dosO$ l!(re!te$ L!(reneL
L!7rene$ l!7 N' deri+!dosO$ l!79s$ l!7n$ "!(dHlin6$ "!(l N' deri+!dosO$ "!(nder$
M!(rit!ni!$ M!(riti(s$ "!(sole("$ "!79is&$ n!(,&tH'6$ n!(se! N' deri+!dosO$
n!(t&$ n!(ti!l$ n!(til(s$ no(,&t$ %!(it' Nliter!rioO$ P!(l$ P!(l!$ P!(lette$ P!(line$
%!(n&$ P!(s!ni!s$ %!(%er Nliter!rioO N' deri+!dosO$ %!(se$ %!7H9'6$ %!7l$ %!7n N'
deri+!dosO$ r!(o(s$ r!(n&'$ r!7 N' deri+!dosO$ s!lt N"enos (s!do on LoL en GBO$
s!(e N' deri+!dosO$ s!(n!$ s!(nter$ s!(s!,e$ s!7 N' deri+!dosO$ s!7der$ s7!t&
N"enos (s!do on LoL en GBO$ t!(,&t$ t!(nt$ t!(t$ t!(tolo,iH!l6 N' deri+!dosO$ t!7n'$
+!(de+ille$ +!(lt$ +!(nt$ 7!ter$ et1 E.14 l!(ndr' LRlo4ndriL o LRl!4ndriL NUSAO
Hl!+!nderF!61
L! "!'or %!rte de l!s %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni!n on Lo4L en GB se %(eden
%ron(ni!r t!"bi0n on Lo4L en USA$ !(n/(e se! %osible en !l,(nos !sos (s!r L!4L
t!"bi0n en USAM !sF /(e %(ede res(lt!r "s #il %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes
!soi!r !"b!s %ron(ni!iones$ '! /(e ! +ees no es %osible (s!r "s /(e Lo4L en
USA1
En USA (!ndo l! o no +! !ent(!d! no s(ele %ron(ni!rse4
!6 *o"o L!4L %ero en !l,(nos !sos sF1 E.14 Rb!t&os$ o"%reR&ensi+e$
H(n6onstiRt(tion!l$ &os%it!ble L&!4Rs%ItebelL$ &oRs%it!bl'$ ono"!toR%oei$ R%!t&os$
%ro%oRsition$ %ro%!R,!tion$ et1
b6 *o"o Lo4L ' L!4L %ero en !l,(nos !sos sF1 E.14 Rdi%&t&on,$ di%&t&on,iRz!tionL
di%&t&on,iRs!tion NGBO$ Rdi%&t&on,izeL Rdi%&t&on,ise NGBO$ Re%ilo,(e$ R%rolo,(e$
%rolonR,!tion$ Rsin,son,$ et1
E!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e sol!"ente se distin,(en en GB %or tener (n! LoL o (n!
Lo4L4 s&ot L[ otL NGBO Htiro6 ' Us&ortV L[ o4tL NGBO Horto6M s%ot Ls%otL NGBO H"!n&!6 '
Us%ortV Ls%o4tL NGBO Hde%orte6M od L9odL NGBO Hb!!l!o6 ' UordV L9o4dL NGBO
H(erd!6M not LnotL NGBO Hno6 ' Uno(,&tV Lno4tL Hn!d!6M 7!s L7ozL NGBO Her!L est!b!6
' U7!rsV L7o4zL NGBO H,(err!s6$ et1
515=1I &a u corta es %osterior$ se"ierr!d! ' ort!M los l!bios estn (n %oo
redonde!dos ' l! %(nt! de l! len,(! est retr!Fd! sobre l! b!seM no e-iste en
!stell!noM suele transcribirse fonticamente como LoLM !/(F se (tiliz! L(L %or
r!zones %ed!,3,i!sM es$ %(es$ di#erente de l! L(4L no sol!"ente en lon,it(d sino
t!"bi0n en (!lid!d '$ %or eso$ se tr!nsribe nor"!l"ente o"o LoLM el %(nto de
!rti(l!i3n de l! ( ort! es "s b!.o /(e el de l! ( l!r,!M se %(ede esribir o"o
UooV$ ,ener!l"ente se,(id! de 9$ r$ %ero t!"bi0n se,(id! de otr!s onson!ntes$ !
+ees o"o U(V$ Uo(V nor"!l"ente se,(id! de l$ UoV1 E.14 boot$ &oose$ #ood$
#oot L#(tL H%ie6$ ,ood L,(dL Hb(eno6$ &ood$ &oo%$ root$ stood$ toot&$ 7ood$ 7ool$
%(t L%(tL H%oner6$ s&o(ld L[(dL HdeberF!6$ 7o"!n LR7("enL H"(.er6$ et1
L! oo de l! ter"in!i3n o s(#i.o I&ood se %ron(ni! o"o (n! L(L ' no (n! L(4L4
li+eli&ood$ %!rent&ood$ s!int&ood1
L! oo de l!s %!l!br!s /(e tienen (n! sol! sFl!b! /(e ter"in! on l! onson!nte 9 se
%ron(ni! o"o (n! L(L ' no (n! L(4L4 boo9 Lb(9L Hlibro6$ broo9$ oo9$ roo9ed$
&oo9$ loo9 N' deri+!dos4 betoo9$ o+erloo9O$ s&oo9$ noo9$ roo9$ s&oo9$ too9$ et1M
sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo l! %ri"er! onson!nte es (n! s se,(id! de otr! onson!nte '
se %ron(nien o"o dos #one"!s$ se %ron(ni! ,ener!l"ente (n! L(4L ' no (n! L(L
si +! se,(id! de L9L4 snoo9 N' t!"bi0n on L(L en USAO$ s%oo9$ stoo9 N' "enos
(s!do on L(LO1
L!s si,(ientes %!l!br!s %(eden lle+!r (n! L(L (!ndo no +!n !ent(!d!s ' (n! L(4L
(!ndo +!n !ent(!d!s4 'o($ 7&o$ 7&o"$ do$ to1
st! es l! 2ni! +o!l /(e no se d! ! %rini%io de %!l!br!M %(ede ir se,(id! de (n!
onson!nte !l #in!l de (n! %!l!br! en sFl!b! no !ent(!d!1
A +ees$ l! ( es "(d!4 ,(!rdi!n LR,!4dienL NGBO ' LR,!4rdienL NUSAO H,(!rdin6 '
tod!s l!s %!l!br!s /(e tienen l! ( entre , ' U!rVM t!"bi0n en !l,(n!s otr!s %!l!br!s
/(e lle+!n ,( h e$ i$ %!r! &!er /(e l! , se %ron(nie o"o L,L ' no o"o LdL ND1
518<1<OM t!"bi0n en !l,(n!s %!l!br!s en l!s /(e l! ($ no %reedid! de ,$ +! se,(id!
de i ND1 5158O1
A(n/(e l! L(L %(ede ir en sFl!b!s !ent(!d!s$ se d! "s en sFl!b!s no !ent(!d!s1
L! L(L es "s ort! /(e l! ( !stell!n!M l! ( !stell!n! est entre l! L(L ' l! L(4L
in,les!sM es %!reid! ! l! ( de Qb(e!rQ o (n! ( no !ent(!d!M se %(ede %oner l!
bo! o"o %!r! %ron(ni!r o ' deir ( o !l re+0sM el %(nto de !rti(l!i3n de est!
L(L es "s b!.o /(e el de l! L(4L1
A +ees$ (!ndo se &!bl! r%id!"ente no s(en! l! ( en sFl!b!s no !ent(!d!s4 (s(!l
LR.(4H(6elL$ et1
*(!ndo l! +o!l ( +! se,(id! de (n! o "s onson!ntes ! #in!l de (n! %!l!br! de
(n! sFl!b! se %ron(ni! nor"!l"ente o"o LAL si l! %ri"er! onson!nte no es (n!
r1 E.14 b(t$ b(tt$ b(zz$ bl(nt$ (t$ (%$ &(ll$ &(t$ l(9$ l("%$ "(&$ "(st$ %(tHt6 H,ol%e
orto6$ s(n$ et1
Est!s re,l!s s(elen ("%lirse en %!l!br!s no deri+!d!s de "s de (n! sFl!b!$ %ero
&!' "s e-e%iones /(e en l!s de (n! sol! sFl!b!1 *(!ndo l! ( +! en %!l!br!s
deri+!d!s t!"bi0n s(ele %ron(ni!rse de i,(!l #or"! !(n/(e l!s %!l!br!s ten,!n
"s de (n! sFl!b!1 Por e.e"%lo$ de l! %!l!br! Qbl(ntQ LblAntL se deri+!n l!s
si,(ientes %!l!br!s4 bl(nts$ bl(ntin,$ bl(nted$ bl(ntl'$ bl(ntness1
E!' !l,(n!s e-e%iones /(e se %ron(ni!n o"o L(L4 %(t H%oner6$ %(ts& L%(t[L
H,ol%e de est!do6$ b(t& Lb(t[L H"!ri"!&o6$ b(ll$ b(s&$ #(ll$ %(ll %(s&$ et1$ o
o"o L(4L4 tr(t& H+erd!d61
Pero &!' /(e tener en (ent! /(e l! I(r se %ron(ni! o"o L4L en GB ' o"o L4rL
en USA si l! ( +! se,(id!4 !6 De r sol!1 E.14 bl(r$ et1 b6 De r h onson!nteHs61 E.14
b(rn$ b(rst$ &(r&$ (rd$ (rl$ #(rl$ l(r&$ %(rr$ s%(rt$ et1 6 De r se,(id! de
onson!nte h e "(d!1 E.14 n(rse$ %(r,e$ %(rse$ s(r,e$ et1
E!' iert!s %!l!br!s /(e d(%li!n l! onson!nte #in!l !l #or"!r %!l!br!s deri+!d!s
on el #in de /(e es! L4L "!nten,! l! "is"! %ron(ni!i3n1 E.14 bl(r Lbl4L NGBO
' Lbl4rL NUSAO H&!erse borroso6$ bl(rrin, LRbl4rIL H&!i0ndose borroso6$
bl(rred Lbl4dL NGBO ' Lbl4rdL NUSAO HborrosoHs6$ !Hs6L se &izo borrosoL &e&o
borroso6$ et1
Si l! ( +! se,(id! de Ire l! I(re$ se %ron(ni! nor"!l"ente o"o L.(eL en GB '
"enos #re(ente"ente o"o L.(He6rL en USA4 %(re L%.(eL NGBO ' L%.(He6rL NUSAO$
l(re Ll.(eL NGBO ' Ll(He6rL NUSAOM Q%(rit'Q se %ron(ni! on L.(eL en GB ' on L.(L
en USA$ %ero U#(r'V LR#.(eriL NGBO ' LR#.(He6riL NUSAO1
*(!ndo detrs de l! ( &!' +!ri!s onson!ntes se,(id!s de e "(d!$ l! ( se
%ron(ni! nor"!l"ente o"o LAL si l! %!l!br! tiene (n! sol! sFl!b! ' si l! %ri"er!
onson!nte no es (n! r1 E.14 l(n,e$ l(-e LlA9sL N!(n/(e &!' sol!"ente -$ 0st! se
%ron(ni! o"o dos onson!ntesO$ %l(n,e$ %(lse$ sl(d,e$ st("ble1
At(!l"ente &!' diion!rios /(e distin,(en tres ti%os de (4 56 L! ( ort! /(e
tr!nsriben o"o LoL1 86 L! ( inter"edi! /(e tr!nsriben o"o L(LM se %!ree "s !
l! ( ort! /(e ! l! ( l!r,!M es l! "s %!reid! ! l! ( del !stell!no1 :6 L! ( l!r,! /(e
tr!nsriben o"o L(4LM l! ( inter"edi! es (n %oo "s l!r,! /(e l! ( ort! ' "(&o
"enos l!r,! /(e l! ( l!r,!M l! ( inter"edi! !%!ree en l! esrit(r! ,ener!l"ente
o"o U(V en %!l!br!s o"o U!t(!lV ' %!l!br!s deri+!d!s$ Uon,r(ene$
on,r(entV$ U,r!d(!l$ ,r!d(!teV ' %!l!br!s deri+!d!s$ Uin#l(eneV ' %!l!br!s
deri+!d!s$ Uin#l(enz!V$ en l! ter"in!i3n I(o(s$ et1
Est! ( inter"edi! no es (n #one"!$ sino (n !l3#ono de l! ( ort!M l! di#ereni! es
#on0ti! sol!"ente$ no #onol3,i!$ '! /(e no &!' nin,(n! otr! %!l!br! /(e ten,! (n
si,ni#i!do di#erente si se %ron(ni! on ( ort! en +ez de ( inter"edi!M de &e&o$
&!st! no &!e "(&os !)os se tr!nsribF!$ ' en !l,(nos diion!rios se si,(e
tr!nsribiendo$ o"o (n! ( ort!M es "s$ tod!s l!s %!l!br!s /(e se tr!nsriben on
( inter"edi! se %ron(ni!n !sF (!ndo se %ron(ni!n des%!io$ %ero en l! !den!
&!bl!d!$ sobre todo (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido$ se %ron(ni!n on ( ort!M &!'
diion!rios /(e distin,(en l! ( ort! de l! ( inter"edi!$ %ero (nos tr!nsriben
iert!s %!l!br!s on ( ort! ' otros on ( inter"edi!M eso /(iere deir /(e no es t!n
#il distin,(irl!sM !sF$ %(es$ no %!s! n!d! si (n !stell!no&!bl!nte l! %ron(ni!
o"o ( ort! en +ez de ( inter"edi!M no "eree l! %en! o"%li!rse l! +id! %or (n
"!tiz t!n es(rridizoM %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "(' #il %ron(ni!r (n! (
inter"edi! '! /(e es "s o "enos o"o l! ( del !stell!noM lo di#Fil es %ron(ni!r
l! ( ort! ' de &e&o "(&os !stell!no&!bl!ntes tienen tendeni! ! %ron(ni!r
tod!s l!s ( ort!s o"o ( inter"edi!s1 A/(F$ %!r! si"%li#i!r l!s os!s$ se
tr!nsribeHn6 o"o L(L t!nto l! ( ort! o"o l! ( inter"edi!1

515?1I &a u larga es %osterior$ err!d! ' l!r,!M los l!bios estn redonde!dos ' l!
%(nt! de l! len,(! est retr!Fd! sobre l! b!seM no e-iste en !stell!noM suele
transcribirse fonticamente como #u"# o LLM !/(F se (s! L(4L %or r!zones
%ed!,3,i!sM se %(ede esribir o"o UooV N56 No se,(id! de onson!nte ! #in!l de
%!l!br!1 86 Gener!l"ente (!ndo no +! se,(id! de 9 3 r1 :6 Se,(id! de "$ nO$
o"o UoV$ U(iVM "enos #re(ente"ente o"o Uo(V$ Uo7V$ U(V$ U(eV$ Ue(V$ Ue7V$
UoeV$ Uoe(V$ U!(V$ Uie(V$ Uo(,&V$ U7V$ U7oV$ Uee7VM l! ( !stell!n! es "enos l!r,!M
es$ %(es$ di#erente de l! ( ort! no sol!"ente en lon,it(d sino t!"bi0n en (!lid!d
'$ %or eso$ se tr!nsribe nor"!l"ente l! ( ort! on (n si,no (n %oo distinto LoLM el
%(nto de !rti(l!i3n de l! ( l!r,! es "s !lto /(e el de l! ( ort!M est! ( l!r,! es
o"o l! o( en #r!n0s1 E.14 too Lt(4L Ht!"bi0n6$ zoo$ noodles LRn(4dHe6lzL H#ideos6$
%oodle LR%(4dHe6lL H!ni&e6$ s&ool Ls9(4lL Hes(el!6$ bloo"$ broo"$ roo" Lr(4"L
N"s (s!doO o Lr("L H&!bit!i3n6$ b!lloon$ boot$ !rtoon$ ool$ "oon$ noon$ %ool$
soon$ s%oon$ do Ld(4L H&!er6$ doer LRd(4eL NGBO ' LRd(4erL NUSAO H&!edorL !,enteL
%erson! e"%rendedor!6$ #r(it L#r(4tL H#r(t!6$ 'o( L.(4L Ht2L Dd1L +osotros6$
*o7%er LR9(4%eL NGBO ' LR9(4%erL NUSAO$ r(le Lr(4lL Hre,l!6$ tr(er Ltr(4eL NGBO '
Ltr(4erL NUSAO H"s +erd!dero6$ tr(!nt LRtr(4entL H,!nd(l6$ bl(e Lbl(4L H!z(l6$ sle(t&
Lsl(4uL Hdeteti+eL se,(ir l! %ist! NoO el r!stro6$ ble7 Lbl(4L Hso%l36$ se7er LRs(4eL
NGBO ' LRs(4erL NUSAO H!l!nt!rill!6$ s&oe L[(4L Hz!%!to6$ "!noe(+re NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL "!ne(+er NUSAO L"eRn(4+eL NGBO ' L"eRn(4+erL NUSAO
H"!niobr!6$ be!(t' LRb.(4tiL Hbellez!6$ lie( Nliter!rioO Ll(4L Hl(,!r6$ t&ro(,& Lur(4L H!
tr!+0s de6$ 7" Nr!roO L9(4"L H+!lle N,!l0sOL &ondon!d! ir(l!r6$ t7o Lt(4L Hdos6$
lee7!rd LRl(4edL NGBO ' LRl(4erdL NUSAO Nin,l0s !r!io %ero nor"!l"ente se
%ron(ni! l! ee o"o Li4LO Hsot!+ento6$ et1
L! L(4L$ /(e no s(ele ir se,(id! de LL$ es "s l!r,! /(e l! ( del !stell!noM l! ( del
!stell!no est entre l! ( ort! ' l! ( l!r,! in,les!s1
Al,(n!s %!l!br!s %(eden %ron(ni!rse on L(4L o L(L4 ,roo" N"s (s!do on L(4LO$
roo" N"s (s!do on L(4LO$ 7&o L&(4L N!ent(!d!O ' L&(L o L(4L o L(L Nno !ent(!dos4
los :O H/(eL /(ien6$ 'o( L.(4L !ent(!do ' L.(L no !ent(!do Ht2L Dd1L +osotrHos$ !s66$
et1
*(!ndo l! L(4L +! se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sord!$ no es t!n l!r,! o"o (!ndo +!
! #in!l de %!l!br! o se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sonor!1 E.14 Q,ro(%$ boot$ do(&e$
.(ieQ tienen (n! L(4L "s ort! /(e en l!s %!l!br!s Qboo$ too$ #oodQ1
E!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e se di#ereni!n sol!"ente %or tener (n! L(L o (n! L(4L4
%(ll L%(lL Htir!r6 ' U%oolV L%(4lL Hb!ls!6M #(ll L#(lL Hlleno6 ' U#oolV L#(4lL Htonto6$ et1
*(!ndo l! ( +! se,(id! de (n! sol! onson!nte h e "(d!$ nor"!l"ente se
%ron(ni! o"o L.(4L o L(4L1
L!s si,(ientes %!l!br!s ' deri+!dos s3lo se %ron(ni!n on L.(4L en GB ' USA4
!,(e$ !r,(e$ be!(t'$ b(,le$ (e$ (%ol!$ (te$ del(,e$ dis%(te$ e(,eni$ e(%&ori!$
#e(d$ #e7$ #(el LR#.(4elL$ R#("i,!te$ R#(ner!r'$ #(se$ &e7$ &(e$ &("!n$ &("id$
iR""(ne$ M!tt&e7 LR"Yu.(4L$ "en($ "(le$ "(se$ "(si$ "(t!bilit'$ "(t!nt$
"(t!tion$ "(te$ %e7$ %e7ter$ %(bert'$ %(Rbesent$ %(bi$ %(bis$ %(e$ R%(t!ti+e$
/(e(e$ re#(se$ sol(te$ s%("e Nliter!rioO$ (nion$ (nite$ (ni+erse$ (ni+ersit'$ (se$
+!l(e$ +ie7$ 'o($ '(le$ et1
E!' (n ,r(%o de %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni!n on L.(4L en GB ' on L(4L en USA4
se%t(%le$ se%t(%let$ t(lle$ [e(s$ et1
L!s si,(ientes %!l!br!s ' deri+!dos se %ron(ni!n on L(4L t!nto en GB o"o en
USA4 !o(sti$ Andre7$ ble7$ br(it$ br(tis&$ &e7$ &(te$ le7$ l(e$ onl(de$
re7$ r(ise$ dr(%e$ ,l("e$ .(Rdii!l$ j(ne$ dr(%e$ #le7$ #l(9e$ #l(te$ inl(de$ l(re$
L('$ L(9e$ l("iereL l("ikre$ l(te$ %l("e$ %r(de$ %r(ne$ r(de$ r(e$ r(le$ s%r(e$
tr(e$ '(le$ et1
E!' (n ,r(%o de %!l!br!s ' deri+!dos /(e se %ron(ni!n on L.(4L o L(4L en GB '
on L(4L o "enos #re(ente"ente L.(4L en USA4
!6 EnRt&(si!s"$ ent&(siR!sti$ 9ne7$ %&!r"!Re(ti!l$ et1
b6 En este ,r(%o$ (!ndo se %ron(ni!n on L(4L en GB$ l! d !nterior se %ron(ni!
o"o LdL ' l! t !nterior o"o Lt[LM en USA l! d se %ron(ni! sie"%re LdL ' l! t
sie"%re LtL4 de(eHd6$ de7$ d(!l$ d(bio(s$ Rd(!l$ d(e$ d(el$ d(9e$ d(l'$ d(ne$ d(o$
d(%e$ Rd(%le$ Rd(%le-$ Rd(%li!te$ d(ti#(l$ d(t'$ ,r!tit(de$ instiRt(tionH!l6$ Rl!tit(de$
l!tiRt(din!lHl'6$ R"!,nit(de$ o%%orRt(nis"$ o%%ort(Rnisti$ o%%ort(nit' Lo%eRt.(4netiL
NGB ( LIRt[(4ILO ' L!4%erRt(4netiL NUSA o LRt.(4LO$ R%l!tit(de$ %l!tiRt(dino(s$ %rod(e$
re%roRd(e$ resid(e$ solit(de$ t(be$ T(esd!'$ t(ne$ t(tor$ t(Rtori!l$ et1
6 En este ,r(%o l! d se %ron(ni! sie"%re o"o LdL en GB ' USA4 d(de
Nolo/(i!lO$ d(+et Hedred3n6$ et1
E!' (n ,r(%o de %!l!br!s ' deri+!dos /(e se %ron(ni!n on L(4L en USA ' 56
*on L(4L "s #re(ente"ente o L.(4L "enos #re(ente"ente en GB4 !bsol(te$ !ll(de$
!ll(sion$ !ll(+i!l$ oll(sion$ ill("in!te$ ill(sion$ ins(%er!ble$ iss(e$ le7d$ loot$
l(bri!te$ l(id$ L(!n$ l(diro(s$ Rl("in!r'$ l("iRnesene$ l("iRnosit'$ l("ino(s$
l(te$ re+ol(tion$ s!l(te$ se7!,e$ se7er NQ!l!nt!rill!Q %ero no Ql! %erson! /(e
oseQO$ s(e$ s(iide$ s(it$ Rs(%er"!n$ s(%re"e$ +ol("ino(s$ et1 86 *on L.(4L "s
#re(ente"ente o L(4L "enos #re(ente"ente en GB4 !ss("e$ &irs(te$ le(9!e"i!
NGBOL le(9e"i! NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Ll.(4R9i4"i eL NGBO ' Ll(4R9i4"ieL$ %res("e$
%(rs(e$ res("e$ et1
E!' (n ,r(%o de %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni!n on L.(4L en GB ' USA ' on L(4L en
USA4 !Rdie( Nliter!rioO$ R!+en(e$ ond(e$ ond(i+e L9enRd.(4sI+L NGB ' USA4
"enos (s!doO o L9enRd(4sI+L NUSA4 "s (s!doO$ (rle7$ ind(bit!ble$ irred(ible$
ne(tr!l$ ne(trino$ ne(tron$ ne7$ ne7er LRn.(4eL NGBO ' LRn.(4erL NUSA4 "enos
(s!doO o LRn(4erL NUSA4 "s (s!doO H"s n(e+o6$ ne7s N' deri+!dosO$ ne7t$
n(le!r$ n(de$ n(is!ne$ n(9e$ Rn("er!ble$ Rn("er!'$ Rn("er!l$ Rn("er!te N'
deri+!dosO$ Rn("ino(s$ n("isR"!ti$ n(R"is"!tist$ Rn(triti+e$ %iRt(it!r'$ %ne("oni!$
%ne("!ti$ %se(doI$ %rel(de$ %(rlie($ red(e$ ste7$ st(dent$ st(%idHit'6$ st(%or$
s(bstit(te$ s(it$ Rs(%er+isor N' deri+!dosO$ Te(tonHi6$ t&er"oRn(le!r$
t(ber(losis Lt.(4b49.eRlo(sI s$ esL NGBO ' Lt.(4b4r9.eRlo(ses$ I sL NUSA o Lt(4ILO$
(nRd(e$ et1
En GB l! L.(4L est %erdiendo terreno #rente ! l! L(4LM se onser+! l! L.(4L en GB
detrs de l!s onson!ntes ol(si+!s$ n!s!les$ #ri!ti+!s Lu$ #$ +$ &L ' l! LlL1
A +ees$ l! se"ionson!nte L.L !%!ree se,(id! de L(4LM entones el sonido L.(4L
!%!ree esrito o"o Ue!(V$ Ue(V$ Ue(eV$ Ue7V$ Ue7eV$ Uie7V$ U(V$ U(eV$ U(iV$ U(!V$
bien ! %rini%io de %!l!br! o detrs de l!s onson!ntes b$ %$ d$ t$ ,$ 9$ #$ +$ &$ "$ nM
t!"bi0n detrs de l! l %reedid! de (n! +o!l !ent(!d! o se"i!ent(!d!1 E.14
be!(ti#(l LRb.(4te#elL H&er"oso6$ ne(tr!l$ /(e(e L9.(4L Hol!6$ #e7 L#.(4L H%oos6$
%e7 L%.(4L Hb!no6$ e7e L.(4L Ho+e.!6$ +ie7 L+.(4L H+ist!6$ &("!n LR&.(4"enL
H&("!no6$ "(le L".(4lL H"(lo6$ o%%ort(nis"$ (ni#or" LR.(4nI#o4"L NGB o LIneILO
' LR.(4ne#o4r"L NUSA o LInIILO H(ni#or"e6$ !r,(e LR!4,.(4L NGBOL ' LR!4r,.(4L NUSAO
Hdis(tir6$ T(esd!'$ +!l(e LR+Yl.(4L H+!lor6$ n(is!ne LRn.(4sHe6nsL NGBO ' LRn(4sHe6nsL
NUSAO H#!stidio6$ d(!lM sin e"b!r,o$ detrs de l!s onson!ntes LlL$ (!ndo l! l +!
%reedid! de (n! onson!nte$ Lt[L$ LdL$ LrL$ se die L(4L$ no L.(4L4 ble7$ l(e$ #le7 L#l(4L
H+ol36$ &e7 Lt[(4L H"!sti!r6$ j(ne Ld(4nL H.(nioL j(ni!6$ Andre7$ tr(e Ltr(4L$ et1
515@1I L!s +o!les U!$ e$ i$ o$ (V$ se %(eden %ron(ni!r res%eti+!"ente en %!l!br!s
de (n! sol! sFl!b!4
!6 *o"o LeI$ i4$ !I$ o($ .(4 NoO (4L (!ndo +!n se,(id!s de (n! sol! onson!nte h e
"(d! ! #in!l de %!l!br!1 E.1 t!9e$ *rete$ li9e$ &o%e$ "(te1
b6 *o"o LY NoO !4$ e$ I$ o Nen GB ' L!4L ( Lo4L en USA %rini%!l"enteO$ AL (!ndo
+!n se,(id!s de (n! o dos onson!ntes ! #in!l de %!l!br!1
L!s +o!les l!r,!s se on+ierten ! "en(do en +o!les ort!s o en e rel!.!d! (!ndo
no +!n !ent(!d!s1
L!s +o!les U!$ e$ o$ (V$ se %ron(ni!n res%eti+!"ente o"o LeI$ i4$ o($ .(4 NoO (4L si
+!n se,(id!s de (n! onson!nte %ero no ! #in!l de %!l!br!4 Rn!tion$ R,eni(s$
%roR"otion$ Rs%(rio(s$ et1$ ' o"o LYL$ LeL$ LoL Nen GB ' L!4L ( Lo4L en USAO$ LAL si
+!n se,(id!s de dos onson!ntes4 R!tion$ deR.etion$ onRotion$ o"R%(lsion$ et1
*(!ndo (n! +o!l !ent(!d! o (n di%ton,o !ent(!do +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! no
se,(ido de onson!nte es "s l!r,o /(e si +! se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sonor! Lb$
d$ d$ ,$ .$ l$ "$ n$ $r$ S$ +$ 7$ z$ L ' "(&o "s l!r,o /(e si +! se,(ido de (n!
onson!nte sord! Lt[$ #$ &$ 9$ %$ t$ u$ s$ [LM o(rre lo "is"o (!ndo (n! %!l!br! +!
se,(id! de otr! en l! !den! &!bl!d!M %or eso$ l! L!(L de Q&o7Q es "s l!r,! /(e l!
de Qto &o(seQ L&!(zL ' 0st! "s l!r,! /(e l! de Q&o(seQ L&!(sLM l! LeIL de Q%l!'Q es
"s l!r,! /(e l! de Q%l!neQ ' 0st! "s l!r,! /(e l! de Q%l!te$ %l!'#(l$ %l!'ti"eQM
l! Li4L de Qse!Q ' QseeQ es "s l!r,! /(e l! Li4L de QbeRlie+e$ se!l$ seen$ sie,eQM l! Li4L de
QT&e' !R,reeQ es "s l!r,! /(e l! de QT&e' !R,ree to itQ1
*(!ndo (n! +o!l !ent(!d! o (n di%ton,o !ent(!do +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! se,(ido
de (n! onson!nte sonor!$ es "s l!r,o /(e (!ndo +! se,(ido de (n! onson!nte
sord!M %or eso$ l!s +o!les de Qed,e$ l!b$ %ro+e$ be!dQ$ son "s l!r,!s /(e l!s de
Qet&$ l!%$ %roo#$ be!tQ$ ' est!s %!l!br!s se distin,(en "s %or l! lon,it(d de l!s
+o!les /(e %or l! onson!nte /(e +! !l #in!lM l! Li4L de Qse!"$ seed$ see"Q es "s
l!r,! /(e l! Li4L de Qsee9$ see%$ se!tQ1
*(!ndo (n! +o!l !ent(!d! o (n di%ton,o !ent(!do +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! se,(ido
de (n! onson!nte sonor! es "s l!r,o /(e si +! se,(ido de (n! onson!nte h
onson!nte sonor! ' "(&o "s l!r,o /(e si +! se,(ido de (n! onson!nte h
onson!nte sord!M %or eso$ l! LeL de Q7ellQ es "s l!r,! /(e l! de Q7eldQ ' 0st! es
"s l!r,! /(e l! de Q7eltQM l! LIL de QsinQ es "s l!r,! /(e l! de Qsin,eQ ' 0st! es
"s l!r,! /(e l! de Qin&QM l! L!4L de Q!rQ es "s l!r,! /(e l! de Q!rdQ ' 0st! es
"s l!r,! /(e l! de Q!rtQM l! LeL de QsendQ es "s l!r,! /(e l! de QsentQM l! L4L de
Qle!rnQ es "s l!r,! /(e l! de Qle!rntQM l! Lo4L de Q#!llQ es "s l!r,! /(e l! de Q#!(ltQ1
En l! !den! &!bl!d!$ si (n! +o!l !ent(!d! o (n di%ton,o !ent(!do +! ! #in!l de
%!l!br! se,(ido de dos onson!ntes ' (n! %!(s!$ es "s l!r,o /(e si no &!' %!(s!M
%or eso$ l! LYL de QEe doesnZt (nderRst!ndQ es "s l!r,! /(e l! de QEe doesnZt
(nderRst!nd &erQ1 Un! +o!l !ent(!d! o di%ton,o !ent(!do$ se,(idos de
onson!nte sonor!$ es "s l!r,o (!ndo +! en l! 2lti"! sFl!b! /(e si +! en l!
%en2lti"! sFl!b! ' ! s( +ez$ si +! en l! %en2lti"! sFl!b!$ es "s l!r,o /(e si +! en l!
!nte%en2lti"!M %or eso$ l! Lo(L es "s l!r,! en UR,lobeVQ /(e en UR,lob!lV ' l! de
UR,lob!lV es "s l!r,! /(e l! de UR,lob!ll'V1
En el !so de los di%ton,os el ele"ento /(e se !ort! del!nte de (n! onson!nte
sord! o se !l!r,! del!nte de (n! onson!nte sonor! o (!ndo no +! se,(ido de
nin,(n! onson!nte es el %ri"ero$ no el se,(ndo1 Por e.e"%lo en el di%ton,o LeIL de
l!s %!l!br!s U%l!e$ %l!ie$ %l!te$ ste!9$ ,re!tV l! e es "s ort! /(e l! e de l!s
%!l!br!s Q%l!'$ s!"e$ %l!'ed$ %l!,(e$ %l!in$ %l!ne$ Pl!to$ s!+eQM en el di%ton,o L!IL
de l!s %!l!br!s Qri,&t$ li9e$ &ei,&t$ t'%eQ$ l! ! es "s ort! /(e l! ! de l!s %!l!br!s
Q%ride$ die$ "'$ #ineQM en el di%ton,o LoIL de l!s %!l!br!s Q%oint$ +oieQ$ l! o es "s
ort! /(e l! o de l!s %!l!br!s Q.o'$ oil$ noiseQM en el di%ton,o LIeL NGBO e LIHe6L
NUSAO de l!s %!l!br!s Q%iere$ #iereQ$ l! i es "s ort! /(e l! i de l!s %!l!br!s
Q&e!r$ #e!rQM en el di%ton,o Lo(L de l!s %!l!br!s Q,o!t$ o!9$ olt$ ro!stQ$ l! o es "s
ort! /(e l! o de l!s %!l!br!s Qso$ #oe$ bo7l$ bold$ old$ ro!dQM en el di%ton,o LeeL
NGBO ' LeHe6L NUSAO de l! %!l!br! Qs!reQ l! LeL es "s ort! /(e l! de l!s %!l!br!s
Q&!ir$ !irQM en el di%ton,o L!(L de l!s %!l!br!s Qlo(t$ #o(nt$ dro(,&tQ$ l! ! es "s
ort! /(e l! de l!s %!l!br!s Qno7$ to7nQM e-isten !sos en los /(e es "s di#Fil
s!berlo %ero son "(' %oos4 l! ! de Q"o(t&Q L"!(uL Hbo!6 es "s ort! /(e l! !
de Q"o(t&sQ L"!(SzL Hbo!sL %ron(ni! on !#et!i3n61 Esto se d! en todos los
di%ton,os %ero en los diion!rios no se +e re#le.!do ' nor"!l"ente l!
tr!nsri%i3n #on0ti! /(e !%!ree es l! "is"! %!r! (n! +o!l o di%ton,o se,(idos
de onson!nte sord! o sonor! %ero en re!lid!d e-iste di&! di#ereni! #on0ti!$ no
#onol3,i!$ /(e$ /(iz$ no se tr!nsrib! %or/(e serF! de"!si!do o"%li!do1
En (!nto !l siste"! +olio H#one"!s +olios$ di%ton,os ' tri%ton,os6$ se %(ede
deir /(e el !stell!no$ o"o el it!li!no$ r!be$ es%er!nto o .!%on0s$ es "(&Fsi"o
"s senillo /(e el in,l0sM otros idio"!s estn entre l! di#i(lt!d del in,l0s ' l!
senillez del !stell!no1
515B1I T!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no l! sFl!b! %(ede tener (n! sol! +o!l H!1ble
H!%!z66$ (n! onson!nte se,(id! de (n! +o!l H!1%!ble H!%!z66$ (n! +o!l
se,(id! de onson!nte Hte!&1er H%ro#esor66$ (n! onson!nte se,(id! de (n! +o!l '
(n! onson!nte Htor& Hlintern!66$ (n! onson!nte se,(id! de otr! onson!nte ' (n!
+o!l H%re1sent H%resente66$ (n! onson!nte se,(id! de dos onson!ntes ' dos
+o!les Ht&ree6M l! sFl!b! /(e ter"in! en +o!l se ll!"! !biert! Ho%en s'll!ble6 ' s(
+o!l libreM l! sFl!b! /(e ter"in! en onson!nte se ll!"! err!d! Hlosed s'll!ble6 '
s( +o!l tr!b!d!1 En in,l0s (n! sFl!b! %(ede tener (n! de l!s 58 +o!les on
onson!nte o sin ell!$ (n! de l!s 58 +o!les on (n! se"i+o!l o se"ionson!nte$
(n di%ton,oM en in,l0s (n! %!l!br! /(e lle+e (n tri%ton,o lle+! ,ener!l"ente l! tilde
en (n diion!rio #on0tioM (n! %!l!br! /(e lle+e (n! +o!l l!r,! ' (n! ort! lle+!
sie"%re l! tilde en (n diion!rio #on0tio1 E.14 #ire LR#!IeL NGBO ' LR#!IerL NUSA4
"enos (s!do o L#!IrL4 "s (s!do4 sin l! tilde %or/(e no &!' tri%ton,oO$ se7er LRs(4eL
NGBO ' LRs(4erL NUSAO H!l!nt!rill!6$ et1
En !stell!no %(ede o(rrir eso /(e %!s! en in,l0s1 E.14 d!r$ iento$ do'$ "i!($ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! tiene "s de (n! sFl!b!$ entones entre el n2leo +olio de
(n! sFl!b! ' otr! &!' nor"!l"ente (n! se"ionson!nte Hbe'ond6$ (n! o "s
onson!ntes Hon+ers!tion$ dition!r'6M si no &!' se"ionson!nte ni (n! o "s
onson!ntes$ (n! de l!s +o!les se lee4
!6 *o"o (n di%ton,oM %(eden t!"bi0n leerse l!s dos +o!les o"o (n tri%ton,o1
E.14 &!os LR9e IosL NGBO ' LR9e I!4sL NUSAO H!os6$ %&loe" LR#lo(e"L$
G('!n! L,! IRYneL$ ,('ot LR,i4o(L$ &eroinHe6 LR&ero(InL$ Io7! LR! Ie7eL$ et1
b6 *o"o (n! +o!l l!r,!M &!' "(&Fsi"!s "enos %!l!br!s /(e en !stell!noM se d!
%rini%!l"ente en %!l!br!s o"%(est!s o l!s /(e lle+!n !l,(nos %re#i.os o"o %reI$
reI$ et1$ o s(#i.osL ter"in!iones o"o Ieit'$ Ii$ Iis"$ Iin,$ Iist$ et1 E.14 ooee LR9(4iL
o LR9(4i4L ' deri+!dos$ I!nL I!in LRi4enL Hj(!n6$ sre7in, LRs9r(4IL$ s%ir!e! NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL s%ire! NUSAO Ls%!IRri4eL Hes%ire!6$ et1
6 *o"o (n! LiL o LeL1 E.14 Se!ttle LsiRYtHe6lL$ serio(s LRsIeriesL NGBO ' LRsIriesL
NUSAO Hserio6$ et1
En !stell!no &!' "(&!s %!l!br!s /(e tienen dos sFl!b!s o "s sin onson!nte o
on onson!nte "(d! entre los n2leos +olios4 ! h !$ e$ oM e h !$ e$ oM o h !$ e$ oM
esto no s(ele o(rrir en in,l0s1 E.14 o0!no$ %oleo$ des!&(i!r$ et1
En in,l0s %(eden !%!reer l!s ino +o!les !$ e$ i$ o$ ($ en (n! "is"! %!l!br!
H#!etio(s6 o es!s +o!les on ' H#!etio(sl'61
En !stell!no &!' s3lo ino #one"!s +olios$ ' los 58 #one"!s +olios
in,leses no e-isten o"o t!les en !stell!no4 LY$ A$ !4$ 4$ e$ I$ i4$o$ o4$ ($ (4LM el
!l3#ono i inter"edi! LiL del in,l0s es o"o el #one"! +olio LiL del !stell!no ' el
!l3#ono ( inter"edi! del in,l0s es o"o el #one"! +olio L(L del !stell!no1
518C1I DIPTONGOS
Los di%ton,os in,leses son doe4 tres !sendentes L Ie Nse %(ede %oner el si,no `
eni"! de l! LILO$ le$ lIL ' n(e+e desendentes LeI$e($ !I$ !($ oI$ Ie$ ce$ oe$ (eL !
los /(e se les %(ede %oner el si,no ` eni"! del se,(ndo ele"ento$ si se /(iere1 En
!stell!no &!' !tore1 Los di%ton,os son "s ortos en in,l0s /(e en !stell!no
%ero tienen "s o "enos l! "is"! d(r!i3n /(e (n! +o!l l!r,!1 En in,l0s los
di%ton,os tienen o"o %ri"er ele"ento (n! de est!s ino +o!les4 L!$ e$ I$ e$ (L '
o"o se,(ndo ele"ento (n! de est!s tres +o!les LI$ e$ (L1 *o"o "(&os
!n,lo&!bl!ntes no distin,(en los dos di%ton,os LIeL$ (no !sendente ' otro
desendente$ ni los dos di%ton,os L(eL$ (no !sendente ' otro desendente$ '
teniendo en (ent! /(e l! "!'or %!rte de los diion!rios t!"%oo re#le.!n di&!s
di#ereni!s +!"os ! +er sol!"ente los "s i"%ort!ntes /(e son diez4 L!I$ !($ ce$ eI$
Ie$ oe$ oI$ e($ (e$ (ILM en el s(r de In,l!terr! se die Le(L ' en USA se die Lo(L
%ero &!' es%ei!list!s /(e onsider!n Lo(L +lido %!r! los dosM %or r!zones
%ed!,3,i!s los di%ton,os Lce$ oe$ oI$ e(L !%!reen o"o Lee$ oe$ oI$ o(L1 Los
di%ton,os L!I$ !($ eI$ oI$ o(L e"%iez!n on (n! +o!l "s !biert! /(e l! se,(nd!M
%or eso$ se ll!"!n err!dos1 Los di%ton,os Lee$ Ie$ (e$ oeL ter"in!n on (n! +o!l
entr!l /(e tiene el %(nto de !rti(l!i3n en el entro de l! bo!M %or eso se ll!"!n
entr!les1 Los di%ton,os no s(elen ir se,(idos de LL ! no ser /(e no &!'! %!(s!
entre l! n #in!l de (n! %!l!br! on di%ton,o en l! 2lti"! sFl!b! ' l! si,(iente %!l!br!
/(e e"%iee %or (n! onson!nte ,(t(r!l1
56 El diptongo #aI# s(ele !%!reer en l! esrit(r! o"o UiV se,(id! de
onson!nteHs6$ ! +ees "(d!Hs64 i,&$ o"o U'V$ bien ! #in!l de %!l!br! on !ento
%ri"!rio o se(nd!rio$ bien ! %rini%io o "it!d de %!l!br! !l #in!l de (n! sFl!b!$
o"o UieV nor"!l"ente ! #in!l de %!l!br!M ! +ees$ o"o UeiV se,(id! de
onson!nteHs6$ ! +ees "(d!Hs64 ei,&$ "s r!r!"ente o"o U!isV$ U('V$ Ue'V$ Ue'eV$
U'eV$ U!'V$ U!'eV$ Uo'V$ U(iV$ U!iV1 E.14 &ild Lt[!IldL Hni)o6$ %ride L%r!IdL Hor,(llo6$
&i,& L&!IL H!lto6$ si,&t Ls!ItL H+ist!6$ die Ld!IL H"orir6$ d'n!st' LRd!InestiL NGB4
"enos (s!do ' USAO o LRdInestiL NGB4 "s (s!doO Hdin!stF!6$ #l' L#l!IL H+ol!rL
"os!6$ "orti#' LR"o4tI#!IL NGBO ' LR"o4rtI#!IL NUSAO H"orti#i!r6$ t'%e Lt!I%L
Hti%o6$ seis"i LRs!Iz"I9L HseFs"io6$ &ei,&t L&!ItL H!lt(r!6$ slei,&t Lsl!ItL H!rti"!)!6$
!isle L!IlL Hn!+e l!ter!l6$ b(' Lb!IL Ho"%r!r6$ ,e'ser LR,!IzeL NGBO ' LR,!IzerL
NUSAO H,0iserL !lent!dor de !,(! NGBO6$ e'e L!IL Ho.o6$ r'e Lr!IL Henteno6$
B!'onne Lb!IRonL NGBO ' LbeIRo(nL NUSAO HB!'on! N#r!nes!O6$ !'e L!IL HsF6$
o'ote L9!IRo(tiL o LR9!Io(tL o L9o I Ro(tiL NGB4 el "s (s!doO Ho'ote6$ ,(ide L,!IdL
H,(F!6$ Rs!"(r!i LIr!IL Hs!"(r!'6$ et1
E!' (n ,r(%o de %!l!br!s o"o UR!,ile$ R#!ile$ R#ertile$ R#issile$ R#r!,ile LR#rYd!IlL
NGBO ' LR#rYdelL NUSAO H#r,ilHes66$ Ri"beile$ iR""obile$ inR#ertile$ R"issile$
R%ro.etile$ Rsetile$ Rsterile$ Rt!tile$ R+ers!tile$ R+ol!tileV$ et1$ /(e lle+!n L!IL en GB
' LeL en USA1
E!' (n ,r(%o de %!l!br!s o"o URdoile LRdo(s!IlL NGBO ' LRd!4selL NUSA
o LRd!4s!IlLO Hd3ilHes66$ Rd(tile$ R#(tile$ R&ostile$ R.(+enile$ R"obile N(!ndo es !d.eti+o
%ero (!ndo es no"bre se %ron(ni! on Li4L en USAO$ R%(erile$ Rre%tile$ Rser+ile$
Rsessile$ Rtensile$ R+irileV$ et1$ /(e lle+!n L!IL en GB ' LeL o "enos
#re(ente"ente L!IL en USA1 Sin e"b!r,o$ &!' !l,(n!s o"o URdo"iile$ Rin#!ntile
N' "enos (s!do on LeL en USAO$ R%enileV$ et1$ /(e se %ron(ni!n on L!IL en GB '
USAM UR"er!ntileV se %ron(ni! on L!IL en GB %rini%!l"ente e Li4L en USA1
Nor"!l"ente el s(#i.o o l! ter"in!i3n Iiz!tionL Iis!tion NGBO de iertos
no"bres deri+!dos de +erbos se %ron(ni! en l! %ri"er! i o"o L!IL en
GB$ o"o LIL en GB ' USA ' o"o LeL en USA1 E.14 i+iliz!tionL
i+ilis!tion NGBO Ls I + el! I Rze I[ H e6nL NGBO$ LsI+elIRzeI[He6nL '
Ls I + eleRze I[ H e6nL NUSAO Hi+iliz!i3n6$ n!tion!liz!tionL n!tion!lis!tion
NGBO LnY [ H e6n el! I Rze I[ H e6nL NGBO$ LnY[He6nelIRzeI[He6nL '
LnY [ H e6n eleRze I[ H e6nL NUSAO Hn!ion!liz!i3n6$ r!tion!liRz!tionL
r!tion!liRs!tion NGBO$ s'n&roniz!tionL s'n&ronis!tion NGBO
Ls I 9r en! I Rze I[ H e6nL NGBO$ LsI9renIRzeI[He6nL ' Ls I 9r en eRze I[ H e6nL NUSAO
Hsinroniz!i3n6$ et1
Este di%ton,o es %!reido !l !stell!no L!iL4 b!il!$ !i"n$ !rr!i,!$ et1
*(!ndo el di%ton,o L!IL +! se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sord!$ no es t!n l!r,o o"o
(!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! o se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sonor!M es$ %(es$ "s
orto en l!s %!l!br!s Q&ei,&t$ Mi9e$ nie$ ri#e$ t'%e$ si,&tQ$ /(e en l!s %!l!br!s Q!isle$
b('$ die$ died$ e'e$ #lies$ %ride$ %rize$ r'eQ1
M(&!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or diI no !ent(!d! en sFl!b! !biert!$ es deir$
onson!nte h +o!l en +ez de onson!nte h +o!l h onson!nte$ se %(eden
%ron(ni!r4
!6 *on Ld!IL o LdIL ' on Ld eL NUSAO4 diR+er,e$ diR+er,ene$ diR+er,ent$
di+ersi#iR!tion$ diR+ersi#ied$ diR+ersi#'$ diR+ersion$ diR+ersion!r'$ diR+ersit'$ diR+ert$
diR+ertin,$ et1
b6 *on LdIL o LdeL4 diR+ide$ diR+ided$ diR+ider$ diR+idin,$ diR+ine$ diR+inel'$ diR+inin,$
diR+init'$ diR+isible$ diR+ision$ diR+isi+e$ diR+isor$ diR+ore$ di+orR0 Hdi+ori!do6$
diR+ored$ di+orRee Hdi+ori!d!6$ et1
6 *on Ld!IL$ LdIL o LdeL4 diRretl'$ diRretion!l$ diRreti+e$ diRret$ diRretion$ diRretor$
diRretor!te$ direRtori!l$ diRretors&i%$ diRretor'$ diRle""!$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ l!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or diI no !ent(!d! en sFl!b! err!d!$ es
deir$ onson!nte h +o!l h onson!nte$ se %ron(ni!n o"o LdIL1 E.14 dis!Rbilit'$
et1
Lo "s #il %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es %ron(ni!r diI !si sie"%re o"o LdIL1
86 El diptongo #au# se esribe ,ener!l"ente o"o Uo(V se,(id! de onson!nteHs6$
! +ees "(d!Hs64 o(,&$ Uo7V$ UeoV$ U!(V$ U!o(V1 E.14 s&o(t L[!(tL H,rit!r6$ dro(,&t
Ldr!(tL Hse/(F!6$ no7 Ln!(L H!&or!6$ M!Leod L"eR9l!(dL$ S!(di LRs!(diL o LRso4diL o
LRs!4diL NUSAO$ !o(t&o( LR9!(t[(9L H!(&o61
*(!ndo el di%ton,o L!(L +! se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sord!$ no es t!n l!r,o o"o
(!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! o se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sonor!M es$ %(es$ "s
orto en l!s %!l!br!s Qs&o(t$ dro(,&tQ$ /(e en l!s %!l!br!s Qro7d$ &o7Q1
L! Io7d se %ron(ni! sie"%re L!(dL4 ro7d$ %o7der$ et1
Este di%ton,o es %!reido !l !stell!no L!(L4 !(l!$ .!(l!$ des!&(i!r$ et1
:6 El diptongo #ee# onst! de (n! e "(' !biert! ' (n! e rel!.!d!M en l! esrit(r!
%(ede !%!reer o"o U!reV$ U!rV$ U!iV$ U!irV$ Ue!rV$ UereV$ UeirV$ U!V$ U!'erV$ U!'orV$
U!eV$ UeV$ UeiV$ UeZerVM se (s! en GB %rini%!l"enteM en USA no se (s! e-e%to en
(n! %e/(e)! %!rte del este ' s(rM en in,l0s britnio se %ron(ni! l! r detrs de este
di%ton,o (!ndo no +! ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ %ero en l! "!'or %!rte de GB no se
%ron(ni! l! r ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ ! no ser /(e l! %!l!br! +!'! se,(id! de otr! /(e
e"%iee %or +o!lM en Est!dos Unidos se s(ele %ron(ni!r o"o (n! LeHe6L ' !si
sie"%re se %ron(ni! (n! r detrsM ! +ees$ se esribe LeeL en GB ' no es LeHe6L en
USA$ %ero en l! "!'orF! de l!s %!l!br!s e-iste di&o %!r!lelis"o1 E.14 !re L9eeL
NGBO ' L9eHe6rL NUSAO H(id!do6M !ries LR9eeri4zL NGB o LIrii4zLO ' LR9eri4zL NUSAO
H!ries6M d!re LdeeL NGBO ' LdeHe6rL NUSAO H!tre+erse6M del!re LdIR9leeL NGBO
' LdIR9leHe6rL NUSAO Hdel!r!r6M "!re L"eeL NGBO ' L"eHe6rL NUSAO H'e,(!L b(rr!L
ebr!6M %re%!re L%rIR%eeL NGBO ' L%rIR%eHe6rL NUSAOM r!re LreeL NGBO ' LreHe6rL
NUSAO Hr!ro6M r!rit' LRreerItiL NGB o LIreILO ' LRreretiL NUSA o LIrIILO Hr!rez!6M s!re
Ls9eeL NGBO ' Ls9eHe6rL NUSAO Hs(stoL !s(st!r6M s!re Ls9eesL NGBO ' Ls9eHe6rsL
NUSAO Hes!soHs6$ !Hs66M s&!re L[eeL NGBO ' L[eHe6rL NUSAO H%!rteL o"%!rtir6M
R7!re&o(se L7eeIL NGBO ' L7eHe6rIL NUSAO H!l"!0nL !l"!en!r6M R9it&en7!re
LI7eeL NGBO ' LI7eHe6rL NUSAO H!rtF(los de oin!6M !##!ir LeR#eeL NGBO
' LeR#eHe6rL NUSAO H!s(nto6M !ir LeeL NGBO ' LeHe6rL NUSAO H!ire6M &!ir Lt[eeL NGBO
' Lt[eHe6rL NUSAO Hsill!6M #!ir'L #!erieL #!er' LR#eeriL NGBO ' LR#eHe6riL NUSAO H&!d!L
%!Fs de &!d!s6M &!ir L&eeL NGBO ' L&eHe6rL NUSAO H%elo6M %e!r L%eeL NGBO ' L%eHe6rL
NUSAO H%er!6M ere N!r!ioO LeeL NGBO ' LeHe6rL NUSAO H!ntes deL !ntes de /(e6M t&ere
LSeeL NGBO ' LSeHe6rL NUSAO H!llF6M &eir LeeL NGBO ' LeHe6rL NUSAO H&eredero6M
&il!rio(s L&IRleeriesL NGBO ' L&IRleriesL NUSAO Hdi+ertidFsi"oL !ni"!dFsi"o6M
+!r' LR+eeriL NGBO ' LR+eriL NUSAO H+!ri!r6M %r!'er L%reeL NGBO ' L%reHe6rL NUSAO
Hor!i3n6M "!'or L"eeL NGBO ' LR"eIHe6rL NUSAO H!l!lde6M !erieL !er' LReeriL NGBO
' U!erieL !er'L e'rieL e'r'V LReHe6riL NUSAO H!,(iler!L nido de ,(il!s6M
bolero LbeRleero(L NGBO ' LbeRleHe6ro(L NUSAO Hbolero Nb!ile ' %rend!O6M
Eire LReereL NGBO ' LReHe6reL NUSAO HEire6M eZer N!r!ioO LeeL NGBO ' LeHe6rL NUSAO
H!l,(n! +ez6$ et1
Este di%ton,o no e-iste en !stell!no$ !(n/(e se %!ree ! Le!L no !ent(!do4 #e!ld!d$
et1
E!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e sol!"ente se di#ereni!n %or tener (n! e l!r,! en GB '
USA o el di%ton,o LeeL en GB %rini%!l"ente ' LeHe6rL en USA4 #(r L#4L NGBOL
o L#4rL NUSAO H%iel6 ' U#!irV L#eeL NGBO o L#eHe6rL NUSAO H.(stoL r(bio6M 7ere L74L
NGBOL o L74rL NUSAO Her!nL est!b!n6 ' U7&ereV L7eeL NGBO o L&7eHe6rL NUSAO
Hdonde61
;6 El diptongo #eI# onst! de (n! e ort! ' (n! i ort!M s(ele esribirse o"o U!V$
U!iV$ nor"!l"ente se,(id! de onson!nteHs6$ ! +ees "(d!Hs64 !i,$ !i,&$ o"o
U!'V$ UeiV$ nor"!l"ente se,(id! de onson!nteHs6$ ! +ees "(d!Hs64 ei,$ ei,&$
o"o Ue'V nor"!l"ente ! #in!l de %!l!br!M "enos ! "en(do o"o Ue!VM "('
r!r!"ente o"o U!eV$ UetV$ U!(V$ U!oV$ U!eV$ UeV$ U0V NoO UeV$ U0eV NoO UeeV$ Ue&V !
#in!l de %!l!br!$ U!'He6V$ UieV en USA1 E.14 s!"e LseI"L H"is"o6$ l!dle LRleIdHe6lL
H!zo6$ r!in LreInL Hll(+i!6$ !"%!i,n L9Y"R%eInL H!"%!)!6$ str!i,&t LstreItL HretoL
ret!6$ B!'onne LbeIRo(nL HB!'on! Nest!do(nidenseO6$ s!' LseIL Hdeir6$ bei,e LbeIL
Hbei,eL beis6$ #ei,n L#eInL #in,ir6$ ei,&t LeItL Ho&o6$ s9ein Ls9eInL$ slei,& LsleIL
Htrineo6$ #rei,&t L#reItL H!r,!6$ s&ei9 NoO s&ei&9 L[eI9L H.e/(e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
&o"bre "(.erie,o NGBO6 ' L[ i49L NUSAO H.e/(eL &o"bre "(.erie,o6$ +eil L+eIlL
H+elo6$ %re' L%reIL H%res!6$ t&e' LSeIL Hellos6M on Hel ,r!#e"!6 Qe!Q &!' solo tres
%!l!br!s /(e se %ron(nien on este di%ton,o4 ,re!t L,reItL H,r!n6$ bre!9 LbreI9L
Hro"%er6 ' Uste!9V LsteI9L H#ilete6M "!elstro" Nliter!rioO LR"eIlstroH(6"L NGBO
' LR"eIlstre"L NUSAO Hre"olinoL torbellinoL +or,ine6$ b!llet LRbYleIL NGBO
' LRbYRleIL NUSAO Hb!llet6$ ,!(,e L,eIdL H"edir6$ ,!ol LdeIlL Hrel6$ s(ede
Ls7eIdL H!nte6$ !#0L !#e LR9Y#eIL NGBO ' L9YR#eIL NUSAO H!#0 Nl(,!rO6$ "!tin0eL
"!tinee LR"YtIneIL NGB o LIteILO ' L"YteRneIL NUSA o LItIILO H#(ni3n de t!rde6$
e& LeIL HWe&TL W3"oTL W/(0TL WnoT6$ !'He6 LeIL Nliter!rioO Hsie"%reL H\!']6$
lin,erie LRlYnereIL NGBO ' Ll!4neRreIL NUSAO HlenerF!6$ et1
Al,(n!s %!l!br!s %(eden %ron(ni!rse on LiL (!ndo se %ron(ni! r%id!"ente '
on el di%ton,o LeIL (!ndo se %ron(ni!n des%!io1 E.14 >ednesd!' LR7enzdiL o
LIdeIL H"i0roles6$ et1
Este di%ton,o es %!reido !l !stell!no LeiL4 beb0is$ o"0is$ rein!$ et1
*(!ndo el di%ton,o LeIL +! se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sord!$ no es t!n l!r,o o"o
(!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! o se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sonor!M es$ %(es$ "s
orto en l!s %!l!br!s Qbre!9$ !9e$ ei,&t$ ,re!t$ n!tion$ r!e$ R!&el$ s!#e$ ste!9Q$ /(e
en l!s %!l!br!s Qb!llet$ !"%!i,n$ ,!(,e$ .!il$ %re'$ r!in$ s!"e$ s!+e$ s!'$ t&e'Q1
<6 El diptongo #Ie# onst! de (n! i ort! ' (n! e rel!.!d!M s(ele re%resent!rse en l!
esrit(r! en GB o"o Ue!rV$ UeerV$ UeirV$ UereV$ UierV$ Ue!V ' "(&o "enos
#re(ente"ente o"o UeeV$ Ue&eV$ Ue&iV$ UeoV Nno en l! 2lti"! sFl!b!M s(ele
%ron(ni!rse o"o Li4L en USA ' t!"bi0n "enos #re(ente"ente en GBO$ Ue(V$ UeV$
UirV$ U!e!VM en in,l0s britnio se %ron(ni! l! r detrs de l!s o"bin!iones UIe!rV$
UIeerV$ UIeirV$ UIereV$ UIierV$ de este di%ton,o$ (!ndo +! entre +o!les$ %ero no se
%ron(ni! l! r ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ ! no ser /(e l! %!l!br! +!'! se,(id! de otr! /(e
e"%iee %or +o!lM en Est!dos Unidos de s(ele %ron(ni!r o"o LIHe6rL en es!s
ino o"bin!ionesM ! +ees$ se %ron(ni! LIeL en GB ' en USA no es LIHe6L %ero
en l! "!'orF! de l!s %!l!br!s e-iste di&o %!r!lelis"oM ! +ees$ se %ron(ni! LIeL en
GB %rini%!l"ente e LIHe6rL o LIHe6L en USAM "enos ! "en(do se %ron(ni! LIeL
NGBO e Li4 eL o Li4L NUSAO1 E.14 #e!r L#IeL NGBO ' L#IHe6rL NUSAO H"iedo6$ &e!r L&IeL
NGBO ' L&IHe6rL NUSAO HoFr6$ dre!r' LRdrIeriL NGBO ' LRdrIHe6riL NUSAO Hde%ri"ente6$
beer LbIeL NGBO ' LbIHe6rL NUSAO Her+ez!6$ 7eird L7IedL NGBO ' L7IHe6rdL NUSAO
H"isterioso6$ &ere L&IeL NGBO ' L&IHe6rL NUSAO H!/(F6$ bier LbIeL NGBO ' LbIHe6rL
NUSAO H#0retro6$ #iere L#IesL NGBO ' L#IHe6rsL NUSAO Hbr!+o6$
!%%e!r!ne LeR%IerensL NGBO ' LeR%IrensL NUSAO H!%!rieni!6$ ide! L!IRdIeL NGBO '
L!IRdi4eL NUSAO Hide!6$ 7e!r' LR7IeriL NGBO ' LR7IHe6riL NUSAO H!ns!do6$
&eerio Lt[IeriRo(L NGBO ' Lt[IHe6riRo(L NUSAO H!di3s6$ +e&e"ent LR+Ie"entL NGB4
"enos (s!doO ' LR+i4e"entL NUSA ' GB4 "s (s!doO H+e&e"ente6$
+e&ile LR+Ie9He6lL NGBO ' LR+i4I9He6lL NUSA ' GBO H+e&F(lo6$ t&eoreti!ll'
Lu Ie Rret I 9 eliL NGBO o Lui4eRretI9eliL Hte3ri!"ente6$ "(se(" L".(4Rz Ie "L NGBO
o L".(4Rzi4e"L H"(seo6$ &i"er! L9!IR"IereL NGBO ' L9!IR"IreL NUSAO$
&ero LR&Iero(L NGBO ' LR&IHe6ro(L NUSA o LR&i4ro(LO H&0roe6$ ser(" LRsIere"L NGBO
' LRsIre"L NUSAO Hs(ero6$ #!9ir LR#eI9IeL NGBO ' L#eR9IHe6rL NUSAO H#!/(ir6$ s%ir!e!
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL s%ire! NUSAO Ls%!IRrIeL NGB4 "enos (s!do /(e Li4eL4 GB '
USAO Hes%ire!6$ et1
*(!ndo el di%ton,o LIeL +! se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sord!$ no es t!n l!r,o o"o
(!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! o se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sonor!1
Este di%ton,o es %!reido !l !stell!no Li!L4 "edi!$ et1
*on+iene s!ber /(e e-iste t!"bi0n LieL$ /(e no es di%ton,oM son dos sFl!b!s en +ez
de (n!M s(ele re%resent!rse en l! esrit(r! en GB ' USA o"o Ueo(V$ UeoV Nse,(ido
de onson!nte ! #in!l de %!l!br!O$ Ui!V$ Uio(V$ Ui(VM en l! esrit(r! %(ede di+idirse l!
%!l!br! detrs de l! %ri"er! +o!l4 e1o($ e1o$ i1!$ i1o($ i1( ND1 5C15=OM no obst!nte$ en
l! !den! &!bl!d!$ sobre todo (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido$ se %ron(ni! o"o el
di%ton,o LIeL ' en l! esrit(r! no %(ede di+idirse l! %!l!br! detrs de l! %ri"er!
+o!lM de &e&o$ &!st! no &!e "(&os !)os se tr!nsribF!$ ' en !l,(nos
diion!rios se si,(e tr!nsribiendo$ o"o el di%ton,o LIeLM !sF$ %(es$ no %!s! n!d!
si (n !stell!no&!bl!nte lo %ron(ni! o"o el di%ton,o LIeL o on di0resis
o"o LieLM l! di#ereni! es "(' s(til e i"%osible de not!r %!r! l! "!'orF! de l!
,ente !n,lo&!bl!nte1 E.4 !%%rei!ti+e LeR%ri4[ietI+L o LI[eIL$ Rbe!(teo(s$ Rbo(nteo(s$
&!R"eleon$ eRrroneo(s$ e-te"%oRr!neo(s$ ,(!rdi!n LR,!4dienL NGBO ' LR,!4rdienL
NUSAO$ &ideo(s LR&IdiesL H&orrible6$ &il!rio(s L&IRleeriesL NGBO ' L&IRleriesL NUSAO
Hdi+ertidFsi"oL !ni"!dFsi"o6$ &o"oR,eneo(s$ Ri,neo(s$ inR,enio(s$ le(9!e"i!
NGBOL le(9e"i! NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Ll.(4R9i4"i eL NGBO o Ll(4R9i4"ieL$
l(-(rio(s LlA,R(eriesL NGB o LlA,Rz.(eILO ' LlA,R(riesL NUSA4 el "s (s!do
o LlA,Rz.(IL o LlA,R[(ILO$ ob+io(s LRob+iesL NGBO ' LR!4b+iesL NUSAO$
%!nt&eon LR%YnuienL NGB o L%YnRui4enLO ' LR%Ynui4!4nL NUSA o LR%Ynui4enLO
H%!nte3n6$ r!di(s LRreIdiesL Hr!dio6$ Rs%(rio(s$ et1 D1518815
=6 El diptongo #oe# est o"%(esto de (n! o !biert! ' (n! e rel!.!d!M no se (s! en
in,l0s estnd!r !sF /(e no !%!ree en l! "!'or %!rte de los diion!riosM &!' ,ente
/(e lo (tiliz! en +ez del di%ton,o L(eL o de l! Lo4L %ero no es t!n orreto1 E.14
%oor L%oeL H%obre6$ #o(r L#oeL H(!tro6$ >!7en L7oenL1
Este di%ton,o se %!ree !l !stell!no LoeL no !ent(!do4 oetneo$ et1
Este di%ton,o se (s! s3lo en in,l0s olo/(i!l .(nto on otros n(e+e di%ton,os /(e
no !%!reen !/(F '! /(e son +!ri!ntes de los desritos ' !e%t!dos en el in,l0s
estnd!r1
?6 El diptongo #oI# est #or"!do %or (n! o !biert! ' (n! i ort!M s(ele esribirse
o"o UoiV$ Uo'VM "(' r!r!"ente o"o Ue(V$ U(o'V1 E.14 oil LoIlL H!eite6$ bo' LboIL
H"(&!&o6$ Fre(di!n LR#roIdienL$ b(o' LboIL Hbo'!61
*(!ndo el di%ton,o LoIL +! se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sord!$ no es t!n l!r,o o"o
(!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! o se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sonor!M es$ %(es$ "s
orto en l!s %!l!br!s Q&oiH69$ %oint Nl! UnV es sonor! %ero l! /(e (ent! es l!
2lti"!4 l! UtVOQ$ /(e en l!s %!l!br!s QRo'$ toilQ1
Este di%ton,o se %!ree !l di%ton,o !stell!no LoiL4 do'$ &o'$ +o'$ esto'$ et1
@6 El diptongo #ou# s(ele re%resent!rse o"o Uo!V$ (!ndo no +! se,(id! de r$
o"o UoeV$ UoVM "enos #re(ente"ente o"o Uo(V se,(ido de onson!nteHs6$ !
+ees "(d!Hs64 o(,&$ Uo7VM "(&o "enos #re(ente"ente o"o Ue!(V$ U!(V$ UotV$
en %!l!br!s de ori,en #r!n0s$ ' o"o U!oH&6V$ Ue7V$ UooV$ Uo&V$ UolV$ UeoV$ Uo7eVM
t!"bi0n o"o U!V$ U7!V$ en USAM en re!lid!d Lo(L se (s! en USA ' en GB se
(s! Le(LM no obst!nte$ l! di#ereni! es "(' %e/(e)!M en este libro se (s! sie"%re
Lo(L %!r! si"%li#i!rlo1 E.14 o!t L9o(tL H!bri,o6$ ro!d Lro(dL H!lle6$ ro!st Lro(stL
H!s!r6$ #oe L#o(L Hene"i,o6$ ,o L,o(L Hir6$ roll Lro(lL HrolloL %!neilloL rod!r6$ t&o(,&
Nolo/(i!lO LSo(L H!(n/(e6$ slo7 Lslo(L Hlento6$ Moso7 LR"os9o(L NGBO
' LR"!4s9!(L NUSA4 "s (s!do o LR"!4s9o(LO HMos26$ b(re!( LRb.(ero(L NGBO
' LRb.(ro(L NUSAO Hesritorio6$ "!(+e L"o(+L H"!l+!6$ de%ot LRde%o(L H de%3sito6$
%&!r!o& LR#eero(L NGBO ' LR#ero(L NUSAO H#!r!3n6$ se7 Lso(L Hoser6$ broo& Lbro(t[L
H%rendedor6$ o& Lo(L Ho&6$ &ol"s L&o("zL Hislet!s de rFoL +e,!s ribere)!sL enin!s6$
Eol"es L&o("zL$ 'eo"!n LR.o("enL H%e/(e)o terr!tenienteL !l!b!rdero6$ o7e Lo(L
Hdeber6$ M!rlo7He6 LR"!4lo(L NGBO ' LR"!4rlo(L NUSAO$ /(!&o, NUSAO1
E-isten !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e se %on(ni!n on Lo(L en GB ' on L!4L en USA4
R%roess$ R%ro,ress$ et1
Es on+eniente tener (id!do on los %!res de %!l!br!s /(e solo se di#ereni!n %or
tener Lo4L ( Lo(L4 b!ld Lbo4ldL H!l+o6 ' UboldV Lbo(ldL H!tre+ido6M b!ll Lbo4lL H%elot!6 '
Ubo7lV Lbo(lL Ht!z3n6M !ll L9o4lL Hll!"!r6 ' Uo!lV L9o(lL H!rb3n6M l!7 Llo4L Hle'6 '
Ulo7V Llo(L Hb!.o6M s!7 Lso4L H+io6 ' UsoV Nliter!rioO Lso(L H!sF6$ et1
Este di%ton,o se %!ree !l di%ton,o !stell!no Lo(L$ /(e es "(' r!ro4 bo($ et1
*(!ndo el di%ton,o Lo(L +! se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sord! no es t!n l!r,o o"o
(!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! o se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sonor!M es$ %(es$ "s
orto en l!s %!l!br!s Qbro9e$ broo&$ o!t$ notion$ so!%Q$ /(e en l!s %!l!br!s Qbo7l$
&ose$ erosion$ #oe$ ,o$ ro!d$ ro,(e$ slo7$ so7nQ1
B6 El diptongo #ue# onst! de (n! ( ort! ' (n! e rel!.!d!M se s(ele esribir o"o
UoorV$ U(reVM "enos #re(ente"ente o"o Uo(rV$ U(rV$ Ue(rVM se (s! %rini%!l"ente
en GB$ %ero en USA se s(ele %ron(ni!r L(He6L !si sie"%re (!ndo +! se,(id! de
l! onson!nte LrLM se %(ede esribir t!"bi0n o"o U(!V en GB ' USAM 0ste es el
2nio di%ton,o /(e no !%!ree ! %rini%io de %!l!br!1 E.14 %oor L%(eL NGB o L%o4LO
' L%(He6rL NUSAO H%obre6$ l(re Ll(eL NGB o Ll.(eL o Ll.o4LO ' Ll(He6rL NUSAO$
s(re L[(eL NGB o L[o4LO ' L[(He6rL NUSAO Hse,(ro6$ s(rel' LR[(eliL NGB o LR[o4liLO
' LR[(He6rliL NUSAO Hse,(r!"ente6$ to(r Lt(eL NGB o Lto4LO ' Lt(He6rL NUSAO H,ir!L
+i!.!r %orL reorrer6$ .(r' LRd(eriL NGBO ' LRd(He6riL NUSAO H.(r!do6$
l(rid LRl(erI d$ edL NGB o LRl.(erI d$ edL o LRl.o4rI d$ edLO ' LRl(red$ I dL NUSAO$
%le(r! LR%l(ereL NGB o LR%lo4reLO ' LR%l(reL NUSAO H%le(r!6$ !t(!lHl'6 LRY9t[(elHi6L$
(s(!lHl'6 LR.(4(elHi6L$ et1
T!"bi0n %(ede !%!reer este di%ton,o en GB %rini%!l"ente o"o Ue7eV$ U(eV$
U((V$ se,(id!s de onson!nte$ %ero se (s! "s L(4eL o"o en Est!dos Unidos1 E.14
.e7el Ld ( elL NGB4 "enos (s!doO o LRd(4elL H.o'!6$ #(el L#.( elL NGB4 "enos
(s!doO o LR#.(4elL Ho"b(stible6 ' lo "is"o on Qr(elHt'6$ +!(("Q$ et1
L! ( +! "s !ent(!d! /(e l! LeL %ero$ (!ndo l! LeL +! "s !ent(!d! /(e l! ($ se
%ron(ni! L7eL o"o en Qt7ent'$ 7ellQ$ et1M (!ndo el di%ton,o L(eL no +!
!ent(!do %odrF! %ron(ni!rse t!"bi0n o"o L7eL$ si se %ron(ni! l! %!l!br!
r%id!"ente1 E.14 !t(!l LRY9t[7elL$ (s(!l LR.(47elL1
Este di%ton,o !%!ree en iert!s %!l!br!s detrs de L.L en GB ' "(&o "enos
#re(ente"ente en USA$ en l!s ter"in!iones Iio(s$ I(o(s$ et1 E.14
ontin(o(s L9enRtIn.(esL Hontin(o6$ (re L9.(eL NGBO ' L9.(He6rL NUSAO H(r!L
(r!r6$ (rio(s LR9.(eriesL NGBO ' LR9.(riesL NUSAO H(rioso6$
end(r!ne LInRd.(erensL NGBO e LInRdH.6(rensL NUSAO Hresisteni!6$
end(re LInRd.(eL NGBO e LInRdH.6(He6rL NUSAO$ H!,(!nt!r6$ #(r' LR#.(eriL NGBO
' LR#.(He6riL NUSAO H#(ri!6$ #(rio(s LR#.(eriesL NGBO ' LR#.(riesL NUSAO H#(rioso6$
%(re L%.(eL NGBO ' L%.(He6rL NUSAO H%(ro6$ stren(o(s LRstren.(esL H!,ot!dorL
+i,oroso6$ Ur!n(s LR.(He6rHe6nesL NGBO ' LR.(rHe6nesL NUSAO HUr!no6$ et1
Este di%ton,o se %!ree !l !stell!no L(eL4 ll(e+e$ n(e+e$ %(ede$ et1
En l!s %!l!br!s /(e %(eden %ron(ni!rse on (n! ( inter"edi! se,(id! de (n! e
rel!.!d! no &!brF! di%ton,o L(eL ' se %odrF! di+idir l! %!l!br! detrs de l! L(L1 E.14
!t(1!l$ on,r(1ene$ on,r(1ent$ ontin(1o(s LI.(1esL$ in#l(1ene$ in#l(1enz!$
in,en(1o(s LI.(1esL$ stren(1o(s LI(1esL$ s(%er#l(1o(s LI(1esL$ et1
5C6 El diptongo #uI# onst! de (n! ( ort! ' (n! i ort!M s(ele re%resent!rse o"o
U(iVM se (s! "(' %oo ' sobre todo en GB1 E.14 ,en(ine LRden.(InL NGB4 si se
%ron(ni! on (n! ( inter"edi! no &!brF! di%ton,o L(IL ' se %odrF! di+idir l!
%!l!br! detrs de l! L(L %or/(e &!brF! di0resisO o LRden.(enL NUSAO H,en(ino6$
r(in!tion Lr(IRneI[enL NGB4 "enos (s!do /(e on L(4IL en GBO ' Lr(4eRneI[enL
NUSAO$ H!rr(in!"iento6$ U7ins L.(InzL N!%ellidoO$ et1
L! ( +! "s !ent(!d! /(e l! i en el di%ton,o %ero$ (!ndo l! i +! "s !ent(!d!
/(e l! ($ se %ron(ni! L7IL$ l! se"ionson!nte 7 h l! i ort!4 Q/(i9Q$ et1M este
di%ton,o &! des!%!reido !si tot!l"enteM &!'$ sin e"b!r,o$ (n!s %!l!br!s on L7IL$
' otr!s on L(4IL en GB ' L(4eL en USA ' GB1
Este di%ton,o es %!reido !l di%ton,o !stell!no L(iL4 r(in!$ (id!do$ et1
51851I TRIPTONGOS
Los tri%ton,os son ino en in,l0s4 L!IeL$ LeIeL$ LoIeL$ L!(eL ' Le(eLM %or r!zones
%ed!,3,i!s LoIeL se tr!nsribe o"o LoIeL ' Le(eL o"o Lo(eL1 Al,(nos
!n,lo&!bl!ntes no %ron(ni!n los tri%ton,os !sF %ero no se onsider! t!n orreto1
A(n/(e no todos los diion!rios oiniden$ es "e.or %oner l! tilde en l!
tr!nsri%i3n #on0ti! de !si tod!s l!s %!l!br!s on tri%ton,os t!nto en GB o"o en
USAM !sF se indi! /(e son dos sFl!b!s ' no (n!4 LRlo(eL NGBO ' LRlo(erL NUSA o
Llo(rLO$ et1 En !stell!no &!' ; tri%ton,os1
56 El triptongo #aIe# s(ele esribirse o"o UiV en GB %rini%!l"ente$ Ui!V$ UirV en
GB e UiV en USA$ UireV en GB e UiV en USA$ U'reV en GB ' ! +ees en USA$ Ui!rV
en GB e Ui!V en USA$ UiorV en GB e UioV en USA$ ' ! +ees t!"bi0n en GB$
U('erV en GB ' U('eV en USA$ U'!V1 E.14 in/(ir' LInR97!IeriL NGB %rini%!l"enteO
e LInR97!IHe6riL NUSA o LRIn97eriLO Hin+esti,!i3n6$ tri!l LRtr!IelL H%r(eb! NoO .(iioL
%rob!r NGBO6$ iron LR!IenL NGBO ' LR!IHe6rnL NUSAO H%l!n&!L &ierro6$ #ire LR#!IeL
NGBO ' LR#!IHe6rL NUSAO H#(e,o6$ t're NGB %rini%!l"enteO LRt!IeL ' UtireV
NUSAO LRt!IHe6rL H(biert!6$ li!r LRl!IeL NGBO ' LRl!IHe6rL NUSAO H"entiroso6$
%rior LR%r!IeL NGBO ' LR%r!IHe6rL NUSAO H%re+io6$ riot LRr!IetL Hdist(rbioL !"otin!rse6$
Io7! LR!Ie7eL$ b('er LRb!IeL NGBO ' LRb!IHe6rL NUSAO Ho"%r!dor6$
'!nide LRs!Ien!IdL Hi!n(ro61
Si l! Ui NoO 'V +! se,(id! de Ire$ l! Uire NoO 'reV se %ron(ni! o"o L!IeL en GB '
o"o L!IHe6rL en USA1 E.14 #ire$ &ire$ ire$ l're$ "ire$ sire$ s&ire$ s%ire$ s/(ire$ tire$
7ire$ et1
*(!ndo el tri%ton,o L!IeL +! se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sord!$ no es t!n l!r,o o"o
(!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! o se,(ido de (n! onson!nte sonor!M es$ %(es$ "s
orto en l! %!l!br! QriotQ$ /(e en l!s %!l!br!s Q'!nide$ tri!lQ1
Este tri%ton,o no e-iste en !stell!no %ero se %!ree !l !stell!no UBo"b!' estV$
et1 E!' /(e %ro(r!r no "eter (n! U'V L.L entre l! L!L ' l! LeL4 l! L!IeL de Q#ireQ no se
%ron(ni! o"o U!'eV de l! %!l!br! !stell!n! Uens!'eV sino o"o L!IL de Ub!ileV
h L eL1
E!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e s3lo se distin,(en %or tener (n! L!4L o el tri%ton,o L!IeL4
b!r Lb!4L NGBO o Lb!4rL NUSAO Hb!r6 ' Ub('erV LRb!IeL NGBO ' LRb!IHe6rL NUSAO
Ho"%r!dor6M #!r L#!4L NGBO o L#!4rL NUSAO Hle.os6 ' U#ireV LR#!IeL NGBO ' LR#!IHe6rL
NUSAO H#(e,o6$ et1
86 El triptongo #aue# se re%resent! en l! esrit(r! o"o Uo7eV$ Uo(Hr6V$ Uo7eHr6V$
U&o(Hr6VM "enos #re(ente"ente o"o U!(eHr6VM "(' r!r!"ente o"o Ui!o(Hr6V1
E.14 +o7el LR+!(elL H+o!l6$ %o7er LR%!(eL NGBO ' LR%!(He6rL NUSAO H%oder6$ #lo(rL
#lo7er LR#l!(eL NGBO ' LR#l!(He6rL NUSAO H&!rin!L #lor6$ &o(r LR!(eL NGBO ' LR!(He6rL
NUSAO H&or!6$ s!(er9r!(t LRs!(e9r!(tL NGBO ' LRs!(He6r9r!(tL NUSAO H&(r(t!6$
s!(erbr!ten LRs!(ebr!4tenL NGBO ' LRs!(He6rbr!4tenL NUSAO H!rne de res en +in!,re
on ondi"entos6$ ,i!o(r LRd!(eL NGBO ' LRd!(He6rL NUSAO Hin#iel Ni no
"(s(l"nO61
E!' !n,lo&!bl!ntes /(e !l &!bl!r r%ido tienden ! %ron(ni!r los tri%ton,os L!IeL
' L!(eL o"o L!eL o L!4L de #or"! /(e %!l!br!s o"o Qt'reQ ' Qto7erQ s(en!n i,(!l
%ero esto no es reo"end!ble1
:6 El triptongo #eIe# s(ele re%resent!rse o"o U!'eHr6V$ U!'oV en GB
%rini%!l"ente$ Uei,&eHr6V1 E.14 %l!'er LR%leIeL NGBO ' LR%leIerL NUSAO H.(,!dor6$
b!'onet LRbeIenI t$ etL Hb!'onet!L &erir on b!'onet!6$ r!'on LRreIenL NGB o LRreIonLO
' LRreI!4nL NUSAO Hr!'3n6$ 7ei,&er LR7eIeL NGBO ' LR7eIerL NUSAO H%es!dor61
Este tri%ton,o no e-iste en !stell!no %ero se %!ree !l !stell!no Uel re' estV$ et1
E!' /(e %ro(r!r no "eter (n! U'V L.L entre l! LeL ' l! LeL4 LeIeL de Qs!'erQ no se
%ron(ni! o"o Ue'eV de l! %!l!br! !stell!n! UPo%e'eV sino o"o LeIL de U+eisV h
LeL1
E!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e sol!"ente se distin,(en %or tener el di%ton,o LeeL o el
tri%ton,o LeIeL4 %!ir L%e eL NGBO H%!r6 ' U%!'erV LR%e IeL NGBO H%!,!dor6M l!ir Lle eL
NGBO H,(!rid!6 ' Ul!'erV LRle IeL NGBO H!%!6$ et1
;6 El triptongo #oIe# s(ele esribirse Uo'eHr6V$ Uo'!VM r!r!"ente o"o U!7'eHr6V1
E.14 e"%lo'er LI"R%loIeL NGBO e LI"R%loIHe6rL NUSAO H%!tr3n6$ o'er LR9oIeL NGBO '
LR9oIerL NUSAO H"s tF"idoL "s e+!si+o6$ lo'!l LRloIelL Hle!l6$ l!7'er LRloIeL NGB
%rini%!l"enteO o LRlo4.eL NGBO ' LRlo4.erL NUSAO H!bo,!do61
Este tri%ton,o no e-iste en !stell!no %ero se %!ree !l !stell!no Q&o' estQ$ et1
E!' /(e %ro(r!r no "eter (n! U'V L.L entre l! LoL ' l! LeL4 LoIeL de Qso'!Q LRsoIeL no
se %ron(ni! o"o l! %!l!br! !stell!n! Uo'eV sino o"o LoIL de U+o'V h LeL1
<6 El triptongo #oue# se esribe o"o Uo7eHr6V$ Uo!V$ Ue7eHr6V1 E.14 lo7er LRlo(eL
NGBO ' LRlo(He6rL NUSAO H"s b!.o6$ #ollo7er LR#olo(eL NGBO ' LR#!4lo(erL NUSAO
Hse,(idor6$ bo! LRbo(eL Hbo!6$ se7er LRso(eL NGBO ' LRso(He6rL NUSAO HosedorH!661
51881I SEMIDO*ALES m SEMI*ONSONANTES
En in,l0s &!' dos se"i+o!les LIL$ L(L ' dos se"ionson!ntes o onson!ntes4 L.L$ L7LM
l! %ri"er! %(ede esribirse o"o UiV$ U'VM l! se,(nd! o"o U(V$ U7VM l!s
se"ionson!ntes L.L$ L7L$ no #or"!n %!rte de di%ton,os o tri%ton,os en in,l0s %ero
en !stell!no sF1 Son se"i+o!les t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no (!ndo +!n
detrs de (n! +o!l en (n di%ton,o o tri%ton,oM son se"i+o!les en los di%ton,os
in,leses L!I$ eI$ oI$ (I$ !($ o(L ' en los tri%ton,os in,leses L!Ie$ eIe$ oIe$ !(e$ o(eLM
en in,l0s (!ndo +!n se,(id!s de (n! e rel!.!d! %(eden ser se"i+o!les o"o en
los di%ton,os LIeL$ L(eL$ o se"ionson!ntes o"o en L.eL$ L7eLM en !stell!no son
se"i+o!les en los di%ton,os dereientesL desendientes L!i$ ei$ oi$ !($ e($ o(L$
o"o en Qseis |seis|$ re' |rei|$ !(to |R!(to|$ de(d! |Rde(S!|Q$ et1
*+ &a semiconsonante o onson!nte #%# es sonor!$ %!l!t!lM es "s o "enos o"o l!
LIL %ero "s bre+e o ort!M en in,l0s &!' "(&!s %!l!br!s on este #one"! /(e
s(ele esribirse o"o U'V$ nor"!l"ente en %osii3n inii!l %ero t!"bi0n ! "it!d de
%!l!br! des%(0s de (n! +o!l o onson!nte$ "enos #re(ente"ente o"o U.V$ UiV$
UllVM ! +ees$ l! ( se %ron(ni! L.(4L ,ener!l"ente '$ r!r!"ente L.(LM ! +ees$ l! U(reV
se %ron(ni! L.eL en GB ' L.erL en USAM es "s !bierto en in,l0s /(e en !stell!no1
E.14 'ello7 LR.elo(L H!"!rillo6$ 'o(t& L.(4uL H.(+ent(d6$ 'esterd!' LR.estedeIL NGB o
LIdiLO ' LR.esterdeIL NUSA o LIdiLO H!'er6$ be'ond LbIR.ondL H"s !ll6$ &!llel(.!&L
&!llel(i!& L&YlIRl(4.eL H!lel('!6$ tortill! Lto4Rti4.eL NGBO ' Lto4rRti4.eL NUSAO$
"(si LR".(4zI9L H"2si!6$ #!il(re LR#eIl.eL NGBO ' LR#eIl.erL NUSAO H#r!!so61
et1
Est! se"ionson!nte o onson!nte L.L$ /(e es "s err!d! en !stell!no /(e en
in,l0s$ !%!ree en !stell!no4
!6 *(!ndo +! #or"!ndo (n di%ton,o reienteL !sendiente del!nte de (n! +o!l
#(erte L.!$ .e$ .o$ .(L o"o en Q"!,i! LR"!-.!L$ ien Lu.enL$ n!i3n Ln!Ru.onLQ$ et1M no
obst!nte$ Ui!$ i(V$ %(eden %ron(ni!rse o"o Li!$ i(L$ si &!' &i!to$ o o"o L.!1$ .(L$ si
&!' sin0resis1
b6 *(!ndo +! #or"!ndo (no de los tri%ton,os L.!i$ .eiL$ o"o en Q!"biisQ
L9!"Rb.!isL$ et1
6 *o"o U'V4 56 A %rini%io de %!l!br! o"o l! 'od de l!s %!l!br!s Q'(nt!$ 'o$ '!Q$
et1$ !(n/(e &!' ,ente /(e l! %ron(ni! o"o LdL$ (n sonido !#ri!do /(e es (n
!l3#ono de L.LM el !l3#ono LdL s(ele ir %reedido de (n! onson!nte n!s!l o l!ter!lM
en !l,(n!s %!rtes de L!tino!"0ri! se %ron(ni! o"o LL$ /(e es (n !l3#ono de L.L1
86 A "it!d de %!l!br! o"o l! 'od en Q&o'!Q LRo.!L$ Q&o'oQ LRo.oL$ et1M en !l,(n!s
%!rtes de L!tino!"0ri! se %ron(ni! o"o LL$ /(e es (n !l3#ono de L.LM l! U'V !
#in!l de %!l!br! no es se"ionson!nte$ sino se"i+o!l1
d6 *o"o UllV en el 'eFs"o en +ez de L/L4 56 A %rini%io de %!l!br! o"o en Qll!"!r
L.!R"!rL$ llo+er L.oRerLQ$ et1 86 A "it!d de %!l!br! o"o en Q!b!lloQ L9!R!.oL$ et1
En l!s zon!s de AlInnd!l(s !ne-ion!d!s ! l! *oron! l! ,ente %ron(ni!b! l! L/L
o"o L.L '! /(e en r!be no e-iste el #one"! L/L ' l(e,o el 'eFs"o se e-tendi3 %or
tod! Es%!)!M en !l,(n!s %!rtes de L!tino!"0ri! l! UllV se %ron(ni! o"o LL$ /(e
es (n !l3#ono de L.L1
Al,(n!s %!l!br!s se s(elen %ron(ni!r on L.eL en GB ' USA4 be&!+io(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL be&!+ior NUSAO LbIR&eI+.eL NGBO ' LbIR&eI+.erL NUSAO
Hond(t!6$ b(nion$ o"%!nion L9e"R%Yn.enL Ho"%!)ero6$ D!niel$ onion$ et1
Otr!s %!l!br!s se s(elen %ron(ni!r on L.eL o LIeL en GB ' USA4 Soni!L Son'!$
et1
Otr!s %!l!br!s se s(elen %ron(ni!r on LieL en GB ' on L.eL en GB ' USA4
Antoni!$ b(llion$ *eili!$ .(nior$ s!+io(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL s!+ior NUSAO$
senior$ st!llion$ Dir,ini!$ et1
Otr!s %!l!br!s se s(elen %ron(ni!r on LieL en GB ' USA ' on L.eL en USA4
!lien$ Deli!$ lenient$ s!lient$ et1
Otr!s %!l!br!s se %ron(ni!n on LieL en GB ' USA4 b!stion N"s (s!do on
LIt[enL en USAO$ *l!(di!$ *'nt&i!$ Glori!$ #(nnier$ &e!+ier$ "!#i!$ M!ri!nL
M!rion$ rei%ient$ Sil+i!L S'l+i!$ Ditori!$ et1
Se s(ele (s!r "s L.eL en USA /(e en GBM %!r! si"%li#i!rlo$ se %(ede deir /(e
tod!s es!s %!l!br!s ' "(&!s otr!s se %(eden %ron(ni!r on LieL$ si se %ron(ni!n
en#ti!"ente$ o LIeL$ L.eL$ si se %ron(ni!n r%id!"enteM o(rre si"%re en sFl!b! no
!ent(!d!M !de"s$ l! di#ereni! entre LieL $ LIeL ' L.eL es "(' %e/(e)! ' no %!s!
n!d! si se %ron(ni! (n! en +ez de otr! %or/(e no se %(eden on#(ndir on otr!s
%!l!br!s ' l! "!'orF! de los !n,lo&!bl!ntes no not!n l! di#ereni!1
E!' "(&!s %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni!n on L.(4L1D1515?
E!' /(e tener (id!do en no on#(ndir L.L ' L dL %or/(e &!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e
se %rest!n ! on#(si3n %!r! (n !stell!no&!bl!nte4 'et L.etL Htod!+F!6 ' U.etV LdetL
Hre!tor6M 'o( L.(4L H(sted6 ' Uje7V Ld(4L H.(dFo6M 'ol9 L.o(9L H'e"! 6 '
U.o9eV Ldo(9 L H&iste6M '!" L.Y"L Hb!t!t!6 ' U.!"V LdY"L H"er"el!d!6M 'o(r
L.o4L NGBO Hs('o6 ' U.!7V Ldo4L H"!ndFb(l!6$ et1
Est! se"ionson!nte o onson!nte !%!ree ! "en(do detrs de iert!s onson!ntes4
Lt.L$ Ld.L$ Ls.L$ /(e %(eden %ron(ni!rse de est! otr! "!ner! Lt[L$ LdzL$ L[L$ sin l!
se"ionson!nte1 E.14 *&risti!n LR9rIst[enL o LR9rIstienL Hristi!no6$ ed(!tion
Led. eR9e I[ H e6nL NGBO o LedeR9eI[He6nL Hense)!nz!6$ iss(e LR I s.(4L NGBO o LRI[(4L
H!s(nto61
L! L.L$ /(e no se d! ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ es o"%let!"ente sord! (!ndo +! detrs
de L%$ t$ 9$ &L en sFl!b! !ent(!d!4 %(n'$ t(be$ *(b!$ &(,eM (!ndo l! L.L +! detrs de
otr! onson!nte sord! es sonor! s3lo %!ri!l"ente1
L! L.L %(ede ir se,(id! de doe #one"!s +olios ' de n(e+e di%ton,os4
'!n9ee LR.Y9iL H'!n/(i6$ 'o(n,er LR.A,eL NGBO ' LR.A,erL NUSAO H"s .o+en6$
'!rn L.!4nL NGBO ' L.!4rnL NUSAO H&ilo6$ 'es L.esL HsF6$ 'e!rn L.4nL NGBO ' L.4rnL
NUSAO H!n&el!r6$ #!il(re LR#eIl.eL NGBO ' LR#eIl.erL NUSAO H#r!!so6$ 'i%%ee] L.IR%i4L
NGBO ' LR.I%i4L NUSAO H\'(%i]6$ 'e N!r!ioO L.i4L N#(erteO o L.iL Nd0bilO H! +osotrHos$
!s66$ 'ield L.i4ldL H%rod(ir6$ '!&t L.otL NGBO ' L.!4tL NUSAO H'!te6$ mor9 L.o49L NGBO '
L.o4r9L NUSAO$ (nited L.(4Rn!ItI d$ edL H(nido6$ (ni+ersit' L.(4nIR+4setiL NGB o LIsIIL
o LIneILO ' L.(4nIR+4rsetiL NUSA o LIsIIL o LIneILO H(ni+ersid!d6$ 'o7l L.!(lL H!l!rido6$
m!re L.eeL NGBO ' L.eHe6rL NUSAO$ 'e! L.eIL HsF6$ 'e!r L.IeL NGBO ' L.IHe6rL NUSAO
H!)o6$ 'oi9s] L.oI9sL H\+en,!]6$ 'o(r L.o4L NGBO ' L.o4rL NUSAO Ht(6$ 'o9e L.o(9L
H'(,o6$ l(re Ll.(eL NGB o Ll(eLO ' Ll(He6rL NUSAO H!tr!er6$ U7ins L.(InzL N!%ellidoO1
En in,l0s l! L.L no %(ede ir !l #in!l de (n! sFl!b! detrs de (n! +o!lM tiene /(e ser LIL
' #or"! (n di%ton,o on l! +o!l !nterior o (n tri%ton,o on l! +o!l !nterior ' l!
+o!l %osterior1
2+ &a semiconsonante o onson!nte #,# es sonor!$ bil!bi!l ' +el!rM se %!ree ! (n!
( %ero no es (n! (M se %ron(ni! o"o l! Q&(Q de l!s %!l!br!s !stell!n!s Q&(ele$
&(este$ &(eso$ &(ert!QM t!"bi0n !%!ree en Q,(!rdo$ !,(!r$ #(enteQ$ et1M %ero el
%(nto de !rti(l!i3n est en los l!bios$ no en l! ,!r,!nt!M en !stell!no se %(ede
!rti(l!r en los l!bios ' en l! ,!r,!nt!M (!ndo se !rti(l! en l! ,!r,!nt! s(en! !si
o"o Q,(ele$ ,(esoQ$ et1
Est! se"ionson!nte o onson!nte L7L !%!ree en !stell!no4
!6 *(!ndo +! #or"!ndo (n di%ton,o reienteL !sendiente del!nte de (n! +o!l
#(erte L7!$ 7e$ 7oL o"o en Q,(!%oQ LR,7!%oL$ Q,(!rdoQ LR,7!rSoL$ Q&(eleQ LR7eleL$
et1M t!"bi0n en el di%ton,o L7iL o"o en Q#(iQ L#7iL$ Qr(idoQ LRrr7iSoL$ %ero no en
Q!s(Fsti!Q L9!s(Risti9!L %or/(e no &!' di%ton,oM no obst!nte$ U(!$ (e$ (iV$ %(eden
%ron(ni!rse on L(L$ si &!' &i!to$ o L7L$ si &!' sin0resis1
b6 *(!ndo +! #or"!ndo (no de los tri%ton,os L7!i$ 7eiLM el tri%ton,o L7!iL !%!ree
en l! esrit(r! o"o U(!iV entre onson!ntes o"o en Qinsin(isQ LinsiRn7!isL '
o"o U(!'V ! #in!l de %!l!br! o"o en UUr(,(!'V L(r(Ry7!iLM el tri%ton,o L7eiL
!%!ree en l! esrit(r! o"o U(eiV entre onson!ntes o"o en Qinsin(0isQ
LinsiRn7eisL ' o"o U(e'V ! #in!l de %!l!br! o"o en Qb(e'Q Lb7eiL1
En in,l0s &!' "(&!s %!l!br!s on este sonidoM s(ele esribirse o"o U7V !
%rini%io de %!l!br! o ! "it!d de %!l!br!$ detrs de (n! +o!l o onson!nte ' o"o
U7&V h !$ e$ i$ '1 E.14 7orld L74ldL NGBO ' L74rldL NUSAO H"(ndo6$
7or9er LR749eL NGBO ' LR74r9erL NUSAO Htr!b!.!dor6$ re7!rd LrIR7o4dL NGBO '
LrIR7o4rdL NUSAO Hreo"%ens!6$ t7el+e Lt7el+L Hdoe6$ 7&!t L7otL NGBO ' L&7!4tL
NUSA o L&7AtLO Hlo /(e6M t!"bi0n %(ede esribirse o"o U(V$ bien detrs de /$ bien
detrs de , (!ndo l! Q,(Q no +! !ent(!d!4 /(iet LR97!IetL Htr!n/(ilo6$
/(!rrel LR97orHe6lL NGBO ' LR97o4rHe6lL NUSA o L7!4LO H%ele!6$ /(!lit' LR97oletiL o
LIlIIL H(!lid!d6$ l!n,(!,e LRlY,7IdL Hlen,(!6$ et1
*(!ndo l! ( +! %reedid! de , ! +ees no se %ron(ni!1 D1 51=$ 51B$ 5158$ 518C15
L! 7 es "(d! en tod!s l!s deen!s de %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or 7rI4 7rite Lr!ItL
Hesribir6$ 7restle LRresHe6lL Hl(&! NlibreO6$ 7ritten LRrItHe6nL Hesrito6$ 7ron, LroL
NGBO ' Lro4L NUSA o Lr!4LO Hinorreto6$ 7r(n, LrAL HretoriH3L do66$ et1
E!' !l,(n!s otr!s %!l!br!s en l!s /(e l! 7 no se %ron(ni! t!"%oo4
!ns7er LR!4nseL NGBO ' LRYnserL NUSAO$ E!r7i& LR&YrIdL ' otr!s i(d!des /(e
ter"in!n en I7i& e-e%to UBr(ns7i9$ I%s7i&V$ So(t&7!r9 LRsASe9L NGBO '
LRsASer9L NUSAO$ s7ord Lso4dL NGBO ' Lso4rdL NUSAO$ t7o$ 7&o$ 7&ole$ 7&o"$
7&ose$ et1M l! se,(nd! U7V de >!r7i9 no se %ron(ni! en GB %ero en USA se
%(ede %ron(ni!r o no1
L! 7 %(ede ir detrs de !M no se %ron(ni! %ero se !l!r,! l! +o!l4 s!7 Lso4LM l! 7 es
se"i+o!l en l! %!l!br! Qo7Q L9!(L$ et1
L! L7L$ /(e no se d! ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ es sord! (!ndo +! detrs de Lt$ 9L en sFl!b!
!ent(!d!4 t7ist$ /(i9$ et1
A los !stell!no&!bl!ntes les res(lt! #il %ron(ni!r l! L7L (!ndo est!
se"ionson!nte +! se,(id! de (n! +o!l /(e no se! L(L$ '! /(e s(en! "s o "enos
o"o (n! ( !stell!n!4 7o"en LR7I"I n$ enL H"(.eres6$ et1M !l deir (n! (
%ron(ni!n (n! L7L !si sin /(ererM es inonsiente '$ !(n/(e di.er!n LR(I"I n$ enL$
se entenderF! bienM el %roble"! s(r,e sol!"ente en es!s %o!s %!l!br!s /(e tienen
(n! L(L detrs de l! L7L4 7o"!n LR7("enL H"(.er6$ 7ood L7(dL Hle)!6$ 7ool L7(lL
Hl!n!6$ 7ol# L7(l#L Hlobo6$ et1$ %or/(e$ !l deir ($ s(en! ( ' no 7 o"o en los otros
!sosM nor"!l"ente los !stell!no&!bl!ntes dien L(R("enL$ L(R(dL$ L(R(lL$ L(R(l#LM !
+ees$ dien Q,oodQ L,(dL en +ez de Q7oodQ o Q7o(ldQM est "!l %or/(e no son dos
2es ni (n! , se,(id! de (M es (n! L7L se,(id! de (n! L(LM %!r! %ron(ni!r l! L7L &!'
/(e &!er (n es#(erzo onsiente4 redonde!r los l!bios "s /(e %!r! l! L(L ' l(e,o
l!nz!r el !ire %!r! #(er! on "s #(erz! /(e si #(er! (n! L(L1
L! se"ionson!nte o onson!nte L7L %(ede ir se,(id! de doe #one"!s +olios '
o&o di%ton,os4 7!, L7Y,L H"o+er6$ one L7AnL H(no6$ O(!,!do(,o(
L7!4,eRd(4,(4L o L7Y, eRd(4,(4L NGBO HU!,!d(,(6$ 7ell L7elL Hbien6$ 7ere L7eL
NGBO ' L7erL NUSAO N#or"! d0bilO Her!n6$ 7orse L74sL NGBO ' L74rsL NUSAO
H%eor6$ 7isdo" LR7Izde"L Hs!bid(rF!6$ 7e L7i4L N#(erteO o L7iL Nd0bilO HnosotrHos$
!s66$ 7!d L7odL NGBO ' L7!4dL NUSAO H#!.oL "ont3n6$ 7!nt L7ontL NGBO ' L7o4ntL
NUSA o L7!4ntLO H/(erer6$ 7o"!n LR7("enL H"(.er6$ 7oo L7(4L Horte.!r6$ 7i%e
L7!I%L Hli"%i!r6$ 7o7] L7!(L H\&!l!]L \&(']L \!&]6$ be7!re LbIR7eeL NGBO
' LbIR7eHe6rL NUSAO H(id!do6$ 7!it L7eItL Hes%er!r6$ 7eird L7IedL NGBO
' L7IHe6rdL NUSAO He-tr!)o6$ /(oit L97oItL o L9oItL H!ro6$ /(ot! LR97o(teL H(ot!6$
>!7en LR7oenL1
A +ees$ (n! %!l!br! se %(ede %ron(ni!r on L(L h +o!l$ si lle+! "s 0n#!sis4
bi+o(! LRbI+1(1Y9L Nse %ron(ni! "s des%!io ' son tres sFl!b!sM l! L(L es (n!
+o!lO$ et1$ %ero$ (!ndo lle+! "enos 0n#!sis$ se %ron(ni! L7L4 bi+o(! LRbI+17Y9L
Nse %ron(ni! "s r%id!"ente ' son dos sFl!b!s4 l! L7L es (n! se"ionson!nteO$
et1

*ONSONANTES
518:1I En ingls existen 2- fonemas conson!nticos si incluimos las dos
semiconsonantes. En castellano /a solamente *0. L!s onson!ntes in,les!s
%(eden ser$ o"o l!s !stell!n!s$ se,2n el "odo de !rti(l!i3n4 ol(si+!s$
#ri!ti+!s$ !#ri!d!s$ n!s!les ' l!ter!les1 Un! di#ereni! entre l!s onson!ntes
in,les!s ' l!s !stell!n!s es /(e en in,l0s tod!s l!s diein(e+e$ e-e%to l! &$ %(eden
!%!reer !l #in!l de (n! %!l!br! "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no sol!"ente siete de
diein(e+e !%!reen en %osii3n #in!l1 En in,l0s nin,(n! %!l!br! %(ede e"%ez!r
on "s de tres #one"!s onsonntios ND1 51:815O ni ter"in!r on "s de ino
#one"!s onsonntios ND1 51:<1:O1 L!s onson!ntes in,les!s /(e "s se (tiliz!n
son 4 Lt$ n$ r$ l$ s$ dL ' l!s !stell!n!s son4 Ls$ n$ r$ d$ t$ lL1
518;1I &as consonantes oclusivas o e-%losi+!s H%losi+e6 son" #b, p, d, t, g, 1#M son
tod!s "s e-%losi+!s /(e en !stell!noM se ll!"!n ol(si+!s %or/(e !l %rini%io &!'
(n! ol(si3n se,(id! de tensi3n ' e-%losi3nM si l! ol(si3n es debid! ! los l!bios se
ll!"!n ol(si+!s bil!bi!les4 L%$ bLM si l! ol(si3n se %rod(e en los !l+0olos
s(%eriores se ll!"!n !l+eol!res o lin,(o!l+eol!res4 Lt$ dLM si l! ol(si3n tiene l(,!r en
el +elo del %!l!d!r se ll!"!n +el!res o lin,(o+el!res4 L9$ ,LM tres son sonor!s4 Lb$ d$ ,L
' tres son sord!s4 L%$ t$ 9LM est!s tres 2lti"!s son !s%ir!d!s ,ener!l"ente %or/(e l!
,lotis %er"!nee !biert!$ "ientr!s /(e l!s otr!s tres no son !s%ir!d!s '! /(e l! ,lotis
%er"!nee err!d!M %or eso$ L%$ t$ 9L s(en!n br(s!s !l oFdo del !stell!no&!bl!nteM
tod!s l!s onson!ntes ol(si+!s %(eden d!rse ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d ' ! #in!l de
%!l!br!1
L!s tres onson!ntes sonor!s Lb$ d$ ,L s(elen %ron(ni!rse o"o sord!s ! #in!l de
%!l!br! ' sol!"ente %!ri!l"ente sonor!s ! %rini%io de %!l!br! des%(0s de %!(s!M
(!ndo +!n ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ Lb$ d$ ,L se di#ereni!n de L%$ t$ 9L %rini%!l"ente
%or/(e l! +o!l !nterior se !l!r,!$ "s /(e %or ser sonor!sM l! +o!l !nterior ! L%$ t$
9L se !ort!M (!ndo +!n ! %rini%io de %!l!br! en sFl!b! !ent(!d!$ Lb$ d$ ,L se
di#ereni!n de L%$ t$ 9L %rini%!l"ente %or/(e no son !s%ir!d!s$ "s /(e %or ser
sonor!s1
*(!ndo l!s ol(si+!s L%$ t$ 9L +!n ! %rini%io de %!l!br! se,(id!s de Ll$ r$ 7$ .L en
sFl!b! !ent(!d!$ l! !s%ir!i3n &!e /(e Ll$ r$ 7$ .L se on+iert!n de sonor!s ! sord!s4
%lot$ *&rist"!s$ /(i9er$ (reM en sFl!b! no !ent(!d! Ll$ r$ 7$ .L %ierden sol!"ente
%!rte de s( sonorid!d4 !tl!s$ A%ril$ on/(est$ e+!(!tionM (!ndo l!s ol(si+!s L%$ t$
9L +!n ! #in!l de %!l!br! o en sFl!b! #in!l no !ent(!d! se,(id!s de (n! +o!l$ estn
%oo !s%ir!d!s4 lit$ site1
*(!ndo Ll$ "$ nL +!n se,(id!s de L%$ t$ 9L$ son "s ort!s /(e (!ndo +!n se,(id!s
de onson!ntes sonor!s$ sobre todo si Ll$ "$ nL +!n %reedid!s de (n! +o!l ort!1
E.14 l! Ll$ "$ nL de l!s %!l!br!s U&el%$ s!"%le$ sentV son "s ort!s /(e l!s de l!s
%!l!br!s U&eld$ s!nd!l$ sendV1
*(!ndo L%$ t$ 9L +!n !ent(!d!s ' %reedid!s de s$ %ierden %!rte de l! !s%ir!i3n1
E.14 l! L%$ t$ 9L de l!s %!l!br!s Udes%oti$ distrib(te$ %resribeV es "enos !s%ir!d! /(e
l! de l!s %!l!br!s Ude%!rt$ detent$ %rel(deV1
AsF "is"o (!ndo L%$ t$ 9L +!n %reedid!s de L#$ [L en l! sFl!b! o %!l!br! !nterior
%ierden %!rte de l! !s%ir!i3n1 E.14 l! L%$ t$ 9L de l!s %!l!br!s Qro(,& %ot$ ro(,& tre9$
#res& l!'Q es "enos !s%ir!d! /(e l! de l!s %!l!br!s Qt&ree %ots$ t&e tre9$ ,ood
l!'Q1
Si L%$ t$ 9L no estn en sFl!b! !ent(!d!$ ,ener!l"ente ! "it!d de %!l!br! detrs de
(n! sFl!b! !ent(!d!$ tienen %o! !s%ir!i3n4 %i%er$ debtor$ r!(o(s1
*(!ndo &!' dos ol(si+!s se,(id!s$ distint!s o i,(!les$ tres ol(si+!s$ (n! ol(si+!
se,(id! de l!s onson!ntes Lt[$ d$ l$ "$ nL dentro de (n! "is"! %!l!br! o entre (n!
%!l!br! ' otr! l! %ri"er! onson!nte no se o'e !%en!s4 sto%%ed$ d(bbed$ b!d bo'$
bi, %!rt$ b!d d!'$ sto%%ed %eo%le$ ! bit &ill'$ ! bi, .!"$ Atl!ntis$ %oodle$ bi, "!le$
s!dness1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en Id ' l! si,(iente e"%iez! %or b$ %$ "$ nor"!l"ente
en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %rod(e (n! !si"il!i3n$ no reo"end!ble %!r! (n
!stell!no&!bl!nte$ ' l! Id se %ron(ni! o"o (n! Ib4 s!d bo'$ s!d %!rt$ s!d "ot&er1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en Id ' l! si,(iente e"%iez! %or ,$ 9$ nor"!l"ente en
in,l0s olo/(i!l se %rod(e (n! !si"il!i3n$ no reo"end!ble %!r! (n
!stell!no&!bl!nte$ ' l! It se %ron(ni! o"o (n! I,4 s!d ,lor'$ s!d oo91
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en Id ' l! si,(iente e"%iez! %or L.L nor"!l"ente en
in,l0s olo/(i!l se %rod(e (n! !si"il!i3n$ no reo"end!ble %!r! (n
!stell!no&!bl!nte$ ' l! Id h L.L se %ron(ni!n o"o (n! LdL4 o(ld 'o(T1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en It ' l! si,(iente e"%iez! %or b$ %$ "$ nor"!l"ente
en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %rod(e (n! !si"il!i3n$ no reo"end!ble %!r! (n
!stell!no&!bl!nte$ ' l! It se %ron(ni! o"o (n! I%4 t&!t b!,$ t&!t %ost$ t&!t "ot&er1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en It ' l! si,(iente e"%iez! %or U,$ 9V$ en in,l0s
olo/(i!l s(ele %rod(irse (n! !si"il!i3n$ no reo"end!ble %!r! (n
!stell!no&!bl!nte$ ' l! It se %ron(ni! o"o (n! I94 t&!t ,o!t$ t&!t 9i91
L! LtL (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! %(ede s(#rir (n! !si"il!i3n$ no reo"end!ble
%!r! (n !stell!no&!bl!nte$ del!nte de otr! %!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or L.L
%ron(nindose l! LtL ' l! L.L o"o Lt[L1 E.14 ne-t 'e!r Lne9st[IeL NGBO ' Lne9st[IHe6rL
NUSAO Hel %r3-i"o !)o6M Ri,&t 'o( !re Lr!It[( !4L NGBO ' Lr!It[( !4rL NUSAO
HTienes r!z3n6M DoesnZt 'o(r "ot&er o"eT LdAzn t[o4L NGBO ' LdAzn t[o4rL
NUSAO HWNo +iene t( "!dreT61
518<1I &as consonantes oclusivas son"
*+ &a #b# es (n! onson!nte sonor!$ ol(si+!$ bil!bi!lM nor"!l"ente este sonido se
esribe o"o (n! UbV$ "enos #re(ente"ente o"o UbbV ' r!r!"ente o"o Ub&V1
E.14 b!9 LbY9L Hes%!ld!6$ belie+e LbIRli4+L Hreer6$ b(s LbAsL H!(tob2s6$ bod' LRbodiL
H(er%o6$ boot Lb(4tL Hbot!6$ bot& Lbo(uL H!"bos6$ bo7l Lbo(lL Ht!z3n6$
d(bbin, LRdAbIL Hdobl!.e Nde (n! %elF(l!O6$ B&(t!n Lb(4Rt!4nL o Lb(4RtYnL HB(tn6$
et1
A +ees$ l! b no se %ron(ni! (!ndo +! %reedid! de " o se,(id! de t1 E.14
!%lo"b$ be!&o"ber$ bo"b Lbo"L NGBO ' Lb!4"L NUSAO Hbo"b!6$
bo"ber LRbo"eL NGBO ' LRb!4"erL NUSAO Hbo"b!rderoL terrorist!6$ li"b L9l!I"L
Hes!l!r6$ li"ber LR9l!I"eL NGBO ' LR9l!I"erL NUSAO Hes!l!dor6$ o"b L9o("L
H%eine6$ r("b L9rA"L H"i,!H.!66$ debt LdetL Hde(d!6$ debtor$ do(bt Ld!(tL Hd(d!6$
do(bt#(l$ do(btless$ d("b LdA"L H"(do6$ d("bbell LRdA"belL H%es!6$
d("b#o(nd LdA"R#!(ndL Hde.!r sin &!bl!6$ d("bness LRdA"nes$ I sL H"(dez6$
d("b s&o7 LRdA"[o(L H%!nto"i"!6$ l!"b LlY"L Hordero6$ li"b LlI"L H"ie"bro6$
n("b$ %l("b$ %l("ber LR%lA"eL NGBO ' LR%lA"erL NUSAO H#ont!nero6$ %l("bin,$
s(btle LRsAtHe6lL Hs(tFl6$ s(btlet'$ s(("b$ t&("b LuA"L H%(l,!r6$ to"b Lt(4"L
Ht("b!6$ 7o"b$ et1
En !l,(n!s %!l!br!s se s(ele %ron(ni!r l! b %ero %(ede t!"bi0n no %ron(ni!rse4
or'"b$ s(b%oen!L s(b%en! NUSAO$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en LbL ' otr! o"ienz! %or LbL (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 t&e %(b bo' Hel &io del b!r6$ et1
En !stell!no l! LbL %(ede ser4
56 Ol(si+!4 !6 *(!ndo se esribe o"o b 3 + ' +! ! %rini%io de %!l!br! o"o en
Ubol!V LRbol!L$ +o' LboiL$ et1 b6 *(!ndo se esribe o"o b ' +! ! "it!d de %!l!br!
detrs de " o"o en Us(("birV Ls(9("RbirL$ et1
86 Fri!ti+!4 !6 *(!ndo se esribe o"o b 3 + ' +! entre +o!les o"o en
UboboV LRbooL$ Ull(e+eV LR/7eeL o LR.7eeL$ et1 b6 *(!ndo +! entre (n! +o!l '
(n! onson!nte o"o en UsobreV LRsoreL$ et1 6 *(!ndo se esribe o"o b 3 + '
+! entre (n! onson!nte /(e no se! " ' (n! +o!l o"o en U!lb!V LR!l!L$
Uen+i!rV LeniR!rL o Le"biR!rL$ et1M (!ndo l! + +! detrs de (n! n se %(ede
%ron(ni!r nor"!l"ente o"o LnL ' (!ndo lle+! 0n#!sis o"o L"bL4 on+id!r
L9oniRS!rL o L9o"biRS!rLM en !stell!no l! LbL %(ede %ron(ni!rse de dos "!ner!s
distint!sM son !l3#onosM los !l3#onos tienen i"%ort!ni! #on0ti! %ero no #onol3,i!M
no !"bi! el si,ni#i!do de (n! %!l!br! si se (tiliz! (n !l3#ono en +ez de otro$
%or/(e onstit('en (n solo #one"! LbLM en in,l0s l! LbL es sie"%re ol(si+!M l! LbL
in,les! no es n(n! #ri!ti+!1 L!s %!l!br!s /(e tienen (n! LbL !l #in!l res(lt!n
di#Files de %ron(ni!r %!r! (n !stell!no&!bl!nte %or/(e s3lo !l,(n!s %!l!br!s en
!stell!no Hl(b$ et16$ %r0st!"os de otros idio"!s$ ter"in!n en IbM (n!s +ees se
%ron(ni! (n! e rel!.!d! detrs de l! LbL ' se &!e #ri!ti+!M %!r! e+it!r eso &!' /(e
de.!r de e-%(ls!r !ire (n! +ez /(e los l!bios se .(ntenM otr!s +ees no se %ron(ni!
l! LbL on lo (!l s(r,en %roble"!s %!r! distin,(ir es!s %!l!br!s de otr!s /(e
sol!"ente se di#ereni!n %or lle+!r LtL$ L%L ( otr! onson!nte1 E.14 "ob L"obL NGBO
' L"!4bL NUSAO H"(ltit(d6 ' U"o%V L"o%L NGBO ' L"!4%L NUSAO H"o%!6M %(b L%AbL
Ht!bern!6 ' U%(%V L%A%L H!&orro6M %(b L%AbL Ht!bern!6 ' U%(ttV L%AtL H,ol%e
orto6M rob LrobL NGBO ' Lr!4bL NUSAO Hrob!r6 ' UrotV LrotL NGBO ' Lr!4tL NUSAO
H%(drirse6M robe Lro(bL Ht2ni!6 ' Uro%eV Lro(%L H(erd!6M r(b LrAbL Hroe6 '
Ur(tV LrAtL Hb!&e6$ et1
L! LbL ! #in!l de %!l!br! se,(id! de %!(s! o"o en QribQ LrIbL Hostill!6 o ! %rini%io
de %!l!br! des%(0s de %!(s! o"o en Qbo'Q no es nor"!l"ente sonor! o"o
%odrF! es%er!rse sino sord! ' se &!e (n %oo !s%ir!d!M es sonor! sol!"ente si se
en#!tiz! l! %!l!br!1
2+ &a #p# es (n! onson!nte sord!$ ol(si+!$ bil!bi!lM este sonido s(ele esribirse
o"o (n! U%V$ U%eV no !ent(!do$ ! +ees o"o U%%VM en !l,(nos !sos este sonido
se esribe o"o U%&V$ U,&V1 E.4 %(t L%(tL H%oner6$ %!' L%eIL H%!,!r6$ s&!%e$
o%%er LR9o%eL NGBO ' LR9!4%erL NUSAO Hobre6$ s&e%&erd LR[e%edL NGBOL ' LR[e%erdL
NUSAO H%!stor Nde ,!n!doO6$ &io(,& NoO &i(% LR&I9A%L H&i%o6$ et1
L! L%L es "(d! en tod!s l!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or %nI$ %sI$ %tI se,(id! de
+o!l4 %ne("oni! Ln.(4R"o(nieL o Ln(4R"o(ni eL NUSAO H%(l"onF!6$ %s'&olo,ist
Ls!IR9oledI st$ estL NGBO ' Ls!IR9!4ledest$ I stL NUSAO HH%6si3lo,o6 e-e%to %si
L%s!IL H%si Hletr!66$ %terod!t'l LtereRdY9tI l$ elL H%terodtilo6$ et1M UPt!&V %(ede
%ron(ni!rse L%t!4L NGBO o Lt!4L NGBO o L%eRt!4L1
E!' otr!s %!l!br!s /(e tienen L%L "(d!4 *!"%bell LR9Y"bHe6lL$
o"%troller L9enRtro(leL NGBOL ' L9enRtro(lerL NUSAO Hinter+entor6$ or%s$ o(%Hs6$
(%bo!rd LR9AbedL NGBO ' LR9AberdL NUSAO H!r"!rio6$ r!s%berr' LRr!4zberiL NGBO '
LRrYzberiL NUSAO H#r!"b(es!6$ reei%t LrIRsi4tL Hreibo6$ s!%%&ire LRsY#!IeL NGBO
' LRsY#!IHe6rL NUSAO ' en otr!s donde l! %& se %ron(ni! o"o L#L4 S!%%&i$
S!%%&ir!$ s!%%&irine$ s!%%&is"$ S!%%&o$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en L%L ' otr! o"ienz! %or L%L (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 ! (% %ile H(n "ont3n de t!z!s6$ et1
En !l,(n!s %!l!br!s &!' %& "(d!4 !%o%&t&e," LRY%eue"L H!%ote,"!6$ et1
En iertos !sos l! L%L %(ede %ron(ni!rse si se /(iere4 !tte"%t$ *!"%den$
onte"%t$ e"%t' LRe"H%6tiL H+!Fo6$ Ee%b(rn LR&eH%6b4nL NGB o LIbenLO
' LR&eH%6b4rnL NUSA o LIbernLO$ .("%ed LdzA"H%6tL Hs!ltH3L !do66$ %res("%tion
L%rIRsA"H%6[He6nL H%res(ni3n6$ %("%9in LR%A"H%69I n$ enL H!l!b!z!6$
s'"%to" LRsI"H%6te"L HsFnto"!6$ te"%t Lte"H%6tL Htent!r6$ et1
En !stell!no l! L%L n(n! !%!ree !l #in!l de (n! %!l!br!$ e-e%to en !l,(n!s
%!l!br!s H%o%$ et16$ %r0st!"os de otros idio"!s$ %ero en in,l0s se (s! "(&o1
*(!ndo l! % +! se,(id! de (n! +o!l !ent(!d! entones l! % se !s%ir!1 E.14 %ot L%otL
NGBO ' L%!4tL NUSAO Holl!6M en !stell!no l! L%L n(n! es !s%ir!d!M l! % no es !s%ir!d!
(!ndo +! %reedid! de (n! s ! %rini%io de %!l!br!$ !(n/(e l! sFl!b! est0
!ent(!d!4 s%e!9 Ls%i49L H&!bl!r6M l! % es %oo !s%ir!d! (!ndo +! se,(id! de (n! LIL
!ent(!d!4 %in9 L%I9L Hros!do6M (!ndo l! % +! se,(id! de (n! +o!l no !ent(!d!
no tiene !%en!s !s%ir!i3n4 %oliti!l L%eRlItI9He6lL H%olFtio61
En !l,(n!s %!l!br!s en in,l0s olo/(i!l l! LtL$ se,(id! de LbL$ se %ron(ni! o"o L%LM
est! !si"il!i3n no es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1 E.14
#ootb!ll LR#(%bo4lL en +ez de LR#(tbo4lL1
E!' /(e tener "(' en (ent! l! distini3n entre LbL ' L%L %or/(e &!' %!res de
%!l!br!s /(e sol!"ente se di#ereni!n %or ese #one"!1 E.14 bleed Lbli4dL Hs!n,r!r6 '
U%le!dV L%li4dL Hs(%li!r6M blot LblotL NGBO ' Lbl!4tL NUSAO H"!n&!r6 ' U%lotV L%lotL
NGBO ' L%l!4tL NUSAO Htr!"!r6M bo!st Lbo(stL H.!t!rse6 ' U%ostV L%o(stL H%(esto6M
bo7l Lbo(lL Ht!z3n6 ' U%oleV L%o(lL H"stil$ %olo6$ et1
E!' !stell!no&!bl!ntes /(e dien URPo"%eIHi6V ' %ron(ni!n l!s %es o"o en
!stell!no$ %ero los !n,lo&!bl!ntes entienden URBo"b!'V %or/(e en in,l0s l! % es
e-%losi+! ' !s%ir!d!1
2+ &a #d# es (n! onson!nte sonor!$ ol(si+!$ !l+eol!rM nor"!l"ente este sonido
!%!ree en l! esrit(r! o"o UdV$ t!"bi0n o"o UIedV en l! ter"in!i3n del
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' del %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido de +erbos /(e lle+!n
(n! +o!l o onson!nte sonor! del!nte de l! Ied ND151:;18OM otr!s +ees o"o UddV$
o"o UldV ND151:CO ' r!r!"ente Ud&V o Udd&V1 E.14 do7n Ld!(nL H!b!.o6$ do, Ldo,L
NGBO ' Ldo4,L NUSA o Ld!4,LO H%erro6$ !llo7ed LeRl!(dL H%er"itHi3L ido66$ tr!+elled
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+eled NUSAO LRtrY+He6ldL H+i!.H3L !do66$ odd LodL NGBO '
L!4dL NUSAO He-tr!)o6$ D&!9! HD!9!6$ d&!r"! LRd!4"eL NGBO ' LRd!4r"eL NUSAO
Hd!r"!6$ B(dd&is" LRb(dIzHe6"L NGB %rini%!l"enteO ' LRb(4dIzHe6"L NUSAO
Hb(dis"o6$ et1
L! LdL es l! 2ni! onson!nte /(e %(ede ir %reedid! de tod!s l!s +o!les1
A +ees$ l! LdL ! #in!l de (n! %!l!br! %(ede s(#rir (n! !si"il!i3n del!nte de otr!
%!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or Lb$ ,L %ron(nindose o"o Lb$ ,L res%eti+!"ente$ %ero
no es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1
En !stell!no el #one"! LdL no es n(n! !l+eol!r sino dent!lM %or eso$ se di#ereni!
l! LdL !stell!n! de l! in,les!M (!ndo se %ron(ni! l! LdL del !stell!no$ l! len,(!
to! los dientes s(%eriores$ %ero en in,l0s to! l! %!rte /(e est %or eni"! de los
dientes s(%erioresM en !stell!no l! d %(ede ser456 Ol(si+! ! %rini%io de %!l!br!$
o"o en Qd!doQ LRd!SoL$ ' detrs de l$ n$ o"o en Qs!ldoQ LRs!ldoL$ QredondoQ
LreRSondoL1 86 Fri!ti+! ND1 518?1;OM l! d ol(si+! ' l! d #ri!ti+! son dos !l3#onos
dent!les de (n solo #one"! LdLM el #one"! in,l0s LdL tiene (!tro !l3#onos$ (no de
ellos dent!l (!ndo +! se,(ido de los #one"!s LSL o LuL4 b!d t&o(,& &e!% H"!lo
!(n/(e b!r!to6M b!d t&in9in, H%ens!"iento err3neo61
En in,l0s$ %(es$ l! LdL no es n(n! #ri!ti+! !(n/(e +!'! entre +o!les1
En USA$ (!ndo l! LdL !%!ree entre dos +o!les en l! 2lti"! sFl!b! de (n! %!l!br!
' no +! !ent(!d!$ es %rti!"ente i"%osible distin,(irl! de l! LtL /(e est0 en l!s
"is"!s ir(nst!ni!s1 D1 518<1;
En USA ' *!n!d l! d no se %ron(ni! (!ndo +! detrs de n en sFl!b! no
!ent(!d! ' se,(id! de +o!l$ ! no ser /(e lle+e 0n#!sis1 E.14 (nderst!nd$ et1
L! LdL ! #in!l de %!l!br! s(ele res(lt!r di#Fil de %ron(ni!r %!r! (n
!stell!no&!bl!nte %or/(e no se %ron(ni! o"o l! LdL !stell!n!M los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes ! +ees %ron(ni!n err3ne!"ente (n! e rel!.!d! detrs HL,odeL
o L,!4deL en +ez de L,odL NGBO o L,!4dL NUSAO HDios66$ on lo (!l l! d es #ri!ti+!M
%!r! e+it!rlo &!' /(e de.!r de e-%(ls!r !ire (n! +ez /(e l! len,(! to! on l! enF!
s(%eriorM otr!s +ees no %ron(ni!n s(#iiente"ente l!r! l! LdL ' d! l(,!r !
on#(si3n on otr!s %!l!br!s /(e sol!"ente se distin,(en %or tener (n! LtL$ L%L$ LbL (
otr! onson!nte !l #in!l1 E.14 be!d Lbi4dL H(ent!L !b!lorio6 ' Ube!tV Lbi4tL H,ol%e!r6M
od L9odL NGBO o L9!4dL NUSAO Hb!!l!o6 ' Uo%V L9o%L NGBO o L9!4%L NUSAO H,(iriL
,(indill!6M #eed L#i4dL H!li"ent!r6 ' U#eetV L#i4tL H%ies6M &!rd L&!4dL NGBOL o L&!4rdL
NUSAO Hd(ro6 ' U&e!rtV L&!4tL NGBO o L&!4rtL NUSAO Hor!z3n6M ro!d Lro(dL H!lleL
!rreter!6 ' UrobeV Lro(bL H"!nto6M ro!d Lro(dL H!lleL !rreter!6 ' Uro%eV Lro(%L
Hso,!6M 7eed L7i4dL H&ierb!.o6 ' U7&e!tV L7i4tL NGBO Htri,o6$ et1M ! +ees$ los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes on#(nden %!l!br!s /(e se di#ereni!n s(#iiente"ente %ero /(e
tienen (n! iert! si"ilit(d4 7ord L74dL NGBO ' L74rdL NUSAO H%!l!br!6$
7orld L74ldL NGBO ' L74rldL NUSAO H"(ndo6$ 7or9 L749L NGBO ' L74r9L
NUSAO Htr!b!.o6 ' U7!rV L7o4L NGBO ' L7o4rL NUSAO H,(err!61
L! LdL s(ele ser sord! ! #in!l de %!l!br! se,(id! de %!(s! o"o en Qs!dQ LsYdL
Htriste6 o ! %rini%io de %!l!br! des%(0s de %!(s! o"o en Qd!'Q ' se &!e (n %oo
!s%ir!d!M sol!"ente si lle+! 0n#!sis es sonor!1
A +ees$ (!ndo l! d ! #in!l de %!l!br! es sord! se %(ede !l!r,!r l! +o!l /(e
%reede ! l! d1 E.14 l! e de UbedV %(ede ser t!n l!r,! o"o l! e de QPeteQ /(e se
%ron(ni! o"o Li4L1
En USA$ (!ndo !%!ree el #one"! LdL entre +o!les ' se,(ido de (n! +o!l no
!ent(!d!$ l! LdL se %ron(ni! !%ro-i"!d!"ente o"o l! r de l! %!l!br! !stell!n!
Q%eroQ1
L!s %!l!br!s /(e !ntes se %ron(ni!b!n on Ld.L se %ron(ni!n !&or! nor"!l"ente
on LdL %ero &!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e %(eden %ron(ni!rse de l!s dos "!ner!s4
!rd(o(s LR!4d.(esL NGB o LId(esLO ' LR!4rd(esL NUSAO$ i""edi!te LIR"i4diet$ I tL e
LI R"i4d e tL NGB4 "enos (s!doO Hin"edi!to6$ ed(!te LRed.(9eItL NGB4 "enos (s!doO
' LRed(9eItL NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAO Hed(!r61
L! d no se %ron(ni! en l! %!l!br! U(sednZtV LR.(4sHe6ntL Hno solF!6$ et1
Es "(' #re(ente /(e !l &!bl!r H"('6 r%ido no se %ron(nie l! LdL en los ,r(%os
onsonntios Lbd$ Sd$ ,d$ dd$ ld$ "d$ nd$ d$ rd$ d$ +d$ zdL$ (!ndo +!n !l #in!l
de (n! %!l!br! ' se,(idos de otr! %!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or onson!nte o
se"ionson!nte4 &ere !nd t&ere$ et1$ o dentro de (n! "is"! %!l!br! en los ,r(%os
onsonntios Lldb$ ld&$ ld[$ ndb$ ndbl$ ndbr$ ndS$ nd#$ nd#l$ nd,$ nd,r$ nd&$ nd9$ ndl$
nd"$ ndn$ nds$ nds9$ ndsl$ ndst$ ndt$ nd[$ ndz$ ndzdL4 Aldb(r'$ old&e!rted$ oldI
s&o(lder$ !nd$ err!ndbo'$ &!ndb!,$ l!ndI#ore$ blind#old$ ,r!nd#!t&er$ l!nd&older$
&!nd9er&ie#$ l!ndl!d'$ l!ndless$ !"end"ent$ ,r!nd"ot&er$ l!nd"!r9$ 9indness$
&!ndso"e$ l!nds!%e$ ,rindstone$ #riends&i%$ seonds$ >indsor$
>ednesd!' LR7enzdiL$ et1$ o (!ndo est entre (n! n ' (n! se"ionson!nte4
s!nd7i& LRsYn7It[L o LRsYn7 I d L NGBO Hbo!dilloL e"%!red!doL sn,Xi&e6$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en LdL ' otr! o"ienz! %or LdL (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 ! b!d d!' H(n dF! "!lo6$ et1
*(!ndo se &!bl! r%ido l! LdL del ,r(%o onsonntio LndzL des!%!ree ' d! l(,!r !
/(e di#erentes %!l!br!s se %ron(nien de l! "is"! "!ner!4 #ines ' U#indsVM tens '
UtendsVM 7ins ' U7indsV$ et1
-+ &a #t# es (n! onson!nte sord!$ ol(si+!$ !l+eol!rM nor"!l"ente este sonido se
esribe o"o (n! UtV$ UteV no !ent(!do$ ! +ees o"o Ut&V$ otr!s +ees o"o UI
edV de l! ter"in!i3n del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' del %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido de !l,(nos +erbos /(e lle+!n onson!nte sord! !ntes de l! Ied ND151:;1:OM
"s r!r!"ente o"o UttV$ U,&tV ND1515<$ 518?15O$ U%tV ND1518<18O$ UbtV ND1518<15O$
U&tV$ UtV1 E.14 tod!' LteRdeIL H&o'6$ %ot!to L%eRteIto(L H%!t!t!6$
i"%ort(ne LI"%eRt.(4nL NGB o LIRt[(4nL4 "s (s!dos e LI"R%o4rt.(4nL o LIt[(4nLO
e LI"%erRt(4nL NUSA4 "s (s!do o LI"R%o4rt[enLO Hi"%ort(n!r6$ re!te$
Ant&on' LRYnteniL o LRYnueniL$ !%!rt&eit$ diot&e/(e$ Est&er LResteL NGBO ' LResterL
NUSAO$ %ost&("o(s Nl! t& se %ron(ni! "s #re(ente"ente o"o LtL en GB '
"enos #re(ente"ente o"o LuL %ero en USA se %ron(ni! "s #re(ente"ente
o"o LuL ' "enos #re(ente"ente o"o LtLO$ T&!iHl!nd6$ T&!"es$ T&eres!$
T&o"!s LRto"esL NGBO ' LRt!4"esL NUSAO$ T&o"%son$ t&'"e Lt!I"L Hto"illo6$
sto%%ed Lsto%tL NGBO ' Lst!4%tL NUSAO H%!rH3L !do66$ ,(essed L,estL H!di+inH3L !do6L
s(%(so NoO !l(l!b! NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO6$ #!tter LR#YteL NGBO
' LR#YterL NUSAO H"s ,ordo6$ !ttention LeRtenHt6[enL H!teni3n6$ '!&t$ tenoid Hde
es!"!s serr!d!s6$ teno%&or!nL teno%&ore Hten3#oro6$ *tesi%&on H*tesi#onte61
A +ees$ l! t no se %ron(ni!4
!6 *(!ndo +! entre s ' l4 !%ostle LeR%osHe6lL NGBO ' LeR%!4sHe6lL NUSAO H!%3stol6$
bristle N' deri+!dosO$ b(stle$ !stle LR9!4sHe6lL NGBO ' LR9YsHe6lL NUSAO H!stillo6$
e%istle$ ,ristleL ,ristl'$ &(stle$ .ostle$ "istletoe LR"IsHe6lto(L H"(0rd!,o6$ r(stle N'
deri+!dosO$ t&istle LRuIsHe6lL H!rdo6$ trestle$ 7&istle$ 7restle LRresHe6lL Hl(&!r6 N'
deri+!dosO1
b6 *(!ndo +! entre entre s ' UenV4 &!sten$ &risten LR9rIsHe6nL Hb!(tiz!r6$
*&ristendo" LR9rIsHe6nde"L Hristi!nd!d6$ #!sten LR#!4sHe6nL NGBO ' LR#YsHe6nL
NUSAO H!bro&!r6$ ,listen$ &!sten LR&eIsHe6nL H!%res(r!rse6$ listen LRlIsHe6nL
Hes(&!r6$ "oisten$ so#ten LRso#He6nL NGBO ' LRs!4#He6nL NUSAO Hs(!+iz!r61
6 En %!l!br!s de ori,en #r!n0s /(e ter"in!n sobre todo en It4 b!llet LRbYleIL NGBO
' LbYRleIL NUSAO Hb!llet6$ beret$ bidet$ bo(/(et Lb(R9eIL NGB o LRb(49eILO o Lbo(R9eIL
NUSA o Lb(4R9eILO Hr!"o6$ b(##et$ !b!ret$ !&et$ &!let$ ro&et$ ro/(et$
deb(t LRdeIb.(4L$ de%ot LRde%o(L Hde%3sito6$ d(+et$ esR%rit$ #iRllet Nen USAO$ ,o(r"et$
"ot$ %!r/(et$ r!%%ort$ rio&et$ s!&et$ sorbet Nen GBO1
d6 *(!ndo +! entre dos onson!ntes4 &estn(t LRt[esnAtL H!st!)o6$
*&rist"!s LR9rIs"esL HN!+id!des6$ M!tt&e7$ "ort,!,e LR"o4,IdL NGBOL '
LR"o4r,IdL NUSAO H&i%ote!6$ "(stnZt LR"AsHe6ntL Hno debes6$
%ostsri%t LR%o(ss9rI%tL H%osd!t!6$ et1
e6 En !l,(nos otros !sos4 b(t&er$ dit& LdIt[L Hz!n.!6$ et&in, LRet[IL H!,(!#(erte6$
#et& L#et[L Hir ! b(s!r6$ it& LIt[L H%iorL %i!r6$ l!t& LlYt[L H%estilloL %!s!dor6$ "!t&
L"Yt[L$ s!t&el LRsYt[elL H!rter! Nde ole,ioO6$ sr!t&$ s9et& Ls9et[L Hesbozo6$
7!t&$ 7it&$ 7ret& Lret[L Hdesdi&!dHo$ !6L des,r!i!dHo$ !66$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en LtL ' otr! o"ienz! %or LtL (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 ei,&t trees Ho&o rboles6$ et1
A +ees$ l! LtL ! #in!l de (n! %!l!br! %(ede s(#rir (n! !si"il!i3n del!nte de otr!
%!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or Lb$ ,$ 9$ %L %ron(nindose o"o Lb$ 9$ 9$ %L
res%eti+!"ente$ %ero no es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1
*(!ndo se &!bl! r%ido l! LtL des!%!ree en el ,r(%o onsonntio LntsL de #or"!
/(e l!s si,(ientes %!l!br!s se %ron(ni!n de l! "is"! "!ner!4 "ine ' U"intsV$
tense ' UtentsV$ et1
Es "(' #re(ente (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido no %ron(ni!r l! LtL de los ,r(%os
onsonntios Lt[t$ ut$ #t$ 9t$ lt$ nt$ %t$ st$ [tL (!ndo +!n !l #in!l de (n! %!l!br! '
se,(idos de otr! %!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or onson!nte o se"ionson!nte o dentro de
(n! "is"! %!l!br! en los ,r(%os onsonntios L9tl$ 9ts$ lts$ nts$ %ts$ rt"$ stb$ stt[$
std$ st,$ st&$ st9$ stl$ st"$ stn$ st%$ stsL4 e-!tl'$ #!ts$ s!lts$ 7!ltz L7o4lHt6sL H+!ls6$
o(nts$ interr(%ts$ %ostIb!,$ *&rist&(r&$ 7!isto!t$ %ostd!te$ Post,!te$ %ost&!ste$
%ost!rd$ o!st,(!rd$ .(stl'$ %ost"!n$ %ostIn!t!l$ %ost%one$ %ost%osition$ lists$ et1
T!"bi0n des!%!ree (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido en "(&os otros !sos si +! detrs de
(n! onson!nte ' se,(id! de otr! onson!nte o %reedid! de +!ri!s onson!ntes '
se,(id! de +o!l1 E.14 I donZHt6 9no7 HNo s06M Ee 7onZHt6 o"e Hl no +endr6M S&e
&!snZHt6 ,one HEll! no &! ido6M .(sHt6 no7 H!&or! "is"o6$ ne-Ht6 "ornin, H! l!
"!)!n! si,(iente6M S&e "(sHt6 o"e HEll! no debe +enir6M T&e' !nZHt6 do it HNo lo
%(eden &!er6M &!l# %!sHt6 ei,&t Hl!s o&o ' "edi!6$ et1
L! t se %(ede %ron(ni!r o no en l!s %!l!br!s Uno(,!t NGBM en USA se %ron(ni! l!
tO$ o#ten$ %estle$ rest!(r!nt NGBM en USA se %ron(ni! l! tO$ tsetse H#l'6V1
M(&!s de l!s %!l!br!s /(e !ntes se %ron(ni!b!n on Lt.L se %ron(ni!n !&or!
on Lt[L$ %ero &!' %!l!br!s /(e %(eden %ron(ni!rse de l!s dos "!ner!s en GB$
on Lt.L o "s #re(ente"ente on Lt[L$ "ientr!s /(e en USA se s(elen %ron(ni!r
on Lt[L1 E.14 !t(!l LRY9t.( elL NGBO o LRY9t[(elL$ sit(!tion Ls I t.(Re I[ H e6nL NGBO
o LsIt[(ReI[He6n$ st!t(e$ st!t(te$ et1
A +ees$ l! t& no se %ron(ni!4 !st&"! LRYs"eL NGBO ' LRYz"eL NUSAO H!s"!6$
ist&"(s LRIs"esL Hist"o6$ et1
L! LtL in,les! es !s%ir!d! (!ndo +! se,(id! de (n! +o!l !ent(!d!4 ti"eM es "enos
!s%ir!d! (!ndo +! se,(id! de (n! +o!l no !ent(!d!4 PeterM l! t no es !s%ir!d!
(!ndo +! %reedid! de s ! %rini%io de %!l!br!4 sto%M en !stell!no n(n! se !s%ir!
el #one"! LtL1 E!' /(e tener (id!do on !l,(nos %!res de %!l!br!s /(e se
distin,(en s3lo %or l! LdL o LtL1 E.14 do7n Ld!(nL H!b!.o6 ' Uto7nV Lt!(nL Hi(d!d6$ et1
En USA ' *!n!d$ (!ndo l! LtL$ /(e %(ede esribirse on (n! t o dos$ !%!ree entre
dos +o!les en l! 2lti"! sFl!b! de (n! %!l!br! ' no +! !ent(!d!$ es di#Fil
distin,(irl! de l! LdL /(e est0 en l!s "is"!s ir(nst!ni!s$ ! no ser /(e se en#!tienM
en este !so l! t es !l,o sonor! en +ez de sord! Hbetter$ l!ter$ %riorit'6M !l,(nos
diion!rios (s!n (n! t on este si,no o deb!.o de l! tM s(en!n t!nto l! LtL o"o l! LdL
(n %oo o"o l! r de U!roV1 E.14 !to" Hto"o6 ' UAd!"V HAdn6M bitter '
UbidderVM !tt' ' U!dd'VM l!tter H%osterior6 ' Ul!dderV Hes!ler!6M "et!l H"et!l6 '
U"ed!lV H"ed!ll!6M %et!l ' U%ed!lVM s&(tter ' Us&(dderVM (tter ' U(dderVM 7!iter '
U7!derVM 7!itin, ' U7!din,VM 7riter ' UriderVM 7ritten ' UriddenV$ et1M %or eso$ (n
norte!"eri!no %ron(ni!rF! l!s %!l!br!s !stell!n!s Q"odoQ ' Q"otoQ "('
%!reido ' se reerF! /(e /(iere deir Q"oroQM sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo se en#!tiz!n son
bien distint!s4 !to" LRYte"L ' UAd!"V LRYde"LM l!tter LRlYterL ' Ul!dderV LRlYderLM
"et!l LR"etHe6lL ' U"ed!lV LR"edHe6lL$ et1M ! +ees$ se d! en iertos otros !sos4 !t !
orner$ t&e 7!' to ,o$ et1
L! t no se %ron(ni! (!ndo +! en sFl!b! no !ent(!d! detrs de n en USA '
*!n!d (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido$ e-e%to en l!s %!l!br!s Uinto$ ontoVM %or eso$ no
e-iste %rti!"ente di#ereni!$ ! no ser /(e se %on,! 0n#!sis$ entre Qinterit'Q e
Qinner it'Q$ Q%l!nnersQ H%l!ni#i!dores6 ' Q%l!ntersQ H%l!nt!dores6$ Q7innerQ
H,!n!dor6 ' Q7interQ Hin+ierno6$ %or/(e l! LtL detrs de LnL no se %ron(ni! (!ndo se
&!bl! r%ido1
En !stell!no l! LtL no es !l+eol!r sino dent!lM %or eso$ !l,(nos !stell!no&!bl!ntes
(!ndo o'en l! %ron(ni!i3n de l! %!l!br! in,les! Qto"orro7Q LteR"oro(L NGBO
' LteR"!4ro(L NUSAO H"!)!n!6 reen oFr Lt[eIL$ (n! & en +ez de (n! tM s3lo (!ndo
l! LtL in,les! +! del!nte de los #one"!s LuL o LSL se %ron(ni! %!reido ! l! LtL
!stell!n!4 to t&in9 H%ens!r6M to t&e t&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO H!l
te!tro6M en l! tr!nsri%i3n no se not! l! di#ereni! %or/(e es!s dos "!ner!s de
%ron(ni!r l! LtL se ll!"!n !l3#onos ' tienen distini3n #on0ti! %ero no #onol3,i!1
E!' !n,lo&!bl!ntes /(e no %ron(ni!n l! LtLM &!en si"%le"ente (n! %!r!d! o
sonido ,lot!l H,lott!l sto%6 %!reido !l /(e en r!be ll!"!n Q&!"z!QM es debido !
/(e se ierr! l! ,lotis ' el !ire de.! de s!lirM o(rre (!ndo l! t +!4
!6 En sFl!b! no !ent(!d! se,(id! de L.$ l$ "$ n$ r$ 7L4 little LRlITlL$ #orR,otten LTnL$ et1
b6 En sFl!b! !ent(!d! ! #in!l de %!l!br!4 li,&t$ s7eet$ et1
A +ees$ l! %!r!d! o sonido ,lot!l o(rre t!"bi0n ! #in!l de %!l!br! on l! L9L N%or
eso$ es "(' di#Fil distin,(ir Uli9eV ' Uli,&tV en USAO$ "enos !2n on l! L%L1
Esto no o(rre (!ndo detrs de l! onson!nte +! (n #one"! +olio HRs%otted
LItI d$ edL6 o (!ndo l! %ri"er! %!l!br! ter"in! %or es! onson!nte ' l! se,(nd!
%!l!br! e"%iez! %or +o!l Hli,&t itL li9e it61
Otr!s +ees l! %!r!d! o sonido ,lot!l es %!r! se%!r!r dos %!l!br!s$ l! %ri"er! /(e
ter"in! en +o!l ' l! se,(nd! /(e o"ienz! %or +o!lM est! !r!terFsti!$ no
reo"end!ble$ es "s bien di!let!l o re,ion!l1
L!s 2ni!s %!l!br!s in,les!s /(e ter"in!n en I"t son Udre!"tV ' U!"t Ni !"o(ntO
Hi"%orte6V1
3+ &a #g# es (n! onson!nte sonor!$ ol(si+!$ +el!rM este #one"! s(ele !%!reer en
l! esrit(r! o"o U,V (!ndo +! se,(id! de !$ o$ ( o (n! onson!nteM t!"bi0n
(!ndo l! U,V +! !l #in!l de (n! %!l!br!M "enos #re(ente"ente o"o U,V o U,,V
se,(id! de e$ i$ 'M "s r!r!"ente o"o U,(V se,(id! de !$ e$ i$ U,&V1 E.14 ,!"e
L,eI"L H.(e,o6$ ,o!l L,o(lL H,olL ob.eti+o6$ ,(n L,AnL Heso%et!6$ ,re!se L,ri4sL
H,r!s!6$ #i, L#I,L H&i,o6$ #ro, L#ro,L NGBO ' L#ro4,L NUSA o L#r!4,LO Hr!n!6$ ,i+e L,I+L
Hd!r6$ ,et L,etL Hobtener6$ bi,,er LRbI,eL NGBO ' RbI,erL NUSAO H"s ,r!nde6$
,(!rd L,!4dL NGBO ' L,!4rdL NUSAO H,(!rdi!L ,(!rd!r6$ ,(ess L,esL Hs(%osii3nL
!di+in!rL s(%oner NoO !l(l!r NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO6$ e%ilo,(e LRe%Ilo,L
NGB o LI%eILO ' LRe%elo4,L NUSA o LI%IIL o LIl!4,LO He%Flo,o6$ ,(ide L,!IdL H,(F!6$
,&!stl'$ ,&ost L,o(stL H#!nt!s"!6$ ,&o(l$ bro(,&!"$ et1
L! , s(ele %ron(ni!rse L,L del!nte de (n! onson!nte o l!s +o!les !$ o$ (M s(ele
%ron(ni!rse LdL del!nte de e$ i$ '$ !(n/(e &!' deen!s de e-e%iones4 ,et$ ,irl$
,'n!eolo,' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,'neolo,' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nr!r!"ente
se %ron(ni! on LdLO$ et1M l! , %(ede %ron(ni!rse o"o LL en %!l!br!s de
ori,en #r!n0s1
L! ,& ! %rini%io de %!l!br! se %ron(ni! L,L1
L! , no se %ron(ni! (!ndo +! ! %rini%io o !l #in!l de (n! %!l!br! se,(id! de nM
en !l,(nos !sos t!"bi0n ! "it!d de %!l!br! bien %or/(e l! n +!'! se,(id! de (n!
e "(d!$ bien %or/(e se! (n! %!l!br! deri+!d! o %or otr! r!z3n4 !ssi,nH"ent6$
beni,n$ !"%!i,n L9Y"R%eInL H!"%!)!6$ &!"%!,ne$ olo,ne L9eRlo(nL Holoni!6$
dei,n$ desi,n$ #ei,n$ #orei,n LR#orI n$ enL NGBO ' LR#o4ren$ I nL NUSA o LR#!4ren$ I nLO
He-tr!)oHs6$ !Hs66$ #orei,ner Nderi+!doO$ ,n!rlHed6$ ,n!s& LnY[L Hre&in!r6$ ,n!t LnYtL
H"os/(ito6$ ,n!7$ ,no"e Lno("L H,no"o6$ ,n( Ln(4L o Ln.(4L H)(6$ i"%(,n$ "!li,n$
%oi,n!n'$ %oi,n!nt$ rei,n LreInL Hrein!do6$ resi,n$ Hon6si,nH"ent6 Ls!InL$
so+erei,n$ t&e,n N!r!ioO LueInL H,entil&o"bre6$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en L,L ' otr! o"ienz! %or L,L (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 ! bi, ,!rden$ et1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s en l!s /(e l! , se,(id! de " #in!l no se %ron(ni! %ero$ si l!
" +! se,(id! de +o!l$ se %ron(ni! l! ,1 E.14 !%ot&e," NoO !%o%&t&e," LRY%eue"L
H!%ote,"!6$ !%ot&e,"!ti NoO !%o%&t&e,"!ti LY%eue,R"YtI9L H!%ote,"tio6$
di!%&r!," LRd!Ie#rY"L Hdi!#r!,"!6$ di!%&r!,"!ti Ld!Ie#rY,R"YtI9L
Hdi!#r!,"tio6$ eni,"! LIRnI,"eL$ %&le," L#le"L H#le"!6$ %&le,"!ti L#le,R"YtI9L
H#le"tio6$ %!r!di," LR%Yred!I"L H%!r!di,"!6$ %!r!di,"!ti L%YredI,R"YtI9L
H%!r!di,"tio6$ et1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s en l!s /(e l! , s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o L,L$ !(n/(e %(ede
%ron(ni!rse t!"bi0n o"o LdL4 de"!R,o,iH!l6$ Rde"!,o,'$ &eR,e"on'$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n (n! ,& "(d!4 bo(,&t Lbo4tL Ho"%rH3L !do66$ bro(,&t$
!(,&t$ d!(,&ter$ ei,&t$ #i,&t L#!ItL Hl(&!6$ #li,&t L#l!ItL H+(elo6$ #o(,&t$ &ei,&t$ &i,&$
l!(,&ter$ li,&t Ll!ItL Hl(zL li,ero6$ "i,&t L"!ItL H%oder6$ "i,&t' LR"!ItiL H%oderoso6$
n!(,&t'$ nei,&bo(r NGBOL nei,&bor NUSAO LRneIbeL NGBO ' LRneIberL NUSAO
H+eino6$ ni,&t Ln!ItL Hno&e6$ no(,&t NGB %rini%!l"enteOL n!(,&t NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO Lno4tL o Ln!4tL NUSAO Hero NoO n!d!6$ o(,&t$ %li,&t L%l!ItL H!%(ro6$
ri,&t$ si,&$ si,&t Ls!ItL H+ist!6$ slei,&t$ so(,&t$ str!i,&t$ t!(,&t$ t&i,&$ t&o(,&t Luo4tL
H%ens!"ientoL %ensH3L !do66$ ti,&t$ t7ili,&t$ 7ei,& L7eIL H%es!r6$ 7ei,&t L7eItL
H%eso6$ 7ei,&t' LR7eItiL H%es!do6$ et1 D1 518?15
E-isten t!"bi0n %!l!br!s on el %re#i.o e-I ('! - se %ron(ni! LI,zIL1 D1518<1=1
L! L,L !stell!n! %(ede ser4
56 Ol(si+!4 !6 A %rini%io de %!l!br! ' se,(id! de !$ o$ ($ o"o en l!s %!l!br!s
U,!sto LR,!stoL$ ,ot! LR,ot!LV$ et1 b6 A "it!d de %!l!br! (!ndo +! %reedid! de n
o"o en Un,(lo LR!,(loL$ te,! LRte,!LV$ et1
86 Fri!ti+! o (+(l!r (!ndo +! ! "it!d de %!l!br!$ %reedid! de (n! onson!nte
/(e no se! n ' se,(id! de !$ o$ ($ o"o en Us!l,o LRs!lyoLV$ et1M en !stell!no l! ,
ol(si+! ' l! , #ri!ti+! o (+(l!r son si"%le"ente !l3#onos del #one"! L,LM l! L,L
in,les! no es n(n! #ri!ti+! o (+(l!r !(n/(e +!'! entre +o!les1
L! L,L s(ele res(lt!r di#Fil %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes ! #in!l de %!l!br! %or/(e &!'
%o!s %!l!br!s !stell!n!s ter"in!d!s en I, Hzi,z!,$ et16M (n!s +ees %ron(ni!n
(n! e rel!.!d! detrs H#o, L#o,eL en +ez de L#o,L NGBO ' L#o4,L NUSAO Hniebl!66$ on
lo (!l se &!e #ri!ti+!M %!r! e+it!r eso &!' /(e de.!r de e-%(ls!r !ire (n! +ez /(e
l! %(nt! de l! len,(! to/(e el +elo del %!l!d!rM otr!s +ees no %ron(ni!n l! L,L on
s(#iiente l!rid!d ' s(r,en on#(siones on otr!s %!l!br!s /(e tienen (n! L9L$ LbL$
LdL ( otr! onson!nte1 E.14 b!, LbY,L Hbolso6 ' Ub!9V LbY9L Hes%!ld!6M do, Ldo,L
NGBO o Ldo4,L NUSA o Ld!4,LO H%erro6 ' Udo9V Ldo9L NGBO o Ld!49L NUSAO Hdrsen!L
"(elleL b!n/(illo Nde los !(s!dosO6M ro,(e Lro(,L H%F!roL %illo6 ' UrobeV Lro(bL
Hsot!n!6 o Uro!dV Lro(dL H!lle6M %i, L%I,L Herdo6 ' U%i9V L%I9L H%ioL o,er
NEs%!)!OL reo,er NL!tino!"0ri!O6$ et1
L! L,L s(ele ser sord! ! #in!l de %!l!br! se,(id! de %!(s! o"o en Udo,V o !
%rini%io de %!l!br! des%(0s de %!(s! o"o en U,!"eV ' se &!e (n %oo !s%ir!d!
%ero %(ede ser sonor! si se %ron(ni! on 0n#!sis1
6+ &a consonante #1# es sord!$ ol(si+!$ +el!rM s(ele esribirse o"o U9V$ o"o
U9V ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ o"o U9eV no !ent(!do$ o"o UV del!nte de !$ o$ ($ o"o
UV del!nte de !$ e$ o$ ($ o"o U(V$ U&V$ U&V$ U/V$ U/V$ U/(V$ U/(V$ U/(eV$
Ul9V %reedid! de ! /(e se %ron(ni! Lo4LM "(' r!r!"ente o"o U,&V$ U9&V$ U99V1
E.14 9ee% L9i4%L H"!ntener6$ 9ilo"etre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eter
NUSAO L9IRlo"IteL NGB o LI"eILO ' L9IRl!4"eterL NUSA o LI"IILO H9il3"etro6$
%!9 L%Y9L H&!er l!s "!let!s6$ 9i9 L9I9 H%!t!d!6$ t!9e LteI9L Ho,er6$ !9e L9eI9L
H%!stel6$ orret L9eRre9tL Horreto6$ oo9 L9(9L Hoinero6$ !o(nt LeR9!(ntL
H(ent!L d!r (ent!6$ bis(it LRbIs9I t$ etL H,!llet! Hd(le6 NGBOL %!neillo NUSAO6$
&!os$ &e"i!l LR9e"I9He6lL H/(F"io6$ &or(s$ "!&in!tion$ s&e"e Ls9i4"L
H%l!n6$ s&izo%&reni Ls9ItseR#renI9L Hes/(izo#r0nio6$ s&ool Ls9(4lL Hes(el!6$
s!&!rin LRsY9erI n$ enL Hs!!rin!6$ !/(ire LeR97!IeL NGBO ' LeR97!IHe6rL NUSAO
H!d/(irir6$ Ir!/ LIRr!49L HIr!/6$ on/(est LR9o97estL Hon/(ist!6$
on/(eror LR9o9ereL NGBO ' LR9o9ererL NUSAO Hon/(ist!dor6$ l!/(er LRlY9eL
NGBO ' LRlY9erL NUSAO Hl!!L b!rniz6$ %l!/(e L%l!49L NGB4 "s (s!doO ' L%lY9L NGB4
"enos (s!do ' USAO H%l!!L "ed!ll!6$ t!l9 Lto49L H&!rl!L &!bl!r6$ &o(,& NGBO
L&o9L Hor+e.3nL des.!rret!r6$ D&!9! HD!9!6$ 9&!9i$ &(99!$ %(99!$ et1
L! letr! se %ron(ni! L9L nor"!l"ente e-e%to (!ndo +! se,(id! de e$ i$ '1
*(!ndo l! 9 +! ! %rini%io de %!l!br! se,(id! de n no se %ron(ni! n(n! l! 9M en
los deri+!dos no se %ron(ni! n(n! l! 9$ !(n/(e +!'! ! "it!d de l! %!l!br!1 E.14
9n!9 LnY9L Htino6$ 9neel Lni4lL H!rrodill!rse6$ 9ni#e Ln!I#L H(&illo6$ 9no9 Lno9L
NGBO ' Ln!49L NUSAO H,ol%e!r6$ 9ni,&t Ln!ItL H!b!llero6$ 9no7in,l' LRno(IliL H!
s!biend!s6$ 9n(9le LRnA9He6lL Hn(dillo6$ (n9no7in,$ (n9no7n$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en L9L ' otr! o"ienz! %or L9LH$6 (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 ! #!9e o!t H(n !bri,o #!lso6$ et1
En !l,(n!s %!l!br!s l! o 9 no se %ron(ni!1 E.14 bl!9,(!rd LRblY,!4d$ edL NGBO
' LRblY,!4rd$ erdL NUSAO H!n!ll!6$ bl!n"!n,e$ *onneti(t L9eRnetI9etL$
indit LInRd!ItL H%roes!rL !(s!r6 N' deri+!dosO$ z!r Lz!4L NGBO ' Lz!4rL NUSAO
Hz!r6$ z!rin! Lz!4Rri4neL Hz!rin!6$ "(sle LR"AsHe6lL H"2s(lo6$ +it(!ls LR+ItHe6lzL
H+F+eresL %ro+isiones6$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! tiene I9I l! no se %ron(ni! n(n!1 E.14 %i9 L%I9L H%ioL
%i!rL eso,erL o,er NEs%!)!OL reo,er NL!tino!"0ri!O6$ %e9 L%e9L H%iot!zo6$
7re9 Lre9L Hn!(#r!,io6$ ro9 Lro9L NGBO ' Lr!49L NUSAO Hro!6$ et1
L! L9L no s(ele %ron(ni!rse (!ndo se &!bl! H"('6 r%ido en el ,r(%o
onsonntio Ls9tL dentro de (n! "is"! %!l!br!4 !s9ed$ et1
L! (!ndo +! entre n ' t s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o L9L %ero (!ndo se &!bl! H"('6
r%ido no se %ron(ni!1 E.14 %(nt(!tion N' deri+!dosO$ s!nti#' N' deri+!dosO$ et1
El %re#i.o e-I %(ede %ron(ni!rse4
!6 *o"o Le9sL si lle+! !ento %ri"!rio o se(nd!rio4 e-erise LRe9ses!IzL NGBO
' LRe9sers!IzL NUSAO He.eriioL e.erit!r6$ e-&ibition Le9sIRbI[enL$ Re-it N"enos
(s!do on L,zLO$ Re-oris"$ Re-od(s$ Re-%ert$ et1
*(!ndo l! - +! del!nte de +o!l o onson!nte no !ent(!d! s(ele %ron(ni!rse
o"o L9sL4 le-ion LRle9sI9enL Hl0-io6$ se-is" LRse9sIzHe6"L Hse-is"o6$ et1
E-e%iones4 l(-(r' LRlA9[eriL o LRl A , e riL NUSAO$ et1
b6 *o"o LI9sL (!ndo l! sFl!b! si,(iente +! !ent(!d! ' e"%iez! %or (n!
onson!nte4 e-itin, LI9Rs!ItIL He"oion!nte6$ e-l!i" LI9sR9leI"L He-l!"!r6$
e-l(si+e LI9sR9l(4sI+L He-l(si+o6$ e-(rsion LI9sR94[He6nL NGB o LIHe6nLO
e LI9sR94rHe6nL NUSAO He-(rsi3n6$ e-terior$ e-tent LI9sRtentL He-tensi3n6$
e-Rtre"it'$ et1
6 *o"o LI,zL (!ndo l! sFl!b! si,(iente +! !ent(!d! ' e"%iez! %or (n! +o!l4
eR-!t$ eR-!,,er!te$ eR-!"$ e-!"ine LI,RzY"I n$ enL He-!"in!r6$
e-!s%er!tin, LI,Rz!4s%ereItIL Hirrit!nte6$ e-ert LI,Rz4tL NGBO e LI,Rz4rtL NUSAO$
e-&!(stin, LI,Rzo4stIL H!,ot!dor6$ e-&ibit Nl! & no (ent! %or/(e es
"(d!O LI,RzIbI t$ etL$ eR-ist$ eR-istene$ et1
*(!ndo l! - +! del!nte de (n! +o!l !ent(!d! s(ele %ron(ni!rse L,zL %ero &!'
!l,(n!s e-e%iones4 oR-i,en!te L9sL$ et1
L! L9L in,les! es !s%ir!d! (!ndo +! se,(id! de (n! +o!l !ent(!d!4 o"e$ 9ee%$
et1M l! L9L no es !s%ir!d! (!ndo +! detrs de s ! %rini%io de %!l!br!4 s!re$ s9'$
et1
L!s 2ni!s %!l!br!s en in,l0s /(e tienen tres letr!s dobles onse(ti+!s son4
boo99ee%er Hont!ble6$ boo99ee%in, Hont!bilid!d6$ s7eetItoot&ed H,oloso61
En !stell!no l! L9L$ /(e no es n(n! !s%ir!d!$ se esribe4
56 *o"o del!nte de l!s +o!les !$ o$ ($ ' del!nte de (n! onson!nte4 ol! LR9ol!L$
!to LR!9toL$ et1
86 *o"o /( se,(id! de e$ i4 /(erer L9eRrerL$ /(it! LR9it!L$ et1
:6 *o"o 9 en !l,(n!s %!l!br!s de ori,en e-tr!n.ero4 9ilo LR9iloL$ et1
;6 *o"o -$ /(e se %ron(ni! o"o L9sL4 s!-o#3n Ls!9soR#onL$ et1M l! - se,(id! de
onson!nte se %(ede %ron(ni!r t!"bi0n o"o LsL ' l! - se,(id! de +o!l se %(ede
%ron(ni!r t!"bi0n o"o LyzL1
En !stell!no &!' "(' %o!s %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(nien on L9L ! #in!l de %!l!br!M
son %r0st!"os de otros idio"!s4 o)!$ et1
518=1I &as consonantes fricativas son die) en ingls" dos labiodentales #f, v#, dos
linguo45+interdentales #u, 6#, dos linguo45+alveolares #s, )#, dos
palato45+alveolares #[, #, una fricativa post45+alveolar #r# una glotal #/#7
%(eden !%!reer tod!s ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d ' ! #in!l de %!l!br! e-e%to l! L&L /(e
!%!ree sol!"ente ! %rini%io ' ! "it!d de %!l!br!M l!s #ri!ti+!s sord!s L#$ u$ s$ [$ &L
se %ron(ni!n nor"!l"ente on "s #(erz! ' #rii3n /(e l!s #ri!ti+!s sonor!s L+$
S$ r$ z$ LM l!s #ri!ti+!s sonor!s L+$ S$ r$ z$ L son %len!"ente sonor!s s3lo (!ndo
+!n entre +o!les Hlo+e$ #!t&er$ ozone$ %le!s(re6 ' (!ndo +!n ! %rini%io o ! #in!l
de %!l!br! son sol!"ente en %!rte sonor!s e inl(so sord!s ! +eesM (!ndo l!s
#ri!ti+!s sonor!s L+$ S$ z$ L +!n !l #in!l de (n! %!l!br! se,(id! de otr! %!l!br! /(e
e"%iee %or (n! de l!s #ri!ti+!s sord!s L#$ u$ s$ [L %(eden s(#rir !si"il!i3n '
%ron(ni!rse o"o L#$ u$ s$ [L4 7it& t&o(,&ts L7Iu uo4tsL$ t&ose s!ints LSo(s seIntsL1
*(!ndo L#$ u$ s$ [L +!n ! #in!l de %!l!br! red(en l! lon,it(d del sonido +olio
!nterior$ es%ei!l"ente l!s +o!les l!r,!s ' los di%ton,os$ ' de l!s onson!ntes Ll$ "$
nL (!ndo +!n entre el sonido +olio ' (n! de es!s #ri!ti+!s$ "ientr!s /(e L+$ S$ z$
L tienen el e#eto ontr!rio4 l! +o!l #in!l de l!s si,(ientes %!l!br!s Ueno(,&$ l!(,&$
"o(t& Nno"breO$ "o(se Nno"breO$ !s&$ el#$ tri("%&$ #eneV es "s ort! /(e l! de
l!s %!l!br!s Ulo+e$ "o(t& N+erboO$ soot&e$ ,oes$ "o(se N+erboO$ ,!r!,e$ del+e$
see"s$ %insV1
T!"bi0n o(rre lo "is"o ! "it!d de %!l!br! %ero no es t!n i"%ort!nte %or/(e !
"it!d de %!l!br! l!s #ri!ti+!s sonor!s s(elen ser o"%let!"ente sonor!s ' no es t!n
#il on#(ndirl!s on l!s sord!s1 L!s /(e "s intensid!d tienen son Ls$ [L $ l(e,o
+ienen L#$ u$ &L ' #in!l"ente L+$ S$ r$ z$ L1
En rel!i3n ! l!s onson!ntes #ri!ti+!s s(ele &!ber4
!6 Un! onson!nte #ri!ti+! sonor! en l! %ron(ni!i3n ! "it!d de %!l!br!4 7i+es$
%!t&s$ &o(ses$ et1M en !so de /(e l! onson!nte #ri!ti+! +!'! ! #in!l de %!l!br! en
l! %ron(ni!i3n es sonor! en los +erbos4 !d+ise$ belie+e$ bre!t&e$ lot&e$ ,r!ze$
&o(se$ li+e$ %ro+e$ s!+e$ (se$ et1$ ' sord! en los no"bres ' !d.eti+os4 !d+ie$ belie#$
bre!t&$ lot&$ ,r!ss$ &o(se$ li#e$ %!t&$ %roo#$ s!#e$ (se$ 7i#e$ et1$ !(n/(e &!'
e-e%iones4 Rliene NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rliense NUSAO Hlieni!L %er"iso6 '
URlienseV N' t!"bi0n URlieneV en GB4 "enos (s!doO Hlieni!rL otor,!r (n!
lieni!L !(toriz!r64 LRl!IsenHt6sLM %r!tieHs6 NGB ' USA4 "s (s!doOL %r!tiseHs6
NUSA4 "enos (s!doO H%rti!Hs6L e.eriioHs66 ' U%r!tiseHs6 NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
%r!tieHs6 NUSAOV H%r!ti!r H%r!ti!6L e.erer He.ere664 LR%rY9tIsI z$ ezL
o LR%rY9tesI z$ ezL$ et1
b6 Un! onson!nte #ri!ti+! sord! detrs de (n! +o!l on !ento #(erte4 o## Lo#L
NGBO ' Lo4#L NUSAO$ t&ere7it& Nliter!rioO LSeeR7I u$ I SL NGBO ' LSeHe6rR7I u$ I SL
NUSAO Hon esoL on esto6$ reIsi,n Lri4Rs!InL H+ol+er ! #ir"!r6$ reIsol+e Lri4Rsol+L NGBO
' Lri4Rs!4l+L NUSA o Lri4Rso4l+LO H+ol+er ! sol(ion!r6$ et1
6 Un! onson!nte #ri!ti+! sonor! detrs de (n! +o!l on !ento d0bil4 o# Lo+L
NGBO ' L!4+L NUSAO o Le+L NGB ' USAO$ is LIzL$ !s LYzL$ 7!s L7ozL NGBO ' L7!4zL
NUSAO$ &!s L&YzL$ deRsertV LdIRz4tL NGBO ' LdIRz4rtL NUSAO Hdesert!r6 N%ero
Udesert LRdezetL NGBO ' LRdezertL NUSAO Hdesierto6V es (n! e-e%i3n %or/(e l!
%ri"er! e lle+! !ento #(erteO$ desi,n LdIRz!InL Hdise)oL dise)!r6$ deRssert LdIRz4tL
NGBO ' LdIRz4rtL NUSAO H%ostre6$ obser+e LebRz4+L NGBO ' LebRz4r+L NUSAO$
%ossess L%eRzesL$ rese"ble LrIRze"bHe6lL o LreIL$ resi,n LrIRz!InL o LreIL Hdi"itir6$
resol+e LrIRzol+L NGB o LreILO ' LrIRz!4l+L NUSA o LreILO Hresol(i3nL sol(ion!r6$ 7it&
L7ISL Ndel!nte de +o!l ' on LuL del!nte de onson!nteO Hon6$ et1
En !stell!no !b(nd!n los sonidos #ri!ti+os4 LL$ !l3#ono #ri!ti+o del #one"!
ol(si+o LbLM LSL$ !l3#ono #ri!ti+o del #one"! ol(si+o LdLM L#LM LyL$ !l3#ono #ri!ti+o
del #one"! ol(si+o L,LM LsLM LuLM LzL$ !l3#ono #ri!ti+o sonoro del #one"! #ri!ti+o
sordo LsLM L-L /(e !%!ree en l! esrit(r!4 56 *o"o . ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d ' ! #in!l de
%!l!br!$ o"o en U.ot! LR-ot!L$ J(i.ote L9iR-oteL$ relo. LrreRlo-L ' t!"bi0n LrreRloLV1 86
*o"o , del!nte de e$ i4 ,en L-enL$ ,i"n!sio L-i"Rn!s.oL1 :6 *o"o - en !l,(n!s
%!l!br!s4 M0-io |L!tino!"0ri!| |o| M0.io |Es%!)!| LR"e-i9oL1
518?1I L!s onon!ntes #ri!ti+!s H#ri!ti+e6 son4
*+ &a #f# es (n! onson!nte sord!$ #ri!ti+!$ l!biodent!lM s(ele esribirse o"o U#V$
U##V$ U%&VM "(&o "enos #re(ente"ente o"o U,&V$ Ul#V ND151:CO ' de otr! "!ner!
en !l,(n! e-e%i3n1 E.14 #!n L#YnL H!d"ir!dorL ent(si!st!6$ #!it& L#eIuL H#e6$
de#end LdIR#endL Hde#ender6$ o## Lo#L NGBO ' Lo4#L NUSAO$ !##!ble LRY#eblL H!#!ble6$
#!nt!s'L %&!nt!s' LR#YntesiL H#!nt!sF!6$ ne%&e7 LRne#.(4L NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAO
o LRne+.(4L NGB4 "enos (s!doO Hsobrino6$ %&iloso%&' L#IRlose#iL NGBO ' L#IRl!4se#iL
NUSAO H#iloso#F!6$ %&oto,r!%&' L#eRto,re#iL NGBO ' L#eRt!4,re#iL NUSAO H#oto,r!#F!6$
%&r!se L#reIzL H#r!se6M dr!(,&t Ldr!4#tL Htr!,oL bo!n!d!L %3i"!L de b!rril6$
to(,& LtA#L Hresistente6$ lie(ten!nt Lle#Rten entL NGBO Hl(,!rteniente6$ lie(ten!ntI
,ener!l Lle#Rten entRd en er elL NGBO Hteniente ,ener!l6$ et1
L! %& (!ndo +! ! %rini%io de %!l!br! se %ron(ni! o"o L#L1
L! # no se %ron(ni! en l! %!l!br! Q&!l#%enn'QM (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido &!'
%!l!br!s en l!s /(e l! L#L no se %ron(ni!4 ! lot oH#6 "one'1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en L#L ' otr! o"ienz! %or L#L (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 eno(,& %&iloso%&'$ et1
Este #one"! L#L es "s o "enos o"o en !stell!no ' se d! ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d ' !
#in!l de %!l!br! o"o se %(ede +er en los e.e"%los d!dos1
L! e ! %rini%io de %!l!br! +! sie"%re se,(id! de dos e#es (!ndo ! 0st!s no si,(e
n!d! o si,(e (n! +o!l1 E.4 e##$ e##iient$ e##ort$ et1
En !stell!no &!' "(' %o!s %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(nien on I# ! #in!l de %!l!br!4
(#$ %(#1
*(!ndo se &!bl! r%id!"ente es "(' #re(ente no %ron(ni!r l! L#L de los ,r(%os
onsonntios L#us$ l#usL4 #i#t&s$ t7el#t&s1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s en l!s /(e l! %& se %(ede %ron(ni!r on L#L o on L%L4
di%&t&eri!$ di%&t&on, ' deri+!dos$ tri%&t&on, ' deri+!dos$ n!%&t&! ' deri+!dos1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s en l!s /(e l! %& s(ele ser sord! o"o U!%ot&e,"L
!%o%&t&e," NGBO LRY%eue"L H!%ote,"!6$ %&t&iri!sisV ' en tod!s l!s de"s /(e
e"%iez!n %or %&I %(ede ser sord! o %ron(ni!rse o"o L#L4 %&t&isi!l$ %&t&isis$ et1
L! ,& ! #in!l de %!l!br! s(ele ser "(d! en (n! serie de %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en
Io(,&4 !lt&o(,& Lo4lRSo(L H!(n/(e6$ boro(,& LRbAreL NGBO ' LRb4ro(L NUSAO
H"(nii%io6 ' o"%(estos ('o se,(ndo ele"ento es Uboro(,&V$ bo(,& Lb!(L
Hr!"!6$ do(,& Ldo(L H%!st!6$ #(rlo(,& LR#4lo(L NGBO ' LR#4rlo(L NUSAO H%er"iso6$
Ro+ersl!(,& LIlo4L$ %lo(,& NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %lo7 NUSAO L%l!(L H!r!do6$
slo(,& Lsl!(L NGBO ' Lsl(4L NUSAO Hen!,!lL !bis"o6$ t&oro(,& LR uAreL NGBO
' LRu4ro(L NUSAO Honienz(doL %er#eto6$ t&o(,& Nolo/(i!lO LSo(L H!(n/(eL sin
e"b!r,o6$ t&ro(,& Lur(4L H! tr!+0s de6$ et1 E!' (n!s +einte e-e%iones4 Bro(,&
LbrA#L$ &o(,& Lt[A#L H&o+!L ,r!.o de %io !"!rillo6$ lo(,& L9lA#L Hdes#il!dero6$
o(,& L9o#L NGBO ' L9o4#L NUSAO HtosL toser6$ eno(,& LIRnA#L Hb!st!nteL s(#iiente6$
Go(,& L,o#L NGBO ' L,!4#L NUSAO$ &io(,& LR&I9A %$ e%L H&i%oL &i%!r6$ &o(,& NGB
o U&o9V4 GB ' USAO L&o9L NGBO Hor+e.3nL des.!rret!r6$ Eo(,&!" LR&A#e"L$
Lo(,&boro(,& LRlA#bereL NGBO ' LRlA#bero(L NUSAO$ ro(,& LrA#L Hs%ero6$
slo(,& LslA#L H%ielL !"is! Hde ser%iente6L "(d!r de6$ so(,& Ls!(L o Ls A #L NUSAO
Hs(s(rroL s(s(rr!r6$ to(,& LtA#L Hd(ro6$ tro(,& Ltro#L NGBO ' Ltro4#L NUSA o Ltr!4#LO
H!bre+!deroL de%resi3n N,eo,r#i!OL %(nto rFtioL zon! de b!.!s %resiones6$ %e!9s
!nd tro(,&s H!ltos ' b!.os61 D1 518<1<
*on+iene no on#(ndirl!s on otr!s %!reid!s4 dro(,&t Ldr!(tL Hse/(F!6 '
Udr!(,&tV Ldr!4#tL Htr!,oL bo!n!d! Hde !ire6L %3i"!6$ et1
2+ &a #v# es (n! onson!nte sonor!$ #ri!ti+!$ l!biodent!lM s(ele esribirse o"o
U+V$ U+eV no !ent(!d!$ r!r!"ente o"o U%&V$ U#V$ U++V1 E.14 +!,(e L+eI,L
Hi"%reiso6$ +!lid LR+YlI d$ edL H+lido6$ +erb L+4bL NGBO ' L+4rbL NUSAO H+erbo6$
,i+e L,I+L Hd!r6$ ,lo+e L,lA+L H,(!nte6$ Ste%&en LRsti4+He6nL HEsteb!n6$ o# Le+L ( Lo+L
NGBO o L!4+L NUSAO Hde6$ n!++' LRnY+iL H%e3n !"ineroL br!ero6$ et1
El #one"! L+L no e-iste en !stell!no o"o t!l %ero nor"!l"ente l! # de l! %!l!br!
U!#,!noV se %ron(ni! o"o (n! L+LM &!' /(e %oner los dientes inisi+os s(%eriores
sobre el l!bio in#eriorM no es$ %(es$ o"o l! b #ri!ti+! bil!bi!l en l! %!l!br!
!stell!n! Qd!b!Q1 L! %osii3n de los l!bios ' de l! len,(! es l! "is"! /(e %!r!
%ron(ni!r L#L %ero es sonor! %or/(e +ibr!n l!s (erd!s +o!les1 Este #one"! se d! !
%rini%io$ ! "it!d ' ! #in!l de %!l!br! o"o en los e.e"%los !nteriores1 En #r!n0s$
it!li!no$ !le"n$ es%er!nto$ e-iste el #one"! L+L1 En !stell!no e-istF! %ero
des!%!rei3 %or/(e en l!s zon!s de AlInnd!l(s !ne-ion!d!s ! l! *oron! l! ,ente
%ron(ni!b! l! L+L o"o LbL '! /(e en r!be no e-iste el #one"! L+L ' se e-tendi3
%or tod! Es%!)!1
Es "(' i"%ort!nte %ron(ni!rlo bien '! /(e &!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e sol!"ente
se di#ereni!n %or tener el #one"! L+L o L#L4 di+ine LdIR+!InL o LdeIL Hdi+ino6 '
Ude#ineV LdIR#!InL Hde#inir6M +!n L+YnL H!"ionet!6 ' U#!nV L#YnL H!d"ir!dor6M
+er' LR+eriL H"('6 ' U#err'V LR#eriL Htr!nsbord!dor6M +ie7 L+.(4L H+ist!$ %!nor!"!6 '
U#e7V L#.(4L H%oos6$ et1M t!"bi0n &!' /(e %rest!r "(&! !teni3n %or/(e &!'
%!l!br!s /(e se di#ereni!n solo %or tener L+L o LbL4 (r+e L94+L NGBOL ' L94r+L
NUSAO H(r+!6 ' U(rbV L94bL NGBO ' L94rbL NUSAO H#renoL re#ren!r6M +est L+estL
H!"iset!6 ' UbestV LbestL Hel "e.or6M +ile L+!IlL H+il6 ' UbileV Lb!IlL Hbilis6M +olt
L+o(ltL H+oltio6 ' UboltV Lbo(ltL Ht(er!6M +ote L+o(tL H+ot!r6 ' Ubo!tV Lbo(tL Hb!r!6$
et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! te"in! on el #one"! L+L ' l! si,(iente on (n #one"!
onsonntio sordo l! L+L se %ron(ni! o"o (n! L#L$ si se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 Ee
7o(ld lo+e to LRlA# teL sin, HA 0l le ,(st!rF! !nt!r6M mo( &!+e to L&Y# teL o"e
HTienes /(e +enir6M Gi+e %enils] L,I# R%ensHe6lzL H\D!Hd6 l%ies]6$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en L+L ' otr! o"ienz! %or L+LH$6 (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 #i+e +!ns Hino !"ionet!s6$ et1
L! + no s(ele ir ! #in!l de %!l!br! en l! esrit(r! %ero &!' e-e%iones4 Sl!+$ et1
2+ &a #u# es (n! onson!nte sord!$ #ri!ti+!$ lin,(oIinterdent!lM se esribe o"o
Ut&V$ "(' r!r!"ente o"o U%&t&V1 E.14 so(t& Ls!(uL Hs(r6$ %&t&isis LRu!IsI s$ esL o
L#Ru!IsI s$ esL o LRt!IsI s$ esLO Htisis6$ et1
*o"o l! Ut&V %(ede %ron(ni!rse o"o LuL ' LSL$ &!' (n!s re,l!s %!r! s!ber 2!ndo
se %ron(ni! o"o LuL4
!6 A %rini%io de %!l!br! e-e%t(!ndo l!s %!l!br!s de 518<1; ' 518?1;1!1 E.14
t&i9 LuI9L Hes%eso6$ t&ie# Lui4#L Hl!dr3n6$ t&ird Lu4dL NGBO ' Lu4rdL NUSAO
Hterero6$ et1
b6 A #in!l de %!l!br!4 b!t&Hs6 Lb!4 u H s6L NGBO Hb!)!rse Hse b!)!6 NGBO6$ betrot&
Nliter!rioO N"s (s!do on LIuL en USA ' "s (s!do on LSL en GBO ' deri+!dos$
&e!lt& L&eluL Hs!l(d6$ 7it& L7IuL Ndel!nte de onson!nte ' on LSL del!nte de
+o!lO Hon6$ et1$ ' en l!s %!l!br!s de D1 :1@1@1
6 A "it!d de %!l!br! %reedid! de (n! onson!nte ' se,(id! de +o!l o
onson!nte4 !nt&e" LRYnue"L H&i"no6$ Est&er NGB4 "enos (s!do ' on LtL en GB4
"s (s!do ' USAO$ &e!lt&' LR&eluiL Hs!no6$ len,t&s$ %&il!nt&ro%'$ tent&s$ et1 E-iste
!l,(n! e-e%i3n4 !lt&o(,&$ 7ort&'1
*(!ndo l! Ut&V +! %reedid! de (n! +o!l ' se,(id! de otr! +o!l (n!s +ees se
%ron(ni! LuL Hjon!t&!n$ et1$ ' tod!s l!s %!l!br!s %roedentes del ,rie,o4 !(t&or$
&o"eo%!t&iL &o"oeo%!t&i NGBO$ et16 ' otr!s LSL$ nor"!l"ente %!l!br!s de ori,en
,er"nio Hlot&in,$ teet&in,$ et14 D1 518?1;1b61
d6 En los %l(r!les de %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en It&4 56 Si l! Ut&V +! %reedid! de (n!
+o!l ort!4 D1 :1@1@1!1 86 Si l! Ut&V +! %reedid! de (n! onson!nte4 D1 :1@1@1b1
A +ees l! Ut&V no se %ron(ni! o"o (n solo #one"! %or/(e son %!l!br!s
o"%(est!s4 #oot&old$ %ot&ole$ et1
En in,l0s olo/(i!l ' (!ndo se &!bl! r%idoH$6 l! LuL del!nte de Ls$ zL no se
%ron(ni! ! +ees4 "ont&s L"AnHu6sL1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en LuL ' otr! o"ienz! %or LuL (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 ! #i#t& t&ie# H(n /(into l!dr3n6$ et1
L! Ut&V %(ede no %ron(ni!rse en !l,(n!s %!l!br!s1 D1518<1;
En !stell!no en l!s zon!s donde no &!' seseo el #one"! LuL se esribe o"o
del!nte de e$ i4 erill! LueRri/!L$ ino LRui9oL$ et1$ ' o"o z del!nte de !$ o$ (4
!z! LR9!u!L$ et1M sin e"b!r,o$ en l!s zon!s de seseo se %(ede %ron(ni!r LsL en +ez
de LuL1
-+ &a consonante #6# es sonor!$ #ri!ti+!$ lin,(oIinterdent!lM se esribe o"o Ut&V$
%ero o"o l! Ut&V t!"bi0n re%resent! !l #one"! LuL &!' !l,(n!s re,l!s %!r! s!ber
(!ndo l! Ut&V se %ron(ni! LSL4
!6 En el !rtF(lo deter"in!do4 t&e$ en los !d.eti+os ' %rono"bres de"ostr!ti+os4
t&is$ t&!t$ t&ese$ t&ose$ en !l,(nos !d+erbios4 t&en$ t&ene Nliter!rioO$ t&ere N' l!s
%!l!br!s deri+!d!sO$ t&it&er N!r!ioO$ t&o(,& Nolo/(i!lO$ t&(s Nliter!rioO$ et1$ en
!l,(nos %rono"bres4 t&e'$ t&eir$ t&eirs$ t&e"$ t&e"sel+es$ et1$ ' !l,(n!s
on.(niones4 t&!t$ t&!n$ t&o(,& Nolo/(i!lO$ et1
b6 *(!ndo l! Ut&V +! se,(id! de (n! e "(d!4 b!t&e LbeISL Hb!)!rse6$ bre!t&e Lbri4SL
Hres%ir!r6$ lot&e L9lo(SL H+estir6$ et1
6 *(!ndo l! Ut&V +! se,(id! de (n! e h r4 dit&er$ #!t&er LR#!4SeL NGBO ' LR#!4SerL
NUSAO H%!dre6$ nort&ern$ so(t&ern$ tet&er$ 7e!t&er LR7eSeL NGBO ' LR7eSerL NUSAO
Htie"%o6$ et1$ e-e%to en !l,(n!s %!l!br!s4 et&er$ L(t&er1
d6 Nor"!l"ente en los %l(r!les de %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en It& %reedid! de (n!
+o!l l!r,! o di%ton,o1 D1 :1@1@
e6 En !l,(n!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en It&4 "o(t& N+erbo ' on LuL o"o no"breO$
s"oot& Ls"(4SL Hs(!+e6$ 7it& Ndel!nte de +o!l ' on LuL del!nte de onson!nteO
Hon6$ et1
En in,l0s olo/(i!l ' (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido l! LSL del!nte de Ls$ zL no se %ron(ni!
! +ees4 lot&es L9lo(HS6zL Hro%!L +estidos61
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en LSL ' otr! o"ienz! %or LSL (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 *lot&e t&is &ild] H\DistHeL !6 ! este ni)o]6$
et1
En in,l0s olo/(i!l l! Ut&V de Ut&e"V no se %ron(ni! (!ndo +! %reedid! de (n! l
! #in!l de %!l!br! o (!ndo no lle+! !ento #(erte 1 E.14 Tell t&e"] H\DFH,!6selo !
ellos]61
El #one"! LSL no e-iste en !stell!no o"o t!l %ero e-iste o"o (n !l3#ono del #one"!
!stell!no LdL entre +o!les4 !d! LR9!S!L$ %id! LR%iS!L$ bod! LRboS!L$ lodo LRloSoL$
%(ed! LR%7eS!L$ detrs de (n! onson!nte /(e no se! l o n o"o en U!rdo LR9!rSoLV$ et1$
%reedido de (n! +o!l ' se,(ido de r o"o en U%!dre LR%!SreLV$ et1$ ! #in!l de %!l!br!
detrs de (n! +o!l o"o en UM!drid L"!RdriSLV$ et1$ ' o"o !l3#ono de LuL4
&!z"e LR!u"eL o LR!S"eL$ et1M en in,l0s este #one"! %(ede !%!reer ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d '
! #in!l de %!l!br! o"o se +e en los e.e"%los d!dosM los !stell!no&!bl!ntes$ ! +ees$
%ron(ni!n LdL (!ndo tienen /(e %ron(ni!r LSL ' !l re+0sM en !stell!no no %!s!rF! n!d!
si se %ron(ni!r! LSL %or LdL o !l re+0s$ %ero en in,l0s &!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e se
distin,(en sol!"ente %or tener (n #one"! ( otro4 breed Lbri4dL Hr!z!L ri!r6 ' Ubre!t&eV
Lbri4SL Hres%ir!r6M d!' LdeIL HdF!6 ' Ut&e'V LSeIL Hellos6M den LdenL H"!dri,(er!6 ' Ut&enV
LSenL Hentones6M s(dden LRsAdenL Hs2bito6 ' Uso(t&ernV LRs A S enL NGBO Hdel s(r6M d!re
LdeeL NGBO ' LdeHe6rL NUSAO H!tre+erse6 ' Ut&ereV LSeeL NGBO ' LSeHe6rL NUSAO H!llF6M
do(,& Ldo(L H%!st!6 ' Ut&o(,&V Nolo/(i!lO LSo(L H!(n/(eL sin e"b!r,o6$ et1M %!r!
%ron(ni!r l! LdL l! len,(! tiene /(e to!r l! %!rte d(r! del %!l!d!r %or eni"! de los
dientes s(%eriores ' %!r! %ron(ni!r l! LSL l! len,(! tiene /(e est!r entre los dientes
s(%eriores e in#erioresM en iert!s o!siones !"bos #one"!s LdL ' LSL estn t!n er! /(e
los !stell!no&!bl!ntes tienden ! %ron(ni!rlos de l! "is"! "!ner! bien o"o LdL bien
o"o LSL$ %ero (n !n,lo&!bl!nte se d! (ent! r%id!"ente e inl(so %(ede no entenderlo1
E.14 t&is d!' LSIs deIL Heste dF!6$ t&!t d!' LSYt deIL HeseL !/(el dF!6$ dit&er LRdISeL NGBO
' LRdISerL NUSAO Hte"bl!rL +!il!r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL +!il!i3n NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
%onerse "(' ner+ioso NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL !,it!i3n NUSA %rini%!l"enteO6$ et1
3+ &a #s# es (n! onson!nte sord!$ #ri!ti+!$ lin,(oI!l+eol!rM s(ele esribirse o"o
UsV del!nte de (n! sol! +o!l$ o"o UssV del!nte de (n! +o!l ' ! +ees dos +o!les$
"enos #re(ente"ente o"o UV del!nte de (n! sol! +o!l4 e se,(id! de
onson!nte ND1 518?1?O$ i se,(id! de onson!nte ND1 518?1?O o '$ o"o UeV no
!ent(!do ! #in!l de %!l!br!M o"o UsV del!nte de e$ i$ ' N%ero no en l! 2lti"!
sFl!b!M l! es !si sie"%re sord! (!ndo +! entre s ' e$ i$ 'O$ o"o U%sV ND1518<18OM
"(' r!r!"ente o"o UzV$ UstV ND1518<1;O$ Ust&V ND1518<1;O1 E.14 s!lt Lso4ltL Hs!l6$
seond LRse9endL Hse,(ndo6$ si9 LsI9L Hen#er"o6$ so9s Lso9sL NGBO ' Ls!49sL NUSAO
H!letines6$ s(eed Lse9Rsi4dL Htener 0-ito6$ s(ess Lse9RsesL H0-ito6$ Rdossier
Hdosier6$ reede LrIRsi4dL Hretroeder6$ #!n' LR#YnsiL H!%ri&oL #!nt!sF!6$ one L7AnsL
H(n! +ez6$ sine LsInsL Hdesde6$ %e!e L%i4sL H%!z6$ sene N' deri+!dosO$ sent$
se%tre LRse%teL NGBO ' LRse%terL NUSAO Hetro6$ siene LRs!IensL Hieni!6$ sissors$
s't&e Ls!ISL H,(!d!)!L ,(!d!)!r6$ 7!ltz L7o4lHt6sL H+!ls6$ et1
L! %!l!br! Qs&is"Q His"!6 se %ron(ni! ,ener!l"ente LRs9Ize"L en GB ' "enos
#re(ente"ente LRsIze"L$ %ero en USA es !l re+0s1
A %rini%io de %!l!br! l! s sie"%re se %ron(ni! LsL %ero ! "it!d de %!l!br! ' ! #in!l
de %!l!br! %(ede %ron(ni!rse (n!s +ees LsL en %!l!br!s o"o Q%r!tise$ %ro"iseQ$
et1$ otr!s LzL en %!l!br!s o"o Qnoise$ s(r%riseQ$ etM l!s re,l!s %!r! s!berlo son "('
o"%li!d!s ' &!' sie"%re "(&!s e-e%ionesM o"o (n! %e/(e)! !'(d! se
%(ede deir /(e l! s se %ron(ni! LsL4
!6 En l!s ter"in!iones o s(#i.os4 Iess$ Iis$ Io(s1 E.14 lioness LRl!Ienes$ I sL Hleon!6$
e"%ress LRe"%res$ I sL He"%er!triz6$ !n!l'sis LeRnYlesI s$ esL o LeRnYlIsI s$ esL
H!nlisis6$ s'nt&esis LRsInuesI s$ esL o LRsInuIsI s$ esL HsFntesis6$ #!"o(s LR#eI"esL
H#!"oso6$ ,l!"oro(sL ,l!"o(ro(s NGB %rini%!l"enteO LR,lY"eresL Hen!nt!dor61
b6 En el %l(r!les de los no"bres$ en el ,eniti+o s!.3n ' en l! terer! %erson! del
sin,(l!r de los +erbos (!ndo l! s +! %reedid! de (n! onson!nte sord!4 be!sts$
d(9es$ d(9eZs$ d(9esZ$ &!ts L&YtsL Hso"breros6$ 9i9s L9I9sL H%!t!d!s6$ 9ee%s L9i4%sL
H"!ntiene6$ l!(,&s Ll!4#sL NGBO ' LlY#sL NUSAO HrFe6$ sto%s$ et1
6 Nor"!l"ente en l!s ter"in!iones o s(#i.os Isit'$ Isi+e$ Issi+e ' %!l!br!s
rel!ion!d!s4 (ni+ersit' L.(4nIR+4seti$ I tiL NGB o LIneILO ' L.(4neR+4rseti$ I tiL NUSA
o LInIILO H(ni+ersid!d6$ res%onsi+e ' Ures%onsibilit'V LrIs%onseRbIleti$ I tiL NGBO
' LrIs%!4nseRbIleti$ I tiL NUSAO Hres%ons!bilid!d6$ e-%ensi+e LI9sR%ensI+L H!ro6$
!,,ressi+eHness6 LeR,resI+Hn es$ n I s6L H!,resi+oL en0r,io H!,resi+id!d66$ et1
d6 A #in!l de %!l!br! %reedid! de !$ i$ o$ ($ '1 E.14 ,!s L,YsL H,!s6$ t&is LSIsL Hesto6$
&!os LR9eIosL NGBO ' LR9eI!4sL NUSAO H!os6$ s(r%l(s LRs4%lesL NGBO ' LRs4r%lesL
NUSAO He-edente$ sobr!nte6$ Gl!d's LR,lYdI s$ esL$ (s LAsL$ et1M ! +ees$ l! s #in!l
se %ron(ni! o"o LzL4 or%s Nen %l(r!lO L9o4zL H(er%os6$ &!s L&YzL Htiene6$ 7!s
L7ozL NGBO ' L7!4zL NUSAO Her!L est!b!6$ !s LYzL Ho"o6$ &is L&IzL Hs('o6$
7&ere!s L7eeRrYzL NGBO ' L&7eRrYzL NUSAO H"ientr!s /(e6$ et1
e6 En !l,(nos no"bres to%onF"ios /(e lle+!n l! o"bin!i3n QesQ1 E.14
Glo(ester LR,losteL NGBO ' LR,l!4sterL NUSAO$ Leiester LRlesteL NGBO ' LRlesterL
NUSAO$ >orester LR7(steL NGBO ' LR7(sterL NUSAO$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en LsL ' otr! o"ienz! %or LsL (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 t&is s'nt&esis Hest! sFntesis6$ et1 O(rre en
!stell!no t!"bi0n1
El #one"! LsL %(ede !%!reer ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d ' ! #in!l de %!l!br! en in,l0s1 En
!stell!no l! LsL es %!reid! !l #one"! in,l0s %ero no es i,(!lM en !stell!no
,ener!l"ente se (tiliz! l! %(nt! de l! len,(! %or/(e es !%io!l+eol!r$ %ero en in,l0s
es "s tenso '$ en +ez de (tiliz!r l! %(nt! de l! len,(!$ %one l! %!rte inter"edi! de
l! len,(! er! de l! %!rte !l+eol!r /(e est eni"! de los dientes s(%eriores '! /(e
es %redors!l o"o en %!rte de And!l(F! ' L!tino!"0ri!1
El #one"! LsL se esribe o"o s en !stell!no en l!s zon!s donde no se d! el seseo$
%ero en l!s zon!s donde se d! el seseo se %ron(ni!n t!"bi0n on LsL l!s %!l!br!s
/(e se %ron(ni!n on LuL en l!s zon!s donde no se d! el seseoM en l!s zon!s donde
se d! el seseo se (tiliz! "(' %oo el #one"! LuLM es "s$ en l!s zon!s donde se d! el
seseo &!' %erson!s /(e no %ron(ni!n l! s4 56 A #in!l de %!l!br! detrs de (n!
+o!l4 !s!s LR9!s!4L %or/(e !l!r,!n l! +o!l ' no %ron(ni!n l! sM otr!s +ees
!s%ir!n l! +o!l en +ez de !l!r,!rl!1 86 A "it!d de %!l!br! %reedid! de +o!l '
se,(id! de onson!nte4 ost! LR9o4t!L %or/(e !l!r,!n l! +o!l ' no %ron(ni!n l! sM
otr!s +ees !s%ir!n l! +o!l en +ez de !l!r,!rl!1
A +ees$ l! LsL ! #in!l de (n! %!l!br! %(ede s(#rir (n! !si"il!i3n del!nte de otr!
%!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or L[L o L.L %ron(nindose o"o L[L$ %ero no es reo"end!ble
%!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1 E.14 t&is s&o% LSI[ [o%L NGBO ' LSI[ [!4%L NUSAO Hest!
tiend!6M t&is 'o(n,ster LSI[R.AsteL NGBO ' LSI[R.AsterL NUSAO Heste .o+en6M
S&e 7ill "iss 'o( L"I[ .(4L HEll! te e&!r de "enos6M I 7ill %!ss 'o( L%!4[ .(4L
HTe %!s!r061
A +ees$ l! s no se %ron(ni!$ %rini%!l"ente en %!l!br!s de ori,en #r!n0s1 E.4 !isle
L!IlL Hn!+e l!ter!l6$ !%ro%os$ Ar&!ns!s$ bo(r,eois$ &!"ois LR[Y"7!4L H,!"(z!6$
&!ssis Nen sin,(l!rO$ or%s Nen sin,(l!rO L9o4L NGBO ' L9o4rL NUSAO H(er%o6$ debris
Heso"bros6$ de"esne$ Illinois LIlIRnoIL$ isl!nd LR!IlendL Hisl!6$ isl!nder LR!IlendeL
NGBO ' LR!IlenderL NUSAO Hisle)o6$ isle L!IlL Hisl!6$ islet LR!Ilet$ I tL Hislote6$ lisle Ll!IlL$
Lo(is$ "!r/(is$ +isIpI+is$ +iso(nt LR+!I9!(ntL H+izonde6 ' deri+!dos$ et1$ ' en !si
tod!s l!s %!l!br!s en l!s /(e l! +! entre s ' e$ i$ '4 ondeRsendin,$ sen!rios$
si!ti$ s'%&ozo!n$ et1
A +ees$ (n! %!l!br! se %ron(ni! on LsL en GB ' on LzL en USA1 E.14 !st&"!$ et1
A +ees$ (n! %!l!br! se %ron(ni! on LsL en GB ' USA ' on LzL en GB4 tre!tise
N"s (s!do on LzL en GBO Htr!t!do Ni libroO6$ et1
Al,(n!s %!l!br!s se %ron(ni!n on LsL en GB ' USA ' on L[L en USA4 dis(nion$
dis(nionist Nno"breO Hse%!r!tist!6$ dis(nite$ dis(nit'$ dis(se$ dis(tilit'1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e %(eden %ron(ni!rse on LsL ' L[L en GB ' USA4
!ssoi!te ' deri+!dos$ se-(!l ' deri+!dos$ tod!s l!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or
soioI o"o Usoiolo,i!lV$ et1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e %(eden %ron(ni!rse nor"!l"ente on LsL en GB '
on L[L en GB ' USA4 ,l!i!lHl'6$ sens(!l$ sens(!lis"$ sens(!list$ sens(!lit'$
sens(!liz!tionL sens(!lis!tion NGBO$ sens(!lizeL sens(!lise NGBO$ sens(!ll'$
sens(o(s$ sens(o(sl'$ sens(o(sness1
UAsi!tiV se %ron(ni! on L[L$ LsL$ LL o LzL en GB ' on LL o L[L en USAM U,l!ierV
se %ron(ni! on LsL en GB ' on L[L en USA1
*(!ndo l! +! se,(id! de e$ i$ '$ s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o LsL4 4 %rie$ et1$ e-e%to
en !l,(n!s %!l!br!s de ori,en it!li!no o"o QelloQ$ et1
En l!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en Ie!e$ Ieee$ Iiee$ l! se %ron(ni! o"o LsL$ %ero
en l!s /(e ter"in!n en Ie!se l! s %(ede %ron(ni!rse (n!s +ees o"o LsL en
%!l!br!s o"o Qe!se Hes!r6$ re!se H!rr(,!L !rr(,!rse6$ dee!se H#!llei"ientoL
deesoL #!lleer6$ dere!se Hdis"in(i3nL derei"ientoL dis"in(irL dereer6$
inre!se Hinre"entoL inre"ent!r6$ le!se H!rrend!"ientoL !rrend!r6$ rele!se
Hliber!i3nL esi3nL %(bli!i3nL estrenoL %(est! en +ent!L es!%eL dis%!r!dor Hde
(n! "!r! #oto,r#i!6L liber!rL des!t!rL ederL s!!r H! l! +ent!6L estren!rL des%edirL
!rro.!rL dis%!r!r Non (n! "!r! #oto,r#i!O6Q ' otr!s o"o LzL en %!l!br!s o"o
U!%%e!se H!%!i,(!rL tr!n/(iliz!r6$ dise!se LdIRzi4zL Hen#er"ed!d6$ %le!se H!,r!d!r6$
te!se Hbro"!L bro"ist!L to"!r el %eloL #!stidi!rL "!rtiriz!rL init!r Hse-(!l"ente66V$
et1M Q,re!seQ H,r!s!L en,r!s!r6 s(ele %ron(ni!rse "s #re(ente"ente on LsL o"o
no"bre ' "s #re(ente"ente on LzL o"o +erbo %ero %(ede %ron(ni!rse de l!s
dos "!ner!s .(nto on los deri+!dos1
L! s se %ron(ni! o"o LsL se,(id! de onson!nte sord!4 ne7s%!%er$ (sed to$ et1
6+ &a #)# es (n! onson!nte sonor!$ #ri!ti+!$ lin,(oI!l+eol!rM se esribe
nor"!l"ente o"o UzV$ UsV (!ndo no +! ! %rini%io de %!l!br!$ o"o UzeV no
!ent(!do$ o"o UseV no !ent(!do$ "enos #re(ente"ente o"o UssV$ UzzVM "('
r!r!"ente o"o U-V$ UzV$ UtsV$ UtzV$ Uz&V1 E.14 zero NUSA %rini%!l"enteO LRzIero(L
NGBO ' LRzIHe6ro(L NUSAO Hero6$ zoo Lz(4L Hzoo6$ dozen LRdAzHe6nL Hdoen!6$ &!s
L&YzL Htiene6$ e!s' LRi4ziL H#il6$ size$ rose Lro(zL Hros!L se le+!nt36$ dessert LdIRz4tL
NGBO ' LdIRz4rtL NUSAO H%ostre6$ dissol+e LdIRzol+L NGBO ' LdIRz!4l+L NUSAO$ %ossess
L%eRzesL H%oseer6$ sissors LRsIzezL NGBO ' LRsIzerzL NUSAO Hti.er!s6$ .!zz LdYzL
H'!z6$ b(zz LbAzL Hz("bido6$ Sio(- Ls(4zL o Ls.(4zL NGBO Nen %l(r!l$ %ero t!"bi0n
%(ede %ron(ni!rse o"o en sin,(l!r sin LzLO Hsi(-6 ND1 518<1=O$ z!rL ts!rL tz!r Lz!4L
NGBO ' Lz!4rL NUSAO ' "enos #re(ente"ente Lts!4L NGBO ' Lts!4rL NUSAO Hz!r6$
z&o Lzo(L H'! Nr(z!do on +!!O6$ et1
Tod!s l!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or - se %ron(ni!n on LzL1 E.14 -eno%&obi! LzeIL
H-eno#obi!6$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni!n nor"!l"ente on LzL en GB ' on LL en USA '
GB4 !s(ist$ !s(istr'$ et1
L! s ! #in!l de %!l!br! se %ron(ni! LzL en el %l(r!l de los no"bres$ en el ,eniti+o
s!.3n ' en l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r de los +erbos (!ndo +! %reedid! de (n!
+o!l o (n! onson!nte sonor!M t!"bi0n (!ndo l! s #in!l +! %reedid! de (n! e /(e
se %ron(nie1 E.14 !bori,ines LYbeRrIdIni4zL o LI deIL H!borF,enes6$ brid,es$
!t&es$ o"es L9A"zL H+iene6$ do,s Ldo,zL NGBO ' Ldo4,zL NUSA o Ld!4,zLO
H%erros6$ e"%lo'ees Le"R%loIi4zL N"s (s!doO o Le"%loIRi4zL He"%le!dos6$ ,oes
L,o(zL H+!6$ ends$ &ens$ 9in,s$ 9isses$ l!dies$ l!d'Zs$ l!diesZ$ %e!rs L%eezL NGBO '
L%eHe6rzL NUSAO H%er!s6$ %ens$ %&r!ses LR#reIzI z$ ezL H#r!ses6$ %ills$ %rines$ %rineZs$
%rinesZ$ re!ds Lri4dzL Hlee6$ s&ools Ls9(4lzL Hes(el!s6$ s%eies LRs%i4[i4zL Hes%eieHs66$
tr!+els LRtrY+He6lzL H+i!.!L +i!.es6$ 7ells$ et1
L! z %(ede ser sord! en !l,(n!s %!l!br!s1 E.14 rendezI+o(s LRrondI+(4L Hit!L
re(nirse6$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en LzL ' otr! o"ienz! %or LzL (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 t&ose ze!lots HesosL !/(ellos #!ntios6$ et1
El #one"! in,l0s LzL no e-iste en !stell!no o"o t!l %ero e-iste o"o !l3#ono del
#one"! !stell!no LsL (!ndo l! s +! del!nte de (n! onson!nte sonor!4 desde$
r!s,!r$ "is"!$ !toliis"o$ et1M e-iste en #r!n0s o"o z 3 s entre +o!les$ en
!t!ln$ en !le"n o"o s entre +o!les$ en es%er!nto o"o zM en in,l0s este
#one"! %(ede !%!reer ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d ' ! #in!l de %!l!br! o"o se +e en los
e.e"%los it!dos1
*on+iene tener (id!do on el #one"! LzL$ '! /(e &!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e se
distin,(en sol!"ente %or tener LzL o LsL4 b(zzes LRbAzI z$ ezL Hz("bidos6 '
Ub(sHs6esV LRbAsI z$ ezL H!(tob(ses6M e'es L!IzL Ho.os6 ' UieV L!IsL H&ielo6M &is L&IzL '
U&issV L&IsLM 9nees Lni4zL Hrodill!s6 ' UnieeV Lni4sL Hsobrin!6M lose Llo4zL ' UlooseV
Ll(4sLM ne7s Ln(4zL NUSAO ' UnooseV Ln(4sLM %ens L%enzL H%l("!s6 ' U%eneV L%ensL
H%eni/(es6M %l!'s L%leIzL H.(e,!L obr!s de te!tro6 ' U%l!eV L%leIsL Hl(,!r6M %rize
L%r!IzL H%re"io6 ' U%rieV L%r!IsL H%reio6M rise Lr!IzL Hle+!nt!rse6 ' UrieV Lr!IsL
H!rroz6M zoo Lz(4L Hzoo6 ' US(eV Ls(4L HS(s!n!6$ et1
L! LzL (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! %(ede s(#rir (n! !si"il!i3n del!nte de otr!
%!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or L.$ [L %ron(nindose o"o LL$ %ero esto no es
reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1 E.14 t&ese 'o(n,sters LSi4 R.AstezL
NGBO ' LSi4 R.AsterzL NUSAO Hestos .3+enes6M E!s s&eT L&Y [i4L HWLo &! H&e&o6
ell!T6M (!ndo l! LzL +! del!nte de otr! %!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or L[L %(ede
%ron(ni!rse t!bi0n o"o L[L1 E.14 E!s s&eT L&Y[ [i4L HWLo &! H&e&o6 ell!T61
Al,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e !ntes se %ron(ni!b!n on LzL !&or! nor"!l"ente se
%ron(ni!n on LL %ero &!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s H!"Rnesi!$ +is(!l$ et16 /(e %(eden
%ron(ni!rse de l!s dos "!ner!s en GB ' sol!"ente on LL en USAM no obst!nte$
&!' t!"bi0n %!l!br!s /(e %(eden %ron(ni!rse de l!s dos "!ner!s en GB ' USA4
jes(it$ et1M otr!s se si,(en %ron(ni!ndo on LzL en GB ' on LL en USA4
!"nesi!$ et1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni!n on LzL en GB ' on LsL en USA4 blo(se$
blo(son N' "enos (s!do on LzL en USAO$ er!se$ ,ooseberr' N' "enos (s!do on LzL
en USAM sin e"b!r,o$ en GB tod!s l!s de"s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or U,ooseV
se %ron(ni!n on LsL o"o en USAO$ +!se N' "enos (s!do on LzL en USAO$ etM
Ubr!ssiereV %(ede %ron(ni!rse on LsL o LzL1
L! s se %ron(ni! o"o LzL se,(id! de onson!nte sonor!4 &(sb!nd$ et1
L!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en Ie!ze$ Ieese$ Ieeze$ Iieze$ s(elen %ron(ni!rse on LzL1
8+ &a consonante #[# es sord!$ #ri!ti+!$ %!l!toI!l+eol!r o %re%!l!t!lM s(ele
esribirse o"o Us&V$ "enos #re(ente"ente o"o UV$ del!nte de dos o "s
+o!les no !ent(!d!s ND1518?1<O$ o"o UsV$ ,ener!l"ente del!nte de dos +o!les
no !ent(!d!s ND1518?1<O$ o"o UsV en l! 2lti"! sFl!b! ' no !ent(!d! ND1518?1<O$
o"o UtV del!nte de dos +o!les no !ent(!d!s$ o"o UssV del!nte de dos +o!les
ND1518?1<OM r!r!"ente o"o U&V$ %rini%!l"ente en l!s %!l!br!s de ori,en #r!n0s
introd(id!s ! %!rtir del si,lo KDIIM "(' r!r!"ente o"o UI&sV$ Us&IV$ U%s&V en
USA1 E.14 s&!9e L[eI9L Hs!(dir6$ s&ee% L[i4%L Ho+e.!6$ s&i% L[I%L Hb!ro6$ s&oot L[(4tL
Hdis%!r!r6$ s&(t L[AtL Herr!r6$ 7!s&es LR7o[I z$ ezL NGBO ' LR7o4[ez$ I zL NUSA
o LR7!4[ez$ I zLO Hl!+!6$ 7is&es LR7I[I z$ ezL HdeseosL dese!6$ b(s& Lb([L H!rb(sto6$
%(s& L%([L He"%(.!r6$ s%eies LRs%i4[i4zL$ s%ei!l LRs%e[elL ' todos los !d.eti+os
ter"in!dos en Ii!l$ "(sii!n L".(4RzI[enL$ %olitii!n L%elIRtI[enL NGB o LIleILO '
L%!4leRtI[enL NUSA o LIlIILO H%olFtio6 ' tod!s l!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en Ii!n
re#erid!s ! %erson!s$ !(s%iio(s Lo4sR%I[esL H%ro%iio6$ +iio(s LR+I[esL ' todos los
!d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iio(s$ oe!n LRo([He6nL Ho0!no6$ r(st!eo(s
L9rAsRteI[esL$ %ension LR%enHt6[enL H%ensi3n6 ' otr!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en Ision$
s(,!r LR[(,eL NGBO ' LR[(,erL NUSAO H!z2!r6$ n!(se! LRno4 [eL NUSAO Hn(se!L
!so6$ n!(seo(s LRno4[esL$ onsio(s LR9onHt6[esL NGBO ' LR9!4nHt6[esL NUSAO
Honsiente6 ' otr!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en Isio(s$ onsiene LR9onHt6[ensL NGBO '
LR9!4nHt6[ensL NUSAO Honieni!6 ' otr!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en Isiene$
inerti! LIRn4[eL NGBO e LIRn4r[eL NUSAO$ Deneti!n ' otr!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en
Iti!n e-e%to U*&risti!nV$ %ro%iti!te L%reR%I[ieItL o L%ro(R% I[ ie I tL NUSAO H%ro%ii!r6$
%!tiene LR%eI[enHt6sL$ %osition L%eRzI[He6nL H%osii3n6 ' otr!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s
en Ition$ R(ssi! LRrA[eL$ dis(ssion LdIsR9A[He6nL Hdis(si3n6$ "ission LR"I[He6nL
H"isi3n6 ' otr!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en Ission$ "!&ine L"eR[i4nL H"/(in!6$
*&i!,o L[IR9!4,o(L$ %ist!&io$ &i+!lr' LR[I+elriL H!b!llerF!L !b!llerosid!d6$ #(&si!
LR#.(4[eL H#(si!6$ s&ist L[IstL Hes/(isto6$ s&ed(le LR[ed.(4lL NGB4 "s (s!doO
' LRs9ed(4lL NGB4 "enos (s!do ' USAO H&or!rio6$ %s&!7] L[o4L NUSAO ' L%[o4L NGB
' USAO H\b!&]6$ et1
*(!ndo el #one"! LnL +! se,(ido del #one"! L[L en iert!s %!l!br!s o"o
Q!nient LReInHt6[entL$ !ttention$ !ttention!l$ onsio(s$ detention$ distension NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL distention NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ "ention$ tension$ et1$V se %(ede
%ron(ni!r Lnt1[L (!ndo lle+!n 0n#!sis di&!s %!l!br!s4 detention LdIRtent1[enL
Nen#tioO$ et1$ o si"%le"ente Ln[L (!ndo no lle+!n 0n#!sis4 LdIRten[enL Nno
en#tioO$ et1M es deir$ se %(ede %ron(ni!r l! t si se /(iere entre l! LnL ' l! L[LM
nor"!l"ente no !%!ree (n %(nto en l! "!'or %!rte de los diion!rios entre l! LtL '
l! L[L ' %(ede d!r l(,!r ! on#(si3n ! los !stell!no&!bl!ntesM no es o"o l!
%ron(ni!i3n de Uin&V o U%(n&VM %or eso$ !/(F se %one nor"!l"ente l! LtL entre
%!r0ntesisM si #(er! el #one"! Lt[L se esribirF! l! %!l!br! o"o I&ion ' no o"o
Ition o IsionM %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es reo"end!ble ol+id!rse de l! t '! /(e
%(ede d!r l(,!r ! on#(si3nM !de"s es "(&o "s di#Fil de %ron(ni!r ' est bien
t!"bi0n sin %ron(ni!rl!M de &e&o es di#Fil %!r! (n !n,lo&!bl!nte not!r l!
di#ereni! en l! %ron(ni!i3n ' "(&os diion!rios no %onen l! t en l!
tr!nsri%i3n #on0ti!M en re!lid!d es! t sobr!1
L! s& se %ron(ni! L[L e-e%to (!ndo l! & +! %reedid! de los %re#i.os disI$ "isI4
dis&!r"on'$ "is&!ndle$ et1
L! %!l!br! Ut&res&oldV LRure[&o(ldL H("br!lL lF"ite6 &!' /(e %ron(ni!rl! o"o si
t(+ier! (n! & "s1
L! t se,(id! de +o!l no se %ron(ni! L[L (!ndo +! %reedid! de s sino o"o el
#one"! Lt[L4 di,estion$ /(estion$ et1
El #one"! in,l0s L[L$ /(e !%!ree ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d ' ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ no e-iste
en !stell!no o"o t!l$ sol!"ente en !l,(n!s %!l!br!s o"o Qs&!H&6QM !l,(n!s
%erson!s en iert!s %!rtes de And!l(F! lo (s!n o"o !l3#ono del #one"! !stell!no
Lt[L4 U&ioV$ et1M en l!s zon!s de AlInnd!l(s !ne-ion!d!s ! l! *oron! se (s!b! el
#one"! L[L en (n %rini%io en +ez de Lt[L '! /(e en r!be no e-iste el #one"! Lt[LM
e-iste en ,!lle,o o"o -$ %ort(,(0s$ !t!ln o"o -$ #r!n0s o"o &$ it!li!no
o"o s del!nte de e ' o$ !le"n o"o s&$ es%er!nto$ et1M &!' /(e to!r (n %oo
on l! %(nt! de l! len,(! l! zon! !l+eol!r /(e est %or eni"! de los dientes
s(%eriores$ "ientr!s /(e el dorso de l! len,(! /(ed! er! del ielo de l! bo!M los
l!dos de l! len,(! d!n en l!s "(el!s de !rrib!1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e %(eden %ron(ni!rse nor"!l"ente on L[L en GB ' USA
%ero %(eden %ron(ni!rse t!"bi0n "(&o "enos #re(ente"ente on LsL$ sobre
todo en GB4 iss(e LRI[(4L o LR I s.(4L NGBO Hte"!L !s(ntoL res(lt!doL distrib(ir6 ' otr!s
o"o Q!%%rei!teQ ' los deri+!dos$ Qne,oti!teQ ' deri+!dos$ Qtiss(eQ$ et1
E!' /(e %rest!r !teni3n %or/(e &!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e sol!"ente se di#ereni!n
%or tener LsL o L[L4 %!rti!l LR%!4[elL NGBO o LR%!4r[elL NUSAO H%!ri!l6 '
U%!relV LR%!4selL NGBO o LR%!4rselL NUSAO H%!/(ete6M s&!"e L[eI"L H+er,Xenz!6 '
Us!"eV LseI"L Hi,(!l6M s&!+e L[eI+L H!#eit!rse6 ' Us!+eV LseI+L H!&orr!r6M s&e L[i4L
Hell!6 ' Use!V Lsi4L H"!r6M s&oot L[(4tL Hdis%!r!r6 ' Us(itV Ls(4tL Htr!.e6M s&o7 L[o(L
Hes%et(lo6 ' UsoV Nliter!rioO Lso(L H!sF6$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en L[L ' otr! o"ienz! %or L[LH$6 (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 ! #is& s&o% H(n! %es!derF!6$ et1
M(&!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n %or Is& L[L denot!n "o+i"iento r%ido$ #(erte o
br(so4 b!s& Nolo/(i!lO$ r!s&$ r(s&$ #l!s&$ "!s&$ %(s&$ r(s&$ et1
9+ &a consonante ## es sonor!$ #ri!ti+!$ %!l!toI!l+eol!r o %re%!l!t!lM s(ele
esribirse o"o UsV$ o"o UsV %reedid! de (n! +o!l !ent(!d!$ o"o UzVM "enos
#re(ente"ente en %!l!br!s de ori,en #r!n0s o"o U,V$ U,eV o U.V$ o"o UssV en
USA1 E.14 leis(re LRleeL NGBO ' LRli4erL NUSA4 "s (s!do /(e LRleerLO Hoio6$
(s(!l LR.(4(elL H(s(!l6$ "e!s(re LR"eeL NGBO ' LR"eerL NUSAO H"edid!6$
tre!s(re LRtreeL NGBO ' LRtreerL NUSAO Htesoro6$ onl(sion L9enR9l(4enL
Honl(si3n6$ +ision LR+IenL H+isi3n6$ o!sion LeR9eIenL Ho!si3n6$ seiz(re LRsi4eL
NGBO ' LRsi4erL NUSAO H!si"ientoL e"b!r,o6$ ,!r!,e LR,Yr!4L NGBO ' L,eRr!4L
NUSAO H,!r!.e6$ re,i"e LreRi4"L Hr0,i"en6$ "!ss!,e LR"Ys!4L H"!s!.e6$ bei,e
LbeIL HbeisL bei,e6$ .on,le(r Lo4nR,l4L NGBO ' Lo4nR,l4rL NUSA o LRd!4n,lerLO
H.(,l!r6$ #ission LR#IenL NUSA4 "enos (s!do /(e LR#I[enL4 GB ' USAO$ et1
En l!s %!l!br!s %rest!d!s del #r!n0s reiente"ente se %(ede (s!r LL ' LdL4 bei,e$
!"o(#l!,e$ %resti,e$ et1M inl(so en otr!s %!l!br!s (!ndo se %ron(ni!n
r%id!"ente4 ,(n,e$ et1
Este #one"! in,l0s$ /(e !%!ree sobre todo ! "it!d ' ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ no e-iste en
!stell!no o"o t!l %ero e-iste o"o !l3#ono de l! se"ionson!nte L.L en Ar,entin!$
P!r!,(!'$ Ur(,(!'$ %!rte de *&ile$ de E(!dor ' de M0-io en %!l!br!s o"o U'!$
'o$ ll!"oVM e-iste t!"bi0n en #r!n0s en el /(e se esribe o"o . o"o en Q.!"!isQ
Hn(n!6 ' otr!s +ees o"o , del!nte de e$ i$ o"o en Qbriol!,eQ Hbriol!.e6M e-iste
t!"bi0n en %ort(,(0s ' !t!ln o"o .$ en es%er!nto o"o q$ et1M se di#ereni! del
#one"! L[L %or ser sonoro ' %or/(e l! %(nt! de l! len,(! no roz! l! zon! !l+eol!r '
es i,(!l en lo de"s1
E!' (n! serie de %!l!br!s /(e !&or! se %ron(ni!n on LL en GB ' USA4
!"Rbrosi! ' t!"bi0n on LzL en GB$ A"Rbrosi(s ' t!"bi0n on LzL en GB$ R!z(re '
t!"bi0n on LzL en GB$ R!s(!l ' deri+!dos$ RFriesi!n ' t!"bi0n on LzL en GB %ero
URFriesiV on LzL en GB ' USA$ e-R(rsion ' "s on L[L en GB$ R,l!zier ' t!"bi0n
on LzL en GB$ R&oRdesi!n ' en GB t!"bi0n on L[L$ R+is(!l ' t!"bi0n on LzL en
GB$ et1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e %(eden %ron(ni!rse on LL ' L[L en GB ' USA4 RAsi!$
RAsi!n$ !R+ersion$ eR/(!tion$ iR""ersion$ IndoRnesi!$ IndoRnesi!n$ RPersi!n$
PoliRnesi!n$ tr!nRsition$ R+ersion$ et1
Es #re(ente /(e +!'! el #one"! LL del!nte de i se,(id! de +o!l4
e-R%losion LI9sR%lo(enL$ oR!sion LeR9eIenL$ tele+ision LRtele+IenL o LIlIIL N"s
(s!dosO o LteleR+IenL o LIlIIL N"enos (s!dosO$ R+ision LR+IenL$ et1
A +ees$ en in,l0s olo/(i!l se d! (n! !si"il!i3n de l! LzL /(e se %ron(ni!
o"o LLM esto no es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1 E.14 !s
(s(!l LYH.6(L$ et1
0+ &a consonante #r# es sonor!$ #ri!ti+!$ %ostI!l+eol!rM est! +!ri!nte o !l3#ono de
LrL no se d! en !stell!noM l! %(nt! de l! len,(! &!' /(e %onerl! er! del %!l!d!r
d(ro sin to!rloM el resto de l! len,(! est 3n!+! en rel!i3n on el ielo de l!
bo! ' los l!dos de l! len,(! to!n %or l! %!rte de !trs on l!s "(el!s s(%erioresM
s(ele esribirse o"o UrV$ UrrV ' "enos #re(ente"ente o"o U7rV ! %rini%io de
%!l!br!$ Ur&V$ Urr&V1 E.14 r!t LrYtL Hr!t!6$ ri#le LRr!I#He6lL Hri#le6$ ro9et LRro9I t$ etL NGBO
' LRr!49et$ I tL NUSAO Ho&ete6$ r(in LRr(4InL Hr(in!6$ r(s& LrA[L H%ris!6$ &!ir' LR&eeriL
NGBO ' LR&eHe6riL NUSAO H%el(do6$ !rr' LR9YriL Hlle+!r6$ 7rite Lr!ItL$
r&!%sod' LRrY%sediL Hr!%sodi!6$ r&etoriH!l6 LrIRtorI9Hel6L NGB| ' LrIRto4rI9Hel6L
NUSA o LIRt!4L| Hret3rioHs6L !Hs66$ r&e("!tis"$ r&inoeros$ r&o"b(s$ r&(b!rb$ r&'"e$
r&'t&"$ !t!rr& L9eRt!4L NGB| ' L9eRt!4rL NUSA| H!t!rro6$ irr&osis LseRro(sI s$ esL
o LsIRro(sI s$ esL Hirrosis6$ di!rr&oe! NGB %rini%!l"ente|L di!rr&e! NUSA|$
&!e"orr&!,e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &e"orr&!,e NUSAO$ &!e"orr&oids NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL &e"orr&oids NUSAO$ et1
L! LrL detrs de L%$ t$ 9L en sFl!b! !ent(!d! es o"%let!"ente sord!4 %ri+!te$ tri!l$
ro7nM si l! LrL #(er! sonor! en este !so se %odrF! on#(ndir l! %ron(ni!i3n de l!s
%!l!br!s Q%r!'Q ' Qbr!'Q$ Qtr'Q ' Qdr'Q$ Qro7Q ' Q,ro7Q1
L! LrL es %!ri!l"ente sord! detrs de L%$ t$ 9L en sFl!b! no !ent(!d! H%rotetion$
#iltr!te$ r(i#i-ion6$ detrs de otr!s onson!ntes sord!s en sFl!b! !ent(!d! H#ro,$
t&ree$ et16$ detrs de s h onson!nte ! %rini%io de %!l!br! Hs%re!d$ stri9e$ sr!t&61
L! r se %ron(ni! nor"!l"ente (!ndo +! entre +o!les o del!nte de (n! +o!l en
l! %ron(ni!i3nM !l,(n!s %!l!br!s o"o U!renZt$ Irel!nd$ iron$ tired$ 7erenZtV en l!s
zon!s donde no se %ron(ni! l! r se %ron(ni!n L!4ntL$ LR!IelendL$ LR!IenL$
Lt!IedL$ L74ntL %or/(e l! r no +! se,(id! de +o!l en l! %ron(ni!i3n$ %ero en l!s
zon!s donde se %ron(ni! l! r se die L!4rntL$ LR!IHe6rlendL$ iron LR!IernL$
Lt!IHe6rdL$ L74rntL1 *(!ndo est! +!ri!nte de LrL +! del!nte de (n! onson!nte ! #in!l
de %!l!br!H$6 en l! "!'or %!rte de GB ' en !l,(n!s %!rtes de USA no s(en! l! rH$6 !
no ser /(e l! %!l!br! si,(iente en l! #r!se o"iene %or +o!l ' no &!'! (n! %!(s!
entre l!s dos %!l!br!s4 #or L#o4L H%!r!6$ #!ir L#eeL H#eri!L .(stoL r(bio6$ %or9 L%o49L
H!rne de erdo6$ %ort L%o4tL H%(erto6$ t!rt Lt!4tL Ht!rt!6M I #e!r it L#IerItL HLo te"o6$
et1M no obst!nte$ en GB l! r !l #in!l de %!l!br! ' se,(id! de otr! %!l!br! /(e
e"%iee %or +o!l %(ede no %ron(ni!rse$ si en l! %en2lti"! sFl!b! &!' otr! r o si
&!' (n! %!(s! entre l! r ' l! %!l!br! /(e e"%iez! %or +o!l4 ! r!re o"en
LreeRo("enL H(n r!ro %res!,io6M Ee 7ent #!r !nd L#!4 N%!(s!O YndL didnZt loo9 b!9
Hl se !le.3 ' no "ir3 !trs6$ et1
En l!s %!l!br!s o"%(est!s s(ele %ron(ni!rse l! r en GB ! no ser /(e l! se,(nd!
%!rte de l! %!l!br! o"%(est! no +!'! !ent(!d!4 o+er!b(nd!ne
Lo(+ereRbAndensL Hsobre!b(nd!ni!6$ o+er!n-io(s Lo(+erRY9[esL Hde"!si!do
%reo(%!do6$ #ire en,ine LR#!Ie endI n$ enL Ho&e de bo"beros6$ et1
A +ees$ detrs de (n! %!l!br! /(e lle+e (n! e rel!.!d! !l #in!l se %ron(ni! (n! r si
l! %!l!br! si,(iente e"%iez! %or +o!l %ero est! r$ /(e se ll!"! intr(si+!$ no es
orret!M es in,l0s +(l,!r$ no reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes4 t&e l!7 o#
En,l!nd Llo4r e+L Hl! le' in,les!6$ R(ssi! is LRrA[er IzL 111 HR(si! es 1116$ et1
A +ees$ (!ndo (n! r +! entre +o!les en (n! sFl!b! no !ent(!d!$ %(ede
%ron(ni!rse t!"bi0n o"o l! r de l!s %!l!br!s !stell!n!s Q%!r!$ %(roQM est!
+!ri!nte de LrL se ll!"! +ibr!nte si"%leM es distint! de l! r #ri!ti+! %or/(e l! %(nt!
de l! len,(! to! li,er! ' bre+e"ente l! zon! !l+eol!r /(e est %or eni"! de los
dientes s(%eriores$ on lo (!l &!' (n! ol(si3n1 E.14 b(r' LRberiL Henterr!r6$
+er' LR+eriL H"('6$ %!rit' LR%YrItiL No LIreILO H%!rid!d6$ 7!riness LR7eerInI s$ esL NGBO
' LR7erInes$ I sL NUSAO H!(tel!6$ et1
E-iste otr! +!ri!nte o !l3#ono de LrLM es l! r retro#le.! /(e (tiliz!n sobre todo en
Est!dos UnidosM en este !so l! %(nt! de l! len,(! +! &!i! !rrib! (r+ndose &!i!
!trs ' los l!dos de l! len,(! +!n &!i! !b!.o er! de los !l+eolos1
Otr! +!ri!nte de l! LrL es l! r "2lti%le /(e se d! en el norte de In,l!terr! ' en
Esoi!M l! %(nt! de l! len,(! to! +!ri!s +ees el %!l!d!r d(roM se %!ree ! l! erre
!stell!n! de U%erroV %ero es "(&o "s s(!+e1
AsF$ %(es$ l! LrL ! %rini%io de %!l!br! es ,ener!l"ente #ri!ti+!M (!ndo +! entre
+o!les s(ele ser #ri!ti+! o +ibr!nte si"%le1
En l! "!'or %!rte de In,l!terr!$ e-e%to en el s(roeste$ en el %!Fs de G!les$ en
A(str!li!$ en N(e+! [el!nd!$ en n#ri!$ en el *!ribe$ e-e%to en B!rb!dos ' en el
este ' ost! s(r de USA$ (!ndo l! r +! se,(id! de (n! onson!nte dentro de (n!
"is"! %!l!br!$ es deir$ en sFl!b! err!d!$ no se %ron(ni! HnonIr&oti !re!s6$ %ero
en l! "!'or %!rte de USA$ e-e%to en el este ' ost! s(r$ en *!n!d$ en Esoi!$ en
Irl!nd! del Norte ' del S(r$ en l! Indi!$ en B!rb!dos ' en el s(roeste de In,l!terr! sF
Hr&oti !re!s61 E.14 #iord L#.o4dL NGBO ' L#.o4rdL NUSAO1 *(!ndo l! r +! !l #in!l de (n!
%!l!br! %reedid! de (n! +o!l$ es deir$ en sFl!b! err!d!$ en l!s zon!s donde no se
%ron(ni! l! r no se %ron(ni!$ %ero en l!s zon!s donde se %ron(ni! l! r se
%ron(ni! o"o (n! LrL retro#le.!4 !r L9!4L NGBO ' L9!4rL NUSAO Ho&e6M sin
e"b!r,o$ (!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en r ' le si,(e otr! /(e e"%iez! %or +o!l$ se
%ron(ni! l! r no sol!"ente en l!s zon!s donde se %ron(ni! l! r sino t!"bi0n en
l!s zon!s donde no se %ron(ni! l! r1 E.4 T&e !r is &ere L9!4r izL HEl o&e est
!/(F61 L! r ! "it!d de %!l!br! s(ele ser "(d! en l!s zon!s donde no se %ron(ni! l!
r ' se !l!r,! l! +o!l /(e +! del!nte de l! rM en l!s zon!s donde se %ron(ni! l! r se
%ron(ni! es! r !(n/(e se! l!r,! l! +o!l4 border LRbo4deL NGBO ' LRbo4rderL NUSAO
Hborde6$ #!r" L#!4"L NGBO ' L#!4r"L NUSAO H,r!n.!6$ le!rnin, LRle4nIL NGBO
' LRle4rnIL NUSAO H!%rendiz!.e6$ nor"!l LRno4"elL NGBO ' LRno4r"elL NUSAO
Hnor"!l6$ nort& Lno4uL NGBO ' Lno4ruL NUSAO Hnorte6$ 7!r"l' LR7o4"liL NGBO
' LR7o4r"liL NUSAO H!#et(os!"ente6$ 7!rn L7o4nL NGBO ' L7o4rnL NUSAO H!+is!r6$
et1
E!' (n!s (!nt!s %!l!br!s en USA en l!s /(e %(ede %ron(ni!rse o no l! r en (n!
sFl!b! err!d!$ es deir$ (n! onson!nte se,(id! de (n! +o!l h l! onson!nte r$
se,(id! de otr! sFl!b! on LrL4 s(r%rise LseHr6R%r!IzL$ ,o+ernor LR,A+eHr6nerL$ et1
L! LrL !stell!n! !%!ree en l! esrit(r! o"o r ! #in!l de %!l!br!4 !"!r L!R"!rL$ !
"it!d de %!l!br! %reedid! de (n! onson!nte /(e no se! l$ n$ s4 %otro LR%otroL$ et1$
! "it!d de %!l!br! %reedid! de (n! +o!l ' se,(id! de (n! onson!nte4
erdo LRuerSoL$ or&o LR9ort[oL$ et1M sin e"b!r,o$ l! r ! %rini%io de %!l!br! se
%ron(ni! o"o LrrL4 red LrreSLM l! r ! "it!d de %!l!br! %reedid! de l$ n$ s$ se
%ron(ni! o"o LrrL4 enri/(eer Lenrri9eRuerL$ et1M l! LrrL se esribe o"o rr s3lo
entre +o!les4 !rro LR9!rroL$ et1
*:+ &a consonante #/# es sord!$ #ri!ti+!$ ,lot!lM es !s%ir!d!M es "enos !s%ir!d! /(e
l! .ot! !stell!n!M es sord! ! %rini%io de %!l!br!$ %ero ! "it!d de %!l!br! %(ede ser
!l,o sonor! si +! entre dos +o!lesM l! ,lotis %er"!nee !biert! ' el !ire s!le %or l!
bo! sin enontr!r obst(loM s(ele esribirse o"o U&VM r!r!"ente se esribe o"o
U,V$ U.V$ U&V1 E.14 &!" L&Y"L H.!"3n6$ &!' L&eIL H&eno6$ &e!d!&e LR&edeI9L Hdolor
de !bez!6$ &ide L&!IdL Hesonder6$ &ire LR&!IeL NGB| ' L&!IHe6rL NUSA| H!l/(iler6$
&o"e L&o("L H!s!6$ &(n,r' LR&A,riL H&!"briento6$ be&ind LbIR&!IndL Hdetrs6$
Gil! LR&i4leL "onster H"onstr(o de Gil! Nl!,!rto +enenoso de Arizon!|6$
jerez L&eRreuL o L& eRrezL NGB| o L& eRresL NUSA| Hjerez6$ *&!n(9!& LR&!4n(49!4L
NGB| ' LR&!4ne9eL NUSA|$ et1
Este #one"! L&L no e-iste en !stell!no o"o t!l$ %ero e-iste en !l,(nos l(,!res del
s(r de Es%!)! ' de L!tino!"0ri! o"o (n !l3#ono de l! .ot! !stell!n! L-L$ /(e
!%!ree en l! esrit(r! o"o . ' t!"bi0n o"o , se,(id! de e$ i4 &o.! LRo-!L ( LRo&!L$
o.o LR9o-oL o LR9o&oL$ o,e NEs%!)!O LR9o-eL o LR9o&eLM t!"bi0n !%!ree o"o (n!
+!ri!nte en !l,(nos l(,!res del s(r de Es%!)! ' de L!tino!"0ri! en %!l!br!s /(e
e"%iez!n %or & sord! ' !ent(!d!s en l! %ri"er! sFl!b!4 &!"bre LR!"breL o on l! &
!s%ir!d! del in,l0s o del r!be4 LR&!"breL1
L! & se (tiliz! t!"bi0n %!r! #or"!r otr!s o"bin!iones4 &$ ,&$ %&$ s&1 E.14
&o% Lt[o%L NGBO ' Lt[!4%L NUSA| H&(let!6$ to(,& LtA#L Hd(ro6$ P&ilHl6i% LR#IlI %$ e%L
HFeli%eL Fili%o6$ s&oe L[(4L Hz!%!to6$ et1
L! & no se %ron(ni! en4
!6 L!s si,(ientes %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or &4 E!Rb!n! N#or"! !stell!n!| %ero sF
en UE!R+!n!V N#or"! in,les!|$ &!b!nero$ &eir LeeL NGB| ' LeHe6rL NUSA| H&eredero6$
&eiress LReerI s$ esL NGB| ' LReres$ I sL NUSA| H&ereder!6$ &eirloo"$ &onest LRonI st$
estL NGB| ' LR!4nest$ I stL NUSA| H&onesto6 ' deri+!dos$ &onor!r'$ &onori#i$
&ono(rH!bleL !bl'6 NGB %rini%!l"ente|L &onorH!bleL !bl'6 NUSA| LRoneHrebH e6lL
ebli6L NGB| ' LR!4nerHebH e6lL ebli6L NUSA| H&onorH!bleL !ble"ente66$
&o(rHl'6 LR!(eHli6L NGBO ' LR!(He6rHli6L NUSAO H&or! H!d! &or!661
b6 Detrs de b ND1 518<15|$ d ND1 518<1:|$ , ND1 518<1<|$ . ND1 518@18|$ 9 ND1 518<1=|$ l
ND1 51:C|$ " ND1 518B15|$ % ND1 518<18|$ r ND1 518?1B|$ t ND1 518<1;|$ z ND1 518?1=|
(!ndo +!n !l %rini%io de (n! %!l!br! o en (n! %!l!br! si"%le %ero no (!ndo l! &
es l! %ri"er! letr! del se,(ndo ele"ento de (n! %!l!br! o"%(est!1
6 En los no"bres to%onF"ios /(e ter"in!n en I&!"4 Al9&!"$ B!r&!"$
Be9en&!"$ Bi,&!"$ Bin,&!"$ Bir"in,&!" Nen GB %ero en USA on L&L|$
Bri,&!"$ Bri-&!"$ B(9in,&!"$ B(rn&!"$ *&!t&!"$ *l!%&!"$ *otten&!"$
*ro&!"$ D!,en&!"$ Elt&!"$ Felt&!"$ F(l&!"$ Glent&!"$ Gr!nt&!"$ Green&!"$
Gres&!"$ Ee-&!"$ Ei,&!"$ I""in,&!"$ Air9&!"$ L(ben&!"$ Merst&!"$
Middle&!"$ Mit&!"$ Ne7n&!"$ Nottin,&!" LRnotIe"L NGB| ' LRn!4tIe"L
NUSA ' t!"bi0n LI&e"L|$ O!9&!"$ Pe9&!"$ Po%&!"$ Ro9in,&!"$
S!ndrin,&!"$ S&erin,&!"$ Sidebot&!"$ Stre!t&!"$ Totten&!" LRtotHe6ne"L NGB|
' LRt!4tHe6ne"L NUSA|$ T7i9en&!"$ >!lsin,&!"$ >ind&!"$ >rot&!"$ et1 E!'
!l,(n! e-e%i3n4 Et&in,&!" L&L$ et1
d6 Al,(n!s %!l!br!s de ori,en #r!n0s4 E!in!(Hl6t$ E!l0+'$ R&!(tbo' H#res!6$ &!(te
o(t(re$ &!(te (isine$ &!(te(r$ &!(t "onde$ &ors dZoe(+re$ et1
e6 A #in!l de %!l!br! '! /(e l! & ! #in!l de %!l!br! es "(d! ' solo se d! ! %rini%io '
! "it!d de %!l!br!4 !&]L !!&] L!4L H\!&]L \!']6$ All!&$ bl!& Lbl!4L H%!"%lin!sL bl!6$
E!n(99!&$ o&] Lo(L H\o&]6$ s&!& L[!4L H&!L s&!L s&!&6$ 'e!& L'eeL Nolo/(i!lO HsF6$
et1
#6 En !l,(n!s otr!s %!l!br!s4 !nni&il!te LeRn!IeleItL H!ni/(il!r6$
!nni&il!tion Len!IeRleI[enL H!ni/(il!i3n6$ dis&onest ' deri+!dos$ dis&ono(r!ble
NGBOL dis&onor!ble NUSAO ' deri+!dos$ e-&!(st ' deri+!dos$ e-&ibit LI,RzIbI t$ etL
He-&ibir6 ' deri+!dos$ e-&ort ' deri+!dos$ #ore&e!d LR#orI d$ edL NGB o LR#o4&edL|
' LR#!4red$ I dL NUSA o LR#o4red$ I dL o LR#o4r&edL| H#rente6$ Gr!&!"$ in&ibition '
deri+!dos$ jo&n LdonL NGB| ' Ld!4nL NUSA| Hj(!n6$ "!&I.on,H,6 L"!4RdoL
NGB| ' L"!4Rdo4L NUSA o LIRd!4L| H"!I.on, N.(e,o de "es! &ino|6$
ni&ilist LRni4IlI st$ estL o LRn!IelI st$ estL o LIRn!IIIL Hni&ilist!6 ' deri+!dos$
+e&e"ent LR+i4e"entL H+e&e"ente6$ +e&e"ene LR+i4e"enHt6sL H+e&e"eni!6$
+e&ile LR+i4I9He6lL H+e&F(lo6$ et1
En GB %rini%!l"ente se %ron(ni! Q&erbQ on L&L ' en USA ,ener!l"ente sin L&L1
L!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or 7& h !$ e$ i$ '$ se %ron(ni!n sin L&L en ,r!n %!rte
de Gr!n Bret!)! ' "enos #re(ente"ente on L&L$ %ero en USA ,ener!l"ente sF se
%ron(ni! l! L&L$ /(e se %one del!nte de l! se"ionson!nte L7L$ ' "enos
#re(ente"ente sin L&LM !si tod!s l!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or Q7& h oQ se
%ron(ni!n on L&L en GB ' USA1 E.14 7&!t L7otL NGB| ' L&7!4tL NUSA o L&7AtL|
H/(06$ 7&ere L7eeL NGBO ' L&7eHe6rL NUSAO Hd3ndeL donde6$ 7&i& L7It[L NGB|
' L&7It[L NUSA| H(l6$ 7&o L&(4L H/(i0nL /(e6$ 7&o" L&(4"L H! /(i0nL ! /(ien6$ et1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s on & /(e !d"iten l! %osibilid!d de %ron(ni!rl! o no4 &otel$
%ro&ibitionHis"L ist6$ re&!bilit!te$ re&!bilit!tion$ et1 D1 81B8
A +ees$ l! & no se %ron(ni! o "(' %oo (!ndo est en sFl!b!s o %!l!br!s no
!ent(!d!s$ %or/(e no &!' %!(s! entre l! %!l!br! /(e e"%iez! %or & ' l! !nterior1
E.14 t&e &otel LSi H&6o(RtelL Hel &otel6$ t&e &!bit(!l ti"e LSi H&6eRbIt[(elL Hl! &or!
&!bit(!l6M I s!7 &er Lso4 4L NGB| ' Lso4 4rL NUSA| HL! +F6M Ee "!' &!+e o"e
L"eI H&6e+L HP(ede /(e &!'! +enido 0l6$ et1 D1 81B8
*(!ndo l! & +! ! %rini%io de %!l!br! %reedid! de (n! l !l #in!l de l! %!l!br!
!nterior %(ede no %ron(ni!rse l! & en in,l0s olo/(i!l1 E.14 Tell &er] H\DFselo !
ell!]61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l l! & no se %ron(ni! (!ndo l! +o!l si,(iente no lle+! !ento
#(erte4 I s!7 &i" LI "L N#or"! no !ent(!d!|M It is better #or &er L4L NGB| ' L4rL
NUSA| o LeL N#or"! no !ent(!d!|M &is LIzL N#or"! no !ent(!d!|$ !n
&isRtori!l LIsRtorI9He6lL NGB| e LIsRto4rI9He6lL NUSA o LRt!4L| %l!e$ et1
L! & se %ron(ni! (!ndo l! +o!l si,(iente lle+! !ento #(erte1 E.14 I s!7 R&i"
L& I "L N#or"! !ent(!d!O HLe +i6M It is better #or R&er L& 4L NGB| ' L& 4rL NUSA|
N#or"! !ent(!d!O HEs "e.or %!r! ell!6M &is L& I zL N#or"! !ent(!d!O Hs(L s('o6$ !
R&istor' H(n! &istori!6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo &!' %!(s! !ntes de l! %!l!br! /(e e"%iez! %or &$ se %ron(ni!
l! &1 E.14 &istori!l L&IsRtorI9He6lL NGB| ' L&IsRto4rI9He6lL NUSA o LIRt!4IL| %!intin,s
H(!dros &ist3rios6$ et1
E!' %erson!s /(e no %ron(ni!n !si nin,(n! &$ %ero se onsider! +(l,!r ' no es
reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1
E-isten !l,(n!s %!l!br!s en in,l0s /(e se %(eden %ron(ni!r o"o l! .ot! !stell!n!
L-L4 lo&$ E!n(99!&$ et1
518@1I &as consonantes africadas 4affricate+ son dos #t[, d#1 L!s onson!ntes
!#ri!d!s e"%iez!n %or (n! ol(si+! ' ter"in!n %or (n! #ri!ti+!1
*+ &a consonante #t[# es sord!$ !#ri!d!$ %!l!toI!l+eol!r o %re%!l!t!lM es i,(!l
/(e LdL %ero en l! Lt[L no +ibr!n l!s (erd!s +o!les ' en l! LdL sFM s(ele esribirse
o"o U&V$ Ut&V$ "enos #re(ente"ente o"o UtV$ es%ei!l"ente en el s(#i.o o
ter"in!i3n It(re (!ndo no +! !ent(!do$ "s r!r!"ente o"o UItiIV en l!
ter"in!i3n Istion$ o"o UV en !l,(n!s %!l!br!s de ori,en it!li!no$ o"o UtV en l!
ter"in!i3n It(ne (!ndo no +! !ent(!d!$ o"o UIteIV$ UzIV1 E.14 &!ne Lt[!4nsL
NGBO ' Lt[YnsL NUSAO Hs(erte6$ &(r& Lt[4t[L NGB| ' Lt[4rt[L NUSA| Hi,lesi!6$
&eese Lt[i4zL H/(eso6$ &oose Lt[(4zL Hele,ir6$ "!t& L"Yt[L H%!rtidoL erill!6$
7!t& L7ot[L NGBO ' L7o4t[L NUSA o L7!4t[LO Hrelo.6$ b(t&er LRb(t[eL NGB|
' LRb(t[erL NUSA| H!rniero6$ te!&er LRti4t[eL NGB| ' LRti4t[erL NUSA| H%ro#esor6$
s(& LsAt[L Ht!l6$ "!&is"o L"YRt[Iz"o(L NGB o LIR9IIL o L"eRt[Iz"o(L o LIR9IILO
' L"!4Rt[i4z"o(L NUSA o LIR9i4IL o L"eR9Iz"o(LO$ "!&o LR"Yt[o(L NGBO ' LR"!4t[o(L
NUSAO$ n!t(re LRneIt[eL NGB| ' LRneIt[erL NUSA| Hn!t(r!lez!6$ #(rnit(re LR#4nIt[eL
NGB| ' LR#4rnIt[erL NUSA| H"obili!rio6$ !t(!l LRY9t[(elL Hre!l6$
%(nt(!l LR%A9t[(elL H%(nt(!l6$ o"b(stion L9e"RbAst[enL Ho"b(sti3n6$
/(estion LR97est[enL H%re,(nt!6$ besti!l LRbest[elL NUSAO ' LRbestielL NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Hbesti!l6 ' deri+!dos$ ellist LRt[elI st$ estL H+iolonelist!6$
ello LRt[elo(L H+iolonelo6$ *inz!no Lt[InRz!4no(L o LsInRz!4no(L$ #ort(ne LR#o4t[enL
NGB4 "enos (s!do /(e LR#o4t[(4nL| ' LR#o4rt[enL NUSA| H#ort(n!6$ ri,&teo(s LRr!It[esL
H.(sto6M no obst!nte$ l!s de"s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en Iteo(s se %ron(ni!n LItiesL
o"o Ube!(teo(sV LRb.(4tiesL Hbello6M *ze& Lt[e9L H&eo61
*(!ndo &!' (n! %!l!br! o"%(est! en /(e l! %ri"er! ter"ine %or el #one"! o
sonido LtL ' l! se,(nd! e"%iee %or el #one"! o sonido L[L$ nor"!l"ente en (n
b(en diion!rio #on0tio !%!reen se%!r!dos !"bos #one"!s on (n %(nto o (n
,(i3n en el diion!rio4 n(ts&ell LRnAt1[elL Nson dos #one"!s ' no es i,(!l /(e Lt[L de
U&eeseV$ /(e es (n solo #one"!O Hs!r! de n(ez6$ %ero ! +ees en los diion!rios
+iene .(nto ' %(ede d!r l(,!r ! on#(si3n1
Este #one"! %(ede !%!reer ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d ' ! #in!l de %!l!br!M (!ndo +! !
#in!l de %!l!br! &!e /(e l! +o!l !nterior se! "s ort!1
Este #one"! e-iste t!"bien en !stell!no %ero s(en! (n %oo distinto$ %or/(e l! LtL
en !stell!no es dent!l$ es deir$ el %(nto de !rti(l!i3n %!r! l! Lt[L est en l! %!rte
%osterior de los dientes s(%erioresM sin e"b!r,o$ l! LtL en in,l0s es !l+eol!r$ es deir$
el %(nto de !rti(l!i3n %!r! l! Lt[L est "s !rrib! %or/(e l! %(nt! de l! len,(! to!
l! zon! !l+eol!r$ /(e est %or eni"! de los dientes s(%eriores1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en Lt[L ' otr! e"%iez! %or Lt[L (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 "(& &ool!te$ et1
E!' iert!s %!l!br!s en l!s /(e l! & %(ede %ron(ni!rse o"o Lt[L '$ ! +ees$
(!ndo se %ron(ni!n r%id!"ente o"o L[L1 E.14 Fren&$ &(n&$ &(n&ed$ et1
Es #re(ente /(e +!'! el #one"! Lt[L del!nte de +o!lM esto es debido ! l!
!si"il!i3n de l! onson!nte LtL4 ent(r' LRsent[eriL$ re!t(re LR9ri4t[eL NGB|
' LR9ri4t[erL NUSA|$ liter!t(re LRlIteret[eL NGB| ' LRlIteret[erL NUSA|$
+irt(e LR+4t[(4L NGB| ' LR+4rt[(4L NUSA|$ et1
A +ees$ se %rod(e (n! !si"il!i3n ' l! L.L se %ron(ni! o"o Lt[LM esto no es
reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1 E.14 DonZt 'o( 9no7T Ldo(nt[eRno(L
HWNo lo s!besT6$ et1
2+ &a consonante #d# es sonor!$ !#ri!d!$ %!l!toI!l+eol!r o %re%!l!t!lM es i,(!l
/(e Lt[L %ero en l! Lt[L no +ibr!n l!s (erd!s +o!les ' en l! LdL sFM s(ele esribirse
o"o U.V$ o"o U,V del!nte de e$ i$ '$ %rini%!l"ente ' del!nte de !$ o$ r!r!"enteM
t!"bi0n o"o Ud,V ! "it!d de %!l!br!$ o"o Ud,eV no !ent(!do$ bien ! "it!d o !
#in!l de %!l!br!M "enos #re(ente"ente o"o Ud.V$ o"o U,eV no !ent(!do$ sobre
todo en l! ter"in!i3n I!,e$ o"o U,,V del!nte de eM r!r!"ente o"o U&V en l!
ter"in!i3n Ii& en to%3ni"os %rini%!l"ente$ o"o UIdIV$ UIdiIVM "(' r!r!"ente
o"o U.&V1 E.14 .!,(!r LRdY,.(eL NGB| ' LRdY,.(erL NUSA| H.!,(!r6$ .!r Ld!4L
NGBO ' LdYrL NUSAO H.!rr!6$ .e!lo(s LRdelesL Heloso6$ .ee% Ldi4%L Htodoterreno6$
.eer LdIeL NGB| ' LdIHe6rL NUSA| Hb(rl!L b(rl!rse6$ .(d,He6"ent LRdAd"entL
H.(iio6$ .(do LRd(4do(L H'(do6$ ,ener!l LRdenerelL H,ener!l6$
Gibr!lt!r LdIRbro4lteL NGB| ' LdIRbro4lterL NUSA| HGibr!lt!r6$
,'"9&!n! LdI"R9!4neL H,in!n!6$ lod,in, LRlodIL NGBO ' LRl!4dIL NUSAO
H!lo.!"iento6$ brid,e LbrIdL H%(ente6$ (d,el LR9AdelL H%orr!6$ !d.(st LeRdAstL
H!.(st!r6$ +ill!,e LR+IlIdL H%(eblo6$ l!r,e Ll!4dL NGB| ' Ll!4rdL NUSA| H,r!ndeL
!"%lio6$ e-!,,er!te LI,RzYdereItL He-!,er!r6$ Green7i& LR,ri4nIdL$
s!nd7i& LRsYn7It[L o LRsYn7 I d L NGBO Hbo!dilloL e"%!red!doL sn,Xi&e6$
,r!d(!l LR,rYd(elL o LR,rYd.( elL NGBO$ %roed(re L%reRsi4deL NGB| '
L%reRsi4derL NUSA| H%roedi"iento6$ soldier LRso(ldeL NGB| ' LRso(lderL NUSA|
Hsold!do6$ j&!nsi LRd!4nsiL Hj!nsi Ni(d!d indi!O6$ j&el(" LRdi4le"L NGBO
' LRdeIle"L NUSAO Hji&l!" NrFo %!/(ist!nFO6$ et1
L! ter"in!i3n o s(#i.o I!,e de %!l!br!s on dos o "s sFl!b!s s(ele
%ron(ni!rse LIIdL$ %ero en l!s %!l!br!s de ori,en #r!n0s introd(id!s ! %!rtir del
si,lo KDII se s(ele %ron(ni!r LI!4L1
E!' iert!s %!l!br!s en l!s /(e l! , se %ron(ni! o"o LdL '$ ! +ees (!ndo se
%ron(ni!n r%id!"ente$ o"o LL1 E.14 str!n,e$ str!n,el'$ str!n,er$ &in,ed$ et1
Este #one"! !%!ree ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d ' ! #in!l de %!l!br!M no e-iste en !stell!no
o"o t!l %ero se d! o"o !l3#ono ! %rini%io de %!l!br! o"o en U'!$ 'oVM e-iste
t!"bi0n en it!li!no del!nte de i$ e4 ,i(oo H.(e,o6$ en es%er!nto o"o r$ et1
L! , se %ron(ni! LdL en l!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or ,'"I$ ,'%I$ ,'rI ' en
%!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n %or I,itis1 E.14 ,'rost!ti$ "enin,itis$ et1
L! se,(nd! , de l!s %!l!br!s Ude"!,o,iH!l6$ Rde"!,o,'$ %ed!,o,iH!l6$
R%ed!,o,'V %(ede %ron(ni!rse o"o LdL en GB ' USA ' l! de U%ed!,o,iH!l6$
R%ed!,o,'V t!"bi0n o"o L,L en GB1
E!' /(e tener (id!do %or/(e &!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e sol!"ente se di#ereni!n
%or tener LdL o Lt[L4 !d,e L9YdL H+i+ir de ,orr!6 ' U!t&V L9Yt[L Ho,er NEs%!)!|L
!,!rr!r6M .ee% Ldi4%L Htodoterreno6 ' U&e!%V Lt[i4%L Hb!r!to6M .eer LdIeL NGB|
o LdIHe6rL NUSA| Hb(rl!L b(rl!rse6 ' U&eerV Lt[IeL NGB| o Lt[IHe6rL NUSA|
H!ni"!r6M l!r,e Ll!4dL NGB| o Ll!4rdL NUSA| H,r!ndeL es%!ioso6 ' Ul!r&V Ll!4t[L
NGB| o Ll!4rt[L NUSA| H!lere NrbolO6$ et1
Es #re(ente /(e +!'! el #one"! LdL del!nte de +o!l ' /(e se %rod(z! (n!
!si"il!i3n de l! onson!nte LdL4 ,r!d(!l LR,rYd(elL$ et1
A +ees$ se %rod(e (n! !si"il!i3n ' l! L.L se %ron(ni! o"o LdLM esto no es
reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1 E.14 do 'o( ,oT Ld(,o(L$ et1
2+ Existen tambin cuatro sonidos africados #ts, d), tr, dr#4 r!ts LrYtsL Hr!t!s6$
tsetse #l' LRtsetsi #l!IL H"os! tsets06$ birds Lb4dzL NGB| ' Lb4rdzL NUSA| H%.!ros6$
re!ds Lri4dzL Hlee6$ tri9 LtrI9L Htr(o6$ stre!" Lstri4"L H!rro'o6$ dr!sti LRdrYstI9L
Hdrstio6$ reHI6dr!7 Lri4Rdro4L H+ol+er ! dib(.!r No| tr!z!r6$ et1 El sonido LdzL %(ede
ir %reedido de tod!s l!s +o!les1
518B1I &as consonantes nasales 4nasal+ son tres en ingls" #m, n, # ' son tod!s
sonor!s1
*+ &a consonante #m# es sonor!$ n!s!l$ bil!bi!lM es i,(!l /(e l! L"L !stell!n!M s(ele
esribirse o"o U"V$ "enos #re(ente"ente o"o U""V$ o"o U"eV no
!ent(!do$ U"bV ND1518<15O$ Ul"VM "(' r!r!"ente o"o U&"V$ U,"V ND1518<1<O$
U"&V$ U"nV ND1518B18O1 E.14 "!,ni#ient L"Y,RnI#IsentL o LI#eIL H"!,nF#io6$
"!9e L"eI9L H&!er6$ "!t(re L"eRt.(eL NGB o L"eRt[(eLO ' L"!Rt(He6rL NUSA
o L"eRt[(He6rLO H"!d(ro6$ M!' L"eIL H"!'o6$ "e!l L"i4lL Ho"id!6$ "elon LR"elenL
H"el3n6$ "ild L"!IldL Hs(!+e6$ "ode L"o(dL H"odo6$ dre!"s Ldri4"zL Hs(e)!L
s(e)os6$ s(""er LRsA"eL NGB| ' LRsA"erL NUSA| H+er!no6$ o""it L9eR"ItL
Ho"eter6$ o""on LR9o"enL NGBO ' LR9!4"enL NUSAO Ho"2n6$
o""(ni!tion L9e".(4nIR9eI[He6nL o LIneIL Ho"(ni!i3n6$ n!"e LneI"L
Hno"bre6$ so"e&o7 LRsA"&!(L Hde !l,(n! "!ne!6$ li"ber LR9l!I"eL NGB|
' LR9l!I"erL NUSA| Hes!l!dor6$ %l("ber LR%lA"eL NGB| ' LR%lA"erL NUSA|
H#ont!nero6$ !l" L9!4"L Htr!n/(ilo6$ dr!&" LdrY"L Hdr!"!6$ "&oHs6 L"o(Hz6L
Hsie"ensioHs6 Ni (nid!d de ond(t!ni!|6$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en " &!' /(e err!r los l!bios %!r! %ron(ni!r bien
l! L"LM sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo (n! # 3 + %reeden o si,(en ! l! "$ no se ierr!n los
l!bios sino /(e los dientes s(%eriores to!n el l!bio in#erior1 E.14 tri("+ir$ tri("%&$
n'"%&1
Este #one"! %(ede !%!reer ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d ' ! #in!l de %!l!br!1
*(!ndo l! L"L +! %reedid! de LsL es "enos sonor! /(e de ost("bre1 E.14 s"!ll$
s"oot&$ et1
A +ees$ l! " es "(d! ! %rini%io de %!l!br!4 "ne"onis LnIR"onI9sL NGBO
' LnIR"!4nI9sL NUSAO HH"6ne"oteni!6$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en L"L ' otr! e"%iez! %or L"L (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 so"e "ore H!l,o "s6$ et1
Tod!s l!s %!l!br!s on In"I en !stell!no se esriben en in,l0s on I""I ' se
%ron(ni!n on (n! sol! "4 i""edi!te LIR"i4diet$ I tL Hin"edi!to6$
i""i,r!nt LRI"I,rentL o LI"eIL Hin"i,r!nte6$ i""(nit' LIR".(4netiL o LInIIL
Hin"(nid!d6$ et1M e-isten "(' %o!s %!l!br!s en in,l0s /(e se esrib!n on In"I '
no se orres%ond!n on l! In"I !stell!n!M son de ori,en ,er"nio4
in"!te LRIn"eItL H&!bit!nte6$ et1
L! " es silbi! (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! %reedid! de LsL o LzL1 E.14
%ris" LR%rIzHe6"L H%ris"!6M %or eso +! l! tilde del!nte de l! % en l! tr!nsri%i3n
#on0ti!$ "ientr!s /(e si #(er! (n! sol! sFl!b! no se %ondrF! l! tilde /(e indi! /(e el
!ento re!e en l! %ri"er! sFl!b!M si l! " no #(er! silbi!$ l! %!l!br! U%ris"V
tendrF! (n! sol! sFl!b! en +ez de dos1
L! L"L es ort! (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! %reedid! de (n! +o!l l!r,!1 E.14
#!r" L#!4"L NGB| ' L#!4r"L NUSA|$ #ir" L#4"L NGB| ' L#4r"L NUSA|$ see" Lsi4"L$
nor" Lno4"L NGB| ' Lno4r"L NUSA|$ %l("e L%l(4"L$ et1
L! L"L es ort! (!ndo +! %reedid! de (n! +o!l ort! ' se,(id! de (n!
onson!nte sord!1 E.14 l!"% LlY"%L$ li"% LlI"%L$ l("% LlA"%L$ et1
L! L"L es nor"!l"ente l!r,! (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! %reedid! de (n! +o!l
ort! o se,(id! de (n! letr! "(d!M tiene /(e &!ber (n! %!(s! des%(0s de %ron(ni!r
l! %!l!br!1 E.14 &!" L&Y"L$ &(" L&A"L$ &e" L&e"L$ li"b LlI"L$ bo"b Lbo"L NGB|
' Lb!4"L NUSA|$ et1
L! L"L es nor"!l"ente l!r,! (!ndo +! %reedid! de (n! +o!l$ l!r,! o ort!$ '
se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sonor!M entre l! " ' l! onson!nte %(ede &!ber (n! letr!
"(d!1 E.14 #!r"ed L#!4"dL NGB| ' L#!4r"dL NUSA|$ see"ed Lsi4"dL$ #r!"ed
L#reI"dL$ bo"bed Lbo"dL NGBO ' Lb!4"dL NUSAO$ et1
2+ &a consonante #n# es sonor!$ n!s!l$ !l+eol!rM es o"o l! LnL !stell!n!M s(ele
esribirse o"o UnV$ "enos #re(ente"ente o"o UnnV$ o"o UneV no !ent(!do$
r!r!"ente o"o U,nV ND1518<1<O$ U9nV ND1518<1=O$ U"nV$ U"%V$ U%nV1 E.14 n!% LnY%L
Hsiest!6$ n!ti+e LRneItI+L Hn!ti+o6$ ne!rl' LRnIeliL NGBO ' LRnIHe6rliL NUSAO H!si6$
neess!r' LRneseseriL NGBO ' LRneseseriL NUSAO Hnees!rio6$ need Lni4dL Hneesid!d6$
ne7l' LRn.(4liL o LRn(4liL NUSA4 "s (s!doO Hrei0n6$ s!nd LsYndL H!ren!6$ s(n LsAnL
Hsol6$ #ri,&ten LR#r!ItHe6nL H!s(st!r6$ &or"one LR&o4"o(nL NGB| ' LR&o4r"o(nL NUSA|
H&or"on!6$ n!nn' LRnYniL Hni)er!6$ dinner LRdIneL NGB| ' LRdInerL NUSA| Hen!L
o"id! Nde "ediodF!O6$ ,no"e Lno("L H,no"oL en!nito6$ 9nee Lni4L Hrodill!6$
9ne7 Ln.(4L NGB %rini%!l"enteO ' Ln(4L NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hs!bF!6$
"ne"oni LnIR"onI9L NGBO ' LnIR"!4nI9L NUSAO HH"6ne"ot0niHo$ !66$
o"%troller L9enRtro(leL NGB| ' L9enRtro(lerL NUSA| Hinter+entorH!6L
ontrol!dorH!6 H%erson!66$ %ne("oni! Ln.(4R"o(nieL NGB4 "s (s!doO o
Ln.(4R"o(n.eL N"enos (s!do en USA ' GBO o Ln(R"o(n.eL NUSA4 "s (s!doO
H%(l"onF!L ne("onF!6$ et1
A +ees$ l! n %(ede no %ron(ni!rse si se &!bl! r%ido4 ol("nist LR9ole"Hn6I st$
estL NGBO ' LR9!4le"Hn6est$ I stL NUSAO Hol("nist!L !rti(list!61
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en LnL ' otr! e"%iez! %or LnL (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%ido1 E.14 ! ,reen note H(n! not! +erde6$ et1 O(rre en
!stell!no t!"bi0n1
Este #one"! %(ede !%!reer ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d ' ! #in!l de %!l!br!1
*(!ndo l! LnL +! %reedid! de LsL es "enos sonor! /(e de ost("bre1 E.14 sno7$
sn(,$ et1 L! n %(ede ser "(d! (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! detrs de " !sF o"o
en l!s distint!s #or"!s de los +erbos /(e ter"in!n en I"n en el in#initi+o4
!(t("n LRo4te"L Hoto)o6$ ol("n$ onde"n L9enRde"L Honden!r6$
onde"nin, L9enRde"IL Honden!ndo6$ onde"ned L9enRde"dL Honden36$ d!"n
Nolo/(i!lO$ &'"n L&I"L H&i"no6$ sole"n LRsole"L NGBO ' LRs!4le"L NUSAO
Hsole"ne6$ et1M sin e"b!r,o$ onde"n!tion L9ende"RneI[He6nL NGBO '
L9!4nde"RneI[He6nL NUSAO Honden!i3n6$ onde"n!tor' L9enRde"neteriL NGBO
' L9enRde"neto4riL NUSAO Honden!torio6M en Uo"de"n!bleV se %(ede leer o no l!
n$ et1M l! n es "(d! en Q,o+ern"entQ1
L! LnL (!ndo +! !l #in!l de (n! %!l!br! %(ede s(#rir (n! !si"il!i3n del!nte de otr!
%!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or Lb$ "$ %L %ron(nindose o"o L"L1 E.14 ,one b!9 L,o"
bY9L NGBO ' L,o4" bY9L NUSAO H+(elto6$ ele+en "on9e's LIRle+He6" R"A9izL
Hone "onos6$ ten %!rts Lte" %!4tsL NGB| ' Lte" %!4rtsL NUSA| Hdiez %!rtes61
Otr!s +ees l! LnL %(ede s(#rir !si"il!i3n detrs de Lb$ %L1 E.14 t&e !b !nd dri+er
L9Yb " Rdr!I+e NGB|L Rdr!I+erL NUSA| Hel t!-i ' el ond(tor6$ t&e (% !nd
bo7l L9A% " bo(lL Hl! t!z! ' el t!z3n61
Otr!s +ees l! LnL %(ede s(#rir !si"il!i3n del!nte de L,$ 9L %ron(nindose
o"o LL1 E.14 se+en ,o!ls Hsiete ,oles6$ se+en 9i9s Hsiete %!t!d!s61
Est!s !si"il!iones no son reo"end!bles %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1 De tod!s
#or"!s l! !si"il!i3n en l!s onson!ntes in,les!s no es t!n #re(ente o"o en
!stell!noM en !stell!no %rti!"ente tod!s l!s onson!ntes ! #in!l de %!l!br!
s(#ren (n! !si"il!i3n %or %!rte de l! onson!nte /(e +!'! ! %rini%io de l! %!l!br!
si,(iente$ "ientr!s /(e en in,l0s es "(&o "enos #re(ente1 E.14 l! n de Qen !ntoQ$
si no &!' %!(s!$ es t!n +el!r o"o l! n de Qen!ntoQ$ "ientr!s en in,l0s l! n de Qinn
!rQ no es +el!r %ero sF lo es en Qin9Q1
L! LnL s(ele ser silbi! (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! en (n! sFl!b! no !ent(!d!M
%(ede ir %reedid! de (!l/(ier onson!nte$ nor"!l"ente Ls$ t$ +$ zL1 E.14
&!sten LR&eIsHe6nL$ rotten LRrotHe6nL$ dri+en LRdrI+He6nL$ %rison LR%rIzHe6nL$ et1M si l! n
no #(er! silbi!$ no lle+!rF!n l! tilde del !ento nin,(n! de est!s %!l!br!s ' tendrF!n
(n! sol! sFl!b! en +ez de dos1
L! LnL es ort! (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! %reedid! de (n! +o!l l!r,!1 E.14 b!rn
Lb!4nL NGB| ' Lb!4rnL NUSA|$ t(rn Lt4nL NGB| ' Lt4rnL NUSA|$ be!n Lbi4nL$ torn
Lto4nL NGB| ' Lto4rnL NUSA|$ noon Ln(4nL$ et1
L! LnL es nor"!l"ente l!r,! (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! %reedid! de (n! +o!l
ort!M tiene /(e &!ber (n! %!(s! des%(0s de %ron(ni!r l! %!l!br!1 E.14 +!n L+YnL$
son LsAnL$ ten LtenL$ bin LbInL$ on L9onL NGBO ' L9!4nL NUSAO$ et1
L! LnL es ort! (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! %reedid! de (n! +o!l ort! ' se,(id!
de (n! onson!nte sord!1 E.14 bl(nt LblAntL$ lent LlentL$ %int L%!IntL$ &int L&IntL$ et1
L! LnL es nor"!l"ente l!r,! (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! %reedid! de (n! +o!l$
l!r,! o ort!$ ' se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sonor!1 E.14 d!rned Ld!4ndL NGB| '
Ld!4rndL NUSA|$ t(rned Lt4ndL NGB| ' Lt4rndL NUSA|$ l!nd LlYndL$ tend LtendL$ %ond
L%ondL NGBO ' L%!4ndL NUSAO$ et1
2+ &a consonante ## es sonor!$ n!s!l$ +el!rM este #one"! no e-iste o"o t!l en
!stell!no$ %ero e-iste o"o !l3#ono de l! LnL del!nte de los #one"!s L,L$ L9L Nen l!
esrit(r! %(ede ser (n! $ (n! 9O en %!l!br!s o"o Q"!n,o$ b!n!Q$ et1$ !sF /(e no
s(%one nin,2n %roble"! %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntesM en in,l0s s(ele esribirse
o"o UnV$ nor"!l"ente se,(id! de L,L o L9L$ o"o Un,VM l! n, no !%!ree !
%rini%io de %!l!br!M (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! l! In, sie"%re se %ron(ni! LLM
"enos #re(ente"ente !%!ree o"o Un,(eV no !ent(!do$ UndV1 E.14 brin, LbrIL
Htr!er6$ 9in, L9IL Hre'6$ len,t& LleuL o Lle9uL Hlon,it(d6$ stren,t& LstreuL H#(erz!6$
t&in, LuIL Hos!6$ 'o(n, L.AL H.o+en6$ ton,(e LtAL Hlen,(!6$ &!Rr!n,(e$
&!nd9er&ie# LR&Y9et[i4#L NGB| ' LR&Y9ert[i4#L NUSA| H%!)(elo6$ et1
Este #one"! +! solo ! "it!d ' ! #in!l de %!l!br!$ %ero no ! %rini%io de %!l!br!1
*(!ndo l! n, +! ! "it!d de %!l!br! no se %ron(ni! nor"!l"ente o"o LL sino
o"o L,L$ si lo /(e +! detrs de l! n, no es (n s(#i.oL ter"in!i3nM o se!$ si no
e-iste otr! %!l!br! /(e ter"ine en In, on (n si,ni#i!do %!reido$ no es (n s(#i.oL
ter"in!i3nM no obst!nte$ (!ndo l! , /(e +! detrs de l! n se %ron(ni! LdL o"o
en U!n,elV l! n se %ron(ni! LnL ' no LL1 E.14 &(n,er LR&A,eL NGB| ' LR&A,erL
NUSA| H&!"bre6 NQ&(n,Q e-iste %ero si,ni#i! Uol,3V$ no si,ni#i! n!d!
rel!ion!do on el &!"breO$ .(n,le LRdA,He6lL H.(n,l!6$ #in,er LR#I,eL NGB|
' LR#I,erL NUSA| Hdedo6 ' lo "is"o on Q!n,(is&$ !n,r'$ ,!n,rene$ E(n,!ri!n$
9!n,!roo$ l!n,(id$ "!n,o$ Mon,ol$ %en,(in$ sin,(l!rQ$ et1$ e-e%to en
Q!n,stQ LYstL1
L! n, se %ron(ni! LL4
!6 *(!ndo +! !l #in!l de (n! %!l!br!4 so"et&in,$ et1M es inorreto %ron(ni!r Ln9L
en +ez de LL en tod!s l!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en In, o"o U!n't&in,V$ et1
b6 *(!ndo +! se,(id! de l! ter"in!i3n o s(#i.o Il'1 E.14 stron,l'$ et1
6 *(!ndo es (n! %!l!br! o"%(est! o deri+!d! de otr! /(e ter"ine en In,1 E.14 de
Usin,V LsIL H!nt!r6 se %(eden deri+!r Usin,er LRsIeL NGB| ' LRsIerL NUSA|
H!nt!nte6$ sin,in, LRsIIL H!nt!ndo6$ sin,s LsIzL H!nt!6VM Usin,son,V LRsIsoL
NGBO ' LRsIs!4L NUSA o LIso4LO Hsonsonete6 es (n! %!l!br! o"%(est!M de
Uson,V LsoL NGBO ' Ls!4L NUSA o Lso4LO H!ni3n6 se deri+!n
Uson,ster LRsoH96steL NGBO ' LRs!4H96sterL NUSA o LRso4ILO H!nt!nteL %.!ro !ntor6$
son,s LsozL NGBO ' Ls!4zL NUSA o Lso4zLO H!niones6VM Uson,birdV LRsob4dL
NGBO ' LRs!4b4rdL NUSA o LRso4ILO H%.!ro !ntor6$ Uson,boo9V LRsob(9L NGBO
' LRs!4b(9L NUSA o LRso4ILO H!nionero6 son %!l!br!s o"%(est!sM Ut!n,'V LRtYiL
H%enetr!nteL ido6 %or/(e es deri+!d! de Ut!n,V Hs!borL !idez6M &!' e-e%iones !
est! re,l!4 los tres !d.eti+os Ulon,V LloL NGBO ' Llo4L NUSA o Ll!4LO Hl!r,o6$
Ustron,V LstroL NGBO ' Lstro4L NUSA o Lstr!4LO H#(erte6 ' U'o(n,V L.AL H.o+en6
#or"!n los o"%!r!ti+os ' s(%erl!ti+os on L,L %ero los de"s !d.eti+os /(e
ter"in!n en In, no4 lon,er LRlo,eL NGBO ' LRlo4,erL NUSA o LRl!4ILO H"s l!r,o6$
stron,est LRstro,I st$ estL NGBO ' LRstro4,est$ I stL NUSA o LRstr!4,est$ I stLO Hel "s
#(erte6M !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en In, o"o U%rolon,$ tri%&t&on,V$ #or"!n
l!s %!l!br!s deri+!d!s on L,L %ero otr!s o"o Udi%&t&on,V LRdI#uoL NGBO
' LRdI#uo4L NUSA o LRdI#u!4LO$ U"ono%&t&on,V$ #or"!n l!s %!l!br!s deri+!d!s on
LL o L,L4 di%&t&on,!l LdI#Ruo(,6elL NGBO ' LdI#Ruo4(,6elL NUSA o LIu!4ILO
Hdi%ton,!l6$ di%&t&on,iz!tionL di%&t&on,is!tion NGBO LdI#uo(,6!IRzeI[He6nL NGBO
' LdI#uo4(,6!IRzeI[He6nL NUSA o LIu!4ILO Hdi%ton,!i3n6$ di%&t&on,izeL
di%&t&on,ise NGBO LRdI#uo(,6!IzL NGBO ' LRdI#uo4(,6!IzL NUSA o LIu!4ILO
Hdi%ton,!r6$ et1
L! n del %re#i.o onI se,(id! de L,L o L9L se %ron(ni! LL se,(id! de L,L o L9L si el
%re#i.o +! !ent(!do o es (n! %!l!br! deri+!d!4 on,ress LR9o,resL NGBO
' LR9!4,resL NUSAO Hon,reso6$ on,ression!l L9eR,re[He6nHe6lL Hdel on,reso6$
on,r(ent LR9o,r(entL NGBO ' LR9!4,r(entL NUSA o L9enR,r(4entLO Hon,r(ente6$
on,r(it' L9enR,r(4etiL o L(4IL Hon,r(eni!6$ et1
L! n de los %re#i.os enI$ inI$ (nI h L,L o L9L no se %ron(ni! LL sino LnL h L,L o L9L
'! /(e los %re#i.os no +!n !ent(!dos1 E.14 eno(r!,e LInR9ArIdL NGBO
' LInR94rIdL NUSAO H!ni"!r6$ inredible LInR9redebHe6lL HinreFble6$
(n,odl' LAnR,odliL NGBO ' LAnR,!4dliL NUSAO Hi"%Fo6$ et1
E!' /(e tener (id!do %or/(e &!' %!res de %!l!br!s /(e sol!"ente se di#ereni!n
%or tener LnL o LL4 b!n, LbYL Hest!llido6 ' Ub!nV LbYnL H%ro&ibii3n6M l!n, L9lYL
Hestr(endo6 ' Ul!nV L9lYnL Hl!n6M r!n, LrYL Hson36 ' Ur!nV LrYnL Horri36M
sin,er LRsIeL NGBO o LRsIerL NUSAO H!nt!nte6 ' UsinnerV LRsIneL NGBO o LRsInerL
NUSAO H%e!dor6M t&in, LuIL Hos!6 ' Ut&inV LuInL Hdel,!do6M 7in, L7IL H!l!6 '
U7InV L7inL H,!n!r6$ et1
L! LL es4
!6 L!r,! (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! ' %reedid! de +o!l ort! en GBM tiene /(e
&!ber (n! %!(s! des%(0s de %ron(ni!r l! %!l!br!1 E.14 son, LsoL NGBO ' Ls!4L
NUSA o Lso4LO$ ,!n, L,YL$ et1
b6 L!r,! (!ndo +! %reedid! de (n! +o!l ' se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sonor!1
E.14 &!n,ed L&YdL$ b!n,ed LbYdL$ t7!n,ed Lt7YdL$ et1
6 *ort! (!ndo +! %reedid! de (n! +o!l ' se,(id! de (n! onson!nte sord!1 E.14
drin9 LdrI9L$ dr!n9 LdrY9L$ dr(n9 LdrA9L$ et1
L! LL no s(ele ir detrs de +o!les l!r,!s en GB o di%ton,os1
*(!ndo l! ene +! se,(id! de (n! onson!nte +el!r o"o L,L o L9L en (n! "is"!
%!l!br! s(ele %ron(ni!rse LL t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!noM sin
e"b!r,o$(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in!d! en ene +! se,(id! de otr! /(e e"%iee %or
(n! onson!nte +el!r o"o L,L o L9L s(ele %ron(ni!rse o"o LnL en in,l0s Hinn ,!te6
%ero o"o LL en !stell!no Hen !"!6 si no &!' %!(s!M U!n-iet'V %(ede
%ron(ni!rse LYRz!IetiL o LY,Rz!IetiLM en !stell!no l! n se %ron(ni! LL$ !l3#ono
de LnL$ (!ndo +! del!nte de L,$ y$ 9$ -L1
En in,l0s +(l,!r l! LL se %ron(ni! LnL en los %!rtii%ios de %resente4 sin,in,$
s%e!9in,$ et1$ ' en !l,(n!s otr!s %!l!br!s o"o Unot&in,$ so"et&in,V$ et1$ %ero
no en otr!s o"o U!n't&in,$ e+er't&in,V$ et1
51:C1I Consonantes laterales Hl!ter!l6M en in,l0s &!' (n! n!d! "s4 #l#1 L!
onson!nte LlL es sonor!$ l!ter!l$ !l+eol!rM s(ele esribirse nor"!l"ente o"o UlV$
"enos #re(ente"ente o"o UllV$ o"o UleV no !ent(!do$ "(' r!r!"ente o"o
Ul&V1 E.14 l!d' LRleIdiL Hse)or!6$ lo+e LlA+L H!"or6$ tell LtelL HdeirL ont!r6$ "issile$
si"%le LRsI"%He6lL$ L&!s! LRl!4seL o LlYseL HL!s!6$ et1
L! LlL %(ede ser sord! detrs de L9$ %L (!ndo +!n en sFl!b! !ent(!d!4 le!r$ %l("1
*(!ndo l! LlL +! detrs de L%$ t$ 9L en sFl!b! no !ent(!d! o detrs de Lu$ #$ s$ [L en
sFl!b! !ent(!d! o no !ent(!d! %ierde %!rte de l! sonorid!d ' es %!ri!l"ente
sord!1
Si l! LlL de U%lotV no #(er! sord! se %odrF! %ron(ni!r es! %!l!br! "s o "enos
o"o UblotV donde l! LlL es sonor!1
A +ees$ l! ele es "(d! #re(ente"ente del!nte de iert!s onson!ntes$ sobre todo
d$ #$ 9 N!si sie"%re si l! ele +! %reedid! de ! ' o$ e-e%to en l!s %!l!br!s /(e
e"%iez!n %or !l9I ' en U%ol9!$ M!l9in$ P!l9$ S!l9$ Tol9ien$ D!l9'rie$ >!l9'rieV$
et1O$ "$ n4 o(ld L9(dL H%odF!6$ s&o(ld L[(dL HdeberF!6$ 7o(ld$ be&!l#$ !l# L9!4#L
NGBO ' L9Y#L NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hterner!6$ !l+es$ &!l# L&!4#L NGBO ' L&Y#L NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO H"it!dL "edio6$ &!l+es L&!4+zL NGBO ' L&Y+zL NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO H"it!des6$ &!l9$ F!l9l!nds$ #ol9$ #ol9lore LR#o(9lo4L NGBO
' LR#o(9lo4rL NUSAO H#ol9lore6$ st!l9$ t!l9 Lto49L H&!bl!r6$ 7!l9 L7o49L H!"in!r6$ 'ol9$
!l"ond LR!4"endL H!l"endr!6$ !l"s L!4"zL Hli"osn!6$ b!l" L!4L$ !l" L!4L$ enb!l"
L!4L$ Eol"es$ M!lol"$ n!%!l"$ %!l" L!4L$ %s!l" L!4L$ /(!l" L!4L$ s!l"on LRsY"enL
Hs!l"3n6$ Sto9&ol"$ olonel LR94nHe6lL NGBO ' LR94rnHe6lL NUSAO Horonel6$
Linoln LRlI9enL$ et1
L! ele es "(d! en l! %!l!br! Us!l+eV LsY+L NUSAO o LsYl+L NGBO o Ls!4+L Hbls!"oL
(n,XentoL !li+i!rL (n,ir6$ %ero se %ron(ni! l! ele t!nto en GB o"o en USA
(!ndo si,ni#i! Us!l+!rL re(%er!rL s!l+eVM i,(!l"ente l! ele es "(d! en l! %!l!br!
UsolderV LRs!4derL NUSAO %ero LRsoH(6ldeL NGBO Hsold!r61
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en LlL ' otr! o"ienz! %or LlL (n! de l!s dos$ (!ndo se
&!bl! r%ido$ no se %ron(ni!1 E.14 ! s"!ll l!d$ et1 O(rre en !stell!no t!"bi0n1
E-isten dos !l3#onos o +!ri!ntes del #one"! LlL en GB4 l! ele l!r! ' l! ele
oHb6s(r!M l! di#ereni! entre !"b!s es "!'or en GB /(e en !l,(n!s %!rtes de USA
donde e-isten l!s dosM no obst!nte$ en l! "!'or %!rte de USA l! ele es sie"%re
oHb6s(r!M l! ele es l!r! (!ndo +! del!nte de (n! +o!l o l! se"i+o!l L.L4 l!bo(r
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL l!bor NUSAO LRleIbeL NGBO ' LRleIberL NUSAO Htr!b!.o6$ l!d
LlYdL H"(&!&o6$ l!st Ll!4stL NGBO ' LlYstL NUSAO H2lti"oL d(r!r6$ l!7 Llo4L Hle'6$
libert' LRlIbetiL NGBO ' LRlIbertiL NUSAO Hlibert!d6$ le!der LRli4deL NGBO ' LRli4derL
NUSAO HlFder6$ loss LlosL NGBO ' Ll!4sL NUSA o Llo4sLO H%0rdid!6$ le,end LRledendL
Hle'end!6$ li!r LRl!IeL NGBO ' LRl!IHe6rL NUSAO H"entiroso6$ li,&t Ll!ItL Hl(zL li,ero6$
lo!n Llo(nL H%r0st!"o6$ loo9 Ll(9L H"ir!d!6$ lose Ll(4zL H%erder6$ l(st LlAstL Hl(.(ri!6$
l(rid LRl(erI d$ edL NGBO ' LRl(red$ I dL NUSAO H"isterioso6$ et1
L! ele l!r! +! nor"!l"ente ! %rini%io o ! "it!d de %!l!br! %ero %(ede ir ! #in!l de
%!l!br! (!ndo l! %!l!br! /(e ten,! l !l #in!l se %ron(nie (nid! ! l! si,(iente
%!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or +o!l1 E.14 Sell it] LRselItL H\D0ndelo]61 En !stell!no l! ele
es l!r!1
L! ele es oHb6s(r! (!ndo +! en l! %ron(ni!i3n detrs de (n! +o!l4
!l!r" LeRl!4"L NGBO ' LeRl!4r"L NUSAO H!l!r"!6$ et1$ del!nte de (n! onson!nte4
%!ls L%YlzL Ho"%!)eros6$ ,old L,o(ldL Horo6$ tr!+elled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
tr!+eled NUSAO LRtrY+He6ldL N+! del!nte de (n! onson!nte en l! %ron(ni!i3n %ero
no en l! esrit(r!O H+i!.!b!6$ "o(ld NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "old NUSAO L"o(ldL
H"oldeL "o&o6$ et1$ ! #in!l de %!l!br! no se,(id! de otr! %!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or
+o!l4 %oliti!l L%eRlItI9He6lL H%olFtio6$ re!l LrIelL NGBO ' LrI4He6lL NUSAO Hre!l6$
se!l Lsi4lL H#o!L sello6$ et1M t!"bi0n (!ndo l! l es silbi!$ es deir$ (!ndo en l!
%ron(ni!i3n &!' (n! onson!nte h LIHe6lL ! #in!l de %!l!br!4 "iddle LR"IdHe6lL
H"edio6$ %eo%le LR%i4%He6lL H,ente6$ bottle LRbotHe6lL Hbotell!6$ str(,,le LRstrA,He6lL
Hl(&!L l(&!r6$ et1 L! ele oHb6s(r! +! ! "it!d '$ (!ndo &!' (n! %!(s!$ ! #in!l de
%!l!br!M l! l oHb6s(r! ! #in!l de %!l!br! se on+ierte en ele l!r! del!nte de (n!
%!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or +o!l o L.L si no &!' (n! %!(s! entre l!s dos %!l!br!sM l! ele
oHb6s(r! s(ele ser silbi!$ (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! en (n! sFl!b! no !ent(!d!
%reedid! de (!l/(ier onson!nteM ! +ees %(ede ir se,(id! de otr! onson!nte1 E.14
!ble LReIbHe6lL$ !nn!ls LRYnelzL$ !9le LR9Y9He6lL$ e!,le LRi4,He6lL$ little LRlItHe6lL$
"iddle LR"IdHe6lL$ ri#le LRr!I#He6lL$ s(%%le LRsA%He6lL$ t!ble LRteIbHe6lL$ et1M si l! ele no
#(er! silbi!$ no lle+!rF! l! tilde del !ento nin,(n! de est!s %!l!br!s1 Los !d.eti+os
/(e ter"in!n en ele silbi! o"o U!ble$ ,entle$ ni"ble$ nobleV$ et1$ tienen dos
sFl!b!s en el ,r!do %ositi+oM en el o"%!r!ti+o ' s(%erl!ti+o tienen l!s "is"!s
sFl!b!s ' l! ele es l!r!$ no oHb6s(r!1 E.14 LRdentHe6lL ' LRdentleL NGBO
' LRdentlerL NUSAO1
L! LlL$ /(e %(ede esribirse o"o l 3 ll$ es4
!6 *ort! (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! en l! tr!nri%i3n #on0ti! detrs de (n! +o!l
l!r,!1 E.14 *!rl L9!4lL NGBO ' L9!4rlL NUSAO$ ,irl L,4lL NGBO ' L,4rlL NUSAO$ "e!l
L"i4lL$ !ll L9o4lL$ #ool L#(4lL$ se!l Lsi4lL$ et1
b6 L!r,! (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! en l! tr!nri%i3n #on0ti! detrs de (n! +o!l
ort!1 E.14 till LtIlL$ "ill L"IlL$ &ell L&elL$ s"ell Ls"elL$ et1
6 *ort! (!ndo +! ! #in!l de %!l!br! en l! tr!nri%i3n #on0ti! %reedid! de (n
di%ton,oM en l! esrit(r! l! l +! se,(id! de (n! +o!l sord!1 E.14 "ile L"!IlL$ %ole
L%o(lL$ et1
d6 *ort! (!ndo +! %reedid! de (n! +o!l$ l!r,! o ort!$ ' se,(id! de (n!
onson!nte sord!1 E.14 #!(lt L#o4ltL$ &!lt L&o4ltL$ "elt L"eltL$ &el% L&el%L$ "il9 L"Il9L$
et1
e6 L!r,! (!ndo +! %reedid! de (n! +o!l$ l!r,! o ort!$ ' se,(id! de (n!
onson!nte sonor!1 E.14 se!led Lsi4ldL$ &eld L&eldL$ s"elled Ls"eldL$ bold Lbo(ldL$ old
L9o(ldL$ et1
51:51I En ingls /a -- sonidos distintos pero slo 26 fonemas H%&one"es6M en
!stell!no &!' 8= #one"!s s3lo1 A(n/(e #on0ti!"ente e-ist!n en !stell!no o en
+!ri!ntes del !stell!no los 8; #one"!s onsonntios del in,l0s$ #onol3,i!"ente
&!' B #one"!s en in,l0s /(e no e-isten o"o t!les en !stell!no4 LS$ d$ &$ $ [$ z$
$ +$ 7L1
En it!li!no e-isten todos los #one"!s onsonntios in,leses e-e%to <4 LS$ &$ $ $
7L1
En #r!n0s e-isten todos los #one"!s onsonntios in,leses e-e%to ?$ !(n/(e l! r
(+(l!r #r!nes! es "(' r!r! en in,l0s4 Lu$ S$ t[$ d$ &$ $ 7L1
En %ort(,(0s e-isten todos los #one"!s onsonntios in,leses e-e%to =4 Lu$ S$ d$
&$ $ 7L1
En !le"n e-isten todos los #one"!s onsonntios in,leses e-e%to ;$ !(n/(e l! r
(+(l!r !le"!n! es "(' r!r! en in,l0s4 Lu$ S$ &$ 7L1
En r(so e-isten todos los #one"!s onsonntios in,leses e-e%to <4 Lu$ S$ d$ $
7L1
En r!be e-isten todos los #one"!s onsonntios in,leses e-e%to =4 Lt[$ ,$ d$ $
%$ +L1 L! LrL in,les! no e-iste o"o t!l %ero e-iste l! r (+(l!r r!be$ /(e es "(' r!r!
en in,l0s ' /(e es l! LrrL !stell!n! de U!rroV1
En &ebreo e-isten todos los #one"!s onsonntios in,leses e-e%to =4 Lt[$ u$ S$ d$
$ 7L1 En &indi e-isten todos los #one"!s onsonntios in,leses e-e%to 54 LL1
En .!%on0s e-isten todos los #one"!s onsonntios in,leses e-e%to =4 Lu$ S$ l$ $
$ +L1 En &ino e-isten todos los #one"!s onsonntios in,leses e-e%to ;4 Lu$ S$ r$
+L1
GRUPOS *ONSONnNTI*OS
51:81I En in,l0s &!' ,r(%os onsonntios /(e %(eden !(s!r di#i(lt!des ! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes '$ ! +ees$ t!"bi0n ! los !n,lo&!bl!ntesM los &!' /(e tienen dos
#one"!s onsonntios .(ntos ' los &!' /(e tienen tres$ (!tro o ino1
*+ Entre los 'ue empie)an por ;s< a principio de palabra los m!s importantes
tienen dos tres fonemas 4 Ls#L$ Ls9L$ Ls9lL$ Ls9rL$ LslL$ Ls"L$ Ls"rL$ LsnL$ Ls%L$ Ls%lL$
Ls%rL$ LstL$ LstrL$ Ls+L1 E.14 s%&ere Ls#IeL NGBO ' Ls#IHe6rL NUSAO Hes#er!6$ s&ool Ls9(4lL
Hes(el!6$ slerosis Ls9leRro(sI s$ esL Heslerosis6$ sreen Ls9ri4nL H%!nt!ll!6$ sl!n,
LslYL H!r,ot6$ s"o9e Ls"o(9L H&("oL #("!r6$ s"riti Hti%o de liter!t(r! +0di!6$ sn!il
LsneIlL H!r!ol6$ s%e!9 Ls%i49L H&!bl!r6$ s%lendo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL s%lendor
NUSAO LRs%lendeL NGBO ' LRs%lenderL NUSAO Hes%lendor6$ s%rin, Ls%rIL H%ri"!+er!6$
st(d' LRstAdiL Hest(di!r6$ stri9e Lstr!I9L H&(el,!L ,ol%e!r6$ s+elte Ls+eltL Hesbelto6$ et1
E!' tendeni! %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes ! "eter (n! e del!nte de l! s ' deir
Les9(4lL$ Les9ri4nL$ LeslYL$ Les"o(9L$ LesneIlL$ Les%i49L$ Les%lendeHr6L$ Les%rIL$
LestAdiL$ Lestr!I9L1 P!r! orre,ir este error$ &!' /(e .(nt!r los dientes de !rrib! on
los de !b!.o ' se%!r!r los l!bios s(%eriores e in#erioresM l(e,o &!' /(e e&!r el !ire
#(er! de l! bo! sin se%!r!r los dientes ' '! est %ron(ni!d! l! sM sin %!r!r ni
se%!r!r los dientes se %ron(ni! l! onson!nte /(e +iene ! ontin(!i3n ' todo lo
de"sM en re!lid!d es "(' senilloM si se "!ntienen los dientes s(%eriores %e,!dos !
los in#eriores no se %(ede %ron(ni!r (n! e !ntes de l! sM !sF /(e se e+it! el #!llo on
iert! #!ilid!d %ero$ o"o se !br!n los dientes (n %oo$ '! se %ron(ni! l! e$
!(n/(e se re! /(e no se %ron(ni!1
*on+iene no on#(ndir Us%o(seV Hes%osHo$ !66 ' Ues%o(seV H!d&erirse6$ Ust!teV
Hest!do6 ' Uest!teV H#in!L %ro%ied!dL %!tri"onioL est!"ento6$ et1
M(&!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or slI denot!n "o+i"iento &!i! !b!.o$ direi3n
o %osii3n$ !l,o lF/(ido$ resb!l!dizo o des!,r!d!ble4 slo7$ sli"e$ sl'$ et1$ %ero no
sie"%re4 slee9 Hliso ' brill!nte Nel %eloOL z!l!"eroL ele,!nteL %r3s%ero Nde !s%etoO6$
sli9 H&bilL i"%e!ble6$ et1
M(&!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or snI denot!n !l,o des!,r!d!ble4 sn!9e$ et1
M(&!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or s%lI ' s%rI denot!n !l,o lF/(ido4 s%l!tHter6$
s%rin9le$ et1
M(&!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or s7I denot!n "o+i"iento s(!+e o de l!r,o
!l!ne4 s7!llo7$ s7!n$ s7!t&e$ s7!'$ s7in,$ et1
M(&!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or ,lI denot!n !l,o brill!nte o l("inoso4 ,l!"o(r
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,l!"or NUSAO$ et1
2+ = principio de palabra /a tambin otros dos grupos conson!nticos 'ue
pueden resultar dif(ciles4 #ur# #[r#1 E.14 t&ro!t Luro(tL H,!r,!nt!6$ s&rine L[r!InL
Hs!nt(!rio6M son los #one"!s LuL h LrL ' L[L h LrL4 si se %ron(ni!n bien los
#one"!s LuL ' L[L no &!' "s /(e !)!dir (n! r1
2+ = principio de palabra /a otros grupos conson!nticos #bl, br, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr,
1l, 1r, pl, pr, tr# /(e res(lt!n #iles !(n/(e el e/(i+!lente en !stell!no no se!
o"%let!"ente i,(!l1 Por e.e"%lo$ en l!s si,(ientes %!l!br!s in,les!s Ublo7$ br!in$
dro%$ #loor$ #ront$ ,l!d$ ,ro7$ le!n$ redit$ %le!sed$ %rod(e$ s7eet$ tro%&'V$ ' en l!s
si,(ientes %!l!br!s !stell!n!s Ubl!s#e"i!$ brot!r$ dr!,3n$ #lorido$ #rente$ ,lot3n$
,r!b!r$ l!+o$ r0dito$ %lenit(d$ %rod(ir$ tro#eoV1
M(&!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or ,lI denot!n l(z o !l,o brill!nte4 ,listen$ et1
51::1I Entre los grupos conson!nticos a mitad de palabra$ los "s i"%ort!ntes
son los si,(ientes4
*+ De dos fonemas4 #bb, bd, bd, bf, b1, bl, bm, bn, bp, br, bs, bt, bv, b), dd, df,
d1, d/, dl, dm, dn, ds, d[, d/, d), dt, ff, fg, f/, f1, fl, fn, fr, f[, ft, g/, gl, gm, gn,
gr, g[, g), 1t[, 1d, 1f, 1/, 11, 1l, 1m, 1n, 1p, 1r, 1s, 1[, 1t, lb, lt[, lu, ld, lf, lg,
ld, l1, ll, lm, ln, lp, ls, lt, lv, l), mb, md, mf, m/, m1, ml, mm, mn, mp, ms, mt,
mv, nb, nd, nf, nd, n/, n1, nl, nm, nn, np, nr, ns, n[, nt, nt[, nv, n), b, u, g,
/, 1, l, m, s, t, pb, pt[, pd, pf, p/, p1, pl, pm, pn, pr, ps, p[, pt, sb, st[, sd,
sf, sg, sd, s/, s1, sl, sm, sn, sp, sr, st,[b, [d,[f,[/,[1, [l,[m, [t, tb, t[b, t[d,
t[/, t[n, td, tf, tg, td, t/, t1, tl, tm, tn, tp, ts, t.[>para distinguirlo de t[?, tt, tv,
ub, ud, uf, u1, ul, um, un, up, ur, us, vf, vm, )b, )d, )l, )m, n, et1L o"o en l!s
%!l!br!s Qs(bHI6Rb!ss$ s(bdiR+ide$ s(b.et$ Rs(b#!"il'$ s(bRonsio(s$ s(bli"e$
s(bR"ini!t(re$ s(bRnor"!l$ s(bR%osto##ie$ !br(%t$ obser+e$ obt!in$ ob+io(s$ s(bRzero$
&e!ddress LR&eddresL Hto!L to!do6$ R&(ndred#old$ Mid&(rst$ R&e!dlines$ !dR"inister$
R"idni,&t$ "idRs(""er$ R"ids&i%"!n$ RoddsIRon$ Rsled,e&!""er$ +e,et!ble$ &!l#I#(ll
NGB4 LR&!4# R#(lLOL &!l# #(ll NUSA4 LR&Y# R#(lLO H"edi!doL "edio lleno6$ A#,&!n$
Rro(,&&o(se$ Rro(,&!st$ tri#lin,$ Rro(,&ne9$ A#ri!n$ Rro(,&s&od$ dri#tin,$ Re,,&e!d
Nolo/(i!lO$ (,l'$ sti,"!$ !,nosti$ !,ree$ Re,,s&ell$ e-!lt$ str(t(re$ Rsto9#is&$
Rsto9&older$ Rsto9.obber$ boo9!se LRb(99eIsL HlibrerF!L est!nte %!r! libros6$
t!9lin,$ !"e$ !ne$ Rsti9%in$ rer(it$ s(ess$ eletions$ #!tor$ bro!d!st$ !lb("$
*ol&ester$ 7e!lt&'$ 7ilder$ #(l#il$ *ol,!te$ soldier$ !lo&ol$ ,(ileless HinoenteL
!ndoroso6$ !l"i,&t'$ "!ln(trition$ !l%ine$ !lso$ M!ltese$ o(rsel+es$ %!ls'$ o"b!t$
l!"bd!$ !"%&ibio(s$ %!l"&o(se$ tr!"!r$ l!"bli9e$ R&o"eIR"!de$ &'"n!l$ i"%!rt$
t&e"sel+es$ L!"bton$ ir("+ent$ nonIbelli,erent$ s'ndi!te$ on#er$ e+!n,eli!l$
(n&os%it!ble$ en!"%$ "!nl'$ ,o+ern"ent$ %en9ni#e LR%enn!I#L Hn!+!.!L
ort!%l("!s6$ nonI%!'"ent$ (nre!d!ble$ onser+!ti+e$ e-%!nsion$ "!int!in$
e+ent(!ll'$ in+!de$ tr!ns!t$ L!n,b!ine$ len,t&en$ sin,in,$ L!n,&orne$ t&in9in,$
L!n,l!nd$ L!n,"ere$ L!n,side$ L!n,ton$ Rsl!%IRb!n, Nolo/(i!lO$ !%t(re$ sl!%d!s&$
l!%#(l$ &!%&!z!rd$ (%!st$ Rste%l!dder$ e/(i%"ent$ !%noe! NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
!%ne! NUSAO$ (%ri,&t$ l!%s(s$ dee%tion$ !%t!in$ disbelie#$ dis&!r,e$ disd!in$
s(ess#(l$ dis,(st$ dis.(nti+e$ dis&!r"on'$ dis(ssion$ Mosle"$ &!rr!ss"ent$
b(siness$ s(s%iion$ disres%et$ s(st!in$ 7is&bone$ As&do7n$ %(s&#(l$ R!s&%!n$
As&9eln$ !s&l!r$ As&"ore$ As&t!rot&$ Rsetb!9$ !r&Rbis&o%$ R7it&HI6dotor$ R7it&I
&(nt$ #ort(n!te$ o(tRdo$ R!t#is&$ o(t,o$ o(tR,ener!l$ Ro(t!st$ Ro(t&o(se$ !tl!s$
Ro(t"ost$ o(tRn("ber$ Ro(t%ost$ o(tRside$ Rn(ts&ell Nes "e.or %oner (n %(ntito entre l!
t ' l! L[L4 LRnAt1[elL %!r! indi!r /(e son dos #one"!s o"o en U%(t s&ee%V ' no
on#(ndirlo on Lt[L$ /(e es (n solo #one"! o"o en U&eeseVO$ Ro(tt!9e$ o(tR+ote$
Rso(t&bo(nd$ Rbirt&d!'$ Rnort&I#ield$ #ort&Ro"in,$ Rnort&l!nd$ RNort&"!n$ Rnort&I
nort&IRe!st$ Rnort&IR%ol!r$ Rbirt&ri,&t$ Rso(t&Iso(t&Re!st$ R#i+e#old$ !+e"!n$ &(sb!nd$
7isdo"$ ,oslin,$ ne7s"!n$ +ision!r'Q1
Al,(nos$ !(n/(e on !l,(n!s di#ereni!s$ e-isten t!"bi0n en !stell!no4 s(bb!se$
s(bdi+idir$ s(b#!"ili!$ s(bonsiente$ s(bli"e$ s(b"ini!t(r!$ s(bnor"!l$ s(b%ozo$
!br(%to$ obser+!r$ obtener$ +od9!$ !"!dle$ !d"inistr!r$ d!dnos$ ddselo$ ri#le$
A#,!nistn Nen#tioO$ n#ri!$ o#t!l"3lo,o$ !,lo"er!r$ esti,"!$ !,n3stio$
!,r!deer$ il3n$ !n0$ !r3b!t!$ e-!"en$ %!to$ !l+o$ !l &io$ !le$ !ldo$ !l#!l#!$
!l,o$ !lto$ !l!r$ !l"!$ b!lne!rio$ %(l%!$ b!ls!$ !lto$ !"bos$ In"!$ &i"no$ !"%o$
o"to$ on+ino$ !ndo$ on#ieso$ on(rrir$ %onlo$ %on"e$ S!n P!triio$ !ns!do$
!nto$ !n&!$ l!n,(ideer$ on/(ist!r$ o%l!$ !%ne!$ !%ro%i!r$ %s(l!$ !%to$ des+i!r$
des&!%!r$ !s#!lto$ r!s,!r$ Sri L!n9!$ !so$ desli!r$ des"iti#i!r$ desn(trido$ des%ido$
!sto$ !tl!s$ o%t!r$ %osd!t!$ !t"3s#er!$ etn3lo,o$ tsets0$ &!zle$ &!z"e$ desde1
Los de"s Lbd$ b+$ bz$ 9t[$ 9d$ 9[$ d#$ d&$ d[$ d&$ dz$ dt$ #&$ #9$ #n$ #[$ ,&$ ,[$
,z$ 9t[$ 9#$ 9&$ 99$ 9"$ 9%$ ld$ l+$ lz$ "d$ "#$ "&$ "9$ "l$ "s$ nd$ n&$ n[$ n+$ nz$
b$ &$ l$ "$ s$ t$ %b$ %t[$ %d$ %#$ %&$ %9$ %"$ %[$ sd$ s&$
[b$[d$[#$[&$[9$[l$["$ [t$ tb$ t[b$ t[d$ t[&$ t[n$ td$ t#$ t,$ td$ t&$ t9$ t%$ tt$ t+$ ub$
ud$ u#$ u9$ un$ u%$ ur$ us$ +#$ +"$ zb$ zl$ z"$ nL !l no e-istir en !stell!no son "s
di#Files1
Al,(nos o"o Lt[nL %(eden %ron(ni!rse on LeL en "edio o sin ell!4 #ort(n!te$ et1
En USA e-isten !de"s los si,(ientes ,r(%os onsonntios de dos #one"!s Lrb$
rt[$ ru$ rS$ rd$ r#$ r,$ rd$ r&$ r9$ rl$ r"$ rn$ r%$ rs$ r[$ rt$ r+L o"o en l!s %!l!br!s
Qo+erb!l!ne$ "er&!nt$ nort&ern$ !rdin!l$ o+er#!ti,(e$ reor,!nizeL reor,!nise
NGBO$ l!r,er$ o+er&!nd$ "!r9et$ o+erl!id$ &!r"in,$ b(rnin,$ o+er%!'$ o+ersee$
o+ers&!do7$ t&irteen$ o+er+!l(eQ1
Al,(nos e-isten en !stell!no$ !(n/(e no se!n tot!l"ente i,(!les$ en %!l!br!s o"o
Qb!rbo$ "!r&!$ !rino"!$ !rdo$ &(0r#!no$ !r,!r$ "!r!r$ *!rlos$ !r"!$ (erno$
(er%o$ terso$ ortoQ ' otros LrS$ rd$ r&$ r[$ r+L no e-isten en !stell!no1
2+ De tres fonemas4 #bgr, b1l, blm, bpl, bpr, bs1, bst, btr, t[1r, dst, glm, gpl,
dlm, dls, dlt, 6dr, 6st, fsp, ftb, ft/, ft1, ftl, ftp, fts, glt, 1br, 1lb, 1st[, 1sf, 1s1, 1sl,
1sm, 1sp, 1st, 1tf, 1tl, 1tm, 1tn, ldb, ldf, ld/, ld1, ldr, ld[, ldt, lfr, lpl, lpr, lsp, lst,
ltm, ltp, ltr, mbl, mbr, mfl, mpd, mpl, mpm, mpr, mps, mp[, mpt, ms1, mst,
m)b, nbl, nbr, nul, nur, ndb, nd6, ndf, ndg, nd/, nd1, ndl, ndm, ndn, ndr, nds,
ndt, nd[, nfl, nfr, ngr, nd), n1m, n1r, npr, npl, nsf, ns1, nsl, nsp, nst, nt/, ntl,
ntm, ntn, ntr, nts, n)b, n)d, n)d, n)f, n)1, n)l, n)m, n)p, n)v, gr, gl, g),
1t[, 1/, 1l, 1m, 1p, 1r, 1[, 1t, st, pbr, pur, plt[, plf, pld, plt, pst,
ptl, sfr, s1l, s1r, slu, slm, spl, stb, stt[, std, stg, st/, st1, stl, stm, stn, stp, str, tbr,
tfl, tgr, t1l, tlt, tpl, ts/, ts1, tsp, tst, tst[, vnf# o"o en l!s %!l!br!s Qs(b,ro(%$
s(bl!ss$ st!ble"!n$ s(b%lot$ s(b%re#et$ obs(re$ obst!le$ obtr(de$ 7it&r!#t$
RsolidIRst!te$ #(,le"!n$ Re,,%l!nt$ "iddle"!n$ Middlese-$ Middleton$ 7it&dr!7$
7it&st!ndin,$ Rro(,&IRs%o9en$ Rso#tb!ll$ Rso#tIR&e!rted$ so#to+er$ so#tl'$ Rso#tIR%ed!l$
Rso#tIRentred NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rso#tIRentered NUSAO$ E,,leton$ Rsto9bro9er$
Rsti9leb!9$ e-&!n,e$ Rsi-#old$ e-o""(ni!tion$ !-le$ s%o9es"!n$ e-%ires$
si-teen$ selet"!n NUSAO$ res%et#(l$ e-!tl'$ e-!tness$ Aldb(r'$ RoldIR#!s&ioned$
old&e!rted$ ROld!stle$ &ildren$ RoldIRs&ort$ RoldIRti"e$ El#rid!$ RsteelIR%l!ted$
"!l%r!tie$ !lls%ie$ solstie$ RS!lt"!rs&$ Rs!lt%!n$ "!ltre!t$ e"ble"$ L!"brett!$
ro(nd&!nd$ %!"%&let$ l!"%do7n$ i"%le"ent$ en!"%"ent$ i"%ression$
L!"%son$ l!"%HI6s&!de$ !tte"%tin,$ l!"bs9in$ bri"stone$ M!l"esb(r'$
(nble"is&ed$ (nbro9en$ "ont&l'$ !nt&ro%oid$ Aldb(r'$ ro(ndIt&eIlo9$ l!ndI#ore$
S!nd,!te$ l!nd&older$ Rs!nd!stle$ l!ndless$ l!nd"!r9$ 9indness$ (ndrin9!ble$
&!ndso"e$ Rro(ndIRt!ble$ #riends&i%$ on#lit$ on#ront!tion$ (n,r!te#(l$ tr!nsd(er$
e"b!n9"ent$ inre"ent$ (n%rod(ti+e$ non%l(s$ tr!ns#or"$ l!nds!%e$ tr!nsl!te$
(ns%e!9!ble$ instit(tion$ !nt&ill$ !ntler$ st(nt"!n NGBO$ +intner LR+IntneL NGBO
' LR+IntnerL NUSAO H+in!tero6$ ontrol$ "intIs!(e$ L!nsb(r'$ L!nsdo7n$
Tr!ns.ord!ni!$ St!ns#ield$ Tr!ns9ei$ tr!nsliter!tion$ tr!ns"ission$ tr!ns%ort$
tr!ns%ol!r$ tr!ns+erse$ on,ress$ P!n,loss$ !n-iet'$ %(nt(re$ P!n9&(rst$ s%rin9lin,$
in9%ot$ s'n&ronis"$ !n-io(s$ %(ntilio(s$ ,!n,ster$ (%brin,in,$ (%t&r(st$
stee%le&!se$ St!%le#ord$ stee%le.!9$ St!%leton$ (%st!irs$ !%tl'$ dis#r!n&ise$
disl!i"$ "(sle"!n$ disredit$ %ostb!,$ *&rist&(r&$ %ostd!te$ Post,!te$
%ost&!ste$ %ost!rd$ .(stl'$ %ost"!n$ %ostHI6n!t!l$ %ost%osition$ destr(tion$ o(tbre!9$
o(t#lo7$ s(btlet'$ o(t%l!'$ E!rts&ill$ o(ts9irts$ o(ts%o9en$ o(tst!ndin,$ Rse+en#oldQ1
Al,(nos$ !(n/(e on !l,(n!s di#ereni!s$ e-isten en !stell!no en %!l!br!s o"o
Qs(b,r(%o$ s(bl!se$ s(b%l!no$ s(b%re#eto$ obs(ro$ obst(lo$ e-(s!$ e-I
"inistro$ e-%oner$ e-tini3n$ !triz$ F!ldri/(e$ Al#redo$ !l %reio$ solstiio$ !ltr!"(z$
e"ble"!$ &!"briento$ Andr0s$ on#lito$ on#ront!r$ on,rio$ inre%!r$ o"%r3$
o"%li!r$ ons%i(o$ onst!nte$ ontrin!nte$ on,r(ente$ in,l0s$ inlin!do$
onreto$ res#ri!do$ esl(s!$ desri%i3n$ es%l0ndido$ estr(t(r!Q1
Los de"s Lbl"$ btr$ dst$ ,%l$ t[9r$ dl"$ dls$ dlt$ Sdr$ Sst$ #s%$ #tb$ #t&$ #t9$ #tl$ #t%$ ,l"$
,lt$ 9br$ 9lb$ 9st[$ 9s#$ 9sl$ 9t#$ 9t"$ 9tn$ 9ts$ ldb$ ld&$ ld9$ ld[$ ldt$ l%l$ ls%$ lt"$ lt%$
"#l$ "%d$ "%l$ "%"$ "%r$ "%s$ "%[$ "%t$ "s9$ "st$ "zb$ nur$ ndo$ nd#$ nd,$ nd&$
nd9$ ndl$ nd"$ ndt$ nd#$ nd9$ ndz$ n9"$ ns#$ ns9$ nsl$ nt&$ ntl$ nt"$ ntn$ nts$ nzb$
nzd$ nzd$ nz#$ nz9$ nzl$ nz"$ nz%$ nz+$ ,z$ 9&$ 9"$ 9%$ 9[$ 9t$st$ %br$ %ur$
%lt[$ %l#$ %ld$ %lt$ %st$ %tl$ slu$ sl"$ stb$ stt[$ std$ st,$ st&$ st9$ stl$ stn$ st%$ tbr$ t#l$ t,r$
t9l$ tlt$ t%l$ ts&$ ts9$ ts%$ tst$ tst[$ +n#L !l no e-istir en !stell!no res(lt!n "(&o "s
di#Files1
En USA e-isten !de"s los si,(ientes ,r(%os onsonntios de tres #one"!s Lrbl$
rbr$ rt[b$ rt[d$ rt[#$ rt[&$ rt[n$ rt[%$ rt[t$ rud$ ru#$ ru9$ rul$ ru"$ nun$ ru%$ rur$ rdr$ rd[$
r#l$ r,r$ rd&$ rd"$ r9l$ r9s$ rlb$ r"l$ rn"$ r%l$ r%r$ rsl$ rs%$ rst$ rtr$ rts$ rzdL o"o en
l!s %!l!br!s Qo+erblo7$ o+erbri"$ !r&bis&o%$ !r&de!on$ !r&#iend$ !r&I&ereti$
#ort(n!te$ !r&HI6%riest$ !r&Itr!itor$ birt&d!'$ Nort&#ield$ #ort&o"in,$ nort&l!nd$
nort&"!n$ nort&Inort&Ie!st$ nort&I%ol!r$ birt&ri,&t$ o+erdress$ &!rds&i%s$ o+er#lo7$
o+er,ro7$ l!r,e&e!rted$ l!r,e"inded$ o+erlo(d$ "!r-is"$ M!rlboro(,&$ !r"less$
,o+ern"ent$ %(r%lis&$ o+er%ro(d$ o+erslee%$ %ers%ire$ o+erst!te$ #ortress$ (rtse'$
M!rsdenQ1
Al,(nos e-isten en !stell!no$ !(n/(e no se!n tot!l"ente i,(!les$ en %!l!br!s o"o
Q%or bl!no$ %or brizn!$ %or drstio$ %or #lores$ %or ,r!i!$ %or l!ro$ %er%le.o$ %or
%ro%i!$ %ers%eti+!$ interstiio$ %ertre&oQ$ ' otros L rt[b$ rud$ ru#$ rul$ ru"$ nun$
ru%$ rur$ rd&$ rd"$ r9s$ rlb$ r"l$ rn"$ rsl$ rts$ rt[$ rzdL no e-isten en !stell!no1
2+ De cuatro fonemas4 #bs1r, bstr, ftsp, gl)t, gnlm, 1sbr, 1s1l, 1s1r, 1spl, 1spr,
dlbr, fspr, fstr, lblu, ldbl, ld)m, lstr, ltfl, ltst, mpbl, mstr, ndbl, ndbr, ndfl, ndgr,
ndsl, ndst, nd)d, nsgr, ns1r, nspl, nstr, n)gr, pstr, ss1r, stfr, stgr, tspr, tstr# o"o
en l!s %!l!br!s Qs(bsRri%tion$ obstr(t$ Rso#tIRs%o9en$ E,,leston$ si,n!l"!n
LRsI,nHe6l"enL$ RSto9sbrid,e$ e-l(sion$ e-r(i!tin,$ e-%li!tion$ e-%ress$
"iddlebro7$ o##s%rin,$ R,rie#IRstri9en$ oldblooded$ ROlds"obile$ Elstree$
S!lt#leetb'$ "!ltster$ l!"%bl!9$ se!"stress$ Rs!ndbl!st$ R&!ndbr!9e$ Rs!nd#l'$
l!nd,r!+e$ l!ndslide$ ,rindstone$ >ednesd!'$ (nsr(%(lo(s$ tr!ns%l!nt$ (nstressed$
tr!ns,ressHion6$ (%stre!"$ %ostsri%t$ R%ostIR#ree$ %ost,r!d(!te$ o(ts%re!d$
o(tstret&in,Q1
Al,(nos e-isten en !stell!no$ !(n/(e no se!n tot!l"ente i,(!les$ en %!l!br!s o"o
Qs(bsri%i3n$ obstr(ir$ e-l(si+o$ e-re"ento$ e-%li!i3n$ e-%ri"ir$ tr!ns#or"!r$
tr!ns,resi3n$ tr!nsri%i3n$ tr!ns%l!nte$ onstre)irQ$ ' otros Ldlbr$ #s%r$ #ts%$ ,lzt$
,nl"$ lblu$ ldbl$ ld9r$ ldz"$ 9sbr$ lstr$ lt#l$ ltst$ "%bl$ ndbl$ ndbr$ nd#l$ nd,r$ ndsl$
ndst$ ndzd$ nz,r$ %str$ ss9r$ st#r$ st,r$ ts%r$ tstrL !l no e-istir en !stell!no res(lt!n "s
dF#iiles !2n /(e los de tres #one"!s1
En USA e-isten !de"s los si,(ientes ,r(%os onsonntios de (!tro
#one"!s Lru#l$ ru%l$ r9s"$ r9s%$ r"bl$ rndl$ rs%r$ rstr$ rts&$ rts"L$ o"o en l!s
%!l!br!s QRnort&#leet$ Rbirt&%l!e$ R"!r9s"!n$ Rl!r9s%(r$ R7!r"IRblooded$ Rdirndl$
o+erRs%re!d$ o+erRstr!in$ RE!rts&ill$ Rs%orts"!nQ$ et1
-+ De cinco fonemas4 #dl)br, ldstr, ndstr# en %!l!br!s o"o QMiddlesbro(,&$
oldstre!"$ &!ndstro9eQ1 En USA e-isten !de"s el si,(iente ,r(%o onsonntio
de ino #one"!s4 Lr"strL o"o en l! %!l!br! QAr"stron,Q1
51:;1I Entre los grupos conson!nticos 'ue van a final de palabra tienen dos
fonemas los m!s importantes son"
*+ @n lote de grupos conson!nticos como #bl#, #b)#, #du#, #dl#, #dn#, #us#, #ut#, #6d#,
#6m#, #6n#, #6)#, #fu#, #fl#, #fn#, #fs#, #ft#, #gl#, #dl#, #dr#, #1l#, #1n#, #lb#, #lt[#, #lu#,
#ld#, #lf#, #l1#, #ld#, #lm#, #ln#, #lp#, #ls#, #l[#, #lt#, #lv#, #l)#, #mu#, mf#, #mp#,
#nt[#, #nu#, #nd#, #ns#, #nt#, #u#, #1#, #pu#, #pl#, #pt#, #s1#, #sl#, #sn#, #sp#,
#st#, #[l#, #[n#, #d#, #n#, #tu#, #tl#, #tn#, #vl#, #)l#, #)m#, #)n#1 E.14 !ble LR9eIbHe6lL
H!ble6$ l(bs L9lAbzL Hl(bs6$ bre!dt& LbreduL H!n&(r!6$ needle LRni4dHe6lL H!,(.!6$
s!dden LRsYdHe6nL Hentristeerse6$ lot&s L9lousL NGBO ' L9l!4usL NUSAO H%!)os6$
e!rt&ed LR e4u tL NGBO Honet3 ! tierr!L onet!do ! tierr!6$ 7rit&ed Lr!ISdL Hse
retori3L se &! retorido6$ r&'t&" LRrISHe6"L Hrit"o6$ &e!t&en LR&i4SHe6nL H%!,!no6$
%!t&s L%!4SzL NGBO ' L%YSzL NUSAO Hsenderos6$ #i#t& L#I#uL H/(into6$ ri#le LRr!I#He6lL$
so#ten LRso#He6nL NGBO ' LRso4#He6nL NUSAO Hs(!+iz!r6$ (##s L9A#sL H%()osL
bo#et!d!s6$ so#t Lso#tL NGBO ' Lso4#tL NUSAO Hs(!+e6$ str(,,le LRstrA,He6lL$
(d,el LR9AdHe6lL H,!rrote6$ s!+!,er' LRsY+IdriL$ %oliti!l L%eRlItI9He6lL$
t!9en LRteI9He6nL Ho,ido NEs%!)!OL to"!doL !,!rr!do6$ b(lb LbAlbL Hbo"bill!6$
bel& Lbelt[L Her(to6$ &e!lt& L&eluL Hs!l(d6$ sold Lso(ldL H+endiH3L do66$ s&el# L[el#L
Hest!nte6$ el9 Lel9L H!le6$ b(l,e LbAldL H%rot(ber!ni!6$ el" Lel"L Hol"o6$
9iln L9IlnL H&orno6$ %(l% L%Al%L H%(l%!6$ %(lse L%AlsL H%(lso6$ >els& L7el[L
H,!l0sHes6L !Hs66$ s!lt Lso4ltL Hs!l6$ re+ol+e LrIR+ol+L NGBO ' LrIR+!4l+L NUSAO Hre+ol+erL
,ir!r6$ %(lls L%(lzL Htir!6$ 7!r"t& L7o4"uL NGBO ' L7o4r"uL NUSAO H!lorL e#(si3n6$
tri("%& LRtr!Ie"#L Htri(n#o6$ l("% LlA"%L Hterr3nL b(lto6$ r(n& L9rAnt[L Hr(.ido6$
tent& LtenuL Hd0i"o6$ &!llen,e LRt[YlIndL o LIleIL Hdes!#Fo6$ sine LsInsL Hdesde6$
o(nt L9!(ntL Hont!r6$ len,t& LleuL Hlon,it(d6$ s&rin9 L[rI9L Heno,er6$ de%t&
Lde%uL H%ro#(ndid!d6$ %eo%le LR%i4%He6lL$ interr(%t LInteRrA%tL Hinterr("%ir6$
ris9 LrIs9L Hries,o6$ 7&istle LR7IsHe6lL NGBO o LR&7IsHe6lL NUSAO Hsilb!rL silb!to6$
loosen LRl(4sHe6nL Hsolt!r6$ 7is% L7Is%L Hbrizn!6$ "(st L"AstL Hdebo6$
s%ei!l LRs%e[He6lL Hes%ei!l6$ n!tion LRneI[He6nL Hn!i3n6$ #!s&ion LR#Y[He6nL H"od!6$
!"o(#l!,ed LR9Y"e#l!4dL H!"(#lH3L !do66$ +ision LR+IHe6nL$ ei,&t& LeItuL$
bre!dt& LbretuL N"enos (s!do /(e LbreduLO H!n&(r!6$ little LRlItHe6lL H%oo6$
7ritten LRrItHe6nL Hesrito6$ tr!+el LRtrY+He6lL H+i!.eL +i!.!r6$ d!zzle LRdYzHe6lL HbrilloL
desl("br!r6$ s%!s" LRs%YzHe6"L Hes%!s"o6$ dozen LRdAzHe6nL Hdoen!61
*(!ndo !%!ree He6 entre dos onson!ntes$ se %(ede %ron(ni!r l! sFl!b! de l!s dos
"!ner!s$ sin He6$ si &!' ,r(%o onsonntio$ ' on He6$ si no &!' ,r(%o
onsonntioM t!nto en GB o"o en USA los ,r(%os onsonntios Lbl$ dl$ dn$ S"$
Sn$ #l$ #n$ dl$ ,l$ 9l$ %l$ sl$ sn$ [l$ [n$ tl$ tn$ z"$ znL %(eden %ron(ni!rse on LeL en
"edio o sin LeL en "edioM si se /(ieren %ron(ni!r sin LeL en "edio es "s di#Fil1
E.14 oe!n LRo([He6nL$ et1
P!r! e+it!r %ron(ni!r l! e rel!.!d! entre l! b ' l! l &!' /(e e"%ez!r ! %ron(ni!r l!
l !l ter"in!r de %ron(ni!r l! b$ %ero sin !brir l! bo! ni se%!r!r los l!biosM (!ndo
se !br! l! bo! ' se se%!ren los l!bios$ LblL '! est!r %ron(ni!doM &!' /(e &!er lo
"is"o on los de"s ,r(%os onsonntios1
*on los ,r(%os onsonntios Ldl$ tlL es "e.or no %oner n(n! He6 en "edio %or/(e
se onsider! "s orretoM (!ndo Ldl$ tlL +!n ! #in!l de %!l!br! se %(ede %oner (n
%(ntito o (n! r!'it! deb!.o de l! tr!nsri%i3n #on0ti! de l! LlL %!r! indi!r /(e Ldl$
tlL #or"!n (n! sFl!b!$ %ero de%ende de los diion!rios1 P!r! %ron(ni!r LdlL sin LeL
en "edio &!' /(e tener l! %(nt! de l! len,(! !%o'!d! ontr! l! %!rte /(e est
eni"! de los dientes s(%eriores o zon! !l+eol!r ' de.!r s!lir el !ire %or los dos
l!dos de l! len,(!M &!st! /(e no se ter"ine de %ron(ni!r l! sFl!b! no se %(ede
solt!r l! %(nt! de l! len,(!M %!r! %ron(ni!r LtlL sin LeL en "edio es nees!rio
%resion!r l! %(nt! de l! len,(! ontr! l! zon! !l+eol!r /(e est %or eni"! de los
dientes s(%eriores ' e-%(ls!r el !ire !ntes de solt!rl!M l! di#ereni! entre LtlL ' LdlL
est en /(e %!r! el %ri"er ,r(%o onsonntio se %one l! %(nt! de l! len,(! (n %oo
"s !b!.o /(e %!r! el ,r(%o onsonntio LdlL$ es deir$ el %(nto de !rti(l!i3n %!r!
LtlL est (n %oo "s !b!.oM no obst!nte$ el !stell!no&!bl!nte /(e ten,! %roble"!s
%(ede %oner LeL en "edio ' est bien t!"bi0n1
Todos son di#Files %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes$ %ero !l,(nos Lbl$ dl$ lb$ lt[$ ld$ l#$ l9$
l%$ l"$ ls$ lt$ "#$ "%$ ns$ 9$ nt$ s9$ s%$ st$ tlL son "s #iles$ %or/(e &!' %!l!br!s en
!stell!no /(e tienen es! o"bin!i3n ! "it!d de %!l!br!$ !(n/(e l! %ron(ni!i3n
+!rFe !l,o4 !ble$ !"!dle$ !lb!$ !ldo$ Rodol#o$ !lo$ !l%ino$ s!l&i&!$ ol"o$
%(lso$ !lto$ A"#Floo$ !"%o$ !ns!do$ ino$ !nto$ !so$ 0s%ed$ !sto$ !tl!s1
P!r! no "eter (n! e rel!.!d! detrs de (n! e"e #in!l$ on+iene de.!r los l!bios
err!dos des%(0s de %ron(ni!r l! e"e1
Los ,r(%os onsonntios Lus$ Sz$ #s$ lb$ ld$ l#$ l9$ lt[$ l"$ lt$ nt$ nu$ 9$ s9$ s%$ stL
res(lt!n di#Files$ no %or/(e &!'! tendeni! ! "eter (n! e rel!.!d! en "edio sino
%or/(e &!' tendeni! ! "eter l! e rel!.!d!
detrs4 LRbAlbeL$ LRso(ldeL$ LR[el#eL$ LRel9eL$ LRbelt[eL$ LRel"eL$ LRso4lteL$ LR[rI9eL$ LR9!(
nteL$ LRrIs9eL$ LR7Is%eL$ LR"AsteL1
Los ,r(%os onsonntios "s di#Files de estos son Lld$ l+L %or/(e el se,(ndo
#one"! Ld$ +L no se d! en !stell!no ' &!' /(e onentr!rse en dos os!s !l "is"o
tie"%o4 l! %ron(ni!i3n del #one"! desonoido ' l! %ron(ni!i3n del ,r(%o
onsonntio sin "eter (n! e rel!.!d! detrs1
2+ Aa otros grupos conson!nticos 'ue corresponden principalmente a la
terminacin 5ed de los verbos cuando va precedida de una consonante sonora
excepto la #d#, pero tambin se dan en otras palabras" #bd#, #6d#, #dd#, #gd#, #ld#,
#md#, #nd#, #d#, #rd# NUSAO, #vd#, #)d#1 E.14 robbed LrobdL NGBO ' Lr!4bdL NUSAO
HrobH3L !do66$ bre!t&ed Lbri4SdL Hres%irH3L !do66$ &!n,ed Lt[eInddL$ H!"biH3L
!do66$ t(,,ed LtA,dL Hre"olH3L !do66$ tr!+elled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+eled
NUSAO LRtrY+He6ldL H+i!.H3L !do66$ o"bed L9o("dL H%einH3L !do66$ "o!ned L"o(ndL
H,i"i3L ,e"ido6$ listened LRlIsHe6ndL Hes(&H3L !do66$ b!n,ed LbYdL HerrH3L !do6
de ,ol%e6$ !ltered LRo4lt erdL NUSAO H!lterH3L !do66$ (r+ed L9 4+dL NGBO HretoriH3L
do66$ losed L9lo(zdL HerrH3L !do661
A(n/(e todos son di#Files %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes$ (!tro de ellos Lbd$ ld$ nd$
rdL son "s #iles$ %or/(e se en(entr!n ! "it!d de %!l!br! en !stell!no4 !bdi!r$
!ldo$ !ndo$ !rdoM &!' /(e tener (id!do %!r! no "eter (n! e rel!.!d! detrs de
esos ,r(%os onsonntios4 LrobdeL$ LRtrY+He6ldeL$ L"o(ndeL$ LRo4lterdeLM
%ron(ni!ndo (n! e rel!.!d! detrs res(lt! "s #il %ron(ni!rlo$ %ero no est bien1
Los de"s ,r(%os onsonntios res(lt!n !2n "s di#Files %or/(e$ !de"s de l!
tendeni! ! "eter (n! e rel!.!d! detrs$ nos enontr!"os %or (n! %!rte on (n!s
o"bin!iones de onson!ntes Lbz$ Sd$ ,d$ "d$ d$ zdL /(e sol!"ente se d!n en
!stell!no %or se%!r!do %ero no .(nt!s$ ' %or otr! %!rte on o"bin!iones de
onson!ntes Ldd$ +dL /(e tienen (n %ri"er #one"! ine-istente en !stell!no Ld$
+L$ lo (!l o"%li! el !s(nto1
2+ Aa tambin otros grupos conson!nticos 'ue corresponden principalmente
a la terminacin 5ed de los verbos cuando va precedida de una consonante
sorda #t[t#, #ut#, #ft#, #1t#, #pt#, #st#, #[t# e-e%to l! LtL1 E.14 %!t&ed L%Yt[tL Hre"endH3L
!do66$ #rot&ed L#routL NGBO ' L#ro4utL NUSA o L#r!4utLO He&H3L !do6 es%("!6$
o(,&ed L9o#tL NGBO ' L9o4#tL NUSA o L9!4#tLO HtosiH3L do66$ oo9ed L9(9tL HoinH3L
!do66$ sto%%ed Lsto%tL NGBO ' Lst!4%tL NUSAO H%!rH3L !do66$ ,(essed L,estL H!di+inH3L
!do66$ 7is&ed L7I[tL HdeseH3L !do661
Al,(nos son "s #iles L9t$ %t$ stL %or/(e e-isten ! "it!d de %!l!br! en !stell!no$
!(n/(e &!'! (n! li,er! di#ereni!4 !to$ !%to$ esto1
E!' /(e %ro(r!r no "eter (n! e rel!.!d! des%(0s de L9t$ stL ni des%(0s o en "edio
de L%tL1 Los de"s son "s di#Files Lt[t$ ut$ #t$ [tL %or/(e$ !de"s de tener l!
tendeni! ! "eter (n! e rel!.!d! detrs o en "edio$ los tres %ri"eros no e-isten
.(ntos en !stell!no ' el 2lti"o L[tL tiene en %ri"er l(,!r (n #one"! L[L /(e no e-iste
en !stell!no$ on lo (!l res(lt! tod!+F! "s o"%li!do1
*(!ndo l! Ied del %ret0rito +! %reedid! de (n! LdL o LtL no se #or"! ,r(%o
onsonntio %or/(e l! Ied se %ron(ni! LIIdL o LIedL1
-+ Aa otros grupos conson!nticos 'ue corresponden a una 5s precedida de
consonante sonora 'ue se utili)a en la tercera persona del singular del presente
de indicativo de los verbos, en el plural de los nombres en el genitivo
sa%n" #b), d), g), l), m), n), ), v)# /(e se (tiliz!n en %!l!br!s o"o Ud(bs LdAbzL
Hdobl!6$ l!bs LlYbzL Hl!bor!torios6$ bendz LbendzL H(r+!sL se dobl!6$ &e!ds L&edzL
H!bez!s6$ di,s LdI,zL H!+!6$ b(,s LbA,zL Hbi&os6$ &e!ls L&i4lzL H(r!6$ "e!ls L"i4lzL
Ho"id!s6$ o"es L9A"zL H+iene6$ &!"s L&Y"zL H.!"ones6$ sins LsInzL H%e!dosL
%e!6$ %ens L%enzL H%l("!s6$ sin,s LsIzL H!nt!6$ 9in,s L9IzL Hre'es6$ li+es LlI+zL
H+i+e6$ do+es LdA+zL H%!lo"!s6V1
A(n/(e los #one"!s /(e o"%onen estos ,r(%os onsonntios e-isten en
!stell!no e-e%to L+L$ no se d! nin,(no en %!l!br!s !stell!n!s o"bin!do de es!
"!ner!M res(lt!n$ %(es$ di#Files %or/(e &!' tendeni! ! %ron(ni!r (n! LsL en +ez de
(n! LzL ' "eter on #!ilid!d (n! e rel!.!d! detrs o en el "edio de !d! ,r(%o
onsonntioM &!' /(e %r!ti!r "(&o &!st! do"in!rlo o de#enderse %or lo "enos1
3+ Aa otros grupos conson!nticos 'ue corresponden a una 5s precedida de
consonante sorda 'ue se utili)a en la tercera persona del singular del presente
de indicativo de los verbos, en el plural de los nombres en el genitivo
sa%n" #1s, ps, ts# /(e se (s!n en %!l!br!s o"o U9i9s L9I9sL H%!t!d!sL d! (n!
%!t!d!6$ %e!9s L%i49sL H("bres6$ &e!%s L&i4%sL H"ontonesL !"onton!6$ s&i%s L[I%sL
Hb!ros6$ e!ts Li4tsL Ho"e6$ !ts L9YtsL H,!tos6V1
El %ri"ero ' el terero L9s$ tsL res(lt!n "s #iles %or/(e se d!n en !stell!no
!(n/(e &!'! (n! li,er! di#ereni!4 #!-$ "!"(tsM &!' /(e %ro(r!r no "eter (n! e
rel!.!d! en "edio o !l #in!l de los tres ,r(%os onsonntios1 P!r! %ron(ni!r l! LtsL
se %(ede %ron(ni!r l! LtL err!ndo los dientes ' l(e,o l! LsL se %ron(ni!
si"%le"ente de.!ndo s!lir el !ire #(er! de l! bo! ! tr!+0s de los dientes /(e tienen
/(e est!r .(ntosM l! LsL es el r(ido /(e &!e el !ire !l roz!r on los dientes err!dos1
En Est!dos Unidos e-isten t!"bi0n los si,(ientes ,r(%os onsonntios de dos
#one"!s4 Lrb$ rt[$ rd$ ru$ r#$ r,$ r9$ rd$ rl$ r"$ rn$ r%$ rs$ r[$ rt$ r+$ rz L1 E.14 b!rb$
&(r&$ !rd$ 7ort&$ ser#$ ber,$ !r9$ "er,e$ %e!rl$ !r"$ born$ &ir%$ &orse$ &!rs&$ !rt$
der+$ ,!t&ers$ et1
Al,(nos Lrb$ rt[$ rd$ ru$ r#$ r,$ r9$ rl$ r"$ rn$ r%$ rs$ rtL e-isten en !stell!no ! "it!d de
%!l!br!1 E.14 b!rbo$ or&o$ !rdo$ orzo$ *or#2$ !r,o Nen !stell!no Uieber,V se
%ron(ni! LIrL$ no LIr,LO$ !ro$ *!rlos$ !r"!$ tierno$ !r%!$ terso Nt!"bi0n ! #in!l de
%!l!br! en Uieber,sVLIrsL$ no LIr,sLO$ !rt!1
E!' !stell!no&!bl!ntes /(e en +ez de deir Q!rdQ L9!4dL NGBO ' L9!4rdL NUSAO
Ht!r.et!6 dien Q!rQ L9!4Hr6L Ho&e6$ en +ez de deir Q&e!rdQ L&4dL NGBO ' L&4rdL
NUSAO Ho'3L oFdo6 dien Q&erQ L&4Hr6L Hl!L ell!6$ en +ez de deir Qbe!rdQ LbIedL
NGBO ' LbIHe6rdL NUSAO Hb!rb!6 dien QbeerQ LbIeHr6L Her+ez!6$ et1
Otros Lrd$ r[$ r+$ rzL no e-isten en !stell!no1
51:<1I Entre los grupos conson!nticos 'ue van a final de palabra tienen tres
fonemas o m!s, los m!s importantes son"
*+ &os grupos conson!nticos 'ue tienen tres fonemas %untos4
#bl)#, #t[l)#, #t[tl#, #ul)#, #dus#, #dl)#, #dns#, #dnt#, #dn)#, #dst#, #6m)#,
#6n)#, #dl)#,#6n)#, #fus#, #fld#, #fl)#, #fnd#, #fn)#, #fts#, #gl)#, #1l)#, #1su#, #1st#, #1ts#,
#lb)#, #lt[t#, #ld)#, #lfu#, #lfs#, #lft#, #l1s#, #l1t#, #ldd#, #lmd#, #lm)#, #ln)#, #lps#, #lpt#,
#lst#, #l[t#, #lts#, #lvd#, #lv)#, #mbl#, #mfs#, #mft#, #ml)#, #mps#, #mpt#, #m)n#, #nt[m#,
#nt[t#, #ndu#, #nus#, #ndl#, #nd)#, #ndd#, #nl)#, #nsl#, #nst#, #ntu#, #nts#,
#n)d#, #1s#, #1t#, #st#, #pus#, #pld#, #pl)#, #pst#, #pts#, #rdn# NUSAO,, #s1s#, #s1t#,
#sl)#, #snd#, #sns#, #snt#, #sn)#, #sps#, #spt#, #sts#, #[ld#, #[l)#, #[nd#, #[n)#, #n)#, #tus#,
#tl)#, #tns#, #tnt#, #tn)#, #tst#, #vld#, #vl)#, #vnu#, #vns#, #vn)#, #vnt#, #)ld#, #)l)#, #)ml#,
#)m)#, #)nd#, #)nt#, #)n)# o"o en U!bles LR9eIbHe6lzL H!bles6$ R!&elZs LRreIt[He6lzL
Hde R!/(el6$ det!&edl' LdIRtYt[tliL Hdes!%e,!d!"ente6$ Et&elZs LReuHe6lzL Hde
Edel"ir!6$ bre!dt&s LbredusL H!n&(r!s6$ l!dles LRleIdHe6lzL H!zos6$
ridd!ne LRrIdHe6nsL Heli"in!i3n6$ neednZt LRni4dHe6ntL Hno neesit!s6$
s!ddens LRsYdHe6nzL HHse6 entristee6$ "idst Nliter!rioO L"IdstL H"edio6$
r&'t&"s LRrISHe6"zL Hrit"os6$ &e!t&ens LR&i4SHe6nzL H%!,!nos6$ (d,els LR9AdHe6lzL
H,!rrotes6$ #i#t&s L#I#usL H/(intos6$ b!##led LRbY#He6ldL HdesonertH3L !do66$
b!##les LRbY#He6lzL Hde#letoresL b!#les6$ so#tened LRso#He6ndL NGBO ' LRso4#He6ndL
NUSAO Hs(!+izH3L !do66$ so#tens LRso#He6nzL NGBO ' LRso4#He6nzL NUSAO Hs(!+iz!6$
r!#ts Lr!4#tsL NGBO ' LrY#tsL NUSAO Hb!ls!s6$ ,i,,les LR,I,He6lzL Hse rFe tont!"ente6$
!9les LR9Y9He6lzL H!!re!6$ si-t& LsI9suL Hse-to6$ t!-ed LtY9stL Ht!sH3L !do66$
#!ts L#Y9tsL H&e&os6$ b(lbs LbAlbzL Hbo"bill!s6$ bel&ed Lbelt[tL Her(tH3L !do66$
t7el#t& Lt7el#uL Hd(od0i"o6$ 7ol#s L7(l#sL Hz!"%!6$ 7ol#ed L7(l#tL Hz!"%H3L !do66$
el9s Lel9sL H!les6$ s(l9ed LsAl9tL Hest!b!L est!do de "!l &("or6$ b(l,ed LbAlddL
Hsobres!liH3L do66$ #il"ed L#Il"dL H#il"H3L !do66$ el"s Lel"zL Hol"os6$ 9ilns L9IlnzL
H&ornos6$ ,(l%s L,Al%sL Htr!,!6$ ,(l%ed L,Al%tL Htr!,H3L !do66$ %(lsed L%AlstL H%(lsH3L
!do66$ 7els&edL 7el&ed N+(l,!resO L7el[tL Hde.H3L !do6 de ("%lir (n! obli,!i3n6$
s!lts Lso4ltsL Hs!les6$ e+ol+ed LIR+ol+dL NGBO e LIR+!4l+dL NUSAO He+ol(ionH3L !do66$
e+ol+es LIR+ol+zL NGBO e LIR+!4l+zL NUSAO He+ol(ion!6$ *!"%bell LR9Y"bHe6lL$
s'"bol LRsI"bHe6lL HsF"bolo6$ tri("%&s LRtr!Ie"#sL Htri(n#os6$ tri("%&ed LRtr!Ie"#tL
Htri(n#H3L !do66$ !ni"!ls LRYnI"He6lzL H!ni"!les6$ "("%s L"A"%sL H%!%er!s6$
!tte"%t LeRte"%tL Htent!ti+!L intent!r6$ ri"son LR9rI"zHe6nL H!r"esF6$
entren&"ent LInRtrent["entL Htrin&er!6$ entren&ed LInRtrent[tL H!trin&erH3L !do66$
t&o(s!ndt& LRu!(zHe6nduL$ tent&s LtenusL Hd0i"os6$ !ndle LR9YndHe6lL H+el!L irio6$
seonds LRse9endzL Hse,(ndos6$ s%on,ed Ls%AnddL Hli"%iH3L !do6 on es%on.!6$
t(nnels LRtAnHe6lzL Ht2neles6$ o(nil LR9!(nsHe6lL H.(nt!L onilio6$ e+ined LIR+InstL
H"ostrH3L !do66$ t&o(s!ndt& LRu!(zentuL H"il0si"o6$ o(nts L9!(ntsL H(ent!6$
le!nsed L9lenzdL Hli"%iH3L !do66$ s&rin9s L[rI9sL Heno,e6$ b!n9ed LbY9tL
H!"onton3L inlin!do6$ !n,st LYstL H!n,(sti!6$ de%t&s Lde%usL H%ro#(ndid!des6$
d!%%led LdY%He6ldL H"oteH3L !do66$ !%%les LRY%He6lzL H"!nz!n!s6$ eli%sed LIR9lI%stL
Heli%sH3L !do66$ interr(%ts LInteRrA%tsL Hinterr("%e6$ %re%!redness L%rIR%eednesL
NGBO ' L%rIR%eHe6rdnesL NUSAO H%re%!r!i3n6$ ris9s LrIs9sL Hries,os6$ ris9ed LrIs9tL
H!rries,H3L !do66$ 7&istles LR7IsHe6lzL NGBO o LR&7IsHe6lzL NUSAO Hsilb!L silb!tos6$
loosened LRl(4sHe6ndL HsoltH3L !do66$ liene NGB %rini%!l"enteOL liense
NUSAO LRl!IsHe6nsL Hlieni!6$ "(stnZt LR"AsHe6ntL Hno debes6$ &!stens LR&eIsHe6nzL
Hse d! %ris!6$ 7is%s L7Is%sL Hbrizn!s6$ ,!s%ed L,!4s%tL NGBO ' L,Ys%tL NUSAO H.!deH3L
!do66$ lists LlIstsL Hlist!s6$ "!rs&!lled LR"!4[He6ldL NGBO ' LR"!4r[He6ldL NUSAO
Hond(H.oL ido66$ o##ii!ls LeR#I[He6lzL Ho#ii!les6$ #!s&ioned LR#Y[He6ndL HreH3L
!do66$ oe!ns LRo([He6nzL Ho0!nos6$ +isions LR+IHe6nzL H+isiones6$ ei,&t&s LeItusL$
bre!dt&s LbretusL N"enos (s!do /(e LbredusLO H!n&(r!s6$ st!rtles LRst!4tHe6lzL NGBO '
LRst!4rtHe6lzL NUSAO H!s(st!L sobres!lt!6$ %itt!ne LR%ItHe6nsL H"iseri!6$
o"b!t!nt LR9o"betHe6ntL NGB %rini%!l"enteO ' L9e"RbYtHe6ntL NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO Ho"b!tiente6$ 9ittens LR9ItHe6nzL H,!titos6$ blitzed LblItstL Hborr!&oL
bo"b!rdeH3L !do6 Ndesde el !ireO6$ ,ro+elled NGB %rini%!l"enteO LR,ro+He6ldL '
,ro+eled NUSAO LR,r!4+He6ldL Hse %ostr3L &("ill!do6$ ,ro+els LR,ro+He6lzL NGBO
' LR,r!4+He6lzL NUSAO Hse %ostr!L &("ill!6$ ele+ent& LIRle+He6nuL H(nd0i"oL
one!+o6$ ,rie+!ne LR,ri4+He6nsL HH"oti+o de6 /(e.!6$ &!+enZt LR&Y+He6ntL Hno
tienes6$ o+ens LRA+He6nzL H&ornos6$ d!zzled LRdYzHe6ldL Hdesl("brH3L !do66$
"e!sles LR"i4zHe6lzL Hs!r!"%i3n6$ !b's"!l LeRbIz"He6lL H!bis"!l6$
s%!s"s LRs%YzHe6"zL Hes%!s"os6$ re!soned LRri4zHe6ndL Hr!zonH3L !do66$
doesnZt LRdAzHe6ntL Hno &!e6$ %risons LR%rIzHe6nzL H%risiones6V1
T!nto en GB o"o en USA !l,(nos ,r(%os onsonntios Lblz$ t[lz$ ulz$ dlz$ dns$
dnt$ dnz$ S"z$ Snz$ dlz$ #ld$ #lz$ #nd$ #nz$ ,lz$ 9lz$ "bl$ "lz$ "zn$ ndl$ nlz$ nsl$ %ld$
%lz$ slz$ snd$ sns$ snt$ snz$ [ld$[lz$ [nd$ [nz$nz$ tlz$ tns$ tnt$ tnz$ +ld$ +lz$ +nu$ +ns$
+nt$ +nz$ zld$ zlz$ z"l$ z"z$ znd$ znt$ znzL %(eden %ron(ni!rse on LeL en "edio o
sin LeL en "edio4 !nn!ls LRYnHe6lzL$ et1
QNotQ ontr!Fdo o"o QnZtQ es silbio en l! %ron(ni!i3n detrs de (n!
onson!nte en l! esrit(r!$ %ero no es silbio detrs de (n! +o!l en l! esrit(r!M
%or eso$ Q&!dnZtQ lle+! !ento LR&YdHe6ntL$ "ientr!s /(e Q!renZtQ no lo lle+! L!4ntL
NGBO ' L!4rntL NUSAO1
*on+iene %ron(ni!r tod!s l!s onson!ntesM si no$ %(ede &!ber e/(i+o!iones4 si
se %ron(ni! Q!tsQ LY9tsL sin l! LtL si,ni#i! Q!-He6Q LY9sLM si se %ron(ni!
Qd(tsQ LdA9tsL Hond(tosL t(bos6 sin l! LtL si,ni#i! Qd(9sQ LdA9sLM si se
%ron(ni! Q%!tsQ L%Y9tsL sin l! LtL si,ni#i! Q%!9sQ L%Y9sL$ et1M no obst!te$ "(&os
n!ti+os %ron(ni!n U!s9sV o"o LY9sL en +ez de LYs9sL$ es deir$ s(%ri"en l!
%ri"er! UsV %or/(e res(lt! di#Fil de %ron(ni!r t!"bi0n %!r! los !n,lo&!bl!ntes1
En Est!dos Unidos e-isten t!"bi0n otros4 Lrus$ rdl$ r,z$ r9l$ r9s$ rld$ r"u$ r"d$ rnd$
rnz$rst$ rtl$ rts$ r+d$L en l!s si,(ientes %!l!br!s Qbirt&s$ &(rdle$ ieber,s$ s%!r9le$
%!r9s$ 7orld$ 7!r"t&$ #or"ed$ orned$ onerns$ #irst$ st!rtle$ !rts$ (r+edQ$ et1
En !stell!no no e-isten estos ,r(%os onsonntiosM en !stell!no Uieber,sV se
%ron(ni! LIrsL1
2+ &os grupos conson!nticos 'ue tienen cuatro fonemas %untos4 #dnts#,
#1sus#, #1sts#, #lfus#, #l1ts#, #lpts#, #mbld#, #mbl)#, #mplt#, #mpl)#, #mpst#, #mpts#,
#m)l)#, #ndus#, #ndl)#, #nsl)#, #n[nd#, #nt[nd#, #n[n)#, #nt[n)#, #ntus#,
#ntl)#, #gl)#, #1l)#, #snts#, #stl)#, #[nts#, #tnts#, #vnus#, #)nd)#, #)nus#, #)nts#"
st(dents LRst.(4dHe6ntsL o LRst(4dH e6ntsL NUSA4 "s (s!doO Hest(di!ntes6$
si-t&s LsI9susL N!(n/(e %(ede des!%!reer l! %ri"er! UsV !l &!bl!r r%idoO Hse-tos6$
te-ts Lte9stsL Hte-tos6$ t7el#t&s Lt7el#usL Hdoe!+os6$ "(lts L"Al9tsL H"(lt!L est!#!6$
s(l%ts Ls9Al%tsL Hes(l%e6$ "("bled LR"A"bHe6ldL Hre#(n#()H3L !do66$
s'"bols LRsI"bHe6lzL HsF"bolos6$ si"%letonHs6 LRsI"%He6ltenHz6L HtontoHs6$ !Hs66$
s!"%les LRs!4"%He6lzL NGBO ' LRsY"%He6lzL NUSAO H"(estr!s6$ ,li"%sed LR,lI"%stL
H+isl("brH3L !do66$ %ro"%ts L%ro"%tsL NGBO ' L%r!4"%tsL NUSAO H!%(nt!6$
d!"sels LRdY"zHe6lzL Hdonell!s6$ !ndles LR9YndHe6lzL H+el!sL irios6$
o(nils LR9!(nsHe6lzL H.(nt!s6$ "entioned LR"enHt6[He6ndL H"enionH3L !do66$
"entions LR"enHt6[He6nzL H"enion!6$ lentils LRlentHe6lzL Hlente.!s6$
!n,les LRY,He6lzL Hn,(los6$ (nles LRA9He6lzL HtFos6$ on+!lesents$
%istols LR%istHe6lzL H%istol!s6$ %!tients LR%eI[He6ntsL H%!ientes6$
o"b!t!nts LR9o"betHe6ntsL NGB %rini%!l"enteO ' L9e"RbYtHe6ntsL NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO Ho"b!tientes6$ ele+ent&s LIRle+He6nusL H(nd0i"osL one!+os6$
t&o(s!nds LRu!(zHe6ndzL H"iles6$ t&o(s!ndt&s LRu!(zHe6nHd6usL H"il0si"osL
"il0si"!s6$ "!l#e!s!nts1
T!nto en GB o"o en USA !l,(nos ,r(%os onsonntios Ldnts$ "bld$ "blz$ "%lt$
"%lz$ "zlz$ ndlz$ nslz$ n[nd$ Lnt[ndL$ Ln[nzL$ Lnt[nzL$ ntlz$ ,lz$ 9lz$ stlz$ [nts$ tnts$
+nus$ zndz$ znHd6usL$ LzntsL %(eden %ron(ni!rse on LeL en "edio o sin LeL en
"edio1
En Est!dos Unidos e-isten t!"bi0n otros o"o L9stu$ rdlz$ r9lz$ rldz$ rndl$ rtlzL4
si-t& LsI9stuL Nse %(ede %ron(ni!r sin UtV t!"bi0nO$ &(rdles$ s%!r9les$ 7orlds$
dirndl$ st!rtles1
En !stell!no no e-isten estos ,r(%os onsonntios1
2+ &os grupos conson!nticos 'ue tienen cinco fonemas %untos4 #)ndus#"
t&o(s!ndt&s LRu!(zHe6ndusL H"il0si"Hos$ !s661
En Est!dos Unidos e-iste t!"bi0n otro on ino #one"!s .(ntos L9stusL4
si-t&s LsI9stusL Nse %(ede %ron(ni!r sin UtV t!"bi0nO1
En !stell!no no e-isten estos ,r(%os onsonntios1
51:=1I Otro %roble"! es l! e-isteni! de palabras /omgrafas 4/omograp/s+ 'ue
se escriben de la misma manera pero tienen distinto significado o distinto
origenM son l!s distint!s !e%iones o si,ni#i!dos de (n! "is"! %!l!br!M /a dos
tipos"
*+ &as 'ue se pronuncian igualM son &o"3ni"os !bsol(tos H!bsol(te &o"on'"s6M
esto o(rre t!"bi0n en !stell!noM &!' dos l!ses4
a+ &as 'ue se escriben de la misma manera7 se pronuncian igual1 E.14
A(,(stineHZs6 HA,(stFn Hde A166 ' UA(,(stineHZs6V HA,(stin! Hde A1664 Lo4R,AstI nHz6$
enHz6L NGBO ' Lo4R,estenHz6L NUSA ( LRo4,estInHz6L$ LRo4,esti4nHz6L o L!4IL %!r! los :OM
oRrret Horreto N!d.eti+oOL orre,ir N+erboO6$ r' Hllor!rL ,rit!r6$ diRret Hdireto
N!d.eti+oOL diri,ir N+erboO6$ 9no7 Hs!berL onoer6$ le!+e Hde.!rL "!r&!rse6$ le!+es
H&o.!sL se "!r&!6$ "!Rli,n H"!li,no N!d.eti+oOL di#!"!r N+erboO6$ %l!' H.(,!rL to!rL
&!er el %!%el de6$ ro!d ND1 81<CO H!lleL !rreter!6$ seRlet Hseleto N!d.eti+oOL
seleion!r N+erboO6$ st!rt He"%ez!rL !rr!n!r6$ t&in9 HreerL %ens!r6$ et1
L!s diez %!l!br!s in,les!s /(e "s !e%iones o si,ni#i!dos tienen en orden
dereiente son4 set$ r(n$ ,o$ t!9e$ st!nd$ ,et$ t(rn$ %(t$ #!ll$ stri9e1
E-isten !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n on ,(i3n (!ndo son no"bres ' sin ,(i3n
(!ndo son +erbos on %!rtF(l!sM no son %!l!br!s &o"3,r!#!sM se di#ereni!n
t!"bi0n en l! enton!i3n1 E.14 ! bre!9do7n H(n! !+erF!L r(%t(r!L (n #r!!so6 ' Uto
bre!9 do7nV H!+eri!rseL #r!!s!r6M loseI(% LR9lo(sA%L H%ri"er %l!no6 ' Ulose
(%V LR9lo(z RA%L Herr!rseL /(ed!rse !ll!do6M R9no9I(% H%eloteo6 ' UR9no9 R(%V
H%elote!rL des%ert!rL %re%!r!r6M RlineHI6(% H!line!i3nL re%!rto6 ' URline R(%V H%onerHse6
en #il!6M ! s&o7Io## LR[o(o#L NGBO ' LR[o(o4#L NUSAO H(nH!6 #!n#!rr3nH!66 ' Uto s&o7
Ro##V Hl(irse6M ! 7!s&o(t H(n! erosi3nL (n des!stre6 ' Uto 7!s& Ro(tV H/(it!rse6$ et1
Se di#ereni!n t!"bi0n en l! enton!i3n U"!'beV LR"eIbiL o LR"eIbi4L H/(izHs66 '
U"!' beV LR"eI RbiL o LR"eI Rbi4L H%(ede serL /(e &!'!61
b+ &as 'ue se escriben en maBscula con un significado en minBscula con
otro7 se pronuncian igual1 E.14 AML A1M1 HAH"%lit(d6MHod(l!d!66 ' UAML !"L
A1M1L !1"1V HdeL %or l! "!)!n!L !ntes de "ediodF!64 LeIRe"LM BASI* NBe,inners All
P(r%ose S'"boli Instr(tion *odeO Hbsio6 ' Ub!siV Hbsio64 LRbeIsI9LM Don
HDon!ldo6 ' UdonV H!b!llero es%!)olL don Ni Sr1OL !s("irL +estirse deL !tedrtio
NGBO64 LdonL NGBO ' Ld!4nL NUSAOM Ernie HErnesto6 ' UERNIEV NGBO Ni Eletroni
R!ndo" N("ber Indi!tor E/(i%"entO Ho"%(t!dor! H/(e seleion! los n2"eros
%re"i!dos de los Pre"i(" Bonds664 LR4niL NGBO ' LR4rniL NUSAOM F!nHZs6
HEste#!nF!L P!/(it! Hde Este#!nF!L P!/(it!66 ' U#!nHs6V H!b!nioHs6L +entil!dorHes6L
!#iion!doHs6L !d"ir!dorHes6L !b!ni!r H!b!ni!664 L#YnHz6LM FeeHZs6 HFelFit!sL
Feliid!d Hde FelFit!sL Feliid!d66 ' U#eeHs6V H&onor!riosL s("!Hs664 L#i4Hz6LM Floss
HFloreni!6 ' U#lossV H%el(s!L &ilo de sed!L &ilo dent!lL li"%i!rHse6 los dientes on
&ilo dent!l64 L#losL NGBO ' L#l!4sL NUSAOM Genie HE(,eni!6 ' U,enieV H,enio
Nsobren!t(r!lO64 LRdi4niLM jo&nn' Hj(!nito6 ' U.o&nn'V HtFo NoO ti%o Nolo/(i!lOL
ond3n NGB4 r!roO64 LRdoniL NGBO ' LRd!4niL NUSAOM Mi9eHZs6 HMi,(elito Hde M166
' U"i9eHs6V H"iroH#ono6Hs664 L"!I9Hs6LM Miss HSrt!16 ' U"issV H#!lloL #!ll!rL e+it!rL
e&!r de "enos64 L"IsLM Nor" HNor"!ndoL Nor"n6 ' Unor"V Hnor"!L %ro"edio64
Lno4"L NGBO ' Lno4r"L NUSAOM Nor HNor"!ndoL Nor"n6 ' UnorV Hni64 Lno4L NGBO
' Lno4rL NUSAOM NO> N!r3ni"o %!r! UN!tion!l Or,!niz!tion #or >o"enVO
HOr,!niz!i3n N!ion!l %!r! M(.eres6 ' Uno7V H!&or!64 Ln!(LM Ri& HRi!rdo6 '
Uri&V Hrio64 LrIt[LM R(t& HR(tL R(t&6 ' Ur(t&V N!r!ioO H%ied!dL tristez!L
re"ordi"iento64 Lr(4uLM SALT N!r3ni"o %!r! QStr!te,i Ar"s Li"it!tionHs6 T!l9s
NoO Tre!t'QO HSALT Ni *on+ers!iones %!r! l! Li"it!i3n de l!s Ar"!s
Estr!t0,i!sO6 ' Us!ltV Hs!lL s!l!doL s!l!r64 Lso4ltLM T(r9e' HT(r/(F!6 ' Ut(r9e'V
H%!+o64 LRt49iL NGBO ' LRt4r9iL NUSAOM >ill HG(iller"Hit6o6 ' U7illV H+ol(nt!dL
test!"entoL dese!r64 L7IlL$ et1
2+ &as 'ue se pronuncian de diferente maneraM se ll!"!n &eter3ni"os
H&eteron'"s6M son &o"3ni"os %!ri!les ' &!' di#ereni! #onol3,i!M &!' dos
l!ses4
a+ &as 'ue se escriben de la misma maneraM esto no o(rre en
!stell!noM se %ron(ni!n de di#erente "!ner!1 E.14 E.14 !b(se4 LeRb.(4sL
H!b(so6 ' LeRb.(4zL H!b(s!r6M !b(ses4 LeRb.(4s I z$ ezL H!b(sos6 ' LeRb.(4z I z$
ezL H!b(s!6M !de%t4 LRYde%tL N"s (s!doOL o LeRde%tL Nno"breO He-%erto6
' LeRde%tL o LRYde%tL NGB4 "enos (s!doO N!d.eti+oO He-%ertoL &bil6M
!er'4 LRIeriL o LR I H e6riL NUSAO H!,(iler!6 ' LReeriL NGB %rini%!l"enteO
o LReHe6riL4 USAO H!0reoL et0reo6M !rseni4 LR!4senI9L NGBO o LR!4rsenI9L
NUSAO Nno"breO HHido6 !rs0nio6 ' L!4RsenI9L NGBO o L!4rRsenI9L NUSAO
N!d.eti+oO H!rs0nioHs66M !-es4 LRY9si4zL Nel %l(r!l de U!-isV LRY9sI s$ esLO
He.es6 ' LRY9sI z$ ezL Nel %l(r!l de U!-He6V LY9sLO H&!&!s6M b!ses4 LRbeIsI z$
ezL Hb!ses Nel %l(r!l de Ub!seV Ni %!rte in#eriorL #ondoL b!se "ilit!rL b!se
de in#or"!i3nL b!se N"!te"ti! en (n! %oteni!OL b!se N/(F"i!L
t0ni!L lin,XFsti!OL b!se N!,ri"ens(r!L b0isbolL l! dro,!OOL b!s! Nl! terer!
%erson! del +erboO6 ' LRbeIsi4zL Hb!ses Ni #(nd!"entosONel %l(r!l de
Ub!sisV LRbeIsI s$ esLO6M b!ss4 LbeIsL Hb!.oL ontr!b!.o N"2si!O6 ' LbYsL
Hl(bin! N%ezO6M b!t&in,4 LRb!4 u I L NGBO Hb!)!ndoHse6 Nen !s!O NGBO6
' LRbeISIL Hel b!)!rse Nno"breOL b!)ndose Nen l(,!res %2bliosO NGB4
liter!rioOL Nen !s! ' en l(,!res %2bliosO NUSA4 estnd!rOL l!+!ndo Nlos
o.os$ et1O6M b!t&ed4 Lb!4 u tL NGBO HHse6 b!)3L Hse6 b!)!do Nen !s!O NGBO6
' LbeISdL Hse b!)3L se 111 b!)!do Nen l(,!res %2bliosO NGB4 liter!rioOL Nen
!s! ' en l(,!res %2bliosO NUSA4 estnd!rOL l!+!b!L l!+!do Nlos o.os$
et1O6M bo7Hs64 Lb!(Hz6L Hre+ereni!Hs6L inlin!i3nHes6L inlin!r Hinlin!6L
inlin!rse Hse inlin!6L &!er H&!e6 (n! re+ereni!L %ro!Hs66 ' Lbo(Hz6L
H!roHs6L l!zoHs6L "o)oHs6L "ont(r!Hs6L b!llest!Hs6L !r"!z3nHes6L !r/(e!rse
Hse !r/(e!66M bo7ed4 Lb!(dL Hse inlin3L &izo (n! re+ereni!L inlin!doL
&e&o (n! re+ereni!6 ' Lbo(dL Hse !r/(e3L !r/(e!do6M bo7in,4 LRb!(IL
Hinlin!ndoHse6L &!iendo (n! re+ereni!6 ' LRbo(IL H!r/(endose6M
b(##etHs64 LRb(#eIHz6L NGB o LRbA#eIHz6LO ' LbeR#eIHz6L NUSA o Lb(4R#eIHz6LO
Hb(#0Hs6 NoO o"id!Hs6L !%!r!dorHes6L !#eterF!Hs6 Nen (n trenL en l!
est!i3nO NGB %rini%!l"enteO6 ' LRbA#I tHs6$ etHs6L H,ol%eHs6L !bo#ete!r
H!bo#ete!6L z!r!nde!r Hz!r!nde!66M lose4 L9lo(sL Her!noHs6$ !Hs6
N!d.eti+oOL er! N!d+erbioO6 ' L9lo(zL H#in Nno"breOL err!rHse6 N+erboO6M
o"%osite4 LR9o"%ezI t$ etL NGBO ' L9e"R%!4zet$ I tL NUSAO Ho"%(esto
Nno"bre ' !d.eti+oO6 ' LR9o"%ez!ItL NGBO H#(sion!r6M ontr!r'4 LR9ontreriL
NGBO o LR9!4ntreriL NUSAO N!d.eti+oO Hontr!rio6 ' L9enRtreeriL NGBO
o L9enRtreHe6riL NUSAO N!d.eti+oO HdesobedienteL dFsoloL rebeldeL
obstin!doL %er+ersoL tero6M ontr!ril'4 LR9ontrerIliL NGBO o LR9!4ntrerIliL
NUSAO H%or el ontr!rio N!d+erbio onetorOL ontr!ri!"ente N!d+erbio de
"odoO6 ' L9enRtreerIliL NGBO o L9enRtrerIliL NUSAO Hobstin!d!"ente
N!d+erbio de "odoO6M oo% L9(4%L H,!llinero6 ' Uoo%V NoO UoIo%V LR9o(o%L
NGBO o LR9o(!4%L NUSAO Hoo%er!ti+!6M *'4 Ls!IL H*iro6 ' LsIL H*irilo6M
di##(se4 LdIR#.(4sL N!d.eti+oO Hdi#(soHs6$ !Hs66 ' LdIR#.(4zL Hdi#(ndir6M
dis(se4 LdIsR.(4sL Hdes(so6 ' LdIsR.(4zL Hdese&!r6M do4 Ld(4L$ Ld(L o LdeL
H&!er6$ Ld(4L NGB4 olo/(i!lO H#este.o6 ' Ldo(L Hdo Nnot! "(si!lO6M
does4 LdAzL H&!e6 ' Ldo(zL H,!"!sL one.!sL liebres N&e"br!sO6M dos4 Ld(4zL
NGB4 olo/(i!lO H#este.os6 ' Ldo(zL Hdos Nnot!s "(si!lesO6M do+e4 LdA+L
H%!lo"!6 ' Ldo(+L NUSAO Hse z!"b(ll3L !F! en %i!do6M dr!7er4 Ldro4L
NGBO o Ldro4rL NUSAO H!.3n6 ' LRdro4eL NGBO o LRdro4erL NUSAO Hlibr!dorL
dib(.!nte6M dr!7ers4 Ldro4zL NGBO o Ldro4rzL NUSAO H!.onesL !lzonillosL
br!,!s6 ' LRdro4ezL NGBO o LRdro4erzL NUSAO Hlibr!doresL dib(.!ntes6M
e-(se4 LI9sR9.(4sL He-(s!6 e LI9sR9.(4zL He-(s!r6M #ine4 L#!InL H#inoL b(enoL
"(' bienL "(lt!L re#in!rL %(ri#i!rseL "(lt!r6 ' LR#i4neIL H#in NoO #in!l
N"2si!O6M ,illHs64 L,IlHz6L H!,!ll!Hs6L l!"inill!Hs66 ' LdIlHz6L H(!rtoHs6 de
%int! N"edid!O6M ,r!+e4 L,reI+L N,r!d(!bleO H,r!+e Ni serioO6 ' L,r!4+L o
L,re I +L NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Nno ,r!d(!blesO H,r!+e N!entoO6M &o(se4
L&!(sL H!s!6 ' L&!(zL H!lo.!rL !lber,!r6M sin e"b!r,o$ U&o(sesV LR&!(zI z$
ezL H!s!sL !lo.!L !lber,!6M &o(se7i#e4 LR&!(s7!I#L H!"! de !s!6 ' LR&AzI#L
o LR& A z e#L NUSAO Host(rero Ni est(&e de ost(r!O6M instint4 LRInstI9tL
Nno"breO Hinstinto6 e LInsRtI9tL N!d.eti+oO Hi"b(idoL llenoL s!t(r!do6M
in+!lid4 LRIn+elI d$ edL Hin+lido Nno"breOL in+lido N!d.eti+o Hi /(e no se
%(ede "o+er6OL in+!lid!r N+erboO6 e LInR+YlI d$ edL Hin+lidoHs6$ !Hs6
N!d.eti+o Hi no +lido6OM l!4 Ll!4L Hl! Nnot! "(si!lO6 ' ULlo4L H\+!'!]
Ne-l!"!i3n de sor%res! o 0n#!sisO6M le!d4 LledL H%lo"oL e.e"%loL sond!L
"in! Nde l%izOL tr!t!r on %lo"o6 ' Lli4dL H,(i!r6M le!ds4 LledzL He"%lo"!doL
%lo"os Nde !)! de %es!rOL e.e"%losL sond!sL "in!s Nde l%izOL tr!t! on
%lo"o6 ' Lli4dzL H,(F!6M line!,e LRl!InIdL N"enos (s!do /(e Ulin!,eVO
Hn2"ero de lFne!s en (n esritoL %!,o %or lFne!s en (n esrito6 ' LRlIniIdL
Hlin!.e6M li+e4 Ll!I+L H+i+oHs6$ !Hs6 N!d.eti+oOL en direto N!d+erbioO6 ' LlI+L
H+i+ir N+erboO6M li+es4 Ll!I+zL H+id!s Nno"breO6 ' LlI+zL H+i+e N+erboO6M
lo7erHs64 LRlo(eHz6L NGBO o LRlo(He6rHz6L NUSAO H"s b!.oL b!.!r Hb!.!66
' LRl!(eHz6L NGBO o LRl!(He6rHz6L NUSAO Hen!%ot!rse Hse en!%ot!6L #r(nir
H#r(ne6 el e)o6M l(%ine4 LRl(4%!InL Hl(%ino NoO lob(no6 ' LRl(4% en$ I nL
NUSAO H!ltr!"(z6M l'rist4 LRlIrI st$ estL HlFrio Ni %oet! lFrioO6 ' LRl!IerI st$
estL NGB4 "s (s!dos o LRlIrI st$ estL4 "enos (s!dosO o LRl!IHe6rest$ I stL
NUSAO Hlirist! N%erson! /(e to! l! lir!OM "!re4 L"eeL NGBO o L"eHe6rL
NUSAO H'e,(!L b(rr!L ebr!6 ' LR"!4rHe6IL Hre,i3n oHb6s(r! de l! s(%er#iie
de l! l(n!6M "in(te4 LR"InI t$ etL H"in(to Nno"breOL le+!nt!r Hel6 !t! de
N+erboO6 ' L"!IRn.(4tL o L"! I Rn(4tL NUSAO N!d.eti+oO H"in(iosoHs6$ !Hs6L
"Fni"oHs6$ !Hs6L di"in(ti+oHs6$ !Hs66M "in(tel'4 LR"InItliL o LIneIL HHde6
"in(to ! "in(to N!d.eti+oOL ! !d! "in(to N!d+erbioO6 ' L"!IRn.(4tliL o
L"! I Rn(4tliL NUSAO N!d+erbioO H"in(ios!"ente6M "is(se4 L"IsR.(4sL H"!l
(so6 ' L"IsR.(4zL H(s!r "!l6M "o%ed4 LR"o(%edL NGB %rini%!l"enteO
Hilo"otor6 ' L"o(%tL Ndel +erbo U"o%eVO Hest!b! de%ri"idoL /(ed!do
!b!tido6M "o(se4 L"!(sL Hr!t3n6 ' L"!(zL H!z!r r!tonesL !nd!r
&(s"e!ndo6M "o(t&4 L"!(uL Hbo!6 ' L"!(SL H%ron(ni!r on !#et!i3n6M
"o74 L"o(L Hse,!r6 ' L"!(L H"ont3n de &enoL &en!lL &enil6M
"(lti%l'4 LR"Alte%l!IL o LItIIL H"(lti%li!r6 ' LR"Alte%liL o LItIIL Hde #or"!
"2lti%le6M n("ber4 LRnA"beL NGBO o LRnA"berL NUSAO Nno"breO Hn2"ero6
' LRnA"eL NGBO o LRnA"erL NUSAO N!d.eti+oO H"s ent("eido6M
n(n4 LnAnL H"on.!L %!lo"! de to!6 ' Ln(nL Hn(n Ndei"o(!rt! letr! del
!l#!beto .(dFoO6M ob+erse4 LRob+4sL NGBO o LR!4b+4rsL NUSAO Nno"breO
H!n+erso6 ' LRob+4sL NGBO o L!4bR+4rsL NUSA4 "s (s!do ( LR!4b+4rsL4
"enos (s!doO N!d.eti+oO Hdel !n+erso6M o+er(se4 Lo(+eR.(4sL NGBO (
Lo(+erR.(4sL NUSAO H(so e-esi+o6 ' Lo(+eR.(4zL NGBO ( Lo(+erR.(4zL NUSAO
H(s!r e-esi+!"ente6M %!st'4 LR%eIstiL H%lidoL %!stoso6 ' LR%YstiL
He"%!n!dHill6! NoO %!stel Nde !rne$ et1O6M %ension4 LR%enHt6[enL H%ensi3n
Nde dineroOL %!,!r (n! %ensi3n !L .(bil!r6 ' LR%s4ns.t4L NGB o L%s4nRs.t4LO
o L%s4nRs.t(L NUSA o L%!4nRs.o(nL o LR%s4ns.s4nLO H%ensi3n Ni !s! de
&(0s%edesOM #(ll bo!rd Nel "s (s!doO o U#(ll %ensionV NUSAO o U%ensionV
NGBO H%ensi3n o"%let!6M &!l# bo!rd Nel "s (s!doO o U&!l# %ensionV
NUSAO o Ude"iI%ensionV NGBO H"edi! %ensi3n66M %eriodi4 L%IeriRodI9L
NGBO o L%IriR!4dI9L NUSAO H%eri3dioHs6$ !Hs6 Ni inter"itenteHs6L re,(l!rHes6L
FlioHs6$ !Hs6L /(e ,(!rd!Hn6 (n %erFodo deter"in!doO6 ' L%4r!IRodI9L NGBO
o L%4riR!4dI9L NUSAO H%er'3dioHs6$ !Hs6 N/(F"i!O6M %ili4 L%IRli4L Hrbol
#ili%ino b(rsereoL #r(to de este rbol6 ' LR%!IliL N%l(r!l de U%il(sVO
H%roesos de (ni3n de b!teri!s ! otr!s 0l(l!s6M %int!4 LR%!InteL Nolo/(i!lO
H%int! de le&e6 ' LR%InteL H%int! NoO "!l de %into Ni ti#(sO6M %r!'erHs64
L%reeHz6L NGBO Hor!i3nHes66 o L%reHe6rHz6L NUSAO Hor!i3nHes6L el Hlos6 /(e
or!Hn66 ' LR%reIeHz6L NGBO o LR%reIerHz6L NUSAO Hel Hlos6 /(e or!Hn66M
%reedent4 LR%resIdentL NGB o LIseILO o LR%resedentL NUSA o LIsIILO Nno"breO
H%reedente6 ' L%rIRsi4dentL N"s (s!doO NoO LR%res I d entL o LIs eIL NGB4
"enos (s!dosO o LR%res ed entL o LIs I IL NUSA4 "enos (s!dosO N!d.eti+oO
H%reedente6M %rion4 LR%r!IenL H%etrel de los "!res del s(r on %io serr!do6
' LR%r!Io(nL H%!rtF(l! %roteFni! in#eios!6M %(ss'4 LR%(siL H,!titoL o)o
N+(l,!rO6 ' LR%AsiL H%(r(lentoL s(%(r!torio6M %(tterHs64 LR%(teHz6L NGBO
o LR%(terHz6L NUSAO H%erson!Hs6 /(e %oneHn6 NoO &!eHn6L %erson!Hs6 /(e
tir!Hn6 l! b!l! NoO l! %es!6 ' LR%AteHz6L NGBO o LR%AterHz6L NUSAO Ndel +erbo
U%(ttVO H%!loHs6 %!r! ,ol%es s(!+es N,ol#OL ,ol#ist!Hs6 /(e ,ol%e!Hn6 l! bol!L
entretenerse &!iendo (n %oo de todo NUSAO6M %(ttin,4 LR%(tIL H%oniendo6
' LR%AtIL Ndel +erbo U%(ttVO H,ol%e!ndo6M r!+enHs64 LRreI+He6nHz6L Hne,ro '
brill!nte N!d.eti+oOL (er+oHs6 Nno"breO6 ' LRrY+He6nHz6L Hde+or!r Hde+or!6L
en,(llir Hen,(lle6L o"er Ho"e6 on !+idez N+erboO6M re!d4 Lri4dL Hleer6 '
LredL Hle'3L leF!L leFdo6M re!l4 LrIelL NGBO o Lri4lL NUSA4 "s (s!do o LRri4elLO
Hre!l N!d.eti+oOL "(' N!d+erbio4 USA %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO6 ' LreIR!4lL
Hre!l N"oned! es%!)ol!O6M re#(se4 LRre#.(4sL Hb!s(r!L restosL des%erdiios6
' LrIR#.(4zL Hre&(s!rL ne,!rseL re&!z!r6M re%ent4 LrIR%entL H!rre%entirse de6
' LRri4%entL N!d.eti+oO Hr!streroL re%ente Nbotni!L zoolo,F!O6M re(se4
Lri4R.(4sL o LRri4.(4sL NGB4 "enos (s!doO H(so re%etido6 ' Lri4R.(4zL H(s!r de
n(e+o6M ro7Hs64 Lr!(Hz6L H%ele!Hs6L dis%(t!Hs6L .!leoHs6L r(idoHs6L %ele!rse Hse
%ele!6L re)ir Hri)e66 ' Lro(Hz6L H&iler!Hs6L #il!Hs6L serieHs6L %!seoHs6 en bote
de re"oL re"!r Hre"!66M s!9e4 LseI9L H!(s!L !"or6 ' LRs!49iL Hs!9e6M
s!rdine4 Ls!4Rdi4nL NGBO o Ls!4rRdi4nL NUSAO Hs!rdin! Ni %ezO6 ' LRs!4d!InL
NGBO o LRs!4rd!InL NUSAO Hs!rdoFn!L s!rd! Ni %iedr!O6M sereti+e4 LRsi49retI+L
o LRsi49r I tI +L NGB4 "enos (s!doO H&er"0tioL si,ilosoL reser+!do6
' LsIR9ri4tI+L o LseIL Hseretorio6M se7erHs64 LRso(eHz6L NGBO o LRso(He6rHz6L
NUSAO H%erson!Hs6 /(e oseHn66 ' LRs(4eHz6L NGBO o LRs(4erHz6L NUSAO
H!l!nt!rill!Hs66M s&o7erHs64 LR[!(eHz6L NGBO o LR[!(He6rHz6L NUSAO Hd(&!Hs6L
&!%!rr3nHes66 ' LR[o(eHz6L NGBO o LR[o(He6rHz6L NUSAO He-%ositorHes66M sine4
Ls!InL Hseno N"!te"tioO6 ' LRs!InIL Nliter!rio4 %re%osii3nO Hsin6M
slo(,&Hs64 Lsl!(Hz6L NGB %rini%!l"enteO o Lsl(4Hz6L NUSAO H#!n,!lHes6L
en!,!lHes6L !bis"oHs66 ' LslA#Hs6L H!"is!Hs6 Nde (lebr!OL "(d!r H"(d!6L
des%renderse Hse des%rende66M slo(,&'4 LRsl!(iL NGB %rini%!l"enteO
o LRsl(4iL NUSAO H#!n,osoL en!,oso6 ' LRslA#iL H/(e se !e l! %iel6M
so7Hs64 Ls!(Hz6L Herd!Hs6L !n!lHes6L ,!l%!,oHs6 Ni blo/(es de &ierroO6 '
Lso(Hz6L Hse"br!r Hsie"br!6L %l!nt!r H%l!nt!66M still' Nliter!rioO4 LRstIliL H/(ietoL
silenioso6 ' LRstIlliL Htr!n/(il!"enteL silenios!"ente6M s(%%l'4 LseR%l!IL
H!%ro+ision!"ientoL s("inistr!r6 ' LRsA%liL H#le-ible"ente6M t!-is4 LRtY9sI z$
ezL Nel %l(r!l de Qt!-iQO Ht!-is6 ' LRtY9sI s$ esL Nel sin,(l!r de Qt!-isesQO
Ht!-i! Nen biolo,F!4 "o+i"iento de res%(est! !nte (n estF"(loOL t!-is Nen
"ediin!4 re%osii3n de (n 3r,!noO6M te!rHs64 LteeHz6L NGBO o LteHe6rHz6L
NUSAO Hrot(r!Hs6L des,!rr3nHes6L r!s,3nHes6L ro"%er Hro"%e6L di+idir
Hdi+ide6L r!s,!r Hr!s,!6L des,!rr!r Hdes,!rr!66 ' LtIeHz6L NGBO o LtIHe6rHz6L
NUSAO Hl,ri"!Hs66M tierHs64 LtIeHz6L NGBO o LtIHe6rHz6L NUSAO H,r!d!Hs6L
ni+elHes6L !"onton!r H!"onton!6 en &iler!s6 ' LRt!IeHz6L NGBO o LRt!IHe6rHz6L
NUSAO HelL lo /(e !t! Hlos /(e !t!n66M t(!n4 LRt(4enL H#!l!n,ero +ol!dor Nde
A(str!li!O6 ' LRt(4!4nL Hse)or Nen M!l!'!O6M (n(sed4 LAnR.(4stL Hno
!ost("br!do6 ' LAnR.(4zdL Hno (s!do6M (se4 L.(4sL H(so6 ' L.(4zL H(s!r6M (ses
LR.(4sI z$ ezL H(sos6 ' LR.(4zI z$ ezL H(s!6M (sed to4 LR.(4st(L ND1 =18=$ =15CBO
HsolF!6 ' LR.(4zdt(L ND1 =15<:1;O H!ost("br!do !L (s!do %!r!6M
7!re&o(se4 LR7ee&!(sL NGBO o LR7eHe6r&!(sL NUSAO H!l"!0n6 ' LR7ee&!(zL
NGB4 "s (s!do /(e LI&!(sLO o LR7eHe6r&!(zL NUSA4 "s (s!do /(e LI&!(sLO
H!l"!en!r6M sin e"b!r,o$ U7!re&o(sesV LI&!(zI z$ ezL H!l"!enesL
!l"!en!6M 7&oo%in, Ho(,&6 LR&(4%IL HHtos6 #erin!6 '
U7&oo%in,V LR7(4%IL NGB %rini%!l"enteO o LR&(4%IL NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO H,riterFo6M +iol!4 L+iRo(leL H+iol! Ninstr("ento de (erd!O6 '
LR+!IeleL NGB o LR+!Io(leLO o L+!IRo(leL NUSA o LR+i4eleLO H+iol! N%l!nt!O6M
+i+!4 LR+i4+eL H\+i+!]6 ' LR+!I+eL NGBO He-!"en or!lL e-!"in!r or!l"ente6M
7indHs64 L7!IndHz6L H(r+!Hs6L +(elt!Hs6L o+ill!r Ho+ill!6L ser%ente!r
Hser%ente!6L d!r (erd! Hd! (erd!6 ! N(n relo.OL so%l!r Hso%l!66 ' L7IndHz6L
H+ientoHs6L !lientoHs6L de.!r Hde.!6 sin !liento6M 7on4 L7AnL H,!nH3L !do6L
&!bit!r N!r!ioO6 ' L7onL NGBO o L7o4nL NUSA o L7!4nLO H7on N"oned! de l!s
dos *ore!sO6M 7orsted4 LR74stI d$ edL NGBO o LR74rsted$ I dL NUSAO
H+enidoL derrot!do6 ' LR7(stI d$ edL Hest!"breL tel! de l!n! %ein!d!6M
7o(nd4 L7!(ndL Ho+ill3L ser%ente!b!L d!do (erd!6 ' L7(4ndL H&erid!L
&erir6M &!' "(&!s "s en 51;:$ =155B$ =15=:1 E.14 T&e do+e do+e into t&e
b(s&es HL! %!lo"! !'3 en %i!do sobre los !rb(stos6M A#ter ! n("ber o#
in.etions$ &er le, ,ot n("ber HDes%(0s de (n! serie de in'eiones$ s(
%iern! se %(so "s ent("eid!L insensible6$ et1
b+ &as 'ue se escriben en maBscula con un significado en minBscula con
otroM esto o(rre en !stell!no t!"bi0nM se %ron(ni!n de di#erente "!ner!1 E.14
Ares LReeri4zL NGBO o LReHe6ri4zL NUSAO N&o"breO HAres Ni dios de l! ,(err!O6 '
U!resV L!4zL NGBO o L!4rzL NUSAO Hre!s N"edid! i 5CC "etros (!dr!dosO6M
AS LeIResL H!n,los!.3n Ni An,loIS!-onOL !ntis(b"!rino Ni !ntis(b"!rineOL
lieni!do en *ieni!s NUSAO Ni Assoi!te in SieneO6$ !sL As N!l %rini%io de l!
or!i3nO LYzL Ho"oL '! /(e6 ' U!sV LYzL H!s N"oned! de l! !nti,(! Ro"!O6M
A(,(st LRo4,estL Nno"breO H!,osto6 ' U!(,(stV Lo4R,AstL N!d.eti+oO H!(,(stoL
"!.est(oso6M joL joe HPe%eL Pe%itoL Pe%it!L jose#in!L Fe#i6$ .o N"s (s!doOL .oe
Neso0s %rini%!l"enteO Hno+io6 ' UjoeL .oeV NUSA4 +(l,!rO H&o"breL ti%o64
Ldo(LM job Ldo(bL Hjob6 ' U.obV LdobL NGBO o Ld!4bL NUSAO Htr!b!.oL e"%leo6M
Lo(+re LRl(4+reL o LRl(4+ eL NGBO o LRl(4+ erL NUSAO HNel "(seo deO Lo(+re6 '
Ulo(+reV NGBOL Ulo(+erV NUSAO LRl(4+eL NGBO o LRl(4+erL NUSAO Hlist3n Hde
%ersi!n!6L l("brer! H!r/(itet3ni!6L re.ill! de +entil!i3n6M MOT NoO MoT
Le"o(Rti4L Ni MOT NoO MoT erti#i!teL testO HI1T1D16 ' U"otV L"o(L H!,(dez!L di&o
in,enioso6M N!t!l LneRtYlL HN!t!l H%ro+ini! de S(d#ri!O6 ' Un!t!lV LRneItelL Hn!t!l6M
Polis& LR%o(lI[L H%ol!oHs6$ !Hs6 N!d.eti+oOL %ol!o Nidio"!O6 ' U%olis&V LR%olI[L NGBO
o LR%!4lI[L NUSAO Hbet2nL li"%i!rL %(lir6M DAT L+i4eIRti4L o L+YtL N!r3ni"o %!r!
QD!l(eIAdded T!-QO HI1D1A16 ' U+!tV L+YtL H(bet!L t!n/(e61
51:?1I Ctro problema en ingls /ablado es la existencia de muc/as palabras
'ue se escriben de distinta manera pero se pronuncian igualM se ll!"!n %!l!br!s
&o"3#on!s H&o"o%&ones6M %(eden tener distinto si,ni#i!do o distinto ori,enM
e-isten %!l!br!s &o"3#on!s en otros idio"!s$ sobre todo en #r!n0s$ t!"bi0n en
!stell!no$ sobre todo en l!s zon!s donde &!' seseoM %!r! (nos es (n ner de l!
len,(! ' %!r! otros enri/(ee l! ri"!M /a dos clases"
*+ &as 'ue tienen el mismo significadoM son sin3ni"os$ no &o"3ni"os1 D15C15:1!
2+ &as 'ue no tienen el mismo significadoM son &o"3ni"os %!ri!les
%or/(e &!' di#ereni! orto,r#i!M el n2"ero de est!s %!l!br!s &o"3#on!s
es li"it!do$ o"o en !stell!no$ ' s!biendo 2!les son no es di#Fil s(%er!r
el %roble"!M ! ontin(!i3n &!' (n! list! o"%let! on (n!s :5<C
%!l!br!sM l!s %!l!br!s en %l(r!lL en ,eniti+o s!.3nL en terer! %erson! del
sin,(l!r (ent!n o"o %!l!br!s distint!s de l!s %!l!br!s en sin,(l!rL en
in#initi+o %or/(e +!rF! l! %ron(ni!i3n4 ! LeL H(nL (n!6$ &er LeL NGB4 #or"!
d0bil del !d.eti+o %osesi+o del!nte de +o!les4 D151;@18O Hs(L de ell!6 ' U&erV LeL
NGB4 #or"! d0bil del %rono"bre %erson!l del!nte de +o!les4 D151;@1:O Hl!L !
ell!6M !ble H!%!z6 ' UAbelV HAbel64 LReIbHe6lLM !idents LRY9sIdHe6ntsL o
LI9seIL H!identes6 ' U!ideneV LRY9sIdHe6nHt6sL o LI9seIL Hest(dio de
!identesL in#le-iones Hde l!s %!l!br!s66M !l!"!tion LY9leR"eI[enL
H!l!"!i3n6 ' U!li"!tionV LY9l eR"e I [e nL NUSAO H!li"!t!i3n6M
!dHs6 LYdHz6L H!n(nioHs66$ !ddHs6 LYdHz6L H!)!deL s("!6 ' U!dzeV NGB
%rini%!l"enteO o U!dzV NUSAO LYdzL H!z(el!L !zol!r6M !d&erents
Nliter!rioO LedR&IerHe6ntsL NGBO o LedR&IrHe6ntsL NUSAO H%!rtid!rios6 '
U!d&ereneV Nliter!rioO LedR&IerHe6nHt6sL NGBO o LedR&IrHe6nHt6sL NUSAO
H!d&ereni!L !d&esi3nL obser+!ni!6M !do LeRd(4L Hr(idoL %re"b(los6 '
U!die(V LeRd(4L NUSA4 liter!rioO H!di3s6M !dolesents LedeRlesentsL
H!dolesentes6 ' U!doleseneV LedeRlesenHt6sL H!dolesentes6M !d(lteress
H!d2lter! Nno"breO6 ' U!d(ltero(sV H!d2lteroHs6$ !Hs6
N!d.eti+oO64 LeRdAltHe6resLM !##etHs6 LeR#e9tHs6L H!#et!r H!#et!66 '
Ue##etHs6V LeR#e9tHs6L NUSA4 "enos (s!doO o LIR#e9tHs6L He#etoHs6L e#et(!r
He#et2!66M !##eted LeR#e9tI d$ edL H!#etH3L !do66 ' Ue##etedV LeR#e9t ed$ I dL
NUSA4 "enos (s!dos /(e LIR#ILO He#et(H3L !do66M !##etin, LeR#e9tIL
H!#et!ndo6 ' Ue##etin,V LeR#e9tIL NUSA4 "enos (s!do /(e LIR#ILO
He#et(!ndo6M !##i!nts Nliter!rio4 USAO LeR#!IentsL Hdel!r!ntes6 ' U!##i!neV
LeR#!IenHt6sL H%ro"eter en "!tri"onio Nliter!rioOL o"%ro"iso Hde
"!tri"onio6 N!r!ioO6M !##l(ents LRY#l(entsL H!#l(entes6 '
U!##l(eneV LRY#l(enHt6sL H!#l(eni!L ri/(ez!6M !idHs6 LeIdHz6L H!'(d!Hs6L
!rtF(loHs6L so%orteHs6L !sistenteHs6L !'(d!r H!'(d!66$ !ideHs6 LeIdHz6L
H!sesorHes6L !sesor!Hs66$ AdeHZs6 LeIdHz6L HAdn Hde Adn66 ' UAIDS N"s
(s!doOL AidsV Ni A/(ired I""(ne De#iien' S'ndro"eO LeIdzL Hsid!6M !il
Hest!r en#er"o Nestnd!rOL !#li,ir N!r!ioO6 ' U!leV Her+ez! H!"!r,! '
es%es!664 LeIlLM !irHs6 LeeHz6L NGBO o LeHe6rHz6L NUSAO H!ireHs66$ ere
N!r!ioO LeeL NGBO o LeHe6rL NUSAO H!ntes deL !ntes de /(e6$ eZer
N!r!ioO LeeL NGBO o LeHe6rL NUSAO H!l,(n! +ez6$ &eirHs6 LeeHz6L NGBO
o LeHe6rHz6L NUSAO H&erederoHs66 ' UerrHs6V Le H e6rHz6L NUSA4 "enos (s!do
/(e L4rHz6LO Herr!r Hse e/(i+o!66M !irr!#t"!n NGB4 "s (s!doOL !irr!#ts"!n
NGB4 "enos (s!doO LRee9r!4#tHs6"enL NGBO o LReHe6r9rY#tHs6"enL NUSAO
H!bo se,(ndo de l!s #(erz!s !0re!s6 ' U!irr!#t"en NGB4 "s (s!doOL !irr!#ts"en
NGB4 "enos (s!doOV LRee9r!4#tHs6"enL NGBO o LReHe6r9rY#tHs6"enL NUSAO
H!bos se,(ndos de l!s #(erz!s !0re!s6M !ir"!n LRee"enL NGBO o LReHe6r"enL
NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"YnLO H!+i!dorL sold!do de l! #(erz!
!0re!6 ' U!ir"enV LRee"enL NGBO o LReHe6r"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB '
USA4 LI"enLO H!+i!doresL sold!dos de l! #(erz! !0re!6M !ir'L !er' H!0reoL et0reo6
' Ue'rieL e'r'L !erieL !er'V H!,(iler!64 LRe H e6riL NUSAOM !isleHs6 L!IlHz6L
H%!silloHs6L n!+eHs6 l!ter!lHes66$ isleHs6 L!IlHz6L Hisl!Hs66 ' UIZllV L!IlL N#(t(ro
Hde (n +erbo6OM !lder"!n LRo4lde"enL NGB ( LRolde"enLO ( LRo4lder"enL NUSA
o LR!4lder"enLO Hre,idorH!6 NGBOL one.!lH!6 NUSAO6$ !lder"en LRo4lde"enL NGB
( LRolde"enLO ( LRo4lder"enL NUSA o LR!4lder"enLO N' "enos (s!do en GB '
USA4 LI"enLO Hre,idorHes6$ !Hs6 NGBOL one.!lHes6$ !Hs6 NUSAO6 ' Ue!ldor"!nV
N!r!ioO LRo4lde"enL NGBO ( LRo4lder"enL NUSA o LR!4lder"enLO
Hre%resent!nte re,io de l! le' en l! In,l!terr! !n,los!.on!6 ' Ue!ldor"enV
LRo4lde"enL NGBO ( LRo4lder"enL NUSA o LR!4lder"enLO N' "enos (s!do en GB
' USA4 LI"enLO Hre%resent!ntes re,ios de l! le' en l! In,l!terr!
!n,los!.on!6M !ll HtodHo$ os$ !s66 ' U!7lV Hlezn!64 Lo4lLM All!& LRYleL HAl6 '
Up l!V LRYl eL NUSAO H! l!6M !ll(deHs6 LeRl(4dHz6L H!l(dir H!l(de66 '
Uel(deHs6V LeRl(4dHz6L N"enos (s!doO o LIRl(4dHz6L N"s (s!doO Hel(dir
Hel(de66M !ll(ded LeRl(4dI d$ edL H!l(diH3L do66 ' Uel(dedV LeRl(4dI d$ edL
N"enos (s!dosO o LIRl(4dI d$ edL N"s (s!dosO Hel(diH3L do66M
!ll(din, LeRl(4dIL H!l(diendo6 ' Uel(din,V LeRl(4dIL N"enos (s!doO
o LIRl(4dIL N"s (s!doO Hel(diendo6M !l"s L!4"zL Hli"osn!Hs66 ' U!r"sV
L!4"zL NGBO H!r"!sL br!zos6M !lo(d Hen !ltoL en +oz !lt!6 ' U!llo7edV
H%er"itiH3L do664 LeRl!(dLM !lt!rHs6 H!lt!rHes66 ' U!lterHs6V H!"bi!rL !lter!r
H!"bi!L !lter!664 LRo4lteHz6L NGBO ' LRo4lterHz6L NUSAOM !"b(l!ne"!n NGBO
LRY"b.elenHt6s"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO Hond(tor de !"b(l!ni!6 '
U!"b(l!ne"enV LRY"b.elenHt6s"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Hond(tores de
!"b(l!ni!6M !n!l'stHs6 H!n!list!Hs6 Ni /(e &!eHn6 !nlisis /(F"ios$
biol3,ios$ de d!tos #in!nieros$ %olFtios$ de "er!do$ et1OL %sio!n!list!6
' U!nn!listHs6V H!n!list!Hs6 NoO ronist!Hs6 Ni esritorHes6 de !n!les$ r3ni!s
o re%ort!.esO64 LRYnelI stHs6$ estHs6LM !n&or H!nl!6 ' U!n9erV H"edid! de
lF/(idos64 LRY9eL NGBO ' LRY9erL NUSAOM !ndro,eno(s H!ndr3,eno Ni /(e
%rod(e s3lo desendeni! "!s(lin!O6 ' U!ndro,'no(sV H!ndr3,ino Ni
&er"!#rodit!O64 LYnRdrodenesL NGB o LIdIILO ' LYnRdr!4denesL NUSA
o LIdIILOM AnnHe6 HAn!6 ' U!nV H(n64 LYnLM !nn(l!te LRYn.(lI t$ etL
o LRYn.(leItL o LRYn.elI t$ etL o LRYn.eleItL H!n(losoL !nill!do6 '
U!nn(letV LRYn.(lI t$ etL o LRYn.elI t$ etL H!nilloL sorti.ill!L !n(lete6M !ntHs6
LYntHs6L H&or"i,!Hs66 ' U!(ntHs6V LYntHs6L NUSA4 "s (s!do ' L!4ntHs6L
"(&o "enos (s!doO HtF!Hs66M !nte LRYntiL NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H!%(est!L
!%ost!r N! l!s !rt!sO6 ' U!ntiV LRYntiL Hen ontr! de Nestnd!rOL o%(esto
Nolo/(i!lO6M !nteedents Nliter!rioO LYnteRsi4dHe6ntsL No LItIILO H!nteedentesL
%re(rsoresL !nteesores6 ' U!nteedeneV Nliter!rioO LYnteRsi4dHe6nHt6sL No LItIILO
H!nteedeni!6M t&e !%ot&e,"L !%o%&t&e," NGBO Hel !%ote,"! Ni l!
"-i"!O6 ' Ut&e !%ot&e"V Hl! !%ote"! Nde ,eo"etrF!O64 LRY%eue"LM !rHs6
H!roHs6 N,eo"0triHos6L !stron3"ioHs6L el0trioHs6L +olt!ioHs6O6 '
U!r9Hs6V H!r!Hs664 L!49Hs6L NGBO ' L!4r9Hs6L NUSAOM !re L!4L NGBO o L!4rL
NUSAO HeresL ests$ et1L re! N"edid! i 5CC "etros (!dr!dosO6$ r L!4L
NGBO o L!4rL NUSAO Herre6 ' U!&]V L!4L H\!&]L \!']6M !rtiller'"!n L!4RtIlerI"enL
NGBO o L!4rRtIlerI"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H!rtillero6 '
U!rtiller'"enV L!4RtIlerI"enL NGBO o L!4rRtIlerI"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do4
LI"enLO H!rtilleros6M Ar'!nL Ari!n H!rio6 ' UAri!nV H!rri!no64 LReerienL NGBO
' LRerienL NUSAOM !send!ntsL !sendents LeRsendentsL H!sendientesL
!sendentesL do"in!iones6 ' U!send!neL !sendeneV LeRsendenHt6sL
Hin#l(.o reiente6M !sse"bl'"!n LeRse"blI"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO
H!s!"bleFst!6 ' U!sse"bl'"enV LeRse"blI"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO6
H!s!"bleFst!s6M !ssentHs6 H!sentir H!siente6L !%rob!i3nHes66 ' U!sentHs6V
Hes!l!d!Hs6L s(bid!Hs664 LeRsentHs6LM !ssist!nts LeRsIstentsL H!sistentes6 '
U!ssist!neV LeRsIstenHt6sL H!sisteni!6M !sson!nts LRYsenentsL H!son!ntes6 '
U!sson!neV LRYsenenHt6sL H!son!ni!6M !strin,ents LesRtrIndentsL
H!strin,entes6 ' U!strin,eneV LesRtrIndenHt6sL H!strin,eni!6M
!ttend!nts LeRtendHe6ntsL Hen!r,!dosL ,(!rd!s6 '
U!ttend!neV LeRtendHe6nHt6sL H!sisteni! Ni %reseni!OL on(rreni! Ni
!sisteni!O6M !(,erHs6 Ht!l!droHs6L berbi/(FHs66 ' U!(,(rHs6V H!(,(rHes6L
!(,(r!r H!(,(r!664 LRo4,eHz6L NGBO ' LRo4,erHz6L NUSAOM !(nt L!4ntL HtF!6 '
U!renZtV Hno eres$ et164 L!4ntL NGBOM !(t!r&' H!(t!r/(F! Ni ,obierno
%ro%ioO6 ' U!(t!r9'V H!(t!r/(F! Ni !(tos(#iieni!O64 LRo4t!49iL NGBO
' LRo4t!4r9iL NUSAOM !7!' Hle.os6 ' U!7ei,&V H%endienteL ! %lo"o64 LeR7eILM
!7#(l H&orrible6 ' Uo##!lV H"en(dosL des%erdiios64 Lo4#He6lL NUSA o
L!4#He6lLOM !-e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !- NUSAO LY9sL H&!&!6 ' U!tsV LY9sL
Nolo/(i!lO o LY9tsL Nestnd!rO H!tos6M !-leHs6 HHe.eHs6L #le&!Hs66 '
U!-elHs6V Hs!ltoHs6 Nen %!tin!.eO64 LRY9sHe6lHz6LM !'He6 Nliter!rioO Hsie"%reL
\!']6$ ! H! Ni letr!OL (nH!6 N!rtF(lo indeter"in!do4 en#tioO6 ' Ue&TV HWe&TL
W3"oTL W/(0TL WnoT64 LeILM b!97oods"!n LRbY97(dz"enL o LbY9R7(dz"enL
H!"%esino NoO "ont!)0s Nliter!rioOL %!leto N%e'or!ti+oOL re!ion!rio NGB i %!r
/(e no !siste ! l! *"!r! de los LoresO6 ' Ub!97oods"enV LRbY97(dz"enL o
LbY9R7(dz"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H!"%esinos NoO "ont!)eses Nliter!rioOL
%!letos N%e'or!ti+oOL re!ion!rios NGB i %!res /(e no !sisten ! l! *"!r! de los
LoresO6M b!d LbYdL H"!lo6 ' Ub!deV LbYdL o LbeIdL Horden36M b!ilHs6
H#i!nz!Hs6L !#i!nz!r H!#i!nz!66 ' Ub!leHs6V H%!!Hs6L b!l!Hs6L e"b!l!r
He"b!l!6L e"%!/(et!r He"%!/(et!664 LbeIlHz6LM b!,"!n LRbY,"enL H+endedor
+i!.!nte NGB4 olo/(i!lOL obr!dor de &!nt!.ist!s NUSA %rini%!l"ente4
+(l,!rO6 ' Ub!,"enV LRbY,"enL H+endedores +i!.!ntes NGB4 olo/(i!lOL
obr!dores de &!nt!.ist!s NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 +(l,!rO6M b!il o(t LbeIlL
Hd!r #i!nz! %orL s!lir #i!dor deL s!!r de !%(ros !6 ' Ub!le o(tV Lbe I lL NGBO
Htir!rse en %!r!!Fd!s6M b!iled H%(soL %(esto en libert!d b!.o #i!nz!L
!&iH3L !do6 N(n b!roO6 ' Ub!ledV H&izoL &e&o %!!s64 LbeIldLM b!ilin,
H%oniendo en libert!d b!.o #i!nz!L !&i!ndo N(n b!roO6 ' Ub!lin,V
H&!iendo %!!s64 LRbeIlILM b!ils"!n LRbeIlz"enL H#i!dor6 ' Ub!ils"enV
LRbeIlz"enL H#i!dores6M b!itHs6 HeboHs6L !liienteHs66 ' Ub!teHs6V Hdis"in(ir
Hdis"in('e6L b!)oHs6 !l!linoHs664 LbeItHs6LM b!ld H!l+o6$ b!7led H,rit3L
+oi#er!do6 ' Ub!lledV Hse &izo (n! %elot!L &e&o (n! %elot!64 Lbo4ldLM
b!llHs6 Hb!l3nHes6L %elot!Hs6L &!erse (n! %elot! Hse &!e (n! %elot!6L
o.3nHes6 N+(l,!rO6 ' Ub!7lHs6V H,rit!r H,rit!6L +oe!r H+oe!664 Lbo4lHz6LM
b!l"ier LRb!4"ieL NGBO ' LRb!4"ierL NUSAO H"s b!ls"ioHs6$ !Hs6L s(!+e
NoO lidoL &!l!do NoO &i#l!do Nolo/(i!lO6 ' Ub!r"ierV NGB4 olo/(i!lO
LRb!4"i eL NGBO H"s &!l!do NoO &i#l!do6M b!l"iest LRb!4"iestL Hel "s
b!ls"ioHs6$ !Hs6L s(!+e NoO lidoL &!l!do NoO &i#l!do Nolo/(i!lO6 '
Ub!r"iestV NGB4 olo/(i!lO LRb!4"i estL NGBO Hel "s &!l!do NoO &i#l!do6M
b!l"iness LRb!4"Ines$ I sL H#r!,!ni!L s(!+id!dL &!l!d(r! NoO &i#l!d(r!
Nolo/(i!lO6 ' Ub!r"inessV NGB4 olo/(i!lO LRb!4" I n es$ I sL NGBO H&!l!d(r!
NoO &i#l!d(r!6M b!l"' LRb!4"iL Hb!ls"ioHs6$ !Hs6L s(!+e NoO lidoL
&!l!do NoO &i#l!do Nolo/(i!lO6 ' Ub!r"'V NGB4 olo/(i!lO LRb!4"iL NGBO
H&!l!do NoO &i#l!do6M b!nd Hint!L or/(est!6 ' Ub!nnedV H%ro&ibido64
LbYndLM b!nds"!n LRbYndz"enL H"2sio de b!nd!6 ' Ub!nds"enV LRbYndz"enL
N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H"2sios de b!nd!6M b!n9s"!n LRbY9s"enL H!%!t!z de
l! s(%er#iie en l!s "in!s de !rb3nL !'(d!nte del o%er!dor de (n! ,r2!6 '
Ub!n9s"enV LRbY9s"enL H!%!t!es de l! s(%er#iie en l!s "in!s de !rb3nL
!'(d!ntes del o%er!dor de (n! ,r2!6M b!ns H%rosri%ionesL %rosribe6 '
Ub!nnsV H!"onest!iones64 LbYnzLM b!rbel Hb!rboL b!rbill! NoO b!rbill3nL
tol!no Nen#er"ed!d de l!s enF!sO6 ' Ub!rbellV Hb!rr! N%!r! %es!s de
,i"ns!sioO64 LRb!4belL NGBO ' LRb!4rbelL NUSAOM b!rd Hb!rdoL b!rd!L
,(!rneer on b!rd!6 ' Ub!rredV HH!6tr!n3L enre.!do64 Lb!4dL NGBO ' Lb!4rdL
NUSAOM b!r,e"!n NUSAO LRb!4d"enL NGBO ' LRb!4rd"enL NUSAO N' "enos
(s!do4 LI"YnLO Hb!r/(ero6 ' Ub!r,e"enV LRb!4d"enL NGBO ' LRb!4rd"enL
NUSAO N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Hb!r/(eros6M b!r9Hs6 Lb!49Hs6L NGBO Hl!dridoHs6L
l!dr!r Hl!dr!66$ b!r/(eHs6 Lb!49Hs6L NGBO Hb!roHs6$ !Hs66 ' UB!&HZs6V HB!&
Hde B16 N!%ellido4 j(!n Seb!stin B!&O6 Lb!49Hs6LM b!r/(eHs6 Hb!roHs6$ !Hs66 '
Ub!r9Hs6V Hl!dridoHs6L l!dr!r Hl!dr!664 Lb!4r9Hs6L NUSAOM b!rle' LRb!4liL NGBO
Heb!d!6 ' UB!liV LRb!4liL HB!li6M b!r"!n NGB %rini%!l"enteO LRb!4"enL NGBO '
LRb!4r"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H!"!rero NoO b!r"!n6 ' Ub!r"enV
LRb!4"enL NGBO ' LRb!4r"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H!"!reros6M
b!ronHs6 Hb!r3nHes6L "!,n!teHs66 ' Ub!rrenHs6V Hest0rilL %l!niieHs6
rid!Hs664 LRbYrenHz6LM b!seHs6 Hb!seHs6L b!s!r Hb!s!66 ' Ub!ssHes6V Hdel b!.oL
b!.oHs6L ontr!b!.oHs664 LRbeIsHI z$ ez6LM b!se"!n LRbeIs"enL N' "enos (s!do4
LI"YnLO H&o"bre NoO .(,!dor de b!se Nb0isbolO6 ' Ub!se"enV LRbeIs"enL N' "enos
(s!do4 LI"enLO H&o"bres NoO .(,!dores de b!se Nb0isbolO6M b!sinetHs6 Hb!ineteHs66
' Ub!ssinetHte6Hs6V H"ois0sL (n!Hs6 de "i"breL o&eitoHs664
LbYseRnetHs6LM b!s9Hs6 Lb!4s9Hs6L NGBO o LbY4s9Hs6L NUSAO Hdis#r(t!r
Hdis#r(t!66 ' UB!s/(eHs6V Lb!4s9Hs6L NGB4 "enos (s!doO o LbY4s9Hs6L
He(s9er! NoO +!s(eneL +!soHs6$ !Hs66M b!ste H&il+!n!rL l!rde!r6 ' Ub!sedV
Hb!s3L !%o'!do64 LbeIstLM b!t& H&orn!d!L lote6 ' Ub!&V Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"ente4 !bre+i!i3n de Ub!&elorVO HsolteroL +i+ir o"o soltero64
LbYLM b!t&es H&orn!d!sL lotes6 ' Ub!&esV Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO HsolterosL +i+e o"o soltero64 LRbYI z$ ezLM b!t"!n NGBO
LRbYt"enL Horden!nz! H"ilit!r66 ' Ub!t"enV LRbYt"enL Horden!nz!s H"ilit!res66M
b!tonHs6 LRbYtHe6nHz6L NGBO Hb!st3nHes6 Nde l!s b!stoner!sOL +!r!Hs6L b!t(t!Hs6L
testi,oHs6L b!st3nHes6 de "!ndo NGBOL %orr!Hs6 NGBO6 ' Ub!ttenHs6V LRbYtHe6nHz6L
Hlist3nHes6L s(.et!r Hs(.et!6 on listones6M b!ts"!n LRbYts"enL Hb!te!dor Nen b0isbol
' rF/(etO6 ' Ub!ts"enV LRbYts"enL Hb!te!dores Nen b0isbol ' rF/(etO6M b!'Hs6
LbeIHz6L H!%rietoHs6L l!dr!r Hl!dr!6L entre%!)oHs6L l!(relHes6L b!'o
N!d.eti+oO6$ be'Hs6 LbeIHz6L Hbe'Hs6 N,obern!dorHes6 t(roHs6O6 ' Ub!izeV
LbeIzL Hb!'et!6M b!z!!r LbeRz!4L NGBO ' LbeRz!4rL NUSAO Hb!z!r6 '
Ubiz!rreV LbeRz!4L NGB o LbIRz!4LO ' LbeRz!4rL NUSA o LbIRz!4rLO Hr!ro6M
be!&Hes6 H%l!'!Hs6L +!r!r H+!r!66 ' Ubee&Hes6V H&!'!Hs664 LRbi4HI z$ ez6LM
be!dHs6 H(ent!Hs6L !b!lorioHs66 ' UBedeHZs6V HBed! Hde Bed!664 Lbi4dHz6LM
be!ds"!nL bedes"!n LRbi4dz"enL H%erson! /(e rez! %or otr!6 ' Ube!ds"enL
bedes"enV LRbi4dz"enL H%erson!s /(e rez!n %or otr!s6M be!n Lbi4nL H&!b!6 '
UbeenV Lbi4nL NGBO Hest!doL sido6M be!rHs6 HosoHs6L !,(!nt!r H!,(!nt!66 '
Ub!reHs6V Hdesn(do N!d.eti+oOL desn(d!r Hdesn(d!6L %el!r H%el!664 LbeeHz6L
NGBO ' LbeHe6rHz6L NUSAOM be!tHs6 H,ol%eHs6L ,ol%e!r H,ol%e!66 ' UbeetHs6V
Hre"ol!&!Hs664 Lbi4tHs6LM be!ter LR bi4t eL NGBO Hb!tidor6 ' Ubet!V LR bi4t eL NGBO
Hbet!L %!rtF(l! bet!6M be!(Hs6 H%eti"etreHs6L ,!lnHes66 ' Ubo7Hs6V H!roHs6L
l!zoHs664 Lbo(Hz6LM beeHs6 Lbi4Hz6L H!be.!Hs66$ bHZs6L BHZs6L BHs6 Lbi4Hz6L HHl!Hs66
beHs66 ' UbeV Lbi4L Hser6M beerHs6 Her+ez!Hs66$ BereHZs6 N!%ellidoO HBere Hde
B166 ' UbierHs6V H!nd!s N%!r! el #0retroL !t!2d i o##inL !s9et NUSAOL
#0retroHs6 NoO !t!2dHes6 Nliter!rioO64 LbIeHz6L NGBO ' LbIHe6rHz6L NUSAOM
beetle Hes!r!b!.o6 ' UbetelV Hbetel64 LRbi4tHe6lLM bellHs6 H!"%!n!Hs6L
enerroHs66 ' UbelleHs6V Hbellez!Hs6L beld!dHes664 LbelHz6LM belli,erents
LbeRlIdHe6rentsL H%erson!sL %!Fses %!rtii%!ntes en (n! ,(err!6 ' Ubelli,ereneV
LbeRlIdHe6renHt6sL Hbeliosid!dL !,resi+id!d6M bell"!n LRbel"enL N' "enos (s!do4
LI"YnLO Hbotones6 ' Ubell"enV LRbel"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Hbotones6M
benzene Hbeneno6 ' UbenzineV Hbenin!64 LRbenzi4nL o LbenRzi4nLM
better LRbet eL NGBO H"e.or6 ' Ubett!V LRbeteL H%ez de %ele!6M better H"e.or6 '
UbettorV NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H!%ost!dorH!664 LRbet eL NGBO ' LRbet erL
NUSAOM bin LbInL H,r!neroL !rboner!L !.3n6 ' UbeenV LbInL NUSA ' "enos
(s!do en GB /(e Lbi4nLO HsidoL est!do6M bird H%.!ro6 ' Ub(rredV
H%ron(ni!do ,(t(r!l"ente l!s erresL /(it3 l! reb!b!64 Lb4dL NGBO ' Lb4rdL
NUSAOM birt&Hs6 Hn!i"ientoHs66 ' Ubert&Hs6V Hliter!Hs6L
!"!roteHs664 Lb4uHs6L NGBO ' Lb4ruHs6L NUSAOM bit H%ed!zo NoO trozoL
"ordi36 ' UbittV Hbit! NoO !bit3n Nde (n! b!r!O64 LbItLM biteHs6
H"orded(r!Hs6L bo!doHs6L "order H"(erde66$ b'teHs6 HotetoHs66 '
Ubi,&tHs6V Hl!zoHs6L +(elt!Hs6L reodoHs6L ensen!d!Hs6L enl!z!r Henl!z!6L
&!er H&!e6 (n l!zoL s(.et!r Hs(.et!6 on (n l!zo64 Lb!ItHs6LM bi+!lents
Nliter!rioO Lb!IR+eIlentsL Hestr(t(r!s bi+!lentes6 ' Ubi+!leneV Nliter!rioO
Lb!IR+eIlenHt6sL Hbi+!leni!6M bl!reHs6 Hestr(endoHs6L +oi#er!r H+oi#er!66 '
UBl!irHZs6V H!%ellido Hde B16 NTon'O64 LbleeHz6L NGBO ' LbleHe6rHz6L NUSAOM
blend H"ezl!L "ezl!rHse66 ' UblendeV Hblend!64 LblendLM ble7 Hso%l36 '
Ubl(eV H!z(l64 Lbl(4LM blo9Hs6 HbloHs6L %l!!Hs6L %l!n&!Hs6L blo/(eHs6 Nno
%olFtioHs6OL blo/(e!r Hblo/(e!66 ' UbloH6sV Hblo/(eHs6 N%olFtioHs6O64
Lblo9Hs6L NGBO ' Lbl!49Hs6L NUSAOM blond Hr(bio Nno"bre ' !d.eti+o re#erido
!l &o"bre ' !l %elo de (n &o"bre NoO (n! "(.erO6 ' UblondeV Hr(bi!
Nno"bre ' !d.eti+o re#erido ! l! "(.er ' !l %elo de (n &o"bre NoO (n!
"(.erO64 LblondL NGBO ' Lbl!4ndL NUSAO4 ! S7edis& ,(' 7it& blondL blonde
&!ir H(n tFo s(eo on %elo r(bio6M bo!Hs6 LRbo(eHz6L Hbo!Hs66 '
UBoerHs6V LRbo(eHz6L NGB4 "s (s!doO Hb3erHs66M bo!rHs6 Lbo4Hz6L NGBO o
Lbo4rHz6L NUSAO H+err!oHs66$ boreHs6 Lbo4Hz6L NGBO o Lbo4rHz6L NUSAO
Ht!l!droHs6L t!l!dr!r Ht!l!dr!6L so%ort3L s(#ri36$ boorHs6 Lbo4Hz6L NGBO
H%!l(rdoHs66 ' UBoerHs6VLbo4Hz6L NGB4 "enos (s!do /(e Lbo(eHz6LO o
Lbo4rHz6L NUSAO Hb3erHs66M bo!rdHs6 Lbo4dHz6L NGBO o Lbo4rdHz6L NUSAO
Ht!bl!Hs6L %ensi3nHes6L ent!bl!r Hent!bl!66$ b!7dHs6 Lbo4dHz6L H!l!&(et!Hs66$
b!(d Lbo4dL Hb!(dio6$ bored Lbo4dL NGBO o Lbo4rdL NUSAO H!b(rridoHs6$ !Hs66
' UBordV Lbo4dL NGBO o Lbo4rdL NUSAOM bo!t"!n LRbo(t"enL Hb!r/(eroL
!r%intero de riber!6 ' Ubo!t"enV LRbo(t"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Hb!r/(erosL
!r%interos de riber!6M bode Nliter!rioO H%res!,i!r6 ' Ubo7edV H!r/(e!do64
Lbo(dLM bo,ieHs6L bo,' HIies6 NGBO H+!,onet!Hs6L !rretill!Hs6 NoO !rroHs6
%l!noHs6 NoO !rret3nHes6L b(.eHs6L bo,!Hs66 ' Ubo,e'Hs6L bo,' HIies6V
H#!nt!s"!Hs6L %ro"edioHs6 de ,ol%es %or &o'o NGB4 ,ol#OL "s (no NoO (no
sobre %!r NUSA i ,ol%eHs6 %or eni"! del %!r %!r! &o'os de
,ol#O64 LRbo(,iHz6LM bold H!tre+ido6 ' Ubo7ledV Hl!nzH3L !do664 Lbo(ldLM
boleHs6 HtronoHs6 Nde rbolO6$ bo7lHs6 Ht!z3nHes6L est!dioHs6L l!nz!r Hl!nz!66
' UbollHs6V H%s(l!Hs664 Lbo(lHz6LM bo"bHs6 Lb!4"Hz6L NUSAO Hbo"b!Hs6L
bo"b!rde!r Hbo"b!rde!66 ' Ub!l"Hs6V Lb!4"Hz6L Hbls!"oHs66M bond"!n
N!r!ioO LRbond"enL NGBO o LRb!4nd"enL NUSAO Hsier+o #e(d!l6 ' Ubond"enV
LRbond"enL NGBO o LRb!4nd"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO
Hsier+os #e(d!les6M bonds"!n LRbondz"enL NGBO o LRb!4ndz"enL NUSAO H#i!dorL
sier+o #e(d!l6 ' Ubonds"enV LRbondz"enL NGBO o LRb!4ndz"enL NUSAO N' "enos
(s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO H#i!doresL sier+os #e(d!les6M booze Hbebid!L beber6
' UboosV H!b(&eoL !b(&e!64 Lb(4zLM borderHs6 HbordeHs6L #ronter!Hs66 '
Ubo!rderHs6V H&(0s%edHes664 LRbo4deHz6L NGBO ' LRbo4rderHz6L NUSAOM borer
LRbo4r eL NGBO Hbro!L t!l!dr!dor!6 ' Ubor!V LRbo4reL H+iento del norte #rFo '
#(erte /(e !zot! el "!r AdritioL ere"oni! de inii!i3n ! l! "!'orF! de
ed!d en A(str!li!6M born Hn!ido6$ bo(rnHe6 Hri!&(eloL lF"iteL destino6 '
UborneV Hso%ort!doL s(#rido64 Lbo4nL NGBO ' Lbo4rnL NUSAOM
boro(,&Hs6 LRb4ro(Hz6L NUSAO o LRbAreHz6L NGBO H"(nii%ioHs6L distritoHs6L
+ill!Hs66$ b(r,&Hs6 LRb4ro(Hz6L NUSAO o LRbAreHz6L NGBO HdistritoHs6L
+ill!Hs66$ b(rro7Hs6 LRb 4ro(Hz6L NUSAO H"!dri,(er!Hs6L !+!r H!+!6L
esonderse Hse esonde66 ' Ub(rroHs6V LRb 4ro(Hz6L NUSAO Hb(rroHs66M bo(l0
Hro%! NoO l!n! riz!d!6 ' Ubo(l0eV Hso%orte de los dedos %!r! /(e se deslie
el t!o de bill!r64 LRb(49leILM bo(lder H!nto rod!do6 ' UbolderV H"s
!tre+ido64 LRbo(ldeL NGBO ' LRbo(lderL NUSAOM bo7Hs6 Lb!(Hz6L
Hinlin!i3nHes6L inlin!rse Hse inlin!6L %ro!Hs66$ bo(se N"s (s!doOL
bo7se Lb!(zL H!rri!r on (n! .!ri!6 ' Ubo(,&Hs6V Lb!(Hz6L Nliter!rioO
Hr!"!Hs6 N,r!ndeHs6 de (n rbol4 D1 5C1:O6M bo7"!n LRb!("enL Hre"ero Hde
%ro!66 ' Ubo7"enV LRb!("enL Hre"eros Hde %ro!66M bo7"!n N!r!ioO LRbo("enL
H!r/(eroL b!llestero6 ' Ubo7"enV LRbo("enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H!r/(erosL
b!llesteros6M bo- Lb!49sL NUSAO H!.!L en!.on!rL bo-e!r6 ' Ub!l9sV Lb!49sL
NUSA o Lbo49sLO H+i,!s Nde "!der!OL obst!(liz!r6M bo'Hs6 H"(&!&oHs66 '
Ub(o'Hs6V N' en USA t!"bi0n LRb(4iHz6L4 "enos (s!doO Hbo'!Hs6L !b!liz!r
H!b!liz!664 LboIHz6LM br!id Htrenz!L trenz!r6 ' Ubr!'edV Hreb(znH3L !do664
LbreIdLM br!iseHs6 LRbreIzHI z$ ez6L Hesto#!r Hesto#!66$ br!zeHz6 LRbreIzHI z$ ez6L
Hsold!r Hs(eld!66$ br!'Hs6 LbreIHz6L Hreb(znoHs6L reb(zn!r Hreb(zn!66 '
Ubr!eHs6V LbreIHz6L Hl!der!Hs6L (est!Hs66M br!ised Hesto#H3L !do66 ' Ubr!zedV
HsoldH3L !do6 N+erboO64 LbreIzdLM br!isin, Hesto#!ndo6 ' Ubr!zin,V
Hsold!ndo64 LRbreIzILM Rbr!9e"!n NGB4 "s (s!do ' USAO LRbreI9"enL NoO
Rbr!9es"!n NGBO LRbreI9s"enL H,(!rd!#renos6 ' URbr!9e"en LRbreI9"enL NoO
Rbr!9es"en LRbreI9s"enLV H,(!rd!#renos6M bre!&Hes6 LRbri4HI z$ ez6L
Hbre&!Hs6L ro"%er Hro"%e66$ bree&Hes6 LRbri4HI z$ ez6L Hre"!r!Hs6 '
Ubree&esV LRbri4I z$ ezL H!lzones6M bre!d H%!n6 ' UbredV Hri3L se
re%rod(.oL re%rod(ido64 LbredLM bre!9Hs6 Hro"%er Hro"%e66 ' Ubr!9eHs6V
H#renoHs6L #ren!r H#ren!664 LbreI9Hs6LM brid!l Hn(%i!l6 ' UbridleV Hbrid!L
"olest!rse64 LRbr!IdHe6lLM brides"!n N!r!ioO LRbr!Idz"enL H%!drino de bod!6 '
Ubrides"enV LRbr!Idz"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H%!drinos de bod!6M
bri"Hs6 LbrI"Hz6L HbordeHs6L !l!Hs6L rebos!r Hrebos!66 ' Ubre!"Hs6V
Lbr I "Hz6L NUSA4 "enos (s!doO o Lbri4"Hz6L N"s (s!doO Hbes(,oHs66M
Brit!inHZs6 HGr!n Bret!)! Hde G1B66$ britonHs6 Nliter!rioO HbritnioHs6$ !Hs66
' UBrittenHZ6V H!%ellidoL de B1 NBen.!"inO64 LRbrItHe6nHz6LM bro!&Hes6
H"enion!r H"enion!6L es%it!r Hes%it!66 ' Ubroo&Hes6V Hbro&eHs6L
%rendedorHes664 LRbro(HI z$ ez6LM brood HrF!L nid!d!L e"%oll!rL %onerse
"el!n3lio6 ' Ubre7edV H#!bri3L el!bor!do64 Lbr(4dLM broo"Hs6
Hret!"!Hs6L esob!Hs66 ' Ubr("eHs6V Nliter!rioO Hbr("!Hs664 Lbr(4"Hz6LM
bro7nie Hel#oL %!stel de &ool!te6 ' Ubro7n'V H"!rroneteHs6
N!d.eti+oO64 LRbr!(niLM bro7se H(riose!r6 ' Ubro7sV He.!sL i"!s64 Lbr!(zLM
br(ise H!rden!l Ni ron&!L "or!t3nOL "!,(ll!r6 ' Ubre7sV H#!bri!L
el!bor!64 Lbr(4zLM br(teHs6 Lbr(4tHs6L Hbr(toHs6L besti!Hs66$ br(itHs6 Nliter!rio4
USA %rini%!l"enteO Lbr(4tHs6L Hr("ore!r Hr("ore!66 ' Ubr(tV Lbr(4tL Hseo
N+inoL &!"%nO6M b(9le H&ebill!L !bro&!rL dobl!rseL !bro&!rse6 '
Ub(!lV Hb(!l64 LRbA9He6lLM b(ild Honstr(ir6 ' UbilledV H%!s3 l! (ent!L
%resent!do64 LbIldLM b(llion LRb(l.enL Horo NoO %l!t! en b!rr!sL en!.e &e&o
on &ilo dor!do NoO %l!te!do6 ' Ubo(illonV LRb(l. enL NUSAO H!ldoL
onso"06M b(rHs6 Lb 4Hz6L NGBO H!dilloHs6L erizoHs6 N%l!nt!O6 ' Ub(rrHs6V
Lb 4Hz6L NGBM en USA Qb(rQ ' Qb(rrQ son sin3ni"osO Hreb!b!Hs6L
%rot(ber!ni!Hs6L t!l!droHs6L %iedr!Hs6 N%!r! r(ed! de "olinoOL
%ron(ni!i3nHes6 ,(t(r!lHes6 de l!s erres6M b(r,erHs6 Nolo/(i!lO
H&!"b(r,(es!Hs66 ' Ub(r,&erHs6V Hb(r,!l0sHes664 LRb4,eHz6L NGBO
' LRb4r,erHz6L NUSAOM b(rl' Hor%(lento6 ' Ub(rle'V Ht!b!o Nde &o.!s
del,!d!s ' olor l!ro de Aent(9'O64 LRb4liL NGBO ' LRb4rliL NUSAOM
b(rn Lb4nL NGBO ' Lb4rnL NUSAO H/(e"!r6$ BerneHZs6 Lb4nHz6L NGBO
' Lb4rnHz6L NUSAO HBern! Hde B166 ' UB(rneHZs6V Lb4nHz6L NGBO ' Lb4rnHz6L
NUSAO HB1 Hde B16 N!%ellidoO6M b(ries Hentierr!6 ' UberriesV H"or!sL
#r!"b(es!sL b!'!s64 LRberizLM b(r' Henterr!r6 ' Uberr'V H"or!L #r!"b(es!L
b!'!64 LRberiLM b(sHes6 NoO b(sHses6 H!(tob(ses6 ' Ub(ssHes6V HbesoHs6L
3s(loHs664 LRbAsHI z$ ez6LM b(s&"!n LRb(["enL Hbos/(i"nL bos/(i"!no6 '
Ub(s&"enV LRb(["enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Hbos/(i"!nesL bos/(i"!nos6M
b(s"!n LRbAz"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO Hond(tor de !(tob2s6 ' Ub(s"enV
LRbAz"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Hond(tores de !(tob2s6M b(st Hb(stoL
b!n!rrot!L ro"%er6 ' Ub(sHs6edV Hlle+H3L !do6 en !(tob2s64 LbAstLM b(t
H%ero6 ' Ub(ttV HtonelL (l!t!L !bez!d!L n!l,!s NoO tr!sero NoO (lo NUSA4
olo/(i!lO64 LbAtLM b(' Ho"%r!r6$ b' H!l l!do de6$ B&!i H&er"!no NtFt(lo
&onorF#io del!nte de si.s il(stresO6 ' Ub'eV H&!st! l(e,o64 Lb!ILM b('s
Ho"%r!6 ' Ub'esV H%!ses !(to"tios N! l! si,(iente +(elt! en de%ortesOL
&o'os /(e se /(ed!n sin .(,!r !l ter"in!r el %!rtido N,ol#OL t!ntos
"!r!dos (!ndo no se ,ol%e! l! %elot! l!nz!d! NrF/(etO64 Lb!IzLM !b"!n
LR9Yb"enL Ht!-ist! Nestnd!rOL o&ero N!r!ioO6 ' U!b"enV LR9Yb"enL N'
"enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Ht!-ist!s Nestnd!rOL o&eros N!r!ioO6M !l(l(s Hl(lo6
' U!l(lo(sV H!l(losoHs6$ !Hs664 LR9Yl9.(lesLM !lend!rHs6 H!lend!rioHs66
' U!lenderHs6V H!l!ndri!Hs6 N"/(in!Hs6 %!r! s!t(r!r
%!%elO64 LR9YlendeHz6L NGBO ' LR9YlenderHz6L NUSAOM !llHs6 Hll!"!d!Hs6L
ll!"!r Hll!"!66 ' U!(lHs6V Ho"entoHs6L e%i%l3nHes6L !"nios64 L9o4lHz6LM
!llo(s HinsensibleL r(el6 ' U!ll(sV H!llosid!d64 LR9YlesLM !l"er LR9!4" eL
NGBO H"s tr!n/(iloL Hse6 !l"!6 ' U9!r"!V LR9!4" eL NGBO H9!r"!L
destino6M !neHs6 H!)!Hs6L !%!le!r H!%!le!66 ' U*!inHZs6V H*!Fn Hde *1664
L9eInHz6LM !nnerHs6 LR9Yn eHz6L NGBO Hen+!s!dorHes66 '
U!nn!Hs6V LR9YneHz6L H!)!oroHs66M !nonHs6 H!non Hnones6L !tlo,oHs6
N!(toriz!doHs6 de obr!sOL !n3ni,oHs66 ' U!nnonHs6V H!)3nHes6L !r!"bol!Hs6L
&!er H&!e6 (n! !r!"bol!64 LR9YnenHz6LM !nZt L9YntL NUSAO Hno %(edHoL
esL eL en6L %odHe"osL 0is66$ !nt L9YntL H&i%oresF!L .er,!L s(%er#iie
inlin!d!L inlin!rL esor!r6 ' UA!ntV N!%ellidoO L9YntL HA!nt6M !ntorHs6
LR9Ynt erHz6L NUSA4 "enos (s!do /(e LR9Ynto4rHz6LO HHso6&!ntreHs6
Nristi!noHs6OL solist!Hs6 de oro Nen (n! sin!,o,!O6 ' U!nterHs6V
LR9Ynt erHz6L NUSAO H"edio ,!lo%eHs6L ir H+!6 ! "edio ,!lo%e6M !n+!sHes6
Htel!Hs6L lon!Hs6L (!droHs6L (brir H(bre6 on lon!6 ' U!n+!ssHes6V
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&!er H&!e6 %ro%!,!nd! eletor!l64 LR9Yn+esHI z$ ez6LM !%it!lHs6
H!%it!lHes66 ' U!%itolHs6V H!%itolioHs664 LR9Y%ItelHz6L o LI%eILM !rHs6 L9!4
Hz6L NGBO Ho&e6 ' U!7Hs6V L9!4Hz6L NUSAO H,r!znidoHs6L ,r!zn!r H,r!zn!66M
!r!tHs6 LR9YretHs6L H/(il!teHs6 N%!r! %iedr!s %reios!sOL /(il!teHs6 N%!r! oro4
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!rrotHs6 LR9YretHs6L Nen USA se (s! t!"bi0n LR9eretHs6LO Hz!n!&ori!Hs66 '
U!retHs6V LR9YretHs6L Hsi,noHs6 de inter!l!i3n6M !r!"el LR9!4r"elL NUSAO
H!r!"elo N&e&o de le&e$ !z2!r ' "!nte/(ill!OL !r!"elo N!z2!r /(e"!dHo$ !6OL
!r!"elo NolorO6 ' U*!r"elV LR9!4r"elL NUSAO H*!r"elo6M !r"!n LR9!4"enL NGBO o
LR9!4r"enL NUSAO H!rreteroL tr!ns%ortist!L e"%le!do de tr!n+F! NUSAO6 ' U!r"enV
LR9!4"enL NGBO o LR9!4r"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H!rreterosL
tr!ns%ortist!sL e"%le!dos de tr!n+F! NUSAO6M *!role LR9YrelL o LR9er elL NUSA4
"s (s!doO H*!rl!L *!rlot!6 ' U!rolV LR9YrelL o LR9er elL NUSA4 "s (s!doO
H+ill!nioL !nt!r +ill!niosL !nt!r !le,re"ente6M !r%!l H&(eso del !r%o
Nno"breOL !r%i!no N!d.eti+oO6 ' U!r%elV H!r%elo64 LR9!4%elL NGBO
' LR9!4r%elL NUSAOM !r%!ls H&(esos del !r%o6 ' U!r%elsV
H!r%elos64 LR9!4%elzL NGBO ' LR9!4r%elzL NUSAOM !rries Hlle+!6 ' U*!rrieZsL
*!rr'ZsV Hde *!rolin!64 LR9YrizL o LR9erizL NUSAOM !rr' Hlle+!r6 ' U*!rrieL
*!rr'V H*!rolin!64 LR9YriL o LR9eriL NUSAOM !rt L9!4tL NGBO H!rroL !rretill!L
!!rre!rL !rrHit6o Hde l! o"%r!6 NUSAO6 ' UotV L9!4tL NUSAO H(n! NGBOL
!tre NUSAOL dedilL &oz! Nliter!rioO6M !r+eHs6 L9!4+Hz6L NGBO Ht!ll!r Ht!ll!6L
trin&!r Htrin&!6 Hl! !rne66 ' U!l+eHs6V L9!4+Hz6L NGBO H%!rir H%!re6 N(n!
+!!O6M !s&Hes6 Hdinero en e#eti+oL obr!r Hobr!66 ' U!&eHs6V
Hesondri.oHs6L !li.oHs6L %oner H%one6 en (n esondite64 LR9Y[HI z$ ez6LM
!s9Hs6 L9!4s9Hs6L NGBO o L9Ys9Hs6L NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H(b!Hs6L
tonelHes66 ' U!s/(eHs6V L9!4s9Hs6L NGB4 "enos (s!doO o L9Ys9Hs6L
H!soHs66M !stHs6 Hre%!rtoHs6L re%!rtir Hre%!rte6L e&!r He&!66 ' U!steHs6V
H!st!Hs664 L9!4stHs6L NGBO o L9YstHs6L NUSA %rini%!l"enteOM
!storHs6 LR9!4steHz6L NGBO o LR9YsterHz6L NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H#r!soHs6L
r(edHeill6!Hs6 Nde (n "(ebleOL !storHes66$ *!storHZs6 LR9!4steHz6L NGBO
o LR9YsterHz6L NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H*stor Nno"bre %ro%ioL estrell! de l!
onstel!i3n de los Ge"elosO Hde *166 ' U!sterHs6V LR9!4steHz6L NGBO
o LR9YsterHz6L NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hlo(torHes6L #(ndidorHes6L
#(ndidor!Hs6L es%ol+ore!dorHes6L r(edHeill6!Hs6 Nde (n "(ebleO6M
!t!rr& L9eRt!4L NGBO o L9eRt!4rL NUSAO Honsti%!do NoO !t!rro6 '
UJ!t!rV L9eRt!4L NGBO o L9eRt!4rL NUSAO N"enos (s!do /(e LR9At!4L NGBO
o LR9!4t!4rL NUSAOO HJ!t!r6M !ttle"!n LR9YtHe6l"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO
H,!n!dero6 ' U!ttle"enV LR9YtHe6l"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H,!n!deros6M
!(,&t L9o4tL Ho,iH3L do6 NEs%!)!OL !,!rrH3L !do66 ' Uo(rtV L9o4tL NGBO
H%!tioL trib(n!lL orteL orte.!r6M !(,&t L9!4tL NUSA o L9o4tLO Ho,iH3L do6
NEs%!)!OL !,!rrH3L !do66 ' UotV L9!4tL NUSAO H(n! NGBOL !tre NUSAOL
&oz! Nliter!rioOL dedil6M !(l9Hs6 H!l!#!te!r H!l!#!te!66 ' U!l9Hs6V
Hr!"%l3nHes6 N%!r! &err!d(r!OL !l!r H!l!6L &!#l!n!r H&!#l!n!6L %oner
H%one6 r!"%lonesL !l!#!te!r H!l!#!te!664 L9o49Hs6LM !(l9ed H!l!#!teH3L
!do66 ' U!l9edV H!l3L &!#l!n!doL %onF! r!"%lonesL !l!#!te!do64
L9o49tLM !(l9in, H!l!#!te!ndo6 ' U!l9in,V H!l!ndoL &!#l!n!ndoL
%oniendo r!"%lonesL !l!#!te!ndo64 LR9o49ILM ed!rHs6 HedroHs66 '
UseederHs6V Hse"br!dorHes6L se"br!dor!Hs664 LRsi4deHz6L NGBO ' LRsi4derHz6L
NUSAOM edeHs6 Heder Hede66 ' UseedHs6V Hse"ill!Hs6L se"br!r
Hsie"br!664 Lsi4dHz6LM eded HediH3L do66 ' UseededV Hse"brH3L
!do664 LRsi4dId$ edLM edin, Hediendo6 ' Useedin,V Hse"br!ndo64 LRsi4dILM
eilHs6 Hre+estir Hre+iste6L (brir H(bre66 ' Use!lHs6V HselloHs6L #o!Hs6L sell!r
Hsell!664 Lsi4lHz6LM eilin, Hte&o6 ' Use!lin,V H!z! de #o!sL sell!ndoL
deidiendo64 LRsi4lILM enserHs6 Hinens!rioHs66$ ensorHs6 HensorHes66 '
UsensorHs6V HsensorHes664 LRsenseHz6L NGBO ' LRsenserHz6L NUSAOM &!in"!n
LReIn"enL H!denero6 ' U&!in"enV LReIn"enL H!deneros6M &!ir Hsill!6 '
U&!reV N"enos (s!do /(e U&!rVO Htr!b!.o o!sion!l64 LeeL NGBO ' LeHe6rL
NUSAOM &!ir"!n LRee"enL NGBO o LReHe6r"enL NUSAO H%residente6 '
U&!ir"enV LRee"enL NGBO o LReHe6r"enL NUSAO H%residentes6M &!l9Hs6
L !49Hs6L NUSAO o Lo49Hs6L Htiz!L ret!L esribir Hesribe6 on tiz!6 '
U&o9Hs6V L !49Hs6L NUSAO H()!Hs6L !lzoHs6L !()!r H!()!66M
&!"%!,neHs6 L[Y"R%eInHz6L H&!"%nHes66 ' U&!"%!i,nHs6V
L[ Y"R%e I nHz6L NUSAO Hll!noHs66M &!nts L!4ntsL NGBO o LYntsL NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO H!ntosL reit!6 ' U&!neV L!4nHt6sL NGBO o LYnHt6sL
NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hs(erteL !rries,!r6M &!%"!n N!r!ioO LRY%"enL
Hb(&onero6 ' U&!%"enV N!r!ioO LRY%"enL Hb(&oneros6M &!%%ie Nolo/(i!l4
GBO Hti%o6 ' U&!%%'V N!d.eti+oO H(!rte!do64 LRY%iLM &!rd H!el,!6 '
U&!rredV Hli"%i3 NGB4 olo/(i!lOL !rboniz!do64 L!4dL NGBO ' L!4rdL
NUSAOM &!seHs6 LReIsHI z$ ez6L H%erse,(ir H%ersi,(e66 ' U&!iseHs6V LReIsHez$ I z6L
NUSA4 "enos (s!dos /(e LR[eIsHI z$ ez6L4 GB ' USAO H!lesFnHes6L sill!Hs6 de %ost!6M
&!ste H!sto6 ' U&!sedV H%ersi,(i3L %erse,(ido64 LeIstLM &!tel!in Hd(e)o
' se)or de (n !stillo6 ' U&!tel!ineV Hd(e)! ' se)or! de (n !stilloL
!den! orn!"ent!l /(e lle+!b!n l!s "(.eres ! l! int(r! %!r! ol,!r l!s
ll!+es &!st! el si,lo KIKL !dorno /(e lle+!n l!s "(.eres en l! sol!%! de l!
&!/(et!64 LR[YtHe6leInLM &e!% Hb!r!to6 ' U&ee%V H%i!d!L &irridoL
%i!r64 Li4%LM &e9Hs6 Le9Hs6L H&e/(eHs6 NoO (ent!Hs6 NUSAOL "!r!Hs6 NoO
res,(!rdoHs6 NUSAOL re+isi3nHes6 NoO ontrolHes6 NoO .!/(eHs6L "!r!r
H"!r!6 NoO #!t(r!r H#!t(r!6 NUSAOL re+is!r Hre+is!6 NoO o"%rob!r
Ho"%r(eb!6 NoO d!r Hd!6 .!/(e6$ &e/(eHs6 NGB %rini%!l"enteO Le9Hs6L
H&e/(eHs66 ' U*ze&Hs6V Le9Hs6L H&eoHs6$ !Hs66M &e7s H"!sti!6 '
U&ooseV Hele,irL eso,er64 L(4zLM *&ile H*&ile6$ &illi NGB
%rini%!l"enteO$ &ili NUSA %rini%!l"enteO NoO &ile H!.FL &ileL ,(indill!6
' U&ill'V H#rFoHs6$ !Hs664 LRIliLM *&in!"!n N!r!io NoO %e'or!ti+oO
LR!Ine"enL HH&o"bre6 &ino6 ' U*&in!"enV LR!Ine"enL HH&o"bres6 &inos6M
&oirHs6 HoroHs66 ' U/(ireHs6V H"!noHs6 de %!%el64 L97!IeHz6L NGBO '
L97!IHe6rHz6L NUSAOM &or!l LR9o4relL N!d.eti+oO Hor!l Ni de (n oroO6 '
Uor!lV LR9o4r elL NUSA4 no"breO Hor!l Ni s(Hb6st!ni!L olor Hi
or!lino6O6M &or!leHs6 NoO &or!lHs6 L9oRr!4lHz6L NGB o L9eRr!4lHz6LO
o L9eRrYlHz6L NUSA o L9eRr!4lHz6LO Hor!lHes6 Nno"bre i &or(sHes6O6 '
Uorr!lHs6V NUSA %rini%!l"enteO L9oRr!4lHz6L NGB o L9eRr!4lHz6LO
o L9eRrYlHz6L NUSAO Horr!lHes6L !orr!l!r H!orr!l!66M &ordHs6 L9o4dHz6L
NGBO o L9o4rdHz6L NUSAO H(erd!Hs6 N"!te"ti!Hs6L !n!t3"i!Hs6L
"(si!lHes6OL !ordeHs6L %ro+eer H%ro+ee6 H(n! lFne! "el3di!6 on
(erd!s6$ ored L9o4dL NGBO o L9o4rdL NUSAO H/(itH3L !do6 el entro6$
!7ed L9o4dL H,r!znH3L !do66 ' UordHs6V L9o4dHz6L NGBO o L9o4rdHz6L NUSAO
H(erd!Hs6 N!n!t3"i!Hs6OL ord3nHes6L "0d(l!Hs6L %!n! N%!nt!lones de
%!n!OL enordel!r Henordel!66M &orded H%ro+eF!L %ro+isto H(n! lFne!
"el3di!6 on (erd!s6 ' UordedV HenordelH3L !do664 LR9o4dI d$ edL NGBO '
LR9o4rded$ I dL NUSAOM &ordin, H%ro+e'endo H(n! lFne! "el3di!6 on
(erd!s6 ' Uordin,V Henordel!ndo64 LR9o4dIL NGBO ' LR9o4rdIL NUSAOM
&ronile Hr3ni!L rel!t!r6 ' U&roni!lV Hr3nio64 LR9ronI9He6lL NGBO
' LR9r!4nI9He6lL NUSAOM &(99!Hs6 LRA9eHs6L Hz!%!toHs6 %!r! .(,!r !l %olo6
' U&(99erHs6V LRA9eHz6L NGBO H%erFodoHs6 de .(e,o del %olo6M &(r&"!n
LR4"enL NGBO o LR4r"enL NUSAO Hl0ri,oL #eli,r0s6 ' U&(r&"enV
LR4"enL NGBO o LR4r"enL NUSAO Hl0ri,osL #eli,reses6M irle HFr(loL d!r
+(elt!s H!lrededor de66 ' Uer!lV Hrel!ion!do on el r!bo Hde (n !ni"!l6L
rel!ion!do on los !%0ndies sensorios ! l! %(nt! del !bd3"en de !l,(nos insetos
' otros !rtr3%odos664 LRs49He6lL NGBO ' LRs4r9He6lL NUSAOM ir(s Hiro6 '
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insetos ' otros !rtr3%odos64 LRs49esL NGBO ' LRs4r9esL NUSAOM ir/(es Ls 49sL
NGBO He-!+!iones n!t(r!les !(s!d!s %or erosi3n ,l!i!lL !n#ite!tros n!t(r!les6 '
UirsV NGB4 olo/(i!lO Ls49sL Hir(nst!ni!s6M irr(s Hirro6 ' Uirro(sV
Hirroso64 LRsIresLM i+ili!nHs6 N!d.eti+o ' no"breO Hi+ilHes66 '
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o LseR+Il.enHz6LM l!9Hs6 Hr(idoHs6 ortoHs6L !st!)e!r H!st!)e!6L &is"e!r
H&is"e!6 NGBOL t!one!r Ht!one!6 NUSAO6 ' Ul!/(eHs6V Hl!/(eHs664
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' Ul!7sV H,!rr!sL !r!)!64 L9lo4zL o L9l!4zL NUSAOM l!7ed H!r!)H3L !do66 '
U*l!(dL *l!(deV H*l!(diHo$ !664 L9lo4dL o L9l!4d NUSAOM ler,'"!n
LR9l4dI"enL NGBO o LR9l4rdI"enL NUSAO Hl0ri,o6 ' Uler,'"enV
LR9l4dI"enL NGBO o LR9l4rdI"enL NUSAO Hl0ri,os6M ler9Hs6 L9l!49Hs6L NGBO
He"%le!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ulo9Hs6V L9l!49Hs6L NUSAO Hrelo.Hes66M li9Hs6
L9lI9Hs6L H,ol%eitoHs6L &!er H&!e6 li6 ' Uli/(eHs6V L9lI9Hs6L N"enos
(s!doO o L9li49Hs6L N"s (s!doO H!"!rill!Hs6 NoO %!ndill!Hs6 NoO b!nd!Hs6 NoO
,r(%oHs66M li"bHs6 Hes!l!r Hes!l!66 ' Uli"eHs6V Nliter!rioO Hli"!Hs664
L9l!I"Hz6LM lose L9lo(zL Honl(si3nL err!r6 ' Ulot&esV L9lo(zL Nolo/(i!lO
o L9lo(SzL Nestnd!rO Hro%!6M l(b"!n LR9lAb"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO
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l(b NoO Fr(loL &o"bres de "(ndo6M l(eHs6 H%ist!Hs6L l!+eHs66 ' Ule7Hs6V
Ho+illoHs664 L9l(4Hz6LM o!&"!n LR9o("enL Ho&ero6 '
Uo!&"enV LR9o("enL Ho&eros6M o!lHs6 L9o(lHz6L H!rb3n Hbr!s!s6L
%ro+eer H%ro+ee6 de !rb3n6$ oleHs6 L9o(lHz6L HolHes6L berz!Hs6L olz!Hs66$
9o&l L9o(lL H9o&lL !lo&ol6 ' UAo&lHZ6V L9o(lHz6L H!%ellido Hde A16
NEel"(tO6M o!rse Hb!stoL s%ero6 ' Uo(rseV H(rsoL direi3nL orrer64
L9o4sL NGBO ' L9o4rsL NUSAOM o!tHs6 H!bri,oHs66 ' UoteHs6V H!b!)!Hs6
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Ho!ol!s64 L9o(9sLM oo! H!!oL &ool!te6 ' UooV Hoo N#r(toOL
ootero64 LR9o(9o(LM od L9!4dL NUSAO Hb!!l!o6$ !7ed L9!4dL NUSAO
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NGBO ' LR9!4dlIL NUSAOM o##erHs6 Ho#reHs6L !tesor!r H!tesor!66 '
Uo(,&erHs6V H%erson!Hs6 /(e toseHn664 LR9o#eHz6L NGBO ' LR9!4#erHz6L NUSA o
LR9o4#erHz6LOM oinHs6 H"oned!Hs66$ /(oinHs6 H%iedr!Hs6 !n,(l!rHes66 '
Uoi,nHs6V H()!Hs664 L9oInHz6LM old H#rFoL res#ri!do6 ' Uo!ledV H%ro+e'3L
%ro+eFdo de !rb3n64 L9o(ldLM oll!r LR9oleL NGBO o LR9!4lerL NUSAO H(ello
Nde (n! !"is!O6$ &oler Nliter!rioO LR9oleL NGBO o LR9!4lerL NUSAO Hir!L
3ler!6 ' U!llerV LR9!4l erL NUSA o LR9o4lerLO Hel /(e ll!"!L +isit! NoO
+isit!nte6M olo(rHs6 NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olorHs6 NUSAO HolorHes6L
olore!r Holore!66 ' U(llerHs6V H!z!dorHes6 seleti+oHs664 LR9AleHz6L NGBO
' LR9AlerHz6L NUSAOM olo(r"!n NGB %rini%!l"enteO LR9Ale"enL NGBO o
LR9Aler"enL NUSAO H&o"bre /(e se o(%! de los di#erentes ti%os de
%int(r!6 ' Uolo(r"enV LR9Ale"enL NGBO o LR9Aler"enL NUSAO H&o"bres
/(e se o(%!n de los di#erentes ti%os de %int(r!6M *ol("b(s H*ol("b(s
Ni(d!d de O&ioOL *ol3n6 ' Uol("bo(sV Hnioboso Ni on niobio en est!do
tri+!lenteO64 L9eRlA"besLM o"!Hs6 LR9o("eHz6L Ho"!Hs6 Ni inonsieni!OL
!beller!Hs6 Nde (n o"et!O6 ' Uo"berHs6V LR9o(" eHz6L NGBO
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"enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"YnLO H"ie"bro de (n! o"isi3n NoO (n o"it06 '
Uo""ittee"enV L9eR"ItI"enL H"ie"bros de (n! o"isi3n NoO (n o"it06M
o"%le"entHs6 Ho"%le"entoHs66 ' Uo"%li"entHs6V
H("%lidoHs664 LR9o"%lI"entHs6L NGB o LIleILO ' LR9!4"%le"entHs6L NUSA
o LIlIILOM o"%le"entHs6 Ho"%le"ent!r Ho"%le"ent!66 ' Uo"%li"entHs6V
H#eliit!r H#eliit!664 LR9o"%lI"entHs6L NGB o LIleILO ' LR9!4"%le"entHs6L
NUSA o LIlIILOM o"%le"ent!r'L Iil' Ho"%le"ent!rioL o"%let!"ente6 '
Uo"%li"ent!r'L Iil'V Helo,ioso NoO de re,!loL elo,ios!"ente64
L9o"%lIR"entHe6riL IeliL NGB o LIleILO ' L9!4"%leR"entHe6riL IeliL NUSA o
LIlIILOM o"%le"ented Ho"%le"entH3L !do66 ' Uo"%li"entedV H#eliitH3L
!do664 LR9o"%lI"entI d$ edL NGB o LI%leILO ' LR9!4"%le"ented$ I dL NUSA
o LI%lIILOM on Hontr!L est!#!r6$ onn NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H,obierno deL
,obern!r N(n b(/(eO6 ' U9&!nV H9!nL "es3n NoO %os!d! %!r! !r!+!n!s64
L9!4nL NUSAOM on&Hs6 H!r!ol!Hs66 ' Uon9Hs6V N+(l,!rO Hn!%i!Hs6 NGBOL
!bez!Hs6 NUSAOL %orr!zoHs6L ,ol%e!r H,ol%e!6 en l! !bez!64 L9o9Hs6L
NGBO ' L9!49Hs6L NUSAOM ono"it!nts Nliter!rioO L9enR9o"ItentsL NGB o
LI"eILO o L9enR9!4"etentsL NUSA o LI"IILO H#en3"enos ono"it!ntes6 '
Uono"it!neV Nliter!rioO L9enR9o"ItenHt6sL NGB o LI"eILO o
L9enR9!4"etenHt6sL NUSA o LI"IILO Hono"it!ni!6M on(rrents Nliter!rioO
L9enR9ArentsL Hir(nst!ni!s on(rrentes6 ' Uon(rreneV
Nliter!rioO L9enR9ArenHt6sL Hon(rreni! Ni !i3n ' e#eto de on(rrirOL
on(rreni! Ni oinideni!OL !(erdoL oo%er!i3nL on(rreni! Ni %(nto de
intersei3nOL ri+!lid!d6M on#id!nt Hon#idente N&o"breO6 ' Uon#id!nteV
Hon#idente N"(.erO64 LR9on#IdYntL o LI#eL NGB4 "s (s!dos o L9on#IRdYntL o
LI#eL4 "enos (s!dos o LR9on#IdentL o LI#eL4 los "enos (s!dosO
' LR9!4n#edYntL NUSA o LI#ILOM on#idents Nr!roO LR9on#IdentsL NGB o LI#eILO
o LR9!4n#edentsL NUSA o LI#IILO Hon#identes6 ' Uon#ideneV LR9on#IdenHt6sL
NGB o LI#eILO o LR9!4n#edenHt6sL NUSA o LI#IILO Hon#i!nz!6M on#ir"!tionHs6
Hon#ir"!i3nHes66 ' Uon#or"!tionHs6V Hon#or"!i3nHes664
L9on#eR"eI[enHz6L NGBO ' L9!4n#eRr"eI[enHz6L NUSAOM
on#l(ents LR9on#l(entsL NGBO o LR9!4n#l(entsL NUSAO HrFos on#l(entes6 '
Uon#l(eneV LR9on#l(enHt6sL NGBO o LR9!4n#l(enHt6sL NUSAO Hon#l(eni!6M on,er
LR 9o , eL NGBO Hon,rio6 ' U*on,!V LR 9o , eL NGBO H*on,! Nisl!sO6M
on,ress"!nL *on,ress"!n LR9o,res"enL NGBO o LR9!4,res"enL NUSA o
LR9o4,res"enL o LR9!4,res"enL o LR9o4,res"enLO Hdi%(t!doL "ie"bro del
*on,resoL on,resist!6 ' Uon,ress"enL *on,ress"enV LR9o,res"enL NGBO o
LR9!4,res"enL NUSA o LR9o4,res"enL o LR9!4,res"enL o LR9o4,res"enLO N'
"enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO Hdi%(t!dosL "ie"bros del *on,resoL
on,resist!s6M on/(erHs6 LR9o9eHz6L NGBO o LR9!49erHz6L NUSA o LR9o4ILO
Hon/(ist!r Hon/(ist!66$ on9erHs6 NGB4 olo/(i!lO LR9o9eHz6L NGBO
o LR9!49erHz6L NUSA o LR9o4ILO H!st!)!Hs6 de Indi!s6 ' Uon9ersV
NGBO LR9o9ezL NGBO o LR9!49erzL NUSA o LR9o4ILO H.(e,o de l!s !st!)!s6M
onse/(ents LR9onsI97entsL NGB o LIseILO o LR9!4nse97entsL NUSA o LIsIILO
Honse(eni!sL onse(entes6 ' Uonse/(eneV LR9onsI97enHt6sL NGB o LIseILO o
LR9!4nse97enHt6sL NUSA o LIsIILO Honse(eni!L i"%ort!ni!L r!n,o6M onson!nts
LR9onsenentsL NGBO o LR9!4nsenentsL NUSAO Honson!ntes6 ' Uonson!neV
LR9onsenenHt6sL NGBO o LR9!4nsenenHt6sL NUSAO Honson!ni!L onsenso6M
ontinents LR9ontInentsL NGB o LIteILO o LR9!4ntenentsL NUSA o LItIILO
Hontinentes6 ' UontineneV LR9ontInenHt6sL NGB o LIteILO o LR9!4ntenenHt6sL
NUSA o LItIILO Hontineni!6M ontin,ents L9enRtIndentsL Hontin,entesL
re%resent!iones6 ' Uontin,eneV L9enRtIndenHt6sL Hel &e&o de est!r en ont!toL
ontin,eni!L e+ento #ort(ito6M ontrollerHs6 HdiretorHes6L ontrol!dorHes6
N!%!r!toHs6O6 ' Uo"%trollerHs6V Hinter+entorHes6L ontrol!dorHes6
N%erson!Hs6O64 L9enRtro(leHz6L NGBO ' L9enRtro(lerHz6L NUSAOM on+!lesents
L9on+eRlesHe6ntsL NGBO o L9!4n+eRlesHe6ntsL NUSAO Hon+!leientes6 '
Uon+!leseneV L9on+eRlesHe6nHt6sL NGBO o L9!4n+eRlesHe6nHt6sL NUSAO
Hon+!leeni!6M ooler LR9(4l eL NGBO Hne+er! %orttilL re#reso Nestnd!r4 los 8OL
&iron! N+(l,!rO6 ' U9(l!V LR9(4leL Hinter!"bio ere"oni!l de re,!los
entre los isle)os del P!F#io oident!l6M oolie LR9(4liL H(lFL br!eroL
%e3n6 ' Uooll'V LR9(4lHl6iL H#rF!"enteL on des!ro6M oo%Hs6 L9(4%Hs6L
H,!llineroHs6L enerr!r Henierr!66$ o(%eHs6 L9(4%Hs6L NUSA4 "enos (s!do
o L9(4R%eIHz6L4 "s (s!doO H(%0Hs66 ' Uo(%eHs6V NGBO L9(4%Hs6L H%ostreHs6
de #r(t! ' &el!do6M o%%er LR9o% eL NGBO HobreL !lder! de l!+!rL H!,ente
de6 %oliF! Nolo/(i!lOL obrizo NoO de obreL re+estir de obre6 ' U9o%%!V
LR9o% eL NGBO Honson!nte del !l#!beto ,rie,o !nti,(o /(e se %ron(ni!b!
o"o 9!%%! ' /(e los ro"!nos inor%or!ron o"o /6M o%se H"!torr!l6 '
Uo%sV Nolo/(i!lO H%oliHF!6sL %ill!64 L9o%sL NGBO ' L9!4%sL NUSAOM *o%t
Nno"breO Ho%to6 ' Uo%%edV H!%t(rH3$ !do664 L9o%tL NGBO ' L9!4%tL NUSAOM
orbelHs6 H+ol!dizoHs6L %ro+eer H%ro+ee6 de +ol!dizos6 ' UorbeilHs6 N"s (s!doOL
orbeilleHs6V H!n!st!Hs6 "odel!d!Hs6 Hde #lores$ #r(t!s$ et1664 LR9o4bHe6lHz6L NGBO '
LR9o4rbHe6lHz6L NUSAOM oreHs6 L9o4Hz6L NGBO o L9o4rHz6L NUSAO HbsioL
entroHs6L "eolloHs6L /(it!r H/(it!6 el entro6$ !(se L9o4zL H!(s!L !(s!r6$
!7Hs6 L9o4Hz6L H,r!znidoHs6L ,r!zn!r H,r!zn!66 ' Uor%sV L9o4Hz6L NGBO o
L9o4rHz6L NUSAO H(er%oHs66M *ornis& LR9o4n I [L NGBO Hde *orn(!llesL 3rnio
Nidio"!O6 ' Uorni&eV LR9o4n I [L NGB4 "enos (s!do /(e L9o4Rni4[L4 GB o
L9o4rRni4[L4 USAO H!rreter! ! lo l!r,o de (n !!ntil!do6M *ornis&"!n
LR9o4nI["enL NGBO o LR9o4rnI["enL NUSAO H&o"bre de *orn(!lles6 '
U*ornis&"enV LR9o4nI["enL NGBO o LR9o4rnI["enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en
GB ' USA4 LI"enLO H&o"bres de *orn(!lles6M or%s"!n NUSAO LR9o4"enL
NGBO o LR9o4r"enL NUSAO H!"illero del e.0rito6 ' Uor%s"enV LR9o4"enL
NGBO o LR9o4r"enL NUSAO H!"illeros del e.0rito6M orres%ondents
L9oreRs%ondentsL NGB o LIrIILO o L9o4reRs%!4ndentsL NUSA o LIrIILO
Horres%ons!les6 ' Uorres%ondeneV L9oreRs%ondenHt6sL NGB o LIrIILO o
L9o4reRs%!4ndenHt6sL NUSA o LIrIILO Horres%ondeni!6M oster NGBO LR9ost eL
NGBO H+endedor !"b(l!nte6 ' Uost!V Nliter!rioO LR9ost eL NGBO Hostill! Hdel
(er%o &("!no66M otterHs6 LR9ot eHz6L NGBO H&!+et!Hs6L !se,(r!r H!se,(r!6
on (n! &!+et!L !"%esinoHs6 H!l /(e H! los /(e6 se de.!b! (n! +i+iend! '
tierr!s ! !"bio de s( tr!b!.o66 ' Uott!Hs6V LR9ot eHz6L NGBO Hsobre%elliz
Hsobre%ellies6 ort!Hs66M o(nilHs6 H.(nt!Hs6L onilioHs6L onse.oHs6 Ni
or,!nis"oHs6OL one.oHs66 ' Uo(nselHs6V Honse.oHs6 Ni
reo"end!i3nHes6OL !onse.!r H!onse.!664 LR9!(nsHe6lHz6LM o(nil"!n
NUSA %rini%!l"enteO LR9!(nHt6sel"enL No LIsIIL ' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO
Hone.!l6 ' Uo(nil"enV LR9!(nHt6sel"enL No LIsIIL ' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO
Hone.!les6M o(nillorHs6 NGBOL o(nilorHs6 NUSAO Hone.!lH!6L onili!rL
onse.erHo$ !6 Ni "ie"bro del onse.oO6 ' Uo(nsellorHs6V NGBOL
Uo(nselorHs6V NUSAO Honse.eroHs6$ !Hs6 Ni /(e !onse.!Hn6OL !bo,!doHs6$
!Hs6L !sesorHes664 LR9!(nsHe6leHz6L NGBO ' LR9!(nsHe6lerHz6L NUSAOM
o(ntr'"!n LR9AntrI"enL H!"%esino Nestnd!rOL o"%!triot! Nliter!rioO6 '
Uo(ntr'"enV LR9AntrI"enL H!"%esinos Nestnd!rOL o"%!triot!s Nliter!rioO6M
o(%Hs6 H,ol%eHs6 Hde est!do6 Ni o(%Hs6 dZ0t!tOL ,ol%eHs6 "!estroHs6 NoO
0-itoHs66 ' UooHes6V H!rr(ll!r H!rr(ll!664 L9(4Hz6LM o(sinHs6 H%ri"oHs6$ !Hs66
' UozenHs6V Hen,!)!r Hen,!)!664 LR9AzenHz6LM o7!rd Hob!rde6 '
Uo7eredV Hse !,!&3L eno,ido64 LR9!(edL NGBO ' LR9!(erdL NUSAOM
o7"!n LR9!("enL H,!n!deroL +!/(ero6 ' Uo7"enV LR9!("enL H,!n!derosL
+!/(eros6M o- Hti"onelL ti"one!r6 ' Uo9sV H,!llosL "!&osL !"!rtill!64
L9o9sL NGBO ' L9!49sL NUSAOM r!9s"!n LR9rY9s"enL Hl!dr3n N/(e
!%ro+e&! l! oHb6s(rid!dOL l!dr3n de !.!s #(ertes NoO !.!s de !(d!les6 '
Ur!9s"enV LR9rY9s"enL Hl!drones N/(e !%ro+e&!n l! oHb6s(rid!dOL
l!drones de !.!s #(ertes NoO !.!s de !(d!les6M r!#ts"!n LR9r!4#ts"enL NGBO
o LR9rY#ts"enL NUSAO H!rtes!noL !rtF#ie6 ' Ur!#ts"enV LR9r!4#ts"enL NGBO
o LR9rY#ts"enL NUSAO H!rtes!nosL !rtF#ies6M r!,s"!n LR9rY,z"enL Hes!l!dor
e-%erto Hde des%e)!derosL %e)!sos66 ' Ur!,s"enV LR9rY,z"enL N' "enos
(s!do4 LI"enLO Hes!l!dores e-%ertos Hde des%e)!derosL %e)!sos66M r!7lHs6
L9ro4lHz6L o L9r!4lHz6L NUSAO H!rr!str!"ientoHs6L !rr!str!rse Hse !rr!str!66 '
U9r!!lHs6V L9r!4lHz6L o L9ro4lHz6L NUSA ' S(d#ri!O Horr!lHes6L redilHes6L
%oner H%one6 en el redil6M re!9Hs6 Hr(.idoHs6L &irri!r H&irrF!66 '
Uree9Hs6V Hri!&(eloHs6 NUSAOL ensen!d!Hs664 L9ri49Hs6LM re!seHs6
H!rr(,!Hs6L r!'!Hs6L %lie,(eHs6L lFne!Hs6L !rr(,!r Hse !rr(,!66 ' UreeseHs6L
re!seHs6L 9risHes6V Hd!,!Hs6 H"!l!'!Hs6664 LR9ri4sHI z$ ez6LM retinHs6
LR9ri4tH e6nHz6L NUSAO HretinoHs66$ *ret!n N!d.eti+oO LR9ri4tHe6nL HretenseHs66
' U*ret!nHs6V Nno"breO LR9ri4tHe6nHz6L HretenseHs66M roonHs6 H!nt(rreoHs6L
!nt(rre!r H!nt(rre!66 ' U9roonHs6V Horon!Hs6 N(nid!d "onet!ri! de
Estoni! &!st! 5B;CO64 L9r(4nHz6LM rossbo7"!n LR9rosbo("enL NGBO o
LR9ro4sbo("enL NUSA o LR9r!4ILO Hb!llestero6 ' Urossbo7"enV LR9rosbo("enL
NGBO o LR9ro4sbo("enL NUSA o LR9r!4ILO Hb!llesteros6M r(el Hr(el6 '
Ure7elV Hest!"breL &ilo de l!n!64 LR9r(4elLM r(iseHs6 LR9r(4zHI z$ ez6L
Hr(eroHs6L &!er H&!e6 (n r(eroL %!se!rse Hse %!se!6 en o&eL +ol!r
H+(el!66$ *r(iseHZs6 LR9r(4zHI z$ ez6L H!%ellido NTo"O Hde *166$
r(seHs6 LR9r(4zHI z$ ez6L Hnt!roHs6L .!rr!Hs66 ' Ure7sV L9r(4zL
Htri%(l!ionesL e/(i%osL %!ndill!sL tri%(l!6M r("b' Hbl!ndo6 ' Ur(""'V
Nolo/(i!lO H&orribleL #!t!l64 LR9rA"iLM (rbHs6 HestorboHs6L ontener
Hontiene6L re#ren!r Hre#ren!66 ' U9erbHs6V H!r0nHes664 L94bHz6L NGBO
' L94rbHz6L NUSAOM (bi!l H2bio6 ' U(bileVH(bF(lo NoO reodo en
(n! &!bit!i3nL !bin!L !set!L %rob!dor64 LR9.(4bI9He6lLM (rdHs6 H(!.!d!L
re/(es3nHes6L re"!Hs6 NGB %rini%!l"enteO6 ' UA(rdHs6V H(rdoHs6 NoO
9(rdoHs664 L94dHz6L NGBO ' L94rdHz6L NUSAOM (rl' Hriz!dHo$ !66 ' U(rliV
H%roesos en #or"! de %elo riz!do en l! s(%er#iie de (n! b!teri! %or
"edio de los (!les l! b!teri! se "ete e in#et! (n! &erid!64 LR94liL NGBO '
LR94rliL NUSAOM (rrentHs6 HorrienteHs6L !t(!l6 ' U(rr!ntHs6V H%!s!Hs6
ND15C1:O64 LR9ArentHs6L NGBO ' LR94rentHs6L NUSAOM (rsorHs6 H(rsorHes66 '
U(rserHs6V Hbl!s#e"oHs664 LR94seHz6L NGBO ' LR94rserHz6L NUSAOM (tterHs6
LR9 A terHz6L NUSAO Hort!dorHes66 ' UJ!t!rHZs6V LR9 A terHz6L NUSA4 "enos
(s!do /(e LR9!4t!4rHz6LO HJ!t!r Hde J166M 'ni Nno"bre ' !d.eti+oO HFnio6
' USiniV Nliter!rioO HsFnio NoO &ino64 LRsInI9LM 'niis" Hinis"o Ndotrin!
de los FniosL !tit(d Fni!O6$ *'niis" Hinis"o Ndotrin! de los
FniosO6 ' USiniis"V Nliter!rioO Hos! &in!L "odis"o
&ino64 LRsInIsIze"L o LIneILM '%ress Hi%r0sL H"!der! de6 i%r0sL r!"! de
i%r0sL tel! ne,r! (s!d! o"o d(elo N!r!ioO6 ' U*'%r(sV
H*&i%re64 LRs!I%resLM 'stHs6 H/(isteHs66 ' UistHs6V Hist!Hs6L
se%(lroHs664 LsIstHs6LM dHZs6 Ldi4Hz6L HHl!Hs6 deHs6 Nletr!O6$ Dee Ldi4L HDee
NrFoO6$ DeeHZs6 Ldi4Hz6L HEdit!L Ed0n Hde Edit!L Ed0n6L Dee N!%ellido4 jo&n
DeeO Hde Dee66 ' UdeeV Ldi4L N%!l!br! esoes! %!r! UdieVO H"orir6M
d!ir'"!n LRdeerI"enL NGBO o LRdeHe6rI"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB '
USA4 LI"YnLO Hle&ero6 ' Ud!ir'"enV LRdeerI"enL NGBO o LRdeHe6rI"enL
NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO Hle&eros6M D!9!r LRdY9 eL NGBO
HD!9!r N!%it!l de Sene,!lO6 ' UD&!9! N! %!rtir de 5B@8OL D!! N!ntes de
5B@8OV N!%it!l de B!n,l!d0sO LRdY9eL HD!9! N! %!rtir de 5B@8OL D!!
N!ntes de 5B@8O6M d!les"!n NGBO LRdeIlz"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO
H&o"bre /(e +i+e en (n +!lle6 ' Ud!les"enV LRdeIlz"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO
H&o"bres /(e +i+en en +!lles6M d!"Hs6 LdY"Hz6L H%res!Hs6 NoO di/(eHs6L
onstr(ir Honstr('e6 (n! %res! NoO (n di/(e6$ d!"n Nolo/(i!lO LdY"L
H"!ldito6 ' Ud!"nHs6V LdY"Hz6L Honden!r Honden!66M d!""ed
Honstr('3L onstr(ido (n! %res! NoO (n di/(e6 ' Ud!"nedV HondenH3L
!do6L "!ldito Nolo/(i!lO64 LdY"dLM d!""in, Honstr('endo (n! %res! NoO
(n di/(e6 ' Ud!"nin,V Honden!ndo64 LRdY"ILM d!r9 Ld!49L NGBO HoHb6s(ro6
' Udo9V Ld!49L NUSAO Hdrsen!L "(elleL b!n/(illo Nde los !(s!dosO6M d!ze
H!t(rdi"ientoL !t(rdir6 ' Ud!'sV HdF!s64 LdeIzLM de!r N!d.eti+oO H/(eridoL
!ro6$ de!rHs6 Nno"breO HieloHs6L en!ntoHs6L tesoroHs66 ' UdeerHs6V
Hier+oHs664 LdIeHz6L NGBO ' LdIHe6rHz6L NUSAOM de!dents Nliter!rioO
LRde9edHe6ntsL Hde!dentist!s6 ' Ude!deneV LRde9edHe6nHt6sL Hde!deni!6M
dei,nHs6 Hdi,n!rse Hse di,n!66 ' UD!neHs6V Hd!n0sHes664 LdeInHz6LM dents
LdentsL H!boll!d(r!sL se !boll!6 ' UdenseV LdenHt6sL Hdenso6M de%end!nt NoO
de%endent NUSAO Nno"breO H#!"ili!r de%endienteL %erson! ! !r,o de
!l,(ien6 ' Ude%endentV NoO Ude%end!ntV NUSA4 "enos (s!doO N!d.eti+oO
Hde%endienteL s(bordin!do64 LdIR%endentLM de%end!nts NoO de%endents
NUSAO LdIR%endentsL H#!"ili!res de%endientesL %erson!s ! !r,o de !l,(ien6
' Ude%endeneL de%end!ne NUSAOV LdIR%endenHt6sL Hde%endeni!6M
de%osit!r' Hde%osit!rioL !lb!e!6 ' Ude%ositor'V Hde%osit!rioL !l"!0n64
Ld I R%oz I teriL NGBOM desentHs6 HdesensoHs6L in(rsi3nHes66 ' UdissentHs6V
Hdes!(erdoHs6L disentir Hdisiente664 LdIRsentHs6LM desertHs6 Hdesert!r
Hdesiert!6L !b!ndon!r H!b!ndon!66 ' UdessertHs6V H%ostreHs664 LdIRz4tHs6L
NGBO ' LdIRz4rtHs6L NUSAOM D0sir0HZs6 N&o"breO HDesiderioL Dese!do Hde
D166 ' UD0sir0eHZs6V N"(.erO HDesideri!L Dese!d! Hde D1664 LdeIRzIereIHz6L
NGB o LdeRzIereIHz6LO ' LdezeRreIHz6L NUSAOM deter,ents LdIRt4dentsL NGBO o
LdIRt4rdentsL NUSAO Hdeter,entes6 ' Udeter,eneV LdIRt4denHt6sL NGBO o
LdIRt4rdenHt6sL NUSAO H%oder deter,ente6M deterrents LdIRterentsL Hele"entos
dis(!si+os6 ' UdeterreneV LdIRterenHt6sL Hdis(!si3n6M de+i!nts LRdi4+IentsL H%erson!s
de ond(t! des+i!d!6 ' Ude+i!neV LRdi4+IenHt6sL Hdes+i!i3nL !no"!lF!6M
de+iserHs6 Hin+entorHes6L !(torHes66 ' Ude+isorHs6V
Htest!dorHes664 LdIR+!IzeHz6L NGBO ' LdIR+!IzerHz6L NUSAOM de7Hs6 Ld.(4Hz6L
NGB o Ld(4Hz6LO o Ld(4Hz6L NUSAO HroFoL roi!r HroF!66$ d(eHs6 Ld.(4Hz6L
NGB o Ld(4Hz6LO o Ld(4Hz6L NUSAO HdebidoL de(d!Hs66 ' UdoHs6V Ld(4Hz6L
H&!erL 3di,oHs6 Nsoi!lHes6OL #este.oHs6 NGBO6M di9e' LRdI9iL H%e&er! %ostiz!L
del!nt!l NGBOL !siento del ond(tor NGBO6 ' Udi9'V LRd I 9iL NGBO
H%!&(&oL de!Fdo6M dieHs6 H"orir H"(ere66$ d'eHs6 HtinteHs6L te)ir Hti)e66 '
UDiHZs6 NoO DieHZs6V HDi!n! Hde D1664 Ld!IHz6LM di##(seHs6 LdIR#.(4zHI z$ ez6L
Hdi#(ndir Hdi#(nde66 ' Ude#(seHs6V LdIR#.(4zHI z$ ez6L N"enos (s!dos /(e
Ldi4R#.(4zHI z$ ez6LO Hdes!ti+!r Hdes!ti+!66M di##(sed LdIR#.(4zdL Hdi#(ndiH3L
do66 ' Ude#(sedV LdIR#.(4zdL N"enos (s!do /(e Ldi4R#.(4zdLO Hdes!ti+H3L
!do66M di##(sin, LdIR#.(4zIL Hdi#(ndiendo6 ' Ude#(sin,V LdIR#.(4zIL N"enos
(s!do /(e Ldi4R#.(4zILO Hdes!ti+!ndo6M dineHs6 Hen!r Hen!6L d!r Hd!6 de
o"er6 ' Ud'neHs6V Hdin!Hs664 Ld!InHz6LM dire H&orrendo6 ' Ud'erV
HtintorerHo$ !664 LRd!IeL NGBO ' LRd!IHe6rL NUSAOM disreet HdisretoHs6$ !Hs6L
%r(denteHs66 ' UdisreteV Hdi#ereni!doHs6$ !Hs6L distintoHs6$ !Hs6L disretoHs6$
!Hs6 N"!te"ti!sL "ediin!O64 LdIsR9ri4tLM disreetl' Hdisret!"enteL
%r(dente"ente6 ' Udisretel'V Hdi#ereni!d!"enteL
distint!"ente64 LdIRs9ri4tliLM disreetness Hdisrei3nL %r(deni!6 '
UdisretenessV Hdi#ereni!i3nL distini3n64 LdIRs9ri4tnesLM dissentients
Nliter!rioO LdIRsenHt6[entsL Hdisidentes6 ' UdissentieneV
Nliter!rioO LdIRsenHt6[enHt6sL Hdisideni!6M dissidents LRdIsIdentsL o LIseIL
Hdisidentes6 ' UdissideneV LRdIsIdenHt6sL o LIseIL Hdisideni!6M di+ers
Hb(e!dores6 ' Udi+ersV Nliter!rioO Hdi+ersHos$ !s664 LRd!I+eHr6zLM di+or0Hs6
Hdi+ori!doHs66$ di+or0eHs6 Hdi+ori!d!Hs66 ' Udi+oreeHs6V Hdi+ori!doHs6L
di+ori!d!Hs664 LdI+o4RseIHz6L NGB o LdeILO ' LdI+o4rRseIHz6L NUSA o LdeILOM
doHs6 Nolo/(i!lO HdotorHes66 ' Udo9Hs6V Hdrsen!Hs6L "(elleHs6L
b!n/(illoHs6 Nde los !(s!dosO64 Ldo9Hs6L NGBO ' Ld!49Hs6L NUSAOM do,"!n
NA(str!li!O LRdo,"enL Ho%er!dor de (n! ,r2! /(e se des%l!z! en (n br!zo de l!
,r2!6 ' Udo,"enV LRdo,"enL Ho%er!dores de ,r2!s /(e se des%l!z!n en (n br!zo
de l! ,r2!s6M dole NGBO Hs(bsidio de dese"%leo6 ' Ud&oleV H%erro s!l+!.e Nen
l! Indi!O64 Ldo(lLM dol"enHs6 LRdo(l"enHz6L NUSA %ero en GB4 LRdol"enHz6LO
Hdol"enHes66 ' Udol"!nHs6V LRdo(l"enHz6L NUSA %ero en GB4 LRdol"enHz6LO
Hdol"nHes66M do"in!nts LRdo"InentsL NGB o LI"eILO o LRd!4"enentsL NUSA
o LI"IILO Hdo"in!ntes N"2si!OL ,enes do"in!ntesL #!tores do"in!ntesL
!ni"!les NoO %l!nt!s do"in!ntes6 ' Udo"in!neV LRdo"InenHt6sL NGB o
LI"eILO o LRd!4"enenHt6sL NUSA o LI"IILO Hdo"in!i3nL %redo"inio6M donHs6
Ld!4nHz6L NUSAO H!b!lleroHs6 es%!)olHes6L don Ni Sr1OL !s("ir H!s("e6L +estirse
de Hse +iste de66$ Don Ld!4nL NUSAO HDon!ldo6$ D!7n Ld!4nL NUSA o Ldo4nLO
HA(ror!L A"!neer6 ' Ud!7nHs6V Ld!4nHz6L NUSA o Ldo4nHz6LO H!"!neer
H!"!nee66M donned Ld!4ndL NUSAO H!s("i3L %(esto6 ' Ud!7nedV Ld!4ndL
NUSA o Ldo4ndLO H!"!neiH3L do66M done H&e&o6 ' Ud(nV H%!rdoL
!os!r64 LdAnLM donnin, LRd!4n I L NUSAO H!s("iendoL %oni0ndose6 '
Ud!7nin,V LRd!4n I L NUSA o LRdo4nILO H!"!neiendo6M doorHs6 Ldo4Hz6L
NGBO H%(ert!Hs66 ' Ud!7Hs6V Ldo4Hz6L Horne.!Hs6L &o+!Hs66M
door"!n LRdo4"enL NGBO o LRdo4r"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4
LI"YnLO H%orteroL onser.e6 ' Udoor"enV LRdo4"enL NGBO o LRdo4r"enL NUSAO N'
"enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO H%orterosL onser.es6M do(,&Hs6 Ldo(Hz6L
H%!st!Hs66$ doeHs6 Ldo(Hz6L H,!"!Hs6L one.!Hs6L liebreHs6 N&e"br!Hs6O6$
doHs6L do&Hs6 Ldo(Hz6L HdoHs6 Nnot!Hs6 "(si!lHes6O6 ' UdozeV Ldo(zL Hs(e)o
li,eroL dor"it!r6M dr!&"Hs6 Hdr!"!Hs6 N"oned!Hs6L ot!+!Hs6 %!rteHs6 de (n!
onz! Ni #l(id dr!" i :1<B; "ili,r!"osL C1CC:B 9ilo,r!"osOO6 ' Udr!"Hs6V
Hdieiseis!+!Hs6 %!rteHs6 de (n! onz! Hi C1CC5@ 9ilo,r!"os6L tr!,(itoHs6 Nde liorOL
%iz! NoO %o/(ito64 LdrY"LM dr!#tHs6 Ldr!4#tHs6L NGBO o LdrY#tHs6L NUSAO
Hborr!dorHes6 NoO +ersi3nHes6L ,iroHs6 NoO letr!Hs6 de !"bio NoO &e/(eHs6L
dest!!"entoHs6L rel(t!"ientoHs6 NoO onsri%i3nHes6L red!t!r Hred!t!6
el borr!dorL %re%!r!r H%re%!r!6L rel(t!r Hrel(t!6L desi,n!r Hdesi,n!66L
orrienteHs6 de !ire NUSAOL !l!doHs6 NUSAOL tiroHs6 NUSAO6$ dr!(,&tHs6
Ldr!4#tHs6L NGBO o LdrY#tHs6L NUSAO Htr!,oHs6L bo!n!d!Hs6 Nde !ireOL
%3i"!Hs6L orrienteHs6 de !ire NGBOL !l!doHs6 NGBOL tiroHs6 NGBO6 '
Udr!(,&tsV Ldr!4#tsL NGBO Hd!"!s NGBO6M dr!,o"!n LRdrY,o("enL o
LRdr Y, e" enL NUSA4 "s (s!doO Hdr!,o"n6 ' Udr!,o"enV N"enos (s!do /(e
Udr!,o"!nsVO LRdrY,o("enL o LRdr Y, e" enL NUSA4 "s (s!doO N' "enos (s!do
en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO Hdr!,o"!nes6 o Udr!,o"!nsV LRdrY,o("enzL o
LRdr Y, e" enzL NUSA4 "s (s!doO Hdr!,o"!nes6M dr!(,&ts"!n NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL dr!#ts"!n NUSAO LRdr!4#ts"enL NGBO o LRdrY#ts"enL NUSAO
Hdise)!dorL dib(.!nte NoO deline!nteL %e3n Hdel .(e,o de d!"!s66 ' Udr!(,&ts"en
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL dr!#ts"en NUSAOV LRdr!4#ts"enL NGBO o LRdrY#ts"enL NUSAO
Hdise)!doresL dib(.!ntes NoO deline!ntesL %eones Hdel .(e,o de d!"!s66M drier H"s
seoHs6L se!Hs66 ' Udr'erL drierV Hse!dor! Hde ro%!6L se!dor Hde
%elo664 LRdr!IeL NGBO ' LRdr!IHe6rL NUSAOM droo%Hs6 Hinlin!rse Hse inlin!6L
de.!r Hde.!6 !erL #l!/(e!r H#l!/(e!6L %onerse Hse %one6 "(stio6 '
Udr(%eHs6V Hdr(%!Hs664 Ldr(4%Hs6LM d(!l HdobleHs6L d(!lHes6L o"%!rtidoHs6$
!Hs66 ' Ud(elV Hd(elo64 LRd.(4elL o LRd(4 elL NUSAOM d(t Hond(toL ond(ir
%or (n t(bo6 ' Ud(9edV Hse z!"b(ll3L s("er,ido64 LdA9tLM d(, LdA,L
H!+H3L !do66 ' UDo(,V LdA,L HDo(,l!s6M d(st"!n NGBO LRdAsHt6"enL
Hb!s(rero6 ' Ud(st"enV LRdAsHt6"enL Hb!s(reros6M D(t&"!n LRdA"enL
HH&o"bre6 &ol!nd0s6 ' UD(t&"enV LRdA"enL HH&o"bres6 &ol!ndeses6M d(t' HI
ies6 LRd(4tiHz6L NUSAO HdeberHes66 ' Ud&ootiHs6V NoO Ud&ootieHs6V NoO
Ud&(tiHs6V LRd(4tiHz6L Ht!%!rr!boHs6 Nl!r,oHs6 en l! Indi!O6M d(- Hel "e.or
!l("no de (n! l!se6 ' Ud(9sV H%!tosL se s("er,e64 LdA9sLM d'ed Hti)3L
te)ido6 ' UdiedV H"(ri3L "(erto64 Ld!IdLM d'in, H"(riendo6 ' Ud'ein,V
Hti)endo64 LRd!IILM e!rnHs6 L4nHz6L NGBO o L4rnHz6L NUSAO H,!n!r H,!n!66$
(rnHs6 L4nHz6L NGBO o L4rnHz6L NUSAO H(rn!Hs66$ erneHs6L ernHs6 L4nHz6L
NGBO o L4rnHz6L NUSAO H,(il!Hs6 "!rin!Hs6L ,(il!Hs6 de ol! bl!n!6$
Ern L4nL NGBO o L4rnL NUSAO HErnesto6 ' UErneV L4nL NGBO o L4rnL NUSAO
HErne NrFoO6M e!rner LR 4n eL NGBO H!s!l!ri!do6 ' UErn!V LR 4n eL NGBO
HErnestin!6M e!rnest HseriHoHs6$ !Hs6L se)!l6 ' UErnestV HErnesto64 LR4nHIstL
est6L NGBO ' LR4rnHestL Ist6L NUSAOM e!se Htr!n/(ilid!dL d!r !li+io6 e UeZsL
EZsL EsV Hl!s es64 Li4zLM e!ten Ho"ido6 e UEtonV HEton64 LRi4tHe6nLM eerieL eer'
LRIeriL No LR I riL4 USAO He-tr!)oL "isterioso6 e Ue'rieL e'r'L !erieL !er'V LRIeriL
No LR I riL4 USAO H!,(iler!6M e##l(ents LRe#l(entsL H!rro'os /(e des!,(!n en (n l!,o6
' Ue##l(eneV LRe#l(enHt6sL He"!n!i3n6M ei,&t LeItL Ho&o6 ' U!teV LeItL Ho"i3L
o"F!6 NU!itV LeItL Hislet!6 es di!let!lOM ellHs6 LelHz6L H!n!Hs6L !l!Hs6 NoO
%!bell3nHes6L os!Hs6 en #or"! de ele6$ lHZs6 LelHz6L HeleHs66 ' UElleHus6V
LelHz6L HElle Nre+ist!O Hde Elle66M E" HE"ili!L E""!6 ' U"V HHl!6 e"e
Nletr!O64 Le"LM e"ollients LIR"ol.entsL NGB o LIlieILO e LIR"!4l.entsL NUSAO
He"olientes6 e Ue"ollieneV LIR"ol.enHt6sL NGB o LIlieILO e LIR"!4l.enHt6sL
NUSAO H(!lid!d de e"oliente6M En,lis&"!n LRI,lI["enL HH&o"bre6 in,l0s6 e
UEn,lis&"enV LRI,lI["enL HH&o"bres6 in,leses6M entr!nts LRentrentsL H%!tii%!ntesL
!ndid!tos6 ' Uentr!neV LRentrenHt6sL Hentr!d!6M en("er!ble Hen("er!ble6 e
Uinn("er!bleV Hinn("er!ble64 LIRn.(4"He6rebHe6lL o LI Rn(4"H e6r ebH e6lL
NUSA4 "s (s!doOM e/(i+!lents LIR97I+He6lentsL He/(i+!lentes6 e
Ue/(i+!leneV LIR97I+He6lenHt6sL He/(i+!leni!6M err Herr!rL e/(i+o!rse6$ &er
N#or"! d0bil del !d.eti+o %osesi+o4 D1 51;@18O Hs(L de ell!6$ &er N#or"! d0bil
del %rono"bre %erson!l4 D1 51;@1:O Hl!L ! ell!6 ' UerV Ne-l!"!i3nO Hesto
NEs%!)!OL este NL!tino!"0ri!O64 L4L NGBO ' L4rL NUSAOM er(%tHs6 Hentr!r
Hentr!6 en er(%i3nL est!ll!r Hest!ll!6L !rro.!r H!rro.!66 e Uirr(%tHs6V
Hirr("%ir Hirr("%e664 LIRrA%tHs6LM er(%ted Hentr3 en er(%i3nL est!ll!doL
!rro.36 e Uirr(%tedV Hirr("%iH3L do664 LIRrA%tI d$ edLM er(%tin, Hentr!ndo en
er(%i3nL est!ll!ndoL !rro.!ndo6 e Uirr(%tin,V Hirr("%iendo64 LIRrA%tILM
er(%tionHs6 Her(%i3nHes66 e Uirr(%tionHs6V Hirr(%i3nHes664 LIRrA%[enHz6LM
er(%ti+e Her(%ti+o6 e Uirr(%ti+eV H/(e irr("%e64 LIRrA%tI+LM er(%ti+el' Hde
#or"! er(%ti+!6 e Uirr(%ti+el'V Hde #or"! /(e irr("%e64 LIRrA%tI+liLM
Est&erHZs6L EsterHZs6 HEster Hde E166 ' UesterHs6V H0ster N/(F"i!O
Hesteres664 LResteHz6L NGBO ' LResterHz6L NUSAOM e+eHs6 Li4+Hz6L H+Fs%er!Hs66$
E+eHs6L E+eHZs6 Li4+Hz6L HE+!Hs6L E+elin!Hs6L A+elin!Hs6L E+!L E+elin!L
A+elin! Hde E+!L E+elin!L A+elin!66 e Ue!+esV Li4+zL H!lero6M e- He-I"!ridoL
e-I"(.erL sin N%re%osii3nOL %(esto en N%re%osii3nOL !bre+i!i3n N%!r!
e-!"en$ e.e"%lo$ e-e%i3n$ inter!"bio$ e-(rsi3n$ e-%reso$ e-tr!$ et1O6
' U-V He/(is64 Le9sLM e-%edients LI9sR%i4dientsL He-%edientesL re(rsos6 e
Ue-%edieneV LI9sR%i4dienHt6sL Hon+enieni!6M e'eHs6 Ho.oHs6L "ir!r H"ir!66$
iHZs6L IHZs6L IHs6 Hl! i Hl!s Fes66$ IHZs6 HHlos6 'o6 ' U!'He6Hs6V HsFHes664 L!IHz6LM
e'ed H"irH3L !do66 ' UIZdV Ni I s&o(ldL 7o(ldO4 L!IdLM e'eletHs6 Ho.eteHs6L
o.ete!r Ho.ete!66 ' UisletHs6V Hislet!Hs664 LR!IlHetHs6L ItHs66LM #!erieL #!er' LR#eriL
NUSAO o LR#eeriL H&!d!L %!Fs de &!d!s6$ #!ir' HIies6 LR#eriHz6L NUSAO
o LR#eeriHz6L H&!d!Hs6L "!ri/(it!Hs6 N(O &o"ose-(!lHes66 ' U#err' HI
ies6V LR#eriHz6L Htr!nsbord!dorHes66M #!il Hs(s%enderL #!ll!r6 ' U#!illeV H#!'!L
!n!#!'!64 L#eIlLM #!in N!r!ioO L#eInL H!le,re N!d.eti+oOL ,(stos!"ente6$
#ei,nHs6 L#eInHz6L H#in,ir H#in,e66 ' U#!neHs6V L#eInHz6L Hs!nt(!rioHs66M #!intHs6
H%lidoL des"!'oHs6L des"!'!rse Hse des"!'!66 ' U#eintHs6V
Hestr!t!,e"!Hs6L !"!,oHs6L !"!,!r H!"!,!664 L#eIntHs6LM #!inted Hse
des"!'3L des"!'!do6 ' U#eintedV H!"!,H3L !do664 LR#eIntI d$ edLM #!intin,
Hdes"!'ndose6 ' U#eintin,V H!"!,!ndo64 LR#eIntILM #!9erHs6 Nolo/(i!lO
LR#e I 9 erHz6L NUSAO Hi"%ostorHes6L est!#!dorHes66 ' U#!9irHs6V LR#e I 9 erHz6L
NUSA4 "enos (s!do /(e L#eR9IrHz6LO H#!/(irHes66M #!reHs6 HbilleteHs6L
%!s!.eroHs66 ' U#!irHs6V H.(sto N!d.eti+oOL #eri!Hs664 L#eeHz6L NGBO '
L#eHe6rHz6L NUSAOM #!teHs6 L#eItHs6L HdestinoHs66$ #vteHs6L #eteHs6 L#eItHs6L
H#iest!Hs6L #eri!Hs6 Hben0#i!Hs66L elebr!r Helebr!6L !,!s!.!r H!,!s!.!66 '
UHt&e6 F!tesV L#eItsL HHl!s6 P!r!s6M #!t&er H%!dre6 ' U#!rt&erV H"s !ll64
LR#!4S eL NGBOM #!(nHs6 H#!(noHs66 ' U#!7nHs6V Hbeis NoO bei,e N!d.eti+oOL
er+!toHs6L !d(l!r H!d(l!664 L#o4nHz6LM #!- L#Y9sL H#!-6 ' U#!tsV L#Y9sL
Nolo/(i!lO o L#Y9tsL Nestnd!rO H&e&os6M #!' H&!d!6$ F!'L F!'e HFe6 '
U#e'V H#!nt!siosoL +idente64 L#eILM #ees H(ot!sL &onor!rios6 ' U#e!zeV
Hdesen"!r!)!r NGBOL desonert!r NUSAO64 L#i4zLM #eet H%ies6 ' U#e!tV
H&!z!)!64 L#i4tLM #ello7Hs6 Ho"%!)eroHs6$ !Hs6L ti%oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U#elloeHs6V
H%in!Hs6 NoO !"3nHes6 de (n! r(ed!64 LR#elo(Hz6LM #elt L#eltL H#ieltroL (brir
on #ieltroL de #ieltroL sinti3L sentido6 ' U+eldHt6V L#eltL NUSA4 "enos
(s!doO o L+eltL H+eld Ni este%!O6M #ennel LR#enHe6lL H&ino.oL )!"o de l!
Indi!6 ' U%&en'lV LR#enHe6lL H#enilo6M #er(leHs6 H#0r(l!Hs6L disi%lin!Hs6
esol!rHes6L !sti,!r H!sti,!6 on l! #0r(l!6 ' U#err(leHs6V H!s/(illoHs6 de
b!st3n NoO !lder!L en!s/(ill!r Hen!s/(ill!664 LR#erelHz6L ' LR#er(4lHz6LM #e7
H%oos6$ #e( Htrozo de tierr! o"o #e(doL ,!r!ntiz!r o"o #e(do6 '
U%&e7]V H\(#]L \&(']64 L#.(4LM #ie] Nliter!rioO H\/(0 +er,Xenz!]6 ' U%&iV H%&i
N+i,0si"! %ri"er! letr! del !l#!beto ,rie,oO64 L#!ILM #i!n0Hs6 Hno+ioHs6L
%ro"etidoHs66 ' U#i!n0eHs6V Hno+i!Hs6L %ro"etid!Hs664 L#iRonseIHz6L NGBO
' L#i4!4nRseIHz6L NUSA o L#i4R!4nseIHz6LOM #ield"!n NUSA4 "enos (s!do /(e
U#ielderVO LR#i4ld"enL H#ilde!dor Nde rF/(etO6 ' U#ield"enV LR#i4ld"enL N'
"enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H#ilde!dores Nde rF/(etO6M #ields"!n NGB4 "enos
(s!do /(e U#ielderVO LR#i4ldz"enL H#ilde!dor Nde rF/(etO6 ' U#ields"enV
LR#i4ldz"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H#ilde!dores Nde rF/(etO6M #ileHs6 L#!IlHz6L
Hli"!Hs6L !r%et!Hs6L !r&i+oHs6L !r&i+!r H!r&i+!66$ %&i!lHs6 L#! I lHz6L NUSA4
"enos (s!doO o L#!IelHz6L H!"%oll!Hs6L #r!soHs6 %e/(e)oHs66 ' U#!illeV
L#! I lL NUSAO H#!'!L !n!#!'!6M #illHs6 Hllen!r Hllen!6L !b(nd!ni!6 ' UP&ilHZs6V
HFeli%eL Feli%!L Filis Hde F1664 L#IlHz6LM #ilterHs6 H#iltroHs6L #iltr!r H#iltr!66 '
U%&iltreHs6V NGB %rini%!l"enteOL U%&ilterHs6V NUSAO Nliter!rioO H#iltroHs6
Nde !"orOL %oi3nHes6 ",i!Hs664 LR#IlteHz6L NGBO ' LR#IlterHz6L NUSAOM
#inHs6 L#InHz6L H!let!Hs66$ #inn L#InL H#in0s Nde%orteO6 ' UFinnHs6V L#InHz6L
H#inl!nd0sHes6L #in0sHes66M #ind Henontr!r6 ' U#inedV H"(ltH3L !do664 L#!IndLM
#inis& Hter"in!rL #in6 ' UFinnis&V H#in0s NoO #inl!nd0s N!d.eti+o '
no"breO64 LR#InI[LM #irHs6 L#4Hz6L NGBO o L#4rHz6L NUSAO H!betoHs66$ #(rHs6 L#4
Hz6L NGBO o L#4rHz6L NUSAO H%ielHes6L !bri,oHs6 de %ielesL ,(!rneer
H,(!rnee6L !dorn!r H!dorn!6L #orr!r H#orr!6 on %ieles6 ' U#(rzeV L#4zL
NGBO o L#4rzL NUSAO Hto.oL !(l!,!6M #ire"!n LR#!Ie"enL NGBO o LR#!IHe6r"enL
NUSAO Hbo"beroL #o,oneroL o#ii!l de "/(in!s NUSAO6 ' U#ire"enV LR#!Ie"enL
NGBO o LR#!IHe6r"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO Hbo"berosL
#o,onerosL o#ii!les de "/(in!s NUSAO6M #is&erHs6 H%es!dorHes6L "!rt!Hs6 de
A"0ri!6 ' U#iss(reHs6V H#is(r!Hs6L &enderHse6 Hse !,riet!664 LR#I[eHz6L NGBO '
LR#I[erHz6L NUSAOM #is&er"!n LR#I[e"enL NGBO o LR#I[er"enL NUSAO H%es!dor6 '
U#is&er"enV LR#I[e"enL NGBO o LR#I[er"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB '
USA4 LI"enLO H%es!dores6M #izz Hr(ido sibil!nteL e#er+eseni!L &!"%n
NGBOL re#reso NoO ,!seos! NUSAOL &is%!L silb!rL b(rb(.e!r6 ' U%&izV
H#isono"F!64 L#IzLM #l!,"!n LR#lY,"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H!b!nder!doL
,(!rd!+F!6 ' U#l!,"enV LR#lY,"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H!b!nder!dosL
,(!rd!+F!s6M #l!irHs6 HdoteHs6L instintoHs6L !%tit(dHes6 es%ei!lHes66 '
U#l!reHs6V Hll!"!r!d!Hs6L ben,!l!Hs6L ll!"e!r Hll!"e!6L !!"%!n!r
H!!"%!n!664 L#leeHz6L NGBO ' L#leHe6rHz6L NUSAOM #l!7Hs6 L#lo4Hz6L
Hdes%er#etoHs6L de#etoHs66 ' U#loorHs6V L#lo4Hz6L NGBO H%isoHs6 Ni
%l!nt!Hs6O6M #le!Hs6 H%(l,!Hs66 ' U#leeHs6V H&(ir H&('e664 L#li4Hz6LM #le7 H+ol36$
#l( H,ri%e6 ' U#l(eV Ht(bo N%!r! l! s!lid! del &("oOL &("ero64 L#l(4LM #le-
H!ble NGBOL #le-ion!rHse66 ' U#le9sV H"ot!sL s!l%i!64 L#le9sLM #loeHs6
Ht0"%!noHs6 de &ielo6 ' U#lo7Hs6V H#l(.oHs6L orrienteHs6L #l(ir H#l('e664
L#lo(Hz6LM #lo7erHs6 H#lorHes6L #loreer H#loree66 ' U#lo(rHs6V H&!rin!Hs6L
en&!rin!r Hen&!rin!664 LR#l!(eHz6L NGBO ' LR#l!(He6rHz6L NUSAOM #lo7ered
H#loreiH3L do66 ' U#lo(redV Hen&!rinH3L !do664 LR#l!(edL NGBO ' LR#l!(He6rdL
NUSAOM #lo7erin, H#loreiendo6 ' U#lo(rin,V Hen&!rin!ndo64 LR#l!(erIL
NGBO ' LR#l!(He6rIL NUSAOM #lo7er' H#lore!doL #loridoL #lor!l6 ' U#lo(r'V
Hen&!rin!doL &!rinoso64 LR#l!(eriL NGBO ' LR#l!(He6riL NUSAOM #oe"!n
N!r!ioO LR#o("enL Hene"i,o en ,(err!6 ' U#oe"enV LR#o("enL Hene"i,os en
,(err!6M #old Hdobl!rHse6L doblez6 ' U#o!ledV H%!riH3L do664 L#o(ldLM #l'"!n
LR#l!I"enL Htr!"o'ist! /(e se o(%! del deor!do$ ortin!s$ et1$ en l!s b!"b!lin!s
del (n te!tro6 ' U#l'"enV LR#l!I"enL Htr!"o'ist!s /(e se o(%!n del deor!do$
ortin!s$ et1$ en l!s b!"b!lin!s del (n te!tro6M #oils"!n LR#oIlz"enL H#loretist!6 '
U#oils"enV LR#oIlz"enL H#loretist!s6M #ond L#!4ndL NUSAO H!ri)oso6 '
U#!7nedV L#!4ndL NUSAO o L#o4ndL H!d(lH3L !do66M #oot"!n N!r!ioO LR#(t"enL
Hl!!'o6 ' U#oot"enV LR#(t"enL Hl!!'os6M #ore"!n LR#o4"enL NGBO o LR#o4r"enL N
USAO H!%!t!zL "!estro de obr!sL %residente del .(r!do6 ' U#ore"enV LR#o4"enL
NGBO o LR#o4r"enL NUSAO H!%!t!esL "!estros de obr!sL %residentes del .(r!do6M
#ore Hdel!nteroL del!nteL de %ro!6$ #or N#or"! #(erteO H%!r!L %or6 ' U#o(rV
H(!tro64 L#o4L NGBO ' L#o4rL NUSAOM #or9s L#o49sL NGBO Htenedores6 '
UF!79esV N!%ellidoO L#o49sL HF!79es6M #or"!ll' H#or"!l"ente6 '
U#or"erl'V H!nterior"ente64 LR#o4" eliL NGBOM #ort L#o4tL NGBO H#(erte6 '
U#o(,&tV L#o4tL Hl(&H3L !do66M #ort L#o4rtL NUSAO H#(erte Ni l(,!rO6 ' U#orteV
L#o4rtL NUSA4 "s (s!doO o LR#o4rteIL H#(erte Ni t!lento NoO #!(lt!dL l! %!rte
"s #(erte de (n! es%!d!O6M #ort& Hen !del!nteL &!i! !del!nte6 ' U#o(rt&V
H(!rto64 L#o4uL NGBO ' L#o4ruL NUSAOM #o7lHs6 H!+eHs6L !+eHs6 de orr!lL
!z!r H!z!6 !+es6 ' U#o(lHs6V Hs(ioL #!lt!Hs6L ens(i!r Hens(i!6L o"eter
Ho"ete6 #!lt! en ontr!64 L#!(lHz6LM #o7led H!zH3L !do6 !+es6 ' U#o(ledV
Hens(i3L o"etido #!lt! en ontr!64 L#!(ldLM #o7ler H!z!dor de !+es6 '
U#o(lerV H"s s(io64 LR#!(leL NGBO ' LR#!(lerL NUSAOM #o7lin, H!z!ndo
!+es6 ' U#o(lin,V Hens(i!ndoL o"etiendo #!lt! en ontr!64 LR#!(lILM #r!n
H#r!no N"oned!O6$ #r!n9 H#r!no6 ' UFr!n9L Fr!n9V HP!o NoO P!/(ito NoO
*(rro NoO J(io64 L#rY9LM Fr!nes HFr!nis!6$ Fr!nis HFr!niso6 '
UFr!neZsV Hde Fr!ni!64 LR#r!4nsI s$ esL NGBO ' LR#rYnses$ I sL NUSAOM #ree"!n
LR#ri4"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO Hi(d!d!noL i(d!d!no de &onorL &o"bre libre6
' U#ree"enV LR#ri4"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Hi(d!d!nosL i(d!d!nos de &onorL
&o"bres libre6M #reezeHs6 LR#ri4zHI z$ ez6L Hon,el!i3nL &el!d!Hs6L on,el!rse
Hse on,el!6L on,el!r Hon,el!66$ #riezeHs6 LR#ri4zHI z$ ez6L H#risoHs6L
,re!Hs66 ' U#reesV L#ri4zL Hliber!6M Fren&"!n LR#ren"enL HH&o"bre6 #r!n0s6 '
UFren&"enV LR#ren"enL HH&o"bres6 #r!neses6M #res&"!n LR#re["enL Hest(di!nte
de %ri"er (rso Nde (ni+ersid!dO NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL no+!to NUSAO6 '
U#res&"enV LR#re["enL Hest(di!ntes de %ri"er (rso Nde (ni+ersid!dO NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOL no+!tos NUSAO6M #ri!rHs6 H#r!ileHs66 ' U#r'erHs6L #rierHs6V
H#reidorHes6$ !Hs6L s!rt0nHes6L %olloHs664 LR#r!IeHz6L NGBO ' LR#r!IHe6rHz6L
NUSAOM #ro,"!n LR#ro,"enL NGBO o LR#ro4,"enL NUSA o LR#r!4,"enLO H&o"bre
r!n!L s(b"!rinist!6 ' U#ro,"enV LR#ro,"enL NGBO o LR#ro4,"enL NUSA
o LR#r!4,"enLO H&o"bres r!n!L s(b"!rinist!s6M #rontiers"!n LR#rAntIez"enL NGB o
L#rAnRtIez"enLO o L#rAnRtIHe6rz"enL NUSA o LR#rAntIHe6rz"enLO H&o"bre de l!
#ronter!6 ' U#rontiers"enV LR#rAntIez"enL NGB o L#rAnRtIez"enLO o
L#rAnRtIHe6rz"enL NUSA o LR#rAntIHe6rz"enLO H&o"bres de l! #ronter!6M #(,le
Hser+ir de nor"! o "odelo Nolo/(i!lOL ser+ir de .e#e de #il! N!r!ioO6 ' U#(,!lV H!l
estilo de (n! #(,!64 LR#.(4,He6lLM #(,le"!n LR#.(4,He6l"enL N' "enos (s!do4
LI"YnLO H.e#e de #il!L lFder6 ' U#(,le"enV LR#.(4,He6l"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO
H.e#es de #il!L lFderes6M #(n,(s H&on,o6 ' U#(n,o(sV H#(n,osoHs6$ !Hs6L
"i3tioHs6$ !Hs664 LR#A,esLM #(seHs6 H#(sibleHs6L "e&!Hs6L es%olet!Hs6L
#(ndirHse6 Hse #(nde6L #(sion!rHse6 Hse #(sion!66 ' U#(zeHs6V NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO H"e&!Hs6L es%olet!Hs664 LR#.(4zHI z$ ez6LM ,!##Hs6 H!r%3nHes6L
!r%one!r H!r%one!66 ' U,!##eHs6V H"eted(r!Hs6 de %!t! NoO errorHes664
L,Y#Hs6LM ,!,eHs6 H%rend!Hs6L ,!r!ntF!Hs6L #i!nz!Hs6L %ro"es!Hs6L +otoHs6L
des!#FoHs6L retoHs6L ir(el!Hs6 +erd!lHes6L d!r NoO de%osit!r en %rend!
N!r!ioO6 ' U,!(,eHs6V NoO U,!,eHs6V H"edid!Hs6L t!"!)oHs6L indi!dorHes6L
"!n3"etroHs6L !libreHs6L !n&oHs6 de +F!L ni+elHes6L ,(F!Hs6L
!libr!dorHes6L "edir H"ide6L esti"!r Hesti"!6L !l(l!r H!l(l!6L !libr!r
H!libr!664 LR,eIdHI z$ ez6LM ,!leHs6 H+end!+!lHes66$ G!elHs6 L,eIlHz6L
H,!0lioHs6 N&!bit!nteHs6 de Esoi! e Irl!nd!O ' UG!ilHZs6L G!leHZs6L
G!'leHZs6V HAbi,!il Hde A1664 L,eIlHz6LM ,!llHs6 HbilisL roz!d(r!Hs6L roz!r
Hroz!6L l!sti"!rse Hse l!sti"!6 roz!ndo6 ' UG!(lHs6V HG!li!L ,!loHs664
L,o4lHz6LM ,!llo%Hs6 H,!lo%eHs6L ,!lo%!r H,!lo%!66 ' U,!lo%Hs6V
H,!lo%!Hs664 LR,Yle%Hs6LM ,!"bleHs6 Hne,oioHs6 !rries,!doHs6L ries,oHs6L
.(,!r H.(e,!6 %or dineroL !%ost!r H!%(est!66 ' U,!"bolHs6V HbrinoHs6L
!briol!Hs6L brin!r Hbrin!664 LR,Y"bHe6lHz6LM ,!"bled H.(,!b! %or dineroL
!%ost!do6 ' U,!"bolledV NGB %rini%!l"enteO o U,!"boledV NUSAO
HbrinH3L !do664 LR,Y"bHe6ldLM ,!"blin, H.(,!ndo %or dineroL !%ost!ndo6 '
U,!"bollin,V NGB %rini%!l"enteO o U,!"bolin,V NUSAO
Hbrin!ndo64 LR,Y"bHe6lILM ,!"es"!n LR,eI"z"enL H.(,!dor !st(to6 '
U,!"es"enV LR,eI"z"enL H.(,!dores !st(tos6M ,!""onHs6 LR,Y"enHz6L
H.!"3n !&("!do NoO se!doL .(e,oHs6 dobleHs6L +ener H+ene6 ,!n!ndo (n
.(e,o doble6 ' U,!"inHs6V LR,Y" enHz6L NUSAO H,ol#illoHs66M ,!teHs6
H+er.!Hs6L entr!d!Hs66 ' U,!itHs6V H"odoHs6 de !nd!rL %!soHs664 L,eItHs6LM
,!'Hs6 H,!'Hs6L lesbi!n!Hs66$ G!'HZs6 HG!brielH!6 Hde G!brielH!66 '
UG!'eHZs6V H*!'! Hde *1664 L,eIHz6LM ,!ze H"ir!d! H#i.!6L "ir!r H#i.!"ente66$
G!'Zs Hde G!brielH!66$ G!'eZs Hde *!'!6 ' U,!'sV H,!'sL lesbi!n!s64 L,eIzLM
,ee] H\!rre] NGBOL \!r!"b!] NUSAOL \jes2s] NUSAOL \o'e] NUSAO6 ' U,V
HHl!6 ,e Nletr!O64 Ldi4LM ,elHs6 H,elL ,eli#i!rse Hse ,eli#i!6 NoO (!.!rse Hse
(!.!6 NoO en!.!r Hen!.!66 ' U.ellHs6V H.!le! NUSAOL ,eli#i!rse Hse ,eli#i!6
NoO (!.!rse Hse (!.!6 NoO en!.!r Hen!.!664 LdelHz6LM ,entle"!n
LRdentHe6l"enL H!b!lleroL se)or6 ' U,entle"enV LRdentHe6l"enL N' "enos
(s!do4 LI"enLO H!b!llerosL se)ores6M Gerr'HZs6 HGer!rdoL Ger!ldoL GeroldoL
Gir!ldo Hde G166$ jerr'HZs6 HGer!rdoL Ger!ldoL GeroldoL Gir!ldoL jere"F!s
Hde G1L j166$ jeriHZs6L jerr'HZs6L jerrieHZs6 HGer!rd! Hde G166 ' U.err' HIies6V
Hsold!doHs6 !le"nHes6L orin!lHes6L de in#erior !lid!d64 LRderiHz6LM ,estHs6
H,est!Hs66 ' U.estHs6V Hbro"!Hs664 LdestHs6LM GilHZs6 HGilberto Hde G166 '
UGillHZs6V Hj(li!n! Hde j1664 L,ilHz6L o LdilHz6LM ,ildHs6 L,ildHz6L Hdor!r Hdor!6L
e"belleer He"bellee66$ ,(ildHs6 L,ildHz6L H,re"ioHs6L o#r!dF!Hs66 '
U,illedV L,ildL H%es3 %or l!s !,!ll!sL desentr!)!do6M ,illieL ,&illieL
,ill' LR,IliL Hri!doL !o"%!)!nte6$ GillieHZs6 LR,IliHz6L o LRdIliHz6L HGilbertoL
j(li!n! Hde G1L j166 ' U,ill'Hs6V LR, I liHz6L NUSAO H+!,3nHes6 de "!der!L
!"i3nHes6 N%!r! tr!ns%ort!r e/(i%os de iroO6M ,ilt Hdor3L !dornH!b!L
!do66 ' U,(iltV H(l%!64 L,IltLM ,inHs6 H,inebr!L .(e,o de n!i%esL +!soHs6 de
,inebr!L li"%i!dor!Hs6 de !l,od3n NoO des"ot!dor!Hs6L tr!"%!Hs6 N%!r!
!z!rO6 ' U.innHs6L d.innHs6V HserHes6 sobren!t(r!lHes6L ,enioHs6L es%Frit(Hs6
#!ntstioHs664 LdInHz6LM ,l!reHs6 Hl("inosid!dHes6L desl("br!"ientoHs6L
desl("br!r Hdesl("br!66 ' U,l!irHs6V Hl!r!Hs6 de &(e+oL ol!Hs6L d!r Hd!6
on ol!64 L,leeHz6L NGBO ' L,leHe6rHz6L NUSAOM ,l!ss"!n LR,l!4s"enL NGBO o
LR,lYs"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"YnLO H+idriero6 '
U,l!ss"enV LR,l!4s"enL NGBO o LR,lYs"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB '
USA4 LI"enLO H+idrieros6M ,lee"!n LR,li4"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO Htro+!dorL
.(,l!r6 ' U,lee"enV LR,li4"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Htro+!doresL .(,l!res6M
,lenHs6 H!)!d!Hs66 ' UGlennHZs6L GlenHZs6V N&o"breO HGlen Hde G1664
L,lenHz6LM ,loo" H%esi"is"oL tristez!6 ' U,l("eV H,l("!64 L,l(4"LM
,no"eHs6 Lno("Hz6L HH,6no"oHs66$ ,no"eHs6 Lno("Hz6L Nen GB
t!"bi0n LRno("i4Hz6O H"-i"!Hs6 NoO !#oris"oHs66 ' Uno"eHs6V Lno("Hz6L
Hno"!r/(F!Hs66M ,ob' HIies6 H,obioHs6 NoO !doeHs66 ' UGobiHZs6V HGobi Hde
G1664 LR,o(biHz6LM God L,!4dL NUSAO HDios6$ ,ods L,!4dzL NUSAO Hdioses6$
G!7d] L,!4dL NUSAO o L,o4dL H\Rediez]L \Redi3s]L \*!r!oles]6 ' U,!(dHs6V
L,!4dHz6L NUSAO o L,o4dHz6L H&!rr!d!Hs66M ,oerHs6 LR,o( eHz6L NGBO
H!sid(oHs6$ !Hs6L orredorHes6 N!b!lloHs6OL !lenton!Hs6 NGB4 olo/(i!l i
"(.erHes6 !le,reHs6 se-(!l"enteO6 ' UGo!HZs6V LR,o(eHz6L HGo! Hde G166M
,ood"!n N!r!ioO LR,(d"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H!"o Hde l! !s!6L "!ridoL
se)or6 ' U,ood"enV LR,(d"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H!"os Hde l! !s!6L
"!ridosL se)ores6M ,o(rdHs6 H!l!b!z!Hs66 ' U,o(rdeHs6V H,(rdoHs6 N(nid!d
"onet!ri! de E!itFO64 L,(edHz6L NGB4 "s (s!doO o L,(He6dHz6L NUSAO '
L,o4dHz6L NGB4 "enos (s!doO o L,o4rdHz6L NUSA4 "s (s!doOM ,o7ns"!n
LR,!(nz"enL Hto,!doL (ni+ersit!rio NGBO6 ' U,o7ns"enV LR,!(nz"enL N' "enos
(s!do4 LI"enLO Hto,!dosL (ni+ersit!rios NGBO6M ,o(rd H!l!b!z!6 ' U,oredV
HorneH3L !do664 L,o4dL NGBO ' L,o4rdL NUSAOM ,r!de H,r!do6 ' U,re'edV
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL U,r!'edV NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hen!neiH3L do664
L,reIdLM ,r!ze HroeL roz!rL %!er6 ' U,re'sV NGB %rini%!l"enteOL U,r!'sV
NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H,risesL r(iosL en!nee64 L,reIzLM ,re!seHs6 H,r!s!L
,o"in!L en,r!s!r Hen,r!s!66 ' UGreeeHZs6V HGrei! Hde G1664 L,ri4sHI z$ ez6LM
,re!t H,r!nde6 ' U,r!teV H&o,!rL r!ll!r64 L,reItLM ,re!ter H"s ,r!nde6 '
U,r!terV Hr!ll!dor64 LR,reIteL NGBO ' LR,reIterL NUSAOM ,rie+eHs6 Hs(#rir
Hs(#re6L !#li,irse Hse !#li,e66 ' U,re!+eHs6V H,reb!Hs6 NoO es%iniller!Hs6L
&i&!rr3nHes664 L,ri4+Hz6LM ,ri##onHs6 LR,rI#enHz6L H,ri#oHs6 H"itol3,ioHs66L
b(itreHs6L %erroHs6 r!%oseroHs66 ' U,ri##inHs6V LR,r I # enHz6L NUSAO
He-tr!n.eroHs6 Nlle,!doHs6 ! Oriente de OidenteO6M ,rillHs6 H%!rrill!Hs6L !s!r
H!s!6 ! l! %!rrill!6 ' U,rilleHs6V Henre.!doHs6L +er.!Hs664 L,rIlHz6LM ,ri%
H!,!rreL !,!rr!r6 ' U,ri%%eV N!r!ioO H,ri%e64 L,rI%LM ,risl' H&orri%il!nteL
&orrible6 ' U,rizzl'V H,riseoL %!rd(so64 LR,rIzliLM ,roinHs6 L,roInHz6L
Hin,leHs6L !rist!Hs6 de en(entroL onstr(ir Honstr('e6 on !rist!s de
en(entro6 ' U,ro'neHs6V L,ro I nHz6L NGBO Hro"%eol!sL esoller!Hs66M
,roo"s"!n LR,r(4"z"enL H%!drino de bod!6 ' U,roo"s"enV LR,r(4"z"enL N'
"enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H%!drinos de bod!6M ,ro(nds"!n NGBO LR,r!(ndz"enL
Hen!r,!do Hdel "!nteni"iento de (n !"%o de .(e,oL (n! %ist! de de%orte6 '
U,ro(nds"enV LR,r!(ndz"enL Hen!r,!dos Hdel "!nteni"iento de (n !"%o de
.(e,oL (n! %ist! de de%orte6M ,ro7n Hreido6 ' U,ro!nV H/(e.idoL ,e"ir64
L,ro(nLM ,(!rds"!n LR,!4dz"enL NGBO o LR,!4rdz"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en
GB ' USA4 LI"YnLO Hentinel!L "ie"bro de l! G(!rdi! Re!l NGBOL "ie"bro de l!
G(!rdi! N!ion!l NUSAO6 ' U,(!rds"enV LR,!4dz"enL NGBO o LR,!4rdz"enL
NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO Hentinel!sL "ie"bros de l! G(!rdi!
Re!l NGBOL "ie"bros de l! G(!rdi! N!ion!l NUSAO6M ,(errill!Hs6 N"s (s!doOL
,(erill!Hs6 H,(errilleroHs66 ' U,orill!Hs6V H,oril!Hs664 L,eRrIleHz6LM ,(est
Hin+it!do6 ' U,(essedV Hs(%(so NoO s(%(esto NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL !di+inH3L
!do664 L,estLM ,(ide H,(F!L ,(i!r6 ' U,('edV Hridi(liz!doHs6$ !Hs664 L,!IdLM
,(ilds"!n N"s (s!doO NoO ,ilds"!n LR,Ildz"enL H"ie"bro de (n ,re"io6 '
U,(ilds"en N"s (s!doO NoO ,ilds"enV LR,Ildz"enL H"ie"bros de (n ,re"io6M
,(""!s H,o"!s NoO si#ilo"!s N"ediin!O6 ' U,(""o(sV H,o"oso NoO %e,!.oso64
LR,A"esLM ,(n"!n LR,An"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H%istolero6 ' U,(n"enV
LR,An"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H%istoleros6M ,(tter LR, A teL NGBO H!n!l3n NoO
!l!nt!rill!L !rder on l(z %!r%!de!nte6 ' U,(tt!V LR,AteL H,ot! N!r/(itet(r!L
"ediin!O6M ,('s Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO HtFosL ti%os6$ G('Zs Hde
G(ido6 ' U,(iseV H!s%eto64 L,!IzLM ,'beHs6 NGB %rini%!l"enteO H.ibeHs6L
,ibeHs6L !"bioHs6 del (rso de (n b!roL !"bi!r H!"bi!6 el (rso de (n
b!roL "o+er H"(e+e6 de (n l!do %!r! otro Nl! +el!O6$ .ibeHs6L ,ibeHs6
Hb(rl!Hs6L ridi(liz!r Hridi(liz!6L "o#!rse Hse "o#!66 ' U.ibeHs6V Nolo/(i!lO
Honord!r Hon(erd!664 Ld!IbHs6LM ,'"Hs6 H,i"n!sioHs66 ' Uji"HZs6V
Hj!i"ito Hde j1664 LdI"Hz6LM &!9"!n NUSAO LR&Y9"enL H&3#er de t!-iL
o&ero de !l/(iler6 ' U&!9"enV NUSAO LR&Y9"enL H&3#eres de t!-iL o&eros
de !l/(iler6M &!il H,r!nizoL ,ritoL ,rit!r6 ' U&!leV Hs!noL s!l(d!bleL
rob(sto64 L&eIlLM &!irHs6 L&eeHz6L NGBO o L&eHe6rHz6L NUSAO H%eloHs66$ &!reHs6
L&eeHz6L NGBO o L&eHe6rHz6L NUSAO HliebreHs66 ' UEerrV L&eeL NGBO o
L&eHe6rL NUSAO Hse)or6M &!ir' LR&eriL NUSAO H%el(do6 ' U&!rr'V LR&eriL NUSA4
"enos (s!doO o LR&YriL Hs!/(e!rL !os!r6M &!llHs6 H+estFb(loHs6L s!l3nHes6L
resideni!Hs6 (ni+ersit!ri!Hs6 NGBO6 ' U&!(lHs6V HreorridoHs6L red!d!Hs6L
tir!r Htir!6L tr!ns%ort!r Htr!ns%ort!664 L&o4lHz6LM &!l+e L&Y+L NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO H%!rtir %or l! "it!dL e"%!t!r6 ' U&!+eV L&Y+L Htener6M
&!ndir!#ts"!n LR&YndI9r!4#ts"enL NGBO o LR&YndI9rY#ts"enL NUSAO H!rtes!noL
!rtF#ie6 ' U&!ndir!#ts"enV LR&YndI9r!4#ts"enL NGBO o LR&YndI9rY#ts"enL
NUSAO H!rtes!nosL !rtF#ies6M &!ndleHs6 H"!n,oHs6L "!ni%(l!r H"!ni%(l!66 '
UE!ndelHZs6V N!%ellidoO HE1 Hde E16 Njor,e FederioO64 LR&YndHe6lHz6LM
&!n,erHs6 H%er&!Hs6L ,!n&oHs66 ' U&!n,!rHs6V H&!n,!rHes664 LR&YeHz6L
NGBO ' LR&YerHz6L NUSAOM &!n,"!n LR&Y"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO
H+erd(,oL !&or!do Nen .(e,osO6 ' U&!n,"enV LR&Y"enL H+erd(,osL !&or!dos
Nen .(e,osO6M &!r+est"!n LR&!4+Ist"enL NGB o LI+esILO o LR&!4r+est"enL NUSAO
Hse,!dorL #!l!n,io NUSAO6 ' U&!r+est"enV LR&!4+Ist"enL NGB o LI+esILO o
LR&!4r+est"enL NUSAO Hse,!doresL #!l!n,ios NUSAO6M &!7] L&o4L H\.o]6$
&!7Hs6 L&o4Hz6L Htoseill!Hs6L b!'!Hs6 del es%ino6 ' U7&oreHs6V L&o4Hz6L NGBO
H%rostit(t!Hs6L ir H+!6 de %(t!s6M &!' H&eno6 ' U&e'V H\e&]L \o'e]L \oi,!]64
L&eILM &!ze Hbr("!L ,!st!r no+!t!d!s NUSAO6 ' U&!'ZsV Hde &eno64 L&eIzLM
&e!ds"!n Nliter!rioO LR&edz"enL H+erd(,o6 ' U&e!ds"enV LR&edz"enL H+erd(,os6M
&e!lHs6 L&i4lHz6L H(r!r H(r!66$ &eelHs6 L&i4lHz6L Ht!3nHes6L t!l3nHes6L
t!one!r Ht!one!6L inlin!rHse6 Hse inlin!66 ' U&eZllV Ni &e 7illO L&i4lLM
&e!led H(rH3L !do66 ' U&eeledV Ht!one3L inlin!do64 L&i4ldLM &e!lin,
H(r!ndoL (r!i3nL (r!ti+o6 ' U&eelin,V Ht!one!ndoL
inlinndoHse664 LR&i4lILM &el"s"!n LR&el"z"enL Hti"onel6 ' U&el"s"enV
LR&el"z"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Hti"oneles6M &en&"!n LR&en"enL Hse(!z
Ni se,(idorOL ,(!rd!es%!ld!s Nde se,(rid!dO6 ' U&en&"enV LR&en"enL Hse(!es
Ni se,(idoresOL ,(!rd!es%!ld!s Nde se,(rid!dO6M &e!r HoFr6 ' U&ereV H!/(F64 L&IeL
NGBO o L&IHe6rL NUSAOM &e!rer Ho'ente6 ' UEer!L EereV HEer!64 LR& Ie r eL NGBOM
&erds"!n LR&4dz"enL NGBO o LR&4rdz"enL NUSAO H+!/(eroL %!stor Nde o+e.!sO6 '
U&erds"enV LR&4dz"enL NGBO o LR&4rdz"enL NUSAO H+!/(erosL %!stores Nde
o+e.!sO6M &e!rt L&!4tL NGBO Hor!z3n6 ' U&otV L&!4tL NUSAO H!liente6M &e!rtHs6
L&!4tHs6L NGBO o L&!4rtHs6L NUSAO Hor!z3nHes66$ &!rtHs6 Nliter!rioO L&!4tHs6L
NGBO o L&!4rtHs6L NUSAO Hier+oHs66 ' UEerts1V NEert#ors&ireO L&!4tsL NGBO o
L&!4rtsL NUSAOM &eed H!teni3nL %rest!r !teni3n6 ' U&eZdV Ni &e 7o(ldO4
L&i4dLM &erd Hreb!)oL lle+!r en "!n!d!6 ' U&e!rdV Ho'3L oFdo64 L&4dL NGBO '
L&4rdL NUSAOM &eroin H&eroFn! Ndro,!O6 ' U&eroineV H&eroFn! NoO
%rot!,onist! N%erson!O64 LR&ero(InLM &e7Hs6 L&.(4Hz6L Hort!r Hort!6L t!ll!r
Ht!ll!6$ &(eHs6 L&.(4Hz6L HolorHes6L tonoHs6L l!"orHes66 ' UE(,&HZs6V L&.(4
Hz6L HE(,o Hde E166M Ei9HZs6 L&I9Hs6L HRi!rdo Hde R166$ &i9Hs6 Nolo/(i!l4
USA %rini%!l"enteO L&I9Hs6L H%!tnHes66 ' U&i]V L&I9L H\&i%]6M &ideHs6
L&!IdHz6L Hesonder Hesonde6L %ielHes6L obser+!torioHs66$ &ied L&!IdL Hse
!%res(r3L orrido6 ' UE'deHZs6V L&!IdHz6L N!%ellidoO HE1 Nje9'lO Hde E166M
&i,& H!lto6$ &ie H!%res(r!rseL orrer6 ' U&iV H&ol!64 L&!ILM &i,&er LR&!IeL
NGBO o LR&!IerL NUSAO H"s !lto6 ' U&ireV LR&!IeL NGBO o LR&!IHe6rL NUSAO
H!l/(ilerL !l/(il!r6M &i,&7!'"!n LR&!I7eI"enL Hb!ndoleroL s!lte!dor de
!"inos6 ' U&i,&7!'"enV LR&!I7eI"enL Hb!ndolerosL s!lte!dores de !"inos6M
&i" HloL le6 ' U&'"nV H&i"no64 L&I"LM &i%%oHs6 Nolo/(i!lO H&i%o%3t!"oHs66
' UEi%%oHZs6V Nliter!rioO HEi%on! Hde E1664 LR&I%o(Hz6LM &ist] H\&it3n]L
\&ito]6 ' U&issedV HsilbH3L !do664 L&IstLM &o!r L&o4L NGBO o L&o4rL NUSAO
Hes!r&!L bl!n(r!6 ' U7&oreV L&o4L NGBO o L&o4rL NUSAO H%rostit(t!L ir de
%(t!s6M &o9Hs6 L&!49Hs6L NUSAO Hor+e.3nHes6L +inoHs6 bl!noHs6 Ndel RinOL
des.!rret!r Hdes.!rret!6L e"%e)!r He"%e)!6 Nolo/(i!lO6$ E!79e L&!49L
NUSAO o L&o49L HE1 N!%ellidoO6 ' U&!79Hs6V L&!49Hs6L NUSAO o L&o49Hs6L
H&!l3nHes6L %re,on!r H%re,on!6L !rr!s%e!r H!rr!s%e!66M &o9ed L&!49tL
NUSAO Hdes.!rret3L e"%e)!do6 Nolo/(i!lO6 ' U&!79edV L&!49tL NUSAO o
L&o49tL H%re,on3L !rr!s%e!do6M &o9erHs6 L&!49 erHz6L NUSAO H%erson!Hs6
/(e e"%e)!Hn6 !l,o6 ' U&!79erHs6V L&!49 erHz6L NUSAO o L&o49erHz6L
H+endedorHes6 !"b(l!nteHs66M &o9in, LR &!49 I L NUSAO Hdes.!rret!ndoL
e"%e)!ndo6 Nolo/(i!lO6 ' U&!79in,V LR &!49 I L NUSAO o LR&o49IL
H%re,on!ndoL !rr!s%e!ndo6M &od"!n LR&od"enL NGBO o LR&!4d"enL NUSAO
H%e3n de !lb!)il6 ' U&od"enV LR&od"enL NGBO o LR&!4d"enL NUSAO H%eones de
!lb!)il6M &oe H!z!d!6 ' U&o]V H\.o]L \!.!.]L \so]L \!lto]64 L&o(LM &oes H!z!d!s6
' U&oseV H"!n,(er!L "edi!sL !letines64 L&o(zLM &oleHs6 H!,(.eroHs6L
!,(.ere!r H!,(.ere!66 ' U7&oleHs6V HenteroL on.(ntoHs6L tot!lid!dHes664
L&o(lHz6LM &oled H!,(.ereH3L !do66 ' U&oldV Hb!l(!rteL !,!rr!rL "!ntener64
L&o(ldLM &ol' LR&o(liL Hs!ntoL s!,r!do6$ &ole' Nolo/(i!lO LR&o(liL Hlleno de
!,(.erosL !,(.ere!do6 ' U7&oll'V LR&o(liL N"enos (s!do /(e LR&o(lliLO
Ho"%let!"ente6M &o"eHs6 L&o("Hz6L H!s!Hs6L ir ! !s! H+! ! !s!6L ,(i!r
H,(F!66$ &ol"Hs6 L&o("Hz6L Henin!Hs6 Ni &ol" o!9Hs6OL islet!Hs6 de rFo NoO
+e,!Hs6 ribere)!Hs6 NGBO6$ &e!("eHs6 L&o("Hz6L Hti%oHs6 de 'el"o ,r!nde
Nde l! Ed!d Medi!O6 ' UEol"esV N!%ellidoO L&o("zL HE1 NS&erlo9O6M
&oo9er LR&(9 eL NGBO H%rostit(t!L t!lon!dor6$ Eoo9er LR&(9 eL N!%ellido NE1OO
NGBO6 ' U&oo9!H&6V LR&(9eL Hn!r,(ile6M &oo%Hs6 L&(4%Hs6L H!roHs66 '
U7&oo%Hs6V L&(4%Hs6L N"enos (s!do /(e L&7(4%Hs6LO H,rit!r H,rit!66M
&ordeHs6 L&o4dHz6L NGBO o L&o4rdHz6L NUSAO H&ord!Hs6L "(ltit(dHes66$
&o!rdHs6 L&o4dHz6L NGBO o L&o4rdHz6L NUSAO HtesoroHs6 esondidoHs6L
!("(l!i3nHes6L !("(l!r H!("(l!66 ' U7&oredV L&o4dL NGBO o L&o4rdL
NUSAO H#(eL ido de %(t!s6M &orse H!b!llo6 ' U&o!rseV HronoHs6$ !Hs664
L&o4sL NGBO ' L&o4rsL NUSAOM &orse"!n LR&o4s"enL NGBO o LR&o4rs"enL NUSAO
H.inete6 ' U&orse"enV LR&o4s"enL NGBO o LR&o4rs"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en
GB ' USA4 LI"enLO H.inetes6M &ostile H&ostil6 ' U&ostelV H!lber,(eL resideni!L
&o,!r64 LR&!4stH e6lL NUSAOM &o(se H!lo.!rL ,(!rd!rL en!.!r6$ &o7s H3"os6 '
U&o7ZsV 111 HW3"o es 111T64 L&!(zLM &o(se"!n NGBO LR&!(s"enL N' "enos
(s!do4 LI"YnLO HNdotorO interno6 ' U&o(se"enV LR&!(s"enL N' "enos (s!do4
LI"enLO HNdotoresO internos6M &("oro(s H,r!ioso6 ' U&("er(sV
H&2"ero64 LR&.(4"He6resLM &(n,r' LR&A,riL H&!"brientoHs6$ !Hs66 '
UE(n,!r'V LR&A,riL o LR&A,eriL HE(n,rF!6M &(nts"!n LR&Ants"enL H!z!dor6
' U&(nts"enV LR&Ants"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H!z!dores6M &(rts Hl!sti"!L
o#endeL d(ele6$ &ertz H&erioHs66 ' UEertzV N!%ellidoO HE1 NEnri/(e
R(dol#O64 L&4tsL NGBO ' L&4rtsL NUSAOM &(sb!nd"!n LR&Azbend"enL
N!r!ioO H!,ri(ltor6 ' U&(sb!nd"enV LR&Azbend"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO
H!,ri(ltores6M &'%&! H&i#!6 ' UE!i#!V HE!i#!64 LR&!I#eLM idol!tro(s Nliter!rio4
!d.eti+oO Hid3l!tr!6 ' Uidol!tressV Nno"breO H"(.er id3l!tr!64 L!IRdoletresL
NGBO ' L!IRd!4letresL NUSAOM idolHs6 LR!IdHe6lHz6L HFdoloHs66$
idleHs6 LR!IdHe6lzL H&ol,!zn N!d.eti+oOL &ol,!z!ne!r H&ol,!z!ne!66 '
Uid'llHs6L id'lHs6 NUSA4 "enos (s!doOV LR!IdHe6lHz6L HidilioHs66M ile(" HFleon
NintestinoO6 e Uili("V Hilion N&(esoO64 LRIlie"LM illiit HilFito6 ' UeliitV
Hsons!!rL ded(irL e+o!r64 LIRlIsI t$ etLM ill("in!nts LRIl(4"enentsL o LI"IIL
Hil("in!dores6 e Uill("in!neV LRIl(4"enenHt6sL o LI"IIL Hil("in!i3n6M
ill(si+e Hil(sorio6 e Uel(si+eV Hes/(i+o64 LIRl(4sI+LM i""inene N"s
(s!doO LRI"enenHt6sL NoO i""inen' LRI"enenHt6siL Hin"ineni!6 e
Ui""!neneV N"s (s!doO LRI"enenHt6sL NoO Ui""!nen'V LRI"enenHt6siL
Hin"!neni!6M i""inent Hin"inente6 e Ui""!nentV
Hin"!nente64 LRI"enentLM i"%!ss!bilit' Li" %Ys eRb I letiL NUSAO
Hin#r!n/(e!bilid!dL intr!nsit!bilid!d6 e Ui"%!ssibilit'V LI"%YseRbIletiL
Hi"%!sibilid!dL insensibilid!d6M i"%!ss!ble LI "R%Ys ebH e6lL NUSAO
Hin#r!n/(e!bleL intr!nsit!ble6 e Ui"%!ssibleV LI"R%YsebHe6lL Hi"%!sibleL
insensible6M i"%eder Hi"%edidorL obstr(tor6 e Ui"%edorV Ho"%onente /(e
o#ree i"%ed!ni! N#Fsi!O64 LI"R%i4deL NGBO e LI"R%i4derL NUSAOM in Hen
N%re%osii3nOL dentro N!d+erbioO6 e UinnV Ht!bern!L &ost!l64 LInLM
inidents LRInHt6sIdentsL Hinidentes6 e UinideneV LRInHt6sIdenHt6sL
Hinideni!6M ino"%etents LInR9o"%etentsL NGB o LI%IILO o LInR9!4"%etentsL
NUSA o LI%IILO H%erson!s ino"%etentes6 e Uino"%eteneV LInR9o"%etenHt6sL
NGB o LI%IILO o LInR9!4"%etenHt6sL NUSA o LI%IILO Hino"%eteni!6M
inde%endents LIndIR%endentsL HH!ndid!tos6 inde%endientesL o"%!)F!s
inde%endientesL +ot!ntes inde%endientes6 e Uinde%endeneV LIndIR%endenHt6sL
Hinde%endeni!6M Indi!"!n LRIndie"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO Hb!ro /(e
&!F! el o"erio on l! Indi!6 e UIndi!"enV LRIndie"enL N' "enos (s!do4
LI"enLO Hb!ros /(e &!F!n el o"erio on l! Indi!6M inditHs6 H!(s!r H!(s!6L
ens(r!r Hens(r!66 e UinditeHs6V Hred!t!r Hred!t!664 LInRd!ItHs6LM indited
H!(s3L ens(r!do6 e UinditedV Hred!tH3L !do664 LInRd!ItI d$ edLM inditerHs6
Hden(ni!nteHs6L !(s!dorHes66 e UinditerHs6V Hred!torHes664 LInRd!IteHz6L
NGBO e LInRd!IterHz6L NUSAOM inditin, H!(s!ndo6 e Uinditin,V
Hred!t!ndo64 LInRd!ItILM indi,ents Nliter!rioO LRIndIdentsL Hindi,entes6 e
Uindi,eneV Nliter!rioO LRIndIdenHt6sL Hindi,eni!6M indisreet HindisretoHs6$
!Hs6L i"%r(denteHs66 e UindisreteV H(nidoL no di+ididoL no
se%!r!do64 LIndIsR9ri4tLM in#!ntr'"!n LRIn#entrI"enL Hsold!do de in#!nterF!6 e
Uin#!ntr'"enV LRIn#entrI"enL Hsold!dos de in#!nterF!6M in#ields"!n NGB4 "enos
(s!do /(e Uin#ielderV4 GB ' USAO LRIn#i4dz"enL H.(,!dor de (!dro in#Flder6 e
Uin#ields"enV LRIn#i4dz"enL H.(,!dores de (!dro in#Flder6M in#l(ents LRIn#l(entsL
H!#l(entes Hde (n rFo66 e Uin#l(eneV LRIn#l(enHt6sL Hin#l(eni!L in#l(ir6M
innoents LRInesHe6ntsL Hinoenentes6 e UinnoeneV LRInesHe6nHt6sL Hinoeni!6M
inst!ll!tion Hinst!l!i3n6 e Uinstill!tionV Hinstil!i3n64 LInsteRleI[He6nLM
inst!nts LRInHt6stentsL Hinst!ntes6 e Uinst!neV LRInHt6stenHt6sL Hinst!ni!L !soL %leito6M
ins(r,ents Nliter!rioO LRInRs4dentsL NGBO o LRInRs4rdentsL NUSAO Hins(r,entes6 e
Uins(r,eneV Nliter!rioO LRInRs4denHt6sL NGBO o LRInRs4rdenHt6sL NUSAO
Hs(ble+!i3n6M intend!nts Nliter!rioO LInRtendentsL HintendentesL s(%er+isores6 e
Uintend!neV Nliter!rioO LInRtendenHt6sL Hintendeni!L ,ereni!6M
intr!nsi,ents LInRtrYnsIdentsL No LIseILO Hintr!nsi,entes6 e
Uintr!nsi,eneV LInRtrYnsIdenHt6sL No LIseIO Hintr!nsi,eni!6M in+!de Hin+!dir6 e
Uin+ei,&edV H+it(%erH3L !do664 LInR+eIdLM in+!ri!nts LInR+eerientsL NGBO o
LInR+erientsL NUSAO Hin+!ri!ntes6 e Uin+!ri!neV LInR+eerienHt6sL NGBO o
LInR+erienHt6sL NUSAO Hin+!ri!ni!6M ionHs6 LR!IenHz6L HionHes66 ' UironHs6V
LR! I enHz6L NGBO H&ierroHs6L re+estir Hre+iste6 de &ierro6M Iris&"!n LR!IerI["enL
NGBO o LR!IrI["enL NUSAO HH&o"bre6 irl!nd0s6 ' UIris&"enV LR!IerI["enL NGBO o
LR!IrI["enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO HH&o"bres6
irl!ndeses6M itZs Ni it isO Hes6 e UitsV Hs(64 LItsLM .!"Hs6 H"er"el!d!Hs6L
!t!soHs6L !%(roHs6L !t!s!r H!t!s!66 ' U.!"bHs6V H.!"b!Hs664 LdY"Hz6LM .!r
Ld !4L NGBO Ht!rroL +ibr!r6 ' Uj!&V Ld!4L HDios N%!r! los r!st!#!riosO6M
.!'Hs6 H!rrend!.oHs66 ' U.HZs6L jHZs6L jHs6V Hl!Hs6 .ot!Hs6 Nletr!O64 LdeIHz6LM
je!nHZs6 Hj(!n! Hde j(!n!66$ GeneHZs6 HE(,enioL E(,eni! Hde E166 '
U,eneHs6V H,enHes664 Ldi4nHz6LM .e!ns HH%!nt!lones6 +!/(eros66$ je!nZs Hde
j(!n!6$ je!ns Hj(!n!s6$ GeneZs Hde E(,enioL E(,eni!6 ' U,enesV
H,enes64 Ldi4nzLM jesse Hj(!nitoL Is!FL jes06$ jess' Hm0si!6 ' UjessieV
Hj(!niHt!6L j!z"FnL m0si!64 LRdesiLM .e7elHs6 H%iedr!Hs6 %reios!Hs6L
.o'!Hs6L r(bFHes66 ' Uje7ellHZs6L je7elHZs6V N"(.erO HDi!"!nteL R(bF Hde D1L
R1664 LRd(4elHz6LM .inniL d.inniL d.inn' Hser sobren!t(r!lL ,enioL es%Frit(
#!ntstio6$ Ginn' HDir,ini!6 ' Ujinn'V Hj(!niHt!664 LRdIniLM .in- HenizoL
"!le#iioL tr!er "!l! s(erte6 ' U.in9sV Htr!+es(r!sL e+!si+!sL es/(i+!L se
des+F!64 LdI9sLM .oes Neso0s %rini%!l"enteO Hno+ios6 ' UjoZsL joeZsV Hde Pe%eL
Pe%itoL Pe%it!L jose#in!L Fe#i64 Ldo(zLM jo&nHZs6 LdonHz6L NGBO o Ld!4nHz6L
NUSAO Hj(!n Hde j(!n66$ .o&nHs6 Ld !4nHz6L NUSAO HretreteHs6 Nolo/(i!lOL
%(tero N+(l,!rO6 ' UjonHZs6V LdonHz6L NGBO o Ld!4nHz6L NUSAO Hjon!tn
Hde jon!tn6L j(!n Hde j(!n66M .o(rne'"!n LRd4nI"enL NGBO o LRd4rnI"enL
NUSAO Ho#ii!lL b(en tr!b!.!dor6 ' U.o(rne'"enV LRd4nI"enL NGBO o
LRd4rnI"enL NUSAO Ho#ii!lesL b(enos tr!b!.!dores6M j(lie LRd(4liL Hj(li!6 '
Ud(l'V LRd (4liL NGBO Hdebid!"ente6M .(ris%r(dents Ld(erIsR%r(4dHe6ntsL
NGB o LIreILO o Ld(resR%r(4dHe6ntsL NUSA oLIrIILO H.(ris%r(dentes6 '
U.(ris%r(deneV Ld(erIsR%r(4dHe6nHt6sL NGB o LIreILO o
Ld(resR%r(4dHe6nHt6sL NUSA oLIrIILO H.(ris%r(deni!6M .(r' LRd(eriL NGBO
o LRd(He6riL NUSAO H.(r!do6 ' Uje7r'V LRd(eriL NGB4 "s (s!doO
o LRd(He6riL NUSA4 "enos (s!doO o LRd(4riL NUSA4 "s (s!do ' GB4
"enos (s!doO H.(dFosL .(derF!6M .(r'"!n LRd(erI"enL NGBO o LRd(He6rI"enL
NUSAO H"ie"bro del .(r!do6 ' U.(r'"enV LRd(erI"enL NGBO o LRd(He6rI"enL
NUSAO N' "enos (s!do %!r! el %l(r!l4 LI"enLO H"ie"bros del .(r!do6M A!'HZs6
L9eIHz6L H*!tH!l6iHn!6 Hde *!tH!l6iHn!66L *!'o Hde *!'o6L A!' N!%ellidoO6$
9HZs6 L9eIHz6L Hl!Hs6 9L 9!Hs66 ' U/(!iHs6V L9eIHz6L N#r!n0sO H"(elleHs66M
9ernelHs6 H!l"endr!Hs6L ,r!noHs66 ' UolonelHs6V HoronelHes664 LR94nHe6lHz6L
NGBO ' LR94rnHe6lHz6L NUSAOM 9ins"!n LR9Inz"enL H#!"ili!r6 '
U9ins"enV LR9Inz"enL N' "enos (s!do %!r! el %l(r!l4 LI"enLO H#!"ili!res6M 9ir9"!n
LR949"enL NGBO o LR94r9"enL NUSAO Hl0ri,oL "ie"bro de l! I,lesi! de
Esoi!6 ' U9ir9"enV LR949"enL NGBO o LR94r9"enL NUSAO Hl0ri,osL
"ie"bros de l! I,lesi! de Esoi!6M Al!ns"!n LR9lYnz"enL N' "enos (s!do4
LI"YnLO H"ie"bro del A( Al(- Al!n6 ' UAl!ns"enV LR9lYnz"enL N' "enos
(s!do4 LI"enLO H"ie"bros del A( Al(- Al!n6M 9n!9erHs6 NGBO LRnY9eHz6L
Htr!t!nteHs6 de !b!llos H%!r! lle+!r !l "!t!dero66 ' Un!9erHs6V LRnY9eHz6L
Hti"b!lHes6 (s!doHs6 en "2si! "edie+!l6M 9n!+eHs6 Hbell!oHs6 N!r!ioOL
sot!Hs66 ' Un!+eHs6V Hn!+eHs6 Nde (n! i,lesi!OL (boHs6 Nde (n! r(ed!O64
LneI+Hz6LM 9ne!dHs6 Lni4dHz6L H!"!s!r H!"!s!6L #or"!r H#or"!66$ needHs6
Lni4dHz6L Hneesit!r Hneesit!66 ' U9needV Lni4dL Hto3 NoO ,ol%e!do on l!
rodill!6M 9ne!ded H!"!s3L #or"!do6 ' UneededV HneesitH3L !do664 LRni4dI d$
edLM 9ne!din, H!"!s!ndoL #or"!ndo6 ' Uneedin,V Hneesit!ndo64 LRni4dILM
9nobHs6 H%rot(ber!ni!Hs6L bot3nHes6L %o"oHs6L n(doHs6L troitoHs6 NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL %oll!Hs6 NGB %rini%!l"enteM +(l,!rO6$ nob Nolo/(i!l4 s3lo en
sin,(l!rO H"oller! NoO oo6 ' UnobHs6V Nolo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"enteO
H%otent!doHs6$ !Hs664 LnobHz6L NGBO ' Ln!4bHz6L NUSAOM 9no9Hs6 H,ol%eHs6L ,ol%e!r
H,ol%e!66 ' Uno9Hs6V H"(es!Hs6L &!er H&!e6 (n! t!.!d(r!64 Lno9Hs6L NGBO
' Ln!49Hs6L NUSAOM 9no9ed H,ol%eH3L !do66 ' Uno9edV H&izoL &e&o (n!
t!.!d(r!64 Lno9tL NGBO ' Ln!49tL NUSAOM 9no9in, H,ol%e!ndo6 ' Uno9in,V
H&!iendo (n! t!.!d(r!64 LRno9IL NGBO ' LRn!49IL NUSAOM 9not Hn(doL
n3d(loL %()!doL !n(d!r6 ' UnotV Hno64 LnotL NGBO ' Ln!4tL NUSAOM 9not
Hn(doL n3d(loL %()!doL !n(d!r6$ not Hno6 ' Un!(,&tV NUSA %rini%!l"enteO
Hero NoO n!d!64 Ln!4tL NUSAOM 9nottier H"s es%inosoL n(doso6 ' Un!(,&tierV
H"s tr!+ieso64 LRn!4tierL NUSAOM 9nottiest H"(' es%inosoL n(doso6 '
Un!(,&tiestV H"(' tr!+ieso64 LRn!4ti est$ I stL NUSAOM 9nottil'
Hintrin!d!"ente6 ' Un!(,&til'V Htr!+ies!"enteL on %i!rdF!64 LRn!4t I li$ eliL
NUSAOM 9nottiness Hn(dosid!dL intrin!"iento6 ' Un!(,&tinessV H"!l
o"%ort!"ientoL tr!+es(r!sL !tre+i"ientoL lo +erde64 LRn!4t I n es$ I sL NUSAOM
9nott' Hes%inosoL n(doso6 ' Un!(,&t'V Htr!+ieso64 LRn!4tiL NUSAOM 9no7erHs6
LRno( eHz6L NGBO HonoedorHes66 ' UNo!&Hus6 LRno(eHz6L HNo0 Hde No066M
9ron! Horon! N(nid!d "onet!ri! de S(ei!L Isl!ndi!O6 ' U9rone Horon!
N(nid!d "onet!ri! de Din!"!r!L Nor(e,!O64 LR9ro(neLM l!9Hs6 LlY9Hs6L
H!reni!Hs6L !reer H!ree66$ l!Hs6 LlY9Hs6L Hl!!Hs66 ' Ul!-V LlY9sL
Hrel!.!doHs6$ !Hs6L %oo estritoHs6$ !Hs66M l!id H%(esto6 ' Ul!deV H!r,!rL
to"!r !r,!"ento64 LleIdLM l!in H'!idoL t("b!do6 ' Ul!neV H+ered!L !lleL
!rril64 LleInLM l!"!Hs6 Hl!"!Hs66 ' Ull!"!Hs6V Hll!"!Hs6
N!ni"!lO64 LRl!4"eHz6LM l!"bHs6 HorderoHs66 ' Ul!"Hs6V Hd!r Hd!6 (n! %!liz!
Nolo/(i!lOL es!%eHs6L es!%!r Hes!%!6 NUSA4 olo/(i!lO64 LlY"Hz6LM
l!nds"!n LRlYndz"enL H%erson! /(e +i+e en tierr!L "!rinero biso)oL o"%!triot!
NUSAO6 ' Ul!nds"enV LRlYndz"enL H%erson!s /(e +i+en en tierr!L "!rineros
biso)osL o"%!triot!s NUSAO6M l!%Hs6 LlY%Hs6L H#!ld!Hs6L l!"ed(r!Hs6L dobl!r
Hdobl!6L l!"er Hl!"e6 No"o (n #elinoO6$ L!%%Hs6 LlY%Hs6L Hl!%3n Nidio"!OL
l!%3nHes6$ !Hs66 ' Ul!%seV LlY%sL Hl!%s(sL desliz!rse6M l!t&es Herro.osL e&!
el %estilloL s(.et!6 ' l!&es Nliter!rioO Hne,li,eni!64 LRlYI z$ ezLM
l!(ndr'"!n LRlo4ndrI"enL o LRl! 4ndr I " enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO
He"%le!do de Hl!6 l!+!nderF!6 ' Ul!(ndr'"enV LRlo4ndrI"enL o LRl! 4ndr I " enL
NUSAO N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO He"%le!dos de Hl!6 l!+!nderF!6M l!7 Llo4L Hle'6
' UloreV Llo4L NGBO Hs!ber %o%(l!r6M l!7"!n Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO LRlo4"enL Ho"is!rioL !,ente del orden6 ' Ul!7"enV LRlo4"enL
Ho"is!riosL !,entes del orden6M l!7n Llo4nL H0s%ed6 ' UlornV Llo4nL NGBO
H!b!ndon!doHs6$ !Hs6L !rr(in!doHs6$ !Hs66M l!' H%onerL '!i3L est!b! t("b!doL
dis%osii3nL b!l!d!L se(l!r6$ lei H,(irn!ld! &!7!i!n! NoO oron! de #loresL
le(s N(nid!d "onet!ri! de R("!ni!M es el %l(r!l de Ule(VO6 ' Ule'V
Nliter!rioOL le! Nliter!rio4 USA4 "enos (s!do /(e Lli4LO H%r!do64 LleILM l!'"!n
LRleI"enL Hse,l!rL le,oL %ro#!no6 ' Ul!'"enV LRleI"enL Hse,l!resL le,osL %ro#!nos6M
l!'s LleIzL H%oneL dis%osiionesL tro+!s6$ l!ze LleIzL Hdes!nsoL no &!er
n!d!6$ leis LleIzL H,(irn!ld!s &!7!i!n!s NoO oron!s de #lores6 ' Ule!sV
Lle I zL Nliter!rio4 USA4 "enos (s!do /(e Lli4zLO H%r!dos6M le!Hs6 Nliter!rioO Lli4
Hz6L N"s (s!doO H%r!doHs66$ Lei,&HZs6 Ni(d!dO Lli4Hz6L HLei,& Hde Lei,&66$
LeeHZs6L Lei,&HZs6 Lli4Hz6L NLeeL Lei,& Hde L164 no"bre de &o"bre '
!%ellidoO ' UleeHs6V Lli4Hz6L Hsot!+entoL so!ireHs66M le!der LRl i4d eL NGBO
HlFder6 ' ULed!V LRli4deL HLed! Nno"breL s!t0liteO6M le!ds"!n LRledz"enL
Hsonde!dor6 ' Ule!ds"enV LRledz"enL Hsonde!dores6M Le!&HZs6 LlIeHz6L HLe! Hde
L166 ' ULe!rHZs6V Ll I eHz6L NGBO HLe!r Hde L166M le!# Lli4#L H&o.!6 ' Ulie#V Lli4#L
H,(stosoL ,(stos!"ente6M le!9Hs6 Lli49Hs6L Hes!%eHs6L derr!"!r Hderr!"!66 '
Ulee9Hs6V Lli49Hs6L H%(erroHs66M le!nHs6 Lli4nHz6L Hdel,!doL "!,roL !%o'!rse
Hse !%o'!66 ' UlienHs6V Lli4nHz6L Hdere&oHs6 de reteni3n6M le!ner LRl i4n eL
NGBO H"s del,!doL "s "!,roL "s %obre6 ' ULen!V LRli4neL HLen! NrFo
r(soO6M le!nt NGBO Hse !%o'3L !%o'!do6$ Lent H*(!res"!6 ' UlentV H%restH3L
!do664 LlentLM le!st H"s "Fni"o6 ' Ule!sedV H!rrendH3L !do664 Lli4stLM
le!+erHs6 LRli4+eHz6L NGBO o LRli4+erHz6L NUSAO Hl!Hs6 %erson!Hs6 /(e se +!Hn66
' Ule+erHs6V LRli4+eHz6L NGBO o LRli4+erHz6L NUSA o LRle+erHz6LO H%!l!n!Hs66M
led H,(i3L diri,ido6 ' Ule!dV H%lo"oL e.e"%loL sond!L "in! Hde l%iz6L tr!t!r
on %lo"o64 LledLM lee&Hes6 Hs!n,(i.(el!Hs6L s!n,r!r Hs!n,r!66 ' Ule!&Hes6V
Hli-i+i!i3nHes6L #iltr!rHse6 HHse6 #iltr!6L li-i+i!rHse6 HHse6 li-i+i!664 LRli4t[HI z$
ez6LM le"(r LRli4" eL NGBO Hl0"(r6 ' ULi"!V LRli4" eL NGBO HLi"!6M len,t&"!n
NGBO LRleH96u"enL H&o"bre %!r! el "!nteni"iento de (n! sei3n de !rreter!L
+F! de #erro!rril6 ' Ulen,t&"enV LRleH96u"enL H&o"bres %!r! el "!nteni"iento de
(n! sei3n de !rreter!L +F! de #erro!rril6M lens"!n N+(l,!rO LRlenz"enL
H#ot3,r!#o6 ' Ulens"enV LRlenz"enL H#ot3,r!#os6M lessonHs6 LRlesHe6nHz6L
Hlei3nHes6L l!seHs66 ' UlessenHs6V LRlesHe6nHz6L Hdis"in(ir Hdis"in('e6L
reb!.!r Hreb!.!6L "en,(!r H"en,(!66M le+' HIies6 LRle+iHz6L Hre!(d!i3nHes6L
re!(d!r Hre!(d!66 ' Ule+eeHs6V LRle+iHz6L Hree%i3nHes6L di/(eHs66M li!rHs6
H"entirosoHs66 ' Ul'reHs6V Hlir!Hs664 LRl!IeHz6L NGBO ' LRl!IHe6Hz6L NUSAOM
li9erHs6 Hl!"edorHes66 ' Uli/(orHs6V HliorHes6L beber Hbebe6
lior64 LRlI9eHz6L NGBO ' LRlI9erHz6L NUSAOM lie H"entir!L '!er6 ' Ul'eV
Hle.F!64 Ll!ILM lie,e"!n LRli4d"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H+!s!llo6 '
Ulie,e"enV LRli4d"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H+!s!llos6M li,&t Hl(zL li,eroL
enender6 ' UliteV Nolo/(i!l4 !d.eti+oO Hb!.o en !lorF!sL des!#ein!do64
Ll!ItLM li,&ter"!n LRl!Ite"enL NGBO o LRl!Iter"enL NUSAO Hl!n&ero NoO
,!b!rrero6 ' Uli,&ter"enV LRl!Ite"enL NGBO o LRl!Iter"enL NUSAO Hl!n&eros
NoO ,!b!rreros6M li,&tnin, Hrel"%!,oL r!'o6 ' Uli,&tenin,V Hil("in!i3nL
!li,er!"ientoL il("in!dorL !li,er!dorL !li,er!ndoL des!r,!ndo64 LRl!ItnILM
li9enHs6 Ho"%!r!r Ho"%!r!66 ' Uli&enHs6V Hli/(en HlF/(enes6L (brir
H(bre6 on lF/(enes64 LRl!I9enHz6LM li9ened Ho"%!rH3L !do66 ' Uli&enedV
H(bierto on lF/(enes64 LRl!I9endLM li"bHs6 H"ie"broHs66 ' Uli"nHs6V
H%int!r H%int!6 NoO retr!t!r Hretr!t!6 Nliter!rioOL desribir Hdesribe6 on
%!l!br!s N!r!ioOL il("in!r Hil("in!6 N!r!ioO64 LlI"Hz6LM li"' H+isosoL
!lizo6 ' Uli"e'V NUSA4 +(l,!r4 %e'or!ti+oO Hbritnio N!d.eti+o ' no"breOL
"!rinero NoO sold!do britnio64 LRl!I"iLM line"!n LRl!In"enL H!deneroL
inst!l!dor de lFne!s NUSAOL del!ntero Nde #2tbol !"eri!noO NUSAO6 '
Uline"enV LRl!In"enL N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO H!denerosL
inst!l!dores de lFne!s NUSAOL del!nteros Nde #2tbol !"eri!noO NUSAO6M
lines"!n LRl!Inz"enL H.(ez de lFne!L inst!l!dor de lFne!s NGB %rini%!l"enteO6 '
Ulines"enV LRl!Inz"enL N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO H.(ees de lFne!L
inst!l!dores de lFne!s NGB %rini%!l"enteO6M lin,er LRl I , eL NGBO Hde"or!rHse6L
%!se!rseL %ersistirL rez!,!rseL t!rd!r en "orirse6 ' Ulin,!V LRlI,eL Hlin,!"6M
lin9"!n LRlI9"enL Hlo(tor de ontin(id!d NGBOL %!.e de &!&!6 '
Ulin9"enV LRlI9"enL Hlo(tores de ontin(id!d NGBOL %!.es de &!&!6M lin9s
Hesl!bonesL enl!esL (neL !"%o de ,ol#6 ' Ul'n-V Hline64 LlI9sLM listHs6
Hlist!Hs66 ' ULisztHZs6V N!%ellidoO HL1 Hde L16 NFr!nzO64 LlIstHs6LM litter LRl I teL
NGBO Hb!s(r! Hes%!rid!6L !"!d!L !"ill!L le&o de %!.!L tir!r b!s(r!L
de.!r en desordenL %!rir Nlos !ni"!lesO6 ' Ul'tt!V LRlIteL Hlit!L l!ndrill!6M
littor!l Hlitor!l6 ' Uliter!lV Hliter!l64 LRlItHe6rHe6lLM li+er'"!n LRlI+He6rI"enL N'
"enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO Hd(e)o de (n! !b!lleriz!L ri!do de libre!L "ie"bro de (n!
&er"!nd!d NGBO6 ' Uli+er'"enV LRlI+He6rI"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Hd(e)os
de (n! !b!lleriz!L ri!dos de libre!L "ie"bros de (n! &er"!nd!d NGBO6M
lo!dHs6 Llo(dHz6L H!r,!Hs6L !r,!r H!r,!66$ lodeHs6 Llo(dHz6L H+et!Hs6L
#il3nHes66 ' Ulo7edV Llo(dL H"(,iH3L do66M lo!n H%r0st!"oL %rest!r6 ' UloneV
Hsolit!rio64 Llo(nLM lo9Hs6 Llo9Hs6L NGBO o Ll!49Hs6L NUSAO Herr!d(r!Hs6L
err!r Hierr!66$ lo&Hs6 Llo9Hs6L NGB ' t!"bi0n Llo-Hs6LO o Ll!49Hs6L NUSA '
t!"bi0n Ll!4-Hs6LO Hl!,oHs6 Neso0sHes6O6$ lo- Llo9sL NGBO o Ll!49sL NUSAO
Hs!l"3n !&("!doL o-F,eno lF/(ido6 ' Ul!r9Hs6V Ll!49Hs6L NGBO H!londr!Hs66M
loo"!n NGB4 olo/(i!lO LRlo(9o("enL H#erro+i!rio6 ' Uloo"enV LRlo(9o("enL
H#erro+i!rios6M lo#ts"!n LRlo#ts"enL NGBO o LRlo4#ts"enL NUSA o LRl!4ILO H&o"bre
/(e tr!b!.! sobre el s(elo de (n edi#iio es%!ioso ' /(e re%rod(e !
t!"!)o re!l el dise)o de (n dib(.!nte %!r! (n b!ro o (n !+i3n6 '
Ulo#ts"enV LRlo#ts"enL NGBO o LRlo4#ts"enL NUSA o LRl!4ILO H&o"bres /(e
tr!b!.!n sobre el s(elo de (n edi#iio es%!ioso ' /(e re%rod(en ! t!"!)o
re!l el dise)o de (n dib(.!nte %!r! (n b!ro o (n !+i3n6M lon,s&ore"!n
NUSAO LRlo4[o4r"enL o LRl!4IL Hestib!dor6 ' Ulon,s&ore"enV LRlo4[o4r"enL o LRl!4IL
N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Hestib!dores6M looHs6 Ll(4Hz6L H.(e,oHs6 de n!i%es
Nestnd!rOL +terHes6 NoO ser+iioHs6 NoO retreteHs6 Nolo/(i!l4 GBO6$ lose
Ll(4zL H%erder6$ Lo(HZs6 Ll(4Hz6L HL(is! Hde L(is!66$ lie( Nliter!rioO Ll(4L NUSA
' "enos (s!do en GB /(e Ll.(4LO Hl(,!r6 ' ULe7HZs6V Ll(4Hz6L HL(is Hde
L(is66M loonHs6 HboboHs6 Nolo/(i!lOL so"or,(.oHs6 NUSAO6 ' Ul(neHs6V
H%i&(el!Hs6 de &!l3nL l2n(l!Hs664 Ll(4nHz6LM loose Hs(eltoL %oo %reisoL
#le-ibleL libertinoL solt!r6 ' Ul(eV Hl(io64 Ll(4sLM lootHs6 Ll(4tHs6L HbotFnHes6L
s!/(e!r Hs!/(e!66$ l(teHs6 Ll(4tHs6L Hl!2dHes66 ' Ul(tzV Ll(4tsL Hs!lto desde (n
%!tFn en el /(e (n %!tin!dor d! (n! o "s +(elt!s en el !ire ' !terriz! en el
otro %!tFn6M lootin, Hs!/(e!ndoL s!/(eo6 ' Ul(tin,V Hz(l!/(eL
l(ten64 LRl(4tILM lordHs6 Llo4dHz6L NGBO Hse)orHes66 ' Ul!(dHs6V Llo4dHz6L
H!l!b!r H!l!b!66M lorr'Hies6 Llo4riHz6L NUSAO H!"i3nHes6 NGBOL +!,onet!Hs6
de #erro!rril6 ' Ulor'Hies6 Llo4riHz6L HloroHs6 de A(str!li! ' N(e+! G(ine!6M
lo(%eHs6 Hl(%!Hs6 Nde .o'eros o relo.erosO6 ' Uloo%Hs6V Hl!zoHs6L enl!z!rse
Hse enl!z!664 Ll(4%Hs6LM lo7 Hb!.oL "(,idoL "(,ir6 ' lo] H\"ir!]64 Llo(LM
lo7erl!ss"!n NUSAO Llo(eR9l!4s"enL NGBO o Llo(erR9lYs"enL NUSAO
Hest(di!nte de %ri"ero o se,(ndo (rso de (ni+ersid!d6 ' Ulo7erl!ss"enV
Llo(eR9l!4s"enL NGBO o Llo(erR9lYs"enL NUSAO Hest(di!ntes de %ri"ero NoO
se,(ndo (rso de (ni+ersid!d6M l("b!r N!d.eti+oO Hl("b!r6 ' Ul("berV
H"!der! NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL !&i+!&es NGB %rini%!l"ente4
olo/(i!lOL !+!nz!r %es!d!"ente64 LRlA"beL NGBO ' LRlA"berL NUSAOM l(-
Hl(- N(nid!d de il("in!i3nO6 ' Ul(-eV Hl(.oL ele,!ni!64 LlA9sLM L'nL Lin
HLind!6$ L'n N,!l0sO HL(is6 ' UL'nnL LinnL L'nV HLin!64 LlInLM "!Z!"
L"!4"L NGBO Hse)or!L se)orit!L M!.est!d6 ' U"o"V L"!4"L Nolo/(i!l4
USAO H"!"6M "!Z!" L"Y"L NUSAO Hse)or!L se)orit!L M!.est!d6 '
UM!"V L"Y"L Nolo/(i!l4 GBO H"!"6M "!d L"YdL HlooHs6$ !Hs6L
#(riosoHs6$ !Hs6 NUSAO6 ' UMADDV L"YdL Ni Mot&ers A,!inst Dr(n9
Dri+in,O HM!dres ontr! l! *ond(i3n est!ndo bebidos6M
"!d"!n LR"Yd"enL N' "enos (s!do on LI"YnL en USAO Hloo6 '
U"!d"enV LR"Yd"enL N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO Hloos6M
"!,,otHs6 LR"Y,etHs6L H,(s!noHs66 ' U"!,otHs6V LR"Y,etHs6L N"enos (s!do
/(e L"!4R,o(Hz6LO Hest!t(ill!Hs6 &in!Hs6 o .!%ones!Hs6 en (lill!s6M
"!,n!teHs6 LR"Y,nI tHs6$ etHs6L N"enos (s!dos /(e LR"Y,neItHs6LO
H"!,n!teHs66 ' U"!,netHs6V LR"Y,nI tHs6$ etHs6L Hi"nHes66M "!id Hri!d!L
donell!6 ' U"!deV H&izoL &e&o64 L"eIdLM "!ize H"!Fz6$ "!ze Hl!berinto6 '
UM!'ZsV Hde M!r,!Hrit!6L de M!'!L de "!'o64 L"eIzLM "!l!ise H"!lest!r6 '
UM!l!'sV H"!l!'os64 L"eRleIzLM "!leHs6 H+!r3nHes66 ' U"!ilHs6V HorreoL
en+i!r Hen+F!6 %or orreo64 L"eIlHz6LM "!l#e!s!nts Nliter!rioO L"elR#i4zHe6ntsL
H"!l+ers!dores6 ' U"!l#e!s!neV Nliter!rioO L"elR#i4zHe6nHt6sL H"!l+ers!i3n6M
"!li,n!nts L"eRlI,nentsL H!,it!dores6 ' U"!li,n!neV L"eRlI,nenHt6sL
H"!li,nid!d6M "!ndrillHs6 LR"Y ndr elHz6L NUSAO H"!ndrilHes6 N!ni"!lO6 '
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UoZerV Lo4L NGBO Hsobre6M o!red Lo4dL NGBO Hre"H3L !do66 ' U!7edV Lo4dL
Hin#(ndi3 te"or re+ereni!lL !te"oriz!do6M o!rs"!n LRo4z"enL NGBO o
LRo4rz"enL NUSAO Hre"ero6 ' Uo!rs"enV LRo4z"enL NGBO o LRo4rz"enL NUSAO
Hre"eros6M odd He-tr!)oL ,ol%e de "s N,ol#O6 ' U!7edV Hin#(ndi3 te"or
re+ereni!lL sobreo,ido64 L!4dL NUSAOM o#ten LRo4#H e6nL NUSAO H! "en(do6
' Uor%&!nV LRo4#H e6nL NGBO H&(0r#!no6M oleoHs6 Holeo,r!#F!Hs6L
oleo"!r,!rin!Hs66 ' UolioHs6V H"ezol!nz!Hs664 LRo(lio(Hz6LM
o"b(ds"!n LRo"b(dz"enL NGBO o LR!4"b(dz"enL NUSAO Hde#ensor del %(eblo6 '
Uo"b(ds"enV LRo"b(dz"enL NGBO o LR!4"b(dz"enL NUSAO Hde#ensores del
%(eblo6M on L!4nL NUSA ( Lo4nLO Hsobre6 ' U!7nV L!4nL NUSAO ( Lo4nL H!rist!L
!)!"iz!6M one H(no6 ' U7onV H,!nH3L !do664 L7AnLM or!l Hor!l6 ' U!(r!lV
H!(diti+o64 LRo4relLM Or!n,e"!n LRorInd"enL NGBO ( LRo4rInd"enL NUSA
o LR!4ILO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"YnLO Hor!n,ist!6 ' UOr!n,e"enV
LRorInd"enL NGBO ( LRo4rInd"enL NUSA o LR!4ILO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4
LI"enLO Hor!n,ist!s6M or&!rd"!n LRo4ed"enL NGBO ( LRo4rerd"enL NUSAO N'
"enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"YnLO H&orti(ltorL &ortel!no6 ' Uor&!rd"enV
LRo4ed"enL NGBO ( LRo4rerd"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO
H&orti(ltoresL &ortel!nos6M ordin!ne LRo4rdn enHt6sL NUSAO Horden!nz!L re,l!"entoL
rito6 ' Uordn!neV LRo4rdn enHt6sL NUSAO H!rtillerF!L %ertre&os6M orHs6 N"s (s!doO N(O
or9Hs6 Lo49Hs6L NGBO Hor!Hs66 ' U!(9Hs6V Lo49Hs6L H!l!Hs66M ori,inHs6 Hori,en
HorF,enes66 ' UOri,enHZs6V HOrF,enes Hde O1664 LRoridenHz6L NGB ( LIreIO
' LRo4redenHz6L NUSA ( LR!4ILOM o(,&t Hdeber Nestnd!rOL !l,o N!r!ioO6 '
U!(,&tV Nliter!rioO H!l,oL ero64 Lo4tLM o(rHs6 Hn(estroHs6$ !Hs66 ' U&o(rHs6V
H&or!Hs664 LR!(eHz6L NGBO ' L!(He6rHz6L NUSAOM o(t!stHs6 H"!r,in!doHs6L
%!ri!Hs66 ' Uo(t!steHs6V H%!ri!Hs6 Nen l! Indi!OL des!st!r
Hdes!st!664 LR!(t9!4stHs6L NGBO ' LR!(t9YstHs6L NUSA %rini%!l"enteOM
o+erse!s He-tr!n.ero N!d.eti+oOL en el e-tr!n.ero N!d+erbioO6 ' Uo+erseesV
Hs(%er+is!64 Lo(+eRsi4zL NGBO ' Lo(+erRsi4zL NUSAOM o7eHs6 Lo(Hz6L Hdeber
Hdebe66$ oHes6L oHZs6L OHZs6L OHs6 Lo(Hz6L Hl!Hs6 oHes66 ' UOV Nno se,(ido de
(n si,no de interro,!i3n sino de (n +o!ti+oOL o&]L O&] Lo(L H\o&]6M o7ed
HdebF!L debido6 ' UodeV Hod!64 Lo(dLM o- L!49sL NUSAO Hb(e'6 ' U!(9sV L!49sL
NUSAO H!l!s6M o-en Hb(e'es6 ' UO-onV HO-#ordL ond!do de
O-#ord64 LRo9senL NGBO ' LR!49senL NUSAOM o'ster"!n NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO LRoIste"enL NGBO ( LRoIster"enL NUSAO Hostri(ltorL
reoletor de ostr!sL b!ro ostrero6 ' Uo'ster"enV LRoIste"enL NGBO (
LRoIster"enL NUSAO Hostri(ltoresL reoletores de ostr!sL b!ros ostreros6M
%!9"!n LR%Y9"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H"er!&i#le6 ' U%!9"enV
LR%Y9"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H"er!&i#les6M %!t H%!to6 ' U%!9edV
He"%!/(et3L en+!s!do64 L%Y9tLM %!e!nHs6 NoO %!eonHs6 H%enHes66$ %!eonHs6
H%e3nHes6 Ni %ie de %oesF! !nti,(! o"%(esto de (!tro sFl!b!sO6 '
U%eonHs6V H%e3nHes6 Ni .orn!leroHs6$ et1O64 LR%i4enHz6LM %!ilHs6 NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO L%eIlHz6L H(boHs6L b!ldeHs66 ' U%!leHs6V L%eIlHz6L H%lidoL
est!!Hs6L %!lideer H%!lidee66M %!inHs6 H%en!Hs6L dolorHes66 ' U%!neHs6V
Hrist!lHes664 L%eInHz6LM %!irHs6 H%!rHes66$ %!reHs6 Hort!r Hort!6L "ond!r
H"ond!66 ' U%e!rHs6V H%er!Hs664 L%eeHz6L NGBO ' L%eHe6rHz6L NUSAOM %!l!teHs6
H%!l!d!rHes66$ %!letteHs6 H%!let!Hs6 Nde (n !rtist!OL ,!"!Hs6 Nde olorO6 '
U%!lletHs6V H%!let!Hs6 Nno de (n !rtist!OL !"!stroHs6L .er,3nHes6L
%!l0Hs664 LR%YlI tHs6$ etHs6LM %!llHs6 H"ort(orioHs6L &!erse Hse &!e6 %es!do6$
P!(lHZs6 HP!blo Hde P!blo66 ' U%!7lHs6V Htrin/(eteHs6L lin,(eteHs664 L%o4lHz6LM
%!nd!Hs6 LR%YndeHz6L HHosoHs66 %!nd!Hs66 ' U%!nderHs6V LR%Ynd eHz6L NGBO
H!l!&(eteHs6L elestin!Hs6L !l!&(ete!r H!l!&(ete!6L ,r!ti#i!r H,r!ti#i!66M
%!ntr'"!n LR%YntrI"enL Hdes%ensero6 ' U%!ntr'"enV LR%YntrI"enL Hdes%enseros6M
%!ris&Hes6 LR%er I [ H I z$ ez6L NUSAO H%!rro/(i!Hs66$ %eris&Hes6 LR%erI[HI z$ ez6L
Hdeterior!rHse6 HHse6 deterior!66 ' U%e!ris&V LR%er I [L NUSAO Ho"o (n! %er!6M
%!r9erHs6 H%erson!Hs6 /(e !%!r!Hn66 ' U%!r9!Hs6V H!nor!9Hs664 LR%!49 eHz6L
NGBOM %!rle'Hs6 LR%!4liHz6L NGBO o LR%!4rliHz6L NUSAO Hne,oi!i3nHes6L
ne,oi!r Hne,oi!66 ' U%!rl!'Hs6V NUSA %rini%!l"enteO LR%!4liHz6L NGBO
o LR%!4rliHz6L NUSA4 "enos (s!do /(e LR%!4rleIHz6LO H!%(est!Hs6
!("(l!ti+!Hs6L !%ost!r H!%(est!6 Nlo /(e se &! ,!n!doO6M %!role L%eRro(lL
Hlibert!d ondiion!lL de.!r en libert!d ondiion!l6 ' U%!rolV L% eRro(lL
NGB4 "enos (s!do /(e LR%YrelLO H!le,!to Nno"breOL +erb!l N!d.eti+oO6M %!rt
L%!4tL NGBO H%!rteL %!%elL se%!r!rHse66 ' U%otV L%!4tL NUSAO Holl!L "!et!L
%l!nt!r6M %!rted LR %!4t I d$ edL NGBO Hse se%!rH3L !b!6L se%!r!do6 ' U%ottedV
LR %!4t ed$ I dL NUSAO H%l!ntH3L !do66M %!s&!l H%!s(!l6 ' U%!s!lV
H%!s!l64 LR%Ys9elLM %!ssed L%!4stL NGBO o L%YstL NUSA %rini%!l"enteO
H%!sH3L !do66 ' U%!stV L%!4stL NGBO o L%YstL NUSAO H%!s!doL .(nto !6M %!ste
H%!st!6 ' U%!edV H!"inH3L !do664 L%eIstLM %!tients LR%eI[entsL H%!ientes6 '
U%!tieneV LR%eI[enHt6sL H%!ieni!6M %!trol"!n L%eRtro(l"enL N' "enos
(s!do4 LI"YnLO HH!,ente de6 %oliF! NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL "enio Hdel ser+iio
de !'(d! en !rreter!6 NGBO6 ' U%!trol"enV L%eRtro(l"enL N' "enos (s!do4
LI"enLO H%oliF!s NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL "enios Hdel ser+iio de !'(d! en
!rreter!6 NGBO6M P!tt'L P!ttieL P!tti HP!trii!6$ P!tt' HM!tiHlde6L M!rt!6$
P!ttie HM!rt!6 ' U%!tt'V He"%!n!d!L &!"b(r,(es!L ro/(et!64 LR%YtiLM
P!tt'ZsL P!ttieZsL P!ttiZs Hde P!trii!6$ P!tt'Zs Hde M!tiHlde6L M!rt!6$ P!ttieZs
Hde M!rt!6 ' U%!ttiesV He"%!n!d!sL &!"b(r,(es!sL ro/(et!s64 LR%YtizLM %!-
Hbeso de l! %!z Nreli,i3nOL \"e rindo] NGBO6 ' U%!9sV H%!/(etesL
en%!/(et!64 L%Y9sLM %e!eHs6 LR%i4sHI z$ ez6L H%!z H%!es66 ' U%ieesV LR%i4sI z$
ezL Htrozos6M %!(se H%!(s!L &!er (n! %!(s!6 ' U%!7sV H,!rr!sL %!t!sL to!
on l! %!t!64 L%o4zLM %e!Hs6 L%i4Hz6L H,(is!nteHs66$ %eeHs6 L%i4Hz6L H%isL %i%FL
&!er H&!e6 %is NoO %i%F6$ % L%i4L H%eni/(eHs66 ' U%HZs6L PHZs6L PHs6V L%i4Hz6L
Hl!Hs6 %eHs66M %e!9Hs6 H"-i"o N!d.eti+oOL %ioHs6L !l!nz!r H!l!nz!6 s(
"-i"o ni+el6$ %ee9Hs6 Ho.e!d!Hs6L "ir!d!Hs6 N#(rti+!Hs6OL e&!r He&!6 (n!
o.e!d! NoO "ir!d! N#(rti+!O6 ' U%i/(eHs6V H%i/(eHs6L resenti"ientoHs6L &erir
H&iere6L des%ert!r Hdes%iert!664 L%i49Hs6LM %e!9ed H!l!nzH3L !do6 s( "-i"o
ni+el6$ %ee9ed He&H3L !do6 (n! o.e!d! NoO "ir!d! N#(rti+!O6 ' U%i/(edV
H&iri3L des%ert!do64 L%i49tLM %e!lHs6 Hre%i/(eHs6L !"%!nill!zoHs6L
re%i/(ete!r Hre%i/(ete!66 ' U%eelHs6V H%ielHes6L %el!r H%el!664 L%i4lHz6LM
%e!led Hre%i/(eteH3L !do66 ' U%eeledV H%elH3L !do664 L%i4ldLM %e!lin,
Hre%i/(ete!ndo6 ' U%eelin,V H%el!ndo64 LR%i4lILM %e!rlHs6 H%erl!Hs6L %es!r
H%es!6 %erl!s6$ Pe!rlHZs6 HPerl! Hde P166 ' U%(rlHs6V H%(nt!d!Hs6 in+ertid!Hs6
NoO %(ntoHs6 del re+0sL &!er H&!e6 %(nt!d!s in+ertid!s64 L%4lHz6L NGBO
' L%4rlHz6L NUSAOM %e!t Ht(rb!6 ' UPeteV HPedrito64 L%i4tLM %e9s H%iot!zosL
%iote!6 ' U%esV Nolo/(i!lO H%etor!les64 L%e9sLM %ed!lHs6 H%ed!lHes6L
%ed!le!r H%ed!le!66 ' U%eddleHs6V H+ender H+ende6 %or l!s
!lles64 LR%edHe6lHz6LM %ee9in, He&!ndo (n! o.e!d! NoO "ir!d! N#(rti+!O6 '
U%i/(in,V H&iriendoL des%ert!ndo64 LR%i49ILM %een L%i4nL Hbo! del "!rtilloL
"!rtill!r6 ' U%e!nV NGBO L%i4nL H#orro de s!ble on "!n&!s dor!d!s
N&erldi!O6M %ee%er LR%i4% eL NGBO H#is,3nL o.o Nolo/(i!lO6 ' U%i%!V LR%i4%eL
Hs!%o s(d!"eri!no NoO s(r!"eri!no sin len,(!6M %eerHs6 H%!rHes6L i,(!lHes66 '
U%ierHs6V H"(elleHs6L %il!rHes664 L%IeHz6L NGBO ' L%iHe6rHz6L NUSAOM %enilHs6
Hl%iz Hl%ies6L !not!r H!not!66 ' U%enelHs6L %enselHs6L %ensilHs6V
Hb!nderol!Hs6 Hlle+!d!Hs6 en l! l!nz!664 LR%enselHz6LM %end Hest!r %endiente de
resol(i3n6 ' U%ennedV Hesribi3L !orr!l!do64 L%endLM %enetr!nts
LR%enetrentsL o LR%en I tr entsL NGBO H%erson!s /(e %enetr!nL ob.etos %enetr!ntesL
s(bst!ni!s /(e reb!.!n l! tensi3n de l! s(%er#iie de (n lF/(ido$ /(e %enetr! o es
!bsorbido "s #il"ente6 ' U%enetr!neV LR%enetrenHt6sL o LR%en I tr enHt6sL NGBO
H!%!id!d de (n ,en %!r! %rod(ir s( e#eto6M %enitents LR%enItHe6ntsL
H%enitentes6 ' U%eniteneV LR%enItHe6nHt6sL H%eniteni!6M %en"!n LR%en"enL
H!lF,r!#oL esritor6 ' U%en"enV LR%en"enL H!lF,r!#osL esritores6M %eo%leHs6
H,enteL %(ebloHs6L etni!Hs6L r!z!Hs66 ' U%ee%(lHs6 N"s (s!doOL %i%!lHs6V
HHes%eie de6 &i,(er!Hs6 Hde l! Indi! Ni rbol UbodiV s!,r!do de los b(dist!s
.(nto !l (!l !l!nz3 B(d! l! il("in!i3nO664 LR%i4%He6lHz6LM %eri%ients
L%eRsI%ientsL NGBO o L%erRsI%ientsL NUSAO H%ere%tores6 '
U%eri%ieneV L%eRsI%ienHt6sL NGBO o L%erRsI%ienHt6sL NUSAO H%ere%i3n6M
Peter LR%i4teL NGBO o LR%i4terL NUSAO HPedro6$ %eter LR%i4teL NGBO o LR%i4terL
NUSAO H!,ot!rse Non Uo(tL !7!'VO Nestnd!rOL !.! de !(d!les N+(l,!rO6 '
U%it!V LR%i4teL H%it! N%l!nt!OL !,!+eL "!,(e' N#ibr! ' %l!nt!OL %!n r!be
NUSA i %it! bre!dO6M %eter"!n NGB4 +(l,!rO LR%i 4t e" enL NGBO Hl!dr3n /(e !bre
!.! #(ertes NoO !.!s de !(d!les6 ' U%eter"enV LR%i 4t e" enL NGBO Hl!drones /(e
!bren !.! #(ertes NoO !.!s de !(d!les6M %etrol NGBO H,!solin!6 ' U%etrelV
H%etrelL %!F)o64 LR%etrelLM P&!r!o& LR#eero(L NGBO o LR#eHe6ro(L NUSA
o LR#Yro(LO H#!r!3n Nde E,i%toO6$ #!ro LR#eero(L NGBO o LR#eHe6ro(L NUSA
o LR#Yro(LO H#!r!3n N.(e,o de n!i%esO6$ F!eroe N"s (s!doOL F!roe LR#eero(L
NGBO o LR#ero(L NUSA o LR#Yro(LO HFeroe Nisl!sO6 ' UF!roV LR#eero(L NGBO
o LR#ero(L NUSAO HF!ro6M %&!seHs6 LR#eIzHI z$ ez6L H#!seHs6L e.e(t!r He.e(t!6
en #!ses6$ #!zeHs6L LR#eIzHI z$ ez6L Nolo/(i!lO H%ert(rb!r H%ert(rb!6L
desonert!r Hdesoniert!66 ' UF!'ZsL F!'eZsV L#eIzL Hde Fe6M %&!sed
He.e(tH3L !do6 en #!ses6 ' U#!zedV H%ert(rb3L desonert!do64 L#eIzoLM
%&!sin, He.e(t!ndo en #!ses6 ' U#!zin,V H%ert(rb!ndoL
desonert!ndo64 LR#eIzILM P&ili%HZs6L P&illi%HZs6 HFeli%e Hde F166 '
U#illi%Hs6V HestF"(loHs664 LR#IlI %Hs6$ e%Hs6LM %&lo- H%ole"onio6 ' U#lo9sV
Hreb!)osL "(ltit(desL +! en tro%el64 L#lo9sL NGBO ' L#l!49sL NUSAOM
%&os%&or(s LR#os#eresL NGBO o LR#!4s#eresL NUSAO H#3s#oro6 '
U%&os%&oro(sV LR#os#eresL NGBO o LR#!4s#eresL NUSA o L#!4sR#o4resLO
H#os#oroso6M %&r!se H#r!se6$ #r!ise H,or,(er!L #ris!6 ' U#r!'sV Hdes&il!d(r!sL
re#rie,!sL se des&il!&!L irrit!L se des,!st!64 L#reIzLM %&r!ses H#r!ses6 '
U#r!iseHs6V H,or,(er!sL #ris!s64 LR#reIzHI z$ ez6LM %i9Hs6 L%I9Hs6L H%ioHs6L
%i!r H%i!6L eso,er Heso,e6L o,er Ho,e6 NEs%!)!OL reo,er Hreo,e6
NL!tino!"0ri!O6$ %iHs6 L%I9Hs6L Nolo/(i!l i %it(reHs6O H#otoHs6L %elF(l!Hs66
' U%'-V L%I9sL H%F-ide6M %i9ed H%i3L eso,idoL Ho,ido6 NEs%!)!OL reo,ido
NL!tino!"0ri!O6 ' UPitV H%ito64 L%I9tLM %ieHs6 H%!stelHes66$ %iHs6 H%iHs6
Nn2"ero "!te"tioL dei"ose-t! letr! del !l#!beto ,rie,oO6 ' U%iHe6Hs6V
H"ezl!r H"ezl!664 L%!IHz6LM %i,eonHs6 H%!lo"!Hs6 Nno bl!n!Hs6O '
U%id,inHs6V Hlen,(!Hs6 #r!n!Hs664 LR%IdenHz6LM %i9e"!n LR%!I9"enL H%i/(ero
Ni sold!do on %i!O6 ' U%i9e"enV LR%!I9"enL H%i/(eros6M %i9er N+(l,!rO
LR%!I9eL NGBO Hi!teroL ,!llin!L %el!,!tos6$ %i9! Nliter!rioO LR%!I9eL Hone.o6 '
U%i!V LR%!I9eL H%i!6M %ilotHs6 H%ilotoHs66 ' UPil!teHZs6V HPil!to NoO Pil!tos Hde
P1664 LR%!IletHs6LM %il(s H%roeso de (ni3n de b!teri!s ! otr!s 0l(l!s6 '
U%ilo(sV H%ilosoHs6$ !Hs664 LR%!IlesLM %in9' Hros!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' U%in9ieV
H"e)i/(e64 LR%I9iLM %innerHs6 LR% I n eHz6L NGBO H%erson!Hs6 o os!Hs6 /(e
s(.et!Hn6L es%eieHs6 de to! NoO to/(ill!6 ' U%inn!Hs6V LR%IneHz6L H%in!Hs6L
!l!Hs6L !let!Hs6L %!bell3nHes6 de l!Hs6 ore.!Hs66M %io(s H%i!dosoHs6$ !Hs66 '
UPi(sV HPFo64 LR%!IesLM %istolHs6 LR%IstHe6lHz6L H%istol!Hs6L &erir H&iere6 on
%istol!6 ' U%istilHs6V LR%IstHe6lHz6L o LR%IstHI6lHz6L H%istiloHs66M %it&"!n
NUSAO LR%I"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H+endedor !"b(l!nteL +endedor
!,resi+o6 ' U%it&"enV LR%I"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H+endedores
!"b(l!ntesL +endedores !,resi+os6M %it"!n LR%It"enL H"inero6 ' U%it"enV
LR%It"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H"ineros6M %l!eHs6 Hl(,!rHes66 ' U%l!ieHs6V
H%l!ti.!Hs6 Nindi+id(!les4 D1:1@155O64 LR%leIsHI z$ ez6LM %l!e"!n NGB4
%e'or!ti+oO LR%leIs"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H#(nion!rio %2blio H/(e se
%rest! !l tr#io de in#l(eni!66 ' U%l!e"enV LR%leIs"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO
H#(nion!rios %2blios H/(e se %rest!n !l tr#io de in#l(eni!66M %l!in Hl!roL
senillo N!d.eti+osOL l!r!"ente N!d+erbioO6$ %l!inHs6 Hll!n(r!Hs6L %(ntoHs6
senilloHs6 Nost(r!O6 ' U%l!neHs6V H!+i3nHes664 L%leInHz6LM
%l!ins"!n LR%leInz"enL Hll!nero6 ' U%l!ins"enV LR%leInz"enL Hll!neros6M %l!nter
H%l!nt!dorL olono6 ' U%l!nt!rV H%l!nt!r Ni de l! %l!nt! del %ieO64 LR%lYnt erL
NUSAOM %l!teHs6 L%leItHs6L H%l!toHs66 ' U%l!itHs6V L%le I tHs6L NUSAO o L%lYtHs6L
Htrenz!Hs6L trenz!r Htrenz!66M %le!se H!,r!d!rL %or #!+or6 ' U%le!sV
H%rete-tosL %etiiones64 L%li4zLM %lo(,&"!n NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %lo7"!n
NUSAO LR%l!("enL Hl!br!dorL !r!dor6 ' U%lo(,&"en NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
%lo7"en NUSAOV LR%l!("enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Hl!br!doresL !r!dores6M
%l("Hs6 Hir(el!Hs66$ %l("b H! %lo"o6 ' U%l("bHs6V H%lo"!d!Hs6L sonde!r
Hsonde!664 L%lA"Hz6LM %l(r!l H%l(r!l6 ' U%le(r!lV H%le(r!l64 L%l(erHe6lL NGBO
' L%l(rHe6lL NUSAOM %od H+!in!6 ' U%!7edV HtoH3L !do6 on l! %!t!64 L%!4dL
NUSAOM %oints"!n NGBO LR%oInts"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H,(!rd!,(.!s NoO
en!r,!do del !"bio de !,(.!s6 ' U%oints"enV LR%oInts"enL N' "enos (s!do4
LI"enLO H,(!rd!,(.!s NoO en!r,!dos del !"bio de !,(.!s6M %oleHs6 H%oloHs6L
%!loHs6L sostener Hsostiene6 on %!los6$ PoleHs6 H%ol!oHs66 ' U%ollHs6V
H+ot!i3nHes6L obtener Hobtiene6 N+otosO64 L%o(lHz6LM %oled Hsost(+oL
sostenido on %!los6 ' U%olledV Hobt(+oL obtenido N+otosO64 L%o(ldLM
%olie"!n L%eRli4s"enL H%oliF!6 ' U%olie"enV L%eRli4s"enL H%oliF!s6M %olin,
Hsosteniendo on %!los6 ' U%ollin,V Hobteniendo N+otosO64 LR%o(lILM Poll(-
HP3l(-6 ' UPollo9ZsV N!%ellidoO Hde P1 Nj!9sonO64 LR%ole9sL NGBO
' LR%!4le9sL NUSAOM %ond L%o4ndL NUSAO Hest!n/(e6 ' U%!7nedV L%o4ndL
He"%e)3L !rries,!do6M %o%(lo(s H%o%(losoL "(' %obl!do6 ' U%o%(l!eV Hel
%(ebloL l! %obl!i3n64 LR%o%.(lesL NGBO ' LR%!4%.elesL NUSAOM %oreHs6 L%o4
Hz6L NGBO o L%o4rHz6L NUSAO H%oroHs66$ %oreHs6 L%o4Hz6L NGBO o L%o4rHz6L
NUSAO o+er Hes(dri)!r Hes(dri)!66$ %!7Hs6 L%o4Hz6L H%!t!Hs6L ,!rr!Hs6L
to!r Hto!6 on l! %!t!L "!nose!r H"!nose!66$ %o(rHs6 L%o4Hz6L NGBO o
L%o4rHz6L NUSAO H+erter H+ierte66$ %oor L%o4L NGBO o L%o4rL NUSAO H%obreHs66
' U%!(seV L%o4zL H%!(s!L detenerse6M %ored L%o4dL NGBO ' L%o4rdL NUSAO
o+er Hes(dri)H3L !do66 ' U%o(redV L%o4dL NGBO ' L%o4rdL NUSAO H+ertiH3L
do66M %orin, LR%o4riL o+er Hes(dri)!ndo6 ' U%o(rin,V LR%o4riL H+ertiendo6M
%orterHs6 LR% o4t eHz6L NGBO H"!leteroHs6L %orte!dorHes6L !"illeroHs6L
%orteroHs6 NGB %rini%!l"ente4 los 8OL !"!reroHs6 Hde trenes6 NUSAO6 '
U%ort!Hs6V LR% o4t eHz6L NGBO H!%ert(r!Hs6 en (n 3r,!no N!n!to"F!O6M %ose
H%ost(r!L %oseL &!er %os!rL olo!rseL %res("ir6$ %os N"s (s!doOL %oesV
NGB4 olo/(i!lO Horin!les6 ' UPoeZsV Hde Poe64 L%o(zLM %ost"!n NGB
%rini%!l"enteO LR%o(st"enL H!rtero6 ' U%ost"enV LR%o(st"enL H!rteros6M %ot"!n
LR%ot"enL NGBO o LR%!4t"enL NUSAO H"ozo de %os!d!L ri!do de t!bern!6 '
U%ot"enV LR%ot"enL NGBO o LR%!4t"enL NUSAO H"ozos de %os!d!L ri!dos de
t!bern!6M %o(ltr'"!n LR%o(ltrI"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H!+i(ltor6 '
U%o(ltr'"enV LR%o(ltrI"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H!+i(ltores6M %r!'Hs6
L%reIHz6L Hro,!r Hr(e,!6L s(%li!r Hs(%li!66$ %re'Hs6 L%reIHz6L H%res!Hs6L
+Fti"!Hs6L !li"ent!rse Hse !li"ent!66 ' U%r!iseV L%reIzL H!l!b!nz!6M
%r!'erHs6 Hel Hlos6 /(e or!Hn66 ' U%re'erHs6V Hde%red!dorHes664 LR%reIeHz6L
NGBO ' LR%reIerHz6L NUSAOM %re!dolesents L%ri4YdeRlesentsL o LIdo(IL
%r!'erHs6 Hel Hlos6 /(e or!Hn66 ' U%re'erHs6V Hde%red!dorHes664 LR%reIeHz6L NGBO
' LR%reIerHz6L NUSAOM %re!dolesents L%ri4YdeRlesentsL o LIdo(IL H%re!dolesentes6
' U%re!doleseneV L%ri4YdeRlesenHt6sL o LIdo(IL H%re!doleseni!6M
%reedents LR%resedentsL o LIsIIL H%reedentes6 '
U%reedeneV LR%resedenHt6sL o LIsIIL H%reedeni!6M %rei%it!nts
L%rIRsI%ItentsL o LI%eIL H%rei%it!ntes6 ' U%rei%it!neV L%rIRsI%ItenHt6sL o
LI%eIL H%rei%it!i3n6M %reisionHs6 H%reisi3nHes66$ %reisi!n Hri,orist!
N!d.eti+oO6 ' U%reisi!nHs6V Hri,orist!Hs6 Nno"breO64 L%rIRsIenHz6LM
%resents LR%rezentsL Hre,!los6 ' U%reseneV LR%rezenHt6sL H%reseni!6M
%ress"!n LR%res"enL No "enos (s!do LI"YnLO H%eriodist! NGB4 olo/(i!lOL
ti%3,r!#o NUSAO6 ' U%ress"enV LR%res"enL No "enos (s!do LI"enLO H%eriodist!s
NGB4 olo/(i!lOL ti%3,r!#os NUSAO6M %ride Hor,(llo6 ' U%riedV H!%!l!n3L
(riose!do64 L%r!IdLM %rini%!l H%rini%!l N!d.eti+oO6$ %rini%!lHs6 H.e#eHs6L
diretorHes66 ' U%rini%leHs6V H%rini%ioHs664 LR%rInse%He6lHz6L o LIsIILM
%rints L%rIntsL Hi"%resionesL i"%ri"e6 ' U%rineV L%rInHt6sL H%rFni%e6M %rior
H%re+ioL !nterior N!d.eti+osOL !ntes N%re%osii3n se,(id! de UtoVOL !ntes
N!d+erbio4 USAO6$ %riorHs6 H%riorHes66 ' U%rierHs6L %r'erHs6V
H#is,3nHes664 LR%r!IeHz6L NGBO ' LR%r!IHe6rHz6L NUSAOM %rize H%re"ioL esti"!r
"(&o6$ %rise NGB4 D15C15;155O H!%!l!n!r NoO le+!nt!r6 ' U%riesV
H(riose!64 L%r!IzLM %rize"!n NGB %rini%!l"enteO LR%r!Iz"enL Hest(di!nte
(ni+ersit!rio /(e ,!n! (n %re"io en s(s est(dios6 ' U%rize"enV LR%r!Iz"enL
Hest(di!ntes (ni+ersit!rios /(e ,!n!n (n %re"io en s(s est(dios6M %ro#itHs6
H%ro+e&oHs6L ,!n!r H,!n!66 ' U%ro%&etHs6V H%ro#et!Hs664 LR%ro#I tHs6$ etHs6L
NGBO ' LR%r!4#etHs6$ I tHs6L NUSAOM %ros H%rosL +otos ! #!+or Nestnd!r4 los 8L
%ro#esion!lesL instr(tores NoO entren!dores %ro#esion!les Nolo/(i!lesOL %rostit(t!s
N+(l,!rO6 ' U%roseV H%ros!64 L%ro(zLM %rot0,0Hs6L %rote,eHs6 H%rote,idoHs66 '
U%rot0,0eHs6L %rote,eeHs6V H%rote,id!Hs664 LR%ro(teeIHz6L o LItIILM %s'&osis
H%siosis6 ' Us'osisV Hsiosis Ni i"%0ti,o %ilosoO64 Ls!IR9o(sI s$ esLM %tis!n
H"ostoL tis!n!6 ' Utis!neV Htis!n!64 LtIRzYnLM %(9er LR% A 9 eL NGBO H!rr(,!L
#r(ni"ientoL !rr(,!rHse66 ' U%(99!L %(9!V NGB4 olo/(i!lO LR%A9eL
H,en(ino NoO !(t0ntioL ele,!nte NoO l(.oso6M %(n' HendebleHs66 ' U%(isneV
Nliter!rioO H%edneoHs6$ !Hs6L .(ez %edneo64 LR%.(4niLM %(rr HronroneoL
ronrone!r6 ' U%erV N#or"! #(erteO H%or64 L%4L NGBO ' L%4rL NUSAOM %(rse
H"onedero NGBOL %re"io Hen e#eti+o6L bolso Hde "!no6 NUSAO6$ Perse
HPerse N!%ellido4 S!intIjo&n P1O6 ' U%erseV H!z(l HoHb6s(ro664 L%4sL NGBO
' L%4rsL NUSAOM /(!rr'"!n LR97orI"enL NGBO o LR97o4rI"enL NUSA o
LR97!4ILO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"YnLO H%i!%edreroL !ntero6 '
U/(!rr'"enV LR97orI"enL NGBO o LR97o4rI"enL NUSA o LR97!4ILO N' "enos
(s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO H%i!%edrerosL !nteros6M /(!rtz H(!rzo6 '
U/(!rtsV H(!rtos64 L97o4tsL NGBO ' L97o4rtsL NUSAOM /(!'Hs6 H"(elleHs66$
!'Hs6 H!'oHs6L isloteHs66 ' U9e'Hs6V Hll!+eHs664 L9i4Hz6LM /(eenHs6 Hrein!Hs6L
"!ri3nHes66 ' U/(e!nHs6V H"oz!Hs6L %rostit(t!Hs6L "!ri3nHes664 L97i4nHz6LM
/(e(eHs6 NGBO Hol!Hs66$ (eHs6 Hindi!i3nHes6L t!oHs6 Nde bill!rO6 ' U/HZs6L
JHZs6L JHs6V Hl!Hs6 (Hes664 L9.(4Hz6LM /(itterHs6 Nolo/(i!lO Hr!.!doHs6$ !Hs66 '
U/(ittorHs6V Nliter!rioO Hll!,!Hs6 s(%(r!nteHs6 Hen l!s %!t!s de los !b!llos$
!snos$ et1664 LR97IteHz6L NGBO ' LR97IterHz6L NUSAOM /(ot!Hs6 LR97o(teHz6L
H(ot!Hs66 ' U/(oterHs6V LR97o(t eHz6L NGBO Hotiz!dorHes6L it!dorHes66M R! HR!6 '
Ur!&V Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO H\&(rr!]64 Lr!4LM r!bbitHs6 LRrYbI tHs6$
etHs6L Hone.oHs6L !z!r H!z!6 one.os6$ r!bbetHs6 LRrYbI tHs6$ etHs6L
H"(es!Hs6L r!n(r!Hs6L .(nt!r H.(nt!6L reb!.!r Hreb!.!66 ' UH>els&6
r!rebitV LRrYbItL o LRre eb I t$ etL NGBO o LRre H e6rb et$ I tL NUSAO o LRrerbet$ I tL
Htost!d! on /(eso derretidoL %!n on /(eso tost!do6M r!bbited H!zH3$ !do6
one.os6 ' Ur!bbetedV H.(nt3L reb!.!do64 LRrYbItI d$ edL o LIbeILM r!bbitin,
H!z!ndo one.os6 ' Ur!bbetin,V H.(nt!ndoL reb!.!ndo64 LRrYbItIL o LIbeILM
r!9Hs6 LrY9Hs6L Hest!nteHs6L %ort!e/(i%!.esL re"!ller!Hs6L botelleroHs6L
%er&eroHs6L trin,(loHs6L %otroHs6 Nde tort(r!OL s!(dir Hs!(de6L !tor"ent!r
H!tor"ent!6L tr!se,!r Htr!sie,!6L !"in!r H!"in!6 ! %!so de !nd!d(r!L ser
Hes6 lle+!do %or el +iento6$ 7r!9Hs6 LrY9Hs6L H%otroHs6 Nde tort(r!OL !l,!Hs6L
s!(dir Hs!(de6L !tor"ent!r H!tor"ent!6L &!er n!(#r!,!r6 ' U>RA*HZs6V
NGBO LrY9Hs6L N>o"enZs Ro'!l Ar"' *or%s Hde >16OM r!9ed Hs!(di3L
!tor"ent!doL tr!se,!doL !"in!do ! %!so de !nd!d(r!L sido lle+!do %or el
+iento6 ' U7r!9edV Hs!(di3L !tor"ent!doL &e&o n!(#r!,!r64 LrY9tLM
r!9in, Hs!(diendoL !tor"ent!ndoL tr!se,!ndoL !"in!ndo ! %!so de
!nd!d(r!L siendo lle+!do %or el +iento6 ' U7r!9in,V Hs!(diendoL
!tor"ent!ndoL &!iendo n!(#r!,!r64 LRrY9ILM r!di!nts LRreIdientsL Hr!di!ntesL
#oos irr!di!doresL ob.etos r!di!ntes6 ' Ur!di!neV LRreIdienHt6sL Hres%l!ndorL lo
r!di!nteL r!di!ni!6M r!di!l N!d.eti+oO Hr!di!l6$ r!di!lHs6 Nno"breO
Hr!di!lHes66 ' Ur!dileHs6V Hr!dF(l!Hs66 LRrYdI9elHz6LM r!id H!s!ltoL !tr!oL
red!d!6 ' Ur!'edV Hbrill3L irr!di!b!L r!dio,r!#i!do64 LreIdLM r!il7!'"!n NGBO
LRreIl7eI"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H#erro+i!rio6 ' Ur!il7!'"enV
LRreIl7eI"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H#erro+i!rios6M r!inHs6 Hll(+i!Hs6L llo+er
Hll(e+e66$ reinHs6 Hriend!Hs66 ' Urei,nHs6V Hrein!doHs6L rein!r Hrein!664
LreInHz6LM r!iseHs6 LRreIzHI z$ ez6L H!("entoHs6L !("ent!r H!("ent!66$
r!zeHs6 LRreIzHI z$ ez6L H!rr!s!r H!rr!s!6L !ll!n!r H!ll!n!6L ort!r Hort!66$
r!'s LreIzL Hres Nnot!Hs6OL r!'osL brill!L irr!di!6$ res LreIzL Hres Nnot!sO6 '
UR!'ZsV LreIzL Hde R!/(elL de R!i"(nd!L de R!' N!%ellidoO6M r!iserHs6 Hel
Hlos6 /(e rF!Hn6 N,!n!doO6$ r!zerHs6 Hel Hlos6 !%!r!toHs6 /(e !rr!s!Hn6 NoO
!ll!n!Hn6 NoO ort!Hn66 ' Ur!zorHs6V H"!/(inill!Hs6 de !#eit!r64 LRreIzeHz6L
NGBO ' LRreIzerHz6L NUSAOM r!n&"!n NUSAO LRrYn"enL Hr!n&ero6 '
Ur!n&"enV LRrYn"enL Hr!n&eros6M r!no(r NGBOL r!nor NUSAO Hrenor6 '
Ur!n9erV NGBO Hsold!do r!soL o#ii!l %!t!tero64 LRrY9eL NGBO ' LRrY9erL
NUSAOM r!t!l NGB4 !d.eti+oO Hrel!ion!do on l! ontrib(i3n6$ r!t!lHs6
NGBO H+!lorHes6 !t!str!lHes66 ' Ur!telHs6 Hr!telHes6 Ni te.3nHes6 !#ri!noHs6 '
!sitioHs6O64 LRreItHe6lHz6LM r!' LreIL Hre Nnot!OL r!'oL brill!rL irr!di!r6$ re LreIL
Hre Nnot!O6 o Lri4L Hen rel!i3n ! N%re%osii3nO6 ' UR!'V LreIL HR!/(elL
R!i"(nd!L R!' N!%ellidoO6M re!dHs6 Hleer Hlee66 ' UreedHs6V H.(noHs664
Lri4dHz6LM re!d Hle'3L leFdo6$ red Hro.o N!d.eti+oOL ro.o Nno"bre %e'or!ti+o i
o"(nist!OL olor ro.oL tinto N+inoO6 ' UreddV H&o'o /(e &!en los
s!l"ones$ l!s tr(&!s ' otros %ees en el le&o de (n rFo %!r! deso+!r64
LredLM re!l Lri4lL NUSAO Hre!lL +erd!dero6 ' UreelV Lri4lL H!rreteL t!"b!le!rseL
d!r +(elt!s6M re!l LRri4 elL NUSA4 "enos (s!do /(e Lri4lLO Hre!lL +erd!dero6 '
UrielV LRri4elL Hriel N(nid!d "onet!ri! de *!"bo'!O6M re!rHs6 Lr I eHz6L NGBO
H%!rteHs6 tr!ser!Hs6L ret!,(!rdi!Hs6L tr!seroHs6 Nolo/(i!lOL ri!r HrF!6L
!lz!rse Hse !lz!66$ r&e!Hs6 Lr I eHz6L NGBO H)!nd2HHe6s66$ R&e! Lr I eL NGBO
HRe!6 ' Uri!Hs6V Lr I eHz6L NGBO HrF!Hs66M re!litr!nts LrIR9YlsetrentsL No LIsIILO
H%erson!s re!litr!ntes6 ' Ure!litr!neV LrIR9YlsetrenHt6sL No LIsIILO Hter/(ed!d6M
rei%ients LrIRsI%ientsL Nliter!rioO Hdestin!t!riosL ree%tores6 ' Urei%ieneV Nliter!rioO
LrIRsI%ienHt6sL Hree%ti+id!d6M rere!nts N!r!ioO LRre9rientsL Hob!rdesL !%3st!t!s6
' Urere!neV N!r!ioO LRre9rienHt6sL Hob!rdF!L desle!lt!d6M
re(s!nts LRre9.(zentsL Hre(s!ntes6 ' Ure(s!neV LRre9.(zenHt6sL Hre(s!i3n6M reds
Hro.os Nno"bre %e'or!ti+o i o"(nist!sOL olores ro.os6 ' UreddsV H&o'os
/(e &!en los s!l"ones$ l!s tr(&!s ' otros %ees en el le&o de (n rFo %!r!
deso+!r64 LredzLM reeds"!n NGBO LRri4dz"enL NoO reed"!n NUSAO LRri4d"enL
H"2sio de '!z /(e to! instr("entos on len,Xet!6 ' Ureeds"enV NGBO
LRri4dz"enL NoO Ureed"enV NUSAO LRri4d"enL H"2sios de '!z /(e to!n
instr("entos on len,Xet!6M reHI6entr!nts Lri4RentrentsL Hn,(los entr!ntes NoO
"o&et!s6 ' UreHI6entr!neV Lri4RentrenHt6sL Hrein,reso6M
re#erents LRre#He6rHe6ntsL Hre#erentes6 ' Ure#ereneV LRre#He6rHe6nHt6sL Hre#ereni!L
%ro+eer de re#ereni!s6M reins "!n NA(str!li!L N(e+! [el!nd!L
USAO LRreInz"enL H.inete en (n! !rrer! de !b!llos !l trote6 '
Ureins"enV LRreInz"enL H.inetes en !rrer!s de !b!llos !l trote6M
re"onstr!nts LrIR"onHt6strentsL NGBO NoO LrIR"!4nHt6strentsL NUSAO H%erson!s /(e
%rotest!nL %etiion!rios6 ' Ure"onstr!neV LrIR"onHt6strenHt6sL NGBO NoO
LrIR"!4nHt6strenHt6sL NUSAO H%rotest!6M re%ellents NoO re%ell!nts LrIR%elentsL
Hre%elentes ontr! insetosL tel!s i"%er"e!bles6 ' Ure%elleneV LrIR%elenHt6sL
Hre%eleni!L re%(,n!ni!6M residents LRrezIdentsL o LIzeIL Hresidentes6 '
UresideneV LRrezIdenHt6sL o LIzeIL Hresideni!6M resist!nts LrIRzIstentsL
o LreIL H%erson!s NoO os!s /(e resisten6 ' Uresist!neV LrIRzIstenHt6sL o LreIL
Hresisteni!6M resisterHs6 Hl!Hs6 %erson!Hs6 /(e resisteHn66 ' UresistorHs6V
HresistorHes6L resisteni!Hs6L re3st!toHs664 LrIRzIsteHz6L NGBO ' LrIRzIsterHz6L
NUSAOM res%ondents LrIRs%ondentsL NGBO o LrIRs%!4ndentsL NUSAO Hde"!nd!dosL
!%el!dosL en(est!dos6 ' Ures%ondeneV LrIRs%ondenHt6sL NGBO o LrIRs%!4ndenHt6sL
NUSAO Hres%(est!L orres%ondeni!L !(erdo6M re+ie7Hs6 Hre+isi3nHes6L re+is!r
Hre+is!66 ' Ure+(eHs6V Hre+ist!Hs6 H"(si!lHes6 Nte!tr!lHes6O NoO +!ried!des
Nte!tr!lHes6O64 LrIR+.(4Hz6LM r&e!Hs6 LRri4 eHz6L NUSAO H)!nd2HHe6s66$ R&e! LRri4 eL
NUSAO HRe!6 ' Uri!Hs6V LRri4 eHz6L HrF!Hs66M ri#le"!n LRr!I#He6l"enL H#(silero6 '
Uri#le"enV LRr!I#He6l"enL H#(sileros6M ri,o(rHs6 NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ri,orHs6
NUSAO LRrI,eHz6L NGBO o LRrI,erHz6L NUSAO Hri,orHes6 Nen ,ener!lO6$
ri,or LRrI,eL NGBO o LRrI,erL NUSAO Hri,idez6$ ' Uri,,erHs6V LRrI,eHz6L NGBO o
LRrI,erHz6L NUSAO H"ont!dorHes6L !%!re.!dorHes6L "!ni%(l!dorHes66M Ri,&t
on] H\de !(erdo]6 ' U>rite on]V H\Si,(e esribiendo]64 Lr!It onL NGBO '
Lr!It !4nL NUSA o Lr!It o4nLOM ri,&t N!d.eti+oO Lr!ItL Hdere&oL orreto6$
ri,&tHs6 Nno"breO Lr!ItHs6L Hdere&oHs66$ 7riteHs6 Lr!ItHs6L Hesribir Hesribe66$
7ri,&tHs6 Lr!ItHs6L Htr!b!.!dorHes6L &!edorHes66$ >ri,&t N!%ellidoO Lr!ItL
H>ri,&t6 ' UriteHs6V Lr!ItHs6L HritoHs66M ri"e Hes!r&!L &el!d!6 ' Ur&'"eV
Hri"!L ri"!r64 Lr!I"LM ro!dHs6 Lro(dHz6L H!lleHs6L !rreter!Hs66$ ro7ed Lro(dL
Hre"H3L !do66$ rode Lro(dL H!b!l,36$ R&odes Lro(dzL HRod!s Nisl!OL !%ellido
N*eilO6 ' UR&o!dsV N!%ellidoO Lro(dzL HR&o!ds6M ro!"Hs6 Lro("Hz6L
H+!,!b(ndeoHs6L +!,!r H+!,!66 ' URo"eHZs6V Lro("Hz6L HRo"! Hde R166M
ro!r Lro4L NGBO Hr(,idoL r(,ir6 ' Ur!7V Lro4L Hr(do6M robin H%etirro.oL tordo
norte!"eri!no6$ robbin Hen+er,(e6$ Robin HRoberto6 ' URob'nL RobinV
HRobert!64 LRrobI n$ enL NGBO ' LRr!4ben$ I nL NUSAOM robins H%etirro.osL
tordos norte!"eri!nos6$ robbins Hen+er,(es64 LRrobI nz$ enzL NGBO
' LRr!4benz$ I nzL NUSAOM ro9Hs6 Hro!Hs6L %e)!soHs6L %iedr!Hs6L so%orteHs6L
"eed(r!Hs6L "eerHse6 HHse6 "ee6L estre"eerHse6 HHse6 estre"ee6L
!t(rdirHse6 HHse6 !t(rde66 ' UroHs6V Hro&oHs664 Lro9Hs6L NGBO ' Lr!49Hs6L
NUSAOM rod"!n LRrod"enL NGBO o LRr!4d"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB '
USA4 LI"YnLO H%ort!"ir!6 ' Urod"enV LRrod"enL NGBO o LRr!4d"enL NUSAO N'
"enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO H%ort!"ir!s6M roleHs6 N"s (s!doO NoO
rwleHs6 H%!%elHes66 ' UrollHs6V HrolloHs6L rodilloHs6L bolloHs6L ond(l!i3nHes6L
enroll!r Henroll!6L rod!r Hr(ed!664 Lro(lHz6LM roo9ie Hno+!toL rel(t!6 '
Uroo9'V Hlleno de ,r!.osL ,r!.ero64 LRr(9iLM roo" H&!bit!i3nL !lo.!rse6 '
Ur&e("V Hle,!)! NoO l!,!)!64 Lr(4"LM roo"' Hes%!ioso6 ' Ur&e("'V
Hle,!)oso NoO l!,!)!soL #rFo ' &2"edo64 LRr(4"iLM ro(,& N!d.eti+oO Hs%ero6$
ro(,&Hs6 Hs(%er#iieHs6 s%er!Hs66 ' Ur(##Hs6V H,ol!Hs6L oll!rFnHes6L
#!ll!d!Hs6L #!ll!r H#!ll!664 LrA#Hs6LM ro(nds"!n LRr!(ndz"enL Hre%!rtidor NGBOL
!bo de %oliF! NUSAOL %eriodist! %!r! (n te"! NoO distrito6 '
Uro(nds"enV LRr!(ndz"enL Hre%!rtidores NGBOL !bos de %oliF! NUSAOL
%eriodist!s %!r! (n te"! NoO distrito6M ro(teHs6 Hr(t!Hs6L en+i!r Hen+F!66 '
UrootHs6V Hr!Fz Hr!Fes6L enr!iz!r Henr!Fz!6L &oz!r H&oz!664 Lr(4tHs6LM ro(teHs6
Lr!(tHs6L NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Hr(t!Hs6L en+i!r Hen+F!66 ' Uro(tHs6V Lr!(tHs6L
Hderrot!Hs6 !%l!st!nt!ntesL derrot!r Hderrot!6 de #or"! !%l!st!nte6M ro(ted
Hen+iH3L !do66 ' UrootedV Henr!iz3L &oz!do64 LRr(4tI d$ edLM ro(ted LR r!(t I d$
edL NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Hen+iH3L !do66 ' Uro(tedV LRr!(tI d$ edL HderrotH3L
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&oz!ndo64 LRr(4tILM ro(tHe6in, LR r!(t I L NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Hen+i!ndo6 '
Uro(tin,V LRr!(tIL Hderrot!ndo de #or"! !%l!st!nte6M ro(te"!n NUSAO
LRr(4t"enL N"s (s!doO NoO LRr!(t"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H+endedor
+i!.ero Hon (n! r(t! !si,n!d!66 ' Uro(te"enV LRr(4t"enL N"s (s!doO NoO
LRr!(t"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H+endedores +i!.eros Hon (n! r(t!
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roeHs6 Lro(Hz6L HorzoHs66$ r&o Lro(L Hro Ndei"os0%ti"! letr! del !l#!beto
,rie,oO6 ' UroseV Lro(zL Hros!L se le+!nt36M ro7s Hr(idosL %ele!sL se %ele!6 '
Uro(seV Hdes%ert!rL !ni"!rL des%ert!rse64 Lr!(zLM r(de H,roseroL toso6$ rood
Hr(i#i.o6 ' Ur(edV Hl!"ent3L de%lor!do64 Lr(4dLM r(eHs6 Hl!"ent!r
Hde%lor!66 ' Uro(-V Hb!seHs6 de s!ls! o"%(est! de &!rin! '
"!nte/(ill!64 Lr(4Hz6LM r(#o(s Hber"e.oHs6$ !Hs66 ' UR(#(sV HR(#o64 LRr(4#esLM
r("o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL r("or NUSAO Hr("orL di+(l,!r6 ' Uroo"erV
NUSAO Hin/(ilino64 LRr(4"eL NGBO ' LRr(4"erL NUSAOM r(stleHs6 Hs(s(rroHs6L
s(s(rr!r Hs(s(rr!6L rob!r Hrob!6 ,!n!do6 ' UR(ssellHZs6V HR(ssell Hde
R1664 LRrAsHe6lHz6LM s!&!rin Nno"breO LRsY9erI n$ enL o LRsY9 eri4nL NGB4
"enos (s!doO Hs!!rin!6 ' Us!&!rineV N!d.eti+oO LRsY9 er en$ I nL NUSAO o
LRsY9 er! I nL NGB4 "s (s!do /(e LRsY9eri4nLO He"%!l!,osoHs6 !Hs6L
d(leHs66M s!&etHs6 LRsY[eIHz6L NGBO o LsYR[eIHz6L NUSAO HsobreitoHs6L
bolsit!Hs66 ' Us!s&!'Hs6V LRsY [ e I Hz6L NGBO o LsYR[eIHz6L H%!seoHs6L %!se!rse
Hse %!se!66M s!9Hs6 LsY9Hs6L Hs!oHs6L "eter H"ete6 en s!osL s!/(eoHs6L
s!/(e!r Hs!/(e!66$ s!Hs6 LsY9Hs6L Hs!oHs6 Ndentro de (n! %l!nt! NoO (n
!ni"!lO6 ' Us!-V LsY9sL Hs!-oH#3n66M s!d LsYdL HtristeHs66 ' USADDV LsYdL
Ni St(dents A,!inst Dr(n9 Dri+in,O HEst(di!ntes ontr! l! *ond(i3n
est!ndo bebidos6M s!ilorHs6 H"!rineroHs6L n!+e,!nteHs66 ' Us!ilerHs6V
H+eleroHs664 LRseIleHz6L NGBO ' LRseIlerHz6L NUSAOM s!leHs6 H+ent!Hs66 '
Us!ilHs6V H+el!Hs6L n!+e,!r Hn!+e,!664 LseIlHz6LM s!les"!n LRseIlz"enL
H+endedorL +i!.!nte6 ' Us!les"enV LRseIlz"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO
H+endedoresL +i!.!ntes6M s!lients LRseIlientsL Hs!lientes6 ' Us!lieneV LRseIlienHt6sL
H%ro"ineni!L r!s,o sobres!liente6M s!lterHs6 Hs!lineroHs6L s!l!dorHes66 '
U%s!lterHs6V Hs!l"odi!Hs6L s!lterioHs664 LRso4lteHz6L NGBO ' LRso4lterHz6L
NUSAOM s!nd' H!renosoL r(bio ro.izo6 ' Us!nd&iV H"odi#i!i3n del sonido
de (n "or#e"! N%or e.e"%lo$ Ied %(ede %ron(ni!rse o"o LIdL$ o"o LItL
o o"o LIIdLO64 LRsYndiLM s!ne H(erdoL r!zon!ble6$ seine Ni seine Hnet6O Hred
b!rreder!L %es!r on red b!rreder!L !rte de ortin!6 ' USeineV HSen! HrFo664
LseInLM s!tiriH!l6 Hs!tFrio Nde stir!O6 ' Us!t'riH!l6V Hs!tFrio Nde
stiroO64 LseRtIrI9Hel6LM S!(l Ls!4lL NUSAO HS!2l6$ sol Ls!4lL NUSAO Hsol
N(nid!d "onet!ri! de Per2OL sol N/(F"i!OL oro N!l/(i"i!OL s(eldo N"oned!
de Fr!ni!O6 ' USolV Ls!4lL NUSAO Hel dios Sol6M s!+erHs6 H!&orr!dorHes66 '
Us!+o(rHs6V NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Us!+orHs6V NUSAO Hs!borHes6L s!bore!r
Hs!bore!664 LRseI+eHz6L NGBO ' LRseI+erHz6L NUSAOM s!7 Lso4L H+ioL serr!r6$
so!r Lso4L NGBO o Lso4rL NUSAO Hre"onteL !l!neL +ol!r !ltoL !lz!rse6 '
UsoreV Lso4L NGBO o Lso4rL NUSAO Hll!,! Nno"breOL doloridoL in#l!"!doL
&!rto N!d.eti+os4 los :O6M s!ler Hes!l!dorL re,istr!dor eletr3nio6 '
Us!l!rV Hes!lon!doL es!l!r N!d.eti+osOL "!,nit(d es!l!r
Nno"breO64 LRs9eIleL NGBO ' LRs9eIlerL NUSAOM sener' LRsi4nHe6riL H%!is!.e6 '
Usen!r'V LRs i4nH e6riL NGB %rini%!l"enteO Hsen!rio6M sentHs6 LsentHs6L
HolorHes6L %er#("eHs6L oler H&(ele66$ entHs6 LsentHs6L Hent!+oHs66$ sense
LsenHt6sL HsentidoL sentir6 ' UsentV LsentL Hen+iH3L !do66M
s&ool"!n LRs9(4l"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO Hesolstio Ni S&ool"!nOL
dotoL "!estro de es(el! NUSA %rini%!l"enteO6 ' Us&ool"enV LRs9(4l"enL N'
"enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Hesolstios Ni S&ool"enOL dotosL "!estros de es(el!
NUSA %rini%!l"enteO6M Sots"!n Nestnd!rO LRs9ots"enL NGBO o LRs9!4ts"enL
NUSAO NoO Sot&"!n Nr!roO LRs9o"enL NGBO o LRs9!4"enL NUSAO HH&o"bre6
eso0s6 ' USots"enV LRs9ots"enL NGBO o LRs9!4ts"enL NUSAO NoO USot&"enV
Nr!roO LRs9o"enL NGBO o LRs9!4"enL NUSAO HH&o"bres6 esoeses6M s(llHs6
Hes%!dill!Hs6L re"!r Hre"!6 on es%!dill!6 ' Us9(llHs6V H!l!+er!Hs6L
rneoHs664 Ls9AlHz6LM sill!Hs6 Hesil!Hs66 ' US'll!HZs6V HEsil! Hde
Esil!664 LRsIleHz6LM se!ler LRsi4l eL NGBO H!z!dor de #o!sL b!ro %!r! l! !z! de
#o!sL t!%!%oros6 ' Usel!&V LRsi4leL He-l!"!i3n ( orient!i3n "(si!l Hen los
s!l"os66M se!"Hs6 Host(r!Hs66 ' Usee"Hs6V H%!reer H%!ree664 Lsi4"Hz6LM
se!"!n LRsi4"enL H"!rineroL "!rino6 ' Use!"enV LRsi4"enL N' "enos (s!do4
LI"enLO H"!rinerosL "!rinos6M se!red LsIerdL NGBO o LsIHe6rdL NUSAO
H&!"(s3L !br!s!do6 ' UeredV LsIerdL NGBO o LsIHe6rdL NUSAO Hen+ol+i3L
en+(elto Nen "ort!.! ener!d!O6M se!"ed Hosi3L r!'!doL !rr(,3L
%es%(nt!do NUSAO6 ' Usee"edV H%!reF!L ido64 Lsi4"dLM se!rin, LRsIerIL
NGBO o LRsIHe6rIL NUSAO H&!"(s!ndoL !br!s!ndo6 ' Uerin,V LRsIerIL
NGBO o LRsIHe6rIL NUSAO Hen+ol+iendo Nen "ort!.! ener!d!O6M se!ter
LR s i4t eL NGBO H%erson! sent!d!6 ' Uset!V LRsi4teL H!%0ndie Hde (n! ni"!l o
%l!nt! en #or"! de erd! #le-ible66M seeHs6 Lsi4Hz6L H+er H+e66$ HZs6L *HZs6L
*Hs6 Lsi4Hz6L Hl!Hs6 eHs66$ se!Hs6 Lsi4Hz6L H"!rHes66$ si Lsi4L Hsi N"2si!O6 '
UseizeV Lsi4zL H!,!rr!r6M see9Hs6 Hb(s!r Hb(s!66 ' USi9&Hs6V Hsi.Hs664
Lsi49Hs6LM seen H+isto6 ' UseneV Hesen!64 Lsi4nLM seerHs6 LsIeHz6L NGBO
o LsIHe6rHz6L NUSAO H+identeHs6L !di+inoHs66$ se!rHs6 LsIeHz6L NGBO
o LsIHe6rHz6L NUSAO H/(e"!d(r!Hs6L &!"(s!r H&!"(s!6L !br!s!r
H!br!s!66$ ereHs6 LsIeHz6L NGBO o LsIHe6rHz6L NUSAO Her!Hs6 Ni "e"br!n!Hs6
0re!Hs6 /(e rode!Hn6 l! b!se del %io de !l,(n!s !+esOL en+ol+er
Hen+(el+e6 Nen "ort!.! ener!d!O6 ' UsereV LsIeL NGBO o LsIHe6rL NUSAO
Hserie de !"bios li"tiosL "!r&ito6M sellHs6 LselHz6L Hest!#!Hs6L +ender
H+ende66$ ellHs6 LselHz6L H0l(l!Hs6L eld!Hs66 ' Uel NoO ellV LselL Hel(loide
Ni ell(loidO6M sellerHs6 LRseleHz6L NGBO o LRselerHz6L NUSAO H+endedorHes66$
ell!rHs6 LRseleHz6L NGBO o LRselerHz6L NUSAO Hs3t!noHs6L bode,!Hs66 ' Uell!V
LRseleL Hn!o Hde (n te"%lo !nti,(o66M se"en Hse"en6$ se!"!n H"!rineroL
"!rino6 ' Use!"enV H"!rinerosL "!rinos64 LRsi4"enLM sen!te Hsen!do6$
sennet NGBO Hto/(e de tro"%et! %!r! !n(ni!r l! entr!d! de %erson!.es en
el te!tro is!belino6 ' UsennitV H!.et! Hde (n b!ro664 LRsenet$ I tLM sendHs6
Hen+i!r Hen+F!66 ' UsendHs6V H!bee!r H!bee!6 N(n b(/(eO64 LsendHz6LM
sentients Nliter!rioO LRsenHt6[entsL H%erson!s NoO os!s on !%!id!d de sentir6 '
UsentieneV Nliter!rioO LRsenHt6[enHt6sL H%ere%i3n6M se/(ents
Nliter!rioO LRsi497entsL Honse(eni!sL se(el!s6 ' Use/(eneV LRsi497enHt6sL
Hse(eni!6M seri!lHs6 Honse(ti+oL en serieL serieHs66 ' Uere!lHs6V
Here!lHes664 LRsIerielHz6L NGBO o LRsIrielHz6L NUSAOM series HserieL series6 '
U*eresV H*eres64 LRsIeri4zL NGBO o LRsIHe6ri4zL NUSAOM serio(s LRs I eri esL NGBO
Hserio6 ' Uere(sV LRs I eri esL NGBO H!ndel!broL %it!&!'! Nbotni!O6M serio(s
LRs I ri esL NUSAO Hserio6$ ere(s LRs I ri esL NUSAO H!ndel!broL %it!&!'!
Nbotni!O6 ' USiri(sV LRsIriesL HSirio6M He-I6ser+ie"!n LHe9s6Rs4+Is"enL NGBO
o LHe9s6Rs4r+Is"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA on LI"YnLO H"ilit!rL
sold!do Hretir!do66 ' UHe-I6ser+ie"enV LHe9s6Rs4+Is"enL NGBO o L
He9s6Rs4r+Is"enL NUSAO H"ilit!resL sold!dos Hretir!dos66M sessionHs6 Hsesi3nHes6L
%erFodoHs6 esol!rHes6 NUSAO6 ' UessionHs6V Hesi3nHes664 LRse[enHz6LM
se+en LRse+enL Hsiete6 ' USe+ernV NrFoO LRse+ enL NGBO HSe+ern6M se7erHs6
HosedorHes6$ !Hs66 ' Uso7erHs6V Hse"br!dorHes6L se"br!dor!Hs6 Ni
"/(in!sO64 LRso(eHz6L NGBO ' LRso(erHz6L NUSAOM se7Hs6 Lso(Hz6L Hoser
Hose66$ so7Hs6 Lso(Hz6L Hse"br!r Hsie"br!66$ so Lso(L H!sFL !sF /(eL sol Nnot!
"(si!lO6 ' Uso&V Lso(L Hsol Nnot! "(si!lO6M se7ed HosF!L osi366 '
Uso7edV Hse"brH!b!L 3664 Lso(dLM se7in, Hosiendo6 ' Uso7in,V
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Lse9sL Hse-o6 ' UsetsV Lse9sL Nolo/(i!lO o Lse9tsL Nestnd!rO Hset!s6M
s&!nt' HIies6 LR[YntiHz6L H&!bol!Hs66 ' U&!nt' HIies6L &!nte'Hs6
NUSAOV LR[YntiHz6L Hs!lo"!Hs66M s&e!rHs6 Hes/(il!r Hes/(il!66$ s&eer
N!d.eti+oO H%(roL es!r%!do6 ' Us&eerHs6V Hdes+i!r Hdes+i!664 L[IeHz6L NGBO '
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!do664 L[IedL NGBO ' L[IHe6rdL NUSAOM s&e!rin, Hes/(il!ndo6 ' Us&eerin,V
Hdes+i!ndo64 LR[IerIL NGBO ' LR[IHe6rIL NUSAOM s&ei9Hs6 NoO
s&ei&9Hs6 L[eI9Hs6L o L[ i49Hs6L NUSAO H.e/(eHs6 NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
&o"breHs6 "(.erie,oHs6 NGBO6$ s&!9eHs6 L[eI9Hs6L Hs!(did!Hs6L s!(dir
Hs!(de66 ' U&iV L[i49L Hele,!nteL ele,!ni!6M s&i%"!n LR[I%"enL H!%it!n NoO
%!tr3n de b(/(e Nestnd!rOL "!rinero N!r!ioO6 ' Us&i%"enV LR[I%"enL
H!%it!nes NoO %!trones de b(/(e Nestnd!rOL "!rineros N!r!ioO6M s&oeHs6
Hz!%!toHs6L !lz!r H!lz!66$ s&oo] H\#(er!]6 ' Us&ooHs6V Ho-e!r Ho-e!6 NoO
!&('ent!r H!&('ent!664 L[(4Hz6LM s&oein, H!lz!ndo6 ' Us&ooin,V Ho-e!ndo
NoO !&('ent!ndo64 LR[(4ILM s&ootHs6 Hreto)oHs6L dis%!r!r Hdis%!r!66 '
U&(teHs6V H%!r!!Fd!sL tobo,nHes6L r!"%!Hs664 L[(4tHs6LM s&ore L[o4L NGBO
o L[o4rL NUSAO Horill!6 ' Us(reV L[o4L NGB4 "enos (s!do /(e L[(eLO
o L[o(He6rL NUSA4 "enos (s!do /(e L[(He6rLO Hse,(roHs6$ !Hs6 N!d.eti+oOL %or
s(%(esto NUSA4 !d+erbioO6M s&orn L[ o4nL NGBO Hes/(il!doL roto6$
S&!(n L[o4nL Hj(!n6 ' US&!7nV N!%ellidoO L[o4nL HS&!7n6M
s&o7"!n LR[o("enL H!rtist!L %resent!dor de (n es%et(loL %erson! on dotes
te!tr!lesL e"%res!rio Hde es%et(los66 ' Us&o7"enV LR[o("enL N' "enos (s!do4
LI"enLO H!rtist!sL %resent!dores de (n es%et(loL %erson!s on dotes te!tr!lesL
e"%res!rios Hde es%et(los66M s&o7n L[o(nL H"ostr!do6 ' Us&oneV L[ o(nL
NUSAM en GB L[onLO Hbrill3L !l("br!do6M s&'er NoO s&ier H"s tF"ido6 '
Us&ireV Nliter!rioO Hond!do64 L[!IeL NGBO ' L[!IHe6rL NUSAOM
sibil!nts LRsIbIlentsL o LIbeIL Hsibil!ntes6 ' Usibil!neV LRsIbIlenHt6sL o LIbeIL
H!rter sibil!nteL tono sibil!nte6M si9 Hen#er"o6 ' UsiV HsiL !t!!r64 LsI9LM
side Hl!do6 ' Usi,&edV Hs(s%irH3L !do664 Ls!IdLM side"!n LRs!Id"enL NGB
%rini%!l"enteO NoO LRs!Id"YnL NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H"ie"bro de (n!
or/(est! Nes%ei!l"ente de '!zO6 ' Uside"enV LRs!Id"enL NGB %rini%!l"enteO
NoO LRs!Id"enL NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H"ie"bros de (n! or/(est! Nes%ei!l"ente
de '!zO6M sides"!n NGBO LRs!Idz"enL H!3lito6 ' Usides"enV LRs!Idz"enL N'
"enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H!3litos6M sienn! Htierr! de sien!6 ' USien!V HSien!64 LsiReneLM
si,&Hs6 Ls!IHz6L Hs(s%iroHs6L s(s%ir!r Hs(s%ir!66$ %si Ls!IL H%si N8:G letr! del
!l#!beto ,rie,oOL #en3"enos %!r!nor"!les6$ *' Ls!IL H*iro6$ Si Ls!IL
HSi"3n6 ' UsizeV Ls!IzL Ht!"!)oL l!si#i!r %or t!"!)o6M si,&erHs6 Hel /(e
s(s%ir! Hlos /(e s(s%ir!n66$ Sire N! (n re'O HSe)or6 ' UsireHs6V H%!dreHs6 Nde
!ni!les do"0stiosOL en,endr!r Hen,endr!664 LRs!IeHz6L NGBO ' LRs!IHe6rHz6L
NUSAOM si,&tHs6 H+ist!Hs66$ iteHs6 Hit!r Hit!6L "enion!r H"enion!66 '
UsiteHs6V HsitioHs664 Ls!ItHs6LM si,nHs6 Hse)!lHes6L #ir"!r H#ir"!66 ' UsineHs6V
HsenoHs6 N"!te"tioHs6O64 Ls!InHz6LM si,n!l"!n LRsI,nHe6l"enL H,(!rd!+F!L
en!r,!do de se)!les Nen l! "!rin!O6 ' Usi,n!l"enV LRsI,nHe6l"enL H,(!rd!+F!sL
en!r,!dos de se)!les Nen l! "!rin!O6M si,netHs6 HselloHs66 ' U',netHs6V
H%olloHs6 de isne64 LRsI,nI tHs6$ etHs6LM sillies LRs I lizL NGBO Htontos NoO bobos
Nno"breO6 ' USilliesV LRsIlizL Hl!s isl!s Sorlin,!Hs66M sill' HtontoHs6$ !Hs6
N!d.eti+oOL tonto NoO bobo Nno"bre4 GBO6 ' USill'V Hisl!nds6 HHl!s isl!s6
Sorlin,!Hs664 LRsIliLM sil+er LRs I l+ eL NGBO Hde %l!t! N!d.eti+oOL %l!t!L "oned!s
Hde %l!t!$ et166$ sil+erHs6 LRs I l+ eHz6L NGBO H"ed!ll!Hs6 de %l!t!L %l!te!r
H%l!te!66 ' Usil+!Hs6L s'l+!Hs6V LRsIl+eHz6L Hon.(ntoHs6 de rboles sil+estres
Nde (n! re,i3n o %!FsOL tr!t!doHs6 sobre los rboles Nde (n! re,i3n o %!FsO6M
Si"on HSi"3n6 ' U*i"onV H*i"3n64 LRs!I"enLM sinHs6 H%e!doHs6L %e!r
H%e!66 ' U*'nHZs6V H*inti! Hde *1664 LsInHz6LM sin, H!nt!r6 ' USin,&V HtFt(lo
Nde "!'orF! de ed!d de los si.sO64 LsILM sin9Hs6 H#re,!deroHs66 ' Us'nH&6
Hs6V Nolo/(i!lO Hsinroniz!i3n4 o(t o# s'nH&6 H#(er! de ond!6L sinroniz!r
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H!sesin!66 ' Uslei,&Hs6V HtrineoHs6L ir H+!6 en trineo64 LsleIHz6LM sl!'in,
H!sesin!ndo6 ' Uslei,&in,V H'endo en trineo64 LRsleIILM slei,&t Nliter!rioO
Hdestrez!6 ' Usli,&tV Hli,eroL des!ireL des!ir!r64 Lsl!ItLM sle7 Lsl(4L H%!nt!noL
,iroL ,ir!rL !sesin3 Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL "ont3n NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO6$ sle7s Lsl(4zL H%!nt!nosL ,irosL ,ir!L "ontones NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO6$ slo(,&Hs6 Lsl(4Hz6L NUSA4 "s (s!doO o Lsl!(Hz6L
H!b!ti"ientoHs6L en!,!lHes66 ' Usl(eHs6V Lsl(4Hz6L H,iroHs6L ,ir!r H,ir!6L
en!,!lHes6 NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL "ont3nHes6 NUSAO6M slo7Hs6 HlentoL ir
H+!6 "s des%!io6 ' UsloeHs6V Hendrin!Hs6L endrinoHs664 Lslo(Hz6LM so!9er
LRso(9 eL NGBO H&!%!rr3nL borr!&Fn Nolo/(i!lO6 ' Uso!V LRso(9eL H"ezl!
de "2si! !li%so ' so(l del *!ribe orient!l6M so!rs Hre"ontesL !l!nesL
+(el! !ltoL se !lz!6 ' UsoresV Hll!,!s64 Lso4zL NGBO ' Lso4rzL NUSAOM
so!red Lso4dL NGBO o Lso4rdL NUSAO Hse ele+3 "(' !ltoL re"ont!do6$
s!7ed Lso4dL Hserr3L ort!do6 ' Us7ordV Lso4dL NGBO o Lso4rdL NUSAO
Hes%!d!6M sod H0s%edL (brir de 0s%ed6 ' Us!7edV Hserr3L ort!do64 Ls!4dL
NUSAOM so9e"!n N!r!ioO LRso(9"enL o so"!n N!r!ioO LRso(9"enL o
LRso9" enL NGBO H!rrend!t!rio #e(d!l /(e no %rest!b! ser+iio "ilit!r6 '
Uso9e"enV LRso(9"enL o Uso"enV LRso(9"enL o LRso9" enL NGBO
H!rrend!t!rios #e(d!les /(e no %rest!b!n ser+iio "ilit!r6M sol!r LR so(l eL
NGBO Hsol!r N!d.eti+oO6 ' Usol!V LRso(leL H!%!s s(%eriores del s(elo6M sold
H+endiH3L do66 ' UsoledV H%(so H%(esto6 s(el!s N!l !lz!doO64 Lso(ldLM sole
N!d.eti+oO Lso(lL H2nio6$ soleHs6 Lso(lHz6L Hs(el!Hs6L len,(!doHs6L %oner
H%one6 s(el!s N!l !lz!doO6$ so(lHs6 Lso(lHz6L H!l"!Hs66$ sol Lso(lL NUSAO Hsol
Nnot! "(si!lO6 ' USeo(lV Lso(lL HSe2l6M so"e H!l,o6 ' Us("V
Hs("!64 LsA"LM son!nts LRso(nentsL Hsonidos sonoros6 ' Uson!neV LRso(nenHt6sL
Hsonorid!dL sonido6M son!r"!n NUSAO LRso(n!4"enL NGBO o LRso(n!4r"enL
NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"YnLO Ho%er!dor de son!r Hen l! "!rin!66
' Uson!r"enV LRso(n!4"enL NGBO o LRso(n!4r"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en
GB ' USA4 LI"enLO Ho%er!dores de son!r Hen l! "!rin!66M sorbet Hsorbete6 '
Usorb!teV Hsorb!to64 LR so4rb etL NUSAOM soreress H&e&ier!6 ' Usorero(sV
H&e&iereso64 LRso4seresL NGBO ' LRso4rseresL NUSAOM sorr' H!rre%entidoL
l!"ent!ble6$ sorr'] H\%erd3n]L \%erdone]6 ' Us!(r'V H%ez s!lt!dor64 LR so4riL NUSAOM
sort Lso4tL NGBO Hl!se NoO ti%o6 ' Uso(,&tV Lso4tL Hb(sH3L !do66M sot NUSA4
no"breO Hborr!&o6 ' Uso(,&tV Hb(sH3L !do664 Ls!4tL NUSAOM so(Hs6 Ls(4Hz6L
H0nti"oHs66$ Sio(- Ls(4L Nsin,(l!r4 "s (s!do ' t!"bi0n %l(r!l4 "enos
(s!doO ' Ls(4zL N%l(r!lO Hsi(-6$ s(eHs6 Ls(4Hz6L Hde"!nd!r Hde"!nd!66 '
US(eHZs6V Ls(4Hz6L HS(s!n! Hde S(s!n!66M so(reHs6 LRso4sH I z$ ez6L NGBO
H#(enteHs66 ' Us!(eHs6V LRso4sHI z$ ez6L Hs!ls!Hs66M so7Hs6 Herd!Hs6L
!n!lHes6L ,!l%!,oHs6 Ni blo/(es de &ierroO6 ' Uso(,&Hs6V Hs(s(rroHs6L
s(s(rr!r Hs(ss(rr!664 Ls!(Hz6LM s%!de H%!l!6 ' Us%!'edV Hs!H3L !do6 los
o+!rios N! (n !ni"!lO64 Ls%eIdLM s%!t(l! LRs% Y t. eleL NGBO Hes%t(l!6 ' Us%!t(l!rV
LRs% Y t. eleL NGBO Hes%!t(l!r6M s%e!r"!n LRs%Ie"enL NGBO o LRs%IHe6r"enL NUSAO
Hl!nero6 ' Us%e!r"enV LRs%Ie"enL NGBO o LRs%IHe6r"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do
en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO Hl!neros6M s%e9s H"!n&it!sL %iz!sL "ot!sL ,ot!s6 '
Us%esV Hes%ei#i!iones Ni s%ei#i!tionsOL ,!#!s Ni s%et!lesO64 Ls%e9sLM
s%ie Ls%!IsL Hes%ei!L ondi"ent!r6 ' Us%eissV Ls%!IsL H"ezl! de !rs0nidos
' !nti"onit!s6M s%oils"!n NUSAO LRs%oIlz"enL Ho%ort(nist! /(e sir+e ! (n
%!rtido %olFtio %!r! obtener (n !r,o %2blio6 ' Us%oils"enV LRs%oIlz"enL
Ho%ort(nist!s /(e sir+en ! (n %!rtido %olFtio %!r! obtener (n !r,o %2blio6M
s%o9es"!n LRs%o(9s"enL H%ort!+oz6 ' Us%o9es"enV LRs%o(9s"enL H%ort!+oes6M
s%oreHs6 Ls%o4Hz6L Hes%or!Hs66 ' Us%oorHs6V Ls%o4Hz6L NGBO Hr!stroHs6L %ist!Hs66M
s%orts"!n LRs%o4ts"enL NGBO o LRs%o4rts"enL NUSAO Hde%ortist!L !b!lleroL
!z!dor6 ' Us%orts"enV LRs%o4ts"enL NGBO o LRs%o4rts"enL NUSAO Hde%ortist!sL
!b!llerosL !z!dores6M s/(!lor H"iseri!6 ' Us/(!llerV H%erson! /(e &ill!64
LRs97!4l erL NUSAOM st!ble"!n LRsteIbHe6l"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"YnLO H"ozo
de (!dr!6 ' Ust!ble"enV LRsteIbHe6l"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H"ozos de
(!dr!6M st!## LstY#L NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H%erson!lL %ro+eer de %erson!l6 '
Ust!%&V Nolo/(i!lO LstY#L Hest!#ilooo6M st!id HserioL !b(rrido6 ' Ust!'edV
Hse /(ed3L %er"!nei3L !,(!nt!do64 LsteIdLM st!irHs6 H%eld!)oHs6L
es!ler!Hs66 ' Ust!reHs6V H"ir!d!Hs6 #i.!Hs6L "ir!r H"ir!6 #i.!"ente64
LsteeHz6L NGBO ' LsteHe6rHz6L NUSAOM st!9eHs6 Hest!!Hs6L !%(est!Hs6L
!%(est!Hs6L !%ost!r H!%(est!66 ' Uste!9Hs6V H#ileteHs664 LsteI9Hs6LM st!l9Hs6
Lsto49Hs6L Ht!lloHs6L !e&oHs6L !e&!r H!e&!66 ' Ustor9Hs6V Lsto49Hs6L NGBO
Hi,Xe)!Hs66M st!tes"!n LRsteIts"enL Hest!dist!6 ' Ust!tes"enV LRsteIts"enL
Hest!dist!s6M st!tion!r' Hest!ion!rioHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ust!tioner'V
H%!%elerF!64 LRsteI[eneriL NGBO ' LRsteI[eneriL NUSAOM ste!lHs6 Hrob!r Hrob!66
' UsteelHs6V H!eroL !er!r H!er!664 Lsti4lHz6LM steers"!n LRstIez"enL NGBO o
LRstIHe6rz"enL NUSAO Hti"onel6 ' Usteers"enV LRstIez"enL NGBO o LRstIHe6rz"enL
NUSAO Hti"oneles6M ste%Hs6 H%!soHs6L es!l3nHes6L d!r Hd!6 (n %!so6 '
Uste%%eHs6V Heste%!Hs664 Lste%Hs6LM stileHs6 Hes!ler!Hs6 N%!r! r(z!r (n!
er!$ (n! +!ll!$ (n "(ro$ (n %ortilloOL torni/(eteHs6L l!r,(eroHs66 '
Ust'leHs6V HestiloHs6L estiliz!r Hestiliz!6L no"br!r Hno"br!664 Lst!IlHz6LM
still"!n NUSAO LRstIl"enL Hdestil!dor6 ' Ustill"enV LRstIl"enL Hdestil!dores6M
sto9Hs6 Hreser+!Hs6L s(rtir Hs(rte66 ' Ust!l9Hs6V Ht!lloHs6L !e&oHs6L !e&!r
H!e&!664 Lst!49Hs6L NUSAOM sto9ed Hs(rtiH3L do66 ' Ust!l9edV H!e&H3L
!do664 Lst!49tL NUSAOM sto9in, Hs(rtiendo6 ' Ust!l9in,V
H!e&!ndo64 LRst!49IL NUSAOM sto9"!n LRsto9"enL NGBO o LRst!49"enL NUSAO
N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"YnLO H,!n!deroL %e3n !,rFol!6 ' Usto9"enV
LRsto9"enL NGBO o LRst!49"enL NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO
H,!n!derosL %eones !,rFol!s6M stoo%erHs6 LRst(4%eHz6L NGBO H%erson!Hs6 /(e se
!,!&!Hn6L .orob!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ust(%!Hs6V LRst(4%eHz6L Hest(%!Hs66M stor' HIies6
H&istoriHet6!Hs66 ' Ustore'Hs6V NGBOL Ustor' HIies6V NUSAO H%isoHs6L
%l!nt!Hs664 LRsto4riHz6LM store'ed NGB %rini%!l"enteO Hde %isos6 ' UstoriedV
H&istori!doHs6$ !Hs6L de %isos NUSAO64 LRsto4ridLM str!i,&t Hdere&oL &onr!doL
senilloL diret!"enteL #r!n!"ente6 ' Ustr!itV Hestre&o N,eo,r#ioO64
LstreItLM str!i,&tenHs6 Henderez!rHse6 HHse6 enderez!66 ' Ustr!itenHs6V Hred(ir
Hred(e664 LRstreItenHz6LM str!i,&tened Hse enderez3L enderez!do6 '
Ustr!itenedV Hred(.oL red(ido64 LRstreItendLM str!i,&tenin, Henderezndose6
' Ustr!itenin,V Hred(iendo64 LRstreItenILM st' HIies6 H%oil,!Hs6L +i+ir
H+i+e6 en (n! %oil,!6 ' Ust'eHs6 NoO st' HIies6V Horz(eloHs664 Lst!IHz6LM st'ler
Hdise)!dorH!66 ' Ust'l!rV N!d.eti+oO HestilFstio64 LRst!IleL NGBO ' LRst!IlerL NUSAOM
s(o(rHs6 NGBO NoO s(orHs6 NUSAO HsoorroL soorrer Hsoorre66 '
Us(9erHs6V H+entos!Hs6L i"b0ilHes6L e&!r &(%ones He&! &(%ones6L
%od!r H&(%ones6 H%od! H&(%ones664 LRsA9eHz6L NGBO ' LRsA9erHz6L NUSAOM
s((lents LRsA9.elentsL No LI9.(ILO H%l!nt!s s((lent!s6 ' Us((leneV
LRsA9.elenHt6sL No LI9.(ILO Hs((leni!6M s(ed Ls(4dL Hde"!nd3L %resent!do
(n! de"!nd!6 ' U%se(dV NGB4 olo/(i!lO Ls(4dL N"enos (s!do /(e Ls.(4dLO
Nno"bre ' !d.eti+oO Hintelet(!loideL #!rs!nte6M s(ede N"s (s!doOL s(kde
H!nte6 ' Us7!'edV Hosil3L b!l!ne!do64 Ls7eIdLM s(erHs6 Hde"!nd!nteHs66 '
Use7erHs6V H!l!nt!rill!Hs664 LRs(4eHz6L NGBO ' LRs(4erHz6L NUSAOM s(it Ls(4tL
Htr!.eL !.(st!r6 ' UsootV Ls(4tL NUSA4 "enos (s!do /(e Ls(tLO H&ollFn6M
s(iteHs6 H.(e,oHs6L s(iteHs66$ s7eet N!d.eti+oO H!z(!r!do6 ' Us7eetHs6V
H!r!"eloHs6L d(leHs664 Ls7i4tHs6LM S(nd!'Hs6 Hdo"in,oHs66 ' Us(nd!eHs6V
H&el!doHs6 Non #r(t!s ' n(eesO64 LRsAndeIHz6L o LRsAndiHz6LM s(nn' LRsAniL
Hsole!doL !le,re6$ S(nni LRs A niL NGBO o LRs(niL Hs(nit!L s(nF6 ' Usonn'V
Nolo/(i!lO LRsAniL H&i.ito6M s(nHs6 LsAnHz6L HsolHes6L !sole!r H!sole!66$ sonHs6
LsAnHz6L H&i.oHs66 ' Us(nnV LsAnL H)!"o de Ben,!l!6M s(%erintendents
Nliter!rioO Ls(4%erInRtendentsL Hs(%erintendentes6 ' Us(%erintendeneV Nliter!rioO
Ls(4%erInRtendenHt6sL Hs(%erintendeni!6M s(%%li!nts LRsA%lientsL Hs(%li!ntes6 '
Us(%%li!neV LRsA%lienHt6sL Hs(%li!i3n6M s(r# Hes%("!L ole!.eL ol!s6$ s(r#Hs6
H%r!ti!r H%r!ti!6 el s(r#6 ' User#Hs6V Hsier+oHs6$ !Hs664 Ls4#Hs6L NGBO
' Ls4r#Hs6L NUSAOM s(r,eHs6 Hole!.eHs6L !,it!rse Hse !,it!66 ' User,eHs6V
Hest!"e)!Hs6L s!r,!Hs664 LRs4dHI z$ ez6L NGBO ' LRs4rdHez$ I z6L NUSAOM
s(r+eill!nts LseR+eIlentsL NGBO o LserR+eIlentsL NUSAO H+i,il!ntes6 '
Us(r+eill!neV LseR+eIlenHt6sL NGBO o LserR+eIlenHt6sL NUSAO H+i,il!ni!6M s(s
NGB4 +(l,!rO LsAsL Hsos%e&!L sos%e&oso Nno"bre ' !d.eti+oOL %er!t!rse
NoO !l!r6 ' Us(ssV NGB4 +(l,!rO LsAsL H!+eri,(!rL %er!t!rse NoO !l!rL
!st(i! soi!l6M s(tler H+i+!ndero6 ' Us(btlerV H"s s(til64 LRsAtleL NGBO
' LRsAtlerL NUSAOM s7!tHs6 Hz(rri!,!zoHs6L !%orre!r H!%orre!6L "!t!r H"!t!6
de (n ,ol%e Non !l,oO6 ' Us7otHs6V He"%oll3nHes6L e"%oll!r He"%oll!664
Ls7otHs6L NGBO ' Ls7!4tHs6L NUSAOM s7!tted H!%orreH3L !b!L !do6L "!tH3L
!b!L !do6 de (n ,ol%e Non !l,oO6 ' Us7ottedV He"%ollH3L !b!L
!do664 LRs7otI d$ edL NGBO ' LRs7!4ted$ I dL NUSAOM s7!tterHs6 H"!t!"os!s6
' Us7otterHs6V He"%oll3nHes664 LRs7oteHs6L NGBO o LRs7!4terHs6L NUSAOM
s7!ttin, H!%orre!ndoL "!t!ndo de (n ,ol%e Non !l,oO6 ' Us7ottin,V
He"%oll!ndo64 LRs7otIL NGBO ' LRs7!4tIL NUSAOM s7it&"!n NUSAO
LRs7I"enL H,(!rd!,(.!s NoO en!r,!do del !"bio de !,(.!s6 ' Us7it&"enV
LRs7I"enL H,(!rd!,(.!s NoO en!r,!dos del !"bio de !,(.!s6M s7ords"!n
LRso4dz"enL NGBO ' LRso4rdz"enL NUSAO Hes%!d!&Fn6 ' Us7ords"enV
LRso4dz"enL NGBO ' LRso4rdz"enL NUSAO Hes%!d!&Fnes6M s'"bolHs6 HsF"boloHs66
' U'"b!lHs6V H%l!tilloHs664 LRsI"bHe6lHz6LM t!9s"!n NEsoi!O LRtY9s"enL
H!rrend!t!rio6 ' Ut!9s"enV LRtY9s"enL H!rrend!t!rios6M t!t Ht!to6 ' Ut!9edV
H&il+!n3L l!+!do on t!&(el!s64 LtY9tLM t!ilHs6 Hol!Hs66$ t!elHs6 Ht!elHes66 '
Ut!leHs6V H&istoriet!Hs664 LteIlHz6LM t!l9 Lto49L H&!rl!L &!bl!r6 ' Utor/(eV
Lto49L NGBO H%!r de torsi3nL "o"ento de torsi3n6M t!l9ie Nolo/(i!lO
H%elF(l! sonor!6 ' Ut!l9'V NUSAO H%!rl!n&FnL on dilo,o s(%er#l(o NoO
e-esi+o64 LRto49iLM t!ll'"!n LRtYlI"enL Ht!.!dorL +endedor ! r0dito NGBO6 '
Ut!ll'"enV LRtYlI"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Ht!.!doresL +endedores !
r0dito NGBO6M t!"%er LRtY"% eL NGBO H%is3nL "!ni%(l!rL soborn!rL
#!lsi#i!r6 ' UT!"%!V LRtY"%eL HT!"%! Ni(d!dO6M t!%erHs6 H%ir!"id!lL
irioHs6L !&(s!r H!&(s!66 ' Ut!%irHs6V Ht!%irHes664 LRteI%eHz6L NGBO
' LRteI%erHz6L NUSAOM t!rHs6 H!l/(itrnL !l/(itr!n!r H!l/(itr!n!6L
i"%er"e!biliz!r Hi"%er"e!biliz!66 ' Ut!&rHs6L t&!rHs6V H!ntFlo%eHs6 de
Ne%!l64 Lt!4Hz6L NGBO ' Lt!4rHz6L NUSAOM t!(,&t Lto4tL o Lt!4tL NUSAO
Hense)H3L !do66$ t!(t Lto4tL o Lt!4tL NUSAO HtiesoL tir!nte6$ tort Lto4tL NGBO
H!,r!+io6$ torte Lto4tL NGBO Ht!rt! on n!t!$ #r(t!$ #r(tos seos ' .!"3n6 '
UtotV Lt!4tL NUSAO HneneL s("!r6M t!- Hi"%(estoL ,r!+!r6 ' Ut!9sV
Ht!&(el!sL l!+! on t!&(el!s64 LtY9sLM t!-i"!n NGB %rini%!l"enteM
"enos (s!do /(e Ut!-i dri+erVO LRtY9sI"enL Ht!-ist!6 ' Ut!-i"enV
LRtY9sI"enL Ht!-ist!s6M te!Hs6 Lti4Hz6L Ht0Hs6L in#(si3nHes66$ tHZs6L THZs6L THs6 Lti4
Hz6L Hl!Hs6 teHs66$ teeHs6 Lti4Hz6L Hbl!no Hde .(e,os6L %(ntoHs6 de s!lid!L
teeHs6L ,ol%e!r H,ol%e!6 desde el tee6$ te!se Lti4zL Hto"!r el %elo6 ' UteV Lti4L
Hsi N"2si!O6M te!"Hs6 He/(i%oHs6L en,!n&!r Hen,!n&!66 ' Utee"Hs6V
H!b(nd!r H!b(nd!664 Lti4"Hz6LM te!"ed Hen,!n&H3L !do66 ' Utee"edV
H!b(ndH3L !do664 Lti4"dLM te!"in, Hen,!n&!ndo6 ' Utee"in,V H!b(nd!ndo64
LRti4"ILM te!rHs6 Hr!s,3nHes6L des,!rr!r Hdes,!rr!66 ' Ut!reHs6V Hiz!)!L
t!r!Hs6L dest!r!r Hdest!r!664 LteeHz6L NGBO ' LteHe6rHz6L NUSAOM te!rin,
Hdes,!rr!ndo6 ' Ut!rin,V Hdest!r!ndo64 LRteerIL NGBO ' LRteHe6rIL NUSAOM
tenorHs6 HtenorHes66 ' UtennerHs6V HH(n billete de Hbilletes de66 5C
libr!s64 LRteneHz6L NGBO ' LRtenerHz6L NUSAOM tents LtentsL Htiend!sL !!"%!
b!.o tiend!s6 ' UtenseV LtenHt6sL Htie"%oL tensoL %onerse tenso6M tester
LRtest eL NGBO H%erson! /(e %r(eb! (n %rod(toL ontrol!dorH!6L !rtF(lo de
"(estr!L %!bell3n Hde !"!6L b!ld!/(Fn6 ' Utest!V LRtesteL Htest!
Nbotni!O6M t&!n H/(e6 ' Ut&enV Hentones64 LS enL o LSnL N#or"!s d0biles
(!ndo se &!bl! r%ido4 D151;@1?I@OM t&!7 Luo4L Hdes&ieloL derretirse6 '
UT&orV Lu o4L NGBO HTor6M t&e Nen#tioO HelL l!L losL l!s6 ' Ut&eeV N!r!ioO
HteL ! tiL ! (sted64 LSi4LM t&ere H!llF6$ t&eir Hs( Nde ellosO6 ' Ut&e'ZreV HsonL
estn64 LSeeL NGBO ' LSeHe6rL NUSAOM t&ereZs H&!'6 ' Ut&eirZsV Hel s('oL los
s('osL l!Hs6 s('!Hs664 LSeezL NGBO ' LSeHe6rzL NUSAOM t&r!s&Hes6 LRurY[HI z$
ez6L H"2si! estr(endos! NGB4 olo/(i!lOL .ol,orioHs6 NGB4 olo/(i!lOL
%!t!leoHs6L trill!rL ,ol%e!r H,ol%e!6L re+ol+erse Hse re+(el+e66 ' Ut&res&Hes6V
LR u rY [ H I z$ ez6L NUSAO o LRure[HI z$ ez6L Htrill!r Htrill!66M t&r!s&ed LurY[tL
Htrill3L ,ol%e!doL se re+ol+i36 ' Ut&res&edV Lu rY [ tL NUSAO o Lure[tL HtrillH3L
!do66M t&r!s&erHs6 LRurY[eHz6L NGBO o LRurY[erHz6L NUSAO Htrill!dor!Hs6 Ni
t&res&in, "!&ineHs6O trill!dorHes6 N%erson!Hs6OL trill!dor!Hs6 N%erson!Hs6OL
zorr!Hs6 de "!r6 ' Ut&res&erHs6V LRurY[erHz6L NUSAO o LRure[eHz6L NGBO
o LRure[erHz6L NUSAO Htrill!dor!Hs6 Ni t&res&in, "!&ineHs6O trill!dorHes6
N%erson!Hs6OL trill!dor!Hs6 N%erson!Hs6OL zorr!Hs6 de "!rL sinsonteHs6
N%.!roHs6O6M t&r!s&in, LRurY[IL Htrill!ndoL ,ol%e!ndoL re+ol+i0ndose6 '
Ut&res&in,V LR u rY [ I L NUSAO o LRure[IL Htrill!ndo6M t&rone Htrono6 '
Ut&ro7nV Htir!do64 Luro(nLM t&ro(,& Nestnd!rOL t&r( NUSA4 olo/(i!lO H!
tr!+0s deL o"%let!"ente6 ' Ut&re7V Htir364 Lur(4LM t&ro7Hs6 HderriboHs6L
tir!r Htir!66 ' Ut&roeHs6V HdolorHes664 Luro(Hz6LM tiHs6 Ni ontr!i3nHes6
"(s(l!rHes6O6$ ti9 Htit!6 ' Uti9Hs6V H+istoHs6L #(nd!Hs6L ,!rr!%!t!Hs6L
%oner H%one6 (n +istoL &!er H&!e6 tit!L "o"entitoHs6 NGB4
olo/(i!lO64 LtI9Hs6LM tide H"!re!6 ' UtiedV H!tH3L !do664 Lt!IdLM tides"!n
LRt!Idz"enL Hins%etor de !d(!n!s H/(e +i,il! el dese"b!ro de
"er!nF!s66 ' Utides"enV LRt!Idz"enL Hins%etores de !d(!n!s H/(e +i,il!n
el dese"b!ro de "er!nF!s66M tierHs6 H,r!d!Hs6L ni+elHes66 ' Ute!rHs6V
Hl,ri"!Hs664 LtIeHz6L NGBO o LtIHe6rHz6L NUSAOM tieHs6 Lt!IHz6L Horb!t!Hs6
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !t!r H!t!66$ T&!i Lt!IL Ht!il!nd0s N!d.eti+oL idio"!O6$
T&!iHs6 Lt!IHz6L Ht!il!nd0sHes6$ !Hs6 N%erson!sO6$ t!ille Lt!IL Hi"%(esto sobre
los s2bditos Hen Fr!ni! !ntes de 5?@B66 ' Ut!illesV Lt!IL o Lt!IzL Hi"%(estos
sobre los s2bditos Hen Fr!ni! !ntes de 5?@B66M ti,er LRt! I , eL NGBO Hti,re6 '
Ut!i,!V LRt!I,eL Ht!i,!6M ti,ress Hti,res!6 ' UTi,risV HTi,ris64 LRt!I,rI s$ esLM till
H&!st!L &!st! /(eL (lti+!rL !.! Hre,istr!dor!66 ' UtilV Hs0s!"o64 LtIlLM
tiller"!n LRtIle"enL NGBO o LRtIler"enL NUSAO Hti"onel6 ' Utiller"enV LRtIle"enL
NGBO o LRtIler"enL NUSAO Hti"oneles6M ti"ber LRtI"beL NGBO o LRtI"berL
NUSAO H"!der!6 ' Uti"breV LRtI"beL NGB o LRtY"beLO o LRtI"berL NUSA
o LRtY"berLO Hti"bre6M ti"ber"!n LRtI"be"enL NGBO o LRtI"ber"enL
NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"YnLO Hentib!dorL es!r!b!.o de l!
"!der!6 ' Uti"ber"enV LRtI"be"enL NGBO o LRtI"ber"enL NUSAO N' "enos
(s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO Hentib!doresL es!r!b!.os de l! "!der!6M ti"eHs6
Htie"%oHs6L +ez H+ees66 ' Ut&'"eHs6V Hto"illoHs664 Lt!I"Hz6LM tin"!n
LRtIn"enL H&o.!l!tero NoO est!)ero6 ' Utin"enV LRtIn"enL H&o.!l!teros NoO
est!)eros6M tireHs6 LRt!IeHz6L NGBO o LRt!IHe6rHz6L NUSAO H!ns!rHse6 HHse6
!ns!6L (biert!Hs6 NoO ne("tioHs6 NoO ll!nt!Hs6 NUSAO6$ tierHs6 LRt!IeHz6L
NGBO o LRt!IHe6rHz6L NUSAO H%erson!Hs6 NoO os!Hs6 /(e !t!Hn66$ t'reHs6 NGB
%rini%!l"enteO LRt!IeHz6L NGBO o LRt!IHe6rHz6L NUSAO H(biert!Hs6 NoO
ne("tioHs6 NoO ll!nt!Hs66 ' UT'reHZs6L T'rHZs6V LRt!IeHz6L NGBO
o LRt!IHe6rHz6L NUSAO HTiro Hde T166M tit"!n LRtIt"enL Hel erdito "s %e/(e)o de
(n! !"!d!6 ' Utit"enV LRtIt"enL Hlos erditos "s %e/(e)os de distint!s
!"!d!s6M told Hdi.oL di&o6 ' UtolledV Hto3L dobl!do Nl!s !"%!n!sO64
Lto(ldLM tonHs6 Htonel!d!Hs6 Ni 5C5= 9,sM se die t!"bi0n Qlon, tonHs6Q NGB
i BC? 9,sOL Qs&ort tonHs6Q NUSA i 51CCC 9,sO$ tonneHs6 Htonel!d!Hs6 Ni
51CCC 9,sM se die t!"bi0n Q"etri tonHs6QO6 ' Ut(nHs6V HtonelHes664 LtAnHz6LM
too Ht!"bi0nL de"!si!do6$ t7o Hdos6 ' UtoV N(!ndo indi! ontr!steO H!64
Lt(4LM toolHs6 Lt(4lHz6L H&err!"ient!Hs6L l!br!r Hl!br!6 on &err!"ient!6 '
Ut(lleHs6V Lt(4lHz6L NUSAO Ht(lHes66M toots'L tootsie Nolo/(i!lesO H!ri)o
NUSA %rini%!l"enteO6$ toots' HIies6L tootsieHs6 Nolo/(i!lesO HdeditoHs6 del
%ieL %ieeitoHs6L &i!s NUSA %rini%!l"enteO6 ' UT(tsiHs6V
Ht(tsiHs664 LRt(tsiHz6LM to%e Htib(r3n e(ro%eoL est(%!6 ' Ut!(%eV H,ris
oHb6s(ro %!rd(so64 Lto(%LM to/(eHs6 Hto!Hs66 ' Uto9eHs6V NGB4 +(l,!rO
H!l!d!Hs6L d!r Hd!6 (n! !l!d!64 Lto(9Hs6LM tore Lto4L NGBO o Lto4rL NUSAO
HHse6 ro"%i3L Hse6 r!s,!b!L toro N!r/(itet(r!L ,eo"etrF!O6$ tor Lto4L NGBO
o Lto4rL NUSAO Htol"oL %e)!so6$ torr Lto4L NGBO o Lto4rL NUSAO H(nid!d de
%resi3n i,(!l ! (n "ilF"etro de "er(rio6$ to(r Lto4L NGBO H,ir!L +i!.!r %orL
reorrer6$ t!( Lto4L Ht!( Ndei"onon! letr! del !l#!beto ,rie,oO6 ' Ut!7V Lto4L
H!ni!L lFne! de l!nz!"iento Hen el .(e,o de l!s !ni!s6L .(,!r on
!ni!sL (rtir en bl!no H%iel66M to(,& Hd(roL #(erteL "!t3n NoO "!!rr!
Nolo/(i!lO6 ' Ut(##V Ht(#oL tob!64 LtA#LM to7ed Hre"olH3L !do66$ toed
HtoH3L !do6 on l! %(nt! del %ie6 ' Uto!dV Hs!%oL %erson! re%elente64
Lto(dLM to7ns"!n LRt!(nz"enL Hi(d!d!noL &o"bre de l! i(d!d6 ' Uto7ns"enV
LRt!(nz"enL N' "enos (s!do4 LI"enLO Hi(d!d!nosL &o"bres de l! i(d!d6M to7Hs6
Hre"ol!r Hre"ol!6L re"ol/(eHs66 ' UtoeHs6V HdedoHs6 del %ieL to!r Hto!6
on l! %(nt! del %ie64 Lto(Hz6LM to-inHs6 Hto-in!Hs66 ' UtosinHs6V Hto/(eHs6 !
reb!to64 LRto9sI nHz6$ enHz6L NGBO ' LRt!49senHz6$ I nHz6L NUSAOM tr!9 "!n
NUSAO LRtrY9"enL Hobrero de #erro!rril6 ' Utr!9"enV LRtrY9"enL Hobreros de
#erro!rril6M tr!t Hre,i3nL tr!t!do6 ' Utr!9edV Hr!streH3L !do664 LtrY9tLM
tr!des"!n LRtreIdz"enL Ho"eri!nteL %ro+eedorL !rtes!no6 ' Utr!des"enV
LRtreIdz"enL Ho"eri!ntesL %ro+eedoresL !rtes!nos6M tr!nsendents
LtrYnRsendentsL Hos!s tr!Hn6sendentes6 ' Utr!nsendeneV LtrYnRsendenHt6sL
Htr!Hn6sendeni!6M tr!nsients LRtrYnsientsL NGB %rini%!l"enteO o LRtrYnHt6[entsL
NUSAO Htr!nse2ntesL #en3"enos tr!nsientes N#Fsi!OL osil!iones "o"entne!s
Neletriid!dO6 ' Utr!nsieneV LRtrYnsienHt6sL NGB %rini%!l"enteO
o LRtrYnHt6[enHt6sL NUSAO Htr!nsitoried!d6M tr!'Hs6 Hb!nde.!Hs6L b!te!Hs66 '
Utre'Hs6V HtresHes6 Nen d!dos o n!i%esO64 LtreIHz6LM tren&er"!n Nliter!rio NoO
&("orFstioO LRtrene"enL NGBO o LRtrener"enL NUSAO H%erson! de b(en
o"er6 ' Utren&er"enV LRtrene"enL NGBO o LRtrener"enL NUSAO H%erson!s
de b(en o"er6M tribes"!n LRtr!Ibz"enL H"ie"bro de (n! trib(6 ' Utribes"enV
LRtr!Ibz"enL H"ie"bros de (n! trib(6M tri,,er "!n NUSAO LRtrI,er"enL N' "enos
(s!do4 LI"YnLO H%istoleroL !sesino %ro#esion!l6 ' Utri,,er"enV LRtrI,er"enL N'
"enos (s!do4 LI"enLO H%istolerosL !sesinos %ro#esion!les6M troo%erHs6 Hsold!doHs6
de !b!llerF!6 ' Utro(%erHs6V H!torHes6 en (n! o"%!)F! te!tr!lL
tr!b!.!dorHes6 on e-%erieni!64 LRtr(4%eHz6L NGBO ' LRtr(4%erHz6L NUSAOM
troo%Hs6 Htro%!Hs6L es(!dr3nHes66 ' Utro(%eHs6V Ho"%!)F!Hs6 te!tr!lHes664
Ltr(4%Hs6LM tr(st Hon#i!nz!L on#i!r6 ' Utr(ssedV H!tH3L !do664 LtrAstLM
t(b! LRt.(4beL Ht(b!6 ' Ut(berV LRt.(4b eL NGBO Ht(b0r(lo6M t(9s H%lie,(es6 '
Ut(-V Ni t(-edoO Hes"o/(in64 LtA9sLM t(n!Hs6 LRt.(4neHz6L H!t2nHes66 ' Ut(nerHs6V
LR t.(4n eHz6L NGBO H!#in!dorHes6L sintoniz!dorHes66M t(rb!nHs6 LRt 4rb enHz6L
NUSAO Ht(rb!nteHs66 ' Ut(rbineHs6V LRt 4rb enHz6L NUSAO Ht(rbin!Hs66M t(r#"!n
LRt4#"enL NGBO o LRt4r#"enL NUSAO H!"!nte de l! &F%i!6 ' Ut(r#"enV
LRt4#"enL NGBO o LRt4r#"enL NUSAO H!"!ntes de l! &F%i!6M t(rnHs6
H+(elt!Hs6L ,ir!r H,ir!66 ' UternHs6V H,olondrin!Hs6 de "!r64 Lt4nHz6L NGBO
' Lt4rnHz6L NUSAOM tri%t'& Nno"breO HtrF%tio Ni ret!blo de tres &o.!sO '
Utr'%tiV N!d.eti+oO HtrF%tio Ni rel!ti+o ! l! tri%sin!O64 LRtrI%tI9LM t(torHs6
Ht(torHes6L instr(ir Hinstr('e66 ' UtooterHs6V H%erson!Hs6 /(e to!Hn6 l!
boin!64 LRt(4t erHz6L NUSAOM (,l' H#eHo$ !66 ' U(,liV H#r(to de (n r(e entre
l! n!r!n.!$ el %o"elo ' l! "!nd!rin!64 LRA,liLM Ulster"!n LRAlste"enL NGBO
o LRAlster"enL NUSAO Hn!ti+o de Ulster6 ' UUlster"enV LRAlste"enL NGBO o
LRAlster"enL NUSAO Hn!ti+os de Ulster6M (nd erl!ss"!n NUSAO
LAndeR9l!4s"enL NGBO o LAnderR9lYs"enL NUSAO Hest(di!nte de %ri"ero NoO
se,(ndo (rso de (ni+ersid!d6 ' U(nderl!ss"enV LAndeR9l!4s"enL NGBO o
LAnderR9lYs"enL NUSAO Hest(di!ntes de %ri"ero NoO se,(ndo (rso de
(ni+ersid!d6M (ndo LAnRd(4L Hdes!t!r6 ' U(nd(eV LA nRd(4L NUSAO Hindebido6M
(nre!l LA nRri4lL NUSAO Hirre!l6 ' U(nreelV LAnRri4lL Hdesenroll!rHse66M
(n7!nted Hno dese!doL s(%er#l(o6 ' U(n7ontedV Hins3lito64 LA nR7o4nt ed$
I dL o L A nR7!4nt ed$ I dL NUSAOM Ur!n(s LR.(He6rHe6nesL NGB o L.(He6RreInesLO
o LR.(rHe6nesL NUSA o L.(RreInesLO HUr!no6$ (r!no(s LR.(He6rHe6nesL NGB o
L.(He6RreInesLO o LR.(rHe6nesL NUSA o L.(RreInesLO H(r!noso6 ' U(rino(sV LR.(erenesL
NGB o LIrIILO o LR.(renesL NUSA o LIrIILO H(rin!rio6M +!ilHs6 H,r!ti#i!i3nHes6L
de.!r Hde.!6 !er6$ +eilHs6 H+eloHs66 ' U+!leHs6V H+!lleHs664 L+eIlHz6LM +!ri!nts
LR+eerientsL NGBO o LR+erientsL NUSAO H+!ri!ntes6 ' U+!ri!neV LR+eerienHt6sL
NGBO o LR+erienHt6sL NUSAO H+!ri!i3n6M +einHs6 L+eInHz6L H+en!Hs66$ +!neHs6
L+eInHz6L H+elet!Hs6L !s%!Hs6L %!let!Hs66 ' U+!inV L+eInL H+!no6M +!r' LR+eriL
NUSAO H+!ri!r6 ' U+er'V LR+eriL H"('6M +enire"!n L+eRn!IerI"enL NGBO o
L+eRn!IrI"enL NUSAO H&o"bre desi,n!do o"o .(r!do6 ' U+enire"enV
L+eRn!IerI"enL NGBO o L+eRn!IrI"enL NUSAO H&o"bres desi,n!dos o"o
.(r!dos6M +eno(s H+enoso6 ' UDen(sV HDen(s64 LR+i4nesLM +erd(re H+erd(r!6 '
U+er,erV Hs!ristn64 LR+4deL NGBO ' LR+4rderL NUSAOM +ersed H+ers!do6
' U+erstV H+erst!64 L+4stL NGBO ' L+4rstL NUSAOM +esile H+esF(l!6 '
U+esi!lV H+esi!l64 LR+esI9He6lLM +esi(l! LR+esI9.(leL o LI9.eIL H+esF(l!6 '
U+esi(l!rV LR+es I 9.( leL NGB o LI9.eILO H+esi(l!r6M +estr'"!n LR+estrI"enL
H"ie"bro de l! .(nt! %!rro/(i!l %rotest!nte6 ' U+estr'"enV LR+estrI"enL
H"ie"bros de l!s .(nt!s %!rro/(i!les %rotest!ntes6M +ieHs6 LR+!IsHI z$ ez6L
H+iioHs6L "!)!Hs66 ' U+iseHs6V NUSAO LR+!IsHez$ I z6L HtornoHs6 de b!no6M
+ieI&!ir"!n L+!IsRee"enL NGBO o L+!IsReHe6r"enL NUSAO H+ie%residente6
' U+ieI&!ir"enV L+!IsRee"enL NGBO o L+!IsReHe6r"enL NUSAO
H+ie%residentes6M +ile L+!IlL H+ilL !bo"in!bleL in#!"e6$ +i!l L+! I lL NUSA4
"enos (s!do /(e LR+!IelLO H#r!so6 ' U+iolV L+!IlL N"enos (s!do
/(e LR+!IelLO H+iol! !nti,(!6M +ill!in H"!le!nte NoO +ill!noL brib3n NoO
t(n!nteL sier+o de l! ,leb! H#e(d!l6 N!r!ioO6 ' U+illeinV N!r!ioO Hsier+o de
l! ,leb! H#e(d!l664 LR+IlenLM +ill(s H+elloL "iro+ellosid!d6 ' U+illo(sV
H+elloso64 LR+IlesLM +oi#er!nts Nr!roO L+o(RsI#erentsL H+oi#er!dores6 '
U+oi#er!neV L+o(RsI#erenHt6sL H+oi#er!i3n6M 7!de H+!de!r6 ' U7ei,&edV
H%esH3L !do664 L7eIdLM 7!inHs6 Nliter!rioO H!rroH"!to6Hs66$ 7!ne
Hdis"in(i3n6$ 7!neHs6 H"en,(!rL H"en,(!6 ' U>!'neHZs6V H>!'ne Hde
>16 Njo&n >1O64 L7eInHz6LM 7!isted Hde int(r! del,!d!L de t!lle del,!do6 '
U7!stedV Hdes%il#!rr3L %erdidoL !sol!doL de"!r!doL "!l,!st!doL
in2til64 LR7eIstI d$ edLM 7!istHs6 Hint(r!Hs6L t!lleHs66 ' U7!steHs6V
Hdese&oHs6L des%il#!rr!r Hdes%il#!rr!664 L7eIstHs6LM 7!itHs6 Hes%er!r
Hes%er!66 ' U7ei,&tHs6V H%esoHs6L !r,!r H!r,!664 L7eItHs6LM 7!ited Hes%erH3L
!do66 ' U7ei,&tedV H!r,H3L !do664 LR7eItI d$ edLM 7!itin, Hes%er!ndo6 '
U7ei,&tin,V H!r,!ndo64 LR7eItILM 7!i+eHs6 Hren(ni!r Hren(ni!66 '
U7!+eHs6V Hond!Hs6L ol!Hs664 L7eI+Hz6LM 7!i+erHs6 Hren(ni!Hs6L
!b!ndonoHs66 ' U7!+erHs6V Htit(be!r Htit(be!6L +!il!i3nHes664 LR7eI+eHz6L
NGBO ' LR7eI+erHz6L NUSAOM 7!9erHs6 LR7e I 9 eHz6L NGBO H%erson!Hs6 /(e
des%iert!Hn66 ' U7e9!Hs6 LR7eI9eHz6L H,!llin!Hs6 "!orFHes66M 7!l9Hs6
H%!seoHs6L %!se!r H%!se!66 ' U7o9Hs6V H!z(el!Hs6 N&in!Hs6 de b!se
redond!O64 L7!49Hs6L NUSAOM 7!llHs6 H%!redHes66 ' U7!(lHs6 N"s (s!doOL
7!7lHs6V H&ill!r H&ill!6L l!"ent!rse Hse l!"ent!6L "!(ll!r H"!(ll!664
L7o4lHz6LM 7!n H%lidoL ten(eL e"%!lideer6 ' U7onV H7on N"oned! de l!s
dos *ore!sO64 L7onL NGBO ' L7!4nL NUSAOM 7!nt Hneesit!rL dese!rL
neesid!d6 ' U7ontV Nliter!rioO H!ost("br!doL !ost("br!rHse6L
ost("bre64 L7o4ntL o L7!4ntL o L7 A ntL NUSAOM 7!nted Hneesit3L dese!do6
' U7ontedV liter!rioO Hse !ost("br3L !ost("br!do64 LR7o4nt ed$ I dL
o LR7!4nt ed$ I dL NUSAOM 7!rHs6 L7o4Hz6L NGBO o L7o4rHz6L NUSAO H,(err!Hs6L
,(erre!r H,(erre!66$ 7ore L7o4L NGBO o L7o4rL NUSAO H!lz3L se +isti3L
!,(!nt36 ' U>!(,&HZs6V L7o4Hz6L N!%ellido Hde >16 NE+el'n >1OOM 7!rd
H%!bell3n6 ' U7!rredV H,(erreH3L !do664 L7o4dL NGBO ' L7o4rdL NUSAOM 7!r'
LR7eriL NUSAO H!(teloso6 ' U7&err'V LR7eriL NGB %rini%!l"enteO
o LR&7eriL NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H&!l!n!6M 7!s&er"!n LR7o[e"enL NGBO o
LR7o4[er"enL NUSA o LR7!4ILO Hl!+!ndero6 ' U7!s&er"enV LR7o[e"enL NGBO o
LR7o4[er"enL NUSA o LR7!4ILO Hl!+!nderos6M 7!t&"!n LR7o"enL NGBO o
LR7!4"enL NUSAO H+i,il!nte6 ' U7!t&"enV LR7o"enL NGBO o LR7!4"enL
NUSAO N' "enos (s!do en GB ' USA4 LI"enLO H+i,il!ntes6M 7!ter"!n LR7o4te"enL
NGBO o LR7o4ter"enL NUSA o LR7!4ILO Hb!r/(ero6 ' U7!ter"enV LR7o4te"enL NGBO
o LR7o4ter"enL NUSA o LR7!4ILO Hb!r/(eros6M 7!- L7Y9sL Her!L de er!L
ener!r6 ' U7&!9sV L7Y9sL NGBO o L&7Y9sL NUSAO H%orr!zosL !%orre!6M
7!'Hs6 L7eIHz6L H!"inoHs6L "!ner!Hs66$ 7&e'Hs6 L7e I Hz6L NGBO Hs(eroHs66 '
U7ei,&Hs6V L7eIHz6L H%es!r H%es!66M 7e HnosotrHos$ !s66 ' U7eeV
H%e/(e)itHo$ !6L %i%F NoO %isL &!er %i%F NoO %is64 L7i4LM 7e!nerHs6 H!ni"!lHes6
destet!doHs66 ' U7ienerHs6V NUSAO Hs!l&i&!Hs6 de Dien!64 L7i4neHz6L NGBO
' L7i4nerHz6L NUSAOM 7e!nHs6 Hdestet!r Hdestet!66 ' U7eenHs6V Hs(%oner
Hs(%one6L reer Hree664 L7i4nHz6LM 7e!rHs6 L7eeHz6L NGBO o L7eHe6rHz6L
NUSAO H(soHs6L lle+!r Hlle+!66$ 7&ereHs6 L7eeHz6L NGBO o L&7eHe6rHz6L
NUSAO Hd3nde HHlos6 d3ndes66$ 7&ereHZs6 L7eeHz6L NGBO o L&7eHe6rHz6L
NUSAO Hd3nde Hd3nde est66$ 7eirHs6 L7e H e6rHz6L NUSA4 "enos (s!do
/(e L7iHe6rzLO H+ertederoHs6L %res!Hs6L en!)iz!d!Hs66 ' U7!reHs6V L7eeHz6L
NGBO o L7eHe6rHz6L NUSAO Hloz! Nen sin,(l!rO H"er!nF!s NoO "er!derF!s
Nen %l(r!lO66M 7e!t&erHs6 LR7eSeHz6L NGBO o LR7eSerHz6L NUSAO Htie"%o
H!t"os#0rio6L !,(!nt!r H!,(!nt!6L (rtirse Hse (rte6 ! l! inte"%erie6$
7et&erHs6 LR7eSeHz6L NGBO o LR7eSerHz6L NUSAO H!rneroHs6 !str!doHs66 '
U7&et&erV LR7eSeL NGBO o LR&7eSerL NUSAO Hsi6M 7e!+e Hte.er6 ' U7eZ+eV
H&e"os64 L7i4+LM 7eed H"!l! &ierb!L %rend! de +estirL des&erb!r6 ' U7eZdV
Ni 7e &!dL 7o(ldO4 L7i4dLM 7ee9 Hse"!n!6 ' U7e!9V Hd0bil64 L7i49LM 7ee9l'
Hse"!n!l"ente6 ' U7e!9l'V Hd0bil"ente64 LR7i49liLM 7eir L7IeL NGBO
o L7IHe6rL NUSA4 "s (s!do /(e L7eHe6rHz6LO H+ertederoL %res!L
en!)iz!d!6 ' U7eZreV L7IeL NGBO o L7IHe6rL NUSAO Hnosotros so"osL
est!"os6M 7eld H,(!ld!L sold!d(r!L sold!r6 ' U7elledV Hderr!"H3L !do664
L7eldLM >els&"!n LR7el["enL HH&o"bre6 ,!l0s6 ' U>els&"enV LR7el["enL
HH&o"bres6 ,!leses6M 7et N!d.eti+oO L7etL H"o.!do6$ 7etHs6 L7etHs6L H"o.!r
H"o.!66 ' U7&etHs6V L7etHs6L NGBO o L&7etHs6L NUSAO Hesti"(l!r Hesti"(l!6L
!+i+!r H!+i+!6L !#il!r H!#il!66M 7etter LR 7et eL NGBO H"s "o.!do6 '
U7et!V LR7eteL Hinseto sin !l!s Hde N(e+! [el!nd!66M 7&!ler LR7eIleL NGBO
o L&7eIlerL NUSAO Hb!lleneroL b(/(e b!llenero6$ 7!iler LR7eIleL NGBO
o LR7eIlerL NUSAO H,i"ote!dorH!66 ' U>!lerV LR7eIleL NGBO o LR7eIlerL
NUSAO H!b!llo de ,(err! Nen l! Indi! i"%ort!do de A(str!li!O6M
7&!leHs6 L7eIlHz6L NGBO o L&7eIlHz6L NUSAO Hb!llen!Hs66$ 7!ilHs6 L7eIlHz6L
Hl!"entoHs6L ,e"ir H,i"e66$ 7!leHs6 L7eIlHz6L Hron&!Hs6L !rden!lHes6L
"!r!r H"!r!6 on !rden!les6 ' U>!lesV L7eIlzL HH%!Fs de6 G!les6M
7&!tHZs6 L7otHs6L NGBO o L&7!4tHs6L NUSAO H/(0L lo /(e HW/(0 es 111T66 '
U7!ttHs6V L7otHs6L NGBO o L7!4tHs6L NUSAO H+!tioHs66M 7&eelHs6 L7i4lHz6L
NGBO o L&7i4lHz6L NUSAO Hr(ed!Hs6L ,ir!r H,ir!66$ 7&e!lHs6 L7i4lHz6L NGBO
o L&7i4lHz6L NUSAO Hron&!Hs6L %ostill!Hs66$ 7e!l L7i4lL Hbienest!r6$
7e!lHs6 L7i4lHz6L H+erd(,3nHes6L !rden!lHes6L ron&!Hs66$ 7eelHs6 L7i4lHz6L
H&!roHs6 %ro#(ndoHs6L tr!"%!Hs6 N%!r! %eesO6 ' U7eZllV Ni 7e s&!llL 7illO
L7i4lLM 7&eel"!n NUSAO LR&7i4l"enL Hti"onelL ilist!6 ' U7&eel"enV
LR&7i4l"enL Hti"onelesL ilist!s6M 7&eels"!n NUSAO LR&7i4lz"enL Hti"onel6 '
U7&eels"enV LR&7i4lz"enL Hti"oneles6M 7&eeze L7i4zL NGBO o L&7i4zL NUSAO
H.!deoL .!de!r6 ' U7eesV Nolo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"enteO L7i4zL H&!e %is6M
7&en L7enL NGBO o L&7enL NUSAO H(!ndoL (ndo6 ' U7enV L7enL H/(iste
sebeo6M 7&i& L7It[L NGBO o L&7It[L NUSAO H/(eL W(lT6 ' U7it&V L7It[L
Hbr(.!6M 7&i,Hs6 L7I,Hz6L NGBO o L&7I,Hz6L NUSAO H"ie"broHs6 de (n
%!rtido onser+!dorL liber!lHes6L 7&i,Hs66 ' U7i,Hs6V L7I,Hz6L H%el(!Hs66M
7&ileHs6 L7!IlHz6L NGBO o L&7!IlHz6L NUSAO H"ientr!sL r!toHs6L %!s!r H%!s!6
(n r!to6 ' U7ileHs6V L7!IlHz6L H!rdidHes6 NoO estr!t!,e"!Hs6L sed(ir
Hsed(e66M 7&ineHs6 L7!InHz6L NGBO o L&7!InHz6L NUSAO H,e"idoHs6L
/(e.idoHs6L /(e.!rse Hse /(e.!66 ' U7ineHs6V L7!InHz6L H+inoHs6L on+id!r
on +ino Hon+id! on +ino66M 7&ined L7!IndL NGBO o L&7!IndL NUSAO Hse
/(e.3L /(e.!do6 ' U7inedV L7!IndL Hon+idH3L !do6 on +ino6M
7&inin, LR7!InIL NGBO o LR&7!InIL NUSAO H/(e.ndose6 '
U7inin,V LR7!InIL Hon+id!ndo on +ino6M 7&in' LR7!IniL NGBO o LR&7!IniL
NUSAO H,i"ote!dorHes66 ' U7in'V LR7!IniL H+inosoL !#et!do %or el +ino6M
7&inn' HIies6 LR7IniHz6L NGBO o LR&7IniHz6L NUSAO Hrelin&oHs6L relin&!r
Hrelin&!66 ' U>innieHZs6V LR7IniHz6L HDine#rid! Hde D166M 7&irL 7&irr L74L
NGBO o L&74rL NUSAO Hz("bidoL &!er r(ido6 ' U7ereV L74L NGBO o L74rL
NUSAO Her!nL est!b!n6M 7&irlHs6 H,ir!r H,ir!6L &!er H&!e6 ,ir!r6 '
U7&orlHs6V Hes%ir!lHes664 L74lHz6L NGBO ' L&74rlL NUSAOM 7&ist L7IstL
NGBO o L&7IstL NUSAO H7&ist N.(e,o de n!i%esO6 ' U7istV N!r!ioO L7IstL
Hs!bF!L s(%o6M 7&iteHs6 L7!ItHs6L NGBO o L&7!ItHs6L NUSAO Hbl!n(r!L
bl!noHs6L bl!n/(e!r Hbl!n/(e!66$ 7i,&tHs6 L7!ItHs6L Hri!t(r!Hs6L %obreHs6
&o"breHs66 ' U>i,&tV L7!ItL H>i,&t Nisl!O6M 7&ittleHs6 LR7ItHe6lHz6L NGBO
o LR&7ItHe6lHz6L NUSAO Ht!ll!r Ht!ll!6 on (&illo6 ' U7ittolHs6V NGB4
!r!ioO LR7ItHe6lHz6L Horn(doHs6 ! s!biend!s6M 7&o%%in,
Nolo/(i!lO LR7o%IL NGBO o LR&7!4%IL NUSAO Henor"eHs66 ' U>!%%in,V
Nzon! del s(r de LondresO LR7o%IL NGBO o LR7!4%IL NUSAOM 7&ose HWde
/(i0n 111TL ('Ho$ !66 ' U7&oZsV Ni 7&o isL &!sO HW/(i0n esL estL &! 111T64
L&(4zLM 7&'Hs6 L7!IHz6L NGBO o L&7!IHz6L NUSAO H%or /(0L %or/(0Hs6L
!(s!Hs6L det!lleHs66$ 'HZs6L mHZs6L mHs6 L7!IHz6L Hi ,rie,!Hs66$ 7'eHs6
NUSAO L7!IHz6L Hi ,rie,!Hs66$ >'e L7!IL H>'e NrFoO6$ ' U7iseV L7!IzL
Hs!bioHs6$ !Hs66M 7i9er LR7I9eL NGBO o LR7I9erL NUSAO H"i"breL de
"i"breL !rtF(los de "i"bre6 ' U7&i9erV LR7I9eL NGBO o LR&7I9erL NUSAO
Hrelin&oL relin&!r6M 7ieldHs6 L7i4ldHz6L He"%()!r He"%()!6L e.erer
He.ere66$ 7e!ldHs6 L7i4ldHz6L Hre,i3nHes6 bosos!Hs66 ' U7&eeledV L7i4ldL
NGBO o L&7i4ldL NUSAO He"%(.3L se +ol+F!L d!do +(elt!s6M 7ild L7!IldL
Hs!l+!.e6$ 7iled L7!IldL Hsed(.oL sed(ido6 ' U7&iledV L7!IldL NGBO o
L&7!IldL NUSAO H%!sH3L !do6 (n r!to6M 7ind L7!IndL H(r+!L +(elt!L o+ill!rL
ser%ente!rL d!r (erd! ! N(n relo.OL so%l!r6$ 7&ined L7!IndL NGBO o
L&7!IndL NUSAO Hse /(e.3L /(e.!do6 ' U7inedV L7!IndL HbebiH3L do6 +ino6M
7in,"!n LR7I"enL H%iloto de #l!no6 ' U7in,"enV LR7I"enL H%ilotos de
#l!no6M 7inHs6 L7InHz6L H,!n!r H,!n!66$ 7&inHs6 L7InzL NGBO o L&7InzL
NUSAO Hto.oHs66 ' U>inHZs6V L7InHz6L HDine#rid! Hde D166M 7ire"!n NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO LR7!Ie"enL NGBO o LR7!IHe6r"enL NUSAO Heletriist! de
obr!s6 ' U7ire"enV LR7!Ie"enL NGBO o LR7!IHe6r"enL NUSAO Heletriist!s
de obr!s6M 7is&Hes6 LR7I[HI z$ ez6L HdeseoHs6L dese!r Hdese!66 '
U7&is&Hes6V LR7I[HI z$ ez6L NGBO o LR&7I[Hez$ I z6L NUSAO Hz("bidoHs6L
z("b!r Hz("b!6L "o+erse Hse "(e+e6 on z("bido s(!+e6M 7is&ed L7I[tL
HdeseH3L !do66 ' U7&is&tV N!r!io o eso0sO L7I[tL NGBO o L&7I[tL NUSAO
H\&it3n]6M 7it L7ItL Hin,enio6 ' U7&itV Nr!roO L7ItL NGBO o L&7ItL NUSAO
H%iz!6M 7it& L7IuL Ndel!nte de onson!nteO o L7ISL Ndel!nte de +o!lO
Hon6 ' U7it&eV L7IuL o L7ISL H"i"breL "!n,o #le-ible6M 7it&er LR7ISeL
NGBO o LR7ISerL NUSAO H"!r&it!rHse66 ' U7&it&erV N!r!ioO LR7ISeL NGBO
o LR&7ISerL NUSAO H!d3ndeL !donde6M 7ittier LR7ItieL NGBO o LR7ItierL
NUSAO H"s in,enioso6 ' U>&ittierV LR7ItieL NGBO o LR&7ItierL NUSAO
H!%ellido Njo&n Greenle!# >1O6M 7oe L7o(L H!#lii3nL \!']6 ' U7&o!V L7o(L
NGBO o L&7o(L NUSAO H\+!le]L \b!st!]L \so]L \&o]L \.o]6M 7ont Nliter!rioO
H!ost("br!doL ost("breL !ost("br!rHse66 ' U7onZtV Ni 7ill notO4
L7o(ntLM 7ood Hbos/(eL le)!6 ' U7o(ldV4 L7(dLM 7ood"!n LR7(d"enL
Hle)!dorL sil+i(ltor6 ' U7ood"enV LR7(d"enL Hle)!doresL sil+i(ltores6M
7oods"!n LR7(dz"enL Hsil+i(ltor6 ' U7oods"enV LR7(dz"enL Hsil+i(ltores6M
7o%Hs6 L7o%Hs6L NGBO o L7!4%Hs6L NUSAO Hit!li!noHs6 N%e'or!ti+oO6 '
U7&o%Hs6V L7o%Hs6L NGBO o L&7!4%Hs6L NUSAO H,ol%!zoHs6L !zot!r H!zot!66M
7ord L74dL NGBO o L74rdL NUSAO H%!l!br!6 ' U7&irredL 7&irredV L74dL
NGBO o L&74rdL NUSAO H&izoL &e&o r(ido6M 7or9"!n LR749"enL NGBO o
LR74r9"enL NUSAO Hobrero6 ' U7or9"enV LR749"enL NGBO o LR74r9"enL
NUSAO Hobreros6M 7orld L74ldL NGBO o L74rldL NUSAO H"(ndo6$
7&irled L74ldL NGBO o L&74rldL NUSAO H,ir3L &e&o ,ir!r6 '
U7&orledV L74ldL NGBO o L&74rldL NUSAO H+ertiil!do6M 7orn Hdes,!st!doL
lle+!do H%(esto6L (s!do6 ' U7!rnV H!d+ertir64 L7o4nL NGBO ' L7o4rnL
NUSAOM 7orst H%eorL +ener6 ' U7(rstV Hs!l&i&! N! l! !le"!n!O64 L74stL
NGBO ' L74rstL NUSAOM 7r!%%erHs6 Hen+oltorioHs6L en+olt(r!Hs66 '
Ur!%%erHs6V Hr!%eroHs664 LRrY%eHz6L NGBO ' LRrY%erHz6L NUSAOM 7r!%Hs6
Hb!t!Hs6L en+ol+er Hen+(el+e66 ' Ur!%Hs6V Hr!% N"2si!OL ,ol%eitoHs6L
,ol%e!r H,ol%e!664 LrY%Hs6LM 7r!%%ed LrY%tL Hen+(eltoL "(' ontento
NA(str!li!4 "s (s!doO6$ r!%%ed LrY%tL H,ol%eH3L !do66 ' Ur!%tV LrY%tL
He"beles!doL "(' ontento NA(str!li!4 "enos (s!doO6M 7r!%%in,
Hen+ol+iendo6 ' Ur!%%in,V H,ol%e!ndo64 LRrY%ILM 7r!t& Nliter!rioO LrouL NGB o
Lro4uLO o LrYuL NUSA o Lr!4uLO Hir!L 3ler!6 ' U7rot&V Nliter!rioO Lro(uL NGB o
Lro4uL o LrouLO o Lro4uL NUSA o Lr!4uLO H!ir!do6M 7re!9Hs6 He.e(t!r He.e(t!6L
in#li,ir Hin#li,e66 ' Uree9Hs6V H"!lHos6 olorHes6L oler H&(ele6 "!l64 Lri49Hs6LM
7re9Hs6 Lre9Hs6L Hn!(#r!,ioHs6L n!(#r!,!r Hn!(#r!,!66$ re9Hs6 Lre9Hs6L
Hin/(iet!rse Hse in/(iet!66 ' URe-V Lre9sL Hre' Nliter!rioOL Re,in!ldoL
Rein!ldo6M 7re9ed Hdestr(idoL &(ndidoL estro%e!doL &e&o %ol+o NGB4
+(l,!rOL borr!&o o"o (n! (b! NGB4 +(l,!rO6 ' Ure9edV Hse in/(iet3L
in/(iet!do64 Lre9tLM 7re9in, Hn!(#r!,!ndo6 ' Ure9in,V
Hin/(ietndose64 LRre9ILM 7restHs6 H!rreb!t!r H!rreb!t!66 ' UrestHs6V
Hdes!nsoHs6L des!ns!r Hdes!ns!664 LrestHs6LM 7ret&Hes6 Hdes,r!i!doHs6L
in#eliz HIies66 ' Uret&Hes6V H+o"it!r H+o"it!664 LRret[HI z$ ez6LM 7ri,,leHs6
Hretorerse Hse ret(ere66 ' Uri,olHs6V N!r!ioO H!nilloHs6L
Fr(loHs664 LRrI,elHz6LM 7rin,erHs6 Hes(rridorHes66 ' Urin,erHs6V
H!"%!neroHs6L dobleHs6L .(e,o de !ni!s64 LRrIeHz6L NGBO ' LRrIerHz6L
NUSAOM 7rin,Hs6 Hretori.3nHes6L torer Ht(ere66 ' Urin,Hs6V H!nilloHs6L
son!r Hs(en!6L to!r Hto!664 LrIHz6LM 7rin,in, Htori0ndo6 ' Urin,in,V
Hson!ndoL to!ndo64 LRrIILM 7r(n, Htorido6 ' Ur(n,V Hson!doL
to!do64 LrALM 7rote Hesribi36 ' UroteV Hre%etii3n64 Lro(tLM 7ro(,&t
H!(s3L #or.!do6 ' UrotV Hdeso"%osii3nL %(drirse64 Lr!4tL NUSAOM 7r'
HtoridoL ir3nio6$ r!i H"2si! %o%(l!r !r,elin!6 ' Ur'eV Henteno64 Lr!ILM Kit
H*rist3b!l6 ' UzitV NUSA4 +(l,!rO H,r!no Ni %i"%leO64 LzItLM '!&ts"!n LR.ots"enL
NGBO o LR.!4ts"enL NUSAO H!#iion!do ! l! +el!L d(e)o de (n '!teL re,!tist!6
' U'!&ts"enV LR.ots"enL NGBO o LR.!4ts"enL NUSAO H!#iion!dos ! l! +el!L
d(e)os de (n '!teL re,!tist!s6M '!rd"!n NUSAO LR.!4rd"enL N' "enos (s!do4
LI"YnLO H"!rinero /(e "!ne.! l!s +er,!sL en!r,!do del %!tio Hdel #erro!rril6L
e"%le!do en (n de%3sito de "!der!6 ' U'!rd"enV LR.!4rd"enL N' "enos (s!do4
LI"enLO H"!rineros /(e "!ne.!n l!s +er,!sL en!r,!dos del %!tio Hdel #erro!rril6L
e"%le!dos en (n de%3sito de "!der!6M '!rr!"!n NA(str!li!O LR.Yre"enL H!b!llo6
' U'!rr!"enV N"enos (s!doO LR.Yre"enL NoO U'!rr!"!nsV N"s (s!doO
H!b!llos6M 'e7Hs6 L.(4Hz6L Hte.oHs66$ e7eHs6 L.(4Hz6L Ho+e.!Hs6 H&e"br!Hs66$
(HZs6L UHZs6L UHs6 L.(4Hz6L Hl!Hs6 2Hes66$ (se L.(4zL H(s!r6 ' U'o(V L.(4L Ht2L
+osotros6M '!7n Hbostez!r6 ' U'onV N!r!ioO H0sHe$ !$ o6L !/(0lHl!$ lo664
L.!4nL NUSAOM '!7ned HbostezH3L !do66 ' U'ondV N!r!ioO H0sHe$ !$ o6L
!/(0lHl!$ lo664 L.!4ndL NUSAOM 'eo"!n LR.o("enL H%e/(e)o %ro%iet!rio NGB4
!r!ioOL !l!b!rdero re!l NGBOL o#iinist! de ! bordoL ri!do del re' N!r!ioO6 '
U'eo"enV LR.o("enL H%e/(e)os %ro%iet!rios NGB4 !r!ioOL !l!b!rderos re!les
NGBOL o#iinist!s de ! bordoL ri!dos del re' N!r!ioO6M 'o9eHs6 H'(,oHs6L
'(nt!Hs6L (nir H(ne66 ' U'ol9Hs6V H'e"!Hs6 Nde &(e+oO64 L.o(9Hs6LM 'o(r
L.o4L NGBO o L.o4rL NUSAO Ht(6$ 'ore Nliter!rioO L.o4L NGBO o L.o4rL NUSAO
H!nt!)oL tie"%os !nti,(os6$ 'o(Zre Ni 'o( !reO L.o4L NGBO o L.o4rL NUSAO Ht2
eresL t2 estsL +osotrHos$ !s6 soisL estisL Dds1 sonL estn6 ' U'!7V L.o4L
H,(i)!d!L ,(i)!r6M '(le Nliter!rioO HN!+id!d6 ' U'o(ZllV Ni 'o( s&!llL
7illO4 L.(4lL$ et1 D1 5C15:1!
Aa palabras parecidas 'ue se diferencian en el significado algo en la
pronunciacin4 to !b.(re H!b.(r!r6 ' Uto !d.(reV Hon.(r!r6M to !e%t ' Uto
e-e%tVM !ess e Ue-essVM to !d!%t ' Uto !do%tVM !d+erse ' U!+erseVM
!d+ie LedR+!IsL Honse.o6 ' U!d+iseV LedR+!IzL H!onse.!r6M !llot LeRlotL NGBO
o LeRl!4tL NUSAO Hre%!rtir6 ' U! lotV LeRlotL NGBO o LeRl!4tL NUSAO H"(&o6M !ll(sion
e Uill(sionVM !%%e!r LeR%IeL NGBO o LeR%IHe6rL NUSAO H!%!reer6 ' U! %eerV LeR%IeL
NGBO o LeR%IHe6rL NUSAO H(n i,(!lL %!r6M to !%%r!ise ' Uto !%%riseVM !7&ile H%or
(n r!to6 ' U! 7&ileV H(n r!to6M !-is LRY9sI s$ esL He.e6 ' U!-esV LRY9sI z$ ezL
H&!&!s6M ens(s LRsensesL Henso6 ' UsensesV LRsensez$ I zL Hsentidos6M
li"!tiH!l6 ' Uli"!tiH!l6VM elide ' U!lliedVM e"i,r!te He"i,r!r6 e Ui""i,r!teV
Hin"i,r!r6M e"inentHl'6 LRe"InentHli6L He"inenteHs66 e
Ui""inentHl'6V LRI"InentHli6L Hin"inenteHs66M e-Rer%t Le9Rs4%tL NGBO o Le9Rs4r%tL
NUSAO Hondens!r6$ e-ert LI,Rz4tL NGBO o LI,Rz4rtL NUSAO He.erer6 ' Ue-sertV
Le9Rs4tL NGBO o Le9Rs4rtL NUSAO Hs!!r6M e-%!nsi+eHl'6 He-%!nsi+o
He-%!nsi+!"ente66 e Ue-%ensi+eHl'6V H!ro6M #!titio(s Nliter!rioO H#!tiioL !rti#ii!l6
' U#ititio(sV Nestnd!rO H#itiio6M #ennel LR#enHe6lL H&ino.o6 ' U%&enolV LR#i4nolL NGB
o LR#IILO o LR#i4no(lL NUSA o LIo4lL o LI!4lLO H#enol6M #erR"ent L#eR"entL NGBO o
L#erR"entL NUSAO H#er"ent!r6 ' U#oR"entV L#o(R"entL H#o"ent!r6M #ilet LR# I le IL
N"enos (s!doO o L# I Rle IL NUSA4 "s (s!doO Hen!.e de "!ll! (!dr!d!L #ilete6 '
U#illetV LR#IlI t$ etL H#ileteL int!L ort!r en #iletes6M #l!(nt L#lo4ntL o L#l!4ntL NUSAO
H&!er !l!rde de6 ' U#lo(tV L#l!(tL Hdes%rei!r6M #or7!rd LR#o47edL NGBO o LR#o4r7erdL
NUSAO H!del!nteL del!nteroL !del!nt!r6 ' U#ore7ordV LR#o474dL NGBO o LR#o4r74rdL
NUSAO H%r3lo,o6M #o(nder H&(ndirseL zozobr!rL irse ! %i/(e6 ' U#lo(nderV Hl(&!r
%or "!ntenerse ! #loteL /(ed!rse sin s!ber /(0 deirL d!r tro"%iones6M
&!nd"!id LR&Ynd"eIdL Hsier+!6 ' U&!nd"!deV L&YndR"eIdL N!d.eti+oO H&e&o !
"!no6M ill(sion ' U!ll(sionVM .e7el LRd(4elL ' U.o(leV Ld(4lLM l!ter LRleIteL NGBO
o LRleIterL NUSAO H"s t!rde6 ' UHt&e6 l!tterV LRlYteL NGBO o LRlYterL NUSAO Hel
se,(ndo6M lest LlestL Nliter!rioO Hno se! /(eL %or te"or ! /(eL %or si !!so6 ' Ule!stV
Lli4stL H"Fni"o6M loose Ll(4sL Hs(eltoL libre"enteL des!t!r6 ' UloseV Ll(4zL H%erder6M
neb(l!s LRneb.elezL Hneb(los!s6 ' Uneb(lo(sV LRneb.elesL Hneb(loso6M %!ir H%!r6L
%!re Hort!rL "ond!r6L %e!r H%er!64 L%e eL NGBO o L%e H e6rL NUSAO '
U%erV L%eL NGB4 #or"! d0bil o L%4L4 #or"! #(erteOL o L%erL NUSA4 #or"!
d0bil o L%4rL4 #or"! #(erteO H%or6M %!rt'in, LR%!4tiIL NGBO ' LR%!4rtiIL
NUSAO H'endo ! #iest!s6 ' U%!rtin,V LR%!4tIL NGBO ' LR%!4rtIL NUSAO
Hdes%edid!L de des%edid! N!d.eti+oOL se%!rndoseL !%!rtndose6M %reRede
H%reeder6 ' U%roReedV H%roeder6M %reRsribe L%rIIL H%resribir6 ' U%roRsribeV
L%ro(IL H%rosribir6M /(ite L97! ItL Ho"%let!"enteL "(' ND1 ;1:515OL b!st!nte NGB4
D1 ;1:518O6 ' U/(ietV LR97! IetL Htr!n/(iloL sileniosoL silenio6M serio(s LRsIeriesL
NGBO o LRsIriesL NUSAO Hserio6 ' UseriesV LRsIeri4zL NGBO o LRsIHe6ri4zL NUSAO
HserieHs66M so!rin, LRso4rIL ' Us!7in,V4 LRso4ILM Rsti"(l!nt Hesti"(l!nte6 '
URsti"(l(sV HestF"(lo6M t&!n LSYnL H/(e6 ' Ut&enV LSenL Hentones6 N#or"!s
#(ertes4 D151;@1?I@OM tr!+el LRtrY+elL ' Utr!+!ilV Nliter!rioO LRtrY+eIlLM
+ers(s LR+4sesL NGBO o LR+4rsesL NUSAO Hontr!L #rente !L o"%!r!do onL en
#(ni3n de6 ' U+ersesV LR+4sI z$ ezL NGBO o LR+4rsez$ I zL NUSAO Hestro#!sL
+ersF(losL +ersos6M +ill!s LR+IlezL H&!l0s6 ' U+illo(sV H+elloso64 LR+IlesLM
7&ere L7eeL NGBO o L&7eHe6rL NUSAO Hd3ndeL donde6 ' U7ereV L74L NGBO
o L74rL NUSAO Her!nL est!b!n6$ et1 D1 :1:?15;
Aa tambin palabras 'ue se pueden pronunciar igual 'ue otra D ;Ell<M l!
%ri"er! %(ede ser4
!6 Un !d.eti+o4 !ble ' UAbeZllVM !7#(l NUSAO ' Uo##Zll Hbe better6V NUSAOM d(!l '
UH!6 d(9eZllVM #!t!l ' UHt&e6 #!teZllVM #in!l ' UH!6 #ineZllVM #or"!l ' UH!6 #or"ZllVM n!+!l
' UH!6 9n!+eZllVM nor"!l ' UNor"ZllVM r(e#(l ' UHt&e6 roo#ZllVM ton!l ' UH!6 toneZllVM
zon!l ' UH!6 zoneZllV$ et1
b6 Un no"bre4 H!n6 !-le ' UH!n6 !-eZllVM H!6 b!ttle ' UH!6 b!tZllVM H!6 beetle ' UH!6
beetZllVM H!6 b(9le ' UH!6 b(9ZllVM H!6 b(s&el ' UH!6 b(s&ZllVM Ht&e6 b(stle ' UH!6
b(sZllVM H!6 !stle NUSAO ' U*!ssZllVM Ht&e6 !ttle ' UHt&e6 !tZllVM H!6 o(%le ' UH!6
(%ZllVM Ht&e6 #ore!stle LR#o(9sHe6lL ' Ut&e #ol9sZllVM H!6 ,!ble ' UG!beZllVM H!6 r(ble '
UH!6 r(beZllV NUSA4 +(l,!rO Hi %!tn6M H!6 s/(!bble ' UHone6 s/(!bZllVM Ht&e6 st(bble
' UHt&is6 st(bZllVM &(rdle ' UH!6 &erdZllVM H!6 .!9!l ' Uj!9ZllVM H!6 9ennel ' UAenZllVM
H!6 "!r+el ' UM!r+ZllVM H!6 "et!l ' UHt&e6 MetZllV Ni Metro%olit!n O%er!
*o"%!n'OM Mi&!el ' UH!6 "i9eZllVM H!6 "issile NUSAO ' UHone6 "issZllVM H!6 ni9el
' UNi9ZllVM H!6 ni%%le ' UH!6 ni%ZllVM H!6 %!ddle ' UH!6 %!dZllVM H!6 %!nel ' UH!6
%!nZllVM %eo%le ' UH!6 %ee%ZllVM H!6 %i9le ' UHt&is6 %i9ZllVM Ht&e6 r(##le ' Uro(,&Zll
Hbe better6VM H!6 title ' Uti,&tZll Hbe better6VM H!6 tri9le ' UHt&e6 tri9ZllVM H!6 t(nnel '
UH!6 tonZllVM 7!ter ' U>&!tZreV xTM Ht&e6 'o9el ' UH!6 'ol9ZllV$ et1 E.14 A !stle
LR9YsH e6lL NUSAO is bi, HUn !stillo es ,r!nde6 ' U*!ssZll LR9YsHe6lL o"e no7V
H*!s!ndr! +endr !&or!61
6 Un +erbo4 be+el ' UBe+ZllVM bl!red ' UBl!irZdVM bobble ' UBobZllVM bo,,le '
UHt&e6 bo,ZllVM b(rned ' UBerneZdVM o!led ' UAo&lZdVM oddle ' UH!6 odZllVM d!bble
' UH! little6 d!bZll Hdo &i"6VM ,!lled ' UG!(lZdVM ,i,,le ' UH!6 ,i,ZllVM ,obble ' UH!6
,obZllV Hi "!rinero6M ,re!sed ' UGreeeZdVM &!,,le ' UHt&e6 &!,ZllVM &!ndled '
UE!ndelZdVM &e7ed ' UE(,&ZdVM .!rred NGBO ' Uj!&ZdVM .i,,le ' UH!6 .i,ZllVM .o,,le '
UH!6 .o,ZllVM 9nelled ' UNellZdVM "(ddle ' UHt&e6 "(dZllVM "(##le ' UH!6 "(##ZllVM
nettle ' UH!6 netZllVM r!ttle ' UH!6 r!tZllVM ro!"ed ' URo"eZdVM settle ' UH!6 setZllVM
s&!9le ' UH!6 s&!9ZllVM sni##le ' UHone6 sni#ZllVM s(ed ' US(eZdVM t!9le ' UH!6 t!9
ZllVM t&!7ed ' UT&orZdV NGBOM ti9le ' UH!6 ti9ZllVM to%%le ' UHt&e6 to%ZllVM 7!ned '
U>!'neZdV$ et1
A*ENTO m RITMO
51:@1I El !ento ,r#io no e-iste en in,l0s$ !sF /(e no se %(ede s!ber d3nde +! el
!ento t3nio o de intensid!d en (n! %!l!br! sin es(&!rl! o "ir!r en (n
diion!rioM en in,l0s s3lo e-isten (n!s %o!s %!l!br!s de otr!s len,(!s /(e lle+!n
(n !ento orto,r#ioM los diion!rios /(e (tiliz!n el !l#!beto #on0tio intern!ion!l
%onen l! tilde R del!nte de l! sFl!b! !ent(!d! o"o en est! ,(F! %!r! indi!r d3nde
+! el !ento t3nio o %ros3dioM !/(F l! tilde R %(ede indi!r l! sFl!b! !ent(!d!
Hstressed s'll!ble6 dentro de (n! %!l!br! H%it&L 7ord stressL 7ord tone4 stress on !
s'll!ble inside ! 7ord6 ' t!"bi0n (n! %!l!br! !ent(!d! dentro de l! or!i3n
Hinton!tionL %it& %!tternL sentene toneL sentene stress4 stress on 7ords inside !
sentene6M el !ento sie"%re re!e sobre (n! +o!l$ no (n! onson!nteM en los libros
in,leses$ %!r! indi!r /(e (n! %!l!br! +! !ent(!d! dentro de l! or!i3n$ se %one en
(rsi+!$ en ne,rit!$ s(br!'!d! o on tod!s l!s letr!s en "!'2s(l!$ !(n/(e
nor"!l"ente no se indi!M (!ndo l! %!l!br! tiene sol!"ente (n! sFl!b! no se %one
l! tilde en in,l0s$ %or/(e t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no tod!s l!s %!l!br!s de
(n! sol! sFl!b! lle+!n !ento t3nio o %ros3dioM en !stell!no t!"%oo se %one el
!ento ,r#io on l!s %!l!br!s de (n! sol! sFl!b!$ e-e%to en (nos %oos !sos %!r!
distin,(ir el si,ni#i!do4 !/(el N!d.eti+oO ' U!/(0lV N%rono"breO$ !(n N&!st!L
t!"bi0nL inl(si+eL si/(ier!O ' U!2nV Ntod!+F!O$ o"o N+erbo$ !d+erbio$ %re%osii3n
' on.(ni3nO ' U3"oV Ninter.ei3n$ no"bre ' !d+erbio e-l!"!ti+o e
interro,!ti+oO$ (!l N%rono"bre rel!ti+o$ !d+erbio rel!ti+oO ' U(lV N%rono"bre
interro,!ti+o o e-l!"!ti+o$ !d+erbio e-l!"!ti+oO$ (!ndo Non.(ni3n$ !d+erbio
' %re%osii3nO ' U(ndoV N!d+erbio interro,!ti+o$ e-l!"!ti+o o distrib(ti+o$
no"breO$ ('o N%rono"bre rel!ti+oO ' U2'oV N%rono"bre interro,!ti+oO$ de Ho#6 '
Ud0V H,i+e6 N' (!ndo se !)!de (n %rono"bre enlFtio$ !(n/(e se! ll!n!4 d0"eO$
donde N!d+erbio rel!ti+o$ %re%osii3nO ' Ud3ndeV N!d+erbio interro,!ti+oO$ el Nt&eO '
U0lV N&eO$ ese N!d.eti+oO ' U0seV N%rono"breO$ este N!d.eti+oO ' U0steV N%rono"breO$
"!s Hb(t6 ' U"sV H"ore6$ "i H"'6 ' U"FV H"e6$ /(e N%rono"bre rel!ti+o$
on.(ni3nO ' U/(0V N%rono"bre interro,!ti+o o e-l!"!ti+o$ !d+erbioO$ /(ien
N%rono"bre rel!ti+oO ' U/(i0nV N%rono"bre interro,!ti+o$ e-l!"!ti+o o
inde#inidoO$ se Nre#le-i+oO ' Us0V H9no7$ be N' (!ndo se !)!de (n %rono"bre
enlFtio$ !(n/(e se! ll!n!4 s0"eO6$ solo H!lone6 ' Us3loV Honl'6$ te H'o(6 ' Ut0V Hte!6$
si Hi#6 ' UsFV H'es6$ t( H'o(r6 ' Ut2V H'o(6M l! tilde se %one sie"%re en in,l0s ' en
!stell!no en l! tr!nsri%i3n #on0ti! (!ndo l! %!l!br! tiene dos o "s sFl!b!s$ '!
/(e tod!s l!s %!l!br!s on dos o "s sFl!b!s lle+!n !ento t3nio o %ros3dio en
(n! de l!s sFl!b!s t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!noM en !stell!no es "(' senillo
%or/(e el !ento t3nio o %ros3dio oinide on el !ento ,r#io ' (!ndo no
!%!ree el !ento ,r#io se s!be d3nde +! el !ento t3nio o %ros3dio %or/(e &!'
(n!s re,l!s "(' #i!blesM en !stell!no l! "!'or %!rte de l!s %!l!br!s son ll!n!s$ es
deir$ lle+!n el !ento t3nio o %ros3dio en l! %en2lti"! sFl!b!4
!6 J(e no lle+!n el !ento ,r#io (!ndo l! 2lti"! sFl!b! ter"in! en (n! +o!l Hno
se,(id! de '6 %reedid! de (n! onson!nte Hd!"e6 o (n! +o!l Hreo6$ ni (!ndo l!
%en2lti"! sFl!b! lle+! U(V h Ui !ent(!d!V H#ort(ito6 o UiV h U( !ent(!d!V H+i(d!61
b6 J(e lle+!n el !ento ,r#io4 56 *(!ndo se !)!de (n %rono"bre enlFtio ! (n!
#or"! +erb!l !,(d! on !ento ,r#io Hle'3"e61 86 *(!ndo l!s +o!les Ui$ (V$ +!n
!ent(!d!s en l! %en2lti"! sFl!b! del!nte o detrs de otr! +o!l$ %reedid! o no de
U&V$ on l! /(e no #or"!n di%ton,o o tri%ton,o HdF!$ !teFs"o$ d2o$ re&2'e61 :6
*(!ndo l! %en2lti"! sFl!b! lle+! (n! UF !ent(!d!V %reedid! de U!$ e$ o$ (V ' l!
2lti"! sFl!b! lle+! (n! U!V sol! HreF!$ oF!$ &(F!6 o (n! U!V se,(id! de onson!nte
HreF!s$ oF!s$ &(F!n6 o (n! U!V se,(id! de Ui no !ent(!d!V h onson!nte HreF!is$
oF!is$ &(F!is61
b6 *(!ndo l! 2lti"! sFl!b! ter"in! en l! onson!nte n Hori,en6 3 s H!%oteosis6$ %ero
lle+!n el !ento ,r#io si ter"in! en otr! onson!nte Hrbol6$ en s %reedid! de otr!
onson!nte HbFe%s6 o en &4 HM2ni&61
E!' otro ,r(%o "enos n("eroso de %!l!br!s /(e son !,(d!s /(e lle+!n el !ento
t3nio o %ros3dio en l! 2lti"! sFl!b! /(e4
!6 No lle+!n !ento ,r#io4 s(elen ter"in!r en (n! +o!l se,(id! de U'V HUr(,(!'6$
en (n! onson!nte /(e no se! n 3 s HFidel6$ sobre todo en l!s ter"in!iones I!d$ I!l$
I!r$ Ier$ Iez$ Iir$ Iol$ Ior$ I(d no %reedido de otr! +o!l$ en los no"bres o"(nes /(e
ter"in!n en Iel$ et1$ en & Hz!re+i&6$ en n 3 s %reedid! de (n! onson!nte HIsern$
Mil!ns6$ en U(V h Ui !ent(!d!V se,(id! de UdV H&(id$ destr(id61
b6 Lle+!n !ento ,r#io4 56 L!s ter"in!d!s en (n! +o!l no se,(id! de U'V H&!l06
o (n! n 3 s Hirn$ &!blis$ reFs61 86 L!s ter"in!d!s en UiV !ent(!d! %reedid! de
U!$ e$ oV H!F$ leF6 o se,(id! de onson!nte HoFd$ oFs61 :6 L!s ter"in!d!s en U(V
!ent(!d!$ %reedid! de (n! +o!l ' se,(id! o no de (n! onson!nte HEs!2$ !t!2d61
;6 L!s ter"in!d!s en UiV !ent(!d! %reedid! de U(V H&(F6 o se,(id! de UsV H&(Fs$
destr(Fs61
El ,r(%o de %!l!br!s esdr2.(l!s ' sobrHe6esdr2.(l!s en !stell!no es "(' %e/(e)o '
lle+!n !ento ,r#io$ inl(id!s l!s /(e lle+!n U(V h Ui !ent(!d!V H!s(Fsti!61
En in,l0s se (s!n "s %!l!br!s de (n! sol! sFl!b! H=CP o"o "Fni"o6 /(e %!l!br!s
de dos o "s sFl!b!s .(nt!s H;CP o"o "-i"o61 En !stell!no se (s!n "enos
%!l!br!s de (n! sol! sFl!b! H;CP o"o "-i"o6 /(e %!l!br!s de dos o "s sFl!b!s
.(nt!s H=CP o"o "Fni"o61 En in,l0s ' en !stell!no se (s!n "s %!l!br!s ll!n!s
/(e %!l!br!s !,(d!s$ esdr2.(l!s ' sobrHe6esdr2.(l!s .(nt!sM no obst!nte$ no s3lo en
in,l0s sino t!"bi0n en !stell!no se (s!n "s %!l!br!s de (n! sol! sFl!b! /(e ll!n!s1
En in,l0s &!' "s %!l!br!s esdr2.(l!s ' sobrHe6esdr2.(l!s /(e en !stell!no$ %ero en
!stell!no &!' "s %!l!br!s !,(d!s /(e en in,l0s1
En in,l0s los no"bres de dos sFl!b!s s(elen !ent(!rse en l! %en2lti"! sFl!b!
(!ndo l! 2lti"! sFl!b! lle+! (n! de l!s +o!les Le$ I Ne-e%to en !l,(nos +erbosO$
iL4 R&e!%er LeL$ Rd(&ess LI NoO eL$ R&ottest LI NoO eL$ R&o(sin, LIL$ R"odel LeL$
R%olis& LIL$ Rsill' LiL$ et1M l!s %!l!br!ss de dos sFl!b!s s(elen !ent(!rse en l! se,(nd!
sFl!b! (!ndo l! 2lti"! sFl!b! lle+! (n! de l!s +o!les LY$ e Non +erbos
%rini%!l"enteO$ 4 Non +erbos %rini%!l"enteOL4 disRtr!t LYL$ oRllet LeL$ deR#end
LeL$ onRert L4L$ et1M en l!s %!l!br!s on tres sFl!b!s s(ele &!ber sol!"ente (n
!ento %ri"!rioM l! "!'or %!rte lo lle+!n en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! ' el resto lo lle+!n
"s en l! se,(nd! /(e en l! terer!M si lo lle+!n en l! terer!$ s(elen ser %r0st!"os
de otr!s len,(!sM &!' %!l!br!s de tres sFl!b!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! %ri"er!
sFl!b! en GB ' USA4 R!ltern!te N+erboO$ Robd(r!te Hobstin!do6$ R/(!nd!r' Hdile"!6$
et1M !l,(n!s o"o Q!rtis!n$ "!r,!rine$ %!rtis!nQ$ et1$ %(eden lle+!r el !ento t3nio
o %ros3dio en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! en GB ' USA$ %ero se (s!n "s en GB on el
!ento en l! terer! /(e en l! %ri"er! sFl!b!M otr!s o"o UR!+i!rHe6$ Ro""!nd!nt$
R%!rtis!nV$ et1$ lle+!n el !ento en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! en GB ' USA ' t!"bi0n en l!
terer! en GBM los no"bres /(e tienen tres sFl!b!s no s(elen !ent(!rse en l! 2lti"!
(!ndo 0st! lle+! (n! +o!l bre+eL ort! o (n di%ton,oM los no"bres /(e tienen tres
sFl!b!s s(elen !ent(!rse en l! %en2lti"! (!ndo 0st! lle+! (n! +o!l l!r,! o (n
di%ton,o$ o si l! +o!l bre+eL ort! +! se,(id! de dos #one"!s onsonntiosM los
no"bres /(e tienen tres sFl!b!s s(elen !ent(!rse en l! %ri"er! (!ndo l! sFl!b!
#in!l lle+! (n! +o!l bre+eL ort! ' l! %en2lti"! sFl!b! tiene (n! +o!l bre+eL ort!
se,(id! de (n solo #one"! onsonntioM en l!s %!l!br!s on (!tro sFl!b!s s(ele
&!ber (n !ento %ri"!rio ' ! +ees (no se(nd!rioM el %ri"!rio es donde re!e el
,ol%e de +oz on "s #(erz! ' el se(nd!rio donde re!e on "enos #(erz!M el
!ento %ri"!rio s(ele ir en l! se,(nd! sFl!b!4 #!Rn!ti!l$ &eRreti!l$ iRll("in!te$
inRter%ol!te$ inRterro,!te$ r&eRtori!l$ et1M en l!s %!l!br!s de ino sFl!b!s el !ento
t3nio o %ros3dio s(ele ir en l! se,(nd!4 %&oRto,r!%&'$ %oRliti!l$ et1$ o en l!
terer!4 !rit&R"eti!l$ eoRno"i!l$ e/(!Rni"it'$ inteRrro,!ti+e$ irreR"edi!ble$
lon,iRt(din!l$ notoRriet'$ o%%orRt(nit'$ %!rsiR"onio(s$ %eriRodi!l$ %ersoRn!lit'$
%ertiRn!it'$ %&il!nRt&ro%i!l$ %&otoR,r!%&i!l$ et1M en l!s %!l!br!s de seis sFl!b!s el
!ento t3nio o %ros3dio s(ele ir en l! (!rt!4 &o"o,eRneit'$ %erioRdiit'$
t&e!triR!lit'$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! en GB ' en l! se,(nd! en
USA4 b!rr!,e H%!nt!no6$ beret$ bidet$ !&et$ !#0 N"s (s!doO NoO !#0$ !##eineL
!##ein$ &!,rin Hdesil(si3nL %en!6$ ro&et$ ro/(et$ d(+et$ ,!te!(L ,yte!( NGB4 "s
(s!doO$ "!ss!,e$ %!r/(et$ %(r0e N"s (s!do en GBOL %(ree N"s (s!do en USAO$
s!&et$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! se,(nd! sFl!b! en GB ' en l! %ri"er! en
USA4 !ltern!te N!d.eti+oO$ !%ill!r'$ &!stize$ oroll!r'$ e-%os0 N' "s (s!do en l!
2lti"! en USAO$ l!bor!tor'$ "isell!n'$ re+eille LrIR+YliL NGBOL re+eille LRre+eliL
NUSAO$ s!-o%&onist$ 'i%%ee]$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! en GB ' USA ' "enos (s!do
en otr! sFl!b! en GB4 !dR+ers!r'$ b(Rre!($ erR+i!l$ onRtro+ers'$ iRnno+!ti+e$
"iR,r!tor'$ %!nRt&eon$ %!rRtii%le$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! en GB ' en l! se,(nd! en
USA ' "enos (s!do en l! se,(nd! en GB4 b!ton$ bro&(re$ !n!rd$ &!te!($ o(%0$
#risson$ ,!r!,e$ %!%ri9! H%i"ent3n d(le6$ %yt0$ s!s&!'$ to(%eeL to(%0e NGBO$ et1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s en GB ' USA /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! '
"enos (s!do en l! se,(nd!4 !bdo"en$ !d+erse$ !d+ersel'$ !"i!bleL '$
!"i!bleness$ !s%ir!nt$ !nton$ !nton!l$ &oleri$ ont("el'$ de!de$ deoro(s$
#or"id!ble$ inte,r!l$ %i!nist$ J!t!r$ reondite$ +!,!r' H!%ri&o6$ et1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s en GB ' USA /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! se,(nd! sFl!b! '
"enos (s!do en l! %ri"er!4 !%%li!bleL '$ !%%li!bleness$ on!+e$ dis%(t!ble$
e-%li!bleL '$ e-/(isite$ e-/(isitel'$ e-/(isiteness$ #rontier L#rAnRtIeL NGB4 "s
(s!do o LR#rontIeLO ' L#rAnRtIHe6rL NUSA4 "s (s!do o L#r!4nRtIHe6rL o LR#rAntIHe6rLO$
&e,e"on'$ 9ilo"etre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eter NUSAO$ orde!l$ %e.or!ti+e$
%i!no$ %ri"!ril'$ re#er!ble$ ro"!ne$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! en GB ' en l! se,(nd! en
USA ' "enos (s!do en l! se,(nd! en GB ' en l! %ri"er! en USA4 !d(lt$ !ristor!t$
b!s!lt$ B'z!ntine$ &!(##e(r$ o"b!t!nt$ o"b!ti+e$ o""(n!l$ o"%le- N!d.eti+oM
o"o no"bre +! s3lo en l! %ri"er!O$ det!il$ dotrin!l$ dotrin!ll'$ #!9ir$ &!r!ss$
&!r!ss"ent$ ill(str!ti+e$ M!(rie$ %l!te!($ sonoro(s$ s(%ine N!d.eti+oM o"o no"bre
+! s3lo en l! %ri"er!O$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! se,(nd! sFl!b! en GB ' en l! %ri"er! en
USA ' "enos (s!do en l! %ri"er! en GB ' en l! se,(nd! en USA4 &!stize"ent$
on+e-$ no"enl!t(re$ reso(re$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! se,(nd! sFl!b! en GB ' USA ' "enos
(s!do en l! %ri"er! en GB4 bo(/(et$ !s&ier Nno"bre ' +erboO$ l!ndestine$
l!ndestinel'$ ontrib(te$ %!ri!&$ %ere"%tor'$ %ere"%toril'$ %ere"%toriness$
re#etor'$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! se,(nd! sFl!b! en GB ' en l! %ri"er! en
USA ' "enos (s!do en l! se,(nd! t!"bi0n en USA4 !%size$ enten!r' LsenRti4neriL
NGB4 "s (s!do o LsenRteneriLO ' LRsenteneriL NUSA4 "s (s!do o LsenRteneriLO$
s%et!tor$ test!tor$ +!!te$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! se,(nd! sFl!b! en GB ' USA ' "enos
(s!do en l! %ri"er! en USA4 in/(ir'$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! en GB ' USA ' "enos (s!do
en otr! en USA4 onR,r(ent$ deRb(t$ #iRllet$ %&osR%&oro(s$ %reRedene$ +!Rlet$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! se,(nd! sFl!b! en GB ' en l! %ri"er! en
USA ' "enos (s!do en l! %ri"er! en GB4 l(9e7!r"Hl'L ness6$ "et!ll(r,ist$
"et!ll(r,'$ "i,r!te$ "is!ndr'$ st!,n!te$ tr!&e!$ tr!&e!l$ 7ee9end$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! en GB ' en l! se,(nd! en
USA ' "enos (s!do en l! %ri"er! t!"bi0n en USA4 !("en H%ers%i!i!6$ b!llet$
debris Heso"bros6$ eze"!$ #ilet$ %re"ier$ st!l!tite$ st!l!,"ite$ et1
E!' %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en (n! sFl!b! distint!M l! %ri"er! es de GB ' l!
se,(nd! de USA4 !dR+ertise"ent NGB ' "enos (s!do en USAOL !d+erRtise"ent$
!#ter R!llL R!#ter !ll$ !l(R"ini("L !Rl("in("$ #iR!n0 NGB ' "enos (s!do en
USAOL #i!nR0$ #i!n0e$ R#i,(rine NGB4 "s (s!doOL #i,(Rrine NUSA ' GB4 "enos
(s!doO$ #iRn!nier NGB ' "enos (s!do en USAOL #in!nRier H#in!niero6$ &oRtelier
NGB ' "enos (s!do en USAOL &oteRlier H&otelero6$ Rlin,erieL lin,eRrie$ "!r,!Rrine
NGB4 "s (s!doOL R"!r,!rine NUSA ' GBO$ R"!tin0e NoO R"!tineeL "!tiRn0e NoO
"!tiRnee$ "inio"R%(terL R"inio"%(ter NUSA ' GB4 "enos (s!doO$ "ort,!R,orL
R"ort,!,or NUSA ' GB4 "enos (s!doO$ Robsolete NGB ' "enos (s!do en USAOL
obsoRlete$ oreR,!noL oRre,!no$ ReRn!iss!ne NGB4 "s (s!doOL Ren!iRss!ne NUSA '
GB4 "enos (s!doM en USA "enos (s!do on el !ento en l! %ri"er!M l! se,(nd!
sFl!b! se %ron(ni! sie"%re LneIL en GB ' LneL en USAM se esribe t!"bi0n en
"in2s(l!4 ren!iss!neO$ et1
M(&!s %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n el !ento en l! 2lti"! sFl!b! es %or/(e l! %ri"er! sFl!b!
est o"%(est! %or (n! %re%osii3n ' l! se,(nd! %or (n no"bre o %or/(e lle+!n (n
%re#i.o no !ent(!do1 E.14 toRd!'$ !Rs&ore$ beRside$ !R"on,$ inRdeed$ !Rne7$ #orRsoot&
N!r!ioO Hen +erd!d6$ et1
Al,(n!s %!l!br!s in,les!s %(eden sor%render ! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes %or/(e no +!
el !ento donde lo es%er!n1 E.14 !d.eRti+!l$ R!d"ir!ble$ !Rrit&"eti$ !Rss!ssin$
R&os%it!ble$ Ri"%io(s$ inRess!ntl'$ R.(sti#i!ble$ 9!n,!Rroo$ Rl!"ent!ble$ Rle,isl!ti+e$
"!sR!r!$ o%%orRt(nis"$ o%%orRt(nist$ re,isRtr!r$ (Rtensil$ et1
L!s %!l!br!s si"%les lle+!n tod!s (n solo !ento %ri"!rio ' l! "!'or %!rte de l!s
%!l!br!s o"%(est!s lle+!n sol!"ente (n !ento %ri"!rio1 E.14 Rs&oolbo'$
Rs&oolte!&er$ et1
En in,l0s ' en !stell!no el !ento t3nio nor"!l"ente no +!rF! de sFl!b! (!ndo
(n! %!l!br! est en %l(r!l %ero &!' !l,(n!s e-e%iones1 E.14 URontentV HontenidoL
s("!rio6 %(ede %ron(ni!rse en %l(r!l URontentsL onRtents NGB4 "enos (s!doOV$
et1
E!' %!l!br!s t!nto en GB o"o en USA /(e !"bi!n de si,ni#i!do se,2n donde
+!'! el !ento1 D1 51:=181!
51:B1I En l! %!l!br! Q(nderst!ndin,Q LAndeRstYndIL NGBO ' LAnderRstYndIL
NUSAO el !ento %ri"!rio +! en l! terer! sFl!b! ' el se(nd!rio en l! %ri"er!M %!r!
el !ento se(nd!rio l! tilde se s(ele %oner !b!.oM !sF$ %(es$ l! %ri"er! ' terer!
sFl!b!s son t3ni!s ' l! se,(nd! ' (!rt! sFl!b!s son ton!s H7e!9 s'll!bles6M es lo
"is"o /(e o(rre en l! %!l!br! !stell!n! U!"iRneroVM se s(ele %oner
nor"!l"ente el !ento %ri"!rio n!d! "s %or r!zones %ed!,3,i!s '! /(e es el
i"%ort!nteM en l!s %!l!br!s on ino o "s sFl!b!s s(ele &!ber (n !ento %ri"!rio
' otro se(nd!rio4 !ntiIonstiRt(tion!l$ o"%enRs!tor' NGBO ' t!"bi0n
Uo"R%ens!tor' NoO Ro"%ens!tor' NGBOV$ eleR"ent!r'$ i""(t!Rbilit'$
n!tion!liRz!tionL n!tion!liRs!tion NGBO$ o%%orRt(nit'$ reIe"b!rR9!tion$
s(%erR&("!n$ (nonRdition!l$ intellet(!Rlisti1
P!r! (n !stell!no&!bl!nte e-i,ente los diion!rios /(e %onen (n solo !ento
%ri"!rio en !d! %!l!br! son los "s #i!blesM lo "s eseni!l %!r! (n
!stell!no&!bl!nte es s!ber d3nde +! el !ento %ri"!rio %or/(e el !ento se(nd!rio
no %resent! re!l"ente %roble"!4 o"%reR&ensible$ t&eoRreti!l$ et1M el !ento
se(nd!rio s(ele %ron(ni!rse on "s #(erz! en USA /(e en GB1
No obst!nte$ &!' diion!rios t!nto en USA o"o en GB /(e %onen dos !entos
%ri"!rios en tod!s l!s %!l!br!s o"%(est!s4 Ro(nt'HI6R7ide$ et1$ ' l!s /(e lle+!n
%re#i.os4 R!ntiIonstiRt(tion!l$ R(nderRst!nd!ble$ et1$ e inl(so en l!s %!l!br!s no
o"%(est!s /(e ten,!n (!tro o "s sFl!b!s4 Ro"%reR&ensible$ Rt&eoRreti!l$ et1M
%!r! (n !stell!no&!bl!nte no e-i,ente %(ede ser "(&o "s #il !ent(!r los dos
!%ro-i"!d!"ente i,(!lM esto si"%li#i! "(&o l! %ron(ni!i3n t!nto en in,l0s
o"o en !stell!no ' es orreto t!"bi0n1
Un! !r!terFsti! del in,l0s es tener (n! o dos sFl!b!s entre el !ento %ri"!rio ' el
!ento se(nd!rioM l!s +o!les de l!s sFl!b!s ton!s o no !ent(!d!s s(elen
%ron(ni!rse nor"!l"ente o"o (n! e rel!.!d! LeL$ o"o LIL ' ! +ees LiL1
Al,(n!s %re%osiiones ' !d+erbios o"%(estos lle+!n !ento %ri"!rio en el
se,(ndo ele"ento o en l! 2lti"! sFl!b! %!r! "ostr!r /(e !"bos ele"entos #or"!n
(n! sol! %!l!br!1 E.4 &eneR#ort& Nliter!rioO$&eneR#or7!rd Nliter!rioO$ &it&erRto
Nliter!rioO$ inRside$ "oreRo+er Nliter!rioO$ ne+ert&eRless$ not7it&Rst!ndin, Nliter!rioO$
t&ro(,&Ro(t$ (R%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO$ 7&ereR!s$ et1
L!s %!l!br!s o"%(est!s s(elen lle+!r el !ento %ri"!rio en l! %ri"er! sFl!b!
(!ndo no son +erbos ' en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! de l! se,(nd! %!l!br! si son +erbos1 D1
51;:
51;C1I En rel!i3n on el !ento en l!s %!l!br!s on %re#i.os ' s(#i.os4
56 Se d!n (n!s nor"!s ,ener!les %!r! s!ber si (n %re#i.o %(ede lle+!r (n !ento
%ri"!rio o se(nd!rioM nor"!l"ente o(rre t!"bi0n en otr!s %!l!br!s /(e
e"%ieen %or lo /(e %!ree (n %re#i.o$ !(n/(e no lo se!M "(&os %re#i.os %(eden
lle+!r (n !ento se(nd!rio$ si no son en#tios$ ' t!"bi0n (no %ri"!rio$ si son
en#tios$ ' el &e&o de /(e en GB se (sen "s on !ento se(nd!rio ' en USA
"s on !ento %ri"!rio no /(iere deir /(e no est0n bien !"b!s #or"!s del!nte de
(n! %!l!br! on !ento %ri"!rio1
&os prefi%os a5, ad5, ambi5, an5, ana5, be5, bin5, col5, de5, di5, dis5, ec5, em5, en5,
ep/5, ex5 N%ero (!ndo si,ni#i! U/(e lo #(e !nterior"enteV %(ede lle+!r
t!"bi0n !ento %ri"!rio$ si lle+! 0n#!sis$ ' l! si,(iente %!l!br! (n !ento
%ri"!rioO, for5, il5, ir5, mon5, non5, op5, par5, 'uin5, re5, sl5, sm5, ,it/5, no
suelen llevar el acento primario4 iRlle,!l$ reRso(re#(l H!%!)!do$ !6$ et1
&os prefi%os gentilicios =fro5, =nglo5, =ustro5, Dano5, Euro5, Franco5, Gndo5,
Gris/5, Sino5, Spanis/5, Sro5, Tibeto5, pueden llevar un acento primario en la
primera s(laba$ si son en#tios$ o (n !ento se(nd!rio$ si no son en#tios$ ' otro
!ento %ri"!rio en el si,(iente !d.eti+o ,entiliio1
&os prefi%os ab5, aero5, ant/ropo5, arc/5 Ne-e%to UR!r&!n,elVL U!r&R!n,elV
NGBOO, arc/4a+e5, bi5, co5, electro5, great5, /alf5, ill5, intra5, mal5, pan5, preter5,
pseudo5, 'uasi5, self5, semi5, ter5, un5, vice5, ,ell5, suelen llevar un acento
secundario$ si no lle+!n 0n#!sis$ o (n !ento %ri"!rio$ si lle+!n 0n#!sis ' l!
si,(iente %!l!br! (n !ento %ri"!rio1 E.14 (nR&!%%' Hin#eliz6$ et1
&os prefi%os after5, cent4i+5, euro5, 1ilo5, 'uadr5, suelen llevar el acento
primario en la primera s(laba "s ! "en(do /(e el !ento se(nd!rio1
&os prefi%os com5, e5, per5, pre5, pro5, suelen llevar el acento secundario muc/o
m!s a menudo /(e el !ento %ri"!rio1
&os prefi%os arc/i5, bene5, be5, cat/5, con5, cor5, deca5, fore5, /ecto5, sur5, sn5,
trans5, tri5, pueden llevar el acento primario en la primera s(laba en (nos !sos
el acento secundario en otros1
&os prefi%os ante5, arc/e5, counter5, cross5, demi5, do,n5, /emi5, inter5, intro5,
macro5, manu5, mega5, megal4o+5, meso5, micro5, mid5, mis5, multi5, ob5 N%ero
si el !ento %ri"!rio +! en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! de l! si,(iente %!l!br! no
lle+! !entoO, off5, on5, out5, over5, p/oto5, post5, proto5, 'uadri5, red5, retro5,
sub5, super5, ultra5, under5, uni5, up5, pueden llevar el acento primario en la
primera s(laba en (nos !sos ' el !ento se(nd!rio en l! si,(iente %!l!br!M en
otros !sos pueden llevar un acento secundario en la primera s(laba$ si no
lle+!n 0n#!sis$ o (n !ento %ri"!rio$ si lle+!n 0n#!sis ' l! si,(iente %!l!br! (n
!ento %ri"!rio4 R!nte&!"ber ' U!nteRn!t!lVM R!r&et'%e ' U!r&eRt'%i!lVM
Rs(%er"!r9et ' Us(%erR&e!tV$ et1
&os prefi%os amp/i5, anti5, apo5, astro5, auto5, bio5, cata5, c/rono5, circum5,
contra5, dia5, epi5, exo5, extra5, geo5, /aem4o+5 >HI principalmente?# /em4o+5
>@S=?, /epta5, /exa5, /omo5, /dro5, /per5, /po5, infra5, iso5, meta5, mono5,
neo5, neuro5, ort/o5, para5, penta5, peri5, p/ilo5, pol5, psc/o5, stereo5, tele5,
t/ermo5, pueden llevar el acento primario en la primera o segunda s(laba en
(nos !sos ' el !ento se(nd!rio en l! si,(iente %!l!br!M en otros !sos pueden
llevar un acento secundario en la primera s(laba$ si no lle+!n 0n#!sis$ o (n
!ento %ri"!rio$ si lle+!n 0n#!sis ' l! si,(iente %!l!br! (n !ento %ri"!rio4
R!nti#reeze$ !nRtino"'$ !nti!Rbortion$ et1
El prefi%o e'ui5, puede llevar el acento primario en la primera o segunda s(laba
en (nos !sos ' el !ento se(nd!rio en l! %ri"er! o se,(nd! en otros1
&os prefi%os audio5, biblio5, /etero5, /omeo5, p/sio5, socio5, pueden llevar el
acento primario en la primera o en la tercera s(laba Hl! o6 en (nos !sos ' el
!ento se(nd!rio en l! si,(iente %!l!br!M en otros !sos pueden llevar un acento
secundario en la primera s(laba$ si no lle+!n 0n#!sis$ o (n !ento %ri"!rio$ si
lle+!n 0n#!sis ' l! si,(iente %!l!br! (n !ento %ri"!rio4 Rbiblio%&ile$ bibliRo,r!%&'$
biblioR"!ni!1
El prefi%o eur5 lleva el acento primario en la segunda s(laba o el !ento
se(nd!rio en l! %ri"er!1
&os prefi%os b5, Jcent4i+5, Jmilli5, Jmini5, step5, t/oroug/5, ,el5, suelen llevar el
acento primario en la primera s(laba el acento secundario va en la siguiente
palabra1
El %re#i.o i"I no s(ele lle+!r !ento (!ndo si,ni#i! QnoQ$ es deir$ lo ontr!rio de
lo /(e si,(eM (!ndo no si,ni#i! lo ontr!rio$ !l,(nos no"bres lle+!n !ento
%ri"!rio %ero otros no"bres$ "(&os +erbos$ "(&os !d.eti+os ' "(&os
!d+erbios no1
El %re#i.o inI no s(ele lle+!r !ento (!ndo si,ni#i! QnoQ$ es deir$ lo ontr!rio de lo
/(e si,(eM (!ndo si,ni#i! QenQ$ s(ele lle+!r !ento se(nd!rioM (!ndo no
si,ni#i! ni lo ontr!rio ni QenQ$ s(ele lle+!r !ento %ri"!rio si es (n no"bre %ero no
si es (n +erbo1
Kara m!s informacin V. :1:<15$ ;1::15$ ;1:;$ ;1;<1;$ =155@$ ?18?15I8$ 5C1=515?1
2+ &os sufi%os no suelen llevar el acento primario4 reRso(re#(l H!%!)!do$ !6$ et1$
%ero los s(#i.os Iee$ Ieer$ Iese$ Ies/(e$ Iette$ Ii/(e$ s(elen lle+!r !ento %ri"!rio4
%!'Ree Hbene#ii!rio6$ re#eRree Hrbitro6$ +eRneer Hb!rnizL !%!rieni!L &!%e!r6$
+ol(nRteer H+ol(nt!rio6$ Port(R,(ese H%ort(,(0s6$ !r!Rbes/(e$ ,roRtes/(e H,roteso6$
&("oRres/(e$ It!li!Rnes/(e$ R!"boRes/(e$ %i!Rres/(e$ %it(Rres/(e H%intoreso6$
s(l%t(Rres/(e$ st!t(Res/(e$ 9it&eRnette Hoin! %e/(e)!6$ "'sRti/(e H"Fsti!61 D1:1?
E!' e-e%iones4 Reti/(ette$ et1
&os siguientes sufi%os o terminaciones no /acen 'ue cambie el acento primario
de la palabra a la 'ue se aLaden" 5able, 5age, 5al, 5en, 5ful, 5f, 5ing, 5is/, 5less,
5li1e, 5l, 5ment, 5ness, 5ous, 5,ise, 54 R%erson ' UR%erson!,eVM li,&t ' UenRli,&tenVM
!R7!9e ' U!R7!9enVM Rolo(rL Rolo(r#(lL Rolo(rless NGB %rini%!l"enteO ' URolorL
Rolor#(l L Rolorless NUSAOVM Rinterest e URinterestin,VM R&o%e#(l ' UR&o%e#(ll'VM reRtire
' UreRtire"entVM R,entle ' UR,entlenessL R,entl'V1
Cuando una palabra termina en 5eous, 5et, 5grap/, 5ia, 5iable, 5ial, 5ian, 5iant,
5iar, 5iar, 5iate, 5ible, 5ic, 5ical, 5ient, 5igible, 5io, 5ion, 5ior, 5ious, 5is/, 5itant, 5itive,
5itous, 5itude, 5it, 5ium, 5ius, 5ive, 5nom, 5sion, 5ssion, 5tion, 5ual, 5uous,
normalmente el acento primario suele ir sobre la s(laba anteriorM &!' "s de
diez "il %!l!br!s in,les!s de "s de (n! sFl!b! /(e ter"in!n on estos s(#i.os o
ter"in!iones ' on !ento en l! sFl!b! !nterior4 eRrroneo(s$ soRiet'$ disRo,r!%&'$
iRnerti!$ neR,oti!ble$ Rs%ei!l$ oR""eri!l$ %&oneRtii!n$ "!R,ii!n$ Rde+i!nt$ %eR(li!r$
%eR(ni!r'$ Rde+i!te$ !dR"issible$ Rterrible$ Rl!ssi$ do,R"!ti$ %re&isRtori$
s'nRt&etiH!l6$ Rlo,i!l$ R!nient$ eRli,ible$ inRtelli,ible$ Rr!dio$ deRd(tion$ desRtr(tion$
disR(ssion$ inRtention$ obsRtr(tion$ oRl(sion$ re%erR(ssion$ inR#erior$ inRd(strio(s$
R#inis&$ Re/(it'$ n!tioRn!lit'$ R/(!lit'$ R/(!ntit'$ (niR+ersit'$ Ro%i("$ Rresti+e$ et1 E!'
!l,(n!s e-e%iones4 RAr!bi$ R*!t&oli$ Rd!ndelion$ et1
*(!ndo (n +erbo ter"in! en Ii#'$ Iis&$ nor"!l"ente el !ento %ri"!rio +! sobre l!
sFl!b! !nterior4 Rl!ssi#'$ Rdi,ni#'$ Rterri#'$ R#inis&$ et1M &!' e-e%iones4 deR#'$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! on el s(#i.o IiteH$6 lle+! el !ento en l! "is"! sFl!b!
/(e sin el s(#i.o1 E.14 Rje##erson ' URje##ersoniteV$ et1
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! on tres sFl!b!s o "s ter"in! en I!teH$6 nor"!l"ente el !ento
%ri"!rio +! dos sFl!b!s !ntes4 %reRi%it!te$ et1 D1 =155B
&as palabras de cuatro o m!s s(labas 'ue terminan en 5ator, 5mon, suelen
llevar el acento primario en la cuarta s(laba empe)ando por atr!s1 E.14
R!lli,!tor$ Rtesti"on'$ et1M t!"bi0n "(&!s %!l!br!s de 5155 /(e ter"in!n en I!r'$
Ior'1
Kara m!s informacin V. :1:<18I=$ ;1::18I:$ ?18?1:$ 5C1=515?1
51;51I Cuando /a un nombre compuesto por dos o m!s elementos separados
en el 'ue el primero o los primeros son nombres 'ue /acen la funcin de
ad%etivos clasificativos, lo m!s seguro para los castellano/ablantes es acentuar
los dos con un acento primarioM esto si"%li#i! "(&o l! %ron(ni!i3nM %(eden
lle+!r t!"bi0n (n !ento %ri"!rio ' otro se(nd!rio %ero esto es "(' o"%li!do
'! /(e +!rF! de (n !so ! otroM !d! ele"ento del no"bre o"%(esto %(ede ser
si"%le o o"%(esto on ,(i3n o sin ,(i3nM &!' !l,(nos diion!rios /(e los
!ent2!n los dos on !entos %ri"!rios1 D1 ;1;CI8
51;81I Cuando /a un sintagma nominal compuesto por un ad%etivo D un
nombre, el acento primario suele caer sobre el nombre en ingls el ad%etivo
lleva acento secundarioM en !stell!no el !ento %ri"!rio s(ele !er sobre el
!d.eti+o$ si +! detrs del no"bre1 E.14 ! bi, Rs&o+el H(n! %!l! R,r!nde6M ! bl(e R%enil
H(n l%iz !z(l6$ %ero URbl(eIR%enilV Horre,ir on (n l%iz !z(lL ens(r!r6M It
"e!s(res ! s/(!re R"ile HMide (n! "ill! (!Rdr!d!6M It "e!s(res t7o Rt&o(s!nd
s/(!re R"iles HMide dos "il "ill!s (!Rdr!d!s6$ et1
*(!ndo &!' ontr!ste entre +!ri!s %!l!br!s se %(ede !"bi!r el !ento ' se %(ede
!ent(!r (!l/(ier %!l!br!M si el !d.eti+o lle+! 0n#!sis$ el !ento %ri"!rio s(ele !er
sobre el !d.eti+o ' el no"bre lle+! !ento se(nd!rio1 E.14 S&e loo9ed R&!%%'$ not
R(n&!%%' Nsi no #(er! ontr!st!d! el !ento irF! en l! se,(nd! sFl!b!4 (nR&!%%'O HEll!
%!reF! #eRliz$ no desdiR&!d!6M Ee is ! RFren& te!&er$ not ! R#res& te!&er Nsi no
#(er!n ontr!st!d!s el !ento re!erF! en URte!&erV ' no en el !d.eti+oO Hl es (n
%ro#esor #r!nR0s$ no (n %ro#esor R#reso6M T&is is R"' boo9$ not R'o(r boo9 Hste es
R"i libro$ no Rt( libro61
A +ees$ &!' di#ereni! en el !ento entre GB ' USA4 %(bli Rsetor NGBOL R%(bli
setor NUSAO Hsetor %2blio6$ et1
T!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no se %(ede !ent(!r (n! %!l!br! en +ez de otr!
%!r! d!rle 0n#!sis1 E.14 mo(r R"ot&er didnZt %r!ise 'o(r sister HT( R"!dre N' no otr!
%erson!O no !l!b3 ! t( &er"!n!6M mo(r "ot&er didnZt R%r!ise 'o(r sister HT( "!dre
no !l!Rb3 N%ero i,(!l o"%rendi3$ et1O ! t( &er"!n!6M mo(r "ot&er didnZt %r!ise
'o(r Rsister HT( "!dre no !l!b3 ! t( &erR"!n! Nsino ! otr! %erson!O61
51;:1I Aa una serie de nombres o ad%etivos verbos de dos s(labas 'ue tienen
la misma forma, pero se distinguen en la pronunciacin %or/(e lle+!n el !ento
en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! (!ndo son no"bres o !d.eti+os e-e%to en los !d.eti+os ('!
tr!d(i3n !%!ree on los +erbos$ ' en l! se,(nd! (!ndo son +erbosM son
&eter3ni"os ND151:=18OM todos estos no"bres %(eden &!er de !d.eti+os
l!si#i!ti+os (!ndo +!n del!nte del no"bre ND1 ;1;5O1 E.4 R!bsent H!(sente6 '
U!bRsentV H!(sent!rse6M R!bstr!t H!bstr!to N!d.eti+oOL res("en Nno"breOL (!dro
!bstr!to Nno"breO6 ' U!bRstr!tV H!bstr!erL o"%endi!r6M R!ent LRY9sentL NGBO
o LRY9sentL NUSAO H!ento6 ' U!RentV H!ent(!r6M R!ddit H!ditoL %!rtid!rio6 '
U!RdditV Hdedi!rL en+ii!r6M R!ddress NUSAOL !Rddress NGB %rini%!l"enteO
Hdirei3nL dis(rso6 ' U!RddressV H%onerle l! direi3n !L diri,irse !6M R!d+ert NGB4
olo/(i!lO H!n(nio6 ' U!dR+ertV H&!er !l(si3n NoO re#ereni!6M R!##et N"s (s!doOL
!R##et Hest!do !#eti+o6 ' U!R##etV H!#et!rL #in,ir6M R!##i- H!#i.oL !)!did(r!6 ' U!R##i-V
H!d&erirL !trib(ir6M R!ll' N"s (s!doOL !Rll' N"enos (s!doO H!li!do6 ' U!Rll'V N"s
(s!doOL UR!ll'V H!li!rse6M R!llo'L !Rllo' NUSA4 "enos (s!doO H!le!i3nL /(il!te del oroL
le' de l! %l!t!6 ' U!Rllo'V H!le!r NoO "ezl!rL !d(lter!rL "oder!r6M R!nne- NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOL R!nne-e NGBO H!ne-oL %!bell3n6 ' U!Rnne-V H!ne-ion!rL !)!dir6M
R!ss!' NoO !Rss!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO Hens!'o6 ' U!Rss!'V Hens!'!r6M R!(,"ent
H!l!r,!"iento Nde (n! +o!l inii!lO ' U!(,R"entV H!("ent!rHse66M bel!' LbIRleIL o
LRb I le IL NGBO H!,!rr!deroL s!liente de ro!6 ' Ubel!'V LbIRleIL H!"!rr!rL blo/(e!r6M
Rbo"b!rdL Rbo"b!4dL NGBO o LRb!4"b!4rdL NUSAO Hbo"b!rd!6 ' Ubo"Rb!rdV
Lbo"Rb!4dL NGBO o Lb!4"Rb!4rdL NUSAO Hbo"b!rde!r6M R!nton N"s (s!doOL !nRton
H!nt3n6 ' U!nRton4 L9YnRtonL NGBO o LR9YntenL NUSA o LR9Ynt!4nLO Hdi+idir en
!ntones NoO %!rtes6 ' L9YnRt(4nL NGBO o L9YnRto(nL NUSA o L9YnRt!4nLO H!(!rtel!rL
!!nton!r Htro%!s66VM Rollet LR9ole9tL NGB4 "s (s!do /(e LR9olI9tLO o LR9!4le9tL
NUSA4 "s (s!do /(e LR9!4lI9tLO Holet! Ni or!i3nO6 ' UoRlletV H.(nt!r N+erboOL !
obro re+ertido N!d.eti+o ' !d+erbioO6M Ro"b!t LR9o"bYtL NGBO o LR9!4"bYtL NUSAO
Ho"b!te6 ' Uo"Rb!tV L9e"RbYtL N!(n/(e t!"bi0n %(ede ir !ent(!do en l!
%ri"er!O Ho"b!tir6M Ro"bine LR9o"b!InL NGBO o LR9!4"b!InL NUSAO Hose&!dor!L
,r(%o ind(stri!l6 ' Uo"RbineV L9e"Rb!InL Ho"bin!r6M Ro""(ne LR9o".(nL NGBO o
LR9!4".(nL NUSAO Ho"(n!6 ' UoR""(neV Ho"(l,!rL est!r en o"(ni3nL
on+ers!r6M Ro"%!t LR9o"%Y9tL NGBO o LR9!4"%Y9tL NUSAO H!(erdoL est(&e de
%ol+os6 ' Uo"R%!tV Ho"%!t!rL o"%ri"irL o"%!to N!d.eti+oO6M Ro"%lot
N!r!ioO Ho"%lot NoO o"%l36 ' Uo"R%lotV N!r!ioO Htr!"!r6M
Ro"%o(nd LR9o"%!(ndL NGBO o LR9!4"%!(ndL NUSAO Ho"%(esto N!d.eti+o '
no"breOL "ezl!6 ' Uo"R%o(ndL Ro"%o(nd NUSA4 "enos (s!doO H!,r!+!rL
!("ent!r6VM Ro"%ress LR9o"%resL NGBO o LR9!4"%resL NUSAO Ho"%res!6 '
Uo"R%ressV L9e"R%resL Ho"%ri"ir6M Ronert Honierto6 ' UonRertV Honert!rL
oordin!r6M Ronord LR9on9o4dL NGBO o LR9!4n9o4rdL NUSAO Honordi!L
onord!ni!6 ' UonRordV L9enR9o4dL NGBO o L9enR9o4rdL NUSAO Honord!r6M
Ronrete NGB %rini%!l"enteOL onRrete NUSA %rini%!l"enteO N!d.eti+oO
Honreto6$ RonreteL onRrete NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Nno"breO H&or"i,3n
Nestnd!rOL e"ento Nolo/(i!lO6 ' URonrete N+erboO H%!+i"ent!r on &or"i,3n6$
onRreteL Ronrete NUSAO N+erboO Hsolidi#i!rHse6L end(reerse6VM Rond(t
Hond(t!6 ' UonRd(tV Hre!liz!rL ,(i!rL ond(ir6M Ron#ine LR9on#!InL NGBO
o LR9!4n#!InL NUSAO H#ronter!L lF"ite6 ' UonR#ineV Hli"it!r6M Ron#lit LR9on#lI9tL NGBO
o LR9!4n#lI9tL NUSAO Hon#lito6 ' UonR#litV Hdisre%!rL est!r en %(,n!6M
Ronsri%t LR9ons9rI%tL NGBO o LR9!4ns9rI%tL NUSAO H/(intoL rel(t!6 ' UonRsri%tV
Hrel(t!r6M Ronser+eL onRser+e NGBO Honser+!L on#it(r!6 ' UonRser+eV
Honser+!r6M Ronsole LR9onso(lL NGBO o LR9!4nso(lL NUSAO Honsol!6 ' UonRsoleV
Honsol!r6M Ronsort LR9onso4tL NGBO o LR9!4nso4rtL NUSAO Honsorte6 '
UonRsortV L9enRso4tL NGBO o L9enRso4rtL NUSAO Htener tr!to onL o"%!deerse on6M
Ronstr(t LR9onstrA9tL NGBO o LR9!4nstrA9tL NUSAO Honstr(i3n6 ' UonRstr(tV
Honstr(ir6M Ront!t LR9ontY9tL NGBO o LR9!4ntY9tL NUSAO Hont!to6 ' UonRt!tL
Ront!tV H%onerse en ont!to NoO ont!t!r6M Rontent LR9ontentL NGBO o LR9!4ntentL
NUSAO Hontenido6 ' UonRtentV Hs!tis#e&o NoO ontento N!d.eti+oOL ontent!r
N+erboO6M Rontest LR9ontestL NGBO o LR9!4ntestL NUSAO Hon(rsoL ert!"en6 '
UonRtestV Hre#(t!rL i"%(,nn!r6M Rontr!t LR9ontrY9tL NGBO o LR9!4ntrY9tL NUSAO
Hontr!to6 ' UonRtr!tV L9enRtrY9tL o LR9!4ntrY9tL NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Hontr!t!r6M
Rontr!st LR9ontr!4stL NGBO o LR9!4ntrYstL NUSAO Hontr!ste6 ' UonRtr!stV L9enRtr!4stL
NGBO o L9enRtrYstL NUSA4 "s (s!doO o LR9!4ntrYstL NUSA4 "enos (s!doO
Hontr!st!r6M t&e Ron+erse LR9on+4sL NGBO o LR9!4n+4rsL NUSAO Hlo ontr!rio6 '
UonR+erseV Hon+ers!r6M Ron+ert LR9on+4tL NGBO o LR9!4n+4rtL NUSAO Hon+erso6 '
UonR+ertV Hon+ertirL re#or"!r6M Ron+it LR9on+I9tL NGBO o LR9!4n+I9tL NUSAO
Hrel(sHo$ !6L %residi!riHo$ !66 ' UonR+itV L9enR+I9tL Honden!r6M RrossHI6&e9
H+eri#i!i3n6 ' UrossHI6R&e9 NGB4 "s (s!doOL Rross&e9 H+eri#i!rL &!er (n!
o"%rob!i3n NoO +eri#i!i3n6V No URrossHI6R&e9V %!r! el no"bre ' el +erbo en
GB ' USAOM Rdeo' N"s (s!doOL deRo' Hse)(elo6 ' UdeRo'V H!tr!er on se)(elo6M
Rdere!se N"s (s!doOL deRre!se Hdis"in(i3n6 ' UdeRre!seL Rdere!se NUSA4
"enos (s!doO Hdis"in(ir6VM deR#!(lt NoO Rde#!(lt NGB4 "enos (s!doO Nno"breO '
UdeR#!(ltV N+erboOM Rde#et L deR#et NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Hde#eto6 ' UdeR#etV
Hdesert!r6M Rde#ile Nliter!rioO NoO deR#ile Nliter!rioO Hdes#il!dero6 ' UdeR#ileV Nliter!rioO
H%ro#!n!rL orro"%er6M Rdes!nt Hontr!%(nto6 ' UdeRs!ntL Rdes!nt NUSA4 "enos
(s!doO H!nt!r NoO to!r en ontr!%(ntoL dis(rrir l!r,!"ente6VM Rdesert Hdesierto6 '
UdeRsertV Hdesert!r6M Rdes%ond NGBOL desR%ond NUSAO N!r!ioO Hdes!liento6 '
UdesR%ondV Hdes!lent!rse6M Rdet!ilL deRt!il NUSA4 "s (s!doO Hdet!lle6 ' UdeRt!il N"s
(s!doOL Rdet!il Hdet!ll!r6VM Rdit!te H"!nd!to6 ' UdiRt!teL Rdit!te NUSA4 "s (s!doO
Hdit!rL "!nd!r6VM Rdi,est Ho"%endioL boletFn6 ' UdiR,estV Hdi,erirL o"%endi!r6M
Rdis!rd Hdese&oL des!rte6 ' UdisR!rdV Hdese&!r6M Rdis&!r,e N"s (s!doOL
disR&!r,e Hdes!r,!6 ' UdisR&!r,eL Rdis&!r,e NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Hdes!r,!r6VM
Rdisord Hdisord!ni!L des!(erdo6 ' UdisRordV Hdisre%!r6M Rdiso(nt Hdes(ento6 '
UdisRo(nt NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rdiso(nt NUSA4 "s (s!doO Hdes!rt!rL %!s!r %or
!ltoL desont!r6VM Rdiso(rseL disRo(rse NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Hdis(rsoL disert!i3nL
on+ers!i3n6 ' UdisRo(rseL Rdiso(rse NUSA4 "enos (s!doOV Hdisert!r6M Rdis%!t&
N"s (s!doOL disR%!t& N"enos (s!doO Hen+FoL des%!&o6 ' UdisR%!t&V Hen+F!rL
des%!&!r6M disR%(te NoO Rdis%(te NGB4 "enos (s!doO Hdis%(t!6 ' UdisR%(teV
Hdis%(t!r6M Re,ress Hs!lid!L e,resi3n6 e UeR,ressV Hs!lir6M Rensi,n Hense)!L %!bell3n6 '
UenRsi,nV Hindi!r6M Rentr!ne Hentr!d!6 e UenRtr!neV LInRtr!4nsL NGBO e LInRtrYnsL
NUSAO He"beles!r6M Resort Hesolt!L !o"%!)!nte6 ' UesRort N"s (s!doO NoO Resort
Hesolt!rL !o"%!)!rL ond(ir6VM Ress!' Hens!'o6 ' UeRss!'V Nliter!rioO Hintent!r
re!liz!rL %rob!r6M Re-er%t Hres("en6 ' Ue-Rer%tV Hondens!r6M Re-ise NoO e-Rise
NGB4 "enos (s!doO Hi"%(estos indiretos6 ' Ue-Rise Nliter!rioO He-tir%!rL s(%ri"irL
%!,!r i"%(estos indiretos Nr!roO NGBO6L Re-ise NUSAO H%!,!r i"%(estos indiretos
Nr!roO6VM Re-%loit H&!z!)!L %roez!6 e Ue-R%loitV He-%lot!r6M Re-%ort He-%ort!i3n6 e
Ue-R%ortL Re-%ort NUSA4 "enos (s!doO He-%ort!r6VM Re-tr!t H#r!,"entoL trozoL
e-tr!to6 e Ue-Rtr!tV He-tr!erL s!!r6M R#er"ent LR#4"entL NGBO o LR#4r"entL NUSAO
H#er"entoL #er"ent!do6 ' U#erR"entV H#er"ent!r6M R#ore!st H%re+isi3n6 ' U#oreR!stV
H&!er (n! %re+isi3n6M R#oret!ste LR#o4teIstL NGBO o LR#o4rteIstL NUSAO H,oe NoO s!bor
!ntii%!do6 ' U#oreRt!steV L#o4RteIstL NGBO o L#o4rRteIstL NUSAO H,oz!r NoO s!bore!r on
!ntii%!i3n6M R#r!,"ent H#r!,"ento6 ' U#r!,R"entL R#r!,"ent NUSA4 "s (s!doO
H#r!,"ent!rse6VM R#re/(ent H#re(ente N!d.eti+oO6 ' U#reR/(entV H#re(ent!r6M R,!ll!nt
Nno"bre ' !d.eti+oO N"s (s!doO NoO ,!Rll!nt Nno"breO H,!l!nte6 ' U,!Rll!nt N"s
(s!doO NoO R,!ll!ntV H,!l!nte!r6M R&'dr!te LIeItL H&idr!to6 ' UR&'dr!teL &'Rdr!te NGB4
"s (s!doOV LIeItL H&idr!t!rse6M Ri"%!t Hi"%!to6 e Ui"R%!tV H&!er i"%!toL
&o!r ontr!6M Ri"%l!nt Hi"%l!nteL in.erto6 e Ui"R%l!ntV Hi"%l!nt!rL in.ert!r6M Ri"%ort
Hi"%ort!i3nL i"%ort!ni!6 e Ui"R%ortL Ri"%ortV Hi"%ort!r6M Ri"%ress Hi"%ront!L
i"%resi3n6 e Ui"R%ressV Hi"%ri"irL i"%resion!r6M Ri"%rint Hi"%ront!L &(ell!L
olei3n in#!ntil6 e Ui"R%rintV Hi"%ri"irL ,r!b!r6M Rinense HiniensoL !l!b!nz!L
/(e"!r iniensoL #("i,!r on inienso6 e UinRenseV Hindi,n!rL irrit!r6M Rinline N"s
(s!doO NoO inRline Nliter!riosO H%endiente6 e UinRlineV Nliter!rioO Hinlin!rHse6L b!.!r6M
Rinre!se N"s (s!doOL inRre!se Hinre"ento6 e UinRre!se N"s (s!doO NoO Rinre!se
Hinre"ent!r6VM Rindent N"s (s!doOL inRdent H%edido6 e UinRdentV Hs!n,r!rL de.!r
"!r!s en6M Rin#i- Hin#i.o6 e UinR#i- NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO Rin#i- NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOV Hinsert!rL inter!l!r6M Rin,r!inL Ren,r!in H#ibr! te)id! !ntes de ser
%roes!d!L te)ido en r!"!L inn!to6 e UinR,r!in N"s (s!doOL enR,r!in N"enos (s!doO
Hi"%re,n!rL te)ir en r!"!6VM Rinl!' Hinr(st!i3nL e"%!ste6 e UinRl!' NoO Rinl!' NUSA4
"enos (s!doO Hinr(st!rL &!er inr(st!iones6VM Rinsert Hre(!droL en!.eL !)!dido6
e UinRsertV Hinsert!rL en!rt!rL !)!dir6M Rinset Hinseri3nL re(!droL en!.eL !)!didoL
#l(.o Hde l! "!re!66 e UinRset NoO Rinset NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Hinsert!rL i"%ri"ir
o"o re(!dro o en!rteL !)!dir6VM Rins(lt Hins(lto6 e UinRs(ltV Hins(lt!r6M Rintern
NUSAO HNdotorO internoL !l("no en %rti!s6 e UinRternV Hintern!r6M Rintri,(e N"s
(s!doO NoO inRtri,(e Hintri,!6 e UinRtri,(eV Hintri,!r6M Rin+ert N"enos (s!doO Hin+ertido
N!d.eti+oOL tr!+estFL &o"ose-(!l Nno"bresO6 e UinR+ertV N"s (s!doO Hin+ertir6M Rin+ite
Nliter!rioO Hin+it!i3n6 e UinR+iteV Hin+it!r6M R"iso(nt NoO "isRo(nt H(ent! err3ne!6 '
U"isRo(ntV Hont!r "!l6M R"is#it H%erson! in!d!%t!d!L os! "!l !.(st!d!6 ' U"isR#itV
Hno sent!r bienL des!.(st!r6M R"is&it H,ol%e de#et(oso6 ' U"isR&itV H,ol%e!r "!l6M
R"is"!t& N"s (s!doOL "isR"!t& Hdes!.(ste6 ' U"isR"!t&L R"is"!t& NGB4
"enos (s!doO Hdes!.(st!r6VM R"is%rint Herr!t! Nde i"%rent!O6 ' U"isR%rintV Hi"%ri"ir
"!l6M R"iss&!%e Hde#or"!i3n6 ' U"isRs&!%eV Hde#or"!r6M Rob.et Hob.eto6 ' UobR.etV
Hob.et!r6M Ro##set LRo#setL NGBO o LR!4#setL NUSAO Ho"%ens!i3nL !lo6 ' Uo##Rset
Lo#RsetL NGB ( URo##setVO o L!4#RsetL NUSAO Ho"%ens!rL ontr!rrest!rL &!er res!lt!rL
i"%ri"ir on !lo6VM Ro(tro% H!#lor!"ientoL er(%i3n6 ' Uo(tRro%V H!#lor!rL
"!ni#est!rse6M Ro(tross H!ni"!l en,endr!do %or r(e6 ' Uo(tRross NGBOL Ro(tross
NUSAOV Hr(z!r H!ni"!les6 de distinto ti%o %ero de l! "is"! r!z!6M Ro(tr' H%rotest!
Hen0r,i!6L l!"orL s(b!st!6 ' Uo(tRr' NGBOL Ro(tr' NUSAOV H,rit!r "s /(e6M
Ro(t#lo7 Hdes!,XeL #l(.oL #(,!6 ' Uo(tR#lo7V L!(tR#lo(L Hderr!"!r6M Ro(t,o H,!stoL
e#l(+ioL s!lid!6 ' Uo(tR,oV He-ederL !+ent!.!r6M Ro(tl!' Hdese"bolso6 ' Uo(tRl!'L
Ro(tl!' NUSA4 "s (s!doOV Hdese"bols!r6M Ro(t%o(r H&orro6 ' Uo(tR%o(rV H&orre!rL
+erter6M Ro(tre!& He-tensi3nL !l!ne6 ' Uo(tRre!&V Hs(%er!r6M Ro(tride Nr!roO HsFl!b!
e-tr! no !ent(!d! en (n! (nid!d "0tri!6 ' Uo(tRrideV H"ont!r "e.or o "s r%ido
/(eL resistir bien H(n b!ro (n te"%or!l66M Ro(ts&oot Hdis%!roL s!liente6 ' Uo(tRs&ootV
Hdis%!r!r "e.or /(eL sobres!lir6M Ro(ts%!n Nn#ri! del s(rO Hdes(ni3n6 ' Uo(tRs%!n
Nn#ri! del s(rOV Hdes(nir6M Ro(ts%re!d He-tensi3nL des%lie,(e6 ' Uo(tRs%re!dV
He-tenderL des%le,!r6M Ro(t7or9 Hobr! e-terior6 ' Uo(tR7or9V Htr!b!.!r "s /(eL
resol+er6M R%er#et H%er#eto N!d.eti+oOL tie"%o %er#eto Nno"breO6 ' U%erR#etV
H%er#eion!r6M R%er#("eL %erR#("e NUSA4 "enos (s!doO H%er#("e6 ' U%erR#("e
N"s (s!doOL R%er#("e H%er#("!r6VM R%er"it H%er"iso6 ' U%erR"itV H%er"itir6M R%er+ert
LR%4+4tL NGBO o LR%4r+4rtL NUSAO H%er+ertido6 ' U%erR+ertV H%er+ertir6M R%i,"ent
H%i,"ento6 ' U%i,R"ent N"s (s!doOL R%i,"ent H%i,"ent!r6VM R%ost#i- Hs(#i.o6 '
U%ostR#i- H!)!dir o"o s(#i.o6M R%re#i- H%re#i.o6 ' U%reR#i-L R%re#i-V H!nte%onerL
!d.(nt!r6M R%re"ise H%re"is!6 ' U%reR"ise NGB4 "s (s!doOL R%re"ise Hest!bleer
o"o %re"is!6VM R%res!,e H%res!,io6 ' U%reRs!,eV NoO UR%res!,eV H%res!,i!r6M R%resent
H%resenteL re,!lo6 ' U%reRsentV H%resent!r6M R%roeeds H,!n!ni!sL in,resos6 '
U%roReedsV H!+!nz!L ontin2!L %rosi,(e6M R%roess H%roeso6 ' UR%roess Ntr!nsiti+oO
H%roes!r6L %roRess Nintr!nsiti+oO Hir en %roesi3nL des#il!r6VM R%rod(e LR%rod.(4sL
NGBO o LR%r!4d(4sL NUSAO H%rod(to6 ' U%roRd(eV L%reRd.(4sL NGBO o L%reRd(4sL
NUSAO H%rod(ir6M R%ro,ress LR%ro(,resL NGBO o LR%r!4,resL NUSAO H%ro,reso6 '
U%roR,ressV L%reR,resL H%ro,res!r6M R%ro.et LR%rode9tL NGBO o LR%r!4de9tL NUSAO
H%ro'eto6 ' U%roR.etV L%reRde9tL H%ro'et!r6M R%rol!%se N"s (s!doOL %roRl!%se
H%rol!%so6 ' U%roRl!%seL R%rol!%se NGB4 "s (s!doOV Hs(#rir %rol!%so6M
R%ros%et LR%ros%e9tL NGBO o LR%r!4s%e9tL NUSAO H%osibilid!dL %ers%eti+!6 '
U%rosR%et NGB4 "s (s!doOL R%ros%et He-%lor!r6VM R%rotest H%rotest!6 ' U%roRtestL
R%rotest NUSA4 "enos (s!doO H%rotest!r6VM R%(r%ort Nliter!rioO Hsi,ni#i!do6 '
U%(rR%ort N"s (s!doOL R%(r%ort Nliter!rioO H%retender6VM Rr!"%!,eL r!"R%!,e NGB4
"enos (s!doO H!lborotoL t("(ltoL destrozo6 ' Ur!"R%!,eL Rr!"%!,e NGB4 "enos
(s!doO H%!s!r !rr!s!ndoL !lborot!rseL destroz!r6VM Rrebel LRrebelL Hrebelde6 '
UreRbelV LrIRbelL Hrebel!rse6M Rrebo(ndL reRbo(nd NUSA4 "enos (s!doO HreboteL
re(%er!i3n6 ' UreRbo(ndL Rrebo(nd NUSA4 "enos (s!doOV Hrebot!r6M Rre!%
Nolo/(i!lO Hre!%it(l!i3n NoO res("enL ne("tio re!(&(t!do NUSA$ A(str!li! '
N(e+! [el!nd!O6$ Rre!% NoO reR!% Nolo/(i!lesO Hre!%it(l!r NoO res("ir6 ' UreR!%V
Hre!(&(t!r NUSA$ A(str!li! ' N(e+! [el!nd!OM Rreess Nen GB "s #re(ente en l!
se,(nd! /(e en l! %ri"er! ' en USA !l re+0sO H&(eoL !+id!dL inter"edioL rereo6
' UreRessV Nen GB "s #re(ente en l! se,(nd! /(e en l! %ri"er! ' en USA !l
re+0sO H!&(e!rL se%!r!rL entr!r en reesoL &!er (n inter"edio6M Rreoil N"s (s!doOL
reRoil HretroesoL dis,(sto6 ' UreRoilV Hretir!rseL dis,(st!rse6M Rreord HdisoL
re,istroL "!r!6 ' UreRordV H,r!b!r6M RreIo(nt Hre(entoL se,(ndo esr(tinio6 '
UreIRo(nt Lri4R9!(ntL H+ol+er ! ont!rL &!er el se,(ndo esr(tinio6L reo(nt LrIR9!(ntL
Hn!rr!rL ont!r6VM Rredi!l Hrell!"!d!6 ' UreRdi!lV H+ol+er ! ll!"!r6M RreHI6dr!#t Hn(e+o
borr!dor6 ' UreHI6Rdr!#tV H+ol+er ! red!t!r6M Rredress N"enos (s!doOL reRdress
Hre%!r!i3nL o"%ens!i3n6 ' UreRdressV Hre%!r!rL en"end!r6M Rre#ill Hre%(estoL
re!"bio6 ' UreR#illV H+ol+er ! llen!rL rellen!r6M Rre#it Hre%!r!i3nL
re!ondiion!"iento6 ' UreR#itV Hre%!r!rL re!ondiion!r6M Rre#le- N!d.eti+o '
no"breO Hre#le.o6 ' UreR#le-V NGBM en USA se die Ure#letV$ /(e se (s! t!"bi0n en
GBO Hre#le.!r6M Rre#(nd LRri4#AndL Hree"bolsoL de+ol(i3n del dinero6 '
UreR#(nd LrIR#AndL Hde+ol+erL ree"bols!r Nel dineroO6L reI#(nd Lri4R#AndL Hre#in!ni!rL
reonsolid!r6VM re#(se LRre#.(4sL Hb!s(r!L dese&o6 ' Ure#(seV LrIR#.(4zL Hre&(s!rL
re&!z!r6M Rre,ress HretroesoL retir!d!6 ' UreR,ressV Hretroeder6M Rre&!s&L reR&!s&
NGB4 "enos (s!doO Hre#(ndii3nL re%etii3nL re#rito6 ' UreR&!s&V H+ol+er ! %resent!rL
&!er (n re#rito deL re!lent!r6M Rre&e!t NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ho"b(sti3n ret!rd!d!6
' UreR&e!tV Hre!lent!r6M Rre.et H!rtF(lo NoO %rod(to de#et(oso6 ' UreR.etV
Hre&!z!r6M Rrel!(n& Hrel!nz!"iento6 ' UreRl!(n&V Hrel!nz!r6M Rrel!'L reRl!' NGB4
"enos (s!doO Hrele+oL %ost!L !rrer! de rele+osL rel0L re%etidor6 ' UreHI6l!' Lri4RleIL
H+ol+er ! olo!rL +ol+er ! tender6L reRl!' N"s (s!doO LrIRleIL NoO Rrel!' LRri4leIL
Htr!ns"itirL retr!ns"itirL re,(l!r %or rel06VM re"!9e LRri4"eI9L Hn(e+! +ersi3n Nde (n!
%elF(l!L !ni3nO6 ' Ure"!9eV Lri4R"eI9L Hre&!er NoO +ol+er ! &!er N(n! %elF(l!L
!ni3nO6M Rre"!t&L reR"!t& NUSAO Hdes/(iteL re+!n&! Hde (n %!rtido66 '
UreR"!t&V NGBO H.(,!r de n(e+o H(n %!rtido66M Rre"it Nliter!rio4 GB4 "s
(s!doO LRri4"itL NoO reR"it LrIR"ItL Ho"etidoL de+ol(i3n de (n! !(s! le,!l6 '
UreR"itV LrIR"ItL Nliter!rioO Hre"itir6M Rre"i- Hn(e+! +ersi3n6 ' UreR"i-V H&!er (n!
n(e+! +ersi3n6M Rre"o(ld NGBO Hne("tio re!(&(t!do6 ' UreR"o(ld NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL reR"old NUSAOV H"olde!r de n(e+o NoO !"bi!rL re!(&(t!r
NGBO6M Rre"o(nt H!b!llo de rele+o6 ' UreR"o(ntV Hre"ont!r6M Rre%l!' Hre%etii3n de
(n %!rtido6 ' UreR%l!'V H+ol+er ! .(,!r6M Rre%rint Hrei"%resi3nL o%i!6 ' UreR%rintV
Hrei"%ri"irL &!er (n! o%i! de6M Rrer(n Hreestreno Nde (n! %elF(l!$ et1O6 ' UreRr(nV
Hreestren!r N(n! %elF(l!$ et1O6M reRse!r& NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rrese!r& NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO Hin+esti,!i3n6 ' UreRse!r&L Rrese!r& NUSA4 "enos (s!doO
Hin+esti,!r6VM Rreset NGBO Hre!.(steL reo"%osii3nL !%!r!to %!r! re!.(st!r !l,oL
%l!nt! tr!s%l!nt!d!6 ' UreRsetV Hre!.(st!rL reo"%onerL +ol+er ! en,!st!rL +ol+er !
en!.!rL reinii!liz!r6M Rresit NGBO Hre+lid!6 ' UreRsitV NGBO H%resent!rse otr! +ez6M
Rres%r!' Hn(e+! roi!d!L n(e+! %(l+eriz!i3n6 ' UreRs%r!'V Hroi!r de n(e+o6M Rrest!rt
Ho"ienzo de n(e+o6 ' UreRst!rtV Hre!n(d!rL reinii!rL e"%ez!r de n(e+o6M Rret!il NoO
reRt!il NGB4 "enos (s!doO H+ent! !l %or "enor6 ' UreRt!ilV Hre%etirL ont!r6 %ero
URret!il N"s (s!doOL reRt!ilV H+enderHse6 !l %or "enor6M Rret!9e Hre%etii3n NineO6 '
UreRt!9eV H+ol+er ! to"!rL re%etir NineOL e-!"in!rse de n(e+o de6M Rret!rd NUSA4
olo/(i!l4 %e'or!ti+oO Hretr!s!do "ent!lL t!r!dHo$ !66 ' UreRt!rdV Nliter!rioO Hret!rd!r6M
Rret&in9 Hreonsider!i3n6 ' UreRt&in9V Hreonsider!r6M Rretre!d Hne("tio
re!(&(t!do6 ' UreRtre!d Lri4RtredL Hre!(&(t!rL re"odel!r6L reIRtre!d Lri4RtredL
H+ol+er ! %is!r6VM Rre+!"%L reR+!"% NGB4 "enos (s!doO Hre#or"!6 ' UreR+!"%V
Hre#or"!r6M Rre+ert NGBOL reR+ert NUSAO HelL l! /(e re+ierte ! s( #e6 ' UreR+ertV
H+ol+erL re+ertirL s!lt!r !trs6M Rre7ind N"s (s!doOL reR7ind Hrebobin!doL l! !i3n
de +ol+er ! d!r (erd! NoO de+!n!r6 ' UreR7indV H+ol+er ! d!r (erd!L rebobin!rL
de+!n!r6M Rre7rite LRri4r!ItL Hre#(ndii3nL n(e+! +ersi3n6 ' UreR7riteV Lri4Rr!ItL
Hre#(ndirL reesribir NoO +ol+er ! esribir6M Rseond Hse,(ndo N' o"o +erbo (!ndo
si,ni#i! Q!%o'!rQO6 ' UseRondV NGBO Htr!sl!d!r Nte"%or!l"enteOL en+i!r en
o"isi3n de ser+iios6M Rse,"ent Hse,"ento6 ' Use,R"ent NGBOL Rse,"ent NUSAO
Hse,"ent!r6VM Rs(b.et Hs(.eto NoO te"! Nno"breOL so"etido NoO e-%(esto N!d.eti+oO6
' Us(bR.etV Hso"eterL do"in!r6M Rs(ble!se Hs(b!rriendo6 ' Us(bRle!seV Hs(b!rrend!r6M
Rs(blet Hs(b!rriendo6 ' Us(bRletV Hs(b!rrend!r6M Rs(r"ise Nliter!rio4 GB
%rini%!l"enteO NoO s(rR"ise Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO Hon.et(r!6 ' Us(rR"ise
Nliter!rioO NoO Rs(r"ise Nliter!rio4 GB4 "enos (s!doO Hon.et(r!r6VM Rs(r+e' Hen(est!L
ins%ei3n6 ' Us(rR+e'L Rs(r+e' NUSA4 "enos (s!doOV Hen(est!rL ins%eion!rL
onte"%l!r6M Rs(s%et Nno"bre ' !d.eti+oO Hsos%e&oso6 ' Us(sR%etV Hsos%e&!r6M
Rtor"ent Htor"ento6 ' UtorR"entL Rtor"ent NUSA4 "enos (s!doOV H!tor"ent!r6M
Rtr!ns#er Htr!ns#ereni!6 ' Utr!nsR#erL Rtr!ns#er NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Htr!ns#erir6VM
Rtr!ns#or" Htr!ns#or"!i3n Nlin,XFsti!L "!te"ti!sO6 ' Utr!nsR#or"V Htr!ns#or"!r6M
Rtr!ns%l!nt Htr!s%l!nte6 ' Utr!nsR%l!ntV Htr!s%l!nt!r6M Rtr!ns%ort Htr!ns%orte6 '
Utr!nRs%ortL Rtr!ns%ort NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Htr!ns%ort!r6VM Rtr!+erse N"s (s!doOL
tr!R+erse Htr!+esF!L tr!+ies! Nno"bresOL tr!ns+ers!l N!d.eti+oO6 ' Utr!R+erse N"s
(s!doOL Rtr!+erse H!tr!+es!r6VM R(%d!te H%(est! !l dF!L !t(!liz!i3n6 ' U(%Rd!teV
H%oner !l dF!6M R(%,r!de HQ!sensoQ o Q"e.or!Q Nno"breOL r!"%! NUSA4 no"breOL
!sendente NUSA4 !d.eti+oO6 ' U(%R,r!deV H"e.or!rL !sender6M R(%li#t He-!lt!i3nL
ele+!i3n6 ' U(%Rli#tV Hele+!r6M R(%rise Hle+!nt!"ientoL s(bid!6 ' U(%RriseV
Hle+!nt!rseL s(ble+!rse6M R(%set Htr!stornoL derrot! ines%er!d!L sor%res!6 ' U(%RsetV
Htr!storn!rL dis,(st!r N+erboOL dis,(st!do N!d.eti+oO6M R(%s%rin, Nliter!rioO Hs!ltoL
n!i"iento6 ' U(%Rs%rin,V Nliter!rioO Hle+!nt!rse de (n s!ltoL n!er6M R(%st!rt Nno"bre
' !d.eti+oO H!rribist!L !d+enedizo6 ' U(%Rst!rtV Hsobres!lt!rHse66M R(%s(r,e H!senso
r%ido6 ' U(%Rs(r,eV Hreer r%id!"ente6M R(%s7ee% Hs(%er#iie inlin!d! &!i!
!rrib!L %ein!do &!i! !rrib! NUSAO6 ' U(%Rs7ee%V He"%in!rse6M R(%s7in, H!lz!L
+(elt! &!i! !rrib!6 ' U(%Rs7in,V H"e.or!r6M R(%t(rn H+(elt! &!i! !rrib!L re%(nteL
"e.or!6 ' U(%Rt(rnV H+ol+erHse6 &!i! !rrib!L +ol!rse6$ et1
No obst!nte$ es muc/o maor el nBmero de nombres verbos 'ue llevan el
acento en la misma s(labaM 0st! %(ede onsider!rse l! re,l! ' los !nteriores l!s
e-e%iones4 R!bsess$ R!bseil$ R!ess$ !Rl!i"$ !Rord$ !Ro(nt$ R!tion$ !Rdd(t$
!dIRlib$ !dR+!ne$ !R##ront Nliter!rioO$ R!irHI6dro%$ !Rl!r"$ !Rlert$ !Rllo7!ne$ !Rll(re$
R!"ble$ R!"b(s&$ !R"o(nt$ R!n&or$ R!n,er$ R!n,le$ R!n,(is&$ R!ns7er$ R!nte$ !R%%e!l$
!R%%ro!&$ R!r&i+e$ R!r"o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R!r"or NUSAO$ !Rrr!' Nliter!rioO$
!Rrrest$ R!s%&!lt$ !Rss!(lt$ !Rssent Nliter!rioO$ !Rssi,n$ !Rssist$ !Rtt!9$ !Rtte"%t$ !Rttire
Nliter!rioO$ R!(tion$ R!(dit$ R!(,(r$ R!(t&or$ !R+!il Nliter!rioO$ !R7!rd$ Rb!bble$ Rb!b'$
Rb!9ross$ b!9R#ire NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rb!9#ire NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$
Rb!9&!nd$ Rb!9%!9$ Rb!9s%!e$ Rb!9stit&$ Rb!9sto% No"o +erbo s3lo en USAO$
Rb!9stro9e$ Rb!97!s&$ Rb!d,er$ Rb!##le$ Rb!l!ne$ Rb!ll!st$ b!Rlloon$ Rb!llot$ Rb!nd!,e$
Rb!nd'$ Rb!n9r(%t$ Rb!n/(et$ Rb!nroll NUSAO$ Rb!nter$ Rb!rber$ Rb!r,!in$ Rb!rr!,e$ Rb!rrel$
Rb!rter$ Rb!s9et$ Rb!sset$ Rb!tten$ Rb!tter$ Rb!ttle$ Rb!'onet N"s (s!doOL b!'oRnet$
Rbe!on$ Rbe!dbl!st$ Rbe!,le$ Rbe!+er$ Rbe9on$ Rbees7!-$ Rbeetle$ Rbe,,!r$ Rbello7$
Rbell'$ Rberr'$ Rbeso"$ Rbetter$ Rbe+el$ Rbi9er$ Rbillet$ Rbillo7$ Rbirdline$ Rbitter$ Rbl!bber$
Rbl!9b!ll$ Rbl!9bird$ Rbl!9,(!rd$ Rbl!9.!9 NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ Rbl!9le,$
Rbl!9list$ Rbl!9"!il$ Rbl!9to% NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ Rbl!n9et$ Rbl!rne'$ Rbl!t&er$
Rbl!zon$ Rble"is&$ Rblet&er NGB %rini%!l"enteOL bl!t&er NUSAO$ Rblind#old$ Rblin9er$
Rblister$ bloR9!de$ Rblosso"$ Rblo7Idr'$ Rbl(bber$ Rbl(d,eon$ Rbl(e%rint$ Rbl(nder$
Rbl(ster$ Rbobble No"o +erbo s3lo en USAO$ Rbobslei,&$ Rbobt!il$ Rbod'$ Rbolster$
Rboodle N+(l,!rO$ Rboo,ie$ Rbootle,$ Rborder$ Rborro7$ Rboso"$ Rbot&er$ Rbottle$ Rbotto"$
Rbo7I7o7$ Rbo'ott$ Rbr!bble$ Rbr!9et$ Rbr!instor"$ Rbr!"ble$ Rbr!ndis&$ Rbr!ttie$
Rbre!dr("b$ Rbre!9#!st$ Rbre+et$ Rbridle$ briR,!de$ briR/(ette N"s (s!doOL briR/(et$
Rbristle$ Rbro!d!st$ broR!de$ Rbro9er$ Rb(bble$ Rb(9et$ Rb(9le$ Rb(9ler$ Rb(9r!"$
Rb(dd'$ Rb(d,et$ Rb(##er$ Rb(##et$ Rb(,,er N+(l,!rO$ Rb(,le$ Rb(ll'$ Rb(lls&it N+(l,!rO$
Rb(ll7&i%$ Rb(ll'$ Rb(l7!r9$ Rb("ble$ Rb("%er$ Rb(noL Rb(n9o NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$
Rb(ndle$ Rb(nd' NA(str!li!O$ Rb(n,le$ Rb(n9er$ Rb(rble$ Rb(rden$ Rb(r,eon$ b(rRles/(e$
Rb(rnis&$ Rb(rro7$ Rb(s&el$ Rb(stle$ Rb(t&er$ Rb(tter$ Rb(tton$ Rb(ttress$ Rb'HI6line No"o
+erbo s3lo en USAO$ Rb'%!ss$ !Rb!l$ R!bb!,e$ R!bin$ R!ble$ R!9le$ R!ddie N"s
(s!doOL R!dd'$ R!ll(s$ R!"ber$ !"R%!i,n$ R!nel$ R!ndle$ R!nd'$ R!n9er$ R!nnon$
!Rnoe$ R!nter$ R!n+!s$ R!n+!ss$ R!%er$ R!%t!in$ R!%tion$ R!%t(re$ !Rreer$ !Rress$
R!rol$ R!ro"$ !Rro(se Nliter!rioO$ R!r%et$ R!rr'$ R!rton$ !sR!de$ !Rs&ier$ R!stle$
R!t!ll$ R!tn!%$ R!((s$ R!(tion$ R!+ern$ R!+il$ eR"ent$ Rensor$ Rens(re$ Rentre
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Renter NUSAO$ R&!##er$ R&!,rin NGB ' t!"bi0n "enos (s!do
U&!R,rinV o"o +erboOL &!R,rin NUSAO$ R&!llen,e$ R&!"ber$ R&!"#er$ R&!"ois$
R&!"%ion$ R&!nnel$ R&!%ter$ R&!ro!l$ R&!rter$ R&!tter$ R&!(##e(r N"s (s!doOL
&!(R##e(r$ R&e9"!te$ R&e9ro7 NUSAO$ R&e/(er NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R&e9er
NUSAO$ &iR!ne$ R&isel$ R&ortle$ R&or(s$ R&(9le$ Rinder$ Ri%&er$ Rirle$ Rir(it$
Rl!bber NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ Rl!"ber$ Rl!"o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rl!"or
NUSAO$ Rl!n,o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rl!n,or NUSAO$ Rl!%bo!rd$ Rl!rion$ Rl!tter$
Rli"!-$ Rlin9er$ Rloister$ Rloset$ Rlos(re$ Rlot(re$ Rl(ster$ Rl(tter$ Robble$ Ro9er$
Ro9le$ oRoon$ Roddle$ Ro##er$ Ro##in$ oiR##(re$ Rolo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
Rolor NUSAO$ oRll!%se$ Roll!r$ Rollet$ Ro"#ort$ oR""!nd$ Ro""ent Nen GB
t!"bi0n UoR""entV o"o +erbo4 "enos (s!doO$ oR""(te$ o"R%!re$ Ro"%!ss$
Ro"%ere NGBO$ o"R%l!in$ Ro"%ost$ o"R%(te$ onRern$ onRsent$ onRstr(e$
Ronto(r$ onRtrol Nen GB t!"bi0n URontrolV o"o no"bre %ero "enos (s!doO$
Ron+o' Nen USA t!"bi0n UonR+o'V o"o +erbo4 "enos (s!doO$ Roo%er$ Ro%%er$
Ro%%ie$ Ro%'$ Rorbel$ Rordon$ Ror9sre7$ Rorner$ Rornie$ Rorset$ Rosset$
RoHI6st!r Nt!"bi0n QoIRst!rQ en GB o"o +erboO$ Rost("e$ Rotter$ Rotton$ Ro(nsel$
Ro(ntdo7n$ Ro(nter$ Ro(%le$ Ro+er$ Rr!9le$ Rr!dle$ Rr!"%on$ Rr!ter$ Rr!'on$
Rredit$ reR+!sse No"o +erbo s3lo en USAO$ Rri9et$ Rri"son$ Rrin9le$ Rri%%le$
RrissHI6ross$ riRti/(e$ Rro&et NGBOL roR&et NUSAO$ Rro/(et NGBOL roR/(et
NUSAO$ RrossHI6breed N' t!"bi0n UrossHI6RbreedV o"o +erbo en USA4 "enos
(s!doO$ Rross(t N"s (s!doOL rossR(t$ Rrossr(## N' t!"bi0n UrossRr(##V en USA4
"enos (s!doO$ Rr("ble$ Rr("%le$ r(Rs!de$ R(9old$ R(9oo$ R(ddle$ R(d,el$
(iRr!ss$ R(lt(re$ R("ber$ R(%el NGB %rini%!l"enteOL (R%el NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$
(Rret$ R(rr'$ R(rt!in$ R(rts' N"s (s!doOL R(rtse'$ (rR+et$ R(s&ion$ R'le$ R'%&er
NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ Rd!do$ Rd!,,er$ Rd!"!,e$ Rd!"!s9$ Rd!n,le$ Rd!%%le$ Rd!'dre!"$
Rd!zzle$ Rde!d&e!d$ Rde!dlo9$ deRb!(&$ deRbo(&$ Rdebit$ deRb(, Nolo/(i!lO$ Rdeb(t
N"s (s!doOL deRb(t$ deR!'$ deRe!se$ deRline$ deRree$ deR#e!t$ deRl!'$ Rdele$ deRli,&t$
Rdel(,e$ deR"!nd$ deR"ise$ deR"(r$ deRr!il$ Rderri9$ deRsi,n$ deRsire$ desR%!ir$ deRstr(t$
Rdeto(r$ Rde+il$ deR+ise LdIR+!IzL Hle,!do NoO test!"ento Nno"breOL ide!r NoO %l!ne!r
N+erboOM %ero Ude+ieV LdIR+!IsL H!rte#!toL estr!t!,e"!L e"ble"!66$ Rdi!de"$
Rdi!,r!"$ Rdi!lo,(e$ Rdi!"ond$ Rdi!%er$ Rdibble$ Rdi9er$ Rdi"%le$ Rdirt'$ disRd!in$
disR,r!e$ disR,(ise$ disR,(st$ disRli9e$ disR"!'$ disR"o(nt$ disR%l!'$ disR%r!ise$ disR/(iet$
diRssent$ diRssol+e$ Rdist!ne$ disRtress$ Rdistrit$ disRtr(st$ Rdit&er$ Rditto$ diR+ide$ diR+ine$
diR+ore$ Rdi++' Nolo/(i!lO$ Rdo9et$ Rdotor$ Rdodder$ Rdo,le,$ Rdollo% Nolo/(i!lO$
Rdoll'$ Rdooddle Nolo/(i!lO$ Rdoorste%$ Rdo(ble$ Rdo(,&n(t$ Rdo+et!il$ Rdo7n,r!de$
dr!R,oon$ Rdribble$ Rdri+el$ Rdrizzle$ Rd(&ess$ Rd(""'$ Re!r"!r9$ Re!r7i,$ Re&o$
eRli%se$ Redd'$ Redit$ eR##et$ Relbo7$ ReHI6"!il$ Re"ble"$ e"Rbr!e$ Re"%t'$ enRore$
Rend%l!'$ enRt!il$ Ren+'$ Re/(!l$ esR!%e$ esR!r%$ esR&e!t$ Resro7 N"s (s!doOL
esRro7$ esRtee" Nliter!rioO$ esRtre!t$ Re(&re$ eR+ent$ e-R&!n,e$ eR-e"%t$ e-R&!(st$
eR-ile$ Re-it$ e-R%ress$ Re'elet$ R#!ble$ R#!et$ R#!tor$ R#!,,otL R#!,ot NUSAO$ R#!llo7$
R#!lter$ R#!n'$ R#!rro7$ R#!s&ion$ R#!t&er$ R#!t&o"$ #!Rti,(e$ R#!+o(r NGBOL R#!+or NUSAO$
R#e!t&er$ R#e!t(re$ R#ello7 Nr!ro o"o +erboO$ R#erret$ R#er(le$ R#err'$ R#ester$ #esRtoon$
R#etter$ R#ettle$ R#e+er$ R#iddle$ R#id,et$ R#i,(re$ R#illet$ R#ilter$ #iRn!ne N"s (s!doOL
R#in!ne$ #iRnesse$ R#in,er$ R#inis&$ R#ire%roo#$ R#is&t!il$ R#iss(re$ R#izzle$ R#l!nnel No"o
+erbo s3lo en GBO$ R#l!tter$ R#l!+o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R#l!+or NUSAO$ R#li9er$
R#li"#l!" Nolo/(i!lO$ R#li%I#lo%$ R#litter$ R#loodli,&t$ R#lo(nder$ R#lo(ris&$ #l(ster$ R#l(tter$
R#l'blo7$ R#l's%e9$ R#o(s$ R#ollo7$ R#ootle Nolo/(i!lO$ R#ootnote$ R#oozle$ R#or!,e$
R#or!'$ #orRbe!r$ R#ore!st$ R#ore,ro(nd$ R#ore&!nd$ R#orelo9$ R#orest$ R#or#eit$ R#or"!t$
R#ortress$ R#or7!rd$ R#o(nder$ R#o-HI6trot$ R#r!t(re$ R#r!n&ise No"o +erbo s3lo en
USAO$ R#r!zzle Nolo/(i!lO$ R#re9le$ R#reeHI6l!ne$ R#ree7&eel$ R#renz'$ R#reso$ R#ribble$
R#ritter$ R#rizzle$ R#ro,HI6"!r& NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ R#roli$ R#(ddle$ R#(d,e$ R#(el$
R#("ble$ R#(ntion$ R#(nnel$ R#(rlo(,&$ R#(rro7$ R,!bble$ R,!,,le$ R,!llo%$ R,!"ble$
R,!"bol$ R,!""on$ R,!n,HI6b!n, N+(l,!rO$ R,!n,le$ R,!n,reneL ,!nR,rene NUSA4
"enos (s!doO$ R,!ntlet$ R,!r!,e NGBOL ,!Rr!,e NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ R,!rble$
R,!rden$ R,!r,le$ R,!rl!nd$ R,!r"ent$ R,!rner$ R,!rnis&$ ,!RrroteL ,!Rrotte$ R,!rter$ R,!t&er$
,!Rzette$ ,!Rz("% NGBO$ R,entle$ R,est(re$ R,etter$ R,ibber$ R,ibbet$ R,idd'$ R,i,,le$
R,i"let$ R,in,er$ R,irdle$ R,li""er$ ,liRss!de$ R,listen$ R,litter$ R,lor'$ R,lo7er$ R,obble$
R,o##erL R,!(##er$ R,o,,le$ R,oldbri9$ R,ossi%$ R,r!llo& NGBO$ R,r!ndst!nd No"o
+erbo s3lo en USAO$ R,r!%%le$ R,r!+el$ R,riddle No"o +erbo s3lo en GBO$ R,ri"!e
NoO ,riR"!e$ R,rizzle$ R,ro(ndb!it$ R,r(bst!9e NUSAO$ R,r(d,e$ R,r("ble$ R,(d,eon$
R,(erdon Nliter!rioO$ ,(R##!7$ R,(illotine N"s (s!doOL ,(illoRtine$ R,(ll'$ R,("ble$
R,("s&oe No"o +erbo s3lo en USA4 +(l,!rO$ R,(r,le$ R,(sset$ R,(tter$ R&!bit$
R&!&(re$ R&!9le$ R&!9ne'$ R&!9s!7$ R&!ll"!r9$ &!Rlloo$ R&!lo$ R&!lter$ R&!""er$
R&!"%er$ R&!"strin,$ R&!ndr!#t$ R&!nd(##$ R&!ndle$ R&!nHd6sel$ &!Rr!n,(e$ R&!rbo(r
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R&!rbor NUSAO$ R&!rden$ R&!rness$ &!rR%oon$ R&!rro7$ R&!r+est$
R&!ssle Nolo/(i!lO$ R&!+en$ R&!+o$ R&!z!rd$ R&e!dline$ R&e!dre!&$ R&e9le$ R&etor$
R&enn!$ R&er!ld$ R&i(%$ R&i,&b!ll NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ R&i,&IR&!t Nolo/(i!lO$
R&i.!9 N"s (s!doOL R&i,&.!9$ R&i,&HI6li,&t$ R&inn'$ R&obble$ R&oller Nolo/(i!lO$
R&olloL R&oll!L R&ollo!$ R&ollo7$ R&on&o NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO$ R&one'$
R&ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R&onor NUSAO$ R&oodoo$ R&oo+er NGBO$ R&o%%le$
R&orses&oe$ R&orse7&i%$ R&o+el$ R&o+er$ R&(9ster$ R&(ddle$ R&("b(,$ R&("o(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL R&("or NUSAO$ R&(n,er$ R&(rdle$ &(Rrr!&L &ooRr!'L &ooRr!&L &(Rrr!'$
R&(rr'$ R&(sb!nd$ R&(stle$ R&'%&en$ R&'%o Nolo/(i!lO$ Ri"%ost No"o +erbo s3lo en
USAO$ inRe%t$ inRross$ inR(se$ Rinde-$ Rin#l(ene$ Rin,ot$ Rin%(t$ Rinst!ne Nliter!rioO$
Rin+oie$ Riron$ Risl!nd$ Riss(e$ Rite"$ R.!bber$ R.!9et$ R.!99ni#e$ R.!n,le$ .!R%!n$ R.!r,on$
R.!(ndie$ R.ell'$ R.e""' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R.i""' NUSAO$ R.e7el$ R.i,,er$ R.i,,le$
R.in,le$ R.itter$ R.o9e'$ R.o,,le$ R.oll' Nolo/(i!lO$ R.ostle$ R.o(rne'$ R.(dder NGB
%rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO$ R.(,,le$ R.("ble$ R.(n9et$ R9!'!9$ R9ennel$ R9ernel$
R9e'bo!rd$ R9e'note$ R9ibble$ R9i9st!rt$ R9idn!%$ R9i%%er$ R9itten$ R9n!9er NGB4
olo/(i!lO$ R9nee!%$ R9n(9le$ Rl!bel$ Rl!bo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rl!bor NUSAO$
Rl!/(er$ Rl!dder No"o +erbo s3lo en GBO$ Rl!dle$ l!R"ent Nliter!rioO$ l!"R%oon
Nliter!rioO$ Rl!nds!%e$ l!Rsso NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rl!sso NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$
Rl!t&er$ Rl!(nder$ Rl!(rel$ Rl!'er$ Rle!#let$ Rle!%#ro,$ Rle!#let$ Rle!t&er$ Rle!+en$ Rlet(re$
Rled,er$ Rleister$ Rletter$ Rle+el$ Rle+er$ Rle+'$ Rlibel$ Rli"ber$ Rli"it$ Rli/(or$ Rlisten$ Rlitter$
Rlobb'$ Rloo$ Rl("ber$ Rl(stre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rl(ster NUSAO$ "!R&ine$ R"!,i$
R"!.or No"o +erbo s3lo en USAO$ R"!"bo$ R"!n,le$ R"!ntle$ "!Rn(re$ R"!rble$
R"!rel$ R"!r,in$ R"!r9et$ "!Rroon$ R"!rs&!l$ R"!rt'r$ R"!r+el$ R"!ss!,e NGBOL
"!Rss!,e NUSAO$ R"!ster$ R"!st&e!d$ R"!t&"!r9$ R"!tter$ R"e!s(re$ R"ed!l$
R"en!e$ R"ention$ R"er&!nt$ R"erit$ R"ess!,e$ R"et!l$ R"eter$ R"iddle$ R"ilde7$
R"i"i$ R"in(te$ R"inor No"o +erbo s3lo en USAO$ R"irror$ "isR(e$ "isRde!l$
"isR#ire$ "isR%l!'$ "isRr(le$ R"ission$ "isRt!9e$ R"ister$ "isRtr(st N"s (s!doOL
R"istr(st$ R"itre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R"iter NUSAO$ R"odel$ R"on,er$ R"on9e'$
R"oonli,&t$ R"ort!r$ R"ort,!,e$ R"ortise N"s (s!doOL "ortie$ R"ot&b!ll$ R"ot&er$
R"otion$ R"oti+e$ R"otor$ R"ottle$ R"o(lder NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R"older NUSAO$
R"(9r!te$ R"(ddle$ R"(##le$ R"(llion$ R"("ble$ R"(rder$ R"(r"(r$ R"(sle$
R"(s&roo"$ R"(ster$ R"(tter$ R"(zzle$ Rn!nn'$ Rn!rro7$ Rn!tter NGB4 olo/(i!lO$
Rne9l!e$ Rneedle$ neR,let$ Rnei,&bo(r NGBOL Rnei,&bor NUSAO$ Rnettle$ Rnet7or9$
Rne(ter$ Rnibble$ Rni9el$ Rni9er$ Rni9n!"e$ Rni,,le$ Rnoddle Nolo/(i!lO$ nonR%l(s$
nonIR%ros$ nonRs(it$ Rnoodle$ RnoseHI6di+e$ Rnotie$ Rn(,,et$ Rn("ber$ Rn(rt(re$ Rn(t"e,$
obsR(re$ oR(lt$ Ro##er$ Ro##%rint$ Ro,le$ ORAL oR9!'$ oR%!/(e$ Ro%en$ Rorbit$ Rorder$
Ror%&!n$ Ro(t!ste$ Ro(t#it$ Ro(tl!7$ Ro(tline N' t!"bi0n Uo(tRlineV o"o +erbo4 GB4
"enos (s!doO$ Ro(t%(t$ Ro(tr!,e$ Ro'ster$ R%!9!,e$ R%!9et$ R%!ddle$ R%!ddo9$
R%!dlo9$ R%!ls'$ R%!nder$ R%!nel$ R%!ni$ R%!%er$ %!Rr!de$ R%!rel$ R%!rdon$ R%!r,et$
R%!rl!' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ R%!rle'$ R%!rod'$ %!Rrole$ R%!r/(et NGBOL %!rR/(et
NUSAO$ R%!rrot$ R%!rr'$ R%!rtner$ R%!rt'$ R%!ss!,e$ R%!st(re$ R%!tent$ %!Rtrol$ R%!tter$
R%!ttern$ R%e!o9$ R%ebble$ R%ed!l$ R%ellet$ R%en!ne$ R%enil$ R%ension$ R%eo%le$ R%e%%er$
R%eril N"(&o "s (s!do o"o no"breO$ R%eris&$ R%estle$ R%eter$ R%&'si$ R%i9!-e NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL R%i9!- NUSAO$ R%i9et$ R%i9le$ R%ini$ R%it(re$ R%iddle Nolo/(i!lO$
R%i##le Nolo/(i!lO$ R%ill!,e Nliter!rioO$ R%ill!r$ R%illo7$ R%ilot$ R%in#old$ R%inion$ R%in%oint$
R%in%ri9$ %ioRneer$ R%i%el!' NGBO$ R%i%eline$ %iR%ette$ R%istol$ R%it&#or9$ R%it'$ R%i+ot$
R%l!!rd N' t!"bi0n U%l!R!rdV o"o +erbo4 USA4 "enos (s!doO$ R%l!ster$ R%le!s(re$
R%l(""et$ R%l(nder$ R%o9et$ R%o9"!r9$ R%oison$ R%ole!-e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
R%ole!- NUSAO$ %oRlie$ R%olis&$ R%ol9!$ R%oll!rd$ %oR"!de$ R%o""el$ R%ortion$
R%ost"!r9$ R%ost(re$ R%ot&er$ R%otter NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ R%o(ltie$ %o(Rssette$
R%o7der$ R%o77o7$ R%r!ttle$ R%re#!e$ R%rel(de$ %reRser+e$ %reRset$ R%ress(re$ R%re+ie7L
R%re+(e NUSAO$ R%ri9le$ R%rotor No"o +erbo s3lo en USAO$ R%ro#ile$ R%ro#it$
R%ro,r!"L R%ro,r!""e NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ R%rolo,(eL R%rolo, NUSAO$ R%ro"ise$
R%ro+erb$ R%r(si9$ R%(9er$ R%(ddle$ R%(nt(re$ R%(r&!se$ %(r0e N"s (s!do en GBOL
%(ree N"s (s!do en USAO N!ent(!dos en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! en GB ' en l! se,(nd!
en USAO$ R%(r#le$ R%(r%le$ R%(r%ose$ R%(tter NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ R%(tt'$ R%(zzle$
R/(!rrel$ R/(!rr'$ R/(!rter$ R/(!+er$ R/(er'$ R/(estion$ R/(ibble$ R/(i9ste%$ R/(itl!i"
Nliter!rioO$ R/(i+er$ Rr!bbet$ Rr!bbit$ Rr!bble$ Rr!9et$ Rr!##le$ r!R,o(t$ Rr!ilro!d No"o
no"bre s3lo en USAO$ Rr!ll'$ Rr!"ble$ Rr!"%!rt$ Rr!nso"$ r!R%%el$ r!R%t(re$ Rr!tion$
r!Rtoon$ Rr!ttle$ Rr!+el$ r!Rzee$ Rr!zor$ Rre!d' No"o no"bre s3lo en GB4 olo/(i!lO$
Rre!son$ reRb(9e$ reR!ll N' t!"bi0n URre!llV o"o no"bre4 USA4 "enos (s!doO$
reRei%t$ reR&e9$ reRl!i"$ reRo(% Nr!ro o"o no"breO$ reRr(it$ Rre#l(-$ reR#or"$
reR#r!in$ Rre#(,e Nr!ro o"o +erboO$ reR,!le Nr!ro o"o no"breO$ reR,!rd$ reR,ret$ reR.i,
NGBO$ reR.oie$ reRl!%se$ reRle!se$ Rrelis&$ reRlo!n$ reR"!nd$ reR"!r9$ reR"ise$ reR"o+e$
Rrender$ reRne,(e NGBOL reRne,e NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ reRno(ne Nr!ro o"o
no"breO$ reR%!int$ reR%!ir$ reR%e!l$ reR%e!t$ reR%i/(e$ reR%l'$ reR%ort$ reR%ose Nliter!rioO$
reR%rie+e$ reR%rise$ reR%ro!&$ reR%(lse$ reR%(te$ reR/(est$ Rres(e$ reRser+e$ Rresin$ reRsist$
reRsol+e$ reRsort ND1 =155@O$ reRso(re NGB4 "s (s!do /(e URreso(reVM en USA es
s3lo no"bre4 Rreso(re N"s (s!do /(e UreRso(reVOO$ resR%et$ Rres%ite LRres%I t$ etL
N"s (s!doO o LRres%!ItL N"enos (s!doO$ resR%ond$ reRs(lt$ reRtort Nliter!rioO$ reRto(&$
reRtre!t$ reRtrie+e$ reRt(rn$ reR+e!l$ Rre+el$ reR+en,e$ reR+erse$ reR+ie7$ reR+ise$ reR+o9e$
reR+olt$ reR+ol+e$ reR7!rd$ Rribbon$ Rriddle$ Rri##le$ Rri#le$ riR%oste Nliter!rio4 "s (s!doOL
riR%ost Nliter!rioO$ Rri%%le$ Rri+!l$ Rri+et$ Rro9et$ Rrolli9$ roR"!ne N"s (s!doOL
Rro"!ne$ Rro/(et NGBOL roR/(et NUSAO$ Rrosin$ Rroster$ Rro(,&!st$ Rro(,&&o(se
N+(l,!rO$ ro(Rlette$ Rro(te"!r&$ Rr(bbis& No"o +erbo s3lo en GBO$ Rr(b'$ Rr(ddle Nel
"s (s!doOL Rr!ddleL Rreddle$ Rr(##le$ Rr(in$ Rr("ble$ Rr(""!,e$ Rr("o(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL Rr("or NUSAO$ Rr("%le$ Rr(%t(re$ Rr(stle$ Rs!bre NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL Rs!ber NUSAO$ Rs!ddle$ Rs!#e,(!rd$ s!Rl!!"$ Rs!llo7$ Rs!ll'$ s!Rl(te$
Rs!l+!,e$ Rs!"b!$ Rs!"%le$ Rs!ntion$ Rs!ndb!,$ Rs!ndbl!st$ Rs!nd7i&$ s!Rs&!'
Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO$ Rs!(nter$ Rs!(t0 NGBOL s!(Rt0 NUSAO$ Rs!+!,e$
Rs!+o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rs!+or NUSAO$ Rs!++' N+(l,!rO$ Rs!7der NGB4
olo/(i!lO$ Rs!##old$ Rs!llo%$ Rs!l%er$ Rs!"%er$ Rs!%e,o!t$ Rs!r%er NGB4 +(l,!rO$
Rs!tter$ Rse%tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rse%ter NUSAO$ Rs&ed(le$ Rsr!bble$
Rsr!"ble$ Rsribble$ Rsri""!,e$ Rsri"s&!7$ Rsr(""!,e$ Rsr(%le$ Rs(##le$
Rs(l%t(re$ Rs("ble$ Rs(%%er No"o +erbo s3lo en GB4 +(l,!rO$ Rs(rr'$ Rs(tter
NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ Rs(ttle$ Rse!son$ Rsetion$ RseeHI6s!7$ Rse,(e$ Rsentene$ Rse/(ene$
Rser+ie$ Rsettle$ Rse7er$ Rs&!9le$ Rs&!do7$ Rs&!llo7$ Rs&!"ble$ s&!"R%oo$ Rs&!tter$
s&eRll!L Rs&ell! NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ Rs&elter$ Rs&e%&erd$ s&iR9!r NIndi!O$ Rs&i""er$
Rs&i""'$ Rs&in,le$ Rs&int' NGBOL Rs&inn' NUSAO$ Rs&i%7re9$ Rs&i+er$ Rs&oe&orn$
Rs&ortlist$ Rs&ot,(n$ Rs&o(lder$ Rs&o+el$ Rs&o7er$ Rs&(dder$ Rs&(##le$ Rs&(tter$ Rs&(ttle$
Rsideline$ Rsidesli%$ Rsides7i%e$ Rsidetr!9$ Rsidle$ Rsi,n!l$ Rsi,net$ Rsi,n%ost$ Rsilene$
Rsil9sreen$ Rsil+er$ Rsi""er$ Rsi"%er$ Rsin,le$ Rsinter$ Rsi%&on N"s (s!doOL Rs'%&on$
Rsizzle$ Rs9!tebo!rd$ Rs9e7er$ Rs9i%%er$ Rs9ir"is&$ Rs9i++' NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ Rs9'l!r9$
Rsl!bber$ Rsl!nder$ Rsl!t&er$ Rsl!(,&ter$ Rsl!+er$ Rsli%%er$ Rsli%s&eet$ Rsli%stre!"$ Rslit&er$
Rsli+er$ Rslobber$ Rsl("ber$ Rs"!tter$ Rs"ot&er$ Rs"o(lder NGBOL Rs"older NUSAO$
Rsn!##le$ sn!R#( No"o +erbo s3lo en USA4 +(l,!rO$ Rsni9er NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$
Rsni##le$ Rsni,,er$ Rsni,,le$ Rsni+el$ Rsnoo9er$ Rsnor9el$ Rsno7b!ll$ Rsno7%lo(,& NGBOL
Rsno7%lo7 NUSAO$ Rsno7s&oe$ Rsn(##le$ Rsn(,,le$ Rso9et$ soR.o(rn$ Rsol!e$ Rsolder$
Rsoldier$ Rsonnet$ Rsorro7$ Rso(nd%roo#$ Rs%!e7!l9$ Rs%!nel$ Rs%!n,le$ Rs%!r9le$
Rs%!t&o9$ Rs%!tter$ Rs%e!r&e!d$ Rs%e9le$ Rs%indle$ Rs%ir!l$ Rs%irit$ s%l!tter$ Rs%linter$
Rs%l(tter$ Rs%onsor$ Rs%otli,&t$ Rs%rin9le$ Rs%(tter$ Rs/(!bble$ Rs/(!nder$ Rs/(ee,ee N"s
(s!doOL Rs/(il,ee$ Rs/(i,,le$ Rs/(irrel$ Rst!ble$ Rst!,,er$ Rst!le"!te$ Rst!""er$
st!"R%ede$ Rst!n&ion$ Rst!%le$ Rst!rbo!rd$ Rst!tion$ Rstenil$ Rste7!rd$ Rsti9'$ Rsti#le$
Rsti%%le$ stoR9!de$ Rsto9%ile$ Rsto"!&$ Rsto%%er$ Rsto%%le$ Rstor'$ Rstr!ddle$ Rstre!"line$
Rstret&er$ Rstri9le$ Rstr(t(re$ Rstr(,,le$ Rst(o$ Rst(d'$ Rst("ble$ Rst(tter$ Rst'"ie N"s
(s!doOL Rst'"'$ Rs(bl!ss$ Rs(bsoil$ Rs(o(r NGBOL Rs(or NUSAO$ Rs(9er$ Rs(##i- N'
t!"bi0n Us(R##i-V o"o +erbo4 "enos (s!doO$ Rs(,!r$ Rs(ll'$ Rs(l%&!te NGBOL Rs(l#!te
NUSAO$ Rs(""er$ Rs(""ons$ Rs(nb!9e NA(str!li!4 olo/(i!lO$ Rs(nb(rn$ Rs(nder
Nliter!rioO$ Rs(%%er$ s(R%%l'$ s(R%%ort$ Rs(r&!r,e N' t!"bi0n Us(rR&!r,eV o"o +erbo4
"enos (s!doO$ Rs(r#!e$ Rs(r#eit$ Rs(rn!"e$ Rs(r%rint$ s(rR%rise$ s(Rrro(nd$ s(sRt!in$
Rs(t(re$ Rs7!ddle$ Rs7!,,er$ Rs7!llo7$ Rs7elter$ Rs7indle$ Rs7in,le$ Rs7it&er$ Rs7i+el$
Rs7izzle$ Rs'"bol$ s'Rrin,e N"s (s!doOL s'Rrin,e$ Rs'r(%$ Rt!ble$ t!Rboo N"s (s!doOL
t!Rb($ Rt!9le$ Rt!il,!te$ Rt!ilor$ Rt!ll!,e$ Rt!llo7$ Rt!ll'$ Rt!""'$ Rt!"%er$ Rt!"%on$ Rt!n,le$
Rt!n,o$ Rt!%er$ Rt!r,et$ Rt!ri##$ Rt!r"!$ Rt!rnis&$ Rt!rr'$ Rt!ssel$ Rt!tter$ Rt!ttle$ t!Rttoo$ Rt!-i$
Rte!sel Nel "s (s!doOL te!zelL te!zle$ Rteeter$ Rtele-$ Rtel%&er N"s (s!doOL Rtel#er$
Rte"%er$ Rte"%est$ Rten!nt$ Rtender Nes t!"bi0n !d.eti+oO$ Rtenon$ Rtension$ Rtenter$
Rterr!e$ Rtet&er$ Rte-t(re$ Rt&rottle$ Rt&(nder$ Rti9et$ Rti9le$ Rtid'$ Rtiller$ Rti"ber$
Rtint(re$ Rtin,le$ Rtin9er$ Rtin9le$ Rtinsel$ Rti%%le$ Rti%toe$ Rtiss(e$ Rtitle$ Rtitter$ Rtitt(%$
Rto!d'$ Rtoddle$ Rtoen!il$ Rto,,le$ Rto9en$ Rtons(re$ Rtootle$ Rto%soil$ Rtort(re$ Rtot!l$
Rtotter$ Rto(rne'$ Rto(sle$ Rto7el$ Rto7er$ Rtr!de"!r9$ Rtr!##i$ Rtr!""el$ Rtr!"%le$
Rtr!nsit$ tr!nsR%ose$ Rtr!+!il Nliter!rioO$ Rtr!+el$ Rtre!dle$ Rtre!s(re$ Rtreble$ Rtrellis$
Rtre"ble$ Rtre"or$ treR%!n$ treR%&ine$ Rtres%!ss$ Rtri9le$ Rtri#le$ Rtri,,er$ Rtri%le$ Rtri("%&$
Rtro(ble$ Rtro7el$ Rtr(!nt$ Rtr(9le$ Rtr("%et$ Rtr(n&eon$ Rtr(ndle$ Rt(9er$ Rt("ble$
Rt(nnel$ Rt(rtle$ Rt(ssle$ Rt(tor$ Rt7!ddle$ Rt7iddle NGBO$ Rt7in9le$ Rt7itter$ R(ll!,e$
R("%ire$ (nRdress$ R(%!st$ R(%ri,&t$ (%Rst!,e H#ondo del esen!rio Nno"breOL sit(!do
!l #ondo del esen!rio N!d.eti+oOL des!ir!r N+erboO6$ R(s&er$ R(tter$ R+!(("$ R+!letL
+!Rlet NUSA4 "enos (s!doO LIetL o LIeItL o LIItL Nno"breO H!'(d! de "!r!L "ozo
de &otel6 ' LIeItL N+erboO Hl!+!r ' li"%i!rL ser+ir o"o ri!do NoO !"!rero6$ R+!l(e$
R+!nis& Nr!ro o"o no"breO$ R+!%o(r NGBOL R+!%or NUSAO$ R+!rnis&$ R+etor$ +eRneer$
R+ent(re$ R+erb!l No"o +erbo s3lo en GBO$ R+er.(ie$ R+est(re Nliter!rioO$ R+eto$
R+it(!l$ +iR,nette$ R+int!,e$ R+is!$ R+ision$ R+isit$ R+isor N"s (s!doOL R+izor$ R+i+! NGBO$
R+olle'$ R+o"it$ R+oodoo$ R+o'!,e$ R7!bble$ R7!ddle$ R7!dd'$ R7!#er$ R7!##le
Nolo/(i!l4 o"o +erbo en GB %rini%!l"enteO$ R7!,er$ R7!,,le$ R7!,on N"s
(s!doOL R7!,,on$ R7!insot$ R7!llo% Nolo/(i!lO$ R7!llo7$ R7!"ble$ R7!nder$ R7!n,le
Nolo/(i!l4 o"o no"bre s3lo en GBO$ R7!nton$ R7!rble$ R7!re&o(se$ R7!rr!nt$
R7!ss!il$ R7!ter$ R7!ttle$ R7!+er$ R7e!sel$ R7e!t&er$ R7ee9end Nno"bre ' +erboOL
7ee9Rend NGB4 "s (s!do o"o no"breO$ R7eeI7ee Nolo/(i!l4 GB
%rini%!l"enteO$ R7elo"e$ R7elter$ R7ester$ R7&i"%er$ R7&inn'$ R7&i%s!7$
R7&i%stit&$ R7&is%er$ R7&istle$ R7&ite7!s&$ R7&ittle No"o no"bre s3lo en GBO$
R7ido7$ R7i,,le$ R7i,7!,$ R7ild!t$ R7ill'$ R7i"ble$ R7i"%le$ R7indl!ss$ R7ind"ill$
R7indo7$ R7indro7$ R7in9le$ R7inno7$ R7inter$ R7iretr!%$ R7iser!9 Nolo/(i!lO$
R7itness$ R7itter N"s (s!doOL R7&itter NGB4 olo/(i!lesO$ R7obble$ R7o"!n$ R7onder$
R7orr'$ R7ors&i%$ R7r!n,le$ R7restle$ R7ri,,le$ R7rin9le$ R-Ir!'L RKIr!'$ R'!bber
Nolo/(i!l4 A(str!li! %rini%!l"enteO$ R'!bb' N"s (s!doOL R'!bbie NA(str!li!O$
R'!""er Nolo/(i!lO$ R'ello7$ R'odel$ R'oI'o$ Rzero$ Rzi,z!,$ et1
Est!s %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni!n i,(!l son &o"3,r!#!s ' &o"3ni"os !bsol(tos1
D1 51:=151!
Al,(nos se esriben de distint! #or"! ' se %ron(ni!n i,(!l1 D1 518=1!
Aa una serie de nombres verbos de tres s(labas 'ue tienen la misma forma,
pero se distinguen en la pronunciacin %or/(e lle+!n el !ento en l! %ri"er! o
se,(nd! sFl!b! (!ndo son no"bres ' en l! 2lti"! (!ndo son +erbos1 E.4 R!ttrib(te
H!trib(to6 ' U!Rttrib(teV LeRtrIb.(4tL NGBO o LeRtrIb.etL NUSAO H!trib(ir6M Ro(nter&e9
Hobst(loL se,(nd! o"%rob!i3n6 ' Uo(nterR&e9 NGBOL Ro(nter&e9 NUSAOV
Hontr!rrest!rL o"%rob!r %or se,(nd! +ez6M Ro(nter"!nd Hontr!orden6 '
Uo(nterR"!ndV Hre+o!r (n! orden6M Ro(nter"ine Hontr!"in!6 ' Uo(nterR"ine
NGBOL Ro(nter"ine NUSAOV Hontr!"in!r6M Rinter!t Hentre!to6 e UinterR!tV Hobr!r
reF%ro!"ente6M Rintere%t Hintersei3n6 e UinterRe%tV Hintere%t!r6M Rinter&!n,e
Hinter!"bio6 e UinterR&!n,eV Hinter!"bi!r6M Rinterdit Hinterdii3nL %ro&ibii3n6 e
UinterRditV HinterdeirL %ro&ibir6M Rinter#!e Hinter#!zL interrel!i3n6 e UinterR#!e NGB4
"s (s!doOL Rinter#!eV Honet!rL o"(ni!rse "edi!nte inter#!z6M Rinter,r!de
H#or"! inter"edi!6 e UinterR,r!deV H"ezl!rse ,r!d(!l"ente6M Rinterl!' H"!teri!l
%!r! onse,(ir l! %resi3n !de(!d! %!r! i"%resi3n6 e UinterRl!'V Hinter%oner6M
Rinterlo9 Henl!+!"iento6 e UinterRlo9V Hentrel!z!r6M Rinters%!e Hes%!io
inter"edio6 e UinterRs%!eV Hes%!i!r6M Rintro+ert Hintro+ertido N!d.eti+o ' no"breO6 e
UintroR+ertV Hdiri,ir &!i! sF "is"o6M Rin+ol(te Nliter!rioO Hin+ol(t! Nno"breOL
o"%li!doL in+ol(toL enroll!do en es%ir!l N!d.eti+o4 los :O6 ' Uin+oRl(teV Nliter!rioO
Henroll!rseL o"%li!rse6M "isRond(t L"IsR9ondA9tL NGBO o L"IsR9!4ndA9tL
NUSAO H"!l! ond(t!6 ' U"isonRd(tV L"Is9enRdA9tL H!d"inistr!r "!l6M
Ro+erb!l!ne H%re%onder!ni!L e-eso de %eso NoO +!lor6 ' Uo+erRb!l!neV H%erder el
e/(ilibrioL %es!r "s /(e6M Ro+erbid H"e.or! de (n! o#ert!L %(.! en e-eso6 '
Uo+erRbidV Ho#reer de"!si!doL sobre%(.!r6M Ro+erb(rden Hsobre!r,!6 '
Uo+erRb(rdenV Hsobre!r,!r6M Ro+er!ll Hdel!r!i3n "s !lt! N/(e l! %reedente4 en
bri&He6O6 ' Uo+erR!llV H&!er (n! del!r!i3n "s !lt! Nen bri&He6O6M Ro+er!st
Hn(bl!do N!d.eti+o ' no"breOL !%!L sobre&il!do6 ' Uo+erR!stV HoHb6s(reerL
sobre&il!r6M Ro+er&!r,e Hsobre!r,oL re!r,o6 ' Uo+erR&!r,eV Hsobre!r,!rL
re!r,!r6M Ro+erdose Hsobredosis6 ' Uo+erRdose N"s (s!doOL Ro+erdoseV Hd!r (n!
dosis e-esi+!6M Ro+erdress H+estido /(e se %one %or eni"!6 ' Uo+erRdressV H+estirse
de"!si!do ele,!nte"ente6M Ro+erdri+e Hsobre"!r&!L s(%erdiret!6 ' Uo+erRdri+eV
H!br("!r de tr!b!.oL ond(ir de"!si!do le.os6M Ro+erd(b H!dii3n de sonido ! (n!
,r!b!i3n6 ' Uo+erRd(bL Ro+erd(b NUSA4 "enos (s!doOV H!)!dir n(e+o sonido ! (n!
,r!b!i3n6M Ro+er#lo7 Hin(nd!i3nL desbord!"ientoL des!,Xe6 ' Uo+erR#lo7V
Hdesbord!rHse66M Ro+er&!n, Hs!lienteL +ol!dizo6 ' Uo+erR&!n,L Ro+er&!n, NUSA4 "s
(s!doOV Hsobres!lir6M Ro+er&!(l Hre+isi3nL %(est! ! %(nto6 ' Uo+erR&!(lL Ro+er&!(l
NUSA4 "enos (s!doOV Hre+is!r6M Ro+erl!% Hs(%er%osii3n6 ' Uo+erRl!%V
Hsobre%onerHse66M Ro+erl!' Hre+esti"iento6 ' Uo+erRl!'V Hre+estir6M Ro+erlo!d
Hsobre!r,!6 ' Uo+erRlo!dV Hsobre!r,!rHse66M Ro+erloo9 NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H+ist!L
!i3n de %!s!r %or !ltoL de ins%eion!r6 ' Uo+erRloo9V H%!s!r %or !ltoL
ins%eion!r6M Ro+er"!n H!%!t!z6 ' Uo+erR"!nV Hdot!r de de"!si!do %erson!l6M
Ro+er"!t& NGBOL o+erR"!t& NUSAO Nno"bre4 USA %rini%!l"enteO Hote.o
desi,(!l6 ' Uo+erR"!t&V Hs(%er!r6M Ro+er%!ss H%!so ! ni+el6 ' Uo+erR%!ssV H!tr!+es!rL
e-eder6M Ro+er%rint Hsobrei"%resi3n6 ' Uo+erR%rintV Hsobrei"%ri"ir6M Ro+erre!&
He-tr!li"it!i3n6 ' Uo+erRre!&V He-tr!li"it!rseL ir "s !ll de6M Ro+erride NUSAOL
o+erRride NGBO H!n(l!i3n de !(to"!tis"o6 ' Uo+erRrideL Ro+erride NUSA4 "enos
(s!doOV H!n(l!r6M Ro+err(n Hdesbord!"iento6 ' Uo+erRr(nV Hin+!dirL in(nd!r6M Ro+erset
Htr!storno6 ' Uo+erRsetV Htr!storn!r6M Ro+ers&ootL o+erRs&oot NGB4 "enos (s!doO
He-eso6 ' Uo+erRs&ootV He-eder6M Ro+ers%end NGB %rini%!l"enteO Hd0#iit
%res(%(est!rio6 ' Uo+erRs%endV H,!st!r en e-eso6M Ro+ers%ill He-edente de
%obl!i3n6 ' Uo+erRs%illV Hdesbord!r6M Ro+ersto9 Hs(rtido e-esi+o6 ' Uo+erRsto9V
H!b!rrot!rL s(rtirse en e-eso6M Ro+ert&ro7 Hderro!"iento6 ' Uo+erRt&ro7V
Hderro!r6M Ro+erti"e H&or!s e-tr!Hs6L tie"%o s(%le"ent!rio NUSAO6 ' Uo+erRti"eV
Hsobree-%oner6M Ro+ert(rn H+(eloL derro!"iento6 ' Uo+erRt(rnV H+ol!rL derrib!r6M
Ro+er7ei,&t Hsobre%esoL e-eso de %eso6 ' Uo+erR7ei,&tV Hd!r de"!si!d!
i"%ort!ni!L &!er de"!si!do %es!doL de"!si!do ,ordo N!d.eti+oO6M Ro+er7or9
H!,ot!"ientoL tr!b!.o e-esi+o6 ' Uo+erR7or9L Ro+er7or9 NUSA4 "enos (s!doOV
Htr!b!.!r de"!si!do6M %reRontr!t H%reontr!to6 ' U%reonRtr!tV H%ro"eter en
"!tri"onio on !ntel!i3nL %reontr!t!r6M reIRe-%ort Lri4Re9s%o4tL NGBOL ' Lri4Re9s%o4rtL
NUSAO Hree-%ort!i3n6 ' UreIe-R%ortV Lri4I9sR%o4tL NGBL o Lri4I9sR%o4rtL NUSAO
Hree-%ort!r6M reHI6Ri"%ortL reHI6i"R%ort NUSA4 "s (s!doO H"er!nF! rei"%ort!d!6 '
UreHI6i"R%ort N"s (s!doOL reHI6Ri"%ortV Hrei"%ort!r6M reRs(r+e' Hn(e+o est(dio NoO
e-!"en6 ' Ures(rR+e'V Hree-!"in!rL +ol+er ! "edir6M Rretro+ert H+(elt!L re+ersi3n6 '
UretroR+ertV H+ol+erL re+ertir6M s(bRontr!tL Rs(bontr!t Hs(bontr!to6 '
Us(bonRtr!tL s(bRontr!t NUSA4 "s (s!doOV Hs(bontr!t!r6M Rs(b(lt(re
Hs(b(lt(r!6 ' Us(bR(lt(reV Hino(l!r b!teri!s de (n (lti+o ! otro6M R(nder&!r,eL
(nderR&!r,e NGB4 "enos (s!doO Hobro de "enos6 ' U(nderR&!r,eV Hobr!r de
"enos6M R(nder(t Hso!+!i3nL orte NoO ,ol%e ses,!do6 ' U(nderR(tV Hdebilit!rL
+ender "s b!r!to6M R(nderdr!in Hdes!,Xe s(bterrneo6 ' U(nderRdr!inV H&!er (n
des!,Xe s(bterrneo6M R(nder#eed H!%!r!to %!r! !li"ent!r on o"b(stible N(n!
!lder!$ et1O %or l! %!rte in#erior6 ' U(nderR#eedV H!li"ent!r ins(#iiente"enteL
desn(trir6M R(nderl!' Hre#(erzo H%!r! !l#o"br!s$ et16L !lzo NoO re!le Nde i"%rent!O6
' U(nderRl!'V H%oner H%or6 deb!.o deL re#orz!r on !l,o deb!.oL re#orz!r on !lzo
NoO re!le Nde i"%rent!O6M R(nderline Hr!'! Hdeb!.o de (n! %!l!br!66 ' U(nderRlineV
Hs(br!'!r6M R(ndersore Hr!'! Hdeb!.o de (n! %!l!br!66 ' U(nderRsoreV Hs(br!'!r6$
et1
Al,(nos no tienen e-!t!"ente l! "is"! #or"!4 Ren+elo%e Hen+olt(r!L sobre6 '
UenR+elo%V H(brirL en+ol+er6$ et1
No obst!nte$ es maor el nBmero de nombres verbos 'ue llevan el acento en
la misma s(labaM 0st! %(ede onsider!rse l! re,l! ' los !nteriores l!s e-e%iones4
!Rb!ndon$ !Ression$ !dR+!nt!,e$ !dR+ent(re$ R!lien$ !"b(sR!de$ R!"nest'$ !R%%!rel$
!R%%rentie$ R!/(!%l!ne$ R!rtile$ R!steris9$ R!tro%&'$ !(tioRneer$ !(Rdition$ R!(tol!+e$
R!(to,r!%&$ R!+!l!n&e$ R!+er!,e$ b!ll'R&oo NGBOL Rb!ll'&oo NUSAO$ Rb!rbe(e$
Rb!rri!de NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL b!rriR!de NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ Rbell'!&e$
Rbene#ie$ Rbene#it$ Rbi'le$ Rbio%s'$ Rbi+o(!$ Rbl!9berr'$ Rbod'&e9$ Rboo"er!n,$
Rboondo,,le Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO$ Rbottlene9 No"o +erbo s3lo en
USAO$ b(!Rneer$ Rb(##!lo No"o +erbo s3lo en USA4 olo/(i!lO$ Rb(tton&ole$
R!li"ine$ R!lend!r$ R!lender$ R!lli%er NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R!li%er NUSAO$
R!"o(#l!,e$ !nnoRn!de$ R!nnonb!ll$ R!no%'$ R!%riole$ R!r!+!n No"o +erbo s3lo
en GBO$ !Rrillon$ R!r%enter$ R!sserole$ R!t!lo,(e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R!t!lo,
NUSAO$ R!t!%(lt$ Rentri#(,e$ R&!%eron N"s (s!doOL R&!%erone$ R&!r!ter$
R&ronile$ Rir("st!ne$ oR!(t&or$ oR""ission$ o"R%!nion$ Ro"%!n'$
Ro"%ro"ise$ onRord!ne$ onRdition$ onR.et(re$ onRt!n,o NGBO$ Ro%'ri,&t$
Rorrel!te$ Ro(nten!ne$ Ro(nter&!r,e$ Ro(nterl!i"$ Ro(nter#eit$ Ro(nter"!r&$
Ro(nter"o+e$ Ro(nter%lot$ Ro(nter%oint$ Ro(nter%oise$ Ro(nter%(n&$ Ro(ntersi,n
Nen GB t!"bi0n Uo(nterRsi,nV o"o +erbo4 "enos (s!doO$ Ro(ntersin9$ Ro+en!nt$
reRsendo$ R(rli(e$ R'lost'le$ R'linder$ Rd!"!sene N"s (s!doOL d!"!Rsene$
deonRtrol$ Rde(%le$ Rdenizen$ deR%osit$ Rdi##erene$ dis!Rord$ dis!Rrr!'$ Rdisi%line$
disRo"#ort No"o +erbo4 USA %rini%!l"enteO$ disonRtent$ disRredit$ disenRt!il$
disesRtee"$ disR#!+o(r NGBOL disR#!+or NUSAO$ disR&ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
disR&onor NUSAO$ disRorder$ disreR,!rd$ disRrelis&$ disresR%et$ disRte"%er$ Rdo,sbod'
Nolo/(i!lO$ Rdo(bleIRross$ dr!,oRnn!de$ Rd(%li!te$ Rd'n!"ite$ Re&elon$ Rest!s'$
e"Rb!r,o$ eRn!"el$ enRo(nter$ enRde!+o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL enRde!+or NUSAO$
en#iRl!de$ en,iRneer$ es!Rl!de NGB4 "s (s!doOL Res!l!de$ esR%!lier$ Re+idene$
eR-!"%le$ Re-erise$ e-R&ibit$ e-R%eriene$ R#!nt!s'$ R#errot'%e$ R#ili,ree$ R#in,er%rint$
R#ore!st$ R#(rbelo7$ #(siRll!deL R #(sill!de NUSAO$ R,!"!&(&eL R,!"!r(&e
N+(l,!resO$ ,!rniRs&ee$ R,!rrison$ ,!soRn!de$ ,!Rz(nder NGBO$ ,(!r!nRtee$ R,(!r!nt'$
R,(illotine N"s (s!doO NoO ,(illoRtine N!l,(n!s %erson!s (s!n el %ri"ero o"o
no"bre ' el se,(ndo o"o +erboO$ R&!e"orr&!,e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
R&e"orr&!,e NUSAO$ R&!ndi!%$ R&obb'&orse$ R&olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO$
R&ol'stone$ R&one'o"b$ R&one'"oon$ R&'dro%l!ne$ Ri"!,e$ inRdent(re$ Rin#l(ene$
iRniti!l$ Rinstit(te$ inRstr(tion$ interRro%$ Rinterest$ inteRrr(%t$ Rinter+ie7$ Rin+oie$
R.ettison$ R.itterb(,$ Rli,!t(re$ Rlit&o,r!%&$ Rl(ll!b'$ "!lR#(ntion$ "!Rlin,er$ R"!n!le$
R"!ni(re$ R"!ni#est$ R"!ni#old$ "!Rnoe(+re NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "!Rne(+er
NUSAO$ "!riRn!de N"s (s!doOL R"!rin!de$ "!s/(eRr!de$ R"!ss!re$ R"!ster"ind$
"eR!nder$ R"er&!ndise NLzL %ero en GB el no"bre se %(ede %ron(ni!r t!"bi0n
on LsLM en USA el +erbo se esribe t!"bi0n$ !(n/(e "(' %oo$ on zO$ R"iro#il"$
R"iro7!+e$ R"inister$ "isreR%ort$ R"onitor$ R"ono,r!"$ R"(lti%le-$ R"(tin'$
Rne,!ti+e$ niRello$ oR!sion$ Rot(%le$ Ro##ier$ o+erR&e!t$ Ro+ersl!(,& LIlo4L Nliter!rio4
o"o +erbo s3lo en USAO$ Ro+ert(re$ R%!9s!ddle$ %!Rl!+er$ %!liRs!de$ R%!nto"i"e$
R%!%erb!9$ R%!r!&(te$ R%!r!##in$ R%!r!,on$ R%!r!,r!%&$ R%!r!llel$ R%!r!%&r!se$
R%!rb(9le$ %!rle'R+oo NGBO$ R%!rod'$ %!rRtition$ %!s/(iRn!de$ %!R+ilion$ R%edest!l$
%erRo-ide$ %eRtition$ R%&oto,r!%&$ R%&oto"!%$ R%&otost!t$ R%i,eonHI6&ole$ R%i,,'b!9$
R%il,ri"!,e$ R%illor'$ R%inn!le$ %iro(Rette$ %oRsition$ %reR!nel$ %redeRe!se Nr!ro
o"o no"breO$ R%re.(die$ R%re"iere NGBO NoO R%re"ikre NGB4 "s (s!dosO '
U%re"iRere NoO %re"iRkre N"enos (s!dos4 !ent(!d! l! terer! sFl!b!O N: sFl!b!s en GB en
los ;OL %reR"iere NoO %reR"ikre NUSA4 los 84 8 sFl!b!s en los 8OV$ %oRsition$ R%re.(die$
%reR+ision Nr!roO$ %ri+!Rteer$ R%ri+ile,e$ %roRession$ %ro#iRteer$ %ro"eRn!de$
%roR%ortion$ R%rosel'te$ R%rostit(te$ %roR+ision$ R%'r!"id$ R/(!dr(%leL /(!Rdr(%le$
R/(!r!ntine$ R/(!rterb!9$ R/(int(%le NGB %rini%!l"enteOL /(inRt(%le NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO$ r!9eRteer$ Rr!dio$ re!Rtte"%t$ re!Rrrest$ reR!%t(re$ Rreo"%ense$
reR'le$ reRdo(ble$ re#eRree$ Rre#erene$ Rre,ister$ reRiss(e$ reR"!inder$ Rre"ed'$
renRo(nter Nliter!rioO$ Rrendez+o(s$ reR%le+in$ reR%le+'$ Rre%ri"!nd N' Ure%riR"!ndV
"enos (s!do o"o +erboO$ reR%(r&!se$ reRs&(##le NRres&(##le4 no"bre4 GB4 "enos
(s!doO$ Rretro#it$ Rretros%et Nr!ro o"o +erboO$ Rre+erene$ Rrio&et N"s (s!doOL
rioR&et$ Rridi(le$ RroleI%l!'$ Rrollerbl!de$ Rr(bberne9 N+(l,!rO$ Rs!bot!,e$ Rs!ri#ie$
Rs!l!r'$ Rs!nd%!%er$ Rs!tellite$ Rs&ool"!ster$ Rsellot!%e NGBO$ Rse"!%&ore$ Rsentinel$
Rse%(l&re NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rse%(l&er NUSAO$ sereRn!de$ Rs&(ttleo9$
s9eRd!ddle Nolo/(i!lO$ Rs9'ro9et$ Rsled,e&!""er$ slo,!Rneer NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO$ so(+eRnir NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rso(+enir NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$
Rstereot'%e$ sil&o(Rette$ Rso"ers!(lt N"s (s!doOL Rs(""ers!(lt$ Rste!"roller$
Rstee%le&!se$ Rsteno,r!%&$ Rste+edore$ Rsti9'be!9 Nolo/(i!l4 A(str!li! ' N(e+!
[el!nd!O$ stiRletto$ Rstr!it.!9et N"s (s!doOL Rstr!i,&t.!9et$ Rs(b"!rine Nt!"bi0n on
el !ento en l! terer! sFl!b!O$ s(bR%oen!L s(bR%en! NUSAO$ Rs(bstit(te$ Rs(btitle$
Rs(btot!lL s(bRtot!l NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ Rs(rin,le$ s(Rrrender$ Rs'll!ble$ Rtele!st$
Rtele,r!%&$ Rtele%&one N+erbo4 GB %rini%!l"enteO$ Rteleso%e$ Rtelet'%e$ Rt&i"bleri,$
Rti"et!ble N+erbo4 GB %rini%!l"enteO$ toRbo,,!n$ Rto"!&!79$ torR%edo$ Rtr!"%oline$
Rtr!+est'$ Rtri'le$ Rt(r%entine$ (nRb!l!ne$ R(ndero!t$ R(nderse!l NGBO$ R(nderset$
R(ni#or"$ (nRre!son$ R(%%er(t$ +!R!tion No"o +erbo s3lo en USAO$ R+ideo$ R+ine,!r$
R+itriol$ +ol(nRteer$ R7!ll%!%er$ R7!ter"!r9$ R7!ter%roo#$ R7!ters9i$ R7e!t&ero9$
R7&eelb!rro7$ R-'lo,r!%&$ Rzino,r!%&$ et1
Est!s %!l!br!s /(e se %ron(ni!n i,(!l son &o"3,r!#!s ' &o"3ni"os !bsol(tos1 D1
51:<151!M %!r! l!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en I!te D1 =155B
Al,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e &!en l! #(ni3n de no"bres ' !d+erbios lle+!n el !ento en
l! "is"! sFl!b!$ %ero l! e de UentV se %ron(ni! o"o LeL en el no"bre ' o"o LeL
en el +erbo4 R!li"ent$ Ro"%le"ent No"o +erbo t!"bi0n Uo"%leR"entV4 "enos
(s!doO$ Ro"%li"ent No"o +erbo t!"bi0n Uo"%liR"entV4 "enos (s!doO$
Rdo("ent$ e-R%eri"ent$ Ri"%le"ent$ Rinstr("ent$ Rorient Nno"bre '
!d.eti+o4 LRo4rientL ' +erbo4 LRo4rientO$ Rorn!"ent$ Rre,i"ent No"o +erbo t!"bi0n
Ure,iR"entV en GB4 "enos (s!doO$ Rs(%%le"ent No"o +erbo t!"bi0n
Us(%%leR"entV en GB4 "enos (s!doO$ et1
Aa una serie de nombres verbos de cuatro s(labas o m!s 'ue tienen la
misma forma, pero se distinguen en la pronunciacin4
o(nterb!l!ne LR9!(ntebYlenHt6sL NGBO ' LR9!(nterbYlenHt6sL NUSA o
L9!(nterRbYlenHt6sLO Hontr!%eso6 ' Uo(nterb!l!neV L9!(nteRbYlenHt6sL NGBO o
L9!(nterRbYlenHt6sL NUSA o LR9!(nterbYlenHt6sLO Hontr!%es!r6M
o+ers(%%l' LRo(+ese%l!IL NGBO ( LRo(+erse%l!IL NUSAO H%ro+isi3n e-esi+!6 '
Uo+ers(%%l'V Lo(+eseR%l!IL NGBO ( Lo(+erseR%l!IL NUSAO H!b!steer en e-eso6$
et1
No obst!nte$ es muc/o maor el nBmero de nombres verbos 'ue llevan el
acento en la misma s(labaM 0st! %(ede onsider!rse l! re,l! ' los !nteriores l!s
e-e%iones4 b!stiRn!do$ bio!Rss!'$ R!ntile+er$ !R%!rison$ !rboRn!do$ R!ri!t(re$
&ro"oRlit&o,r!%&$ onerRtin! No"o +erbo s3lo en GBO$ Ro(nterHI6!tt!9 N'
"enos (s!do Uo(nterHI6!Rtt!9VO$ rossIRre#ereneL RrossIRre#erene$ dis!dR+!nt!,e$
disiRll(sion$ disRinterest$ dis%roR%ortion$ eletioRneer$ eRletrot'%e$ e-R%eri"ent$
#i!nR&etto$ R#ilib(ster$ R,err'"!nder$ R&elio%ter$ R&o(sIR%o(s$ R&(,,erIR"(,,er$
R&(rr'IRs(rr'$ &'R%ertro%&'$ inonR+eniene$ Rin+entor'$ "!n(R#!t(re$ R"oll'oddle$
R"otor'le$ Ro+eriss(e NGBOL o+erRiss(e NUSAO$ R%&otoo%'$ %&otoRlit&o,r!%&$
R%itterI%!tter$ %reonRdition$ %ro%oRsition$ r!dioRtele,r!%&$ reoRnnoitre NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL reoRnnoiter NUSAO$ redeR%osit$ re%oRsition$ re/(iRsition$
rodo"onRt!de$ Rs&ill'HI6s&!ll' Nolo/(i!lO$ Rstereo&ro"e$ Rstereot'%e$ Rt!bern!le$
R(nderst(d' Nen USA t!"bi0n U(nderRst(d'V o"o +erbo4 "enos (s!doO$
R+ideot!%e$ et1
51;;1I En in,l0s ' en !stell!no l!s palabras 'ue suelen llevar acento tnico o
prosdico en la cadena /ablada$ se! (n! #r!se o (n! or!i3n$ son4
56 Los no"bres1
86 Los !d.eti+os (!ndo no +!n del!nte de (n no"bre$ es deir$ (!ndo +!n detrs
de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o$ se"io%(l!ti+o$ ' (!ndo son
o"%le"entos %redi!ti+os1
:6 Los !d.eti+os n("er!les !rdin!les ' ordin!les (!ndo +!n en ontr!ste on
otros1
;6 Los !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os (!ndo (!ndo +!n en ontr!ste on otros4 t&is$ t&!t$
t&ese$ t&ose1
<6 Los !d.eti+os %osesi+os (!ndo +!n en ontr!ste on otros4 "'$ 'o(r$ &is$ &er$ its$
o(r$ t&eir1
=6 Los !d.eti+os interro,!ti+os1 D1 ;1<?
?6 Los !d.eti+os e-l!"!ti+os1 D1;1=C
@6 Los %rono"bres %erson!les s(.eto (!ndo +!n solos s(Hb6stit('endo ! (n!
or!i3n4 I$ 'o($ &e$ s&e$ 7e$ t&e'1
B6 Los %rono"bres %erson!les ob.eto (!ndo +!n solos s(Hb6stit('endo ! (n!
or!i3n ' (!ndo +!n !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n4 "e$ &i"$ &er$ (s$ t&e"M en !stell!no
e/(i+!len ! los %rono"bres %erson!les ob.eto t3nios o"o Q"F$ ti$ (sted$ sF$
nosotrHos$ !s6$ +osotrHos$ !s6$ (stedes$ ellHos$ !s6Q1
5C6 Los %rono"bres n("er!les !rdin!les ' ordin!les1
556 Los %rono"bres de"ostr!ti+os4 t&is$ t&!t$ t&ese$ t&ose1
586 Los %rono"bres %osesi+os4 "ine$ 'o(rs$ &is$ &ers$ o(rs$ t&eirs1
5:6 Los %rono"bres interro,!ti+os1 D1 <18:I<
5;6 Los %rono"bres rel!ti+os e-%li!ti+os1 D1 <18@
5<6 Los %rono"bres e-l!"!ti+os1 D1 <18B
5=6 Los %rono"bres inde#inidos4 bot&$ so"e$ et1 D1 <1:C
5?6 Los +erbos nor"!les4 e!t$ lo+e$ 7or9$ et1
5@6 Los +erbos !(-ili!res (!ndo +!n !l #in!l de l! or!i3n en l!s oletill!s en #or"!
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 be$ !n$ "!'$ "(st$ et1
5B6 L! "!'or %!rte de los !d+erbios deter"in!ti+os (!ndo +!n !l #in!l de l!
or!i3n1 D1 ?15C18
8C6 Los !d+erbios H%rono"in!les6 inde#inidos1 D1 ?15B1<
856 Los !d+erbios H%rono"in!les6 interro,!ti+os1 D1 ?18C
886 Los !d+erbios H%rono"in!les6 e-l!"!ti+os1 D1 ?18;
8:6 L!s %re%osiiones de (n! sFl!b!4 !t$ b'$ in$ 7it&$ et1$ ' sobre todo l!s de "s de
(n! sFl!b!4 !Rlon,$ t&ro(,&Ro(t$ 7iRt&o(t$ et1$ (!ndo +!n en ontr!ste on otr!s1
8;6 Al,(n!s on.(niones (!ndo lle+!n 0n#!sis1
8<6 L!s inter.eiones1 D1 B18CI8
En in,l0s ' en !stell!no l!s %!l!br!s ton!s$ es deir$ /(e no s(elen lle+!r !ento
t3nio o %ros3dio en l! !den! &!bl!d!$ e-e%to si lle+!n 0n#!sis o indi!n
ontr!ste$ son4
!6 El !rtF(lo deter"in!do4 t&e1
b6 El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do4 !Hn61
6 El %ri"er ele"ento de los no"bres %ro%ios de %il! o"%(estos t!nto en in,l0s
o"o en !stell!noM no son t!n #re(entes en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no1 E.14 jo&n
RP!(l Nno en#tioOL jo&nIRP!(l Nno en#tioOL Rjo&n RP!(l Nen#tioOL Rjo&nIRP!(l
Nen#tioO Hj(!n P!blo6$ et1
d6 Los !d.eti+os (!ndo +!n del!nte de (n no"bre$ ! no ser /(e +!'!n en ontr!ste
on otros1 D1 51;?15$ ;1<1@IB$ ;1<155
e6 Los !d.eti+os n("er!les !rdin!les ' ordin!les$ ! no ser /(e +!'!n en ontr!ste
on otros1
#6 Los !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os4 t&is$ t&!t$ t&ese$ t&ose$ ! no ser /(e +!'!n en
ontr!ste on otros1
,6 Los !d.eti+os %osesi+os4 "'$ 'o(r$ &is$ &er$ its$ o(r$ t&eir$ ! no ser /(e +!'!n en
ontr!ste on otros1
&6 Los !d.eti+os inde#inidos4 bot&$ so"e$ et1$ ! no ser /(e +!'!n en ontr!ste on
otros1 D1 ;1=5
i6 Los %rono"bres %erson!les s(.eto4 I$ 'o($ &e$ s&e$ 7e$ t&e'$ ! no ser /(e +!'!n en
ontr!ste on otros1
.6 Los %rono"bres %erson!les ob.eto (!ndo no +!n solos s(Hb6stit('endo ! (n!
or!i3n ' (!ndo no +!n !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n4 "e$ &i"$ &er$ (s$ t&e"$ ! no ser /(e
+!'!n en ontr!ste on otrosM en !stell!no e/(i+!len ! los %rono"bres %erson!les
ob.eto tonos o"o U"e$ te$ le$ se$ os$ lesV1
96 El %ri"er ele"ento de %rono"bres n("er!les !rdin!les ' ordin!les o"%(estos1
D1 51;<1:
l6 Los %rono"bres rel!ti+os es%ei#i!ti+os1 D1 <18=I?
ll6 Los +erbos !(-ili!res e-e%to en l!s oletill!s en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!1 D1 =181:I;
"6 Los !d+erbios H%rono"in!les6 rel!ti+os1 D1 ?188I:
n6 L!s %re%osiiones de "s de (n! sFl!b!4 !Rlon,$ t&ro(,&Ro(t$ 7iRt&o(t$ et1$ ' sobre
todo l!s de (n! sFl!b!4 !t$ b'$ in$ 7it&$ et1$ (!ndo no +!n en ontr!ste on otr!s1
)6 L!s on.(niones (!ndo no lle+!n 0n#!sis1 En %oesF! l! "!'or %!rte de los
no"bres$ !d.eti+os$ +erbos ' %rono"bres s(elen ir !ent(!dosM l! %oesF! tiene
!ento ' rit"o re,(l!resM %or eso$ tiene "0tri! %ero l! %ros! no tiene !ento ' rit"o
re,(l!res '! /(e no tiene "0tri!M en l! %ros! e-isten !ento ' rit"o irre,(l!res1
51;<1I &as palabras compuestas suelen llevar un acento primario otro
secundarioM entre ell!s se %(eden it!r %!l!br!s4
56 J(e ter"in!n en QinIl!7Q1 D1 5C1=515<
86 M(&!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or %re#i.os1 D1 :1:<15$ ;1::15$ =155@$ ?18?15I8$
5C1=515?
:6 Los n2"eros del tree !l diein(e+e inl(si+e1 E.14 t&irRteen$ #i#Rteen$ nineRteen$
et1$ %ero URt&irt'$ R#i#t'$ Rninet'VM sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo se (ent! (n n2"ero detrs de
otro +!n !ent(!dos s3lo en l! %ri"er! sFl!b!4 Rone$ Rt7o$ 111 Rt&irteen$ et1$ %ero en
este !so no se on#(nde on URt&irt'V %or/(e URt&irteenV se dirF! des%(0s de 58 '
URt&irt'V detrs de 8BM el !ento %ri"!rio +! en el 2lti"o ele"ento de los
%rono"bres n("er!les !rdin!les ' ordin!les o"%(estos4 t7ent'IRse+en$
ei,&t'IR#o(r$ ! &(ndred !nd Rten$ ! t&o(s!nd !nd R#i#teen$ in nineteen Rninet'$ et1M en
!stell!no o(rre lo "is"o4 sesent! ' Rino$ tres R"il$ et1
;6 Los !d+erbios o"%(estos /(e +!n se%!r!dos o (nidos %or (n ,(i3nM el !ento
%ri"!rio +! nor"!l"ente en el 2lti"o ele"ento ' el se(nd!rio en el %ri"ero en
in,l0s ' en !stell!noM se %(eden %oner t!"bi0n dos !entos %ri"!rios1 D1 ?18<
51;=1I El in,l0s$ ! se"e.!nz! del r(so$ est lleno de "ont!)!s ' +!lles en l!
%ron(ni!i3nM l!s "ont!)!s de l!s %!l!br!s in,les!s son "(' ,r!ndes en l!s sFl!b!s
on !ento %ri"!rio$ %e/(e)!s en l!s sFl!b!s on !ento se(nd!rioM los +!lles de l!s
%!l!br!s in,les!s son l!s sFl!b!s no !ent(!d!sM s(ele &!ber !ltern!ni! de sFl!b!
!ent(!d! ' sFl!b! no !ent(!d!M el rit"o es b!st!nte onst!nte en in,l0s ' !d!
ierto tie"%o s(ele &!ber sFl!b!s !ent(!d!sM l! lon,it(d de (n! +o!l de%ende del
rit"o de l! or!i3nM (!ndo (n! sFl!b! on (n! +o!l l!r,! o (n di%ton,o +! se,(id!
de (n! sFl!b! no !ent(!d!$ es! +o!l l!r,! o di%ton,o s(ele ser "s ort! /(e si
di&! sFl!b! +! !l #in!l de (n! %!l!br! o se,(id! de (n! sFl!b! !ent(!d!M (!nt!s
"s sFl!b!s no !ent(!d!s &!'! detrs de (n! sFl!b! !ent(!d! "s ort! es l! +o!l
o di%ton,o !ent(!dosM !sF el di%ton,o Lo(L de l! %!l!br! UnoV es "s l!r,o /(e el
de l! %!l!br! Uno7&ereVM esto tiene /(e +er on el rit"o del in,l0s /(e &!e /(e (n!
%!l!br! ort! se %ron(nie "s o "enos en el "is"o tie"%o /(e (n! %!l!br! l!r,!
o (n sint!,"! on +!ri!s %!l!br!sM en in,l0s l!s si,(ientes or!iones se %ron(ni!n
!%ro-i"!d!"ente en el "is"o %erFodo de tie"%o4 M' Rbrot&erZs ! Rdotor HMi
&er"!no es "0dio6L M' Rbrot&erZs ! b!d Rdotor HMi &er"!no es (n "0dio "!lo6L
M' Rbrot&erZs ! +er' re!ti+e Rdotor HMi &er"!no es (n "0dio "(' re!ti+o6L M'
Rbrot&erZs not ! +er' inno+!ti+e Rdotor HMi &er"!no no es (n "0dio "('
inno+!ti+o6M l!s %!l!br!s no !ent(!d!s se %ron(ni!n "s r%ido /(e l!s %!l!br!s
!ent(!d!sM l!s %!l!br!s !ent(!d!s son l!s /(e "!r!n el rit"o de l! or!i3nM en
!stell!no es di#erente ' no se %ron(ni!n en el "is"o %erFodo de tie"%oM %(ede
&!ber4
!6 En (n! %!l!br! de dos sFl!b!s4 !ento %ri"!rio en l! %ri"er! se,(id! de sFl!b! no
!ent(!d! HRI I4 R%!rt'6 o !l re+0s HI RI4 onRe!l61
b6 En (n! %!l!br! on tres sFl!b!s4 !ento %ri"!rio en l! %ri"er! se,(id! de otr!s
dos sFl!b!s no !ent(!d!s HRI I I4 Rs'll!ble6 o sFl!b! no !ent(!d! se,(id! de sFl!b!
on !ento %ri"!rio ' l(e,o sFl!b! no !ent(!d! HI RI I4 &o"eR"!9er6 o dos sFl!b!s
no !ent(!d!s se,(id!s de sFl!b! on !ento %ri"!rio HI I RI4 9it&eRnette61
6 En (n! %!l!br! de (!tro sFl!b!s4 !ento %ri"!rio en l! %ri"er! se,(id! de tres
sFl!b!s no !ent(!d!s o on (n !ento se(nd!rio en l! terer! sFl!b! HRI I I I4
Ro+er"!ntel6 o %ri"er! sFl!b! on !ento se(nd!rio ' !ento %ri"!rio en l! terer!
sFl!b! HI I RI I4 desol!Rtion6 o !ento %ri"!rio en l! se,(nd! sFl!b! ' l!s otr!s sin
nin,2n !ento HI RI I I4 (nRs%e!9!ble61
En in,l0s &!' (n! tendeni! ! %ron(ni!r en el "is"o tie"%o l! sFl!b! o sFl!b!s
ton!s /(e &!' entre sFl!b!s t3ni!s1 Por e.e"%lo$ si dei"os QT&is Rs%ort Zs RnieQL
QM' Rs%ort is RnieQ HEsteL Mi deR%orte es !,r!Rd!ble6$ QM' Rs%orts"!n is RnieQ HMi
de%orRtist! es R,(!%o6$ el tie"%o /(e tr!ns(rre entre Qs%ortQ$ /(e lle+! (n !ento
%ri"!rio$ ' QnieQ$ /(e lle+! (n !ento %ri"!rio$ es %rti!"ente el "is"o ! %es!r
de /(e lo /(e &!' en "edio es en l! %ri"er! #r!se QZsQ$ en l! se,(nd! QisQ ' en l!
terer! QIs"!n isQ1
El !stell!no$ sin e"b!r,o$ es o"o (n! ,r!n ll!n(r! on %e/(e)os "ontF(los
%or/(e$ !(n/(e (n! sFl!b! no +!'! !ent(!d!$ s( %ron(ni!i3n es "s o "enos
i,(!l /(e si lo est(+ier!M l! %ron(ni!i3n en !stell!no es "s sose,!d!$ "enos
e-tre"!M %or eso$ se die /(e el !stell!no tiene (n rit"o silbio o"o el .!%on0s$
el #r!n0s$ el it!li!no$ el es%er!nto$ el r!be$ et1M no obst!nte$ el in,l0s
est!do(nidense est entre el in,l0s britnio ' el !stell!no$ '! /(e l!s "ont!)!s '
los +!lles no son t!n !ent(!dos o"o en GB1
En l! si,(iente #r!se ( or!i3n U>&en I 7!s in RS%!in$ I (sed to Rdine !t t&is
Rrest!(r!ntV H*(!ndo est!b! en EsR%!)!$ solF! eRn!r en este rest!(Rr!nte6$ l!s %!l!br!s
/(e +!n !ent(!d!s son QS%!in$ dine$ rest!(r!ntQ ' l!s de"s no +!n !ent(!d!s1
En in,l0s es el !ento el /(e "!r! el rit"o$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no es l! sFl!b!M
%or eso$ se die /(e el in,l0s es rFt"io ' tiene (n rit"o !ent(!l o"o el !le"nM el
rit"o es el res(lt!do de l! o"bin!i3n de sFl!b!s !ent(!d!s ' no !ent(!d!sM en
!stell!no l!s sFl!b!s tienen l! "is"! d(r!i3n$ %ero en in,l0s noM en in,l0s l!s
%!l!br!s /(e (ent!n %!r! el rit"o son l!s /(e lle+!n !ento %ri"!rio1 D151;;
Otr! os! "(&o "s i"%ort!nte en in,l0s /(e en !stell!no es l! (ni3n de %!l!br!s
Hlin9in,6 en (n! #r!se ( or!i3nM (!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en (n! onson!nte o
(n! +o!l "(d! %reedid! de onson!nte ' l! si,(iente e"%iez! %or +o!l$
nor"!l"ente se (ne l! onson!nte #in!l on l! +o!l de l! si,(iente %!l!br! ! no ser
/(e &!'! (n! %!(s! en#ti!M si l! +o!l de l! si,(iente %!l!br! +! !ent(!d!$ se
%one el !ento del!nte de l! onson!nte !nterior1 E.14 !llz!Rro(nd$ Rt'%e o#$ not !Rt
!ll Nsin %!(s! %ero on %!(s! en#ti! serF! U!t R!llVO$ et1 D1 518?1B$ =15?CI5
51;?1I El ritmo cambia, a veces, el acento de una palabraM en los diion!rios
!%!reen l!s %!l!br!s !ent(!d!s o"o si se %ron(ni!r!n sol!s$ %ero (!ndo +!n
on otr! o "s %!l!br!s %(ede !"bi!r el !ento de l! %!l!br! o %!l!br!s /(e no +!n
!l #in!l del on.(ntoM se ll!"! !"bio de !ento Hstress s&i#t6M pueden darse los
siguientes casos"
*+ Cuando un ad%etivo va solo detr!s de un verbo copulativo normalmente
lleva un acento primarioM sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo +! solo del!nte de (n no"bre o !
%rini%io de (n! or!i3n nor"!l"ente lle+! (n !ento se(nd!rio ' (!ndo indi!
ontr!ste$ "(&o "enos #re(ente"ente$ %(ede lle+!r t!"bi0n (n !ento %ri"!rioM
si el !ento %ri"!rio +! en l! %ri"er! sFl!b!$ no !"bi! (!ndo +! del!nte de (n
no"breM sin e"b!r,o$ si el !ento %ri"!rio no +! en l! %ri"er! sFl!b!$ %(ede ir en
+!rios l(,!res (!ndo +! solo del!nte de (n no"bre o ! %rini%io de (n! or!i3n1
E.14 T&e (re is beneR#ii!l NoO RbeneR#ii!l HL! (r! es bene#iios!6$ %ero QIt is !
bene#ii!l$ bene #ii!l NoO bene #ii!l Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL Rbene#ii!l$
beneR#ii!l NoO Rbene #ii!l Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO R(reQ HEs (n! (r!
bene#iios!6M Bene#ii!l$ Bene #ii!l NoO Bene #ii!l Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL
RBene#ii!l$ BeneR#ii!l NoO RBene #ii!l Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO !s t&e (re is 111
HA(n/(e l! (r! se! bene#iios! 1116M S&e is *&iRnese HEll! es &in!6 NoO Ee o(ldnZt
s%e!9 *&iRnese Hl no s!bF! &!bl!r &ino6$ %ero QA *&inese NoO *&i nese Nno
en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL R*&inese NoO *&iRnese Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO R"!n is
7!itin,Q HUn &o"bre &ino est es%er!ndo6M Ee is Rdo7ntrodden NoO Rdo7nRtroddenL
do7nRtrodden NGBO Hl est %isote!do6$ %ero U Do7ntrodden NoO Do7n trodden
Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL RDo7ntrodden NoO RDo7nRtrodden Nen#tios4 "enos
(s!dosO R%eo%le N"s (s!doOL R%ersons N"enos (s!doO !re (n&!%%'V HL! ,ente
%isote!d! es desdi&!d!L L!s %erson!s o%ri"id!s son desdi&!d!s6M T&e no+el 7!s
#iRtitio(s HL! no+el! er! #itii!6$ %ero QIt 7!s ! #ititio(s NoO #i titio(s Nno
en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL R#ititio(s NoO #iRtitio(s Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO Rno+elQ
HEr! (n! no+el! #itii!6M Fititio(s NoO Fi titio(s Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL
RFititio(s NoO FiRtitio(s Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO t&o(,& t&e no+el 7!s HA(n/(e l!
no+el! er! #itii!6MiRde!l Hide!l6$ %ero Q!n ide!l NoO i de!l Nno en#tios4 "s
(s!dosOL Ride!l NoO iRde!l Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO R&o"eQ H(n! !s! ide!l6M EeZs
j!%!Rnese Hl es .!%on0s6$ %ero U j!%!nese NoO j!%! nese Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL
Rj!%!nese NoO j!%!Rnese Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO R#!nsV H!d"ir!dores .!%oneses6M
o+erR!n-io(s N(O Ro+erR!n-io(s Hde"!si!do %reo(%!do6$ %ero U o+er!n-io(s$
o+er !n-io(s N(O o+er !n-io(s Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL Ro+er!n-io(s$
o+erR!n-io(s N(O Ro+er !n-io(s Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO R%!rentsV H%!dres
de"!si!do %reo(%!dos6M %reR%!id NoO R%reR%!id H%!,!do %or !del!nt!do6$ %ero
U %re%!id$ %re %!id NoO %re %!id Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL R%re%!id$ %reR%!id NoO
R%re %!id Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO R%ost!,eV H#r!n/(eo %!,!do %or !del!nt!do6M
S&e 7!s (nR9no7n NoO R(nR9no7n HEll! er! desonoid!6$ %ero Qt&e (n9no7n$
(n 9no7n NoO (n 9no7n Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL R(n9no7n$ (nR9no7n NoO
R(n 9no7n Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO RsoldierQ Hel sold!do desonoido6$ et1
A +ees$ el !d.eti+o /(e +! del!nte de (n no"bre lle+! !ento se(nd!rio en GB
%ero no en USA1 E.14 !n inside R.ob NGBOL !n Rinside .ob NUSAO$ et1
*on los !d.eti+os o"%(estos se%!r!dos o (nidos %or (n ,(i3n lo "s senillo '
orreto %!r! (n !stell!no&!bl!nte es !ent(!r los dos ele"entos !%ro-i"!d!"ente
i,(!l on (n !ento %ri"!rio (!ndo no +!n del!nte de (n no"breM (!ndo el
2lti"o ele"ento es (n! %re%osii3n lle+! (n !ento se(nd!rioM si lle+!n tres
ele"entos$ se !ent2! el %ri"ero ' el tereroM %(eden lle+!r t!"bi0n (n !ento
%ri"!rio ' otro se(nd!rio %ero esto es "(' o"%li!do '! /(e +!rF! de (n !d.eti+o
! otro1 E.14 #!rIR#et&ed NoO R#!rIR#et&ed Hro!"boleso6$ %ero Q! #!rI#et&ed$ #!rI
#et&ed NoO #!rI #et&ed Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL R#!rI#et&ed$ #!rIR#et&ed NoO
R#!rIR#et&ed Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO Rt!leQ H(n! &istori! ro!"boles!6M
,oodIRn!t(red NoO R,oodIRn!t(red Hbond!doso6$ %ero Q! ,oodIn!t(red$ ,oodI n!t(red
NoO ,oodI n!t(red Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL R,oodIn!t(red$ ,oodIRn!t(red NoO
R,oodIRn!t(red Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO Rs"ileQ H(n! sonris! bon!&on!6M
illIRti"ed NoO RillIRti"ed Hino%ort(no6$ %ero U illIti"ed$ illI ti"ed NoO illI ti"ed Nno
en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL RillIti"ed$ illIRti"ed NoO RillIRti"ed Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO
Rentr!neV Hentr!d! ino%ort(n!6M ItZs li,&t R,reen NoO Rli,&t R,reen HEs +erde l!ro6$
%ero Q! li,&t ,reen$ li,&t ,reen NoO li,&t ,reen Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL Rli,&t
,reen$ li,&t R,reen NoO Rli,&t R,reen Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO Rolo(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL Rolor NUSAOV H(n olor +erde l!ro6M n!rro7IR"inded NoO
Rn!rro7IR"inded Hintoler!nte6$ %ero Q! n!rro7I"inded$ n!rro7I "inded NoO
n!rro7I "inded Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL Rn!rro7I"inded$ n!rro7IR"inded NoO
Rn!rro7IR"inded Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO R%ersonQ H(n! %erson! intoler!nte6M
oldIR#!s&ioned N(O RoldIR#!s&ioned H!nti(!do6$ %ero U oldI#!s&ioned$ oldI #!s&ioned
N(O oldI #!s&ioned Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL RoldI#!s&ioned$ oldIR#!s&ioned N(O
RoldIR#!s&ioned Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO R7!'sV H#or"!s !nti(!d!s6M 7ellIRo## NoO
R7ellIRo## H!diner!do6$ %ero Q! 7ellIo##$ 7ellI o## NoO 7ellI o## Nno en#tios4 "s
(s!dosOL R7ellIo##$ 7ellIRo## NoO R7ellIRo## Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO R%ersonQ H(n!
%erson! !o"od!d!6M 7ellIR!redI#or NoO R7ellIR!redI#or Hbien (id!do6$ %ero Q!
7ellI!redI#or$ 7ellI !redI#or NoO 7ellI !redI#or Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL R7ellI
!redI#or$ 7ellIR!redI#or NoO R7ellIR!redI#or Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO R&ildV H(n
ni)o bien (id!do6$ et1
En !stell!no o(rre lo "is"o1 E.14 Es &er"oRsisi"o$ %ero U(n &er"osFsi"o$
&er"o sFsi"o NoO &er"o sFsi"o Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL R&er"osFsi"o$
&er"oRsFsi"o NoO R&er"oRsFsi"o Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO %oRe"!V1
*(!ndo (n !d.eti+o +! solo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o s(ele lle+!r (n !ento
%ri"!rioM (!ndo +! %reedido de (n !d+erbio s(ele lle+!r (n !ento %ri"!rio el
!d.eti+o$ %ero %(ede lle+!rlo el !d+erbio !nterior (!ndo indi! 0n#!sis1 E.14 It is
dis!R%%ointin, HEs dee%ioRn!nte6M It is +er' dis!R%%ointin, Rre!ll' Nno en#tioO HEs
"(' dee%ioRn!nte reR!l"ente6$ %ero A4 It is ! bit dis!R%%ointin, HEs (n %oo
dee%ioRn!nte61 B4 It is R+er' dis!%%ointin, Rre!ll' Nen#tioO HEs R"('
dee%ion!nte reR!l"ente6$ et1
2+ @n nombre compuesto de dos o m!s s(labas puede llevar el acento en la
Bltima o penBltima s(laba cuando va solo$ %ero (!ndo se (s! del!nte de (n
no"bre ' &!e l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+o el !ento %(ede ir en +!rios l(,!res1 E.14 old
R!,e Hl! +eR.ez6$ %ero Q!n oldI!,e$ oldI !,e N(O oldI !,e Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL
RoldI!,e$ oldIR!,e N(O RoldI !,e Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO R%ension NGBOL R%ensioner
NGBOL ! %ension NUSA4 sin QoldI!,eQOL ! %ensioner NUSA4 sin QoldI!,eQO H(n!
%ensi3n de +eR.ezL (n %ensioRnist!61
2+ Aa nombres 'ue llevan un acento primario en una s(laba distinta de la
primera cuando /acen la funcin de nombres$ %ero (!ndo &!en l! #(ni3n de
!d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os del!nte de (n no"bre$ el !ento %(ede %!s!r ! l! %ri"er!
sFl!b!$ si no lle+! 0n#!sis$ ' /(ed!r en l! "is"! sFl!b!$ si lle+! 0n#!sis1 E.14
T&orRness$ %ero URT&orness Nno en#tioOL T&orRness Nen#tioO RB!'V Hl! b!R&F! de RT161
D1 ;1;515
-+ =lgunos nombres llevan un acento primario en una s(laba distinta de la
primera cuando van solos$ %ero (!ndo +!n del!nte de (n no"bre$ el !ento %!s!
! l! %ri"er! sFl!b!M en "(&os !sos se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n otro !ento
se(nd!rio donde lle+!b! el !ento %ri"!rio$ sobre todo en USA1 E.14 R%riness NoO
%rinRess NGBO H%rinRes!6$ t&is %rinRess NGBO Hest! %rinRes!6$ t&e ro'!l %rinRess
NGBO Hl! %rines! reR!l6$ %ero U%riness Rro'!lV HHl!6 %rines! reR!l6$ et1
3+ &os nombres de t(tulos /onor(ficos oficiales tanto acadmicos, religiosos,
gubernamentales, nobiliarios, profesionales, como comerciales pueden llevar
un acento secundario, si no llevan nfasis, uno primario, si llevan nfasis,
cuando van delante de un nombre de pila o un apellido, 'ue lleva un acento
primario1 E.14 t&e RPriness DiR!n! Hl! PrinRes! RDi!n!6$ RPriness RA!te Hl! PrinRes!
*!t!Rlin!6$ t&e PrinResses NGBO DiR!n! !nd RM!r' Hl!s %rinRes!s RDi!n! ' M!RrF!6$
et1 D1 :1<155
6+ El nombre propio de pila suele llevar un acento acento secundario, si no
lleva nfasis, uno primario, si lleva nfasis, cuando va seguido de un apellido,
'ue lleva un acento primarioM o(rre lo "is"o en !stell!no1 E.14 L!(r! Nno
en#tioOL RL!(r! Nen#tioO Rjo&nson HL!(r! Rj16$ To" Nno en#tioOL RTo" Nen#tioO
Rjones$ et1
8+ El primer elemento de nombres unidos por las con%uncioneson MandM u
MorM suele llevar un acento acento secundario, si no lleva nfasis, uno
primario, si lleva nfasisM el se,(ndo ele"ento lle+! (n !ento %ri"!rio1 E.14 bre!d
Nno en#tioOL Rbre!d Nen#tioO !nd Rb(tter HR%!n onL ' "!nteR/(ill!61
9+ &os numerales llevan un acento primario cuando son pronombres, pero
suelen llevar un acento secundario cuando son ad%etivosM no obst!nte$ en
"(&os !sos se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n (n !ento se(nd!rio donde lle+!b! el
!ento %ri"!rio e inl(so (n !ento %ri"!rio si lle+!n 0n#!sis1 E.14 Fo(rRteen !rri+ed
HLle,!ron !Rtore6$ %ero UFo(rteen R%eo%le !rri+edV HLle,!ron !tore %erRson!s6M
t&irRteen HRtree6$ %ero Ut&irteen Rdoll!rsV Htree Rd3l!res6M S&e Rbro(,&t t&irRteen HEll!
tr!.o Rtree6$ %ero Ut&irteen R%o(nds Htree Rlibr!s6M t7ent'IRse+en H+eintiRsiete6$ %ero
Ut7ent'Ise+en Rt!blesV H+eintisiete R"es!s6$ et1
0+ Con los verbos compuestos separados o unidos por un guin lo m!s sencillo
correcto para un castellano/ablante es acentuar los dos elementos
aproximadamente igual con un acento primarioM %(eden lle+!r t!"bi0n (n
!ento %ri"!rio ' otro se(nd!rio %ero esto es "(' o"%li!do '! /(e +!rF! de (n
+erbo ! otro1 D1 =158:I=
*:+ El !d+erbio Q!bsoRl(tel'Q NoO UR!bsol(tel'V se !ent2! nor"!l"ente !sF (!ndo
"odi#i! ! (n! %!l!br! !nterior o (!ndo +! solo o"o ontest!i3n ! (n
o"ent!rio de otr! %erson!M se %ron(ni!n URdo7nst!irs$ Rinl!nd$ RoneHI6ti"e$
Ro(tri,&t$ Ro+er!ll$ Ro+er,ro(nd NGBO$ Ro+er&e!d$ R(nder,ro(ndV$ (!ndo son
!d.eti+os ' Udo7nRst!irs$ inRl!nd$ one Rti"e$ o(tRri,&t$ o+erR!ll$ o+erR,ro(nd NGBO$
o+erR&e!d$ (nderR,ro(ndV$ (!ndo son !d+erbios1 E.14 I !bso l(tel' NoO !bsol(tel'
Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dos4 D1 51;?155OL !bsoRl(tel' NoO R!bsol(tel' Nen#tios4 "enos
(s!dos4 D1 51;?155O !R,reeL I !,ree !bsoRl(tel' NoO R!bsol(tel' NGBO HEsto' tot!l"ente
de !R(erdo6M A4 It is better HEs "e.or61 B4 AbsoRl(tel'L RAbsol(tel' HPor s(R%(estoL
ToRt!l"ente6M T&e' !re do7nRst!irs NoO Rdo7nRst!irs HEstn !Rb!.o6$ %ero QIt is in !
do7nst!irs$ do7n st!irs NoO do7n st!irs Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL do7nRst!irs$
Rdo7nst!irs NoO Rdo7n st!irs Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO Rroo"Q HEs (n! &!bit!i3n de
!Rb!.o61
En ,ener!l los !d+erbios /(e no lle+!n (n !ento %ri"!rio en l! %ri"er! sFl!b!
(!ndo +!n solos o "odi#i!n ! (n! %!l!br! !nterior o"o U!ltoR,et&er$
do(bleIR/(i9$ do7nR&ill$ do7nRstre!"$ &it&erRto Nliter!rioO$ seondHI6R&!ndV$ et1$
s(elen lle+!r (n !ento se(nd!rio en l! %ri"er! sFl!b!$ donde lle+!b!n el !ento
%ri"!rio o en l!s dos (!ndo "odi#i!n ! otr! %!l!br! /(e +! detrs1 E.14 !lto,et&erL
!lto ,et&erL !lto ,et&er Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL R!lto,et&erL !ltoR,et&erL
R!lto ,et&er Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO Rdi##erent Htot!l"ente disRtinto6$ et1
**+ &os adverbios 'ue van delante de un ad%etivo o verbo pueden llevar un
acento acento secundario, si no llevan nfasis, uno primario, si llevan nfasis4
!bso l(tel' NoO !bsol(tel' Nno en#tios4 "s (s!dosOL !bsoRl(tel' NoO R!bsol(tel'
Nen#tios4 "enos (s!dosO Rert!in H!bsol(t!"ente seR,(roHs66M (!ndo +!n en l!
%ri"er! %!rte de (n !d.eti+o o"%(esto se%!r!do o (nido %or (n ,(i3n lo "s
senillo %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es %oner (n !ento %ri"!rio en los dos
ele"entos1 D1 ;1<1@I5C
*2+ &os adverbios compuestos por dos elementos unidos por guin o
separados sin guin llevan acento primario en el segundo , si el primer
elemento es un nombre, puede llevar acento primario tambin aun'ue no lleve
nfasis pero, si el primer elemento no es un nombre, slo el segundo lleva
acento primario si no llevan nfasis o en los dos si llevan nfasisM si tienen tres
ele"entos$ lle+!n !ento %ri"!rio en el terero si no lle+!n 0n#!sis o en el %ri"ero '
terero si lle+!n 0n#!sis1 D1 ?18<1 En !stell!no o(rre lo "is"o1
*2+ Kara las combinaciones de dos nombres separados, 'ue en ingls se llaman
;collocations<, lo m!s sencillo correcto para un castellano/ablante es
acentuar los dos nombres aproximadamente igual con un acento primario o
con la misma intensidad1 D1 ;1;C18$ ;1;5I8
51;@1I En ingls existen palabras 'ue tienen dos o m!s formas de
pronunciacinM se (s!n nor"!l"ente l!s #or"!s #(ertes (!ndo se ontr!st!n dos o
"s %!l!br!s$ (!ndo (n! %!l!br! lle+! 0n#!sis$ del!nte de (n! %!(s! ! "it!d o !l
#in!l de (n! or!i3n '$ si no$ l!s #or"!s d0bilesM (!ndo (n! %re%osii3n +! se,(id!
de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ,ener!l"ente (n! de l!s dos #or"!s es #(erte ' l! otr!
d0bilM se d!n sobre todo en4
*+ El !rtF(lo deter"in!do Ut&eV ' el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do U!L !nV ('!s #or"!s
#(ertes son LSi4L del!nte de +o!l o onson!nte$ LeIL$ LYnL ' ('!s #or"!s d0biles son
LSiL del!nte de +o!l o LSeL del!nte de onson!nte o l!s se"ionson!ntes L.$ 7L$ LeL
del!nte de onson!nte$ LenL del!nte de +o!l1
2+ Los !d.eti+os %osesi+os U"'$ 'o(r$ &is$ &er$ o(rV ' el %rono"bre %osesi+o
U'o(rsV$ ('!s #or"!s #(ertes son L"!IL$ L.o4L NGB o L.(eLO ' L.o4rL NUSA o L.(He6rLO$
L&IzL !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n ' (!ndo es %rono"bre %osesi+o o indi!
ontr!ste$ L&4L NGBO ' L&4rL NUSAO$ LR!(eL NGBO ' LR!(He6rL NUSAO$ L.o4zL NGBO '
L.o4rzL NUSAO$ ' ('!s #or"!s d0biles son L"IL$ L.eL del!nte de onson!ntes en GB '
L.erL del!nte de +o!les en GB ' L.erL del!nte de onson!ntes ' +o!les en
USAM LIzL %ero no !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n o L&IzL !l %rini%io de (n!
or!i3n$ L4L NGBO ' L4rL NUSAO %ero no !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n$ L&eL NGBO
' L&erL NUSAO !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n$ LerL del!nte de onson!ntes en GB ' LeL
del!nte de +o!les en GB ' LerL del!nte de onson!ntes ' +o!les en USA %ero no
!l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n$ L!4L NGBO ' L!4rL NUSAO$ L.(ezL NGBO ' L.(He6rzL NUSAO1
2+ Los %rono"bres %erson!les U"e$ 'o($ &e$ s&e$ it$ 7e$ (s$ &i"$ &er$ t&e"$ 'e
N!r!ioOV ' re#le-i+os U'o(rsel#$ 'o(rsel+es$V('!s #or"!s #(ertes son L"i4L$ L.(4L$
L&i4L$ L[i4L$ LItL$ L7i4L$ LAsL$ L&I"L$ L&4L NGBO ' L&4rL NUSAOL$ LSe"L$ L.o4Rsel#L NGB4 el
"s (s!do de los :O ' L.o4rRsel#L NUSAO$ L.o4Rsel+zL NGB4 el "s (s!do de los :O '
L.o4rRsel+zL NUSAO$ L.i4L ' ('!s #or"!s d0biles son L"IL$ L.(L del!nte de +o!les o !l
#in!l de l! or!i3n ' L.eL s3lo del!nte de onson!ntes en GB ' del!nte de +o!les '
onson!ntes o !l #in!l de l! or!i3n en USAM Li4L %ero no !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n
o L&iL !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n o LiL %ero no !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3nM L[iLM LItL
del!nte de +o!les o LIL del!nte de onson!ntes$ L7iL$ LHe6sLM LI"L$ L4L NGBO ' L4rL
NUSAO %ero no !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n$ L&eL NGBO ' L&erL NUSAO !l %rini%io de
(n! or!i3n$ LerL del!nte de onson!ntes en GB ' LeL del!nte de +o!les en GB
' LerL del!nte de onson!ntes ' +o!les en USA %ero no !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n$
LSHe6"L o LHe6"L$ L.(eRsel#L NGB o L.eRsel#LO ' L.(rRsel#L NUSA o L. erRsel#L4 el "s
(s!do de los :O$ L.(eRsel+zL NGB o L.eRsel+zLO ' L.(rRsel+zL NUSA o L. erRsel+zL4 el "s
(s!do de los :O$ L.iL1
-+ Los %rono"bres interro,!ti+os ' rel!ti+os U7&o$ 7&o"$ 7&oseV$ ('!s #or"!s
#(ertes son L&(4L (!ndo es %rono"bre interro,!ti+o$ L&(4"L (!ndo es %rono"bre
interro,!ti+o ' rel!ti+o$ L&(4zL (!ndo es !d.eti+o ' %rono"bre interro,!ti+o '
%rono"bre rel!ti+oM l!s #or"!s d0biles son LH&6(L (!ndo es %rono"bre rel!ti+o$
L&("L (!ndo es %rono"bre rel!ti+o$ L(4zL (!ndo es %rono"bre rel!ti+o1
3+ Los +erbos !(-ili!res ' "od!les Ube$ !"$ !re$ 'o(Zre$ is$ 7!s$ 7ere$ been$ &!+e$
&!s$ &!d$ do$ does$ s&!ll$ s&o(ld$ 7ill$ 7o(ld$ !n$ o(ld$ "!'$ "(stV$ ('!s #or"!s
#(ertes$ /(e se (tiliz!n sie"%re (!ndo +!n !l #in!l de l! or!i3n ' (!ndo lle+!n
0n#!sis o +!n en #or"! ne,!ti+! ontr!t!$ son Lbi4L$ LY"L$ L!4L NGBO ' L!4rL NUSAO$
L.o4L NGB4 "s (s!do o L.(eLO ' L.o4rL NUSA o L.(H e6 rL4 "s (s!doO$ LIzL$ L7ozL NGBO
' L7!4zL NUSAO$ L74L NGBO ' L74rL NUSAO$ Lbi4nL NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ L&Y+L$
L&YzL$ L&YdL$ Ld(4L$ LdAzL$ L[YlL$ L[(dL$ L7IlL$ L7(dL$ L9YnL$ L9(dL$ L"eIL o
L"eL$ L"AstL del!nte de +o!l ' onson!ntes no ol(si+!s o L"AsL del!nte de l!s
onson!ntes ol(si+!s Lb$ %$ d$ t$ ,$ 9L$ ' ('!s #or"!s d0biles$ /(e no se (tiliz!n
n(n! (!ndo +!n !l #in!l de l! or!i3n$ ni se,(idos de UnotV$ ni (!ndo no lle+!n
0n#!sis$ son LbiL o LbILM Le"L o L"LM LeL del!nte de onson!ntes en GB ' LerL del!nte
de +o!les en GB ' LerL del!nte de onson!ntes ' +o!les en USAM L.eL NGBO ' L.erL
NUSAO$ LzL (!ndo +! ontr!Fdo o"o QZsQ detrs de +o!l o onson!nte sonor!
e-e%to Lz$ L ' o"o LsL detrs de onson!nte sord! e-e%to Ls$ [LM L7He6zLM L7eL
del!nte de onson!ntes en GB ' L7erL del!nte de +o!les en GB ' L7erL del!nte de
onson!ntes ' +o!les en USAM LbInLM LH&6e+L$ L&e+L !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n '
(!ndo Q&!+eQ +! ontr!Fdo o"o QZ+eQ se %ron(ni! o"o L+LM LH&6ezL$ L&ezL !l
%rini%io de (n! or!i3n ' (!ndo +! ontr!Fdo o"o QZsQ se %ron(ni! o"o LzL
detrs de +o!l o onson!nte sonor! e-e%to Lz$ L ' o"o LsL detrs de onson!nte
sord! e-e%to Ls$ [LM LH&6edL$ L&edL !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n ' (!ndo +! ontr!Fdo
o"o QZdQ se %ron(ni! o"o LdLM Ld(L del!nte de +o!les o LHd6eL del!nte de
onson!ntesM LdHe6zLM L[He6lLM L[He6dL del!nte de onson!ntes sonor!s o L[tL del!nte
de onson!ntes sord!sM LH76elL$ ' (!ndo Q7illQ +! ontr!Fdo o"o QZlQ se
%ron(ni! o"o LlLM LH76edLM (!ndo Q7o(ldQ +! ontr!Fdo o"o QZdQ se %ron(ni!
o"o LedL detrs de (n! onson!nte ' o"o LdL detrs de (n sonido +olioM
L9He6nL o L9/del!nte de L9$ ,LM L9edLM L"iL o L"eLM L"He6sHt6L del!nte de +o!l '
onson!ntes no ol(si+!s o L"He6sL del!nte de l!s onson!ntes ol(si+!s Lb$ %$ d$ t$
,$ 9L1
6+ L!s %re%osiiones U!t$ b'$ #or$ #ro"$ in$ o#$ %er$ toV ('!s #or"!s #(ertes son
LYtL$ Lb!IL$ L#o4L NGBO ' L#o4rL NUSAO$ L#ro"L NGBO ' L#r!4"L NUSAO$ LInL$ Lo+L NGBO
' L!4+L NUSAO$ L%4L NGBO ' L%4rL NUSAO$ /(e se (s! en l! "!'or %!rte de los
!sos$ Lt(4L del!nte de onson!nte o +o!l (!ndo indi! ontr!ste$ ' ('!s #or"!s
d0biles son LetL %ero no !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n$ LbIL o LbeL$ L#eL NGBO ' L#erL NUSAO
%ero no !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n4 L#eL del!nte de onson!ntes en GB ' L#erL del!nte de
+o!les en GB ' L#erL del!nte de onson!ntes ' +o!les en USA$ L#re"L %ero no !l
#in!l de (n! or!i3n$ LHe6nL$ LHe6+L del!nte de +o!les ' onson!ntes sonor!s o L#L
del!nte de onson!ntes sord!s %ero no !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n o LeL Nolo/(i!lO s3lo
del!nte de onson!ntes$ L%eL NGBO ' L%erL NUSAO$ /(e se (s! en !l,(n!s #r!ses
o"o Q%er !nn("L entQ$ Lt(L del!nte de +o!l$ se"ionson!nte L.$ 7L '$ si lle+!
0n#!sis$ del!nte de onson!nte ' LteL del!nte de onson!nte$ si no lle+! 0n#!sisM !l
#in!l de (n! or!i3n (!ndo detrs de QtoQ se sobrHe6entiende (n in#initi+o se %(ede
%ron(ni!r Lt(L "s #re(ente"ente o Lt(4L "enos #re(ente"ente1
Est!s %re%osiiones lle+!n l! #or"! #(erte$ (!ndo +!n !l #in!l de l! or!i3n ' el
o"%le"ento +! del!nte del +erbo o (!ndo +!n ontr!st!d!s1
Est!s %re%osiiones lle+!n l! #or"! d0bil$ (!ndo no +!n !l #in!l de l! or!i3n sino
del!nte de (n no"bre o (!ndo no +!n ontr!st!d!s1
Est!s %re%osiiones lle+!n l! #or"! #(erte del!nte de %rono"bres %ron(ni!dos
d0bil"ente ' l! #or"! d0bil del!nte de %rono"bres %ron(ni!dos #(erte"ente1 E.14
Q!t (sQ %(ede ser LYt esL o Let AsL1 D1 @15@
8+ L!s on.(niones U!nd$ !s$ b(t$ i#$ nor$ or$ t&!n$ t&!t$ till$ 7&enV$ ('!s #or"!s
#(ertes son LYndL$ LYzL$ LbAtL N(!ndo indi! ontr!ste ' !l #in!l de l!
or!i3nO$ LI#L$ Lno4L NGBO ' Lno4rL NUSAO$ Lo4L NGBO ' Lo4rL NUSAO$ LSYnL Nr!roO$ LSYtL
(!ndo es on.(ni3n$ %ero r!r!"ente (s!do '! /(e se s(ele (s!r l! #or"! d0bil$
%rono"bre rel!ti+o$ !d.eti+o o %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o ' !d+erbio$ LtIlL$ L7enL
NGBO ' L&7enL NUSAO$ ' ('!s #or"!s d0biles son LHe6ndL del!nte de +o!l ' LHe6nL
del!nte de onson!nte$ L"L del!nte de b 3 %$ ' LL del!nte de , 3 9M LezL %ero no !l
#in!l de (n! or!i3n$ LbetL N"s (s!doO o LbeL Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!do4 del!nte de
(n! onson!nteO N(!ndo no indi! ontr!ste ' no +! !l #in!l de l!
or!i3nO$ Le#L$ LneL NGBO ' LnerL NUSAO$ LeL NGBO ' LerL NUSAO$ LSenL o LSnL$ LSetL
del!nte de +o!l o onson!nte ' LSeL s3lo del!nte de onson!nte (!ndo es
%rono"bre rel!ti+o ' on.(ni3n$ LStL (!ndo es %rono"bre rel!ti+o$ LtlL$ L7enL
NGBO ' L&7enL NUSAO1
9+ Los inde#inidos Uso"eV$ U!n'V$ los no"bres US!int$ sirV$ los !d+erbios Uno$ not$
t&en$ t&ere$ 7ellV ' l! e-l!"!i3n Uer Hesto NEs%!)!OL este NL!tino!"0ri!O6V ('!s
#or"!s #(ertes son LsA"L (!ndo es %rono"bre ND1<1:C15;O ' en !l,(nos !sos
(!ndo es !d.eti+o ND1;1=5155O$ LReniL$ LseIntL$ Ls4L NGBO ' Ls4rL NUSAO$ Lno(L$ LnotL
NGBO ' Ln!4tL NUSAO$ LSenL$ LSeeL del!nte de onson!ntes en GB ' LSeerL del!nte de
+o!les en GB ' LSeHe6rL del!nte de onson!ntes ' +o!les en USA N(!ndo se
tr!d(e %or U!&FL !llFVO$ L7elL$ L4L NGBO ' L4rL NUSAO ' ('!s #or"!s d0biles son
LsHe6"L ND1;1=5155O %ero no !l #in!l de l! or!i3n %or/(e es %rono"bre$ LReniL$
nor"!l"ente detrs de d$ t$ LsHe6ntL o LsIntL Nl! #or"! d0bil se (s! s3lo en GBO$ LseL
NGBO ' LserL NUSAO$ LnoL s3lo en !l,(n!s e-%resiones o"o QNo "ore does &eQ$
et1$ LnHt6L$ LSenL o LSnL$ LSeL del!nte de onson!ntes en GB ' LSerL del!nte de
+o!les en GB ' LSerL del!nte de onson!ntes ' +o!les en USA Ns3lo on +erbos
!(-ili!res4 T&ere is 7!ter HE!' !,(!6M (!ndo se (s! en oletill!s interro,!ti+!s o
%re,(nt!s on#ir"!ti+!sL ort!sL dis'(nti+!s ND1=181:O %(ede %ron(ni!rse o"o
#or"! d0bil o o"o #or"! #(erteO$ L7elL$ LeL NGBO ' LerL NUSAO1
ENTONA*I^N
51;B1I &a entonacin es el con%unto de tonos de las palabras 'ue forman una
oracin o fraseM el !ento Hstress6 %(ede est!r en l!s %!l!br!s !isl!d!s H%it&L 7ord
stressL 7ord tone6M l! enton!i3n Hinton!tionL %it& %!tternL sentene toneL sentene
stress6 es el !ento en l! or!i3n en +ez de en l! %!l!br!M l! enton!i3n tiene /(e +er
on el !ento de l!s %!l!br!s dentro de (n! or!i3n o #r!seM l!s %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n
!ento en l! 2lti"! sFl!b! lle+!n enton!i3n Hon in#le-i3n6 !sendente o"o
UdiR+ide|$ reRei+e|$ seRttee|V$ et1M l!s %!l!br!s /(e lle+!n !ento en l! %ri"er!
sFl!b! lle+!n enton!i3n Hon in#le-i3n6 desendente o"o URboo9let+$
Rdition!r'+$ R"one'+V$ et1M l!s %!l!br!s /(e no lle+!n !ento ni en l! %ri"er! ni
en l! 2lti"! sFl!b! lle+!n enton!i3n Hon in#le-i3n6 !sendenteIdesendente o"o
U!bRsorH|6%tion+$ desRri%H|6tion+$ !R,reeH|6!ble+V$ et1M no obst!nte$ el tono de
l!s %!l!br!s !isl!d!s %(ede !"bi!r en el ,r(%o #3nio4 UR"one'V tiene (n tono
H%it&6 desendente o"o %!l!br! !isl!d!$ %ero en l! or!i3n UDid 'o( ,et !n'
R"one'|TV tiene (n tono Hinton!tion6 !sendente /(e !#et! ! tod! l! or!i3nM l!
in#le-i3n desendente no se red(e si"%le"ente ! l! 2lti"! sFl!b! de l! #r!se (
or!i3n$ sino /(e o"ienz! ,ener!l"ente en l! 2lti"! sFl!b! !ent(!d! e inl('e
t!"bi0n l!s sFl!b!s /(e +!n detrs de l! sFl!b! !ent(!d!M el ,r(%o #3nio tiene
nor"!l"ente tres tie"%os4 (n %ri"er tie"%o inii!l$ (n se,(ndo tie"%o inter"edio
' (n terer tie"%o #in!lM l!s or!iones %(eden !"bi!r de si,ni#i!do se,2n se
!ent2e (n! %!l!br! ( otr!4 mo(r R"ot&er o"es on T(esd!'s+ HT( R"!dre N' no
otr! %erson!O +iene los "!rtes6M mo(r "ot&er Ro"es on T(esd!'s+ HT( "!dre
R+iene Nno +! o #!lt!$ et1O los "!rtes6M mo(r "ot&er o"es on RT(esd!'s+ HT( "!dre
+iene los R"!rtes Nno otros dF!sO6M T&e Rb(t&er doesnZt e!t #is&+ HEl !rniRero Nno
otr! %erson!O no o"e %es!do6M T&e b(t&er doesnZt Re!t #is&+ HEl !rniero no
Ro"e Nno +ende$ et1O %es!do6M T&e b(t&er doesnZt e!t R#is&+ HEl !rniero no
o"e %esR!do Nsino !rne ( otr!s os!sO6M Did ARr!n&! 7in t&e tennis "!t&|T
HWG!n3 ARr!n&! N' no *on&it! ( otr! %erson!O el %!rtido de tenisT6M Did Ar!n&!
R7in t&e tennis "!t&|T HWRG!n3 Nno %erdi3$ et1O Ar!n&! el %!rtido de tenisT6M Did
Ar!n&! 7in t&e Rtennis "!t&|T HWG!n3 Ar!n&! el %!rtido de RtenisT Nno (n
on(rso de %oesF! ( otr! os!O6M REo7| !re 'o(+T HWRJ(0 Nindi! !ntid!dO t!l
ests Ht26T6M Eo7 R!re| 'o(+T HWJ(0 t!l esRts Nindi! est!doO Ht26T6M Eo7 !re
R'o(+T HWJ(0 t!l ests Rt( N' no otr! %erson!OT6M l! enton!i3n dese"%e)! (n!
#(ni3n lin,XFsti!$ tiene +!lor #(nion!l$ #onol3,io '$ se,2n el tono$ %(ede +!ri!r
l! si,ni#i!i3n de (n! %!l!br! o de (n! or!i3nM l! enton!i3n es t!n i"%ort!nte o
"s /(e l! %ron(ni!i3n de l!s di#erentes %!l!br!sM l! enton!i3n de (n! or!i3n
Hinton!tionL %it& %!tternL sentene toneL sentene stress6 enter! se ll!"! on.(nto
#3nioM (n on.(nto #3nio %(ede tener (n ,r(%o #3nio HtoneI,ro(%L rel!ti+e %it&6
n!d! "s si no &!' %!(s!s o t!ntos ,r(%os #3nios o"o %!(s!sM los ,r(%os #3nios
son l!s %!rtes /(e %(ede tener (n on.(nto #3nioM !d! ,r(%o #3nio lle+! (n
!ento %ri"!rioM l! sFl!b! /(e +! !ent(!d! en !d! ,r(%o #3nio se ll!"! sFl!b!
t3ni! Htoni6M el tono HtoneL %it&6 es !lto (!ndo l! sFl!b! +! !ent(!d! ' b!.o
(!ndo l! sFl!b! no +! !ent(!d!M l! (r+! "el3di! !l #in!l de !d! %!(s! en (n
,r(%o #3nio se ll!"! tone"! Htone"eL tone ,ro(%6M l! #(ni3n de l! enton!i3n es
se%!r!r el on.(nto #3nio de (n! or!i3n de otr!$ el ,r(%o #3nio de (n! %!rte de l!
or!i3n de otr!M l! in#or"!i3n %(ede distrib(irse de t!l #or"! /(e (n ,r(%o #3nio
%(ede oinidir on (n! or!i3n inde%endiente4 Ee is &!%%'+ Hl es #eliz6$ %(ede
ser (n! %!rte de (n! or!i3n inde%endiente4 Ee &!d o%%osed t&e ide!|in de#i!ne o#
t&e %!rt'+ Hl se &!bF! o%(esto ! l! ide!|en des!#Fo del %!rtido6M T&e' 7ill do it
slo7l'$|"eti(lo(sl'+ HLo &!rn lent!"ente$|"eti(los!"ente6M It 7ill be
ro(,&l'|t7ent' t&o(s!nd e(ros+ HSern !%ro-i"!d!"ente|+einte "il e(ros6 o
%(ede inl(ir (n! or!i3n o"%(est!$ sobre todo en estilo indireto ND1 5C1;?O4 Ee
didnZt Ro"e| H$6| be!(se it 7!s Rl!te+ Non %!(s! detrs de Qo"eQO Hl no
R+inoH$6 %or/(e er! Rt!rde Ni Be!(se it 7!s l!te &e didnZt o"eO6 ' UEe didnZt o"e
be!(se it 7!s Rl!teH+6|V Nsin %!(s! detrs de Qo"eQO Hl no +ino %or/(e #(er!
Rt!rde Ni +ino %or otr! r!z3nO6M l! enton!i3n sir+e %!r! d!r 0n#!sis ! iert!s %!rtes de
l! or!i3n ' %!r! l! "!ni#est!i3n de l!s !tit(des o re!iones del &!bl!nteM
nor"!l"ente$ si &!' +!rios ,r(%os #3nios en (n on.(nto #3nio$ s(elen est!r
di+ididos donde &!' (n! o"! en l! esrit(r!$ s!l+o !l,(n!s e-e%iones$ el %(nto '
o"!$ los dos %(ntos$ el %(ntoM no obst!nte$ #re(ente"ente no &!' (n si,no de
%(nt(!i3n %!r! "!r!r el #in!l de (n ,r(%o #3nio ' el o"ienzo de otroM (!ndo
(n ,r(%o #3nio orres%onde ! (n! or!i3n inde%endiente no lle+! 0n#!sis %ero$
(!ndo l! in#or"!i3n se distrib('e de t!l #or"! /(e el ,r(%o #3nio es s3lo (n!
%!rte de (n! or!i3n$ s(ele lle+!r 0n#!sisM (!ndo el #oo de 0n#!sis o l! sFl!b!
!ent(!d! en el ,r(%o #3nio est en l! 2lti"! %!l!br! /(e %(ede lle+!r !ento en l!
or!i3n$ entones l! enton!i3n es nor"!lM l! %!l!br! #in!l tiene /(e ser (n ele"ento
l0-io de los /(e %(eden nor"!l"ente lle+!r !ento t3nio o %ros3dio en l!
!den! &!bl!d!4 Ee !rri+ed R'esterd!'+ Hl lle,3 !R'er6M T&e' Rs!7 "e+ HMe
R+ieron6M sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo l! sFl!b! !ent(!d! en el ,r(%o #3nio no est en l!
2lti"! %!l!br! de l! or!i3n /(e %(ede lle+!r !ento t3nio$ entones l! enton!i3n
es en#ti!4 REe !"e 'esterd!'+ HRl +ino !'er6M RT&e' s!7 "e+ HMe +ieron Rellos6M
It R"i,&t be d!n,ero(s+ HPoRdrF! ser %eli,roso6M es i"%ort!nte$ %(es$ distin,(ir los
,r(%os #3nios ' l(e,o el #oo de 0n#!sis dentro del ,r(%o #3nioM en l!s or!iones
en(ni!ti+!s$ si &!' s3lo (n ,r(%o #3nio$ s(ele tener (n %ri"er tie"%o Hon
in#le-i3n6 !sendente$ (n se,(ndo tie"%o Hon in#le-i3n6 nor"!l ' (n terer tie"%o
Hon in#le-i3n6 desendente on !"%lio desenso4 Ee o"es &o"e+ Hl +iene !
!s!6M en l!s or!iones en(ni!ti+!s$ si &!' dos ,r(%os #3nios$ el %ri"ero ter"in!
nor"!l"ente en in#le-i3n !sendente ' el se,(ndo en in#le-i3n desendente on
!"%lio desenso ND1 51<C1:OM en l!s or!iones en(ni!ti+!s$ si &!' tres o "s ,r(%os
#3nios$ los %ri"eros ter"in!n nor"!l"ente en in#le-i3n !sendente ' s3lo el
2lti"o ter"in! en in#le-i3n desendente on !"%lio desenso ND1 51<C1:OM ! +ees$
%(ede &!ber (n ,r(%o #3nio on in#le-i3n nor"!l se,(ido de (n! or!i3nL
%ro%osii3n o"%le"ent!ri!$ nor"!l"ente entre o"!s$ /(e lle+! (n! in#le-i3n
!sendente ' l(e,o$ !l #in!l$ (n ,r(%o #3nio Hon in#le-i3n6 desendente on
!"%lio desenso ND1 51<C1:OM l!s or!iones en(ni!ti+!s si"%les$ !(n/(e est0n
oordin!d!s$ %(eden red(irse ! (n solo ,r(%o #3nio Htone ,ro(%L bre!t&I,ro(%6$ si
se &!e (n es#(erzo ND1 51<515;O o$ si no$ l! %ri"er! tiene (n ,r(%o #3nio on
in#le-i3n !sendente ' l! se,(nd! tiene (no on in#le-i3n desendente on !"%lio
desenso ND1 51<C15;OM (!ndo son or!iones en(ni!ti+!s$ l!s or!iones
s(bordin!d!s #or"!n (n ,r(%o #3nio ' l!s or!iones %rini%!les #or"!n otro ,r(%o
#3nio ' no se %(eden red(ir ! (n solo ,r(%o #3nioM l! or!i3nL %ro%osii3n /(e
+!'! del!nte$ se! l! or!i3n %rini%!l o l! or!i3n s(bordin!d!$ onstit('e (n ,r(%o
#3nio on in#le-i3n !sendente$ ' l! se,(nd! onstit('e (no on in#le-i3n
desendente on !"%lio desenso ND1 51<C1:OM no obst!nte$ si se s(bdi+iden l!s
or!ionesL %ro%osiiones$ l! /(e +!'! %ri"ero #or"! (n %ri"er ,r(%o #3nio !l,o
desendente ' (n se,(ndo ,r(%o #3nio !sendenteM l! /(e +!'! en se,(ndo l(,!r
#or"! (n %ri"er ,r(%o #3nio on in#le-i3n !sendente ' (n se,(ndo ,r(%o on
in#le-i3n desendente on !"%lio desenso ND1 51<C1:OM (!ndo (n! or!i3n
en(ni!ti+! tiene tres ,r(%os #3nios$ nor"!l"ente los dos %ri"eros tienen
in#le-i3n !sendente$ e-e%to (!ndo son en("er!iones$ ' el 2lti"o en in#le-i3n
desendente on !"%lio desensoM ' (!ndo &!' (n! en("er!i3n on "s de dos
ele"entos /(e no +!'! !l #in!l de l! or!i3n en(ni!ti+! ' los dos 2lti"os +!n
(nidos %or (n! on.(ni3n$ los %ri"eros #or"!n ,r(%os #3nios (n %oo
desendentes$ el %en2lti"o (n ,r(%o !sendente ' el 2lti"o (n ,r(%o desedente
on !"%lio desenso ND1 51<C1:OM l!s o"!s$ el %(nto ' o"! o los dos %(ntos
se%!r!n ,r(%os #3nios1
El in,l0s de USA tiene (n! enton!i3n "s ll!n!$ no on t!ntos !ltib!.os o"o el de
GBM l!s sFl!b!s no !ent(!d!s en el in,l0s de USA se %ron(ni!n "s /(e en GB '
se o'en on "!'or l!rid!dM el in,l0s est!do(nidense es !l,o n!s!l %ero el britnio
no1
L!s distint!s len,(!s %(eden ser ton!les Htone l!n,(!,es6 o"o el &ino$ o no
ton!les Hinton!tion l!n,(!,es6 o"o el in,l0s$ el !stell!no ' l!s de"s len,(!s
e(ro%e!sM en in,l0s l! or!i3n UT&is is ,re!t+V HEsto es #!b(loso6 se di#ereni! de
UT&is is ,re!t|T HW*on/(eL O se! /(eL J(e esto es #!b(losoT6$ %or/(e tienen (n
tone"! distintoM el tone"! %(ede ser desendente on ni+el ton!l b!.o$ !sendente
on ni+el ton!l !lto$ &orizont!l on ni+el ton!l "edio$ !sendenteIdesendente on
ni+el ton!l !ltoIb!.o$ desendenteI!sendente on ni+el ton!l b!.oI!ltoM el tone"!
desendente s(ele d!rse !l #in!l de l!s or!ionesM en !d! tone"! %(ede &!ber entre
(n! ' siete %!l!br!s nor"!l"enteM l! enton!i3n in,les! es b!st!nte %!reid! ! l!
!stell!n!$ si l!s o"%!r!"os on l! de l!s len,(!s ton!lesM bsi!"ente son dos los
"odelos de enton!i3n Ht(nes64 (no desendente Ht(ne I6$ /(e se d! en (n %orent!.e
"(&o "!'or de or!iones$ ' otro !sendente Ht(ne II6$ /(e se d! en (n %orent!.e
"(&o "enor de or!ionesM el desendente s(,iere !#ir"!i3n$ !se+er!i3n$
ertid("bre$ #in!lid!d$ onl(si3nM el !sendente s(,iere inertid("bre ' no
onl(si3n$ (n! or!i3n ino"%let! /(e +! se,(id! de otr! on tono desendenteM el
tono !sendente s(ele ser "s onili!torio ' el !sendente "s !br(%to$ e-e%to en
!l,(nos !sos1 D1 5C1;?
51<C1I Se utili)a el tono 4tone# pitc/+ o tonema 4toneme+ descendente4
*+ =l final en las oraciones enunciativas afirmativas cuando se est! seguro de
lo 'ue se diceM se (s! (n tono !te,3rio$ br(so$ seo$ !br(%toM si es (n! res%(est!
ort! no se es%er! /(e el interlo(tor si,! &!bl!ndo del te"!1 E.14 mo(r #!t&er is !
,ood R%erson+ HT( %!dre es b(en! %erRson!6M T&e' &!+e le#t !lRre!d'+ HSe &!n
"!r&!do R'!+6M A4 MrsH16 Lon, bro(,&t !not&er %iee o# R#(rnit(re+ HL! Sr!1 L1
tr!.o otro R"(eble+61 B4 So s&e Rdid+ HSF /(e lo Rtr!.o+6L And so &!+e R'o(+ Hm t2
t!"bi0n lo &!s Rtr!Fdo+6M A4 T&!n9s +er' R"(&+ Nestnd!rOL T&!n9 'o( +er'
R"(&+ Nestnd!rOL M!n' Rt&!n9s+ Nliter!rioO HM(&!s R,r!i!s+61 B4 Not !t R!ll+L
mo( !re R7elo"e+L DonZt R"ention it+]L T&!tZs !ll Rri,&t+L T&!tZs OH16RAH16+
Nolo/(i!lO NGB ' USA4 los <OL No R%roble"+ NUSA4 olo/(i!lO HDe Rn!d!+L No
&!' de R/(0+6M A4 S&e &!s ,one to Al"eRri!+ HEll! &! ido ! Al"eRrF!+61 B4 So s&e
R&!s+ ND1 ?15:4 so H6O HEso &! R&e&o+6M Ee %!'s 7&en &e R!n+ Hl %!,! (!ndo
R%(ede+6M I t&in9 Rso+ H*reo /(e RsF+ Ni Esto' !si se,(roO6M I be, 'o(r R%!rdon+
HLe %ido disR(l%!s+6M I !" Rsorr'+ Ni ItZs "' #!(ltO HLo Rsiento+ Ni Es (l%! "F!O6M
mes+ HSF Nse sobrHe6entiende Ues +erd!dVO6M mes|+ HSF Nse sobrHe6entiende U%or
s(%(estoV o"o !6 A%rob!i3n ! !l,o /(e el interlo(tor &! di&o en #or"!
!#ir"!ti+!1 b6 Ne,!i3n en #or"! de sor%res! ! !l,o /(e el interlo(tor &! di&o en
#or"! ne,!ti+!O61 D151<5185$ 51<518@
2+ =l final en las oraciones enunciativas negativas cuando se est! seguro de lo
'ue se diceM se (s! (n tono !te,3rio$ br(so$ seo$ !br(%to1 E.14 Eer "ot&er isnZt
Rt!ll+ HS( "!dre no es R!lt!+6M MrH16 >&ite didnZt le!+e !nd neit&erL nor did R'o(+
HEl Sr1 >1 no se "!r&3 ' t2 t!"R%oo+6M S&e 7onZt o"e toRd!'+ HEll! no +ieneL
+endr R&o'+6M It isnZt e-R%ensi+e+ HNo es R!ro+6M No+ HNo Nse sobrHe6entiende
Uno es +erd!dVO6M No|+ HNo Nse sobrHe6entiende U%or s(%(esto /(e noV o"o !6
A%rob!i3n ! !l,o /(e el interlo(tor &! di&o en #or"! ne,!ti+!1 b6 Ne,!i3n en
#or"! de sor%res! ! !l,o /(e el interlo(tor &! di&o en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!O61
D151<5185$ 51<518@
2+ =l final en las preguntas abiertas 'ue empie)an por ad%etivos, pronombres
o adverbios interrogativos como M/o,, /o, far, /o, long, /o, muc/, /o,
man, /o, often, /o, old, /o, 'uic1lM los interrogativos 'ue empie)an por
,/5" M,/o, ,/om, ,/ose, ,/at, ,/ic/, ,/en, ,/ere, ,/, ,/oeverN# ,/o
everN, ,/o elseN, ,/omeverN# ,/om everN, ,/ic/everN# ,/ic/ everN,
,/ateverN# ,/at everN, ,/ose elseNM cuando la pregunta es para obtener
informacin7 puede ser tambin para expresar irritacin o algo desagradable
pero no para indicar cortes(a, amabilidad o algo atractivoM l! ontest!i3n no
%(ede ser sF o no$ ' t!"%oo se d!n en l! %re,(nt! o%iones %!r! ontest!rM en
in,l0s liter!rio %(ede ir t!"bi0n (n! %re%osii3n !l %rini%io de l! or!i3nM si !l,(n!
de es!s %!l!br!s interro,!ti+!s &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto no &!' in+ersi3n del +erbo
%ero$ si no$ tiene /(e &!ber in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' del +erbo !n3"!loM l! %!l!br!
Q&o7Q o los %rono"bres interro,!ti+os /(e e"%iez!n %or 7&I +!n en tono
!sendente1 E.14 REo7| is &e+T HWR*3"oL J(0 Rt!l est 0lT6M R>&!t|is t&!t+T
HWRJ(0 es esoL !/(elloT6M REo7|o(ld I 9no7+T HWR*3"o %odHr6F! s!berlo 'oT6L
Eo7|Ro(ld I 9no7+T HW*3"o %oRdHr6F! s!berlo 'oT6L Eo7|o(ld RI 9no7+T
HW*3"o %odHr6F! s!berlo R'oT6L Eo7|o(ld I R9no7+T HW*3"o %odHr6F! Rs!berlo
'oT6M Eo7 "!n' Rti"es|does &e &!+e to tell &er+T HW*(nt!s R+ees tiene 0l /(e
deFrselo ! ell!T6M A4 S&e &!s o"e+ HE! +enido ell!61 B4 >it& R7&o"| Nliter!rioO
&!s s&e o"e+T HW*on R/(i0n &! +enido ell!T6M R>&o| Ns(.etoO !"e+T HWRJ(i0n
+inoT6M A4 Do it to"orro7+] H\E!zlo "!)!n!]61 B4 For R7&!t+T Nliter!rioOL
R>&!t|#or+T Nolo/(i!lOL For R7&oH"6+T Nliter!rioOL R>&oH"6|#or+T Nolo/(i!lO
HWP!r! R/(0L R/(i0nT6M A4 Brin, t&e 7!ter+] H\Tr!e el !,(!]61 B4 In R7&!t+T
Nliter!rioOL R>&!t|in+T Nolo/(i!lO HWEn R/(0T6M M' s7eetie$ R7&!t| 7o(ld 'o(
do+T HA"or "Fo$ WR/(0 &!rF!s t2T6M Eello Nel "s (s!doOL E(llo NGB
%rini%!l"ente4 "enos (s!doOL E!llo NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ R7&!t| !re 'o( doin,+T
HEol!$ W/(0 ests &!iendoT6M A4 Loo9 be&ind t&e tr!in] H\Mir! NoO Mire detrs del
tren]61 B4 R>&ere+T HWRD3ndeT61 D1 51<515C
-+ =l final en las preguntas o interrogaciones retricas 'ue empie)an por
ad%etivos, pronombres o adverbios interrogativos como M/o,M los
interrogativos 'ue empie)an por ,/5M tienen (n! enton!i3n %!reid! ! l!s de
51<C1:$ %ero no se es%er! (n! res%(est! ni en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! ni en #or"! ne,!ti+!M
est!s %re,(nt!s ret3ri!s +!n en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! ' son (n! es%eie de e-l!"!i3nM
son si"%le"ente o"ent!rios o %ens!"ientos en +oz !lt! /(e e/(i+!len ! or!iones
en(ni!ti+!s ne,!ti+!s en#ti!sM l! enton!i3n es ir(n#le.! o !sendenteI
desendente1 E.14 REo7| !n I Rdo|+ itT Ni I !nZt do itO HWR*3"o lo +o' ! &!erT Ni
No lo %(edo &!erO6M R>&!t| did &e Rs!'|+T Ni Ee didnZt s!' t&!tO HWRJ(0 di.o 0lT
Ni l no di.o esoL !/(elloO61 D1 51<515C$ 51<515<
3+ =l final en las preguntas o interrogaciones dubitativas7 pueden empe)ar por
ad%etivos, pronombre o adverbios interrogativos como M/o,M los
interrogativos 'ue empie)an por ,/5 tambin por cual'uier otra palabra,
pero no se espera una respuesta en forma afirmativa o en forma negativaM el
%rono"bre o !d+erbio interro,!ti+o %(ede ir !ent(!do o no de%endiendo del
0n#!sisM es (n! %re,(nt! /(e e/(i+!le ! (n o"ent!rio o %ens!"iento en +oz !lt!$
%ero no se es%er! reibir (n! res%(est!M l!s %!l!br!s interro,!ti+!s no s(elen ir
!ent(!d!s$ %ero en l!s %re,(nt!s !biert!s de 51<C1: ' en l!s %re,(nt!s reiter!ti+!sL
re!%it(l!ti+!sL eo de 51<515: sF1 E.14 HI 7onder$6 HR67&!t is t&!t+T HHMe %re,(nto$6
W/(0 es esoL !/(elloT6M HI 7onder$6 HR67&' did 'o( do it+T HHMe %re,(nto$6 W%or /(0
lo &iisteT6M HI 7onder$6 HR67&ere !re 'o( ,oin,+T HMe %re,(nto$ Wd3nde +!sT6M
HR6>&!t R&!%%ened+T HWJ(0 o(rriR3T6M HR6>&ere &!+e 'o( been+T I &o%e Ht&!t6 'o(
&!+enZt been to t&e Rreser+oir| HWD3nde &!b0is est!doT Es%ero /(e no &!'is ido !l
%!nt!no6M HI 7onder$6 HR67ill s&e ,o+T HHMe %re,(nto$6 Wir ell!T61
6+ =l final de la oracin en las coletillas interrogativas o preguntas
confirmativas# cortas# disuntivas H/(estion t!,s6M si l! or!i3n es !#ir"!ti+!$ l!
%re,(nt! ort! es ne,!ti+! ' l! ontest!i3n /(e se es%er! es !#ir"!ti+!M si l! or!i3n
es ne,!ti+!$ l! %re,(nt! ort! es !#ir"!ti+! ' l! ontest!i3n /(e se es%er! es
ne,!ti+!M el +erbo !(-ili!r /(e +! en l! %re,(nt! ort! %(ede ir !ent(!do o no
de%endiendo del 0n#!sisM es (n o"ent!rio %!r! "ostr!r /(e se est b!st!nte se,(ro
de lo /(e se dieM e/(i+!len ! (n! or!i3n e-l!"!ti+!M %(eden ser t!"bi0n (n
o"ent!rio o"o ontest!i3n ! !l,o /(e &! di&o otr! %erson!$ %!r! "ostr!r /(e
se est de !(erdo on l! otr! %erson!M si &!' (n +erbo !(-ili!r$ e-e%to Q(sed toQ$
en el %redi!do +erb!l !nterior ! l! oletill! interro,!ti+!$ se re%ite el +erbo !(-ili!r
en l! oletill! interro,!ti+! %ero$ si no$ se s(Hb6stit('e %or QdoL doesL didQM si el
s(.eto es (n no"bre en l! %re,(nt! ort!$ se (tiliz! (n %rono"bre '$ si el s(.eto es
(n %rono"bre$ en l! res%(est! ort! se re%ite el %rono"bre1 E.14 T&ese "en !re ri&$
HR6!renZt t&e'+T Ni Eo7 ri& t&e' !re]O HEstos &o"bres son rios$ W+erd!dTL WnoT6M
A4 T&ese "en !re ri& HEstos &o"bres son rios61 B4 mes$ t&e' !re$ HR6!renZt t&e'+T
HSF$ son rios$ W+erd!dTL WnoT6M T&e' o"e on S(nd!'s$ HR6donZt t&e'+T Ni T&e'
o"e on S(nd!'s]O HDienen los do"in,os$ W+erd!dTL WnoT6M T&ese bo's !renZt ri&$
HR6!re t&e'+T Ni Eo7 %oor t&e' !re]O HEstos "(&!&os no son rios$ W+erd!dT6M
mo( donZt o"e on S(nd!'s$ HR6do 'o(+T Ni mo( donZt o"e on S(nd!'s]O HNo
+ienes los do"in,os$ W+erd!dT6M A4 Ee doesnZt o"e on S(nd!'s Hl no +iene los
do"in,os61 B1 No$ &e RdoesnZt+$ HR6does &e+T HNo$ no +iene$ W+erd!dT61 D1 51<51;
8+ =l final de la oracin en las coletillas interrogativas o preguntas
confirmativas# cortas# disuntivas H/(estion t!,s6M si l! or!i3n es !#ir"!ti+!$ l!
%re,(nt! ort! es !#ir"!ti+!M si l! or!i3n es ne,!ti+!$ l! %re,(nt! ort! es ne,!ti+!
%ero se (s! %oo en GB ' "enos !2n en USAM no se "(estr! inter0s o ent(si!s"o
%or lo /(e &! di&o otr! %erson!M %(ede indi! dee%i3n$ des!%rob!i3nM si &!' (n
+erbo !(-ili!r$ e-e%to Q(sed toQ$ en el %redi!do +erb!l !nterior ! l! oletill!
interro,!ti+!$ se re%ite el +erbo !(-ili!r$ /(e %(ede ir !ent(!do o no de%endiendo
del 0n#!sis$ en l! oletill! interro,!ti+! %ero$ si no$ se s(Hb6stit('e %or QdoL doesL
didQ1 E.14 S&e 7ent 'esterd!'$ did s&e+T HEll! #(e !'er$ W+erd!dT6M A4 S&e is ei,&t'
HEll! tiene o&ent! !)os61 B4 HR6Is s&e+T H\D!'!]L \B(eno]6M A4 Ee isnZt ,oin, ne-t
7ee9 Hl no +! ! ir l! se"!n! /(e +iene61 B4 HR6IsnZt &e+T H\D!'!]L \B(eno]6M A4 S&e
doesnZt Rs"o9e+ HEll! no #("!+61 B4 HR6DoesnZt s&e+T HWNoTL WNo #("! ell!T61 D1
51<51=
9+ =l final en las oraciones exclamativas en imperativo cuando expresa una
orden, un mandato, una pro/ibicin, una condicin, un conse%o o sugerencia,
una recomendacin, una advertencia, un aviso, un deseo, una explicacinM son
br(s!s$ !br(%t!sM %(eden "ostr!r en#!doM no "(estr!n !"!bilid!d1 E.14 Go !7!'+]
H\Lr,!te]L \L!r,!os]L \Lr,(ense]6M DonZt sin, to"orro7+] H\No !ntesL !nt0isL
!nten "!)!n!]6M LetZs Nestnd!rO e!t+] H\*o"!"os]6M LetZs Nestnd!rO not r'+]
H\No llore"os]6M Let &i" 7rite+] H\J(e esrib! 0l]6M Let &i" not 7rite+]L DonZt let
&i" 7rite+] H\J(e no esrib! 0l]6M DonZt letZs NGB4 olo/(i!lO !r,(e+]L LetZs not
Nestnd!rO !r,(e+] H\No dis(t!"os]6M DonZt letZs NGB4 olo/(i!lO o%en t&e
7indo7+]L LetZs not Nestnd!rO o%en t&e 7indo7+] H\No !br!"os l! +ent!n!]6M Let
(s Nestnd!rO ,o+] H\D0.!nosL Per"Ftenos ir]6M mo( #inis& t&!t+] H\T2 ter"in! eso]6M
DonZt 'o( #inis& t&!t+] H\No ter"ines t2 eso]6M Eel% "e H%le!se6 so"ebod' Ns(.eto
del i"%er!ti+o4 D1 =15C8O+]L Eel% "e H%le!se6$ so"ebod' N+o!ti+o4 D1 =15C8O+]
H\J(e "e !'(de H%or #!+or6 !l,(ien]6M RDo sto% drin9in,+] H\Por #!+or$ de.H!L e6 de
beber]6M Go to &ell+] H\DeteL IdL D'!nse !l in#ierno]6M H>!it6 .(st ! "in(te+]
H\HEs%er!L Es%er!dL Es%eren6 s3lo (n "o"ento]61 D1 51<518C
0+ =l final en las frases u oraciones interrogativas 'ue expresan un ruego, una
peticin o indican insistencia sin mostrar amabilidadM son br(s!s o !br(%t!sM l!
ontest!i3n %(ede ser !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!M tienen /(e lle+!r !l %rini%io (n +erbo
!(-ili!r$ !(n/(e %(ed! &!er de +erbo %rini%!l t!"bi0n$ %ero el +erbo !(-ili!r no
se %(ede sobrHe6entender1 E.14 Is s&e oR9!'+T HWEst ell! RbienT6M *!n 'o( 7!it
Rno7+T HWP(edeHs6 es%er!r !R&or!T6M *!n &e &el% R'o(+T HWP(ede 0l !'(Rd!rteT6M
*o(ld I &!+e t&e Rs!lt+T HWP(edeHs6 %!s!r"e l! Rs!lT6M S&!ll 7e ,o Rno7+T HWNos
+!"os !R&or!T61 D1 51<515
*:+ =l final en muc/as de las oraciones exclamativas, exclamaciones o saludosM
l!s #r!ses ( or!iones e-l!"!ti+!s e"%iez!n on (n tono !sendente nor"!l"enteM
indi!n !#ir"!i3n$ no sor%res!1 E.14 >&!t| ! s(%erb ide! it Ris+] H\J(0 ide! "s
#!b(los! Res]6M Eo7| Rlo+el'+] H\J(0 boRnito]6M Good R"ornin,+ HB(enos RdF!s6M
EeRllo+] H\REol!]6M *&eer R(%+] H\Rnni"o]6M GoodRb'e+] H\ARdi3s]6M RBrilli!nt+]
H\GeRni!l]61 D1 51<518@
**+ =l final en oraciones exclamativas negativas 'ue esperan una respuesta
afirmativa principalmente pero no necesariamente, o cuando se expresa
sorpresa, enfado, desilusin o desaprobacinM son %re,(nt!s !(n/(e ten,!n l!
#or"! ' &!,!n l! #(ni3n de e-l!"!ionesM son "s #re(entes /(e l!s
e-l!"!iones !#ir"!ti+!sM e/(i+!len ! l! #or"! !#ir"!ti+! en (!nto !l
si,ni#i!doM es (n! #or"! de on+ener !l interlo(tor de lo /(e se dieM se dien en
(n tono "s !lto /(e en l!s or!iones en(ni!ti+!s1 E.14 IsnZt it R,re!t+] HWNo es
#!b(RlosoTL \J(0 #!b(loso Res]6M IsnZt s&e R(te+] HWNo es %reRios!L R,(!%!L R"on!TL
\J(0 %reios!L ,(!%!L "on! Res]6M IsnZt s&e Rlo+el'+] HWNo es "!r!+iRllos!TL \J(0
"!r!+illos! Res]6M E!+enZt t&e' Rs(##ered+] HWNo &!n s(R#ridoTL \J(e si &!n
s(R#rido]6M DoesnZt &e loo9 Rold+] HWNo %!ree R+ie.oTL \J(0 +ie.o %!Rree]61
*2+ =l final en oraciones exclamativas afirmativas 'ue esperan una respuesta
afirmativaM son %re,(nt!s !(n/(e ten,!n l! #or"! ' &!,!n l! #(ni3n de
e-l!"!ionesM son "enos #re(entes /(e l!s e-l!"!iones ne,!ti+!sM tienen
sentido !#ir"!ti+o %ero no tr!t!n de on+ener !l interlo(tor de lo /(e se dieM se
(s!n en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' se !ent2!n nor"!l"ente el s(.eto ' el +erbo !(-ili!rM se
dien en (n tono "s !lto /(e l!s or!iones en(ni!ti+!s1 E.14 RIs Rs&e Rbe!(ti#(l+]
H\J(e si es boRnit!]6M RDo R'o( loo9 Rtired+] H\J(e si %!rees !nRs!do]61
*2+ = mitad de una oracin afirmativa o negativa cuando /a una serie de
palabras 'ue e%ercen la misma funcin el Bltimo elemento de la serie no va
precedido de la con%uncin ;and<M el tone"! desendente +! detrs de !d!
ele"ento de l! serieM %(eden ser t!"bi0n or!iones '(-t!%(est!s se%!r!d!s %or (n!
o"!1 E.14 T&e b(ildin, loo9ed stron,+$ ne7+$ !%%e!lin,+ HEl edi#iio %!reF!
#(erte$ n(e+o$ !tr!ti+o61
*(!ndo l! en("er!i3n de ele"entos +! !l #in!l de (n! or!i3nL %ro%osii3n ' no
&!' (n! *on entre los dos 2lti"os$ s(elen ser todos los ,r(%os #3nios
desendentes$ los %ri"eros on (n %e/(e)o desenso ' el 2lti"o "s !"%lio %ero
no t!nto o"o los de l!s or!iones en(ni!ti+!sL !se+er!ti+!sL del!r!ti+!s sin
en("er!iones4 T&e 7e!t&er 7!s ,ood+$ dr'+$ st!ble+ HEl tie"%o er! b(eno$ seo$
est!ble61
*(!ndo &!' (n %!r0ntesis$ nor"!l"ente el ,r(%o #3nio es Hon in#le-i3n6
desendente1 E.14 >&en I !" &(n,r'|$ Hs!id t&e "!n+$6 I e!t+ H*(!ndo ten,o
&!"bre$ Hdi.o el &o"bre$6 o"o61 D1 51<5155
*-+ Cuando se /acen preguntas abiertas optativas# alternativas en las 'ue se
dan varias posibilidadesM l! enton!i3n o tone"! #in!l es desendenteM l! %!l!br!
/(e +! del!nte de QorQ lle+! nor"!l"ente (n tone"! !sendente ' ,ener!l"ente es
"e.or %oner (n! o"! del!nte de UorV '! /(e &!' (n! %!(s! en in,l0s &!bl!doM no
se %(eden ontest!r on QsFQ o QnoQM es nees!rio deir (n! de l!s dos o nin,(n!1 E.14
A4 >ill &e o"e toR"orro7|H$6 or on HR6Mond!'+T HWDendr 0l "!R)!n!H$6 o el
Rl(nesT61 B4 On RMond!'+ HEl Rl(nes6M A4 Is &e Rre!din,|H$6 or HR6e!tin,+T HWEst 0l
leR'endoH$6 o oR"iendoT61 B4 Ee is Rre!din,+ Hl est leR'endo6M Do 'o( t!9e !
R!r|$ ! Rb(s|$ or ! HR6%l!ne+T HWTe +!s en (n Ro&e$ (n !(toRb2s o (n !R+i3nT61 B4 A
R!r+ HUn Ro&e6M A4 >&i& boo9 &!+e 'o( en.o'ed "ore Rt&is one|H$6 or HR6t&!t
one+T HW*(l de los dos libros &!s dis#r(t!do "s R0steH$6 o !R/(0lT61 B4 RT&!t one+
HAR/(0l6M A4 Ee &!snZt ,one 'et$ &!s R&e|H$6 or &!s R&e+T Hl no Hse6 &! ido tod!+F!$
W+erRd!dT H$6 o WRsFT61 B4 RNoH$ &e R&!snZt6+ HRNoH$ no Hse6 &! Rido661
*(!ndo l! estr(t(r! de l! or!i3n es l! "is"! se %(ede s(%ri"ir %!rte de l!
or!i3n1 E.14 E!+e R'o(|or HR6t&e'+ 7on t&e "!t&+T HWE!s ,!n!do Rt2 o HR6ellos el
%!rtidoT6L E!+e R'o( 7on t&e "!t&|H$6 or H&!+e6 Rt&e' H7on t&e "!t&6+T HWE!s
,!n!do Rt2 el %!rtidoH$6 o H&!n ,!n!do6 Rellos Hel %!rtido6T61
*(!ndo l! estr(t(r! de l! or!i3n no es l! "is"! no se %(ede s(%ri"ir %!rte de l!
or!i3n1 E.14 Did s&e !R,ree|H$6 or &!s s&e HR6&!n,ed+ &er R"ind+T HWDio ell! el
onsentiR"ientoH$6 o &! !"bi!do de %!reRerT61
*(!l/(ier or!i3n !#ir"!ti+! /(e es%ere (n! res%(est! !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+! %(ede
tr!ns#or"!rse en (n! %re,(nt! !biert! o%t!ti+! !)!diendo Uor notV o (n! or!i3n
e/(i+!lente ne,!ti+!$ /(e tiene (n +!lor en#tioM no se %(eden ontest!r on sF o no
si"%le"ente$ &!' /(e %oner (n +erbo t!"bi0n1 E.14 A4 Did 'o( Rsee it|H$6 or
HR6not+T HWLo R+isteH$6 o HR6noT6L Did 'o( Rsee it|H$6 or HR6didnZt 'o( see it+TL Did
'o(|H$6 or HR6didnZt 'o( see it+T HWLo R+isteH$6 o HR6no lo +isteT61 B4 mes$ I Rdid+L mes$
I Rs!7+ it+ HSF$ lo R+i6M A4 Are 'o( Ro"in,|H$6 or Rnot+TL Are R'o(|H$6 or R!renZt 'o(
o"in,+T HWR DienesL D!s ! +e R nirH$6 o RnoT61 B4 No$ IZ" Rnot+ HNo$ no +o' ! Rir6L
IZ" not o"in, be!(se IZ" Rtired+ HNo +o' ! ir %or/(e esto' !nRs!do61 D1 51<515;
*3+ Con el vocativo cuando va al principio, a mitad o al final de la oracinM es
br(so$ seo$ !br(%to$ no %ers(!si+o ' no indi! 0n#!sis$ !"!bilid!d1 E.14 RMot&er+$
R,i+e "e ! 9iss+] H\RM!dre$ d!"e (n beso]6M R*o"e &ere+$ RR(%ert+] H\RDen !/(F$
R(%erto]6M *!n I ,o|$ sir+T HWP(edo ir$ se)orT61 D1 51<515?
*6+ =l final de la oracin en las coletillas interrogativas o preguntas
confirmativas# cortas# disuntivas 4'uestion tags+ tambin con alguna otra
palabra como MpleaseM, etc., cuando van detr!s de un imperativo afirmativo o
negativoM es "enos insistente /(e si tiene enton!i3n !sendenteM e-%res! "!nd!to
' "(estr! %o! ortesF! o !"!bilid!d1 E.14 *lose t&e door|$ R7illH + 6 | 'o( + TL
R7onZtH + 6 | 'o( + T H*ierr! l! %(ert!$ WR/(ieresT6M *o"e to"orro7|$ R!nH + 6 |
'o( + TL Ro(ldH + 6 | 'o( + TL R!nZtH + 6 | 'o( + T HDen "!)!n!$ W R %(edesTL W%oRdrF!sTL
Wno R%(edesT6M Gi+e "e t&!t|$ R7o(ldH+6| 'o(+T HD!"e esoL !/(ello$ W/(e R rrF!sTL
W%o R drF!sTL Wte i"%ort! R rF!T6M *o"e &ere|$ %le!se+] H\Den !/(F$ %or #!+or]61 D1
51<515B
*8+ =l final de la oracin cuando una persona dice algo en forma afirmativa,
negativa e interrogativa luego la misma persona u otra aLade para mostrar
desacuerdo un comentario contrario precedido de MbutM con un verbo
auxiliarM es br(so$ seo$ !br(%to$ no !"!bleM no indi! 0n#!sis1 E.14 mo(r "ot&er
b('s bre!d+L bre!d|$ b(t &e RdoesnZt+ HT( "!dre o"%r! %!n$ %ero 0l Rno6M S&e
doesnZt b(' "e!t+L "e!t|$ b(t 'o(r #!t&er Rdoes+ HEll! no o"%r! !rne$ %ero t(
%!dre RsF6M R>&' did MrH16 S&ort %!' #or it+T HWPor R/(0 lo %!,3 el Sr1 S1T61 B4 B(t &e
RdidnZt+ HPero Hsi6 0l no lo %!R,36M A4 R>&' did s&e ,o+T HWPor R/(0 Hse6 #(e ell!T61
B4 B(t s&e RdidnZt+ HPero Hsi6 ell! no R#(e61 D1 51<518;
*9+ =l final de la segunda oracin cuando una persona dice algo en forma
afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa otra aLade un comentario afirmativo o
negativo con un verbo auxiliar mostrando acuerdo, desacuerdo o
informacinM es br(so$ seo$ !br(%to$ no !"!bleM no indi! 0n#!sis1 E.14 A4 Ee
7ent be#ore+ Hl #(e !ntes61 B4 mes+$ &e Rdid+ HSF$ sF R#(e6L No+$ &e RdidnZt+ HNo$
no R#(e6M A4 Ee didnZt ,o be#ore+ Hl no #(e !ntes61 B4 No+$ &e RdidnZt+ HNo$ no
R#(e6L mes+$ &e Rdid+ HSF$ sF R#(e6M A4 Did s&e Rsin,|T HWR*!nt3 ell!T61 B4 mes+H$ s&e
did+6 HSFH$ !nt366L No+H$ s&e didnZt+6 HNoH$ no !nt366M A4 Is s&e Rinterested|T
HWEst ell! intereRs!d!|T61 B4 No+H$ s&e isnZt+6 HNo+H$ no lo est66M A4 Do 'o(
9no7 t&e tr(t&|T HWS!bes l! +erd!dT61 B4 RNo+H$ I RdonZt+6 HRNoH$ no lo Rs0661 D1
51<515@
*0+ =l final en oraciones o frases interrogativas 'ue son preguntas reiterativas#
recapitulativas# ecoM se re%ite !l,(n! %!l!br!M no es %!r! !+eri,(!r !l,oM %(ede
indi!r inred(lid!d o !l,o /(e (no no %(ede reer$ !l,o on lo /(e no se est de
!(erdo$ %ero no indi! ortesF!$ !"!bilid!dM no se %(eden ontest!r on QsFQ o
QnoQM l! %!l!br! !ent(!d!$ /(e es (n !d.eti+o$ %rono"bre o !d+erbio interro,!ti+o$
%(ede &!er t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de s(.eto1 E.14 A4 T&e' &!+enZt o"e+ HNo &!n
+enido61 B4 R>&o| Ns(.etoO &!snZt o"e+T HWRJ(i0n no &! +enidoT6M R>&!t|
R&!%%ened+T HWH/(e6 RJ(0 o(rri3T6M R>&o"| Nliter!rioOL R>&o| Nolo/(i!lO do 'o(
%reR#er+T HWH/(e6 A R/(i0n %reR#ieresT61 D1 51<C1<$ 51<515:
2:+ =l final en las respuestas cortas afirmativas o negativas con un verbo
auxiliar 'ue /ace una persona despus de /aber o(do la contestacin a una
pregunta o comentario suoM es br(so$ seo$ !br(%toM no indi! !"!bilid!dM no es
en#tioM si &!' (n +erbo !(-ili!r en el %redi!do +erb!l !nterior ! l! oletill!
interro,!ti+!$ se re%ite el +erbo !(-ili!r en l! oletill! interro,!ti+! %ero$ si no$ se
s(Hb6stit('e %or QdoL doesL didQ1 E.14 A4 Is s&e 'o(r sister|T HWEs ell! t( &er"!n!L
&er"!n! t('!T61 B4 mesH$ s&e is6+ HSFH$ lo es661 A4 I t&o(,&t s&e R7!s+ HPens!b! /(e
lo Rer!6M >o(ld 'o( li9e to see &er brot&er|T HWTe ,(st!rF! +er !l &er"!no de ell!T61
B4 NoH$ I 7o(ldnZt6+ HNoH$ no "e ,(st!rF!661 A4 I t&o(,&t 'o( R7o(ldnZt+ HPens!b!
/(e no te ,(st!RrF!61 D1 51<518?
2*+ =l final de la segunda oracin cuando una persona dice algo otra aLade
un comentario con un verbo auxiliarM si l! %ri"er! or!i3n est en !#ir"!ti+!$ l!
se,(nd! t!"bi0n ' e"%iez! %or QsoQM si l! %ri"er! or!i3n est en ne,!ti+!$ l!
se,(nd! t!"bi0n ' e"%iez! %or QnorL neit&erQ1 E.14 A4 Ee is old+ Hl es "!'orL
!ni!noL +ie.o61 B4 RSo !" I+ Hmo t!"Rbi0n6M S&e isnZt re!d'+ HEll! no est list!61 B4
RNorL RNeit&er is &e+ Hl t!"R%oo61
51<51I Se usa el tono 4tone# pitc/+ o tonema 4toneme+ ascendente4
*+ =l final en las preguntas cerradas afirmativas 'ue se puedan contestar con
MsiM o MnoMM %(eden ser %re,(nt!s %!r! reibir in#or"!i3n !l res%eto ' %(eden
e-%res!r (n r(e,o o %etii3n on !"!bilid!dM l! ontest!i3n %(ede ser !#ir"!ti+! o
ne,!ti+!M no lle+!n !d.eti+os$ %rono"bres o !d+erbios interro,!ti+osM lle+!n !l
%rini%io (n +erbo !(-ili!r$ !(n/(e %(ed! &!er de +erbos nor"!les t!"bi0n$ ' si
no lle+!n se sobrHe6entiendeM tienen l! "is"! enton!i3n /(e l!s de 51<515< %ero
tienen di#erente si,ni#i!do1 E.14 Is Nno en#tioOL RIs Nen#tioO t&!t Rso Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL li9e Rt&is Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO|T HWEs eso !RsFT6M Is Nno en#tioOL
RIs Nen#tioO &e s(re Ht&!t6 s&e is Rri,&t|T HWEst 0l se,(ro de /(e ell! tiene r!Rz3nT6M
Is Nno en#tioOL RIs Nen#tioO s&e oR9!'|T HWEst ell! RbienT6M Are Nno en#tioOL
RAre Nen#tioO 'o( ,oin, Ro(t|T HWD!s ! s!RlirT6M Are Nno en#tioOL RAre Nen#tioO
'o( R&!%%'|T HWEres #eRlizT6M *!n Nno en#tioOL R*!n Nen#tioO &e &el% R'o(|T
HWP(ede 0l !'(Rd!rteT6M *!n Nno en#tioOL R*!n Nen#tioO 'o( 7!it Rno7|T
HWP(edeHs6 es%er!r !R&or!T6M *o(ld Nno en#tioOL R*o(ld Nen#tioO I &!+e t&e
Rs!lt|T HWP(edeHs6 %!s!r"e l! Rs!lT6M S&!ll Nno en#tioOL RS&!ll Nen#tioO 7e ,o
Rno7|T HWNos +!"os !R&or!T6M E!s Nno en#tioOL RE!s Nen#tioO &e seen "'
Rsister|T HWE! +isto 0l ! "i &erR"!n!T6M E!s Nno en#tioOL RE!s Nen#tioO so"eone
!Rrri+ed|T HWHes +erd!d /(eL s!bes si6 E! lleR,!do !l,(ienT6M E!+e Nno en#tioOL
RE!+e Nen#tioO 'o( t!9en "' ("Rbrell!|T HWE!s o,ido NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!do "i
%!Rr!,(!sT6M At Rse+en HoZRlo96|T HWA l!s RsieteT6M RT&e" | T Nolo/(i!lOL RT&e' | T
HWREllosT6M RMil9|T HWRLe&eT61 D1 51<C1B
2+ =l final en las oraciones interrogativas negativas7 la contestacin puede ser
afirmativa o negativa7 indican enfado, desilusin o desaprobacin, sorpresaM
tienen (n! enton!i3n %!reid! ! l!s de 51<515< %ero tienen di#erente si,ni#i!do1
E.14 DoesnZt t&e 7&ole t&in, loo9 Rterrible|T HWNo %!ree todo &oRrribleT6M DonZt
'o( ,o to Rs&ool|T HWNo +!s ! l! esR(el!T6M E!snZt &e sold t&e R&o(se|T HWNo &!
+endido 0l l! R!s!T6M ArenZt 'o( R"!rried|T HWNo estsL estis !Rs!doHs6T61
2+ Cuando /a alguna palabra acentuada entre comas intercaladas en medio
o al final de una oracin seguida de otras palabrasM el tono es !sendente %or/(e
no tiene sentido o"%letoM %(eden d!rse +!rios !sos4
!6 J(e l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! se! rel!ti+!1 E.14 T&e It!li!n to(ristH+6||$ H7&o 7!s6
+er' s(r%risedH+6|$ |didnZt s!' !n't&in,+ HEl t(rist! it!li!no$ H/(e est!b!6 "('
sor%rendido$ no di.o n!d!6M T&e "!nH+6||$ 7&o 7!s be&ind &erH+6|$| 7!s "'
(nle+ HEl &o"bre$ /(e est!b! detrs de ell!$ er! "i tFo6M Peo%le 7&o 7or9
&!rdH+6|| (s(!ll' e!rn eno(,& "one'+ HL! ,ente /(e tr!b!.! d(ro nor"!l"ente
,!n! s(#iiente dinero6M S&e loo9ed !t &er "ot&erH+6||$ 7&o 7!s r'in,+ HEll!
"ir3 ! s( "!dre$ /(e est!b! llor!ndo61 D1 <18@$ 5C1:@181b
b6 J(e l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! se! !d+erbi!l o ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 I# t&e' !re not
interestedH+6|$ let t&e" not o"e HSi no estn interes!dos$ /(e no +en,!n6M
Alt&o(,& s&e is oldH+6|$ s&e is &eer#(l+ HA(n/(e es "!'or$ ell! es .o+i!l6M >it&
t&is e-%eriene in &is %!stH+6|$ &e o(ldnZt #or,et t&e ris9 o# "!9in, ! "ist!9e+
H*on est! e-%erieni! en s( %!s!do$ 0l no %odF! ol+id!r el ries,o de o"eter (n
error6M On o%enin, t&e ("brell!H+6|$ s&e s!7 t&e "one'+ HAl !brir el %!r!,(!s$
ell! +io el dinero6M >&en 'o( o"e l!teH+6| !nd s!' Ht&!t6 'o( !re tired|$ I
(nderst!nd Hit6+ H*(!ndo lle,!s t!rde ' dies /(e ests !ns!do$ lo o"%rendo6M
>&ere+er &e ,oesH+6|$ &e t!9es &is do,+ HSie"%re /(e 0l +!$ lle+! !lL el %erro6M
Ee 7ill ,o !7!'H+6|H$6 i# 'o( donZt !ll &i"+ Hl se ir$ si no le ll!"!s6M >&en s&e
!"eH+6|$ &e 7!snZt &ere+ H*(!ndo ell! +ino$ 0l no est!b! !/(F6M T&e "ore s&e
riesH+6|$ t&e "ore &e 7orries+ H*(!nto "s ,rit! ell!$ Ht!nto6 "s se %reo(%!
0l6M As lon, !sL So lon, !sL Pro+ided s&e o"esH+6|$ itZll be !ll ri,&t+ H*on t!l de
/(e ell! +en,!$ est!r todo bien6$ et1 D15C1:B
-+ =l final de la oracin en las coletillas interrogativas o preguntas
confirmativas# cortas# disuntivas H/(estion t!,s6M si l! or!i3n es !#ir"!ti+!$ l!
%re,(nt! ort! es ne,!ti+! ' l! ontest!i3n /(e se es%er! %(ede ser !#ir"!ti+! o
ne,!ti+!$ !(n/(e &!' "s %rob!bilid!des de /(e se! !#ir"!ti+! o de d(d! /(e
ne,!ti+!M si l! or!i3n es ne,!ti+!$ l! %re,(nt! ort! es !#ir"!ti+! ' l! ontest!i3n
/(e se es%er! %(ede ser !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!$ !(n/(e &!' "s %rob!bilid!des de
/(e se! ne,!ti+!M es (n! #or"! de %re,(nt!r si es +erd!d o noM se %ide in#or"!i3n$
%or/(e no se est se,(roM si &!' (n +erbo !(-ili!r$ e-e%to Q(sed toQ$ en el
%redi!do +erb!l !nterior ! l! oletill! interro,!ti+!$ se re%ite el +erbo !(-ili!r en l!
oletill! interro,!ti+! %ero$ si no$ se s(Hb6stit('e %or QdoL doesL didQM si el s(.eto es
(n no"bre$ en l! %re,(nt! ort! se (tiliz! (n %rono"bre '$ si el s(.eto es (n
%rono"bre$ en l! res%(est! ort! se re%ite el %rono"bre1 E.14 A4 mo(r "ot&er b('s
bre!d$ RdoesnZt | s&e + TL doesnZt Rs&e|T HT( "!dre o"%r! %!n$ WRnoT61 B4 mes$ s&e
does+ HSF$ lo o"%r!6L No$ s&e doesnZt+ HNo$ no lo o"%r!6M >e !re ri&$ R!renZt |
7e + TL !renZt R7e | T HSo"os rios$ WRnoT6M mo( !nZt &el% "e no7$ R!n | 'o( + TL
!n R'o( | T HNo %(edes !'(d!r"e !&or!$ W+erRd!dL o RsiT6M S&e doesnZt b(' "e!t$
Rdoes | s&e + TL does Rs&e | T HEll! no o"%r! !rne$ W+erRd!dL o RsiT6M T&e' donZt
tr!+el to Ne%!l$ Rdo| t&e'+TL do Rt&e'|T HNo +i!.!n ! Ne%!l$ W+erRd!dL o RsiT61 D1
51<C1=
3+ =l final de la oracin en las coletillas interrogativas o preguntas
confirmativas# cortas# disuntivas 4'uestion tags+ cuando la oracin es
afirmativa la pregunta corta afirmativaM l! ontest!i3n s(ele ser !#ir"!ti+!M
"enos #re(ente"ente l! or!i3n es ne,!ti+!$ l! %re,(nt! ort! ne,!ti+! ' l!
ontest!i3n s(ele ser ne,!ti+!M es (n! s(%osii3n /(e se ded(e de l! in#or"!i3n
reibid!M l! or!i3n s(ele ir %reedid! de Qo&Q o QsoQM !%!rente"ente se "(estr!
inter0s$ ent(si!s"o$ en#!do$ sor%res!$ %or lo /(e &! di&o otr! %erson!$ %ero
nor"!l"ente tienen (n "!tiz ir3nio$ s!rstioM el +erbo !(-ili!r$ "od!l ' no
"od!l$ /(e +! en l! %re,(nt! ort! +! sie"%re !ent(!doM si &!' (n +erbo !(-ili!r$
e-e%to Q(sed toQ$ en el %redi!do +erb!l !nterior ! l! oletill! interro,!ti+!$ se
re%ite el +erbo !(-ili!r en l! oletill! interro,!ti+! %ero$ si no$ se s(Hb6stit('e %or
QdoL doesL didQM si el s(.eto es (n no"bre$ en l! %re,(nt! ort! se (tiliz! (n
%rono"bre '$ si el s(.eto es (n %rono"bre$ en l! res%(est! ort! se re%ite el
%rono"bre1 E.14 O& t&!tZs "!r+ello(s NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "!r+elo(s NUSAO$ Ris |
it + TL is Rit | T HO& esoL !/(ello es "!r!+illoso$ WRnoTL Wno es +erRd!dT6M So t&e' !re
#ro" L!t+i!$ R!re | t&e' + TL !re Rt&e' | T HAsF /(e son de L!t+i!$ W+erRd!dT6M ItZs red$
or Ris | it + TL is Rit | T HEs ro.o$ WRnoTL Wno es +erRd!dT6M So t&e' !renZt *&inese$
R!renZt | t&e' + TL !renZt Rt&e' | T HAsF /(e no son &inos$ W+erRd!dT6M A4 I didnZt t&in9
Ht&!t6 s&e 7o(ld tr' HNo %ens!b! /(e ell! lo intent!rF!61 B4 O&$ 'o( RdidnZt+$
RdidnZt | 'o( + TL didnZt R'o( | T HO&$ no lo %enRs!b!s$ W+erRd!dT6M EeZs o"in, l!ter$
Ris | &e + TL is R&e | T Hl +! ! +enir "s t!rde$ W+erRd!dT61 D1 51<C1=
6+ =l final de la oracin en las coletillas interrogativas o preguntas
confirmativas# cortas# disuntivas 4'uestion tags+ cuando se muestra inters o
entusiasmo por lo 'ue /a dic/o otra personaM si l! or!i3n es !#ir!"ti+!$ l!
%re,(nt! ort! es !#ir"!ti+!M si l! or!i3n es ne,!ti+!$ l! %re,(nt! ort! es ne,!ti+!M
se es%er! /(e el interlo(tor si,! &!bl!ndo '! /(e l! res%(est! es (n! in+it!i3n !
/(e se de "s in#or"!i3nM si &!' (n +erbo !(-ili!r$ e-e%to Q(sed toQ$ en el
%redi!do +erb!l !nterior ! l! oletill! interro,!ti+!$ se re%ite el +erbo !(-ili!r en l!
oletill! interro,!ti+! %ero$ si no$ se s(Hb6stit('e %or QdoL doesL didQM si es el +erbo
QbeQ se !ent2! el no"breL %rono"bre /(e +! detrs ' /(e &!e de s(.eto %ero$ si es
(n +erbo !(-ili!r o Q&!+eQ$ se !ent2! el +erbo !(-ili!r o Q&!+eQ ' no el no"breL
%rono"bre /(e +! detrs ' /(e &!e de s(.eto1 E.14 A4 S&e is ei,&t' HEll! tiene
o&ent! !)os61 B4 Is Rs&e|T HWDe +erRd!dTL WRSFT61 A4 111M A4 Ee isnZt ,oin, ne-t
R7ee9+ Hl no +! ! ir l! se"!n! /(e R+iene+61 B4 IsnZt R&e|T HWRNo|TL WDe
R+er!s|TL WDe +erRd!d|T61 A4 111M A4 S&e doesnZt Rs"o9e+ HEll! no R#("!+61 B4
DoesnZt Rs&e| HWRNoTL WNo #("! Rell!T61 A4 111 D1 51<C1?
8+ =l final en las oraciones enunciativas negativas cuando no se est! seguro de
lo 'ue se dice, o se dice para ver si la otra persona lo confirma o lo niega1 E.14
A4 Do 'o( 7!nt to 9no7 t&e tr(t&|T HWJ(ieres s!ber l! +erd!dT6 B4 mo( donZt
9no7 t&e tr(t& | HT2 no s!bes l! +erd!d6M A4 >o(ld 'o( li9e to ,o &o"eH+6|T HWTe
,(st!rF! ir ! !s!T61 B4 mo( donZt &!+e ! !rH + 6 | HT2 no tienes o&e61
9+ =l final en las oraciones enunciativas cuando la conversacin no /a
terminado se espera la contestacin del interlocutorM es (n! es%eie de
%re,(nt! i"%lFit!1 E.14 A4 It is too #!rH+6| Ni Do 'o( t&in9 Ht&!t6 7e s&o(ld ,oTO
HEst de"!si!do le.os Ni WPiens!s /(e deberF!"os irTO61 B4 >ell$ in t&!t !seH+6|111
HB(eno$ en ese !so 11161
0+ =l final en las frases afirmativas cuando la frase est! sin terminar o
incompleta se espera m!s informacin, aun'ue no se diga por'ue se
sobr4e+entiende o por otras ra)onesM indi!n 0n#!sis o ontr!ste1 E.14 I li9e t&!t
#il"| 111 Nlo /(e no se die ' se s(%one /(e %odrF! ser Q!nd IZll li9e t&is one tooL b(t
I donZt li9e t&is oneQO HMe ,(st! es! %elF(l! 111 N' "e ,(st!r 0st! t!"bi0nL %ero no
"e ,(st! 0st!O6M Un#ort(n!tel'|Nlo /(e no se die ' se s(%one /(e %odrF! ser Q$ &e
7onZt see itQO HDes!#ort(n!d!"ente N$ 0l no lo +erO61
*:+ =l final en las frases u oraciones en interrogativa 'ue empie)an por
ad%etivos, pronombres o adverbios interrogativos como M/o,, /o, far, /o,
long, /o, muc/, /o, man, /o, often, /o, old, /o, 'uic1lM los
interrogativos 'ue empie)an por ,/5" M,/o, ,/om, ,/ose, ,/at, ,/ic/,
,/en, ,/ere, ,/, ,/oeverN# ,/o everN, ,/o elseN, ,/omeverN# ,/om everN,
,/ic/everN# ,/ic/ everN, ,/ateverN# ,/at everN, ,/ose elseNM cuando la
pregunta indica cortes(a, amabilidad, curiosidad o algo atractivoM %(eden
si,ni#i!r Us!bes %er#et!"ente lo /(e 111Vo QW"e %re,(nt!ste /(e 111TQ E.14 Eo7 is
R&e|T HW*3"oL J(0 t!l est R0lT6M >&!t is Rt&!t|T HWJ(0 es ResoL !R/(elloT6M Eo7
o(ld I R9no7|T HW*3"o %odHr6F! s!Rberlo 'oT6M Eo7 "!n' ti"es does &e &!+e to
tell R&er|T HW*(nt!s +ees tiene 0l /(e deFrselo ! Rell!T6M A4 S&e &!s o"e+ HE!
+enido ell!61 B4 >it& 7&o" &!s s&e Ro"e|T HW*on /(i0n &! +eRnido ell!T6M >&o
Ns(.etoO R!"e|T HWJ(i0n R+inoT6M A4 Do it to"orro7+] H\E!zlo "!)!n!]61 B4 For
R7&!t|T Nliter!rioOL >&!t R#or|T Nolo/(i!lOL For R7&oH"6|T Nliter!rioOL >&oH"6
R#or|T Nolo/(i!lO HWP!r! R/(0TL WP!r! R/(i0nT6M A4 Brin, t&e 7!ter+] H\Tr!e el
!,(!]61 B4 In R7&!t|T Nliter!rioOL >&!t Rin|T Nolo/(i!lO HWEn R/(0T6M M' s7eetie$
7&!t 7o(ld 'o( Rdo|T Ni mo( 9no7 %er#etl' 7&!t 'o( 7o(ld doL Did 'o( !s9 "e
7&!t 'o( 7o(ld doTO HA"or "Fo$ W/(0 &!RrF!s t2T Ni S!bes %er#et!"ente lo /(e
&!rF!sL WMe %re,(nt!ste /(0 &!rF!sTO6M Eello Nel "s (s!doOL E(llo NGB
%rini%!l"ente4 "enos (s!doOL E!llo NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ 7&!t !re 'o( Rdoin,|T
Ni mo( 9no7 %er#etl' 7&!t 'o( !re doin,L Did 'o( !s9 "e 7&!t 'o( !re doin,TO
HEol!$ W/(0 ests &!RiendoT Ni S!bes %er#et!"ente lo /(e ests &!iendoL WMe
%re,(nt!ste /(0 ests &!iendoTO6M A4 Loo9 be&ind t&e tr!in] H\Mir! detrs del
tren]61 B4 R>&ere|T HWRD3ndeT6M A4 Ee s!id 111 Hl di.o 11161 B4 >&!t did &e Rs!'H+6|T
HWJ(0 Rdi.o 0lT61 D1 51<C1:
**+ = mitad de una oracin en forma afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa
cuando /a una serie de palabras 'ue e%ercen la misma funcin, el Bltimo
elemento de la serie va precedido de una con%uncin" ;and# but# or<M el tone"!
!sendente +! in"edi!t!"ente del!nte de l! on.(ni3nM %(eden ser t!"bi0n
or!iones '(-t!%(est!s4 l! 2lti"! or!i3n '(-t!%(est! %(ede ir %reedid! de (n!
o"! o de (n! on.(ni3n4 U!ndL b(tL orV %reedid! de (n! o"! o no1 E.14 T&e
b(ildin, loo9ed stron,+$ ne7|!nd !%%e!lin,+ HEl edi#iio %!reF! #(erte$ n(e+o '
!tr!ti+o6M T&e'Zll o"e to"orro7+$ ne-t 7ee9+$ ne-t "ont&|!nd ne-t 'e!r+
HDendrn "!)!n!$ l! %r3-i"! se"!n!$ el %r3-i"o "es ' el !)o /(e +iene6M T&ere
!re se+en+$ ei,&t+$ nine|!nd ten %eo%le+ HE!' siete$ o&o$ n(e+e ' diez
%erson!s6M Ee !te|$ &e s"o9ed|$ &e &!d ! ,ood ti"e+ Hl o"i3$ #("3$ lo %!s3
bien6M Ee !te t&e bis(its NGBO|H$6 !nd s&e !te t&e" too+ Hl o"i3 l!s ,!llet!s$ '
ell! l!s o"i3 t!"bi0n61
Si &!' (n! en("er!i3n on "s de dos ele"entos /(e no lle,(en &!st! el #in!l de
l! or!i3nL %ro%osii3n$ los %ri"eros son desendentes$ ' el 2lti"o !sendente
!(n/(e no +!'! %reedido de l!s on.(niones U!ndL b(tL orV$ se,(ido del ,r(%o
#3nio /(e orres%ond!1 E.14 In t&is /(iet+$ ele,!nt+$ si"%le nei,&bo(r&ood NGBOL
nei,&bor&ood NUSAO|$ t&ere is no %roble"+ HEn este b!rrio senillo$ ele,!nte$
tr!n/(ilo$ no &!' %roble"!61
*(!ndo &!' en("er!iones distrib(ti+!s on ele"entos /(e se o%onen el %ri"ero
es !l,o !sendente ' el se,(ndo (n %oo desendente e-e%to el 2lti"o /(e lle+!
enton!i3n Hon in#le-i3n6 desendente on !"%lio desenso4 Ee 7ent #ro"
o(ntr'| to o(ntr'+$ #ro" it'| to it'+$ #ro" +ill!,e| to +ill!,e+ Hl #(e de
%!Fs en %!Fs$ de i(d!d en i(d!d$ de %(eblo en %(eblo61 D1 51<C15:
*2+ =l final cuando se /ace una pregunta cerrada corta detr!s de una oracinM
se e-i,e (n! res%(est! en !#ir"!ti+! o en ne,!ti+!1 A4 I ne+er t&o(,&t Ht&!t6 t&is
o(ld &!%%en$ did R'o(|T HN(n! %ens0 /(e esto %odF! %!s!r$ W' Rt2|T61
*2+ =l final en oraciones o frases en interrogativa 'ue son preguntas
reiterativas# recapitulativas# ecoM se re%ite o se &!e (n! %reisi3n sobre !l,o %!r!
+er si es +erd!d$ %!r! +er si l! otr! %erson! lo &! di&o re!l"ente o si"%le"ente
%or/(e no se &! oFdo bienM %(ede indi!r inred(lid!d o !l,o /(e (no no %(ede
reer$ !l,o on lo /(e no se est de !(erdo$ !l,o !,r!d!ble o des!,r!d!ble$ ironF!$
irrit!i3n$ etM no se %(eden ontest!r on QsFQ o QnoQM %(eden lle+!r el orden
nor"!lM l! %!l!br! !ent(!d!$ /(e es #re(ente"ente (n !d.eti+o$ %rono"bre o
!d+erbio interro,!ti+o$ no s(ele &!er l! #(ni3n de s(.etoM indi!n 0n#!sis o
ontr!ste1 E.14 A4 I !" not R,oin,+ HNo R+o' H! ir61 B4 R>&!t|T HWRJ(0T61 A4 mo(Zre
!n Ridiot+ HEres (n iRdiot!61 B4 IZ" ! R7&!t|T HWSo' (n R/(0T6M A4 Ee doesnZt Rli9e
it+ HA 0l no le R,(st!61 B4 Ee doesnZt Rli9e | it + TL Rli9e it | T HWA 0l no le R,(st!T6M A4 I
!ll t&!t R#!te+ HLl!"o ! esoL !/(ello desRtino61 B4 mo( !ll t&!t R#!te|T HWLl!"!s !
esoL !/(ello desRtinoT6M A4 S&e did it #or P!trii!Zs Rson+ HEll! lo &izo %orL %!r! el
&i.o de P!Rtrii!61 B4 For R7&ose|son did s&e do it+TL For 7&ose son Rdid|s&e do
it+TL For 7&ose son did s&e Rdo it|T HWPorL P!r! el &i.o de /(i0n lo &izoT6M A4 Do
'o( s"o9e iR,!rsT HWF("!s R%(rosT61 B4 Do I s"o9e R7&!t|TL Do I s"o9e
iR,!rs|T Nno se %(ede (s!r Q7&et&erQ o Qi#QO HWJ(e si #("o R/(0TL WJ(e si #("o
R%(rosT6M A4 Gi+e "e t&e R%enil+] H\D!Hd6"e el Rl%iz]61 B4 Gi+e "e R7&!t|T
HWD!"e R/(0T6M A4 DonZt tell "e t&ese Rlies+] H\No "e (entes est!s "enRtir!s]61 B4
DonZt tell "e t&ese R7&!t|T HWNo "e (entes est!s R/(0T6M S&e &!s o"e 7it&
R7&o"|T HWEll! &! +enido on R/(i0nT6M Ee s!id R7&!t|THWl di.o R/(0T6M A4 S&eZs
,oin, R&o"e+ HEll! Hse6 +! ! !s!61 B4 Eo"e|] H\A !s!]6M HI 7onder$6 7ill s&e
R,o|T HH"e %re,(nto$6 WIRr ell!T6M R>&!t R&!%%ened|T HWRJ(0 o(rriR3T6M R>&o"
Nliter!rioOL R>&o Nolo/(i!lO do 'o( %reR#er|T HWA R/(i0n %reR#ieresT6M EeZs e!tin,
R7&!t|T HWl est o"iendo R/(0T61 D1 51<C1<$ 51<515=
*-+ =l final cuando se /acen preguntas abiertas optativas# alternativas en las
'ue se dan varias posibilidadesM no se %(ede %oner (n! o"! del!nte de UorV '!
/(e no &!' %!(s! en in,l0s &!bl!doM se %(eden ontest!r on QsFQ o QnoQ
si"%le"ente ' se %(ede !)!dir %!rte de l! or!i3n si se /(iere o$ si se ontest! en
ne,!ti+!$ se %(ede %edir o deir otr! os! no "enion!d!M l! enton!i3n o tone"!
#in!l es !sendente1 E.14 A4 >ill s&e o"e to"orro7 or on RT(esd!'|T HWDendr
ell! "!)!n! o el R"!rtesT61 B4 No$ s&eZll o"e ne-t R"ont& + Nbr(so4 D1 51<C15@OL
R"ont& | N!"!ble ' en#tio4 D1 51<515@O HNo$ ell! +endr el "es /(e R+iene6M A4 Did
&e "ention (s or &er|T HWNos "enion3 ! nosotros o ! Rell!T61 B4 mes H&e did6 +
Nbr(so4 D1 51<C15@OL | N!"!ble ' en#tio4 D1 51<515@OL No H&e didnZt6 + Nbr(so4 D1
51<C15@OL | N!"!ble ' en#tio4 D1 51<515@O HSFL No6M A4 >o(ld 'o( li9e o##ee or
or!n,e .(ie|T HWJ(ieres !#0 o z("o de n!r!n.!T61 B4 mes$ o##ee R%le!se +
Nbr(so4 D1 51<C15@OL R%le!se | N%ers(!si+o ' en#tio4 D1 51<515@O HSF$ !#0 %or
#!R+or6L No$ IZd r!t&er &!+e Rbeer+ Nbr(so4 D1 51<C15@OL | N!"!ble ' en#tio4 D1
51<515@O HNo$ %re#erirF! Hto"!r6 erR+ez!61 D151<C15;
L!s %re,(nt!s de 51<C15; %(eden lle+!r tone"! !sendente en l! 2lti"! %!l!br!
(!ndo no est o"%let! l! or!i3nM se %onen %(ntos s(s%ensi+os !l #in!l %or/(e se
es%er! /(e se di,! !l,o "s1 E.14 Is &e Rre!din,|H$6 or HR6e!tin,| 111T HWEst 0l
leR'endo o oHR6"iendo 111T61
*3+ =l final en las preguntas o interrogaciones retricas 'ue van en
interrogativaM no e"%iez!n %or !d.eti+os$ %rono"bres o !d+erbios interro,!ti+os
o"o Q&o7Q ' los interro,!ti+os /(e e"%iez!n %or 7&IM tienen (n! enton!i3n
%!reid! ! l!s de 51<515I8$ %ero no se es%er! (n! res%(est! ni !#ir"!ti+! ni ne,!ti+!M
es si"%le"ente (n o"ent!rio o %ens!"iento en +oz !lt! /(e e/(i+!le ! (n!
or!i3n en(ni!ti+! ne,!ti+! en#ti!$ si l! %re,(nt! ret3ri! es !#ir"!ti+!$ '
e/(i+!le ! (n! or!i3n en(ni!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! en#ti! si l! %re,(nt! ret3ri! es
ne,!ti+!M indi!n sor%res! o inred(lid!d1 E.14 RIs| t&is Rso Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL
li9e Rt&is Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO|T Ni O# o(rse t&is !nZt be soL li9e t&isO HWREs esto
!RsFT6 Ni Por s(%(esto /(e esto no %(ede ser !sFOM R*!nZt| 'o( &el% R"e|T Ni O#
o(rse 'o( !n &el% "eO HWNo R%(edes !'(Rd!r"eT6 Ni Por s(%(esto /(e %(edes
!'(d!r"eOM RIsnZt| &e Ro"in,|T Ni S(rel' &e is o"in,O HWNo R+iene 0lT6 Ni *l!ro
/(e +iene 0lOM RIs| nobod' ,oin, to &el% R"e|T Ni S(rel' so"ebod' is ,oin, to &el%
"eO HWNo "e +! ! !'(d!r Rn!dieT6 Ni *l!ro /(e "e +! ! !'(d!r !l,(ienO1 D1 51<C1;
*6+ =l final cuando es una oracin enunciativa interrogativa afirmativa
4statement 'uestion+ se espera una contestacin afirmativa, aun'ue existe
alguna posibilidad remota de 'ue sea negativa tambin, o cuando es una
oracin enunciativa interrogativa negativa se espera una contestacin
negativa 'ue indica sorpresa o incredulidad, aun'ue existe alguna posibilidad
remota de 'ue sea afirmativa tambinM sin e"b!r,o$ en l!s or!iones de 51<515I8
&!' t!nt!s %osibilid!des de /(e l! ontest!i3n se! sF o"o noM se %onen %!l!br!s o
lo(iones !se+er!ti+!s !#ir"!ti+!s ' %!l!br!s o lo(iones no !se+er!ti+!s
ne,!ti+!sM %or el orden de %!l!br!s %!reen or!iones !#ir"!ti+!s o ne,!ti+!s o"o
l!s de 51<C15I8$ %ero el si,no de interro,!i3n en l! esrit(r! ' l! enton!i3n
!sendente en el &!bl! son si,nos e+identes de /(e no lo sonM se (tiliz! en in,l0s
olo/(i!lM son %re,(nt!s reiter!ti+!sL re!%it(l!ti+!s o %re,(nt!s eo /(e re%iten o
&!en (n! %reisi3n sobre !l,o /(e !!b! de deirseM sir+en %!r! !se,(r!rse de !l,o
/(e se s!be o se &! oFdoM se b(s! on#ir"!i3n$ no in#or"!i3n$ de !l,o (!ndo se
re#iere ! l! se,(nd! o terer! %erson!M (!ndo se re#iere ! l! %ri"er! %erson! indi!
inred(lid!dM no se %(ede &!er (!ndo l! %ri"er! %!l!br! de l! or!i3n es (n
!d.eti+o$ (n %rono"bre o (n !d+erbio interro,!ti+o1 E.14 Ee 7ill &el% R'o( | T
Nolo/(i!lO HW*on/(eL O se! /(eL J(e te +! ! !'(d!r R0lT6M T&e' !re ,oin, to t&e
United Ar!b RE"ir!tes | T Nolo/(i!lO HW*on/(eL O se! /(eL J(e +!n ! ir ! los
E"ir!tos nr!bes URnidosT6M S&e &!s seen Rso"et&in, | T Nolo/(i!lO HW*on/(eL O
se! /(eL J(e ell! &! +isto R!l,oT6M Ee &!snZt ,one to UR9r!ine No"o %!FsOL t&e
UR9r!ine No"o re,i3n de (n %!Fs4 l! Uni3n So+i0ti!O | T Nolo/(i!lO HW*on/(eL O
se! /(eL J(e 0l no &! ido ! URr!ni!T6M S&e &!snZt re!&ed R[!"bi! | T Nolo/(i!lO
HW*on/(eL O se! /(eL J(e ell! no &! lle,!do ! R[!"bi!T6M mo(Zre ,oin, Ro(t | T
Nolo/(i!lO HWO se! /(eL *on /(eL J(e +!s ! s!RlirT6M I !" ,oin, Ro(t | T Nolo/(i!lO
HWO se! /(eL *on/(eL J(e +o' ! s!RlirT6M Ee &!s reei+ed Rnot&in, | T Nolo/(i!lO
HW*on/(eL O se! /(eL J(e 0l no &! reibido Rn!d!T6M And 'o( belie+e R&i" | T
Nolo/(i!lO HWm le Rrees T6M So s&e is b('in, t&e Rs&!res | T Nolo/(i!lO HWEntones
ell! +! ! o"%r!r l!s !RionesT61 D1 51<515:
*8+ Con el vocativo cuando va al principio, a mitad o al final de la oracinM es
(n tono HdesendenteI6!sendenteM no es br(so$ seo$ !br(%to$ sino %ers(!si+o e
indi! 0n#!sis$ !"!bilid!dM indi! 0n#!sis o ontr!ste1 E.14 RMot&erH+6|$ R,i+e "e !
9iss+] H\RM!dre$ Rd!"e (n beso]6M R*o"e &ere+$ RR(%ertH+6|] H\RDen !/(F$
R(R%erto]6M >ill 'o( R,o|$ sirH+6|T HWJ(iere Rir$ se)orT6M *!n RI ,o+$ sirH+6|T
HWP(edo Rir$ se)orT61 D1 51<C15<
*9+ =l final cuando una persona dice algo en afirmativa, negativa e
interrogativa otra aLade un comentario afirmativo o negativo con un verbo
auxiliar mostrando acuerdo, desacuerdo o informacinM %(eden ser t!"bi0n
or!iones s(bordin!d!s !#ir"!ti+!s ondiion!les /(e son l! ontest!i3n !
%re,(nt!s interro,!ti+!s !#ir"!ti+!sM es (n tono desendenteI!sendenteM no es
br(so$ seo$ !br(%to$ sino !"!ble e indi! 0n#!sisM nor"!l"ente se es%er! /(e si,!
l! on+ers!i3n entre los interlo(toresM indi! 0n#!sis o ontr!ste1 E.14 A4 Ee 7ent
be#ore+ Hl #(e !ntes61 B4 mes+$ &e Rdid+| HSF$ l!ro /(e R#(e6M A4 Ee 7ent be#ore+
Hl #(e !ntes61 B4 No+$ &e RdidnZt+| HNo$ no R#(e6M A4 mo(r "ot&er b('s bre!d+ HT(
"!dre o"%r! %!n61 B4 No+$ s&e RdoesnZt+|HNo$ no lo Ro"%r!6M A4 Ee didnZt ,o
be#ore+ Hl no #(e !ntes61 B4 No+$ &e RdidnZt+| HNo$ l!ro /(e no R#(e6M A4 mo(r
#!t&er doesnZt b(' "e!t+ HT( %!dre no o"%r! !rne61 B4 mes+$ &e Rdoes+|HSF l!
Ro"%r!6M A4 Ee didnZt ,o be#ore+ Hl no #(e !ntes61 B4 mes+$ &e Rdid+| HSF$ sF
R#(e6M A4 Does s&e &!+e ! Rrose Rb(s&|T HWTiene ell! (n roRs!lT61 B4 mes+$ s&e
Rdoes+| HSF$ lo Rtiene6M A4 Is s&e !t t&e &otel|T HWEst ell! en el &otelT61 B4 I &o%e
s&eZs t&ere+| HEs%ero /(e ell! est0 !llF6M A4 Do 'o( 9no7 t&e tr(t&|T HWS!bes l!
+erd!dT61 B4 RNo+|H$ I RdonZt+|6 HRNoH$ no lo Rs066M A4 >ill s&e %!'|T HA4 WP!,!Rr
ell!T61 B4 I# s&e R!nL R"!'+| HSi ell! R%(ede6M A4 >ill 'o( ,o|T HWD!Hi6s ! irT61 B4 I#
IL 7e R!n +| HSi R%(edoL %oRde"os61 D1 51<C15@
*0+ = mitad o al final en las coletillas interrogativas o preguntas confirmativas#
cortas# disuntivas 4'uestion tags+ tambin con alguna otra palabra como
MpleaseM, etc., cuando van detr!s de un imperativo afirmativo o negativoM es
"s insistente o en#tio /(e si tiene enton!i3n desendenteM %(ede indi!r
ortesF!L !"!bilid!d o i"%!ieni!$ irrit!i3n$ en#!doM el s(.eto$ si lo tiene$ %(ede ser
desendente (!ndo el +erbo !(-ili!r lle+! 0n#!sis o !sendente (!ndo +!
!ent(!do$ si el +erbo !(-ili!r no lle+! 0n#!sis1 E.14 *lose t&e door|$ R7illH + 6 |
'o( + TL 7ill R'o( | TL R7onZtH + 6 | 'o( + TL 7onZt R'o(H + 6 | T H*ierr! l! %(ert!$
WR/(ieresT6M *o"e to"orro7|$ R!nH + 6 | 'o( + TL !n R'o( | TL Ro(ldH + 6 | 'o( + TL
o(ld R'o( | TL R!nZtH + 6 | 'o( + TL !nZt R'o( | T HDen "!)!n!$ WR%(edesTL W%oRdrF!sTL
Wno R%(edesT6M Gi+e "e t&!t|$ R7o(ldH + 6 | 'o( + TL 7o(ld R'o( | T HD!"e esoL
!/(ello$ W/(eRrrF!sTL W%oRdrF!sTL Wte i"%ort!RrF!T6M *o"e &ere|$ R%le!seH+6|] H\Den
!/(F$ %or #!R+or]61 D1 51<C15=
2:+ =l final en las oraciones exclamativas en imperativo cuando indica
invitacin u ofrecimiento, una peticin o un ruegoM no son br(s!s o !br(%t!s
sino %ers(!si+!sM no "(estr!n en#!do$ sino !"!bilid!dM indi!n 0n#!sis o ontr!steM
el rit"o es lento$ %!(s!do1 E.14 Go !R7!'+|] H\RLr,!teL L!rR,!osL RLr,(ense]6M
DonZt sin, toR"orro7+|] H\No !ntesL !nt0isL !nten "!R)!n!]6M LetZs Re!t+|]
H\*oR"!"os]6M LetZs not Rr'+|] H\No lloRre"os]6M Let &i" R7rite+|] H\J(e esRrib!
0l]6M Let &i" not R7rite+|]L DonZt let &i" R7rite+|] H\J(e no esRrib! 0l]6M DonZt
letZs NGB4 olo/(i!lO R!r,(e+|]L LetZs not Nestnd!rO R!r,(e+|] H\No dis(Rt!"os]6M
DonZt letZs NGB4 olo/(i!lOL LetZs not Nestnd!rO o%en t&e R7indo7+|] H\No
!br!"os l! +enRt!n!]6M LetZs Nestnd!rOL Let (s Nliter!rioO R,o+|] H\RD!"oHno6s]6M
mo( #inis& Rt&!t+|] H\T2 ter"in! Reso]6M DonZt 'o( #inis& Rt&!t+|] H\No ter"ines t2
Reso]6M Eel% "e$ Rso"ebod'+|] H\J(e "e !'(de R!l,(ien]6M Do o"e Re!rl'+|]
H\Por #!+or$ +en R%ronto]L \A +er si +ienes R%ronto]6M Do o%en t&e Rdoor+|]
HWJ(ieres !brir l! R%(ert!TL \Abre l! R%(ert!$ %or #!+or]6M Go to R&ell+|] H\DeteL IdL
D'!nse !l inR#ierno]6M H>!it6 .(st ! R"in(te+|] HHEs%er!Hd6L Es%eren6 s3lo (n
"oR"ento61 D1 51<C1@
E-iste t!"bi0n otr! %osibilid!d (!ndo son "(' br(s!s$ "(' !br(%t!sM "(estr!n
"(&o en#!doM el rit"o es r%ido ' el tono de +oz es ,ener!l"ente "s !lto1 E.14
RGo !R7!'|] H\RLr,!teL L!rR,!osL RLr,(ense]6M RGo to R&ell|] H\RDeteL RIdL RD'!nse
!l inR#ierno]6M HR>!it6 .(st ! R"in(te|] H\HEs R %er!L Es%e R r!dL Es R %eren6 s3lo (n
"oR"ento]61
2*+ =l final en las oraciones enunciativas afirmativas o negativas cuando se
usa un tono amable o persuasivo para indicar desacuerdo, contraste, protesta,
advertencia, concesin, duda, excusa, desilusin, etc.M indi!n 0n#!sis1 E.14 mo(r
#!t&er is ! ,ood R%ersonH+6| HT( %!dre es b(en! %erRson!H+6|6M Eer "ot&er isnZt
Rt!llH+6| HS( "!dre no es R!lt!H+6|6M T&is is so"et&in, RelseH+6| HEsto es otr!
Ros!H+6|L Esto no es lo R"is"oH+6|6M Ee didnZt "e!n Rt&!tH+6| Hl no /(erF!
deir eRsoL !R/(ello|6M Ee %!'s 7&en &e R!nH+6| Hl %!,! (!ndo R%(edeH+6|6M
S&e 7onZt o"e toRd!'H+6| HEll! no +ieneL +endr R&o'H+6|6M S&e "!' ,o
Rno7H+6| HP(ede /(e ell! +!'! !R&or!H+6|6M I t&in9 RsoH+6| H*reo /(e RsFH+6| Ni
No esto' se,(roO6M DonZt s!' I didnZt tell 'o(H+6| HNo di,!s /(e no te lo di.e
N%or/(e te lo esto' diiendo !&or!O6M I !" Rsorr'H+6| Hb(t 7&!t !n I doT6 HLo
RsientoH+6| H%ero W/(0 %(edo &!erT6M HI be, 'o(r6 RP!rdonH+6|TL HI !"6
RSorr'H + 6 | T NGBOL P!rdon R"eH + 6 | T NUSAOL E-(se R"eH + 6 | T NUSAO
HWPerRd3nH+6|TL WPerRdoneH+6|T Ni WJ(0 &! di&oTO6M It isnZt e-R%ensi+eH+6| HNo
es R!roH+6|6M So"e %eo%le li9e itH+6| HA !l,(n!s %erson!s les ,(st! N%ero ! otr!s
noO61 D1 51<C15I8
22+ =l final en las oraciones 'ue expresan un comentario detr!s de oraciones
enunciativasM indi!n 0n#!sis1 E.14 It "!' be t&e tr(t&$ I !ss("eH + 6 |L ,!t&erH + 6 |L
&o%eH + 6 |L s(%%oseH + 6 |L tr(stH + 6 | HP(ede /(e se! +erd!d$ s(%on,oL ded(zoL
es%eroL s(%on,oL on#Fo61
22+ = mitad en las oraciones enunciativas afirmativas cuando se /ace una
sugerencia amable se espera una contestacin 'ue lo confirme o un
comentario al respectoM %(ede ir se,(id! de (n! %re,(nt! ort! o noM indi!n
0n#!sis1 E.14 Ee is loo9in, Rs!d| no7+H$ RisnZt &eT6 Hl %!ree Rtriste !&or!H$ WRnoT66$
et1
2-+ =l final de la oracin cuando una persona dice algo en afirmativa, negativa
e interrogativa luego la misma persona u otra aLade para mostrar
desacuerdo un comentario contrario precedido de MbutM con un verbo
auxiliarM es (n tono !sendente o desendenteI!sendenteM no es br(so$ seo$
!br(%to$ sino !"!bleM indi! 0n#!sis1 E.14 mo(r "ot&er b('s bre!d|$ b(t &e
RdoesnZtH+6| HT( "!dre o"%r! %!n$ %ero 0l Rno6M S&e doesnZt b(' "e!t|$ b(t 'o(r
#!t&er RdoesH+6|HEll! no o"%r! !rne$ %ero t( %!dre RsF6M A4 R>&' did MrH16 S&ort
%!' #or it+T HWPor R/(0 lo %!,3 el Sr1 S1T61 B4 B(t &e RdidnZtH+6| HPero 0l no lo
%!R,361 D1 51<C15?
23+ En las oraciones enunciativas cuando se indica reserva o duda1 E.14 EeZs
7or9in, !t t&e "o"ent| Hl est tr!b!.!ndo %or el "o"ento N%ero i,(!l se /(ed!
sin tr!b!.o (!l/(ier dF!O61 D1 51<C15
26+ Cuando /a un contraste se pone ;not<1 E.14 S&e s!id t&ree+$ not #i+eH+6|
HEll! di.o tres$ no ino61
28+ =l final en las respuestas cortas afirmativas o negativas con un verbo
auxiliar 'ue /ace una persona despus de /aber o(do la contestacin a una
pregunta o comentario suoM no es br(so$ seo$ !br(%to$ sino /(e indi!
!"!bilid!dM es en#tioM si &!' (n +erbo !(-ili!r en el %redi!do +erb!l !nterior ! l!
oletill! interro,!ti+!$ se re%ite el +erbo !(-ili!r en l! oletill! interro,!ti+! %ero$ si
no$ se s(Hb6stit('e %or QdoL doesL didQ1 E.14 A4 Is s&e 'o(r sister|T HWEs ell! t(
&er"!n!L &er"!n! t('!|T61 B4 mesH$ s&e is6+ HSFH$ lo es6+61 A4 I t&o(,&t s&e R7!s|
HPens!b! /(e lo Rer!6M >o(ld 'o( li9e to see &er brot&er|T HWTe ,(st!rF! +er !l
&er"!no de ell!|T61 B4 NoH$ I 7o(ldnZt6+ HNoH$ no "e ,(st!rF!6+61 A4 I t&o(,&t
'o( R7o(ldnZt| HPens!b! /(e no te ,(st!RrF!|61 D1 51<C18C
29+ =l final en algunas de las oraciones exclamativas, exclamaciones o saludosM
se "(estr! !"!bilid!d$ inter0s o sor%res!M indi!n 0n#!sis1 E.14 O| Nno +! se,(ido
de (n si,no de e-l!"!i3nOL O&|] H\O&|]L \A&|]L \A'|]6M EeRllo|] H\REol!|]6M
Good R"ornin,| HB(enos RdF!s|6M GoodRb'e|] H\ARdi3s|]6M mes|] H\SF Nse
sobrHe6entiende Uontin2!L te es(&oVO]6M mes+|] H\SF Nse sobrHe6entiende
U%ero 111VO]6M No|] H\No Nse sobrHe6entiende Uontin2!L te es(&oVO]6M No+|] H\No
Nse sobrHe6entiende U%ero 111VO]61 D1 51<C15I8$ 51<C15C
20+ En las oraciones enunciativas cuando se pone al principio en ingls
literario un elemento de la oracin, excepto el su%etoM el ele"ento en (esti3n
s(ele lle+!r (n tono !sendente ' el resto de l! or!i3n (n tono desendente1 D1
5C1;5
2:+ En poes(a todos los versos suelen terminar en tono ascendente incluso
aun'ue sea una oracin enunciativa1

*APTULO SEGUNDO
El !rtF(lo deter"in!do 815
*!sos en /(e se (s! el !rtF(lo deter"in!do 818I;@
*!sos en /(e no se (s! el !rtF(lo deter"in!do 81;BI@;
*!sos en /(e se %(ede (s!r o no el !rtF(lo deter"in!do 81@<IB5
El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do 81B8
*!sos en /(e se (s! el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do 81B:I58C
*!sos en /(e no se (s! el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do 81585I5:;
*!sos en /(e se %(ede (s!r o no el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do 815:<I=
8151I En in,l0s &!' (n !rtF(lo deter"in!do o de#inido ' otro indeter"in!do o
inde#inido1 El art(culo determinado Mt/eM 4el, la, los, las+ tiene solamente una
forma para el singular plural, masculino o femeninoM s( #(ni3n es l! de
!t(!liz!r el si,ni#i!do del no"bre ' l! de s(Hb6st!nti+!r %!l!br!s /(e no se!n
no"bres4 !d.eti+os$ ,er(ndios$ !d+erbios$ %re%osiiones$ on.(niones$
inter.eiones$ #r!ses ( or!iones1
Se %ron(ni! LSiL (!ndo +! del!nte de (n! %!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or +o!l1 E.14
!tion$ onion$ eolo,'$ e!rt&$ e!,le$ oli+e$ et1
Se %ron(ni! LSeL (!ndo +! del!nte de (n no"bre /(e e"%iee %or onson!nte o
l!s se"ionson!ntes L.$ 7L1 E.14 %e!e$ (ni+ersit'$ one$ et1
Se %ron(ni! LSi4L$ (!ndo +! !ent(!do$ %!r! d!r i"%ort!ni! o 0n#!sis ! !l,(ien o
!l,o /(eriendo deir /(e es elL lo "e.or$ "s onoido o !de(!doM t!"bi0n se
%(ede %ron(ni!r LSeL on este sentido1 E.14 t&e S%!nis& !tress Hl! H"e.or6 !triz
es%!)ol!6$ t&e !r o# t&e 'e!r Hel H"e.or6 o&e del !)o6M S&e 7!s one o# t&e #irst$ i#
not t&e #irst$ to (se t&!t !r HEll! #(e (n! de los %ri"er!s$ si no l! %ri"er!$ en (s!r
ese o&e6$ et1 Nor"!l"ente l!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or & se,(id! de +o!l no
!ent(!d! %(eden %ron(ni!rse on LSeL si se %ron(ni! l! & ' on LSiL si no se
%ron(ni! l! &1 E.14 t&e &eredit!r' LSe &IRredIteri NGB o LIdeILOL &eRredIteri NGB
o LIdeILOL &eRredIteri NUSA o LIdeILOL &IRredIteri NUSA o LIdeILO o LSi IRredIteri NGB
o LIdeILOL eRredIteri NGB o LIdeILOL eRredIteriL NUSA o LIdeILOL IRredIteriL NUSA o
LIdeILO title Hel tFt(lo &eredit!rio61
L! di#erente %ron(ni!i3n de Ut&eV es debid! ! r!zones #on0ti!s %!r! e+it!r l!
!o#onF!M es !l,o %!reido ! lo /(e o(rre en !stell!no$ (!ndo se (s! UelV en +ez
de Ul!V on %!l!br!s #e"enin!s /(e e"%iez!n %or ! !ent(!d!1
P(ede &!ber !d.eti+os o !d+erbios se,(idos de (n !d.eti+o entre Ut&eV ' el no"bre1
El !rtF(lo deter"in!do se (s! "(&Fsi"o "s en !stell!no /(e en in,l0s$ %ero !
+ees se (tiliz! en in,l0s ' no en !stell!no1 E.4 Ee &!s t&e %o7er to do it Hl tiene
%oder %!r! &!erlo6M no obst!nte$ ! +ees se (tiliz! en in,l0s ' no en !stell!no1 E.14
Ee is re!din, bet7een t&e lines Hl est le'endo entre lFne!s6$ et1
El !rtF(lo deter"in!do es "(&o "s senillo en in,l0s /(e en !stell!no Hel$ l!$
los$ l!s6$ #r!n0s Hle$ l!$ les6$ it!li!no Hil$ l!$ i$ le6$ !le"n Hder$ die$ d!s$ die6 ( otros
idio"!s e-e%to en es%er!nto /(e tiene (n solo !rtF(lo deter"in!do Hl!6 o"o el
in,l0s %!r! el sin,(l!r ' el %l(r!l$ "!s(lino ' #e"eninoM e-isten idio"!s donde no
e-iste !rtF(lo deter"in!do$ %ero eso no #!ilit! l!s os!s1
Se (s! "(&o "s Ut&eV /(e los !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os o %osesi+os1
8181I Se (s! Ut&eV con nombres genricos colectivos ' se re#iere ! l! tot!lid!d de
los "ie"bros o o"%onentesM t!"bi0n con apellidos de familias1 E.14 t&e
BH16BH16*H16 Hl! BB*6$ t&e *&(r&M Ee 7ent into t&e *&(r& Hl se &izo (r!L
reli,ioso6M t&e Ford Fo(nd!tion Hl! #(nd!i3n F16$ t&e Instit(te o# Biolo,' Hel
Instit(to de Biolo,F!6$ t&e Are"lin$ t&e "!n' Hl! "!'orF!L l!s "!s!s6$ t&e "!sses
Hl!s "!s!s6$ t&e nobilit'M S&e "!rried into t&e nobilit' HEll! se !s3 on (n noble6M
t&e r!bble Hl! &(s"!6$ t&e stois Hlos estoios6$ t&e Pl!nt!,enets$ t&e Ste7!rts$ t&e
T(lli+ers$ et1 D1 :1::I;
81:1I Se (s! Ut&eV con nombres de canales, de golfos, pen(nsulas, de estrec/os,
de r(os e-e%to (!ndo lle+!n el no"bre de (n! lo!lid!d o (!ndo se &!e (n!
en("er!i3n de +!rios rFos$ con nombres de mares, de ocanos, de desiertos, de
islas N(!ndo &!' "s de (n! o (!ndo es (n! se,(id! de Qo#QO$ de arc/ipilagos,
de regiones, con nombres de pa(ses en plural, con nombres de pa(ses en
singular /(e lle+en (n no"bre o"2n Hre%2bli!$ (ni3n$ reino6$ con nombres de
cadenas de montaLas ' !l,(n!s "ont!)!s indi+id(!les e(ro%e!s$ con nombres
de bos'ues nor"!l"ente$ con nombres de lagos en genitivo con MofM, con
nombres de cabos o ba/(as en genitivo con MofM, con nombres oficiales de
universidades en genitivo con MofM, con nombres de calles# paseos# bulevares
de pa(ses 'ue no sean de /abla inglesa o nor"!l"ente on sint!,"!s no"in!les
de !lles /(e no lle+en el no"bre QStreetQ o QRo!dQ !l #in!l$ con sintagmas
nominales de carreteras con el nombre MroadM en "in2s(l! o "!'2s(l!$ con
nombres de castillos# palacios# estaciones# monumentos de pa(ses 'ue no sean
de /abla inglesa, con sintagmas nominales de maratones on el no"bre
Q"!r!t&onQ$ con sintagmas nominales de tiendas con el nombre MAouseM, con
sintagmas nominales no de tiendas con el nombre MAouseM en @S=M
nor"!l"ente t!"bi0n on no"bres de !rreter!s o !(to%ist!s /(e lle+en sol!"ente
letr!s ' n2"eros ' l!s /(e (nen i(d!desM nor"!l"ente t!"bi0n on los no"bres
on QAr&Q$ QAr!deQ ' QG!teQ$ %ero no (!ndo +!n detrs de (n no"bre de (n!
lo!lid!dM tienen todos (n sentido es%eF#ioM en los "!%!s no se %one Ut&eV %or/(e
se sobrHe6entiende1 E.4 t&e S(ez *!n!l Hel !n!l de S(ez6$ t&e HEn,lis&6 *&!nnel Hel
!n!l de l! M!n&!6$ t&e P!n!"! *!n!l Hel !n!l de P!n!"6$ t&e G(l# o# Me-io$
t&e Str!its o# Do+er$ t&e T!.(s Hel T!.o6$ t&e Hri+er6 Mississi%%i NGBOL t&e Mississi%%i
HRi+er6 Hel HrFo6 Misisi%i6$ t&e Nile Hel Nilo6$ t&e T&!"es Hel T"esis6$ t&e
Mediterr!ne!n HSe!6 Hel H"!r6 Mediterrneo6$ t&e B!lti HSe!6 Hel H"!r6 Bltio6$ t&e
Red Se! Hel "!r Ro.o6$ t&e Atl!nti HOe!n6 Hel Ho0!no6 Atlntio6$ t&e Indi!n
Oe!n Hel o0!no Indio6$ t&e P!i#i HOe!n6 Hel Ho0!no6 P!F#io6$ t&e Arti
HOe!n6 Hel Ho0!no6 nrtio6$ t&e Ant!rti HOe!n6 Hel Ho0!no6 Antrtio6$ t&e
S!&!r! HDesert6 Hel Hdesierto del6 S&!r!6$ t&e >est Indies Hl!s Antill!s Britni!s6$
t&e *!n!r' Isl!nds Nel "s (s!doOL t&e *!n!r' IslesL t&e *!n!ries Hl!s isl!s
*!n!ri!s6$ t&e Se'&elles Hl!s isl!s Se'&elles6$ t&e Eebrides$ t&e Or9ne's$ t&e
Sillies$ t&e Isle o# M!n$ t&e Middle E!st HOriente Medio6$ t&e T'rol Hel Tirol6$ t&e
*ri"e! H*ri"e!6$ t&e Midl!nds Hl! re,i3n entr!l de In,l!terr!6$ t&e R(&r Hl! (en!
del R(&r6$ t&e Net&erl!nds HEol!nd!6$ t&e UHnited6 RSHt!tes6 Ho#6 AHR"eri!6 HEst!dos
Unidos6$ t&e B!&!"!s Hl!s B!&!"!s6$ t&e Peo%leZs Re%(bli o# *&in! Hl! Re%2bli!
Po%(l!r de *&in!6$ t&e P&ili%%ines HFili%in!s6$ t&e Indies Hl!s Indi!s6$ t&e United
Ar!b E"ir!tes Hlos E"ir!tos Ar!bes Unidos6$ t&e *ze& Re%(bli Hl! Re%2bli!
*&e!6$ t&e Do"ini!n Re%(bli Hl! Re%2bli! Do"ini!n!6$ t&e
UHnited6RAHin,do"6 Hel Reino Unido6$ t&e Re%(bli o# Irel!nd Hl! Re%2bli! de
Irl!nd!6$ t&e Ar,entine HRe%(bli6 NGB %rini%!l"ente4 r!roO HHl! Re%2bli! de6
Ar,entin!6 %ero QAr,entin!Q sin !rtF(lo$ t&e P'renees Hlos Pirineos6$ t&e Al%s Hlos
Al%es6$ t&e Pennines$ t&e Ro9' Mo(nt!insL Ro9ies$ t&e Andes$ t&e Ei"!l!'!s$ t&e
M!tter&orn$ t&e j(n,#r!($ t&e Mei.e$ t&e L!9e o# Gene+! Hel l!,o de Ginebr!6$ t&e
B!' o# Bis!'$ t&e Uni+ersit' o# London Hl! (ni+ersid!d de Londres6$ t&e Uni+ersit'
o# mor9 Hl! (ni+ersid!d de m16$ t&e Bo(le+!rd S!intIMi&el$ t&e R(e de l! P!i-$ t&e
*!lle del Pozo Bl!no$ t&e Unter den Linden N!lleO$ T&e Str!nd N!lleO$ T&e M!ll
N!lleO$ T&e E!'"!r9et N!lleO %ero UIZll "eet 'o( on El" N!lleOV$ t&e Po(ltr'
N!lleO$ t&e RLondon Ro!dL ro!d Hl! !rreter! de LondresL /(e +! ! Londres6$ t&e
R*!"brid,e ro!dL Ro!d Hl! !rreter! de *!"brid,eL /(e +! ! *!"brid,e6$ t&e
B!stille HHel !stillo de6 l! B!still!6$ t&e Tri!non HHel !stillo de6 el Tri!n3n6$ t&e
Al&!"br! HHel !stillo de6 l! Al&!"br!6$ t&e G!re St1 L!z!re Nest!i3nO$ t&e
E!(%tb!&n&o# Nest!i3nO$ t&e Ei##el To7er Hl! torre Ei##el6$ t&e BostonL LondonL
Ne7 mor9 "!r!t&on Hel "!r!t3n de BostonL LondresL N(e+! mor96$ t&e Sot&
Eo(se Ntiend!O Hl! *!s! Esoes!6$ t&e jo&nson Eo(se Nno tiend!4 USAO Hl! *!s! de
j16$ t&e M< N!(to%ist!O %ero II@B$ t&e A:@ N!rreter! n!ion!lO Hl! A :@6$ t&e
Ad"ir!lt' Ar& Hel !ro A16$ t&e B(rlin,ton Ar!de Hl! !r!d! B16$ t&e Gros+enor
G!te Hl! +er.! G16 %ero4 L!n!ster G!te$ Tr!itorZs G!te1 D1 81;BI<C1
Se s(ele (s!r Ut&eV on (n rFo (!ndo +! %reedido en GB de l! %!l!br! Qri+erQ o
se,(ido de l! %!l!br! QRi+erQ en USA '$ ! +ees$ en GB1 E.14 >e .o(rne'ed on t&e
ri+er Mississi%%i NGBOL t&e Mississi%%i Ri+er HDi!.!"os %or el rFo Misisi%i6M >e
7ent b' t&e ri+er T&!"esL t&e ri+er SeineL t&e ri+er R&ine NGBO HF(i"os %or el rFo
T"esisL Sen!L Rin6$ et1
Los no"bres o#ii!les de (ni+ersid!des en ,eniti+o on Qo#Q %(eden no lle+!rlo$ si
se %onen en si,l!s o !r3ni"os4 UHni+ersit' o#6*H!li#orni! !t6LHos6AHn,eles61
No obst!nte$ l! "!'or %!rte de los %(entes +!n sin Ut&eV1
No se (s! Ut&eV on los no"bres /(e +!n %reedidos de Qt&eQ (!ndo &!en l!
#(ni3n de !d.eti+os$ del!nte de (n no"bre ' %reedidos del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$
de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o$ et1M ! +ees$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir Ut&eV on Qt&e United
St!tesL UH16SH16AH16$ t&e >est Indies$ t&e >estern IslesQ$ en !l,(nos otros !sos
o"o en tit(l!res$ et1$ %ero &!' /(e %ron(ni!rlo en in,l0s &!bl!do1 E.14 !L t&e
P&ili%%ines l!7'er H(nL el !bo,!do de Fili%in!s6$ !L t&eL t&is Do"ini!n Re%(bli
s!nd!l H(nL elL este esnd!lo de l! Re%2bli! Do"ini!n!6$ et1
81;1I Se (s! Ut&eV nor"!l"ente delante de nombres de tabernas, clubes, cines,
teatros, galer(as, centros comerciales on el no"bre Q*entreQ en GB %ero no en
USA$ barcos Hen l! "!rin! no s(elen %oner Ut&eV6$ /ospitales, /oteles,
restaurantes prisiones$ (!ndo no +!n en ,eniti+o s!.3n ni lle+!n (n no"bre de
%erson! ter"in!d! en IsM tienen (n sentido es%eF#ioM %(ede &!ber !d.eti+os o
!d+erbios se,(idos de !d.eti+o entre Ut&eV ' el no"bre1 E.14 t&e Red Lion HP(b6$ t&e
En,lis&IS%e!9in, *l(b$ t&e Odeon H*ine"!6$ t&e *l!ssi H*ine"!6$ t&e Mer"!id
HT&e!treL P(b6$ t&e N!tion!l T&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL T&e!ter NUSAO$ t&e
>&ite&!ll HT&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL T&e!ter NUSAO6 %ero U>&ite&!llV (!ndo
se re#iere ! l! !lle ' no !l te!tro$ t&e T!te HG!ller'6$ t&e Ar"d!le *entre NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL *enter NUSAO Hel *entro A16$ t&e Br(nel S&o%%in, *entre$ t&e
J(een M!r' HS&i%6$ t&e Se! E"%ress HS&i%6$ t&e London Eos%it!l$ t&e *l!rid,e
Eotel$ t&e Eilton HEotel6$ t&e T&!9er!' Eotel$ t&e Bed#ord HEotel6$ t&e Geor,e
HInn6$ t&e Bo"b!' Rest!(r!nt$ t&e Eolborn HRest!(r!nt6$ t&e A%ollo t!+ern$ t&e
M!rs&!lse! HPrison6$ et1$ %ero UBro!d"oor HPrison6$ Str!n,e7!'s HPrison6V$ et1
D181<C
81<1I Se (s! Ut&eV nor"!l"ente delante de nombres de puentes 'ue se usan en
un sentido espec(fico$ no ,ener!lM es "s en#tioM se sobrHe6entiende
Ues%ei!l"enteV1 E.14 t&e Be!r Mo(nt!in Brid,e$ t&e Del!7!re Ri+er Brid,e$ t&e
Geor,e >!s&in,ton Brid,e$ t&e Golden G!te Brid,e$ t&e L!9e >!s&in,ton Brid,e$
t&e London Brid,e$ t&e M!dison A+en(e Brid,e$ t&e Ponte De&io Brid,e$ t&e
Ro9' Ri+er Brid,e$ t&e Se+ern Brid,e$ t&e Ston' *ree9 Brid,e$ t&e To7er Brid,e$
t&e >!s&in,ton Ar& Brid,e$ t&e >!terloo Brid,e$ t&e >est"inster Brid,e$ et1 D1
81<5
81=1I Se (s! Ut&eV con ad%etivos usados como nombres7 pueden ir con"
*+ @n verbo en plural cuando se refieren a personasM estn (s!dos en sentido
,en0rio o l!si#i!ti+o ' son oleti+os$ es deir$ se re#ieren ! l! tot!lid!d de los
"ie"bros o o"%onentesM %(eden re#erirse ! (n ,r(%o %e/(e)o deter"in!do /(e
ten,!"os en "ente o ! todo el on.(nto en el "(ndoM se %(ede %oner
Ues%ei!l"enteV detrs de l! %!l!br! o #r!se /(e lle+! Ut&eV$ %or/(e Ut&eV "(estr!
0n#!sisM se re#ieren t!nto ! los &o"bres o"o ! l!s "(.eresM no %(eden ir en ,eniti+o
s!.3nM o"o el n2"ero de estos !d.eti+os es li"it!do$ es "s se,(ro en !so de
d(d! %oner sie"%re Q%eo%leQ detrs ' si,ni#i! lo "is"oM %(eden ser4
!6 Ad.eti+os no ,entiliiosM ! +ees$ se %(ede %oner (n !d+erbio %ero no (n !d.eti+o
entre Ut&eV ' el no"breM %(eden ir on l! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos en #or"! si"%le
o en #or"! ontin(!$ solos o se,(idos de Q%eo%leQM +!n !si todos on (n +erbo en
%l(r!l4 t&e !bsent Hlos !(sentes6$ t&e !,ed Hlos !ni!nos6$ t&e blind Hlos ie,os6$ t&e
br!+e Nliter!rioO Hlos +!lientes6$ t&e d!"ned Hlos onden!dos6$ t&e de!d Hlos
"(ertos6$ t&e de!# Hlos sordos6$ t&e dis!bledL &!ndi!%%ed Hlos "in(s+lidosL
dis!%!it!dos6$ t&e d("b Hlos "(dos6$ t&e d'in, Hlos "orib(ndos6$ t&e #!it&#(l Hlos
#ieles6$ t&e ,!t&ered$ t&e ,ood Hlos b(enos6$ t&e ,re!t Hlos ,r!ndes6$ t&e ,(ilt' Hlos
(l%!bles6$ t&e &!ndi!%%ed Hlos dis!%!it!dos6$ t&e &e!lt&' Hlos s!nos6$ t&e
&e!t&en Hlos in#ielesL %!,!nos6$ t&e &o"eless Hlos sin te&o6$ t&e &o%e#(l Hlos /(e
tienen es%er!nz!s6$ t&e &(n,r' Hlos &!"brientos6$ t&e in.(red Hlos &eridos6$ t&e
innoent Hlos inoentes6$ t&e ins!ne Hlos en#er"os "ent!les6$ t&e .obless N"s
(s!doOL 7or9less N"enos (s!doO Hlos /(e no tienen tr!b!.o6$ t&e .(st Hlos .(stos6$ t&e
little Nr!roO Hlos %e/(e)os6$ t&e li+in, Hlos +i+os6$ t&e lonel' Hlos /(e se sienten
solos6$ t&e "ee9 Hlos "!nsos6$ t&e R"iddleIR!,ed Nr!roO Hlos de "edi!n! ed!d6$ t&e
"i,&t' Hlos %oderosos6$ t&e need' Hlos neesit!dos6$ t&e oldL elderl'L !,ed Hlos
!ni!nos6$ t&e oldest Hlos "s !ni!nosL +ie.os6$ t&e o%%ressed$ t&e %olis&ed Hlos
ele,!ntesL distin,(idos6$ t&e %oor Hlos %obres6$ t&e %ri+ile,ed Hlos %ri+ile,i!dos6$ t&e
/(i9 Hlos r%idos6$ t&e ri& Hlos rios6$ t&e ri&est Hlos "s rios6$ t&e ri,&teo(s Hlos
.(stos6$ t&e Rsel#IRt!(,&t Hlos !(todid!t!s6$ t&e si9L in#ir" Hlos en#er"os6$ t&e
s/(e!"is& Hlos !%rensi+osL esr(%(losos6$ t&e st!r+in, Hlos &!"brientos6$ t&e stron,
Hlos #(ertes6$ t&e R7ellItoIRdo Hlos !o"od!dosL %(dientes6$ t&e stron, Hlos #(ertes6$
t&e (ne"%lo'ed Hlos %!r!dos6$ t&e (n#ort(n!te Hlos des,r!i!dos6$ t&e (nlettered$ t&e
(n7!s&ed$ t&e 7e!9 Hlos d0biles6$ t&e 7i9ed Hlos "!l+!dos6$ t&e 7ise Hlos s!bios6$
t&e 7o(nded Hlos &eridos6$ t&e 'o(n, Hlos .3+enes6$ t&e 'o(n,est Hlos "s .3+enes6$
et1 E.14 T&e &e!lt&' H%eo%le6 !re l(9' HL! ,ente s!n! Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL
en %!rti(l!rO es !#ort(n!d!L tiene s(erte6M T&e e-tre"el' &(n,r' H%eo%le6 !re d'in,
HLos /(e estn e-tre"!d!"ente &!"brientos Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO estn "(ri0ndose6M T&e old H%eo%le6 &!+e 7orries HNes%ei!l"enteL sobre
todoL en %!rti(l!rO Los "!'oresL !ni!nosL +ie.osL L!s %erson!s !ni!n!sL de ed!d
tienen %reo(%!iones6M T&e %oor H%eo%le6 &!+e "ore %roble"s HLos %obres
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO tienen "s %roble"!s6M t&e ent&(si!s" o#
t&e 'o(n, H%eo%le6 Hel ent(si!s"o de los .3+enesL l! .(+ent(d6$ et1
P(eden ir t!"bi0n se,(idos de otros no"bres en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l o QoneHs6Q1 E.14
t&e blind "!n Hel H&o"bre6 ie,o6$ t&e blind "en Hlos H&o"bres6 ie,os6$ t&e little
one Hel %e/(e)o6$ t&e %oor ,irlL 7o"!n Hl! %obre &i!L "(.er6M T&e %oor "en
Ht&!t6 'o( s!7 !re not &!%%' HLos &o"bres %obres /(e +iste no son #elies6M T&e
+er' %oor 7o"!n didnZt 9no7 HL! "(.er "(' %obre no s!bF!6M t&e si9 %erson Hl!
%erson! en#er"!6$ t&e 'o(n,est bo'sL ones Hlos &ios "s .3+enesL "s .3+enes6$
et1
Al,(nos sir+en %!r! el sin,(l!r ' el %l(r!l4 t&e !(sed Hel !(s!doL l! !(s!d!L los
!(s!dosL l!s !(s!d!s6$ t&e bere!+ed Nliter!rioO Hel !#li,idoL l! !#li,id!L los
!#li,idos6$ t&e betrot&ed Nliter!rioO Hlos no+iosL %ro"etidos6$ "' betrot&ed Nliter!rioO
H"i no+iHo$ !6L %ro"etidHo$ !66$ t&e dee!sed Nliter!rioO Hel di#(ntoL l! di#(nt!L los
di#(ntosL l!s di#(nt!s6$ t&e #or"er Nliter!rioO Hel %ri"eroL !/(0lL l! %ri"er!L !/(0ll!L
los %ri"erosL !/(0llosL l!s %ri"er!sL !/(0ll!s6$ t&e ins(red Hel !se,(r!doL l!
!se,(r!d!L los !se,(r!dosL l!s !se,(r!d!s6$ t&e l!tter Nliter!rioO Hel se,(ndoL 0steL l!
se,(nd!L 0st!L los se,(ndosL 0stosL l!s se,(nd!sL 0st!s6$ et1
b6 Ad.eti+os ,entiliiosM ! +ees$ se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o o (n !d+erbio entre
Ut&eV ' el no"breM %(eden ir on l! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos en #or"! si"%le o en
#or"! ontin(!$ solos o se,(idos de Q%eo%leQM no se %(ede %oner (n n("er!l
del!nte del !d.eti+o /(e &!e de no"bre e-e%to on QS7issQ ' los /(e ter"in!n en
IeseM se sobrHe6entiende Ues%ei!l"enteV4 t&e Britis& Hlos britnios H' l!s
britni!s66$ t&e B(r9inese Hlos b(r9ineses H' l!s b(r9ines!s66$ t&e B(r"ese Hlos
bir"!nos H' l!s bir"!n!s66$ t&e *&inese Hlos &inos H' l!s &in!s66$ t&e *on,olese
Hlos on,ole)os H' l!s on,ole)!s66$ t&e D!nis& Hlos d!neses H' l!s d!nes!s6 Ni t&e
D!nesO6$ t&e D(t& Hlos &ol!ndeses H' l!s &ol!ndes!s66$ t&e En,lis& Hlos in,leses H'
l!s in,les!s66$ t&e Finnis& Hlos #inesesL #inl!ndeses H' l!s #ines!sL #inl!ndes!s6 Ni t&e
FinnsO6$ t&e Fren& Hlos #r!neses H' l!s #r!nes!s66$ t&e G!bonese Hlos ,!boneses H'
l!s ,!bones!s66$ t&e Iris& Hlos irl!ndeses H' l!s irl!ndes!s66$ t&e j!%!nese Hlos
.!%oneses H' l!s .!%ones!s66$ t&e j!+!nese Hlos .!+!neses H' l!s .!+!nes!s66$ t&e
Leb!nese Hlos lib!neses H' l!s lib!nes!s66$ t&e M!ltese Hlos "!lteses H' l!s
"!ltes!s66$ t&e Ne%!lese Hlos ne%!leses H' l!s ne%!les!s66$ t&e Polis& Hlos %ol!os H'
l!s %ol!!s6 Ni t&e PolesO6$ t&e Port(,(ese Hlos %ort(,(eses H' l!s %ort(,(es!s66$ t&e
Sene,!lese Hlos sen,!leses H' l!s sene,!les!s66$ t&e S%!nis& Hlos es%!)oles H' l!s
es%!)ol!s6 Ni t&e S%!ni!rdsO6$ t&e S(d!nese Hlos s(d!neses H' l!s s(d!nes!s66$ t&e
S(rin!"ese Hlos s(rin!"eses H' l!s s(rin!"es!s66$ t&e S7edis& Hlos s(eos H' l!s
s(e!s6 Ni t&e S7edesO6$ t&e S7iss Hlos s(izos H' l!s s(iz!s66$ t&e T!i7!nese Hlos
t!i7!neses H' l!s t!i7!nes!s66$ t&e To,olese Hlos to,ole)os H' l!s to,ole)!s66$ t&e
Dietn!"ese Hlos +ietn!"it!s H' l!s +ietn!"it!s66$ t&e >els& Hlos ,!leses H' l!s
,!les!s66$ et1 E.14 T&e *&inese H%eo%le6 t&!t !re &ere HLos &inos /(e &!' !/(F6M t&e
ind(strio(s D(t& H%eo%le6 Hlos l!boriosos &ol!ndeses6M T&e Fren& H%eo%le6 li9e
S%!in HA los #r!neses les ,(st! Es%!)!6M T&e En,lis& H%eo%le6 li9e beer HA los
in,leses Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO les ,(st! l! er+ez!6M T&e En,lis&
H%eo%le6 !re drin9in, beer no7 HLos in,leses estn bebiendo er+ez! !&or!6M T&e
Iris& H%eo%le6 !re beo"in, "ore o"%etiti+e HLos irl!ndeses Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre
todoL en %!rti(l!rO se estn &!iendo "s o"%etiti+os6M t&e dili,ent j!%!nese
H%eo%le6 Hlos dili,entes .!%oneses6$ t&ree j!%!nese H%eo%le6 Htres .!%oneses6M T&e
Ne%!lese H%eo%le6 Ht&!t6 'o( 9no7 HLos ne%!leses /(e onoes6M T&e Polis&
H%eo%le6 Ht&!t6 'o( 9no7 !re &ere HLos %ol!os /(e onoes estn !/(F6M I s!7 #o(r
Port(,(ese H%eo%le6 HDi ! (!tro %ort(,(eses6M T&e S%!nis& H%eo%le6 !re +it!l
%eo%le HLos es%!)oles Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO son ,ente +it!l6M
t&e t7o S7iss H%eo%le6 Hlos dos s(izosL l!s dos s(iz!s6$ et1 D1 81B;$ :1:=1?
P(eden ir t!"bi0n se,(idos de otros no"bres en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l o QoneHs6QM se
%(ede %oner (n n("er!l del!nte del !d.eti+o /(e no &!e de no"bre1 E.14 T&e
En,lis&"!n is drin9in, beer HEl H&o"bre6 in,l0s est bebiendo er+ez!6M t&e
En,lis& 7e!t&er Hel tie"%o in,l0s6M T&e En,lis&"enL D(t&"enL Fren&"enL
Iris&"enL Sots"enL >els&"en !re drin9in, beer Nestos no"bres +!n .(ntos
(!ndo se /(iere indi!r /(e los o"%onentes #or"!n (n ,r(%o ' +!n se%!r!dos
(!ndo se /(iere indi!r /(e los o"%onentes no #or"!n (n ,r(%oM se re#iere ! (n
,r(%o de %erson!s %ero no ! todos los in,leses$ et1O HLos H&o"bres6 in,lesesL
&ol!ndesesL #r!nesesL irl!ndesesL esoesesL ,!leses estn bebiendo er+ez!6M T&e
En,lis&L D(t&L Fren&L Iris&L SotsL >els& 7o"en !re t!l9in, Nestos no"bres +!n
se%!r!dos (!ndo se /(iere indi!r /(e los o"%onentes no #or"!n (n ,r(%o sino
/(e se +en indi+id(!l"ente ' +!n .(ntos (!ndo se /(iere indi!r /(e los
o"%onentes #or"!n (n ,r(%oM se re#iere ! (n ,r(%o de %erson!s %ero no ! tod!s l!s
in,les!s$ et1O HL!s H"(.eres6 in,les!sL &ol!ndes!sL #r!nes!sL irl!ndes!sL
esoes!sL ,!les!s estn &!bl!ndo6M Ht&e6 t&ree Britis&L D(t&L En,lis&L Fren&L
Iris&L S%!nis&L >els& 7o"en HHl!s6 tres "(.eres britni!sL &ol!ndes!sL in,les!sL
#r!nes!sL irl!ndes!sL es%!)ol!sL ,!les!s6M I s!7 #o(r Port(,(ese "en HDi ! (!tro
%ort(,(eses6$ et1
2+ Con un verbo en singular cuando se refieren a cosasM estn (s!dos en sentido
,en0rio ' son oleti+osM se %(ede %oner Ues%ei!l"enteV detrs de l! %!l!br! o
#r!se /(e lle+! Ut&eV$ %or/(e Ut&eV "(estr! 0n#!sisM no %(eden ir en ,eniti+o s!.3nM
se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n Qt&in,Q detrs4 t&e !bs(rd Hlo !bs(rdo6$ t&e be!(ti#(l Hlo
belloL &er"oso6$ t&e best Hlo "e.or6$ t&e +er' best Hlo "e.orito6$ t&e onrete Hlo
onreto6$ t&e desir!ble Hlo dese!ble6$ t&e e+il Hlo "!lo6$ t&e #!b(lo(s Hlo #!b(loso6$
t&e #!lse Hlo #!lso6$ t&e #!ri!l Hlo ridF(loL !bs(rdo6$ t&e #ollo7in, Hlo si,(iente6$
t&e #(t(re Hel #(t(ro6$ t&e ,reen HelL lo +erde6$ t&e ,rotes/(e Hlo ,roteso6$ t&e ide!l
Hlo ide!l6$ t&e ine+it!ble Hlo ine+it!ble6$ t&e i"%ossible Hlo i"%osible6$ t&e 9no7n Hlo
onoido6$ t&e l!test Hlo 2lti"oL "s reiente6$ t&e "'sterio(s Hlo "isterioso6$ t&e
"'sti!l Hlo "Fstio6$ t&e ne7 Hlo n(e+o6$ t&e old Hlo +ie.o6$ t&e ordin!r' Hlo
orriente6$ t&e %it(res/(e Hlo %intoreso6$ t&e %ossible Hlo %osible6$ t&e ridi(lo(s Hlo
ridF(lo6$ t&e s!"e Hlo "is"o6$ t&e s(bli"e Hlo s(bli"e6$ t&e s(%ern!t(r!l Hlo
sobren!t(r!l6$ t&e tr(e Hlo +erd!dero6$ t&e (n!nn' Hlo e-tr!)o6$ t&e (ne-%eted Hlo
ines%er!do6$ t&e (ne-%l!ined Hlo ine-%li!do6$ t&e (n9no7n Hlo desonoido6$ t&e
(nli9el' Hlo i"%rob!ble6$ t&e (nseen Hlo in+isible6$ t&e (ntoldIo# Hlo ine#!ble6$ t&e
(n(s(!l Hlo /(e no se es%er!6$ t&e (s(!l Hlo de sie"%re6$ t&e 7orst Hlo %eor6$ et1 E.14
S&e ,oes #ro" t&e be!(ti#(l to t&e e-tre"el' s(%er#ii!l HEll! +! de lo &er"oso ! lo
e-tre"!d!"ente s(%er#ii!l6M to ,et t&e best o# so"et&in, Hobtener lo "e.or de
!l,o6M o(t o# t&e o""on N"enos (s!doOL ordin!r' N"s (s!doO H#(er! de lo
o"2nL orriente6M S&eZs !#r!id o# t&e d!r9 HEll! tiene "iedo de l! oHb6s(rid!d6M in
t&e de!d o# ni,&t Hen %len! no&e6M t&e lon, !nd t&e s&ort o# it Hen res("id!s
(ent!s6M T&e old is so"eti"es better t&!n t&e ne7 HLo +ie.o es ! +ees "e.or /(e lo
n(e+o6M T&e (s(!l is /(ite o#ten borin, HLo de sie"%reL &!bit(!l es b!st!nte !
"en(do !b(rrido6$ et1
Al,(nos %(eden (s!rse !sF$ si +!n oordin!dos1 E.14 T&e' t!9e t&e b!d 7it& t&e
,ood HAe%t!n t!nto lo b(eno o"o lo "!lo6M t&e b!d !nd t&e ,ood o# t&is NGBO Hlo
"!lo ' lo b(eno de esto6$ t&e lon, !nd t&e s&ort Hlo l!r,o ' lo orto6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ el n2"ero de !d.eti+os (s!dos de est! "!ner! es li"it!do ' no se
%(eden (s!r todos o"o en !stell!noM %or e.e"%lo$ es nees!rio %oner Qt&in,Q
detrs on4 t&e H"ost6 (rio(sL H"ost6 i"%ort!ntL H"ost6 inredibleL onl'L H"ost6
%!t&eti t&in, Hlo H"s6 (riosoL H"s6 i"%ort!nteL H"s6 inreFbleL 2nioL H"s6
%!t0tio6$ et1
P!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes lo reo"end!ble es (s!r sie"%re Qt&in,Q detrs del
!d.eti+o %or/(e sie"%re est bien$ ! no ser /(e se!n e-%resiones idio"ti!s o /(e
+!'!n oordin!dos$ %ero sin Qt&in,Q %(ede est!r "!l en "(&os !sos1
81?1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres de nacionalidades o grupos tnicos,
partidarios de un grupo pol(tico o religioso, categor(as de personas en singular
en pluralM %(eden tener (n sentido es%eF#io o ,en0rioM los no"bres de
n!ion!lid!des %(eden re#erirse ! todos los o"%onentes t!nto "!s(linos o"o
#e"eninos de (n ,r(%o es%eF#io$ red(ido /(e tene"os en "ente o ! tod!s l!s
%erson!s de es! n!ion!lid!d en el "(ndoM los no"bres /(e no se!n de
n!ion!lid!des se re#ieren sol!"ente ! todos los o"%onentes de (n ,r(%o
es%eF#io /(e %(ede tener de 8 ! - "ie"brosM se %(ede %oner Ues%ei!l"enteV
detrs de l! %!l!br! o #r!se /(e lle+! Ut&eV$ %or/(e Ut&eV "(estr! 0n#!sisM se %(eden
(s!r on (n +erbo en #or"! ontin(! o en #or"! si"%le4 t&e A#ri!ns$ t&e
A"eri!ns Ni t&e U1S1HA6 itizensO$ t&e Ar!bs$ t&e A(str!li!ns$ t&e A(stri!ns$ t&e
Bel,i!ns$ t&e Br!zili!ns$ t&e Britons N%oo (s!doO Hlos britnios H' l!s britni!s66$
t&e *!t&olis$ t&e *&risti!ns$ t&e *olo"bi!ns$ t&e *&ile!ns$ t&e D!nes$ t&e
E(ro%e!ns$ t&e Finns$ t&e Ger"!ns$ t&e Gree9s$ t&e E(n,!ri!ns$ t&e Ir!/is$ t&e
Isr!elis$ t&e It!li!ns$ t&e Aen'!ns$ t&e Me-i!ns$ t&e Moro!ns$ t&e Nor7e,i!ns$
t&e P!9ist!nis$ t&e Poles$ t&e Protest!nts$ t&e R(ssi!ns$ t&e Sots N"s (s!doOL
Sot&$ t&e So(t& A"eri!ns$ t&e S%!ni!rds$ t&e S7edes$ t&e T&!is$ t&e T(nisi!ns$
t&e T(r9s$ t&e T'role!ns$ t&e U,!nd!ns$ t&e U9r!ini!ns$ t&e Ur(,(!'!ns$ t&e
[!"bi!ns$ t&e [i"b!b7e!ns$ et1 E.4 T&e A"eri!ns in t&is l!ss !re 'o(n, HLos
est!do(nidenses Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO de est! l!se son
.3+enes6M T&e boo9s in t&is libr!r' !re old HLos libros de est! bibliote! son +ie.os6M
All t&e !rs !re "!de o# iron !nd %l!sti N,r(%o es%eF#ioO HTodos los o&es estn
&e&os de &ierro ' %lstio6M T&e *&inese t&!t !re &ere HLos &inos /(e &!' !/(F6M
T&e *olo"bi!ns !nd t&e *&ile!ns !re So(t& A"eri!ns HLos olo"bi!nos ' los
&ilenos son s(d!"eri!nosL s(r!"eri!nos6M T&e Ger"!ns in t&!t #il" !re t&e b!d
%eo%le NGBOL t&e b!d ,('s Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO HLos !le"!nes en es!
%elF(l! son l! ,ente "!l!L los "!los6M T&e 'o(n, Iris&"en &!+e ,one o(t HLos
.3+enes irl!ndeses &!n s!lido6M T&e Aen'!n Ht&!t6 'o( "et 'esterd!' is 7or9in,
&ere HEl 9eni!no /(e onoiste !'er est tr!b!.!ndo !/(F6M T&e Port(,(ese 'o(
9no7 HLos %ort(,(eses /(e onoes6M T&e S%!ni!rds !re li9e t&e Gree9s HLos
es%!)oles son o"o los ,rie,os6M Ee li9es t&e Ur(,(!'!ns in t&is ,ro(% HLe !en
bien los (r(,(!'os de este ,r(%o61 D1 81<:
L! di#ereni! entre Ut&e S%!nis&V ' Ut&e S%!ni!rdsV es /(e el %ri"ero es (n no"bre
oleti+o /(e se re#iere ! l! n!i3n o"o (n todo ' el se,(ndo se re#iere ! los
indi+id(os o "ie"bros del on.(nto1
81@1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres 'ue indican una persona, lugar o cosa
determinados$ %or/(e son #!"ili!res %!r! los interlo(toresM tienen (n sentido
identi#i!dor$ es%eF#io o %!rti(l!rM %(ede &!ber !d.eti+os o !d+erbios se,(idos de
!d.eti+os entre Ut&eV ' el no"breM el +erbo %(ede ir en #or"! si"%le o en #or"!
ontin(!M los no"bres %(eden ser ont!bles$ inont!bles o !"bosM se
sobrHe6entiende nor"!l"ente Ues%ei!l"enteV1 E.14 S&e rented t&e !%!rt"ent NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO b' t&e 'e!r HEll! !rrend3L !l/(il3 el !%!rt!"ento %or el !)o6M T&e'
7ent to t&e b!n9 HF(eron !l b!no6M T&e birds Nse re#iere ! los %.!ros de (n ,r(%o
red(idoO !re d'in,L sin,in, HLos %.!ros Hse6 estn "(riendoL estn !nt!ndo6M Ee
,oes to 7or9 on t&e b(s Hl +! ! tr!b!.!r en el !(tob2s6M T&e !r is dirt' HEl o&e
est s(io6M T&e ine"! is !n i"%ort!nt ind(str' HEl ine es (n! ind(stri!
i"%ort!nte6M >e (sed to ,o to t&e ine"! e+er' 7ee9end HSolF!"os ir !l ine todos
los #ines de se"!n!6M >&!tZs on !t t&e ine"!T HWJ(0 e&!n en el ineT6M Ot&ers
%re#er t&e ine"! or t&e t&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO HOtros
%re#ieren el ine o el te!tro6M S&e 7ent to t&e le!nerZsL le!ners HEll! #(e ! l!
tintorerF!6M t&e +ie7 o# Ro"e #ro" t&e *olisse(" Hl! +ist! de Ro"! desde el
*oliseo6M Ee is ,oin, to t&e o(ntr'Hside6 Hl +! !l !"%o6M I &!+e to ,o to t&e
dentistL dentistZs HTen,o /(e ir !l dentist!6M T&e dotor isnZt !t &o"e HEl "0dio
Nn(estroO no est en !s!6M T&e do,s Nse re#iere ! todos los %erros de (n ,r(%o
es%eF#io$ red(ido$ de 8 ! -$ %ero no se re#iere ! todos los !ni"!les del "(ndo
ll!"!dos %erros en sentido ,en0rioO !re b!r9in, HLos %erros estn l!dr!ndo6M O%en
t&e door] H\Abre l! %(ert!]6M In t&is de%!rt"ent store$ t&e 7&ite dresses !re &e!%
HEn este s(%er"er!do los +estidos bl!nos son b!r!tos6M T&e ele%&!nts Nse re#iere !
los ele#!ntes de (n ,r(%o red(idoO !re dis!%%e!rin, HLos ele#!ntes estn
des!%!reiendo6M t&e #o, Hl! niebl!6M S&e li+es in t&e E!stL E!stern 7orldL t&e Orient
HEll! +i+e en orienteL el "(ndo orient!l6M *!n 'o( loo9 &er in t&e e'eT HWP(edes
"ir!rl! ! los o.osT6M t&e #ire Hel #(e,oL l! &o,(er!6M Ee %l!'s t&e #ool Hl &!e el
%!%el del tonto6M D!d is in t&e ,!rden HP!% est en el .!rdFn6M It !te t&e 9ill H*o"i3
l! %res!6M #or t&e ,ood o# t&e "!n' H%!r! el bien de l! "!'orF!6M (nder t&e le!ders&i%
o# t&e selet #e7 Hb!.o el lider!z,o de los %oos seleion!dosL ele,idos6M S&e
to(&ed "e on t&e le, HEll! "e to3 en l! %iern!6M S7it& on t&e li,&t] H\Eniende l!
l(z]6M S&e !tsL %l!'s t&e lo+er HEll! &!e el %!%el de l! !"!nte6M It is irrit!tin, 7&en
bre!t&ed into t&e l(n,s HEs irrit!nte (!ndo se res%ir! &!st! los %(l"ones6M t&e "!n
in t&e street Hel &o"bre de l! !lle Ni l! %erson! nor"!lO6M Eere is t&e ne7s HA/(F
estn l!s notii!s6M t&e nort&L so(t&L e!stL 7est Hel norteL s(rL esteL oeste6M t&e
%!ssions Hl!s %!siones N&("!n!sO6M T&e %ost"!n NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "!il"!n
NUSA %rini%!l"enteO &!snZt o"e 'et HEl !rtero no &! +enido tod!+F!6M T&e
%ost"!n NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "!il"!n NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Ni t&e (s(!l
%ost"!nL "!il"!nO is !s9in, #or 'o( HEl !rtero Ni /(e nos tr!e l!s !rt!s
nor"!l"enteO est %re,(nt!ndo %or ti6M S&e 7ent to t&e R%ost Ro##ie HEll! #(e ! Hl!
o#iin! de6 *orreos6M So"e %eo%le li9e t&e r!dio HA !l,(n!s %erson!s les ,(st! l!
r!dio6M on t&e r!dio Hsobre l! r!dioL en H(n %ro,r!"! de6 l! r!dio6M I &e!rd it onL o+er
t&e r!dio HLo oF %or l! r!dio6M to listen to t&e r!dio Hes(&!r l! r!dio6M to t!l9 onL
o+er t&e r!dio H&!bl!r %or l! r!dio6M Ee direted ! series #or t&e r!dio Hl diri,i3 (n!
serie %!r! l! r!dio Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6M to &e!r so"et&in, on
t&e r!dio Hes(&!r !l,o en NoO %or l! r!dio6M T&!t son, &!s been on t&e r!dio #or si-
"ont&s HEs! !ni3n se &! oFdo en l! r!dio d(r!nte seis "eses6M S7it& on t&e
r!dio] H\En&(#! l! r!dio]6M !dH+ertHise"ent66s on t&e r!dio H!n(nios en l! r!dio6M in
t&e r!tio o# ; to ? H! r!z3n de ; ! ?6M *!n 'o( %!ss t&e s!ltT HWP(edes %!s!r l! s!l
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rOT6M *&ildren !re &!%%' 7&en t&e sno7 is
#!llin, HLos ni)os estn ontentos (!ndo !e l! nie+e6M S&e 7ent #or ! s7i" in t&e
se! HEll! #(e ! l! %l!'! ! d!rse (n b!)o6M S&e %re#ers t&e se!side to t&e "o(nt!ins
HEll! %re#iere l! %l!'! ! l! "ont!)!6M t&e senses Hlos H<6 sentidos6M S&e isnZt bro!d
!ross t&e s&o(lders HEll! no tiene l!s es%!ld!s !n&!s6M t&e s%irit Hel es%Frit(6M t&e
st!rs Hl!s estrell!s6M Ee &it &er in t&e sto"!& Hl l! ,ol%e3 en el est3"!,o6M T&e'
li9e to %l!' in t&e street HLes ,(st! .(,!r en l! !lle6M T&!t s(bst!ne is %le!s!nt to
t&e t!ste HEs! s(bst!ni! es !,r!d!ble !l ,(sto6M >&o in+ented t&e teleso%eT
HWJ(i0n in+ent3 el teleso%ioT6M T(rn on t&e tele+isionL TD] H\En&(#!L Eniende el
tele+isorL Hel !%!r!to de6 l! tele+isi3n]6M T&ere is so"e d(st on t&e tele+isionL TD
HE!' !l,o de %ol+o eni"! deL sobre el tele+isorL Hel !%!r!to de6 l! tele+isi3n6M
T&e' 7ent to t&e t&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO HF(eron !l te!tro
NGBOL te!tro NoO ine NUSAO6M t&e T&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL T&e!ter NUSAO o#
t&e Abs(rd Hel te!tro del !bs(rdo6M S&e 7!s 7or9in, in t&e t&e!tre NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO HEll! est!b! tr!b!.!ndo en el te!tro6M Ee 7!nts to ,o
into t&e t&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO Hl /(iere dedi!rse !l te!tro6M
T&e' sold t&e &e!% t&in,s b(t t&e' didnZt sell t&e e-%ensi+e ones HDendieron l!s
os!s b!r!t!s %ero no +endieron l!s !r!s6M T&e ti,ers !re bein, 9illedL beo"in,
e-tint Nse re#iere ! los ti,res de (n ,r(%o red(idoO HLos ti,res los estn "!t!ndoL
se estn e-tin,(iendo6M T&e toilet is t&ere HEl ser+iio est !llF6M Gi+e "e t&e bi,
to7el] H\D!"e l! to!ll! ,r!nde]6M t&e to7n Hl! i(d!d6M T&e Htr!de6 (nion is (n&!%%'
HEl sindi!to no est ontento6M T&e +e&ile re+ersed HEl +e&F(lo dio "!r&! !trs6M
Ee li+es in t&e >estL 7estern 7orldL Oident Hl +i+e en oidenteL el "(ndo
oident!l6M >&ereL >&i& 7!' is t&e 7indT HWDe d3nde so%l! el +ientoT6M t&e
Fren& 7ines Hlos +inos #r!neses6M T&e 'o(t& Nliter!rioOL T&e 'o(n, "!n Nestnd!rO
7!s "!rried HEl .o+en est!b! !s!do6M T&e 'o(t&s Nliter!rioOL T&e 'o(n, %eo%le
Nestnd!rO &ere ,o o(t ! lot HLos .3+enes !/(F s!len %or !&F "(&o61 D1 81<:
Se (s! nor"!l"ente Ut&eV on Qtele+isionL TDQ (!ndo si,ni#i! Qtele+isorL !%!r!to
de tele+isi3nQ ' sin 0l en otros !sosM en iertos !sos se %(ede %oner Ut&eV$ (!ndo
es es%eF#io$ ' sin Ut&eV$ si es ,ener!l1 E.14 >!t& t&e tele+ision] H\Mir! el tele+isorL
l! tele+isi3n] Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6 ' U>!t& tele+ision]V
H\Mir! l! tele+isi3n] Nen ,ener!lO6M on t&e tele+isionL TD Hsobre el tele+isorL en H(n
%ro,r!"! de6 l! tele+isi3nL %or l! tele+isi3n Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO6 ' Uon tele+isionL TDV Hen H(n %ro,r!"! de6 l! tele+isi3nL %or l!
tele+isi3n Nen ,ener!lO6M to be on tele+ision Hest!r en l! tele+isi3n Nen ,ener!lO6M
>&!t is on t&e tele+ision no7T HWJ(0 &!' en l! tele+isi3n Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre
todoL en %!rti(l!rO !&or!T6M >&!t is on tele+ision no7T HWJ(0 &!' en l! tele+isi3n
Nen ,ener!lO !&or!T6M Ee 7!t&ed it on tele+isionL TD Hl lo +io en l! teleH+isi3n6
Nen ,ener!lO6M S&e 7ent on tele+isionL TD HEll! !%!rei3L s!li3 en l! tele+isi3n Nen
,ener!lO6M Tele+isionL TD is ! o"%etiti+e b(siness HE!' "(&! o"%eteni! en el
ne,oio de l! tele+isi3n Nen ,ener!lOL L! tele+isi3n Nen ,ener!lO es (n ne,oio
o"%etiti+o6M T&is is t&e "ost i"%ort!nt .ob in tele+isionL TD Hste es el e"%leoL
tr!b!.o "s i"%ort!nte enL de l! tele+isi3n Nen ,ener!lO6M to 7rite %l!'s #or
tele+ision Hesribir obr!s %!r! l! tele+isi3n Nen ,ener!lO6M S&e &e!rd it on t&e
tele+ision HEll! lo o'3 en l! tele+isi3n Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6 '
US&e &e!rd it on tele+isionV HEll! lo o'3 en l! tele+isi3n Nen ,ener!lO61
*on los no"bres Qr!dio$ ine"!$ t&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAOQ$ no
se (tiliz! Ut&eV$ (!ndo se (s!n on el sentido de %ro#esiones o #or"!s !rtFsti!sM
tienen sentido ,ener!lM se sobrHe6entiende Ues%ei!l"enteVM l! %!l!br! Qr!dioQ detrs
de l! %re%osii3n Qb'Q no lle+! Ut&eV t!"%oo1 E.14 to 7rite %l!'s #or r!dio Hesribir
obr!s de te!tro %!r! l! r!dio6M S&e 7or9s in r!dio HEll! tr!b!.! en l! r!dio6M ! no+el
!d!%ted #or r!dio H(n! no+el! !d!%t!d! %!r! l! r!dio6M S&e s!'s t&!t r!dio is %oor
t&ese d!'s HEll! die /(e l! r!dio no es "(' b(en! en l! !t(!lid!d6M on r!dio NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Hen H(n %ro,r!"! de6 l! r!dio6M b' r!dio H%or Hl!6 r!dio6M Good
t&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO is !l7!'s !%%e!lin, HEl b(en te!tro es
sie"%re !tr!ti+oL !tr!e sie"%re6M T&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL T&e!ter NUSAO is
not li9e ine"! HEl te!tro no es o"o el ine6M E(ro%e!n ine"! Hel ine e(ro%eo6M
S&e is !n i"%ort!nt !tress in S%!nis& t&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO
HEll! es (n! !triz i"%ort!nte en el te!tro es%!)ol6M It 7!s ! ,ood %iee o# t&e!tre
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO HEr! (n! b(en! obr! de te!tro6M Ee 7!nts to ,o
into t&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO Hl /(iere dedi!rse !l te!tro61
Al,(nos no"bres son di#Files %or/(e no oiniden en in,l0s ' en !stell!no1 E.14
>&!tZs t&e ti"eT NGBO HWJ(0 &or! esT6$ et1
81B1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres concretos o abstractos en singular o en
plural /(e se (s!n en (n sentido "(' onreto o es%eF#ioM se sobrHe6entiende
Ues%ei!l"enteVM %(eden ir se,(idos de (n in#initi+o$ (n !d+erbio de l(,!r o
tie"%o$ (n! #r!se desri%ti+! on l! %re%osii3n Qo#Q ( otr! %re%osii3n o (n! #r!se
on (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM ! +ees$ t!"bi0n se sobrHe6entiende %or el onte-to
!l,o /(e no se dieM los no"bres %(eden ser ont!bles e inont!blesM se %(ede %oner
t!"bi0n QoneHs6Q en +ez de (n no"breM %(ede &!ber !d.eti+os o !d+erbios se,(idos
de !d.eti+os entre Ut&eV ' el no"breM en este sentido se %(eden (s!r !si todos los
no"bres to%onF"ios o de l(,!res$ los no"bres de or,!niz!iones o instit(iones$
et1M si &!en l! #(ni3n de s(.eto se %(eden (s!r on (n +erbo en #or"! ontin(! o
en #or"! si"%le1 E.14 T&e' de"!nd t&e #reedo" N"s (s!do /(e sin Ut&eVO to
&!n,e t&in,s HPiden l! libert!d %!r! !"bi!r l!s os!s6M Ee &!snZt NGBOL doesnZt
&!+e t&e ti"e to do it Hl no tiene el tie"%o %!r! &!erlo6M S&e doesnZt &!+e t&e
o(r!,e N"s (s!do /(e sin Ut&eVO to dis!,ree 7it& t&e" HEll! no tiene el +!lor de
no est!r de !(erdo on ellos6M Aee% (% t&e &o%e to ,o] Nr!roO H\M!nt0n l!
es%er!nz! de ir]6M ItZs t&e ti"e NGB %rini%!l"ente4 "enos (s!do /(e sin Qt&eQO to
e!t HEs l! &or! de o"er6M T&e t&in, to loo9 #or is t&e oll!rboneL l!+ile HL! os!
/(e &!' /(e b(s!r es l! l!+F(l!6M S&e is in t&e roo" do7nst!irs HEll! est en el
(!rto de !b!.o6M T&is roo" is di##erent #ro" t&e one (%st!irs HEste (!rto es
di#erente del de !rrib!6M T&e < oZlo9 tr!in is o"in, HDiene el tren de l!s ino6M
T&is zebr! is not li9e t&e ones I re"e"ber HEst! ebr! no es o"o l!s /(e 'o
re(erdo6M T&e o"%!ssion o# t&is "!n is !"!zin, HL! o"%!si3n de este &o"bre
es sor%rendente6M T&e li#e o# ! "!n is %reio(s HL! +id! de (n &o"bre es %reios!6M
T&e &istor' o# t&is !stle is !"!zin, HL! &istori! de este !stillo es sor%rendente6M
t&e &istor' o# >estern "(si HL! &istori! de l! "2si! oident!l6M T&e !rt o# t&e
nineteent& ent(r' is better 9no7n HEl !rte del si,lo KIK es "s onoido6M T&e !rtL
"(si o# t&e t7entiet& ent(r' is re"!r9!ble HEl !rteL L! "2si! del si,lo KK es
e-tr!ordin!riHo$ !66M T&e %eo%le o# A#ri! !re +er' li+el' HL! ,ente de n#ri! es "('
!le,re6M t&e !ni"!ls o# A#ri! HLos !ni"!les de n#ri!6M T&e !ni"!ls o# Asi! !re
di##erent HLos !ni"!les de Asi! son di#erentes6M t&e nort& o# S%!in Hel norte de
Es%!)!6$ t&e M(se(" o# Modern Art Hel M(seo de Arte Moderno6$ t&e P!l!e o#
>est"inster Hel P!l!io de >16$ t&e eono"i %roble"s o# R(ssi! HLos %roble"!s
eon3"ios de R(si!6$ t&e B!n9 o# En,l!nd Hel B!no de In,l!terr!6$ t&e Eo(ses o#
P!rli!"ent Hl!s *!s!s del P!rl!"ento6$ t&e Brit!in o# J(een Ditori! Hl! Gr!n
Bret!)! de l! rein! Ditori!6$ t&e A"eri! o# President *linton Hel Est!dos Unidos
del %residente *linton6$ t&e Str!its o# Gibr!lt!r Hel Estre&o de Gibr!lt!r6$ t&e Mo(nt
o# Oli+es Hel Monte de los Oli+os6$ t&e B!' o# Bis!' Hel Gol#o de Diz!'!6$ t&e
L!9e o# Gene+! Hel L!,o de Ginebr!6$ t&e Greee o# Periles Hl! Grei! de Periles6M
t&e To7er o# London Hl! Torre de Londres6$ t&e Gre!t >!ll o# *&in! Hl! Gr!n
M(r!ll! *&in!6$ t&e &istor' o# >estern "(si Hl! &istori! de l! "2si! oident!l6$
t&e s%!e bet7een t&e t!ble !nd t&e tele+ision Hel es%!io entre l! "es! ' l!
tele+isi3n6M In M!drid t&e 7!ter is &lorin!ted HEn M!drid el !,(! es tr!t!d! on
loro6M T&e #lo7ers in 'o(r ,!rden !re H!ll6 red HL!s #lores de t( .!rdFn son Htod!s6
ro.!s6M S&e s!7 t&e be!rs$ t&e ones 7it& #(nn' olo(rs NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olors
NUSAO HEll! +io los osos$ los de olores ,r!iosos6M T&e 7o"!n in t&e &o(se is "'
sister HL! "(.er dentro de l! !s! es "i &er"!n!6M Brin, "e t&e %!%ers on t&e t!ble]
H\Tre"e los %!%eles /(e estn eni"! de l! "es!]6M It de%ends on t&e %erson bein,
!s9ed HDe%ende de l! %erson! ! l! /(e se %re,(nte6M >&o is t&e ,irl 7ritin, o+er
t&ereT HWJ(i0n es l! &i! /(e est esribiendo !llFT6$ et1 D181<8I:
Al,(nos no"bres son di#Files %or/(e no oiniden en in,l0s ' en !stell!no1 E.14 in
t&e t7in9lin, o# !n e'e Hen (n !brir ' err!r de o.os6$ et1
*on los no"bres de or,!niz!iones o instit(iones$ e"%res!s$ re,i"ientos ' le'es$
se s(ele %oner Ut&eV (!ndo no estn !bre+i!d!sM !l,(n!s ! +ees se %(ede s(%ri"ir
en tit(l!res$ et1$ %ero &!' /(e %ron(ni!rlo en in,l0s &!bl!doM se s(ele s(%ri"ir
Ut&eV (!ndo l! si,l! o !r3ni"o se %ron(ni! o"o (n! sol! %!l!br! o (!ndo no
&!' %roble"! de !"bi,Xed!d1 E.14 t&e A"eri!n L!n,(!,e Instit(te$ t&e Instit(te o#
Nort& A"eri!n St(dies$ ' t!"bi0n (!ndo se (s!n l!s si,l!s o"o t&e ALI$ t&e
IEN$ '! /(e$ si no$ %odrF!n on#(ndirse on los no"bres %ro%ios Ali$ I!nM t&e >orld
>ildli#e F(nd o t&e >>F$ t&e Intern!tion!l L!bo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL L!bor
NUSAO Or,!niz!tionL Or,!nis!tion NGBO NoO t&e ILO$ t&e DistillerZs *o"%!n'$ t&e
Green Eo7!rds$ t&e AntiIterroris" At$ t&e United N!tions Or,!niz!tionL UNHO6
Hl!s N!iones Unid!sL l! ONU6$ et1
Al,(n!s or,!niz!iones no lle+!n Ut&eV si se (s!n en sentido ,ener!l ' on 0l en
sentido es%eF#io1 E.14 T&e' send t&e ne7s +i! t&e Internet Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre
todoL en %!rti(l!rOL s!tellite !nd Nt&e4 no %oner detrs de U!ndVO Internet Nen
,ener!lO HEn+F!n l!s notii!s +F! InternetL s!t0lite e Internet6M ! ert!in n("ber o#
Ht&e Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6 Internet ser+ers NoO %ro+iders N"s
(s!doOL Ht&e Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6 ser+ers NoO %ro+iders o#
Internet N"enos (s!doOL ser+ers NoO %ro+iders o# Ht&e Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO6 Internet N"enos (s!doO H(n! iert! !ntid!d de Hlos6 se+idores NoO
%ro+eedores de Internet6M It !n be done b' NoO 7it& Internet Nen ,ener!lOL t&e
Internet Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO HSe %(ede &!er %orL on
Internet6M T&e' %ro+ide Internet !ess Nen ,ener!lOL t&e Internet !ess
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO HPro+een el !eso ! Internet Nen ,ener!lOL
el !eso ! Internet Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6M N!to LRneito(L Hl!
OTAN Nen ,ener!lO6$ t&e N!to o# t&e nineties HL! OTAN Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre
todoL en %!rti(l!rO de los H!)os6 no+ent!6$ OPE* LRo(%e9L Hl! OPEP Nen ,ener!lO6$
t&e OPE* o# t&e se+enties Hl! OPEP Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO de
los H!)os6 setent!6$ %ero Ut&e Or,!niz!tion o# Petrole(" E-%ortin, *o(ntriesVM S&e
,r!d(!ted #ro" MIT Nen ,ener!lOL t&e Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO
M!ss!&(setts Instit(te o# Te&nolo,' HEll! se ,r!d(3 en el Instit(to de Tenolo,F!
de M16$ *&risti!n Aid$ O-#!"$ UNES*O$ et1
*(!ndo el no"bre Qs%!eQ se re#iere !l es%!io e-terior Hdonde estn l!s estrell!s6
no lle+! Ut&eV1 E.14 T&ere !re ! lot o# ,!l!-ies in s%!e HE!' "(&!s ,!l!-i!s en el
es%!io61
815C1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres como MCongress, fate, fortune, /ades 4el
infierno+, /eaven, /ell, nature, paradise, Karliament, providence, purgatorM,
et1$ (!ndo tienen (n sentido "(' onreto o es%eF#io$ no el &!bit(!l de estos
no"bres1 E.14 I 7ent to t&e #irst on,ress o# S%!nis& dotors HF(i !l %ri"er on,reso
de "0dios es%!)oles6M T&e #!te o# t&!t "!n 7!s ! "'ster' HEl destino de !/(el
&o"bre er! (n "isterio6M t&e F!tes Hl!s H:6 F(ri!s H,rie,!s66M T&e &e!+en &e &!d
i"!,ined 7!s .(st ! dre!" HEl ielo /(e 0l &!bF! i"!,in!do er! si"%le"ente (n
s(e)o6M T&e %!r!dise Ht&!t6 s&e 7!nted 7!s (to%i!n Nno e-iste U(to%iVO HEl %!r!Fso
/(e ell! /(erF! er! (t3%io6M T&e &ell 7e &!+e re!ted &ere is not desir!ble HEl
in#ierno /(e &e"os re!do !/(F no es dese!ble6M >&!t t&e &ell do 'o( 7!ntT HWJ(0
di!blos /(ieresT6M S&e did it #or t&e &ell o# it HEll! lo &izo %or/(e sFL le di3 l! ,!n!6M
It is t&e n!t(re o# ! do, to b!r9 HL! n!t(r!lez! de (n %erro es l!dr!r6M T&e P!rli!"ent
o# Fo7ls deided to ,o on HEl %!rl!"ento de los %.!ros deidi3 ontin(!r6M T&e
%ro+idene Ht&!t6 t&is "!n &!d s!+ed &i" HL! %ro+ideni! /(e este &o"bre t(+o le
s!l+36M T&e %(r,!tor' 7e !re ,oin, t&ro(,& is terrible HEl %(r,!torio /(e est!"os
!tr!+es!ndo es &orrible61
L!s %!l!br!s U*on,ress Hel *on,reso6$ #!te NoO F!te Hel destino6$ #ort(ne NoO Fort(ne
Hl! #ort(n!6$ E!des Hel E!des6$ &e!+en NoO Ee!+en Hel ielo6$ &ell NoO Eell Hel
in#ierno6$ n!t(re NoO N!t(re Hl! n!t(r!lez!6$ %!r!dise NoO P!r!dise Hel %!r!Fso6$
P!rli!"ent Hel P!rl!"ento6$ %ro+idene NoO Pro+idene Hl! Pro+ideni!6$ %(r,!tor'
NoO P(r,!tor' Hel %(r,!torio6V no lle+!n Ut&eV (!ndo estn (s!d!s on el
si,ni#i!do &!bit(!l /(e es el "s (tiliz!do1 E.4 Ee is ! Me"ber o# *on,ress NoO
on,ress"!n NUSAO Hl es "ie"bro del *on,reso NoO on,resist!6M Ee 7!nted t&!t
b(t #!te deided ot&er7ise Hl /(erF! eso %ero el destino deidi3 otr! os!6M Ee died
!nd 7ent to &e!+en Hl "(ri3 ' #(e !l ielo6M It 7!s t&e 7ill o# Ee!+enL God HF(e el
deseo de Dios6M T&e' "(st ,o to &ell HDeben ir !l in#ierno6M S&e s(##ered &ell on
e!rt& HEll! s(#ri3 lo indeible6M t&e l!7s o# n!t(re Hl!s le'es de l! n!t(r!lez!6M Is
n!t(re !t its best in s%rin,T HWEst l! n!t(r!lez! en s( !%o,eo en l! %ri"!+er!T6M Ee
entered P!rli!"ent Hl entr3 en el P!rl!"ento6M t&e Me"bers o# P!rli!"ent Hlos
"ie"bros del P!rl!"entoL di%(t!dosL %!rl!"ent!rios6M t&e "'sterio(s 7or9in, o#
di+ine %ro+idene Hel tr!b!.o "isterioso de l! di+in! %ro+ideni!6M B!bies 7&o die
,o to P(r,!tor' HLos beb0s /(e "(eren +!n !l %(r,!torio61
81551I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres de personas, lugares o cosas$ %or/(e no
&!' "s /(e (noM %(ede &!ber !d.eti+os o !d+erbios se,(idos de !d.eti+os entre
Ut&eV ' el no"bre1 E.4 t&e Bible Hl! Bibli!6$ t&e bod' Hel (er%o N&("!noO6$ t&e br!in
Hel erebro N&("!noO6$ t&e De+il Hel di!blo6$ t&e Dorot&' Per9ins Hl! ros! Nde l!
+!ried!dO D1 P16$ t&e #(t(re Hel #(t(ro6$ t&e ,ro(nd Hel s(elo6$ t&e &e!rt Hel or!z3n
N&("!noO6$ t&e Eol' Sri%t(res Hl!s S!,r!d!s Esrit(r!sL l! Bibli!6M T&!t is t&e ide!
Hs! es l! ide!6M t&e inI%l!e NGBOL in %l!e NUSAO Hel l(,!r de "od!6M t&e intellet
Hel inteleto6$ t&e Internet HInternet Ni l! red entreO6$ t&e Ain, Hj(!n *!rlos6 Hel re' Hj1
*166$ t&e L!bo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL L!bor NUSAO P!rt' Hel P!rtido Soi!list!6M
t&e "etre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "eter NUSAO Hel "etro Ni 5CC "1O6$ t&e "ind Hl!
"ente Nn(estr!O6$ t&e "oon Hl! l(n!6$ t&e Nort& Pole Hel Polo Norte6M T&e' 7ere o(t
in t&e o%en HEst!b!n !l !ire libreL en el !"%o6M Eis !n,er !"e into t&e o%en HS(
ir! s!li3 ! #lor de %iel6M t&e %!st Hel %!s!do6$ t&e %resent Hel %resente6$ t&e P'r!"ids
Hl!s %ir"ides6$ t&e r!il7!' Hel #erro!rril6$ t&e r!in Hl! ll(+i!6M t&e se!side Hl! %l!'!6$
t&e s9' Hel ielo6$ t&e so(l Hel !l"!6$ t&e s(n Hel sol Nn(estroO6$ t&e s(ns&ine Hl! l(z
del sol6M T&!tZs t&e t&in, Hs! es l! os!6M t&e tonL tonne Hl! tonel!d!6$ t&e (ni+erse
Hel (ni+erso6$ t&e 7e!t&er Hel tie"%o N!t"os#0rioO6$ t&e 7orld Hel "(ndo6$ t&e
T&irt' me!rsZ >!r Hl! G(err! de los Treint! A)os61
L! %!l!br! Q7e!t&erQ$ %reedid! de (n !d.eti+o$ no s(ele lle+!r Ut&eV$ si tiene
sentido ,ener!l1 E.4 T&ere is ,ood 7e!t&er HE!'L E!e b(en tie"%o6M t!"%oo lo
lle+! en l! e-%resi3n Q$ 7e!t&er %er"ittin,1Q H$ si el tie"%o lo %er"ite161
Al,(nos no"bres en sin,(l!r se (s!n %!r! (n! !ti+id!d %ro#esion!l o (n %(esto
e"inente /(e es 2nio4 t&e b!r Hl! !bo,!F!6$ t&e boo9 Hl!s re,l!s Ndel libro de l!
Bibli!O6$ t&e !sso9 Hl! sot!n! Nel o#iio elesistioO6$ t&e ro7n Hl! oron! Nel
tronoO6$ t&e d!ne Hel N!rte delO b!ileL l! d!nz!6$ t&e &(nt HNel !rte deO l! !z!6$ t&e
9ni#e Hel bist(rF6$ t&e M(se Hl! "(s! Nl! ins%ir!i3n %o0ti!O6$ t&e %(r%le Hl! %2r%(r!
Nel e"%er!dorO6$ t&e son, HNel !rte deO el !nto6$ t&e s7ord Hl! es%!d! Nel e.0ritoO6$
t&e ti!r! Hl! ti!r! Nl! di,nid!d %onti#ii!O6$ t&e t(r# Hel t(r#L l!s !rrer!s de !b!llos61
E.4 S&e 7!s re!din, #or t&e b!r HEll! est!b! est(di!ndo !bo,!F!6M >e 7ent b' t&e
boo9 HProedi"os se,2n l!s re,l!s6M T&e' l!id !side t&e !sso9 HDe.!ron l!
sot!n!6M Ee s(eeded to t&e ro7n Hl s(bi3 !l trono6M T&e' !re on t&e &(nt #or t&e
#o- HD!n ! l! !z! del zorro6M Ee 7ent (nder t&e 9ni#e Hl se so"eti3 ! (n!
o%er!i3n H/(ir2r,i!66M T&e M(se lo+es t&e ni,&t HA l! "(s! le ,(st! l! no&e6M Ee
is born to t&e %(r%le Hl n!e e"%er!dor6M Ee %(t do7n !n ins(rretion b' t&e
s7ord Hl !!b3 on (n! ins(rrei3n on l! es%!d!6M Ee !"e to t&e ti!r! Hl reibi3
l! ti!r!L !edi3 !l %!%!do6M mo( &!+e t&e &ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onor
NUSAO o# t&e t(r# !t &e!rt HTienes el &onor de l!s !rrer!s de !b!llos en el or!z3n61
Sin e"b!r,o &!' !l,(n!s e-e%iones4 Sri%t(re Hl! Bibli!6$ Eol' >rit Hl! Bibli!6$
B(dd&ist sri%t(res Hl!s esrit(r!s b(dist!s Nen ,ener!lO61 D1 81<8I:
81581I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres contables en singular seguidos de
una frase de relativoM %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ !trib(to$
o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM el +erbo %(ede ir en #or"! si"%le
o en #or"! ontin(!M no se %(ede s(%ri"ir Ut&eVM lo /(e se die es
onreto$ es%eF#io1 E.14 T&e "!n H7&o is6 7or9in, 7it& (s is e!tin, !
b!n!n! HEl &o"bre /(e tr!b!.!L est tr!b!.!ndo on nosotros est
o"iendo (n %lt!no6M T&e "!n 7&o li+es ne-t door HEl &o"bre /(e +i+e
!l l!do6M T&e do, t&!t is b!r9in, is &(n,r' HEl %erro /(e est l!dr!ndo tiene
&!"bre6M T&e So"!li 7&o !rri+ed 'esterd!' is ! rel!ti+e o# "ine HEl
so"!lF /(e lle,3 !'er es %!riente "Fo6M T&e (rrent !o(nt NGBOL
&e9in, !o(nt NUSAO t&!t &e &!s in t&is b!n9 His i"%ort!nt6 HL! (ent!
orriente /(e 0l tiene en este b!no Hes i"%ort!nte66M T&e ,od Ht&!t6 'o(
lo+e His sel#is&6 HEl dios /(e !"!s Hes e,oist!66M T&e do, Ht&!t6 'o( &!+e His
&(n,r'6 HEl %erro /(e tienes Htiene &!"bre66M T&e #il" t&!t 'o( s!7 l!st
ni,&t His ,ood6 HL! %elF(l! /(e +iste !no&e Hes b(en!661
Se (s! Ut&eV del!nte de no"bres inont!bles se,(idos de (n! #r!se de
rel!ti+o$ si lo /(e se die es onreto$ es%eF#io$ o sin 0l$ si lo /(e se die
es ,ener!l o "s ,ener!l /(e (!ndo se %one Ut&eVM %(eden &!er l!
#(ni3n de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM si se
%one Ut&eV del!nte del no"bre inont!ble /(e &!,! l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ el
+erbo %(ede ir en #or"! si"%le o en #or"! ontin(! %ero$ si no se %one
Ut&eV$ no se %(ede %oner el +erbo en #or"! ontin(!M sin e"b!r,o$ si el
no"bre inont!ble no &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ el +erbo %(ede ir en #or"!
si"%le o en #or"! ontin(! en !"bos !sos1 E.14 T&e Nno s(%ri"irO r(bber
Ht&!t6 'o( (se is not ,ood eno(,& HEl !(&o Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO /(e (tiliz!s no es Hlo6 s(#iiente"ente b(eno6M T&e Nno s(%ri"irO
#ood Ht&!t6 t&e' sell is not +er' ,ood HL! o"id! Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL
en %!rti(l!rO /(e +enden no es "(' b(en!6M I li9e t&e Nno s(%ri"irO "il9
t&!t 'o( b(' in t&is s&o% HMe ,(st! l! le&e Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO /(e o"%r!s en est! tiend!6M T&e Nno s(%ri"irO Fren& 7ine
Ht&!t6 7e bo(,&t is s(%erb HEl +ino #r!n0s Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO /(e o"%r!"os es #!b(loso6M T&e #is& t&!t osts ! lot is
,ener!ll' better HEl %es!do Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO /(e
(est! "(&o es ,ener!l"ente "e.or6 ' UFis& t&!t osts ! lot is ,ener!ll'
betterV HEl %es!do Nen ,ener!lO /(e (est! "(&o es ,ener!l"ente "e.or6M
Ee doesnZt li9e t&e #ootb!ll NGBOL soer t&!t is bein, %l!'ed !t t&e "o"ent
HA 0l no le ,(st! el #2tbol Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO /(e se est
.(,!ndo !&or!6M T&e "il9 t&!t o"es in bottles is (s(!ll' ,ood HL! le&e
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO /(e +iene en botell!Hs6 es
nor"!l"ente b(en!6 ' UMil9 t&!t o"es in bottles is (s(!ll' ,oodV HL!
le&e Nen ,ener!lO /(e +iene en botell!Hs6 es nor"!l"ente b(en!6M T&e
%e!e t&!t brin,s no res(lts is no %e!e HL! %!z Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO /(e no d! res(lt!do no es %!z nin,(n!6 ' UPe!e t&!t brin,s no
res(lts is no %e!eV HL! %!z Nen ,ener!lO /(e no d! res(lt!do no es %!z
nin,(n!6M T&ere is %(bliit' t&!t &(rtsL is &(rtin, (s HE!' %(bliid!d /(e
nos &!e d!)oL est &!iendo d!)o61
Se (s! Ut&eV del!nte de no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!l se,(idos de (n! #r!se de
rel!ti+o$ si lo /(e se die es onreto$ es%eF#io$ o sin 0l$ si lo /(e se die es ,ener!l
o "s ,ener!l /(e (!ndo se %one Ut&eVM %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$
!trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM si se %one Ut&eV del!nte de (n no"bre
en %l(r!l /(e &!,! l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ el +erbo %(ede ir en #or"! si"%le o en
#or"! ontin(! %ero$ si no se %one Ut&eV$ no se %(ede %oner el +erbo en #or"!
ontin(!M sin e"b!r,o$ si el no"bre en %l(r!l no &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ el +erbo
%(ede ir en #or"! si"%le o en #or"! ontin(! en !"bos !sos1 E.14 T&e
ontr!ditions N"s (s!doO t&!t 7e &!+e to li+e 7it& !re /(ite !b(nd!nt HL!s
ontr!diiones Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO on l!s /(e tene"os /(e
+i+ir son b!st!nte !b(nd!ntes6 ' U*ontr!ditions N"enos (s!doO t&!t 7e &!+e to
li+e 7it& !re /(ite !b(nd!ntV HL!s ontr!diiones Nen ,ener!lO on l!s /(e tene"os
/(e +i+ir son b!st!nte !b(nd!ntes6M T&e &ildren 7&o o"e to t&is s&ool !re
&!ndi!%%ed HLos ni)os Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO /(e +ienen ! est!
es(el! son "in(s+lidos6 ' U*&ildren 7&o o"e to t&is s&ool !re &!ndi!%%edV
HLos ni)os Nen ,ener!lO /(e +ienen ! est! es(el! son "in(s+lidos6M T&e birds t&!t
#l' &i,& &!+e ,ood si,&t HL!s !+es Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO /(e
+(el!n !lto tienen b(en! +ist!6 ' UBirds t&!t #l' &i,& &!+e ,ood si,&tV HL!s !+es Nen
,ener!lO /(e +(el!n !lto tienen b(en! +ist!6M T&e boo9s t&!t !re old !re better HLos
libros Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO /(e son +ie.os son "e.ores6 '
UBoo9s t&!t !re old !re betterV HLos libros Nen ,ener!lO /(e son +ie.os son "e.ores6M
T&e #is& t&!t ost ! lot !re ,ener!ll' better HLos %ees Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO /(e (est!n "(&o son ,ener!l"ente "e.ores6 ' UFis& t&!t ost ! lot !re
,ener!ll' betterV HLos %ees Nen ,ener!lO /(e (est!n "(&o son ,ener!l"ente
"e.ores6M Ee "entioned t&e o"%li!tionsL ontr!ditions t&!t 7e &!+e to li+e 7it&
Hl "enion3 l!s o"%li!ionesL ontr!diiones Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO on l!s /(e tene"os /(e +i+ir6 ' UEe "entioned o"%li!tionsL
ontr!ditions t&!t 7e &!+e to li+e 7it&V Hl "enion3 o"%li!ionesL
ontr!diiones Nen ,ener!lO on l!s /(e tene"os /(e +i+ir6M I s!7 &i" 7it& t&e
boo9s t&!t &e is sellin, HLe +i on los libros Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO /(e 0l est +endiendo6 ' UI s!7 &i" 7it& boo9s t&!t &e is sellin,V HLe +i
on libros Nen ,ener!lO /(e 0l est +endiendo6M T&e Nno s(%ri"irO %eo%le Ht&!t6 'o(
"et 'esterd!' HL!s %erson!s Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO /(e
onoiste !'er6M T&e Nno s(%ri"irO R(ssi!ns Ht&!t6 'o( s%o9e to !re /(ite ri& HLos
r(sos Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO on los /(e &!bl!ste son b!st!nte
rios6M T&e Nno s(%ri"irO Slo+eni!ns Ht&!t6 'o( s%o9e to !re /(ite ri& HLos
eslo+enos Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO on los /(e &!bl!ste son
b!st!nte rios6M T&e Nno s(%ri"irO %eo%le Ht&!t6 I li+e 7it& !re 7onder#(l HL! ,ente
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO on l! /(e +i+o es "!r!+illos!6M T&e Nno
s(%ri"irO ele%&!nts Ht&!t6 'o( li9e Ni not !llO !re drin9in, 7!ter no7 HLos ele#!ntes
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO /(e te ,(st!n Ni "s de dos %ero no
todosO ! ti estn bebiendo !,(! !&or!6M T&e Nno s(%ri"irO "en 7&o !re 7or9in,
7it& (s !re e!tin, ! b!n!n! HLos &o"bres Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO
/(e tr!b!.!nL estn tr!b!.!ndo on nosotros estn o"iendo (n %lt!no6M T&e Nno
s(%ri"irO #e7 7&o o"e !re t&e l(9' ones HLos %oos Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL
en %!rti(l!rO /(e +ienen son los !#ort(n!dos6M T&e Nno s(%ri"irO Me-i!ns 7&o
!rri+ed 'esterd!' !re rel!ti+es o# "ine HLos "e.i!nos NEs%!)!OL "e-i!nos
NL!tino!"0ri!O Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO /(e lle,!ron !'er son
%!rientes "Fos6M T&e do,s t&!t b!r9 !re ,ood ,(!rdi!ns HLos %erros Nes%ei!l"enteL
sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO /(e l!dr!n son b(enos ,(!rdi!nes6 ' UDo,s t&!t b!r9 !re
,ood ,(!rdi!nsV HLos %erros Nen ,ener!lO /(e l!dr!n son b(enos ,(!rdi!nes61
815:1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres contables en singular precedidos de un
ad%etivo en grado positivo, comparativoM ! +ees$ se (tiliz! Ut&eV on el !d.eti+o
sin el no"bre o sin el %rono"bre QoneHs6Q %or/(e se sobrHe6entiendeM tienen (n
sentido es%eF#io1 E.14 t&e Bristis& M(se(" Hel M(seo Britnio6$ t&e #!t 7o"!n
Hl! "(.er ,ord!6M t&e bi, 7&ite &o(se Hl! !s! bl!n! ,r!nde6$ t&e Mil9' >!' Hl! DF!
Lte!6M T&e S%!nis& i+il 7!r 7!s &orrible HL! G(err! *i+il Es%!)ol! #(e
&orrible6M t&e so(t&ern %!rt o# E(ro%eL Ast(ri!s Hl! %!rte s(r de E(ro%!L Ast(ri!s6M
mo( loo9 t&e &!%%' #!t&er HP!rees el NtF%ioO %!dre #eliz6M t&e *onser+!ti+e P!rt'
Hel P!rtido *onser+!dor6$ t&e %er#et 7o"!n Hl! "(.er %er#et!6M T&!t is t&e re!l
t&in, Hs! es l! +erd!der! re!lid!dL Eso es lo !(t0ntio6M T&e' %er#or"ed !t t&e
N!tion!l T&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL T&e!ter NUSAO HAt(!ron en el Te!tro
N!ion!l6M t&e E+il One HS!t!nsL el di!blo6$ t&e &ol' One HDios6$ t&e old
s(%er"!r9et !nd t&e ne7 Hone6 Hel +ie.o s(%er"er!do ' el n(e+o6M ItZs t&e &e!%er
Hone6 o# t&e t7o HEs el "s b!r!to de los dos6M T7o "en4 t&e 'o(n,er Hone6 too9 t&e
older Hone6 b' t&e !r" HDos &o"bres4 el .o+en !,!rr3 !l +ie.o del br!zo61
815;1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres contables e incontables precedidos de
un ad%etivo superlativo relativo o con los adverbios en grado superlativo
relativoM ! +ees$ se (tiliz! Ut&eV on el !d.eti+o sin el no"bre o sin el %rono"bre
QoneHs6Q %or/(e se sobrHe6entiendeM tienen (n sentido es%eF#io1 E.14 t&e &e!%est
!r Hel o&e "s b!r!to6$ t&e best boo9 Hel "e.or libro6$ t&e t!llest ,irl Hl! &i! "s
!lt!6M Ee !rri+ed t&e R/(i9est Hl #(e el /(e lle,3 "s Rr%idoL Rr%id!"ente6M t&e
"ost ele,!nt one Hel$ l! "s ele,!nte6M T&ese !re t&e best Hstos son los "e.ores61 D1
;18@IB$ ?1:?IB
815<1I Se (s! Ut&eV seguido de un ad%etivo numeral ordinal$ e-e%to Q#irstQ$ m!s
un ad%etivo en grado superlativo seguido de un nombre contableM ! +ees$ no se
(tiliz! el no"bre o el %rono"bre QoneHs6Q %or/(e se sobrHe6entiende1 E.14 t&e seond
bi,,est H!r6 Hel se,(ndo Ho&e6 "s ,r!nde6M t&e seond "ost e-%ensi+e H!r6 Hel
se,(ndo Ho&e6 "s !ro6M t&e si-t& ri&est o(ntr' in t&e 7orld Hel se-to %!Fs "s
rio del "(ndo61
815=1I Se (s! Ut&eV con los nBmeros cardinales u ordinales delante de nombres
o Mone4s+MM ! +ees$ no se (tiliz! el no"bre o el %rono"bre QoneHs6Q %or/(e se
sobrHe6entiendeM t!"bi0n se lee$ !(n/(e no se s(ele esribir$ del!nte de (n n2"ero
ordin!l de (n tFt(lo o de (n! #e&! se,(id! de Qo#Q "s el "esM tienen (n sentido
es%eF#ioM se (s! t!"bi0n on l!s d0!d!s de !)os$ on los si,los ' on l!s
te"%er!t(r!s1 E.14 t&e t7o &o(ses on t&e le#t Hl!s dos !s!s ! l! iz/(ierd!6M S&e ,!+e
t&e &ild one &ool!te$ b(t &e 7!nted t&e #o(r NGBOL t&e #o(r o# t&e"L !ll #o(r
HEll! le d!b! !l ni)o (n bo"b3n$ %ero 0l /(erF! los (!tro6M Gi+e &i" t&e ot&er
t&ree] H\D!le los otros tres]6M t&e #irst &o(se Hl! %ri"er! !s!6$ t&e First L!d' Ho#
UH16SH16AH166 Hl! Pri"er! D!"! Hde los Est!dos Unidos66$ t&e #irst one Hel %ri"eroL l!
%ri"er!6$ t&e seond 7ee9 Hl! se,(nd! se"!n!6$ t&e seond one Hel se,(ndoL l!
se,(nd!6$ t&e t&ird te!&er Hel terer %ro#esor6$ t&e t&ird one Hel tereroL l! terer!6$
t&e KIKt& ent(r' Hel si,lo KIK6$ Ain, *&!rles III Nse lee Qt&e t&irdQO Hel re' *!rlos
III6$ 5;Ht&6 Ho#6 M!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO Nse lee Qt&e 5;t& o#QO Hel 5; de "!'o6M in
t&e 5B;CsL 5B;CZs Hen l! d0!d! de los H!)os6 (!rent!6M T&e Z@CsL ei,&ties 7ere
di##erent HL! d0!d! de los H!)os6 o&ent! er! di#erente6M It 7!s o#ten in t&e nineties
7&ile 7e 7ere in Se+ille HA "en(do &!bF! entre no+ent! ' ien ,r!dos HF!&ren&eit6
"ientr!s estb!"os en Se+ill!61
Sin e"b!r,o$ no se (s! Ut&eV del!nte de los !d.eti+os ' %rono"bres n("er!les
!rdin!les$ (!ndo tienen (n sentido ,ener!l1 E.14 S&e needs #i+e Hboo9s6 HEll!
neesit! ino Hlibros61
815?1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres precedidos de la palabra MonlM los
ad%etivos indefinidos MleastM ND1 ;1=515@O$ Mfe,estM ND1 ;1=5188O$ M,/oleM ND1
;1=518O$ MsameM ND1 ;1=51:;OM se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n Ut&eV "s Uonl'L s!"e h
oneHs6VM t!"bi0n %(ede ir si"%le"ente Ut&eV se,(ido de Qs!"eQM tienen (n sentido
es%eF#io1 E.14 t&e onl' %roble" Hel 2nio %roble"!6$ t&e s!"e street Hl! "is"!
!lle6M S&!9es%e!re died in t&e s!"e 'e!r !s *er+!ntes HS1 "(ri3 en el "is"o !)o
/(e *16M S&e 7!nts t&e s!"e &eese !s 'esterd!' HEll! /(iere el "is"o /(eso /(e
!'er6M >e st!'ed in t&e s!"e &otel !s l!st 'e!r HNos !lo.!"os en el "is"o &otel /(e
el !)o %!s!do6M ItZs t&e s!"e stor' e+er' d!' HEs l! "is"! &istori! todos los dF!s6M
T&e' ,o in t&e s!"e diretion HD!n en l! "is"! direi3n6M Ee is t&e s!"e one Hl
es el "is"o6M ItZs H!ll6 t&e s!"e to &i" HEs lo "is"o %!r! 0l6M T&ese t7o !rs !re t&e
s!"e HEstos dos o&es son i,(!les61
Se %(ede (s!r Ut&eV on los si,(ientes !d.eti+os inde#inidos$ si tienen (n sentido
es%eF#io$ ' sin Ut&eV$ si tienen (n sentido ,ener!l4 Qt&e ot&erQ ND1 ;1=51;O$ Qt&e #e7Q
ND1 ;1=518CO$ Qt&e "ostQ ND1 ;1=518;O$ Qt&e littleQ ND1 ;1=515=O1
815@1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres 'ue no indi'uen per(odos de tiempo$
t!nto en sin,(l!r o"o en %l(r!l$ precedidos de l! %!l!br!s Qlast, nextQM se %(ede
%oner t!"bi0n el !rtF(lo deter"in!do "s Ql!stL ne-t h oneHs6QM tienen (n sentido
es%eF#io1 E.14 t&e l!stL ne-t (sto"erHs6 Hel Hlos6 2lti"oHs6L si,(ienteHs6 lienteHs66$
et1
Se %(eden (s!r t!"bi0n on Ut&eV los no"bres en sin,(l!r /(e indi!n %erFodos de
tie"%o o"o Qd!'$ 7ee9$ "ont&$ ni,&t$ #ortni,&t$ 'e!r$ ent(r'$ "illenni("$
Mond!'$ S!t(rd!'$ Febr(!r'$ Otober$ *&rist"!s$ E!sterQ$ et1$ %reedidos de Ql!stQ
o Qne-tQ$ si no tienen o"o %(nto de re#ereni! el "o"ento en /(e se &!bl! sino (n
"o"ento del %!s!do$ del #(t(ro del %!s!do o del #(t(ro del %resenteM t!"bi0n
(!ndo el no"bre %reedido de Ql!stQ o Qne-tQ lle+! (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de
rel!ti+o /(e lo es%ei#i! ' (!ndo los no"bres +!n en %l(r!lM (!ndo Qne-tQ '
Ql!stQ +!n se,(idos de Q7ee9$ "ont&$ #ortni,&t$ 'e!r$ ent(r'$ "illenni("Q$ en
sin,(l!r %(eden ir %reedidos de Ut&eV$ %ero si,ni#i!n todos los dF!s &!st! el
"o"ento %resente o ! %!rtir del "o"ento %resente ' se tr!d(en %or QestHe$ !6
H2lti"Ho$ !66Q h no"bre1 E.14 t&e l!st Mond!' o# t&e "ont& Hel 2lti"o l(nes del
"es6M Ee 7!s born in 5B@<M t&e ne-t 'e!rH$6 &is #!t&er died Hl n!i3 en 5B@<M !l !)o
si,(iente "(ri3 s( %!dre6M S&e 7ill ,o on &olid!' t&e l!st 7ee9 in Se%te"ber HEll!
ir de +!!iones l! 2lti"! se"!n! de seH%6tie"bre6M T&e l!st ti"e I lent &er ! boo9$
s&e #or,ot to ,i+e it b!9 HL! 2lti"! +ez /(e le %rest0 (n libro ! ell! no se !ord3 de
de+ol+erlo6M T&e ne-t ti"e 'o( o"e$ IZll ,i+e 'o( ! %resent HL! %r3-i"! +ez /(e
+en,!s te d!r0 (n re,!lo6M t&e ne-t 7ee9 Ni t&is 7ee9O Hest! se"!n! Ni los %r3-i"os
? dF!s H! %!rtir de &o'6O6$ t&e l!st "ont& Ni t&is "ont&O Heste H2lti"o6 "es Nlos
2lti"os :C dF!s H&!st! &o'6O61
Se (s! Ut&eV t!"bi0n on los dF!s de l! se"!n! en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedidos de
U#ollo7in,$ ne-t$ %re+io(sV o se,(idos de U!#ter$ be#ore$ t&!t$ 7&en$ 7&i&VM
t!"bi0n on los no"bres /(e indi!n %erFodos de tie"%o$ (!ndo estn en %l(r!l1
E.14 t&e d!' be#ore Hl! +Fs%er!6$ t&e Frid!' be#ore t&e 7eddin, Hel +iernes !ntes de l!
bod!6$ t&e d!' be#ore 'esterd!' H!nte!'er6M Ee !"e t&e T(esd!' be#ore l!st Hl
+ino &!e dos "!rtes6M Ee !rri+ed on ?Ht&6 Ho#6 A(,(st NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
A(,(st ?Ht&6 !nd &e le#t t&e S!t(rd!' !#terL t&e #ollo7in, S!t(rd!' Hl lle,3 el ? de
!,osto ' se "!r&3 el sb!do si,(iente6M S&e s!id t&!t on Frid!' 5<Ht&6$ !nd t&e
%re+io(s Frid!' s&e &!d s!id t&e o%%osite HEll! di.o eso el +iernes$ dF! 5<$ ' el
+iernes !nterior &!bF! di&o lo ontr!rio6M t&e Febr(!r' !#ter t&e t&e#t Hel #ebrero
des%(0s del robo6M It 7!s t&e S(nd!' !#ter 7e !te !t 'o(r %l!e HF(e el do"in,o
des%(0s de /(e o"i0r!"os en +(estr! !s!6M I 7ent t&e E!ster be#ore l!st HF(i en
Se"!n! S!nt! &!e dos !)os6M t&e l!stL ne-t #e7 "ont&s Nse s(ele %oner Q#e7Q
(!ndo +!n en %l(r!l %ero no se tr!d(eO Hlos 2lti"osL %r3-i"os "eses61 D1 81<BI=C$
@155
815B1I Se (s! Ut&eV$ t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no$ delante de nombres
contables en singular %!r! indi!r (n! l!se de !ni"!les o os!sM estn (s!dos en
sentido ,en0rio ' re%resent!n ! todos los o"%onentes del ,r(%o$ l!se o !te,orF!M
+!n sol!"ente !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n &!iendo l! #(ni3n de s(.etoM se %(ede
%oner el +erbo en #or"! si"%le %ero no en #or"! ontin(!1 E.14 T&e bi'le Nse
re#iere ! tod!s l!s biilet!sO is not !s #!st !s t&e !r HL! biilet! no es t!n r%id!
o"o el o&e6M T&e do, Nse re#iere ! todos los %errosO is ! #!it&#(l !ni"!l HEl %erro
es (n !ni"!l #iel6M T&e ele%&!nt Ni !ll ele%&!ntsO e!ts ,r!ss HEl ele#!nte Ni todos los
ele#!ntesO o"e &ierb!6M T&e ele%&!nt Nse re#iere ! todos los ele#!ntesO slee%s !t
ni,&t HEl ele#!nte d(er"e %or l! no&e6M T&e lion Nse re#iere ! todos los leonesO is !
stron, !ni"!l HEl le3n es (n !ni"!l #(erte6M T&e "o(se Nse re#iere ! todos los
r!tonesO is s"!ller t&!n t&e r!t HEl r!t3n es "s %e/(e)o /(e l! r!t!6M T&e rose Nse
re#iere ! tod!s l!s ros!sO is ! be!(ti#(l #lo7er HL! ros! es (n! #lor &er"os!6M T&e
or!n,e treeL or!n,eItree Nse re#iere ! todos los n!r!n.osO is lo+el' HEl n!r!n.o es
bonito6$ et1M est!s or!iones /(ieren deir "s o "enos lo "is"o /(e si se %onen
en %l(r!l sin el !rtF(lo4 Bi'les !re not !s #!st !s !rs HL!s biilet!s Nen ,ener!lO
no son t!n r%id!s o"o los o&es6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no$ si el +erbo +! en #or"! ontin(!
se re#iere ! (n solo o"%onente del ,r(%o ' no ! todos los o"%onentes del
on.(ntoM el no"bre %(ede ir solo o es%ei#i!do on (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de
rel!ti+o o (n! lo(i3n !d+erbi!l en l! /(e se sobrHe6entiende (n %rono"bre
rel!ti+o h el +erbo QbeQ1 E.14 T&e Ni oneO ele%&!nt is loo9in, !t (s HEl Ni (no$ no
todosO ele#!nte est "irndonos6M T&e ele%&!nt t&!t 'o( li9e Ni oneO is drin9in,
7!ter no7 HEl ele#!nte /(e te ,(st! ! ti Ni (noO est bebiendo !,(! !&or!6M T&e
ele%&!nt Ht&!tL 7&i& is6 !t t&e zoo is le!rnin, ne7 tri9s HEl ele#!nte H/(e est en el
zoo6 del zoo est !%rendiendo n(e+os tr(os61
Los no"bres de rboles lle+!n Ut&eV4 T&e old Ro!9 Rtree in t&e Rto7n Rs/(!re &!s
"!n' !orns HEl +ie.o roble de l! %l!z! de l! i(d!d tiene "(&!s bellot!s6$ %ero
(!ndo se /(iere deir l! "!der! de (n rbol no lo lle+!n$ %or/(e se onsider!n
no"bres de "!s!1 E.14 T&is t!ble is "!de o# o!9 HEst! "es! est &e&! de H"!der!
de6 roble61 D1 81B8
818C1I Se (s! Ut&eV obli,!tori!"ente delante de los nombres incontables de 2.22
(!ndo +!n !o"%!)!dos de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o o (n! #r!se on
Qo#Q$ et1M se (tiliz!n en sentido es%eF#io$ no en sentido ,ener!l1 E.14 t&e ,eo,r!%&'
o# t&is o(ntr' Hl! ,eo,r!#F! de este %!Fs6M T&e ,eo,r!%&' t&!t &eZs st(d'in, t&is 'e!r
HL! ,eo,r!#F! /(e 0l est est(di!ndo este !)o61 D1 81<8$ 81<?
81851I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres comunes en la primera parte del
genitivo sa%n1 E.14 t&e b!9erZs Hs&o%6 Hl! %!n!derF!6$ t&e nei,&bo(rZs NGBOL
nei,&borZs NUSAO #riends Hlos !"i,os del +eino61
Sin e"b!r,o$ los no"bres %ro%ios de %erson! o l(,!r en l! %ri"er! %!rte del
,eniti+o s!.3n no lo lle+!n1 E.14 S!ndr!Zs &!ir Hel %elo de S!ndr!61
81881I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de un nombre 'ue se menciona por segunda ve)
%or/(e se &!e #!"ili!r o onoido1 E.14 T&ere 7!s ! "on9e' in t&e %!r9M t&e
"on9e' !te !ll 9inds o# t&in,s HE!bF! (n "ono en el %!r/(eM el "ono o"F! tod!
l!se de os!s6M >e s!7 ! !r in ! %!r9M t&e !r 7!s o%en b(t 7e s!7 nobod'
!ro(nd HDi"os (n o&e en (n %!r/(eM el o&e est!b! !bierto %ero no +i"os !
n!die %or !llF NoO !&F61
818:1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres de instrumentos musicales %ero en USA
se %(ede s(%ri"ir t!"bi0n1 E.14 Ee %l!'ed t&e ,(it!r Hl to!b! l! ,(it!rr!6M S&e
%l!'s t&e #l(te HEll! to! l! #l!(t!6M Ee doesnZt %l!' t&e +iolin Hl no to! el +iolFn6M
Ee is !t t&e %i!no Hl est !l %i!no6M Ee %l!'s t&e tr("%et Hl to! l! tro"%et!6M S&e
%l!'s t&e s!-o%&one HEll! to! el s!-o#3nL s!-3#ono6M Ee is %l!'in, t&e oboe Hl
est to!ndo el oboe61
Sin e"b!r,o$ #re(ente"ente no se (tiliz! (!ndo se &!bl! de '!z ' "2si! %o%$ si
se &!e re#ereni! !l %!%el dese"%e)!do en (n ,r(%o "(si!l$ ' ! +ees no se (s!
t!"%oo !l &!bl!r de instr("entos de "2si! lsi! (!ndo se re#iere ! l! %!rte
te3ri! o ! l! #in!lid!d de (n! %iez! "(si!lM se (s! Ut&eV detrs de l! %re%osii3n
UonV (!ndo si,ni#i! UsobreV %ero no (!ndo si,ni#i! Uto!ndo enV1 E.14 7it& &er
on tr("%et !nd &i" on s!-Ho%&one6 Hon ell! ! l! tro"%et! ' 0l !l s!-oH#3nL #ono66M
7it& D!niel on dr("s Hon D!niel en Hl!6 b!terF!6M Ee %l!'s dr("s Hl to! l!
b!terF!6M T&e' %l!' Ht&e6 l!ssi!l ,(it!r HTo!n l! ,(it!rr! lsi!6M T&e' !re
st(d'in, oboe !t t&e "o"ent HEstn est(di!ndo oboe !&or!6M Ee st(died s!-o%&one
l!st 'e!r Hl est(di3 el s!-o#3n el !)o %!s!do61
818;1I Se (s! Ut&eV con comidas dadas en nombre de alguien o %!r! dest!!r /(e
es !l,o #(er! de lo orriente$ %or/(e es en sentido es%eF#io o onreto1 E.14 T&e
dinner ,i+en to elebr!te t&e o"in, o# t&e J(een HL! en! d!d! %!r! elebr!r l!
lle,!d! de l! rein!61
818<1I Se (s! Ut&eV con comparativos en los 'ue ;t/e< /ace funcin de
adverbio1 E.14 T&e &e!%er t&e better H*(!nto "s b!r!to$ "e.or6M T&e "ore t&e
better H*(!nto "s$ "e.or6M T&!t "!9es it !ll t&e 7orse HEso lo %one "(&o %eor6M
T&e "ore l!7s$ t&e "ore o##enders NGBOL T&e "ore t&e l!7s$ t&e "ore t&e
o##enders H*(!nt!s "s le'es$ "s in#r!toresL tr!ns,resores6M T&e less t&e
te"%t!tion$ t&e ,re!ter t&e sin H*(!nto "enor l! tent!i3n$ "!'or el %e!do6M T&e
bi,,er ! %i!no is$ t&e &e!+ier it is H*(!nto "s ,r!nde es (n %i!no$ "s %e!s!do es6M
S&e #eels t&e better #or it HEll! se siente t!nto "e.or %or ello61
*on+iene distin,(ir entre QEe s!'s it 7it& !ll t&e "ore on#idene !s &e &!s 9no7n
&er #or "!n' 'e!rsQ Hl lo die on "(&! "s on#i!nz! '! /(e l! onoe desde
&!e "(&os !)os6 ' QEe s!'s it 7it& "ore on#idene !s &e &!s 9no7n &er #or
"!n' 'e!rsQ Hl lo die on "s on#i!nz! '! /(e l! onoe desde &!e "(&os
!)os61
818=1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres de pesos, cantidades medidas$ on el
sentido de (n de"ostr!ti+o o si e/(i+!le ! U!llL e!&V1 E.14 I !" o(%ied #or t&e d!'
Ni !ll d!'L #or t&is d!'O HEsto' o(%!do &o' Hi todo el dF!L este dF!66M S&e is &!%%'
!t t&e "o"ent Ni !t t&is "o"entL #or t&e ti"e bein,O HEll! es #eliz %or elL de
"o"ento Ni en esteL %or elL de "o"entoO6M S&e o(ld not ,o o(t !t t&e Ni t&!tO ti"e
HEll! no %odF! s!lir entones Ni en !/(el "o"entoO6M Ee 7!s be&ind t&e Ni t&oseO
ti"es Hl est!b! !nti(!do6M t&e ,re!test 7riter o# t&e Ni t&!tO d!' Hel esritor "s
not!ble de s( 0%o!6M T&e' ,!+e (% #or t&e Ni t&!tO d!' HLo de.!ron eseL !/(el dF!6M
mo( s!id OH16AH16 or so"et&in, o# t&e Ni t&isL t&!tO 9ind HDi.iste de !(erdo o !l,o
%!reido6M S&e t&o(,&t o# not&in, o# t&e Ni t&isL t&!tO sort HEll! no %ens3 en n!d!
%!reido6M T&e Ni t&!tO e+enin, 7!s /(iet4 t&ere 7!s no 7ind HL! t!rde Nde !/(el
dF!O est!b! tr!n/(il!4 no &!F! n!d! de +iento6M A4 Eo7 "(& !re t&ese &!irsT
HW*(nto +!len est!s sill!sT61 B4 Ten %o(nds !nd &e!% !t t&e Ni t&!tO %rie HDiez
libr!s$ ' b!r!t!s ! ese %reio6M S&e %(nis&ed &i"$ not one or t7ie in t&e Ni t&!tO
7ee9$ not t7o or t&ree ti"es in t&e Ni t&!tO d!'$ b(t ontin(!ll' HEll! le !sti,!b!$ no
(n! +ez o dos ! l! se"!n!$ no dos o tres +ees !l dF!$ sino ontin(!"ente6M ninet'
%ene t&e %o(nd Ni e!& %o(ndO Hno+ent! %eni/(es l! libr! Ni !d! libr!O6$ !
&(ndred %o(nds t&e !re Ni e!& !reO Hien libr!s el !re Ni !d! !reO6M S&e %!'s
b' t&e "ont& Ni e!& "ont&O HEll! %!,! "ens(!l"ente Ni !d! "esO6M T&e' sell !t
ten s&illin,s t&e b(s&el Ni e!& b(s&elO HDenden ! diez %eni/(es los := litros Ni !d!
:= litrosO6M S&e 7!s %!id b' t&e &o(r HL! %!,!b!n %or &or!s6M Ee drin9s it b' t&e
litre NGBOL liter NUSAO Hl lo bebe %or litros6M Ee b('s t&e" b' t&e 9ilo$ b' t&e
dozen !nd b' t&e &(ndred Hl los o"%r! %or 9ilos$ %or doen!s ' %or ientos6M S&e
s!t b' t&e &o(r b' &is bedside HEll! se sent!b! d(r!nte &or!s !l l!do de s( !"!61
818?1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres de peridicos /(e se %(bli!n
di!ri!"enteM t!"bi0n nor"!l"ente del!nte de no"bres de revistas o
publicaciones no diarias (!ndo lle+!n (n no"bre onreto en sin,(l!rM tienen (n
sentido es%eF#ioM %(ede &!ber !d.eti+os o !d+erbios se,(idos de !d.eti+os entre
Ut&eV ' el no"breM Ut&eV +! sie"%re en "!'2s(l! si #or"! %!rte del tFt(lo$ %ero
o"o re,l! ,ener!l es "e.or %onerlo sie"%re en "in2s(l!$ si no se s!be si #or"!
%!rte del tFt(lo o no4 T&e D!il' Tele,r!%&$ T&e G(!rdi!n$ T&e Ne7 mor9 Ti"es$
T&e Obser+er$ T&e Sots"!n$ T&e St!r$ T&e S(n$ T&e Ti"es$ T&e Ti"es
Ed(!tion!l S(%%le"ent$ T&e *orn&ill H"!,!zine6$ T&e S%et!tor H"!,!zine6$ T&e
Str!nd H"!,!zine6$ T&e P&'si!l Re+ie7 H"!,!zine6$ T&e N!tion!l Geo,r!%&i
H"!,!zine61
Sin e"b!r,o$ no lo lle+!n si +!n %reedidos de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o o son el
se,(ndo ele"ento del ,eniti+o s!.3n1 E.14 T!9e 'o(r D!il' Tele,r!%&] H\Ll0+!Hte6 t(
D1 T1]6M to"orro7Zs Obser+er Hel O1 de "!)!n!6$ ! desri%tion o# t&e St!r
orres%ondent NQt&eQ se re#iere ! Qorres%ondentQ$ %or/(e si se re#irier! !l %eri3dio
irF! en "!'2s(l!O H(n! desri%i3n del orres%ons!l de l! Estrell!61
En !l,(nos !sos$ o"o UT&e R!dio Ti"esV$ et1$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir Ut&eV ! +ees1
No se %one Ut&eV on los no"bres de los %eri3dios e-tr!n.eros !l "!r,en de /(e lo
lle+en en ese idio"! o no1
E!' e-e%iones en l!s re+ist!s4 Ne7 Sientist$ et1 D1 81@C
818@1I Se (s! Ut&eV con los idiomas$ (s!dos o"o !d.eti+os$ (!ndo +!n se,(idos
del no"bre Ul!n,(!,eV$ /(e ! +ees se sobrHe6entiende$ ' t!"bi0n en l! e-%resiones
U7&!tZs t&e h idio"! h 7ordL e-%ression #or 1111TV$ U7&!tZs t&e h idio"! h 7!' o#
s!'in, 111TVM %(ede &!ber !d.eti+os o !d+erbios se,(idos de !d.eti+os entre Ut&eV ' el
no"bre1 E.14 t&e Ger"!n l!n,(!,e Hl! len,(! !le"!n! Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL
en %!rti(l!rO6$ t&e Port(,(ese l!n,(!,e Hl! len,(! %ort(,(es! Nes%ei!l"enteL
sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6M T&e E(n,!ri!n l!n,(!,e is di##erent #ro" t&e Ar!bi
l!n,(!,e HL! len,(! &2n,!r! Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO es di#erente
de l! len,(! r!be Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6M t&e (ni+ers!ll'I
9no7n En,lis& l!n,(!,e Hl! (ni+ers!l"ente onoid! len,(! in,les!6M tr!nsl!ted
#ro" t&e Eebre7 Htr!d(ido del &ebreo6M tr!nsl!ted #ro" t&e Fren& Htr!d(ido del
#r!n0s6M >&!tZs t&e En,lis&L j!%!nese 7ord #or U,r!i!sVT HW*(l es l! %!l!br!
in,les!L .!%ones! %!r! U,r!i!sVT6M >&!tZs t&e S%!nis& 7!' o# s!'in, Ue!rl'VT
H*(l es el "odo de deir en !stell!no Ue!rl'VT61
En re!lid!d es otr! #or"! de deir QGer"!nQ Hel !le"n Nen ,ener!lO6$ QE(n,!ri!nQ
Hel &2n,!ro Nen ,ener!lO6$ QAr!biQ Hel r!be Nen ,ener!lO61
*(!ndo (n idio"! se (s! !o"%!)!do de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o o
(n! #r!se on Qo#Q$ et1$ en sentido es%eF#io &!' /(e %oner Ut&eV1 E.14 T&e En,lis&
t&!t s&e 9no7s is eno(,& HEl in,l0s /(e ell! s!beL onoe es s(#iiente61 D1 81=B
818B1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres en sentido determinado$ de#inido$
onreto o liter!l %or/(e se es%ei#i!n con una frase descriptiva o van seguidos
de la preposicin MofMM ! +ees$ t!"bi0n se sobrHe6entiende %or el onte-to !l,o
/(e no se dieM en iertos !sos no e-iste e/(i+!lente sin Ut&eV$ es deir$ se esriben
sie"%re on Ut&eVM en otros se %(eden esribir de l!s dos "!ner!s4 si lo lle+! se
sobrHe6entiende Ues%ei!l"enteV ' si no lo lle+! se sobrHe6entiende Uen ,ener!lV1
E.14 LetZs s!' no "ore !bo(t t&e "!tter] H\No di,!"os n!d! "s sobre el !s(ntoL l!
(esti3n Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO]6M !bo+eL belo7 t&e !+er!,e H%or
eni"!L deb!.o de l! "edi!6M Ee 9e%t &is &e!d !bo+e t&e 7!ter Hl "!ntenF! l!
!bez! %or eni"! del !,(!6M !#ter t&e e+ent H! %osteriori6M S&e is ,oin, !,!inst t&e
stre!" HEll! est 'endo ontr! l! orriente6M !ordin, toL (nder t&e ter"s o# t&e
!,ree"ent Hse,2n l!s ondiiones del ontr!to6M T&e !n&or is &ere HEl !nl! est
!/(F6M !tL in t&e #ront o# t&e boo9 H!l %rini%io del libro6$ !t t&e be,innin, o# t&e
ent(r' H! o"ienzosL %rini%ios del si,lo6M T&!t 7ord is !t t&e botto" o# t&e %!,e
HEs! %!l!br! est !l %ieL en l! %!rte in#erior de l! %,in!6M !t t&e ost o# &er li#e H!
ost! de s( +id!6M !t t&e end o# t&e d!' H!l #in!l del dF!6$ o(t !t t&e elbo7s H#(er! en
los odos6M !t t&e end o# t&e 'e!rL t(nnel H!l #in!l del !)oL t(nel6M !t t&e to% o# t&e
&ill Hen l! ("bre de l! olin!6M be&ind t&e senes Hentre b!stidores6M b' t&e
o""!nd o# t&e Pri"e Minister H%or l! orden del %residente del GobiernoL %ri"er
"inistro6M b' t&e n!t(re o# t&is "!tterL t&e ,r!e o# God H%or l! n!t(r!lez! de este
!s(ntoL l! ,r!i! de Dios6M M!drid is t&e onl' tr(e !%it!l o# S%!in HM!drid es l!
2ni! +erd!der! !%it!l de Es%!)!6M T&e !se in /(estion is not e!s' HEl !so en
(esti3n no es #il6M !ordin, to t&e ontr!t Hde !(erdo on el ontr!to6M in t&e
o(rse o# ti"e Hon el tie"%o6M T&e o(rse o# e+ents 7!s to &!n,e HEl (rso de los
!ontei"ientos ib! ! !"bi!r6M t&e D!' o# Rj(d,He6"entL t&e j(d,He6"ent RD!'L
T&e L!st Rj(d,He6"ent N"s (s!dos /(e sin Ut&eVO Hel DF! del j(iio FiRn!l
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6$ t&e d!' o# re9onin, N"s (s!do /(e sin
Ut&eVO Hel dF! de l! .(stii!6M T&e' !re 7!l9in, do7n t&e &ill o+er t&ere HEstn
!"in!ndo &!i! !b!.o %or !/(ell! olin!6M T&e E!rt& is ! be!(ti#(l %l!net HL! tierr!
es (n %l!net! %reioso6M t&e Ditori! E"b!n9"ent Hel "!le3nL di/(e de Ditori!6M
T&e #!t is t&!t &e didnZt t(rn (% HEl &e&o es /(e 0l no o"%!rei36M T&e #!it& o#
t&is "!n is ,re!t HL! #e de este &o"bre es ,r!nde6M T&e #!n' sees t&e o(tside$ t&e
i"!,in!tion sees t&e &e!rt HL! #!nt!sF! +e el e-terior$ l! i"!,in!i3n +e el or!z3n6M
As t&e #!n' t!9es &er HSe,2n s( !%ri&o6M #ro" t&e e!st to t&e 7est Hdel este !l
oeste6M #ro" t&e nort& to t&e so(t& Hdel norte !l s(r6M EeZs in t&e t&ird %l!e Hl est
en el terer l(,!r6M T&e ne7 %l!' too9L !(,&t t&e #!n' o# t&e %(bli HL! n(e+!
obr! de te!tro !(ti+3 !l %2blio6M T&e i"!,in!tion is one o# t&e &i,&est %rero,!ti+es
o# "!n HL! i"!,in!i3n es (n! de l!s %rerro,!ti+!s "s ,r!ndes del &o"bre6M T&e
#ool t&!t s&e is] H\Lo tont! /(e es ell!]6M T&e' !re &oldin, t!l9s 7it& t&e Go+ern"ent
HEstn "!nteniendo on+ers!iones on el Gobierno6M T&e &o(se o# t&is l!d' is
e"%t' HL! !s! de est! se)or! est +!F!6M S&e 9ee%s t&e &o(se Htid'6 HEll! onser+!
l! !s! Hli"%i!66M T&e .(d,e ordered t&e o(rt to be le!red HEl .(ezL L! .(ez! N"s
(s!do /(e Ul! .(ezV ' "e.orO orden3 /(e des!lo.!r!n l! s!l!6M Ee 7ent to Gr!n!d!
#orL 7it& t&e "ere %(r%ose o# b('in, ! &!t Hl #(e ! Gr!n!d! %or l! senill! r!z3n
Hde6 /(e /(erF! o"%r!r (n so"brero6M It is o(t o# t&e &!nd HEst #(er! de l! "!no6M
b' t&e 7!' H! %ro%3sito6M !t t&e st!rt o# t&e #il" H!l %rini%ioL o"ienzo de l!
%elF(l!6M t&e dri#t H!7!'6 #ro" t&e l!nd Hl! des%obl!i3n del !"%o6M #ro" t&e
be,innin, Ho# t&e /(!rrel$ et16 Hdesde el %rini%ioL o"ienzo Hde l! %ele!$ et16$ t&e
HRo'!l6 Albert E!ll Hel S!l3n HRe!l6 de Alberto6$ t&e J(eenZs E!ll Hel S!l3n de l!
Rein!6M T&e &e!rt o# t&is "!n is !ll ri,&t HEl or!z3n de este &o"bre est
%er#et!"ente6M S&e doesnZt &!+e t&e ti"e to o"e HEll! no tiene el tie"%o %!r!
+enir6M inL (nder t&e ir("st!nes Hd!d!s l!s ir(nst!ni!s6M in t&e #(t(re Hen el
#(t(ro6M T&ere 7ill be eletions in t&e #(t(re HE!br eleiones en el #(t(ro6M in t&e
be,innin, H!l o"ienzoL %rini%io6M in t&e onsio(sness o# t&e &ild Hen l!
onieni! del ni)o6M in t&e o(rse o# ti"e Hon el tie"%o6M It is in t&e &!nd HEst en
l! "!no6M in t&e nort&HI6e!st o# S%!in Hen el norHd6este de Es%!)!6M in t&e lon, r(n H!
l! l!r,!6M in t&e #(ll sense o# t&e 7ord Hen el sentido "s !"%lio de l! %!l!br!6M In
t&e 7!r t&!t bro9e o(t HEn l! ,(err! /(e est!ll36M T&e 7!ter 7!s ,ettin, into t&e !r
HEl !,(! est!b! "eti0ndose en el o&e6M t&e Pro"ised L!nd Hl! Tierr! Pro"etid!6M
T&!t is t&e lon, !nd Ht&e6 s&ort o# it HAsF es en res("id!s (ent!sL Eso es todo6M t&e
l!st o# t&e Mo&i!ns Hel 2lti"o de lo "o&i!nos6M S&e lostL re,!ined t&e "one' s&e
&!d in+ested HEll! %erdi3L reobr3 el dinero /(e ell! &!bF! in+ertido6M T&e
M!n!,e"ent &!s !,reed to it HL! Direi3n lo &! !e%t!do6M T&e "e"or' !n ret!in
b(t ! ert!in n("ber o# i"!,es HL! "e"ori! Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO %(ede retener sol!"ente (n ierto n2"ero de i",enes6M T&e "ind o#
t&e &ild 7!s restless HL! "ente del ni)o est!b! in/(iet!6M >&' does &e s!' t&!t
7&en it is not&in, o# t&e sortT HWPor/(0 die 0l eso (!ndo no es n!d! de esoT6M on
t&e e!rt& Hen Ni sobreO Nel %l!net! deO l! tierr! Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO6M Ee is on t&e ed,e o# dis!ster Hl est !l borde del des!stre6M It is on t&e
&!nd HEst eni"! de l! "!no6M T&e' 7or9 on t&e l!nd HTr!b!.!n en el !"%o6M T&e
"!n is ri,&t 7&en &e is #!ir HEl &o"bre tiene r!z3n (!ndo es .(sto6M I 9e%t &er on
t&e ,oL r(n HL! "!nt(+e en onst!nte !ti+id!d6M It is on t&e sto9s HEst en +F! de
onstr(i3nL %re%!r!i3n6M Ee is on t&e 7!t& #or t&ie+es Hl est ! l! "ir! de
l!drones6M T&e' t(rned to t&e le#t HGir!ron ! l! iz/(ierd! Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL
en %!rti(l!rO6M Ee 7ent to t&e M!,istr!tesZ *o(rt Hl #(e !l Trib(n!l de los
M!,istr!dos Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6M Ee 7ent str!i,&t to t&e
%oint Hl #(e diret!"ente !l ,r!no6M T&e s&ore is t&ere HL! %l!'! est !llF6M t&e #!t
o# t&e "!tter is t&!t 111 HEl &e&o es /(e 1116M Ee #irst #inds o(tL sees &o7 t&e l!nd lies
Hl %ri"ero t!nte! el terreno6M T&e %!tiene s&e &!s is enor"o(s HL! %!ieni! /(e
ell! tiene es enor"e6M M(,,in,s !re t&e order o# t&e d!' HLos tironesL !tr!os H!
%erson!s6 estn ! l! orden del dF!6M Ee let ,o o#L dro%%edL !st t&e !n&or Hl e&3L
tir3 el !nl!6M t&e Nse %(ede s(%ri"irO PoetsZ *orner Hel Rin3n de los Poet!s6$ t&e
Re,entZs P!r9 N"enos (s!do /(e sin Ut&eVO Hel P!r/(e del Re,ente6$ t&e Green P!r9
Hel P!r/(e Derde6M t&e %!rt' in t&e o%%osition Hel %!rtido en l! o%osii3n6M t&e
%er#or"!ne o# t&e %l!' Hl! re%resent!i3n de l! obr!6M EeZs &oldin, t&e %o7er Hl
tiene el %oder6M T&e Press s!id so Nliter!rioOL t&!t Nestnd!rO HL! %rens! di.o eso6M t&e
%rod(tion o# !rs Hl! %rod(i3n de o&es6M t&e rest o# t&e d!' Hel resto del dF!6M
T&e' re+erse t&e &!r,es HLo %onen ! obro re+ertido6M Ee too9 to t&e ro!d Hl se
#(e de +i!.e6M Ee too9 t&e ro!d t&!t 7ent Hto t&e6 le#t Hl o,i3 NEs%!)!OL to"3 l!
!rreter! /(e ib! ! l! iz/(ierd!6M in t&e r(s& &o(r NGBOL !t t&e r(s& &o(r H! l! &or!
%(nt!6M t&e sin,in, o# t&e N!tion!l Ant&e" Hel !nto del &i"no n!ion!l6M t&e stress
o# "odern li#e Hl! tensi3n de l! +id! "odern!6M T&e' too9L !(,&t t&e tr!in to
London H*o,ieron NEs%!)!OL To"!ron el tren %!r! Londres6M S&e t(rned to t&e ri,&t
HEll! ,ir3 ! l! dere&!6M t&e t!il o# ! o"etL 9iteL %roession Hl! ol! de (n o"et!L
(n! o"et!L (n! %roesi3n6$ t&e #oot o# t&e bed Hl! %!t! de l! !"!6M t&e si,&t o# t&e
!ident Hl! +ist! del !idente Nen (esti3nO6M "!tters o# t&e "o"ent H!s(ntos del
"o"ento6$ t&e be,innin, o# t&e end Hel %rini%ioL o"ienzo del #in6M O(t o# t&e
lo+e 'o( #eel to7!rds &er HPor el !"or /(e sientes &!i! ell!6M O(t o# t&e &o(se &e
7ent to HF(er! de l! !s! ! l! /(e #(e 0l6M to t&e "e"or' o# &er "ot&er Hen "e"ori!
de s( "!dre6M T&e ter"L 7ord t&!t &e (ses HEl t0r"inoL L! %!l!br! /(e 0l (s!6M T&e
s&i% entered t&e do9 to ! #!n#!re o# tr("%ets HEl b!ro entr3 en el "(elle on (n
to/(e de tro"%et!s6M t&e sene o# t&e dis!ster Hel l(,!r de l! !tstro#e6$ t&e %oint !t
iss(e Hel %(nto en (esti3n6M It is /(ite to t&e %(r%ose HDiene "(' ! %ro%3sito6M It
stood t&e test o# ti"e HResisti3L A,(!nt3 el %!so del tie"%o6M T&e' !re in t&e
o%%osition HEstn en l! o%osii3n H%olFti!66M !ll t&e ti"e in t&e 7orld Htodo el
tie"%o del "(ndo6M t&e 7&ole !nd its %!rts Hel todo ' s(s %!rtes6M S&e too9L ,otL
obt!ined t&e #irst %rize N"enos ,ener!l /(e Q111 obt!ined #irst %rizeQO HEll! se lle+3L
onsi,(i3L obt(+o el %ri"er %re"io6M e!& one better t&!n t&e l!st H*!d! (no "e.or
/(e el !nterior6M ItZs 7ort& t&e tro(ble HD!le l! %en!6M Ee loo9ed #irst to t&e ri,&t$
t&en to t&e le#t Hl "ir3 %ri"ero ! l! dere&!$ l(e,o ! l! iz/(ierd!6M &is dedi!tion to
t&e ine"!L !re o# t&e &ildren Hs( dedi!i3n !l ineL (id!do de los ni)os6M to
t&e #(llL #(llest Ho"%let!"enteL !l "-i"o6$ to t&e bitter end H&!st! /(e se ter"ineL
ter"in3 del todo6M to t&e &ilt H&!st! el (ello6M S&e 7!s #!it&#(l toL till t&e l!st HEll!
#(e #iel &!st! el #in!lL l! "(erte6M t&ro(,& t&e %!tiene Ht&!t6 s&e &!s HA tr!+0s de l!
%!ieni! /(e ell! tiene6M T&e' !re t!9in, to t&e streets HEstn e&ndose ! l! !lle6M
T&e' !re t!9in, t&e streets HEstn !%oderndose deL o(%!ndo l!s !lles6M >&en
t&e' !"e t&e l!st ti"e t&!t 'e!r H*(!ndo +inieron l! 2lti"! +ez !/(el !)o6M I# t&e
tr(t& be 9no7nL told$ s&e .(st isnZt interested HL! +erd!d es /(e ! ell! no le interes!6M
T&e tr(t& 7ill o"e o(t HL! +erd!d s!ldr ! rel(ir6M T&e tr(t& 7ill tri("%& HL!
+erd!d tri(n#!r6M Tell "e t&e tr(t&] H\Di"e l! +erd!d]6M 7!s&in, "!&ines 7it&in
t&e re!& o# e+er'bod' Hl!+!dor!s !l !l!ne de todo el "(ndo6M T&e 7!' &e t!l9s
HL! "!ner! Hen6 /(e &!bl!6M T&is is t&e 7!' to London Hste es el !"ino !
Londres6M on t&e 7&ole H%or re,l! ,ener!lL en ,ener!l6M (nder t&e o""!nd o#
*!%t!in Lei,& H!l el "!ndo del !%itn L16M (nder t&e o+er o# d!r9nessL ni,&t H!l
!bri,oL !"%!ro de l! oHb6s(rid!dL no&e6M It is still (nder t&e ,(!r!ntee N"enos
(s!do /(e sin Ut&eVO HEst tod!+F! on l! ,!r!ntF!61 D1 81?<
81:C1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres de edificios institucionales"
universidades, museos, palacios, casas$ et1$ (!ndo lle+!n (n !d.eti+o o (n
no"bre o"2n$ no (n no"bre de l(,!rL %erson! o ,eniti+o s!.3nM en !l,(nos !sos
se %(ede s(%ri"ir t!"bi0n Ut&eV ND181<COM tienen (n sentido es%eF#io1 E.14 t&e
O%en Uni+ersit' Hl! UNED6$ t&e Britis& M(se(" Hel M(seo Britnio6$ t&e
R!il7!' M(se(" Hel M(seo del Ferro!rril6$ t&e Ro'!l P!l!e Hel P!l!io Re!l6$ t&e
>&ite Eo(se Hl! *!s! Bl!n!6$ et1
81:51I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres propios de personas$ bien se!n de %il! o
!%ellidos$ del!nte de no"bres de pa(ses, continentes, ciudades, pueblos o lugares
m!s pe'ueLos %reedidos de (n !d.eti+o %!r! di#ereni!rlos de otrosM tienen (n
sentido es%eF#io$ no ,ener!lM e-iste l! ide! de o"%!r!i3n o ontr!ste$ !(n/(e !
+ees no se di,! %or/(e se sobrHe6entiendeM Ut&eV %(ede ir se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o en
!%osii3n es%ei#i!ti+! o !d.(nt!M se (s!n "(&o "s sin Ut&eV on sentido
,ener!l$ no es%eF#io1 E.14 T&e bi, P!trii! Ht&!t6 'o( s!7 is "' sister HL! P!trii!
,r!ndot! /(e +iste es "i &er"!n!L &er"!n! "F!6M t&e elebr!ted %ro#essor Lister Hel
0lebre !tedrtio L16M T&e le+erL little ji" is si9 Hj!i"e el listoL El %e/(e)o
j!i"e est en#er"o6M t&e e!rl'L i""ort!lL l!teL "!t(re S&!9es%e!re Hel S1 de los
%ri"eros !)osL el in"ort!l S1L el S1 de los 2lti"os !)osL el S1 "!d(ro Nse re#iere
%rini%!l"ente ! s( obr! ' no !l !(tor o"o %erson!O6$ t&e Eono(r!ble jo&n B(rns
Hel &onor!ble j1B16M t&e noble Ant&on' Hel noble Antonio6$ t&e oldL 'o(n, *ol("b!
H*ol("b!no el +ie.oL .o+en6M T&e %rett' M!r' S"it& Nliter!rio4 "(&o "enos
(s!do /(e sin Ut&eVO bro9e do7n HL! bonit! M!rF! S1 ro"%i3 ! llor!r6M t&e Ri,&t
Re+erend Ed7!rd S"it& Hel e/(it!ti+o re+erendo E1 S16$ t&e 'o(n, Goet&e Hel .o+en
G16M T&e 'o(n,er Pitt is "ore interestin, t&!n t&e older Pitt HPitt el .o+en es "s
interes!nte /(e Pitt el +ie.o6M T&e ne7 Me-io is "ore !ttr!ti+e t&!n t&e old
Me-io HEl n(e+o M0.io NEs%!)!OL M0-io NL!tino!"0ri!O es "s !tr!ti+o /(e
el +ie.o M0.ioL M0-io6M Ee belie+es in ,oin, b!9 to t&e old A"eri! Hl ree en
los +!lores del +ie.o Est!dos Unidos6M M!drid no7 is di##erent #ro" t&e dirt'
M!drid o# t&e KDIIt& ent(r' HM!drid !&or! es di#erente del M!drid s(io del si,lo
KDII6M T&e old London is nier HEl +ie.o Londres es "s bonito6M Al#red t&e Gre!t
N!%osii3n es%ei#i!ti+! o !d.(nt!O HAl#redo el Gr!nde6$ *&!rles t&e Bold
N!%osii3n es%ei#i!ti+! o !d.(nt!O H*!rlos el Atre+ido6$ Ri&!rd t&e LionIEe!rted
N"s (s!doOL LionIEe!rt HRi!rdo *or!z3n de Le3n61 D1 81;B$ 81=<
QDener!bleQ +! sie"%re %reedido de Ut&eV ' del!nte de (n no"bre %ro%io1
81:81I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres de enfermedades (!ndo +!n
!o"%!)!dos de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o o (n! #r!se on Qo#QM se
(tiliz!n en sentido es%eF#io$ no en sentido ,ener!lM los no"bres de en#er"ed!des
son !si todos inont!blesM en !stell!no lle+!n t!"bi0n el !rtF(lo deter"in!do1 E.14
T&e AIDS N"s (s!doO NoO AidsL !n!e"i! NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO !ne"i! NUSAOL
!%o%le-'L !%%endiitisL !st&"!L bron&itisL &oler!L di!betesL di%&t&eri!L
d's%e%si!L e%ile%s'L &e%!titisL le%ros'L le(9!e"i! NGBO NoO le(9e"i! NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOL "enin,itisL ne(r!l,i!L %eritonitisL %ne("oni!L %olio"'elitisL
ri9etsL s!biesL t(ber(losis NoO TBL 'ello7 #e+er o# t&is "!nL t&!t t&is "!n &!s is
b!d HEl sid!L L! !ne"i!L L! !%o%le.F!L L! !%endiitisL El !s"!L L! bron/(itisL El
3ler!L L! di!betesL L! di#teri!L L! dis%e%si!L L! e%ile%si!L L! &e%!titisL L! le%r!L
L! le(e"i!L L! "enin,itisL L! ne(r!l,i!L L! %eritonitisL L! %(l"onF!L L!
%olio"ielitisL El r!/(itis"oL L! s!rn!L L! t(ber(losisL L! #iebre !"!rill! de este
&o"breL /(e tiene este &o"bre es "!lHo$ !66M T&e !ner t&!t s&e &!s &!s s%re!d to
&er l(n,s HEl ner /(e ell! tiene se &! e-tendido ! s(sL los %(l"ones6M T&e
&i9en %o-L oliL #l( Nolo/(i!lO NoO in#l(enz! Nliter!rioOL ,!n,reneL ,o(tL
.!(ndieL "e!slesL %l!,(eL s!rlet #e+er NoO s!rl!tin!L Rs"!ll%o-L t'%&oid #e+erL
R7&oo%in, o(,& Nse%!r!do o on ,(i3nOL "("%s o# t&is %erson is terrible HL!
+!riel!L El 3lioL L! ,ri%eL L! ,!n,ren!L L! ,ot!L L! iterii!L El s!r!"%i3n Nen
%erson!sO NoO L! istierosis Nen !ni"!lesOL L! %esteL L! es!rl!tin!L L! +ir(el!L
L! #iebre ti#oide!L L! tos #erin! de est! %erson! es terribleL L!s %!%er!s de est!
%erson! son terribles6M t&e %l!,(e o# lo(sts Hl! %l!,! Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO de l!n,ost!s6M T&e R7&oo%in, o(,& o# t&is "!nL t&!t t&is "!n &!s is
serio(s HL! tos #erin! de este &o"breL /(e tiene este &o"bre es seri!61
A +ees$ no se %one l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o o l! #r!se on Qo#Q %or/(e se
sobrHe6entiende %or el onte-toM se sobrHe6entiende Ues%ei!l"enteV1 E.14 T&e oli
is terrible HEl 3lio es terrible6M S&e !(,&tL !"e do7n 7it& t&e "("%s HEll!
o,i3 NEs%!)!OL se ont!,i3 de l!s %!%er!s6M Ee !+oids &e!tin, li9e t&e Nno
s(%ri"irO %l!,(e Hl &('e del en,!)o o"o de l! %esteL e+it! el en,!)o ! tod!
ost!6M ! to7n in#eted 7it&L b' t&e %l!,(e H(n! i(d!d in#et!d! onL %or l! %este6$
et1 D1 81=?
81::1I Se (s! Ut&eV con ciertas expresionesM no se %(eden (s!r sin Ut&eV1 E.14 Ee
&!s t&e oll'7obbles Nolo/(i!lO Hl tiene r(,ido de tri%!sL est ner+iosFsi"oL tiene
!n,(elo6M It ,i+es "e t&e ree%s Nolo/(i!lO NoO It ,i+es "e ,oose %i"%lesL
,oose#les&L ,oose b("%s Nolo/(i!lO HMe &orri%il! NoO %one l! !rne de ,!llin!6M
T&e'Zre on t&e dole HEstn en %!ro6M S&e is on t&e do7n,r!de HEll! +! (est! !b!.oL
est en %len! de!deni!6M Ee is do7n in t&e d("%sL &!s t&e bl(es Hl tiene "(rri!L
se siente de%ri"ido6M S&e &!s t&e #id,ets HEll! no %(ede est!r /(iet!6M It ,i+es "e
t&e &orrors HMe d! &orror6M S&e is s(##erin, #ro" t&e it& HEll! %!deeL tiene l!
s!rn!6M T&e' &!+e t&e it& to b(' t&is +ideot!%e HTienen !nsi! deL R!bi!n %or
o"%r!r est! int! de +Fdeo6M S&e ,ot t&e .itters Nolo/(i!lO HEll! se %(so
ner+iosFsi"!L A ell! le entr3 el !n,(elo6M Ee &!s t&e r(ns Nolo/(i!lO Hl tiene
di!rre!L !,!ler!6M It ,i+es "e t&e s&i+ers HMe d! denter!L "iedo6M Ee ,!+e &is
%(rs(ers t&e sli%L t&e sli% to &is %(rs(ers Hl se es!%3L !le.3 de los /(e le
%erse,(F!n6M It ,i+es "e t&e 7illies Nolo/(i!lO HMe d! re%el2sL &orroriz!61
81:;1I Se (s! Ut&eV con muc/os nombres de cargos o t(tulos de rango o
profesinM estn (s!dos en sentido deter"in!do$ de#inido$ es%eF#ioM %(eden ir
solos o on (n no"bre de %il! o !%ellidoM %(eden ir o"o s(.etos de or!iones o
#r!ses on l! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos o o"o o"%le"ento de los +erbos
Q!%%oint sbL beL be !%%ointedL be &osenL be onsideredL be del!redL be eletedL be
"!deL be n!"edL &ooseL onsider sbL ro7n sbL del!re sbL elet sbL "!9e sbL
n!"e sbQ$ et1M lo /(e i"%ort! es l! %erson!$ no l! #(ni3n dese"%e)!d!$ o"o en
81?5M %(eden ir4
*+ Sin aposicin1 E.14 t&e Ar&bis&o% o# M!drid Hel !rzobis%o de M!drid6M T&e
!%t!in 7!s !llo7ed to enter t&e &!rbo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &!rbor NUSAO HSe le
%er"iti3 !l !%itn entr!r en el %(erto6M T&e' "!de &i" t&e !%t!in o# t&e te!" HLe
&iieron el !%itn del e/(i%o6M t&e *o"te de Ri%etIMontl!r Hel onde de R16$ t&e
D(9e Ho# >ellin,ton6 Hel d(/(e Hde >ellin,ton66$ t&e E"%eror Hel e"%er!dor6$ t&e
Gr!# +on Arnsber, Hel onde de A16M S&e is t&e &e!d"istress o# t&e s&ool HEll! es l!
diretor! del ole,io6M t&e Ain, o# Nor7!' Hel re' de Nor(e,!6M Ee is onsidered
t&e 9in, HSe le onsider! el re'6M T&e L!d' is o(t HL! d!"! est #(er!6M Ee 7!s
"!de t&e le!der o# t&e te!" HSe le &izo el lFder del e/(i%o6M T&e Lord NGB4 l!
%!l!br! QLordQ no %(ede ir se,(id! de (n !%ellido si +! %reedid! de Ut&eVO is o(t
HEl lordL !b!llero est #(er!L &! s!lido6M t&e Lord Hel Se)orL Dios6$ t&e Po%e Hel
%!%!6$ t&e President Hel %residente6M Ee 7!s eleted t&e N"enos (s!do /(e sin Ut&eVO
President o# t&e USA Hl #(e ele,ido %residente de los Est!dos Unidos6M >e s!7 t&e
Pri"e Minister o# Indi! HDi"os !l %ri"er "inistroL %residente del Gobierno de l!
Indi!6M t&e J(een Ho# En,l!nd6 Hl! rein! Hde In,l!terr!66M T&e' onsider &er t&e
/(een HL! onsider!n l! rein!6M T&e Ste7!rt 7&ose son is ill HEl S1 ('o &i.o est
en#er"o6$ et1
2+ En aposicin ad%unta o es%ei#i!ti+! sin o"!Hs6M los /(e e-isten en %!Fses de
&!bl! in,les! se (s!n on Ut&eV en in,l0s liter!rioM se (s!n !sF (!ndo l! %erson! no
es onoid! %or todos o %!r! di#ereni!rl! de otr! /(e ten,! el "is"o no"bre1 E.14
t&e Abbot B(ttler Hel !b!d B16$ t&e Ad"ir!l B(n'!n Hel !l"ir!nte B16$ t&e Ar&d(9e
Ferdin!nd Hel !r&id(/(e Fern!ndo6$ t&e B!ron Sto9"!r !nd t&e B!roness Le&sen
Hel b!r3n S1 ' l! b!rones! L16$ t&e *!li%& O"!r Hel !li#! O"!r6M t&e *!rdin!l
Ri&elie( Hel !rden!l R16$ t&e riti N1 >ilsonL N1 >ilson t&e riti Hel rFtio N1
>16$ t&e *z!rL Ts!r Ale-!nder Hel z!r Ale.!ndro6$ t&e *z!rL Ts!r Peter Hel z!r
Pedro6$ t&e *z!rin!L Ts!rin! So%&i! Hl! z!rin! So#F!6$ t&e Eletor Robert Hel eletor
Roberto6$ t&e Eletress So%&i! Hl! eletor! So#F!6$ t&e E"%eror *&!rlesL E!ile
Sel!ssie Hel e"%er!dor *!rlosL E1 S16M T&e N"(&o "enos (s!do /(e sin Ut&eVO
F!t&er Ni Re+erendO Bro7n is &ere HEl %!dre Ni re+erendoO B1 Nes%ei!l"enteL
sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO est !/(F6M t&e In#!nt! Eelen! Hl! in#!nt! Eelen!6M Bro7n
t&e .(d,e Hel .(ez B16$ t&e j(stie Br!ndon Hel .(ezL "!,istr!do B16M T&e N"enos
(s!do /(e sin Ut&eVM on Ut&eV indi! ontr!ste on otr! "(.er /(e %retend! %!s!r
%or ell!$ et1O L!d' Stron, is !bsentL &ere HL! d!"! S1 est !(senteL !/(F6M t&e
Polie *onst!ble L(d7i, Hel !,ente de %oliF! L16$ t&e Priness Eliz!bet& Hl!
%rines! Is!bel6$ t&e R!bbi N!t&!n Hel r!bino N!tn6$ t&e Re+erend Dotor Pri"rose
Hel re+erendo dotor P16M Is t&e Re+erend Eilton inT HWEst en !s!L dentro el
re+erendo E1T6M t&e MostL Ri,&t Re+erend Bo7"!n N%!r! (n obis%o$ (n !rzobis%oO
HEl il(strFsi"o re+erendo B16$ t&e Si,nor! L!"bertini Hl! Sr!1 L16$ t&e Si,norin!
G!ler!ni Hl! St!1 G16$ t&e so%r!no F1 DolittleL F1 Dolittle t&e so%r!no Hl! so%r!no F1
D16$ S1 P(tn!" t&e tr!nsl!tor Hel tr!d(tor S1 P16$ t&e Ts!re+it& Ni&ol!s Hel z!re+i&
Niols6$ et1
2+ En aposicin explicativa o %redi!ti+! on o"!Hs6 detrs de (n no"bre %ro%io
o o"2n1 E.14 jose%& Bon!%!rte$ t&e 9in, o# N!%les Hjos0 Bon!%!rte$ el re' de
N%oles6M Eis #!t&er$ t&e reno7ned dotor$ &!s died HS( %!dre$ el #!"oso "0dio$
&! "(erto6M Pro#essor E1$ t&e ,re!t !(t&orit' on t&e s(b.et Hel !tedrtio E1$ l!
,r!n !(torid!d sobre el te"!6M Pete S!"%r!s$ t&e >i"bledon &!"%ionL t&e
>i"bledon &!"%ion$ Pete S!"%r!s HP1 S1$ el !"%e3n de >16$ et1 D1 81?5
81:<1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres propios o comunes para indicar 'ue es
el famoso persona%e$ (n! %erson! del !libre o i"%ort!ni! del %erson!.e 0lebre
it!do$ el "e.or o el "s onoido o (n! obr! del %erson!.e it!doM s(ele ir el
no"bre de %il! se,(ido del !%ellido$ el !%ellido solo en sin,(l!r o t!"bi0n en
%l(r!lM Ut&eV se %ron(ni! LSi4L ' lle+! 0n#!sis1 E.14 mo( !t(!ll' "et t&e Albert
Einstein HRe!l"ente onoiste !Nl #!"osoO Alberto Einstein6M Ee t!l9ed to t&e jo&n
Lennon Hl &!bl3 on Nel #!"osoO jo&n Lennon6M Ee "!' be t&e R(bens o# t&e
KKt& ent(r' Hl %(ede /(e se! el N#!"osoO R(bens del si,lo KK6M ItZs t&e !r o#
t&e 'e!r HEs el N"e.orO o&e del !)o6M ItZs t&e rest!(r!nt to ,o to HEs el N"e.orO
rest!(r!nte !l /(e se %(ede ir6M S&e is t&e E(ro%e!n "!t&e"!tii!n HEll! es l!
N"e.orO "!te"ti! e(ro%e!6M T&e D!li Ht&!t6 t&e' stole HEl N#!"oso (!dro deO D!lF
/(e rob!ron6M t&e joneses Hl! N#!"os!O #!"ili! jones6$ et1
QT&eQ se %(ede %ron(ni!r t!"bi0n o"o LSeL$ %ero entones no lle+! 0n#!sis ' no
se sobrHe6entiende U#!"osoL "e.orVM el no"bre de %il! solo o se,(ido del !%ellido
tendrF! /(e ir es%ei#i!do on (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o o (n !d.eti+o
n("er!l !rdin!l ( ordin!lM el !%ellido %(ede ir t!"bi0n es%ei#i!do en ,eniti+o
on Qo#Q detrs4 T&e PeterL Ol,!L Golds"it&L MrH16 Orte,!L >illi!" S"it&L
*&!rles Robinson Ht&!t6 I 9no7 li+es ne!r &ere HEl PedroL L! Ol,!L El$ L!
Golds"it&L El Sr1 Orte,!L El G(iller"o S"it&L El *!rlos Robinson /(e onozo
+i+e er! de !/(F6M Ee t!l9ed to t&e jo&n Lennon t&!t I 9ne7 Hl &!bl3 on el jo&n
Lennon /(e onoF! 'o6M T&e MrsH16 Mood' 7&o 7rote t&is boo9 HL! Sr!1 M1 /(e
esribi3 este libro6M t&e t7o MrH16 jo&nsons Hlos dos se)ores jo&nson6M t&e t&ird
MrsH16 *r!ne Hl! terer! Sr!1 *16M Ee 7!s t&e Edison o# &is to7n Hl er! el Edison de
s( i(d!d6M T&e Golds"it&sL Orte,!s Ht&!t6 I 9no7 li+e ne!r &ere HLosL L! #!"ili!
Golds"it&L Orte,! /(e onozo +i+eHn6 er! de !/(F6M t&e jo&nsons Hlos Ni l!
#!"ili!O jo&nson6M T&e D!li Ht&!t6 t&e' stole HEl N(!dro deO D!lF /(e rob!ron6M T&e
Non Ut&eV indi! ontr!ste on otro !b!llero /(e %retend! %!s!r %or 0l$ et1O Sir
jo&n H*&!"berl!in6 7&o !rri+ed l!te is &ere HEl !b!llero jo&n H*16 /(e lle,3 t!rde
est !/(F61 D1 81=;
81:=1I Se (s! Ut&eV con ad%etivos, formas verbales terminadas en 5ing o
gerundios, adverbios, preposiciones, con%unciones, inter%ecciones, frases u
oraciones 'ue actBan como nombres1 E.14 T&e doin, is "ore i"%ort!nt t&!n t&e
7&ere$ t&e b(t$ t&e be!(se$ t&e oo&$ t&e U7it& 'o( to t&e end o# t&e 7orldV$ !nd t&e
UI donZt 9no7 !bo(t itV is +er' si,ni#i!ti+e HEl !t(!rL &!er Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre
todoL en %!rti(l!rO es "s i"%ort!nte /(e el d3nde NoO donde$ el %ero$ el %or/(0$ el
('$ el Uonti,o &!st! el #in del "(ndoV ' el Uno lo s0V es "(' si,ni#i!ti+o6M t&e
7&'s !nd 7&ere#ores Hlos %or/(0sL l!s !(s!sL l!s r!zones ' det!lles61
El ,er(ndio %(ede ir t!"bi0n sin Ut&eV (!ndo tiene (n sentido ,ener!l1 E.14 Seein,
is belie+in, HDer Nen ,ener!lO es reer Nen ,ener!lO61
81:?1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres contables en plural precedido de un
pronombre numeral cardinal D MofM1 E.14 si- o# t&e %l!'ers Hseis de los
.(,!dores6M Fo(r o# t&e !ts 'o( &!+e !re o(t H*(!tro de los ,!tos /(e tieneHs6 estn
#(er!61 D1 <15<
81:@1I Se (s! Ut&eV con los pronombres numerales ordinales, %unto con MlastM
MnextM$ (!ndo +!n o"o !trib(tos detrs de +erbos o%(l!ti+osM tienen (n sentido
es%eF#ioM se sobrHe6entiende Ues%ei!l"enteV1 E.14 Ee is t&e t&ird Hl es el terero6M
Ee 7!s t&e seond Hl #(e el se,(ndo6M Ee 7!s t&e l!st to !rri+eL o"e Hl #(e el
/(e lle,3L +ino el 2lti"oL el 2lti"o en lle,!rL +enir6M S&e is t&e ne-t to %l!' HEll! es
l! si,(iente en .(,!rL /(e +! ! .(,!r ! ontin(!i3n6M S&e is t&e #i#t& o# t&e se+en
!ndid!tes HEll! es l! /(int! de los siete !ndid!tos61D1 81<;
81:B1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de un nombre contable en plural precedido de un
pronombre numeral ordinal D MofMM Ut&eV %(ede ir del!nte del no"bre %reedido
de (n n2"ero o no1 E.14 t&e #irst o# t&e Ht&ree6 sientists Hel %ri"ero de los Htres6
ientF#ios61 D1 <15=
81;C1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de nombres precedidos de un pronombre
exclamativo" Q&o7 #e7 o# t&e$ &o7 #e7 "ore o# t&e$ &o7 little o# t&e$ &o7 "!n'
o# t&e$ &o7 "!n' "ore o# t&e$ &o7 "(& o# t&e$ so #e7 o# t&e$ so little o# t&e$ so
"(& o# t&e$ so "!n' o# t&e$ s(& ! lot o# t&e$ too #e7 o# t&e$ too little o# t&e$ too
"(& o# t&e$ too "!n' o# t&e$ 7&!t ! lot o# t&eQ1 D1 <18B
81;51I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de un nombre precedido de uno de los siguientes
pronombres indefinidos4 &!l# o#$ &!l# !s "(& o#$ &!l# !s "!n' o#$ one o#$
!not&er o#$ one ot&er o#$ none ot&er o#$ t&e ot&er o#$ e!& o#$ e!& ot&er o#$ !n' ot&er
o#$ no ot&er o#$ so"e ot&ers o#$ e+er'one o#$ e+er' one o#$ eit&er o#$ neit&er o#$ bot&
o#$ so"e o#$ so"e Rone o#$ so"e Rone else o#$ Rso"eone o#$ so"et&in, o#$ so"et&in,
else o#$ !n' o#$ b!rel' !n' o#$ &!rdl' !n' o#$ s!rel' !n' o#$ !n'one o#$ !n't&in, o#$
!n't&in, else o#$ not one o#$ none o#$ not&in, o#$ not&in, else o#$ "(& o#$ not 111
"(& o#$ +er' "(& o#$ not +er' "(& o#$ !s "(& o#$ t7ieL #o(r ti"es !s "(&
o#$ not !s "(& o#$ not so "(& o#$ %rett' "(& o#$ t&is "(& o#$ t&!t "(& o#$ too
"(& o#$ ! bit "(& o#$ !ll o#$ "!n' o#$ t&e "!n' o# Nliter!rioO$ /(ite "!n' o#
N+(l,!rO$ ! ,ood "!n' o# Nliter!rioO$ ! ,re!t "!n' o# Nliter!rioO$ !s "!n' o#$ t7ieL
#i+e ti"es !s "!n' o#$ so "!n' o#$ not !s "!n' o#$ not so "!n' o#$ +er' "!n' o#
Nliter!rioO$ too "!n' o#$ #!r too "!n' o#$ "(& too "!n' o# Nliter!rioO$ not t&!t
"!n' o#$ eno(,& o#$ /(ite eno(,& o#$ s(##iient o#$ ! bit o#$ ! #!ir bit o#$ /(ite ! bit o#$
! little bit o#$ /(ite ! little bit o#$ ! tin' little bit o#$ ! to(& o#$ little o#$ ! little o#$ /(ite
little o#$ /(ite ! little o#$ !s little o#$ so little o#$ not !s little o#$ not so little o#$ +er'
little o#$ ! +er' little o#$ too little o#$ "(& too little o#$ #!r too little o#$ r!t&er too little
o#$ little else o#$ less o#$ ! ,ood de!l less o#$ ! #!ir de!l less o#$ ! ,re!t de!l less o#$
so"e less o#$ !n' less o#$ no less o#$ ! lot less o#$ #!r less o#$ %lent' less o#$ t&e le!st
o#$ ! ,ood de!l o#$ ! #!ir de!l o#$ ! ,re!t de!l o#$ ! ,ood de!l else o#$ ! ,re!t de!l else
o#$ #e7 o#$ ! #e7 o#$ #!irl' #e7 o#$ /(ite #e7 o#$ /(ite ! #e7 o#$ !s #e7 o#$ so #e7 o#$
not !s #e7 o#$ not so #e7 o#$ ! +er' #e7 o#$ +er' #e7 o#$ e-tre"el' #e7 o#$
o"%!r!ti+el' #e7 o#$ too #e7 o#$ #!r too #e7 o#$ "(& too #e7 o#$ not t&!t #e7 o#$
#e7er o#$ so"e #e7er o# Nliter!rioO$ !n' #e7er o#$ "ore or #e7er o#$ ! lot #e7er o#$
#!r #e7er o#$ "(& #e7er o# Nolo/(i!lO$ "!n' #e7er o#$ %lent' o#$ "ore o#$ so"e
"ore o#$ !n' "ore o#$ ! bit "ore o#$ ! little "ore o#$ little "ore o# Nliter!rioO$ +er'
little "ore o# Nliter!rioO$ no "ore o#$ ! to(& "ore o#$ #e7 "ore o#$ ! #e7 "ore o#$
/(ite #e7 "ore o#$ /(ite ! #e7 "ore o#$ %lent' "ore o#$ se+er!l "ore o#$ +er' #e7
"ore o#$ ! ,ood "!n' "ore o# Nliter!rioO$ ! ,re!t "!n' "ore o# Nliter!rioO$ ! lot
"ore o#$ #!r "ore o#$ "!n' "ore o#$ "(& "ore o#$ +er' "!n' "ore o# Nliter!rioO$
no "ore o#$ not t&!t "!n' "ore o#$ too "!n' "ore o#$ ! ,ood de!l "ore o#$ ! #!ir
de!l "ore o#$ ! ,re!t de!l "ore o#$ ! lot "ore o#$ %lent' "ore o#$ se+er!l "ore o#$
"ost o#$ ! lot o#$ lots o# Nolo/(i!lO$ /(ite ! lot o#$ r!t&er ! lot o#$ ! lot else o#$ se+er!l
o#$ %lent' o#$ ! &e!% o#$ &e!%s o# Nolo/(i!lO$ ! lo!d o# Nolo/(i!lO$ lo!ds o#
Nolo/(i!lO$ t&e 7&ole o#$ +!rio(s o#$ ert!in o# Nliter!rioO1 D1 <1:C
81;81I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de un nombre contable precedido de una serie de
per(frasis partitivas /(e son (!nti#i!dores1 D1 :15B
81;:1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de un nombre incontable precedido de una serie de
pronombres indefinidos1 D1 :18@
81;;1I Se (s! Ut&eV detr!s de una serie de per(frasis partitivas /(e son
(!nti#i!dores$ (!ndo tienen (n sentido es%eF#io$ ' sin Ut&eV$ (!ndo tienen
sentido ,ener!l1 D1 :15B
81;<1I Se (s! Ut&eV delante de los ad%etivos en grado comparativo (!ndo son
!trib(tos ' tienen (n sentido es%eF#io$ t!"bi0n delante de los ad%etivos en grado
superlativo relativo$ no !bsol(to$ (!ndo son !trib(tos ' tienen (n sentido
es%eF#io1 E.14 >&o is t&e #!stest Nolo/(i!lOL t&e #!ster Nestnd!rO$ 'o( or &e
Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOT HWJ(i0n es Hel6 "s r%ido$ t2 o 0lT6M >&i& is t&e best$
t&is one or t&!t oneT HW*(l es Hel6 "e.or$ 0ste o !/(0lT6M I t&in9 Ht&!t6 itZs t&e Nno
s(%ri"irO e!siest to do H*reo /(e es lo "s #il de &!er6M ItZs t&e "ost !%%ro%ri!teL
on+enient to do t&is HEs lo "s !%ro%i!doL on+eniente &!er esto61 D1 81@;
Sin e"b!r,o$ es nees!rio %oner Ut&eV (!ndo detrs de los !d.eti+os en ,r!do
o"%!r!ti+o o s(%erl!ti+o +! (n no"bre o QoneQ1 E.14 >&o is t&e #!ster one
Nestnd!rOL t&e #!stest one Nolo/(i!lO$ 'o( or &e Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOT
HWJ(i0n es Hel6 "s r%ido$ t2 o 0lT6M T&ere !re t7o "odels$ 7&i& is t&e &e!%er
oneT HE!' dos "odelos$ W(l es el "s b!r!toT61 D1 81@;
81;=1I &os adverbios de -.*3.- pueden ir entre ;t/e< el ad%etivo en grado
positivo 'ue va delante del nombre contable1 D1 ;1:5
Sin e"b!r,o$ los !d+erbios Q!t(!ll'$ !d"ittedl'$ !lre!d'$ !l7!'s$ !n'7!'$ brie#l'$
ert!inl'$ de#initel'$ &!l#HI67!'$ &!rdl'$ &onestl'$ indeed$ .(st$ ne!rl' !l7!'s$ ne+er$
nor"!ll'$ not$ not &!l#$ not /(ite$ no7$ %r!ti!ll'$ %reisel'$ s!rel' e+er$ seldo"$
so"e&o7$ still$ t&ere#ore$ 'et Ns3lo en ne,!ti+!OQ$ et1$ +!n del!nte de Ut&eV Hh
!d.eti+o6 h no"bre ont!ble1 E.14 Ee &!s !t(!ll'L ert!inl' Nel !d+erbio !li#i! !l
o"%le"ento direto /(e +! detrsO h t&e Hne76 boo9 Hl tiene re!l"enteL
iert!"ente el libro Hn(e+o66 NoO Ee !t(!ll'L ert!inl' Nel !d+erbio !li#i! ! todo lo
/(e +! detrsO h &!s t&e Hne76 boo9 Hl re!l"enteL iert!"ente tiene el libro
Hn(e+o661
Al,(nos o"o U!est&eti!ll' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL est&eti!ll' NUSAO$
!nt&ro%olo,i!ll'$ !%%ro-i"!tel'$ !r&itet(r!ll'$ !rtisti!ll'$ !stonis&in,l'$
b!si!ll'$ bibli!ll'$ biolo,i!ll'$ &e"i!ll'$ &ie#l'$ le!rl'$ lini!ll'$
o""eri!ll'$ (lt(r!ll'$ deidedl'$ distintl'$ eolo,i!ll'$ eono"i!ll'$
e"inentl' Non distinto si,ni#i!doO$ e"otion!ll'$ en+iron"ent!ll'$
et&i!ll'$ et&ni!ll'$ e-l(si+el'$ #in!ni!ll'$ ,eo,r!%&i!ll'$ &istori!ll'$
ide!ll' H! ser %osibleL en el "e.or de los !sos6$ ideolo,i!ll'$
intellet(!ll'$ intention!ll'$ 9ind o# N"s (s!do detrs de Ut&eVO$ le,!ll'$
less !nd less Non distinto si,ni#i!doO$ lin,(isti!ll'$ liter!ll'$ lo,i!ll'$
"!inl'$ "!r9edl'$ "e&!ni!ll'$ "ent!ll'$ "erel'$ "or!ll'$ "ore !nd
"ore$ "ostl'$ neess!ril'$ not!bl' N%ero on distinto si,ni#i!doO$
notie!bl'$ o!sion!ll'$ o##ii!ll'$ onl' Non distinto si,ni#i!doO$ o%enl'$
ot&er7ise Non distinto si,ni#i!doO$ %!rti!ll'$ %!rtl'$ %&'si!ll'$ %l!inl'$
%oliti!ll'$ %ositi+el'$ %ossibl'$ %redo"in!ntl'$ %ri"!ril'$ %rini%!ll'$
%rob!bl'$ %s'&olo,i!ll'$ /(intessenti!ll'$ r!i!ll'$ r!%idl' Nsi +! detrs de
Ut&eV$ el !d.eti+o s(ele tener l! "is"! #or"! /(e el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente
o %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO$ r!rel'$ re!ll'$ rel!ti+el'$ ri,&tl'$ ro(,&l'$ s!rel'$
s&ol!sti!ll'$ sienti#i!ll'$ se-(!ll'$ si"%l'$ sinerel'$ soi!ll'$
so"eti"es$ sort o# N"s (s!do detrs de Ut&eVO$ s%irit(!ll'$ st!tisti!ll'$
str!n,el'$ s(ddenl'$ s(%er#ii!ll'$ s(r%risin,l' Non distinto si,ni#i!doO$
te&ni!ll'$ te&nolo,i!ll'$ t&eoreti!ll'$ tr!dition!ll'$ tr(l'$ (ndo(btedl'$
(n#ort(n!tel'$ (ni#or"l' N"s (s!do detrs de Ut&eVO$ (n"ist!9He6!bl'$
(no##ii!ll'$ +irt(!ll'$ +isibl'$ +is(!ll'V$ et1$ %(eden ir de l!s dos "!ner!s$
%ero se (s!n todos "s del!nte de Ut&eV e-e%to los /(e lle+!n detrs N"s
(s!do detrs de Ut&eVO o Non distinto si,ni#i!doO1 E.14 deidedl' t&e
di##i(lt deisionL t&e deidedl' di##i(lt deisionM t&e s(r%risin,l' s&ort
letter Hl! !rt! sor%rendente"ente ort!6L s(r%risin,l' t&e Hs&ort6 letter
Hsor%rendente"ente l! !rt! Hort!66$ et1
Detrs de Q&o7Q el !d.eti+o +! nor"!l"ente del!nte de Ut&eV1 E.14 Eo7
9ind t&e 7o"!n is] H\J(0 !"!ble es l! "(.er]61 D1 ;1=C18
Detrs de Q&o7e+erQ el !d.eti+o +! nor"!l"ente del!nte de Ut&eV o detrs
del no"bre %reedido de Ut&eV1 E.14 Eo7e+er d!r9 t&e ni,&t$ 7eZll ,o HPor
"(' oHb6s(r! /(e est0 l! no&e +!"os ! ir6M I 7ill b(' t&e !r &o7e+er
e-%ensi+e it "!' be H*o"%r!r0 el o&e %or "('L %oo i"%ort! loL no
i"%ort! lo !ro /(e se!61
P!r! l! %osii3n de Ut&eV on Q&!l#Q D1 ;1=515$ <15?
Se (tiliz! Ut&eV detrs de !l,(n!s %!l!br!s4 !ll$ bot&$ do(ble$ &!l#$ 7&!t
Nolo/(i!lO1 D1 ;1;151!Id
Se %(ede (tiliz!r Ut&eV del!nte o detrs de !l,(n!s %!l!br!s4 one$ t7ie$
t&ree ti"es$ et1 D1 ;1;151e
El !d+erbio Uonl'V +! del!nte de Ut&eVM (!ndo el no"bre +! %reedido de
(n !d.eti+o Uonl'V %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eV o detrs de Ut&eV %ero se
tr!d(en de #or"! distint!1 E.14 onl' t&e s/(irrel Hs3lo l! !rdill!6$ onl' t&e
&e!% boo9 Hs3lo el libro b!r!to6$ t&e onl' ,ood %erson Hl! 2ni! b(en!
%erson!61 D1 ;1<1B
*(!ndo (n no"bre +! on dos !d.eti+os ' l!s on.(niones distrib(ti+!sL
orrel!ti+!s Qnot onl' 111 b(t !lsoQ$ se %one Ut&eV detrs de Qnot onl'Q$ ' detrs de
Qb(t !lsoQ1 E.14 not onl' t&e interestin,H$6 b(t !lso t&e 7ellI%!id .ob Hno solo el
tr!b!.o interes!nte sino t!"bi0n el bien %!,!do61
*(!ndo (n no"bre +! on (n !d.eti+o ' l!s on.(niones distrib(ti+!sL orrel!ti+!s
Qbot& 111 !nd$ eit&er 111or$ neit&er 111 norQ$ se %(ede %oner Ut&eV detrs de Qbot&Q '
Q!ndQ$ Qeit&erQ ' QorQ$ Qneit&erQ ' QnorQ o del!nte de Ubot&$ eit&er$ neit&erV1 E.14 bot&
t&e interestin, !nd t&e 7ellI%!id .ob Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL t&e bot& interestin, !nd
7ellI%!id .ob Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hel tr!b!.o interes!nte ' bien %!,!do6M eit&er
t&e interestin, or t&e 7ellI%!id .ob Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL t&e eit&er interestin, or
7ellI%!id .ob Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hel tr!b!.o interes!nte o bien %!,!do6M neit&er
t&e interestin, nor t&e 7ellI%!id .ob Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO Hni el tr!b!.o interes!nte
ni el bien %!,!do6L t&e neit&er interestin, nor 7ellI%!id .ob Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO
Hel tr!b!.o /(e no er! interes!nte ni est!b! bien %!,!do61
81;?1I &os adverbios de -.2* van delante de ;t/e< D ad%etivo en grado
superlativo relativo 4D nombre+1 E.14 ItZs b' #!rL "(& t&e &e!%estL e!siest HEs lo
"s b!r!toL #il on "(&o6M ItZs le!rl'L ob+io(sl' t&e &e!%est HEs l!r!"enteL
ob+i!"ente el "s b!r!to6M Ee is distintl' t&e best Hl es l!r!"ente el "e.or6M ItZs
e!sil' t&e &e!%est H!ltern!ti+e6 HEs #il"ente l! H!ltern!ti+!6 "s b!r!t!6M S&e is
%l!inl' t&e silliest %erson HEll! es l!r!"ente l! %erson! "s tont!6M It is r!di!ll' t&e
le!st !ttrr!ti+e HEs r!di!l"ente elL l! "enos !tr!ti+Ho$ !61
81;@1I Cuando dos o m!s nombres llevan un solo ;t/e<, se indica 'ue forman
parte de un todoM se %(ede s(%ri"ir Ut&eV detrs de (n! on.(ni3n1 E.14 T&e
"ot&er !nd son !re 7ell HL! "!dre e &i.o estn bien6M t&e Ain, !nd J(een o# S%!in
HEl Re' ' l! Rein!L Los Re'es de Es%!)!6$ t&e En,lis& !nd S%!nis& l!n,(!,es Hl!s
len,(!s in,les! ' es%!)ol!6M S&e is t&e "ot&er !nd #riend o# *&!rles HEll! es l!
"!dre ' !"i,! de *!rlos6M T&e se! !nd s9' loo9ed t&e s!"e HEl "!r ' ielo
%!reF!n lo "is"o6$ t&e eletors !nd 9in,s o# S%!in Hlos eletores ' re'es de
Es%!)!6$ t&e &(sb!nd !nd d!(,&ter o# t&e de!d 7o"!n Hel "!rido e &i.! de l! "(.er
"(ert!6M T&ese isl!nds !re #!"o(s #or t&e e-tent !nd +!riet' o# t&eir "!rine
(riosities HEst!s isl!s son #!"os!s %or l! e-tensi3n ' +!ried!d de s(s (riosid!des
"!rFti"!s6M T&e intelli,ene$ !reH$6 !nd o(tloo9 o# t&is "!n i"%ressed e+er'bod'
HL! inteli,eni!$ (id!do ' !tit(d de este &o"bre i"%resion!ron ! todos61
Sin e"b!r,o$ si !d! no"bre lle+! Ut&eV$ estn +istos desde (n %(nto de +ist!
indi+id(!l$ no oleti+oM si se %one Ut&eV del!nte de !d! no"bre es "s en#tio1
E.14 T&e "ot&er !nd t&e son !re not to,et&er HL! "!dre ' el &i.o no estn .(ntos61
Si (n no"bre +! %reedido de +!rios !d.eti+os /(e lle+!n del!nte sol!"ente (n
Ut&eV$ esos !d.eti+os se re#ieren ! (n "is"o #en3"eno$ %erson! o os!1 E.4 t&e t!ll
!nd 9ind "!n Hel &o"bre !lto ' ort0s61
Si !d! !d.eti+o +! %reedido de Ut&eV$ se re#ieren ! distintos #en3"enos$ %erson!s o
os!s1 E.14 T&e #!ir !nd t&e bl!9 7o"!n 7ere t!l9in, to e!& ot&er HL! "(.er r(bi!
' l! "(.er ne,r! est!b!n &!bl!ndo Hl! (n! on l! otr!661
Los !d.eti+os nor"!l"ente +!n entre Ut&eV ' el no"bre$ o"o se %(ede +er en los
e.e"%los d!dos$ %ero$ ! +ees$ +!n t!"bi0n detrs del no"bre1 D1 ;15=15I:$ ;15=15;I
88$ ;15?1<
Los !d.eti+os %(eden ir t!"bi0n detrs del no"bre %reedido de Ut&eV1 D1 ;15?15
81;B1I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres de pa(ses en singular, de continentes, de
regiones /(e ter"inen on el no"bre de (n %!Fs o ontinente Nsin l! %re%osii3n
Qo#QO$ de provincias o estados, de ciudades, de distritos de ciudades, de islas
N(!ndo no &!' "s de (n! ' (!ndo no +!n se,(id!s de Qo#QO$ de montes o
montaLas N(!ndo no &!' "s /(e (nHo$ !6O$ (!ndo tienen (n sentido ,ener!l4
S%!in$ En,l!nd$ Fr!ne$ *&in!$ Nort&L So(t& Aore! H*ore! del NorteL S(r6$
E(ro%e$ A#ri!$ *entr!l A"eri!$ Nort& >!les$ Ant!rti!$ so(t&ernL So(t&ern
Fr!ne$ nort&ernL Nort&ern S%!in$ J(een Ditori!Zs Brit!in$ President LinolnZs
A"eri!$ Derb's&ire$ *!li#orni!$ M!drid$ London$ P!ris$ Ro"e$ Moso7$ E!st
Aensin,ton$ *or#($ Ber"(d!$ E!ster Isl!nd$ HMo(nt6 E+erest$ Ben Ne+is H"onte de
Esoi!6$ HMo(nt6 Etn!$ HMo(nt6 Aili"!n.!ro$ HMo(nt!in6 Sno7don$ HMo(nt6
Nort& Eill$ Mont Bl!n$ et1 D1 81:
E-isten !l,(n!s e-e%iones1 E.14 T&e E!,(e HL! E!'!6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ lo lle+!n (!ndo tienen (n sentido "(' onreto$ %or/(e se es%ei#i!
%oniendo detrs (n no"bre %reedido de Qo#Q ND1 818BO o (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!
de rel!ti+o1 E.14 S%!in is ! de"or!' no7$ b(t t&e S%!in Ht&!t6 &e s!7 in t&e #i#ties
7!s not HEs%!)! es (n! de"or!i! !&or! %ero l! Es%!)! /(e 0l +io en los !)os
in(ent! no lo er!61 D1 8158
81<C1I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres de pla)as redondas H*ir(s6 o cuadradas
HS/(!re6$ con calles on el no"bre QStreetQ o QRo!dQ Nen "!'2s(l!O$ con
calle%ones HL!ne6$ con avenidas$ nor"!l"ente on sint!,"!s no"in!les /(e
lle+en el no"bre Q*rossQ$ con centros comerciales en USA /(e lle+en el no"bre
Q*enterQ$ %ero no en GB$ con par'ues, con lagos e-e%to (!ndo +!n del!nte del
no"bre %reedido de Qo#Q$ con r(os (!ndo +!n !l #in!l de no"bres de i(d!des '
%(eblos o en GB (!ndo se &!e (n! en("er!i3n de +!rios rFos$ con no"bres de
cabos o ba/(as e-e%to (!ndo +!n del!nte del no"bre %reedido de Qo#Q$ con
edificios$ sobre todo en GB$ o"o (ni+ersid!des Nlos sint!,"!s no"in!les de
(ni+ersid!des /(e lle+!n el no"bre de (n! %erson! /(e tienen s3lo est! #or"! ' el
no"bre %o%(l!r /(e no es el o#ii!l de otr!s "(&!s (ni+ersid!desO$ ole,ios o
es(el!s$ %olit0nios$ &os%it!les$ &oteles$ rest!(r!ntes$ tiend!s$ b!nos$ ines$
te!tros$ !tedr!les$ i,lesi!s$ !b!dF!s$ trib(n!les$ !'(nt!"ientos$ !ero%(ertos$
est!iones$ !stillos$ .e#!t(r!s de %olii!$ "(seos$ si no +!n %rededidos de (n
!d.eti+o$ %!l!ios$ !s!s HEo(se6$ l(bHe6s$ zoos$ on sint!,"!s no"in!les on el
no"bre QLod,eQ$ on sint!,"!s no"in!les on el no"bre Qm!rdQ$ (!ndo lle+!n el
,eniti+o s!.3n o (n no"bre de %erson! o l(,!r ' no +!n on l! %re%osii3n Qo#Q ni
lle+!n (n no"bre o"2n o !d.eti+oM tienen /(e (s!rse en sentido ,ener!lM on
no"bres de ne,oios se s(ele o"itir el !%3stro#oM en !stell!no s(elen lle+!r el
!rtF(lo deter"in!do1 E.14 Pi!dill' *ir(s Hl! %l!z! de P16$ Tr!#!l,!r S/(!re$ Fi#t'I
#irst Street$ O-#ord Street Hl! !lle de O16$ Totten&!" RRo!dL RRd1 Hl! !lle T16$
Fin&le' RRo!dL RRd1 Hl! !lle F16$ P!r9 L!ne$ Pettio!t L!ne$ Le-in,ton A+en(e$
Fi#t& A+en(e$ *&!rin, *ross$ Linoln *enter$ Ro9e#eller *enter$ E'de P!r9$
Re,entZs P!r9$ *entr!l P!r9$ L!9e Ditori!$ L!9e Mi&i,!n$ L!9e S(%erior$ L!9e
*onst!ne$ Ne7!stleIH(%6onIT'ne HrFo6$ Str!t#ordIonIA+on HrFo6$ t&e re,ion
bet7een t&e (%%er 7!ters o# E(%&r!tes !nd Ti,ris NGB4 en ,ener!lOL t&e E(%&r!tes
!nd t&e Ti,ris NGB4 es%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!r ' USA4 en ,ener!l '
es%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO Hl! re,i3n entre l!s !,(!s !lt!s del E(#r!tes
' Ti,ris6M T&!"es$ Se+ern !nd Merse' NGB4 en ,ener!lOL T&e T&!"es$ t&e Se+ern
!nd t&e Merse' NGB4 es%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!r ' USA4 en ,ener!l '
es%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO !re onneted b' ! series o# !n!ls HEl
T"esis$ el S1 ' el M1 estn onet!dos %or (n! serie de !n!les6M So"e !n!ls
onnetin, E("ber$ Se+ern$ Merse' !nd T&!"es NGB4 en ,ener!lOL t&e E("ber$
t&e Se+ern$ t&e Merse' !nd t&e T&!"es NGB4 es%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!r ' USA4 en ,ener!l ' es%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO HAl,(nos
!n!les /(e onet!n el E("ber$ el Se+ern$ el Merse' ' el T"esis6$ *!%e Eorn$ !t
m!le Uni+ersit'$ London Uni+ersit'$ Eton *olle,e$ M!n&ester Pol'te&ni$ G('Zs
HEos%it!l6$ D(rr!ntZs HEotel6$ *l!rid,eZs HEotel6$ S!ll'Zs *o##ee S&o%$ *&ildZs
Ho##eeI&o(se6M S&e ,ot it #ro" E!rrods HEll! lo o"%r3 en E!rrods6M Pe!rsZ so!% Hel
.!b3n de Pe!rs6$ MDon!lds$ Sel#rid,es Hs&o%6$ B!rl!'s B!n9$ St1 M!rtinZs T&e!tre
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL T&e!ter NUSAO$ Li+er%ool *!t&edr!l$ St1 P!(lZs *!t&edr!l$
M!n&ester *!t&edr!l$ E!"%ste!d *&(r&$ >est"inster Abbe'$ E!"%ton *o(rt$
Pl'"o(t& To7n E!ll H!'(nt!"iento de P16$ M!n&ester *it' *o(nil H!'(nt!"iento
de M16$ Aenned' Air%ort$ >!terloo HSt!tion6$ Edinb(r,& *!stle$ O-#ord Polie
St!tion$ *!rdi## M(se("$ L!"bet& P!l!e$ *&!ts7ort& Eo(se$ Art&(rZs Hl(b6$
Broo9sZs Hl(b6$ M!n&ester United Nl(b de #2tbolO$ London [oo1 D181:I;
En !l,(nos !sos se %(ede %oner on Ut&eV o sin Ut&eV4 Ht&e6 M!nsion Eo(seM t&e
E!t#ield Pol'te&ni Hel Polit0nio de E1 Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO6 ' UE!t#ield Pol'te&niV Hel Polit0nio de E1 Nen ,ener!lO6$ et1
En !l,(nos !sos se %(ede %oner Ut&eV %ero ,ener!l"ente no se %one4 Ht&e6 Gr!nd
*entr!l St!tion$ Ht&e6 *r'st!l P!l!e$ et1
En USA se %one Ut&eV on !l,(nos edi#iios ' on UEo(seV1 E.4 t&e S!n Die,o [oo$
t&e Detroit *it' *o(nil$ et1
Al,(nos no"bres o"o UHt&e6 Bri,&ton Ro!d$ Ht&e6 Ed,7!re Ro!dL Rd1$ Ht&e6
London Ro!dL Rd1$ Ht&e6 M!r'lebone Ro!d$ Ht&e6 Old Aent Ro!d$ Ht&e6 D!(-&!ll
Brid,e Ro!dV ' "(&os otros no"bres ter"in!dos en QRo!dQ +!n on Ut&eV si se
tr!d(en %or Q!rreter!Q on !ento se(nd!rio en URo!dV ' sin Ut&eV si se tr!d(en
%or Q!lleQ on !ento %ri"!rio en URo!dV1 D1 ;1;515
E!' !l,(n!s e-e%iones4 t&e Do"ini!n Abbe' N%or/(e +! %reedido de (n
!d.eti+oO$ t&e Gre!t S!lt L!9e N%or/(e +! %reedido de (n !d.eti+oO$ t&e Gre!t L!9es
N%or/(e no !%!reen los no"bres de !d! l!,oO$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ lo lle+!n (!ndo tienen (n sentido "(' onreto$ %or/(e se es%ei#i!
%oniendo detrs (n no"bre %reedido de Qo#Q o (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de
rel!ti+o1 E.14 T&e St1 P!(lZs *!t&edr!l o# t&ree ent(ries !,o 7!s +er' di##erent HL!
!tedr!l de S1 P!blo de &!e tres si,los er! "(' di#erente6M l!s %!l!br!s /(e
es%ei#i!n el e.e"%lo !nterior son Qo# t&ree ent(ries !,oQM T&e Li+er%ool
*!t&edr!l Ht&!t6 &e s!7 7&en ! &ild 7!s di##erent HL! !tedr!l de L1 /(e 0l +io de
ni)o er! di#erente6M l!s %!l!br!s /(e es%ei#i!n el e.e"%lo !nterior son Q&e s!7
7&en ! &ildQ1
E!' !l,(n!s e-e%iones1 E.14 t&e St1 j!"esZs o##eeI&o(se$ t&e St1 Ste%&ens *l(b1
E!' rest!(r!ntes ' tiend!s /(e lo lle+!n %or/(e no lle+!n el ,eniti+o s!.3n ' no
lle+!n el no"bre de l! %erson!4 t&e Bo"b!' Rest!(r!nt$ t&e Ste!9 Eo(se$ t&e Bod'
S&o%$ t&e Ait&en So(%1
Si los entros o"eri!les$ tiend!s o ne,oios lle+!n el no"bre Q*o"%!n'Q no
!bre+i!do &!' /(e %oner Ut&eV1 E.14 t&e *o!I*ol! *o"%!n'1
Los no"bres de n!+es es%!i!les no s(elen lle+!r Ut&eV1
81<51I No se s(ele (s!r Ut&eV con los nombres de puentes /(e se (s!n en (n
sentido ,ener!l$ no es%eF#ioM es "enos en#tioM se sobrHe6entiende Uen ,ener!lV1
E.14 Be!r Mo(nt!in Brid,e$ Del!7!re Ri+er Brid,e$ Geor,e >!s&in,ton Brid,e$
Golden G!te Brid,e$ L!9e >!s&in,ton Brid,e$ London Brid,e$ M!dison A+en(e
Brid,e$ Ponte De&io Brid,e$ Ro9' Ri+er Brid,e$ Se+ern Brid,e$ Ston' *ree9
Brid,e$ To7er Brid,e$ >!s&in,ton Ar& Brid,e$ >!terloo Brid,e$ >est"inster
Brid,e1 D1 81<
81<81I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres incontables genricos (s!dos en sentido
,ener!l o b!st!nte ,ener!l '! /(e se l!si#i! ' no se identi#i!M %(eden ser
onretos o"o los no"bres de "!teri!l$ "!s! o lF/(idos ' !bstr!tos o"o l!s
%ro#esiones$ l!s ieni!s ' l!s !rtesM %(eden ir se,(idos de (n in#initi+o$ (n! #r!se de
rel!ti+o o %reedidos de (n !d.eti+oM se sobrHe6entiende Uen ,ener!lV detrs del
no"breM en !stell!no estos no"bres lle+!n el !rtF(lo deter"in!do ND1 :188O1 E.14
Eer %roble" is !bsene o# "ind HS( %roble"! es el des%iste6M t7entiet&Ient(r' !rtL
"(si Hel !rteL l! "2si! del si,lo KK6M Old !,e &!s its !d+!nt!,es HL! +e.ez tiene
s(s +ent!.!s6M Be!(t' is not !s i"%ort!nt !s lo+e HL! bellez! no es t!n i"%ort!nte
o"o el !"or6M *&e!% beer is 7orse HL! er+ez! b!r!t! es %eor6M Medi!l !re is
!d+is!ble HEl (id!do "0dio es reo"end!ble6M S%!nis& &eese is ,ood HEl /(eso
es%!)ol es b(eno6M S&e li9es stron, bl!9 o##ee HA ell! le ,(st! el !#0 solo #(erte6M
T&ereZs %lent' o# drin9 HE!' "(&! bebid!6M Good #ood is !ttr!ti+e HL! o"id!
b(en! es !tr!ti+!6M Ee &!snZt NGBOL doesnZt &!+e ti"e to do it Hl no tiene tie"%o
%!r! &!erlo6M ItZs !bo(t ti"e &e le!rnedL le!rnt NGB %rini%!l"enteO to #!e #!ts
HEs &or! '! de /(e 0l !%rend! ! !e%t!r los &e&os6M ItZs ti"e Nen ,ener!lM "s (s!do
/(e on Qt&eQO to e!t HEs &or! de o"er6M En,lis& is #(n HEl in,l0s es di+ertido Ni
(n! di+ersi3nO6M Food is neess!r' HL! o"id! es nees!ri!6M T&e' de"!nd #reedo"
N"enos (s!do /(e on Ut&eVO to &!n,e t&in,s HPiden libert!d %!r! !"bi!r l!s
os!s6M S&e doesnZt &!+e o(r!,e N"enos (s!do /(e on Ut&eVO to dis!,ree 7it&
t&e" Ell! no tiene +!lor %!r! disre%!r de ellos6M Eistor' is o#ten str!n,er t&!n
#ition HL! &istori! es ! "en(do "s e-tr!)! /(e l! #ii3n6M T&e' !re interested in
e!rl' *&(r& &istor' HEstn interes!dos en &istori! de los %ri"eros tie"%os de l!
I,lesi! Nen ,ener!lO6M It!li!n #ood is e-ellent HL! o"id! it!li!n! es e-elente6M Iron
is stron,er t&!n o%%er HEl &ierro es "s resistente /(e el obre6M Iron is &e!% HEl
&ierro es b!r!to6M ! "!n o# sense H(n &o"bre on sentido o"2nL sens!tez6M ro!ds
dee% in sno7 H!rreter!s llen!s de nie+e6M Aee% (% &o%e] H\M!nt0n l! es%er!nz! Nen
,ener!lO]6M Li#e is ! ,re!t "'ster' HL! +id! es (n ,r!n "isterio6M Mil9 is "ore
e-%ensi+e t&!n 7!ter HL! le&e es "s !r! /(e el !,(!6M *old "il9 is not !s ,ood
!s 7!r" "il9 HL! le&e #rF! no es t!n b(en! o"o l! le&e te"%l!d!6M mo( need
ner+e HNeesit!s +!lor6M T&ere is so"et&in, li9e %!int on 'o(r .("%er HE!' !l,o
o"o %int(r! en t( .erse'6M EeZs o""itted to %e!e Hl est o"%ro"etido on l!
%!z6M S!lt is neess!r' HL! s!l es nees!ri!6M >e &!+e si,&t$ &e!rin,$ #eelin,$
intelli,ene$ onsiene$ re!son$ o"%re&ension$ !%%rei!tion HTene"os Hl!6 +ist!$
Hel6 oFdo$ sens!i3n Hsenti"ientoHs66$ Hl!6 inteli,eni!$ Hl!6 onieni!$ l! r!z3n$ Hl!
!%!id!d de6 o"%rensi3n$ Hel6 !%reio6M Sno7 is #rozen 7!ter HL! nie+e es !,(!
on,el!d!6M S%ee& is sil+er$ b(t silene is ,old HL! %!l!br! es de %l!t! %ero el
silenio es de oro6M S%!nis& is e!sier t&!n En,lis& HEl !stell!no es "s #il /(e el
in,l0s6M S&e li9es stron,$ bl!9 o##ee N"s en#tioOL stron, bl!9 o##ee N"enos
en#tioO HA ell! le ,(st! el !#0 on le&e !r,!do6M S&e li9es s%ort NGBO HA ell! le
,(st! el de%orte6L S&e li9es s%orts HA ell! le ,(st! el de%orte NUSAOL A ell! le ,(st!n
los de%ortes6M T&!t is in b!dL %oor t!ste HEso es de "!l ,(sto6M S!lt 7!ter is not ,ood
#or drin9in, HEl !,(! s!l!d! no es b(en! %!r! beber6M Ee li9es s(""er ti"e HA 0l le
,(st! el +er!no6M >ind is !ir in "otion HEl +iento es !ire en "o+i"iento61 D181B$
818C
81<:1I No se (s! Ut&eV con el plural de los nombres de una clase de personas,
animales o cosas on (n "!tiz ,ener!l o b!st!nte ,ener!lM se %(ede %oner Uen
,ener!lV detrs del no"breM tienen (n sentido ,en0rio ' se re#ieren ! todos los
o"%onentes del ,r(%oM %(eden ir on l! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos en #or"!
si"%le$ %ero s3lo on iertos +erbos en #or"! ontin(!4 los /(e indi!n !iones de
l!r,! d(r!i3n %ero no los /(e indi!n !iones de ort! d(r!i3nM &!' no"bres /(e
+!n %reedidos de (n !d.eti+o /(e no lle+!n Ut&eV$ %or/(e tienen tod!+F! (n sentido
,ener!l$ no s(#iiente"ente es%eF#ioM en !stell!no estos no"bres lle+!n el
!rtF(lo deter"in!do1 E.14 A#ri!n !ni"!ls Hlos !ni"!les de A#ri!6M Birds !re d'in,L
bein, 9illedL beo"in, e-tint HLos %.!ros Hse6 estn "(riendoL los estn
"!t!ndoL se estn e-tin,(iendo6M *!rs !re #!st HLos o&es son r%idos6M *&ildren
li9e %!rents HA los ni)os les ,(st!n los %!dres6M T&!t$ in %resent ir("st!nes
Nliter!rioO$ is i"%ossible HEso$ en l!s ir(nst!ni!s !t(!les$ es i"%osible6M
*olo"bi!ns !nd *&ile!ns !re So(t& A"eri!ns HLos olo"bi!nos ' los &ilenos
son s(d!"eri!nosL s(r!"eri!nos6M *onditions !re b!d HL!s ondiiones son
"!l!s6M I li9e bl!9 do,s HMe ,(st!n los %erros ne,ros6M Do,s !re #riendl' !ni"!ls
HLos %erros son !ni"!les !"i,!bles6M Ele%&!nts !re dis!%%e!rin, HLos ele#!ntes
estn des!%!reiendo6M Ele%&!nts slee% !t ni,&t HLos ele#!ntes d(er"en %or l!
no&e6M En,ineers !re better %!id t&!n te!&ers HLos in,enieros estn "e.or %!,!dos
/(e los %ro#esores6M Flo7ers !re nie HL!s #lores son bonit!s6M Str!7 &!ts 7ere
%o%(l!r 'e!rs !,o HLos so"breros de %!.! er!n %o%(l!res &!e !)os6M Ee is ,i+in,
&er +iolin lessons Hl le est d!ndo ! ell! leiones de +iolFn6M Letters &!+e st!"%s
HL!s !rt!s tienen sellos6M "en o# little #!it& Hlos &o"bres de %o! #e6M De!# "en !re
R/(i9IRe'ed HLos &o"bres sordos tienen (n! +ist! !,(d!6M Are"lin o##ii!ls !re
(n&!%%' HLos o#ii!les del Are"lin no estn ontentos6M P!inters !re i"!,in!ti+e
HLos %intores son i"!,in!ti+os6M Peo%le !re so Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL li9e t&is
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO HL! ,ente es !sF6M Nie %eo%le !re !l7!'s 7elo"e HL!
,ente si"%ti! es sie"%re bien reibid!6M All !rs !re "!de o# iron !nd %l!sti
HTodos los o&es estn &e&os de &ierro ' %lstio6M Politii!ns o# t&e ne7 s&ool
%ro"ise (s "ir!les HLos %olFtios de l! n(e+! es(el! nos %ro"eten "il!,ros6M
R(ssi!n eono"i %roble"s Hlos %roble"!s eon3"ios de R(si!6M UA residents
!re en+io(s o# t&e Mediterr!ne!n HLos residentes del Reino Unido tienen en+idi!
del Mediterrneo6M S%!ni!rds !re li9e Gree9s HLos es%!)oles son o"o los ,rie,os6M
T&in,s !re !s (s(!l HL!s os!s estn o"o de ost("bre6M S%!nis& %eo%le !re
#riendlier t&!n En,lis& %eo%le HLos es%!)oles son "s !biertosL o"(ni!ti+osL se
&!en !"i,os "s #il"ente /(e los in,leses6M Ee li9es T&(rsd!'s HA 0l le ,(st!n
los .(e+es6M in intern!tion!l 7!ters Hen !,(!s intern!ion!les61 D1 81?I@
81<;1I No se (s! Ut&eV con los pronombres numerales ordinales ni con MlastM ni
con MnextM, cuando van detr!s de un verbo copulativo como atributosM se
sobrHe6entiende Uen ,ener!lV1 E.14 Ee is t&ird Hl es tereroL est tereroL est en
terer l(,!r Nen ,ener!lO6M Ee 7!s seondL l!st to !rri+eL o"e Hl #(e el se,(ndoL
2lti"o Nen ,ener!lO en lle,!rL +enir6M S&e is ne-t to %l!' HEll! es l! si,(iente Nen
,ener!lO en .(,!r61 D1 81:@
No se (s! Ut&eV del!nte de los %rono"bres n("er!les ordin!les en in,l0s estnd!r
(!ndo +!n del!nte detrs de +erbos nor"!les '! /(e &!en l! #(ni3n de
!d+erbios$ no de %rono"bresM sin e"b!r,o$ en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %(eden (s!r on
Ut&eV1 E.14 >&o !rri+ed #irst Nestnd!rOL t&e #irst Nolo/(i!lO HWJ(i0n lle,3 %ri"eroL
el %ri"eroT6M S&e 7!s ontent to !rri+e t&ird Nestnd!rOL t&e t&ird Nolo/(i!lO HEll!
se on#or"!b! on lle,!r l! terer!61
81<<1I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres de comidas$ no %reedid!s de (n !d.eti+o$ en
sentido ,ener!lM en !stell!no lle+!n !rtF(lo deter"in!do1 E.14 Bre!9#!st is re!d'L
ser+ed l!te HEl des!'(no Nen ,ener!lO est listoL se sir+e t!rde6M LetZs &!+eL st!' #or
bre!9#!st] H\D!"os ! to"!rL /(ed!rnos %!r! el des!'(no]6M Ee 7ent #or bre!9#!st
Hl #(e ! des!'(n!rL to"!r el des!'(no6M >e "et !tL be#oreL !#ter bre!9#!st HNos
+i"os en elL !ntes delL des%(0s del des!'(no6M Br(n& is re!d'L ser+ed l!te HEl
des!'(noI!l"(erzo est listoL se sir+e t!rde6M LetZs st!' #orL &!+e br(n&] H\D!"os
! /(ed!rnos %!r!L to"!r el des!'(noI!l"(erzo]6M Ee 7ent #or br(n& Hl #(e !
to"!r el des!'(noI!l"(erzo6M >e "et !tL be#oreL !#ter br(n& HNos +i"os en elL
!ntes delL des%(0s del des!'(noI!l"(erzo6M L(n& isnZt re!d'L ser+ed (ntil t7o
oZlo9 HEl !l"(erzo Nen ,ener!lO no est listoL se sir+e &!st! l!s dos6M >e &!+eL
t!9eL e!t l(n& !t t&ree %H16 "H16 H*o"e"os ! l!s tres de l! t!rde6M T&e' t!l9ed !tL
be#oreL !#ter l(n& HE!bl!ron enL !ntes deL des%(0s de l! o"id!6M *o"e !t l(n&
ti"e] H\Den ! l! &or! de o"er]6M Ee %ro+ided l(n& #or "e Hl "e dioL %ro+e'3 l!
o"id!6M Te! NGBO is re!d'L ser+ed no7 HL! "eriend! est list!L se sir+e !&or!6M
T&e' ,i+e te! NGBO to t&e" HLes d!n l! "eriend!6M LetZs &!+eL st!' #or te! NGBO]
H\D!"os ! to"!rL /(ed!rnos %!r! l! "eriend!]6M Ee 7ent #or te! NGBO Hl #(e !
"erend!rL to"!r l! "eriend!6M >e "et !tL be#oreL !#ter te! NGBO HNos +i"os enL
!ntes deL des%(0s de l! "eriend!6M S&e in+ited &i" o+er #or o9t!ils NUSAO HEll!
le in+it3 ! to"!r (n!s o%!sL (nos tr!,os6M ItZs ti"e #or dinner HEs l! &or! de l! en!
N!b(nd!nteL de ,!l!O6M Ee in+ited 'o( toL #or dinner Hl te in+it3 ! en!r
N!b(nd!nte"enteL de ,!l!O6M S&e !"e to dinner HEll! +ino ! en!r
N!b(nd!nte"enteL de ,!l!O6M Ee &!dL !te dinner Hl en3L to"3 l! en! N!b(nd!nteL
de ,!l!O6M T&e' !re !t dinner HEstn en!ndoL to"!ndo l! en! N!b(nd!nteL de
,!l!O6M S&e !s9ed &i" to dinner HEll! le %idi3 ! 0l /(e #(er! ! to"!r l! en!
N!b(nd!nteL de ,!l!O6M S&e !"e be#oreL !#ter dinner HEll! +ino !ntesL des%(0s de l!
en! N!b(nd!nteL de ,!l!O6M Ee st!'ed to s(%%er Hl se /(ed3 ! en!r Nli,er!"enteO6M
S&e &!d s(%%er HEll! en3L to"3 l! en! Nli,er!O6M S&e &!d #is& !nd &i%s #or s(%%er
HEll! to"3 %es!do ' %!t!t!s #rit!s %!r! en!r Nli,er!"enteOL en3 Nli,er!"enteO
%es!do ' %!t!t!s #rit!s6M I "et &er !tL be#oreL !#ter s(%%er HL! +i enL !ntes deL
des%(0s de l! en! Nli,er!O6M S&e ,!+e (s s(%%er HEll! nos dio de en!r
Nli,er!"enteO61
*(!ndo se es%ei#i! &!' /(e (tiliz!r Ut&eV o el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ND1 81B:$
81BB$ 8158=O1 E.14 EeZs en.o'in, t&e bre!9#!st tod!' HA 0l le est ,(st!ndo el
des!'(no &o'6M T&e dinner t&!t 7e &!d l!st ni,&t 7!s deliio(s HL! en! /(e
to"!"os !no&e est!b! deliios!6M T&e s(%%er 7!snZt 7ell oo9ed HL! en! no
est!b! bien oin!d!61
81<=1I No se (s! Ut&eV con los siguientes nombres4 bed N! dor"irO$ &!%el N! rez!rO$
&(r& N! rez!rO$ l!ss N! est(di!rO$ olle,e N! est(di!rO$ o(rt No"o liti,!nteO$ &o"e
N! !s!O$ &os%it!l Nen GB o"o %!ienteO$ .!il N%or (n delitoO$ "!r9et N! o"%r!r o
+enderO$ "os/(e N! rez!rO$ %rison N%or (n delitoO$ s&ool N! est(di!rO$ se! Nen (n
b!roO$ t!ble N! o"erO$ to7n N! l! i(d!d "s er!n!O$ (ni+ersit' N! est(di!rO$
7or9 N! tr!b!.!rO$ (!ndo indi!n !ti+id!d o l! #(ni3n del ob.eto o edi#iio
es%ei#i!d! entre or&etes ' no %!r! desribir s(s !r!terFsti!sM el s(.eto tiene
/(e ser (n ser +i+o$ nor"!l"ente re#erido ! %erson!Hs6M en !stell!no !si todos
lle+!n el !rtF(lo deter"in!do1 E.4 Ee 7ent to bed Hl se !ost36M S&e is in bed HEll!
est en l! !"! NoO !ost!d!6M Ee is st!'in, in bed Hl si,(e en l!L est ,(!rd!ndo
!"!6M S&e is ,oin, to bed HEll! +!L est 'endo ! l! !"!6M S&e is ,ettin, into bed
HEll! se est "etiendo en l! !"!6M Ee is ,ettin, o(t o# bed Hl est le+!ntndose de
l! !"!6M S&e %(t t&e &ildren to bed HEll! lle+3 los &i.os ! l! !"!L !ost3 ! los
&i.os6M T&e &ild 7!s not +er' "(& #or bed HEl ni)o no tenF! "(&!s ,!n!s de ir !
l! !"!6M In &!%el &ildren !re t!(,&t !bo(t reli,io(s "!tters HEn l! !%ill! se les
ense)! ! los ni)os sobre "!teri!s reli,ios!s6M S&e ,oes to &(r& on S(nd!'s HEll!
+! ! l! i,lesi!L ! "is! los do"in,os6M Ee is inL !t &(r& Hl est en l! i,lesi!L
"is!6M I !" ,oin, into &(r& HDo' ! entr!r en l! i,lesi!6M S&e is o"in, #ro"
&(r& HEll! +iene de l! i,lesi!L "is!6M S&e is !t l!ss HEll! est en l!se Nen ,ener!l4
d!ndo l!se dentro o !l l!do sin d!r l!seM %(ede ser (n !l("no o (n %ro#esorO6M S&e
is in l!ss HEll! est en l!se Nd!ndo l!se dentroM %(ede ser (n !l("no o (n
%ro#esorO6M Ee is ,oin, to l!ss Hl +! ! l!se6M S&e s"o9es in l!ss HEll! #("! en
Hl!6 l!se6M S&e is ,oin, toL !ttendin, olle,e HEll! +!L !siste !l ole,io (ni+ersit!rio
NoO ! l! es(el! (ni+ersit!ri! NGBOL ! l! (ni+ersid!d NUSA %rini%!l"enteO6M T&e'
entered olle,e HEntr!ron en el ole,io (ni+ersit!rio NoO l! es(el! (ni+ersit!ri!
NGBOL l! (ni+ersid!d NUSA %rini%!l"enteO6M Ee st!rted olle,e 'esterd!' Hl
e"%ez3 el ole,io (ni+ersit!rio NoO l! es(el! (ni+ersit!ri! NGBOL l! (ni+ersid!d
NUSAO !'er6M Ee is !t NGBOL in NUSAO olle,e Hl est en el ole,io (ni+ersit!rio
NoO l! es(el! (ni+ersit!ri! NGBOL l! (ni+ersid!d NUSA %rini%!l"enteO No"o
!l("no !sistiendo ! l!s l!ses %ero no nees!ri!"ente !&or!O6M T&e' !re o"in,
#ro" olle,e HDienen del ole,io (ni+ersit!rio NoO de l! es(el! (ni+ersit!ri! NGBOL
de l! (ni+ersid!d NUSA %rini%!l"enteO6M S&e le#t olle,e l!st 'e!r HEll! ter"in3 NoO
de.3 el ole,io (ni+ersit!rio NoO l! es(el! (ni+ersit!ri! NGBOL l! (ni+ersid!d NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO el !)o %!s!do6M Ee is t!9in, &er to o(rt Hl l! est de"!nd!ndoL
lle+! ! .(iio6M T&e ri"in!l 7!s bro(,&t to o(rt #or tri!l HSe lle+3 !l ri"in!l ! los
trib(n!les %!r! ser .(z,!do6M It 7!s deided in o(rt HSe deidi3 en los trib(n!les6M
T&e' !re settlin, o(t o# o(rt HEstn !rre,l!ndo (n! dis%(t! #(er! de los trib(n!les6M
Ee r(les t&!t o(t o# o(rt Hl no !d"ite eso6M E!st or 7est$ &o"e is best HNo &!'
l(,!r o"o el %ro%io &o,!rL l! %ro%i! !s!6M Ee is &o"eL !t &o"e NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Hl est en Hs(6 !s!6M Ee le#t it !t &o"e Hl lo de.3 en !s!6M M!9e
'o(rsel# !t &o"e] H\Ests en t( !s!]6M S&e !"e #ro" &o"e HEll! +ino de !s!6M
S&e is ,oin, &o"e HEll! +! ! !s!6M Ee !"e &o"e Hl +ol+i3 ! !s!6M T&e' le#t
&o"e HS!lieron de !s!L Se #(eron de !s! Ni se inde%endiz!ronO6M S&e !rri+edL ,ot
&o"e +er' l!te HEll! lle,3 ! !s! "(' t!rde6M Ee is &(rr'in, &o"e Hl est 'endo !
!s! de %ris!6M S&e st!'ed &o"eL !t &o"e HEll! se /(ed3 en !s!6M Ee #eels !t &o"e
Hl se siente o"o en s( !s!6M T&e' 7ent to Mi&!elZs &o"e HF(eron ! !s! de
Mi,(el6M S&e is ,oin, toL into &os%it!l NGBO HEll! +! !lL +! ! in,res!r en el &os%it!l
No"o %!ienteO6M Ee is in &os%it!l NGBO Hl est en el &os%it!l No"o %!ienteO6M
S&e is o"in,L ,ettin, o(t o# &os%it!l NGBO HEll! +! ! s!lir del &os%it!l No"o
%!ienteO6M Ee is in .!il Hl est en l! rel6M T&e r!%ist 7ent to .!il HEl +iol!dor
Nse-(!lO #(e ! l! relL Al +iol!dor Nse-(!lO lo "etieron %reso6M T&e t&ie# 7!s sent to
.!il HSe en+i3 !l l!dr3n ! l! rel6M Ee 7ent to "!r9et Hl #(e !l "er!do6M T&e'
#!tten !ni"!ls #or "!r9et HEn,ord!n !ni"!les %!r! +enderlos6M S&e is in %rison HEll!
est en l! rel No"o %risioner!O6M S&e is ,oin, to %rison HEll! +! ! ir ! l! rel6M
T&e' !re ,oin, into %rison HD!n ! ir !L In,res!n en l! rel6M T&e' %(t &i" in
%rison HLe en!rel!ron6M T&e' sent &i" to %risonL Ee 7!s sent to %rison HLe
en+i!ron ! l! rel6M Ee is o"in, o(t o# %rison Hl +! ! s!lir de l! rel6M Ee
es!%ed #ro" %rison Hl se es!%3 de l! rel6M Ee 7!s rele!sed #ro" %rison Hl #(e
%(esto en libert!dL e-!rel!do6M S&ool be,ins !t B oZlo9 HL! es(el! o"ienz! !
l!s n(e+e6M Ee is ,oin, to s&ool N&!st! l! (ni+ersid!d en GB e inl(id! l!
(ni+ersid!d en USAO Hl +! ! l! es(el! No"o !l("noO6M S&e is !t NGBOL in NUSAO
s&ool HEll! est en l! es(el! No"o !l("n!L %ro#esor! %ero "s %rob!ble
!sistiendo ! l!s l!ses o"o !l("n! /(e d!ndo l!s l!ses o"o %ro#esor!O6M T&e'
entered s&ool HEntr!ron en l! es(el! No"o !l("nosO6M Ee st!rted s&ool
'esterd!' Hl e"%ez3 l! es(el! !'er No"o !l("noO6M T&e' le#t s&ool
HTer"in!ron l! es(el! No"o !l("nosO6M T&e' !re o"in, #ro" s&ool HDienen de
l! es(el! No"o !l("nosO6M Ee #inis&ed dr!"! s&ool l!st 'e!r Hl ter"in3 l!
es(el! de !rte dr!"tio No"o !l("noO el !)o %!s!do6M T&e' !re !t se! HEstn en
elL l! "!r Nen (n b!roO6M T&e' b(ried t&e" !t se! HLos enterr!ron en elL l! "!r6M
T&e' !re !ll !t se! HEstn des%ist!dosL idos6M Ee is ,oin, to se! Hl se est &!iendo
! l! "!rL +! de "!rineroL se est &!iendo "!rinero6M Ee %(t Ho(t6 to se!L set Ho(t6
to se!L set se! NGBO Hl se &izo ! l! "!r NoO z!r%36M T&e' !re st!ndin, Ho(t6 to se!
NGB %rini%!l"enteO HEstn %oniendo r("bo !l "!r6M T&e' !re ,oin, b' se! HD!n
%or "!r6M Ee tr!+elled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+eled NUSAO b' se! !nd l!nd Hl
+i!.3 %or "!r ' tierr!6M T&e' !re sittin, !t t&e t!ble Nliter!rioO HEstn sent!dosL
sentndose en l! "es!6M T&e' !re sittin, do7n to t!ble Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL
sittin, do7n to e!t Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO HEstn sentndose ! l! "es!L %!r! o"er6M
T&e' 7ere still !t t!ble Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL 7ere still e!tin, Nestnd!r4 "s
(s!doO 7&en 7e !rri+ed HEst!b!n o"iendo tod!+F! (!ndo lle,!"os6M Ee li+esL
st!'s in to7n Hl +i+eL se !lo.! en l! !%it!lL i(d!d6M S&e is ,oin, (% to to7n NGB
%rini%!l"enteO HEll! +! !rrib! ! l! !%it!lL i(d!d6M T&e' !re ,oin, toL into to7n
HEstn 'endo ! l! i(d!dL !l entro6M S&e is in to7n HEll! est en l! i(d!d6M S&e is
o(t o# to7n HEll! est #(er! de l! i(d!dL de +i!.e6M Ee !"eL ret(rned #ro" to7n
Hl +inoL re,res3 de l! i(d!d6M S&e is do7nto7n NUSAO HEll! est en el entro de
l! i(d!d6M Ee is ,oin, do7nto7n NUSAO tod!' Hl +! ! ir !l entro de l! i(d!d
&o'6M T&e' !re ,oin, to (ni+ersit' NGBO HD!n ! l! (ni+ersid!d6M Ee is !t (ni+ersit'
NGBO Hl est en l! (ni+ersid!d Nest(di!ndoO6M T&e' entered (ni+ersit' NGBO
HEntr!ron en l! (ni+ersid!d6M Ee st!rted (ni+ersit' NGBO 'esterd!' Hl e"%ez3 l!
(ni+ersid!d !'er6M S&e is o"in, #ro" (ni+ersit' NGBO HEll! +iene de l!
(ni+ersid!d6M T&e' le#t (ni+ersit' NGBO HTer"in!ronL De.!ron l! (ni+ersid!d6M S&e
s%ent #o(r 'e!rs !t (ni+ersit' NGBO HEll! %!s3 (!tro !)os en l! (ni+ersid!d6M Ee is
,oin, to 7or9 Hl +! !l tr!b!.o6M S&e is on &er 7!' to 7or9 HEll! est de !"ino !l
tr!b!.o6M S&e is !t 7or9 HEll! est en el tr!b!.o6M T&e' !re o"in, #ro" 7or9
HDienen del tr!b!.oL de tr!b!.!r6M Ee is in 7or9 NGBO Hl tiene tr!b!.o6M Ee is o(t o#
7or9 Hl est en %!roL dese"%le!do6M T&e' %(tL t&re7 "e o(t o# 7or9 HMe de.!ron
sin tr!b!.o6M S&e is ,ettin,L settin, to 7or9 on t&!t HEll! se est %oniendo ! tr!b!.!rL
est %oniendo "!nos ! l! obr! sobre eso6M Ee &!s be,(n 7or9 Hl &! e"%ez!do !
tr!b!.!r6M S&e ,ot 7or9 HEll! obt(+o tr!b!.o6M >e #inis&ed 7or9 !n &o(r !,o
HTer"in!"os de tr!b!.!r &!e (n! &or!6M Ee le#t 7or9 Hl de.3 el tr!b!.o6M It is
di##i(lt to #ind 7or9 HEs di#Fil enontr!r tr!b!.o6M It 7!s &!rd 7or9 doin, it HF(e
"(' di#Fil &!erlo6M Ee "!de &!rd 7or9 o# it Hl lo o"%li3 "(&o6M S&e "!de
s&ort 7or9 o# it HEll! lo &izo r%id!"ente6$ et1
En USA se (s! Ut&eV on los no"bres Q&os%it!lQ ' Q(ni+ersit'QM en GB t!"bi0n se
%(ede (s!r Ut&eV on Q(ni+ersit'Q ' ! +ees on Q&os%it!lQ1 E.14 S&e is ,oin, toL into
t&e &os%it!l NUSAO HEll! +! !l &os%it!l No"o %!ienteO6M Ee is in t&e &os%it!l
NUSAO Hl est en el &os%it!l No"o %!ienteO6M T&e in.(red 7ere r(s&ed to t&e
&os%it!lL to &os%it!l NGBO in !n !"b(l!ne HSe tr!sl!d3 r%id!"ente ! los &eridos
No"o %!ientesO !l &os%it!l en (n! !"b(l!ni!6M S&e died in t&e &os%it!lL in
&os%it!l NGBO HEll! "(ri3 en el &os%it!l6M T&ere !re <C beds in t&e Hne76 &os%it!l
HE!' <C !"!s en el &os%it!l Hn(e+o66M T&ere !re t&ree +isitorsM t&e' !re 7or9in, !t
t&e Hold6 &os%it!l HE!' tres +isit!ntesM estn tr!b!.!ndo en el &os%it!l H+ie.o6 Nno
o"o %!ientesO6M T&e' !re redeor!tin, t&e &os%it!l HEstn +ol+iendo ! deor!rL
deor!ndo de n(e+o el &os%it!l6M S&e is o"in, o(tL ,ettin, o(t o# t&e &os%it!l HEll!
+! ! s!lir del &os%it!l NGB4 no o"o %!iente ' USA4 o"o %!iente o noO6M I s!7
&i" le!+in, t&e &os%it!l HLe +i s!liendo del &os%it!l NGB4 no o"o %!iente ' USA4
o"o %!iente o noO6M T&e' !re ,oin, to t&e (ni+ersit' HD!n ! l! (ni+ersid!d No"o
est(di!ntesO6M Ee is !t t&e (ni+ersit' Hl est en l! (ni+ersid!d6M T&e' entered t&e
(ni+ersit' HEntr!ron en l! (ni+ersid!d6M Ee st!rted t&e (ni+ersit' 'esterd!' Hl
e"%ez3 l! (ni+ersid!d6M S&e is o"in, #ro" t&e (ni+ersit' HEll! +iene de l!
(ni+ersid!d6M T&e' le#t (ni+ersit' NGBOL t&e (ni+ersit' HTer"in!ronL De.!ron l!
(ni+ersid!d6M S&e is st(d'in, !t t&e (ni+ersit' HEll! est est(di!ndo en l!
(ni+ersid!d6M S&e s%ent #o(r 'e!rs !t t&e (ni+ersit' HEll! %!s3 (!tro !)os en l!
(ni+ersid!d61
Sin embargo, cuando se refiere a las caracter(sticas del ob%eto o edificio no a
su funcin, cuando est! usado en un sentido mu concreto por'ue est!
especificado con una frase de relativo, uno o varios ad%etivos, o por'ue va
seguido de la preposicin MofM, se utili)a ;t/e<1 E.14 S&e s!t on t&e Hne76 bed
HEll! se sent3 en l! !"! Hn(e+!66M Ee l!' do7n on t&e Hold6 bed Hl se !ost3L
tendi3 sobreL eni"! de l! !"! H+ie.!66M S&e "!de t&e bed HEll! &izo l! !"!6M Ee
7ent to t&e bed Hl se !er3 !L #(e &!st! l! !"!6M t&e %rison &!%el Hl! !%ill! de
l! rel6$ t&e !stle &!%el Hl! !%ill! del !stillo6M S&e 7ent to t&e Hold6 &(r& to
see t&e %!intin,s HEll! #(e ! l! i,lesi! H+ie.!6 ! +er los (!dros6M S&e !d"ires t&e
Hne76 &(r& HEll! !d"ir!L se #i.! en lo bonit! /(e es l! i,lesi! Hn(e+!66M I s!7 &i"
le!+in, t&e &(r& HLe +i s!liendo de l! i,lesi!6M T&e' !re %!intin, t&e Hs"!ll6
&(r& HEstn %int!ndo l! i,lesi! H%e/(e)!66M S&e is !t t&e l!ss HEll! est en l! l!se
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!r4 d!ndo l!se dentro o !l l!do sin d!r l!seM
%(ede ser (n !l("no o (n %ro#esorO6M >&o s"o9es in t&e l!ssT HWJ(i0n #("!L es
#("!dor de los /(e estn en Hl!6 l!seT6M t&e l!ss o# ZB< Hl! %ro"oi3n del B<6M T&is
is t&e &o"e #or t&e !,ed Hste es el !silo de !ni!nos6M o(tside t&e .!il H#(er! de l!
rel6M T&e Hne76 "!r9et 7!s b(ilt ten 'e!rs !,o HEl "er!do Hn(e+o6 se onstr('3
&!e diez !)os6M T&ere !re t7o to(rists !t t&e Hold6 "!r9et HE!' dos t(rist!s en el
"er!do H!nti,(o66M It is on t&e "!r9et HEst en +ent!6M Ee bo(,&t it on t&e bl!9
"!r9et Hl lo o"%r3 en el "er!do ne,roL de estr!%erlo6M It !"e on to t&e "!r9et
HSe %(so en +ent!6M Ee is #loodin, t&e "!r9et 7it& o##ee Hl est in(nd!ndo el
"er!do de !#06M Ee is in t&e "!r9et #or ! !r Hl est dis%(esto ! o"%r!r (n
o&e6M T&e' !re %l!'in, t&e "!r9et HEstn .(,!ndo ! l! bols!6M T&e' !re !tL in t&e
%rison HEstn en l! rel No"o +isit!ntesO6M Ee ret(rned #ro" t&e %rison 7&ere &e
&!d been +isitin, &is #!t&er Hl re,res3 de l! rel donde &!bF! est!do +isit!ndo !
s( %!dre6M Ee 7!l9ed ro(nd t&e %rison Hl dio (n! +(elt! !lrededor de l! %risi3n6M
T&e s&ool is /(ite #!r HL! es(el! est b!st!nte le.os6M >e so"eti"es ,o to t&e
s&ool to t!l9 to t&e te!&ers HA +ees$ +!"os ! l! es(el! ! &!bl!r on los
%ro#esores6M S&e 7ent into t&e Hne76 s&ool HEll! entr3 en l! es(el! Hn(e+!6 No"o
+isit!nteO6M >e too9 ! loo9 !t t&e Hold6 s&ool HE&!"os (n +ist!zo ! l! es(el!
H!nti,(!66M Ee dro+e %!st t&e Hbi,6 s&ool Hl %!s3 en o&e %or del!nte de l!
es(el! H,r!nde66M T&e s&ool is #!r #ro" &ere HL! es(el! est le.os de !/(F6M S&e
,oes to t&e s&ool H7&i&L t&!t is6 ne!r Hto6 'o(r &o"e HEll! +! ! l! es(el! H/(e
est6 er! de t( !s!6M S&e is !t t&e s&ool HEll! est en Ndentro de o #(er! en l!s
de%endeni!s deO l! es(el! Nno %!r! !sistir ! l!s l!ses o"o !l("n! sino o"o
+isit!nte$ et1O6M S&e is in t&e s&ool HEll! est en Ni dentro deO l! es(el! Nno %!r!
!sistir ! l!s l!ses o"o !l("n! sino o"o +isit!nte$ et1O6M S&e is !t t&e se! HEll!
est er! delL de l! "!r6M Ee is b' t&e se! Hl est ! l! orill! delL de l! "!r6M Ee
#ollo7ed t&e se! Nliter!rioO Hl se &izo "!rinero6M >&!les !reL li+e in t&e se! HL!s
b!llen!s Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO estnL +i+en en Ni dentro deO elL
l! "!r6M EeZs in t&e se! Hl est en elL l! "!r6M M!l!,! is on t&e se! HMl!,! est en
l! ost!6M T&e s&i% is on t&e se! HEl b!ro est en Ni sobreO elL l! "!r6M EeZs on t&e
se!L !t se! Hl es "!rinero6M Pir!' on Nestnd!rOL in N!r!ioO t&e &i,& se!s is
inre!sin, HL! %ir!terF! en !lt! "!r est reiendo6M S&e loo9ed o(t to7!rds t&e se!
HEll! "ir3 &!i! elL l! "!r6M Bo!ts s!il on t&e se! HLos b!ros n!+e,!n en elL l!
"!r6M S&!r9s s7i" in t&e se! HLos tib(rones n!d!n en Ni dentro deO elL l! "!r6M S&e
is le!rin, t&e t!ble HEll! est reo,iendo l! "es!6M S&e is l!'in,L settin, t&e t!ble
HEll! est %oniendo l! "es!6M T&e' rose #ro" t&e t!ble HSe le+!nt!ron de l! "es!6M
T&e' !re sittin, do7n !tL to t&e t!ble HEstn sentndoseL sent!dos en l! "es!6M S&e
t(rned t&e t!bles on &i" HEll! le de+ol+i3 ! 0l l! %elot!L +eni3 on s(s %ro%i!s
!r"!s6M T&e' !re in seond %l!e in t&e t!ble HEstn en se,(ndo l(,!r en l!
l!si#i!i3n6M It is t7o "iles #ro" t&e to7n HEst ! dos "ill!s de l! i(d!d Ni (n!
i(d!d deter"in!d!O6M It is in t&e to7n entre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL enter NUSAO
HEst en el entro de l! i(d!d6M Ee !%%ro!&ed t&e to7n Hl se !er3 ! l! i(d!d Ni
(n! i(d!d deter"in!d!O6M S&e is in t&e to7n HEll! est en l! i(d!d Ni en (n!
i(d!d deter"in!d!O6M T&e' !reL ,o on t&e to7n HEstn en %l!n de .(er,!L S!len de
.(er,!6M Ee %!inted t&e to7n red Hl e&3 (n! !n! !l !ire6M T&e 7or9 o# b(ildin,
t&is !t&edr!l too9 ent(ries HEl tr!b!.o de onstr(i3n de est! !tedr!l lle+3
si,los6M T&e !t&edr!l is t&e 7or9 o# ent(ries HL! !tedr!l es el tr!b!.o de si,los6M
T&is is t&e 7or9 done b' "!&ines Hste es el tr!b!.o &e&o %or l!s "/(in!s6$ et1
Otros no"bres o"o Q&o(se$ o##ie$ #!tor'$ !t&edr!l$ ine"!$ &o(se$ "(se("$
libr!r'$ o##ie$ s&o%$ st!tion$ t&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO$ %(b$ it'$
+ill!,eQ$ et1$ lo s(elen lle+!r sie"%re$ e-e%to (!ndo se (s!n en sentido ,ener!l '
/(ieren deir otr! os!1 E.14 Ee is in t&e &o(se Hl est en Hl!6 !s!6M S&e is in t&e
o##ie HEll! est en l! o#iin!6$ %ero UEe is in o##ieV Hl est en el %oder6$ et1
En GB Q&o"eQ se (s! "s %!r! l! !s! del /(e &!bl! ' Q&o(seQ %!r! l! !s! de otr!
%erson!$ %ero en USA ' en "enor "edid! en GB se %(eden (s!r !"b!s on el
"is"o sentido1 E.14 Ee is ,oin, &o"e Hl est 'endo ! !s!6M Ee is ,oin, to &er
&o(se Hl est 'endo ! l! !s! de ell!6M !t "' !(ntZs H&o(se6 Hen !s! de "i tF!6M to
"' !(ntZs H&o(se6 H! !s! de "i tF!6M #ro" "' !(ntZs H&o(se6 Hde l! !s! de "i tF!61
T!nto on Ut&eV o sin 0l estos no"bres se tr!d(en !l !stell!no nor"!l"ente on el
!rtF(lo deter"in!doH$6 %ero no on el !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM %!r! tr!d(irl!s on
el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do en !stell!no tienen /(e ir %reedidos del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do en in,l0s1
81<?1I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres de %uegos deportes en sentido ,ener!lM en
!stell!no !si todos lle+!n el !rtF(lo deter"in!do1 E.14 Ee %l!'s #ootb!ll NGBOL
soer$ ,ol#$ %oloH$6 !nd tennis Hl .(e,! !l #2tbol$ !l ,ol#$ !l %olo ' !l tenis6M S&e
%re#ers &ess !nd dr!(,&ts NGBO NoO &e/(ers NGBOL &e9ers NUSAO to ri9et or
"!rbles HEll! %re#iere el !.edrez ' l!s d!"!s !l rF/(et o l!s !ni!s6M S&e %l!'s
!rds !nd do"inoes e+er' d!' HEll! .(e,! ! l!s !rt!s ' !l do"in3 todos los dF!s6M
R(,b' is to(,&er t&!n b!s9etb!ll HEl r(,b' es "s d(ro /(e el b!lonesto6M
Dolle'b!ll is e!sier t&!n s9iin, HEl b!lon+ole!L +oleibol es "s #il /(e es/(i!r6M
Ee %re#ers ie &o9e' to ridin, Hl %re#iere el .3/(e' sobre &ielo ! "ont!r ! !b!lloL
l! e/(it!i3n6M Do 'o( li9e ie s9!tin, N"s (s!doOL ieIs9!tin, N"enos (s!doOT
HWTe ,(st! el %!tin!.e sobre &ieloT6M >!l9in, is #(n HAnd!r es di+ertido6M At&letis is
,ood #or 'o(r bod' HEl !tletis"o es b(eno %!r! el (er%o6M Ee li9es #is&in,$
&(ntin,$ s&ootin,$ r(nnin,H$6 !nd .("%in, HA 0l le ,(st! l! %es!L %es!r$ l! !z!L
!z!r$ l! !z! on eso%et!$ orrer ' s!lt!r61
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo se (s!n en (n sentido onreto %or/(e +!n es%ei#i!dos on
!l,(n! %!l!br!$ or!i3n o #r!se e-%lFit! o sobrHe6entendid!$ &!' /(e %oner Ut&eV o
el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 D1 8158
81<@1I No se (s! Ut&eV con los siguientes nombres (!ndo se (tiliz!n en sentido
,ener!l4 b(siness %eo%le$ b(siness"en$ *&ristendo"$ &("!ns$ &("!n bein,s$
&("!nit'$ &("!n9ind$ Isl!"$ "!n$ "!n9ind$ "en$ n!t(re$ %eo%le$ Protest!ntis"$
soiet'$ 7o"!n$ 7o"enM en !stell!no lle+!n el !rtF(lo deter"in!doM se
sobrHe6entiende Uen ,ener!lV1 E.14 ri"es !,!inst &("!nit' HrF"enes ontr! l!
&("!nid!d6M S&e tre!ts !ni"!ls 7it& &("!nit' HEll! tr!t! ! los !ni"!les on
&("!nid!d6M M!n Ni !ll "enO is "ort!l HEl &o"bre Ni todos los &o"bresO es
"ort!l6M *o"e on$ "!n] H\Den,!$ &o"bre]6M M!n Ni !ll "enO !nnot li+e b' bre!d
!lone HNo s3lo de %!n +i+e el &o"bre Ni todos los &o"bresO6M >o"!n Ni !ll
7o"enO is di##erent #ro"L t&!n "!n Ni !ll "enO HL! "(.er Ni tod!s l!s "(.eresO es
di#erente deL /(e el &o"bre Ni todos los &o"bresO6M God "!de t&e o(ntr'$ !nd
"!n "!de t&e to7n HDios &izo el !"%o ' el &o"bre &izo l! i(d!d6M Eo7 does
7o"!n Ni !ll 7o"enO di##er #ro" "!n Ni !ll "enOT HWEn /(0 se di#ereni! l! "(.er
Ni tod!s l!s "(.eresO del &o"bre Ni todos los &o"bresOT6M God &!s re!ted bot&
"!n Ni !ll "enO !nd 7o"!n Ni !ll 7o"enO HDios &! re!do ! los dos$ !l &o"bre Ni
todos los &o"bresO ' ! l! "(.er Ni tod!s l!s "(.eresO6M T&e do, is "!nZs Ni !ll "enO
best #riend HEl %erro es el "e.or !"i,o del &o"bre Ni todos los &o"bresO6M In t&is
o(ntr'$ 7o"en !re "ore n("ero(s t&!n "en HEn este %!Fs l!s "(.eres son "s
n("eros!s /(e los &o"bres6M In Irel!nd$ "en do +er' little in t&e &o(se HEn Irl!nd!
los &o"bres &!en "(' %oo en l! !s!6M Ee lo+es "!n9ind Ni !ll "enO Hl !"! !
l! &("!nid!d Ni todos los &o"bresO6M M!n9ind is tr'in, to s(r+i+e Ni !ll "enO HL!
&("!nid!d est intent!ndo sobre+i+ir6M Peo%le !re so Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL li9e
t&is Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO HL! ,ente es !sF61
En sentido onreto lo lle+!nM se sobrHe6entiende Ues%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rVM sin e"b!r,o$ ! +ees$ el sentido si,(e siendo b!st!nte ,ener!l1 E.14 T&e
"!n Ni oneO o+er t&ere is "' brot&er HEl &o"bre Ni (noO /(e est !llF es "i
&er"!no6M T&ere is so"et&in, o# t&e 7o"!n in &is &!r!ter HE!' !l,o de l! "(.er
en s( !rter6M In Irel!nd$ t&e "!n does +er' little in t&e &o(se HEn Irl!nd! el
&o"bre &!e "(' %oo en l! !s!6M T&e t!ilor "!9es t&e "!n HEl s!stre &!e !l
&o"bre6M In Irel!nd$ t&e "en do +er' little in t&e &o(se HEn Irl!nd! los &o"bres
&!en "(' %oo en l! !s!6M In t&is o(ntr'$ t&e 7o"en !re "ore n("ero(s t&!n
t&e "en HEn este %!Fs l!s "(.eres son "s n("eros!s /(e los &o"bres6M t&e
&("!nities Hl!s &("!nid!des Ni liter!t(r!$ #iloso#F!$ &istori!$ et1O61 D1 81@IB$ 8158I5=
No se (s! Ut&eV t!"%oo en !l,(nos !sos en /(e se (s! (n !d.eti+o en !stell!noM
los no"bres +!n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o1 E.14 T&e' !re United Re#or"L
Re#or"ed HSon re#or"ist!s6M S&e is &!%elL Protest!nt HEll! es %rotest!nte Ni not
An,li!nO61
81<B1I No se (s! Ut&eV con los nombres de d(as de la semana, los meses del aLo
los d(as de fiestas$ (!ndo se re#ieren !l "o"ento en /(e se &!bl!M t!"%oo con
las cifras de los aLos individualesM !l,(nos no"bres %(eden ir %reedidos de (n
!d.eti+o4 blood'$ ,ood$ &ol'$ et1M en !stell!no los dF!s de l! se"!n! lle+!n !rtF(lo
deter"in!do %ero los "eses del !)o ' los dF!s de #iest! ,ener!l"ente no lo lle+!n1
E.14 Ee !"e on S(nd!' Hl +ino el do"in,o N%!s!doM se %(ede deir de 8 ! ? dF!s
des%(0sO6M S&eZll ,o on Mond!' HEll! ir el l(nes N%r3-i"oM se %(ede deir de 8 ! ?
dF!s !ntesO6M T&e' !"e in M!' HDinieron en "!'o6M *&rist"!s D!' Hel DF! de
N!+id!d6$ P!l" S(nd!' Hel Do"in,o de R!"os6$ E!ster S(nd!' Hel Do"in,o de
P!s(! Hde Res(rrei3n66$ *&rist"!s Hl!s N!+id!des6$ E!ster HP!s(!6$ Eol' >ee9
HHl!6 Se"!n! S!nt!6$ Lent HHl!6 *(!res"!6$ Good Frid!' Hel Diernes S!nto6$ All
S!intsZ D!' Hel DF! de Todos los S!ntos6$ L!bo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL L!bor
NUSAO D!' Hel DF! del tr!b!.o6$ >&it S(nd!' NGBO Hel Do"in,o de Penteost0s6$
>&its(n NGBO HPenteost0s6$ Mot&erZs D!' Hel DF! de l! M!dre6$ Inde%endene
D!' Hel DF! de l! Inde%endeni!6$ b!n9 &olid!' NGBO HdF! #esti+o6$ !tL d(rin, E!ster
HenL d(r!nte Se"!n! S!nt!6$ !tL d(rin, *&rist"!s HenL d(r!nte l!s N!+id!des6$
P!sso+er Hl! P!s(! H.(dF!66$ Tr!ns#i,(r!tion Hl! Tr!ns#i,(r!i3n6M in 5B?< Hen Hel6
5B?<6M t&e N+! on U'e!rV$ no on l! i#r!O 'e!r 5@=@ Hel !)o 5@=@61 D1 815@
Sin e"b!r,o$ lle+!n Ut&eV si lle+!n !l,(n! %!l!br! /(e los es%ei#i/(eM los /(e +!n
%reedidos de (n !d.eti+o sin Ut&eV lle+!n Ut&eV (!ndo se los es%ei#i! !2n "sM
en !stell!no nor"!l"ente t!"bi0n lle+!n !rtF(lo deter"in!do %ero los "eses$ !
+ees$ no lo lle+!n1 E.14 Ee 7ent !7!' in j(l'$ t&e j(l' o# 5B== Hl se "!r&3 en
.(lio$ en .(lio de 5B==6M O# !ll t&e *&rist"!ses t&!t s&e &!d$ t&is 7!s t&e 7orst HDe
tod!s l!s N!+id!des /(e ell! %!s3$ 0st!Hs6 #(eHron6 l!Hs6 %eorHes66M t&e Eol' >ee9 o#
5BBC HL! Se"!n! S!nt! de 5BBC6M l!s %!l!br!s /(e es%ei#i!n en los e.e"%los
d!dos son4 o# 5B==$ o# 5BBC1
E!' !l,(n!s e-e%iones de #iest!s1 E.14 t&e RS!bb!t& Hel sb!do N.(dFoOL el do"in,o
Nristi!noOL el +iernes Nisl"ioO6 %ero QS&!Rbb!t&Q Nsin Ut&eVO Hel sb!do H.(dFo
Ns3loO66$ t&e L(%er!li! Hl!s l(%er!les6$ t&e S!t(rn!li! Hl!s s!t(rn!les6$ t&e A!lends
Hl!s !lend!s6$ t&e Ides Hlos id(s6$ et1
En in,l0s olo/(i!l se %(ede %oner Ut&eV del!nte de los dF!s de l! se"!n! sin !l,(n!
%!l!br! /(e los es%ei#i/(e1 E.14 Ee !"e !nd on t&e T(esd!' Nolo/(i!lO &e ,ot
"!rried Hl +ino ' el "!rtes se !s361
En !stell!no lle+!n el !rtF(lo deter"in!do los no"bres de los dF!s$ %ero no los de
los "eses ' los !)os ,ener!l"ente t!"%oo1
81=C1I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres en singular" ent(r'$ Febr(!r' N( otro "es del
!)oO$ #ortni,&t$ "illenni("$ Mond!' N( otro dF! de l! se"!n!O$ "ont&$ ni,&t$ 7ee9$
'e!r$ con festividades4 *&rist"!s$ E!ster$ Lent$ et1$ otros nombres 'ue
indi'uen un per(odo de tiempo, precedidos de MnextM o MlastM$ si tienen o"o
%(nto de re#ereni! el "o"ento en /(e se &!bl!M no inl('en todos los dF!s &!st! el
"o"ento %resente o ! %!rtir del "o"ento %resenteM en !stell!no lle+!n el !rtF(lo
deter"in!do !si todos estos no"bres1 E.14 ne-t 7ee9 Hl! %r3-i"! se"!n! Nno 0st!M
se %(ede deir de 8 ! ? dF!s !ntesM no son los %r3-i"os ? dF!s H! %!rtir de &o'6O6$ l!st
"ont& Hel "es %!s!do Nno 0steM se %(ede deir de 8 ! :C dF!s des%(0sM no son los
2lti"os :C dF!s H&!st! &o'6O6M S&e !rri+ed ! 7ee9 l!st Frid!' NGBOL l!st Frid!' 7ee9
NGBO HEll! lle,3 el +iernes %!s!do no$ el !nterior6M S&e 7ill !rri+e ! 7ee9 ne-t
Mond!' NGBO$ et1
E-iste l! %osibilid!d de on#(si3n (!ndo Qne-tQ +! se,(ido de (n dF! de l! se"!n!
o (n "es ' se est ! "enos de tres dF!s de ese dF! o ! "enos de tres "eses de ese
"es$ '! /(e se %(ede entender Qeste h dF!L "es NoO el dF!L "es si,(ienteQ1 E.14 ne-t
S!t(rd!' Nsi se est ! +iernes %(ede entenderse "!)!n!O Heste sb!doL el sb!do de
l! se"!n! %r3-i"! NoO "!)!n! en o&o dF!s6M %or eso$ es "e.or deir Qon S!t(rd!'L
t&is S!t(rd!'L t&e o"in, S!t(rd!'L t&is o"in, S!t(rd!'L Hon6 S!t(rd!' t&is
7ee9Q %!r! Qeste sb!doQ ' QHon6 S!t(rd!' 7ee9L ! 7ee9 on S!t(rd!' NGBOL Hon6
S!t(rd!' ne-t 7ee9L ! 7ee9 #ro" t&is S!t(rd!'Q %!r! Qel sb!do de l! se"!n!
%r3-i"!L este sb!do no$ el otroL de "!)!n! en o&o dF!sL del sb!do en o&o dF!sQ1
D1 815@
81=51I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres de parentesco o"o QA(nt HtF!6$ A(ntie HtiFt!6$
B!b' Hel beb06$ *oo9 Nliter!rioO Hl! oiner!6$ D!d Nolo/(i!lO H%!%6$ D!dd'
Nolo/(i!lOL Po% Nolo/(i!lOL Po%%! Nolo/(i!l4 USA4 "enos (s!doOL P! Nolo/(i!lOL
P!%! Nol/(i!lOL P!%%' Nolo/(i!l4 USA4 "enos (s!doO H%!%iL %!%!Fto6$ F!t&er
H%!dre6$ Gr!nd#!t&er H!b(elo6$ Gr!nd"! Nolo/(i!lOL Gr!nd"!"! Nolo/(i!lOL
Gr!nd"!""! Nolo/(i!lOL ,r!nn' Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL ,r!nnie Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!doO H!b(elit!6$ Gr!nd"ot&er H!b(el!6$ Gr!nd%! Nolo/(i!lOL Gr!nd%!%!
Nolo/(i!lOL Gr!ndHd6!d Nolo/(i!lOL Gr!ndHd6!dd' Nolo/(i!lO H!b(elito6$ M!"
Nolo/(i!l4 GBO H"!"6$ Mot&er H"!dre6$ M(" Nolo/(i!l4 GBOL Mo" Nolo/(i!l4
USAO H"!"6$ M(""' Nolo/(i!lOL M(""ie Nolo/(i!l4 GBOL Mo""!
Nolo/(i!l4 USA4 "enos (s!doOL Mo""' Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL
Mo""ie Nolo/(i!l4 USA4 "enos (s!doO H"!"iL "!"!Ft!L "!"it!6$ N(rse Hl!
ni)er!6$ Son H"iL n(estro &i.o6$ Unle HtFo6Q$ et1$ (!ndo (no se diri,e ! ellos o los
"enion!M se sobrHe6entiende /(e es U"iL n(estrHo$ !6VM +!n en "!'2s(l! !l (s!rse
o"o no"bres %ro%iosM +!n solos (!ndo (no se diri,e ! ellosM QA(nt$ A(ntie$
*o(sin$ Gr!nd#!t&er$ Gr!nd"!$ Gr!nd"!"!$ Gr!nd"!""!$ Gr!nd"ot&er$
Gr!nd%!$ Gr!nd%!%!$ Gr!ndHd6!d$ UnleQ$ %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre %ro%io o
!%ellido$ (!ndo (no los "enion! sin diri,irse ! ellos$ %ero no los de"sM los /(e
lle+!n Nliter!rioO se (s!n %oo !t(!l"ente (!ndo (no los "enion! sin diri,irse !
ellos ' no %(eden ir %reedidos de Ut&eV o (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o1 E.14 A(nt Nliter!rioO
is o"in, HD! ! +enir N"iL n(estr!O tF!6M *oo9 Nliter!rioO &!s ,one to do so"e
s&o%%in, HL! oiner! Nn(estr!O &! ido ! &!er (n!s o"%r!s6M I s!7 D!d t&ere HDi !
%!% !llF6M F!t&er Nliter!rioO is !n,r' HNn(estroO P!dre est en#!d!do6M Gr!nd#!t&er
D!+id is ill HNi "iL n(estroO Ab(elo D!+id est en#er"o6M Mot&er Nliter!rioO &!s s!id
no HNi n(estr!O M!dre &! di&o /(e no6M Good "ornin,$ M(" NGBOL Mo" NUSAO
HB(enos dF!s$ "!"6M N(rse Nliter!rioO is in t&e 9it&en HL! ni)er! Nn(estr!O est en
l! oin!6M Unle To"L T(rner is @C HEl Ni "iL n(estroO tFo To"Hs6L T1 tiene @C
!)os61 D1 5C18<181,
Se %(ede %oner (n no"bre o !%ellido detrs de QBrot&erQ %ero se re#iere ! (n
"on.eM se %(ede %oner (n no"bre o !%ellido detrs de QF!t&erQ %ero se re#iere ! (n
(r! !t3lio o e%iso%!li!no ND1 81:;18$ 81?518OM se %(ede %oner (n !%ellido detrs
de QMot&erQ$ %ero es des%eti+o4 Mot&er Reill' N%e'or!ti+oO s!id t&is HL! tF! R1 di.o
esto6M se %(ede %oner (n no"bre o !%ellido detrs de QSisterQ$ %ero se re#iere ! (n!
en#er"er!$ en GB %rini%!l"ente$ o ! (n! "on.!1
Estos no"bres se (s!n en "in2s(l! si +!n %reedidos de deter"in!ntes o"o Qt&eL
"'L 'o(rL !llQ$ et1$ ' no del!nte del no"bre de %il! ni del !%ellido o del!nte del
no"bre de %il! ' !%ellido detrs de (n! o"!M son no"bres o"(nesM l!s %!l!br!s
Qoo9$ n(rseQ$ se (s!n !sF "(&o "s #re(ente"ente en l! !t(!lid!d1 E.14 T&e !(nt
t&!t 'o( &!+e in Leeds is "(& older HL! tF! /(e tienes en Leeds es "(&o "!'orL
"s +ie.!6M &is !(nt$ M!r' >&ite Hs( tF!$ M!rF! >16M T&e oo9 in t&is rest!(r!nt is
It!li!nL &!s ,one to do so"e s&o%%in, HEl oinero de este rest!(r!nte es it!li!noL
&! ido ! &!er (n!s o"%r!s6M mo(r #!t&er is &ere HT( %!dre est !/(F6M T&e "ot&er
o# t&is &ild is &ere HL! "!dre de este ni)o est !/(F6M T&e #!t&er is t&e oldest in t&e
#!"il' HEl %!dre es el "!'orL de "s ed!d de l! #!"ili!6$ et1
UA(ntHie6$ Gr!nd#!t&er$ Gr!nd"! Nolo/(i!lOL Gr!nd"!"! Nolo/(i!lOL
Gr!nd"!""! Nolo/(i!lOL Gr!nn' Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL Gr!nnie Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!doO$ Gr!nd"ot&er$ Gr!nd%! Nolo/(i!lOL Gr!nd%!%! Nolo/(i!lOL
Gr!ndHd6!d Nolo/(i!lOL Gr!ndHd6!dd' Nolo/(i!lO$ Son$ UnleV %(eden ir t!"bi0n
en "!'2s(l! si +!n4
!6 Preedidos de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre de %il! sin o"! %ero
no del !%ellido1 E.14 I 7ent 7it& "' A(ntHie6 P!" HF(i on "i tF! HtiFt!6 P!"el!61
b6 Preedidos de los !d.eti+os %osesi+os U"'L o(r h de!rL de!restV en el
en!bez!"iento de (n! !rt!1 E.14 M' de!r Son$ x HMi /(erido &i.o4 11161
Sin e"b!r,o$ se (tiliz! Ut&eV on %!l!br!s o"o Q,!rdener$ "!id$ b(tler$ b!9erQ$
et1$ /(iz %or/(e el ont!to no es t!n ,r!nde o Fnti"o1 E.14 T&e ,!rdener &!s ,one
to to7n HEl .!rdinero se &! ido ! l! i(d!d61
81=81I No se (s! Ut&eV con los nombres de los signos )odiacales /(e orres%onden
! doe onstel!iones4 Aries HAries6$ T!(r(s HT!(ro6$ Ge"ini HG0"inis6$ *!ner
H*ner6$ Leo HLeo6$ Dir,o HDir,o6$ Libr! HLibr!6$ Sor%io HEsor%i3n6$ S!,itt!ri(s
HS!,it!rio6$ *!%riorn H*!%riornio6$ A/(!ri(s HA(!rio6$ Pises HPisis6M estos
si,nos %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de no"bres ' t!"bi0n de !d.eti+os (!ndo se
re#ieren ! (n! %erson! /(e &! n!ido en el %erFodo de tie"%o !si,n!do ! !d! si,no1
E.14 S&e 7!s born (nder A/(!ri(s Nno"breO HEll! n!i3 en !(!rio6M S&e is
A/(!ri(s N!d.eti+oO HEll! es !(!rio61 D1 8155C
81=:1I No se (s! Ut&eV con los nombres de los planetas Uj(%iter Hj2%iter6$ M!rs
HM!rte6$ Mer(r' HMer(rio6$ Ne%t(ne HNe%t(no6$ Pl(to HPl(t3n6$ S!t(rn HS!t(rno6$
Ur!n(s HUr!no6$ Den(s HDen(s6V$ ! no ser /(e +!'!n %reedidos de Qt&e %l!netQ o
se,(idos de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o es%ei#i!ti+! o de Qo#Q h (n
no"breM sin e"b!r,o$ se (s! Ut&eV on el %l!net! QE!rt&Q HTierr!6 (!ndo tiene (n
sentido es%eF#io ND1 818BO$ %ero no se (s! (!ndo tiene (n sentido ,ener!l ND1
81?<OM on el no"bre QS(nL s(nQ se (s! Ut&eV ' on QMoonL "oonQ t!"bi0n e-e%to
(!ndo +! %reedido de Q#(ll$ &!l#$ ne7Q en sentido ,ener!l1 E.14 T&e' 7ent to M!rs
HF(eron ! M!rte6$ %ero Ut&e %l!net Ne%t(neV Hel %l!net! Ne%t(no61
81=;1I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres de pila solos o seguidos de un apellido$ con
los t(tulos QD!"e Hd!"!6L Fr!( N!le"n4 r!roO Hse)or!6L Fr_(lein N!le"n4 r!roO
Hse)orit!6L Eerr N!le"n4 r!roO Hse)or6L Lord HlordL !b!llero6L M!d!"e NoO M"eH16
N#r!n0s4 r!roO Hse)or!6L Mesd!"es NoO M"esH16 Hse)or!s6L Miss Hse)orit!6L
M!de"oiselle NoO MlleH16 N#r!n0s4 r!roO Hse)orit!6L Mesde"oiselles NoO MllesH16
N#r!n0s4 r!roO Hse)orit!s6L MsH16 Hdo)!L se)orit!L se)or!6L Monsie(r NoO MH16
N#r!n0s4 r!roO Hse)or6L MrH16 Hse)orL don6L MrsH16 Hse)or!L do)!6L Messrs NoO MMH16
Hse)ores6L Sir N%(ede ir t!"bi0n se,(ido de (n no"bre de %il! soloO H!b!lleroL
se)or6 seguidos de un apellido o delante de un nombre de pila D apellido
(!ndo no +!n es%ei#i!dos on (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o$ (n !d.eti+o
n("er!l1 E.14 Peter$ M!r9$ P!(l$ M!tt&e7 B!9er$ j!"es B1 j!9son$ D!"e Ellen
HTerr'6 Hl! d!"! E1 HT166M D!"e j!ne Drin97!ter is &ere HL! d!"! j(!n! D1 est
!/(F6M Fr!( Bl("en Hl! Sr!1 B16$ Fr_(lein S&r{der Hl! se)orit! S16$ Eerr Br(n,r!ber
Hel se)or B16M Lord HPeter6 E!li#!- 7ill %&one to"orro7 HEl !b!lleroL Lord HPedro6
E!li#!- tele#one!r "!)!n!6M M!d!"e de St!el Hl! se)or! de S16M MrsH16 L!n, is
&ere HL! Sr!1 L1 est !/(F6M Miss Ni,&tin,!le is &ereH$6 too HL! Srt!1 N1 est !/(F
t!"bi0n6M S&e is seret!r' to MrsH16 E!rt HEll! es seret!ri! de l! Sr!1 E16M Miss
Ste7!rtZs !rri+!l Hl! lle,!d! de l! Srt!1 Ste7!rt Nno de l! Srt!1 de los Ste7!rtsM en l!
%ron(ni!i3n se not! %or/(e no lle+! Qt&eQ4 D1:1@185O6M MH!de"oise6lleH16 D(%ont
Hl! se)orit! D16M Monsie(r L!ro(sse Hel se)or L16M MrH16 S"it& is o(t HEl se)or S1
est #(er!6M Eis brot&er is Sir jo&n H*&!"berl!in6 HS( &er"!no es el !b!llero jo&n
H*1661 D1 81:<
WS!bF! Dd1 lo si,(ienteT4 en los %!Fses de &!bl! in,les! tod!s l!s %erson!s tienen (n
no"bre de %il! HR#irst n!"eL R#oren!"e Nliter!rioOL R,i+en n!"eL R*&risti!n n!"e Nen
%!Fses risti!nosO6$ (n U"iddle n!"eV Nes ,ener!l"ente otro no"bre de %il! "s$
!(n/(e %(ede ser t!"bi0n (n !%ellidoM %(ede e/(i+!ler !l se,(ndo !%ellido en los
%!Fses de &!bl! !stell!n! %ero +! del!nte del Qs(rn!"eQ$ no detrsM el Q"iddle
n!"eQ no es el !%ellido de l! "!dre$ o"o en los %!Fses de &!bl! !stell!n!$ sino
/(e los %!dres %(eden ele,ir el no"bre de %il! /(e /(ier!nM se (s! %oo '
nor"!l"ente se %one s3lo l! inii!lO ' (n URs(rn!"eL R#!"il' Rn!"eL Rl!st n!"eV Nes
el "is"o !%ellido /(e el del %!dreM e/(i+!le !l %ri"er !%ellido en los %!Fses de
&!bl! !stell!n!M l!s %erson!s de &!bl! in,les! s(elen (s!r el no"bre de %il! ' el
se,(ndo !%ellido de l!s %erson!s de &!bl! !stell!n!$ %or/(e reen /(e es el
e/(i+!lente del Qs(rn!"eQM l!s %erson!s de &!bl! !stell!n! s(elen (s!r el no"bre
de %il! ' el Q"iddle n!"eQ de l!s %erson!s de &!bl! in,les!$ %or/(e reen /(e es el
e/(i+!lente del %ri"er !%ellidoOM nor"!l"ente se (s! el no"bre de %il! ' el
Qs(rn!"eQ$ %ero el Q"iddle n!"eQ no se (s! "(&oM en los %!Fses de &!bl!
!stell!n! nor"!l"ente se (s! el no"bre de %il! ' el %ri"er !%ellido$ %ero el
se,(ndo !%ellido no se (s! "(&oM tr!diion!l"ente l! "(.er !s!d! !do%t! el
!%ellido Hs(rn!"e6 del "!rido$ %ero onser+! el Q"iddle n!"eQM sobre todo en USA
l! "(.er !s!d! %(ede onser+!r s( !%ellido de solter! H"!iden n!"e6 o"o
Q"iddle n!"eQ ' !do%t!r el !%ellido del "!rido o"o s( Qs(rn!"eQ %ero no +!n
(nidos %or (n ,(i3nM si +!n (nidos %or (n ,(i3n es si"%le"ente (n !%ellido
o"%(esto Hdo(bleIb!rrelled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL do(bleIb!rreled NUSAO
Rs(rn!"e6 #or"!do %or dos !%ellidos4 P!r9erIBo7les$ et1 D1 :1;1:$ 5C18<18
*(!ndo QMsH16Q se !%li! ! (n! "(.er solter! %(ede ir se,(ido de Hel no"bre de %il!
de solter! 6 h Qs(rn!"eQ1 *(!ndo QMsH16Q se !%li! ! (n! "(.er !s!d! %(ede ir
se,(ido de Hel no"bre de %il! de solter! N%ero no del "!ridoO6 h Qs(rn!"eQ del
"!ridoL Qs(rn!"eQ de solter! Nen +ez del Qs(rn!"eQ del "!ridoO$ %ero QMrsH16Q no
%(ede ir se,(ido del Qs(rn!"eQ de solter!1
81=<1I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres de personas, pa(ses, continentes, ciudades,
pueblos o lugares m!s pe'ueLos precedidos de un ad%etivo$ (!ndo estn
(s!dos en sentido ,ener!lM no tienen (n sentido es%eF#ioM no &!' ide! de
o"%!r!i3n o !l "enos no se "enion!M en !stell!no lle+!n el !rtF(lo
deter"in!do todos e-e%to los no"bres de %erson!s (!ndo se (tiliz! el di"in(ti+o1
E.14 Bi,L Little ji" is si9 Hj!i"e el !lto NoO el ,r!ndeL el %e/(e)o est "!lo6M Prett'
M!r' S"it& N"(&o "s (s!do /(e on Ut&eVO bro9e do7n HL! bonit! M!rF! S1
ro"%i3 ! llor!r6M Tin' Peter is not &!%%' HPedritoL El %e/(e)o Pedro no es #eliz6M
Little Fr!nis is l!(,&in, HP!/(itoL El %e/(e)o Fr!niso est ri0ndose6M E!rl'L
I""ort!lL L!te S&!9es%e!re Hel S1 de los %ri"eros !)osL el in"ort!l S1L el S1 de los
2lti"os !)os Nse re#iere ! s( obr! ' no !l !(tor o"o %erson!O6$mo(n, Ni9leb' Hel
.o+en N16$ OldL mo(n, *&(zzle7itt Hel +ie.oL .o+en *16M Modern S%!in is di##erent
HL! Es%!)! "odern! es di#erente6M mo(n, A"eri! is 7!9in, (% HL! A"0ri! .3+en
est des%ert!ndo6M Merr' Old En,l!nd Hl! !le,re +ie.! In,l!terr!6M Old London is
+er' t'%i!l HEl +ie.o Londres es "(' tF%io6M 7estern S%!in Hel oeste de Es%!)!6$
so(t&ern S%!in Hl! Es%!)! del s(r6$ e!stern E(n,!r' Hl! zon! orient!l de E(n,rF!6$
nort&ern Pol!nd Hel norte de Poloni!6$ Gre!t Brit!in HGr!n Bret!)!6$ E!stern
Ger"!n' Hl! Ale"!ni! del este6$ Ro"!n S%!in Hl! Es%!)! ro"!n!61 D1 81:5
81==1I No se (s! Ut&eV con partes del cuerpo prendas de vestirM se s(ele (s!r el
!d.eti+o %osesi+o en in,l0sM en !stell!no se (s! el !rtF(lo deter"in!doM en iertos
!sos se %(ede (s!r el !d.eti+o %osesi+o o Ut&eV en in,l0s1 E.14 Ee &!s ! %!in in &is
le, Hl tiene (n dolor en l! %iern!6M T!9e o## 'o(r o!t] H\J(Ft!te el !bri,o]6M Ee
le!nedL br(s&edL 7!s&ed NGBO &is teet& Hl se l!+3 los dientes6M Ee %(n&ed &er
noseL Ee %(n&ed &er in N"s (s!doOL on N"enos (s!doO t&e nose Hl le dio (n
%()et!zo ! ell! en l! n!riz6M S&e &it &is #!eL S&e &it &i" in N"s (s!doOL on N"enos
(s!doO t&e #!e HEll! le ,ol%e3 ! 0l en l! !r!61 D1 ;1<<
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo no se tr!t! de %!rtes del (er%o ' %rend!s de +estir se (s! el
!d.eti+o %osesi+o en in,l0s ' el !rtF(lo deter"in!do en !stell!no1 E.14 Ee s!+ed
"' li#e Hl "e s!l+3 l! +id!6M mo( &!+e lost 'o(r re!sonL "ind HE!s %erdido l!
r!z3n61
81=?1I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres de enfermedades (!ndo se (tiliz!n en
sentido ,ener!lM se sobrHe6entiende Uen ,ener!lVM los no"bres de en#er"ed!des son
!si todos inont!blesM en !stell!no s(elen lle+!r el !rtF(lo deter"in!do1 E.4 AIDS
N"s (s!doOL Aids is ! ne7 dise!se HEl sid!L SIDA es (n! en#er"ed!d n(e+!6M
A%%endiitis is 7orse t&!n &e%!titis HL! !%endiitis es %eor /(e l! &e%!titis Nen
,ener!lO6M Bron&itis$ !st&"! !nd %ne("oni! !re rel!ted HL! bron/(itis$ el !s"! ' l!
%(l"onF! estn rel!ion!d!s6M *!nerL *&i9en %o- is terrible HEl nerL L!
+!riel! es terrible6M *&oler! is "(& 7orse t&!n ri9ets$ s!bies or di!betes HEl
3ler! es "(&o %eor /(e el r!/(itis"o$ l! s!rn! o l! di!betes Nen ,ener!lO6M mello7
#e+erL Ger"!n "e!sles Nestnd!rO NoO R(Rbell! Nliter!rioO is ! dise!se HL! #iebre
!"!rill!L L! r(b0ol! NRe!l A!de"i!OL r(beol! N"enos orretoO es (n!
en#er"ed!d6M EeZs ne+er &!d di%&t&eri!$ d's%e%si!$ ne(r!l,i!$ !%o%le-'$ e%ile%s'$
%eritonitis$ %olio"'elitis$ le%ros' or !n!e"i! NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !ne"i! NUSAO
Hl n(n! &! tenido Hl!6 di#teri!$ Hl!6 dis%e%si!$ Hl!6 ne(r!l,i!$ Hl!6 !%o%le.F!$ Hl!6
e%ile%si!$ Hl!6 %eritonitis$ Hl!6 %olio"ielitis$ Hl!6 le%r! o Hl!6 !ne"i!6M S&e !(,&tL
,otL &!dL s(##ered #ro" #l( Nolo/(i!lOL in#l(enz! Nliter!rioO HEll! o,i3 NEs%!)!O
NoO tenF! ,ri%e6M Ee &!s #l( Nolo/(i!lOL in#l(enz! Nliter!rioOL ,!n,reneL "e!slesL
"("%sL s!rlet #e+er Nolo/(i!lO NoO s!rl!tin! Nliter!rioOL 'ello7 #e+er Hl tiene
,ri%eL ,!n,ren!L s!r!"%i3nL %!%er!sL es!rl!tin!L l! #iebre !"!rill!6M T(ber(losisL
TB is not li9e le(9!e"i! NGBOL le(9e"i! NUSA %rini%!l"enteO or "enin,itis HL!
t(ber(losis no es o"o l! le(e"i! o l! "enin,itis6M EeZs s(##erin, #ro" oliL
,o(t Hl tiene 3lioL s(#re de ,ot!6M S&e doesnZt &!+e .!(ndie HEll! no tiene
iterii!6M ! to7n in#eted 7it&L b' %l!,(e H(n! i(d!d in#et!d! onL %or %este6M
Ee &!sL Zs ,ot Rs"!ll%o- Hl tiene +ir(el!6M EeZs s(##erin, #ro" Rs"!ll%o- Hl tiene
+ir(el!6M EeZs s(##erin, #ro" t'%&oid H#e+er6L 'ello7 #e+er Hl tiene #iebre ti#oide!L
#iebre !"!rill!6M EeZs s(##erin, #ro" R7&oo%in, o(,& Hl tiene tos #erin!61
No se (s! Ut&eV on el no"bre ont!ble Q&i(%sL &io(,&sQ en sentido ,ener!l$
%ero sF lo lle+! (!ndo +! !o"%!)!do de (n! or!i3n de rel!ti+o o (n! #r!se on
Qo#Q1 E.14 S&e &!s &i(%sL &io(,&s HEll! tiene &i%o61 D1 81:8
81=@1I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres precedidos de la preposicin ;b< o"o
QH!ero6%l!ne NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO H!ir6%l!ne NUSAO$ !ir$ !ir"!il$ b(s$ bo!t$
bi'le$ !r$ &e/(e NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO &e9 NUSAO$ redit !rd$ &!nd$
&elio%ter$ l!nd$ letter$ %ost NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO "!il NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$
r!dio$ ro!d$ se!$ s&i%$ Htele6%&one$ tr!in$ tr!"$ t(be NGBO NoO (nder,ro(nd NGBO NoO
s(b7!' NUSAOQ ' otros "edios de loo"oi3n ' o"(ni!i3nM en !stell!no
t!"%oo s(elen lle+!r el !rtF(lo deter"in!do1 E.14 Ee sent ! letter b' !ir"!ilL &!nd
Hl en+i3 (n! !rt! %or orreo !0reoL en "!no6M Ee tr!+elsL le!+esL o"esL ,oes b'
bo!tL b(sL bi'leL !rL %l!neL s&i%L tr!inL tr!"L t(be NGBO NoO (nder,ro(nd NGBO
NoO s(b7!' NUSAOL o-!rt NoO b(llo9 !rt NGBOL ro!d Hl +i!.!L "!r&!L +ieneL +!
en b!roL !(tob2sL biilet!L o&eL !+i3nL b!roL trenL tr!n+F!L "etroL "etroL
"etroL !rro de b(e'esL %or !rreter!6M Ee %!id b' &e/(e NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO
&e9 NUSAOL redit !rd Hl %!,3 on &e/(eL t!r.et! de r0dito6M %!inted b' &!nd
H%int!do ! "!no6M Ee does it b' &!nd Hl lo &!e ! "!no6M b' re,istered %ost NGB
%rini%!l"enteO NoO "!il NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H%or orreo erti#i!do6M S&e sent
t&e "ess!,e b' r!dioL letterL %ost NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO "!il NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOL s!telliteL tele- HEll! en+i3 el "ens!.e %or r!dioL !rt!L orreoL
orreoL s!t0liteL t0le-6M T&e' !rr!n,ed it b' Htele6%&one HLo !rre,l!ron %or tel0#ono6$
et1 D1 @1@1=;
Sin e"b!r,o$ QEe is sittin, in Hdentro del6 t&eL ! bo!tL s&i%L !rL on Hsobre el
!siento6 t&e b(sL tr!inL %l!neL s&i%L so#!L tr!"L bi'le Hl est sent!do en elL (n
b!roL b!roL o&eL !(tob2sL tr0nL !+i3nL b!roL so#L tr!n+F!L l!L (n! biilet!6M
Ee is on t&eL ! b(sL tr!inL %l!neL s&i%L so#!L tr!"L bi'le Hl est en elL (n
!(tob2sL trenL !+i3nL b!roL so#L tr!n+F!L l!L (n! biilet!6M S&e is loo9in, !t t&eL !
b(sL tr!inL %l!neL bo!tL s&i%L !rL so#!L tr!"L t(be NGBO NoO (nder,ro(nd NGBO NoO
s(b7!' NUSAOL bi'le HEll! est "ir!ndo elL (n !(tob2sL trenL !+i3nL b!roL
b!roL o&eL so#L tr!n+F!L "etroL "etroL "etroL l!L (n! biilet!6M Ee too9L
!(,&t t&eL ! b(sL tr!inL %l!neL bo!tL s&i%L !rL tr!"L t(be NGBO NoO (nder,ro(nd
NGBO NoO s(b7!' NUSAOL bi'le Hl o,i3 NEs%!)!OL to"3 elL (n !(tob2sL trenL
!+i3nL b!roL b!roL o&eL tr!n+F!L "etroL "etroL "etroL l!L (n! biilet!6M S&e
sle%t in t&eL ! b(sL tr!inL %l!neL bo!tL s&i%L !rL tr!"L t(be NGBO NoO (nder,ro(nd
NGBO NoO s(b7!' NUSAO HEll! d(r"i3 en elL (n !(tob2sL trenL !+i3nL b!roL b!roL
o&eL tr!n+F!L "etroL "etroL "etro6Q$ et1
81=B1I No se (s! Ut&eV con los colores usados en singular ,ener!l"ente en sentido
liter!l o"o no"bres$ con los olores o palos de las cartas en plural con los
idiomas en singularM estn (s!dos en sentido ,ener!l1 E.14 mello7 is better t&!n red
#or 'o( HEl !"!rillo es "e.or /(e el ro.o %!r! ti6M l(bs Hb!stos6$ s%!des Hes%!d!s6$
&e!rts Hor!zonesL o%!s6$ di!"onds HorosL di!"!ntes6M S%!nis& is e!sier t&!n
*&inese or R(ssi!n HEl !stell!no es "s #il /(e el &ino o el r(so6M Ee is
tr!nsl!tin, !n En,lis& boo9 into Fren& Hl est tr!d(iendo (n libro in,l0s !l
#r!n0s6M Eind(st!ni is not ! territori!l di!let HEl &indiL indost!nF no es (n di!leto
re,ion!l6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ se %(ede (s!r Ut&eV on los olores (s!dos ,ener!l"ente en sentido
#i,(r!do o"o no"bres on (n si,ni#i!do distintoM t!"bi0n on los olores (s!dos
en %l(r!l '$ ! +ees$ t!"bi0n en sin,(l!r en sentido liter!l1 E.14 t&e bl(e HelL l! "!rL
el ieloL el Holor6 !z(l6M Ee &!sL Zs ,ot t&e bl(es Hl tieneL est on l! de%reHsi3n6L
"(rri!L "el!nolF!6M o(t o# t&e bl(e H(!ndo "enos se es%er!b!6M t&e reds !nd ,olds
o# t&e !(t("n NGB %rini%!l"enteO trees Hlos olores ro.os ' dor!dos de los rboles
en oto)o6M t&e 7&ite o# !n e,, Hl! l!r! de (n &(e+o6$ t&e 7&ite o# t&e e'e Hel bl!no
del o.o6$ et1 D1 :1:=1;
E!' +!ri!s e-%resiones en l!s /(e se %(ede (s!r Ut&eV on los idio"!s$ %or/(e estn
(s!dos en (n sentido onreto ' se tienen en (ent! sol!"ente los dos idio"!s en
(esti3nM o"o es !l,o s(b.eti+o es %re#erible %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes no (s!r
Ut&eV on los idio"!s (s!dos o"o no"bres$ '! /(e sin Ut&eV sie"%re estn bien1
E.14 T&is boo9 is tr!nsl!ted #ro" t&e It!li!n HEste libro est tr!d(ido del it!li!no6M
T&is boo9 &!s been tr!nsl!ted #ro" t&e Fren& HEste libro &! sido tr!d(ido del
#r!n0s6M T&e Eind(st!ni is t&e s%o9en l!n,(!,e o# Indi! HEl &indiL indost!nF es l!
len,(! &!bl!d! de l! Indi!61 D1 818@
81?C1I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres 'ue se usan para decir la /ora los 'ue se
refieren a per(odos del d(a o actividades escolares (s!dos en sentido ,ener!l o
indeter"in!doL inde#inidoM !l,(nos %(eden ir %reedidos de l!s %re%osii3n Q!#ter$
!t$ be#ore$ b'QM e-e%to Qter"Q$ no %(eden ir %reedidos de l! %re%osii3n UinV en
sentido ,ener!l4 !#ternoon Ndesde l!s 58 &!st! l!s = !%ro-i"!d!"enteO$ bre!9 NGBOL
reess NUSAO$ d!r9$ d!7n$ d!'$ d!'bre!9$ d(s9$ e+enin,$ &!ll$ "idni,&t$ "ont&$
"ornin, Ndesde l!s doe de l! no&e &!st! "ediodF!O$ ni,&t$ ni,&tI#!ll$ noon$
%r!'ers$ s(nrise$ s(nset$ ter"$ t7ili,&t$ 7ee9$ 'e!rM t!"bi0n l!s &or!s4 oneL t7oL
t&ree$ et1$ HoZlo96M !l,(n!s o"o Q!#ternoon$ d!'$ d!'bre!9$ d(s9$ e+enin,$
"ornin,$ ni,&t$ ter"QM est!s %!l!br!s no lle+!n Ut&eV (!ndo &!en l! #(ni3n de
s(.eto1 E.14 !t bre!9 NGBOL reess NUSAO Hd(r!nte el rereo6M S&e ret(rned be#ore
d!r9 HEll! re,res3 !ntes Hde6 /(e !no&eier!6M Ee ,ot &o"e !#ter d!r9 Hl lle,3 !
!s! des%(0s de !no&eer6M ItZs ,ettin, d!r9 HEst &!i0ndose de no&e6M !t d!7n
H!l !lb!6$ #ro" d!7n till d!r9 Hdesde el !"!neer &!st! el !t!rdeer6M D!' bro9e
HA"!nei3 el dF!6M >e tr!+elled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+eled NUSAO Hb'6 d!' !nd
ni,&t HDi!.b!"os Hde6 dF! ' no&e6M #ro" d!' to d!' Hde dF! en dF!6$ b' d!' Hde
dF!6$ !ll d!' lon, Hd(r!nte todo el dF!6M !t nine HoZlo96 H! l!s n(e+e6M ItZs se+en
oZlo9M d!'bre!9 is ne!r HSon l!s siete Hen %(nto6M est er! el !"!neer6M !t
d!'bre!9 H!l !lb!L !"!neer6M !t d(s9 H!l !t!rdeer6M As d(s9 #ell HSe,2n lle,!b! el
!t!rdeer6M on Frid!' !#ternoon Hel +iernes %or l! t!rde6M 'esterd!' e+enin, H!'er %or
l! t!rde Ndesde l!s = &!st! l!s 5CI58 de l! no&eO6$ to"orro7 e+enin, H"!)!n! %or
l! t!rde6$ on S!t(rd!' e+enin, Hel sb!do %or l! t!rde6M E+enin, o"es on HLle,! l!
t!rde6M Dine in &!ll] H\*en! en el o"edor]6M >e 7or9 e+er' d!' #ro" "ornin, to
ni,&t HTr!b!.!"os todos los dF!s desde l! "!)!n! &!st! l! no&e6M 'esterd!'
"ornin, H!'er %or l! "!)!n!6$ to"orro7 "ornin, H"!)!n! %or l! "!)!n!6$ on
>ednesd!' "ornin, Hel "i0roles %or l! "!)!n!6M It 7!s "ornin, HEr! %or l!
"!)!n!6M to7!rds "ornin, H!l lle,!r l! "!)!n!6M Be#ore "ornin, o"es HAntes
Hde6 /(e lle,(e l! "!)!n!6M !t "idni,&t H! "edi!no&e6$ !ro(nd "idni,&t
H!%ro-i"!d!"ente ! "edi!no&e6$ be#ore "idni,&t H!ntes de "edi!no&e6M Ee
!"e !#ter "idni,&t Hl +ino des%(0s de "edi!no&e6M Ni,&t !"e HLle,3 l! no&e
Ndes%(0s de l!s B &!st! l!s ; !%ro-i"!d!"enteO6M Eer &!ir is H!s6 bl!9 !s ni,&t HS(
!bello es Ht!n6 ne,ro o"o el !z!b!&e6M !tL b' ni,&t H%or l! NoO de no&e6$
o+erni,&t Htod! l! no&e6$ !ll ni,&t HHd(r!nte6 tod! l! no&e6$ !ll ni,&t lon, Hd(r!nte
tod! l! no&e6$ !t 5C oZlo9 !t ni,&t H! l!s diez Hen %(nto6 de l! no&e Nse %(ede
(s!r Uni,&tV %!r! !ntes de l!s B si se /(iere indi!r /(e '! es "(' t!rdeO6$ on
T&(rsd!' ni,&t Hel .(e+es %or l! no&e6$ l!st N'esterd!'4 no %onerO ni,&t H!no&eL
!'er %or l! no&e6$ to"orro7 ni,&t H"!)!n! %or l! no&e6M A#ter ni,&t #!lls
Hdes%(0s de /(e !i,! l! no&e6M !#ter Rni,&t#!ll HDes%(0s de !er l! no&e6M !t
Rni,&t#!ll H!l !no&eer6$ b' Rni,&t#!ll H!ntes del !no&eer6M !t noon H! "ediodF!6$
!ro(nd noon H!%ro-i"!d!"ente ! "ediodF!6$ (ntil noon H&!st! Hel6 "ediodF!6M !t
s(nrise H!l s!lir el sol6M mo( &!+e to be silent !t %r!'ers HTienes /(e est!r en silenio
! l! &or! de l! or!i3n6M Ee 7!s t&ere !t s(nset Hl est!b! !llF ! l! %(est! del sol6M
Ter" 7!s dr!7in, to ! lose HEl tri"estre se est!b! !!b!ndo6M inL d(rin, ter"
Hd(r!nte el (rso6$ o(t o# ter" H#(er! del (rso6M !t t7ili,&t H!l !no&eer6M T7ili,&t
7!s o"in, on HSe !er!b! l! no&e6M !ll 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r HHd(r!nte6 tod! l!
se"!n!L todo el "esL todo el !)o6M !t #i+e HoZlo96 H! l!s ino Hen %(nto661
Sin embargo, llevan ;t/e< cuando se usan en un sentido determinado, definido
o espec(ficoM !si todos %(eden ir %reedidos de l!s %re%osii3n Qd(rin,L inQM
!l,(nos o"o Q!#ternoon$ d!'$ d!'bre!9$ d(s9$ e+enin,$ "ornin,$ ni,&t ' ter"Q
lle+!n Ut&eV (!ndo &!en l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 Ee %re#ers t&e
!#ternoon Hl %re#iere l! t!rde6M inL d(rin, t&e !#ternoon H%or l! t!rde Nde l! (n! ! l!s
seisO6$ on t&e !#ternoon o# 8Hnd6 Nse lee Ut&e seondVO Ho#6 j(l' NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL j(l' 8Hnd6 Hel 8 de .(lio %or l! t!rde6M t&e d!r9 Hl! oHb6s(rid!d6M Ee
is ,ro%in, in t&e d!r9 Hl est b(s!ndo !l,o ! os(r!s6M Ee s7it&ed o## t&e li,&ts
!nd 7e 7ere le#t in t&e d!r9 Hl !%!,3 l!s l(es ' nos de.3 ! os(r!s6M T&e' !re
!#r!id o# t&e d!r9 HTienen "iedo de l! oHb6s(rid!d6M S&e is in t&e d!r9 !bo(t it HEll!
no s!be n!d! en !bsol(to de ello6M I 7!s le#t in t&e d!r9 HMe /(ed0 sin s!ber n!d!6M
Ee 9e%t &er in t&e d!r9 Hl no le re+el3 l! notii! ! ell!6M HT&e' 7!ited #or6 t&e d!7n
HHEs%er!b!n6 el !lb!L l! !(ror!6M be#ore t&e d!7n H!ntes del !lb!6M Get (% 7it& t&e
d!7n] H\M!dr(,!]6M in t&e d!7n o# <Ht&6 Nse lee Ut&e #i#t&VO Ho#6 Se%te"ber NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL Se%te"ber <Ht&6 Hen l! "!dr(,!d! del < de se%tie"bre6M t&e d!' Hel
dF!6$ !ll t&e d!' NGBO Htodo el dF!6$ in t&e d!' Hen el dF!6$ d(rin, t&e d!' Hd(r!nte el
dF!6$ t&e d!' !#ter H!l dF! si,(iente6$ t&e d!' !#ter to"orro7 H%!s!do "!)!n!6$ t&e
d!' be#ore Hel dF! !nterior6$ t&e d!' be#ore 'esterd!' H!nte!'er6$ t&e d!' be#ore t&e
oron!tion Hl! +Fs%er! de l! oron!i3n6$ b' t&e d!' H!d! dF!L !l dF!6$ in t&e d!'s o#
J(een Eliz!bet& Hen tie"%os de l! rein! Is!bel6$ t&e ,ood old d!'s Hlos b(enos
tie"%os %!s!dos6M #o(r 'e!rs !,o to t&e d!' H&!e (!tro !)os e-!t!"ente6M inL
d(rin, t&e d!'ti"e Hd(r!nte el dF!6$ t&e d!' Hel dF!6M t&e d(s9 Hel re%2s(loL
!no&eer6$ in t&e ,!t&erin, d(s9 Hen l! oHb6s(rid!d !si de l! no&e6$ in t&e d(s9
H!l !t!rdeer6M S&e didnZt see !n't&in, in t&e d(s9 HEll! no +eF! n!d! !l !no&eer6M I
li9e t&e e+enin, HMe ,(st! l! t!rde6M inL d(rin, t&e e+enin, H%or l! t!rde6$ on t&e
e+enin, o# :rd Nse lee Ut&e t&irdVO Hel dF! : %or l! t!rde6M S&e &ose t&e "ornin,
HEll! eli,i3 l! "!)!n!6M t&e "ornin, !#terL t&e ne-t "ornin, HH!6 l! "!)!n!
si,(iente6$ inL d(rin, t&e "ornin, H%orL d(r!nte l! "!)!n!6$ !t ; oZlo9 in t&e
"ornin, H! l!s ; Hen %(nto6 de l! "!)!n!6$ t&e "ornin, o# <Ht&6 Nse lee Ut&e #i#t&VO
Ho#6 A(,(st NGB %rini%!l"enteOL A(,(st <Ht&6 Hl! "!)!n! del < de !,osto6M I lo+e
t&e ni,&t HMe en!nt! l! no&e6M inL d(rin, t&e ni,&t HdeL %or l! no&e6M Ee 7!9es
(% in t&e H"iddle o#6 ni,&t Hl se des%iert! %or l! no&e H! "edi! no&e66M !ll t&e
ni,&t NGBO HHd(r!nte6 tod! l! no&e6$ on t&e ni,&t o# =Ht&6 Nse lee Ut&e si-t&VO Ho#6
M!r& NGB %rini%!l"enteOL M!r& =Ht&6 Hel dF! = de "!rzo %or l! no&e6$ t&e ni,&t
be#ore l!st H!nte!no&e6$ t&e ni,&t be#ore t&e ere"on' Hl! no&e !ntes de l!
ere"oni!6M S&e !d"iredL obser+ed t&e s(nriseL s(nset HEll! !d"ir!b!L obser+!b!
l! s!lid!L %(est! del sol6M in t&e lon, ter" H! l! l!r,!6$ in t&e s&ort ter" H! l! ort!L en
el #(t(ro %r3-i"o6M t&e t7ili,&t Hel re%2s(loL los !lbores6M Ee 7ent #or ! 7!l9 in
t&e t7ili,&t Hl #(e ! d!r (n %!seo en el re%2s(lo6M in t&e t7ili,&t o# &er roo" Hen
l! %en(nbr! de s( &!bit!i3n6$ in t&e t7ili,&t o# &istor' Hen los !lbores de l!
&istori!6M !ll t&e 7ee9L t&e "ont&L t&e 'e!r NGBO HHd(r!nte6 tod! l! se"!n!L todo el
"esL todo el !)o6$ d(rin, t&e 7ee9 Hd(r!nte l! se"!n!6$ t&e si- oZlo9 b(s Hel
H!(to6b2s de l!s seis Hen %(nto661
81?51I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres de cargos o t(tulos de rango o profesin
(!ndo estn (s!dos en sentido ,ener!l o lo /(e i"%ort! es el !r,o o l! #(ni3n '
no otr! os!M %(eden ir solos o on (n no"bre de %il! o !%ellidoM %(eden ir o"o
s(.etos de or!iones o #r!ses on l! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos o o"o o"%le"ento
de los +erbos Q!%%oint sbL beL be !%%ointedL be &osenL be onsideredL be del!redL
be eletedL be "!deL be n!"edL &ooseL onsider sbL ro7n sbL del!re sbL elet sbL
"!9e sbL n!"e sbQ$ et1M !l,(nos no"bres de tFt(los &onorF#ios o"o QE"%eror$
Ain,$ L!d'$ Prine$ Priness$ J(eenQ$ %(eden ir se,(idos del no"bre de %il! sin los
!%ellidos$ "ientr!s /(e los de"s s(elen ir se,(idos de (n !%ellido .(nto on el
no"bre de %il! o sin 0lM en !stell!no lle+!n el !rtF(lo deter"in!doM %(eden ir4
*+ Sin aposicin1 E.14 T&e' "!de &i" !%t!in o# t&e te!" HLe &iieron !%itn del
e/(i%o6M EeZs !%t!in Hl es !%itn6M S&e 7!s !%%ointed &!ir7o"!n HEll! #(e
no"br!d! %resident!6M T&e' eleted &i" *&!nellor HLe eli,ieron !niller6M Gr!#
+on Arnsber, Hel onde de A16M Ee is &e!d o# t&e En,lis& De%!rt"ent Hl es Hel6 .e#e
del De%!rt!"ento de In,l0s6M T&e' !%%ointed &er &e!d"istress HLe no"br!ron !
ell! diretor! Hde ole,io66M EeZs Rnot .(d,e eno(,& to send t&e" to %rison Hl no es
s(#iiente .(ez %!r! en+i!rHles$ los6 ! l! rel6M Ee is onsidered 9in, HSe le
onsider! re'6M S&e 7!s n!"ed L!d' HSe l! no"br3 d!"!6M Ee 7!s "!de le!der o#
t&e te!" HSe le &izo lFder del e/(i%o6M T&e' n!"ed &i" Lord NGBO HLe no"br!ron
lordL !b!llero6M Ee be!"e President Hl lle,3 ! ser %residente6M Ee 7!s eleted
President N"s (s!do /(e on Ut&eVO o# t&e USA Hl #(e ele,ido %residente de los
Est!dos Unidos6M T&e' onsider &er /(een HL! onsider!n rein!6M T&e' del!red
&i" s!int HLe del!r!ron s!nto6M S&e 7!s del!red s!int HSe l! del!r3 s!nt!6$ et1
2+ En aposicin ad%unta o es%ei#i!ti+! sin o"!Hs6M los /(e e-isten en %!Fses de
&!bl! in,les! se (s!n sin Ut&eV en in,l0s olo/(i!l$ on (n sentido in#or"!l o
!#eti+oM se (s!n !sF (!ndo l! %erson! es onoid! %or todos1 E.14 Abbot B(ttler Hel
!b!d B16$ Ad"ir!l B(n'!n Hel !l"ir!nte B16$ Ar&d(9e Ferdin!nd Hel !r&id(/(e
Fern!ndo6$ B!ron Sto9"!r !nd B!roness Le&sen Hel b!r3n S1 ' l! b!rones! L16$
*!li%& O"!r Hel !li#! O"!r6M *!rdin!l Ne7"!n Hel !rden!l N16M riti jo&n
R(s9in Hel rFtio j1 R16$ *z!r Ale-!nder Hel z!r Ale.!ndro6$ *z!rL Ts!r Peter Hel z!r
Pedro6$ *z!rin!L Ts!rin! So%&i! Hl! z!rin! So#F!6$ Dotor jo&nson Hel dotor j16M
Dri+er S"it& died 'esterd!' HEl ond(tor S1 "(ri3 !'er6M Eletor Robert Hel eletor
Roberto6$ Eletress So%&i! Hl! eletor! So#F!6$ E"%eror *&!rles Hel e"%er!dor
*!rlos6$ E"%eror E!ile Sel!ssieL N!%oleon Hel e"%er!dor E1 S1L N!%ole3n6$
E"%ress M!ri! Lo(is! Hl! e"%er!triz M!rF! L(is!6$ #!r"er SillitoeZs ,i#t Hel re,!lo
del ,r!n.ero S16$ F!t&er Ni Re+erendO Bro7n Hel %!dreL re+erendo B16$ Gener!l
M!9e%e!e Hel ,ener!l M16$ Go+ernor Anderson Hel ,obern!dor A16M Eono(r!ble
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Eonor!ble NUSAO j1 Str!n, ND1:1<155O HSH(6 EH-eleni!6 j1
S16$ In#!nt! Eelen! Hl! in#!nt! Eelen!6$ j(stie Br!ndon Hel .(ezL "!,istr!do B16$
Ins%etor Lo+e.o' Hel ins%etor L16$ j(d,e Bro7n Hel .(ez B16M A!iser >il&e" I Hel
9iser G(iller"o I6M L!d' Stron, N"s (s!do /(e on Ut&eVO is !bsentL &ere HL!
d!"! S1 est !(senteL !/(F6M MostL Ri,&t Re+erend Bo7"!n N%!r! (n obis%o$ (n
!rzobis%oO HEl il(strFsi"o re+erendo B16$ N(rse *!+ell Hl! en#er"er! *16$ %oet
>illi!" Morris Hel %oet! >1 M16M Polie *onst!ble L(d7i, Hel !,ente de %oliF! L16M
President Ob!"! 7ill !ttend t&e "eetin, HEl %residente Ob!"! to"!r %!rte en l!
re(ni3n6M Prine *&!rles Hel %rFni%e *!rlos6$ Priness Eliz!bet& Hl! %rines! Is!bel6$
Pro#essor E(-le' Hel !tedrtio E16$ J(een Eliz!bet& II Hl! rein! Is!bel II6$ R!bbi
N!t&!n Hel r!bino N!tn6M I 7o(ld li9e to introd(e 'o( to Re+erend Milton HMe
,(st!rF! %resent!rte !l re+erendo M16M ItZs not Re+erend Fis&er HNo es el re+erendo
F16M Re+erend Dotor Pri"rose Hel re+erendo dotor P16$ Si,nor! L!"bertini Hl!
se)or! L16$ Si,norin! G!ler!ni Hl! se)orit! G16M Se)or Gonz!lez Hel se)or Gonzlez6$
Si,nor L!"bertini Hel Sr1 L16M tr!nsl!tor S!"(el P(tn!" Hel tr!d(tor S1P16$ et1
2+ En aposicin explicativa o %redi!ti+! on o"!Hs6 detrs de (n no"bre %ro%io
o o"2n1 E.14 Geor,e II$ 9in, o# En,l!nd Hjor,e II$ re' de In,l!terr!6M jose%&
Bon!%!rte$ 9in, o# N!%les Hjos0 Bon!%!rte$ re' de N%oles6M *er+!ntes$ !(t&or o#
T&e J(i-ote H*er+!ntes$ !(tor del J(i.ote6M Nt&e4 no %onerO >i"bledon &!"%ion
N$4 no %oner l! o"! detrs de U&!"%ionVO Pete S!"%r!s Hel !"%e3n de >1$ P1 S16$
et1
El "!tiz de di#ereni! on Ut&eV ' sin Ut&eV es b!st!nte s(tFl e inl(so s(b.eti+o en
iertos !sos1 D1 81:;
81?81I No se (s! Ut&eV con titulares de peridicos, instrucciones, eti'uetas,
telegramas, listas, rtulos, t(tulos o encabe)amientos, notas, pie de notas,
anuncios entradas de diccionariosM se o"ite t!"bi0n el +erbo QbeQ1 E.14
PRETTIEST >OMAN IN TEE >ORLD GETS PRI[E HLA MUjER MnS
GUAPA DEL MUNDO OBTIENE PREMIO6M POPE TO DISIT AFRI*A HEL
PAPA DA A DISITARL DISITARn nFRI*A6M NADRATILODA BEATEN Bm
>ORLD *EAMPION HNADRATILODA GANADA POR LA *AMPEONA
DEL MUNDO6M T&ro7 %!9et !7!' 7&en (sed] H\Tir! el %!/(ete (!ndo est0
(s!do]6M Ae' (nder !r%et HLl!+e deb!.o de l! !l#o"br!6M E-it HS!lid!6M Brin,
rest!(r!nt reei%t] H\Tr!e l! #!t(r! del rest!(r!nte]6M >orld !t l!r,e HEl "(ndo en
,ener!l6M Prisoner !t l!r,e HPrisionero s(elto6M E!"let$ str(,,le bet7een se+er!l
rel!ti+es HE!"let$ l(&! entre +!rios %!rientes6M F!t&er !nd son HP!dre e &i.o6M
T&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL T&e!ter NUSAO$ 7ritin, o# %l!'s Hte!tro$ esribir
obr!s61
En otr!s ir(nst!ni!s serF! QT&e %rettiest 7o"!n in t&e 7orld ,ets !L t&e %rizeM
T&e Po%e is to +isit A#ri!M N!+r!tilo+! is be!ten b' t&e 7orld &!"%ionM T&ro7 t&e
%!9et !7!' 7&en it is (sed]M T&e 9e' is (nder t&e !r%etM t&e e-itM Brin, t&e
rest!(r!nt reei%t]M t&e 7orld !t l!r,eM T&e %risoner is !t l!r,e HEl %risionero est
s(elto6L T&ereZs ! %risoner !t l!r,e HE!' (n %risionero s(elto6M E!"let$ t&e str(,,le
bet7een se+er!l rel!ti+esM T&e #!t&er !nd t&e sonM T&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
T&e!ter NUSAO$ t&e 7ritin, o# %l!'sQ1
No obst!nte$ no se s(ele s(%ri"ir Ut&eV del!nte de QForei,n Seret!r'Q se,(ido del
no"bre1 E.14 T&e Forei,n Seret!r' MrH16 S&e%&erd1
81?:1I No se (s! Ut&eV con la segunda parte del genitivo sa%n1 E.14 M!rtinZs be!rd
Hl! b!rb! de M!rtFn6$ t&e bossZs sister Hl! &er"!n! del .e#e6$ tod!'Zs soiet' Hl!
soied!d !t(!l6$ et1
81?;1I No se (s! Ut&eV con el segundo libro b(blico cuando va precedido de un
nBmero cardinalM no se (s! t!"%oo con ningBn libro b(blico cuando va
seguido de un cap(tulo o de un cap(tulo un vers(culoM se %(ede no (s!r Ut&eV
con todos los libros b(blicos1 E.14 8 Nse %ron(ni! QseondQO S!"(el Hel se,(ndo
libro de S!"(el6$ Son, o# Solo"on @H4:6 HEl *!nt!r de los *!nt!res @H4:66$ et1
No obst!nte$ se %(ede (s!r Ut&eV on los si,(ientes libros bFblios (!ndo no estn
(s!dos en sentido ,ener!l sino es%eF#io '! /(e se sobrHe6entiende
Ues%ei!l"enteV4 T&e Son, o# Solo"on$ T&e Ps!l"s$ T&e Pro+erbs$ T&e Ats o# t&e
A%ostlesM T&e Boo9 o# Re+el!tionsL T&e Re+el!tion to jo&nL T&e A%o!l'%se HEl
A%o!li%sis61
81?<1I No se (s! Ut&eV con algunos nombres en sentido abreviado %or/(e es
indeter"in!do$ inde#inido$ ,ener!l$ #i,(r!do$ o %or/(e +!n en '(-t!%osii3n on
estr(t(r!s %!r!lel!s ,ener!les on %re%osii3n$ en("er!iones ,ener!les o
e-%resiones de ontr!steM ! +ees$ detr!s de ciertas preposiciones4 Q!#ter$ !t$ b'$
#ro"$ in$ o#$ on$ o(t o#$ o+er$ to$ (nder$ 7it&Q$ es%ei!l"ente (!ndo (n! %re%osii3n
+! del!nte del no"bre h Qo#QM detr!s de ciertas con%unciones" !nd$ or$ nor$
bet7een$ inl(so !(n/(e el no"bre /(e +!'! del!nte de l! on.(ni3n lle+e Ut&eV$
%or/(e Ut&eV se sobrHe6entiende des%(0s de l! on.(ni3nM se sobrHe6entiende Uen
,ener!lV1 E.14 !bo+eL belo7 !+er!,e H%or eni"!L deb!.o de l! "edi! Nen ,ener!lO6M
d!' !#ter d!' HdF! tr!s dF!6M %ro"ise !#ter %ro"ise H%ro"es! tr!s %ro"es!6M (nder t&e
ter"s o# !,ree"ent Hse,2n l!s ondiiones del ontr!to Nen ,ener!lO6M b!9 !nd
#ort& Hde ! %!r! !llL de (n! %!rte %!r! otr!6M b' o""!nd o# t&e Pri"e Minister
H%or orden del %residente del GobiernoL %ri"er "inistro6M F!t&er !nd son 7ere le#t
to,et&er HEl %!dre ' el &i.o Nen ,ener!lO se /(ed!ron solos6M F!it& is neess!r' to
9ee% so(l !nd bod' to,et&er HL! #e Nen ,ener!lO es nees!ri! %!r! "!ntener el !l"!
' el (er%o .(ntos6M &e!+en !nd e!rt& Hielos ' tierr! Nen ,ener!lO6M E(sb!nd !nd
7i#e s&o(ld lo+e e!& ot&er HEl "!rido ' l! "(.er Nen ,ener!lO deberF!n !"!rse6M
O(t t&e' !"e$ 9ni,&t !nd b(r,&er$ lord !nd d!"e HF(er! s!lieron$ !b!llero '
b(r,!l0s$ d!"! ' se)or Nen ,ener!lO6M Ee 9e%t &is &e!d !bo+e 7!ter Hl ib! tir!ndo6M
ti"e !#ter ti"eL ti"e !nd !,!in Hre%etid!s +ees6M E-/(isite !rtist t&!t &e 7!s
HArtist! e-/(isito /(e er! 0l6M As "!tters st!nd HT!l ' o"o estn l!s os!s Nen
,ener!lO6M T&e s&i% isL liesL rides !t !n&or HEl b!ro est !nl!do6M S&e is ! ,ood
7o"!n !t &e!rtL !t botto" NGB %rini%!l"enteO HEll! es (n! b(en! "(.er en el
#ondo6M !t !ll osts H! tod! ost!L ! (!l/(ier %reio6M Eis lot&es !re o(t !t elbo7s
HS( ro%! est r!Fd!6M !t !ll e+ents Hde (!l/(ier "odo6M It is !t &!nd HEst ! "!no6M !t
'e!r end NGBOL !t 'e!rZs end NUSAO H! #in!les de !)o6M At l!st t&e' !rri+ed HPor #inL
Fin!l"ente lle,!ron6M Ee is !t rest Hl est en re%osoL des!ns!ndo6M S&e is ,l!d to
be on l!nd HEll! est ontent! de est!r en tierr!6M S&e is &eir to !ll &is "one' HEll! es
&ereder! de todo s( dinero6M T&e' !re in %o7er HEstn en el %oder6M bet7een #in,er
!nd t&("b Hentre el Fndie ' el %(l,!r6M S&e bro9e #!it& HEll! #!lt3 ! l! %!l!br!6M b'
!ll "e!ns H%or todos los "edios6$ b' &!ne HdeL %or !s(!lid!d6M d!' b' d!'L #ro"
d!' to d!' Hde dF! !L en dF!6M Ee 9no7s "e b' n!"eL si,&t Hl "e onoe de
no"breL +ist!6M in& b' in& H%(l,!d! ! %(l,!d!6M one b' one H(no ! (no6M b'
n!t(reL ded(tionL s(r%riseL ind(tionL ,r!e H%or n!t(r!lez!L ded(i3nL sor%res!L
ind(i3nL ,r!i!6M b' order o# t&e J(een H%or orden de l! Rein!6M b' %(reL s&eer
&!ne Hde %(r! !s(!lid!d6M b' 7!' o# !ns7er H%or "edio de l! res%(est!6M S&e
!lledL bro(,&t &i" to !o(nt HEll! le %idi3 (ent!s ! 0l6M S&e !"e to l!nd !,!in
HEll! +ol+i3 ! tierr! de n(e+o6M T&e' !"e to blo7sL to &!nd NGBO HLle,!ron ! l!s
"!nos6M Ee !stL dro%%ed !n&or Hl e&3 !nl!s Nen ,ener!lO6M !ordin, to
ontr!t Hde !(erdo on el ontr!to6M Rj(d,He6"ent RD!' HHel6 DF! del j(iio Fin!l
Nen ,ener!lO6M D!' o# Rj(d,He6"ent N"enos (s!do /(e on Ut&eVO HHel6 dF! del j(iio
Fin!l Nen ,ener!lO6M d!' o# re9onin, N"enos (s!do /(e on Ut&eO HHel6 dF! de l!
.(stii! Nen ,ener!lO6M T&e' !re =C "iles #ro" l!nd HEstn ! =C "ill!s de l! ost!6M
&is dedi!tion to %olitisL reli,ionL #!"il' !##!irsL ,eneti st(dies Hs( dedi!i3n ! l!
%olFti!L l! reli,i3nL los !s(ntos #!"ili!resL los est(dios de ,en0ti!6M T&e' !re
7!l9in, do7n&ill HD!n !"in!ndo (est! !b!.o6M Ee 7ent to M!,istr!tesZ *o(rt Hl
#(e !l Trib(n!l de los M!,istr!dos Nen ,ener!lO6M Ditori! E"b!n9"ent Hel
"!le3nL di/(e de Ditori! Nen ,ener!lO6M T&e' %(t t&e t!bles end to end Hj(nt!ron
l!s "es!s %or los e-tre"os6M S&i%s !n enter &!rbo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &!rbor
NUSAO !n' ti"e HLos b!ros %(eden entr!r en Hel6 %(erto Nen ,ener!lO ! (!l/(ier
&or!6M I donZt see e'e to e'e 7it& &er on t&!t HNo esto' de !(erdo on ell! en eso6M
#!e to #!e H!r! ! !r!6M li9e #!t&er li9e son Hde t!l %!lo t!l !still!6M F!n' #lees
be#ore t&e 7ind HL! #!nt!sF! Nen ,ener!lO +(el! del!nte del +iento6M Fool t&!t s&e is]
H\Tont! /(e es ell!]6M >&!t 9ind o# #ool do 'o( t!9e "e #orT HWHt26 Te rees /(e so'
tontoTL WMe to"!s %or tontoT6M S&e does it #or %le!s(re HEll! lo &!e %or %l!er6M It
is #or s!le HEst en +ent!6M T&e' !re !s9in,L loo9in, #or tro(ble HEstn b(s!ndo
.!leoL lFos6M #or 9in, !nd o(ntr' H%or el re' ' el %!Fs Nen ,ener!lO6M #ro" to% to
botto" Hde !rrib! !b!.o6M #ro" &e!d to #ootL #ro" to% to toeL #ro" ti% to toe Hde l!
!bez! ! los %ies6M #ro" o+er to o+er Hdesde el %rini%io &!st! el #in6M #ro" d!7n
to d(s9 Hdesde el !"!neer &!st! el !no&eer6M T&e #irst l(n!r b!se 7ill &!+e to be
9e%t s(%%lied #ro" E!rt& HL! %ri"er! b!se l(n!r tendr /(e ser %ro+ist! desde l!
tierr!6M #ro" e!st to 7est Hde este ! oeste6M #ro" end to end Hde !bo ! r!boL de (n
e-tre"o ! otro6M #ro" nort& to so(t& Hde norte ! s(r6M #ro" ri,&t to le#t Hde dere&! !
iz/(ierd!6M T&e' li+e #ro" &!nd to "o(t& HDi+en !l dF!6M #ro" st!rt to #inis& Hde
!bo ! r!boL desde el %rini%io !lL &!st! el #in6M #ro" be,innin, to end Hde !bo !
r!boL desde el %rini%io !lL &!st! el #in Nen ,ener!lO6M Ee s%e!9s #ro" "e"or' Hl
&!bl! #indose de s( "e"ori!L de "e"ori! Nen ,ener!lO6M Ee ,i+es e!r to &er N"s
(s!doOL %!'s &eed to &er N"enos (s!doO NoO %!'s &er &eed N"enos (s!doO Hl le
&!e !so ! ell!6M S&e ,!+e 7!' to te!rs HEll! se des&izo en l,ri"!s6M T&e' 7ent
7estL e!stL nort&L so(t& HF(eron &!i! el oesteL esteL norteL s(r6M S&e doesnZt &!+e
ti"e to o"e HEll! no tiene tie"%o %!r! +enir6M EeZs &oldin, %o7er Hl tiene el
%oder Nen ,ener!lO6M T&e' !re &oldin, t!l9s 7it& Go+ern"ent HEstn "!nteniendo
on+ers!iones on el Gobierno Nen ,ener!lO6M >e &!+e ! #!(lt' !lled i"!,in!tion
or #!n' HTene"os (n! #!(lt!d ll!"!d! i"!,in!i3n Nen ,ener!lO o #!nt!sF! Nen
,ener!lO6M In !se t&e' o"e HPor si +ienen NGBOL En Hel6 !so de /(e +en,!n
NUSAO6M &is b(ri!l in PoetsZ *orner Hs( entierro en el Rin3n de los Poet!s Nen
,ener!lO6M T&e s&i% is inL 7ent intoL enteredL le#t do9 HEl b!ro est enL entr3 enL
entr3 enL s!li3 de %(erto6M T&e' &!+e ! "!tter in &!nd HTienen (n !s(nto entre
"!nos NoO ontrol!do6M T&e' &!+e so"et&in, in &!nd HTienen !l,o en reser+! NoO
ontrol!do6M T&e sit(!tion is in &!nd HL! sit(!i3n est ontrol!d!6M P!' in !d+!ne]
H\P!,! %or !del!nt!do]6M It is inL o(t o# sto9 HEst en e-isteni!L !,ot!do6M !r" in
!r" Hdel br!zo6M in !se o#M in si,&t o#M in %l!e o#M T&e 7o"!n 7&o is in &!r,eL in
lo+eL in "o(rnin,L in dis,(ise HL! "(.er /(e tiene l! res%ons!bilid!dL /(e est
en!"or!d!L de l(toL dis#r!z!d!6M in d(e o(rse H! s( debido tie"%o6M in #(t(re NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Hde !&or! en !del!nte Ns(,iere /(e se /(iere (n !"bioO6M In #(t(re
NGB %rini%!l"enteO s&e 7ill o"e on Mond!'s HDe !&or! en !del!nte ell! +endr
los l(nes6M &!nd in &!nd Hde l! "!no6M d!' in$ d!' o(t HdF! tr!s dF!6M Eis %!ss%ort is
in order HS( %!s!%orte est en re,l!6M Ee is in .!il Hl est en l! rel6M mo( &!+e to
be!r in "ind t&e onse/(enes HTienes /(e tener en (ent! l!s onse(eni!s6M in
#!tL !s ! "!tter o# #!t Hde &e&o6M in %oint o# #!t Hen re!lid!d6M T&e bi,,est
dis!ster in li+in, "e"or' HEl des!stre "s ,r!nde /(e se re(erd!L de /(e &!'
"e"ori! Nen ,ener!lO6M in "e"or' o# &er "ot&er Hen "e"ori! Nen ,ener!lO de s(
"!dre6M T&!t$ in %resent ir("st!nes$ is i"%ossible HEso$ en l!s ir(nst!ni!s
!t(!les Nen ,ener!lO6$ es i"%osible6M in #ront o# t&e to7n &!ll Hdel!nteL en#rente del
!'(nt!"iento6M T&e' !re in o%%osition HEstn en ontr!6M in %e!eL 7!rL
9no7led,eL de%t& Hen %!zL ,(err!L onoi"ientoL %ro#(ndid!d6M in %r!tie Hen l!
%rti! Nen ,ener!lO6M T&e "!,!zine is in NGBOL !t NUSAO %ressL in %rintL in in9L in
%enilL in bl!9 !nd 7&ite HL! re+ist! est en %rens!L %(bli!d! NoO ! l! +ent!L !
tint!L ! l%izL en bl!no ' ne,ro6M t&e %!rt' in o%%osition Hel %!rtido en l! o%osii3n
Nen ,ener!lO6M in t&e re!l" o# #!n' Hen el "(ndo de l! #!nt!sF! Nen ,ener!lO6M %ir!'
inL on &e!+' se!s H%ir!terF! en "!res re+(eltos6M T&e' !"e in si,&t o# l!nd
HDieronL A+ist!ron tierr!6M in t&eor' Hen Hl!6 teorF! Nen ,ener!lO6M Ee is in tro(ble Hl
est en (n !%(ro6M In tr(t&$ it "(st be s!id t&!t 111 HEn +erd!d$ se debe deir /(e 1116M
in 7ritin, H%or esrito6M DonZt ,et into tro(ble] H\No te "et!s en .!leosL lFos]6M It &!s
#!llen into delineL disre%(teL debt HSe &! deterior!doL des%resti,i!doL ende(d!do6M
S&e 9ee%s &o(se HEll! lle+! l! !s!6M T&e' .oined &!nds HAt(!ron (nni"e"ente6M
S&e 9ee%s 7!t& !ll ni,&t HEll! +el! tod! l! no&e6M S&e lost si,&t o# &i" HEll! le
%erdi3 de +ist!6M 7it&o(t loo9in, ri,&t or le#t Hsin "ir!r ! dere&! o iz/(ierd!6M Ee
lost #!it& Hl se des!ni"36M S&e lostL re,!ined onsio(sness HEll! %erdi3L reobr3
el onoi"iento6M T&e' l!' stress on t&is "!tter HPonen 0n#!sis en este !s(nto6M lo9$
sto9 !nd b!rrel H%or o"%leto6M Ee lost &e!rt i""edi!tel' Hl se des!ni"3
in"edi!t!"ente6M S&e lost %!tiene HEll! %erdi3 l! %!ieni!6M T&e' "!de l!nd
HLle,!ron ! tierr!6M T&e' !re "!9in, "one' &!nd o+er #ist HEstn !"!s!ndo (n!
#ort(n!6M "!n to "!n Hde &o"bre ! &o"bre6M M!n!,e"ent &!s !,reed to it HL!
Direi3n Nen ,ener!lO lo &! !e%t!do6M Me"or' is t&e tre!s(rer o# t&e "ind HL!
"e"ori! Nen ,ener!lO es el tesorero de l! "ente6M n!"e in #(ll Hno"bre enteroL sin
!bre+i!r Nen ,ener!lO6M ! desri%tion o# t&e &!bits o# ri& !nd %oor in t&ree o(ntries
H(n! desri%i3n de los &bitos de los rios ' los %obres Nen ,ener!lO en tres %!Fses6M
"!tters o# "o"ent H!s(ntos de i"%ort!ni!6M T&e' r!n s&ort o# "one' HSe
/(ed!ron sin dinero6M T&e di##erenti!tion o# %!st$ %resent !nd #(t(re is !bsent #ro"
"!n' o# t&ese +erbs HL! di#ereni!i3n de %!s!do$ %resente ' #(t(ro est !(sente en
"(&os de estos +erbos6M on !o(nt o# t&e 7!ter H%or !(s! del !,(!6M on e!rt& Hen
Ni sobreO Hel %l!net! de6 l! tierr! Nen ,ener!lOL en tierr!6M >&!t on e!rt& is &e doin,T
HWJ(0 de"onios est &!iendo 0lT6M Eer ner+es !re on ed,e HEll! tiene los ner+ios
de %(nt!6M S&e "!de &is &!ir st!nd on end HEll! le %(so los %elos de %(nt!6M S&e
tr!+elsL 7ent on #oot HEll! +i!.!L #(e ! %ie6M It is on &!nd HEst ! Hl!6 "!no6M Ee &!s
7or9 on &!nd Hl tiene tr!b!.o entre "!nos6M on &orseb!9 H! !b!llo6M on l!nd !nd
se! H%or tierr! ' "!r6M on %(r%ose H!drede6M !t se! !nd on l!nd H%or "!r ' tierr!6M
T&e' !re on s&ore HEstn en tierr!6M T&e rin, is on to% HEl !nillo est eni"!6M
Re,entZs P!r9 N"s (s!do /(e on el !rtF(loO Hel P!r/(e del Re,ente Nen ,ener!lO6M
Green P!r9 Hel P!r/(e Derde Nen ,ener!lO6M %er#or"!ne o# t&e %l!' Hl!
re%resent!i3n Nen ,ener!lO de l! obr!6M %rod(tion o# !rs Hl! %rod(i3n Nen
,ener!lO de o&es6M T&e' st(died t&e diet o# ri& !nd %oor HEst(di!ron l! diet! de
los rios ' los %obres Nen ,ener!lO6M *ro7n or P!rli!"ent$ t&!t 7!s t&e &oie HL!
*oron! o el P!rl!"ento Nen ,ener!lO$ 0s! er! l! elei3n6M o(t o# #!n'L lo+eL &!teL
%it' H%or !%ri&oL !"orL odioL lsti"!6M S&e ,ot o(t o# &!nd HEll! se des"!nd36M
T&e dis&7!s&er is o(t o# order HEl l!+!%l!tos no #(nion!6M P(t t&ose sissors o(t o#
re!& o# t&e &ildren] H\Pon es!s ti.er!s #(er! del !l!ne de los ni)os]6M T&e' str(9
,old HDieron on (n! "in! de oro6M T&e' tr!+el o+erl!nd HDi!.!n %or tierr!6M Ee 7!s
%!'in, o(rt N!r!ioO to 'o(r sister Hl est!b! &!iendo l! orte ! t( &er"!n!6M EeZs
in t&ird %l!e Hl est en terer l(,!r6M ItZs %roo# eno(,& HEs s(#iiente %r(eb!6M t&e
&ie# &!lls de+oted to onerts !re 111 !nd$ #or"erl'$ J(eenZs E!ll HLos s!lones
%rini%!les dedi!dos ! oniertos son 111 '$ !ntes$ el S!l3n de l! Rein! Nen
,ener!lO6M Ee re!&ed l!nd Hl lle,3 ! tierr!6M in r(s& &o(r tr!##i Hen el tr#io de l!
&or! %(nt!6M T&e' 7ent #orL too9L 7on bronzeL ,oldL sil+er HTr!t!ron de ,!n!rL Se
lle+!ronL G!n!ron l! "ed!ll! de broneL oroL %l!t!6M b!9 to b!9 Hes%!ld! on
es%!ld!6M sin,in, o# t&e N!tion!l Ant&e" Hel !nto Nen ,ener!lO del &i"no
n!ion!l6M S&e t(rned ri,&t HEll! ,ir3 ! l! dere&! Nen ,ener!lO6M T&ese r("o(rs NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL r("ors NUSAO s%re!d %!ni HEstos r("ores e-tienden el %nio6M
T&e' &!+e t!9en tr!in Nliter!rio4 en ,ener!l ' "enos (s!do /(e Qt&e tr!inQO to t&e
o!st HE!n o,ido NEs%!)!OL to"!do el trenL ido en tren ! l! ost!6M T&!t brin,sL
!lls so"et&in, else to "ind HEso "e tr!e otr! os! ! l! "e"ori!6M S&e too9 &e!rt
!#ter7!rds HEll! obr3 ni"o des%(0s6M S&e too9L ,otL obt!ined #irst %rize N"s
,ener!l /(e on Qt&eQO HEll! se lle+3L onsi,(i3L obt(+o el %ri"er %re"io6M Ee s!'s
it in ter"sL in 7!'sL 7it& 7ords t&!t I donZt (nderst!nd Hl lo die en t0r"inosL de
#or"!L on %!l!br!s /(e no entiendo6M Ti"e #lies HEl tie"%o +(el!6M Ee t(rned t!il
Hl &('36M >&en t&e' !"e l!st ti"e H*(!ndo +inieron l! 2lti"! +ez6M Ee t(rned
tr!itor Hl se &izoL +ol+i3 tr!idor6M T&e' tr!+elled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+eled
NUSAO t&ro(,& t&e len,t& !nd bre!dt& o# It!l' Nliter!rioO HDi!.!ron ! lo l!r,o '
!n&o de It!li!6M Sti9 to &er t&ro(,& t&i9 !nd t&in] H\A%3'!l!
inondiion!l"ente]6M t&ro(,& lo+eL %!tieneL onentr!tion H! tr!+0s del !"orL de
l! %!ieni!L de l! onentr!i3n6M I# tr(t& be 9no7nL told$ s&e .(st isnZt interested
HL! +erd!d Nen ,ener!lO se! di&!$L L! +erd!d Nen ,ener!lO es /(e ! ell! no le
interes! en !bsol(to Ni !t !llO6M Tr(t& 7ill o"e o(t HL! +erd!d Nen ,ener!lO s!ldr !
rel(ir6M Tr(t& 7ill tri("%& HL! +erd!d Nen ,ener!lO tri(n#!r6M T&e' t(rned le#t
HGir!ron ! l! iz/(ierd! Nen ,ener!lO6M (nder o""!nd o# *!%t!in Lei,& Hb!.o el
"!ndo Nen ,ener!lO del !%itn L16M (nder o+er o# d!r9nessL ni,&t H!l !bri,oL
!"%!ro de l! oHb6s(rid!dL no&e Nen ,ener!lO6M It is still (nder ,(!r!ntee N"s
(s!do /(e on Ut&eVO HEst tod!+F! on ,!r!ntF! Nen ,ener!lO6M mo( !re ,oin,
(%stre!"L do7nstre!" HEsts 'endo orriente !rrib!L !b!.o6M S&e is (nder stress
HEll! s(#re tensi3n ner+ios!6M T&e' 7ei,&ed !n&or HLe+!ron !nl!s Nen ,ener!lO6M
S&e 7on #irst %rize HEll! Hse6 ,!n3 el %ri"er %re"io Nen ,ener!lO6M 7it& 9ni#e !nd
#or9 Hon (&illo ' tenedor6M 7it& &!t !nd o!t Hon so"brero ' !bri,o6M mo(n, !nd
old !ll #elt li9e d!nin, Hj3+enes ' "!'ores Nen ,ener!lO todos tenF!n ,!n!s de
b!il!r6M S&e is 7it& &ild Nliter!rioO HEll! est e"b!r!z!d!6M 7it& di##i(lt' Hon
di#i(lt!d6M 7it& se%tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL se%ter NUSAO !nd ro7n Hon el
etro ' l! oron! Nen ,ener!lO6M 7it&in re!& o# t&e %!r9 Her! del %!r/(e6M 7it&o(t
di##i(lt'L s(essL 7!rnin, Hsin di#i(lt!dL 0-itoL !+iso6$ et1 D1 818B
En l!s desri%iones de ,r#ios$ t!bl!s$ et1$ !l ser Nen ,ener!lO se %(ede s(%ri"ir
Ut&eV1
81?=1I No se (s! Ut&eV on nombres 'ue se refieren a personas o seres animados
cuando est!n en vocativo o"o Q"!n$ sirQ ' otros tFt(los &onorF#ios de :1<155M en
!stell!no t!"%oo lle+!n el !rtF(lo deter"in!do1 E.14 God$ &el% "eH$6 %le!se]
H\Dios$ !'2d!"e$ %or #!+or]6M *o"e on$ bo'L 9id] H\Den,!$ "(&!&oL &!+!l]6M
>&!t do 'o( t&in9$ dotorT HWJ(0 %iens!Hs6$ dotorT Nen "!teri! de s!l(dO6M LetZs
,o$ "!n] H\D"onos$ &o"bre]6M Eello$ "!te NGB4 olo/(i!lO] H\Eol!$ tFoL !"i,oL
"!&o]6M mes$ sir HSF$ se)or6M Tell "e t&e tr(t&$ 7o"!n] H\Di"e l! +erd!d$ "(.er]6M
O& no$ ,irl] H\O& no$ &i!]6$ et1 D1 5C18<181dI9
81??1I No se (s! Ut&eV con nombres 'ue vaan al principio de una oracin
subordinada seguidos de ;t/oug/<M no es el orden nor"!l$ ' se (s! en in,l0s
liter!rio %!r! d!r 0n#!sis !l no"bre1 E.14 *&ild t&o(,& &e 7!s HA(n/(e 0l #(er!
ni)o61
81?@1I No se (s! Ut&eV cuando el nombre va precedido de un ad%etivo
demostrativo ND1 ;1<:I;OL posesivo ND1 ;1<<I=OL interrogativo ND1 ;1<?I@O1 E.4 S&e
7ent to &is &o"e HEll! #(e ! s( !s!L l! !s! de 0l6M Loo9 !t t&is brie#!se] H\Mir!
este "!letFn]61
No se (s! Ut&eV del!nte de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o ND1 <15@IBOL %osesi+o ND1
<185OL interro,!ti+o ND1 <18:I;O1
81?B1I No se (s! Ut&eV cuando el nombre va precedido de la maor parte de los
ad%etivos indefinidos1 E.4 Do t&e' &!+e !n' di##i(ltiesT HWTienen di#i(lt!desT6M
No entr' HPro&ibido entr!r61 D1 815?$ 81BC$ ;1=5
*(!ndo QlittleQ es !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o ' no !d.eti+o inde#inido %(ede ir %reedido
de Ut&eV si tiene (n sentido es%eF#io ' no %reedido de Ut&eV si tiene (n sentido
,ener!l1 D1 ;1=515=
*(!ndo Q+!rio(sQ es !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o ' no !d.eti+o inde#inido %(ede ir
%reedido de Ut&eV si tiene (n sentido es%eF#io ' no %reedido de Ut&eV si tiene (n
sentido ,ener!l1 D1 ;1=518?
81@C1I No se (s! Ut&eV on nombres de revistas publicaciones no diarias /(e
ten,!n (n no"bre inont!ble$ no"bres %ro%ios o no"bres en %l(r!l1 E.14 A"eri!n
S%ee&$ Ee!lt&$ jo&n B(ll$ L!n,(!,e$ Li#e$ London O%inion$ P(n&$ Siene !nd
Te&nolo,'$ Ti"e$ Do,(e$ TitIbits$ Di!let Notes1 D1 818?
81@51I No se (s! Ut&eV on nombres seguidos de un nBmero cardinalM en
!stell!no s(elen lle+!rlo1 E.14 in &!%ter < Hen el !%Ft(lo <6$ on %l!t#or" ? Hen el
!nd0n ?6$ in +ol("e : Hen el +ol("en :6$ >orld >!r 5 Hl! 5G G(err! M(ndi!l61 D1
;1<5
81@81I No se (s! Ut&eV ni el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ni otro deter"in!nte o"o (n
!d.eti+o %osesi+o$ et1$ en in,l0s liter!rio detr!s de los dos puntos1 E.14 >&!t 'o(
need is4 identi#i!tion !rd$ %!ss%ort$ dri+in, liene HLo /(e neesit!Hs6 es4 !rn0 de
identid!d$ %!s!%orte$ !rn0 de ond(ir61
81@:1I L!s %erF#r!sis %!rtiti+!s de :18B ' :1:C$ /(e son (!nti#i!dores$ s(elen ir
del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble sin Ut&eV (!ndo tienen sentido ,ener!l$ %ero
%(eden ir t!"bi0n del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble %reedido de Ut&eV$ si tiene (n
sentido es%eF#io$ onreto1
81@;1I No se (s! Ut&eV delante de los ad%etivos en grado comparativo (!ndo son
!trib(tos ' tienen (n sentido ,ener!l1 E.14 >&o is #!stest Nolo/(i!lOL #!ster
Nestnd!rO$ 'o( or &e Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOT HWJ(i0n es Hel6 "s r%ido$ t2 o
0lT6M >&i& is best$ t&is one or t&!t oneT HW*(l es Hel6 "e.or$ 0ste o !/(0lT61 D1 81;<
No se (s! Ut&eV on los !d.eti+os en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o !bsol(to$ no rel!ti+o1 E.14 I
t&in9 Ht&!t6 itZs e!siest to do it l!ter H*reo /(e es "(' #il &!erlo des%(0s6M ItZs
"ost !%%ro%ri!teL on+enient to do t&is HEs "(' !%ro%i!doL on+eniente &!er
esto61 D1 81;<$ ;18@$ ;1:C
81@<1I Se puede usar ;t/e< o simplemente no usarlo con mu poca diferencia
con las estaciones del aLo4 s%rin,L s%rin,ti"e HHl!6 %ri"!+er!6$ s(""erL
s(""erti"e HHel6 +er!no6$ !(t("n NGB %rini%!l"enteOL #!ll NUSAO HHel6 oto)o6$
7interL 7interti"e HHel6 in+ierno6 ' on otros "(&os no"bres inont!blesM sin
Ut&eV se sobrHe6entiende Uen ,ener!lV ' on Ut&eV se sobrHe6entiende
Ues%ei!l"enteV1 E.14 I %re#er s%rin,L s%rin,ti"e to 7interL 7interti"e HPre#iero l!
%ri"!+er! Nen ,ener!lO !l in+ierno Nen ,ener!lO6M in e!rl' s(""erL s(""erti"e H!
%rini%ios de +er!no Nen ,ener!lO6M S(""erL S(""erti"e is !t &!nd HSe !er! el
+er!no Nen ,ener!lO6M in s%rin,L s%rin,ti"e Hen Hl!6 %ri"!+er! Nen ,ener!lO6M in
s(""erL s(""erti"e Hen Hel6 +er!no Nen ,ener!lO6M in !(t("n NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL in #!ll NUSAO Hen Hel6 oto)o Nen ,ener!lO6M in 7interL 7interti"e
Hen Hel6 in+ierno Nen ,ener!lO6M in t&e s%rin,L s%rin,ti"e Hen l! %ri"!+er!
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6M in t&e s(""erL s(""erti"e Hen el
+er!no Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6M in t&e !(t("n NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL in t&e #!ll NUSAO Hen el oto)o Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO6M in t&e 7interL 7interti"e Hen el in+ierno Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO61 D1 :18:
Sin e"b!r,o$ si se (tiliz!n en (n sentido onreto o es%eF#io$ no %(eden ir sin
Ut&eV1 E.14 In 5B?=H$6 t&e s(""er 7!s &ot HEn 5B?= el +er!no #(e !l(roso6M In t&e
7inter be#ore 'o( 7ent !bro!d HEn el in+ierno !nterior ! t( id! !l e-tr!n.ero6M in t&e
s(""erL 7inter o# 5B@< Hen el +er!noL in+ierno de 5B@<61
81@=1I Se puede usar ;t/e< o no usarlo con mu poca diferencia con ciertos
nombres o expresiones4 on Ht&e6 !+er!,e Hde %ro"edio6$ Ht&e6 Bos%&or(s$ Ht&e6
G(ild&!ll$ Ri&!rd Ht&e6 LionIEe!rt N"s (s!do on Ut&eVO HRi!rdo *or!z3n de
Le3n6M t&e Ei,& Street NGB4 nor"!l"ente en i(d!des %e/(e)!sO ' UEi,& StreetV
NGB4 nor"!l"ente en i(d!des ,r!ndesO Hl! *!lle M!'or61
L! %!l!br! Qdr!"!Q se (s! on Ut&eV (!ndo si,ni#i! Uel dr!"! Ni l! obr!
dr!"ti!OV4 T&e &istori!l dr!"! 7!s interestin, HEl dr!"! &ist3rio er!L #(e
interes!nte6$ sin Ut&eV (!ndo si,ni#i! Udr!"! Ni te!troOL !rte dr!"tioL e-%resi3n
or%or!lV4 ! st(dent o# dr!"! H(n est(di!nte de !rte dr!"tio6M Ee 7ent in #or
dr!"! Hl se "eti3 en !rte dr!"tio6$ on Ut&eV o sin 0l si si,ni#i! Udr!"!tis"oV4
t&e dr!"! o# %olitis Hel dr!"!tis"o de l! %olFti!6$ ! "o+ie #(ll o# t&e dr!"! o# 7!r
H(n! %elF(l! llen! del dr!"!tis"o de l! ,(err!6M ItZs #(ll o# dr!"! HEst lleno de
dr!"!tis"o61
*on !l,(nos %!Fses se solF! (s!r Ut&eV !ntes %or/(e er!n re,ionesM !t(!l"ente se
s(elen (s!r sin Ut&eV %or/(e '! no son re,iones sino %!Fses4 Ar,entin! ' Ut&e
Ar,entineV$ *!"ero(n ' Ut&e *!"eroonsV$ Ht&e6 *on,o$ Ht&e6 G!"bi!$ Ht&e6 I+or'
*o!st H*ost! de M!r#il6$ Ht&e6 Leb!non HHEl6 LFb!no6$ Ht&e6 Sin!i HEl Sin!F6$ Ht&e6
S(d!n HS(dn6$ U9r!ine HUr!ni! No"o %!FsO6 ' Ut&e U9r!ineV Hl! re,i3n de
Ur!ni! Ndentro de l! des!%!reid! UH16RH16SH16SH16O6$ Ht&e6 me"en Hme"en61 E.14
T&ere !re t7o dotors in Ht&e6 *on,o HE!' dos "0dios en el *on,o61
81@?1I Se puede usar ;t/e< o simplemente no usarlo con mu poca diferencia
con los superlativos adverbiales1 E.14 t&ree !t Ht&e6 best Htres en el "e.or de los
!sosL ! lo "s6$ !t t&e best Ho# ti"es6L !t best Hen el "e.or de los !sos6M !t t&e
e!rliest N"s (s!doOL !t e!rliest Ho"o %ronto6M !t t&e l!test N"s (s!doOL !t l!test H!
"s t!rd!r6M !t Ht&e6 le!st Ho"o "Fni"o6M !t Ht&e6 "ost Ho"o "-i"o6M t7ent' !t
Ht&e6 "ost H+einte ! lo "sL o"o "-i"o6M At Ht&e6 7orst o(r li+es !re s!#e HEn el
%eor de los !sos n(estr!s +id!s estn ! s!l+o6M I# t&e 7orst o"es to t&e 7orst
NGBOL I# 7orst o"es to 7orst NUSAO NoO I# 7orse o"es to 7orst NUSAO NoO I#
7orse o"es to 7orse NUSAO Hen el %eor de los !sos61
81@@1I Se puede usar ;t/e< o simplemente no usarlo con mu poca diferencia
delante de nombres de barcos cuando van precedidos de ;t/e s/ip< o palabras
similares o cuando van en la segunda parte de un genitivo sa%nM no obst!nte$
en l! "!rin! nor"!l"ente no se (tiliz! Ut&eVM los no"bres de b!ros %e/(e)os no
s(elen lle+!r Ut&eV1 E.14 T&e b!ttles&i% Ht&e6 Es%!)! 7!s s(n9 HEl b!ro de ,(err!
Es%!)! #(e &(ndido6M B'rdZs b!r/(entine Ht&e6 Be!r o# O!9l!nd le#t Boston on
T(esd!' HEl b!ro de B'rd el Oso de O!9l!nd s!li3 de Boston el "!rtes6$ et1
Los no"bres de b!ros ,r!ndes s(elen lle+!r Ut&eV$ sobre todo (!ndo %(ede d!r
l(,!r ! on#(si3n$ ! no ser /(e /(e /(ede l!ro %or el onte-to1 E.14 Ht&e6 J(een
M!r' N%(ede on#(ndirse on l! rein! M1O HHel b!roL n!+Fo6 l! Rein! M!rF!6$ Ht&e6
S&e##ield N%(ede on#(ndirse on l! i(d!d de S1O Hel Hb!roL n!+Fo6 S16$ et1
81@B1I Se puede usar ;t/e< o simplemente no usarlo con mu poca diferencia
delante de nombres propios de teatros en genitivo sa%n1 E.14 t&e #(t(re o# St1
j!"esZs T&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL T&e!ter NUSAO Hel #(t(ro del te!tro de
S!nti!,o A%3stolL S!n Die,oL S!n j!i"eL S!n j!obo6 ' U&is "!n!,e"ent o# t&e
St1 j!"esZs T&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL T&e!ter NUSAOV Hs( ,ereni! del te!tro
de S!n j!i"eL S!nti!,o A%3stolL S!n Die,oL S!n j!obo61
81BC1I Se puede usar ;t/e< o simplemente no usarlo con mu poca diferencia
detr!s de los ad%etivos indefinidos ;all, bot/<1 E.14 All Ht&e6 #i+e boo9s !re &ere
HTodos los ino libros estn !/(F6M All Ht&e6 #i+e sisters !re "!rried HTod!s l!s ino
&er"!n!s estn !s!d!s6M Bot& Ht&e6 #il"s !re interestin, HA"b!sL L!s dos %elF(l!s
son interes!ntes6M Bot& Ht&e6 ,irls st(d' "!t&s HA"b!sL L!s dos "(&!&!s
est(di!n "!te"ti!s61 Fre(ente"ente no se %one Ut&eV on4 !ll !#ternoon$ !ll d!'
Htodo el dF!6$ !ll ni,&t Htod! l! no&e6$ !ll 7ee9 Htod! l! se"!n!6$ !ll 7inter Htodo el
in+ierno6$ !ll s(""er Htodo el +er!no6$ !ll 'e!r Htodo el !)o6$ %ero se %(ede %oner$ si
se /(iere$ detrs de Q!llQ en GB %ero no en USA on el "is"o si,ni#i!do1 E.14 EeZs
been &ere !ll "ont&L !ll t&e "ont& NGB4 "enos (s!doO Hl lle+!L &! est!do !/(F
todo el "es61
81B51I Se puede usar ;t/e< o simplemente no usarlo con mu poca diferencia
con ciertos nombres 'ue suelen llevarlo normalmente, pero 'ue no lo llevan, a
veces, en ingls vulgar o ingls arcaicoM se ll!"! t!"bi0n %rosio%esis1 E.14 HT&e6
best &o%e is to 7in HL! "e.or es%er!nz! es ,!n!r6M HT&e6 birdZs #lo7n$ it see"s HEl
%.!ro &! +ol!do$ %!ree6M HT&e6 bo's !re !t s&ool HLos &ios estn en l! es(el!6M
HT&e6 bi,,est &!ne 7ill o"e !,!in HL! o%ort(nid!d "s ,r!nde +endr de
n(e+o6M HT&e6 o!& is re!d'$ sir HL! !rroz! est list!$ se)or6M HT&e6 le!r d!n,er is
to s&oot HEl %eli,ro l!ro es dis%!r!r6M HT&e6 Nsin Qt&eV es +(l,!rO do, is b!r9in, HEl
%erro est l!dr!ndo6M HT&e6 #!t is t&!t t&e' didnZt !ns7er HEl &e&o es /(e no
ontest!ron6M HT&e6 7orst #e!r is !ro(nd t&e orner HEl %eor "iedo est ! l! +(elt! de
l! es/(in!6M HT&e6 Fren& !re /(ite ener,eti HLos #r!neses son b!st!nte en0r,ios6M
HT&e6 ri+er is still &i,& HEl rFo est tod!+F! !lto6M A4 Merr' *&rist"!s] H\Feliz
N!+id!d]L \Felies N!+id!des]61 B4 HT&e6 s!"e to 'o(] H\Le deseo lo "is"o]6M
HT&e6 ne-t ste% is to deide HEl si,(iente %!so es deidir6M >&i& is /(i9er$ Ht&e6
tr!in or Ht&e6 b(sT HW*2!l es "s r%ido$ el tren o el !(tob2sT6M HT&e6 tro(ble is t&is
HEl %roble"! es 0ste6M HT&e6 tr(t& 7!s t&!t s&e 7!s l'in, HL! +erd!d er! /(e ell!
est!b! "intiendo6M HT&e6 %oor 7o"!n 7!s !l"ost de"ented HL! %obre "(.er
est!b! !si de"ente6$ et1
A +ees$ en los in#or"es "eteorol3,ios se s(%ri"e Ut&eV on %!l!br!s o"o
Q7e!t&er$ 7ind$ te"%er!t(reQ$ et1 E.14 HT&e6 7e!t&er is ,&!stl' HEl tie"%o es
&orrible6$ et1
EL ARTI*ULO INDETERMINADOL INDEFINIDO
81B81I En ingls existe solamente un art(culo indeterminado o indefinido$ /(e
se (tiliz! "(&o "s /(e en !stell!noM se esribe U!V del!nte de %!l!br!s o"o (n
no"bre$ (n !d.eti+o$ (n !d+erbio$ /(e e"%ieen %or (n! onson!nte o l!s
se"ionson!ntes L.$ 7L$ del!nte de (n! sol! onson!nte$ n2"ero o !r3ni"o /(e
e"%iee ! %ron(ni!rse on (n! onson!nteM se esribe U!nV del!nte de %!l!br!s
o"o (n no"bre$ (n !d.eti+o$ (n !d+erbio$ /(e e"%ieen %or (n! +o!l o Q&Q
"(d!$ del!nte de (n! sol! onson!nte$ n2"ero o !r3ni"o /(e e"%iee !
%ron(ni!rse on (n! +o!l1 E.14 ! %!rrot H(n loro6$ ! 7ord H(n! %!l!br!6$ ! 7ood H(n
bos/(e6$ s(& ! one H(n t!l6$ ! (ni+ersit' H(n! (ni+ersid!d6$ ! 'e!r H(n !)o6$ !
E(ro%e!n H(n e(ro%eo6$ ! % H(n! %e6$ ! B1A1 H(n lieni!do en Filoso#F! ' Letr!s6$ !
FAJ L#Y9L N"s (s!doOL !n FAJ Le#eIR9.(4L N"enos (s!doO Ni Fre/(entl' As9ed
J(estionO$ ! NASA sientist H(n ientF#io de l! NASA6$ !n odo(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL odor NUSAO H(n olor6$ !n &eir H(n &eredero6$ !n &ono(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL &onor NUSAO H(n &onor6$ !n EIbo"b H(n! bo"b! E6$ !n n H(n!
ene6$ !n MP H(n "ie"bro del P!rl!"ento6$ !n - H(n! -L e/(is61
A +ees$ se (tiliz! t!"bi0n Q!nQ del!nte de l!s se"ionson!ntes L.$ 7L$ %ero no es lo
nor"!l1 E.14 !n E(ro%e!n 7!r H(n! ,(err! e(ro%e!6$ !n (n!ni"o(s deision H(n!
deisi3n (nni"e61
Nor"!l"ente l!s %!l!br!s /(e e"%iez!n %or & se,(id! de +o!l no !ent(!d!
%(eden ir %reedid!s t!nto en GB o"o en USA de U!V$ si se %ron(ni! l! &$ /(e es
lo /(e se s(ele &!er !t(!l"ente$ ' U!nV si no se %ron(ni! l! &$ %oo (s!do
!t(!l"ente1 E.14 ! &!bit(!l !ttit(de Le &eRbIt[(elL N"s (s!doOL !n &!bit(!l
!ttit(de Len eRbIt[(elL N"enos (s!doO H(n! !tit(d &!bit(!l6$ ! E(n,!ri!n "!n Le
&IL N"s (s!doOL !n E(n,!ri!n "!n Len A,eerienL NGBO o LA,erienL NUSAO
N"enos (s!doO H(n &o"bre &2n,!ro6 ' lo "is"o on Q!Hn6 &istori!nQ$ Q!Hn6 &istoriQ
h no"bre$ Q!Hn6 &istori!lQ h no"bre$ Q!Hn6 &'steri!lQ h no"bre$ Q!Hn6 &otelQ$ et1
D1 518<15C
El (so de Q!nQ del!nte de l!s se"i+o!les o se"ionson!ntes es (n !r!is"o1 E.14 !n
N!r!ioOL ! Nestnd!rO (se H(n (so61
UAV se %ron(ni! nor"!l"ente LeL$ %ero si se le d! 0n#!sis se %ron(ni! LeILM U!nV
se %ron(ni! nor"!l"ente LenL$ %ero si se le d! 0n#!sis se %ron(ni! LYnL1
Sir+e %!r! el "!s(lino ' #e"enino en sin,(l!r H(n$ (n!6M se die /(e no tiene
%l(r!l$ %ero se %(eden (tiliz!r l!s %!l!br!s Uso"eL !n'V on el "is"o si,ni#i!do
/(e U(nHos$ !s6V (!ndo tiene sentido es%eF#io o (!ntit!ti+o1 E.14 Ee bo(,&t so"e
s&oes Hl o"%r3 (nos z!%!tos6M E!+e 'o( !n' s&oesT HWTienes H(nos6 z!%!tosT61
L! di#ereni! t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no entre l!s or!iones UA #l' is !
o""on insetV HUn! "os! es (n inseto o"2n6 ' UT&e #l' is ! o""on insetV
HL! "os! Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO es (n inseto o"2n6 es /(e U!
#l'V es indeter"in!do o inde#inido ' Ut&e #l'V es deter"in!do o de#inidoM en in,l0s
Ut&eV se (s! en onte-tos !!d0"ios$ ientF#ios ' en sentido #or"!l$ "ientr!s /(e
U!V se (s! en in,l0s olo/(i!l o "enos liter!rio1
El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no$ on (n no"bre
ont!ble en sin,(l!r %(ede4
a+ @sarse en sentido genrico$ l!si#i!ti+o$ %!r! indi!r (n! l!se de %erson!s$
!ni"!les o os!sM re%resent! ! todos los o"%onentes del ,r(%o$ l!se o !te,orF!M
#re(ente"ente +! !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n &!iendo l! #(ni3n de s(.etoM el
!rtF(lo indeter"in!do en este !so e/(i+!le ! U(!l/(ierH!6VM se %(ede %oner el
+erbo en #or"! si"%le %ero no en #or"! ontin(!1 E.14 A bi'le is not !s #!st !s !
!r Nse re#iere ! tod!s l!s biilet!sO HUn! biilet! no es t!n r%id! o"o (n o&e6M
An ele%&!nt slee%s !t ni,&t Nse re#iere ! todos los ele#!ntesO HUn ele#!nte d(er"e %or
l! no&e6M A lion is ! stron, !ni"!l Nse re#iere ! todos los leonesO HUn le3n es (n
!ni"!l #(erte6M A "o(se is s"!ller t&!n ! r!t Nse re#iere ! todos los r!tonesO HUn
r!t3n es "s %e/(e)o /(e (n! r!t!6M An or!n,e tree is lo+el' Nse re#iere ! todos los
n!r!n.osO HUn n!r!n.o es bonito6M A rose is ! be!(ti#(l #lo7er Nse re#iere ! tod!s l!s
ros!sO HUn! ros! es (n! #lor &er"os!61
Est!s or!iones /(ieren deir "s o "enos lo "is"o /(e si se %onen en %l(r!l sin
el !rtF(lo4 Bi'les !re not !s #!st !s !rs HL!s biilet!s no son t!n r%id!s o"o
los o&es6$ et1
b+ @sarse en sentido espec(fico$ (!ntit!ti+oM se re#iere ! (n solo o"%onente del
,r(%o$ l!se o !te,orF! de %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!sM %(ede ir on (n +erbo en
#or"! si"%le o en #or"! ontin(!M si el +erbo +! en #or"! ontin(! est (s!do en
sentido es%eF#io$ (!ntit!ti+oM el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do en este !so no e/(i+!le !
U(!l/(ierH!6V sino ! U(nHo$ !6V Hone61 E.14 An Ni oneO ele%&!nt is loo9in, !t (s HUn
Ni (no$ no todosO ele#!nte est "irndonos6M An ele%&!nt Ni !ll ele%&!ntsO e!tsL 7ill
e!tL 7ill &!+e e!ten Ns3lo en %resente ' #(t(ro i"%er#etoL %er#eto de indi!ti+o si
el !ni"!l no se &! e-tin,(idoO ,r!ss HUn ele#!nte o"eL o"erL &!br o"ido
&ierb!6$ %ero UAn ele%&!nt Ni one ele%&!ntO !teL &!s e!tenL &!d e!ten ,r!ss !ll t&e
ti"eV HUn ele#!nte o"F!L &! o"idoL &!bF! o"ido &ierb! todo el tie"%o6M A
dinos!(r Ni !ll dinos!(rsO e!tsL !teL 7ill e!tL &!s e!tenL &!d e!tenL 7ill &!+e e!ten
Nen (!l/(ier tie"%o si el !ni"!l '! se &! e-tin,(ido$ !(n/(e se (s! "s en tie"%os
re#eridos !l %!s!doO ,r!ssL "e!t HUn dinos!(rio o"eL o"F!L o"erL &! o"idoL
&!bF! o"idoL &!br o"ido &ierb!L !rne61 D1 815B
81B:1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres contables en singular
re#eridos ! %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s en sentido indeter"in!do o inde#inidoM
%(eden ser onretos o !bstr!tosM %(eden ir %reedidos de (n !d.eti+oM %(eden ser
,en0rios o l!si#i!ti+os ' es%eF#ios o (!ntit!ti+osM %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n se
s(.eto$ de %redi!do no"in!l detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o$ (n o"%le"ento
direto$ (n o"%le"ento indireto$ (n o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ (n
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 T&e' bo(,&t it !t !n !(tion HLo o"%r!ron en
(n! s(b!st!6M ! bestIRsellerL best Rseller H(n 0-ito o"eri!lL Hlibro6 s(%er+ent!s6M
T&e' %!id ! !ll on "' "ot&er HEiieron (n! +isit! ! "i "!dre6M T&!t is ! s"!ll
&!ir Hs! es (n! sill! %e/(e)!6M Not ! &!ne HNi de !s(!lid!dL de bro"!L en
bro"!6M Is t&is ! bi, ine"!T HWEs ,r!nde este ineT6M Ro"e 7!s not b(ilt in ! d!'
HRo"! no se &izo en (n dF!6M ItZs ! dis,r!e] H\Es (n! +er,Xenz!L (n esnd!lo]6M !n
e-&!n,e H(n inter!"bio6M !t ! ,l!ne Hde (n! "ir!d!6M Lend "e ! &!nd] H\&!"e
(n! "!no]6M I !" in ! &(rr' HTen,o %ris!6M ! j!+!nese isl!nd H(n! isl! .!+!nes!6M !
.o(rne' H(n +i!.e6$ ! .(d,e H(nH!6 .(ezH!66M ! j!%!nese 9i"ono H(n /(i"ono
.!%on0s6M ItZs beer o# ! 9ind HEs er+ez! de in#erior !lid!dL Es lo /(e !%en!s se
%(ede ll!"!r er+ez!6M Ee is #l'in, ! 9ite Hl est +ol!ndo (n! o"et! Ni (!l/(ier
o"et!O6M T&e' told ! lie HDi.eronL *ont!ron (n! "entir!6M ! *on,olese "!n H(n
&o"bre on,ole)o6M onl' #or ! "o"ent Hsolo %or (n "o"ento6M Ee is ! %!in in t&e
Rne9 Nolo/(i!lOL in t&e R!ss NUSA4 +(l,!rOL in t&e R!rse NGB4 +(l,!rO] H\l es (n
%es!doL o)!zoL o)!zo]6M S&e is ! %!rt' to ! s(it HEll! es (n! %!rte liti,!nte6M Ee is
! %!rt' to t&e ri"e Hl es (n 3"%lie del ri"en6M A B(r"ese %erson is 7!itin,
#or 'o( HUn! %erson! bir"!n! te est es%er!ndo6M ItZs ! %it'] H\Es (n! %en!]6M MrH16
Ne7&!+en$ !n A"eri!n %oet$ sent &er ! "ess!,e HEl Sr1 N1$ (n %oet!
est!do(nidense$ le en+i3 (n "ens!.e6M >e &!+e re!&ed ! t(rnin, %oint HEe"os
lle,!do ! (n "o"ento deisi+o NoO r(i!lL de in#le-i3n6M ! %ost H(n %(esto6M >e
bo(,&t ! r!dio H*o"%r!"os (n! r!dio6M Ee &!s ! r(n in t&e "ornin, Hl e&! (n!
!rrer! %or l! "!)!n!6M Ee is in ! r(s& Hl tiene %ris!6M Ee &!d ! sene 7it& &is 7i#e
Hl !r"3 (n esnd!loL ri)3 on l!L s( "(.er6M It 7!s ! s&!"bles] H\Er! (n !os]6M
ItZs ! s&!"e] H\Es (n! %en!L lsti"!]6M ! s&o% H(n! tiend!6M Ee 7ent to ! s&o7 Hl
#(e ! (n es%et(lo6M To ! b!d #!t&er$ !n (n,r!te#(l son HDe (n "!l %!dre$ (n &i.o
in,r!to6M T&ere is not ! so(l HNo &!' ni (n !l"!6M Tod!' t&ere is ! 7e!9 s(n HEo'
&!' (n sol d0bil6M T&!t is !n e-%ensi+e t&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO
HseL A/(0l es (n te!tro NGB ' USAOL ine NUSAO !ro6M >e donZt &!+e !
tele+isionL TD HNo tene"os H(n6 tele+isorL H!%!r!to de6 tele+isi3n6M RT&ere is ! bi,
tree] H\AllF &!' (n rbol ,r!nde]L \se NoO A/(0l es (n rbol ,r!nde]6M S&e did "e !
,ood t(rnL ser+ie HEll! "e &izo (n b(en ser+iio6M Ee did &er ! b!d t(rnL ser+ie
Hl le &izo ! ell! (n! "!l! %!s!d!6M A#ter7!rds t&in,s too9 ! t(rn #or t&e better
HDes%(0s l!s os!s dieron (n ,iro %!r! "e.or6M It is ! 7!ste] H\Es (n derro&e]6M Ee
is loo9in, !t t&e /(estion !s ! 7&ole Hl est +iendo el !s(nto o"o (n todo6M A
7ol# is e!tin, ! l!"b HUn lobo est o"iendo (n ordero6M And !,!in &e (ttered
ne+er ! 7ord Hm n(n! "s di.o (n! %!l!br!6$ et1
*(!ndo (n no"bre +! %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do en (n! or!i3n
ne,!ti+!$ el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do %(ede e/(i+!ler ! Uni H!6 (nHo$ !6V1 E.14 S&e
didnZt see ! "!n HEll! no +io Hni6 ! (n &o"bre61
En sentido ,ener!l !t(!l"ente se (s! "(&o "s U"!nV Hel &o"bre6 /(e U! "!nV
H(n &o"bre6 h +erbo1
En in,l0s se (s! "s el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do en est!s o!siones ' en !stell!no se
(tiliz! "s el !rtF(lo deter"in!do1 E.14 QA do, is ! #!it&#(l !ni"!lQ %(ede
tr!d(irse de l!s dos "!ner!s HUnL El %erro es (n !ni"!l #iel6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ ! +ees se tr!d(e %or el !rtF(lo deter"in!do en !stell!no1 E.14 HA6
"!nZs best #riend is &is do, HEl "e.or !"i,o del &o"bre es el %erro6$ et1
El problema radica en las expresiones 'ue llevan el art(culo indeterminado en
ingls en castellano no coincide por'ue no lo llevan o llevan el art(culo
determinado1 E.4 Ee ,!+e !n !o(nt o# t&e %roble" Hl dio (ent!L in#or"3 del
%roble"!6M Ee needs !n !bilit' to o""(ni!te Hl neesit! !%!id!d de
o"(ni!i3n6M mo(Zre o# !n !,e to .(d,e #or 'o(rsel# HTienes ed!d %!r! #or"!r t(
%ro%i! o%ini3nL deidir6M T&e' !re bot& o# !n !,e HSon !"bos de l! "is"! ed!d6M
>!l9in, ,!+e &er !n !%%etite HA ell! le dio !%etito el %!se!r6M >or9 ,i+es 'o( !n
!%%etite HHl! "!'or %!rte de6 El tr!b!.o te d! !%etito6M S&e &!s ! ,oodL &e!lt&'
!%%etite HEll! tiene b(en !%etito6M T&e' did it #or ! &!n,e HLo &iieron %or
!"bi!r6M M!tters o# !n intern!tion!l &!r!ter HAs(ntos de !rter intern!ion!l6M
Ee bro(,&tL l!id ! &!r,e o# t&e#t !,!inst t&e" Hl #or"(l3L %resent3 !r,os de
robo ontr! ellos6M S&e is inL 7ent into ! o"! HEll! estL entr3 en o"!6M S&e 7!s
seized 7it& t&e r!"% NGBOL ! r!"% NUSAOL 7it& r!"% !nd 7e &!d to &el% &er
HLe dio (n !l!"bre Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rOL !l!"bre Nen
,ener!l4 sin U(nVO ! ell! ' t(+i"os /(e !'(d!rl!6M S&e &!s ! desire to see 'o( HEll!
tiene deseos de +erte6M S&e &!s ! ,ener!l ed(!tion HEll! tiene (nos onoi"ientos
,ener!les6M S&e bro(,&t ! ontest to !n endL ! lose HEll! %(so #in ! (n on#lito6M
T&e' "(st %(t !n endL ! sto% to t&ese !b(ses HDeben %oner #in ! estos !b(sos6M Ee
bro(,&t t&e "eetin, to !n end Hl %(so #in ! l! re(ni3n6M T&e' set !n e-!"%le
HDieron e.e"%lo6$ %ero UT&e' ,!+e !n e-!"%leV HP(sieron N"e.orO NoO Dieron (n
e.e"%lo6M T&e' !re t(rnin, ! blind e'e HEstn &!iendo l! +ist! ,ord!6M HAn6 e'e #or
!n e'e$ H!6 toot& #or ! toot& HO.o %or o.o$ diente %or diente6M mo( &!d ! #!n' #or !
7!t& HSe te !nto.3 (n relo. Hde %(lser!66M S&e too9 ! #!n' to t&e bo' HEll! to"3
!ri)o !lL se %rend3 del &io6M S&e too9 ! #!n' #or ! !r HEll! se en!%ri&3 on
(n o&eL A ell! se le !nto.3 (n o&e6M I &!+e !L t&e #eelin, t&!t x HTen,o l!
sens!i3n de /(e x6M mo(Zre in ! #e+er HTienes #iebreL Ests on #iebreL Ests
re+ol(ion!do NoO "(' e-it!do6M T&e' &!+e ! #in,er in e+er' %ie HSe "eten en
todo6M Ee &!s ! #l!ir #or b(sinessL l!n,(!,es Hl tiene ol#!to %!r! los ne,oiosL
#!ilid!d %!r! los idio"!s6M Ee &!s ! ,oodL b!d "e"or' Hl tiene b(en!L "!l!
"e"ori!6M S&e "!de ! #ool o# &ersel# HEll! &izo el tonto6M S&e "!de ! #ool o# &i"
HEll! le ridi(liz3 ! 0l6M Does t&e n(le!r ind(str' &!+e ! #(t(reT HWTiene #(t(ro l!
ind(stri! n(le!rT6M !t ! ,(ess H%oo "s o "enos6M T&e' ,ot ! &e!dst!rt o+er t&eir
ri+!ls HG!n!ron +ent!.! ! los ri+!les6M S&e &!s ! 7e!9 &e!rt HEll! tiene el or!z3n
deli!do6M S&e is rollin, ! &oo% HEll! est .(,!ndo !l !ro6M I &!+e ! Nt&e4 no %onerO
&(n& t&!t x HTen,o el %resenti"iento de /(e x6M T&e' !re in ! &(rr' HTienen
%ris!6M S&e isL 7ent on ! .o(rne' NGB %rini%!l"enteO HEll! estL se #(e de +i!.e6M
*!n 'o( ,i+e "e ! li,&tT HWP(edes d!r"e #(e,oT6M T&e' !re !t ! loss to (nderst!nd
&is be&!+io(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be&!+ior NUSAO HNo s!ben 3"o inter%ret!r s(
ond(t!6M S&e is ! ,ood "!t& #or &i" HEll! %(ede o"%etir on 0l6M !s ! "!tter o#
#!t Hde &e&o6M Ee &!s "!de ! "ess o# &is ne7 s&irt H\l se &! ens(i!do l! !"is!
n(e+!]6M Ee &!s ! ,ood "ind to do t&!t Hl tiene ,!n!s de &!er eso6M Ee &!s &!l# !
"ind to do t&!t Hl tiene !si ,!n!s de &!erlo6M T&e' !re in ! b!d "ood HEstn de
"!l &("or6M Ee too9 !n o!t& Hl %rest3 .(r!"ento6M Ee 7!s (nder !n obli,!tion to
obe' 'o( Hl tenF! /(eL est!b! obli,!do ! obedeerte6M T&e o(ntr' 7!s t&ro7n
into ! %!ni HEl %nio (ndi3 en el %!Fs6M S&e ,ot into ! %!ni HEll! se de.3 lle+!r
%or el %nio6M T&e' 7ere t&ro7n into ! %!ni H*(ndi3 el %nio entre ellos6M Ee
too9 o## in ! %!ni Hl se "!r&3 on %nio6M T&e' s(("bed to ! l!st "in(te
%!ni HS(("bieron !l %nio de 2lti"! &or!6M It st!rted ! %!ni on t&e Sto9
E-&!n,e HPro+o3 el %nio en l! Bols!6$ %ero QT&ere 7!s H!6 %!ni HE!bF!
%nio6L T&ere is !l7!'s d!n,er o# H!6 %!ni 7&en ! ine"! !t&es #ire HE!'
sie"%re %eli,ro de %nio (!ndo (n ine se inendi!6QM S&e is in ! %!ssion HEll!
est !%!sion!d!6M mo( !re not in ! %osition to &el% "e HNo ests en ondiiones
%!r!L de !'(d!r"e6M S&e t!9es ! %ride in !ll &er &ildren HEll! se enor,(lleeL se
(#!n!L est or,(llos! de todos s(s &i.os6M T&e' "!de ! terrible r!9et HEiieron NoO
Ar"!ron "(&! b(ll!L "(&o b!r(lloL "(&o .!leo6M S&e is in ! r!,e HEll! est
#(rios!6M !s ! r(le Ho"oL %or re,l! ,ener!l6M T&e' !(sed ! sens!tion H*!(s!ron
sens!i3n6M S&e &!s ! sense o# &("o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &("or NUSAO HEll!
tiene sentido del &("or6M Ee "!de ! ,re!t s&o7 o# s'"%!t&' Hl se des+i+i3 %or
"ostr!r o"%!si3n6M Ee "!deL too9 ! st!nd !,!inst t&!t Hl o%(so resisteni!L &izo
#rente ! eso6M T&e' ,ot t&e st!rt o#L t&e st!rt on NGBOL ! &e!dst!rt o+er t&eir ri+!ls
HG!n!ron +ent!.! ! los ri+!les6M to "!9eL (t ! lon, stor' s&ort H%!r! !bre+i!r6M S&e
7or9ed t7o &o(rs !t ! stret& HEll! tr!b!.3 dos &or!s se,(id!s6M !ll o# ! s(dden Hde
re%ente6M S&e &!s ! t!ste #or !d+ent(re HA ell! le ,(st! l! !+ent(r!6M *!n I &!+e !
t!ste o# 'o(r ie re!"T HWMe de.!s %rob!r t( &el!doT6M S&e is in ! ,oodL b!d
te"%er HEll! est de b(enL "!l &("or6M ! s&ort ti"e !,o H&!e %oo6M one t&in, !t !
ti"e H(n! os! !d! +ezL os! %or os!6$ #o(r !t ! ti"e H(!tro ! l! +ez6$ in ! s&ort
ti"e Hen bre+eL "(' %ronto6M It 7ill t!9e ! lon, ti"e HLle+!r "(&o tie"%o6M Ee
&!s ! s7eet toot& Hl es ,oloso6M T&e' !re s%innin, ! to% HEstn .(,!ndo ! l!
%eonz!6M ItZs r!inin, 7it& ! +en,e!ne HEst llo+iendo de +erd!dL ! nt!ros6M T&e'
too9 ! +o7 o# %o+ert' HTo"!ron +oto de %obrez!6$ et1
A +ees se %one el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do en in,l0s$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no
s(ele ir sin 0l (!ndo el no"bre no +! "odi#i!do %or (n !d.eti+o o (n! #r!se /(e lo
es%ei#i/(eM en !stell!no o(rre on iertos +erbos o"o Qb(s!r$ o"%r!r$ est!r
sin$ &!ber$ ir on$ lle+!r$ neesit!r$ oFr$ %onerse$ tenerQ$ et1$ sobre todo en #or"!
ne,!ti+!M ! +ees$ en !stell!no se %(ede %oner o no1 E.14 S&e &!s !n !%tit(de #or
t&eolo,' HEll! tiene !%tit(dHes6L t!lento %!r! l! teolo,F!6M Ee ,re7 ! be!rd Hl se
de.3 b!rb!6$ %ero QEe ,re7 ! lon, be!rdQ Hl se de.3 H(n!6 b!rb! l!r,!6M 7it& !
!%!it' o# #i+e litres NGBOL liters NUSAO Hon !%!id!d %!r! ino litros6M S&e
doesnZt &!+e ! !rL ! #l!t NGBOL !n !%!rt"ent NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL ! &(sb!nd
HEll! no tiene o&eL %isoL %isoL "!rido6M Ee &!s ! o(,& Hl tiene tos6$ %ero QEe
&!s ! terrible o(,&Q Hl tiene (n! tos terrible6M EeZs !n onl' &ild Hl es &i.o 2nio6M
T&e' &!+e !n e!,erness #or li#e HTienen ent(si!"o %or l! +id!6M Ee &!s ! ,ood e!r
Hl tiene H(n6 b(en oFdo6Mmo( &!+e ! #e+er HTienes #iebre6M Ee &!s /(ite ! ,eni(s #or
in+ention Hl tiene b!st!nte ,enio in+enti+o6M Ee &!s ! ,i#t #or l!n,(!,es Hl tiene
#!ilid!d %!r! los idio"!s6M S&e &!s !n interest in #!s&ion HEll! tiene inter0s %or l!
"od!6M Ee ,oes o(t 7it&o(t ! &!t Hl s!le sin so"brero6M Ee t!9es !n interest in &er
7or9 Hl to"! inter0s %or el tr!b!.o de ell!6M Ee &!s ! li9in, #or os"etiL %l!sti
s(r,er' HEll! tiene !#ii3n %or l! ir(,F! est0ti!L %lsti!6M T&e' &!+e ! H,re!t6 "ind
to le!+e !t one HTienen inteni3n de "!r&!r en se,(id!6M >&!t ! ner+eL ! &ee9
NGBO s&e &!s] H\J(0 !r! Hd(r!6 tiene ell!]6M T&e' &!+e ! ,ood nose #or s!nd!ls
HTienen H(n6 b(en ol#!to %!r! los esnd!los6M S&e &!s ! ,ood nose #or t&in,s li9e
t&!t HEll! tiene H(n6 b(en ol#!to %!r! os!s !sF6M Ee &!s ! %!ssion #or #ootb!ll Hl
tiene %!si3n %or el #2tbol6M S&e &!s ! ri,&t to t!l9 !bo(t it HEll! tiene dere&o !
&!bl!r sobre ello6M Ee &!s ! ri,&t to it Hl tiene dere&o ! ello6M T&e' &!+e ! sense o#
d(t'L &("o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &("or NUSAO HTienen sentido del deberL
&("or6M S&e &!s ! t!lent #or "ediine HEll! tiene t!lento %!r! l! "ediin!6M Ee &!s !
H#o(lL /(i9L +ile6 te"%er Hl tiene H"!l6 ,enio6M T&e' &!+eL r(n ! #e+erL
te"%er!t(re HTienen #iebre6M S&e didnZt "!9e ! so(nd HEll! no &izo Hnin,2n6 r(ido61
Los no"bres ont!bles en sin,(l!r no %(eden ir solos sin el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do
%ero los inont!bles sFM sin e"b!r,o$ !"bos %(eden ir %reedidos de Ut&eV1 E.14
T&e' &!+e ! s(,,estion HTienen (n! s(,ereni!L s(,esti3n6M S&e e!ts rie HEll!
o"e !rroz6M T&e s(,,estionL rie t&!t 'o( 111 HL! s(,ereni! NoO s(,esti3nL El !rroz
/(e 11161
M(&os de los no"bres ont!bles in,leses oiniden on los ont!bles !stell!nos$
%ero ! +ees %(eden ser ont!bles en in,l0s e inont!bles en !stell!noM el (so de
estos no"bres res(lt! di#Fil %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1 D1 :188
E!' iertos no"bres /(e %(eden ser ont!bles e inont!bles t!nto en in,l0s o"o
en !stell!no %ero no oiniden en iert!s e-%resiones4 ItZs s(& ! lon, &!ir] H\Es (n
%elo Ni (no s3loO t!n l!r,o]6$ %ero QS&e &!s s(& lon, &!ir]Q H\Ell! tiene elL (n %elo
Ni todo el %eloO t!n l!r,o]6M T&e' 7ere tr!+ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+elin,
NUSAO in s(& #rost] H\Est!b!n +i!.!ndo on (n! &el!d! t!n ,r!nde]6M Ee is %!rt' to
st&4 ! ontr!t$ ! %roble"$ et1 Hl es %!rte de !l,o4 (n ontr!to$ (n %roble"!$ et16L
Ee is ! %!rt' to st&4 ! ontr!t$ ! %roble"$ et1 Hl es (n! %!rte de !l,o4 (n ontr!to$
(n %roble"!$ et16$ et1
Se (s! t!"bi0n el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do on !l,(nos no"bres ont!bles /(e tienen
l! "is"! #or"! %!r! el sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l1 E.14 ! &e!d/(!rters H(n (!rtel H,ener!l6L
(n! sedeL (n! o#iin! entr!l6$ ! "e!ns H(n "edio6$ ! "(nition 7or9s H(n! #bri!
de "(niiones6$ et1 D1 :1@18C
81B;1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres contables en singular
'ue indican nacionalidad$ (s!dos o"o "ie"bros 2nios en sentido
indeter"in!do o inde#inidoM %(eden ser ,en0rios o l!si#i!ti+os ' es%eF#ios o
(!ntit!ti+osM %(eden ir en !%osii3n1 E.14 !n A#ri!n H(n !#ri!noL (n! !#ri!n!6$ !n
Alb!ni!n H(n !lb!n0sL (n! !lb!nes!6M T&ere is !n A"eri!n in t&is l!ss HE!' (n
est!do(nidenseL !"eri!no en est! l!se6M !n Ar!b H(nH!6 r!be6M !n Ar,entini!n H(n
!r,entinoL (n! !r,entin!6$ !n Asi!n H(n !sitioL (n! !siti!6$ !n A(str!li!n H(n
!(str!li!noL (n! !(str!li!n!6$ !n A(stri!n H(nH!6 !(strF!Ho$ !66$ ! Bel,i!n H(nH!6
bel,!6M I "et ! Boli+i!n H*onoF ! (n boli+i!no6M ! Br!zili!n H(nH!6 br!sile)Ho$ !66$ !
B(l,!ri!n H(nH!6 b2l,!rHo$ !66$ ! B(r"ese H(nH!6 bir"!nHo$ !66M T&ere isL !re !
*olo"bi!n !nd ! *&ile!n HE!' (nH!6 olo"bi!nHo$ !66 ' (nH!6 &ilenHo$ !66M !
*&inese H(nH!6 &inHo$ !66$ ! *on,olese H(nH!6 on,ole)Ho$ !66$ ! *ost! Ri!n H(nH!6
ost!rrienseL ost!rri/(e)Ho$ !66$ ! *(b!n H(nH!6 (b!nHo$ !66$ ! D!ne H(nH!6
d!n0sH!66$ ! D(t&"!n H(n &ol!nd0s6$ ! D(t&7o"!n H(n! &ol!ndes!6M !n
En,lis&"!n H(n in,l0s6$ !n En,lis&7o"!n H(n! in,les!6$ ! E(ro%e!n H(nH!6
e(ro%eHo$ !66$ ! Fili%ino H(nH!6 #ili%inHo$ !66$ ! Finn H(nH!6 #inHl!nd60sH!66$ !
Fren&"!n H(n #r!n0s6$ ! Fren&7o"!n H(n! #r!nes!6M T&ere is ! Ger"!n in t&!t
#il" HE!' (n !le"n en es! %elF(l!6M ! Gree9 H(nH!6 ,rie,Ho$ !66$ ! G(!te"!l!n
H(nH!6 ,(!te"!lteHo$ !66M ! Eond(r!n H(nH!6 &ond(re)Ho$ !66$ ! E(n,!ri!n H(nH!6
&2n,!rHo$ !66$ !n Ir!/(i H(nH!6 ir!/(F6$ !n Iris&"!n H(n irl!nd0s6$ !n Iris&7o"!n
H(n! irl!ndes!6$ !n Isr!eli H(nH!6 isr!elF6$ !n It!li!n H(nH!6 it!li!nHo$ !66$ ! j!%!nese
H(nH!6 .!%on0sH!66$ ! j!+!nese H(nH!6 .!+!n0sH!66$ ! Aen'!n H(nH!6 9eni!nHo$ !66$ !
Leb!nese H(nH!6 lib!n0sH!66M A Me-i!n !rri+ed 'esterd!' HUn "e.i!no NEs%!)!OL
"e-i!no NL!tino!"0ri!O lle,3 !'er6M ! Moro!n H(nH!6 "!rro/(F6M ! Nor7e,i!n
H(nH!6 nor(e,Ho$ !66M ! P!9ist!ni H(nH!6 %!/(ist!nF6$ ! P!n!"!ni!n H(nH!6
%!n!"e)Ho$ !66$ ! P!r!,(!'!n H(nH!6 %!r!,(!'Ho$ !66$ ! Per(+i!n H(nH!6 %er(!nHo$
!66$ ! Pole H(nH!6 %ol!Ho$ !66M ! Port(,(ese H(nH!6 %ort(,(0sH!66M ! R("!ni!n H(nH!6
r("!nHo$ !66M mo( s%o9e to ! R(sssi!n HE!bl!ste on (n r(so6M ! SotL Sots"!n
N"s (s!dosOL Sot&"!n N%oo (s!doO H(n eso0s6$ ! So(t& A"eri!n H(nH!6
s(d!"eri!nHo$ !6L s(r!"eri!nHo$ !66$ ! S%!ni!rd H(nH!6 es%!)olH!66$ ! S(d!nese
H(nH!6 s(d!n0sH!66$ ! S7ede H(nH!6 s(eHo$ !66$ ! S7iss H(nH!6 s(izHo$ !66$ ! T&!i
H(nH!6 t!il!nd0sH!66$ ! T(r9 H(nH!6 t(rHo$ !66$ ! T'role!n H(nH!6 tirol0sH!6$ !n
Ur(,(!'!n H(nH!6 (r(,(!'Ho$ !66$ ! Denez(el!n H(nH!6 +enezol!nHo$ !66$ !
Dietn!"ese H(nH!6 +ietn!"it!6$ ! >els&"!n H(n ,!l0s6$ ! >els&7o"!n H(n!
,!les!6$ et1
A(n/(e Q! D!ne$ ! Finn$ ! Pole$ ! Sot$ ! S%!ni!rd$ ! S7ede$ ! T(r9Q$ et1$ %(eden
re#erirse ! !"bos se-os$ e-iste (n! tendeni! ! (s!rlos "s %!r! el "!s(lino ' U!
S%!nis& 7o"!nV %!r! U(n! es%!)ol!V o US&eZs S7edis&V HEll! es H(n!6 s(e!61
T!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no$ (!ndo +!n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o se
%(eden %oner sin el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ %ero &!en l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+os on
(n si,ni#i!do b!st!nte %!reido1 E.14 S&e is Denez(el!n HEll! es +enezol!n!61 D1
:1:=1?1!
81B<1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres comunes contables
en singular en la primera parte del genitivo sa%nM tienen (n sentido ,en0rio o
l!si#i!ti+o1 E.14 ! b!9erZs Hs&o%6 H(n! %!n!derF!6$ ! nei,&bo(rZs NGBOL nei,&borZs
NUSAO #riends Hlos !"i,os de (n +eino61
81B=1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! con la maor parte de los nombres
colectivos contables en singular en sentido indeter"in!doL inde#inidoM se %(ede
(s!r on todos los no"bres oleti+os /(e !%!reen en :1::$ si bien on !l,(nos se
s(ele (s!r (n !d.eti+o entre el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ' el no"bre$ e-e%to on
Qb!teri!$ !ttle$ d!t!$ "edi!$ %!r!%&ern!li!$ %olieQM %(eden ser ,en0rios o
l!si#i!ti+os ' es%eF#ios o (!ntit!ti+osM en !stell!no lle+!n el !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do4 !n !r"' H(n e.0rito6$ !n !(diene H(n! !(dieni!6$ ! &oir H(n
oro6$ ! *&(r& H(n! i,lesi! Ninstit(i3nO6$ ! l!ss HHlos !l("nos de6 (n! l!se6$ !
l(b H(n l(b6$ ! o""issionL o""ittee H(n! o"isi3nL (n o"it06$ ! o""(nit'
H(n! o"(nid!d6$ ! o"%!n' H(n! o"%!)F!6$ ! o(nil H(n onse.oL one.o
"(nii%!l6$ ! re7 H(n! tri%(l!i3nL (n e/(i%oL (n! %!ndill!6$ ! ro7d H(n!
"(ltit(d6$ ! #!"il' H(n! #!"ili!6$ ! #ir" H(n! e"%res!6$ ! ,o+ern"ent H(n
,obierno6$ ! ,ro(% H(n ,r(%o6$ ! .(r' H(n .(r!do6$ ! "!.orit' H(n! "!'orF!6$ !
"inorit' H(n! "inorF!6$ !n or&estr! H(n! or/(est!6$ ! %o%(l!tion H(n! %obl!i3n6$ !
%(bli H(n %2blio6$ ! s&ool H(n! es(el!6$ ! Soiet' o# Friends H(n! Soied!d de
A"i,os6$ ! st!## H(n! %l!ntill!6$ ! te!" H(n e/(i%o6$ ! (nion H(n! (ni3n6$ !
(ni+ersit'L ! olle,e NUSAO H(n! (ni+ersid!d61 E.4 An !r"' de#endsL de#end NGB
%rini%!l"enteO t&e St!te HUn e.0rito de#iende !l Est!do6M T&e Penteost!l
Mo+e"ent isL !re NGB %rini%!l"enteO ! *&(r& HEl Mo+i"iento Penteost!list! es
(n! i,lesi!6M A &!%%' #!"il' isL !re NGB %rini%!l"enteO (nited HUn! #!"ili! #eliz
est (nid!6M A ree%ti+e %(bli isL !re NGB %rini%!l"enteO !ttenti+e HUn %2blio
ree%ti+o est !tento6M A Soiet' o# Friends isL !re NGB %rini%!l"enteO ! reli,io(s
or,!niz!tionL or,!nis!tion NGBO HUn! Soied!d de A"i,os es (n! or,!niz!i3n
reli,ios!6M ! troo% o# s&ool&ildren H(n ,r(%o de ole,i!les61
Al,(nos de estos no"bres no se (s!n o"o oleti+os sino o"o indi+id(!les
(!ndo +!n %reedidos del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM !l,(nos tienen el "is"o
si,ni#i!do %ero otros no1D1 :1:;
81B?1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres contables en singular
'ue indican velocidad, distancia, frecuencia, precio, peso, proporcin
cantidadM en re!lid!d$ !/(F U!Hn6V es (n! %re%osii3n !n,los!.on! ' no el !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do$ '! /(e si,ni#i! Ue!&V H!d!6M se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n U%erV$ %ero es
"s en#tio /(e el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 E.14 Ee dri+es !t se+ent' 9ilo"etres
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eters NUSAO !n Ni e!&OL %er &o(r Hl ond(e !
setent! 9il3"etros ! l!L %or &or!6M ninet' %ene ! Ni e!&OL %er litre H! no+ent!
%eni/(es elL %or litro6$ si- %ene !n Ni e!&OL %er o(ne Hseis %eni/(es l!L %or onz!6$
t&ree doll!rs !L %er 9ilo Htres d3l!res elL %or 9ilo6$ t&ree s&illin,s ! Ni e!&OL %er
&e!d Htres &elines l!L %or !bez!6$ 8C% ! Ni e!&OL %er %ortion H8C %eni/(es l!L %or
%ori3n6$ !t t7o %o(nds ! Ni e!&OL %er 9ilo H! dos libr!s elL %or 9ilo6$ t7o t&o(s!nd
%o(nds ! Ni e!&OL %er 'e!r Hdos "il libr!s !lL %or !)o6M S&e drin9s t7o litres o#
"il9 ! Ni e!&OL %er d!' HEll! bebe dos litros de le&e !l dF!6M t7ie !L %er d!' Hdos
+ees !l dF!6$ #i+e ti"es ! Ni e!&OL %er d!' Hino +ees !l dF!6$ t7ie ! Ni e!&OL
%er 7ee9 Hdos +ees ! l!L %or se"!n!6M S&e b('s t&ree ! Ni e!&OL %er "ont& HEll!
o"%r! tres !l "es6M Ee bro(,&t t7o boo9s ! Ni e!&OL %er 'e!r Hl tr!F! dos libros
!lL %or !)o6M t&ree doll!rs ! Ni e!&OL %er "etre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "eter NUSAO
Htres d3l!res elL %or "etro61
*(!ndo son "edid!s (s!d!s on i#r!s "onet!ri!s$ se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n "enos
#re(ente"ente el !rtF(lo deter"in!do1 E.14 !t t7o %o(nds t&e 9ilo H! dos libr!s el
9ilo61
81B@1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres contables en singular
'ue indican profesiones u oficios, cargos, t(tulos, estado social, rango social,
religin afiliacin pol(tica$ (s!dos o"o "ie"bros 2nios en sentido
indeter"in!do o inde#inido de (n! l!se o ,r(%o de %erson!sM %(eden ser ,en0rios
o l!si#i!ti+os ' es%eF#ios o (!ntit!ti+osM %(eden ir en !%osii3nM en !stell!no
no lle+!n el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do detrs del +erbo QserQ ni en !l,(nos otros !sos1
E.14 Ee doesnZt t&in9 "(& o# &er !s !n !tress Hl no l! esti"! o"oL en t!nto /(eL
en (!nto ! !triz6M Ee isnZt !n !r&itet Hl no es !r/(iteto6M S&e is ! b!9er HEll! es
%!n!der!6M Ee is ! Hle+er6 bo' Hl es (n &io Hlisto66M S&e is onsidered !
&!"%ion HSe l! onsider! (n! !"%eon!6M Ee is 9no7n !s ! ri"in!l Hl es
onoido o"o H(n6 ri"in!l6M Ee is ! H,ood6 dotor Hl es Hb(en6 "0dio6M >&!t
9ind o# ! dotor is &eT HWJ(0 l!se de "0dio es 0lT6M >&!t 9ind o# H!6 #!t&er !re
'o(T HWJ(0 ti%o de %!dre eres t2T6M Do 'o( t!9e "e #or ! #oolTL >&!t 9ind o# ! #ool
do 'o( t!9e "e #orT HWHt26 Me to"!s %or (n tontoT6M Ee is t!9en #or ! #orei,ner HLe
to"!n %orL *reen /(e es e-tr!n.ero6M S&e re,!rds &i" !s ! &ero HEll! le onsider!
Ho"o !6 (n &0roe6M Ee 7!s ! 9in, Hl er! re' Nde s( %!Fs o de otroO6M Ee &!%%ened
to be ! 9in, HSe d!b! el !so /(e 0l er! re' Nde s( %!Fs o de otro %!FsO6M S&e isL
be!"e ! l!7'er HEll! esL se &izo NoO lle,3 ! ser !bo,!d!6M Ee is ! di+ored "!n Hl
estL es (n &o"bre di+ori!do6M Ee be!"e ! Minister Hl se &izo "inistro del
Gobierno6M S&e be!"e ! "ot&er HEll! se on+irti3 en "!dre6M [orrill! is 9no7n !s
! %oet H[orrill! es onoido o"o %oet!6M S&e 7!s !e%ted !s ! %resident HEll!
%!s!b! %orL er! !e%t!d! o"o %residentH! N"e.or ' "s (s!doOL e66M S&e is !
Protest!nt HEll! es %rotest!nte6M S&e 7!nts to be ! /(een HEll! /(iere ser rein! Nde s(
%!Fs o de otro %!FsO6M mo( !re ! Soi!list HHt26 EresL Dd1 es soi!list!6M As ! S%!ni!rd$
I !nnot b(t re.oie H*o"o es%!)ol$ no %(edo de.!r de !le,r!r"e6M Ee 7!s less !
st!tes"!n t&!n ! 7!rrior Hl er! "enos (n est!dist! /(e (n ,(errero6M DrH16 S"it&$ !
#!"o(s s(r,eon$ 7!s innoent HEl Dr1 S1$ H(n6 ir(.!no #!"oso$ er! inoente6M As !
t!-HI6%!'er$ s&e %rotested H*o"o ontrib('ente$ ell! %rotest36M Eis #riend$ ! te!&er
o# l!n,(!,es HS( !"i,o$ H(n6 %ro#esor de idio"!s6M S&e 7or9ed !s ! 7!itressL
7!iter HEll! tr!b!.!b! deL o"o !"!rer! N' lo er!O6M Ee onsiders &er ! ,ood 7i#e
Hl l! onsider! (n! b(en! es%os!6M S&e t(rned into ! 7onder#(l 7i#e HEll! se &izoL
+ol+i3 (n! es%os! "!r!+illos!6M >&!t 9ind o# ! 7o"!n is s&eT HWJ(0 l!seL ti%o de
"(.er es ell!T6$ et1 D1 8158<$ 81?5
Se (s! el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do on no"bres detrs de Qonsider so"et&in,L be
onsideredL t!9e so"et&in, #orL be t!9en #orQ$ et1 E.14 T&e' t!9e t&e %!intin, #or !
,en(ine Pi!sso HTo"!n el (!dro %or (n Pi!sso ,en(ino61
T!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no es nees!rio %oner el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do
!si sie"%re (!ndo el no"bre +! %reedido de (n !d.eti+o1 E.14 S&e is !n A"eri!n
l!7'er HEll! es (n! !bo,!d! est!do(nidense61
81BB1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres contables tanto
concretos como abstractos 'ue se usan m!s frecuentemente como incontables7
se (s!n en (n sentido "(' onreto %!r! indi!r (n! %!rte o %ori3n$ (n ti%o o l!se
de lo /(e se "enioneM ! "en(do +!n on (n !d.eti+o o (n! #r!se /(e los es%ei#i!M
l! tr!d(i3n es l! "is"! o"o ont!bles e inont!blesM "(&os de ellos %(eden ir
en %l(r!l t!"bi0n$ sin el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ e-e%to los /(e lle+!n Ns3lo
sin,(l!rO1 E.4 T&e 7!l9 &!s ,i+en "e ! ,ood !%%etite HEl %!seo "e &! d!do b(en
!%etito6M Te!&in, is !n !rt HEnse)!rL L! ense)!nz! es (n !rte6M S&eZs ! be!(t' HEll!
es (n! bellez!6M Ee dr!n9 ! Hbottle o#6 beer Hl bebi3 (n! Hbotell!L (n botellFn de6
er+ez!6M ! di##erentL le!rned be&!+io(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be&!+ior NUSAO
H(n! ond(t! di#erenteL !%rendid!6M T&is is ! bre!d Ht&!t6 s&e li9es Hste es (n Hti%o
de6 %!n /(e le ,(st! ! ell!6M It is ! ,ood b(siness HEs (n b(en ne,oio6M Ee &!s sent
'o( ! !9e Hl te &! en+i!do (n %!stel6M A b(rnin, o!l &!s #!llen on t&e !r%et HUn
%ed!zo de !rb3n !rdiendo &! !Fdo en l! !l#o"br!6M Brin, "e ! o##ee 7it& "il9L !
7&ite o##ee NGBOL ! re,(l!r o##ee NUSAO$ not ! te!] H\Tre"e (n !#0 on le&e$
no (n t0]6M ItZs ! +er' ,ood o##ee HEs (n !#0 "(' b(eno6M ! orr(%tion o# t&e L!tin
7ord H(n! orr(%i3n de l! %!l!br! l!tin!6M ! ,ood otton H(n b(en !l,od3n6M !
o(r!,e Ns3lo sin,(l!rO li9e &ers H(n +!lor o"o el s('o6M ! #(rt&er d!"!,e H(n
d!)oL %er.(iio "s6M Is it tr(e t&!t t&ere &!s been ! de!t& in &er #!"il'T HWEs
+erd!d /(e &! &!bido (n! "(erte en s( #!"ili!T6M ! de"or!' H(n! de"or!i!6$ !
deodor!nt H(n desodor!nte6M S&e #eels ! desire to e!t HEll! siente deseo de o"er6M !
deter,ent H(n deter,ente6$ ! dis!%%oint"ent H(n! desil(si3nL dee%i3n6M T&e'
s&o7 ! disretion t&!t e+er'bod' !d"ires HM(estr!n (n! disrei3n /(e !d"ir!
todo el "(ndo6M ! disri"in!tion H(n! disri"in!i3n6$ ! disin#et!nt H(n
desin#et!nte6$ ! d(9 H(n %!to6$ ! di!let!l En,lis& Ns3lo sin,(l!rO H(n in,l0s
di!let!l6M ItZs ! terrible e-%eriene HEs (n! e-%erieni! terrible6M It 7!s ! #!il(re
HF(e (n #r!!so6M ! #!s&ion H(n! "od!6M T&e' &!+e ! #e!r o# t&e d!r9 HTienen "iedo
deL ! l! oHb6s(rid!d6M Ee #eels ! #e!r t&!t "!9es &i" s&o(t Hl siente (n "iedo /(e
le &!e ,rit!r6M ! #eelin, o# .o' H(n! sens!i3nL (n senti"iento de !le,rF!6M S&e &!s
!(,&t ! #is& HEll! &! o,ido NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!do (n %ez6M ! #o, H(n! niebl!6$ ! #oll'
H(n! lo(r!6M ! ,ood #ood H(n b(en !li"ento6M S&e &!s ! #riendliness Ns3lo sin,(l!rO
t&!t is e-e%tion!l HEll! tiene (n! !"!bilid!d /(e es e-e%ion!l6M ! s7eet #r(it H(n
#r(toL (n! #r(t! d(le6M mo( lo+e ! %!,!n ,od HA"!s ! (n dios %!,!no6M ! ,o(t
Nliter!rioO o# blood H(n! ,ot! de s!n,re6$ !n orn!"ent!l ,r!ss H(n! &ierb!
orn!"ent!lL deor!ti+!6M T&ere is ! &!ir in "' so(% HE!' (n %elo en "i so%!6M A
&!%%iness Ns3lo sin,(l!rO s&e &!d !l7!'s desired HUn! #eliid!d /(e ell! &!bF!
dese!do sie"%re6M ItZs "ore ! &indr!ne t&!n ! &el% Ns3lo sin,(l!rO HEs "s (n
estorbo /(e (n! !'(d!6M T&!t is ! ,re!t &el% Ns3lo sin,(l!rO HEso es (n!L de ,r!n
!'(d!6M ! ne7 &istor' o# E(ro%e H(n! n(e+! &istori! de E(ro%!6M ! te-tile ind(str'
H(n! ind(stri! te-til6M ! ner+o(s l!(,& Ns3lo sin,(l!rO H(n! ris! ner+ios!6M T&e' led !
do,ZsL #!sin!tin,L terrible li#e HLle+!b!n (n! +id! de %erroL #!sin!nteL terrible6M !
bri,&t li,&t H(n! l(z brill!nte6M ! ,ood lotion H(n! b(en! loi3n6M A lo+e t&!t &e &!s
ne+er (nderstood HUn !"or /(e 0l n(n! &! o"%rendido6M ! &e!% "e!t H(n!
!rne b!r!t!6M ! terrible "el!n&ol' Nliter!rio4 s3lo sin,(l!rO H(n! "el!nolF!
terrible6M S&e &e!rd !Hn (n%le!s!nt6 noise HEll! o'3 (n r(ido Hdes!,r!d!ble66M T&!tZs
! nonsense NGB4 s3lo sin,(l!rOL ! %iee o# nonsense Ns3lo sin,(l!rO HEso es (n!
tonterF!L est(%idez6$ %ero UT&!tZs nonsenseV Ns3lo sin,(l!rO HEso son tonterF!sL
est(%idees6M ! li,&t oil H(n !eite li,ero6M ! l!r,e %!rt H(n! ,r!n %!rte6$ ! %!rt o# t&e
boo9 H(n! %!rte del libro6$ %ero U%!rt o# t&e %roble"V H%!rte del %roble"!6M !
%estiide H(n %estiid!6M ! ,ood %etrol H(n! b(en! ,!solin!6M ItZs ! %le!s(re HEs (n
%l!er6M so"e &!l9 r(s&ed to H!6 %o7der H!l,o de tiz! "olid! en %ol+o6M !
%rotetion H(n! %rotei3n6M ! re!din, H(n! let(r!6M It be!"e ! re!lit' HSe &izo
re!lid!d6M ! r(bber NGBO H(n! ,o"! de borr!r6$ ! s!l!d H(n! ens!l!d!6$ ! s!(e H(n!
s!ls!6M ItZs ! s&!"e Ns3lo sin,(l!rO HEs (n! lsti"!L %en!6M T&!tZs ! ,ood s&!"%oo
HseL A/(0l es (n b(en &!"%26M ! s&ootin, H(n !sesin!toL #(sil!"iento6M S&e
needs ! ,ood slee% Ns3lo sin,(l!rO HEll! neesit! dor"ir b!st!nte6M ! &!rit!ble
soiet' H(n! or,!niz!i3nL soied!d ben0#i!6$ ! s%ei!l so#tness$ ! s"!ll s%!e H(n
es%!io %e/(e)o6$ !t ! s%eedL +eloit' o# ?C 9ilo"etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
9ilo"eters NUSAO H! (n! +eloid!d de ?C 9il3"etros6M Footb!ll NGBOL Soer is !
s%ort HEl #2tbol es (n de%orte6M ! +er' &i,& st!t(s H(n! %osii3nL (n est!t(sL (n!
sit(!i3n "(' !ltHo$ !66M T&is is ! %reio(s stone HEsto es (n! %iedr! %reios!6M A
rollin, stone ,!t&ers no "oss HPiedr! /(e r(ed! no o,e NEs%!)!OL !,!rr! "o&o6M !
s(ess H(n 0-ito6$ ! s%ei#i s(,!r H(n !z2!r es%eF#io6$ ! s(,,estion H(n!
s(,esti3nL s(,ereni!6$ ! terrible t&o(,&t H(n %ens!"iento terrible6M It 7!s !
s&o9in, tr(t& HEr! (n! +erd!d &o!nte6M ! +erse H(n +ersoL (n! estro#!L (n
+ersF(lo6$ ! terrible +ie H(n +iio &orrible6$ ! +irt(e H(n! +irt(d6$ ! 7!r H(n!
,(err!6$ ! 7e!9ness H(n! debilid!d6$ ! li,&t 7ind H(n +iento li,ero6M It is ! ,ood
7ine HEs (n b(en +ino6M ! 'o,&(rtL 'o,(rtL 'o,&o(rt H(n 'o,(r61
*on otros no"bres l! tr!d(i3n !"bi! b!st!nte1 E.14 T&e' re!&ed !n
!o""od!tion Nliter!rioO HLle,!ron ! (n !(erdo6M !n !/(!int!ne o# "ine H(n
onoido "FoL (n! H%erson!6 onoid! "F!6M !n !d+ie H(n reibo6$ !n !,e H(n! er!6$
! b!s9etb!ll H(n b!l3nL (n! %elot! de b!lonesto6M ! bronze H"ed!l6 H(n! "ed!ll! de
brone6M It 7!s ! s"!ll b(siness HEr! (n! e"%res! %e/(e)!6M ! !%it!l H(n! !%it!l
Ni i(d!dOL (n! letr! "!'2s(l!L (n !%itel6$ ! &!r!ter H(n %erson!.e6M ! &!rit'
H(n! or,!niz!i3n ben0#i!6$ ! &ool!te H(n bo"b3n Nde &ool!teO6M Ee &!sL
!(,&t ! old Hl tieneL o,i3 NEs%!)!OL !,!rr3 (n res#ri!do6M ! o(ntr' H(n %!Fs6$ !
de%ression H(n! de%resi3n Neon3"i!L ,eo,r#i!L !t"os#0ri!L H%6siol3,i!O6$ !
#ootb!ll H(n! %elot!L (n b!l3n6$ ! %oliti!l #ootb!ll H(n te"! "(' "!nido6M Ee &!s !
,l!ss Hl tiene (n +!so6M ! ,old H"ed!l6 H(n! "ed!ll! de oro6M ! ,r!ss NGB4 +(l,!rO
H(nH!6 so%l3nH!66M T&e &ild 7!s e!tin, !n ie NGBOL !n ie re!" HEl ni)oL L! ni)!
est!b! o"iendo (n &el!do6M !n ie NUSAO H(n sorbeteL ,r!niz!do6M !n Intelli,ene
Nr!roO H(n ser inteli,ente Ns(%ern!t(r!lO6M S&e bo(,&t !n eletri iron HEll! o"%r3
(n! %l!n&! el0tri!6M !n It!li!n H(nH!6 it!li!nHo$ !66M T&ere is ! l!"b HE!' (n
ordero6M Gi+e "e ! li,&t Ns3lo sin,(l!rO] H\D!"e #(e,o]6M ! "!rble H(n! !ni!6$ !
ner+e H(n ner+io6$ !n o!9 H(n roble NrbolO6M T&!tZs !n e-%ensi+e %!intin, Hse es (n
(!dro !ro6M ! %!%er H(n %eri3dioL (n !rtF(loL (n! on#ereni!6$ ! %ot!to H(n!
%!t!t!6$ ! %ride H(n! "!n!d! de leones6$ ! roo" H(n (!rtoL (n! &!bit!i3n6$ !
ro'!lt' Hdere&os de !(tor NoO de l! %ro%ied!d intelet(!lL re,!lF!s6$ ! sil+er H"ed!l6
H(n! "ed!ll! de %l!t!6$ ! sno7 H(n! ne+!d!6M Ee is ,oin, to ,i+e ! t!l9 Hl +! ! d!r
(n! &!rl!6M ! t&(nder o# !%%l!(se Ns3lo sin,(l!rO H(n! s!l+! de !%l!(sos6M S&e 7!s
7ron, t&!t ti"e HEll! est!b! e/(i+o!d! es! +ez6M T&ere is ! ti"e !nd ! %l!e #or
e+er't&in, HE!' (n "o"ento ' (n l(,!r %!r! todo6M ! tin H(n! l!t! Hde est!)oL
&o.!l!t!6 NGBO6$ t&e to!st Hel brindisL entro de !teni3n6$ ! tr(st H(n #ondo de
in+ersionesL (n! #(nd!i3nL (n !rtel6$ ! 7e!lt& o# in#or"!tionL ill(str!tions
H!b(nd!ni! de in#or"!i3nL il(str!iones6M Eere is ! 7illo7 HA/(F &!' (n s!(e
NrbolO6M ! 7ood H(n bos/(eL (n %!lo on !bez! de "!der! N,ol#O6$ ! re#erene
7or9 H(n! obr! de ons(lt!6$ ! 7or9 o# !rt H(n! obr! de !rte6$ ! 'o(t& H(n .o+en61 D1
:188
Tod!s est!s %!l!br!s %(eden lle+!r t!"bi0n Ut&eV en in,l0s1
QPl!eQ es nor"!l"ente ont!ble4 T&ereZs ! %l!e o+er t&ere HE!' (n sitio !llF6M Is
t&ere ! %l!e #or one "ore b!,T HWE!' H(n6 sitio %!r! (n! bols! "sT6$ %ero %(ede
ser t!"bi0n inont!ble en USA on el "is"o si,ni#i!do /(e Uroo"V o"o
inont!ble1 E.14 T&ereZs roo" o+er t&ere HE!' sitio !llF6M Is t&ere roo"L %l!e NUSAO
#or one "ore b!,T HWE!' sitio NoO es%!io %!r! (n! bols! "sT61
815CC1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres contables tanto
concretos como abstractos 'ue se usan m!s frecuentemente como incontables7
van generalmente precedidos de un ad%etivo o seguidos de una frase 'ue los
especifica para indicar una parte o porcin, un tipo o clase de lo 'ue se
mencioneM !l,(nos %(eden ir s3lo en sin,(l!r Ns3lo sin,(l!rO4 !%%rei!tion$
!r&itet(re Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ !%!it'$ dis!%%oint"ent$ distr(st Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$
e!rnestness Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ ed(!tion Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ e##iien' Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$
ele,!ne Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ #res&ness Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ #riends&i%$ &o%e$ &os%it!lit'$
&("ilit' Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ &(n,er Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ i"!,in!tion$ i"%ort!ne Ns3lo
sin,(l!rO$ 9indness$ 9no7led,e Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ "erri"ent Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ "odest'
Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ "or!lit' Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ n!t(re$ %e!e$ %er"ission$ %&iloso%&'$
%o+ert' Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ s!dness Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ sens!tion$ sti##ness Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$
stir$ st(%idit'$ t&irst Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ (nderst!ndin, Ns3lo sin,(l!rO$ +iolene Ns3lo
sin,(l!rO$ 7!ter$ et1 ND1 :188O1 E.14 ! ,ood !%%rei!tion o# Ht&e6 re!lit' H(n!
!%rei!i3n b(en! de l! re!lid!d6M !n enor"o(s !%!it' H(n! !%!id!d enor"e6M
t&is deision$ ! ,re!t dis!%%oint"ent #or "e Hest! deisi3n$ (n! ,r!n desil(si3nL
dee%i3n %!r! "F6M ! Hdee%6 distr(st o# #orei,ners HH(n! ,r!n6 deson#i!nz! en los
e-tr!n.eros6M ! tre"endo(s e!rnestness H(n! seried!d tre"end!6M T&e !ir &!s !n
(n!(sto"ed #res&ness HEl !ire tiene (n! #res(r! no &!bit(!l6M ! l!stin, #riends&i%
H(n! !"ist!d d(r!der!6M Ee &!s &i,& &o%es o# 7innin, Hl tiene "(&!s es%er!nz!s
de ,!n!r6M A ,oodL little 9no7led,e o# En,lis& is +er' (se#(l HUn b(en
onoi"ientoL Al,2n onoi"iento del in,l0s es "(' 2til6M Ee &!s !n e-!t
9no7led,e o# t&is Hl tiene (n onoi"iento e-!to de esto6M /(estions o# ! di##erent
n!t(re H(estiones de n!t(r!lez! "(' di#erente6M ! l!stin, %e!e H(n! %!z d(r!der!6M
! s%ei!l %er"ission H(n %er"iso es%ei!l6M ! ,ood %&iloso%&' H(n! b(en! #iloso#F!6M
S&e 7!s #eelin, !n inredibleL inde#in!ble NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO (nde#in!ble
NUSA %rini%!l"enteO s!dness HEll! est!b! sintiendo (n! tristez! inreFbleL
inde#inible6M S&e #elt ! sli,&t sti##ness in &er !r" HEll! sinti3 (n! li,er! ri,idez en el
br!zo6M Eer !rri+!l !(sed ! ,re!t stirL sens!tion HS( lle,!d! !(s3 (n! ,r!n
sens!i3n6M ! n!t(r!l 7!ter H(n !,(! n!t(r!l61
En !l,(nos !sos se %(ede s(%ri"ir el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ %ero !"bi! (n %oo
el si,ni#i!do1 E.14 T&e' &!+e ! li"ited 9no7led,e o# En,lis& HTienen (n
onoi"iento li"it!do del in,l0s6$ %ero QT&e' &!+e li"ited 9no7led,e o# En,lis&Q
HTienen onoi"iento li"it!do del in,l0s6$ et1
Tod!s est!s %!l!br!s %(eden lle+!r t!"bi0n Ut&eV en in,l0s1
815C51I Se (s! el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do en e-l!"!iones delante de nombres
contables en singular tanto concretos como abstractos delante de nombres
generalmente incontables usados como contables en singular cuando van
detr!s de los ad%etivos exclamativos M,/at, /o, D ad%etivo, so D ad%etivo ND1
;1=C1=$ ;15=1<O$ suc/M ND1 ;1=C155OM en !stell!no no s(elen lle+!r el !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do1 E.14 >&!t ! onstern!tion o# so(l 7!s "ine] H\J(0 onstern!i3n
del !l"! #(e l! "F!]6M >&!t ! lo+el' d!'] H\J(0 dF! "s bonito]6M >&!t ! .o' H&e
,!+e &er6] H\J(0 !le,rF! Hle di3 0l ! ell!6]6M >&!t ! l!(,&] H\J(0 ris!]6M >&!t !
Hsill'6 "!n] H\J(0 &o"bre H"s tonto6]6M >&!t ! "ess] H\J(0 lFo]6M >&!t !
n(is!ne Ht&!t "!n is6] H\J(0 l!t!L #!stidio Hd! ese &o"bre6]6M >&!t ! %it' HHt&!t6
'o( !nZt o"e6] H\J(0 lsti"!L %en! H/(e no %(ed!s +enir6]6M >&!t ! relie#] H\J(0
!li+io]6M >&!t ! s&!"e Hto &e!t t&e"6] H\J(0 %en!L lsti"! Hen,!)!rlos6]6M >&!t !
7onder#(l 7orldL stor'] H\J(0 "(ndoL &istoriet! "s "!r!+illosHo$ !6]6M >&!t !
si"%le t&in,] H\J(0 os! "s senill!]6M Eo7 9ind ! 7o"!n 'o(r "ot&er is] H\J(0
"(.er "s !"!ble es t( "!dre]6M Eo7 serio(s ! %roble" is itT HW*3"o de serio es
el %roble"!T6M Ee is so 9ind ! bo'] H\Es (n &io t!n !"!ble]L \J(0 &io "s
!"!ble]6M T&ere 7!s s(& ! di##erene] H\E!bF! t!nt! di#ereni!]6M T&e' ne+er s!7
s(& ! #(ss] H\N(n! +ieron (n esnd!lo t!n ,r!nde]6M S&e is s(& ! t!l9!ti+e ,irl]
H\Ell! es (n! &i! t!n &!bl!dor!]6M S&e ne+er s!7 s(& ! "!n] H\Ell! n(n! +io !
t!l &o"bre]6M ItZs s(& ! s&ort ti"e] H\Es t!n %oo tie"%o]61
815C81I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de un nombre de pila seguido
del apellido o con los t(tulos QD!"e Hd!"!6L Fr!( N!le"n4 r!roO Hse)or!6L Fr_(lein
N!le"n4 r!roO Hse)orit!6L Eerr N!le"n4 r!roO Hse)or6L L!d' Hd!"!6L Lord HlordL
!b!llero6L M!d!"e NoO M"eH16 N#r!n0s4 r!roO Hse)or!6L Miss Hse)orit!6L MlleH16
N#r!n0s4 r!roO Hse)orit!6L MsH16 Hdo)!L se)orit!L se)or!6L Monsie(r N#r!n0s4 r!roO
Hse)or6L MrH16 Hse)orL don6L MrsH16 Hse)or!L do)!6L Sir H!b!lleroL se)or6Q %reedidos
o no de Uert!inV ' se,(idos de (n !%ellidoM si,ni#i! Q(n t!lL iertoQM se %(ede %oner
t!"bi0n (n !d.eti+o n("er!l ordin!l entre el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ' el no"breM
tienen (n sentido es%eF#io$ (!ntit!ti+o$ no ,en0rio o l!si#i!ti+o1 E.14 Ee t&in9s
&eZs ! Hseond6 >illi!" S&!9es%e!re Hl ree /(e es (n Hse,(ndo6 >1 S16M I "et !
Peter Dr!%erL MrH16 Bro7n H*onoF ! (n t!l Pedro D1L Sr1 B16M I "et ! t&ird Peter
Eerd"!nL MrH16 E!r%er H*onoF ! (n terer Pedro E1L Sr1 E16M I "et ! D!"e
E!re#ootL L!d' >e!+erL Lord Bl(ntL Sir *&!%"!n H*onoF ! (n! d!"! E1L (n!
d!"! >1L (n !b!llero B1L (n !b!llero *16M S&e t!l9ed to ! MrsH16 Flo7ers HEll!
&!bl3 on (n! t!l Sr!1 F16M T&e' !"e !ross ! MsH16L Miss Little HSe tro%ez!ron on
(n! t!l Srt!1L16M S&e 9no7s ! ert!in MrH16 jones HEll! onoe ! (n ierto Sr1 j16M A
ert!in MrH16 Fe!t&ers is 7!itin, HUn t!l Sr1 F1 est es%er!ndo61
T!"bi0n se %(ede (s!r U!V se,(ido de (n no"bre sin !%ellido o tFt(lo4 ! je##erson$ !
*&!rle"!,ne$ et1
T!"bi0n se %(ede (s!r UoneV se,(ido de (n !%ellido sin el tFt(lo QMrH16Q$ et1$ o de
(n no"bre de %il! se,(ido del !%ellidoM si +! en !%osii3n$ es nees!rio %oner UoneV
en +ez del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 E.4 It 7!s one S"it& HEr! (n S"it&6M A l!d'$ one
A!t&' jones$ %&oned !n &o(r !,o HUn! se)or!$ (n! *!t!lin! j1$ tele#one3 &!e (n!
&or!61
Se %(ede (s!r el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do del!nte de (n no"bre o !%ellido %!r!
re#erirse ! lo /(e re! el !rtist!4 (n (!dro$ (n libro$ (n! es(lt(r!$ et1M %(eden ser
,en0rios o l!si#i!ti+os ' es%eF#ios o (!ntit!ti+os E.14 Ee bo(,&t ! Pi!sso
'esterd!' Hl o"%r3 (n H(!dro de6 Pi!sso !'er6M S&e sold ! M!tisse HEll! +endi3
(n H(!dro de6 M!tissse6M Are 'o( re!din, !n A,!t&! *&ristieT HWEsts le'endo (n!
no+el! de n,!t! *&ristieT6M EeZs re!din, ! Gr!&!" Greene Hl est le'endo (n!
no+el! de G1 Greene61
815C:1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres contables en
singular (s!dos o"o "ie"bros en sentido indeter"in!do de (n ,r(%o de
%erson!s detrs l!s %re%osiiones Q!s$ li9e$ t&!n$ 7it&$ 7it&o(tV$ detrs de los +erbos
nor"!les U!%%e!r$ be onsidered$ be t!9en #or$ onsider so"et&in,$ see"$ t!9e
so"et&in, #orQ$ et1 E.14 !s ! r(le Ho"oL %or re,l! ,ener!l6M S&e 7!s less 9no7n !s
!n !rtist t&!n !s !n !tress HEll! er! "enos onoid! o"o !rtist! /(e o"o !triz6M
Ee be&!+ed li9e ! ,entle"!n Hl se %ort3 o"o (n !b!llero6M T&!tZs .(st li9e !
7o"!n HEso es "(' de "(.eres6M S&e 7or9ed li9e !n !ni"!lL ! sl!+eL ! 7!itress
NoO ! 7!iter HEll! tr!b!.!b! o"o (n !ni"!lL o"o (n! esl!+!L de NoO o"o
!"!rer! N' no lo er!O6M so"et&in, li9e ! "otorHI6bi9e H!l,o !sF o"o (n! "oto6M
Ee is better t&!n ! l!7'er Hl es "e.or /(e (n !bo,!do6M t&is 9ettle 7it& ! lid Hest!
teter! N%!r! &er+ir !,(!O on (n! t!%!der!6M 7it& ! s"ile Hon (n! sonris!6M ! "!n
7it&o(t ! &!t H(n &o"bre sin so"brero6M S&e didnZt 7!nt to !%%e!r ! #ool HEll! no
/(erF! %!reerL !%!reer o"o tont!6M It is onsidered ! ,ood b!r,!in HSe onsider!
(n! b(en! ,!n,!6M S&e onsiders it ! ,ood #l!t NGBOL !%!rt"ent NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO HEll! lo onsider! (n b(en %iso6M Ee see"s to "e ! %oor dotor Hl
"e %!ree (n "0dio "ediore61
815C;1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres contables en
singular precedidos de un ad%etivo, cuando va precedido del verbo normal
Mturn outM1 E.14 S&e t(rned o(t !n e-ellent te!&er NGBOL S&e t(rned o(t to be !n
e-ellent te!&er HEll! res(lt3 ser (n! %ro#esor! e-elente61
815C<1I Se (s! el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do con ordinales para indicar fec/as o
nombres en singular de d(as de la semana o meses1 E.14 It 7!s ! #i#t& o#
Dee"ber HEr! (n ino de diie"bre6M S&e ne+er o"es on ! S!t(rd!' HEll! n(n!
+iene los sb!dos6M T&ere is ! Febr(!r' in "' teens t&!t I 7ill ne+er #or,et HE!' (n
H"es de6 #ebrero (!ndo tenF! de 5: ! 5B !)os /(e n(n! ol+id!r061
Se (s! el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do on nombres en singular de dF!s de l! se"!n! '
%erFodos del dF! %reedidos de l! %re%osii3n Qo#Q en GB$ ,ener!l"ente %!r! indi!r
&bito o ost("bre en in,l0s liter!rio$ en rel!tos 3"ios ' en in,l0s +(l,!rM !
+ees$ t!"bi0n se (s! QonQ1 E.14 >&!t do 'o( do o# NGBOL on ! S(nd!'T HWJ(0
&!es los do"in,osT6M S&e died o# NGBOL on ! Mond!' HEll! "(ri3 (n l(nes6M It
7!s #ine o# NGBO ! "ornin, HE!F! b(en tie"%o %or l! "!)!n!6M T&e' so"eti"es
o"e o# NGBO !n e+enin, HA +ees$ +ienen %or l! t!rde6M T&e' rise e!rl' o# NGBO !
"ornin, HSe le+!nt!n te"%r!no %or l! "!)!n!L tod!s l!s "!)!n!s6M It 7!s &er
(sto" o# NGBOL on ! S(nd!' to ,o to &(r& HEll! tenF! ost("bre de ir ! "is!
todos los do"in,os61
Se (s! t!"bi0n del!nte (n %erFodo del dF! %reedido de (n dF! de l! se"!n! en
sin,(l!r1 E.14 It 7!s ! S!t(rd!'L T(esd!' !#ternoon HEr! (n sb!doL "!rtes %or l!
t!rde6$ et1
Se (s! el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do on no"bres de #esti+id!des ' #esti+!les (!ndo se
sin,(l!riz! o es%ei#i! on !l,(n! %!l!br!1 E.14 A *&rist"!s 7&en &e 7!s 'o(n,
HUn!s N!+id!des (!ndo 0l er! .o+en6M T&e' s%ent ! 7onder#(l *&rist"!s t&!t 'e!r
HP!s!ron (n!s N!+id!des "!r!+illos!s eseL !/(el !)o61
815C=1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres contables en
singular (!ndo se "enion!n %or %ri"er! +ezM son es%eF#ios o (!ntit!ti+os$ no
,en0rios o l!si#i!ti+os1 E.14 T&ere 7!s ! "on9e' in t&e %!r9 HE!bF! (n "ono en
el %!r/(e6M >e s!7 ! !r in ! %!r9 HDi"os (n o&e en (n %!r/(e6M Ee &!s ! don9e'
Hl tiene (n b(rro61
*(!ndo se "enion!n %or se,(nd! +ez se s(ele (s!r '! Ut&eVM no obst!nte$ si el
no"bre +! %reedido de (n !d.eti+o$ se s(ele se,(ir (s!ndo el !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do1
815C?1I Se (s! el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do con verbos usados como nombres en
singularM %(eden ser ,en0rios o l!si#i!ti+os ' es%eF#ios o (!ntit!ti+osM
!l,(nos %(eden ir s3lo en sin,(l!r Ns3lo sin,(l!rOM !l,(nos %(eden ir %reedidos de
QoneQ (!ndo se en#!tiz! el n2"ero ' se %one Q!L oneQ$ %ero otros no ' se %one Q!Q1
E.14 ! b!bble Ns3lo sin,(l!rO o# +oies H(n "(r"(lloL s(s(rro de +oes6M S&e &!d !
H,ood6 bl(bber Ns3lo sin,(l!rO HEll! llor3 ! "oo tendidoL t(+o (n b(en llori/(eo6M
Ee &!s !n !t&leti b(ild Nsin,(l!r %rini%!l"enteO Hl tiene (n ti%o !tl0tioL (n!
o"%le-i3n !tl0ti!6M T&e' &!d !L one ,ood &!t HT(+ieron (n! b(en! &!rl!6M !
l!tter Ns3lo sin,(l!rO o# #or9s H(n re%i/(eteo de tenedores6M S&e &!d !L one ,ood
r' HEll! llor3 b!st!nte6M T&ere is !L one (t HE!' (n orte6M Ee &!d !L one doze
Nsin,(l!r %rini%!l"enteO Hl e&3 (n! !bez!d!L d(r"i3 (n %oo6M !L one nie
dress H(n +estido bonito6M Ee &!d !L one ,ood drin9 Hl se e&3 (n b(en tr!,o6M !L
one %!ssion!te e"br!e H(n !br!zo !%!sion!do6M ! #eel Ns3lo sin,(l!rO H(n
senti"ientoL !"bienteL t!to6$ ! #li9er Ns3lo sin,(l!rO o# &o%eL li#e H(n r!'o de
es%er!nz!L (n! &is%! de +id!6$ !L one onte"%t(o(s ,!ze Nsin,(l!r
%rini%!l"enteO H(n! "ir!d! H#i.! o l!r,!6 des%rei!ti+!6M Ee ,!+e !L one /(i9
,l!ne Hl e&3 (n! "ir!d! r%id!6M ! r(el ,litter Ns3lo sin,(l!rO in &er e'es H(n
destelloL brillo r(el en s(s o.os6M E!+e !L one ,o] H\Int0nt!lo]L \Pr(eb! ! +er]6M !L
one ,ro!n H(n ,e"ido6M !n ins!ti!ble &(n,er Ns3lo sin,(l!rO #or %le!s(re H(n! sed
ins!i!ble de %l!er6$ ! .!bber Ns3lo sin,(l!rO H(n %!rloteoL ,(iri,!'6$ !L one 9i9
H(n! %!t!d!6M Ee &!d ! l!ze Ns3lo sin,(l!rO Hl t(+o (n des!nso6M It is ! b!d lie HEs
(n! "!l! %osii3n6M T&e' &!d !L one ,ood loo9 !t &er HLe e&!ron (n b(en +ist!zo
! ell!6M Ee is "!9in, ! "o+e Hl est &!iendo (n "o+i"iento6M ! "(st Ns3lo
sin,(l!rO H(n! neesid!d6M T&e' &!d ! ,ood %ee% Nsin,(l!r %rini%!l"enteO !t &er
HLe e&!ron (n b(en +ist!zo Nr%ido o ! &(rt!dill!sO ! ell!6M !L one %l(n,e Nsin,(l!r
%rini%!l"enteO H(n &!%(z3nL desenso6$ !L one %(ll H(n tir3n6$ !L one re!d Ns3lo
sin,(l!rO H(n! let(r!6M A &!ne o# ! re%e!t Ns3lo sin,(l!rO is (nli9el' HUn!
o%ort(nid!d de /(e lo re%it!nL re%etii3n es i"%rob!ble6M S&e &!d !L one rest HEll!
t(+o (n des!nso6M Ee &!d !L one ,ood ride Hl dio (n! b(en! !b!l,!t!6M !L one
b!d s!re H(n b(en s(sto6M I "(st &!+e ! s&!+e HDebo !#eit!r"e6M !L one s&i+er H(n
te"blor6M !L one si,& H(n s(s%iro6M !L one s&o(t H(n ,rito6M S&e li9es ! s"o9e !#ter
l(n& HA ell! le ,(st! (n %itillo des%(0s de o"er6M T&e' &!d !L one ,ood st!re !t
&er HLe e&!ron (n b(en +ist!zo Hon l! "ir!d! #i.!6 ! ell!6M S&e "!de !L one ,ood
st!rt HEll! e"%ez3 on b(en %ie6M IZll &!+e to &!+e ! t&in9 Ns3lo sin,(l!rO !bo(t it
HTendr0 /(e %ens!rH"e6lo6M !L one s&ort +isit H(n! +isit! ort!6$ !L one lon, 7!it
Ns3lo sin,(l!rO H(n! l!r,! es%er!6M S&e 7ent #or !L one 7!l9 HEll! #(e ! d!r (n
%!seo6M S&e 7ent !nd &!d !L one 7!s& Nsin,(l!r %rini%!l"enteO HEll! #(e ! d!rse
(n l!+!doL l!+!rse6M S&e ,!+e &er NoO t&e lot&es ! 7rin, HEll! e-%ri"i3 el !,(! de
l! ro%!61 D1 :1:=18$ =1588
815C@1I Se (s! el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do con la forma verbal en 5ing de +erbos en
!niones tr!diion!les o en e-%resiones !r!i!s1 E.14 to ,o !&(ntin, Hir de !z!6$ to
,o !#is&in, Hir de %es!6$ et1
En in,l0s "oderno no se %one est! Q!Q /(e re!l"ente es (n! %re%osii3n
!n,los!.on!$ no el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1
815CB1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres en singular de d(as
de la semana, meses del aLo de per(odos de tiempo o"o Qe+enin,L &o(rL
"in(teL "ornin,L ni,&tL seondQ$ et1$ (!ndo no se indi! el "o"ento en /(e &!
tenido l(,!r !l,oM son es%eF#ios o (!ntit!ti+os$ no ,en0rios o l!si#i!ti+osM se
%(ede (s!r t!"bi0n QoneQM Q!Hn6Q no en#!tiz! el n2"ero sino el no"bre /(e +!
detrsM QoneQ en#!tiz! el n2"ero ' no el no"bre /(e +! detrs1 E.14 Ee s%ent !L Rone
d!'L "in(teL ni,&tL seond t&ere Hl %!s3 (n dF!L (n "in(toL (n! no&eL (n
se,(ndo !llF6M Ee !"e #or !L one d!' or t7o Hl +ino %or (no o dos dF!s61
Sin e"b!r,o$ se (s! QoneQ ' no Q!Hn6Q$ (!ndo se /(iere indi!r el "o"ento en /(e
&! tenido l(,!r !l,o1 E.14 ROne "ornin, I #o(nd t&e "ineL I #o(nd t&e "ine Rone
"ornin, HUn! "!)!n! enontr0 l! "in!6M ROne ti"e s&e didnZt o"e HUn! +ez ell!
no +ino6$ %ero UOne (%on ! None4 no %onerO ti"e t&ere 7!s 111V Hr!se (n! +ez 11161
D1 ;1<C
8155C1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres de los signos
)odiacales /(e orres%onden ! doe onstel!iones (!ndo se re#ieren ! (n!
%erson! /(e &! n!ido en el %erFodo de tie"%o !si,n!do ! !d! si,no on l! #(ni3n
de no"bre4 Aries HAries6$ T!(r(s HT!(ro6$ Ge"ini HG0"inis6$ *!ner H*ner6$ Leo
HLeo6$ Dir,o HDir,o6$ Libr! HLibr!6$ Sor%io HEsor%i3n6$ S!,itt!ri(s HS!,it!rio6$
*!%riorn H*!%riornio6$ A/(!ri(s HA(!rio6$ Pises HPisis61 E.14 S&e is !n
A/(!ri(s HEll! es (n! !(!rio61 D1 81=8
815551I Se (s! el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do con Mcancer, gout, itc/, paralsis,
plagueM$ %or/(e son ont!bles e inont!blesM Q,o(tQ si,ni#i! Q,ot!Q de (n lF/(ido
en "ediin! %ero no l! en#er"ed!dM Qit&Q no si,ni#i! Qs!rn!Q (!ndo +! %reedido
del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 E.14 ! (r!ble !ner H(n ner (r!bleL /(e se %(ede
(r!r6M Diolene is ! !ner in o(r soiet' HL! +ioleni! Nen ,ener!lO es (n ner en
n(estr! soied!d6M ! ,o(t N"enos (s!doOL ! dro% N"s (s!doO o# blood H(n! ,ot! de
s!n,re6M Ee &!s !n it& Hl tiene (n %iorL (n! %i!z3nL (n! o"ez3n6M T&e' &!+e
!n it& #or !d+ent(re HTienen !nsi! de !+ent(r!6M S&e &!d ! %!r!l'sis HEll! t(+o (n!
%!rlisis6M ! %l!,(e o# #lies H(n! %l!,! de "os!s61 D1 8158?
T!"bi0n se %(ede (s!r on Q&i(%L &io(,&Q$ /(e es s3lo ont!ble1 E.14 ! &i(%L
&io(,& H(n &i%oL (n! di#i(lt!d61
815581I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres de medidas o de dos
nombres de medidas unidos por la con%uncin ;and<M se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n
QoneQ1 E.14 !nL one &o(r H(n! &or!6M !L one "etre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "eter
NUSAO H(n "etro6M !n N"enos (s!doOL one N"s (s!doO &o(r !nd t7ent' "in(tes
H(n! &or! ' +einte "in(tos6M !L one %o(nd H(n! libr!6M ! N"enos (s!doOL one N"s
(s!doO "etre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "eter NUSAO !nd se+en enti"etres NGBOL
enti"eters NUSAO H(n "etro ' siete entF"etros6M ! N"enos (s!doOL one N"s
(s!doO %o(nd !nd t&irt'I#i+e H%ene6 H(n! libr! ' treint! ' ino H%eni/(es661
Sin e"b!r,o$ se (s! QoneQ ' no Q!Q (!ndo +! se,(ido de dos no"bres de "edid!s
no (nidos %or l! on.(ni3n Q!ndQ1 E.14 one &o(r$ t7ent' "in(tes H(n! &or! ' +einte
"in(tos6M one "etre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "eter NUSAO$ se+en enti"etres NGBOL
enti"eters NUSAO H(n "etro ' +einte entF"etros6M ItZs one "etre NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL "eter NUSAO t7ent' enti"etres NGBOL enti"eters NUSAO lon,
HTiene (n "etro ' +einte entF"etros6M one %o(nd t&irt'I#i+e H%ene6 H(n! libr! '
treint! ' ino H%eni/(es661
8155:1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de nombres contables D MofM D
genitivo sa%n1 D1 :1@5
8155;1I El !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se (s! delante de un nombre precedido de
;most< D ad%etivo en grado positivoM es el s(%erl!ti+o !bsol(to1 D1 ;1:C
8155<1I M= little, 'uite a little, a fe,, 'uite a fe,, a ver fe,, a fe, more, 'uite a
fe, moreM$ t!nto si son !d.eti+os o"o %rono"bres inde#inidos$ tienen un sentido
positivo$ %or/(e l! %erson! est ontent! on lo /(e tiene !(n/(e no se! "(&oM si
+!n %reedidos de Qonl'Q$ indi!n /(e re!l"ente l! !ntid!d es %e/(e)! ' %(ede ser
(n #or"! de deir /(e on+iene o"%r!r "s o no es%er!r de"!si!do1 E.14 Ee &!s !
little "one' Hl tiene (n %oo de dinero6M S&e &!s ! #e7 boo9s HEll! tiene (nos
%oos libros6M /(ite ! #e7 7&eels Hb!st!ntes r(ed!s6M T&e' &!+e onl' ! little "il9
HTienen sol!"ente (n %oo de le&e6M S&e &!s onl' ! #e7 !%%les HEll! tiene
sol!"ente (n!s %o!s "!nz!n!s61
Sin embargo, Mlittle, 'uite little, fe,, 'uite fe,, ver fe,, fe, more, 'uite fe,
moreM$ t!nto si son !d.eti+os o"o %rono"bres inde#inidos$ no lle+!n el !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do ' tienen un sentido negativo$ %or/(e l! %erson! no est ontent!
on lo /(e tiene ' /(iere "s1 E.14 Ee &!s little "one' Hl tiene %oo dinero6M Eo7
little %!tiene] H\J(0 %o! %!ieni!]6M T&e' &!+e /(ite little &o%e HTienen b!st!nte
%o! es%er!nz!6M S&e &!s #e7 boo9s HEll! tiene %oos libros6M Ee &!s /(ite #e7
%resents Hl tiene b!st!ntes %oos re,!los6M T&e' &!+e +er' #e7 7orries HTienen
"(' %o!s %reo(%!iones61 D1 ;1=5$ <1:C
8155=1I Cuando dos o m!s nombres llevan un solo art(culo indeterminado se
indica 'ue forman parte de un todo '$ si !d! (no de ellos lle+! s( %ro%io !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do$ estn +istos desde (n %(nto de +ist! indi+id(!l ' no oleti+o1 E.14 !
bl!9 !nd 7&ite #il" H(n! %elF(l! en bl!no ' ne,ro6M ! bl!9 !nd ! 7&ite #il" H(n!
%elF(l! en bl!no ' (n! en ne,ro6M ! (% !nd s!(er H(n! t!z! on %l!tillo6M ! (%
!nd ! s!(er H(n! t!z! ' (n %l!tillo6M ! &orse !nd !rri!,e H(n !rr(!.eL o&e de
!b!llos6M mo( need ! &orse !nd ! !rri!,e HNeesit!s (n !b!llo ' (n !rr(!.e6M
T&e' need ! !r%enter !nd "e&!ni HNeesit!n (n !r%intero ' "enio Ni
!r%intero /(e se! t!"bi0n "enioO6M T&e' need ! !r%enter !nd ! "e&!ni
HNeesit!n (n !r%intero ' (n "enio Ni !r%intero /(e no se! "enioO61
Si (n no"bre +! %reedido de (n solo !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ' de dos !d.eti+os
(nidos %or l! on.(ni3n U!ndV$ se indi! /(e #or"!n %!rte de (n todoM esos
!d.eti+os se re#ieren ! (n "is"o #en3"eno$ %erson! o os!1 E.14 ! t!ll !nd 9ind "!n
H(n &o"bre !lto ' ort0s6M ! red !nd bl(e .!9et H(n! &!/(et! ro.! ' !z(l61
Sin e"b!r,o$ si !d! (no de los !d.eti+os lle+! s( %ro%io !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$
estn +istos desde (n %(nto de +ist! indi+id(!l ' no oleti+oM se re#ieren ! distintos
#en3"enos$ %erson!s o os!s1 E.14 A #!ir !nd ! bl!9 7o"!n 7ere t!l9in, to e!&
ot&er HUn! "(.er r(bi! ' (n! "(.er ne,r! est!b!n &!bl!ndo Hl! (n! on l! otr!66M !
red !nd ! bl(e .!9et H(n! &!/(et! ro.! ' otr! !z(l61
Los !d.eti+os nor"!l"ente +!n entre el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ' el no"bre$ o"o
se %(ede +er en los e.e"%los d!dos$ %ero ! +ees +!n detrs del no"bre1 D1 ;15=15I
:$ ;15=15C$ ;15=15;I88$ ;15?1<
Los !d.eti+os %(eden ir detrs del no"bre %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 D1
;15?15
8155?1I &os adverbios de -.*3.- pueden ir entre el art(culo indeterminado el
ad%etivo en grado positivo 'ue va delante de un nombre contable1 D1 ;1:5
No obst!nte$ UEe &!s e-!tl' N!li#i! !l o"%le"ento direto /(e +! detrsM
e-!tl' &!s4 no %onerO one N!4 no %onerO Hne76 boo9V Hl tiene e-!t!"ente (n libro
Hn(e+o661
Sin e"b!r,o$ los !d+erbios Q!t(!ll'$ !d"ittedl'$ !lre!d'$ !l7!'s$ !n'7!'$ brie#l'$
ert!inl'$ &!l#HI67!'$ &!rdl'$ &onestl'$ indeed$ .(st$ ne!rl' !l7!'s$ ne+er$ nor"!ll'$
not$ not &!l#$ not /(ite$ no7$ %r!ti!ll'$ %reisel'$ s!rel' e+er$ seldo"$ so"e&o7$
still$ t&ere#ore$ 'et Nen ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!OQ$ et1$ +!n del!nte del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do Hh !d.eti+o6 h no"bre ont!ble1 E.14 Ee &!s &!rdl'L .(stL %r!ti!ll'L
%reisel' h !L one Hne76 boo9 Nel !d+erbio !li#i! !l o"%le"ento direto /(e +!
detrsO Hl tiene !%en!sL s3loL %rti!"enteL %reis!"ente (n libro Hn(e+o66 NoO Ee
&!rdl'L .(stL %r!ti!ll' h &!s !L one Hne76 boo9 Nel !d+erbio !li#i! ! todo lo /(e
+! detrsO Hl !%en!sL s3loL %rti!"ente tiene (n libro Hn(e+o66M not ! +er' ,ood
sit(!tion Hno (n! sit(!i3n "(' b(en!6L ! not +er' ,ood sit(!tion H(n! sit(!i3n no
"(' b(en!6M Ee$ %reisel' Ntiene /(e ir entre o"!s si +! del!nte del +erboM !li#i!
!l s(.eto /(e +! del!nteO$ &!s !L one boo9 Hl$ %reis!"ente$ tiene (n libro61
Al,(nos !d+erbios o"o U!est&eti!ll' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL est&eti!ll' NUSAO$
!nt&ro%olo,i!ll'$ !%%ro-i"!tel'$ !r&itet(r!ll'$ !rtisti!ll'$ !stonis&in,l'$
b!si!ll'$ bibli!ll'$ biolo,i!ll'$ &e"i!ll'$ &ie#l'$ le!rl'$ lini!ll'$
o""eri!ll'$ (lt(r!ll'$ deidedl'$ de#initel'$ distintl'$ eolo,i!ll'$ eono"i!ll'$
e"inentl' Non distinto si,ni#i!doO$ e"otion!ll'$ en+iron"ent!ll'$ et&i!ll'$
et&ni!ll'$ e-l(si+el'$ #in!ni!ll'$ ,eo,r!%&i!ll'$ &istori!ll'$ ide!ll' H! ser %osibleL
en el "e.or de los !sos6$ ideolo,i!ll'$ i""edi!tel' Non distinto si,ni#i!doO$
intellet(!ll'$ intention!ll'$ 9ind o# N"s (s!do detrs de U!VO$ le,!ll'$ less !nd
less Non distinto si,ni#i!doO$ lin,(isti!ll'$ liter!ll'$ lo,i!ll'$ "!inl'$ "!r9edl'$
"e&!ni!ll'$ "ent!ll'$ "erel'$ "or!ll'$ "ore !nd "ore$ "ostl'$ neess!ril'$ not$
not!bl' Non distinto si,ni#i!doO$ notie!bl'$ no7$ o!sion!ll'$ o##ii!ll'$
o%enl'$ ot&er7ise Non distinto si,ni#i!doO$ %!rti!ll'$ %!rtl'$ %&'si!ll'$ %l!inl'$
%oliti!ll'$ %ositi+el'$ %ossibl'$ %redo"in!ntl'$ %ri"!ril'$ %rini%!ll'$ %rob!bl'$
%s'&olo,i!ll'$ /(intessenti!ll'$ r!i!ll'$ r!%idl' Nsi +! detrs del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do$ el !d.eti+o s(ele tener l! "is"! #or"! /(e el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente
o Hde6 %!s!doO$ r!rel'$ r!t&er$ re!ll'$ rel!ti+el'$ ri,&tl'$ ro(,&l'$ s!rel'$
s&ol!sti!ll'$ sienti#i!ll'$ se-(!ll'$ si"%l'$ sinerel'$ soi!ll'$ so"eti"es$ sort o#
N"s (s!do detrs de U!VO$ s%irit(!ll'$ st!tisti!ll'$ str!n,el'$ s(ddenl' N"s (s!do
del!nte del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doO$ s(%er#ii!ll'$ s(r%risin,l' Non distinto
si,ni#i!doO$ te&ni!ll'$ te&nolo,i!ll'$ t&eoreti!ll'$ tr!dition!ll'$ tr(l'$
(ndo(btedl'$ (n#ort(n!tel'$ (ni#or"l' N"s (s!do detrs de U!VO$
(n"ist!9He6!bl'$ (no##ii!ll'$ +irt(!ll'$ +isibl'$ +is(!ll'V$ et1$ %(eden ir de l!s dos
"!ner!s$ %ero se (s!n todos "s del!nte de U!Hn6V e-e%to los /(e lle+!n
detrs N"s (s!do detrs de U!VO o Non distinto si,ni#i!doO1E.14 deidedl' !
di##i(lt deisionL ! deidedl' di##i(lt deisionM Ee de#initel' &!s !L one Hne76
boo9 N"s (s!do4 !li#i! ! todo lo /(e +! detrsO Hl ind(d!ble"ente tiene (n libro
Hn(e+o66 NoO Ee &!s de#initel' !L one Hne76 boo9 N"enos (s!do4 !li#i! !l
o"%le"ento direto /(e +! detrsO Hl tiene ind(d!ble"ente (n libro Hn(e+o66M ItZs
"or!ll' ! 7ron, deision HEs "or!l"ente (n! deisi3n err3ne!6M A "or!ll' 7ron,
deision !n be dist(rbin, HUn! deisi3n "or!l"ente err3ne! %(ede ser
%reo(%!nte6L A 7ron, deision "or!ll' !n be dist(rbin, HUn! deisi3n err3ne!
"or!l"ente %(ede ser %reo(%!nte6M not ! +er' ,ood sit(!tion Nestnd!r4 "s
(s!doO Hno (n! sit(!i3n "(' b(en!6L ! not +er' ,ood sit(!tion Nolo/(i!l4 "enos
(s!doO H(n! sit(!i3n no "(' b(en!6M ! s(r%risin,l' s&ort letter H(n! !rt!
sor%rendente"ente ort!6L s(r%risin,l' ! Hs&ort6 letter Hsor%rendente"ente (n! !rt!
Hort!66M (n#ort(n!tel' !n Hindi,n!nt6 !d+ent(re Hdes!#ort(n!d!"ente (n! !+ent(r!
Hindi,n!nte66L !n (n#ort(n!tel' indi,n!nt !d+ent(re H(n! !+ent(r!
des!#ort(n!d!"ente indi,n!nte61
Detrs de Q&o7Q el !d.eti+o +! nor"!l"ente del!nte del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 E.14
Eo7 nie ! 7o"!n s&e is Nestnd!rOL is s&e Nliter!rioO] H\J(0 "(.er "s si"%ti!
Hes ell!6]61 D1 ;1=C18
Sin e"b!r,o$ &!' otros !d+erbios /(e no %(eden ir entre el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do '
el !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o /(e +! del!nte del no"bre4 e+er so$ &!l#HI67!'$ le!st$
onl' too$ so$ so +er'$ et1
8155@1I Detr!s de M/o,everM se puede poner el art(culo indeterminado D
nombre contable sin ad%etivo1 E.14 Tr!+ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Tr!+elin,
NUSAO on &o7e+er ! s!le is e-%ensi+e to (s HDi!.!r es !ro %!r! nosotros %or "('
"odestos /(e se!n los "edios61
El !d+erbio Q&o7e+erQ se o"bin! de distint!s "!ner!s on el !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do1 D1 ;15=155
8155B1I &os adverbios Mas, enoug/, fairl, more, most, muc/, so, verM, pueden
combinarse de distintas maneras con el art(culo indeterminado1 D1 ;15=1<$
;15=1@
Los !d+erbios Q/(ite$ r!t&er$ no less$ tooQ$ %(eden o"bin!rse de distint!s "!ner!s
on el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 D1 ;15=158
Los !d.eti+os inde#inidos Qs(&$ "!n'Q$ s(elen ir del!nte del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do1 E.14 D1 ;1<1=
Sin e"b!r,o$ los !d.eti+os inde#inidos U#!r too "(& "ore$ H+er'6 "(& too "(&$
no$ not ! little$ %lent' less$ too "(&$ too "(& "oreV$ et1$ no %(eden ir entre el
!rtF(lo indeter"in!do ' el !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o /(e +! del!nte del no"bre1
8158C1I &os pronombres indefinidos Ma bit of, enoug/ of, less of ... t/an, more of
... t/an, muc/ of, ver muc/ ofM, etc., los adverbios M/o,M D ad%etivo,
M'uiteM, Mt/is# t/atM D ad%etivo, etc., van seguidos del art(culo indeterminado D
nombre1 E.14 S&e is eno(,& o# ! 7o"!n to ,et "!rried HEll! es s(#iiente "(.er
%!r! !s!rse6M Ee is eno(,& o# ! l!7'er to do it Hl es s(#iiente !bo,!do %!r!
&!erlo6M Ee is "(& o# ! +!,!bond Hl es (n +!,!b(ndo en el #ondo6M IZ" not
"(& o# ! "(sii!n HNo entiendo "(&o de "2si!L so' b(en "2sio6M Eo7 old !
,irl is s&eT HWJ(0 ed!d tiene l! &i!T6M S&e is /(ite !n e-%ert] H\D!'! e-%ert! /(e es
ell!]6M S&e !nZt !##ord t&!t bi, ! &o(se HEll! no %(ede %er"itirse el l(.o de (n! !s!
t!n ,r!nde6M EeZs +er' "(& o# ! s7indler Hl es (n ,r!n est!#!dor61 D1 :18C
QSort o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ' del no"bre ' t!"bi0n detrs
del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 E.14 S&eZs sort o# ! R7riterL ! sort o# R7riter HEll! es (n!
es%eie de esriRtor!61
P!r! el (so del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do on Q&!l#Q D1 ;1=515
Los !d+erbios Qone$ one ti"e$ t7ie$ t&ree ti"esQ$ et1$ +!n del!nte del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do h no"bre on (n si,ni#i!do ' detrs del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do on
otro si,ni#i!do1 D1 ;1;151e
El !d+erbio Uonl'V +! s3lo del!nte del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 E.14 onl' ! s/(irrel
Hs3lo (n! !rdill!6$ onl' ! &e!% boo9 Hs3lo (n libro b!r!to61
*(!ndo (n no"bre +! on dos !d.eti+os ' l!s on.(niones distrib(ti+!sL
orrel!ti+!s Qnot onl' 111 b(t !lsoQ$ se %one el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do detrs de Qnot
onl'Q$ ' detrs de Qb(t !lsoQ1 E.14 not onl' !n interestin, b(t !lso ! 7ellI%!id .ob H(n
tr!b!.o no solo interes!nte sino t!"bi0n bien %!,!do61
*(!ndo (n no"bre +! on (n !d.eti+o ' l!s on.(niones distrib(ti+!sL orrel!ti+!s
Qbot& 111 !nd$ eit&er 111or$ neit&er 111 norQ$ se %(ede %oner el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do
(n! sol! +ez del!nte de Qbot&$ eit&er$ neit&erQ$ o detrs de Qbot&Q ' Q!ndQ$ Qeit&erQ '
QorQ$ Qneit&erQ ' QnorQ1 E.14 ! bot& interestin, !nd 7ellI%!id .obL bot& !n interestin,
!nd ! 7ellI%!id .ob H(n tr!b!.o interes!nte ' bien %!,!do6M !n eit&er interestin, or
7ellI%!id .obL eit&er !n interestin, or ! 7ellI%!id .ob H(n tr!b!.o interes!nte o bien
%!,!do6M ! neit&er interestin, nor 7ellI%!id .obL neit&er !n interestin, nor ! 7ellI
%!id .ob Hni (n tr!b!.o interes!nte ni bien %!,!do61
815851I Oo se usa el art(culo indeterminado con nombres contables en pluralM
en iertos !sos se %(ede %oner Qso"eQ o Q!n'Q del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en
%l(r!l %!r! indi!r (n n2"ero o !ntid!d li"it!do !(n/(e inde#inido1 E.14 So"e
trees !re %rett' old HAl,(nos rboles son b!st!nte +ie.os6M IZ+e re!d so"e ,ood
boo9s reentl' HEe leFdo !l,(nos libros b(enos reiente"ente6M E!+e 'o( re!d !n'
,ood no+els t&is 7ee9T HWE!s leFdo !l,(n! no+el! b(en! est! se"!n!T6M So"e
rel!ti+es o# 'o(rs !re o"in, to"orro7 HD!n ! +enir "!)!n! (nos %!rientes t('os6M
Ee 9illed so"e birds Hl "!t3 !l,(nos %.!ros6M E!+e 'o( seen !n' #riends o# &ers
l!tel'T HWE!s +isto ! !l,2n !"i,o de ell! 2lti"!"enteT6$ et1
En otros !sos no se %(ede %oner Qso"eQ o Q!n'Q del!nte de no"bres ont!bles en
%l(r!l$ %or/(e se indi! (n n2"ero o !ntid!d ili"it!do o %or/(e no interes! l! ide!
de n2"ero o !ntid!d1 E.14 T&e' !re +er' 9ind %eo%le HSon ,ente "(' !"!ble6M
T&e' !renZt +er' ,ood dri+ers HNo son "(' b(enos ond(tores6M >&!t &e!%
tro(sers] H\J(0 %!nt!lones "s b!r!tos]6M >&!t e-%ensi+e !rs] H\J(0 o&es "s
!ros]6M >&!t be!(ti#(l %!r9s] H\J(0 %!r/(es "s &er"osos]6M S%iders !re !lso
!ni"!ls HL!s !r!)!s son t!"bi0n !ni"!les6M Are !ts !ni"!lsT HWSon !ni"!les los
,!tosT6M Ee &!s bl!9 e'es Hl tiene o.os ne,ros6M E!+e t&e' bro7n e'esT HWTienen
o.os !st!)osT6M Most o# t&e 7o"en !re oo9s HL! "!'orF! de l!s "(.eres son
oiner!s6M T&ere !re *onser+!ti+e eletor!l &!nes HE!' %osibilid!des eletor!les
onser+!dor!s6M Are "ost o# 'o(r st(dents "enT HWSon &o"bres l! "!'orF! de t(s
est(di!ntesT6$ et1
Si el n2"ero es onoido no se (s! Uso"eV1 E.14 S&e &!s bi, toes HEll! tiene N5CO
dedos ,r!ndes en los %ies61
815881I Oo se usa el art(culo indeterminado con nombres incontables t!nto
onretos o"o !bstr!tosM (!ndo no se (s! el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do se re#iere ! l!
"!'or %!rte indeter"in!d!L inde#inid! %ero no ! tod! l! os! o ide! "enion!d!M el
sentido es en ,ener!l ' no se "(estr! inter0s %or el n2"ero o !ntid!d ND1 815CC$
:188O1 E.14 Gi+e &i" ,ood !d+ie] H\D!le b(enos onse.os]6M S&e is s(##erin, #ro"
l!9 o# !%%etite HEll! est s(#riendo %or #!lt! de !%etito6M t7entiet&Ient(r' !rt H!rte
Nen ,ener!lO del si,lo KK6M Ee drin9s beer$ not 7&is9' NGBM en USA se (s!
es%ei!l"ente %!r! el eso0sOL 7&is9e' NUSA e Irl!nd!4 es%ei!l"ente %!r! el
!"eri!no o irl!nd0sO Hl bebe er+ez!$ no ,Xis/(i6M T&ereZll be !bsol(teL tot!l
&!os HSer (n +erd!dero !os6M ! "!n o# &!r!ter H(n &o"bre de !rter6M Ee
drin9s H! lot o#6 o##ee$ not te! Hl bebe H"(&o6 !#0$ no t06M in e-ellentL ,oodL
terrible onditionHs6 Hen ondiiones e-elentesL b(en!sL terribles6M Ee is !#r!id o#
de!t& Hl tiene "iedo ! l! "(erte6M T&e !r !ident too9 %l!e in dense #o, HEl
!idente de o&e t(+o l(,!r on (n! niebl! intens!6M P!intin, is ! lot o# #(n HPint!r
es "(' di+ertido6M >&!t #(n] H\J(0 di+ertido]6M Be !re#(l in #(t(re] H\Ten (id!do
de !&or! en !del!nte]6M S&e &!s H! little6 bro7n &!ir HEll! tiene H(n %oo de6 %elo
!st!)o6M T&e' !re "!9in, "one' &!nd o+er #ist HEstn !"!s!ndo (n! #ort(n!6M
S&e !ted 7it&o(t &esit!tion HEll! !t(3 sin d(d!r6M T&e' st(d' S%!nis& &istor'
HEst(di!n &istori! es%!)ol!6M S&e &!s Hso"e6 in#or"!tion !bo(t t&!t HEll! tiene H!l,o
de6 in#or"!i3n sobre eso6M Ee &!s Hso"e6 9no7led,e !bo(tL o# %&'sis Hl tiene
H!l,o de6 onoi"iento de #Fsi!6M It 7!s %le!s!nt l!(,&ter HEr! (n! ris! !,r!d!ble6M
T&e' &!+e H! lot o#6 l(,,!,eL b!,,!,e HTienen H"(&o6 e/(i%!.e6M S&e &!s lots o#
"one' HEll! tiene "(&o dinero6M >&!t lo+el' "(si] H\J(0 "2si! "s bonit!]6M
Ee &!s ner+e Hl tiene +!lor6Mmo( need ner+e HNeesit!s +!lor6M T&!tZs ,ood ne7s]
H\Son b(en!s notii!s]6M Ee #le7 in %!ni Hl &('3 !terr!do6M Does &e (se "(&
%!%erT HWUs! 0l "(&o %!%elT6M EeZs o""itted to %e!e Hl est o"%ro"etido
on l! %!z6M ! &e!+' #!ll o# sno7 H(n! #(erte !Fd! de nie+e6M S&e 9no7s S%!nis&
HEll! s!be !stell!no6M It is "!de o# stone !nd ,l!ss HEst &e&o de %iedr! ' rist!l6M
S(s%ense !dds interest to ! stor' HEl s(s%ense !)!de inter0s ! (n! &istori!6M Ti"e is
"one' HEl tie"%o es oro6M S&e too9 +en,e!ne on &i" HEll! se +en,3 de 0l6M Brin,
so"e &ot 7!ter] H\Tr!e !l,o de !,(! !liente]6M >&!t terrible 7e!t&er] H\J(0 tie"%o
"s &orrible]61
Al,(n!s de est!s %!l!br!s %(eden ser t!"bi0n ont!bles1 D1 81BBI5CC
Estos no"bres %(eden no lle+!r !rtF(lo indeter"in!do (!ndo +!n se,(idos de (n!
#r!se de rel!ti+o o desri%ti+! on Qo#Q ' %reedidos de !l,2n !d.eti+o o no"bre
!d.eti+!do$ '! /(e tod!+F! tienen (n sentido ,ener!l1 E.14 Ee &!s ,re!tness o# so(l
Hl tiene ,r!ndez! de !l"!6M T&e' #elt str(,,le #or li#e HSentF!n l(&! %or l! +id!6M It
is d(e to loss o# ti"e HEs debido ! #!lt! de tie"%o61
8158:1I Oo se usa el art(culo indeterminado detr!s de los ad%etivos indefinidos
Qot&er$ so"e$ so"e "ore$ /(ite so"e$ !n'$ b!rel' !n'$ &!rdl' !n'$ s!rel' !n'$ no$
"(&$ +er' "(&$ too "(&$ #!r too "(&$ r!t&er too "(&$ !s "(&$ t7ieL #o(r
ti"es !s "(&$ not !sL so "(&$ &o7 "(&$ so "(& Ht!ntHo$ !66$ t&!t "(&$ %rett'
"(&$ !ll$ "ore$ so"e "ore$ "ost$ t&e "ost$ little$ ! little$ %reio(s little$ /(ite little$
/(ite ! little$ +er' little$ ! +er' little$ !s little$ so little$ too little$ "(&L #!r too little$
r!t&er too little$ less$ ! bitL to(&L little less$ ! lot less$ ! ,oodL #!ir de!l less$ no less$
t&e le!st$ eno(,&$ s(##iient Nliter!rioO$ /(ite eno(,&$ &!rdl' eno(,&$ &!rdl'
s(##iient Nliter!rioO$ b!rel' eno(,&$ b!rel' s(##iient Nliter!rioO$ s(&Q$ se,(idos de
(n no"bre inont!ble1 D1 ;1=5
T!"%oo detrs de los %rono"bres inde#inidos Q! bit o#$ ! #!ir bit o#$ /(ite ! bit o#$ !
little bit o#$ /(ite ! little bit o#$ ! tin' little bit o#$ ! to(& o#$ ! ,oodL #!ir de!l o#$ !
,re!t de!l o#$ ! ,ood de!l else o#$ ! lot o#$ lots o# Nolo/(i!lO$ /(ite ! lot o#$ r!t&er !
lot o#$ s(& ! lot o#$ %lent' o#$ ! &e!% o#$ ! lo!d o#$ &e!%s o# Nolo/(i!lO$ lo!ds o#
Nolo/(i!lOQ$ se,(idos de (n no"bre inont!ble1 D1 <1:C
L!s %erF#r!sis %!rtiti+!s de :18B ' :1:C$ /(e son (!nti#i!dores$ +!n del!nte de (n
no"bre inont!ble sin !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1
8158;1I Oo se usa normalmente el art(culo indeterminado con nombres de
abad(as, aeropuertos, autopistas, avenidas, auntamientos, ba/(as, bancos,
barcos, bos'ues, bulevares, cabos, calle%ones, calles, canales, carreteras, casas,
castillos, catedrales, centros comerciales, cines, ciudades, club4e+s, colegios o
escuelas, continentes, desiertos, estaciones, estrec/os, galer(as, golfos, /oteles,
iglesias, islas, %efaturas de polic(a, lagos, mares, montes o montaLas,
monumentos, museos, ocanos, pa(ses, palacios, par'ues, paseos, peridicos,
pla)as, politcnicos, prisiones, provincias o estados, pueblos, puentes, regiones,
restaurantes, revistas, r(os, tabernas, teatros, tiendas, tribunales,
universidades, )oos$ et1$ ! no ser /(e &!'! "s de (no on el "is"o no"bre1 D1
81:$ 81:CI5
8158<1I Oo se usa el art(culo indeterminado con algunos nombres 'ue indican
profesiones u oficios, cargos t(tulos$ (s!dos en sentido ,ener!l$ detrs de (n
+erbo nor"!l o"o U!t$ !%%oint$ be$ beo"e$ &oose$ onsider$ del!re$ elet$
"!9e$ n!"eV$ et1$ ' t!"bi0n (!ndo +!n en !%osii3n o %reedidos de Q!sL o#Q
(!ndo se &!e re#ereni! ! l! #(ni3n dese"%e)!d! ' no !l &e&o de /(e es (n
"ie"bro indeter"in!doL inde#inido de (n! l!se o ,r(%o de %erson!s o (!ndo se
re#iere ! (n! %erson! deter"in!d! /(e es l! 2ni! /(e e.ere es! #(ni3n !(n/(e no
se "enione el %!Fs$ re,i3n$ e/(i%o$ b!ro$ et1$ donde e.ere es! #(ni3n1 E.14 t&e
riti !s re!ti+e !rtist Hel rFtio o"o !rtist! re!ti+o6M *iero !ssisted b' Po"%e'
!s !(,(r H*ier3n !sistido %or Po"%e'o o"o !(,(r6M Meredit&$ !(t&or o# t&e
E,oist HM1$ !(tor de El E,oFst!6M Ee 7!s Bis&o% o# D(r&!" Hl er! obis%o de D16M
Ee is Bis&o% Hl es obis%o Nde l! di3esis en (esti3nO6M t&e %ost o# Bri,!dier NGBOL
Bri,!dier Gener!l NUSAO Hel %(esto de ,ener!l de bri,!d!6M Ee is *!%t!in Hl es el
!%itn Ndel b!ro en (esti3nO6M T&e' ,!+e &i" t&e o##ie o# *&!ir"!n HLe dieron
el %(esto de %residente6M S&e 7!s eleted *&!ir7o"!n HEll! #(e ele,id! %residentHe$
!66M T&e' eleted &i" *&!nellor HLe eli,ieron !niller6M Ee 7!s ,i+en t&e %ost o#
De%(t' Ee!dL de%(t' &e!d HLe dieron el %(esto de s(bdiretor6M t&e o##ie o#
Dit!torL dit!tor Hl! #(ni3n de dit!dor6M >illi!"$ D(9e o# Nor"!nd' HG(iller"o$
d(/(e de Nor"!ndF!6M Ee 7!s ,i+en t&e title o# E"%eror HLe dieron el tFt(lo de
e"%er!dor6M Ee "!de ,ener!l NUSAOL be!"e ,ener!l NGBO in ten 'e!rs Hl se &izo
,ener!l en diez !)os6M Ee 7!s "!de ,ener!l in ten 'e!rs HLe &iieron ,ener!l en
diez !)os6M Ee be!"e Ain,L 9in, t7o 'e!rs l!ter Hl s(bi3 !l trono Nde s( %!FsO dos
!)os "s t!rde6M T&e D(9e o# *l!rene 7is&es to be 9in, HEl d(/(e de *1 /(iere ser
re' Nde s( %!FsO6M >&en Ed7!rd DIII 7!s Ain, Ho# En,l!nd6 H*(!ndo Ed(!rdo DIII
er! re' Hde In,l!terr!6M Geor,e II$ Ain, o# En,l!nd Hjor,e II$ re' de In,l!terr!6M
T&e' !%%ointed &er &e!d"istress HLe no"br!ron ! ell! diretor! Hde ole,io66M Ee is
onsidered 9in, HSe le onsider! re'6M Ee 7!s "!de le!der o# t&e te!" HSe le &izo
lFder del e/(i%o6M T&e' n!"ed &i" Lord NGBO HLe no"br!ron lordL !b!llero6M S&e
7!s n!"ed L!d' HSe l! no"br3 d!"!6M Ee rose to t&e r!n9 o# "!.or Hl !sendi3 !l
r!n,o de o"!nd!nte6M Ne+er 7!s "!n so ross HN(n! est(+o (n &o"bre t!n
en#!d!do6M Ee 7ill be Po%e Hl ser %!%!6M MrH16 Ob!"! 7!s eleted President o#
t&e UH16SH16AH16 HEl Sr1 Ob!"! #(e ele,ido %residente de los Est!dos Unidos6M Ee
be!"e President Hl lle,3 ! ser %residente6M >ilson$ President o# Prineton
Uni+ersit' H>1$ %residente de l! (ni+ersid!d de P16M Ee 7!s Pri"e Minister Hl er!
%residente del GobiernoL %ri"er "inistro6M EeZs !tin, !s Pri"e Minister Hl est
e.eriendo de %residente del GobiernoL %ri"er "inistro6M >inston *&(r&ill$ Pri"e
Minister H>1 *1$ %residente del GobiernoL %ri"er "inistro6M Ed7!rd$ Prine o#
>!les HEd(!rdo$ %rFni%e de G!les6M S&e be!"e %ro#essor HEll! lle,3 ! ser
!tedrti!6M Ee t(rned %(blis&er Hl se &izo editor6M S&e 7!nts to be /(een HEll!
/(iere ser rein! Nde s( %!FsO6M T&e' onsider &er /(een HL! onsider!n rein!6M
Priness Di!n! 7o(ld ne+er be /(een HL! %rines! Di!n! no serF! n(n! rein!6M S&e
is J(een HEll! es l! rein! Ndel %!Fs en (esti3nO6M Eliz!bet& II$ J(een o# En,l!nd
HIs!bel II$ rein! de In,l!terr!6M T&e' del!red &i" s!int HLe del!r!ron s!nto6M S&e
7!s del!red s!int HSe l! del!r3 s!nt!6M Ee 7!s seret!r' to Lord NGBO Li,&t#oot
Hl er! seret!rio del lordL !b!llero L16M Ee "!de ser,e!nt NUSAOL be!"e
ser,e!nt NGBO in t7o 'e!rs Hl se &izo s!r,ento en dos !)os6M Ee 7!s "!de
ser,e!nt in t7o 'e!rs HLe &iieron s!r,ento en dos !)os6M A#ter bein, in t&e
*onser+!ti+e P!rt' #or t&ree 'e!rs &e t(rned Soi!list HDes%(0s de est!r en el
P!rtido *onser+!dor Hd(r!nte6 tres !)os 0l se &izo soi!list!6M Ee t(rned soldier Hl
se &izo sold!do6M Ee 7!s less st!tes"!n t&!n 7!rrior Hl er! "enos est!dist! /(e
,(errero6M S&e 7or9ed !s 7!itressL 7!iter HEll! tr!b!.!b! deL o"o !"!rer! N' lo
er!O6M EeZs ! 9ind o# 7riter Hl es !l,o !sF o"o (n esritorL esritor "s o "enos6M
As 7riter$ &e &!s ontrib(ted ! lot H*o"o esritor$ &! ontrib(ido "(&o6M >&!t
9ind o# 7o"!n is s&eT HWJ(0 l!seL ti%o de "(.er es ell!T6$ et1 D1 81?5$ 81B@
En iertos !sos se %(ede %oner el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do o no con poca diferencia
de significado en l! %rti!1 E.14 Ee !"e !s H!6 &!%eronHe6 LR[Y%ero(nL Hl +ino
de !o"%!)!nteL !r!bin!L &!%er3n6M S&e &!s been H!6 oo9L b!9erL n(rseL 7riterL
te!&er HEll! &! sido H(n!6 oiner!L %!n!der!L en#er"er! NoO A1T1S1L esritor!L
"!estr!6M Ee t(rned H!6 o7!rdL tr!itor Hl se &izoL +ol+i3 H(n6 ob!rdeL tr!idor6M
T&e te!&er !nZt ,i+e 'o( detentionL ! detention NGBO #or t&is HEl %ro#esor no
%(ede de.!rte !sti,!do des%(0s de l! l!se %or esto6M Ee 7!s "!de H!6 diretor HLe
&iieron diretor6M DrH16 S/(irrel$ !s H!6 dotor HEl Dr1L L! Dr!1 S1$ o"o dotorH!66M
S&e 7!s H!6 &e!d"istress #or t7o 'e!rs HEll! #(e diretor! d(r!nte dos !)os6M >&!t
sort o# H!6 "!n do 'o( t&in9 I !"T HWJ(0 l!seL ti%o de &o"bre rees /(e so'T6M
Ne+er 7!s H!6 "!n less s(ited to H!6 l!d' t&!n t&is !ristor!t HN(n! est(+o (n
&o"bre "enos !d!%t!do ! (n! se)or! /(e este !rist3r!t!6M >&!t sort o# H!6 %erson
is &eT HWJ(0 l!se de %erson! es 0lT6M Ee is H!6 %&iloso%&erL 7riterL t&eolo,i!n !nd
H!n6 !strolo,er Hl es H(n6 #il3so#oL esritorL te3lo,o ' H(n6 !str3lo,o6M MrH16 Roe$ !s
H!6 %olitii!n Hel Sr1 R1$ o"o %olFtio6M S&e 7!s &eld H!6 %risoner HL! "!ntenF!n
%risioner!6$ et1
T!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no$ (!ndo los no"bres /(e indi!n reli,i3n '
!#ili!i3n %olFti! +!n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o se %(eden %oner sin el !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do$ %ero &!en l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+os on (n si,ni#i!do b!st!nte
%!reido1 E.14 S&e t(rned *!t&oli HEll! se &izo !t3li!6M Ee t(rned *o""(nist Hl
se &izo o"(nist!6M EeZs Soi!list Hl es soi!list!61
8158=1I Oo se usa el art(culo indeterminado con nombres de comidas$ en
sentido ,ener!l1 D1 81<<
Sin e"b!r,o$ lo lle+!n4
!6 *(!ndo se d! (n! o"id! en &onor de !l,(ien o %!r! elebr!r !l,o1 E.14 T&e'
,!+e ! dinner #or (s HDieron (n! en! %or nosotros6M A l(n& ,i+en to elebr!te t&e
o"in, o# t&e J(een HUn! o"id! d!d! %!r! elebr!r l! lle,!d! de l! rein!61
b6 *(!ndo +!n %reedidos de (n !d.eti+o1 E.14 LetZs &!+e ! li,&t bre!9#!st] H\D!"os
! to"!r (n des!'(no li,ero]6M Ee %ro+ided ! ,ood l(n& #or "e Hl "e dioL
%ro+e'3 (n! b(en! o"id!L (n b(en !l"(erzo61
8158?1I Oo se usa el art(culo indeterminado con nombres incontables de
algunas enfermedadesM en !stell!no %(eden tr!d(irse sin !rtF(lo indeter"in!do
' !l,(nos on !rtF(lo indeter"in!do t!"bi0n1 E.4 Ee &!s AIDS N"s (s!doO NoO
AidsL !n!e"i! NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO !ne"i! NUSAOL !%o%le-'L !%%endiitisL
!st&"!L bron&itisL &oler!L di!betesL di%&t&eri!L d's%e%si!L e%ile%s'L &e%!titisL
le%ros'L le(9!e"i! NGBO NoO le(9e"i! NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL "enin,itisL ne(r!l,i!L
%eritonitisL %ne("oni!L %olio"'elitisL ri9etsL s!biesL t(ber(losis NoO TBL 'ello7
#e+er Hl tiene sid! NoO SIDAL H(n!6 !ne"i!L H(n!6 !%o%le.F!L H(n!6 !%endiitisL
!s"!L H(n!6 bron/(itisL 3ler!L H(n!6 di!betesL H(n!6 di#teri!L H(n!6 dis%e%si!L H(n!6
e%ile%si!L H(n!6 &e%!titisL le%r!L H(n!6 le(e"i!L H(n!6 "enin,itisL H(n!6 ne(r!l,i!L
H(n!6 %eritonitisL H(n!6 %(l"onF!L H(n!6 %olio"ielitisL r!/(itis"oL s!rn!L H(n!6
t(ber(losisL #iebre !"!rill!61 D1 81=?
8158@1I Oo se usa el art(culo indeterminado con algunas palabras en sentido
abreviado %or/(e es indeter"in!do$ inde#inido$ ,ener!l$ #i,(r!do o %or/(e +!n en
'(-t!%osii3n on estr(t(r!s %!r!lel!s ,ener!les o e-%resiones de ontr!ste on
%re%osiiones o"o Q!#ter$ !t$ b'$ #ro"$ in$ o#$ on$ o(t o#$ to$ o+er$ (nder$ 7it&Q$
es%ei!l"ente (!ndo (n! %re%osii3n +! del!nte de (n no"bre h Qo#QM detrs de
iert!s on.(niones4 Q!nd$ or$ nor$ bet7eenQ$ inl(so !(n/(e el no"bre /(e +!'!
del!nte de l! on.(ni3n lle+e el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do %or/(e el !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do se sobrHe6entiende detrs de l! on.(ni3n o on en("er!iones
,ener!les1 E.14 T&e' bro(,&tL !lled &i" to !o(nt HLe %idieron (ent!s ! 0l6M S&e
too9 !o(nt o# "' 7ordsL "' 7ords into !o(nt HEll! t(+o en (ent! "is
%!l!br!s6M !r" in !r" Hdel br!zo6M Ee is !s&ore Hl est en tierr!6M T&e' !"eL 7ent
!s&ore HDese"b!r!ron6M T&e' %(t "e !s&ore HMe dese"b!r!ron6M T&e' bo(,&t it
!t !(tion HLo o"%r!ron en s(b!st!6M b!9 !nd #ort& Hde ! %!r! !ll$ de (n! %!rte
%!r! otr!6M b!9 to b!9 Hes%!ld! on es%!ld!6M bet7een #in,er !nd t&("b Hentre el
Fndie ' el %(l,!r6M b' &!ne HdeL %or !s(!lid!d6M b' %(reL s&eer &!ne Hde %(r!
!s(!lid!d6M b' 7!' o# H%or "edio de6M !s& on deli+er' Hentre,! ontr! ree"bolso6M
Ee !(,&t old Hl o,i3 NEs%!)!OL !,!rr3 res#ri!do6M EeZs ,ood o"%!n' Hl es
(n! b(en! o"%!)F!6M d!' !#ter d!' HdF! tr!s dF!6M d!' in$ d!' o(t HdF! tr!s dF!6M Ee
,i+es e!r to e+er't&in, Hl %rest! oFdo ! todo6M S&e %l!'s b' e!r HEll! to! de oFdo6M
#!e to #!e H!r! ! !r!6M #!t or #itionT HWre!lid!d o #ii3nT6M Ee re,!rds !s #!t
7&!t s&e s!'s Hl onsider! (n &e&o lo /(e ell! die6M It 7!s b!sed on #!t HEst!b!
b!s!do en (n &e&o6M F!t&er !nd son 7ere le#t to,et&er HP!dre e &i.o se /(ed!ron
solos6M Ee &!s #l( N! #l(4 no %onerO Hl tiene ,ri%e6M #or 9in, !nd o(ntr' H%or el re'
' el %!Fs6M #ro" be,innin, to end Hdesde el o"ienzo &!st! el #in6M #ro" d!' to d!'
Hde dF! ! dF!6M #ro" end to end Hde !bo ! r!bo6M S&e %(t t&e t!bles end to end HEll!
.(nt3 l!s "es!s %or los e-tre"os6M I donZt see e'e to e'e 7it& &er on t&!t HNo esto'
o"%let!"ente de !(erdo on ell! en esoL !/(ello6M T&e' li+e #ro" &!nd to "o(t&
HDi+en !l dF!6M #ro" &e!d to #oot Hde l! !bez! ! los %ies6M #ro" nort& to so(t& Hde
norte ! s(r6M #ro" ti"e to ti"e Hde +ez en (!ndo6M #ro" to% to botto" Hde !rrib!
!b!.o6M T&ere 7!s !n !ident$ i# !ident it 7!s HE(bo (n !idente$ si !idente
#(e6M Tenn'son belon,ed$ i# e+er %oet belon,ed$ to l!ss 8 HT1 %erteneF!$ si !l,(n!
+ez (n %oet! %ertenei3$ ! l! l!se 86M &!nd in &!nd Hde l! "!no6M T&e' !re "!9in,
"one' &!nd o+er #ist HEstn !"!s!ndo (n! #ort(n!6M S&e 7!s in ! bl(e s&irt$ red &!t
!nd 'ello7 s&oes HEll! lle+!b! (n! !"is! !z(l$ (n so"brero ro.o ' z!%!tos
!"!rillos6M E(sb!nd !nd 7i#e s&o(ld lo+e e!& ot&er HUn "!rido ' (n! "(.er
deberF!n !"!rse6M in !ord!ne 7it& &i" Hde !(erdo on 0lL on !rre,lo ! 0l6M in
!se o# Hen !so de6M in o(rse o# ti"e Hon el tie"%o6M in si,&t o# H! l! +ist! de6M in
+ie7 o# Hen +ist! de6M S&e is in .!il HEll! est en l! rel6M mo( &!+e to %!' in 9ind
HTienes /(e %!,!r en es%eieL on l! "is"! "oned!6M in %l!e o# Hen l(,!r de6M in&
b' in& H%(l,!d! ! %(l,!d!6M lo9$ sto9 !nd b!rrel H%or o"%leto6M O(t t&e' !"e$
9ni,&t !nd b(r,&er$ lord !nd d!"e HF(er! s!lieron$ !b!llero ' b(r,!l0s$ d!"! '
se)or6M "!n to "!n Hde &o"bre ! &o"bre6M %!'"ent on !o(nt H%!,o ! (ent!6M
%!'"ent on deli+er' H%!,o ! l! entre,!6M on &orseb!9 H! !b!llo6M one b' one H(no
! (no6M on l!nd !nd se! H%or "!r ' tierr!6M on to% o# Heni"! de6M T&e' ,ot o(t o#
bed HSe le+!nt!ron de l! !"!6M T&e !t 7!s in se!r& o# r!t or "o(se HEl ,!to
est!b! ! l! b2s/(ed! de r!t!s o r!tones6M IZ+e ne+er seen onionL 7!terL 7e!t&er li9e
t&is HN(n! &e +isto H(n!6 eboll!L H(n6 !,(!L H(n6 tie"%o o"o 0stHe$ !66M S&e is
%!rt' to ! s(it HEll! es %!rte liti,!nte6M Ee is %!rt' to t&e ri"e Hl es 3"%lie del
ri"en6M F!it& is neess!r' to 9ee% so(l !nd bod' to,et&er HL! #e es nees!ri! %!r!
"!ntener el !l"! ' el (er%o .(ntos6M ti"e !#ter ti"eL ti"e !nd !,!in Hre%etid!s
+ees6M >e &!+e re!&ed t(rnin, %oint HEe"os lle,!do ! (n "o"ento deisi+oL
r(i!l6M 7ee9 in$ 7ee9 o(t Hse"!n! tr!s se"!n!6M S&e is 7it& &ild HEll! est
e"b!r!z!d!6M 7it& &!t !nd o!t Hon so"brero ' !bri,o6M 7it& 9ni#e !nd #or9 Hon
(&illo ' tenedor6M 7it& se%tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL se%ter NUSAO !nd ro7n
Hon el etro ' l! oron!6M 7it&in re!& o# H!l !l!ne de6$ et1 D1 81?<
8158B1I Oo se usa el art(culo indeterminado con vocativos$ (!ndo (no se diri,e
! otr! %erson!M en !stell!no t!"%oo lle+!n el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 E.14 God$
&el% "eH$6 %le!se] H\Dios$ !'2d!"e$ %or #!+or]6M *o"e on$ bo'] H\Den,!$
"(&!&o]6M >&!t do 'o( t&in9$ dotorT HWJ(0 %iens!Hs6$ dotorT6M LetZs ,o$ "!n]
H\D"onos$ &o"bre]6M Tell "e t&e tr(t&$ 7o"!n] H\DiH,!6"e l! +erd!d$ "(.er]6$
et1 D1 5C18<18
815:C1I Oo se usa el art(culo indeterminado delante de un nombre detr!s de las
palabras Mever, variet of, amount of, ,/at a lot of ND1 <18B15@OM '! /(e
re%resent!n ! tod! (n! l!se de %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s1 E.14 >!s e+er "!n so
ross !s I !"T HWEst(+o !l,(n! +ez (n &o"bre t!n en#!d!do o"o 'oT6$ T&ere is !
bi, !"o(nt o# oo! HE!' (n! ,r!n !ntid!d de !!o Nen %ol+oOL &ool!te
Nbebid!O61
815:51I Oo se usa el art(culo indeterminado detr!s de los ad%etivos
exclamativos M/o, muc/, so little, so muc/, too little, too muc/M a 'ue van
seguidos de nombres incontables1 D1 ;1=C
815:81I Oo se usa el art(culo indeterminado con titulares de peridicos1 E.14
RI*E FARMER IS IN TROUBLE HH(n6 Gr!n.ero rio tiene %roble"!s6$ et1
815::1I Oo se usa el art(culo indeterminado con nombres 'ue vaan al
principio de una oracin subordinada seguidos de ;t/oug/<M no es el orden
nor"!l$ ' se (s! en in,l0s liter!rio %!r! d!r 0n#!sis !l no"bre1 E.14 Politii!n t&o(,&
&e 7!s 111 HA(n/(e 0l er! H(n6 %olFtio 1116$ et1
815:;1I &os adverbios Mama)ingl, a,full, extremel, fairl, frig/tfull >HI?,
greatl, /ig/l, /o,ever, immensel, increasingl# increasedl, infinitel,
intensel, %oll >HI?, most >con ad%etivos sub%etivos?, particularl, 'uite, rat/er,
reall, terribl, too, verM, etc., van delante del ad%etivo seguido de un nombre
incontable no precedido del art(culo indeterminado1 E.14 ItZs #!irl' ,ood 7e!t&er
HE!e (n tie"%o b!st!nte b(eno6M Eo7e+er ,ood l(9 'o( "!' &!+e$ 'o( "!' not
%!ss t&e e-!" HPor "(' b(en! s(erte /(e %(ed!s tener %(ede /(e no !%r(ebes el
e-!"en6M ItZs /(ite si"%le %olitis HEs H(n!6 %olFti! b!st!nte senill!6M S&e &!d
r!t&er ,ood l(9 HEll! t(+o "s bien b(en! s(erte6M Ee &!d too b!d l(9 Hl t(+o
de"!si!d! "!l! s(erte6M ItZs +er' ,ood "il9 HEs le&e "(' b(en!61
815:<1I A +ees se puede usar el art(culo indeterminado o no con ciertas
palabras descriptivas 'ue lo llevan normalmente, pero 'ue no lo llevan cuando
son usadas en ingls vulgar o ingls arcaicoM se ll!"! t!"bi0n %rosio%esis1 E.14 in
H!6 st!ble ondition Hen (n! ondii3n est!ble6M HIt is !6 #!t$ "' de!r sir$ #!t HHEs6
(n &e&o$ "i /(erido se)or$ (n &e&o6M HA6 ,ood ide!] H\HUn!6 b(en! ide!]6M A4 I
&!+e done it HLo &e &e&o61 B4 HA6 ,ood bo'L ,irl] H\HUn6 b(en &io]L \HUn!6
b(en! &i!]6M HA6 (% o# o##ee o(ld be ! ,ood ide! HUn! t!z! de !#0 %odrF! ser
(n! b(en! ide!6M HA6 lot o# %eo%le !re d'in, HM(&! ,ente Hse6 est "(riendo6M HA6
/(eer sort o# t&in,$ t&is HUn ti%o de os! e-tr!)!$ 0st!6M HA6 lot o# d!"ned
Nolo/(i!lO nonsense t!l9ed !nd 7ritten !bo(t t&ese isl!nds HM(&!s "!ldit!s
tonterF!s &!bl!d!s ' esrit!s sobre est!s isl!s6M HA6 /(!rter o# !n &o(r l!ter HUn
(!rto de &or! "s t!rde6M HA6 /(!rter %!st nine HL!s n(e+e ' (!rto6M HA6 /(!rter toL
o# NUSAO nine HL!s n(e+e "enos (!rto6M T&ere is H!6 stron, %rob!bilit' t&!t s&eZll
o"e HEs "(' %rob!ble /(e ell! +en,!6M Onl' H!6 ten "in(tesZ 7!l9 HS3lo (n %!seo
de diez "in(tos6M T&e' dis!%%e!red 7it&o(t H!6 tr!e HDes!%!reieron sin de.!r
r!stro6M >e &!+e re!&ed H!6 t(rnin, %oint HEe"os lle,!do ! (n "o"ento deisi+oL
r(i!l6M 7it& ! b(9et !nd H!6 %!il1
Al,(nos no"bres no +!n %reedidos de !rtF(lo indeter"in!do (!ndo se (s!n
o"o !trib(tos1 E.14 S&eZs Siene !nd &eZs Arts HEll! es de ieni!s ' 0l es de
letr!s6M ItZs &i,&L lo7 l!ss HEs de l!se !lt!L b!.!61
815:=1I Se puede usar el art(culo indeterminado o no en ciertas expresiones1
E.14 on H!n6 !+er!,e Hde %ro"edioL o"o t0r"ino "edio6M T&ese &ens l!' t&ree
e,,s ! 7ee9 on H!n6 !+er!,e HEst!s ,!llin!s %onen (n %ro"edio de tres &(e+os ! l!
se"!n!6M Ee 7!s &eld H!6 !%ti+e HLe "!ntenF!n !(ti+o ! 0l6M !t& H!6 old Ho,er
NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r (n res#ri!do6M beL ,o on H!6 &olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO Hest!rL
ir de +!!iones6M HA6 "!n is o"%le- HEl &o"bre es o"%le.o6M mes$ &e is H!6 %!rt'
to ! ri"e HSF$ 0l es 3"%lie de (n ri"en6M S&e is H!6 %!rt' to ! s(it HEll! es %!rte
liti,!nte6M Hsb6 be %re' N"s (s!doOL ! %re' to st& HH!l,(ien6 ser +Fti"!L (n! +Fti"!
de !l,o6M re!& H!6 s&ore Hlle,!r ! l! ost! N(O orill!6M Ee 7!s less o# ! st!tes"!n
t&!n H!6 7!rrior Hl er! "enos (n est!dist! /(e (n ,(errero6$ et1
L!s %!l!br!s Qb!9HI6!&e$ e!r!&e$ sto"!&HI6!&e$ toot&!&eQ$ %(eden ir sin
!rtF(lo indeter"in!do o"o inont!bles ' on el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do o"o
ont!bles on "(' %o! di#ereni! de si,ni#i!doM se die sie"%re Q! &e!d!&eQ
HH(n6 dolor de !bez!6M (!ndo es!s %!l!br!s ' %!rtes del (er%o +!n %reedid!s de
(n !d.eti+o o"o Qb!dQ$ et1$ lle+!n el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 E.14 S&e &!s H!6
b!9HI6!&eL H!n6 e!r!&eL H!6 sto"!&HI6!&eL H!6 toot&!&e HEll! tiene H(n6 dolor de
es%!ld!sL oFdosL est3"!,oL "(el!s6M I &!+e ! &e!d!&e HTen,o H(n6 dolor de
!bez!6M Ee &!s ! sore t&ro!t Hl tiene H(n6 dolor de ,!r,!nt!L A 0l le d(ele l!
,!r,!nt!6$ et1
Detrs de Q9ind o#L sort o#L t'%e o#Q$ no se %one el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do en in,l0s
liter!rio$ %ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %(ede %oner del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en
sin,(l!r1 E.14 >&!t 9indL sortL t'%e o# o"%!t dis9 Nliter!rioOL ! o"%!t dis9
Nolo/(i!lO is itT HWJ(0 l!seL ti%o de diso o"%!to esT6M >&!t 9indL sortL t'%e o#
de!l Nliter!rioOL ! de!l Nolo/(i!lO is itT HWJ(0 l!seL ti%o de tr!to esT61 D1:18C
*APTULO TER*ERO
No"bres :15
No"bres %ro%ios :18I;
L! letr! "!'2s(l! :1<
L! letr! (rsi+! :1=
No"bres on sentido !ti+o ' %!si+o :1?
El %l(r!l de los no"bres :1@
No"bres onretos ' !bstr!tos :1B
No"bres ont!bles :15CI85 :1:5I8
No"bres inont!bles :188I:C$ :1:8
No"bres oleti+os :1::I;
No"bres deri+!dos :1:<
No"bres %or on+ersi3n :1:=
No"bres o"%(estos :1:?
No"bres %or !,re,!i3n :1:@
No"bres %or %!r!sFntesis :1:B
No"bres !ort!dos :1;C
No"bres red(%li!ti+os :1;5
No"bres !bre+i!dos :1;8
No"bres #(sion!dos :1;:
No"bres %or si,l!s :1;;
No"bres ono"!to%0'ios :1;<
Pr0st!"os :1;=
Neolo,is"os :1;?
No"bres %or !,re,!i3n :1;@
G0nero del no"bre :1;BI<B
Geniti+o s!.3n :1=CI??$ :1B=I5C?$ :15C@IB
Geniti+o on Uo#V :1?@I5C?$ :155CI55
:151I &os nombres pueden ser propios comunes desde un punto de vista de
extensin lgica1 Los no"bres %ro%ios +!n en "!'2s(l! e inl('en los no"bres
%ro%ios de %erson!s o !ni"!les do"0stios ND1:18$ :1<1:O$ %reedidos o no de tFt(los
&onorF#ios ND1 :1<155O$ l!s %!l!br!s de %!renteso ND1 81=5$5C18<181,O$ los no"bres
de r!z!s$ de trib(s ND1:1@15BO$ de n!ion!lid!des ND181=151b$ 81?O$ de idio"!s
ND1:188O$ los no"bres !bstr!tos %ersoni#i!dos ND1:1<15?$ :1<?O$ los no"bres
o#ii!les de instit(iones ND1 :1<158O$ los no"bres de los dF!s de l! se"!n!$ de los
"eses del !)o$ de los dF!s de #iest!s ND181<BO$ los no"bres to%onF"ios o de l(,!res
ND1:1<15:I5;O$ los no"bres de %l!net!s ND1:1<18;O$ los no"bres de libros ND1:1<15=O$
et1M en !stell!no l!s %!l!br!s de %!renteso$ los no"bres de r!z!s$ trib(s$
n!ion!lid!des$ idio"!s$ los no"bres de los dF!s de l! se"!n! ' de los "eses del
!)o no son %ro%ios sino o"(nes1 Los no"bres o"(nes s(elen ir en "in2s(l!$
%ero los &!' /(e +!n en "!'2s(l! t!"bi0n1 Los no"bres o"(nes %(eden ser
ont!bles onretos$ ont!bles !bstr!tos e inont!bles onretos$ inont!bles
!bstr!tos desde el %(nto de +ist! desri%ti+o$ si"%les ' o"%(estos desde el %(nto
de +ist! de onstit(i3n ,r#i!$ indi+id(l!es ' oleti+os desde el %(nto de +ist!
n("0rio1
:181I &os nombres propios de persona m!s importantes on s(s #or"!s
&i%erorFsti!s H!bre+i!iones ' di"in(ti+os en #or"! #!"ili!r$ !ri)os! o
e(#e"Fsti!6 son los si,(ientes on s( tr!d(i3n !l !stell!no4 "s de ;?8<M los :C
"s %o%(l!res en los 2lti"os <C !)os en los %!Fses de &!bl! in,les! son los /(e
lle+!n N"s %o%(l!rO4

A
A!liz N"(.erO HAlii!6$ A!ron N&o"breO HA!r3n6$ Abdi!s N&o"breO HAbdF!sL
Ob!dF!s6$ Abdiel N&o"breO HAbdiel6$ AbelL Abelot N&o"breO HAbel6$ Abel!rd
N&o"breO HAbel!rdo6$ Abellon!L Abbelin! N"(.erO HA%oloni!6$ Abi!&L Abi.!&
N&o"breO HAbdF!s6$ Abiel N&o"breO HAbel6$ Abi,!ilL Abb'L AbbieL Abbe' N"(.erO
HAbi,!il6$ Abi"ele& N&o"breO HAbi"ele6$ Ablo' N,!l0sO N&o"breO HOli+erio6$
Abr!&!"L Abr!"L A+r!" N%oo (s!doO/ AbeL Ab' N&o"breO HAbr!&n6$ Abs!lo"L
Absolo"L Absolon N&o"breO HAbs!l3n6$ AelineL Aelin N&o"breO HAilino6$
A&ill!L A&ille! N"(.erO HA/(ile!L A/(ilin!6$ A&illes N&o"breO HA/(ilesL A/(ileoL
A/(ilino6$ AdL Ade N&o"breO HAdn6$ Ad! N"(.erO HEdit!L Adel!L Adeli!L Adili!L
Adelin!L Adelit!L Adel!id!L Ad!6$ Ad!& N"(.erO HAd!6$ Ad!l&eidis N"(.erO HAlii!6$
Ad!lbertL AdelbertL Aldebert N&o"breO HAd!lberto6$ Ad!lineL Adelin!L Adeline
N"(.erO HAdelin!L Adelit!6$ Ad!"L Ad!"n!nL Add! N,!l0sO N&o"bre4 "s %o%(l!rO
HAdn6$ Adel!ide N"(.erO HAdel!id!L Ad!6$ AdeleL AdkleL Adel! N"(.erO HAdel!L
Adeli!L Adili!6$ AdelieL Adelii! N"(.erO HAlii!6$ Adel%&oL Adel%&i!s N&o"breO
HAdel#o6$ Adie N"(.erO HEdit!L Adel!6$ Add'L Addie N"(.erO HAdel!id!L Ad!6$ Adin!
N"(.erO HAdin!6$ Adol%&L Adol#L Adol%&(s N&o"breO HAdol#oL Dol#o6$ Adoni!
N"(.erO HAdoni!6$ Adonis N&o"breO HAdonis6$ Adri!nL Adri!n(s N&o"breO HAdrinL
Adri!no6$ Adri!n!L Adri!nneL Adrienne N"(.erO HAdri!n!6$ Add!L Addis N&o"breO
HAdn6$ AddieL Add' N"(.erO HAdel!6$ Aed! N"(.erO HEdit!6$ Ae,idi(s N&o"breO
HE,idio6$ Ae,ist&(s N&o"breO HE,isto6$ Ael#led! N"(.erO HEl#led!6$ Ael#ri N&o"breO
HA(bertoL Oberto6$ Ae"ili! N"(.erO HE"ili!6$ Ae"ili!n(s N&o"breO HE"ili!no6$
Ae"ili(s N&o"breO HE"ilio6$ Aene!s N&o"breO HEne!s6$ Aes&'l(s N&o"breO
HEs/(ilo6$ Aes&ines N&o"breO HEs/(ines6$ Aes(l!%i(s N&o"breO HEs(l!%io6$
Aeso% N&o"breO HEso%o6$ Aet&elbertL Aet&elbeor&t N&o"breO HEdelbertoL Edilberto6$
Aet&elb(r,! N"(.erO HEdelb(r,!6$ Aet&elred N&o"breO HEtelredo6$ Aette N"(.erO
HEdit!6$ A#r! N"(.erO HA#r!6$ A#ri!n(s N&o"breO HA#ri!no6$ A##ri! N"(.erO
Hn#ri!6$ A,!b(s N&o"breO HA,!bo6$ A,!"e"non N&o"breO HA,!"en3n6$
A,!%et(s N&o"breO HA,!%itoL A,!%io6$ A,!t&!L A,,ieL A,,'L A,!eL A,!teL A,!i!
N"(.erO Hn,(ed!L n,!t!6$ A,!t&oles N&o"breO HA,!toles6$ A,!t&on N&o"breO
HA,!t3n6$ A,,e(si N&o"breO HA,eo6$ A,esil!(s N&o"breO HA,esil!o6$ A,l!i!
N"(.erO HA,l!i!L A,l!'!6$ A,nesL A,,ieL A,,'L AnisL A,net!L Aniss!L AnnisL
AnnieL Annes N"(.erO HIn0sL IneL N!&!L Ne&i6$ A,ri%%in! N"(.erO HA,ri%in!6$
A,ri%%in(s N&o"breO HA,ri%ino6$ Aileen N"(.erO HHE6elen!6$ Ailin N&o"breO
HAl!no6$ Ails! N"(.erO HEls!6$ Ai"0e N"(.erO HA"!d!L A"!t!L A"!d!d!6$ Air
N&o"breO HErioL E(rio6$ Ais&!L A'es&! N"(.erO HAis!L Ai-!6$ A.!- N&o"breO
Hn'!-6$ A9&en!tenL A9&en!tonL A9&n!ton N&o"breO HA9en!t3n6$ Al!ddin N&o"breO
HAl!dino6$ Al!nL Al!inL Al!7nL AlonL Al(nL Al N&o"breO HAl!no6$ Al!n! N"(.erO
HAl!n!6$ Al!ri N&o"breO HAl!rio6$ Al!st!irL Al!sd!ir N&o"breO HAle.!ndro6$ Alb!n
N&o"breO HAlb!no6$ AlberiL Alber' N&o"breO HAlberio6$ AlbertL AlbeL AlL
Ad!lbertL Albert(sL A(bertL A(beron N&o"breO HAlbertoL A(bertoL AlberL BertoL
Tio6$ Albert!L Albertine N"(.erO HAlbert!L Albertin!6$ AlbinL Alb'n N&o"breO
HAlbinoL A(+ino6$ Albin!L Albini! N"(.erO HAlbin!6$ Al!e(s N&o"breO HAleo6$
Alibi!des N&o"breO HAlibF!des6$ Alides N&o"breO HAlides6$ Ali"(s N&o"breO
HAli"o6$ AlinoXsL Alino(s N&o"breO HAlFnooL Alino6$ Al"!n N&o"breO
HAl"!n6$ Al"ene N"(.erO HAl"en!6$ Al"!eon N&o"breO HAl"e3n6$ Al(in
N&o"breO HAl(ino6$ Al'one N"(.erO HAlione6$ Ald! N"(.erO HAld!6$ Ald&el"
N&o"breO HAdel"o6$ Aldo(sL AldisL Ald(sL Aldo N&o"breO HAldo6$ Ald7in N&o"breO
HAl+ino6$ Ale-!nderL Ale-L AlL AleisterL AleL Ale9L Ali9L Ale9 N&o"breO
HAle.!ndro6$ Ale-!ndr!L Ale-L Aless!ndr! Nit!li!noOL Ale-!L Ale-i!L Ale-isL
Ale-!ndri! N"(.erO HAle.!ndr!L S!ndr!L Ale.!L Ale.it!6$ Ale-!ndrineL Ale-!ndrin!L
Andrin! N"(.erO HAle.!ndrin!6$ Ale-isL Ale-i(s N&o"breO HAle.o6$ Al#!r!t! N"(.erO
HAl#!r!t!6$ Al#led!L Al#let N"(.erO HEl#led!6$ Al#onsoL Al#o N&o"breO HAl#onsoL
Ilde#onso6$ Al#redL Al#L Al#ie N&o"breO HAl#redo6$ Al#red!L Al#ried! N"(.erO
HAl#red!6$ AliL Al' N&o"breO HAlF6$ Ali!noreL Alienor N"(.erO HEleonor6$ AlieL
AlienL Alii! N"(.erO HAlii!6$ Alid! N"(.erO HAlid!L E0lid!6$ AlineL Alin! N"(.erO
HAdelin!L Adelit!L Alin!6$ AlisonL AliseonL AlisoneL AilisL Ailie N"(.er4 "s
%o%(l!rO HAlii!L AliL Aliit!6$ Alist!irL Alister N&o"breO HAle.!ndro6$ Alit! N"(.erO
HA"!li!6$ Alle,r! N"(.erO HAle,r!6$ AllenL All!nL All'nL All' N&o"breO HAl!no6$
AllieL All'L Allison N"(.erO HAlii!6$ Allister N&o"breO HAle.!ndro6$ Al"! N"(.erM
o"o &o"bre t!"bi0n entre los "or"onesO HAl"!6$ Al"eriL Al"eri(s N&o"breO
HA"0rio6$ AlonzoL Alonso N&o"breO HAlonso6$ Alo'si(s N&o"breO HAloisio6$
Al%&!ret!L Al%&!rett! N"(.erO HAl#!r!t!6$ Al%&e(s N&o"breO HAl#eo6$ Al%&onsine
N"(.erO HAl#onsin!6$ Al%&onso N&o"breO HAl#onsoL Ilde#onso6$ Alson N"(.erO
HAlii!6$ Alt! N"(.erO HAlt!6$ Alt&e!L Alt&!i! N"(.erO HAlte!6$ Al(red N&o"breO
HAl#redo6$ Al+!L Al+!& N"(.erO HAlb!6$ Al+!L Al+!& N&o"breO HAlbinoL A(bino6$
Al+!r N&o"breO Hnl+!ro6$ Al+er' N&o"breO HAl#redo6$ Al+in N&o"breO HAl+ino6$
Al+in! N"(.erO HAl+in!6$ Al+ir! N"(.erO HEl+ir!6$ Al7in N&o"breO HAl(ino6$ Al'e
N"(.erO HAlii!6$ Al'n! N"(.erO HAdelin!L Adelit!6$ Al'%i(s N&o"breO HAli%io6$ Al's
N,!l0sOL Al'son N"(.erO HAlii!6$ A"!belL A"!bell! N"(.erO HM!bel6$ A"!de!
N"(.erO HA"!de!6$ A"!de(s N&o"breO HA"!deo6$ A"!dis N&o"breO HA"!dFs6$
A"!lb(r,! N"(.erO HA"!lber,!6$ A"!li!L A"!lin!L A"!lit! N"(.erO HA"!li!6$
A"!nd N&o"breO HA"!ndo6$ A"!nd! N"(.er4 "s %o%(l!rO HA"!nd!6$ A"!nd(s
N&o"breO HA"!ndo6$ A"!nt! N"(.erO HA"!nd!6$ A"!r!nt&L A"!r!nt N&o"breO
HA"!r!nto6$ A"!r!nt&! N"(.erO HA"!r!nt!6$ A"!r'llis N"(.erO HA"!rilis6$ A"!t!
N"(.erO HA"!d!L A"!t!6$ A"brose N&o"breO HA"brosio6$ A"brosine N"(.erO
HA"brosi!L A"brosi!n!6$ A"eli!L A"elieL A"elin!L A"elit! N"(.erO HA"eli!6$
A"eno%&is N&o"breO HA"eno#is6$ A"en&ote% N&o"breO HA"en&ote%6$ A"eri(sL
A"eri N&o"breO HA"0rio6$ A"et&'st N"(.erO HA"etist!L A"!tist!6$ A"i!s
N&o"breO HA"!do6$ A"orL A"oret N"(.erO HA"or6$ A"os N&o"breO HA"3s6$
A"%&ilo&(s N&o"breO HA"#Floo6$ A"%&ion N&o"breO HAn#i3n6$ A"%&itrite
N"(.erO HAn#itrite6$ A"%&itr'on N&o"breO HAn#itri3n6$ A"'L Ai"0eL A"ii!L A"ie
N"(.er4 "s %o%(l!rO HA"!d!L A"!t!6$ A"'!sL A"i!sL A"iot N&o"breO HA"!toL
A"!do6$ A"'nt!s N&o"breO HA"int!s6$ An!leteL An!let(s N&o"breO HAn!leto6$
An!reon N&o"breO HAn!reonte6$ An!ni!s N&o"breO HAn!nF!s6$ An!st!si! N"(.erO
HAn!st!si!6$ An!st!si(s N&o"breO HAn!st!sio6$ An!tole N&o"breO HAn!tolioL
An!tol3n6$ An!toli! N"(.erO HAn!toli!6$ An!-!,or!s N&o"breO HAn!-,or!s6$
An!-i"!nder N&o"breO HAn!-i"!ndro6$ An!-i"enes N&o"breO HAn!-F"enes6$
Anel N&o"breO HAns!rioL Ansio6$ Anill! N"(.erO HAnill!L Anil!6$ And!
N"(.erO HAndre!6$ An&itel N&o"breO HAn/(etil6$ Andre!L Andr!L Andre!n! N"(.erO
HAndre!6$ Andre7L And'L Andr0L Andre!s N&o"bre4 "s %o%(l!rO HAndr0sL AndiL
TitoL Andres!no6$ Andri!L Andrin! N"(.erO HAndre!6$ Androles N&o"breO
HAndroles6$ Andro"!&e N"(.erO HAndr3"!!6$ Andro"ed! N"(.erO
HAndr3"ed!6$ Androni(s N&o"breO HAndr3nio6$ Ane(rinL Aneirin N&o"breO
HEonorioL Eonor!to6$ An,el N&o"breO Hnn,el6$ An,el!L An,eli! N"(.er4 "s
%o%(l!rO HAn,el!6$ An,eli! N"(.erO HAn,0li!6$ An,eli(s N&o"breO HAn,0lio6$
An,elin!L An,eline N"(.erO HAn,elin!6$ An,eloL An,el(s N&o"breO Hnn,elo6$
An,&!r!d N,!l0sO N"(.erO HA"!d!6$ An,ie N"(.erO Hnn,el!6$ An,(sL An,(is&
N&o"breO HEne!s6$ Ani!nL Ani!n(s N&o"breO HAni!no6$ Aniet(s N&o"breO
HAnieto6$ Anii(s N&o"breO HAnisio6$ Aniel! N"(.erO HAn,el!6$ An9!ret N,!l0sO
N"(.erO HA"!d!6$ An9etil N&o"breO HAn/(etil6$ Anlei#r N&o"breO HOl!#L Ol!o6$ AnnL
Ann!L Anne N"(.erO HAn!L AnL AniL N!n!6$ Ann!belL Ann!belleL Ann!bell! N"(.erO
HAn!bel6$ Ann!e(sL Anni(s N&o"breO HAnneo6$ Ann! M!ri!L AnneIM!rieL
Anne"!rie N"(.erO HAn! M!rF!6$ AnnetteL Anit!L Annett!L AnnieL Anni9!L Annin!
N"(.erO HAnit!6$ Anno N&o"breO HArn!ldoL ArnoldoL Arno6$ Ans!rL Ans,!r
N&o"breO HAs!rioL Ans!rio6$ Ansel"L Ansel N&o"breO HAnsel"o6$ Ansel"!
N"(.erO HAnsel"!6$ Anste'L Anstie N"(.erO HAn!st!si!6$ Ant&e! N"(.erO HAnte!6$
Ant&on'L Ant&in N,!l0sO N&o"breO HAntonio6$ Anti,on(s N&o"breO HAntF,ono6$
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HFloreni!L FlorenL Flo6$ FloreneL Florenti(s N&o"breO HFlorenioL Floreni!noL
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HDer3ni!L Niol!s!6$ Niode"(s N&o"breO HNiode"o6$ Niol!L Ni&ol!L NioleL
NioletteL NiolleL Niolin! NGB ' USA4 0ste ' todos los !nterioresOL Ni99i NUSA4
r!roO N"(.er4 "s %o%(l!rO HNiol!s!6$ Nio"!&(s N&o"breO HNi3"!o6$
Nio"ede N&o"breO HNio"edes6$ Niel N&o"breO HNelsonL Ni,elo6$ Ni,elL Ni,ell
N&o"breO HNi,eloL Nelson6$ Ni,ell! N"(.erO HNi,el!6$ Ni,ell(s N&o"breO HNi,eloL
Nelson6$ Nils N&o"breO HNelsonL Ni,elo6$ Nin! N"(.erO HAnit!6$ Nini!n N&o"breO
HBibi!noL Di+i!no6$ Niobe N"(.erO HNiobeL NFobe6$ Nit! N"(.erO Hj(!nit!6$ No!&
N&o"breO HNo06$ NoelL No|l N&o"breO HNoel6$ NoelleL NoeleenL Noeline N"(.erO
HNoeli!6$ No#retete N"(.erO HNe#ertiti6$ Nol! N"(.erO HNol!6$ NollL Noll' N&o"breO
HOli+erio6$ Non! N"(.erO HNon!6$ Non(s N&o"breO HNono6$ Nor!L Nor!& N"(.erO
HLeonorL EleonorL Nor!L Nori6$ Nor!L Nor!&L NoreenL NorineL Norit! Nirl!nd0sO
N"(.erO HEonori!L Nor!L Nori6$ Nonie N"(.erO HEonori!6$ Norbert N&o"breO
HNorberto6$ Norbert! N"(.erO HNorbert!6$ Nor"! N"(.erO HNor"!6$ Nor"!nL Nor"L
Nor N&o"breO HNor"!ndoL Nor"n6$ Norn! N"(.erO HNorn!6$ No+!ti!n(s N&o"breO
HNo+!i!no6$ No7elL No7ell N&o"breO HNoel6$ N(!l! N"(.erO HFion!6$ N("eni(s
N&o"breO HN("enio6$ N("%s N&o"breO HE(n#redoL E(n#rido6$ N'e N&o"breO
HEonorioL Eonor!to6$ N',elle N&o"breO HNi,eloL Nelson6$ N'"%&! N"(.erO HNin#!L
Ni"#!6$ N'"%&odor! N"(.erO HNin#odor!61
O
Ob!di!& N&o"breO HAbdF!sL Ob!dF!s6$ Obed N&o"breO HObed6$ Oberon N&o"breO
HOber3nL A(bertoL Oberto6$ O9' N&o"breO H^s!r6$ Ot!+i! N"(.erO HOt!+i!6$
Ot!+i!nL Ot!+i!n(s N&o"breO HOt!+i!no6$ Ot!+i(sL T!+eL T!+' N&o"breO
HOt!+io6$ Odille N#r!n0sOL Odette N#r!n0sO N"(.erO HOdili!L Odil!L Odeli!6$ Odo
N&o"breO HOd3nL Odil3n6$ Od'sse(s N&o"breO HOdiseoL Ulises6$ Oedi%(s LRi4dI%esL
NGB ' USAO ' LRedI%esL NUSA o LRede%esLO N&o"breO HEdi%o6$ Ol!#L Ol!+e
Nes!ndin!+oO N&o"breO HOl!#L Ol!o6$ Ole, N&o"breO HOle,!rio6$ Ol,! N"(.erO
HOl,!6$ Oli+eL Oli+!L Oli##L Oli+etL Oli# N"(.erO HOli+!6$ Oli+erL Oli+ier N#r!n0sOL
Oli+er(sL OlL Ollie N&o"breO HOli+erioL OliH+o66$ Oli+i! N"(.erO HOli+i!6$ OlletL
Ol'##L Ol'##e N"(.erO HOli+!6$ Ol'"%i! N"(.erO HOli"%i!6$ Ol'"%iodor(s N&o"breO
HOli"%io6$ O"!r N&o"breO HO"!r6$ Ondine N"(.erO HOndin!6$ Onesi"(sL
Onesi%&or(s N&o"breO HOn0si"o6$ Oni!s N&o"breO HOnF!s6$ Onor! Nirl!nd0sO
N"(.erO HEonori!6$ On(%&rios N&o"breO HOno#re6$ On'- N"(.erO H^nie6$ Oon!
Nirl!nd0sOL Oon!,& Nirl!nd0sO N"(.erO HDine#rid!6$ O%&eli! N"(.erO HO#eli!6$ Or!bleL
Or!bilis N"(.erO HAr!bel!6$ Or!n Nirl!nd0sO N&o"breO HAdrin6$ Or&id N"(.erO
HOr/(ide!6$ Orestes N&o"breO HOrestes6$ Ori!n! N"(.erO HOri!n!6$ Ori,en N&o"breO
HOrF,enes6$ Orion N&o"breO HOri3n6$ Orl!ndo N&o"breO HOrl!ndo6$ Oronti(s
N&o"breO HOronio6$ Or%&e(s N&o"breO HOr#eo6$ Orrie N"(.erO HA(ror!6$ Orsino
N&o"breO HUrsino6$ Orson N&o"breO HUrsoL Orso6$ Os N&o"breO HOsbertoL AnsbertoL
Os+!ldo6$ Osbert N&o"breO HOsbertoL Ansberto6$ Osbert! N"(.erO HOsbert!L
Ansbert!6$ Os!rL Os,!rL Os N&o"breO HOs!rL ^s!r6$ Osee N&o"breO HOse!s6$
Os"ondL Os"(nd N&o"breO HOs"(ndo6$ Oss' N&o"breO H^s!r6$ Os7!ldL
Ose7oldL Oz N&o"breO HOs+!ldo6$ Os7in N&o"breO HOs+ino6$ Ot&o N&o"breO
HOt3n6$ Ottili! N"(.erO HOtili!6$ Otto N&o"breO HOt3n6$ O+id N&o"breO HO+idio6$
O+inL O7enL O7!in N&o"breO HE(,enioL O7en6$ O7en! N"(.erO HE(,eni!6$ OzzieL
Ozz' N&o"breO H^s!rL Os+!ldoL OsbertoL Ansberto61
P
P!dd'L P!dri, N&o"breO HP!triio6$ P!dd' N"(.erO HP!trii!6$ P!ll!s N"(.erO HP!l!s6$
P!l"'r! N"(.erO HP!l"ir!6$ P!"el!L P!" N"(.er4 "s %o%(l!rO HP!"el!6$ P!"eli!
N"(.erO HP!"eli!6$ P!nr!s N&o"breO HP!nr!io6$ P!nd!r(s N&o"breO HPnd!ro6$
P!ndor! N"(.erO HP!ndor!6$ P!r!els(s N&o"breO HP!r!elso6$ P!ris N&o"breO HP!risL
P!risio6$ P!r"enides N&o"breO HP!r"0nides6$ P!ronelL P!rnelL P!rnell N"(.erO
HPetronil!L Petroni!L Petr!6$ P!rsi#!l N&o"breO HP!rsi#!l6$ P!rt&eni! N"(.erO
HP!rteni!6$ P!s&! N"(.erO HP!s!si!L P!s(!l!6$ P!s&!lL P!soe N&o"breO HP!s(!lL
P!s!sio6$ P!tiene N"(.erO HP!ieni!6$ P!triL P!tL P!ts' N,!l0sOL P!tri9L P!trii(s
N&o"breO HP!triio6$ P!trii!L P!tL P!ts'L P!tt'L P!ttieL P!tti N"(.erO HP!trii!L P!triL
P!ti6$ P!trol(s N&o"breO HP!trolo6$ P!tt' N"(.erO HM!tiHlde6L M!rt!6$ P!ttie N"(.erO
HM!rt!6$ P!(l N&o"bre4 "s %o%(l!rO HP!bloL P!(lo6$ P!(l!L P!(lineL P!(lin!L
P!(letteL P!(let N"(.erO HP!(l!L P!(lin!6$ P!(s!ni!s N&o"breO HP!(s!ni!s6$ Pe!e
N"(.erO HP!z6$ Pe!rlL Pe!rlie N"(.erO HPerl!L Perlit!6$ Pe,L Pe,,ot'L Pe,,' N"(.erO
HM!r,!Hrit!66$ Pel!,i!L Pel!,i(s N"(.erO HPel!,i!L Pel!'!6$ Pel!,i(s N&o"breO
HPel!,ioL Pel!'o6$ Pele(s N&o"breO HPeleo6$ Penelo%eL PenL Penn' N"(.erO
HPen0lo%e6$ Peon' N"(.erO HPeoni!6$ Pere+!lL Peri+!l N&o"breO HP!rsi#!l6$ Per&t!
N"(.erO HBert!6$ Pere,rine N&o"breO HPere,rinoL Pele,rinoL Pere,rFnL Pele,rFn6$
Per#et N&o"breO HPer#eto6$ Periles N&o"breO HPeriles6$ Peril!L PernelL Peronel
N"(.erO HPetronil!L Petr!L Petroni!6$ Perle N#r!n0sOL Perlit! Nit!li!noO N"(.erO HPerl!L
Perlit!6$ Per%et(! N"(.erO HPer%et(!6$ Perse%&one N"(.erO HPers0#oneL Pers0#on!6$
Pertesi! N"(.erO HProt!si!6$ Pet!l N"(.erO HP0t!l!6$ Pete N&o"breO HPedritoL PedrFnL
PerioL Pedr(&o6$ PeterL Pedro N&o"breO HPedro6$ Peti! N"(.erO HP!trii!6$
Petronell!L Petronill!L Petroni!L Petr!L Petrin!L Petron'lL PetronelL Pet!L PeternelL
Peternell N"(.erO HPetronil!L Petr!L Petroni!6$ Petroni(s N&o"breO HPetronioL
Petronilo6$ Pet(l! N"(.erO HPet(l!6$ P&!edr! N"(.erO HFedr!6$ P&!edr(s N&o"breO
HFedro6$ P&!ed(s N&o"breO HFed3n6$ P&!"ie N"(.erO HE(#e"i!6$ P&!r!"ond
N"(.erO HF!r!"(nd!6$ P&ebe LR#i4biL N"(.erO HFebe6$ P&eidi!s N&o"breO HFidi!s6$
P&eli" Nirl!nd0sO N&o"breO HF0li-6$ P&e"ie N"(.erO HE(#e"i!6$ P&en'L P&een'
N"(.erO HPe%it!L Fe#i6$ P&idi!s N&o"breO HFidi!s6$ P&il N&o"bre ' "(.erO HFeli%eL
Feli%!L Filis6$ P&il!del%&i! N"(.erO HFil!del#i!6$ P&il!nder N&o"breO HFil!ndro6$
P&il!nt&! N"(.erO HFil!nt!6$ P&ile"on N&o"breO HFile"3n6$ P&ilet!sL P&ilet(s
N&o"breO HFile!s6$ P&ilibert N&o"breO HFiliberto6$ P&ili%L P&illi% N&o"breO HFeli%eL
Fili%o6$ P&illid!L P&illis N"(.erO HFilis6$ P&ili%%!L P&ili%in! N"(.erO HFeli%!6$ P&ilo
N&o"breO HFil3n6$ P&ilo"el! N"(.erO HFilo"el!6$ P&ilo"en!L P&ilo"el N"(.erO
HFilo"en!L Filo6$ P&il'r! N"(.erO HFilir!6$ P&ine!sL P&ine&!s N&o"breO HFineoL
Fine!sL FinesL Fin0s6$ P&oion N&o"breO HFoi3n6$ P&oebe LR#i4biL N"(.erO HFebe6$
P&oeb(s N&o"breO HFebo6$ P&otin! N"(.erO HFotin!6$ P&'llis N"(.erO HFilis6$
P&'t&eon N&o"breO HBibi!noL Di+i!no6$ Pi! N"(.erO HPF!6$ Pierin!L Pier N"(.erO
HPetr!6$ Pierre N#r!n0sO N&o"breO HPedro6$ Piet' N"(.erO HPied!d6$ Pil!te N&o"breO
HPil!toL Pil!tos6$ Pil,ri" N&o"breO HPere,rinoL Pele,rinoL Pere,rFnL Pele,rFn6$ Pind!r
N&o"breO PFnd!ro6$ Pi% N&o"breO HFeli%e6$ Pi%%! Nit!li!noO N"(.erO HFeli%!6$ Pir!n
N,!l0sO N&o"breO HBr(no6$ Pi(s N&o"breO HPFo6$ Pl!id!L Pl!eni! N"(.erO HPlid!6$
Pl!id(s N&o"breO HPlido6$ Pl!to N&o"breO HPl!t3n6$ Pl!(t(s N&o"breO HPl!(to6$
Pl!-' N"(.erO HPr-edesL Pr!-edis6$ Ple!s!ntL Ples!ni!L Pleseni!L Ples!ni!L
Ple!s!ne N"(.erO HPlid!6$ Plin'L Plini(s N&o"breO HPlinio6$ Plotin(s N&o"breO
HPlotino6$ Pl(t!r& N&o"breO HPl(t!ro6$ Poldie N&o"breO HLeo%oldo6$ Poloni!
N"(.erO HPoloni!6$ Poloni(s N&o"breO HPolonio6$ Pol'bi(s N&o"breO HPolibio6$
Pol'!r% N&o"breO HPoli!r%o6$ Pol'leit(sL Pol'lit(sL Pol'let(s N&o"breO
HPolileto6$ Pol'r!tes N&o"breO HPolFr!tes6$ Pol'dor(s N&o"breO HPolidoro6$
Pol',not(s N&o"breO HPoli,noto6$ Pol'-en! N"(.erO HPoli-en!6$ PollL Poll' N"(.erO
HM!riL M!r(.!6$ Poll'!nn! N"(.erO HM!ri!n!L M!rin6$ Po"%e' N&o"breO
HPo"%e'o6$ Po"%oni(s N&o"breO HPo"%onio6$ Ponti(s N&o"breO HPonio6$ Po%%'
N"(.erO HA"!%ol!6$ Por%&'r' N&o"breO HPor#irio6$ Porti! N"(.erO HPori!L Por!ri!L
Pori!n!6$ Poseidon N&o"breO HPoseid3n6$ Poseidoni(sL Posidoni(s N&o"breO
HPosidonio6$ Post("(sL Post&("(s N&o"breO HP3st("o6$ Pr!-edesL Pr!ssede
N"(.erO HPr-edesL Pr!-edis6$ Pr!-iteles N&o"breO HPr!-iteles6$ Pre7dene N"(.erO
HPr(deni!6$ Pri!" N&o"breO HPrF!"o6$ Pri"iti+e N&o"breO HPri"iti+o6$ Pri"rose
N"(.erO HPrF"(l!L Pri"!+er!6$ Pri"(s N&o"breO HPri"o6$ Prisi!n N&o"breO
HPrisi!no6$ Prisill!L PrisL Priss'L Pris! N"(.erO HPrisil!L Pris!6$ Prob(s N&o"breO
HProbo6$ Prol(s N&o"breO HProlo6$ Proo%i(s N&o"breO HProo%io6$ Pro"et&e(s
N&o"breO HPro"eteo6$ Proser%in! N"(.erO HProser%in!6$ Pros%erL Pros%ero N&o"breO
HPr3s%ero6$ Prot!,or!s N&o"breO HProt,or!s6$ Prot!si! N"(.erO HProt!si!6$ Prot!si(s
N&o"breO HProt!sio6$ Prote(s N&o"breO HProteo6$ Prot&!se'L Protez'L Prot&esi!
N"(.erO HProt!si!6$ Pr(deneL Pr(L Pr(eL Pr(dieL Pr(d' N"(.erO HPr(deni!L
Pr(deni!n!6$ Pr(denti(s N&o"breO HPr(denio6$ Pr(nell! N"(.erO HPr(nel!6$
Ptole"' N&o"breO HTolo"eo N"s (s!doOL Ptolo"eo6$ P(bli(s N&o"breO HP(blio6$
P(l&eri! N"(.erO HP(l/(eri!6$ P(n&inelloL P(n& N&o"breO HPoli&inelo6$ P7'll
N,!l0sO N&o"breO HPr(denio6$ P'rr&! N"(.erO HPirr!6$ P'rr&o N&o"breO HPirr3n6$
P'rr&(s N&o"breO HPirro6$ P't&!,or!s N&o"breO HPit,or!s61
J
J(!rt(s N&o"breO H*(!rto6$ J(eenie NGB ' USAOL J(een' NGB ' USAOL J(een!
NUSAO N"(.erO HRe,in!6$ J(endrid! N"(.erO HJ(endrid!6$ J(entinL J(inti(s
N&o"breO HJ(intFnL J(intiloL J(into6$ J(intili!n N&o"breO HJ(intili!no6$ J(intili(s
N&o"breO HJ(intilio6$ J(intill!L J(intell!L J(intin! N"(.erO HJ(intil!L J(intili!6$
J(intinL J(int(s N&o"breO HJ(intFnL J(intiloL J(into6$ J(irin(sL J(irini(s
N&o"breO HJ(irino61

R
R!b Nnorteirl!nd0sO N&o"breO HRoberto6$ R!bi! N"(.erO HR!bF!L Pri"!+er!6$ R!&elL
R!&ie N"(.er4 "s %o%(l!rO HR!/(elL R!/(eL R!/(el(&!L R!/(et!6$ R!de,(nd
N"(.erO HR!de,(nd!6$ R!d(l# N&o"breO HR!2l6$ R!e N"(.erO HR!/(el6$ R!ed"(nd
N&o"breO HR!i"(ndoL R!"3n6$ R!#!el N&o"breO HR!#!el6$ R!#!el!L R!#!elle N"(.erO
HR!#!el!6$ R!#e N&o"breO HR!2lL R!ndol#o6$ R!##e N&o"breO HR!2l6$ R!,in"(nd
N&o"breO HR!i"(ndo6$ R!in!ldL R!in!ld(sL R!i,n!ld N&o"breO HRein!ldoL
Re,in!ldo6$ R!in!rd N&o"breO HR!ineldo6$ R!ine N"(.erO HR!ineld!6$ R!l%&
N&o"breO HR!2lL R!#!el6$ R!"esesL R!"ses N&o"breO HR!"s0s6$ R!"on! N"(.erO
HR!"on!6$ R!n!ld N&o"breO HRon!ldo6$ R!ndol%&L R!ndol#L R!nd!lL R!ndleL
R!nd!llL R!nd7(l#L R!nd'L R!ndie N&o"breO HR!ndol#o6$ R!n(l# N&o"breO
HR!n(l#o6$ R!o(l N&o"breO HR!2l6$ R!%&!el N&o"breO HR!#!el6$ R!%&!el! N"(.erO
HR!#!el!6$ R!s"(sL R!st(s N&o"breO HEr!s"o6$ R!(#L R!7l N&o"breO HR!2l6$ R!'
N"(.erO HR!/(elL R!i"(nd!6$ R!'"ondL R!' N&o"breO HR!i"(ndoL R!"3n6$
R!'"onde N"(.erO HR!i"(nd!L R!"on!6$ R!'"(nd N&o"breO HR!i"(ndoL
R!"3n6$ R!'n!ld(s N&o"breO HRein!ldoL Re,in!ldo6$ R!'nerL R!inerL R!iner(sL
R!ineri(sL R!'ner(sL R!'nor N&o"breO HR!inieroL R!niero6$ R!'nold(s N&o"breO
HRein!ldoL Re,in!ldo6$ Rebe!L Rebe9!&L Reb! N"(.er4 "s %o%(l!rO HRebe!L
Rebe6$ Red NUSAO N&o"breO HR(#ino6$ Re,in! N"(.erO HRe,in!6$ Re,in!ldL
Re,in!ldeL Re,in!ld(sL Re,,ieL Re,,'L Re,L Rein!ldL Rei,n!ldL Rei,noldeL
ReinoldL Reinold(s N&o"breO HRein!ldoL Re,in!ldo6$ Re,(l(s N&o"breO HR0,(lo6$
Reine N"(.erO HRe,in!6$ Re"bert(s N&o"breO HRe"berto6$ Re"i,i(sL Re"i
N&o"breO HRe"i,io6$ Re"(s N&o"breO HRe"o6$ Ren! N"(.erO HRe,in!6$ Ren!t!L
Ren0eL Renee N"(.erO HRen!t!6$ Ren!t(sL Ren0L Rene N&o"breO HRen!to6$ Ren#red
N&o"breO HRen#redo6$ Renie N"(.erO HIrene6$ Restit(t(s N&o"breO HRestit(to6$ Ret!
N"(.erO HM!r,!Hrit!6$ Re(ben N&o"breO HR(b0n6$ Re-L Re'noldL Re'n!ldL Re'n!(dL
Re'n!(lt N&o"breO HRe,in!ldoL Rein!ldo6$ Re'n!rd N&o"breO HR!ineldo6$ Re'ner
N&o"breO HR!iniero6$ R&e! N"(.erO HRe!6$ R&i!in N"(.erO HMorin!6$ R&i!nnonL
R&i!n'dd N,!l0sO N"(.erO HNin#!L Ni"#!6$ R&od!L R&odei!L R&odo%eL R&odo%is
N"(.erO HRos!6$ R&od!lind N"(.erO HRos!lind!6$ R&odriL R&'dder& N,!l0sO
N&o"breO HRodri,o6$ R&on!L Ron! N"(.erO HRon!6$ R&ond!L Rond! N"(.erO
HRond!6$ Ri!rd!L Ri&!rd'neL Ri&etteL Ri&end! N"(.erO HRi!rd!6$ Ri&!rdL
Ri&ieL Rit&ieL Ri9'L Ri&L Ri9L Ri!rdL Ri!rdoL Rie&!rdL R&isi!rtL R&iert
N,!l0sO N&o"bre4 "s %o%(l!rO HRi!rdoL Ri!L RF!rL RF&!r6$ Ri9 N&o"breO
HTeodorio6$ Ri9ie N&o"breO HErioL E(rio6$ Rio&!rd N&o"breO HRi!rdo6$
Rin!ldo N&o"breO HRein!ldoL Re,in!ldo6$ Rit! Nit!li!noO N"(.erO HRit!6$ RobertL
RobinL RobL RobbieL Roberto N&o"bre4 "s %o%(l!rO HRobertoL R3berL Berto6$
Robert!L Robertin!L Robin!L Robinett!L RobinetteL Rob'nL Robin N"(.erO
HRobert!6$ Ro& N&o"breO HRo/(e6$ Rod NUSAO N&o"breO HR!2l6$ Rodbert
N&o"breO HRoberto6$ Roderi! N"(.erO HRodri,!6$ Roderi9L Roderi,&L Roderi,oL
Rodd'L Rod N&o"breO HRodri,oL R('6$ Rodol%&e N#r!n0sOL Rodol%&L Rod
N&o"breO HRodol#o6$ Roesi!L Ro&!iseL Ro&esi! N"(.erO HRos!6$ Ro,erL Rod,erL
Rod,eL Ro,L Rosser N,!l0sO N&o"breO HRo,elioL Ro,erio6$ RoisL Roisin Nirl!nd0sO
N"(.erO HRos!6$ Rol!ndL Roll!ndL RollinL Roll'L Rol' N&o"breO HRol!ndoL Roln6$
Rol# N&o"breO HR!2lL Rodol#o6$ RolloL Rol%& N&o"breO HR!2l6$ Ro"! N"(.erO
HRo"!6$ Ro"!n N&o"breO HRo"nL Ro"!no6$ Ro"!n!L Ro"!ine N"(.erO
HRo"!n!6$ Ro"eo N&o"breO HRo"eo6$ Ro"ol! N"(.erO HR3"(l!6$ Ro"(!ld
N&o"breO HRo"(!ldo6$ Ro"(l! N"(.erO HR3"(l!6$ Ro"(l(s N&o"breO HR3"(lo6$
Ro"7!ld N&o"breO HRo"(!ldo6$ Ron!ldL Ron!lL RonnieL Ronn'L Ron N&o"breO
HRon!ldo6$ Ron!ld! N"(.erO HRon!ld!6$ Ron9'L Ronnie N"(.erO HDer3ni!6$ Ro/(e
N&o"breO HRo/(e6$ Ror! N"(.erO HA(ror!6$ Ror' Nirl!nd0sO N&o"breO HRodri,o6$
Ros!L Ros!leen Nirl!nd0sO N"(.erO HRos!6$ Ros!belL Ros!bell!L Ros!belle N"(.erO
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N&o"breO HUri!no6$ Uriel N&o"breO HUriel6$ Urien N&o"breO HUri!no6$ Ursin(s
N&o"breO HUrsino6$ Urs(l!L UrseL Urs!L UrselL UrsieL Urs(lin! N"(.erO Hrs(l!L
Urs(lin!6$ Ur'ene N&o"breO HUri!no6$ U7en N&o"breO HE(,enio6$ Uzzi!& N&o"breO
HOzF!sL OsF!sL Uziel61

D
D!ld! N"(.erO HD!ld!6$ D!lde"!r N&o"breO HD!lde"!ro6$ D!lentineL D!lentin(sL D!l
N&o"breO HD!lentinoL D!lentFnL D!le6$ D!lentineL D!lentin!L D!l N"(.erO HD!lentin!L
D!le6$ D!lentini!n N&o"breO HD!lentini!no6$ D!leri!n N&o"breO HD!leri!no6$ D!lerieL
D!ler'L D!lL D!leri! N"(.erO HD!leri!L D!leri!n!6$ D!leri(s N&o"breO HD!lerio6$
D!l"ond N&o"breO HD!lde"!ro6$ D!nor!L D!nn! N"(.erO HGeno+e+!L Ginebr!6$
D!rin! N"(.erO HBrb!r!6$ Del"! N"(.erO HDel"!6$ Den!nti(s N&o"breO HDen!nio6$
Den(s N"(.erO HDen(s6$ Der! N"(.erO HDer!6$ Dere"ond N&o"breO HDere"(ndo6$
Deren! N"(.erO HDeren!6$ Der,il N&o"breO HDir,ilio6$ Derit' N"(.erO HDerFsi"!6$
Dern! N"(.erO HDern!6$ Deron! N"(.erO HDeron!6$ Deroni!L D0roni/(e N#r!n0sO
N"(.erO HDer3ni!L Dero6$ Derr! N"(.erO HDer!6$ Der(s N&o"breO HDero6$ Des%!si!n
N&o"breO HDes%!si!no6$ DitorL DiL Di9L Di9' N&o"breO HDitorL TioL Di6$
Ditori!L Di9L Di9iL Di9'L Di9ieL Di'L Di99iL Ditoriol! N"(.er4 "s %o%(l!rO
HDitori!L Di/(iL To'!L Di/(eL Toto'!L Di/(it!6$ Ditori!n N&o"breO HDitori!no6$
Ditorine N"(.erO HDitorin!6$ Ditorin(s N&o"breO HDitorino6$ Did!L Didette
N"(.erO HD!+idi!6$ Dil"! N"(.erO HG(iller"!6$ DinentL DineL DinnieL Dinn'L DinL
Dinenti(sL Dinentio N&o"breO HDienteL *enteL Dien6$ Dinenti! N"(.erO
HDient!6$ DinnieL Dinn'L Din! N"(.erO HL!+ini!6$ Diol!nte N"(.erO HDiol!nteL
mol!nd!6$ DioleL Diol!L Di N"(.erO HDiol!6$ DioletL DiL DioletteL Diolett! N"(.erO
HDiolet!6$ Dir! N"(.erO HEl+ir!6$ Dir,ilL Dir,ili(s N&o"breO HDir,ilio6$ Dir,ili! N"(.erO
HDir,ili!6$ Dir,ini!L Dir,inieL Dir,ie N"(.erO HDir,ini!L Dir,iL Dir,oL Gi)!6$ Dirt(e
N"(.erO HDirt(des6$ Dit! N"(.erO HDit!6$ Dit!lL Dit!lis N&o"breO HDid!lL Dit!l6$
Ditr(+i(s N&o"breO HDitr(+io6$ Dit(s N&o"breO HDito6$ Dittori! N"(.erO HDitori!6$
Di+i!nL Di+i!n(sL Di+ N&o"breO HDi+i!noL Bibi!no6$ Di+ienL Di+i!nL Di+i!n!L
Di+ienneL Di+!L Di+i!L Di+ N"(.erO HDi+i!n!L Bibi!n!L Di+iL Bibi6$ Dl!di"ir
N&o"breO HDl!di"iroL Dl!di"ir6$ D'e N"(.erO HDiol!L Diolet!6$ D'+'!n N&o"breO
HBibi!noL Di+i!no61
>
>!l N&o"breO HG(!lterioL G(!ltero6$ >!l!&#ried N&o"breO HD!l#rido6$ >!lb(r,!L
>!lb(r, N"(.erO HD!lb(r,!6$ >!lde"!r N&o"breO HD!lde"!ro6$ >!ldo N&o"breO
H>!ldo6$ >!l"!rL >!l"erL >!l"(nd N&o"breO HD!lde"!ro6$ >!lterL >!lteri(sL
>!ltL >!ll' N&o"breO HG(!lterioL G(!ltero6$ >!l7!inL >!l7'n N&o"breO HG!bino6$
>!nd! N"(.erO H>!nd!6$ >!re N!n,los!.3nO N&o"breO HPr(denio6$ >!t N&o"breO
HG(!lterioL G(!ltero6$ >enesl!sL >enesl!(s N&o"breO HDenesl!oL >enesl!o6$
>end! N"(.erO H>!nd!6$ >end'L >endi N"(.erO H>endi6$ >ido N&o"breO HG(ido6$
>il#redL >il#ridL >il#ro'L >il# N&o"breO HDil#ridoL >il#rido6$ >il#red! N"(.erO
HDil#rid!L >il#rid!6$ >il&el"in!L >ill!L >ild!L >ill!L >illieL >il"!L >il"et
N"(.erO HG(iller"!L G(iller"in!6$ >illi!"L >illieL >ill'L >illieL >illiL >illL >"1
N&o"breO HG(iller"oL G(illeL G(illerL G(illoL Bili6$ >illi!"in! N"(.erO
HG(iller"in!6$ >illib!ld N&o"breO HDilleb!ldoL >illeb!ldo6$ >illi"! N"(.erO
HG(iller"in!6$ >illo7 N"(.erO HS!(e6$ >in#redL >in#rid N&o"breO HDine#rido6$
>ini#redL >ine#redL >inni#redL >inL >innie N"(.erO HDine#rid!6$ >inso"e N"(.erO
Plid!6$ >isdo" N"(.erO HS!bid(rF!6$ >olde"!r N&o"breO HD(l"!roL >(l"!ro6$
>restlin, N&o"breO HNe#t!lF6$ >'bert N&o"breO HG(ibertoL >i,berto6$ >'l"!
N"(.erO HG(iller"!61
K
K!nt&i%%eL K!nti%%e Lz111L N"(.erO HK!nti%!6$ K!nt&i%%(sL K!nti%%(s Lz111L
N&o"breO HK!nti%o6$ K!+ier Lz111L N&o"breO Hj!+ier6$ Keni! Lz111L N"(.erO HKeni!6$
Kenor!tes Lz111L N&o"breO HKen3r!tes6$ Keno%&!nes Lz111L N&o"breO Hjen3#!nes6$
Keno%&on N&o"breO Lz111L Hjeno#onte6$ Ker-es Lz111L N&o"breO Hjer.es6$ Ki"en! Lz111L
N"(.erO Hji"en!L Ki"en!6$ Kit Lz111L N&o"breO H*rist3b!l6$ K'st(s Lz111L N&o"breO
HSi-to61
m
m!s"in N"(.erO Hm!s"in!L j!z"in!L j!z"Fn6$ me+!n N&o"breO Hj(!n6$ m#oreL m+es
N&o"breO HI+o6$ middie N&o"breO HAdn6$ m""! N"(.erO HIn"!6$ mestin N&o"breO
Hj(stino6$ mits&!9 N&o"breO HIs!!L Is!io6$ mol!ndeL mol!nd!L N"(.erO Hmol!nd!6$
mor!t& N,!l0sO N&o"breO HEd(!rdo6$ mori9 Nd!n0sOL m(ri Nr(soO N&o"breO Hjor,e6$
mse"!'L ms"!' N"(.erO HIs"eni!6$ mst##!n N,!l0sO N&o"breO HEsteb!n6$ m(s!ndr!
N"(.erO Hm(s!ndr!6$ m+on N,!l0sO N&o"breO HI+n6$ m+onneL m+ette N"(.erO HI+on!61
[
[!&!e(s N&o"breO H[!/(eo6$ [!&!ri!&L [!&!ri!sL [!&!r'L [!& N&o"bre4 "s
%o%(l!rO H[!!rF!sL [!!sL [!o6$ [!do9 N&o"breO HS!do6$ [!l"on N&o"breO
HS!lo"3n6$ [!r!t&(str! N&o"breO H[!r!t(str!6$ [e9e N&o"breO HEze/(iel6$ [eb!di!&
N&o"breO H[ebedF!s6$ [ebedee N&o"breO H[ebedeo6$ [e&!ri!&L [e&' N&o"bre4
"s %o%(l!rO H[!!rF!s6$ [ede9i!& N&o"breO HSedeF!s6$ [eld! N"(.erO HGriseld!6$
[en!s N&o"breO H[en!s6$ [eno N&o"breO H[en3n6$ [enobi! N"(.erO H[enobi!L
*enobi!6$ [e%&!ni!& N&o"breO HSo#onF!s6$ [e%&irin(s N&o"breO H*e#erinoL
[e#erino6$ [i! N"(.erO HAn!st!si!6$ [i% N&o"breO HEsi%i3n6$ [i%%or!& N"(.erO
HS0#or!6$ [oeL [o|L [o! N"(.erO H[oeL [o06$ [or! Nr!beO N"(.erO H[or!id!L A(ror!L
A"!neerL [or!6$ [oro!ster N&o"breO H[oro!stro6$ [(lei9! N"(.erO H[(lei!61
:1:1I E!' otros no"bres de %il! /(e no tienen tr!d(i3n ' se %(eden de.!r i,(!l1
E.14 Al,ernonL Al,' N&o"breO$ Alist!irL Alisd!ir N&o"breO$ ArleneL ArleenL Arline
N"(.erO$ As&le' N&o"breO$ As&le' N"(.er4 "s %o%(l!rO$ A(dre' N"(.erO$ B!rr'
N&o"breO$ Ber'l N"(.erO$ Bin, N&o"breO$ Be+erle'L Be+ N"(.erO$ Br!d#ordL Br!d
N&o"breO$ Bri!nL Brien(sL Br'!n N&o"bre4 "s %o%(l!rO$ Britt!n' N"(.er4 "s
%o%(l!rO$ Br(e N&o"breO$ B(d N&o"breO$ B'ron N&o"breO$ *!ndie N"(.erO$
*edri N&o"breO$ *&else! N"(.erO$ *&esterL *&et N&o"breO$ *r'st!l N"(.erO$ *l!r9
N&o"breO$ *li##ordL *li## N&o"breO$ *lintonL *lint N&o"breO$ *li+e N&o"breO$ *l'de
N&o"breO$ *olleen N"(.erO$ *o(rtne' N"(.erO$ *r!i, N&o"breO$ *(##L *(##eL *o#
N&o"breO$ *(rt N&o"breO$ D!le N&o"breO$ D!rrell N&o"breO$ D!rren N&o"bre4 "s
%o%(l!rO$ De!n N&o"breO$ Deirdre N"(.erO$ Dell! N"(.erO$ Der"ot N&o"breO$
Des"ondL Des N&o"breO$ Do(,l!sL Do(,l!ssL D(,,ieL Do(, N&o"breO$ D(!neL
D7!ne N&o"breO$ D(dle'L D(d N&o"breO$ D(n!n N&o"breO$ D(stin N&o"breO$
Ebon' N"(.erO$ Elro' N&o"breO$ Errol N&o"breO$ Fer,(s N&o"breO$ Flo'd N&o"breO$
G!ret& N&o"breO$ Gordon N&o"breO$ Gr!&!"L Gr!&!"eL Gr!e"e N&o"breO$ Gr!nt
N&o"breO$ G(nterL G(nt&er N&o"breO$ Eo7!rdL Eo7ie N&o"breO$ I+' N"(.erO$ j!de
N"(.er4 "s %o%(l!rO$ jedidi!&L jed N&o"breO$ A!'l! N"(.erO$ Aeit&L Ai9i N&o"breO$
Aell'L A'lie N!(str!li!noO N"(.er4 "s %o%(l!rO$ Aennet&L AenL Aenn' N&o"breO$
Ae+inL Ae+ N&o"breO$ Ai" N"(.erO$ Ai"berl' N"(.er4 "s %o%(l!rO$ Air9
N&o"breO$ LeeL Lei,& N&o"breO$ LeslieL Lesl'L Lesle'L Les N&o"bre ' "(.erO$
LesterL Les N&o"breO$ Linds!' N&o"bre ' "(.erO$ Lindse' N"(.er4 "s %o%(l!rO$
Lorn! N"(.erO$ M!lo" N&o"breO$ M!r',oldL M!ri,old N"(.erO$ M!(d N"(.erO$
M!+is N"(.erO$ Meredit&L Merr'L Bedo N"(.erO$ Mont!,(eL MonteL Mont'
N&o"breO$ Mont,o"er'L Mont' N&o"breO$ Mort N&o"breO$ M(rr!' N&o"breO$
Per'L Pere N&o"breO$ Rodne'L Rod N&o"breO$ R'!n N&o"bre4 "s %o%(l!rO$
Se!"!sL Se!"(s N&o"breO$ S&irle'L S&irl N"(.erO$ T!'lor N"(.er4 "s %o%(l!rO$
Tre+orL Tre+L Tre#or N&o"breO$ Tro' N&o"breO$ T'ler N&o"bre4 "s %o%(l!rO$
>!ll!eL >!llisL >!ll'L >!l N&o"breO$ >!rren N&o"breO$ >!'ne N&o"breO$ >ilb(r
N&o"breO$ >ilsonL >illis N&o"breO$ >instonL >innie Nolo/(i!lO N&o"breO '
"(&os otros /(e no !%!reen !/(F1
:1;1I Tanto en ingls como en castellano podemos decir cuando /ablamos de
alguien"
*+ Simplemente el nombre de pila cuando /a confian)a1 E.14 Gr!e is on
&olid!' HHEn6Gr!i! est de +!!iones6 ' (!l/(ier! de los no"bres de :18I:1
2+ El nombre de pila seguido del apellido cuando no /a tanta confian)a1 E.4
L('L L1 S"it& is 5@ HL(F!L L1 S"it& tiene 5@ !)os6$ et1
2+ @n t(tulo o"o UMrH16 LR"IsteL NGBO ' LR"IsterL NUSAO Nno se s(ele esribir
QMisterQ si +! se,(ido de (n !%ellidoO HSr1L D16$ MrsH16 LR"IsI z$ ezL HSr!16$
Miss L"IsL HSrt!16$ MsH16 L"IzL No"2n %!r! se)or!s ' se)orit!sO HSr!1L D)G6$
DrH16 LRdo9teL NGBO ' LRd!49terL NUSAO HDr16$ DrsH16 LRdo9tezL NGBO ' LRd!49terzL
NUSAO HDres16V$ et1$ se,(ido del !%ellido o del no"bre de %il! ' del !%ellido si se
%re#iere l! #or"!lid!d$ bien %or/(e no se onoz! ! l! %erson!$ bien %or/(e se! (n!
%erson! i"%ort!nte1 E.14 MrH16 Azn!r &!s +isited ! &os%it!l HEl Sr1 Azn!r &! +isit!do
(n &os%it!l6$ et1 D181=;$ 5C18<18
-+ El apellido cuando se /abla de una persona mu conocida o cuando se
/abla con una persona 'ue conocemos bien1 E.14 Pi!sso 7!s ! ,eni(s HPi!sso
er!L #(e (n ,enio6$ et1
:1<1I Se usa generalmente la letra maBscula4
*+ En la primera palabra de un escrito o texto despus de un punto7 tambin
detr!s de dos puntos4
!6 Si es lo /(e die (n %erson!.e$ '! se! (n! %!l!br!$ (n! #r!se o (n!
or!i3n1D15C1<:18
b6 Si es (n! it!$ '! se! (n! %!l!br!$ (n! #r!se$ (n! or!i3n o (n %rr!#o en l!
%ri"er! %!l!br! del estilo direto entre o"ill!s ND15C1<:1:O1 E.14 T&e' s!id$
UM!'beV HDi.eron4 UJ(izHs661
6 Si es (n! or!i3n o %rr!#o$ %ero no si es (n! %!l!br! o +!ri!s ND15C1<:15OM
t!"bi0n detrs de (n si,no de interro,!i3n o e-l!"!i3n ! #in!l de (n! or!i3nM
(!ndo (n! %!l!br! en "!'2s(l! e"%iez! %or & 3 ll$ s3lo se %one on "!'2s(l!
l! %ri"er! letr! de l!s dos t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no H*&risti!nit'$
Lle7ell'n61
2+ Cuando se /ace una pregunta en estilo directo dentro de una oracin
tambin se pone en maBscula la primera palabra$ !(n/(e no se! (n! it!
te-t(!l1 E.14 T&e ei,&teent& ent(r' !s9ed o# !n' !tion$ Is it deoro(sT HEl si,lo
dieio&o %re,(nt!b! de (!l/(ier !i3n$ WEs deorosoT61
No obst!nte$ no se %one on "!'2s(l! si lo /(e se die en estilo direto #or"! (n!
(nid!d ( or!i3n on lo !nterior1 E.14 S&e is Uo+er t&ereV HEll! est U!llFV61
2+ Con nombres de pila de persona con los apellidos1 Nor"!l"ente los
no"bres %ro%ios no tienen %l(r!l e-e%to los no"bres de %il! o !%ellidos de
%erson!$ los dF!s$ los no"bres de n!ion!lid!des$ l!s instit(iones$ los no"bres de
tFt(los$ !l,(nos %!Fses$ !l,(n!s re,iones$ l!s !den!s de "ont!)!s ' los
!r&i%i0l!,os /(e est0n en %l(r!l1 Al,(nos no"bres de %il! se,(idos de (n !%ellido
o !%ellidos solos de %erson! %(eden ir en %l(r!l$ %ero se on+ierten en no"bres
%ro%ios ,en0rios1 E.14 T&e' onsider t&e"sel+es jo&n Lennons HSe onsider!n j1
Lennons6M T&e' t&in9 t&e' !re Go'!s HPiens!n /(e son Go'!s6M Ee &!s so"e
Goldin,s Hl tiene !l,(n!s o%i!s de Hlos libros de >illi!"6 Goldin,6$ et1
L!s re!iones de !rtist!s$ esritores$ "2sios$ et1$ se %onen en "!'2s(l!$ (!ndo
se (s! el no"bre del %erson!.e o"o si #(er! ont!ble %reedido de Ut&eV o (n
!rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o1 E.14 ! Pi!sso H(n
H(!dro de6 Pi!sso6$ t&e Del!z/(ez o# t&e KKt& ent(r' Hel Delz/(ez del si,lo
KK6$ t&eir Go'!s Hs(s Go'!sL (!dros de Go'!61
-+ Con nombres propiosM t!"bi0n on no"bres o"(nes$ !d.eti+os ' +erbos /(e
tienen rel!i3n on no"bres %ro%ios ' /(e se re#ier!n ! (n! %erson!$ (n l(,!r o (n!
os! onret!1 E.14 t&e J(i-ote Hel J(i.ote6$ Pl!to HPl!t3n6$ t&e Pl!toni one%tion
o# t&e 7orld Hl! one%i3n %l!t3ni! del "(ndo6$ R(ssi!n s!l!d Hens!l!dill! r(s!6$
t&e isl!nd o# jerse' Hl! isl! de jerse'6M T&e' *&risti!nizedL *&risti!nised NGBO
A"eri! H*risti!niz!ron A"0ri!6$ et1
No obst!nte$ los no"bres$ !d.eti+os ' +erbos rel!ion!dos on no"bres %ro%ios
s(elen esribirse on "in2s(l!$ (!ndo se (s!n on sentido ,ener!l o indireto1 E.14
/(i-oti dre!"s Hs(e)os /(i.otesos6$ %l!toni lo+e H!"or %l!t3nio6$ !r!bi
n("er!ls Hn("er!les r!bes6$ ro"!n n("bers Hn2"eros ro"!nos6$ t&is .erse' Heste
.erse'6M T&e' %!ste(rizeL %!ste(rise NGBO "il9 HP!steriz!n l! le&e6$ et1
3+ En la primera palabra de una cita 'ue se mencione en una oracin1 E.14 Ee
/(oted t&e s!'in, UTo err is &("!n 111V Hl it3 el %ro+erbio UEs de &("!nos
err!r 111V6M LetZs !s9$ >&!t is tr(t&T HPre,(nte"os$ WJ(0 es l! +erd!dT6M %ero$ si se
inter!l! (n no"breL %rono"bre ' (n +erbo ! "it!d de (n! it!$ no se %one
"!'2s(l! (!ndo se ontin2! on l! it!4 UTo be$V s!id E!"let$ Uor not to be 111V
HUSer$V di.o E!"let$ Uo no ser 111 V6M si es (n! it! %!ri!l on rel!i3n on lo /(e est
#(er! de l!s o"ill!s t!"%oo se %one "!'2s(l!$ %or/(e en!.! %er#et!"ente en
l! or!i3n4 S&e belie+es it Uis #ineV HEll! ree /(e Uest bienV61
6+ En la primera palabra de un verso generalmente al principio de cada
l(nea de poes(aM no obst!nte$ #re(ente"ente no se %one en "!'2s(l! l! %ri"er!
%!l!br! de !d! lFne! de %oesF!$ ! no ser /(e se! l! %ri"er! %!l!br! detrs de (n
%(nto1
8+ En el pronombre personal su%eto ;G< H'o6$ en ciertas inter%ecciones como
;TutP< H\D!"os] Ndes!%rob!i3nOL \P(&!]L \J(0 os!] Nen#!doO6$ ;C< Nno +!
se,(id! de (n si,no de %(nt(!i3n4 o"!$ %(nto$ si,no de e-l!"!i3nO H\o&]6$ et1
9+ Con los nombres ad%etivos de ra)as, tribus, nacionalidades, lenguas o
idiomas1 D1 :1@15B$ :188
0+ Con los siete nBmeros romanos4 I H56$ D H<6$ K H5C6$ L H<C6$ * H5CC6$ D H<CC6 '
UMV H5CCC61
Los n2"eros ro"!nos se (s!n4
!6 En "!'2s(l! detrs de no"bres de re'es$ e"%er!dores$ %!%!s$ %!r! los n2"eros
en !l,(nos relo.es$ %!r! !l,(nos si,los del!nte de l! %!l!br! Uent(r'V1
b6 En "in2s(l! %!r! los n("eros de %,in!s en l! introd(i3n de !l,(nos libros$
%!r! los n2"eros de %rr!#os en !l,(nos do("entos$ %!r! los n2"eros de
%re,(nt!s en !l,(nos e-"enes1
*:+ Con los calificativos 'ue van constantemente unidos en aposicin ad%unta#
especificativa a un nombre propio1 E.14 Al#red t&e Gre!t N!%osii3n es%ei#i!ti+!
o !d.(nt!O HAl#redo el Gr!nde61
**+ Con nombres de t(tulos /onor(ficos oficiales tanto acadmicos, religiosos,
gubernamentales, nobiliarios, profesionales, como comerciales 'ue se usan
delante de nombres propiosM los /(e lle+!n N+o!ti+oO %(eden ir nor"!l"ente en
+o!ti+o t!"bi0n$ no del!nte de no"bres %ro%ios4 Abbot N+o!ti+oO H!b!d6$ Ad"ir!l
N+o!ti+oO H!l"ir!nte6$ Alder"!n Hre,idor NGBOL one.!l NUSAO6$ A"b!ss!dor
He"b!.!dor6$ Ar&bis&o% H!rzobis%o6$ Ar&de!on H!r&idiono6$ Assist!nt *&ie#
o# St!##L De%(t' *&ie# o# St!## Hse,(ndo .e#e del Est!do M!'or6$ B!ron Hb!r3n6$
B!roness Hb!rones!6$ Bis&o% N+o!ti+oO Hobis%o6$ Brot&er N+o!ti+oO H&er"!no6$
*!binet Minister H"inistrHo$ !6 del GobiernoL seret!riHo$ !6 de Est!do6$ *!%t!in
N+o!ti+oO H!%itn Nde l! #lot!L del e.0ritoL de los "!rinesO6$ *!%t!in NUSAO
N+o!ti+oO H!%itn Nde !+i!i3nO6$ *!rdin!l N+o!ti+oO H!rden!l6$ *&!ir"!n
N+o!ti+oO H%residente6$ *&!nellor N+o!ti+oO H!nillerL retor6$ *&!nellor Ho# t&e
E-&e/(er6 NGBO H"inistrHo$ !6 de eono"F!6$ *&ie# Minister H"inistro %rini%!l6$
*&ie# o# N!+!l O%er!tions H.e#e del Est!do M!'or de l! Ar"!d!6$ *&ie# >!rr!nt
O##ier NUSAO H!l#0rez Ndel e.0ritoL de n!+FoL de !+i!i3nL de los "!rinesO6$ *olonel
Horonel Ndel e.0ritoL de los "!rinesO6$ *o""!nder N+o!ti+oO Ho"!nd!nte6$
*o""!nder in *&ie# Ho"!nd!nte ,ener!l Nde l! #lot!O6$ *o""!nder o##ier NGBO
Ho"is!rio de %oliF!6$ *o""odore NGBO N+o!ti+oO Ho"odoro Nen l! "!rin!O6$
*on,ress"!n N+o!ti+oO Hon,resist!6$ *onst!ble NGBO N+o!ti+oO H!,ente de
%oliF!6$ *ons(l H3ns(l6$ *oroner H#orenseL .(ez de ,(!rdi!L %ri"er! inst!ni!L
instr(i3n6$ *or%or!l N+o!ti+oO H!bo Ndel e.0rito ' de los "!rines en GB ' USA
' de !+i!i3n en GBO6$ *o(nillor NGB %rini%!l"enteOL *o(nilor NUSAO
N+o!ti+oO Hone.!l6$ *o(nt N+o!ti+oO Nen %!ises no !n,los!.onesO Honde6$
*o(ntess N+o!ti+oO Hondes!6$ D!"e Hd!"!6$ De!on Hdiono6$ De!n N+o!ti+oO
Hde!no6$ Dotor N+o!ti+oO Hdotor6$ D(&ess N+o!ti+oO Hd(/(es!6$ D(9e Hd(/(e6$
E!rl Nen %!Fses !n,los!.onesO Honde6$ E"%eror He"%er!dor6$ E"%ress He"%er!triz6$
E-ellen' N+o!ti+oO He-eleni!6$ F!t&er N+o!ti+oO H%!dre Ni Sr1 (r!L %rrooO6$
FieldIM!rs&!l NGBO N+o!ti+oO H"!ris!l de !"%o6$ First Lie(ten!nt NUSAO
N+o!ti+oO Hteniente Nde tierr! ' !ireO6$ Fl!, Lie(ten!nt H!'(d!nte del !l"ir!nte6$
Fleet Ad"ir!l N+o!ti+oO H!l"ir!nte Nde n!+FoO6$ Fli,&t Lie(ten!nt NGBO N+o!ti+oO
Hteniente de !+i!i3n6$ Gener!l N+o!ti+oO H,ener!l Ndel e.0ritoL de los "!rinesO6$
Go+ernor H,obern!dor6$ Gro(% *!%t!in NGBO N+o!ti+oO Horonel Nde !+i!i3nO6$
Ins%etor N+o!ti+oO Hins%etorH!66$ j(d,e N+o!ti+oO H.(ezH!66$ j(stie H.(ezH!6L
"!,istr!dHo$ !66$ Ain, Hre'6$ L!d' Hd!"!6$ Lie(ten!nt HtenienteL l(,!rteniente Nde
n!+FoO6$ Lie(ten!nt *olonel Hteniente oronel Ndel e.0ritoL de los "!rinesO6$
Lie(ten!nt *olonel NUSAO Hteniente oronel Nde !+i!i3nO6$ Lie(ten!nt *o""!nder
H!%itn de orbet!6$ Lie(ten!nt Gener!l Hteniente ,ener!l Ndel e.0ritoL de los
"!rinesO6$ Lie(ten!nt Go+ernor Hs(b,obern!dor6$ Lord NGBO HlordL !b!llero6$ Lord
*&!nellor H%residente !niller6$ Lord j(stie H%residente de trib(n!les6$ Lord
Lie(ten!nt Hre%resent!nte de l! *oron!6$ MH!de"oise6lleH16 N+o!ti+oO Hse)orit!6$
M"eH16 Hse)or!6$ M!.est' H"!.est!d6$ M!.or N+o!ti+oO Ho"!nd!nte Ndel e.0ritoL
de los "!rinesO6$ M!.or Gener!l H,ener!l de di+isi3n Ndel e.0ritoL de los "!rinesO6$
M!r&ioRness NGBOL RM!r&ioness NUSAO H"!r/(es!6$ M!r/(ess H"!r/(0s Nen
GBO6L M!r/(is H"!r/(0s Nen GB ' en %!Fses no !n,los!.onesO6 LR"!497I s$ esL
NGBOL LR"!4r97es$ I sL NUSAO$ M!r/(iseL M!r&ioness H"!r/(es!6$ M!rs&!l
N+o!ti+oO H"!ris!l NGBOL .e#e de l! %oliF! NUSAO6$ M!ster Ser,e!nt NGBOL First
Ser,e!nt NUSAO Hbri,!d! Nde tierr!O6$ M!'or H!l!lde6$ Me"ber o# P!rli!"ent
Hdi%(t!dHo$ !6L %!rl!"ent!riHo$ !66$ Miss Hse)orit!6$ MrH16 Hse)orL don6$ MrsH16
Hse)or!L do)!6$ MsH16 Hdo)!L se)orit!L se)or!6$ Monsi,nor N+o!ti+oO H"onse)or6$
N(rse N+o!ti+oO Hen#er"erHo$ !66$ O"b(ds"!n Hde#ensor del %(eblo6$ P!s&! N"s
(s!doOL P!&! N"enos (s!doO LR%!4[eL o LR%Y[eL N+! detrs del no"bre$ no del!nte
del no"bre o"o otros tFt(losO Hb!.L %!&6$ P!stor N+o!ti+oO H%!stor
N%rotest!nteO6$ Polie *onst!ble H!,ente de %oliF!6$ Po%e H%!%!6$
Post"!sterHI6Gener!l Hdiretor ,ener!l de *orreos6$ Pre!&er NUSAO N+o!ti+oO
H%!stor H%rotest!nte6 Ni Sr1 (r!L %rroo H%rotest!nte6O6$ Pre"ier H%ri"er "inistroL
%residente del Gobierno6$ President Ho# U1S1A16 H%residente Hde los EE1UU166$
Pri"e Minister N+o!ti+oO H%ri"er "inistroL %redidente del Gobierno6$ Prine
N+o!ti+oO H%rFni%e6$ Priness N+o!ti+oO H%rines!6$ Prior N+o!ti+oO H%rior6$
Prioress N+o!ti+oO H%rior!6$ Pri+!te Hsold!do6$ Pro#essor N+o!ti+oO H!tedrtio6$
J(een Hrein!6$ Re!r Ad"ir!l N+o!ti+oO Hontr!!l"ir!nte6$ Re+erend N+o!ti+oO
Hre+erendo6$ Re+erend Mot&er N+o!ti+oO H"!dre s(%erior!6$ S!int Hs!nHto66$
Seret!r' #or De#ene NGBOL De#ense NUSAO Hseret!rio de De#ens!6$ Sen!tor
N+o!ti+oO Hsen!dorH!66$ Ser,e!nt N+o!ti+oO Hs!r,ento Ndel e.0ritoO6$ Ser,e!nt
M!.or NUSAO N+o!ti+oO Hbri,!d! Ndel e.0ritoL de los "!rinesO6$ Sir N+o!ti+oO
H!b!lleroL se)or6$ Sister H&er"!n! Nreli,i3nOL en#er"er! NGBO6$ S%e!9er o# t&e
Eo(se H%residente de l! *"!r! de Di%(t!dos6$ S/(!dron Le!der NGBO N+o!ti+oO
Ho"!nd!nte Nde !+i!i3nO6$ St!## Ser,e!nt N+o!ti+oO Hbri,!d!6$ S(%erintendent
NGBO N+o!ti+oO Ho"is!rio de %oliF!6$ S(r,eon Gener!l Hir(.!no .e#e NGBOL .e#e
de l! o#iin! de s!l(d %2bli! NUSAO6$ Te&ni!l Ser,e!nt NUSAO Hs!r,ento6$
Underseret!r' o# St!te H+ieseret!riHo$ !6 de Est!do6$ Di!r N+o!ti+oO H(r! NoO
%rroo H!n,li!no6 Ni Sr1 (r! NoO %rroo H!n,li!no6O6$ Die Ad"ir!l
H+ie!l"ir!nte6$ Die *&!nellor NGBO N+o!ti+oO Hretor6$ Die *ons(l
H+ie3ns(l6$ Die President Ho# U1S1A16 H+ie%residentHe$ !6 Hde los EE1UU166$
Diso(nt N+o!ti+oO H+izonde6$ Diso(ntess N+o!ti+oO H+izondes!6$ >in,
*o""!nder NGBO N+o!ti+oO Hteniente oronel Nde !+i!i3nO6$ et1 E.14 mes$ MrH16
j(stie HM!9e%e!e6 HSF$ se)or .(ez M16M Re+erend M!tt&e7 E!,leL t&e Re+erend
M!tt&e7 E!,le NoO t&e R1 M1 E1 Hel re+erendo M!teo E16M Eo7 !re 'o($ Re+erend
*!r%enterT HW*3"o est Dd1$ re+erendo *1T6$ et1 D1 :1;1:$ 5C18<181e
E-isten t!"bi0n !l,(n!s #3r"(l!s de ortesF!M si +!n %reedid!s de Umo(rV en
"!'2s(l! estn en +o!ti+o '$ si no +!n en +o!ti+o$ !l,(n!s %(eden ir %reedid!s
de UEisL EerL T&eirV en "!'2s(l!4 mHo(r6L EHis6 E"ineneL TH&eir6 E"inenes
N%!r! (n !rden!l$ et1O HDH(estr!6L SH(6LS H(s6 EH"ineni!Hs66$ mHo(r6L EHis6L EHer6
EH-ellen'6 N%!r! (n e"b!.!dor$ ,obern!dor$ et1O HDH(estr!6L SH(6 EH-eleni!6$
mHo(r6L EHis6L EHer6 GHr!e6 N%!r! (n! d(/(es!$ (n obis%o$ (n !rzobis%o et1O
HDH(estr!6L SH(6 EH"ineni!6 N%!r! (n !rzobis%oOL DH(estr!6L SH(6 EH-eleni!6 N%!r!
(n d(/(e$ (n! d(/(es!OL DH(estr!6L SH(6 IHl(strFsi"!6 N%!r! (n obis%o$ (n diretor
,ener!lO$mHo(r6L EHis6 Eoliness N%!r! el %!%!O HDH(estr!6L SH(6 S!ntid!d$ mHo(r6L
EHis6L EHer6 Eono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Eonor NUSAO N%!r! (n .(ez en GB '
%!r! (n !l!lde$ ,obern!dor$ sen!dor en USAO HS( Se)orF!6$ mHo(r6L EHis6 Lords&i%
N%!r! (n lord$ (n obis%o$ (n .(ez de l! UEi,& *o(rtV$ et1O HSH(6 IHl(strFsi"!66$
mHo(r6L EHis6L EHer6 M!.est' N%!r! (n "on!r!O HDH(estr!6L SH(6 MH!.est!d66$ T&eir
M!.esties N%!r! (n re' ' (n! rein!O HS(s M!.est!des6$ MostL Ri,&t Re+erend
N+o!ti+oO N%!r! (n obis%o$ (n !rzobis%oO HIl(strFsi"o re+erendo6$ mHo(r6L EHis6L
EHer6 Ro'!l Ei,&ness N%!r! otros "ie"bros de l! #!"ili! re!lO HDH(estr!6L SH(6
AHltez!6 RHe!l66$ mHo(r6L EHis6L EHer6 >ors&i%Hs6 N+o!ti+oO N%!r! (n !l!lde en
GB$ !l,(nos .(eesO HS(Hs6 Se)orF!Hs66$ et1
Si los tFt(los &onorF#ios o l!s #3r"(l!s de ortesF! +!n %reedidos de deter"in!ntes
o"o el !rtF(lo deter"in!do o el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ los deter"in!ntes s(elen
ir en "in2s(l!$ ! no ser /(e se!n l! %ri"er! %!l!br! de l! or!i3n4 t&e Eono(r!ble
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Eonor!ble NUSAO N%!r! %!rl!"ent!rios ' iertos #(nion!rios
del Est!do en GB ' %!r! on,resist!s en USAO 111 HSH(6 EH-eleni!6 1116$ t&e
Re+erend 111 Hel re+erendo 1116$ t&e Re+erend Mot&er Hl! "!dre s(%erior!6$ t&e MostL
Ri,&t Re+erend 111 Hel Il(strFsi"o re+erendo 1116$ et1
*(!ndo los tFt(los &onorF#ios +!n %reedidos del !rtF(lo deter"in!do ' no +!n en
+o!ti+o o del!nte de (n no"bre$ los de se,(ndo orden Ud(9eV$ et1$ s(elen %onerse
en "in2s(l! %ero los de %ri"er orden UE"%eror$ President No# t&e USA$ o# Fr!ne$
et1O$ J(eenV$ et1$ s(elen ir en "!'2s(l!1 D1 81:;1:$ 81?51:
*(!ndo los tFt(los &onorF#ios +!n detrs de (n no"bre s(elen %onerse on
"in2s(l!M se %(eden %oner t!"bi0n en "!'2s(l! %ero s3lo "(' r!r!"ente1 E.14
Ain, Geor,e D$ e"%eror o# Indi! Hel re' jor,e D$ e"%er!dor de l! Indi!6M j(!n
*!rlos I$ 9in, o# S%!in Hj(!n *!rlos I$ re' de Es%!)!6$ et1 D1 81:;1:$ 81?51:$
5C1<C185
*(!ndo los tFt(los &onorF#ios no +!n del!nte de (n no"bre %ro%io ' no estn en
+o!ti+o$ s(elen ir en "in2s(l!1 D1 81:;$ 81?5
*2+ Con nombres oficiales de instituciones# asociaciones# organi)aciones
pol(ticas, religiosas, culturales, deportivas o de otro tipo" el gobierno, la iglesia,
el e%rcito, las Oaciones @nidas, etc., excepto cuando se usan en sentido
generalM los deter"in!ntes o"o el !rtF(lo deter"in!do$ et1$ +!n en "in2s(l!1
E.14 Bir"in,&!" Uni+ersit' Hl! (ni+ersid!d de B16$ Britis& R!il Hlos Ferro!rriles
Britnios6$ t&e *o""(nist P!rt' Hel P!rtido *o"(nist!6$ t&e *onser+!ti+e P!rt'
Hel P!rtido *onser+!dor6$ B(dd&is" Hel b(dis"o6$ *&risti!nit' Hel risti!nis"o6$
Eind(is" Hel &ind(is"o6$ Isl!" Hel isl!"6$ j(d!is" Hel .(d!Fs"o6$ ! *!t&oli %riest
H(n (r! !t3lio6$ t&e *onstit(tion o# t&e U1S1HA16 Hl! *onstit(i3n de los EE1UU16$
t&e Feder!l Reser+e S'ste" Hel Siste"! de l! Reser+! Feder!l6$ t&e L!bo(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL L!bor NUSAO P!rt'L %!rt' Hel P!rtido L!borist!6$ t&e Se(rit'
*o(nil Hel *onse.o de Se,(rid!d6$ t&e Eol' Ro"!n E"%ire Hel S!ro I"%erio
Ro"!no6$ t&e United N!tions Hl!s N!iones Unid!s6$ et1
U*o(rtV s(ele %onerse en "!'2s(l!$ si es n!ion!l o intern!ion!l$ si se re#iere !
(n! i(d!d ,r!nde$ si es i"%ort!nte o si se re#iere ! (n .(ez$ ' en "in2s(l!$ si se
re#iere ! (n! i(d!d %e/(e)! o ond!do ' en !l,(nos otros !sos1 E.14 t&e Mi&i,!n
*o(rt o# A%%e!ls Hel Trib(n!l de *!s!i3n de MF&i,!n6$ %ero Ut&e st!te o(rt o#
!%%e!lsV Hel trib(n!l est!t!l de !s!iones6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ !l,(n!s de est!s %!l!br!s +!n en "in2s(l! (!ndo se (s!n en sentido
,ener!l1 E.14 ! t'%e o# ,o+ern"ent$ ! o""(nist %lot H(n! tr!"! o"(nist!6$ !
onser+!ti+e desri%tion H(n! desri%i3n onser+!dor!6$ isl!"i s'"%!t&ies
Hsi"%!tF!s isl"i!s6$ ort&odo- ide!s Hide!s ortodo-!s6$ !ordin, to t&e
onstit(tion Hde !(erdo on l! onstit(i3n6$ ! #eder!l !,en' H(n! !,eni! #eder!l6$
se(rit' %roble"s H%roble"!s de se,(rid!d6$ et1
*2+ Con los nombres topon(micos o de lugares, genricos geogr!ficos,
acompaLados de un nombre propio4 !r&i%i0l!,o HAr&i%el!,o6$ !rrei#e HRee#6$
!rro'o H*ree9 NUSAO6$ !(to%ist! HMotor7!' NGBOL Ei,&7!' NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOL S(%er&i,&7!' NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL Free7!' NUSAOL
E-%ress7!' NUSAOL Interst!te HEi,&7!'6 NUSAOL T(rn%i9e NUSAOL T&r(7!'
NUSAO6$ !+enid! HA+en(eL Dri+e6$ b!&F! HB!'6$ b!rr!no HG(l&6$ bos/(e
H>oodHs66$ br!zo de "!r HSo(nd6$ br!zo %!nt!noso de (n rFo HB!'o(6$ b(le+!r
HBo(le+!rd6$ !bo H*!%e6$ !lle.3n HL!ne6$ !lle HRo!dL StreetL Dri+eL *resent Nen
#or"! de se"iFr(loO6$ !n!l H*!n!lL *&!nnel6$ !)3n H*!n'on6$ !rreter! HRo!d
N%reedido de Ut&eVO6$ !t!r!t!s HF!llsL >!ter#!lls6$ i(d!d H*it'L To7n N+!n detrs
del no"bre de l! i(d!dO6$ on#l(eni! de rFos HFor96$ ordiller! NoO !den!
"ont!)os! HRid,e6$ desierto HDesert6$ di+isi3n territori!l HBoro(,&$ *olon'$ *o(nt'$
De%!rt"ent$ Distrit$ Do"inion$ E"%ire$ Ain,do"$ N!tion$ Pro+ine$ Re%(bli$
St!te$ Territor'$ Union$ et16$ edi#iios H!b!dF!s$ !ero%(ertos$ no"bres on UAr&V$
UAr!deV$ UG!teV$ UE!llV$ UEo(seV ' UPl!eV$ !'(nt!"ientos$ b!nos$ !stillos$
!tedr!les$ entros o"eri!les$ ines$ l(bHe6s$ ole,ios$ est!iones$ ,!lerF!s$
&oteles$ i,lesi!s$ .e#!t(r!s de %oliF!$ "on("entos$ "(seos$ %!l!ios$ %olit0nios$
%risiones$ rest!(r!ntes$ s!l! %!r! re(niones HRoo"6$ t!bern! HP(b6$ te!tros$ tiend!s$
torres$ trib(n!les$ (ni+ersid!des$ et16$ ensen!d! HInlet6$ estre&oHs6 HStr!itHs6L
N!rro7s6$ #!ro HLi,&t&o(se6$ #(erte HFort6$ ,!r,!nt! NoO !)!d! HG!%L Gor,e6$
,l!i!r HGl!ier6$ ,ol#o HG(l#6$ &e"is#erio HEe"is%&ere6$ isl!Hs6 HIsleHs6L Isl!ndHs66$
l!,o HL!9e6$ "!n!nti!l NoO #(ente HS%rin,6$ "!r HSe!6$ "eset! HPl!te!(6$ "ont!)!Hs6
HMo(ntHs6L Mo(nt!inHs66$ "ontF(loHs6 HEillHs66$ o0!no HOe!n6$ %!r/(e HP!r96$
%enFns(l! HPenins(l!6$ %l!z! HS/(!re6$ %(ente HBrid,e6$ %(erto HE!rbo(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL E!rbor NUSAOL P!ss6$ re,i3n HRe,ionL *o(ntr'6$ rFo HRi+er N+!
detrs del no"bre del rFoO6$ sel+! HForest6$ +!lle HD!lle'6$ zon!s ,eo,r#i!s$ zoo
H[oo6$ et1M los deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ et1$ +!n en "in2s(l!1 E.14 Fi#t& A+en(e
Hl! J(int! A+enid!6$ E(dson B!' Hl! b!&F! de E(dson6$ P!r9 Dri+e Hl! !+enid!L
!lle P!r96$ Bl(e Rid,e Hl! ordiller! NoO !den! de "ont!)!s Bl(e6$ t&e Pro+ine o#
E-tre"!d(r! Hl! %ro+ini! de E-tre"!d(r!6$ t&e Re%(bli o# me"en Hl! Re%2bli!
de me"en6$ t&e Fi#t& Re%(bli Hl! J(int! Re%2bli!6$ t&e St!te o# Al!b!"! Hel
est!do de Al!b!"!6$ Lon, Isl!nd Hl! isl! de Lon,6$ t&e P!i#i Isl!nds Hl!s isl!s del
P!F#io6$ t&e Indi!n Oe!n Hel o0!no ndio6$ t&e *olor!do Ri+er Hel rFo
*olor!do6$ t&e Middle E!st HHel6 Oriente Medio6$ t&e >est HOidente6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo "(&!s de est!s %!l!br!s o"o Uit'$ ,or,e$ ri+er$ to7n$
+!lle'V$ et1$ +!n se,(id!s de HUo#V h6 no"bre$ +!n en "in2s(l!1 E.14 t&e ri+er
Seine NGBOL t&e Seine ri+er$ t&e +!lle' o# t&e Nile$ et1
*(!ndo est!s %!l!br!s se (s!n desri%ti+!"ente ' no o"o no"bres ,eo,r#ios se
(s!n en "in2s(l!1 E.14 t&e Atl!nti !nd Indi!n oe!ns Nlos no"bres ,eo,r#ios
son Ut&e Atl!nti Oe!nV ' Ut&e Indi!n Oe!nVO$ t&e *&in! deserts Nel no"bre
,eo,r#io es Ut&e Gobi DesertV$ et1O1
No se %onen en "!'2s(l! l!s %!l!br!s Q!/(ed(t$ bre!97!ter$ b(o'$ d!"$ di9e$
dit&$ dr'lo9$ #lood7!'$ le+ee$ lo9$ %ier$ sli%$ s%ill7!'$ t(nnel$ 7!ters&ed$ 7eir
H%res!6$ 7&!r#Q1
*-+ Con nombres propios de continentes, pa(ses, ciudades >no seguidas de
;Cit# To,n<?, pueblos1 E.14 A"eri! HA"0ri!L Est!dos Unidos6$ P!9ist!n
HP!/(istn6$ To9'o HTo9io6$ E!+!n! HL! E!b!n!6$ Str!t#ord$ et1
A +ees$ se (s! el no"bre de (n! lo!lid!d %!r! re#erirse !l !ento de (n! %erson!1
E.14 S&e doesnZt so(nd Ne7 mor9M it see"s s&eZs Boston HEll! no tiene el !ento de
N(e+! mor9M %!ree /(e tiene el !ento de Boston61
*3+ Con nombres , a menudo, con ad%etivos pronombres 'ue se refieren a
un dios Bnico o a un aspecto de la divinidad7 tambin con libros sagrados1 E.14
All!& HAl6$ God HDios6$ Gre!t M!nitoL M!nit(L M!nito( Hel Gr!n M!nit26$
Aris&n! HArisn!6$ L!"b o# God H*ordero de Dios6$ t&e Eol' G&ost Hel Es%Frit(
S!nto6$ t&e S(%re"e Bein, Hel Ser S(%re"o6$ t&e Trinit' Hl! Trinid!d6M Tr(st Ei"L
in Ei" 7&o re!ted t&e 7orld H*on#F! en l /(e re3 el "(ndo6M t&e Bible Hl!
Bibli!6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ no se %onen en "!'2s(l! los !d.eti+os deri+!dos de libros s!,r!dos
o"o Ubibli!l$ 9or!ni$ sri%t(r!lV$ et1$ ni l! %!l!br! U,odV de (n! reli,i3n
%oliteFst! (!ndo se re#iere ! (no dentro de (n n2"ero deter"in!do de dioses o"o
en l! "itolo,F! ,rie,!$ ro"!n!$ e,i%i!$ et1
*6+ Con los nombres, verbos, ad%etivos adverbios de los nombres o t(tulos de
libros, de los cap(tulos de libros, de obras de teatro, de obras de arte, de
peridicos, de revistas, de publicaciones, de ensaos, de poemas, de cuentos, de
art(culos, de pel(culas, de subt(tulos de pel(culas, etc., de canciones, de
partituras musicales, de aviones, de misiles, de satlites artificiales, de barcos,
de submarinos, de trenes, de premios literarios o art(sticos, de marcas
registradas de coc/es u otras cosas$ et1M el !rtF(lo deter"in!do$ el !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do$ los %rono"bres$ l! %!rtF(l! QtoQ /(e se %one del!nte de (n
in#initi+o$ l!s %re%osiiones ' l!s on.(niones no se %onen en "!'2s(l!$ e-e%to
si +!n !l %rini%io del no"bre o tFt(lo$ no en "edio o !l #in!lM en !stell!no se %one
on "!'2s(l! s3lo l! %ri"er! %!l!br!$ se! no"bre$ !rtF(lo deter"in!do$ !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do ( otr! os!$ %ero si son %(bli!iones %eri3di!s$ se %onen en
"!'2s(l! todos los !d.eti+os ' no"bres1 E.14 A Mids(""erZs Ni,&tZs Dre!" HEl
s(e)o de (n! no&e de +er!no6$ T&e Genesis HEl G0nesis6$ T&e Gr!%es o# >r!t&
HL!s (+!s de l! ir!6$ T&e Tr!,ed' o# Ain, Ri&!rd III HL! tr!,edi! del re' Ri!rdo
III6$ T&e F!"o(s Eistor' o# t&e Li#e o# Ain, Eenr' DIII HL! #!"os! &istori! de l!
+id! del re' Enri/(e DIII6$ T&e Ded!s HLos Ded!s6$ Dol+o$ Ar!ldite HAr!ldit6$ *o!I
*ol!$ Oli+etti$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ en los !tlo,os '$ #re(ente"ente$ en l!s biblio,r!#F!s$ s3lo se %onen
on "!'2s(l! l! %ri"er! %!l!br! ' los no"bres %ro%ios1 UT&eV +! en "!'2s(l!$
(!ndo #or"! %!rte de (n tFt(lo$ no"bre %ro%io o no"bre le,!l$ %ero no"!l"ente
+! en "in2s(l! on no"bres de %eri3dios$ re+ist!s ' %(bli!iones$ (!ndo se
"enion!n dentro de (n te-to$ no !l %rini%ioM on %eri3dios$ re+ist!s o
%(bli!iones %(ede ir t!"bi0n sie"%re en "!'2s(l! (!ndo #or"! %!rte del
tFt(loM no obst!nte$ o"o no es #il s!ber si #or"! %!rte del tFt(lo$ es "s se,(ro
%onerlo sie"%re en "in2s(l! on %eri3dios$ re+ist!s o %(bli!iones1 E.14 T&e
Eono(r!ble NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Eonor!ble NUSAO jo&n Doe Hel &onor!ble j1 D16M
T&e >!s&in,ton Post Hel >1 P16$ %ero QEe bo(,&t t&eL T&e >!s&in,ton PostQ Hl
o"%r3 el >1 P16$ et1
*8+ Con nombres abstractos cuando se personifican1 E.14 De!t& Hl! M(erte6$
je!lo(s' Hlos *elos6$ S(n Hel Sol6$ >inter Hel In+ierno6$ t&e Pl!,(e me!r o# 5==< Hel
A)o de l! Pl!,! de 5==<61 D1 :1<?I@
*9+ Con d(as de la semana, d(as festivos o festividades, nombres de los meses
ND1 81<BO1 Los no"bres de l!s est!iones del !)o se s(elen %oner en "in2s(l!$ %ero
se %(eden %oner en "!'2s(l! (!ndo se (s!n en tFt(los$ no"bres o"%(estos o si
se %ersoni#i!n1
*0+ Con nombres de congresos, conse%os, exposiciones1 E.14 t&e m!lt! *on#erene
Hl! *on#ereni! de m!lt!6$ et1
2:+ Con nombres de tratados, lees, actas, acontecimientos importantes,
pocas o per(odos /istricos, eras geolgicas, nombres de divisiones
pre/istricas, per(odos literarios, guerras$ %ero no sie"%re1 E.14 t&e Tre!t' o#
Ders!illesL t&e Ders!illes Tre!t' Hel Tr!t!do de Ders!lles6$ t&e *r(s!des Hl!s
*r(z!d!s6$ t&e Middle A,es Hl! Ed!d Medi!6$ t&e Neolit&i Period Hel HPerFodo6
NeolFtio6$ t&e A,e o# Re%tiles Hl! Er! de los re%tiles6$ t&e *!rboni#ero(s Hel
*!rbonF#ero6$ t&e Enli,&ten"ent Hl! Il(str!i3n6$ t&e *i+il >!r Hl! G(err! *i+il6$ t&e
Seond >orld >!r Hl! Se,(nd! G(err! M(ndi!l6$ et1
2*+ Con nombres cient(ficos )oolgicos bot!nicos en lat(n del reino
41ingdom+, del f(lum 4p/lum+, del subf(lum 4subp/lum+, de la clase 4class+,
de la subclase 4subclass+, del superorden 4superorder+, del rden 4order+, del
suborden 4suborder+, de la superfamilia 4superfamil+, de la familia 4famil+,
de la subfamilia 4subfamil+, de la subdivisin de una familia 4tribe+, del
gnero 4genus+, del subgnero 4subgenus+M %(eden !%!reer !bre+i!dos$ si se
sobrHe6entienden %ero s3lo si +!n del!nte de (n no"bre ientF#io en "in2s(l!1 E.14
t&e NereisL N1 di+ersiolo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL di+ersiolor NUSAO Hel Nereis
di+ersiolor6$ t&e S%ir!e!L S1 l!ti#oli! Hl! Es%ire! l!ti#oli!6$ G!stro%od! Hlos
G!ster3%odos6$ t&e R!n(n(l!e!e Hl!s R!n(n(le!s6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ no se %onen en "!'2s(l!4
!6 Los no"bres de es%eies Hs%eies6$ s(%eres%eies Hs(%ers%eies6$ s(bes%eies
H s(bs%eies6 /(e +!n en "in2s(l! o s(br!'!dos %ero sie"%re %reedidos de (no
de los no"bres ientF#ios /(e +!n en "!'2s(l!M no %(eden !bre+i!rse1 E.14
Udi+ersiolo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL di+ersiolor NUSAO$ l!ti#oli!V en los e.e"%los
!nteriores1
b6 Los !d.eti+os ' no"bres deri+!dos de los no"bres ientF#ios$ t!nto si +!n en
"!'2s(l! o"o si +!n en "in2s(l!4 ,!stro%od H,!ster3%odo6$ r!n(n(l!eo(s
Hr!n(n(leoHs6$ !Hs66$ et1
22+ Con nombres de una ra)a de animales1 E.14 t&e Bel,i!n &!re Hl! liebre bel,!6$
t&e G(ernse' b(ll Hel toro de G(ernse'6$ et1
22+ Con nombres de constelaciones signos )odiacales ND1 81=8O, de galaxias,
de asteroides, de estrellas grupos de estrellas, de planetasM Ut&e s(n$ t&e e!rt&$
t&e "oonV$ s(elen ir on "in2s(l!$ ! no ser /(e se!n %!rte de (n no"bre
o"%(esto$ est0n %ersoni#i!dos o +!'!n en rel!i3n on otros no"bres
!stron3"ios1 E.14 M!rs HM!rte6$ t&e Plei!des Hl!s Pl0'!des6$ et1
2-+ Con nombres ad%etivos de los cuatro puntos cardinales para indicar
)onas o regiones geogr!ficas, cuando forman parte de nombres geogr!ficos
reconocidos7 tambin cuando los puntos cardinales van abreviados o aparecen
en mapas1 E.14 Nort& D!9ot! HD!9ot! del Norte6$ Nort& Aore!n Hnorore!nHo$ !66$
So(t& Aore! H*ore! del S(r6$ So(t& Aore!n Hs(rore!nHo$ !66$ in t&e N> Hen el
NO6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ +!n en "in2s(l! (!ndo indi!n si"%le"ente sit(!i3n o direi3n
,eo,r#i! o +!n del!nte de no"bres /(e no indi/(en no"bres ,eo,r#ios
reonoidos1 E.14 Ee 7!s #!in, Ht&e6 e!st Hl est!b! "ir!ndo !l este6M T&e' !re
,oin, so(t& HD!n &!i! el s(r6M t&e so(t&7est ro(te$ et1
En iertos !sos %(eden ir en "!'2s(l! o "isn2s(l!1 E.14 T&ere is ! 7!r in t&e
So(t&L so(t& HE!' (n! ,(err! en el S(rL s(r6M S&eZs #ro" t&e Nort&L nort& HEll! es
del norte6M So(t&ernL so(t&ern E(ro%e Hel s(r de E(ro%!6M t&e So(t&L so(t& o#
Fr!ne Hel s(r de Fr!ni!6M in t&e Nort&HI6e!stL nort&HI6e!st Hen el noreste61
23+ Con las part(culas ;DE, Da, De, Den, Della, Der, Des, Du, &E, &a. &e, Ten,
Ter, Van, Von<, si no van dtr!s de un nombre de pila o t(tulo /onor(fico1 E.14
Dell! *r(s!$ Don Molt9e1
Sin e"b!r,o$ se s(ele (s!r l! "in2s(l! (!ndo l! %!rtF(l! +! %reedid! de (n
no"bre de %il! o tFt(lo &onorF#io1 E.14 T&o"!s de J(ine'$ Leon!rdo d! Dini$ S!n
j(!n de l! *r(z$ Dinent +!n Go,&$ *o(nt +on Molt9e1
26+ Con nombres comunes alemanes 'ue no forman parte del lxico ingls
pero, si forman parte del lxico de la lengua inglesa, se escriben con
minBscula1 E.14 Fr!( Nen !le"nO Hse)or!6$ L(#t7!##e Nen !le"nO HLFne!s A0re!s
Ale"!n!s6 %ero Ublitz9rie, H,(err! rel"%!,o6$ ,est!lt$ leit"oti+ Hel "oti+o
%rini%!l6$ s!(er9r!(t H&(r(t6$ %("%erni9el H%!n inte,r!l de enteno6V$ et1
28+ Con abreviaciones acrnimos1 D1 :1@185$ :1;;
29+ Con palabras de parentesco1 D1 81=5$5C18<181,
20+ Con nombres de cursos o asignaturas acadmicas4 Biolo,'$ En,lis&$
Eistor'$ P&'sis$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ Ubiolo,'$ &istor'$ %&'sisV$ se esriben en "in2s(l! (!ndo se (s!n
en sentido ,ener!l o desri%ti+o1 E.14 ! o(rse in %&'sis$ et1
2:+ = veces, se pone en maBscula una palabra en HI no en @S= o al revsM
l! %ri"er! es britni! ' l! se,(nd! est!do(nidense4 t&e b!rL B!r Hl! !bo,!F!6$
de%(t' %ri"e "inisterL De%(t' Pri"e Minister H+ie %ri"er "inistro6$ #orei,n
seret!r'L Forei,n Seret!r' Hseret!rio de Est!do6$ le!derL Le!der o# t&e Eo(se o#
*o""ons H%residente de l! *"!r! de los *o"(nes6$ lord %residentL Lord
President o# t&e *o(nil H%residente de l! As!"ble!6$ soliitorI,ener!l H%ro(r!dor
de l! *oron!6L SoliitorIGener!l H%ro(r!dor ,ener!l Hde (n est!do66$ "inister #or
tr!de !nd ons("er !##!irsL Minister #or Tr!de !nd *ons("er A##!irs H"inistro de
*o"erio ' !s(ntos del ons("idor6$ Nobel Prize #or P&'sisL Nobel %rize #or
%&'sis H%re"io N3bel de #Fsi!6$ et1
2*+ En telegramas, titulares de peridico, carteles, etc.7 se ponen en maBscula
todas las letras de las palabras1
22+ En el encabe)amiento al final de una carta1 E.14 Nde "s !#eti+o ! "enos
!#eti+oO De!r PeterL De!r M!r' j!9sonL De!r S(lli+!nL M' de!r MrH16 S(lli+!nL
De!r MrH16 S(lli+!nL De!r MrsH16 j!9son NUDe!r MrsH16 M!r' j!9sonV4 no %onerOL
MrH16 S(lli+!nL HM'6 De!r SirL M!d!"L De!r Sirs Ndiri,ido ! (n! e"%res!OL
Gentle"en NUSA4 diri,ido ! (n! e"%res!O N+!n todos se,(idos de (n! o"! en GB
' de dos %(ntos en USAO HJ(erido PedroL J(erid! M!rF! j1L J1 S1L Mi /(erido Sr1
S1L J1 Sr1 S1L J(erid! se)or! j1L Sr1 S1L M(' se)or "FoL M(' se)or "FoL M(' se)or
"Fo46M Nde "s !#eto ! "enosO mo(rs$ Nolo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"enteOL See 'o($L
H7it&6 Lo+e$L All "' lo+e$L Lo+e #ro" jo&n N(!ndo se %one !l %rini%io QDe!rHest6
h M!r'QM ,ener!l"ente no de (n &o"bre ! otroO H*on !ri)o$ j(!n6L mo(rs e+er
Nolo/(i!l4 GBO$L mo(rs "ost sinerel'$L mo(rs sinerel' NGBO$L Sinerel' H'o(rs6
NUSAO$L H7it&6 Aind re,!rds$L H7it&6 Best 7is&es$ jo&n Nse onoe ! l! %erson! en
todos los "enion!dos$ es deir$ (!ndo se %one !l %rini%io QDe!r MrH16L MrsH16L
MissH16L MsH16 h !%ellido o QDe!r Peter Fin& Nsin UMrH16VOO HSe des%ide on (n
#(erte !br!zoL !ri)os!"enteL !#et(os!"enteL on (n s!l(doL on los "e.ores
deseos$ j(!n6L mo(rs #!it&#(ll' NGB %rini%!l"enteO$L *ordi!ll' 'o(rs NUSAO$L
mo(rs tr(l' Nliter!rioO$L H+er'6 Tr(l' 'o(rs NUSAO$ jo&n Nno se onoe ! l! %erson!$
es deir$ (!ndo se %one !l %rini%io QDe!r SirL De!r SirsL De!r M!d!"Q NM!d!"s4
no %onerOO HSe des%ide ordi!l"ente NoO H"('6 !tent!"ente$ j(!n6$ et1
22+ Con algunas palabras o"o Qt&e De+il$ t&e E/(!tor$ t&e Nort& Pole$ t&e Po%eQ
' otr!s de 815C$ 81=5$ :1<?I@ se %(ede (s!r l! "!'2s(l! o l! "in2s(l!1
2-+ Con algunas palabras 'ue van en vocativo %ero no on tod!s1 D1 5C18<18
:1=1I En ingls se usa la letra cursiva Hit!lisL it!li letters6 o"o !l,o e/(i+!lente
!l s(br!'!do (!ndo se esribe ! "!no o ! "/(in!M se (s! %!r! los tFt(los de libros
l!r,os e-e%to l! Bibli!$ El *orn ( otros libros s!,r!dos$ %!r! %!rtes de libros
e-e%to los tFt(los de los libros de l! Bibli! ( otros libros s!,r!dos$ %!r! #olletos
l!r,os$ %!r! l!s obr!s de te!tro l!r,!s$ %!r! %oe"!s H"('6 l!r,os$ %!r! los %ro,r!"!s
' series de r!dio ' tele+isi3n$ %!r! los tFt(los de l!s obr!s de !rte$ %!r! l!s obr!s
"(si!les l!r,!s$ %!r! los tFt(los de %elF(l!s$ %!r! los tFt(los de dis(rsos 0lebres$
%!r! los no"bres de b!ros$ trenes$ !+iones$ "isiles$ s!t0lites !rti#ii!les$ ! no ser
/(e se (sen si"%le"ente o"o "!r!s o"eri!les$ %!r! %eri3dios ' re+ist!s$ %!r!
los no"bres del !bo,!do de#ensor ' del #is!l en los .(iios$ %!r! los n(e+os
no"bres ientF#ios en l!tFn de ,0neros$ es%eies$ s(bes%eies ' +!ried!des
botni!s ' zool3,i!s %ero no los de l!s l!ses$ 3rdenes s(%eriores ' #!"ili!s
botni!s ' zool3,i!sM (n! %!l!br! o #r!se en onreto se %(ede %oner en (rsi+!
%!r! en#!tiz!rl! ' %!r! "ostr!r lo /(e !l,(ien &! di&o liter!l"ente ' no on el
sentido /(e s(ele tener &!bit(!l"enteM (n! %!l!br! /(e re%resente (n sonido se
%(ede %oner en (rsi+!M l!s %!l!br!s o #r!ses e-tr!n.er!s /(e no &!n sido !si"il!d!s
' /(e no #or"!n %!rte del +o!b(l!rio in,l0s tod!+F! se %(eden %oner en (rsi+!$
entre o"ill!s o s(br!'!d!s$ %!r! indi!r /(e no son %!l!br!s in,les!s$ %ero Ut&eV '
el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do no s(elen %onerse en (rsi+!M ! +ees t!"%oo se %one en
(rsi+! el no"bre de (n! i(d!d en no"bres de %eri3diosM U!Hn6V se %(ede (s!r
on los no"bres de %eri3dios /(e lle+!n Ut&eV %ero$ (!ndo se %one U!Hn6V no se
%one Ut&eVM (!ndo se %one !l,o en (rsi+! no se %(ede s(%ri"ir nin,(n! %!l!br!M
sin e"b!r,o$ el no"bre del !(tor no se %one en (rsi+!M t!"%oo se %one en (rsi+!
ni se s(br!'! el !%3stro#o se,(ido de UsV$ si (n! %!l!br! +! en ,eniti+o s!.3nM no se
%one en (rsi+! el si,no de interro,!i3n o de e-l!"!i3n !l #in!l$ ! no ser /(e
#or"e %!rte del tFt(lo1 E.14 E!+e 'o( ! Daily Telegraph/ D!il' Tele,r!%&L UD!il'
Tele,r!%&V or ! TimesL Ti"esL UTi"esVT HWTienes (n! o%i! del D1T1 o del T1T6M Ee
s!id big$ not pig Hl di.o grande$ no cerdo61
:1?1I Aa nombres comunes 'ue pueden tener un sentido activo o"o4 t&e
!Rb!ndoner Hl! %erson! /(e !b!ndon!6$ t&e !bRd(tor Hel se(estr!dorL r!%tor6$ t&e
!bRsenter Hl! %erson! /(e se !(sent!6$ t&e !Rd!%ter Hel !d!%t!dor6$ t&e !RddresserL
!Rddressor Nsender4 "s (s!doO LeRdreseL NGBO ' LeRdreserL NUSAO Hel re"itente6$
t&e R!lienor Hel en!.en!dor6$ t&e !Rlloter Hel t&e !Rlloter HelL l! /(e re%!rte NoO !si,n!6$
t&e R!"%(t!tor Hel !"%(t!dor6$ t&e !R%%ell!nt Hel de"!nd!nte6$ t&e !R%%ointer Hl!
%erson! /(e no"br! NoO desi,n!6$ t&e !Rssi,norL !Rssi,ner LeRs!IneL NGBO
' LeRs!InerL NUSAO Hel edenteL tr!ns#eridor6$ t&e Rb!iler Hel de%osit!nteL #i!dor6$ t&e
biRo,r!%&er$ t&e Rbl!9"!iler Hel$ l! &!nt!.ist!6$ t&e R&!rterer Hel #let!dor6$ t&e
onR#errer Hel on#ereni!nteL el /(e otor,!6$ t&e onRsi,nor L9enRs!IneL NGB o
L9ons!IRno4LO ' L9enRs!InerL NUSA o L9!4ns!IRno4rLOL onRsi,ner L9enRs!IneL NGBO
' L9enRs!InerL NUSAO Hel re"itente6$ t&e onRs(lterL onRs(ltor L9enRsAlteL NGBO
' L9enRsAlterL NUSAO Hel ons(ltor6$ t&e o+en!ntorL o+en!nter LR9A+enenteL
NGBO ' LR9A+enYnterL NUSA o LR9A+enenterLO Hel ,!r!ntiz!dor6$ t&e reR!tor Hel
re!dor6$ t&e R(rer Hel %reser+!dor6$ t&e deRb!(&er Hel orr(%torL sed(tor6$ t&e
Rdedi!tor Hel ons!,r!nte6$ t&e deR#errer Hel$ l! "orosHo$ !66$ t&e diRl(ter Hel
dil('ente6$ t&e deR%orter Hel de%ort!dor6$ t&e deR%ositor Hel de%osit!nteL de%osit!dorL
in+ersionist!6$ t&e deRt!iner Hel detent!dorL retenedor6$ t&e deR+iser Hel in+entor6L t&e
deR+isor Hel test!dor64 LdIR+!IzeL NGBO ' LdIR+!IzerL NUSAO$ t&e disRtr!inorL
disRtr!iner LdIsRtreIneL NGBO ' LdIsRtreInerL NUSAO Hel e"b!r,!dor6$ t&e disRtrib(torL
disRtrib(ter LdIsRtrIb.eteL NGBO ' LdIsRtrIb.eterL NUSAO Hel distrib(idor6$ t&e
diR+orer N"enos (s!doO Hl! %erson! /(e se di+ori!6$ t&e Rdonor Hel don!nte6$ t&e
Rdr!#ter Hel /(e rel(t!6$ t&e Rdr!7er Hel libr!dor6$ t&e Red(!tor Hel ed(!dor6$ t&e
eRletor Hel eletor6$ t&e e"R%lo'er LI"R%loIeL NGBO e LI"R%loIerL NUSAO Hel %!tr3n6$
t&e enRdorserL enRdorsorL inRdorserL inRdorsor LInRdo4seL NGBO e LInRdo4rserL NUSAO Hel
endos!nte6$ t&e esR!%er Hl! %erson! /(e es!%!6$ t&e eR+!(!tor Hel e+!(!dor6$ t&e
e-R!"iner Hel e-!"in!dor6$ t&e e-R%eller NUSAO Hel /(e e-%(ls!L e-%(lsor6$ t&e
R#lirter Hel ,!l!nte!dor6$ t&e R#lo,,er LR#lo,eL NGBO ' LR#l!4,erL NUSA o LR#lo4,erLO Hel
!zot!dor6$ t&e R#r!n&iser Hel$ l! /(e onede l! #r!n/(ii!6$ t&e R,!rnis&er Hel
!derez!dorL e"b!r,!dor6$ t&e R,ossi%er Hel "(r"(r!dor6$ t&e R,r!nter LR,r!4nteL
NGBO ' LR,rYnterL NUSAOL R,r!ntor LR,r!4nteL NGB o L,r!4nRto4LO ' LR,rYnterL NUSA
o L,rYnRto4rLO Hel otor,!nteL don!dor6$ t&e ,(!r!nRtorL R,(!r!ntor NUSAO Hel ,!r!nteL
#i!dor6$ t&e R&ono(rer NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R&onorer NUSAO Hel &onr!dor6$ t&e
R&(,,er Hel /(e !br!z!6$ t&e inRditerL inRditor LInRd!IteL NGBO e LInRd!IterL NUSAO
Hel den(ni!nteL #is!l6$ t&e inRd(tor Hel inst!l!dorL ind(tor6$ t&e inRterner Hl!
%erson! /(e intern!6$ t&e Rinter+ie7er Hel entre+ist!dor6$ t&e R.ester Hel b(#3n6$ t&e
R9i9er Hel %!te!dor6$ t&e R9idn!%%erL R9idn!%er NUSAO Hel se(estr!dor6$ t&e R9isser
Hel bes!dorL bes(/(e!dor6$ t&e Rl!(,&er Hel reidorL /(e Hse6 rFe6$ t&e le,!Rtor NGBOL
leR,!tor NUSAO Hel test!dor6$ t&e Rlessor Hel !rrend!dor6$ t&e Rliber!tor Hel liber!dor6$
t&e RlienserL Rliensor LRl!IsenseL NGBO ' LRl!IsenserL NUSAO Hel onedente de l!
lieni!6$ t&e R"eeter Hel /(e en(entr!6$ ! R"one'lender H(n %rest!"ist!6$ t&e
"ort,!R,or N"s (s!doOL R"ort,!,orL R"ort,!R,er Hel de(dor &i%ote!rio6$ t&e
R"(rderer Hel !sesino6$ t&e Rno"in!tor Hel no"in!dor6$ t&e obR.etor Hel i"%(,n!dor6$
t&e oRbli,er Hel /(e obli,!6$ t&e R%!tentor Hel d(e)o ( otor,!nte de l! %!tente6$ t&e
R%!'er Hel %!,!dor6$ t&e %erRse(tor Hel %erse,(idor6$ t&e R%led,er LR%ledeL NGBO
' LR%lederL NUSAO# %le R d,or LR%ledeL NGB o L%leRdo4LO ' LR%lederL NUSA o
L%leRdo4rLO Hel %rend!dor6$ t&e %reRsenter Hel %resent!dor6$ t&e R%ro"iser LR%ro"IseL
NGBO ' LR%r!4"IserL NUSAO Nestnd!rOL R%ro"isor L%ro"IRso4L NGBO ' L%r!4"IRso4rL
NUSAO Nliter!rioO Hel %ro"etedor6$ t&e %rotetor Hel %rotetor6$ t&e Rreo,nizer NoO
Rreo,niser NGBO Hel reonoedor6L t&e reo,niRzor Nliter!rioO NoO reo,niRsor NGBO Hel
%rest!dor de (n! #i!nz!6$ t&e reR#errer Hel /(e !trib('eL re"ite6$ t&e reR.eterL reR.etor
LrIRde9teL NGBO ' LrIRde9terL NUSAO HelL l! /(e re&!z!6$ t&e reR"itter Hel
re"itente6$ t&e reRt!rder Hel !,ente ret!rd!dor6$ t&e reRtirer Hl! %erson! /(e retir!6$ t&e
reRt(rner Hel /(e retorn!6$ t&e reR+en,er Hel +en,!dor6$ t&e Rr(s&er Hel /(e orre6$ t&e
sribe Hel esrib!L esribiente6$ t&e seRd(er Hel sed(tor6$ t&e seRletor Hel
seleion!dor6$ t&e Rsender Hel re"itente6$ t&e Rs&!+er Hel b!rbero6$ t&e Rsl!nderer Hel
di#!"!dor6$ t&e Rs%!""er Hl! %erson! /(e en+F! orreo b!s(r! no soliit!do6$ t&e
Rs/(eezer Hel e-%ri"idor6$ t&e Rst!nder Nr!roO Hl! %erson! /(e est de %ie6$ t&e
s(bleRssor Hel s(b!rrend!dor6$ t&e Rtester Hel /(e e-!"in!6$ t&e Rt&ro7er Hel tir!dor6$
t&e Rto!ster Hel /(e brind!6$ t&e Rtr!iner Hel entren!dor6$ t&e tr!nsR#eror NoO tr!nsR#errer
NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO tr!nsR#erer NUSAO LtrYnsR#4reL NGB4 los 8O ' LtrYnsR#4rerL
NUSA4 los :O Hel tr!ns#eridor6$ t&e Rtr(ster Hl! %erson! /(e on#F!6$ t&e Rt(tor Hel
%ro#esor %!rti(l!rL t(tor NGBO6$ t&e R+endor Hel +endedor6$ t&e R+isitor Hel +isit!nte6$
t&e R7!rr!nter LR7orenteL NGBO ' LR7o4renterL NUSAOL R7!rr!ntor LR7orento4L NGB o
LR7orenteLO ' LR7o4rento4rL NUSA o LR7o4renterLO Hel ,!r!nteL #i!dor6$ et1$ otros
'ue pueden tener un sentido pasivo o"o4 t&e !b!ndoRnee Nt&e !b!ndoned
%erson4 "s (s!doO Hl! %erson! !b!ndon!d!6$ t&e !bd(Rtee Hel se(estr!do6$ t&e
!bsenRtee Hl! %erson! /(e est !(sente6$ t&e !d!%Rtee Hel !d!%t!do6$ t&e !ddreRssee Hel
destin!t!rioL onsi,n!t!rio6$ t&e !lieRnee H!/(0l !l /(e %!s! l! %ro%ied!d Nde (n!
os!O6$ t&e !lloRttee Hel s(Hb6sri%torL bene#ii!rio de (n! !si,n!i3n6$ t&e !"%(Rtee
H%erson! ! l! /(e se &! &e&o (n! !"%(t!i3n6$ t&e !%%eRllee Hel de"!nd!doL
!%el!do6$ t&e !%%oinRtee Hl! %erson! desi,n!d!L el bene#ii!rio6$ t&e !ssi,Rnee Hel
!%oder!doL bene#ii!rio6$ t&e b!iRlee Hel de%osit!rio6$ t&e bio,r!R%&ee Hel$ l!
bio,r!#i!dHo$ !66$ t&e bl!9"!iRlee Nt&e bl!9"!iled %erson4 "s (s!doO Hel$ l!
&!nt!.e!dHo$ !66$ t&e &!rteRree Hl! %erson! ! l! /(e se #let!6$ t&e on#eRrree NoO
on#eRree Ni t&e !ssist!nt to ! on#erene4 "s (s!doO Hel on,resist!L /(e !siste !
(n! on#ereni!6$ t&e onsi,Rnee Hel destin!t!rioL onsi,n!t!rio6$ t&e ons(lRtee Hel
ons(lt!do6$ t&e o+en!nRtee Hel ,!r!ntiz!do6$ t&e reR!tion Hl! re!i3n6$ t&e (Rree
Hel (r!do6$ t&e deb!(R&ee Hel libertino6$ t&e dedi!Rtee Hel ons!,r!do6$ t&e de#eRree
Hl! %erson! retr!s!d!6$ t&e de%orRtee Hel de%ort!do6$ t&e de%osiRtee Hel de%osit!rio6$
t&e det!iRnee Hel detenido6$ t&e de+iRsee Hel le,!t!rio6$ t&e dil(Rtee Hl! s(Hb6st!ni!
dil(id!6$ t&e distr!iRnee Hl! %erson! e"b!r,!d!6$ t&e distrib(Rtee NUSA
%rini%!l"ente4 liter!rioO Hl! %erson! on dere&o en (n! s(esi3n intest!d!6$ t&e
di+orRee N"s (s!doO Hel di+ori!doL l! di+ori!d!6$ t&e doRnee Hel don!t!rio6$ t&e
dr!#Rtee NUSAO Hel /(intoL rel(t!6$ t&e dr!7Ree Hel libr!do6$ t&e ed(!Rtee Hel
ed(!ndo6$ t&e eleRtee Hl! %erson! ele,id!6$ t&e e"R%lo'eeL e"R%lo'e NUSAO
Le"R%loIi4L N"s (s!doO o Le"%loIRi4L N"enos (s!doO Hel$ l! e"%le!dHo$ !6L
de%endiente6$ t&e endorRseeL indorRsee Hel endos!do6$ t&e es!R%ee Hel #(,iti+oL l!
#(,iti+!6$ t&e e+!(Ree Hel e+!(!do6$ t&e e-!"iRnee Hel$ l! e-!"in!dHo$ !6L !l("nHo$
!6L !ndid!tHo$ !66$ t&e e-%eRllee Ni t&e e-%elled %erson4 "s (s!doO Hel$ l!
e-%(ls!dHo$ !66$ t&e #lirRtee Hl! %erson! o/(ete!d!6$ t&e #loR,,ee Nt&e #lo,,ed %erson4
"s (s!doO Hel !zot!do6$ t&e #r!n&iRsee Hel$ l! /(e tiene l! #r!n/(ii!6$ t&e ,!rniRs&ee
Hel e"b!r,!do6$ t&e ,ossiR%ee Hl! %erson! sobre l! /(e se "(r"(r!6$ t&e ,r!nRtee Hel
don!t!rio6$ t&e ,(!r!nRtee Hl! %erson! !#i!nz!d!L el ,!r!nteL el #i!dor6$ t&e &ono(Rree
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onoRree NUSAO Hel &onr!do6$ t&e &(R,,ee Hel !br!z!do6$ t&e
indiRtee Hel !(s!doL %roes!do6$ t&e ind(Rtee NUSAO Hel rel(t!6$ t&e interRnee Hl!
%erson! intern!d!6$ t&e inter+ie7Ree Hel$ l! entre+ist!dHo$ !66$ t&e .esRtee Nt&e
deei+edL "o9ed %erson4 "s (s!doO Hel b(rl!do6$ t&e 9iR9ee Hel %!te!do6$ t&e
9idn!R%%eeL 9idn!R%ee NUSAO Hel se(estr!do6$ t&e 9iRssee Hl! %erson! bes!d!6$ t&e
l!(R,&ee Hl! %erson! de l! /(e se rFen6$ t&e le,!Rtee Hel le,!t!rio6$ t&e leRssee Hel$ l!
!rrend!t!riHo$ !66$ t&e libeRree Hel liber!do6$ t&e lienRseeL lienRee NUSAO Hel tit(l!r
de (n! lieni!L %!tr3nL onesion!rio6$ t&e "eeRtee Hel enontr!do6$ ! "one'lenRdee
Nt&e %erson 7&o &!s reei+ed ! lo!n4 "s (s!doO H(no /(e &! reibido dinero
%rest!do6$ t&e "ort,!R,ee Hel !reedor &i%ote!rio6$ t&e "(rdeRree Nt&e "(rdered
%erson4 "s (s!doO Hel$ l! !sesin!dHo$ !66$ t&e no"iRnee Hel !ndid!to no"br!do6$ t&e
ob.eRtee Hel i"%(,n!do6$ t&e obliR,ee Hel !reedor6$ t&e %!tenRtee Hel tit(l!r NoO
onesion!rio de (n! %!tente6$ t&e %!'Ree Hel$ l! bene#ii!riHo$ !6L %ort!dorH!6 Nde (n
&e/(e$ et1O6$ t&e %erse(Rtee Hel %erse,(ido6$ t&e %leRd,ee Hel de%osit!rio6$ t&e
%resenRtee Hl! %erson! reo"end!d!6$ t&e %ro"iRsee Nliter!rio4 dere&oO Nt&e %erson
7&o &!s been ,i+en ! %ro"ise4 "s (s!doO Hel tenedor de (n! %ro"es!6$ t&e
R%rot0,0L R%rote,e N"s (s!dosOL %rot0R,0L %roteR,e NUSA4 "enos (s!dosO Hel
%rote,ido6$ t&e R%rot0,0eL R%rote,ee N"s (s!dosOL %rot0R,0eL %roteR,ee NUSA4 "enos
(s!dosO Hl! %rote,id!6$ t&e reo,niRzee NoO reo,niRsee NGBO Nliter!rio4 dere&oO Hel
de(dor de (n! #i!nz!6$ t&e re#eRree Hel rbitro6$ t&e re.eRtee HelL l! re&!z!dHo$ !66$ t&e
re"iRttee Hel /(e reibe6$ t&e ret!rRdee Hel ret!rd!do6$ t&e retiRree NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO Hel .(bil!doL retir!do6$ ret(rRnee NoO reRt(rnee NGBO Hel$ l! /(e &!
retorn!do6$ t&e re+enR,ee Nt&e re+en,ed %erson4 "s (s!doO Hl! %erson! +en,!d!6$
t&e r(Rs&ee Hel est(di!nte (ni+ersit!rio Nb(s!do %or (n! #r!ternid!d (ni+ersit!ri!O6$
t&e sri%t Hel esritoL ,(i3n6$ t&e sed(Ree Hel sed(ido6$ t&e seleRtee Hel$ l!
seleion!dHo$ !66$ t&e senRdee Hl! %erson! ! l! /(e se en+F!6$ t&e s&!R+ee Hel
!#eit!do6$ t&e sl!ndeRree Hel di#!"!do6$ t&e s%!R""ee Hl! %erson! /(e reibe orreo
b!s(r! no soliit!do6$ t&e s/(eeRzee Hel !s#i-i!do6$ t&e st!nRdee Hel es%et!dorL
%!s!.ero /(e !siste de %ie6$ t&e s(bleRssee Hel s(b!rrend!t!rio6$ t&e tesRtee Hel
e-!"in!do6$ t&e t&ro7Ree Nt&e t&ro7n %erson4 "s (s!doO Hel /(e &! sido e&!do6$
t&e to!sRtee Hl! %erson! %or l! /(e se brind!6$ t&e tr!iRnee Hel !%rendizL rel(t!6$ t&e
tr!ns#eRree Hel esion!rio6$ t&e tr(sRtee Hel #id(i!roL #ideio"is!rioL !d"inistr!dorL
"ie"bro del onse.o de direi3n6$ t&e t(Rtee Hl! %erson! ! l! /(e se d! l!ses6$ t&e
+enRdee Nt&e b('er4 "s (s!doO Hel /(e o"%r!6$ t&e +isiRtee Hel +isit!do6$ t&e
7!rr!nRtee Hel tit(l!r de (n! ,!r!ntF!6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ Qt&e !RttenderQ NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Qt&e !ttenRdeeQ NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO Hel !sistente6$ Qt&e Rb!r,e"!nQ NUSAOL Qt&e b!rR,eeQ NGBO Hel
b!r/(ero6$ et1
Al,(nos no"bres no tienen ese sentido o no tienen e/(i+!lente en l! otr! #or"!4 t&e
Re!ter H%erson! /(e o"e6$ t&e booRteeL booRtie Hl! botit! de l!n! %!r! beb0s6$ t&e
Rboree Hl! !!i!6$ t&e Ro!&erL Ro!&eeL Ro!&' Hel o&ero6$ t&e Ro!tee Hl!
&!/(etill!6$ t&e es!R%ee Hel es!%!do6$ t&e st!nRdee NUSAO H(no /(e est de %ie6$
t&e t&riller$ t&e to7RneeL Rto7nieL Rto7n' Hl! %erson! de Hl!6 i(d!d6$ et1
:1@1I E!' no"bres /(e son inont!bles /(e se (s!n ,ener!l"ente sol!"ente en
sin,(l!r$ es deir$ tienen le-e"! ' "or#e"! ero de n2"ero ' ,0nero1 E.14 r!#t
H!rti"!)!s6$ l(9 Hs(erte6$ et1 D1 :188
No obst!nte$ los no"bres s(elen tener (n "or#e"! de n2"ero ' ! +ees de ,0nero$
' el plural se puede formar de distintas maneras4
*+ Oormalmente se aLade la terminacin 5s al singular7 los nombres 'ue
terminan en una 5e sorda normalmente aLaden 5s en el plural1 E.14 !t ' U!tsV
H,!tos6M oll!%se ' Uoll!%sesV Hol!%sos6M r!b ' Ur!bsV H!n,re.os6M olle,e '
Uolle,esV Hole,ios (ni+ersit!rios NoO es(el!s (ni+ersit!ri!s NGBOL (ni+ersid!des
NUSAO6M do, ' Udo,sV H%erros6M &ed,e ' U&ed,esV Hsetos6M &orse ' U&orsesV
H!b!llos6M lion ' UlionsV Hleones6M "on9e' ' U"on9e'sV H"onos6M r!e ' Ur!esV
H!rrer!s6M side ' UsidesV Hl!dos6M size ' UsizesV Ht!"!)os6M t!ble ' Ut!blesV H"es!s6M
7!r ' U7!rsV H,(err!s6M 7&!le ' U7&!lesV Hb!llen!s61
Los no"bres /(e ter"in!n en Ie$ I,e$ Ise$ Ize$ s(elen !)!dir (n! Is %!r! #or"!r el
%l(r!l %ero$ si en sin,(l!r tienen (n! sFl!b!$ en %l(r!l tienen dos1 E.14 %rie '
UR%riesV H%reios6M &!n,e ' UR&!n,esV H!"bios6M rose ' URrosesV Hros!s6M %rize '
UR%rizesV H%re"ios6$ et1
2+ Qenos a menudo se aLade la terminacin 5es al singular 'ue termine en 5c/,
5ss, 5s, 5s/, 5x, 5). E.14 7!t& ' UR7!t&esV Hrelo.es Hde %(lser!66M 9iss ' UR9issesV
Hbesos6M ,eni(s ' UR,eni(sesV H,enios6M lens ' URlensesV HlentesL l(%!sL ob.eti+osL
rist!linos6M o"nib(s ' URo"nib(sesV Ho"nib(sesL !ntolo,F!s6M br(s& ' URbr(s&esV
He%illosL bro&!s6M bo- ' URbo-esV H!.!s6M to%!z ' URto%!zesV Hto%!ios6M b(zz '
URb(zzesV Hz("bidos6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ !l,(nos no"bres d(%li!n o %(eden d(%li!r l! Is o Iz si lle+!n !ento
en l! sFl!b! /(e +! del!nte de l! Is o Iz1 E.14 b(s ' URb(sesL Rb(ssesV H!(tob(ses6M #ez '
UR#ezzesV H#ees6M ,!s ' UR,!sesL R,!ssesV H,!ses6M %l(s ' UR%l(sesL R%l(ssesV Hsi,nos de
"sL +ent!.!sL %ros6M /(iz ' UR/(izzesL R/(izes NUSAO Hon(rsosL %r(eb!s61
No obst!nte$ los no"bres /(e ter"in!n en I& /(e se %ron(nie L9L #or"!n el %l(r!l
!)!diendo (n! Is1 E.14 on& L9o9L NGB o L9ot[LOL ' L9!49L NUSA o L9!4t[LO '
Uon&sV L9o9sL NGBO ' L9!49sL NUSAO NoO on&es LR9ont[I z$ ezL NGBO
' LR9!4nt[I z$ ezL NUSAO Hon&!s6M oli,!r& ' Uoli,!r&sV Holi,!r!s6M sto"!& '
Usto"!&sV Hest3"!,os6$ et1
Los !%ellidos /(e ter"in!n en Is en sin,(l!r s(elen !)!dir Ies %!r! #or"!r el %l(r!l1
E.14 Per9ins ' Ut&e Per9insesVM jones ' Ut&e jonesesV$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ !l,(n!s +ees no !"bi!n$ sobre todo (!ndo ter"in!n en tres
onson!ntes1 E.14 E!stin,s ' Ut&e E!stin,sV1
M(&os no"bres /(e ter"in!n en Iis LIIsL o LIesL s(elen !"bi!r ! Ies LIi4zL en
%l(r!l4 e"%&!sis ' Ue"%&!sesV H0n#!sis6$ et1 ND1:1@15@15OM sin e"b!r,o$ &!' !l,(n!s
e-e%iones4 iris ' UirisesV Hlirios6M "eRtro%olis H"etr3%oli N"s (s!doOL "etr3%olis6
' U"eRtro%olisesV H"etr3%olis6$ et1M en !l,(nos no"bres /(e %ro+ienen del #r!n0s
(!ndo l! Iis se %ron(ni! Li4L no !"bi! en %l(r!l %ero l! %ron(ni!i3n sF1
D1:1@15@1<
2+ &os nombres 'ue terminan en 5o precedida de una vocal o ;<, precedida
de consonante, forman el plural aLadiendo 5s1 E.4 b!"boos Hb!"b2He6sL !)!s
de b!"b26$ (9oos H(Hlill6os6$ d(os Hd2os6$ !"eos H!"!#eosL !t(!iones
es%ei!les Nen tele+isi3nO6$ (rios H(riosid!des6$ d!i"'os N"s (s!doOL d!i"ios ND1
:1@155O$ d(os o Ud(iV NGB4 "enos (s!doO Hd2os6$ e"br'os He"briones6M #olios
H#oliosL %lie,osL libros en #olio6$ or!torios Hor!torios6$ n(nios Hn(nios6$ r!tios
H%ro%orionesL rel!ionesL r!tios6$ ser!,lios Hser!llos6$ st(dios Hest(dios6$ t!boos
Ht!b2s6$ t!ttoos Ht!t(!.es6$ trios HtrFos6$ zoos Hzoos6$ et1
*on los no"bres %ro%ios o(rre lo "is"o1 E.14 Ro"eo ' URo"eosV$ et1
-+ &os nombres 'ue terminan en 5o precedida de consonante en el singular
generalmente aLaden solamente la terminacin 5s para formar el plural1 E.14
Abos NoO !bos NA(str!li!4 olo/(i!lO H!borF,enes6$ !eler!ndos H!eler!iones en l!
+eloid!d6$ !#iion!dos H!#iion!dosL ent(si!st!s6$ A#ros H%ein!dos !#ro6$ !lbinos
H!lbinos6$ !lle,rettos H!le,retos6$ !lle,ros H!le,ros6$ !lter e,os Hlter e,os6$ !ltos
Hontr!tenores N&o"bresOL ontr!ltos N"(.eresO6$ !ltoIrelie+os N"s (s!doOL !ltoI
rilie+os H!lto relie+es6$ !"bos N"s (s!do o U!"bonesVO H%2l%itos6$ !"i,os
H!"i,os6$ !nd!ntinos H!nd!ntinos6$ An,elenos H!n,elinos Nde ULos nn,elesV en
*!li#orni!$ no en *&ileO6$ An,los H!n,lo!"eri!nos NUSAOL !n,lo!(str!li!nos
NA(str!li!4 ,ener!l"ente %e'or!ti+oO6$ !n,7!ntibos H%ri"!tes dor!dos del n#ri!
tro%i!l6$ !nn!tos N"s (s!doOL !n!ttos Hbi.!s6$ !ntine(trinos H!ntine(trinos6$
!nti%!stos Hentre"eses6$ Ar!%!&os ND1 :1@15BO$ !%!re.os NUSAO H!%!re.os6$ !%ollos
H.3+enes &er"ososL "!ri%os!s e(ro!siti!s de l!s "ont!)!s6$ !riosos N"s (s!do
/(e U!riosiVO Hreit!ti+os ! "odo de !ri!6$ !r"!dillos H!r"!dillos6$ !rro'os NUSAO
H!(es seos de rFos6$ !(to,iros NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !(to,'ros NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO H!(to,iros6$ !(tos NUSAO H!(to"3+iles6$ b!b!os Hb!b!os6$
b!"binos N"s (s!do /(e Ub!"biniVO Hni)os6$ b!nderilleros Hb!nderilleros6$
b!rr!nos NUSAO Hb!rr!nos6$ B!sot&os ND1 :1@15BO$ b!ssos N"s (s!do /(e Ub!ssiVO
Hb!.os6$ b!sso %ro#(ndos Hb!.os %ro#(ndos6$ b!sso rilie+os Hb!.o relie+es6$ be!nos
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de l! tro"%et!L tro"%et!sL l!rines6$ l!+ie"b!los Hl!+iordios6$ oos HoosL
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on.(ntos de '!zO6$ o""os NA(str!li!4 +(l,!rO Ho"(nist!s6$ o"%os H"ezl!s
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N"s (s!do /(e UonertiniVO HonertinosL oniertos bre+es6$ onertos N"s
(s!do o UonertiVO Honiertos Ni o"%osiiones "(si!lesO6$ ondos NUSA4
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ontos Hontos6$ ontr!ltos Hontr!ltos6$ ontr!%%ostos Hontr!%osiiones Ni
%resent!iones !si"0tri!s del (er%o &("!no desde distintos %l!nosO6$ o/(itos
Ho/(itos Ni %!l"er!sO6$ or!ntos Hb!iles #r!neses de s!l3n6$ orozos HorozosL
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r(zeiros Hr(zeiros6$ '"b!los Hd(l0"eles6$ d!tos H.e#es de trib(s "(s(l"!n!s en
Fili%in!s6$ deresendos Hderesendos6$ de #!tos NA(str!li! ' N(e+! [el!nd!O
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de"os Nolo/(i!lO H"!ni#est!iones6$ deros NA(str!li!4 +(l,!rO H+!,!b(ndos6$
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+(elt!sL d(%li!dos6$ di+erti"entos N"enos (s!do /(e Udi+erti"entiVO
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(n reson!dor "etlio6$ doos NA(str!li!4 olo/(i!lO Hdo("ent!les6$ do.os H(!rtos
%!r! l! %rti! del '(do6$ don9os NN(e+! [el!nd!4 olo/(i!lO H!#eterF!s6$ dor!dos
Hdor!dos N%eesO6$ dos Hdos Nnot!s "(si!lesOL #iest!sL ense)!nz!s6$ doIsiIdos
Hb!iles en los /(e se d!n +(elt!s to!ndo el &o"bro dere&o6$ dron,os
H!l!(dones ne,ros on %io #(erte ' ol! !&or/(ill!d! Nestnd!rOL %erson!s
%oo inteli,entes NA(str!li! ' N(e+! [el!nd!4 +(l,!rO6$ d(bbos NA(str!li!4 +(l,!rO
Hi"b0iles6$ d(ellos Hd(elosL 3di,os del d(elo6$ d(odei"os NoO t7el+e"os Hlibros
en doe!+os6$ d(ros Hd(ros Ni "oned!s de < %eset!sO6$ d'n!"os Hdin!"osL
dFn!"os6$ Edos ND1 :1@15BO$ e,os H0,os6$ eletros Heletroti%osL ,!l+!nos6$ Es9i"os
ND1 :1@15BO$ es(dos Hes(dos N(nid!d "onet!ri!O6$ es%!rtos Hes%!rtos6$ es%ressos
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ol("n! de l! torre "s er!n!6$ Fili%inos H#ili%inos6$ Fin,os ND1 :1@15BO$
#l!"enos Hb!iles de #l!"eno6$ #ortissi"os N"s (s!do /(e Udi+erti"entiVO
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,is"os NUSA4 olo/(i!lesO H!rtil(,iosL !%!r!titos6$ ,liss!ndos N"enos (s!do /(e
U,liss!ndiVO H,lis!ndos6$ ,olden %ottos H%ri"!tes dor!dos del n#ri! tro%i!l6$
,r!iosos H,r!iosos NoO b(#ones6$ ,r!n t(ris"os Ho&es de%orti+os de l(.o6$
,rin,os N%e'or!ti+oO H,rin,os6$ ,(!&!ros H,(&!ros6$ ,(!os H,(!os6$ ,(!n!os
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H&!b!neros Ni &!bit!ntes de L! E!b!n!O6$ &!irdos Nolo/(i!lO H%ein!dos6$ &!llos
H,ritos6$ Eereros ND1 :1@15BO$ &eteros Nolo/(i!lO H&eterose-(!les6$ &id!l,os
H&id!l,os6$ &i%%os Nolo/(i!lO H&i%o%3t!"os6$ &ollos H,ritos6$ &o"os Nolo/(i!l4
%e'or!ti+oO H&o"ose-(!les6$ &on&os NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO H.e#es6$
&'dros NGB4 olo/(i!lO Hb!lne!rios6$ &'%os Nolo/(i!lO H.erin,(ill!s &i%od0r"i!sL
in'eiones &i%od0r"i!s6$ IbosL I,bos ND1 :1@15BO$ ino,nitos Hin3,nitos6$
inter"ezzos N"s (s!do /(e Uinter"ezziVO Hinter"ediosL entre!tosL interl(dios6$
intern(nios He"is!rios %!%!lesL intern(nios6$ intros Nolo/(i!lO Hentr!d!s NoO
%ri"er!s not!s N"2si!OL introd(ionesL %resent!iones6$ iro9os Hrboles !#ri!nos
tro%i!les de "!der! d(r!6$ .!tos Hdes%e,(es on !'(d! de o&etes6$ .ellos H,el!tin!s
on s!bor ! #r(t!6$ .o9os H.o3s6$ .o(rnos NGB ' A(str!li!4 +(l,!rO H%eriodist!s6$
.("bos H.("bos Nestnd!r4 !+ionesOL ele#!ntes Nolo/(i!l4 %erson!s o os!s
,i,!ntesO6$ .(ntos H!"!rill!sL #!iones6$ 9!9!%os H9!9!%2es Nloros de N(e+!
[el!nd!O6$ 9!9e"onos H9!9e"onos N%int(r!s .!%ones!s sobre (n rollo de sed! o
%!%elO6$ 9!ti%os H!r!)!s %e/(e)!s +enenos!s de N(e+! [el!nd!6$ 9!'osL AOZsL
91o1Zs H,ol%es /(e de.!n #(er! de o"b!te6$ 9ilos H9ilos6$ 9i"onos H/(i"onos6$
9o9!9os H(er+os b!rb(dos ,rises oHb6s(ros de ol! l!r,! Hde N(e+! [el!nd!66$
9olos Hd!nz!s #oll3ri!s serbi!s6$ 9ondos Hl!drones Hen U,!nd!66$ Aon,os ND1
:1@15BO$ 9oreros NN(e+! [el!nd!O H&!rl!sL re(niones6$ 9otos Hinstr("entos
"(si!les H.!%oneses66$ 9(dos H&onores NoO ,!l!rdones6$ l!dinos Htr0boles bl!nos6$
l!n(,os Hl!n(,os Hes%ei!l"ente de los #etos6L l!nosid!des6$ l!r,&ettos Hl!r,(etos6$
l!r,os Hl!r,os6$ L!tinos NUSA4 olo/(i!lO Hl!tino!"eri!nos6$ l!z!rettos H%!)olesL
l!z!retos6$ le!nItos Hobertizos H!dos!dos ! (n! !s!66$ le,!tos Hli,!d(r!s6$ lenos
Hte.idos on (n ti%o de &il!do Nen el /(e l!s (rdi"bres del &ilo se ret(eren .(nt!s en
%!res entre los &ilos de l! tr!"!OL &il!dos de este ti%o6$ lentos Hlentos6$ libidos
Hlibidos6$ librettos N"s (s!do /(e UlibrettiVO Hlibretos6$ lidos Hb!lne!riosL %isin!s
NGBOL entros de de%ortes !(tios NGBO6$ lilos NGBO Hol&onet!s in#l!bles6$ li"os
Nolo/(i!lO Hli"(sin!s6$ linos NGB4 olo/(i!lO Hl!ses de lin3leo6$ lit&os Nolo/(i!lO
Hlito,r!#F!s6$ li+edos Nliter!rioO H"!n&!s lF+id!s en l! %iel6$ ll!nos Hll!nos6$ lobos
NUSAO Hlobos ,rises6$ loo#oos NUSAO Hde"3r!t!s N"ie"bros del %!rtido
de"3r!t! est!do(nidenseOL erill!s NoO %(ros /(e se enienden !l #rot!rlos6$ loos
Nolo/(i!lO Hloo"otor!s6$ lo,os Hlo,oHti%o6s6$ "!!os H"!!os6$ "!&os
H"!&os6$ "!ros H"!ros Nin#or"ti!O6$ "!d(ros Ht!b!os "!d(ros6$ "!estros
N"s (s!do /(e U"!estriVO H"!estros Nen el !"%o "(si!l o de bell!s !rtesO6$
"!#iosos N"enos (s!do /(e U"!#iosiVO H"!#iosos6$ "!,netos H"!,netos6$ "!.orI
do"os H"!'ordo"os6$ "!9os Htib(rones Hdel ndio ' P!F#io6L tordos Nen N(e+!
[el!nd!O6$ "!"bos H"!"bos6$ "!nitos No U"!nitoV4 oleti+oO Hseres s(%eriores
H%!r! los indios !l,on/(inos66$ "!r!s&inos H"!rr!s/(inos6$ M!rr!nos H"!rr!nos
N.(dFos es%!)oles o %ort(,(esesO6$ "!tzos H%!nes i"os /(e o"en los .(dFos en l!
P!s(!6$ "edios Nolo/(i!lO H"0diosL est(di!ntes de "ediin!6$ "e"os
H"e"or!ndosL "e"ornd("s6$ "erinos H"erinos6$ "etros N"s (s!doO NoO "0tros
H"etros N%!r! +i!.erosO6$ "ezzoIrelie+os H"edio relie+es6$ "ezzos Nolo/(i!lO
H"edio so%r!nos Ni +oes #e"enin!s entre so%r!no ' ontr!ltoO6$ "ezzoIso%r!nos
H"edio so%r!nos Ni +oes #e"enin!s entre so%r!no ' ontr!ltoL !nt!ntes entre
so%r!no ' ontr!ltoO6$ "&os Hsie"ensios Ni (nid!d de ond(t!ni!|6$ "iros
H"iroorden!doresL "iroond!s6$ "i9!dos H"i9!dos6$ "il9os NA(str!li!4 olo/(i!lO
Hle&eros6$ "ilos Hes%eies de sor,o6$ "o9os NN(e+! [el!nd!O Ht!t(!.es "!orFes6$
"onos Hsonidos "ono#3nios6$ "onteros H"onter!s NoO ,orr!s de !z!dor6$
"orellos Herezos !"!r,os6$ Moros ND1 :1@15BO$ "orros Herros NoO %ro"ontorios
redonde!dos6$ Mosot&os ND1 :1@15BO$ "("bo .("bos Hs(%er&erF!sL ,!li"!tF!sL
#eti&es6$ "(sos N+(l,!rO H"2sios H/(e d!n "s i"%ort!ni! ! l! t0ni! /(e !l
ontenido6 NGB4 %e'or!ti+oOL "2sios Hes%ei!l"ente los %ro#esion!les6
NA(str!li!O6$ n!&os Hn!&os6$ nel("bos Hnel("bHi6os6$ ne(trettos Hne(tretos6$
ne(trinos Hne(trinos6$ niellos N"enos (s!do /(e UnielliVO HnielesL niel!dosL ob.etos
niel!dos6$ n'"%&os Nolo/(i!lO Hnin#3"!n!s6$ N'oros ND1 :1@15BO$ obbli,!tos N"s
(s!doOL obli,!tos N"s (s!do /(e UobHb6li,!tiVO Hobli,!dosL "oti+os re(rrentes6$
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otodei"os NoO ei,&teen"os Hlibros en dei"ot!+os6$ O+!"bos ND1 :1@15BO$
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o"%!triot!s NoO %!is!nos6$ %!lo"inos H!b!llos %!rdos on rin ' ol! bl!nos6$
%!"%eros H%!"%eros6$ %!ntos NGB4 olo/(i!lO H%!nto"i"!sL re+ist!s "(si!les
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5B;=O6$ %e%os H%e%3nides6$ %er#etos Hi,!rros %(ros H/(e se estre&!n ! !"bos
l!dos66$ %esos H%esos N(nid!d "onet!ri!O6$ %&otos H#otos6$ %i!nos H%i!nos6$ %iolos
H#l!(tines6$ %i&iie,os H%i&iie,os NoO !r"!dillos tr(n!dos6$ %i"entosL %i"ientos
H%i"ientos6$ %in,os H"ontF(los de tierr! entre dos !%!s de &ielo6$ %izzi!tos N"s
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%on,os H%on,os6$ %ottos H%ri"!tes %!reidos !l o!tF o !l "!%!&eL %ri"!tes
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%restissi"os Ho"%osiiones "(si!les /(e se e.e(t!n lo "s r%id!"ente
%osible6$ %restos Ho"%osiiones "(si!les /(e se e.e(t!n on "o+i"iento "('
r%ido6$ %ri"os N"s (s!do /(e U%ri"iVO H%ri"er!s %!rtes Hen (n d2o o trFo6L
%ri"er!s +oes6$ %ro"os Nolo/(i!lO H+Fdeos de %ro"oi3nL %ro"oiones NGBOL
!n(nios H%or r!dio o tele+isi3n6 NUSAO6$ %ros H%rosL +otos ! #!+or Nestnd!r4 los
8OL %ro#esion!lesL instr(tores NoO entren!dores %ro#esion!les Nolo/(i!lesOL
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H/(ebr!&os6$ /(id %ro /(os Hinter!"bios reF%roosL os!s o"%ens!tori!s6$
r!b!tos N"s (s!doOL reb!tos H(ellos d(ros sobres!lientes6$ r!n&eros NUSAO
Hr!n&eros6$ r!n&os NUSAO Hr!n&os6$ rebozos Hreboi)os6$ reoIreos
Hinstr("entos "(si!les br!sile)os de %er(si3n6$ retos H%,in!s i"%!res6$ re##os
NA(str!li!4 +(l,!r4 %e'or!ti+oO Hre#(,i!dos e(ro%eos Hdes%(0s de l! U8G G(err!
M(ndi!l66$ relie+os Hrelie+es6$ re%ros Hre%rod(ionesL %r(eb!s de re%rod(i3n Hen
#oto"eni!66$ retros Hretroo&etes6$ re+ersos Nliter!rioO H%,in!s %!res6$ r&inos ND1
:1@155O$ ri!ltos Hlon.!s6$ ridottos NGBO H"!s!r!d!s6$ ri%ienos N"s (s!do /(e
Uri%ieniVO Hon.(ntos de todos los "ie"bros de or/(est!s6$ riroriros H(rr(!s
,rises6$ risottos Hti%os de !rroz ! l! it!li!n!6$ ritornellos N"s (s!do /(e UritornelliVO
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Hes!l!d!s6$ s&erz!ndos N"enos (s!do /(e Us&erz!ndiVO H!%ri&os s(!+es
N"(si!lesO6$ s&erzos N"s (s!do o Us&erziVO H!%ri&os N"(si!lesO6$ s&izos
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ser+os Nolo/(i!lO Hser+o"e!nis"os6$ setItos Nolo/(i!lO Hbron!s NoO dis%(t!sL
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en seis!+os6$ s&ee%os NN(e+! [el!nd!O He"%le!dos %!r! lle+!r l!s o+e.!s ! es/(il!r
! (n obertizo6$ siili!nos Hd!nz!s en seis o doe tie"%os6$ si9os Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"ente4 %e'or!ti+oO HH%6si3%!t!s6$ silos Hsilos6$ siroos N"s (s!doOL
siroos Hsiroos6$ si-t'I#o(r"os Hlibros en se-!,0si"o(!rtos6$ s"!ltos N"s
(s!do /(e Us"!ltiVO H+idrios Ho trozos de +idrio6 de olorL de es"!lte6$ s"o9os N"s
(s!doO NoO s"o9e&os NA(str!li! ' N(e+! [el!nd!O Hdes!nsos %!r! (n t0$ (n
i,!rrHill6o6$ et16$ soI!ndIsos Nolo/(i!lO H#(l!nos6$ sol#e,,ios N"enos (s!do /(e
Usol#e,,iVO Hsol#eos6$ solid!,os H%l!nt!s de (n! #!"ili! /(e inl('e l! +!r! de oroL
de S!n jos0$ et16$ solos N"s (s!do /(e UsoliVO Hsolos6$ so"breros Hso"breros Hde
!l! !n&!66$ son,ololos NS(d#ri!O H"il%i0s6$ so%r!ninos Hso%r!ninos6$ so%r!nos
N"s (s!do /(e Uso%r!niVO Hso%r!nos6$ sor,os N"s (s!doO NoO sor,&os Hsor,os
H!z(!r!dos66$ Sot&os ND1 :1@15BO$ s%eedos Nolo/(i!lO H+eloF"etros6$ s/(!os
H,!rz!s re!les del s(r de E(ro%!6$ stenos NUSA4 olo/(i!lO Hesten3,r!#os6$ stin,os
NGBO Her+ez!s in,les!s #(ertes6$ strettos N"s (s!do /(e UstrettiVO Hs(%er%osiiones
de dos +oes en (n! #(,!L %!s!.es #in!les to!dos en tie"%o !eler!do6$ s(%ere,os
Hs(%ere,os6$ s(%re"os NGB4 olo/(i!lO H.e#es6$ s(ssos NA(str!li!4 +(l,!rO Hs(bsidios
de dese"%leoL %erson!s /(e obr!n (n s(bsidio de dese"%leo6$ s7ee%os NA(str!li!
' N(e+! [el!nd!O H&o"bres /(e b!rren des%(0s de es/(il!r en (n obertizo6$
s'n&ros Nolo/(i!lO H!"bios sinroniz!dos de +eloid!des6$ t!os Htortill!s
rellen!s &e&!s on &!rin! de "!Fz6$ T!inos ND1 :1@15BO$ t!ll'HI6R&os Hse)!les del
!z!dor H!l !+ist!r el zorro66$ t!"!rillos Ht!"!rillosL .!,(!rzos6$ t!n,elos Hrboles
&Fbridos "ezl! del n!r!n.o ' del %o"eloL #r(tos de este rbol6$ t!n,os Ht!n,os6$
t!ros Holo!si!sL "!l!n,!'s6$ te"%os N"s (s!do /(e Ute"%iVO Hte"%osL rit"os
N"(si!lesO6$ tennos ND1 :1@155O$ teredos N"s (s!do /(e UteredinesVO Hbro"!s
N"ol(sosO6$ terr!zzos Hterr!zos6$ terzettos N"s (s!do /(e UterzettiVO Hteretos6$
t&eorbos Htiorb!s6$ t&irt'It7o"os Hlibros en treint!idos!+os6$ toIdos Nolo/(i!lO HlFosL
#ollones6$ to"bolos Ht3"bolos6$ to%os Nolo/(i!l i to%o,r!%&i!l %it(resO
Hil(str!iones to%o,r#i!s6$ toreros Htoreros6$ tornillos NUSAO Htornillos6$ torsos N"s
(s!do /(e UtorsiVO Htorsos6$ to(r!os N"s (s!doO NoO t(r!os H(os !#ri!nos6$
tr!%(ntos Hbord!dos e"b(tidos6$ tre"olos Htr0"olos6$ t(oHI6t(os Ht((t(os6$
T(%!"!ros Ht(%!"!ros6$ t(%elos Hrboles de l! #!"ili! del orne.o Hdel ,0nero
N'ss!66$ t(rbos Ht(rbin!sL t(rboo"%resoresL t(rbo+entil!dores Nestnd!r4 los :OL
t(rbos Hde (n o&e6 Nolo/(i!lO6$ T(ros Hsold!dos de in#!nterF! !r,elinos Hen el
e.0rito #r!n0s66$ t'%os Nolo/(i!lO Herrores ti%o,r#ios6$ t'ros N"s (s!doOL tiros
H!%rendies6$ (dos H%l!nt!s %erennes !r!lie!s Hde *&in! ' j!%3n66$ ("bos N"enos
(s!do /(e U("bonesVO H("bosL ("bonesL !zolet!s Hde (n es(do66$ +!%orettos
N"enos (s!do /(e U+!%orettiVO Hb!ros de +!%or H/(e lle+!n %!s!.eros '
"er!nF!s66$ +!/(eros NUSAO H+!/(eros Ni %!stores de +!!sO6$ +ersos Nliter!rioO
Hre+ersos NoO dorsosL %,in!s %!res6$ +ibr!tos H+ibr!tos6$ +inos H+inos Nde %o!
!lid!dO6$ +iolonellos H+ilon&elos6$ +irt(osos N"s (s!do /(e U+irt(osiVO
H+irt(osos6$ 7eirdos Nolo/(i!lO Hbi&os Ni %erson!sO r!ros6$ >inneb!,os ND1
:1@15BO$ 7inos Nolo/(i!lO Hborr!&os6$ 7ire%&otos Htele#otos6$ 'obbos NGB4
olo/(i!lO H,!"berros6$ z!%!te!dos Hz!%!te!dos6$ ze"st+os Honse.os %ro+ini!les
eleti+os r(sos6$ zinos Hino,r!b!dos6$ zosL z&osL dzos ND1 :1@155O$ z(&ettos
Hsolideos6$ et1
Los no"bres %ro%ios /(e ter"in!n en Io !)!den si"%le"ente (n! Is1 E.14 Ariosto '
UAriostosV$ *!to ' U*!tosV$ Mi&!el An,elo ' UMi&!el An,elosV$ Nero ' UNerosV$
et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ &!' !l,(nos no"bres ter"in!dos en Io /(e %(eden !)!dir l!s
ter"in!iones IsL Ies sin di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do1 E.4 !lbedosL !lbedoes H!lbedos6$
!r&i%el!,os N"s (s!doOL !r&i%el!,oes H!r&i%i0l!,os6$ !+o!dos N"s (s!doOL
!+o!does H!,(!!tes6$ b!n.os N"s (s!doOL b!n.oes Hb!n.os6$ be!#ios N"s
(s!doOL be!#ioes H%!%!#i,osL %i!#i,os6$ bilbos N"s (s!doOL bilboes Hes%!d!s de
Bilb!o6$ bi"bos N"s (s!doOL bi"boes N+(l,!rO H.3+enes bonit!s ' tont!sL "e"Hos$
!s6 NoO i"b0iles6$ bon,os N"s (s!doOL bon,oes Hbon,3s6$ bot!r,os N"s (s!doOL
bot!r,oes Hs!ls!s de &(e+!s de "2.ol o !t2n s!l!d!s ' %rens!d!s6$ br!+!dos N"enos
(s!doOL br!+!does Hbr!+(on!d!s6$ br!+os N"enos (s!doOL br!+oes Hbr!+os N(O ol0s
Ni los ,ritos de !%l!(sosOL "!tones NoO "!l&e&ores NoO b!ndidos6$ b(##!loHe6s
Hb2#!los ND1 :1@155O6$ !lios N"enos (s!doOL !lioes Hest!"%!dosL lienzos NGBO6$
!l'%sos N"s (s!doOL !l'%soes H!li%sos6$ !rbon!dos N"s (s!doOL !rbon!does
H!rbon!dosL !rbon!d!s6$ !r,os N"enos (s!doOL !r,oes H!r,!"entos6$ !tHt6!los
N"enos (s!doOL !tHt6!loes Hb2#!los do"0stios NoO bisontes &Fbridos ND1 :1@155O6$
isos N"enos (s!doOL isoes H!ren/(es de l!,o6$ l!ros N"s (s!doOL l!roes
H%(ros s(!+es de olor l!ro6$ Ro"edos N"s (s!doOL Ro"edoes NoO o"eRdones
Hes%inill!sL o"edones6$ o""!ndos N"s (s!doOL o""!ndoes Ho"!ndos6$
resendos Nel "s (s!doOL resendoes o UresendiV HresendosL %(ntos
(l"in!ntes6$ r(s!dos N"s (s!doO NoO r(z!dos N"enos (s!dosOL r(s!does NoO
r(z!does N"s (s!dosO H"oned!s %ort(,(es!s de oro o %l!t!6$ d!dos NGB4 "enos
(s!doOL d!does H#risosL d!dos Nde (n %edest!lO6$ d!,os N"s (s!doOL d!,oes
N%e'or!ti+oO Hes%!)olHes$ !s6 NGBOL %ort(,(esHes$ !s6 NGBOL s(d!"eri!nHos$ !s6 NoO
s(r!"eri!nHos$ !s6 NGBOL it!li!nHos$ !s66 NUSAO6$ des%er!dos N"enos (s!doOL
des%er!does Hb!ndidosL "!l&e&ores6$ di!zos N"s (s!doOL di!zoes Hdo("entos
%rod(idos on s!les de di!zonio6$ didos N"s (s!do en GB /(e UdidoesVOL didoes
N"s (s!do en USA /(e UdidosVO Nolo/(i!lO Htr(os6$ dildos N"s (s!doOL dildoes
Honsol!dores6$ di"in(endos N"s (s!doOL di"in(endoes Hdi"in(endos6$ dodos
N"s (s!doOL dodoes Hdodos NoO dod3s Nliter!rioOL +e.estorios Nolo/(i!lO6$ do"inos
N"enos (s!doOL do"inoes H#i&!s de do"in3 Non +erbo en %l(r!lOL do"in3s Ni
dis#r!esL "s!r!sL !%!sO Non +erbo en %l(r!lOL do"in3 N.(e,oM on +erbo en
sin,(l!rO6M er'n,os N"s (s!doOL erin,os N"enos (s!dos /(e Uer'n,oesL erin,oesVO
H!rdos orredores NoO erin,es6$ #!rr!,os N"s (s!do en GB /(e U#!rr!,oesVOL
#!rr!,oes N"s (s!do en USA /(e U#!rr!,osVO H#rr!,os6$ #!tsos N"s (s!doOL
#!tsoes N+(l,!rO H,ordin#lones6$ #i!sos N"s (s!doOL #i!soes H#i!sosL #r!!sos6$
#l!"in,os N"s (s!doOL #l!"in,oes H#l!"enos N!+eO6$ #resos N"enos (s!doOL
#resoes H#resos Nde %int(r!O6$ ,!"b!dos N"s (s!do en GB /(e U,!"b!doesVOL
,!"b!does N"s (s!do en USA /(e U,!"b!dosVO H,(!rd!estribos Hde (ero6L
%ol!in!sL !briol!sL !l!+er!d!s6$ ,!zebos N"s (s!doOL ,!zeboes H,loriet!sL
"ir!doresL en!dores6$ ,e9os N"s (s!doOL ,e9oes H,eos NoO s!l!"!n/(es!s6$
,&ettos N"s (s!doOL ,&ettoes H,(etos6$ ,obos N"s (s!doOL ,oboes H+iser!s de
"!r!L %!nt!ll!s ! %r(eb! de l(zL %!nt!ll!s !ntisonor!s6$ ,rottos N"enos (s!doOL
,rottoes H,r(t!s6$ &!los N"s (s!do en USA /(e U&!loesVOL &!loes N"s (s!do en
GB /(e U&!losVO H&!los6$ &obos N"enos (s!doOL &oboes Nolo/(i!les4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO H+!,!b(ndosL tr!b!.!dores !"b(l!ntes6$ indi,os N"s (s!doOL
indi,oes Hindi,osL !)iles6$ in#ernos N"s (s!doOL in#ernoes Hin#iernos6$ inn(endos
N"s (s!doOL inn(endoes Hinsin(!ionesL indiret!s6$ .(nos N"s (s!doOL .(noes
HHes%eie de6 %inzones !"eri!nos6$ l!ssos N"s (s!doOL l!ssoes Hl!zos6$ l!+!bos
N"enos (s!doOL l!+!boes Hl!+!torios Nen l! i,lesi!OL l!+!bos Nr!roM se (s!
nor"!l"ente Q7!s&b!sinsQO6$ li"bos N"s (s!doOL li"boes Hli"bosL %risiones6$
lin,os Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL lin,oes Nolo/(i!lO Hlen,(!sL .er,!s6$ loos N"s
(s!doOL looes Hes%eies de !str,!lo N&ierb!s le,("inos!s /(e !(s!n (n!
en#er"ed!d erebr!l ! los !ni"!lesO6$ "!,ni#ios N"enos (s!doOL "!,ni#ioes
H%erson!.es il(stresL !b!lleros nobles de Denei!6$ M!ndin,os N"s (s!doOL
M!ndin,oes H"!ndin,os6$ "!n,os N"enos (s!doOL "!n,oes H"!n,os Ni #r(t!O6$
"!ni#estos N"enos (s!doOL "!ni#estoes H"!ni#iestos6$ "e"entos N"s (s!doOL
"e"entoes Hre(erdos6$ "estizos N"s (s!doOL "estizoes H"estizos6$ "on,os N"s
(s!doOL "on,oes H"on,os N0nti"os de l! (nid!d "onet!ri! de Mon,oli!O6$
Morisos N"s (s!doOL Moresos N"s (s!dos /(e UMorisoesL MoresoesVO
H"orisos6$ "os/(itos N"enos (s!doOL "os/(itoes H"os/(itos6$ "ottos N"enos
(s!doOL "ottoes Hle"!sL di+is!s Nde &erldi!OL "-i"!s NGBOL !di+in!nz!s NGBOL
&istes NGBO6$ "(l!ttos N"s (s!doOL "(l!ttoes H"(l!tHos$ !s66$ "(n,os N"s
(s!doOL "(n,oes Hl!n!s de borr!6$ N!+!&os N"s (s!doOL N!+!&oes N"s (s!dos
/(e UN!+!.os N"s (s!doOL N!+!.oesO Hn!+!.os ND1 :1@15BO6$ Ne,rillos N"s (s!doOL
Ne,rilloes Hne,rillos Nr!z! !#ri!n! en!n!O6$ Ne,ritos N"s (s!doOL Ne,ritoes
Hne,ritos Nne,ros en!nos de Asi! ' Mel!nesi!O6$ nos N"enos (s!doOL noes HnoesL
+otos en ontr!L %erson!s /(e +ot!n en ontr!6$ oZsL OZsL Os N"s (s!dosOL oes Hoes6$
%!l"ettos N"s (s!doOL %!l"ettoes H%!l"itos6$ %!Rss!dos N"s (s!doOL %!Rss!does
Hesto!d!s N/(e se d!n !+!nz!ndo (n %ieO6$ %e!dillos N"enos (s!doOL %e!dilloes
Hdeslies6$ %ed!los N"s (s!doOL %ed!loes Hbotes de %ed!lesL %!tines6$ %in9os N"s
(s!doOL %in9oes Nolo/(i!l4 %e'or!ti+oO Hro.illosL o"(nistoides6$ %intos N"s
(s!doOL %intoes NUSAO H!b!llos %intos6$ %l!ebos N"s (s!doOL %l!eboes
H%l!ebos6$ %os N"s (s!doOL %oes NGB4 olo/(i!lO Horin!les6$ %olitios N"s (s!doOL
%olitioes NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO H%oliti!stros6$ %ortios N"enos (s!doOL
%ortioes H%3rtios6$ %ron(ni!"entos N"s (s!doOL %ron(ni!"entoes
H%ron(ni!"ientos6$ %ro+isos N"s (s!doOL %ro+isoes Hondiiones6$ P(n&inellos
N"s (s!doOL P(n&inelloes H%oli&inel!s6$ s!ddos N"s (s!doOL s!ddoes NGB4
olo/(i!lO H"!"!rr!&Hos$ !s66$ s!l+os N"s (s!doOL s!l+oes Hs!l+!sL s!l+ed!desL
reser+!s6$ s!r,!ssos N"s (s!doOL s!r,!ssoes Hs!r,!zos6$ s&!H69os N"s (s!doOL
s&!H69oes H"orrionesL &!3s6$ stilettos N"s (s!doOL stilettoes Hestiletes6$ st(os
N"enos (s!doOL st(oes Hest(os6$ s(%er!r,os N"enos (s!doOL s(%er!r,oes
Hsobre!r,os6$ tob!os N"s (s!doOL tob!oes H&o.!s de t!b!o6$ torn!dos N"enos
(s!doOL torn!does Htorn!dos6$ t(-edos N"s (s!doOL t(-edoes NUSAO Hes"3/(ines6$
(nos N"s (s!doOL (noes NEsoi!O H%erson!s not!blesL os!s not!blesL #or!sterosL
notii!s Ns3lo en %l(r!lO6$ +ir!,os N"enos (s!doOL +ir!,oes H!r%F!sL +ir!,os6$
+ol!nos N"enos (s!doOL +ol!noes H+ol!nes6$ 7!ldos N"s (s!doOL 7!ldoes
H"!ndos ! dist!ni!6$ 'oI'os N"s (s!doOL 'oI'oes H'o'3s6$ zeros N"s (s!doOL
zeroes Heros61
&os nombres 'ue aLaden solamente la terminacin 5es al singular 'ue termine
en 5o son los :< si,(ientes4 !nti&eroes H!nti&0roes6$ b!stin!does Hb!ston!zosL
%!liz!s6$ bilboes Hb!rr!s de &ierro on ,rillos6$ b(boes Hb(b!s6$ b(9oes Hr(#i!nesL
#!n#!rrones6$ r!"boes Hri"!s (rsisL .(e,os en los /(e &!' /(e %oner (n!
onson!nte ! (n! %!l!br!6$ din,oes Hdin,os6$ e&oes Heos6$ eddoes Ht!ros N%l!nt!O6$
e"b!r,oes He"b!r,os6$ #ioes N!r!ioO H%iz!sL ,estos obsenos de des%reio6$
#ri!ndoes H,(is!dos de !rne "e&!d!6$ #(n,oes H%elot!s /(e si,(en l! tr!'etori!
de (n !ro b!te!d!s %or (n .(,!dor /(e l!s tir! !l !ire ' l!s b!te! !l !er Nb0isbolO6$
,essoes H'esos6$ ,in,9oesL ,in9,oes H,in,os6$ ,i%%oes NGBO H,it!nosL %erson!s
t!!)!s6$ ,oes Hintentos Nolo/(i!lOL t(rnos NoO +(elt!s Nestnd!rOL tr!,os Nolo/(i!lOL
inidentes Nolo/(i!lO6$ &eroes H&0roes6$ i"!,oes N"s (s!do /(e Ui"!,inesVO
Hi"!,os6$ .in,oes H%!trioteros6M .o N"s (s!doOL .oe N"enos (s!doO Neso0s
%rini%!l"enteO ' U.oesV Hno+ios6M ne,roesL Ne,roes Hne,ros6$ Ro(t,oes H,!stosL
e#l(+iosL s!lid!s6$ %ot!toes H%!t!t!s6M s&"oHe6 N"s (s!doOL s&"oHe6 NUSA4
+(l,!resO ' Us&"oesL s&"oesV H%el"!zos6M str!%%!does Hestr!%!d!s6$ s(be&oes
Hs(beos6$ s(bi"!,oes N"s (s!do /(e Us(bi"!,inesVO Hs(bi"!,os6$ s(%er!r,oes
Hsobre!r,os6$ s(%er&eroes Hs(%er&0roes6M s'boHe6 Neso0sO Hebollet!6 ' Us'boesV
Hebollet!s6M to"!toes LteR"Yto(zL NGBO ' LteR"eIto(zL NUSAO Hto"!tes6$ tor%edoes
Htor%edos6$ +erti,oes N"s (s!do /(e U+erti,inesVO H+0rti,os6$ +etoes H+etos61
*on el #in de si"%li#i!r l!s os!s los !stell!no&!bl!ntes %(eden esribir sie"%re el
plural de las palabras 'ue terminen en 5o con la terminacin 5os, 'ue es la
tendencia actual, con excepcin de estas 23 'ue llevan la terminacin 5oes '
!l,(nos de de :1@15@15$ :1@15@1=1
3+ Qu raramente se aLade la terminacin 5en, 5ren al singular1 E.14 &ild '
U&ildrenV Hni)Hos$ !s66M o- ' Uo-enV Hb(e'es61
Al,(n!s %!l!br!s tienen (n %l(r!l nor"!l "(' (s!do ' otro !r!io /(e '! no se
(s!1 E.14 e'e ' Ue'es Nestnd!rOL e'en N!r!ioOV Ho.os6M &ose ' U&oses Nestnd!rOL
&osen N!r!ioOV H"edi!sL !lz!s6M s&oe ' Us&oes Nestnd!rOL s&oen N!r!ioOV
Hz!%!tos6$ et1
6+ Ruitando la terminacin 5 detr!s de consonante del singular aLadiendo
5ies1 E.4 b!b' ' Ub!biesV Hbeb0sL nenes6M it' ' UitiesV Hi(d!des6M o(ntr' '
Uo(ntriesV H%!Fses6M r' ' UriesV H,ritos6M in!d+erteneL in!d+erten' e
Uin!d+erteniesV Hin!d+erteni!s6M irrele+!neL irrele+!n' e Uirrele+!niesV
Hirrele+!ni!s6M l!d' ' Ul!diesV Hse)or!s6M r!rit' ' Ur!ritiesV Hr!rez!s6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ &!' e-e%iones en !l,(nos no"bres1 E.14 dr' ' Udr'sV Hse/(ed!desL
%!rtid!rios de l! le' se!6M st!ndIb' ' Ust!ndIb'sV Hre(rsos se,(rosL !lert!sL
s(%lentes6M 7&' ' U7&'sV H%or/(0sL !(s!s6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo l! ter"in!i3n I' +! detrs de (n! +o!l$ el %l(r!l se #or"!
!)!diendo si"%le"ente (n! Is !l sin,(l!r1 E.14 bo' ' Ubo'sV H"(&!&os6M ,(' '
U,('sV Nolo/(i!les4 USA %rini%!l"ente4 los 8O Hti%osL tFos6M %l!' ' U%l!'sV
Hobr!s6M s(r+e' ' Us(r+e'sV Hreonoi"ientosL ins%eionesL est(diosL en(est!s6M
don9e' ' Udon9e'sV Hb(rrHos$ !s6L !snHos$ !s66$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ !l,(n!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en Ie' %(eden tener (n! #or"! re,(l!r
"s (s!d! ' otr! irre,(l!r "enos (s!d!4 "one' Hdinero6 ' U"one'sL "oniesV
Hs("!s de dinero6M trolle' ' Utrolle'sL trollies NGBOV LRtrolizL NGBO ' LRtr!4lizL NUSAO
HtrolesL orreder!s ele+!d!sL !rritos NGBOL +!,onet!s NGBOL !"ill!s NGBOL "esit!s
de r(ed!s NGBOL troleb(ses NUSAOL tr!n+F!s NUSAO61
No obst!nte$ los nombres 'ue terminan en 5'u en singular forman el plural
con la terminacin 5'uies1 E.14 ollo/(' ' Uollo/(iesV Holo/(ios6M oblo/(' '
Uoblo/(iesV Ho%robios6M solilo/(' ' Usolilo/(iesV Hsolilo/(iosL "on3lo,os6$ et1
Los no"bres %ro%ios$ los !%ellidos$ los no"bres de "eses ' %!Fses ' !l,(nos otros
ter"in!dos en I' s(elen #or"!r el %l(r!l !)!diendo (n! Is1 E.14 Ger"!n' ' Ut&e t7o
Ger"!n'sV Hl!s dos Ale"!ni!s6M Eenr' ' Ut&e Eenr'sV HLos Enri/(es6M M!r' '
Ut&e t7o M!r'sV Hl!s dos M!rF!s6M j(l' Hj(l'6 ' Ut&e j(l'sV Hlos j(l'6M A!t&' ' Ut&e
t7o A!t&'sV Hl!s dos *!t!lin!s6M Aenned' ' Ut&e Aenned'sV Hlos Aenned'6M Plin'
HPlinio6 ' UPlin'sV HPlinios6M zlot' ' Uzlot's NoO zlot'V Heslotis N"oned! de Poloni!O6$
et1
E!' !l,(n!s e-e%iones4 Alle,&!n' HAlle,&!n'6 ' Ut&e Alle,&!niesV Hlos
Alle,&!n's6M Ptole"' HTolo"eo6 ' Ut&e Ptole"iesV Hlos Tolo"eos6M t&e Ro9'
Mo(nt!ins Hl!s Mont!)!s Roos!s6 ' Ut&e Ro9iesV Hl!s Mont!)!s Roos!s6M Siil'
HSiili!6 ' Ut&e t7o SiiliesV Hl!s dos Siili!s6$ et1
8+ Cambiando la terminacin 5f#5fe del singular por la terminacin 5ves del
plural en *- nombres1 E.14 !l# ' U!l+esV HternerHos$ !s66M or# ' Uor+esV
H!n!st!s ,r!ndes N"inerF!O6M el# ' Uel+esV H,enieillosL d(endesL el#os6M &!l# '
U&!l+esV H"it!des6M 9ni#e ' U9ni+esV H(&illos6M le!# ' Ule!+esV H&o.!s6M li#e '
Uli+esV H+id!s6M lo!# ' Ulo!+esV H&o,!z!s6M sel# HserL %erson!lid!dL 'o6 ' Usel+esV
H'oesL %erson!lid!des6M s&e!# H,!+ill!L #!.oL &!z6 ' Us&e!+esV H,!+ill!sL #!.osL &!es6M
s&el# ' Us&el+esV Hest!ntes6M t&ie# ' Ut&ie+esV Hl!drones6M 7i#e ' U7i+esV Hes%os!s6M
7ol# ' U7ol+esV Hlobos61
Sin e"b!r,o$ l! %!l!br! Qstill li#eQ Hbode,3n6 tiene el %l(r!l Qstill li#esQ Hbode,ones6M
e-iste (n e/(i%o de%orti+o Qt&e M!%le Le!#sQ1
E!' 5C no"bres /(e ter"in!n en I# /(e %(eden #or"!r el %l(r!l !)!diendo Is o
I+es1 E.14 bee# H/(e.!L !bez! de ,!n!do +!(no NoO bo+ino6 ' Ubee#sV H/(e.!sL
distint!s l!ses de !rne de terner! NoO +!!6$ Ubee+esV HresesL !bez!s de ,!n!do
+!(no NoO bo+ino6M lo+erle!# ' Ulo+erle!#sL lo+erle!+esV Hr(es de tr0bol6M
d7!r# ' Ud7!r#s N"s (s!doOL d7!r+esV Hen!nos6M &!nd9er&ie# Ni &!n9ieL &!n9'4
olo/(i!lesO ' U&!nd9er&ie#sL &!nd9er&ie+esV Ni &!n9ies4 olo/(i!lO H%!)(elos
Nde "!noL %!r! los "oosO6M &oo# ' U&oo#s N"s (s!doOL &oo+esV H%ez()!sL !sos6M
o!# ' Uo!#sL o!+esV Hzo/(etesL zo%enos6M s!r# ' Us!r#sL s!r+esV Hb(#!nd!sL
%!)(elos Nsobre l! !bez!O6M st!## Hb!st3nL b(loL !'!doL %ent!,r!"!6 ' Ust!##sV
H%erson!lL e"%le!dosL est!dos "!'ores6$ Ust!##s N"s (s!doOL st!+esV Hb!stonesL
b(losL !'!dosL %ent!,r!"!s6M t(r# H0s%edL te%eL t(rb!6 ' Ut(r#s N"s (s!doOL
t(r+esV Hte%es6M 7&!r# ' U7&!r+es N"s (s!doOL 7&!r#sV H"(ellesL e"b!r!deros61
Los de"s no"bres /(e ter"in!n en I,& L#L$ I%& L#L$ I#LI#e #or"!n el %l(r!l
!)!diendo Is4 belie#$ !#e$ &e#$ &ie# H.e#e6$ #i#e H%F#!no6$ l!(,&$ R"is&ie#$
%!r!,r!%&$ %roo#$ ree#$ s!#e H!.! #(erte6$ ser#$ et1 E.14 l!(,&s Hris!s6$ %!r!,r!%&s
H%rr!#os6$ et1
El no"bre Qroo#Q Hte.!do6 #or"! el %l(r!l o"o Qroo#sQ$ %ero se %(ede %ron(ni!r
Lr(4#sL o Lr(4+zL$ %or/(e !ntes tenF! t!"bi0n otro %l(r!l4 roo+es N!r!ioO1
Los no"bres /(e ter"in!n en I## o"o Uli##$ s&eri##V$ et1$ #or"!n el %l(r!l
!)!diendo Is1
9+ Cambiando la pronunciacin de los nombres 'ue terminan en singular en
5t/ #u# cuando va precedido de un diptongo o una vocal largaM los no"bres /(e
en GB lle+!n (n! L!4L ' en USA (n! LYL ("%len est! re,l! t!"bi0n en USA
!(n/(e no se! (n! +o!l l!r,!1 E.14 b!t& Lb!4uL NGBO ' LbYuL NUSAO Hb!)o6 '
Ub!t&sV Lb!4SzL NGBO ' LbYSzL NUSAO Hb!)os6M boot& Lb(4uL o Lb(4SL NGB4 "s
(s!doO ' Uboot&sV Lb(4SzL N"s (s!doO o Lb(4usL H!bin!sL %(estos6M brot& Lbro4uL '
Ubrot&sV Lbro4usL N"s (s!doO o Lbro4SzL H!ldos6M l!t& Ll!4 uL NGBO o LlYuL Hlist3n6 '
Ul!t&sV Ll!4SzL NGB4 "s (s!do /(e Ll!4usLO ' LlYSzL NUSA4 "s (s!do /(e LlYusLO
Hlistones6M "o(t& L"!(uL ' U"o(t&sV L"!(SzL Hbo!s6M o!t& Lo(uL ' Uo!t&sV Lo(SzL
N"s (s!doO ( Lo(usL H.(r!"entosL bl!s#e"i!s6M %!t& L%!4uL NGBO ' L%YuL NUSAO '
U%!t&sV L%!4SzL NGBO ' L%YSzL NUSAO Hsend!sL senderos6M s&e!t& L[i4uL '
Us&e!t&sV L[i4SzL o L[i4usL H+!in!sL #(nd!s6M s7!t& Ls7o4uL$ Ls7o u L NGBO o Ls7!4 u L
NUSAO ' Us7!t&sV Ls7o4SzL N"enos (s!doO$ Ls7oSzL NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ Ls7!4SzL
NUSA4 "enos (s!doO o Ls7o4usL N"s (s!doO$ Ls7o u sL NGB4 "s (s!doO o Ls7!4 u sL
NUSA4 "s (s!doO H#r!n.!sL b!nd!s6M tr(t& Ltr(4uL ' Utr(t&sV Ltr(4SzL N"s (s!doO o
Ltr(4usL H+erd!des6M 7re!t& Lri4uL ' U7re!t&sV Lri4SzL N"s (s!doO o Lri4usL Hes%ir!les
Nde &("oOL ,(irn!ld!sL oron!s Nde #loresO6M 'o(t& L.(4uL ' U'o(t&sV L.(4SzL N"s
(s!doO o L.(4uzL H.3+enesL .(+ent(des6$ et1
Esto t!"bi0n o(rre on Q&o(seQ L&!(sL ' Q&o(sesQ LR&!(zI z$ ezL H!s!s6 /(e
!"bi! l! LsL %or LzL1
E-isten !l,(n!s e-e%iones1 E.14 #!it& L#eIuL H#e6 ' U#!it&sV L#eIusL o L#e I SsL NUSA4
"enos (s!doO Hl!ses de #e6M ,ro7t& L,ro(uL ' U,ro7t&sV L,ro(usL H+e,et!ionesL
t("ores6M &e!t& L&i4uL ' U&e!t&sV L&i4usL Hbrez!lesL %!r/(es6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ la pronunciacin de la terminacin 5t/ #u# se mantiene en el
plural cuando4 lot& L9louL NGBO ' L9l!4uL NUSA o L9lo4uLO H%!)o6$
!6 L! It& +! %reedid! de (n! +o!l ort!$ "s ! "en(do en GB /(e en USA1 E.14
b!t&s Lb!4usL NGBO ' LbYusL NUSAO Hse b!)!6M lot&s L9louzL NGB4 "s (s!do /(e
L9loSzLO ' L9l!4uzL NUSA o L9lo4uzL4 "s (s!dos /(e on LISzLO H%!)osL b!'et!sL
"!nteles6M bre!t&s LbreusL Hres%ir!iones6M de!t&s LdeusL H"(ertes6M "ot&s L"o u sL
NGBO ' L"o4usL N"s (s!do /(e L"o4SzLO o L"!4 u sL NUSAO H%olill!sL "!ri%os!s de l!
l(zL %!lo"ill!s6M "'t&s L"IusL H"itos6M s"it&s Ls"IusL H&errerHos$ !s66$ et1
El no"bre Q7it&eQ Hr!"it! #le-ible #(erteL so,! de r!"!s6 %(ede %ron(ni!rse de
tres "!ner!s en sin,(l!r L7IuL Nel "s (s!doO$ L7ISL o L7! I SL Nel "enos (s!doO '
en %l(r!l L7IusL Nel "s (s!doO$ L7ISzL o L7! I SzL Nel "enos (s!doO1
b6 L! It& +! %reedid! de (n! onson!nte$ !(n/(e se! (n! r /(e en GB no se
%ron(ni! !si n(n! ' en USA nor"!l"ente sF1 E.4 birt&s Lb4usL NGBO ' Lb4rusL
NUSAO Hn!i"ientos6M #o(rt&s L#o4usL NGBO ' L#o4rusL NUSAO H(!rtHos$ !s66M
"ont&s L"AnusL H"eses6M si-t&s LsI9susL NGBO ' LsI9sHt6usL NUSAO Hse-tHos$ !s66M
slot&s Lslo(usL H%erezosos Nzoolo,F!O6$ S"it&s Ls"IusL$ et1
0+ &os nombres 'ue terminan en 5i suelen formar el plural aLadiendo 5s$ %ero
&!' !l,(nos /(e %(eden #or"!rlo nor"!l"ente !)!diendo Is o "enos
#re(ente"ente !)!diendo Ies1 E.14 r!bbi ' Ur!bbisV Hr!binos6M "!!roni '
U"!!ronisV H"!!rrones6$ %ero U!l9!liV ' U!l9!lisV N"s (s!doO o U!l9!liesV
Hl!lis6M &ilHl6i ' U&ilHl6iesV H,(indill!s6M t!-i ' Ut!-is N"s (s!doO o t!-iesV Ht-is61
*:+ Cambiando la vocal del singular1 E.4 die ' UdieV Nsin e"b!r,o$ el no"bre
UdieV (!ndo si,ni#i! Utro/(elL "oldeV #or"! el %l(r!l !)!diendo (n! IsO Hd!dos6M
#oot ' U#eet NoO #ootV H%ies6M dor"o(se ' Udor"ieV Hlirones6M #ore#oot ' U#ore#eetV
H%!t!s del!nter!s6M ,oose ' U,eese Nestnd!rOL ,ooses Nolo/(i!lOV Ho!sL ,!nsos6
%ero U"on,ooseHs6V H"!n,ost!Hs66M lo(se ' Ulie Nestnd!rOL lo(ses Nolo/(i!lOV
H%io.os6M "!n ' U"enV H&o"bres6M "o(se ' U"ieV Hr!tones Ni !ni"!lesL de
orden!dor Hi "o(se de+ies6O6 NoO U"o(sesV Hr!tones Nde orden!dor Hi "o(se
de+ies6O6M tit"o(se ' Utit"ieV H&errerillos o"(nesL !rboneros6M toot& ' Uteet&V
Hdientes6M sn!,,letoot& ' U sn!,,leteet&V Hdientes rotosL #(er! de l(,!r6M 7oodlo(se
' U7oodlieV Ho&inill!s6M 7o"!n ' U7o"enV H"(.eres6$ et1
P!r! l! #or"!i3n del %l(r!l de los no"bres de dos o "s sil!b!s /(e ter"in!n en
I"!n en sin,(l!r D1 51:?18$ :1:?15;
**+ =lgunos nombres tienen dos plurales nor"!l"ente on si,ni#i!do %!reidoM
l! "!'or %!rte de estos no"bres son no"bres de !ni"!les H"!"F#eros$ %ees '
%.!ros o !+es6M los !z!dores$ %es!dores ' ientF#ios los s(elen (s!r en sentido
oleti+o on l! "is"! #or"! /(e en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l ero ' los de"s en sentido
indi+id(!l on distint! #or"! /(e en sin,(l!rM t!"bi0n &!' no"bres de !ntid!des '
"edid!s1 E.4 !lb!tross LRYlbetrosL NGBO ' LRYlbetro4sL NUSAO o LRYlbetr!4sL NUSAO
H!lb!tros6 ' U!lb!trossV Noleti+oOL U!lb!trossesV Nindi+id(!lesO H!lb!tros6M !ntelo%e
H!ntFlo%e6 ' U!ntelo%eV Noleti+oOL U!ntelo%esV Nindi+id(!lesO H!ntFlo%es6M !s%irin
H!s%irin!6 ' U!s%irinV Noleti+oO LRYs%rInL o LRYs%r enL NUSAOL U!s%irinsV
Nindi+id(!lesO LRYs%rInzL o LRYs%r enzL NUSAO H!s%irin!s6M b!rr!(d! Hb!rr!(d!6 '
Ub!rr!(d!V Noleti+oOL Ub!rr!(d!sV Nindi+id(!lesO Hb!rr!(d!s6M b!ss Hl(bin!6 '
Ub!ssV Noleti+oOL Ub!ssesV Nindi+id(!lesO Hl(bin!s6M be!r Hoso6 ' Ube!rV Noleti+oOL
Ube!rsV Nindi+id(!lesO Hosos6M be!+er H!stor6 ' Ube!+erV Noleti+oOL Ube!+ersV
Nindi+id(!lesO H!stores6M billion Hbill3n Nen GB !ntesOL "il "illones Nen USA '
!&or! en GB t!"bi0nO6 ' UH8L :L <L ?$ et1$6 billion Nse,(ido o no de (n no"bre sin
Uo#VOV HH8L :L <L ?$ et1$6 "il "illones6M ! o(%le o#L se+er!lL ! #e7L "!n'$ et1$
billion Ndel!nte del no"bre sin Uo#V o (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto %reedido de
Qo#QO H(n %!r deL +!riosL (nos %oosL "(&os$ et1$ "iles de "illones6L UH! o(%le
o#L se+er!lL so"eL ! #e7L #e7L "!n'L ! lot o#L t&o(s!nds o#$ et1$6 billions Nse,(ido
de Uo#V si +! del!nte del no"breOV HH(n %!r deL +!ri!sL !l,(n!sL (n!s %o!sL %o!sL
"(&!sL l! "!r deL "iles de$ et1$6 billones Nen GB !ntesOL "il "illones Nen USA '
!&or! en GB t!"bi0nO6M bon,o H!ntFlo%e on (ernos en es%ir!l6 ' Ubon,oV
Noleti+oOL Ubon,osV Nindi+id(!lesO H!ntFlo%es on (ernos en es%ir!l6M bonito
Hbonito6 ' UbonitoV Noleti+oOL UbonitosV Nindi+id(!lesO Hbonitos6M bre!" Hbr!"!L
%!r,oL dor!d!6 ' Ubre!"V Noleti+oOL Ubre!"sV Nindi+id(!lesO Hbr!"!sL %!r,osL
dor!d!s6M brot&er H&er"!no6 ' Ubrot&ersV H&er"!nos Nde s!n,reO6L Ubret&renV
H&er"!nos Nde reli,i3nL de (n! or,!niz!i3nO6M b(9 Hier+o H"!&o6L one.o
H"!&o6L liebre H"!&o66 ' Ub(9V Noleti+oOL Ub(9sV Nindi+id(!lesO Hier+os
N"!&osOL one.os N"!&osOL liebres N"!&osO6$ %ero Ub(9V Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO Hd3l!r6 ' Ub(9sV Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO Hd3l!res4 ten
b(9s Hdiez d3l!res66M b(##!lo Hb2#!lo6 ' Ub(##!loV Noleti+oOL Ub(##!loes N"s
(s!doO NoO b(##!los NUSA4 "enos (s!doOV Nindi+id(!lesO Hb2#!los6M !nnon H!)3nL
!r!"bol!6 ' U!nnonV Noleti+oO H!rtillerF!6L U!nnonsV Nindi+id(!lesO H!)onesL
!r!"bol!s6M !ribo( H!rib26 ' U!ribo(V Noleti+oOL U!ribo(sV Nindi+id(!lesO
H!rib2s6M !r% H!r%!6 ' U!r%V Noleti+oOL U!r%sV Nindi+id(!lesO H!r%!s6M !tHt6!lo
Hb2#!lo do"0stio NoO bisonte &Fbrido6 ' U!tHt6!loV Noleti+oOL U!tHt6!los N"enos
(s!doOL !tHt6!loes N"s (s!doOV Nindi+id(!lesO Hb2#!los do"0stios NoO bisontes
&Fbridos6M ero H!b!ll!6 ' UeroV Noleti+oOL UerosV Nindi+id(!lesO H!b!ll!s6M
o9!too H!!t2!6 ' Uo9!tooV Noleti+oOL Uo9!toosV Nindi+id(!lesO H!!t2!s6M
od Hb!!l!o6 ' UodV Noleti+oOL UodsV Nindi+id(!lesO Hb!!l!os6M o&o Hs!l"3n
%l!te!do6 ' Uo&oV Noleti+oOL Uo&osV Nindi+id(!lesO Hs!l"ones %l!te!dos6M
on/(ist!dor Hon/(ist!dor6 ' Uon/(ist!dorsL on/(ist!doresV Hon/(ist!dores6M
o7 H+!!6 ' Uo7sV Nestnd!rOL U9ineV N!r!io4 en sentido "itol3,io o oleti+oO
H+!!s6M o'ote Ho'ote6 ' Uo'oteV Noleti+oOL Uo'otesV Nindi+id(!lesO Ho'otes6M
o'%( Hoi%o6 ' Uo'%(V Noleti+oOL Uo'%(sV Nindi+id(!lesO Hoi%os66M d!e
Hle(isoL bre!L !lb(rL d!rdo N%ezO6 ' Ud!eV Noleti+o e indi+id(!lesOL Ud!esV
Nindi+id(!les4 GB4 "enos (s!doO Hle(isosL bre!sL !lb(resL d!rdos N%ezO6M d!i"'o
N"s (s!doOL d!i"io Hd!i"io6 ' Ud!i"'o N"s (s!doOL d!i"ioV Noleti+o4 "enos
(s!dosOL Ud!i"'os N"s (s!doOL d!i"iosV Nindi+id(!les4 "s (s!dosO Hd!i"ios6M
deer Hier+oL +en!do6 ' UdeerV Noleti+o e indi+id(!lesOL UdeersV Nindi+id(!les4 GB4
"enos (s!doO Hier+osL +en!dos6M die Hd!do Nr!roO6L tro/(elL "oldeL "!triz6 ' UdieV
Hd!dos N!t(!l"ente se (s! QdieQ %!r! el sin,(l!r on +erbo en sin,(l!r (!ndo
si,ni#i! Qd!doQ ' el %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l (!ndo si,ni#i! Qd!dosQOL UdiesV
Htro/(elesL "oldesL "!tries6M doe H,!"!L one.!L liebre H&e"br!6 ' UdoeV
Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL UdoesV Noleti+o e indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO H,!"!sL
one.!sL liebres N&e"br!sO6M dozen Hdoen!6 ' UH8L :L <L ?$ et1$6 dozen Nse,(ido o
no de (n no"bre sin Uo#VOV HH8L :L <L ?$ et1$6 doen!s6M ! o(%le o#L se+er!lL ! #e7L
"!n'$ et1$ dozen Ndel!nte del no"bre sin Uo#V o (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto
%reedido de Qo#QO H(n %!r deL +!ri!sL (n!s %o!sL "(&!s$ et1 doen!s6L UH!
o(%le o#L se+er!lL so"eL ! #e7L #e7L "!n'L ! lot o#L t&o(s!nds o#$ et1$6 dozens
Nse,(ido de Qo#Q si +! del!nte del no"breOV HH(n %!r deL +!ri!sL !l,(n!sL (n!s
%o!sL %o!sL "(&!sL l! "!r deL "iles de$ et1$6 doen!s6M dr!,o"!n Hdr!,o"n6
' Udr!,o"enL dr!,o"!nsV Hdr!,o"!nes6M d(9 H%!to6 ' Ud(9V Noleti+oO H%!tos
Ns!l+!.esO6L Ud(9sV Nindi+id(!lesO H%!tos Ndo"0stiosO6M eel H!n,(il!6 e UeelV
Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL UeelsV Noleti+o e indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO H!n,(il!s6M
el9 H!le Ne(ro%eoL !sitioOL (!%itF N!"eri!no i 7!%itiL A"eri!n el9O6 ' Uel9V
Noleti+oOL Uel9sV Nindi+id(!lesO H!les Ne(ro%eosL !sitiosOL (!%itFes
N!"eri!nosO6M Re"( He"26 ' URe"(V Noleti+oOL URe"(sV Nindi+id(!lesO He"2es6M
e(ro NA(str!li!O Hes%eie de !n,(ro6 ' Ue(roV Noleti+oOL Ue(rosV Nindi+id(!lesO
Hes%eies de !n,(ros6M #ile#is& Hli.!6 ' U#ile#is&V Noleti+oOL U#ile#is&esV
Nindi+id(!lesO Hli.!s6M #is& H%ezL %es!do6 ' U#is&V Noleti+oOL U#is&esV Nindi+id(!lesO
H%ees6M #l!t#is& Hrod!b!llo6 ' U#l!t#is&V Noleti+oOL U#l!t#is&esV Nindi+id(!les o de
distint! es%eieO Hrod!b!llos6M #lo(nder H%l!ti.!6 ' U#lo(nderV Noleti+oOL U#lo(ndersV
Nindi+id(!lesO H%l!ti.!s6M #ol9 H,ente ND1 :1::O6 ' U#ol9V H,ente6L U#ol9sV H,enteL
#!"ili!L %!dres6M #oot H%ie N"edid! de lon,it(d de (nos :C "sO ' U#ootV
Nnor"!l"ente (!ndo no +! se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o o de l! %!l!br! Uin&esVO
Hin#!nterF!L %ies6L U#eetV Nnor"!l"ente (!ndo +! se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o o de l!
%!l!br! Uin&esVO H%ies66M #o7l H!+e6 ' U#o7lV Noleti+oOL U#o7lsV Nindi+id(!lesO
H!+es6M #o- Hzorro6 ' U#o-V Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL U#o-esV Noleti+o e
indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO Hzorros6M #ro,#is& H%e.es!%o6 ' U#ro,#is&V Noleti+oOL
U#ro,#is&esV Nindi+id(!lesO H%e.es!%os6M ,!llo7s H&or!6 ' U,!llo7sL ,!llo7sesV
H&or!s6M ,!r#is& H%ez !,(.!6 ' U,!r#is&V Noleti+oOL U,!r#is&esV Nindi+id(!lesO
H%ees !,(.!6M ,!zelle H,!el!6 ' U,!zelleV Noleti+oOL U,!zellesV Nindi+id(!lesO
H,!el!s6M ,eis&! H,eis&!6 ' U,eis&!V Noleti+oOL U,eis&!sV Nindi+id(!lesO H,eis&!s6M
,ir!##e H.ir!#!6 ' U,ir!##eV Noleti+oOL U,ir!##esV Nindi+id(!lesO H.ir!#!s6M ,lobe#is&
Herizo6 ' U,lobe#is&V Noleti+oOL U,lobe#is&esV Nindi+id(!lesO Herizos6M ,n( H)(6 '
U,n(V Noleti+oOL U,n(sV Nindi+id(!lesO H)(s6M ,o!t#is& H"2.ol6 ' U,o!t#is&V
Noleti+oOL U,o!t#is&esV Nindi+id(!lesO H"2.oles6M R,old#is& H%eeito ro.oL %ez de
olores6 ' UR,old#is&V Noleti+oOL UR,old#is&esV Nindi+id(!lesO H%eeitos ro.osL
%ees de olores6M ,reen#l' NGBO H%(l,3n6 ' U,reen#l'V NGB4 oleti+oOL
U,reen#liesV NGB4 indi+id(!lesO H%(l,ones6M ,ro(se H(ro,!llo NoO ,(!oL /(e.!6 '
U,ro(seV Noleti+o e indi+id(!lesO H(ro,!llos NoO ,(!os6L U,ro(sesV H(ro,!llos NoO
,(!os Nindi+id(!les4 GB4 "enos (s!doOL /(e.!s6M ,(!n!o H,(!n!o6 ' U,(!n!oV
Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL U,(!n!osV H,(!n!os6M &!ddo9 H!b!de.oL e,le#ino6 '
U&!ddo9V Noleti+oOL U&!ddo9sV Nindi+id(!lesO H!b!de.osL e,le#inos6M &!9e
H"erl(z!6 ' U&!9eV Noleti+oOL U&!9esV Nindi+id(!lesO H"erl(z!s6M &!lib(t
H&i%o,losoL &!lib(t6 ' U&!lib(tV Noleti+oOL U&!lib(tsV Nindi+id(!lesO H&i%o,lososL
&!lib(ts6M &!re Hliebre6 ' U&!reV Noleti+oOL U&!resVNindi+id(!lesO Hliebres6M &e!d
H!bez!6 ' U&e!dV H!bez!s Nde ,!n!doO6L U&e!dsV H!bez!s Nen todos los de"s
sentidosO6M &eron H,!rz! re!l6 ' U&eronV Noleti+oOL U&eronsV Nindi+id(!lesO H,!rz!s
re!les6M &errin, H!ren/(e6 ' U&errin,V Noleti+oOL U&errin,sV Nindi+id(!lesO
H!ren/(es6M &o,#is& Hesor%in!6 ' U&o,#is&V Noleti+oOL U&o,#is&esV Nindi+id(!lesO
Hesor%in!s6M &orse H!b!llo6 ' U&orseV Noleti+oO H!b!llerF! Ndel e.0ritoO6L
U&orsesV Nindi+id(!lesO H!b!llos6M &o+err!#t H!erodesliz!dor6 ' U&o+err!#tV
Noleti+oOL U&o+err!#tsV Nindi+id(!lesO H!erodesliz!dores6M &(ndred Hien6 ' UH!
#e7L se+er!lL 8L :L <L ?$ et1$6 &(ndred Nse,(ido o no de (n no"bre sin Uo#VOV
HH(nos %oosL +!riosL 8L :L <L ?$ et1$6 ientos6M ! o(%le o#L se+er!lL ! #e7L "!n'$
et1$ &(ndred Ndel!nte del no"bre sin Uo#V o (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto
%reedido de Qo#QOV H(n %!r deL +!riosL (nos %oosL "(&os$ et1$ ientos6L
UHse+enteenL ei,&teen$ et1$6 &(ndreds Nno se,(ido de (n no"breO Hsi,lo dieisieteL
dieio&o$ et1$ o dieisieteL dieio&o$ et1$ enten!s6M ! o(%le o#L se+er!lL so"eL !
#e7L #e7L "!n'L ! lot o#L t&o(s!nds o#$ et1$ &(ndreds Nse,(ido de Qo#Q si +! del!nte
del no"breOV H(n %!r deL +!riosL !l,(nosL (nos %oosL "(&osL l! "!r deL "iles
de$ et1$ ientos6M &(ndred7ei,&t H(nid!d de ;< ! <C 9,s6 ' U&(ndred7ei,&tV
N(!ndo +! %reedido de (n n2"ero o e-%resi3n /(e &!,! re#ereni! ! (n n2"eroO
H(nid!des de ;< ! <C 9,s6L U&(ndred7ei,&tsV N(!ndo no +! %reedido de (n
n2"ero o e-%resi3n /(e &!,! re#ereni! ! (n n2"eroO H(nid!des de ;< ! <C 9,s6M
ibis Hibis6 e UibisV Noleti+oOL UibisesV Nindi+id(!lesO Hibis6M i"%!l! Hi"%!l!6 e
Ui"%!l!V Noleti+oOL Ui"%!l!sV Nindi+id(!lesO Hi"%!l!s6M .ell'#is& H"ed(s!6 '
U.ell'#is&V Noleti+oOL U.ell'#is&esV Nindi+id(!lesO H"ed(s!s6M .innL d.inn LdinL Hser
sobren!t(r!lL ,enioL es%Frit( #!ntstio6 ' U.inns NoO .innL d.inns NoO d.innV Hseres
sobren!t(r!lesL ,eniosL es%Frit(s #!ntstios6M 9!n,!roo H!n,(ro6 ' U9!n,!rooV
Noleti+oOL U9!n,!roosV Nindi+id(!lesO H!n,(ros6M lion Hle3n6 ' UlionV Noleti+oOL
UlionsV Nindi+id(!lesO Hleones6M lobster Hl!n,ost!L bo,!+!nte6 ' UlobsterV Noleti+o4
"enos (s!doOL ' UlobstersV Noleti+o e indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO Hl!n,ost!sL
bo,!+!ntes6M l'n- Hline6 ' Ul'n-V Noleti+oOL Ul'n-esV Nindi+id(!lesO Hlines6M
"!9erel H!b!ll!6 ' U"!9erelV Noleti+oOL U"!9erelsV Nindi+id(!lesO H!b!ll!s6M
"!ll!rd H%!to sil+estre6 ' U"!ll!rdV Noleti+oOL U"!ll!rdsV Nindi+id(!lesO H%!tos
sil+estres6M "!rten H"!rt!6 ' U"!rtenV Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL U"!rtensV
Noleti+o e indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO H"!rt!s6M "illion H"ill3n6 ' UH8L 5CL <CL 8CC$
et1$ "illion Nse,(ido o no de (n no"bre sin Uo#VM se %(ede deir Q"illionQ detrs de
(n n2"ero !rdin!l si no +! del!nte del no"bre %ero si el no"bre sobreHe6ntendido
es de (nid!des "onet!ri!s &!' /(e %oner Q"illionsQM ! o(%le o#L se+er!lL ! #e7L
#e7L ! lot o#L "!n' "illion Ndel!nte del no"bre sin Uo#V o %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto %reedido de Qo#QOV H8L 5CL <CL 8CC$ et1L (n %!r deL +!riosL (nos %oosL
%oosL l! "!r deL "(&os$ et1$ "illones6L U! o(%le o#L se+er!lL so"eL ! #e7L #e7L
"!n'L ! lot o#L tens o#L &(ndreds o#$ et1$ "illions Nsin es%ei#i!r el n2"ero e-!to
' se,(ido de Qo#Q si +! del!nte del no"breOV H(n %!r deL +!riosL !l,(nosL (nos
%oosL %oosL "(&osL l! "!r deL deen!s deL ientos de$ et1$ "illones6M "in9
H+is3n6 ' U"in9V Noleti+oOL U"in9sV Nindi+id(!lesO H+isones6M "inno7 H%ez
%e/(e)o NoO %eeillo Nde l! #!"ili! de l!s !r%!sO6 ' U"inno7V Noleti+o4 "enos
(s!doOL U"inno7sV Noleti+o e indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO H%ees %e/(e)os NoO
%eeillos Nde l! #!"ili! de l!s !r%!sO6M "(llet Hs!l"oneteL "2.ol6 ' U"(lletV
Noleti+oOL U"(lletsV Nindi+id(!lesO Hs!l"onetesL "2.oles6M "(s9ell(n,eL
"!s9!lon,eL "!s9!non,e Hl(ioL sollo !"eri!no6 ' U"(s9ell(n,eL "!s9!lon,eL
"!s9!non,eV Noleti+oOL U"(s9ell(n,esL "!s9!lon,esL "!s9!non,esV
Nindi+id(!lesO Hl(iosL sollos !"eri!nos6M ostri& H!+estr(z6 ' Uostri&V Noleti+oOL
Uostri&esV Nindi+id(!lesO H!+estr(es6M %!ir H%!rL %!re.!6 ' U8L 5CL <CL 8CC$ et1$ %!ir
N"enos (s!doO Nno se %(ede (s!r si +! %reedido de (n !d.eti+oOL %!irs N"s (s!doOV
H8L 5CL <CL 8CC$ et1$ %!res6L Use+er!lL so"eL ! #e7L "!n'L ! lot o#L &(ndreds o#$
et1$ %!irs Nse,(ido de Uo#V si +! del!nte del no"breOV H+!riosL !l,(nosL (nos %oosL
"(&osL l! "!r deL ientos de$ et1$ %!res6M %!nd! H%!nd!6 ' U%!nd!V Noleti+oOL
U%!nd!sV Nindi+id(!lesO H%!nd!s6M %!nt&er H%!nter!6 ' U%!nt&erV Noleti+oOL
U%!nt&ersV Nindi+id(!lesO H%!nter!s6M %!rtrid,e H%erdiz6 ' U%!rtrid,eV Noleti+oOL
U%!rtrid,esV Nindi+id(!lesO H%erdies6M %e!o9 H%!+o re!l6 ' U%e!o9V Noleti+o4
"enos (s!doOL U%e!o9sV Nindi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO H%!+os re!les6M %e!r' Hs!FnoL
%e!rF6 ' U%e!r'V Noleti+oOL U%e!riesV Nindi+id(!lesO Hs!FnosL %e!rFes6M %enn'
H%eni/(e NGBOL ent!+o NUSAO6 ' U%enniesV H%eni/(es N"oned!s de (n %eni/(eO
NGBOL ent!+os N"oned!s de (n ent!+oO NUSAO6L U8L <L 5CL <C$ et1$ %ene NGBOV
H8L <L 5CL <C$ et1$ %eni/(es N(n! sol! "oned! de ese +!lorO66M en GB se %(ede deir
Q! #i+e %eneL %enn' st!"%QM !l,(n!s %erson!s en GB (s!n Q%eneQ %!r! el sin,(l!r
%ero indi!n !ntid!d de dinero$ no (n! "oned! de (n %eni/(e6M %er& H%er!6 '
U%er&V Noleti+oOL U%er&esV Nindi+id(!lesO H%er!s6M %&e!s!nt H#!isn6 '
U%&e!s!ntV Noleti+oOL U%&e!s!ntsV Nindi+id(!lesO H#!is!nes6M %&lo- L#lo9sL NGBO '
L#l!49sL NUSAO H%ole"onio6 ' U%&lo-V Noleti+oOL U%&lo-esV Nindi+id(!lesO
H%ole"onios6M %i9erel Hl(io %e/(e)oL sollo norte!"eri!no6 ' U%i9erelV
Noleti+oOL U%i9erelsV Nindi+id(!lesO Hl(ios %e/(e)osL sollos norte!"eri!nos6M
%i9e Hl(io6 ' U%i9eV Noleti+oOL U%i9esV Nindi+id(!lesO Hl(ios6M %ir!n&! H%ir!)!6 '
U%ir!n&!V Noleti+oOL U%ir!n&!sV Nindi+id(!lesO H%ir!)!s6M %l!ie H%l!ti.!6 ' U%l!ieV
Noleti+oO H%l!ti.!s6L U%l!iesV Nindi+id(!lesO H%l!ti.!s6M %oll!9 H,!do6 ' U%oll!9V
Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL U%oll!9sV Nindi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO H,!dos6M %o"%!no
Hs!l%!L %"%!no6 ' U%o"%!noV Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL U%o"%!nosV
Nindi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO Hs!l%!sL %"%!nos6M %or%oise H"!rso%!6 ' U%or%oiseV
Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL U%or%oisesV Noleti+o e indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO
H"!rso%!s6M %o(nd Hlibr! Nde %esoO6 ' U%o(nd Nolo/(i!lOL %o(nds Nestnd!rOV Non
el "is"o si,ni#i!doO Hlibr!s Nde %esoO N%ero (!ndo si,ni#i! Qlibr!s esterlin!sQ el
%l(r!l es Q%o(ndsQO6M %o(t H,!doL %ez ro!rido6 ' U%o(tV Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL
U%o(tsV Nindi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO H,!dosL %ees ro!ridos6M /(!il Hodorniz6 '
U/(!ilV Noleti+oOL U/(!ilsV Nindi+id(!lesO Hodornies6M r!bbit Hone.o6 ' Ur!bbitV
Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL Ur!bbitsV Noleti+o e indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO Hone.os6M
r!oon N"s (s!doO NoO r!oon N"enos (s!doO LreR9(4nL ' LrYR9(4nL H"!%!&e6 '
Ur!oon N"s (s!doO NoO r!oon N"enos (s!doOV Noleti+o4 "s (s!doOL Ur!oons
N"s (s!doO NoO r!oons N"enos (s!doOV Nindi+id(!les4 "enos (s!doO H"!%!&es6M
reindeer Hreno6 ' UreindeerV Noleti+o4 "s (s!doOL UreindeersV Nindi+id(!les4
"enos (s!doO Hrenos6M r&ino Nolo/(i!lO Hrinoeronte6 ' Ur&inoV Noleti+oOL
Ur&inosV Nindi+id(!lesO Hrinoerontes6M r&inoeros Hrinoeronte6 ' Ur&inoerosV
Noleti+oOL Ur&inoerosesV Nindi+id(!lesO Hrinoerontes6M rob!lo Hr3b!loL l(bin!6 '
Urob!loV Noleti+oOL Urob!losV Nindi+id(!lesO Hr3b!losL l(bin!s6M roe HorzHo$ !66 '
UroeV Noleti+oOL UroesV Nindi+id(!lesO Horzos$ !s6M s!l"on Hs!l"3n6 ' Us!l"onV
Noleti+oOL Us!l"onsV Nindi+id(!lesO Hs!l"ones6M s!rdine Hs!rdin!6 ' Us!rdineV
Noleti+oOL ' Us!rdinesV Nindi+id(!lesO Hs!rdin!s6M sore H+einten!6 ' U8L 5CL <CL
8CC$ et1$ sore Nse,(ido o no de (n no"bre sin Uo#VOV H8L 5CL <CL 8CC$ et1$
+einten!s6M U! o(%le o#L se+er!lL ! #e7L "!n' sore Ndel!nte del no"bre sin Uo#VOV
H(n %!r deL +!ri!sL (n!s %o!sL "(&!s +einten!s6L U! o(%le o#L se+er!lL so"eL !
#e7L #e7L "!n'L ! lot o#L &(ndreds o#$ et1$ sores Nse,(ido de Qo#Q si +! del!nte del
no"breOV H(n %!r deL +!ri!sL !l,(n!sL (n!s %o!sL %o!sL "(&!sL l! "!r deL
ientos de$ et1$ +einten!s6M se!l H#o!6 ' Use!lV Noleti+oOL Use!lsV Nindi+id(!lesO
H#o!s6M ser+!l Hser+!l6 ' User+!lV Noleti+oOL User+!lsV Nindi+id(!lesO Hser+!les6M
s&!d Hsb!lo6 ' Us&!dV Noleti+oOL Us&!dsV Nindi+id(!lesO Hsb!los6M s&ell#is&
H"!riso6 ' Us&ell#is&V Noleti+o4 "s (s!doOL Us&ell#is&esV Nindi+id(!les4 "enos
(s!doO H"!risos6M s&ri"% H,!"b!L l!n,ostino6 ' Us&ri"%V Noleti+oOL Us&ri"%sV
Nindi+id(!lesO H,!"b!sL l!n,ostinos6M s9(n9 H"o#et!6 ' Us9(n9V Noleti+o4 "enos
(s!doOL Us9(n9sV Noleti+o e indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO H"o#et!s6M s"elt He%erl!no6
' Us"eltV Noleti+oOL Us"eltsV Nindi+id(!lesO He%erl!nos6M sni%e H!,!&!diz!L
be!in! H!+e66 ' Usni%eV Noleti+oOL Usni%esV Nindi+id(!lesO H!,!&!diz!sL
be!in!s6M sole Hlen,(!do6 ' UsoleV Noleti+oOL UsolesV Nindi+id(!lesO Hlen,(!dos6M
s%rin,bo9 H,!el! Ndel s(r de n#ri!O6 ' Us%rin,bo9V Noleti+oOL Us%rin,bo9sV
Nindi+id(!lesO H,!el!s Ndel s(r de n#ri!O6M s/(id H!l!"!r6 ' Us/(idV Noleti+oOL
Us/(idsV Nindi+id(!lesO H!l!"!res6M s/(irrel H!rdill!6 ' Us/(irrelV Noleti+o4 "enos
(s!doOL Us/(irrelsV Noleti+o e indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO H!rdill!s6M st!, Hier+oL
+en!do6 ' Ust!,V Noleti+oOL Ust!,sV Nindi+id(!lesO Hier+osL +en!dos6M stone NGBO
H(nid!d de 5; libr!sL = 9,s ' %io6 ' UstoneV NGB4 (!ndo +! %reedido de (n
n2"ero o e-%resi3n /(e &!,! re#ereni! ! (n n2"eroO H(nid!des de 5; libr!sL = 9,s
' %io6L UstonesV NGB4 (!ndo no +! %reedido de (n n2"ero o e-%resi3n /(e &!,!
re#ereni! ! (n n2"eroO H(nid!des de 5; libr!sL = 9,s ' %io6M stor9 Hi,Xe)!6 '
Ustor9V Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL Ustor9sV Noleti+o e indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO
Hi,Xe)!s6M s7!n Hisne6 ' Us7!nV Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL Us7!nsV Noleti+o e
indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO Hisnes6M s7ine HerdoL ,(!rroL o&ino6 ' Us7ineV
HerdosL ,(!rrosL o&inos N!ni"!lesO6L Us7inesV HerdHos$ !s6L !n!ll!sL !bronHes$
!s6 N%erson!sO6M tenno H"i9!do6 ' UtennoV Noleti+oOL UtennosV Nindi+id(!lesO
H"i9!dos6M t&o(s!nd H"il6 ' U8L 5CL <CL 8CC$ et1$ t&o(s!nd Nse,(ido o no de (n
no"bre sin Uo#VOV H8L 5CL <CL 8CC$ et1$ "ilHes66M U! o(%le o#L se+er!lL ! #e7L #e7L
"!n'L ! lot o# t&o(s!nd Ndel!nte del no"bre sin Uo#V o (n %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto %reedido de Qo#QOV H(n %!r deL +!riosL (nos %oosL %oosL "(&osL l! "!r
de "iles6L U! o(%le o#L se+er!lL so"eL ! #e7L #e7L "!n'L ! lot o#L &(ndreds o#$
et1$ t&o(s!nds Nse,(ido de Qo#Q si +! del!nte del no"breOV H(n %!r deL +!riosL
!l,(nosL (nos %oosL %oosL "(&osL l! "!r deL ientos de$ et1$ "iles6M ti,er
Hti,re6 ' Uti,erV Noleti+oOL Uti,ersV Nindi+id(!lesO Hti,res6M ton Htonel!d!6 ' U8L 5CL
<CL 8CC$ et1L se+er!lL ! #e7$ et1$ ton NoO tonsV H8L 5CL <CL 8CC$ et1L +!ri!sL (n!s
%o!s$ et1$ tonel!d!s6L Utons o# 111V N(!ndo QtonsQ no +! %reedido de (n n("er!l o
!d.eti+o inde#inidoO Htonel!d!s de 1116M tortoise Htort(,!6 ' UtortoiseV Noleti+o4
"enos (s!doOL UtortoisesV Noleti+o e indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO Htort(,!s6M tro(t
Htr(&!6 ' Utro(tV Noleti+oOL Utro(tsV Nindi+id(!lesO Htr(&!s6M t(n! H!t2n6 ' Ut(n!V
Noleti+oOL Ut(n!sV Nindi+id(!lesO H!t(nes6M t(rbot Hrod!b!llo6 ' Ut(rbotV Noleti+oOL
Ut(rbotsV Nindi+id(!lesO Hrod!b!llos6M t(rtle Htort(,! N"!rin!O6 NGBOL tort(,! Ni
tortoise ' Ut(rtleVO NUSAO6 ' Ut(rtleV Noleti+oOL Ut(rtlesV Nindi+id(!lesO Htort(,!s
N"!rin!sO6 NGBOL tort(,!s Ni tortoises ' Ut(rtlesVO NUSAO6M 7!terb(9 H9obo6 '
U7!terb(9V Noleti+oOL U7!terb(9sV Nindi+id(!lesO H9obos6M 7!ter#o7l H!+e
!(ti!6 ' U7!ter#o7lV Noleti+oOL U7!ter#o7lsV Nindi+id(!lesO H!+es !(ti!s6M
7e!sel Ho"!dre.! N!(ti!O6 ' U7e!selV Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL U7e!selsV
Noleti+o e indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO Ho"!dre.!s N!(ti!sO6M 7&!le Hb!llen!6 '
U7&!leV Noleti+oOL U7&!lesV Nindi+id(!lesO Hb!llen!s6M 7&ite#is& Hest(ri3n bl!no6
' U7&ite#is&V Noleti+oOL U7&ite#is&esV Nindi+id(!lesO Hest(riones bl!nos6M 7ild
Rbo!r H.!b!lF6 ' U7ild Rbo!rV Noleti+o4 "enos (s!doOL U7ild Rbo!rsV Noleti+o e
indi+id(!les4 "s (s!doO H.!b!lFes6M R7ildebeest H)(6 ' UR7ildebeestV Noleti+oOL
UR7ildebeestsV Nindi+id(!lesO H)(s6M R7ild#o7l H!+e de !z!6 ' UR7ild#o7lV
Noleti+oOL UR7ild#o7lsV Nindi+id(!lesO H!+es de !z!6M 'o9e H'(nt! Hde b(e'es6 '
U'o9eVL U'o9esV H'(nt!s Nde b(e'esO6M zebr! Hebr!6 ' Uzebr!V Noleti+oOL Uzebr!sV
Nindi+id(!lesO Hebr!s6M zoL z&oL dzo H'! Ndel TFbet r(z!do on +!!O6 ' UzoL z&oL
dzoV Noleti+oOL UzosL z&osL dzosV Nindi+id(!lesO H'!s Ndel TFbet r(z!dos on
+!!sO6$ et1 N D1 :1@18CO E.14 Ee is si- #ootL #eet t!ll Hl "ide H!%ro-i"!d!"ente6 (n
"etro o&ent!6M :CC &e!d o# !ttleL s&ee%L o-enL ,!"e H:CC !bez!s de ,!n!do
+!(noL ,!n!do o+inoL b(e'esL !ni"!les de !z!6M I s!7 t7o d(9s HDi dos %!tos6M
Ee s&oots d(9 e+er' 7ee9end Hl dis%!r! ! los %!tos !d! #in de se"!n!6M S&e &!s
! #is& in &er #is&bo7l HEll! tiene (n %ez en l! %eer!6M T&ere 7ere "!n' #is& in t&e
ri+er HE!bF! "(&os %ees en el rFo6M T&ere !re t&ree &o+err!#tHs6 HE!' tres
!erodesliz!dores6M in t&e ei,&teen &(ndreds Hen el si,lo KDIII6M Ten &(ndreds !re !
t&o(s!nd HDiez enten!s sonL &!en (n "ill!r6M #o(r &(ndred7ei,&t H(!tro
(nid!des de ;< ! <C 9,s6M Ee 7ei,&s #i+e stone t&ree H%o(nds6 NGBO Hl %es!
setent! ' tres libr!s6M so"e stoneHs6 H!l,(n!s (nid!des de 5; libr!sL = 9,s ' %io6$
#i+e tonHs6 o# s(,!r Hino tonel!d!s de !z2!r6$ tons o# &ool!teL "one'L %eo%leL
7or9$ et1 H"ontones de &ool!teL dineroL ,enteL e"%leos$ et16$ #i+e 'o9eHs6 o#
o-en Hino '(nt!s de b(e'es6$ et1
P!r! el %eso de l!s %erson!s en GB se (s! QstonesQ ' Q%o(ndsQ$ "ientr!s /(e en
USA se (s! s3lo Q%o(ndsQ1
Los n("er!les Qbillion$ dozen$ &(ndred$ "illion$ %!ir$ t&o(s!ndQ ' QsoreQ %(eden ir
%reedidos de (n n2"ero !rdin!l ' se,(idos o no de (n no"bre sin Uo#VM el
no"bre %(ede re#erirse ! (nid!des "onet!ri!s o noM se (s!n "(&o1 E.14 !L one
N"!'or %reisi3nO billion H(n bill3n6$ t7o billion H%eo%le6 Hdos billones NGBOL "il
"illones NUSAO Hde %erson!s66$ ten dozen He,,s6 Hdiez doen!s Hde &(e+os66$ t&ree
!nd ! &!l# dozenL t&ree dozen !nd ! &!l# NGBO Htres doen!s ' "edi!6$ t&ree &(ndred
Hboo9s6 Htresientos libros6$ #i+e &(ndred He(rosL %o(ndsL doll!rs$ et16 H/(inientHos$
!s6 He(rosL libr!sL d3l!res$ et166$ se+en &(ndred H'e!rs6 Hseteientos H!)os66$ ei,&t
"illion He(rosL %o(ndsL doll!rs$ et16 Ho&o "illones Hde e(rosL libr!sL d3l!res$ et16M
Ee li+ed to be t&ree sore 'e!rs !nd ten Hl +i+i3 &!st! los ?C !)os6$ et1
Los n("er!les Qbillion$ dozen$ &(ndred$ "illion$ %!ir$ t&o(s!ndQ ' QsoreQ %(eden ir
%reedidos de deter"in!ntes o "odi#i!dores no e-!tos o"o Q! o(%le o#L
se+er!lL ! #e7L #e7L "!n'Q ' se,(idos o no de (n no"bre en %l(r!l sin Uo#VM %(eden
re#erirse ! (nid!des "onet!ri!s o noM Qbillion$ dozen$ &(ndred$ "illion$ t&o(s!ndQ
%(eden ir t!"bi0n se,(idos de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto %reedido de Qo#QM se
(s!n "(&o de l!s dos #or"!s1 E.14 #e7 billion Hdoll!rs6 Nr!roO H%oos "iles de
"illones Hde d3l!res66$ #e7 billion o# (s Nr!roO H%oos "iles de "illones de
nosotros6$ se+er!l dozen H+!ri!s doen!s6$ ! #e7 dozen He,,s6 H(n!s %o!s doen!s
Hde &(e+os66M Eo7 "!n' dozen He,,s6 does s&e 7!ntT HW*(nt!s doen!s Hde
&(e+os6 /(iere ell!T6M ! dozen o# (s H(n! doen! de nosotrHos$ !s66$ ! #e7 &(ndred
H'e!rs6 Nestnd!rO H(nos %oos de ientos Hde !)os66$ "!n' &(ndred Hje7s6 H"(&os
ientos Hde .(dFos66M Eo7 "!n' &(ndred Hdoll!rs6 does s&e 7!ntT HW*(ntos ientos
Hde d3l!res6 /(iere ell!T6M se+er!l "illion HT'role!ns6 H+!rios "illones Hde tiroleses
H' tiroles!s66$ ! #e7 "illion H!ni"!ls6 Nestnd!rO H(nos %oos "illones Hde
!ni"!les66$ ! o(%le o# t&o(s!nd H%!,es6 Nestnd!rO H(n %!r de "iles Hde %,in!s66$
se+en t&o(s!nd H'e!rs6 Hsiete "il H!)os66$ ! o(%le o# t&o(s!nd HUr(,(!'!ns6 H(n
%!r de "iles Hde (r(,(!'os H' (r(,(!'!s66$ se+er!l t&o(s!nd !ses H+!rios "iles de
!sos6$ se+er!l &(ndredL "illionL t&o(s!nd o# t&e" H+!rios ientosL "illonesL "iles
de ellos6M ! o(%le o#L se+er!lL ! #e7L #e7L "!n' h sore H!ses6 H(n %!r deL +!ri!sL
(n!s %o!sL %o!sL "(&!s +einten!s Hde !sos61
Los n("er!les Qbillions$ &(ndreds$ "illions$ %!irs$ t&o(s!ndsQ ' soresQ %(eden ir
%reedidos de (n n2"ero !rdin!l ' se,(idos o no de (n no"bre sin Uo#VM el
no"bre tiene /(e re#erirse ! (nid!des "onet!ri!s$ %ero se (s!n %oo !sF1 E.14 #i+e
&(ndreds Ho# e(rosL %o(ndsL doll!rs$ et16 Hino %!/(etesL #!rdos de /(inientHos$
!s6 He(rosL libr!sL d3l!res$ et166$ ei,&t "illions Ho# e(rosL %o(ndsL doll!rs$ et16
Ho&o %!/(etesL #!rdos de (n "ill3n Hde e(rosL libr!sL d3l!res$ et16$ nine t&o(s!nds
Ho# e(rosL %o(ndsL doll!rs$ et16 Hn(e+e %!/(etesL #!rdos de "il Hde e(rosL libr!sL
d3l!res$ et166$ %ero no se %(ede deir Qnine t&o(s!nds Ho# &!irs6Q1
Los n("er!les Qbillions$ dozens$ &(ndreds$ "illions$ %!irs$ t&o(s!ndsQ ' QsoresQ
%(eden ir %reedidos o no de deter"in!ntes o "odi#i!dores no e-!tos o"o Q!
o(%le o#L se+er!lL so"eL ! #e7L #e7L "!n'L ! lot o# Hh "ore Nestnd!rOL #e7er
Nestnd!rOL less N+(l,!rO6Q ' se,(idos o no de (n no"bre on Uo#VM %(eden re#erirse
! (nid!des "onet!ri!s o no1 E.14 dozens Ho# Nno s(%ri"irO S7edes6 Hdoen!s Hde
s(eos H' s(e!s666$ dozens Ho# Nno s(%ri"irO ti"es6 Hdoen!s Hde +ees66M T&e'
sold dozens o# Nno s(%ri"irO boo9sL boo9s b' t&e dozen HDendieron doen!s de
libros6M T&ere 7ere so"e dozens o# Nno s(%ri"irO treesL T&ere 7ere trees b' t&e
dozen HE!bF! !l,(n!s doen!s de rboles6M Eo7 "!n' dozens Ho# Nno s(%ri"irO
e,,s6 does s&e 7!ntT HW*(nt!s doen!s Hde &(e+os6 /(iere ell!T6M T&e' !rri+ed in
Ht&eir6 dozens HLle,!ron %or doen!s6M &(ndreds o# Sots Nestnd!rOL Sots"en
Nestnd!rOL Sot&"en Nr!roO Hientos de esoeses6$ &(ndreds o# t&o(s!ndsL ti"es
Hientos de "ilesL +ees6M S&e &e!rd &(ndreds o# &ildrenL &ildren b' t&e &(ndred
HEll! o'3 ! intos de ni)os6M ! #e7 &(ndreds o# bottles Nr!roO H(nos %oos ientos de
botell!s6M Eo7 "!n' "ore &(ndreds o# doll!rs does s&e 7!ntT HW*(ntos "s
ientos de d3l!res /(iere ell!T6M T&e' s!7 &(ndreds o# %olie o##iersL T&e' s!7
%olie o##iers b' t&e &(ndred HDieron ! ientos de !,entes de %oliF!6M ItZs 7ort&
&(ndreds Ho# %o(nds6 HD!le ientos Hde libr!s6M Ee s!7 "illions o# %eo%leL %eo%le
b' t&e "illion Hl +io ! "illones de %erson!s6M ! #e7 "illions o# !ni"!ls Nr!roO
H(nos %oos "illones de !ni"!les6M ! o(%le o# t&o(s!nds o# %!,es Nr!roO H(n %!r de
"iles de %,in!s6M A lot o# t&o(s!nds !rri+ed HLle,!ron "(&os "iles6M S&e sold
&(ndreds o# t&o(s!nds o# o%iesL o%ies b' t&e &(ndred t&o(s!nd HEll! +endi3
ientos de "iles de o%i!s6M "!n' t&o(s!nds o# Denez(el!ns H"(&os "iles de
+enezol!nos H' +enezol!n!s66M T&ere !re sores o# %eo%le HE!' "(&Fsi"!L
"ontones de ,ente6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ los n("er!les Ubillions$ dozens$ &(ndreds$ "illions$ %!irs$ t&o(s!nds$
soresV$ no %(eden ir %reedidos de U! o(%le o#L se+er!lL ! #e7L #e7L "!n'L ! lot
o#V (!ndo +!n se,(idos de U"ore Nestnd!rOL #e7er Nestnd!rOL less N+(l,!rOV '
se,(idos o no de (n no"bre sin Uo#V1 E.14 T&ere !re &(ndreds "ore Nestnd!rOL
#e7er Nestnd!rOL less N+(l,!rO trees HE!' ientos de rboles "sL "enos6$ %ero sF se
%(ede deir Qse+er!l "ore "illions o# doll!rsQ N%or/(e Q"oreQ +! del!nte de
Q"illionsQ$ no detrsO H+!rios "illones "s de d3l!res61
QSo"eQ %(ede ir se,(ido de Qbillion$ dozen$ &(ndred$ "illion$ t&o(s!ndQ$ h no"bre
en %l(r!l no %reedido de Qo#Q1 E.14 so"e &(ndred +isitors H(nos Ni
!%ro-i"!d!"enteO ien +isit!ntes61
L!s %!l!br!s Q9ind o#L sort o#L t'%e o#Q$ del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l$ tienen dos
%l(r!les4 (no on l! ter"in!i3n Is en in,l0s liter!rio ' otro on l! "is"! #or"! /(e
el sin,(l!r en in,l0s olo/(i!lM en in,l0s +(l,!r se %(ede (s!r Q9ind o#L sort o#L t'%e
o#Q$ %reedido de Qt&eseQ o Qt&oseQ ' del!nte del no"bre en %l(r!lM Qt&isL t&!t h
9indL sortL t'%e o#Q h no"bre en %l(r!l +! se,(ido de (n +erbo en sin,(l!r en in,l0s
liter!rio$ %ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l %(ede ir en %l(r!l t!"bi0n1 E.14 T&is 9ind o# tr!in
is #!st HEst! l!se de tren es r%ido6 ' UT&ese 9inds o# tr!ins !re #!stV HEst!s l!ses
de trenes son r%idos6$ T&ese 9ind N+(l,!rO o# tr!ins !re #!st HEst!s l!ses de trenes
son r%idos6M T&is 9ind o# tr!ins is Nliter!rioOL !re Nolo/(i!lO #!st HEst! l!se de
trenes es r%id!L son r%idos6 NoO Tr!ins o# t&is 9ind !re #!st N%!r! e+it!r el
%roble"!O HTrenes de est! l!se son r%idos6M T&!t sort o# bottle is (se#(l HEs! NoO
A/(ell! l!se de botell! es 2til6 ' UT&ose sorts o# bottles !re (se#(lV HEs!s NoO
A/(ell!s l!ses de botell!s son 2tiles6$ T&ose sort N+(l,!rO o# bottles !re (se#(l
HEs!s NoO A/(ell!s l!ses de botell!s son 2tiles6M T&!t sort o# bottles is Nliter!rioOL !re
Nolo/(i!lO (se#(l HEs! NoO A/(ell! l!se de botell!s es 2tilL son 2tiles6 NoO Bottles o#
t&!t sort !re (se#(l N%!r! e+it!r el %roble"!O HBotell!s de es! l!se son 2tiles6M
Bottles o# t&isL t&!t 9indL sortL t'%e !re (se#(l N(!ndo Q9indL sortL t'%eQ +!n detrs
de Qo#Q tienen /(e ir %reedidos de Qt&isL t&!tQ ' no de Qt&eseL t&oseQO HL!s botell!s
de est!L es! l!seL esteL ese ti%o son 2tiles6$ et1 D1:18C$ 5C18@
Sin e"b!r,o$ %reedidos de l! %!l!br! Q!llQ o del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r
#or"!n el %l(r!l !)!diendo l! ter"in!i3n Is en in,l0s liter!rio e in,l0s olo/(i!l1
E.14 !ll 9indsL sortsL t'%es o# tr!ins Htod!s l!s l!sesL todos los ti%os de trenes6$
t&eseL t&ose 9indsL sortsL t'%es o# bottle Hest!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s l!sesL estosL esos
NoO !/(ellos ti%os de botell!6$ et1
Los no"bres /(e tienen l! "is"! #or"! %!r! el sin,(l!r ' el %l(r!l +!n on (n
+erbo en sin,(l!r si se re#iere ! (no$ ' on (n +erbo en %l(r!l si se re#iere !l
oleti+o1
*2+ Aa algunos nombres 'ue pueden usarse en singular, los 'ue van en
primer lugar, en plural, los 'ue van en segundo lugar detr!s de ;<, con un
significado parecido o distinto1 E.14 !,e Hed!dL er!6 ' UA,esV Hed!d6M !ir H!ireL
bris!6 ' U!irsV H!ires Nde ,r!ndez!OL "od!les6M !nn!l H!n!l6 ' U!nn!lsV H!n!les6M
!r&i+e H!r&i+o6 ' U!r&i+esV H!r&i+os6M !s& Heniz!L #resno6 ' U!s&esV Heniz!sL
#resnos6M !sset H+ent!.!6 ' U!ssetsV H!ti+oL bienes6M br!in Herebro6 ' Ubr!insV
HerebroL l("brer!L inteli,eni!6M bo7el Hintestino6 ' Ubo7elsV HintestinosL
entr!)!s6M o""on H!"%o o"2nL e.ido6 ' Ut&e *o""onsV Hlos "ie"bros de Hl!
*"!r! de6 los *o"(nes6M on,r!t(l!tion H#eliit!i3n6 ' Uon,r!t(l!tions
Nestnd!rOL on,r!ts Nolo/(i!lOV Hen&or!b(en!L #eliit!iones6M Rontent N"enos
(s!doO Hontenido %ero UonRtentV Hs!tis#e&o NoO ontento N!d.eti+oOL ontent!r
N+erboOV6 ' URontentsV N"s (s!doO HontenidoL s("!rioL Fndie de "!teri!s6M
o%%er Hobre6 ' Uo%%ersV NGBO H%eni/(esL "oned!s de obre6M dis& H#(enteL %l!to6
' Udis&esV H%l!tos6M do9 Hdrsen!L "(elleL !l"!0n %ort(!rio6 ' Udo9sV Hdrsen!sL
"(ellesL !l"!enes %ort(!rios6M e"ber Hbr!s!L !s(!6 ' Ue"bersV H!s(!sL br!s!sL
resoldo6M #ee H!ntid!dL s("! de dineroL %reio6 ' U#eesV H!ntid!dL s("! de
dineroL %reioL &onor!rios6M #(nd H#ondoL !(d!l6 ' U#(ndsV H#ondos6M ,lo+e H,(!nte6
' U,lo+esV H,(!ntes6M &!ndleb!r N"enos (s!do4 +erbo en sin,(l!rO H"!nill!r6 '
U&!ndleb!rsV N"s (s!do4 +erbo en %l(r!l %rini%!l"enteO H"!nill!r6M letter H!rt!L
letr!6 ' UlettersV H!rt!sL letr!s6M t&eL &isL &erL s(& li9e Ht!l os!L os! i,(!lL otrHo$ !6
i,(!lL otrHos$ !s6 %or el estiloL otrHos$ !s6 de ese .!ez6 ' Ut&e li9esV H%erson!s !sFL
,ente %or el estiloL ,(stosL %re#ereni!sL si"%!tF!sL os!s %redilet!s6M lod,in,
H!lo.!"ientoL &os%ed!.e6 ' Ulod,in,sV H%ensi3nL &!bit!i3n !l/(il!d!6M t&e "!in
NUSAO Hl! !)erF!L l! t(berF! %rini%!lL l! t(berF! de distrib(i3n6 ' Ut&e "!insV
NGBO Hl! !)erF!L l! t(berF! %rini%!lL l! t(berF! de distrib(i3n6M "!tter H"!teri!L
!s(ntoL (esti3n6 ' U"!ttersV H!s(ntosL os!s6M "in(te H"in(toL !t! en U"in(te
boo9V Hlibro de !t!s66 ' U"in(tesV H!t!L "in(tos6M n(tr!9er H!s!n(ees6 '
Un(tr!9ersV NGBO H!s!n(ees6M o!t N"enos (s!doO HHl! %l!nt! de l!6 !+en!6 '
Uo!tsV N"s (s!doO H!+en! Nen %l!nt!L en ,r!noL %!r! o"erOL o%os de !+en!6M
o+er!ll Hb!t!L t2ni!6 ' Uo+er!llsV H"onoL %eto6M %!rti(l!r Hdet!lleL %or"enorL d!to6
' U%!rti(l!rsV Hdet!lles6M s!+in, H!&orro6 ' Us!+in,sV H!&orros6M s%!de Hes%!d!L %i!
Nde !rt!sO6 ' Us%!desV Hes%!d!sL %i!s Nde !rt!sO6M st!ir Hes!l3nL %eld!)oL es!ler!
estre&!6 ' Ust!irsV Hes!ler!s6M s7eet H!r!"eloL d(le6 ' Us7eetsV H,olosin!sL
bo"bonesL d(lesL d(lz(r!s6M troo% Htro%! Nde e-%lor!doresOL es(!dr3n Nde
!b!llerF!OL o"%!)F!L tro%el NoO "!s! Nde %erson!sO6 ' Utroo%sV Htro%!s Nde
sold!dosOL sold!dosL &o"bres de tro%!6M tro%i HHlFne! del6 tr3%io6 ' Ut&e tro%isV
Hzon! tro%i!lL los tr3%ios Nzon! entre Qt&e Tro%i o# R*!nerQ Hel tr3%io de
*ner6 ' Qt&e Tro%i o# R*!%riornQ Hel tr3%io de *!%riornio6O6M +it(!l N"enos
(s!doO H+F+eresL %ro+isiones6 ' U+it(!lsV N"s (s!doO H+F+eresL %ro+isiones6M 7!,e
N"enos (s!doO Hs(eldoL s!l!rio6 ' U7!,esV N"s (s!doM +erbo en %l(r!l e-e%to en
QT&e 7!,es o# sin is de!t&QO Hs(eldoL %!,!L s!l!rio6M 7it N"enos (s!doO Hin,enioL
inteli,eni!6 ' U7itsV N"s (s!doO Hin,enioL inteli,eni!6M 7ood H"!der!L bos/(e6 '
U7oodsV Hbos/(e61 E.14 t&e !to"i !,e Hl! er! !t3"i!6$ t&e Middle A,es Hl! Ed!d
Medi!6$ in t&e !nn!ls o# "ilit!r' &istor' Hen los !n!les de &istori! "ilit!r6M I 7ent to
ons(lt t&e !r&i+es HF(i ! ons(lt!r los !r&i+os6M Ee is t&e br!ins o# t&e #!"il' Hl
es el erebroL l! l("brer! de l! #!"ili!6M EeZs ,ot br!ins Hl tiene erebroL es
inteli,ente6M S&e &!s lots o# 9it&en lot&s HEll! tiene "(&osL l! "!r de tr!%osL
%!)os de oin!6M T&e e"bers !re &ere HL!s !s(!sL br!s!s estn !/(FL El resoldo
est !/(F6M "e"bers&i% #eeHs6 H(ot! de soio6M re,istr!tion #eeHs6 HH%reio de6
"!trF(l!6M Ee is r!isin, #(nds Hl est re!(d!ndoL re(niendo #ondos6M T&e' &!+e
,(ts HTienen !,!ll!s6M &e!ds or t!ils H!r! o r(z6M Ee is ! "!n o# letters Hl es (n
&o"bre de letr!sL esritorL liter!to6M Re!d t&e "in(tes o# t&e "eetin, HLee el !t! de
l! re(ni3n6M Ee too9 Ht&e6 "in(tes Hl le+!nt3 Hel6 !t!6M It too9 t7o "in(tes HLle+3
dos "in(tos6M rolled o!ts Ho%os de !+en!6$ t&e en.o'"ent o# ri&es Hel dis#r(te de l!
ri/(ez!6M T&is "e!ns ! s!+in, o# so"e doll!rs HEsto /(iere deir (n !&orro de
!l,(nos d3l!res6M Eer s!+in,s !re in t&is bo- HS(s !&orros estn en est! !.!6M T&e
troo%s donZt &!+e eno(,& #ood HL!s tro%!s no tienen s(#iiente o"id!6M t7ent'
troo%s H+einte sold!dos6$ ! d!'Zs 7!,es H(n .orn!l6M S&e li+es b' &er 7its HEll! +i+e
de s( in,enio6M T&e' 7ent #or ! 7!l9 in t&e 7oods HF(eron ! d!r (n %!seo %or el
bos/(e61
*2+ E!' nombres de plantas !rboles 'ue$ o"o !l,(nos %.!ros o !+es$ %ees '
"!"F#eros$ %(eden (s!rse indi+id(!l"ente o oleti+!"enteM si se usan
individualmente pueden ir en singular en plural, pero, si se usan
colectivamente, tienen la misma forma para el singular el plural$ !(n/(e
(!ndo estn (s!dos en %l(r!l en sentido oleti+o se re#ieren ! todo el ,r(%o ' +!n
on (n +erbo en %l(r!lM "(&!s %l!nt!s tienen (n! sol! #or"! %!r! el sin,(l!r ' el
%l(r!l ' e+it!n el %roble"! de los %l(r!les de los no"bres lsios !(n/(e %(eden
(s!rse nor"!l"ente en sentido indi+id(!l t!"bi0n1 E.14 T&is !t(s is not d!n,ero(s
HEste !t(s no es %eli,roso6M T&e #ield 7!s #(ll o# !t(s HEl !"%o est!b! lleno de
!t(sL !tos6M S&e lo+es t&is n!riss(s HA ell! le en!nt! este n!riso6M T&e %!r9
7!s o+ered 7it& 7ild n!riss(s HEl %!r/(e est!b! (bierto on n!risos s!l+!.es6M
t&ese t&ree edel7eiss Hest!s tres estrell!sL #lores de nie+e6M O!9 !nd bee& 7ere
t!9in, t&e %l!e o# 7illo7 !nd el" HRobles ' &!'!s est!b!n o(%!ndo el sitio de los
s!(es ' los ol"os6M s/(!s& NUSAO H!l!b!z!6 ' Us/(!s& NUSAOL s/(!s&es NUSAOV
H!l!b!z!s61
*-+ Aa una serie de nombres 'ue se usan solamente en plural con el
significado dadoM !si todos +!n on (n +erbo en %l(r!lM los /(e +!n %reedidos de
H! %!ir o#6 en est! list! +!n on +erbo en sin,(l!r$ si lle+!n Q! %!ir o#Q del!nte$ ' en
%l(r!l$ si no +!n %reedidos de Q! %!ir o#Q4 !ntis N+erbo en %l(r!lO H%!'!s!d!s6$ t&e
!nti%odes N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hl!s !ntF%od!s6$ t&e Anti%odes NGB4 +erbo en %l(r!lO
HA(str!li! ' N(e+! [el!nd!6$ t&e !r"ed #ores N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hl!s #(erz!s
!r"!d!s6$ !r"s N+erbo en %l(r!lO H!r"!s6$ !rre!rs N+erbo en %l(r!lO H!tr!sos6$
!(s%ies N+erbo en %l(r!lO H!(s%iios6$ b!9ed be!ns N+erbo en sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lO
H!l(bi!s oid!s6$ b!nns Ho# "!rri!,e6 N+erbo en %l(r!lO H!"onest!iones
"!tri"oni!les6$ belon,in,s N+erbo en %l(r!lO H%erteneni!sL ob.etos N%erson!lesO6$ H!
%!ir o#6 bino(l!rs Hbino(l!resL %ris"tiosL ,e"elos6$ H! %!ir o#6 br!es NGBOL
s(s%enders NUSAO Htir!ntes6$ H! %!ir o#6 brie#s H!lzonillosL br!,!s6$ i+il ri,&ts
N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hdere&os i+iles6$ H! %!ir o#6 li%%ersL li%s Hort!2)!sL ti.er!s de
%od!rL "!/(inill! N%!r! ort!r el %eloO6$ lot&es L9lo(SzL N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hro%!L
+estidos6$ olo(rs NGBL olors NUSAO N+erbo en %l(r!lM (!ndo si,ni#i! UoloresV
tiene el sin,(l!r Uolo(r NGBL olor NUSAOV Holor6O Hb!nder!L est!nd!rte6$ o"in,s
!nd R,oin,s N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hlle,!d!s ' s!lid!s6$ H! %!ir o#6 o"%!sses Ho"%s6$ H!
%!ir o#6 ords H%!nt!lones de %!n!6$ H! %!ir o#6 ord(ro's H%!nt!lones de %!n!6$
(sto"s N+erbo en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM (!ndo si,ni#i! Uost("bresV +! on +erbo en
%l(r!l ' tiene el sin,(l!r U(sto"V Host("bre6 on +erbo en sin,(l!rO H!d(!n!6$ H!
%!ir o#6 di+iders Ho"%s de %(nt!s #i.!s6$ do"inoes N+erbo en sin,(l!rO Hdo"in3
N.(e,oO6$ H! %!ir o#6 dr!7ers Nr!roO H!lzones6$ dre,s N+erbo en %l(r!lO H%ososL restosL
esori!6$ H! %!ir o#6 d(n,!rees H"onoL %!nt!l3n de %etoL %etoL H%!nt!lones6 +!/(eros
NUSAO6$ e!rnin,s N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hin,resosL ,!n!ni!sL bene#iios6$ e!t!bles N+erbo
en %l(r!lO Ho"estibles6$ eletris NGB4 +erbo en %l(r!lO Hl! inst!l!i3n el0tri!L el
siste"! el0trio6$ entr!ils N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hentr!)!sL +Fser!sL "en(dos6$ #!ilities
N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hinst!l!iones6$ #!ees N"enos (s!doOL #ees NUSA4 "s (s!doO
N+erbo en %l(r!lO H&eesL e-re"entos6$ H! %!ir o#6 #ield ,l!sses H%ris"tiosL
bino(l!res6$ #indin,s N+erbo en %l(r!lO H#!llo N+ereditoOL onl(sionesL
reo"end!iones6$ #ire7or9s N+erbo en %l(r!lO H#(e,os !rti#ii!lesL +irt(osis"oL
tri#(l!L %eloter!6$ H! %!ir o#6 #l!nnels H%!nt!l3n de #r!nel!6$ #orei,n !##!irs N+erbo en
%l(r!lO H!s(ntos e-teriores6$ Fren& #ried %ot!toes NoO HFren&6 #ries NUSAO N+erbo
en %l(r!lO H%!t!t!s #rit!s6$ H! %!ir o#6 ,l!ssesL s%et!les N(!ndo Us%et!lesV
si,ni#i! Ues%et(losV tiene el sin,(l!r Us%et!leV Hes%et(lo6OL s%es
Nolo/(i!lOL e'e,l!sses NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H,!#!sL lentes6$ ,oods N+erbo en
%l(r!lO H!rtF(losL "er!nF!s6$ ,reens N+erbo en %l(r!lO H+erd(r!s6$ ,(ts N+erbo en
%l(r!lO H!,!ll!sL +!lorL resisteni!6$ &e!d%&ones N+erbo en %l(r!lO H!(ri(l!resL
!sos6$ &ono(rs NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onors NUSAO N+erbo en %l(r!lO H"!trF(l!
de &onorL lieni!t(r! NGBO6$ ind(stri!lL %(bli rel!tions N+erbo en %l(r!lO
Hrel!iones l!bor!lesL %2bli!s6$ in+erted o""!s N+erbo en %l(r!lO Ho"ill!s6$ irons
H!den!sL ,rillosL ,rilletes6$ H! %!ir o#6 .e!ns HH%!nt!lones6 +!/(eros6$ H! %!ir o#6
9ni9ers Hbr!,!s6$ le!ds LledzL N+erbo en %l(r!lO He"%lo"!do6$ loo9s N+erbo en
%l(r!lO Hbellez!6$ t&e M!,i N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hlos Re'es M!,os6$ "!n!les N+erbo en
%l(r!lO Hes%os!sL ,rillos6$ "!nners N+erbo en %l(r!lM (!ndo si,ni#i! U"!ner!sV
tiene el sin,(l!r U"!nnerV H"!ner!6O H"od!les6$ "or!ls N+erbo en %l(r!lO H"or!lL
0ti!6$ "o+!bles N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hbienes "(ebles6$ "(nitions N+erbo en %l(r!lO
H"(niiones6$ n!t(r!l reso(res N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hre(rsos n!t(r!les6$ n(%ti!ls
N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hn(%i!sL es%ons!les6$ n(ts !nd bolts N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hdet!lles
eseni!les6$ odds N+erbo en %l(r!lO H%rob!bilid!desL %osibilid!des6$ odds !nd ends
N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hret!lesL !&i+!&esL &(&erF!sL tr!stos +ie.osL os!s s(elt!s6$
odds !nd sods NGBOL bits !nd %iees N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hos!sL brt(losL %ed!zosL
trozos6$ orders N+erbo en %l(r!lO H3rdenes s!,r!d!s6$ o(ts9irts N+erbo en %l(r!lO
H!#(er!sL !lrededores6$ o+erRse!s N+erbo en %l(r!lO H(ltr!"!rL el e-tr!n.ero6$ %!ins
N+erbo en %l(r!lO H"olesti!L es"eroL es#(erzoL dolores6$ %!irs N+erbo en %l(r!lO
Hdobles Nde%orteO6$ H! %!ir o#6 %!nt!loons H%!nt!lones bo"b!&os6$ H! %!ir o#6
%!nties H%!ntisL "edi!s6$ H! %!ir o#6 %!nts H!lzonillos NGBO ' %!nt!lones NUSAO6$ H!
%!ir o#6 %iners Hten!z!s6$ H! %!ir o#6 %liers H!li!tes6$ %ools NGBO N+erbo en %l(r!lO
H/(iniel!s6$ %re"ises Hlo!lHes6L est!blei"ientoHs6L edi#iioHs66$ %roeedin,s N+erbo
en %l(r!lM "enos (s!do t!"bi0n en sin,(l!rM (!ndo +! %reedido del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do +! en sin,(l!rO H!toL re(ni3nL de"!nd!L !t!sL "edid!s6$ %roeeds
N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hlo re!(d!doL lo s!!do6$ %ro%s HHelL (n6 &o"bre de los !esorios
Nen (n te!troL !esoriosO6$ %ros H!nd ons6 N+erbo en %l(r!lO H%ros Ni +ent!.!sO6 H'
ontr!s66$ %(bli rel!tions N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hrel!iones %2bli!s6$ H! %!ir o#6 %'.!"!s
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %!.!"!s NUSAO4 L% I Rd !4" ezL NGBO$ L%eRd!4"ezL o
L% eRd Y" ezL NUSAO H%i.!"!6$ /(!rters N+erbo en %l(r!lO H+i+iend!L !lo.!"ientoL
(!rtel6$ re,!rds N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hre(erdosL s!l(dos6$ re"!ins N+erbo en %l(r!lO
Hrestos6$ ri&es N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hri/(ez!L ri/(ez!s6$ ro!d 7or9s N+erbo en %l(r!lO
Hobr!s6$ H! %!ir o#6 s!les Nnor"!l"ente %ero %(ede ir t!"bi0n sin l! Is en sin,(l!rO
Hb!l!nz!6$ H! %!ir o#6 sissors Hti.er!s6$ sr!%s N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hsobr!sL
des%erdiios6$ H! %!ir o#6 s&e!rs Hti.er!s ,r!ndes6$ H! %!ir o#6 s&orts H%!nt!lones
ortos6$ slee%ers NUSAO HositoL %elele6$ sn(##ers N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hdes%!bil!dor!s6$
s%ei#is Hdet!lles NoO !s%etos onretos6$ s%irits N+erbo en %l(r!lO HlioresL ni"oL
&("or6$ H! %!ir o#6 ste%s NGBO N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hes!ler! Nde "!noL ti.er!O6$ sti9s
N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hobst(losL l! *o&in&in!L l!s B!t(e!s6$ str!ins HsonL
o"%sHes66$ str!its N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hestre&eesL !%(ros Neon3"iosO6$ s(ds
N+erbo en %l(r!lO H.!bon!d(r!sL es%("! de .!b3nL !,(! .!bonos!6$ s(rro(ndin,s
N+erbo en %l(r!lO H!lrededoresL entornoL !"biente6$ s7ee%in,s N+erbo en %l(r!lO
Hb!rred(r!sL &eesL esori!L b!s(r!6$ t&!n9s N+erbo en %l(r!lO H,r!i!s6$ t&e!tri!ls
N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hte!tro Hde !#iion!dos6$ H! %!ir o#6 ti,&ts H"edi!sL "!ll!Hs6L tr!.e de
"!ll!L leot!rdoHs6L %!nt!l3n !.(st!do6$ ti"%!ni N+erbo en %l(r!lO HtF"%!nosL
ti"b!les6$ H! %!ir o#6 ton,s Hten!z!sL ten!ill!s6$ H! %!ir o#6 tro(sers H%!nt!l3nL
%!nt!lones6$ H! %!ir o#6 tr(n9s Hb!)!dorL tr!.e de b!)o6$ H! %!ir o#6 t7eezers H%inz!s6$
H! %!ir o#6 (nder%!nts NUSAO H!lzonillos6$ (%Rst!irs N+erbo en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lO Hel
%iso s(%eriorL de !rrib!6$ +!l(!bles N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hob.etos de +!lor6$ +i!nds
N+erbo en %l(r!lO H"!n.!res He-/(isitos66$ +o!l ords N+erbo en %l(r!lO H(erd!s
+o!les6$ 7eeds N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hro%! de l(to Nde +i(d!O6$ 7&is9ers N+erbo en
%l(r!lO H%!till!sL bi,otes6$ in t&e 7ilds Nno %(ede &!er de s(.etoO Hen el /(into %ino6$
7or9s N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hobr!s Ni !ionesOL obr!s Hde in,enierF!6L "e!nis"o6$
7ritin,s N+erbo en %l(r!lO Hobr!s Hesrit!s66$ et1 E.14 T&e' sell !r"s HDenden !r"!s6M
&er %erson!l belon,in,s Hs(s ob.etos %erson!les6M B!9ed be!ns is ! ,ood dis&L !re
,ood HL!s !l(bi!s oid!s es (n b(en %l!toL son b(en!s6M Eis br!es !re o+er t&ere
HS(s tir!ntes estn !llF6M T&is is t&e (sto"s d(t' Hste es el dere&oL i"%(esto de
!d(!n!Hs66M (sto"s o##ii!l Ho#ii!l de !d(!n!6M Eis e!rnin,s !re not eno(,& to li+e
Hon6 HS(s in,resos no son s(#iientes %!r! +i+ir6M T&ese ,reens !re ,ood HEst!s
+erd(r!s son b(en!s6M T&e le!ds LledzL !re stron, HEl e"%lo"!do es #(erte6M Mor!ls
!re ,ood HL! "or!lL 0ti! es b(en!6M T&e n(%ti!ls !re o"%(lsor' HLos es%ons!lesL
L!s n(%i!s son obli,!toriHos$ !s66M T&!tZs !ll 'o( ,et #or 'o(r %!ins HAsF te %!,!n l!
"olesti!6M S&e t!9es onsider!ble %!ins to e-%l!in it HEll! %one "(&o es"eroL
es#(erzo en e-%li!rlo6M T&e %ools NGBO !re !n entert!in"ent HL!s /(iniel!s son (n
entreteni"iento6M T&e %re"ises !re bi, HLos lo!les son ,r!ndesL El lo!l es
,r!nde6M T&e %roeeds !re eno(,& HLo re!(d!doL s!!do es s(#iiente6M T&e %ro%s
!re &ere HEl &o"bre de los !esorios Hen (n te!troL !esorios6 est !/(F6M t&e
ser+!ntsZ /(!rters Hel !lo.!"iento de los ri!dos6M 7inter /(!rters H(!rtel de
in+ierno6M Ind(stri!lL P(bli rel!tions !reL is Nest t!"bi0n bien %or/(e el !trib(to
est en sin,(l!r ' el +erbo %(ede onord!r on el s(.eto o el !trib(toO !n i"%ort!nt
ele"ent HL!s rel!iones l!bor!lesL %2bli!s son (n ele"ento i"%ort!nte6M A %!ir o#
sissors is (se#(l HUn %!r de ti.er!s es 2til6M >&ere !re t&e sissorsT HWD3nde estn
l!s ti.er!sT6M T&e sissors !re &ere HL!s ti.er!s estn !/(F6M Sr!%s !re e+er'7&ere
HL!s sobr!sL Los des%erdiios Nen ,ener!lO estn %or tod!s %!rtes6M S%irits !re
e-%ensi+e HLos liores Nen ,ener!lO son !ros6M T&e s%irits !re !bsent HEl ni"oL
&("or est !(sente6M S&e ne+er drin9s s%irits HEll! n(n! bebeL to"! liores6M Ee is
in &i,& s%irits Hl tiene "(&o ni"oL est "(' !ni"!doL est de "(' b(en
&("or6M T&e ste%s NGBO !re &ere HL! es!ler! de ti.er! N/(e se "!ntiene sol! %or/(e
se !bre !sF4 AO est !/(F6M Sti9s !re b!d HLos obst(los Nen ,ener!lO son "!los6M
t&e str!ins o# ! #l(te Hel son de (n! #l!(t!6M T&e str!ins !re ri,&t HEl sonL o"%s es
orreto6M Str!its !re b!d HLos !%(ros Neon3"iosOL L!s estre&ees son "!lHos$
!s66M S7ee%in,s !re (seless HL!s b!rred(r!sL &ees Nen ,ener!lO no sir+en %!r!
n!d!L L! esori!L L! b!s(r! Nen ,ener!lO no sir+e %!r! n!d!6M T&e 7or9s !re needed
HSe neesit!n l!s obr!s N!ionesOL obr!s Nde in,enierF!O6M T&e 7or9s !re (se#(l HEl
"e!nis"o es 2til6$ et1
E-isten !l,(nos de estos no"bres /(e se (s!n en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l o"o
ont!bles on otro si,ni#i!do1 E.14 !r"Hs6 Hbr!zoHs66$ br!eHs6 H!br!z!der!Hs6L
berbi/(FHs66$ li%%erHs6 HlF%erHs6 Nb!roO6$ olo(rHs6 NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olorHs6
NUSAO HolorHes6L oloridoHs6L ti"breHs66$ o"%!ssHes6 Hbr2.(l!Hs66$ ord H%!n!6$
ord(ro' H%!n!6$ (sto"Hs6 Host("breHs66$ di+iderHs6 H"!"%!r!Hs6L se%!r!dorHes66$
do"inoHs6L do"inoHes6 NUSAO H#i&!Hs6 de do"in36 ' Udo"inoHes6V Hdo"in3Hs6 Ni
dis#r!esL "s!r!Hs6L !%!Hs6O6$ dr!7erHs6 H!.3nHes6L libr!dorHes6L dib(.!nteHs66$
#!ilit'L #!ilities H#!ilid!dHes66$ #indin,Hs66 Hdes(bri"ientoHs66$ #ire7or9Hs6
Hdis%ositi+oHs6 %irot0nioHs6L o&eteHs66$ #l!nnelHs6 H#r!nel!L to!llit!Hs66$ ,l!ssHes6
H+!soHs6L rist!lHes66$ ,ood HbienL bene#iio6$ ,reenHs6 H+erdeL el Holor6 +erdeL los
Holores6 +erdes6$ ,(tHs6 HintestinoHs6L %!nz!6$ &ono(rHs6 NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
&onorHs6 NUSAO H&onorHes6L se)orF!Hs66$ ironHs6 H&ierroHs6L %l!n&!Hs66$ le!dHs6
LledHz6L Hsond!Hs6L %lo"oHs6 Hde !)! de %es!r6L "in!Hs6 Hde l%iz66$ loo9Hs6
H"ir!d!Hs6L !r!L !ireL i"!,en6$ "!nnerHs6 H"!ner!Hs6L "odoHs66$ "or!l H"or!le.!6$
orderHs6 HordenHes6L %edidoHs66$ %!inHs6 H%en!L dolorHes66$ %!irHs6 H%!rHes6L %!re.!Hs66$
%inerHs6 H%inz!Hs66$ %lierHs6 H,erenteHs66$ %oolHs6 H&!r!Hs6L &!roHs6L est!n/(eHs6L
onsorioHs6L reser+!Hs66$ %re"iseHs6 NoO %re"issHes6 H%re"is!Hs66$ %ro%Hs6 H!%o'oHs6
NoO sost0nHes6L %e3nHes6L %(nt!lHes6L &0lieHs6L %il!rHes66$ %roHs6 H%ro#esion!lHes6L
instr(torHes66$ /(!rterHs6 H(!rtoHs6 H(!rt!Hs6 %!rteHs66L b!rrioHs66$ re,!rdHs6
H"ir!d!Hs6L !s%etoHs6L onsider!i3nHes66$ s!leHs6 Hes!l!Hs6L es!"!Hs6L s!rro6$
sr!%Hs6 H%ed!itoHs6L troitoHs6L %iz!Hs6L %ele!Hs6L ri)!Hs66$ slee%erHs6 Hliter!Hs6L
o&eHs6 !"!L tr!+ies!Hs6 Hde +F! #0rre!66$ s%ei#iHs6 Hes%eF#ioHs6
N#!r"!0(tioHs6O os!Hs6 es%eF#i!Hs66$ s%et!leHs6 Hes%et(loHs66$ s%iritHs6
Hes%Frit(Hs66$ ste%Hs6 H%!soHs6L es!l3nHes66$ sti9Hs6 H%!loHs6L b!st3nHes6L tFoHs66$
str!inHs6 Htensi3nHes6L tored(r!Hs6L es,(ineHs6L +!ried!dHes6L r!z!Hs6L tonoHs6L
estiloHs66$ str!itHs6 Hestre&o6$ s(s%enderHs6 Hli,!Hs6 NGBOL s(s%endedorHes6 NUSAO6$
tr(n9Hs6 HtronoHs6L tro"%!Hs6L b!2lHes6L "!leteroHs6 Hde o&e66$ 7&is9erHs6 H%eloHs6
Nde l! b!rb!O6$ in t&e 7ild Hle.os de l! i+iliz!i3nL en libert!dL en s( &bit!t n!t(r!l6$
7or9Hs6 Htr!b!.oHs6L obr!Hs6 Nde !rteL de ons(lt!O6$ 7ritin, Hesrit(r!L liter!t(r!L letr!
NGBO61 E.14 I &!+e ! %!in in "' b!9 HTen,o (n dolor en l! es%!ld!6M Sto"!& %!ins
!re b!d HLos dolores de est3"!,o son "!los6$ et1
Al,(nos de estos no"bres %(eden ir t!"bi0n en sin,(l!r &!iendo l! #(ni3n de
!d.eti+os del!nte del no"bre1 E.14 ! %'.!"! %!rt' H(n! #iest! en %i.!"!6$ tro(ser
b(ttons Hbotones de %!nt!l3n6$ et1 D1 ;1;8
Todos los no"bres /(e +!n %reedidos de H! %!ir o#6 en l! list! +!n on (n +erbo en
%l(r!l$ si +!n solos sin U! %!ir o#V del!nteM ! +ees$ se (s!n on l!s %erF#r!sis Q! %!ir
o#Q on el +erbo en sin,(l!r ' Ut7o %!irs o#L t&ree %!irs o#V$ et1$ on el +erbo en
%l(r!l ' se &!en ont!blesM todos los /(e +!n %reedidos de H! %!ir o#6 %(eden
&!erloM los de"s %(eden ! +ees ir %reedidos de U! %!ir o#V$ %ero '! no es (n!
(nid!d sino +!ri!s1 E.14 A %!ir o# bino(l!rs is eno(,& HUn %!r de bino(l!resL
%ris"tiosL ,e"elos es s(#iiente6M t7o %!irs o# ,l!sses Hdos %!res de ,!#!sL
lentes6$ ten %!irs o# .e!ns Hdiez %!res de +!/(eros6$ t&ree %!irs o# %iners Htres %!res
de ten!z!s6$ #o(r %!irs o# %!nts H(!tro %!res de %!nt!lones6$ #i+e %!irs o# %liers
Hino %!res de !li!tes6M A %!ir o# s!les is &e!+' HUn! b!l!nz! es %es!d!6M A %!ir o#
s&orts is 'o(rs HUn %!r de %!nt!lones ortos es Hel6 t('o6M T&ere is ! %!ir o# s&e!rs in
t&!t bo- HE!' (n %!r de ti.er!s ,r!ndes en es!L !/(ell! !.!6M A %!ir o# s%et!les is
"issin, HF!lt! (n %!r de ,!#!sL lentes6M #i+e %!irs o# Nno s(%ri"irO tro(sers Hino
H%!res de6 %!nt!lones6$ et1
T!"bi0n %(eden ir %reedidos de Qso"eQ1 E.14 mo( need so"e ne7 br!esL brie#sL
lot&esL 9ni9ersL ,l!ssesL &e!d%&onesL .e!nsL %!nt!loonsL %!ntiesL %!ntsL %liersL
%'.!"!sL %(bli rel!tionsL sissorsL s&e!rsL s&ortsL sn(##ersL ti,&tsL ton,sL tro(sersL
t7eezersL (nder%!ntsL 7eeds HNeesit!s (nos tir!ntesL (nosL (nos !lzonillos NoO
(n!s br!,!sL !l,o de ro%!L (n!s br!,!sL (n!s ,!#!sL (nos !(ri(l!resL (nos +!/(erosL
(nos %!nt!lonesL (n!s "edi!sL (nos %!nt!lones$ et1$ n(e+oHs6$ !Hs661
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo detrs de los no"bres /(e %(eden ir %reedidos de Q! %!ir o#Q
+! otr! or!i3n$ bien '(-t!%(est!$ bien oordin!d! o s(bordin!d!$ s(ele %onerse en
%l(r!l t!nto el %rono"bre o"o el +erbo de l! or!i3n %osterior1 E.14 S&e tried ! %!ir
o# ,l!sses$ b(t t&e' 7ere too s"!ll HEll! %rob3 (n %!r de ,!#!s$ %ero er!n de"!si!do
%e/(e)!s6M Ee bo(,&t ! %!ir o# tro(sers 7&i& 7ere too lon, Hl o"%r3 (n %!r de
%!nt!lones /(e er!n de"!si!do l!r,os61
A(n/(e %oo #re(ente"ente$ !l,(nos de estos no"bres %(eden ir t!"bi0n en
sin,(l!r en in,l0s +(l,!r$ %ero esto no es reo"end!ble %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes1 E.14 ! %!nt NUSAO H(n %!nt!l3nL (n %!r de %!nt!lones6$ !
sissors H(n!s ti.er!s6$ et1
A +ees$ %(eden ir %reedidos de l! %!rtF(l! Use+er!lV ' se &!en ont!blesM +!n
on +erbo en %l(r!l1 E.14 se+er!l b!9ed be!nsL b!nns o# "!rri!,eL belon,in,sL
bino(l!rsL br!es NGBO ' Us(s%endersV NUSAOL li%%ers NoO li%sL lot&esL
o"%!ssesL di+idersL t7eezers H+!ri!s !l(bi!s oid!sL !"onest!iones
"!tri"oni!lesL %erteneni!sL +!rios ob.etos N%erson!lesOL bino(l!res$ %ris"tios
NoO ,e"elosL tir!ntesL ort!()!s NoO ti.er!s de %od!r NoO "!/(inill!s N%!r! ort!r el
%eloOL !rtF(los de ro%!L o"%!sesL o"%!ses de %(nt!s #i.!sL +!ri!s %inz!s6$ et1
T!"bi0n %(eden ir$ !(n/(e %oo #re(ente"ente$ %reedidos del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do h (n no"bre !d.eti+!do1 E.14 ! ,!rden s&e!rs H(n!s ti.er!s de .!rdFn6$
! (rlin, ironsL ton,s H(n!s ten!ill!s %!r! riz!r el %elo6$ et1
*3+ Aa nombres de %uegos, enfermedades, asignaturas, organi)aciones,
cuando se consideran como un todo, algunas ciudades terminadas en 5s,
su4b+stancias, etc., 'ue se usan en plural van con un verbo en singular1 E.14
!eron!(tis HHl!6 !eron(ti!6$ !eroIo%tis HHl!6 !ero3%ti!6$ Al,iers HAr,el6$ !"ends
Hen"iend!Hs6L o"%ens!i3nHes6L re%!r!i3nHes66$ !n!est&etis NGBM en USA se die
Q!nest&esiolo,'QO HHl!6 !nestesi! Nieni!O6$ !stron!(tis HHl!6 !stron(ti!6$
!stro%&'sis HHl!6 !stro#Fsi!6$ At&ens HAten!s6$ Rbeestin,sL Rbiestin,sL Rbe!stin,s
NUSAO H!lostro6$ billi!rds Hbill!r6$ bio!eron!(tis HHl!6 bio!eron(ti!6$ bionis Hl!
bi3ni!6$ biono"is Hl! bioHlo,F! ' l! eo6no"F!6$ bio%&'sis Hl! bio#Fsi!6$ bo7ls
NGBO H.(e,o de l!s bo&!sL boli&e6$ Br(ssels HBr(sel!s6$ i+is HHl!6 ed(!i3n
F+i! NoO Hel6 i+is"o6$ 'bernetis HHl!6 ibern0ti!6$ l!ssis Hlsi!s Ni est(dios
lsiosO6$ d!rts Hlos d!rdos6$ di!betes HHl!6 di!betes6$ do"inoes Hel do"in3 N.(e,oO6$
dr!(,&ts NoO &e/(ers NGBOL &e9ers NUSAO HH.(e,o de6 l!s d!"!s6$ dre,s H&ez NoO
&eesL %ososL restosL esori!6$ e!rnin,s Hin,resosL ,!n!ni!sL bene#iios6$
eletrote&nis HHl!6 eletroteni!6$ eletrot&er!%e(tis HHl!6 eletroter!%0(ti!6$
e(r&'t&"isL e(r't&"is NUSA %rini%!l"enteO HHl!6 ,i"n!si! rFt"i!6$ #i+es H.(e,o
%!reido !l tenis6$ Fl!nders HFl!ndes6$ Ger"!n "e!sles HHl!6 r(b0ol! NRe!l
A!de"i!OL r(beol!6$ #loristis Hl! #lorFsti!6$ &edonis Hl! &ed3ni! Ni ieni! del
%l!erO6$ &e(ristis HHl!6 &e(rFsti!6$ in#or"!tis Ni in#or"!tion sieneO
Hin#or"ti!6$ lo,o%!edis NGB %rini%!l"enteOL lo,o%edis NUSAO HHl!6 lo,o%edi!6$
"!roeono"is HHl!6 "!roeono"F!6$ L'ons HLi3n6$ M!rseilles HM!rsell!6$
"e!lsHI6onHI67&eels Hser+iio de o"id! ! do"iilio6$ "iroeono"is HHl!6
"iroeono"F!6$ "iroeletronis HHl!6 "iroeletr3ni!6$ "iro%&'sis HHl!6
"iro#Fsi!6$ "ol!sses HHl!6 "el!z!6$ N!%les HN%oles6$ ne7s HHl!s6 notii!s6$
nine%ins Hlos bolosL el .(e,o de bolos6$ n("is"!tis HHl!6 n("is"ti!6$ obstetris
HHl!6 toolo,F!L obstetrii!6$ ort&o%tis HHl!6 ort3%ti!6$ t&e o(tIo#Idoors NUSAO Hl!
n!t(r!lez!L el !ire libre6$ %!edi!tris NGBOL %edi!tris NUSA %rini%!l"enteO HHl!6
%edi!trF!6$ %!tristis HHl!6 %!trFsti!6$ %ed!,o,is HHl!6 %ed!,o,F!6$ %eriodontis HHl!6
%eriodontolo,F!L %eriodoni!6$ %&onetis HHl!6 #on0ti!6$ %ole"is HHl!6 %ol0"i!
NU%ole"isV H%ol0"i!s6 %(ede ir on +erbo en %l(r!l (!ndo es el %l(r!l de
U%ole"iVO6$ %o- HHl!6 sF#ilisL +ir(el!6$ r!bies HHl!6 r!bi!6$ robotis HHl!6 rob3ti!6$
s!rdines NUSAO HHel .(e,o del6 esondite6$ se"!ntis HHl!6 se"nti!6$ s&in,les
H&er%esL (lebrill!6$ s9ittles Hlos bolosL el .(e,o de bolos6$ sl'boots H%illHo$ !6L zorrHo$
!66$ str!te,is HHl!6 estr!te,i!6$ tetonis HHl!6 tet3ni!6$ tiddl'7in9s Hel .(e,o de l!s
%(l,!s6$ t&e United N!tions HOr,!niz!tion6 Hl! ONU6$ >!les Hel %!Fs de G!les6$ et1
E.14 Ee "!de e+er'L !ll %ossible !"ends Hl &izo tod!s l!s en"iend!s %osibles6M t&e
dre,s o# &("!nit'L soiet' Hl! esori! de l! &("!nid!dL soied!d6M >&!t ti"e is t&e
ne7s toni,&tT HWA /(0 &or! son l!s notii!s est! no&eL &o' %or l! no&eT6M T&e
United N!tions !%%ro+es t&e %l!n HL!s N!iones Unid!s !%r(eb!n el %l!n6M N!%les
is in t&e so(t& o# It!l' HN%oles est en el s(r de It!li!6$ et1
*6+ Aa nombres de enfermedades, asignaturas, actividades, etc., 'ue se usan
en plural pueden ir"
!6 Nor"!l"ente con un verbo en singular$ (!ndo se re#ieren ! lo /(e se entiende
(!ndo esos no"bres estn en sin,(l!r en !stell!noM l! tr!d(i3n en !stell!no
orres%onde ! este si,ni#i!do1
b6 Qenos frecuentemente con un verbo en plural (!ndo se re#ieren ! !s%etos$
e.eriios$ !r!terFsti!s$ %roble"!s$ !ti+id!des ' d!tos onernientes ! es!s
%!l!br!s1 E.14 !o(stis HHl!6 !2sti!6$ !rob!tis HHl!6 !rob!i!6$ !ero!o(stis HHl!6
!ero!2sti!6$ !erob!llistis HHl!6 !erob!lFsti!6$ !erob!tis HHl!6 !rob!i! !0re!6$
!erobis Nno es lo "is"o /(e Qr&'t&"i ,'"n!stis HHl!6 ,i"n!si! rFt"i!6O HHl!6
H,i"n!si!6 !er3bi!6$ !erod'n!"is HHl!6 !erodin"i!6$ !ero"e&!nis HHl!6
!ero"eni!6$ !erost!tis HHl!6 !erostti!6$ !erot&er"od'n!"is HHl!6
!eroter"odin"i!6$ !est&etis NGB %rini%!l"enteOL est&etis NUSAO HHl!6 est0ti!6$
!t&letis HHel6 !tletis"o6$ !+ionis HHl!6 !+i3ni!6$ b!llistis HHl!6 b!lFsti!6$ bioet&is
N+erbo en sin,(l!r (!ndo es Ubio0ti! H#ilos3#i!6V N"s (s!doO ' +erbo en %l(r!l
(!ndo es Ubio0ti! H"or!l6V N"enos (s!doOO$ !llist&enis NGBOL !list&enis
NUSAO HHl!6 !listeni!6$ er!"is N+erbo en sin,(l!r (!ndo es QHl!6 er"i!Q '
+erbo en %l(r!l (!ndo es Qlos ob.etos de er"i!L l!s er"i!sQO$ di!letis HHl!6
di!l0ti!6$ did!tis HHl!6 didti!6$ dietetis HHl!6 diet0ti!6$ dr!"!tis HHel6 te!tro6$
eono"is HHl!6 eono"F!6$ eletrod'n!"is HHl!6 eletrodin"i!6$ eletro9inetis
HHl!6 eletroin0ti!6$ eletro"e&!nis HHl!6 eletro"eni!6$ eletron o%tis HHl!6
3%ti! eletr3ni!6$ eletronis HHl!6 eletr3ni!6$ eletrost!tis HHl!6 eletroestti!6$
er,oRno"is HHl!6 er,ono"F!6$ et&is N+erbo en sin,(l!r (!ndo es QHl!6 0ti!
H#ilos3#i!6Q ' +erbo en %l(r!l (!ndo es QHl!6 0ti! H"or!l NoO de (n! deisi3n6QO$
,enetis HHl!6 ,en0ti!6$ ,r!%&is N+erbo en sin,(l!r (!ndo si,ni#i! Qdise)o
,r#ioL dib(.o line!lQ ' +erbo en %l(r!l (!ndo si,ni#i! Q,r#iosL ,r#i!sL
l(los "!te"tiosQO$ ,'"n!stis HHl!6 ,i"n!si!6$ &istrionis HHl!6 te!tr!lid!d6$
&'dr!(lis N+erbo en sin,(l!r (!ndo si,ni#i! QHl!6 &idr(li!Q ' +erbo en %l(r!l
(!ndo si,ni#i! Qel siste"! &idr(lioQO$ lin,(istis HHl!6 lin,XFsti!6$ lo,istis HHl!6
lo,Fsti!6$ "!t&e"!tisL "!t&s NGB4 olo/(i!lOL "!t& NUSA4 olo/(i!lO HHl!s6
"!te"ti!s6$ "e&!nis HHl!6 "eni!6$ "et!%&'sis HHl!6 "et!#Fsi! Nieni!O6$
obstetris HHl!6 obstetrii!L toolo,F!6$ ono"!stis HHl!6 ono"sti!6$ o%tis HHl!6
3%ti!6$ ort&odontis Hortodoni!6$ ort&o%!edis NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ort&o%edis
NUSAO Horto%edi!6$ %&'sis HHl!6 #Fsi!6$ %oetis H%o0ti! N!rteO6$ %olitis HHl!6
%olFti!6$ %r!,"!tis HHl!6 %r!,"ti!6$ st!tistis HHl!6 est!dFsti!6$ st'listis HHl!6
estilFsti!6$ t!tis N+erbo en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 tti! H"ilit!r6 ' Ut!tiV N+erbo en
sin,(l!rO Ntti! Ni %l!nOL t!tis N+erbo en %l(r!lO Htti!s Ni %l!nesO6$ t&eoretis
HHl!6 teorF!L te3ri!6$ t&er"od'n!"is HHl!6 ter"odin"i!6$ et1 E.4 T&e !o(stis o#
t&is %l!e !re ,ood HL!s !r!terFsti!s !2sti!sL Los !s%etos !2stios de este
l(,!r son b(enos6M At&letis is &er #!+o(rite NGBOL #!+or ite NUSAO s%ort HEl
!tletis"o es s( de%orte %re#erido6M At&letis !re e!s'L #(n Nen este sentido l! (tiliz!n
s3lo los %ro#esion!lesM los no %ro#esion!les dirF!n Q!t&leti e-erisesL s%ortsQO HLos
e.eriios de !tletis"oL de%ortes son #ilesL di+ertidos6M Eono"is is +it!l
no7!d!'s HL! eono"F! es +it!l &o' en dF!L !t(!l"ente6M T&e eono"is o#
tod!'Zs 7orld !re i"%ort!nt HLos !s%etos eon3"ios del "(ndo !t(!lL de &o'
son i"%ort!ntes6M Genetis is !d+!nin, HL! ,en0ti! est !+!nz!ndo6M T&e ,enetis
!re enor"o(s HL!s !r!terFsti!s ,en0ti!s son enor"es6M G'"n!stis is #(n HL!
,i"n!si! es di+ertid!6M T&e ,'"n!stis !re ! bit di##i(lt HLos e.eriios de
,i"n!si!L ,i"nstios son (n %oo di#Files6M Lo,istis is neess!r' HL! lo,Fsti! es
nees!ri!6M T&e lo,istis !re terrible HLos %roble"!s lo,Fstios son terribles6M
Me&!nis is st(died HSe est(di! "eni!6M T&e "e&!nis o# t&is "!tter !re
o"%le- HLos !s%etos %rtios de este !s(nto son o"%le.os6M Politis is so
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL li9e t&is Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL li9e t&!t Nolo/(i!l4 "s
(s!doO HL! %olFti! es !sF6M *o"%!n' %olitis !re not le!r HL!s !ti+id!des %olFti!s
de l! o"%!)F! no estn l!r!s6M St!tistis is not e!s' HL! Hieni! de l!6 est!dFsti!
no es #il6M T&e st!tistis Nel %l(r!l de Qst!tistiQO !re de%ressin, HL!s est!dFsti!s Ni
los d!tos est!dFstiosO son de%ri"entes6$ %ero UT&is st!tisti is on#(sin,V HEst!
est!dFsti! Ni d!to est!dFstioO es on#(s!6$ et1
U*os"etisV Hos"0ti! NoO os"0tios6 +! on (n +erbo en %l(r!l %or/(e es el
%l(r!l de Uos"etiV Nno"bre ' !d.eti+oO Hos"0tio61
*8+ Aa nombres 'ue pueden ir con un verbo en singular o en plural sin
diferencia de significado4 t&e B!&!"!s Nen sin,(l!r si se +e o"o (n todo ' en
%l(r!l si no se +e o"o (n on.(ntoO Hl!s B!&!"!s6$ t&e bends N"s (s!do on
+erbo en sin,(l!rO Hl! en#er"ed!d del b(zoL de deso"%resi3n6$ !rds H!rt!s6$
,!llo7s HHl!6 &or!6$ &!e"orr&oids NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &e"orr&oids NUSAO
H&e"orroides6$ &i(%s Hel &i%o6$ &i+es N"s (s!do on +erbo en sin,(l!rO Hl!
(rti!ri!6$ &'steris N"s (s!do on +erbo en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 &isteri!6$ "e!sles N"s
(s!do on +erbo en sin,(l!rO HHel6 s!r!"%i3n6$ "e7s H!b!lleriz!s6$ t&e Middle
A,es Hl! Ed!d Medi!6$ "("%s N"s (s!do on +erbo en sin,(l!rO HHl!s6 %!%er!s6$
t&e Net&erl!nds Nen sin,(l!r si se +e o"o (n todo ' en %l(r!l si no se +e o"o (n
on.(ntoO HEol!nd! Ni los P!Fses B!.osO6$ t&e P&ili%%ines Nen sin,(l!r si se +e o"o
(n todo ' en %l(r!l si no se +e o"o (n on.(ntoO HFili%in!s6$ ri9ets N"s (s!do
on +erbo en sin,(l!rO HHel6 r!/(itis"o6$ s&!"bles N%(ede ir on (n +erbo en
sin,(l!r en GB ' USA o en %l(r!l en GBO HHel6 !osL des"!dreL des/(iio6$ s%!des
HHl!s6 es%!d!s6$ tidin,s HHl!s6 notii!sL n(e+!s6$ t&e United St!tes Nen sin,(l!r si se
+e o"o (n todo ' en %l(r!l si no se +e o"o (n on.(ntoO HEst!dos Unidos6$
+it(!ls Nr!roM "s (s!do on +erbo en %l(r!lO H+F+eresL %ro+isiones6$ 7&ere!bo(ts
HHel6 %!r!dero6$ et1 E.14 E'steris is N"s (s!doOL !re b!d HL! &isteri! es "!l!6M
Me!sles is N"s (s!doOL !re not ! +er' serio(s dise!se HEl s!r!"%i3n no es (n!
en#er"ed!d "(' ,r!+e6M Ri9ets is N"s (s!doOL !re ! %roble" o# n(trition HEl
r!/(itis"o es (n %roble"! de n(trii3n6M T&e %l!e is ! s&!"bles HEl l(,!r es (n
!osL des"!dreL des/(iio6M S%!des isL !re tr("%s HL!s es%!d!s son tri(n#o6M T&e
United St!tes Ho# A"eri!6 isL !re interested in t&is HLos Est!dos Unidos de
A"0ri! estn interes!dos en esto6M T&e +it(!ls !re N"s (s!doOL is eno(,& HLos
+F+eresL L!s %ro+isiones son s(#iientes61
*9+ El plural de los nombres de origen extran%ero se forma de distintas
maneras"
*+ E!' nombres latinos o griegos 'ue forman el plural como en lat(n o griego1
E.14 !ddend(" H!%0ndie6 ' U!ddend!V H!%0ndies6M !l,! H!l,!6 ' UHt&is
Ninont!bleO6 !l,!eL Ht&ese Nont!bleO6 !l,!eV HHest!s6 !l,!s6M !l("n! NUSA
%rini%!l"enteM es "e.or (s!r U,r!dH(!te6VO H,r!d(!d!L e-I!l("n!6 ' U!l("n!eV
NUSA %rini%!l"enteM es "e.or (s!r U,r!dH(!te6sVO H,r!d(!d!sL e-I!l("n!s6M
!l("n(s NUSA %rini%!l"enteM es "e.or (s!r U,r!dH(!te6VO H,r!d(!doL e-I!l("no6
' U!l("niV NUSA %rini%!l"enteM es "e.or (s!r U,r!dH(!te6sVO H,r!d(!dosL e-I
!l("nos N%(ede inl(ir ! ,r!d(!d!sL e-I!l("n!s t!"bi0nO6M !n!l'sis H!nlisis6 '
U!n!l'sesV H!nlisis6M !n(resis H!n(resis6 ' U!n(resesV H!n(resis6M !-is He.e6 ' U!-esV
He.es6M b!ill(s Hb!ilo6 ' Ub!illiV LbeRsIl!IL o LbeRsIli4L Hb!ilos6M b!teri("
Hb!teri!6 ' Ub!teri!V Hb!teri!s6M b!sis Hb!se6 ' Ub!sesV Hb!ses6M ode- H3die6 '
UodiesV H3dies6M orri,end(" Horri,end!6 ' Uorri,end!V Horri,end!s6M
risis LR9r!IsI s$ esL Hrisis6 ' UrisesV LR9r!Isi4zL Hrisis6M d!t(" Hd!to6 ' Ud!t!V
N%reedido o no de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o en sin,(l!r on +erbo en
sin,(l!r ' %reedido o no de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o en %l(r!l on
+erbo en %l(r!lO Hd!tos6M desider!t(" Hdesidert("6 ' Udesider!t!V Hdesider!t!L
desidert("s6M di!,nosis Hdi!,nosisL di!,n3stio6 ' Udi!,nosesV Hdi!,n3stios6M
elli%sis Heli%sis6 e Uelli%sesV Heli%sis6M err!t(" Herr!t!6 ' Uerr!t!V Herr!t!s6M &'%ot&esis
H&i%3tesis6 ' U&'%ot&esesV H&i%3tesis6M l!r+! Hl!r+!6 ' Ul!r+!eVHl!r+!s6M lenti,o H%e!6
' Ulenti,inesV H%e!s6M lo(s Hl(,!r ,eo"0trioL lo(s6 ' UloiV Hl(,!res
,eo"0triosL lo(s6M "!,(s Hre' "!,o6 ' U"!,iV Hre'es "!,os6M "edi(" H"edioL
"0di("6 ' U"edi!V N"s (s!do on +erbo en %l(r!lO H"edios6M "et!"or%&osis
H"et!"or#osis6 ' U"et!"or%&osesV H"et!"or#osis6M "in(ti! Nr!roO H"in(i!6 '
U"in(ti!eV H"in(i!s6M "'eli(" H"ielio6 ' U"'eli!V H"ielios6M ne(rosis
Hne(rosis6 ' Une(rosesV Hne(rosis6M o!sis Ho!sis6 ' Uo!sesV Ho!sis6M %!rent&esis
H%!r0ntesis6 ' U%!rent&esesV H%!r0ntesis6M %s'&osis H%siosis6 ' U%s'&osesV
H%siosis6M sti"(l(s HestF"(lo6 ' Usti"(liV HestF"(los6M str!t(s Hestr!to Ni n(beO6 '
Ustr!tiV Hestr!tos6M s'no%sis Hsino%sis6 ' Us'no%sesV Hsino%sis6M s'nt&esis HsFntesis6 '
Us'nt&esesV HsFntesis6M test(do Htest(do6 ' Utest(dinesV Htest(dos6M t&esis Htesis6 '
Ut&esesV Htesis6M t&ro"bosis Htro"bosis6 ' Ut&o"bosesV Htro"bosis6M
tr!&e! LRtreI9ieL o Ltr eR9i4 eL NGB4 "enos (s!doO Htr/(e!6 ' Utr!&e!eV Htr/(e!s6$
et1
2+ E!' muc/os "s nombres latinos o griegos /(e tienen dos plurales$ uno
como en lat(n o griego 'ue es ingls literario, otro como en ingls 'ue es
ingls colo'uialM l! tendeni! ,ener!l es ! (s!r l! #or"! in,les!1 E.14 !ntenn!
H!nten!6 ' U!ntenn!eL !ntenn!sV H!nten!s6M !%%endi- H!%0ndie6 ' U!%%endi-es Nde
!n!to"F!OL !%%endies Nde (n libroOV H!%0ndies6M !/(!ri(" H!(!rio6 ' U!/(!ri!L
!/(!ri("sV H!(!rios6M !(to"!ton H!(t3"!t!6 ' U!(to"!t!L !(to"!tonsV
H!(t3"!t!s6M !t(s H!t(s NoO !to6 ' U!tiL !t(sesV H!t(s NoO !tos6M !l'-
Hliz6 ' U!liesL !l'-esV Hlies6M onsorti(" L9enRso4tie"L NGBO
' L9enRso4rtie"L NUSAO Honsorio6 ' Uonsorti!L onsorti("sV Honsorios6M
on+ol+(l(s Hon+3l+(lo6 ' Uon+ol+(liL on+ol+(l(sesV Hon+3l+(los6M or%(s
H(er%oL or%(s6 ' Uor%or!L or%(sesV H(er%os6M riterion Hriterio6 ' Uriteri! Nse
(s! "s on +erbo en %l(r!l en in,l0s estnd!r ' se (s! "enos on +erbo en
sin,(l!r en in,l0s +(l,!rOL riterionsV Hriterios6M r(- Hlo eseni!l6 ' Ur(-esL
r(esV Hos!s eseni!les6M (rri(l(" H(rrF(l("L (rrF(loL %l!n Hde est(dio6L
%ro,r!"! Hde est(dios6 ' U(rri(l!L (rri(l("sV H(rrF(l("sL (rrF(losL %l!nes
Hde est(dio6L %ro,r!"!s Hde est(dios66M do,"! Hdo,"!6 ' Udo,"!t! Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL do,"!s Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOV Hdo,"!s6M eno"i(" Heno"ioL
elo,io6 ' Ueno"i!L eno"i("sV Heno"iosL elo,ios6M #o(s H#oo Nde l(zL de
!teni3nO6 ' U#oiL #o(sesV H#oos6M #or"(l! H#3r"(l!6 ' U#or"(l!e Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL #or"(l!s Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOV H#3r"(l!s6M #(n,(s H&on,o6 '
U#(n,iL #(n,(sesV H&on,os6M ,!n,lion H,!n,lio6 ' U,!n,li!L ,!n,lionsV H,!n,lios6M
,eni(s H,enio6 ' U,eniiV H,eniosL de"onios Nsobren!t(r!lesO6$ U,eni(sesV H,enios
Nin+entoresO6M ,en(s H,0nero6 ' U,ener!L ,en(sesV H,0neros6M ,er!ni(" H,er!nio6 '
U,er!ni!L ,er!ni("sV H,er!nios6M ,l!diol(s H,l!diolo6 ' U,l!dioliL ,l!diol(sesV
H,l!diolos6M &i%%o%ot!"(s H&i%o%3t!"o6 ' U&i%%o%ot!"iL &i%%o%ot!"(sesV
H&i%o%3t!"os6M inde- HFndie6 e UindiesV HFndies N"!te"tiosO6$ Uinde-esV
HFndies Nde librosL eono"F!O6M insi,ni! N+erbo en sin,(l!rO Hinsi,ni!6 e Uinsi,ni!
N+erbo en %l(r!lOL insi,ni!s N+erbo en %l(r!lOV Hinsi,ni!s6M l!(n! Hl!,(n! Ni es%!io
en bl!noO6 ' Ul!(n!eL l!(n!sV Hl!,(n!s6M l!r'n- Hl!rin,e6 ' Ul!r'nsesL l!r'n,esV
Hl!rin,es6M lin,(! #r!n! Hlen,(! #r!n!6 ' Ulin,(! #r!n!sL lin,(!e #r!n!e Hlen,(!s
#r!n!s6M "!tri- H"!triz6 ' U"!triesL "!tri-esV H"!tries6M "e"or!nd("
H"e"or!ndoL "e"ornd("6 ' U"e"or!nd!L "e"or!nd("sV H"e"or!ndosL
"e"ornd("s6M "illenni(" H"ilenio6 ' U"illenni!L "illenni("sV H"ilenios6M
"o"ent(" H"o"ento6 ' U"o"ent!L "o"ent("sV H"o"entos6M "or!tori("
H"or!tori!6 ' U"or!tori!L "or!tori("sV H"or!tori!s6M n!riss(s Hn!riso6 '
Un!rissiL n!riss(sesV Hn!risos6M neb(l! Hneb(los!6 ' Uneb(l!eL neb(l!sV
Hneb(los!s6M n(le(s Hn2leo6 ' Un(leiL n(le(sesV Hn2leos6M oeso%&!,(s NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL eso%&!,(s NUSAO Hes3#!,o6 ' Uoeso%&!,i NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
eso%&!,i NUSAOV NoO Uoeso%&!,(ses NGB %rini%!l"enteOL eso%&!,(ses NUSAOV
Hes3#!,os6M %!%'r(s H%!%iro6 ' U%!%'riL %!%'r(sesV H%!%iros6M %&eno"enon
H#en3"eno6 ' U%&eno"en! Nse (s! "s on +erbo en %l(r!l en in,l0s estnd!r ' se
(s! "enos on +erbo en sin,(l!r en in,l0s +(l,!rOL %&eno"enonsV H#en3"enos6M
r!di(s Hr!dio N&(eso ' r!dio de l! ir(n#ereni!O6 ' Ur!diiL r!di(sesV Hr!dios6M
r!n(n(l(s Hr!n2n(lo6 ' Ur!n(n(liL r!n(n(l(sesV Hr!n2n(los6M ser(" Hs(ero6 '
User!L ser("sV Hs(eros6M s%etr(" Hes%etro6 ' Us%etr!L s%etr("sV Hes%etros6M
st!di(" Hest!dio6 ' Ust!di!L st!di("sVHest!dios6M str!t(" Hestr!to6 ' Ustr!t!L
str!t("sV Hestr!tos6M st'l(s HestiloL !,(.!6 ' Ust'liL st'l(sesV HestilosL !,(.!s6M
s'"%osi(" Hsi"%osio6 ' Us'"%osi!L s'"%osi("sV Hsi"%osios6M ter"in(s
Hter"in!l6 ' Uter"iniL ter"in(sesV Hter"in!les6M t&or!- Ht3r!-6 ' Ut&or!es N"enos
(s!doOL t&or!-esV Ht3r!-6M trie%s HtrFe%s6 ' Utrie%sL trie%sesV HtrFe%s6M (lti"!t("
H(lti"t("6 ' U(lti"!t!L (lti"!t("sV H(lti"t("s6M +ertebr! H+0rtebr!6 '
U+ertebr!eL +ertebr!sV H+0rtebr!s6M +orte- H+3rtieL torbellino6 ' U+orte-esL +ortiesV
H+3rtiesL torbellinos6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ se (s!n t!"bi0n en sin,(l!r Ustr!t!Q en in,l0s estnd!r ' Uriteri!$
%&eno"en!V en in,l0s +(l,!r1
2+ E!' muc/(simos nombres latinos o griegos /(e slo tienen un plural
formado a la manera inglesa1 E.14 !,end! H!,end!L orden del dF!6 ' U!,end!sV
H!,end!s6M !lb(" Hlb("6 ' U!lb("sV Hlb("He6s6M !%%!r!t(s H!%!r!to6 '
U!%%!r!t(sesV H!%!r!tos6M !s%!r!,(s Hes%rr!,o6 ' U!s%!r!,(sesV Hes%rr!,os6M
bon(s Hboni#i!i3nL +ent!.!L di+idendo !diion!l6 ' Ubon(sesV Hboni#i!ionesL
+ent!.!sL di+idendos !diion!les6M !"%(s H!"%(s6 ' U!"%(sesV H!"%(s6M
&or(s Hestribillo6 ' U&or(sesV Hestribillos6M ir(s Hiro6 ' Uir(sesV Hiros6M
ro(s H!z!#rn de %ri"!+er!6 ' Uro(sesV H!z!#r!nes de %ri"!+er!6M de"on
Hde"onio6 ' Ude"onsV Hde"onios6M dile""! Hdile"!6 ' Udile""!sV Hdile"!s6M
di%lo"! Hdi%lo"!6 ' Udi%lo"!sV Hdi%lo"!s6M eletron Heletr3n6 e UeletronsV
Heletrones6M en'lo%edi! Henilo%edi!6 e Uen'lo%edi!sV Henilo%edi!s6M e%o&
H0%o!6 e Ue%o&sV H0%o!s6M er! Her!6 e Uer!sV Her!s6M ,(errill! H,(errillero6 '
U,(errill!sV H,(errilleros6M ,'"n!si(" H,i"n!sio6 ' U,'"n!si("sV H,i"n!sios6M
i,nor!"(s Hi,nor!nte6 e Ui,nor!"(sesV Hi,nor!ntes6M "on!r& H"on!r!6 '
U"on!r&sV H"on!r!s6M "(se(" H"(seo6 ' U"(se("sV H"(seos6M ne(tron
Hne(tr3n6 ' Une(tronsV Hne(trones6M oto%(s H%(l%o6 ' Uoto%(sesV H%(l%os6M or!tor
Hor!dor6 ' Uor!torsV Hor!dores6M %!tri!r& H%!tri!r!6 ' U%!tri!r&sV H%!tri!r!s6M
%ol'!nt&(s H%rF"(l!6 ' U%ol'!nt&(sesV H%rF"(l!s6M %ros%et(s H%ros%etoL #olleto6 '
U%ros%et(sesV H%ros%etosL #olletos6$ %roton H%rot3n6 ' U%rotonsV H%rotones6M
%rotool H%rotoolo6 ' U%rotoolsV H%rotoolos6M /(ot! H(ot!6 ' U/(ot!sV H(ot!s6M
s9eleton Hes/(eleto6 ' Us9eletonsV Hes/(eletos6M s%ei"en Hes%0i"enL "(estr!L
e.e"%l!r6 ' Us%ei"ensV Hes%eF"enesL "(estr!sL e.e"%l!res6M s(r%l(s He-edente6
' Us(r%l(sesV He-edentes6M tr'%ti& HtrF%tio6 ' Utr'%ti&sV HtrF%tios6$ et1
-+ E!' no"bres #r!neses /(e tienen dos %l(r!les$ uno como en francs otro
como en ingls1 E.14 !die( H!di3s6 ' U!die(-L !die(sV H!dioses6M be!( H,!lnL
%retendiente6 ' Ube!(-L be!(sV H,!l!nesL %retendientes6M b(re!( H!,eni!L esritorio
NGBOL 3"od! NUSAO6 ' Ub(re!(-L b(re!(sV H!,eni!sL esritorios NGBOL 3"od!s
NUSAO6M %l!te!( H"eset!6 ' U%l!te!(-L %l!te!(sV H"eset!s6M t!ble!( Hret!bloL (!dro
+i+o Nte!tr!lO6 ' Ut!ble!(-L t!ble!(sV Hret!blosL (!dros +i+os Nte!tr!lesO6M tro(sse!(
H!.(!r6 ' Utro(sse!(-L tro(sse!(sV H!.(!res6$ et1
3+ E!' nombres franceses 'ue terminan en 5s, 5x, 5) 'ue tienen la misma
forma en singular en plural en ingls pero con distinta pronunciacin1 E.14
&!"ois LR[Y"7!4L H,!"(z!6 ' U&!"oisV LR[Y"7!4zL H,!"(z!s6M &!ssis LR[Ysi4L o
LRt [ Ysi4L NUSAO H&!sisL b!stidorL tren de !terriz!.e6 ' U&!ssisV LR[Ysi4zL o LRt [ Ysi4zL
NUSAO H&!sisL b!stidoresL trenes de !terriz!.e6M or%s L9o4Hr6L H(er%o6 ' Uor%sV
L9o4zL H(er%os6M #!(- %!s L%!4L H"eted(r! de %!t!6 ' U#!(- %!sV L%!4zL H"eted(r!s de
%!t!6M #r!!s Nliter!rioO LR#rY9!4L NGBO ' LR#reI9esL NUSA o LR#rY9esLO H!lter!do6 '
U#r!!sV LR#rY9!4zL NGBO %ero U#r!!sesV NUSAO LR#reI9esez$ I zL NUSA
o LR#rY9esez$ I zLO H!lter!dos6M Iro/(ois LRIre97oIL Hiro/(0s6 e
UIro/(oisV LRIre97oIzL Nt!"bi0n %(ede %ron(ni!rse o"o en sin,(l!rO Hiro/(eses6M
%!tois LR%Yt7!4L Hdi!leto6 ' U%!toisV LR%Yt7!4zL Hdi!letos6M %ineInez L%YnsRneIL
H/(e+edos6 ' U%ineInezV L%YnsRneIzL HN+!riosO /(e+edos6M %reisL %r0is LR%reIsi4L '
L%re I Rsi4L NUSAO Hres("en6 ' U%r0isV LR%reIsi4zL ' L%re I Rsi4zL NUSAO Hres2"enes6M
rendez+o(s LRrondI+(4L NGBO ' LRr!4ndeI+(4L NUSAO Hen(entroL it!6 ' Urendez+o(sV
LRrondI+(4zL NGBO ' LRr!4ndeI+(4zL NUSAO Hen(entrosL it!s6M Sio(- Ls(4L o Ls.(4L
NGBO Hsi(-6 ' USio(-V Ls(4zL o Ls.(4zL NGBO Nt!"bi0n %(ede %ron(ni!rse o"o en
sin,(l!rO Hsi(-6$ et1
6+ E!' nombres italianos 'ue tienen dos plurales$ uno como en italiano$ "enos
#re(ente$ otro como en ingls$ "s #re(ente1 E.14 b!ndit ' Ub!ndittiL b!nditsV
Hb!ndidos6M ierone ' UieroniL ieronesV HieronesL &i&eronesL ,(F!s
H!rtFstios66M dilett!nte ' Udilett!ntiL dilett!ntesV Hdilet!ntes6M "onsi,nor '
U"onsi,noriL "onsi,norsV H"onse)ores6M %!nettone ' U%!nettoniL %!nettonesV
H%!netones6M z(&ini NUSAO ' Uz(&ini NUSAOL z(&inis NUSAOV H!l!b!ines6$
et1
No obst!nte$ l! "!'orF! de los no"bres it!li!nos &!n sido !si"il!dos ' tienen (n
%l(r!l in,l0s1
E!' !l,(nos /(e no tienen "s /(e (n %l(r!l it!li!no1 E.14 !"orettoL !"orino
H(%ido6 ' U!"orettiL !"oriniV H(%idos6M ,r!##ito H,r!#itoL dib(.o es,r!#i!do6 '
U,r!##itiV H,r!#itosL dib(.os es,r!#i!dosL %int!d!s6M %!%!r!zzo ' U%!%!r!zziV
H#ot3,r!#os inde%endientes6M %enti"ento Hdes(bri"iento de H(n! %!rte de6 (n
(!dro /(e &! sido (bierto on otro6 ' U%enti"entiVM %ort!"ento H%!s!.e de l! +oz
de (n! not! ! otr!6 ' U%ort!"entiVM %(tto H!n,elote6 ' U%(ttiV H!n,elotes6M rilie+o
Hrele+o6 ' Urilie+iV Hrele+os6M ti"%!niL t'"%!ni N&!en de sin,(l!r ! +ees t!"bi0nO
HtF"%!nos6$ et1
8+ E!' algunos nombres /ebreos /(e tienen en ingls el plural como en
/ebreo1 E.14 9ibb(tz H9ib(tz6 ' U9ibb(tzi"V H9ib(tzes6M Se%&!rdi ' USe%&!rdi"V
Hse#!rdit!sL se#!rdFes61
E!' no"bres &ebreos /(e tienen dos %l(r!les$ (no o"o en &ebreo "enos
#re(ente ' otro o"o en in,l0s "s #re(ente1 E.4 &er(b LRt[erebL H/(er(bFnL
!n,elito6 ' U&er(bsV H/(er(binesL !n,elitos6$ U&er(bi"V H/(er(bines NBibli!O6$
ser!%& Hser!#Fn6 ' User!%&sV Hser!#ines6$ User!%&i"V Hser!#ines NBibli!O61
*0+ Aa nombres de grupos tribales 'ue pueden tener varios plurales en
ingls, !(n/(e l! "!'orF! tienen (n %l(r!l in,l0sM el /(e ter"in! i,(!l /(e en
sin,(l!r tiene (n "!tiz oleti+o ' el /(e ter"in! en Is tiene (n "!tiz indi+id(!l1
E.14 Abn!9i H!bn!/(i6 ' UHt&e6 Abn!9iL Abn!9isV Hlos !bn!/(is6M A%!&e H!%!&e6 '
UHt&e6 A%!&eL A%!&esV Hlos !%!&es6M Ar!%!&o H!r!%!&oe NoO !r!%!.36 ' UHt&e6
Ar!%!&oL Ar!%!&osV Hlos !r!%!&oes NoO !r!%!.3s6M B!nt( Hb!nt26 ' UHt&e6 B!nt(L
B!nt(sV Hlos b!nt2es6M B!sot&o Hb!soto6 ' UHt&e6 B!sot&oL B!sot&osV Hlos b!sotos6M
Bedo(inL Bed(in Hbed(ino6 ' UHt&e6 Bedo(inL Bed(inL Bedo(insL Bed(insV Hlos
bed(inos6M *!rib Hrib6 ' UHt&e6 *!ribL *!ribsV Hlos rib6M *&ero9ee H&ero/(F6 '
UHt&e6 *&ero9eeL *&ero9eesV Hlos &ero/(Fes6M *o"!n&e Ho"!n&e6 ' UHt&e6
*o"!n&eL *o"!n&esV Hlos o"!n&es6M Edo Hedo6 ' UHt&e6 EdoL EdosV Hlos
edos6M Es9i"o Hes/(i"!l6 ' UHt&e6 Es9i"oL Es9i"osV Hlos es/(i"!les6M E7e HE7e6
' UHt&e6 E7eL E7esV Hlos e7e6M F!l!s&! H#!l!s&!6 ' UHt&e6 F!l!s&!L F!l!s&!sV Hlos
#!l!s&!s6M Fin,o H#in,o6 ' UHt&e6 Fin,oL Fin,osV Hlos #in,os6M F(l!ni H#(l!ni6 ' UHt&e6
F(l!niL F(l!nisV Hlos #(l!nis6M G!nd! H,!nd!6 ' UHt&e6 G!nd!L G!nd!sV Hlos
,!nd!s6M G(!r!ni H,(!r!nF6 ' UHt&e6 G(!r!niL G(!r!nisV Hlos ,(!r!nFes6M Eerero
H&erero6 ' UHt&e6 EereroL EererosV Hlos &ereros6M E(ron H&(r3n6 ' UHt&e6 E(ronL
E(ronsV Hlos &(rones6M E(t( H&(t(6 ' UHt&e6 E(t(L E(t(sV Hlos &(t(s6M Ibo NoO I,bo
Hibo6 ' UHt&e6 Ibo NoO I,boL Ht&e6 Ibos NoO I,bosV Hlos ibos6M In! Hin!6 ' UHt&e6 In!L
In!sV Hlos in!s6M In(it Hin(itL es/(i"!l6 ' UHt&e6 In(itL In(itsV Hlos in(itsL
es/(i"!les6M Aon,o Hon,o6 ' UHt&e6 Aon,oL Aon,osV Hlos on,os6M M!n&(
H"!n&26 ' UHt&e6 M!n&(L M!n&(sV Hlos "!n&2es6M M!ndin,o H"!ndin,o6 '
UHt&e6 M!ndin,oL M!ndin,osL M!ndin,oesV Hlos "!ndin,os6M M!ori H"!orF6 '
UHt&e6 M!oriL M!orisV Hlos "!orFes6M M!s!i H"!s!i6 ' UHt&e6 M!s!iL M!s!isV Hlos
"!s!is6M Mo&!79 H"o&!796 ' UHt&e6 Mo&!79L Mo&!79sV Hlos "o&!796M
Mo&i!n H"o&i!no6 ' UHt&e6 Mo&i!nL Mo&i!nsV Hlos "o&i!nos6M Moro H"oro
N"!l!'o #ili%ino "(s(l"nO6 ' UHt&e6 MoroL MorosV Hlos "oros6M Mosot&o
H"osoto6 ' UHt&e6 Mosot&oL Mosot&osV Hlos "osotos6M N!&(!tl Hn&(!tl6 ' UHt&e6
N!&(!tlL N!&(!tlsV Hlos n&(!tl6M N!+!&oL N!+!.o Hn!+!.o6 ' UHt&e6 N!+!&oL
N!+!&osL N!+!&oesL N!+!.oL N!+!.osL N!+!.oesV Hlos n!+!.os6M N'oro Hnioro6 '
UHt&e6 N'oroL N'oro sV Hlos nioros6M O+!"bo Ho+!"bo6 ' UHt&e6 O+!"boL
O+!"bosV Hlos o+!"bos6M P!s&to N"s (s!doO NoO P(s&to H&!bl!nte del idio"!
%!sH&6t(6 ' UHt&e6 P!s&to N"s (s!doO NoO P(s&toL Ht&e6 P!s&tos N"s (s!doO NoO
P(s&tosV H&!bl!ntes del idio"! %!sH&6t(6M Pondo H%ondo6 ' UHt&e6 PondoL Ht&e6
PondosV Hlos %ondos6M P(eblo Hindio de l! trib( P(eblo en Est!dos Unidos6 ' UHt&e6
P(ebloL P(eblosV Hlos indios de l! trib( P(eblo6M S&er%! Hs&er%!6 ' UHt&e6 S&er%!L
S&er%!sV Hlos s&er%!s6M Sot&o Hsoto6 ' UHt&e6 Sot&oL Sot&osV Hlos sotos6M T!ino
Ht!ino6 ' UHt&e6 T!inoL T!inosV Hlos t!inos6M T(tsi Ht(tsi6 ' UHt&e6 T(tsiL T(tsisV Hlos
t(tsis6M >inneb!,o H7inneb!,o6 ' UHt&e6 >inneb!,oL >inneb!,osV Hlos
7inneb!,os6M [(l( Hz(l26 ' UHt&e6 [(l(L [(l(sV Hlos z(l2es6$ et1
2:+ &os siguientes nombres tienen la misma forma pronunciacin en
singular en pluralM si +! en sin,(l!r$ el +erbo se %one en sin,(l!rM si +! en %l(r!l$
el +erbo se %one en %l(r!l4 !irr!#t H!eron!+eHs66$ !l"s Hli"osn!Hs66$ !no%&eles
H!n3#eles6$ b!rr!9s H(!rtelHes66$ b!t&s H%isin!Hs6L !lber!Hs66$ bello7s H#(elleHs6
%ero Qbello7Q Hbr!"ido6L Qbello7sQ Hbr!"idos66$ bie%s HbFe%s6$ bison HbisonteHs66$
bob H&elFnHes6 H!&or! < %eni/(es66$ boots HHelL (n6 li"%i!bot!s NGBO6$ bo(r,eois
Hb(r,(0sHes66$ br!e NGBO H%!rHes6L %!re.!Hs66$ Rb(tter#in,ers H%!tosoHs6$ !Hs66$ b(ttons
HHelL (n6 botones NGBO6$ !rrots HHel$ los$ l!Hs6L (nHos6$ (n!Hs6 %elirro.oHs6$ !Hs66$ &i%s
HHel$ losL (nHos66 !r%interoHs6 de (n b!ro NGBO6$ on,eries LR9onderi4zL NGB
o L9enRdIeri4zLO ' LR9!4nderi4zL NUSAO H2"(loHs6L "ont3nHes66$ o(nsel
HQ!bo,!doHs66$ r!#t Hb!roHs6L n!+eHs6L e"b!r!i3nHes6Q N%ero (!ndo si,ni#i!
Qo#iiosL !rtesQ el %l(r!l es Qr!#tsQO6$ rossro!ds Hr(eHs6L enr(i.!d!Hs66$ d!dd'I
lon,le,s Hse,!dorHes6 NUSAOL tF%(l!Hs6 Ni "os!Hs6O NGBO6$ die N!t(!l"enteO
Hd!doHs66$ e-tr!dos No Ue-tr!dosesV en %l(r!lO Htr!sd3sHes6 NoO e-tr!d3sHes66$ #ore%s
H#3re%sL %inz!s6$ ,!llo7s Hl! &or!6$ ,!s7or9s H#bri!Hs6 de ,!s6$ H,ol#6 lin9s
H!"%oHs6 de ,ol#6$ ,enro H,enro Ni ,r(%o de s!bios /(e !onse.!b!n !l Mi!do en
j!%3nO6$ ,r!##iti Non +erbo en sin,(l!r (!ndo es inont!ble Hl!s %int!d!s6 ' +erbo
en %l(r!l (!ndo es ont!ble H%int!d!s6O$ ,r!nd H"il libr!sL d3l!res6$ ,ross
H,r(es!Hs6 Ni 58 doen!sO6$ ,(ns Hel$ losL (nHos6 o#ii!lHes6 de !rtillerF! de (n
destr(tor6$ ,(ts H!,!ll!sL tr!,3nHes6$ !Hs66$ &e!d H!bez!Hs6 Hde ,!n!do6$
&e!d/(!rters Ho#iin!Hs6 entr!lHes6L (!rtelHes6 ,ener!lHes66$ &e!ds H!r!Hs6 Nde (n!
"oned!O6$ &ertz H&erioHs66$ &orse%o7er NoO EP H!b!lloHs6 Hde #(erz!66$ innin,s
Ht(rnoHs6L entr!d!Hs6L o%ort(nid!dHes66$ 9ennels NGBO H!set!Hs6 de %erro6$ H9ilo6&ertz
H9ilo&erioHs66$ 9osL oss H(nid!d de dist!ni! de l! Indi! entre 5 ' < 9il3"etros6$
l!z'bones H&!r!,nHes6$ !Hs6L +!,oHs6$ !Hs66$ H,ol#6 lin9s H!"%oHs6 de ,ol#6$
li+esto9 Nl! o o"o LoL4 GB ' L!4L4 USAO H,!n!do6$ "e!ns H"!ner!Hs6L "edioHs6L
"0todoHs6L re(rsoHs66$ "e7s NGBO H#il!Hs6 de !b!lleriz!s NoO est!blosL !lle.3nHes6
NoO !lle.(el!Hs66$ "oose H!leHs6 !"eri!noHs66$ o##s%rin, H&i.oHs6$ !Hs66L %roleL
rF!Hs66$ %!"%!s H%!"%!Hs66$ % L%i4L H%eni/(eHs66$ %!r!%&ern!li! Nse (s! "s on
+erbo en sin,(l!rO H%!r!#ern!li!L ob.etos de (so %erson!lL !+FosL "obili!rioL bienes
%!r!#ern!les6$ %ett' sessions Htrib(n!lHes6 de %ri"er! inst!ni!6$ %o(ltr' H!rne de
!+e N+erbo en sin,(l!r %or/(e es inont!bleOL !+es de orr!l N+erbo en %l(r!l %or/(e
es ont!bleO6$ /(!drie%s Nen %l(r!l tiene t!"bi0n otr! #or"!4 /(!drie%sesO
H(!drFe%s6$ /(id Hlibr!Hs6 esterlin!Hs66$ r!%ids Nen sin,(l!r t!"bi0n Ur!%idV4 "enos
(s!doO Hr%idoHs6 NoO r!(d!lHes66$ rest Hel restoL los rest!ntesL los de"s6$ s!il
H+eleroHs66$ Rs!"(r!i LIr!IL Nen USA t!"bi0n Us!"(r!isV4 "enos (s!doO
Hs!"(r!'His66$ s!7bones H"!t!s!nos6$ sissors Hti.er!s6$ series NU! series o#V h
no"bre en %l(r!l +! on +erbo en %l(r!lO HserieHs66$ s&ee% Ho+e.!Hs66$ s"!rt'HI6%!nts
Nolo/(i!lO Hs!belotodo NoO s!bi&ondo6$ sobersides Htr!,!+irotes6$ s%!er!#t Hn!+eHs6
es%!i!lHes66$ s%!r9s HHel$ los$ l!Hs6L (nHos6$ !Hs66 tele,r!#ist!Hs66$ s%eies Hes%eieHs66$
steel7or9s H#bri!Hs6 de !ero6$ s(%er#iies Hs(%er#iieHs66$ t!ils Hr(z Hr(es6 Nde
(n! "oned!O6$ t&ri%s Htis!n3%t!roHs66$ trie%s Nen %l(r!l tiene t!"bi0n otr! #or"!4
trie%sesO HtrFe%s6$ +er"in Non +erbo en sin,(l!r (!ndo si,ni#i! Q%erson!
indese!bleQ ' +erbo en %l(r!l (!ndo si,ni#i! Q%erson!s indese!blesL bi&osL
!li"!)!sQO$ 7!ter7or9s H%l!nt!Hs6 de !,(! %ot!ble NoO entr!lHes6 de%(r!dor!Hs66$
7&ere!bo(ts H%!r!deroHs66$ 7&iteb!it H&!n/(eteHs66$ 7or9s H#bri!Hs66$ 'en
H'enHes66$ 'o9e H'(nt!Hs6 N%ero U'o9esV (!ndo si,ni#i! U'(,osL b!l!ninesL
&or/(ill!sV$ et1O6 ' los de :1:=1?1!1 E.14 T&ere !re lots o# !irr!#t t&ere HE!' "(&!s
!eron!+es !llF6M T&e be,,!r !s9ed #or !n !l"s N!r!ioO HEl %obre %edF!L %idi3 (n!
li"osn!6M T&e be,,!r !s9ed #or !l"s Nliter!rioO HEl %obre %edF!L %idi3 li"osn!Hs66M
Al"s Nliter!rioO !re ,i+en to t&e %oor HSe d!Hn6 li"osn!s ! los %obres6M A bello7s is
"!de o# le!t&er HUn #(elle est &e&o de (ero6M T&e bello7s need "endin, HLos
#(elles neesit!n re%!r!i3n6M t&ree br!e NGBO o# r!bbits Htres %!re.!s de one.os6M
Ee is t&e boots o# t&e &otel Hl es el li"%i!bot!s del &otel6M T&e b(ttons is o(t HEl
botones est #(er!6M T&e &!rbo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &!rbor NUSAO 7!s #(ll o# !ll
9inds o# r!#t HEl %(erto est!b! lleno de tod! l!se de b!ros6M Gr!##iti Ninont!bleO
is !b(nd!nt HL!s %int!d!s son !b(nd!ntes6M no se %(ede deir U!L one ,r!##itiV %ero
se %(ede deir U!L one bitL %iee o# ,r!##itiV H(n! %int!d!6M T&ere 7ere #i+e ,r!##iti
Nont!bleO HE!bF! ino %int!d!s6M one ,ross o# %!%er li%s H(n! ,r(es! Ni 58
doen!sO de s(.et!%!%eles6$ t&ree ,ross o# %!%er li%s Htres ,r(es!s Ni := doen!sO
de s(.et!%!%eles6$ ?C &e!d o# !ttle H?C !bez!s de ,!n!do +!(noL bo+ino6M T&e
H,ol#6 lin9s N"enos (s!doOL ,ol# o(rse N"s (s!doO is ,ood HEl !"%o de ,ol# es
b(eno6M A H,ol#6 lin9s N"enos (s!doOL ,ol# o(rse N"s (s!doO is ,ood HUn !"%o
de ,ol# es b(eno6M Gol# lin9s !re b' t&e se! HLos !"%os de ,ol# Nen ,ener!lO estn
!l l!do del "!r6M T&e H,ol#6 lin9s !re b' t&e se! HLos !"%os de ,ol# Nes%ei!l"enteL
sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO estn !l l!do del "!r6M ! "e!ns to !n end H(n "edio %!r!
lo,r!r (n #in6M T&ere is no "e!ns o# doin, it HNo &!' "!ner!L "odo de &!erlo6M Ee
is ! "!n o# "e!ns Hl es (n &o"bre !!(d!l!do6M "!n' "e!ns o# tr!ns%ort
H"(&os "edios de tr!ns%orte6M T&is &eese is #or 'o( !nd t&e rest Nse re#iere ! (n
no"bre inont!bleO is #or &er HEste /(eso es %!r! ti ' el resto es %!r! ell!6M T&ese
!%%les !re #or t&e" !nd t&e rest Nse re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!bleO !re #or "e HEst!s
"!nz!n!s son %!r! ellos ' el restoL l!s rest!ntesL l!s de"s son %!r! "F6M ! TD
series H(n! serie de tele+isi3n6$ #o(r TD series H(!tro series de tele+isi3n6$ t7ent'
s!il H+einte +eleros6M A !r 9illed ! s&ee% HUn o&e "!t3 (n! o+e.!6M T&e s&ee% !re
&(n,r' HL!s o+e.!s tienen &!"bre6M T&!t +er"in o#ten o"es HEs!L !/(ell! %erson!
indese!ble +iene ! "en(do6M T&e +er"in o#ten o"e HL!s !li"!)!sL Los bi&osL
L!s %erson!s indese!bles +ienen ! "en(do6M ! "(nition 7or9sL !n !""(nition
7or9s H(n! #bri! de "(niiones6M A H&e"i!lL ,!sL ironL steel6 7or9s is
%rod(ti+e HUn! #bri! Hde %rod(tos /(F"iosL de ,!sesL "et!l2r,i!L de !eros6
es %rod(ti+!6M T&ree &e"i!l 7or9s !re old HTres #bri!s de %rod(tos /(F"ios
son +ie.!s6M #i#t' 'en Hin(ent! 'enes6$ et1
Al,(n!s %!l!br!s o"o Q,!rdensQ H.!rdFnHes66$ Q%(blis&ersQ Heditori!lL editores6$ et1$
se %(eden (s!r ! +ees on (n +erbo en %l(r!l$ %ero el si,ni#i!do es i,(!l /(e si
#(er!n en sin,(l!r %or/(e se re#ieren ! (noM no obst!nte$ t!"bi0n %(eden ir en %l(r!l
' re#erirse ! "s de (no1 E.14 T&e bot!ni!l R,!rdensL zoolo,i!l R,!rdens !re &ere
HEl .!rdFn botnioL zoo est !/(F6M T&e zoolo,i!l ,!rdens !re #(ll HEl .!rdFn
zool3,io est lleno6M Aensin,ton G!rdens isL !re &ere HEl .!rdFn de A1 est !/(FL
Los .!rdines de A1 estn !/(F6M T&ere !re t7o ,!rdens HE!' dos .!rdines6M T&e
%(blis&erL %(blis&in, &o(se is Lon,"!n HL! editori!l es L16M T&e %(blis&ers !re
Lon,"!n HL! editori!l esL Los editores son L16M I 7ent to see "' %(blis&erL
%(blis&ers HF(i ! +er ! "is editores6M t7o di##erent %(blis&ersL %(blis&in, &o(ses
Hdos editori!les di#erentes61 D1 5C18@
QGrossQ tiene o"o %l(r!l Q,rossesQ (!ndo si,ni#i! Qtot!lL s("! tot!lL in,resos
br(tosQ ' "(' r!r!"ente on el si,ni#i!do de Q58 doen!sQ4 5CP o# t&e ,ross
H5CP del tot!lL de l! s("! tot!lL de los in,resos br(tos6$ 8CP o# t&e ,rosses H8CP
de los tot!lesL l!s s("!s tot!lesL los in,resos br(tos6M Eo7 "!n' ,ross N"(&o "s
(s!doOL ,rosses o# en+elo%es do 'o( 7!ntT HW*(nt!s ,r(es!s Ni58 doen!sO6 de
sobres /(ieresT6M sold in ,ross N"(&o "s (s!doOL ,rosses H+endido %or ,r(es!s
Ni58 doen!sO61
Al,(nos no"bres de n!ion!lid!d ter"in!dos en Iese$ I&$ Is&$ Iss$ tienen l! "is"!
#or"! en sin,(l!r ' en %l(r!l1 E.14 t&ree *&inese Htres &inos6$ t&e Fren& Hlos
#r!neses6$ t&e Iris& Hlos irl!ndeses61 D1 81=151b$ 81B;$ :1:=1?
2*+ &os apellidos forman el plural aLadiendo ;t/e< delante la terminacin 5s
detr!s1 E.14 t&e Pl!nt!,enets$ t&e S"it&s$ t&e St(!rts$ t&e *!rl'les$ t&eT(lli+ers$ t&e
>illi!" Bo'les$ t&e T1 *1 M(rr!'s$ et1M (!ndo +!n en ,eniti+o s!.3n Ut&eV sir+e
%!r! distin,(ir4 Ut&e Miss T(lli+ersZ !rri+!lV Hl! lle,!d! de l!s se)orit!s T(lli+er6 '
UMiss T(lli+erZs !rri+!lV Hl! lle,!d! de l! se)orit! T(lli+er61
En in,l0s liter!rio se %one el tFt(lo en %l(r!l ' se de.! el !%ellido en sin,(l!r1 E.14 t&e
Misses Bro7nL M!ns#ieldL S"it& Nliter!rioO Hl!s se)orit!s Bro7nL M!ns#ieldL
S"it&61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l se de.! el tFt(lo en sin,(l!r ' se %one el !%ellido en %l(r!l1 E.14
t&e Miss Bro7nsL M!ns#ieldsL S"it&s Nolo/(i!lO Hl!s se)orit!s Bro7nL M!ns#ieldL
S"it&6$ t&e Miss Ste7!rtsZ !rri+!l Hl! lle,!d! de l!s se)orit!s Ste7!rt Nno de l! Srt!1
Ste7!rtM en l! %ron(ni!i3n se di#ereni! %or/(e lle+! Qt&eQ1 D181=;O61
Detrs de UMrV se %(ede %oner el no"bre o no del!nte del !%ellidoM no %(ede
esribirse QMisterQ e-e%to (!ndo +! solo1 E.14 MrH16 Hjo&n6 B(llL S"it& Hel Sr1
Hj(!n6 B1L S161
El %l(r!l de UMrH16V es UMessrsV LR"esezL NGBO ' LR"eserzL NUSAO %ero se (s!n
!"bos %!r! re#erirse ! dos o "s &o"bres ' si,ni#i!n os!s distint!sM %(eden d!rse
dos !sos4
!6 J(e los !%ellidos se!n di#erentes1 E.14 MrH16 Bl!9 !nd B!d,er Hlos Sres1 B1 ' B16
' UMessrsH16 Bl!9 !nd B!d,erV Ho"%!)F! de los Sres1 B1 ' B161
b6 J(e los !%ellidos se!n i,(!les1 E.14 t&e t7o Mr1 Bertr!"sL Forsters Hlos dos
se)ores Bertr!"L Forster6 ' UMessrsH16 Bertr!"L ForstersV Ho"%!)F! de los Sres1
Bertr!"L Forster61
Los no"bres %ro%ios #or"!n el %l(r!l re,(l!r"ente1 E.14 t&e t7o Peters Hlos dos
Pedros6$ et1
*on !l,(nos no"bres %ro%ios de %il! ' !%ellidos #r!neses /(e ter"in!n en Is$ o Iz
no se !)!de Is1 E.14 t7o Lo(is Hdos L(ises6$ t7o D("!s Hdos D("!s6$ t&ree Tor+!(-
Htres Tor+!(-6$ et1
Se die Qt&e S"it& brot&ers N"s (s!doOL t&e brot&ers S"it& N"enos (s!doOQ Hlos
&er"!nos S161
Los tFt(los QDr$ Drs$ M N#r!n0s %!r! UMrVO$ Mlle$ M"e$ Mr$ Mrs$ Ms L"IzL$
Messrs NoO MM LR"esezL NGBO ' LR"eserzL NUSAO N%l(r!l de UM1V ' UMrVO$ M"es
N%l(r!l de UM"e$ Ms$ MrsVO$ StQ %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %(nto$ %ero
nor"!l"ente '! no se esriben on %(nto en l! "!'or %!rte de los %!Fses de &!bl!
in,les!M en USA se (s!n "s #re(ente"ente on %(nto1
Los tFt(los QPro#1$ Gen1$ Re%1$ Sen1V$ et1$ s(elen ir se,(idos de (n %(nto1
Los tFt(los UBH16AH16 Hlieni!do en Filoso#F! ' Letr!s Nen in,l0s no inl('e
nees!ri!"ente #iloso#F! ' liter!t(r!O6$ BH16SH16 NGBOL BH16SH16 NUSAO Hlieni!do en
*ieni!s6$ Es/1$ jr1L jnr1 NGBO H&i.o6$ LLH16BH16 Hlieni!do en Dere&o6$ LLH16DH16
Nno se %(ede %oner UDrV del!nte del no"bre de l! %erson! si se %one detrs (n tFt(lo
/(e lle+e UDV !l #in!lO HDotor en Dere&o6$ MH16AH16$ MH16DH16$ MH16SH16NGBOL
MH16SH16 NUSAO$ P&H16DH16 HDotor en Filoso#F! ' Letr!s6$ Sr1L Snr1 NGBO H%!dre6V$
et1$ /(e s(elen ir se,(idos de %(ntoHs6$ +!n detrs del no"bre de %il! se,(ido de (n
!%ellidoM UBH16AH16$ BH16SH16 NGBOL BH16SH16 NUSAO$ LLH16BH16$ LLH16DH16$ MH16AH16$
MH16DH16$ MH16SH16 NGBOL MH16SH16 NUSAO$ P&H16DH16$ SH16*H16V$ et1$ +!n on o"!M
UII NoO 8Hn6dL III NoO :Hr6dL ID NoO ;t&V +!n sin %(nto ' on o"! o sin ell!M UEs/1$ jr1$
Sr1V %(eden ir on o"! o sin ell!M no se %one n(n! o"! si +!n !l #in!l de l!
or!i3n %ero tiene /(e %onerse (n %(nto on todosM QEs/1Q$ "(' %oo (s!do
!t(!l"ente$ es l! !bre+i!i3n de Qes/(ireQ /(e en GB s(Hb6stit('e ! QMrQ ' se
olo! detrs del !%ellido en l!s !rt!s$ ' en USA se (s! sol!"ente en l!s !rt!s
diri,id!s ! !bo,!dos1 E.4 >1 F!r"er$ BH16AH16 H>1 F1$ lieni!do en Filoso#F! '
Letr!s6$ Peter B(rtonH$6 Es/1 HSr1 P1 B16M Albert S9innerH$6 Sr1H$6L S9inner$ Sr1$ Albert
!nd Nor"!n E!79erH$6 jr1H$6L E!79er$ jr1$ Nor"!n$ !rri+ed no7 HAlberto S9inner
%!dre ' Nor"!ndo E!79er &i.o lle,!ron !&or!6M MrH16 !nd MrsH16 E1 Po%e jr1 Hel Sr1
E1 P1 &i.o ' l! Sr!1 P16L MrH16 E1 Po%e jr1 !nd MrsH16 S1 Po%e Hel Sr1 E1 P1 &i.o ' l! Sr!1
S1 P16M P!tri9 F!(l9nerH$6 II NoO 8Hn6d1
Los tFt(los +!n !bre+i!dos s3lo del!nte de no"bres de %erson! %ero no (!ndo +!n
solosM UM!ster$ Miss$ MissesV$ no %(eden !bre+i!rse ni ir se,(idos de (n %(nto1
Los si,(ientes tFt(los UAd" NAd"ir!lO$ A"b NUSAO NA"b!ss!dorO$ Att' NUSAO
NAttorne'O$ Br NBrot&erO$ *!%t N*!%t!inO$ *"dr NoO *dr N*o""!nderO$ *ol
N*olonelO$ *%l N*or%or!lO$ Ens NEnsi,nO$ Fr NF!t&erO$ Gen NGener!lO$ Go+
NGo+ernorO$ Eon NEono(r!ble NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Eonor!ble NUSAOO$ Lt
NLie(ten!ntO$ Lt1 *ol NLie(ten!nt *olonelO$ M!. NM!.orO$ Ms,r NMonsi,norO$ Pres
NPresidentO$ Pro# NPro#essorO$ P+t NPri+!teO$ Re% NUS Re%resent!ti+eO$ Re+
NRe+erendO$ Se NSeret!r'O$ Sen NSen!torO$ S,t NSer,e!ntO$ Sr NSisterO$ St NS!intO$
S(%t NS(%erintendentO$ Tre!s NTre!s(rerO$ et1$ tienen /(e ir del!nte del no"bre de
%il! ' el !%ellido (!ndo +!n !bre+i!dosM el U"iddle n!"eV /(e +! en "edio %(ede
%onerse o noM si se %one s3lo el !%ellido sin el no"bre de %il! no se %(ede !bre+i!r
el tFt(lo1
22+ El plural de ciertos nombres 'ue van en genitivo sa%n o"o Ub(t&erZs
s&o%$ b!9erZs s&o%$ #!r"erZs 7i#e$ l!bo(rerZs NGB %rini%!l"enteOL l!borerZs NUSAO
ott!,e$ l!d'Zs "!id$ birdZs e,,$ %rinterZs error$ ! "!nZs l(b$ ! 7o"!nZs olle,eV$
et1$ se puede formar de dos maneras1 E.4 b(t&erZs s&o%s NoO b(t&ersZ s&o%s
H!rnierF!s6$ b!9erZs s&o%s NoO b!9ersZ s&o%s H%!n!derF!s6$ #!r"erZs 7i+es NoO
#!"ersZ 7i+es Hes%os!s de ,r!n.eros6$ l!bo(rerZs NGB %rini%!l"enteOL l!borerZs
NUSAO ott!,es NoO l!bo(rersZ NGB %rini%!l"enteOL l!borersZ NUSAO ott!,es
H!sit!s de tr!b!.!dores6$ l!d'Zs "!ids NoO l!diesZ "!ids Hdonell!s6$ birdZs e,,s NoO
birdsZ e,,s H&(e+os de %.!ro6$ %rinterZs errors NoO %rintersZ errors Herrores de
i"%rent!6$ ! "!nZs l(b NoO ! "enZs l(b H(n l(b deL %!r! &o"bres6$ ! 7o"!nZs
olle,e NoO ! 7o"enZs olle,e H(n ole,io (ni+ersit!rio NoO (n! es(el! (ni+ersit!ri!
NGBOL (n! (ni+ersid!d NUSAO deL %!r! "(.eres6$ et1
22+ Existen una serie de ad%etivos de color 'ue se usan para los caballos 'ue
pueden utili)arse tambin como nombres aLaden una 5s en plural4 b!'
Hb!'o6$ &estn(t H!st!)oL z!ino6$ ,re' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,r!' NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO H,risL r(io6$ et1 E.14 Ee bo(,&t t&e &estn(t H&orse6 Hl o"%r3 el
!b!llo !st!)oL z!ino6M S&e &!d t7o b!'s HEll! tenF! dos H!b!llos6 b!'os61
:1B1I &os nombres pueden ser concretos abstractos desde el punto de vista
descriptivo1 Los no"bres onretos ' !l,(nos no"bres !bstr!tos (!ndo se (s!n
o"o ont!bles %(eden tener l! #or"! del sin,(l!r %reedid! obli,!tori!"ente de
(n deter"in!nte o "odi#i!dor$ ' l! #or"! de %l(r!l /(e %(ede ir o no %reedid! de
(n deter"in!nte4 !rs Ho&es6$ l!dies Hse)or!s6$ et1
:15C1I &os nombres contables Ho(nt!ble no(nsL o(nt no(ns6 pueden ir
precedidos de deter"in!ntesL "or#e"!s inde%endientes deter"in!ntes o
"odi#i!dores o"o ;t/e< en sin,(l!r ' en %l(r!l el art(culo indeterminado en
sin,(l!r4 t&e UFO Hel o+ni6$ t&e UFOs Hlos o+nis6$ ! dinos!(r H(n dinos!(rioL (n!
%iez! de "(seo6$ one !r H(n o&e6$ et1
*o"o re,l! ,ener!l$ se %(ede deir /(e los no"bres o"(nes$ no %ro%ios$
ont!bles en sin,(l!r s(elen ir %reedidos de Ut&eV !si sie"%re$ o"o se "(estr!
en 81@I8=$ 818B1
:1551I &os nombres contables pueden ir precedidos de deter"in!ntes$
!d'!entes o "odi#i!dores o"o los ad%etivos calificativos, clasificativos de
color4 ,ood Hb(enoHs6$ !Hs66$ b!d H"!loHs6$ !Hs66$ bi, H,r!ndeHs66$ s"!ll H%e/(e)oHs6$
!Hs66$ be!(ti#(l H&er"osoHs6$ !Hs66$ (,l' H#eoHs6$ !Hs66 ' "iles "s1 E.14 !n A#ri!n
ele%&!nt H(n ele#!nte !#ri!no6$ ! b!d !(li#lo7er H(n! oli#lor "!l!6$ t&e bi, 7i, Hl!
%el(! ,r!nde6$ ! ,ood &!% H(n b(en ti%o H&o"bre66$ ! red #lo7er H(n! #lor ro.!6$
t&e s"!ll e!,le Hel ,(il! %e/(e)!6$ t&e be!(ti#(l desi,n Hel &er"oso dise)o6$ t&e
(,l' d(9lin, Hel %!tito #eo6$ et1
:1581I &os nombres contables pueden ir precedidos de deter"in!ntes o
"odi#i!dores o"o los ad%etivos numerales cardinales, ordinales partitivos1
E.14 one ,!' H(n &o"ose-(!l6$ t7o tr!ins Hdos trenes6M S&e !te t&ree 'o,&(rts Nel
"s (s!doOL 'o,(rtsL 'o,&o(rts Nel "enos (s!doO HEll! o"i3 tres 'o,(res6M #i+e
*&inese Hino &inos6$ si- Port(,(ese Hseis %ort(,(eses6$ t&e #irst e-%erieneL
"onster Hl! %ri"er! e-%erieni!L el %ri"er "onstr(o6$ t&e t&ird %!rt Hl! terer!
%!rte6$ et1
No obst!nte$ !l,(nos no"bres en %l(r!l son se"iont!bles (!ndo tienen (n ierto
si,ni#i!doM los no"bres se"iont!bles en %l(r!l se los %(ede (s!r solos sin
deter"in!ntes o "odi#i!doresM %(eden ir %reedidos de Ut&eVM los no"bres
se"iont!bles en %l(r!l no se %(eden %oner en sin,(l!r on el "is"o si,ni#i!do$
no %(eden lle+!r el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ni n2"eros !rdin!les o"o Qt7o$
t&reeQ$ et1$ %ero !l,(nos %(eden ir %reedidos de iertos deter"in!ntes b!st!nte
,ener!les4 !o""od!tions NUSAO H!lo.!"iento6$ di##erentL str!n,e be&!+io(rs
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be&!+iors NUSAO Hond(t!s di#erentesL e-tr!)!s6$ t&e blind
ND1 81=151!O$ t&e Britis&L D(t&L En,lis&L Fren&L Iris&L S%!nis&L >els& ND1 81=151bO$
do"inoes Hdo"in3 N.(e,oO6$ in !ll 7e!t&ers N%ero no on Q!n'L eno(,&L #e7L "!n'L
"oreL "ostL noL ot&erL so"eQO Hd! i,(!l el tie"%o /(e &!,!L ll(e+! NoO &!,! sol6$ et1
Los si,(ientes no"bres son se"iont!bles en %l(r!l ' %(eden ir %reedidos de
iertos deter"in!ntes b!st!nte ,ener!les o"o Q!llL !n'L eno(,&L #e7L "!n'L "oreL
"ostL noL ot&erL so"eL t&eQ$ %ero s3lo on el si,ni#i!do /(e !%!ree en l!
tr!d(i3n4 !r"s H!r"!s6L !rre!rs H!tr!sos6L !(s%ies H!(s%iios6L b!9ed be!ns
H!l(bi!s oid!s6L b!nns Ho# "!rri!,e6 H!"onest!iones "!tri"oni!les6L belon,in,s
H%erteneni!sL ob.etos H%erson!les66L bino(l!rs Hbino(l!resL %ris"tiosL ,e"elos6L
br!es NGBO NoO s(s%enders NUSAO Htir!ntes6L brie#s H!lzonillosL br!,!s6L !ttle
H+!!s6L i+il ri,&ts Hdere&os i+iles6L li%%ers NoO li%s Hort!()!sL ti.er!s de %od!rL
"!/(inill! H%!r! ort!r el %elo66L lot&es H!rtF(los de ro%!6L olo(rs NGBO Hb!nder!L
est!nd!rte6L o"in,s !nd R,oin,s Hlle,!d!s ' s!lid!s6L o"%!sses Ho"%s6L on#etti
Hon#etiL %!%elillos6L ords H%!nt!lones de %!n!6L ord(ro's H%!nt!lones de %!n!6L
(sto"s H!d(!n!6L di+iders Ho"%s de %(nt!s #i.!s6L dr!(,&ts NGBO NoO &e/(ers
NGBO NoO &e9ers NUSAO HHel .(e,o de6 l!s d!"!s6L dre,s H%ososL restosL esori!6L
d(n,!rees H"onoL %!nt!l3n de %etoL %etoL H%!nt!lones6 +!/(eros NUSAO6L e!rnin,s
Hin,resosL ,!n!ni!sL bene#iios6L e!t!bles Ho"estibles6L entr!ils Hentr!)!sL +Fser!sL
"en(dos6L #!ilities Hinst!l!iones6L #!ees NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO #ees NUSAO
H&eesL e-re"entos6L #ield ,l!sses H%ris"tiosL bino(l!res6L #!ti,(es H#!en!sL
(ni#or"e de #!en!6L #in!nes Hre(rsos #in!nierosL sit(!i3n #in!nier!6L #indin,s
H#!llo H+eredito6L onl(sionesL reo"end!iones6L #ire7or9s H#(e,os !rti#ii!lesL
+irt(osis"oL tri#(l!L %eloter!6L #l!nnels H%!nt!l3n de #r!nel!6L #orei,n !##!irs
H!s(ntos e-teriores6L Fren& #ried %ot!toesL Fren& #ries NUSAO H%!t!t!s #rit!s6L
#oods H!li"entos6L ,l!sses$ s%et!les NoO s%es H,!#!sL lentes6L ,oods H!rtF(losL
"er!nF!s6L ,reens H+erd(r!s6L ,roeries Ho"estiblesL %ro+isiones6L ,(ts Non U!
lot o#L !n'L eno(,&L "oreL noL so"eL t&eV %ero no on U!llL #e7L "!n'L "ostL
ot&erVO H!,!ll!sL +!lorL resisteni!6L &e!d%&ones H!(ri(l!resL !sos6L &e!lt& #oods
H!li"entos s!nos6L &ono(rs NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O &onors NUSAO H"!trF(l! de
&onorL lieni!t(r! NGBO6L in+erted o""!s Ho"ill!s6L irons H,rillosL ,rilletes6L
9ni9ers Hbr!,!s6L .e!ns H%!nt!lones +!/(eros6L "!n!les Hes%os!sL ,rillos6L
"!nners H"od!les6L "one's Nliter!rioOL "onies Nliter!rioO Hdinero6L "or!ls H"or!lL
0ti!6L "o+!bles Hbienes "(ebles6L "(nitions H"(niiones6L n!t(r!l reso(res
Hre(rsos n!t(r!les6L n(%ti!ls Hn(%i!sL es%ons!les6L n(ts !nd bolts Hdet!lles
eseni!les6L odds H%rob!bilid!desL %osibilid!des6L odds !nd sods NGBO NoO bits !nd
%iees Hos!sL brt(losL %ed!zosL trozos6L orders H3rdenes s!,r!d!s6L o(ts9irts
H!#(er!sL !lrededores6L %!irs Hdobles Hen de%orte66L %!nt!loons H%!nt!lones
bo"b!&os6L %!nties H%!ntiesL %!ntisL "edi!s6L %!nts H!lzonillos NGBOL %!nt!lones
NUSAO6L %iners Hten!z!s6L %liers H!li!tes6L %ools NGBO H/(iniel!s6L %re"ises Hlo!l
Ni sitioO6L %roeeds Hlo re!(d!doL lo s!!do6L %roeedin,s H!toL re(ni3nL de"!nd!L
!t!sL "edid!s6L %'.!"!s NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %!.!"!s NUSAO H%i.!"!6L %ros H!nd
ons6 H%ros Ni +ent!.!sO H' ontr!s66L %ro%s HHelL (n6 &o"bre de los !esorios Nen (n
te!troL !esoriosOL %(bli rel!tions Hrel!iones %2bli!s6L /(!rters H+i+iend!L
!lo.!"ientoL (!rtel6L re,!rds Hre(erdosL s!l(dos6L re"!ins Hrestos6L ri&es
Hri/(ez!Hs66L ro'!lties Hdere&os de !(torL re,!lF!s6L s!nds H!ren!s6L s!+in,s
H!&orros6L s!les Hb!l!nz!6L sissors Hti.er!s6L s&e!rs Hti.er!s ,r!ndes6L sr!%s Hsobr!sL
des%erdiios6L s&orts H%!nt!lones ortos6L slee%ers NUSAO HositoL %elele6L sno7s
Hnie+es6L sn(##ers Hdes%!bil!dor!s6L s%irits HlioresL ni"oL &("or6L sti9s
Hobst(los6L str!ins HsonL o"%sHes66L str!its Hestre&eesL !%(ros Neon3"iosO6L
stren,t&s !nd 7e!9nesses H%(ntos #(ertes ' d0biles6L s(ds H.!bon!d(r!sL es%("! de
.!b3nL !,(! .!bonos!6L s(rro(ndin,s H!lrededoresL entornoL !"biente6L s7ee%in,s
Hb!rred(r!sL &eesL esori!L b!s(r!6L s7eet #oods H!li"entos d(les6L te!&in,s
Hense)!nz!s6L t&!n9s H,r!i!s6L t&e!tri!ls Hte!tro Nde !#iion!dosOL ti,&ts H"edi!sL
"!ll!Hs6L tr!.e de "!ll!L leot!rdoHs6L %!nt!l3n !.(st!do6L ti"%!ni HtF"%!nosL
ti"b!les6L ton,s Hten!z!sL ten!ill!s6L tr!+els H+i!.es6L tro(sers H%!nt!l3nL
%!nt!lones6L tr(n9s Hb!)!dorL tr!.e de b!)o6L t7eezers H%inz!s6L (nder%!nts NUSAO
H!lzonillos6L +!l(!bles Hob.etos de +!lor6L +er"in Hbi&osL !li"!)!s6L +i!nds
H"!n.!res Ne-/(isitosO6L +o!l ords H(erd!s +o!les6L 7!,es Hs!l!rio6L 7eeds Hro%!
de l(to Nde +i(d!O6L 7&is9ers H%!till!sL bi,otes6L 7or9s Hobr!s Ni !ionesOL obr!s Hde
in,enierF!6L "e!nis"oL #bri!6L 7ritin,s Hobr!s Nesrit!sO6$ et1 E.14 Ee olleted !ll
"one'sL "onies d(e Hl reo,i3 todo el dinero debido6M t&e s!nds o# t&e desert Hl!s
!ren!s del desierto6$ t&e sno7s o# Mo(nt E+erest Hl!s nie+es del "onte E+erest6$ t&e
stren,t&s !nd 7e!9nesses o# t&e %l!' Hlos %(ntos #(ertes ' d0biles de l! obr!6$ too
"!n' s7eet #oods Hde"!si!dos !li"entos d(les6$ t&e te!&in,s o# Don j(!n Hl!s
ense)!nz!s de Don j(!n6$ "' tr!+els H"is +i!.es6$ et1
Si se /(iere %oner (n n("er!l del!nte$ &!' /(e deir4 t7o 7e!%ons Hdos !r"!s6$
t&ree Britis&L D(t&L En,lis&L Fren&L Iris&L S%!nis&L >els& 7o"en Htres "(.eres
britni!sL &ol!ndes!sL in,les!sL #r!nes!sL irl!ndes!sL es%!)ol!sL ,!les!s6$ et1
Al,(nos de los no"bres se"iont!bles %(eden (s!rse o"o ont!bles t!"bi0n en
sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l on si,ni#i!do distinto4 !n !r" H(n br!zo6$ ! blind H(n! %ersi!n!L
%!nt!ll!6$ ! (sto" H(n! ost("bre6$ ! ,l!ss H(n +!so6$ ! s%et!le H(n es%et(lo61
D1 81BBI5CC$ :1@158$ :1@15;$ :1@15=
:15:1I &os nombres contables pueden ir precedidos de deter"in!ntes o
"odi#i!dores o"o los ad%etivos demostrativos4 t&is Heste$ est!6$ t&!t HeseL !/(elL
es!L !/(ell!6$ t&ese Hestos$ est!s6$ t&ose HesosL !/(ellosL es!sL !/(ell!s661 E.14 t&is
o"et Heste o"et!6$ t&!t o"edi!n HeseL !/(elL es!L !/(ell! o"edi!nte6$ t&ese
#e!t&ers Hest!s %l("!s Hde %.!ros66$ t&ese %enils Hestos l%ies6$ t&ose silion &i%s
Hes!sL !/(ell!s %!still!s Hde siliio66$ t&ose "elons HesosL !/(ellos "elones6$ et1
:15;1I &os nombres contables pueden ir precedidos de deter"in!ntes o
"odi#i!dores o"o los ad%etivos posesivos4 "' H"i6$ 'o(r Ht(L +(estroHs6$ !Hs6L s(
Nde Dd1O6$ &is Hs( Nde 0lO6$ &er Hs( Nde ell!O6$ its Hs( Nde 0l$ elloO6$ o(r Hn(estroHs6$ !Hs66$
t&eir Hs( Nde ellHos$ !s6O61 E.14 "' s&oes H"is z!%!tos6$ 'o(r &o(ses Ht(sL +(estr!sL
s(s !s!s6$ &is 7!ter"elons Hs(s s!ndF!s6$ &er rin,s Hs(s !nillos6M T&is s%!rro7 &!s
#!llen !nd its le,s !re bro9en HEste ,orri3n se &! !Fdo ' tiene l!s %!t!s rot!s6M o(r
bo7ls Hn(estros t!zones6$ t&eir .o's Hs(s !le,rF!s6$ et1
:15<1I &os nombres contables pueden ir precedidos de determinantes o
modificadores como"
a+ Los ad%etivos interrogativos U7&!t$ 7&!t e+er$ 7&!t 111 else$ 7&!t 9indL sort o#$
7&!t "!nner o# Nliter!rioO$ 7&i&$ 7&i& e+er$ 7&i& 111 else$ 7&ose$ &o7 #e7$ &o7
#e7 less N+(l,!rO$ &o7 #e7 "ore$ &o7 "!n'$ &o7 "!n' less N+(l,!rO$ &o7 "!n'
"oreV ND1 ;1<?O1
b+ Los ad%etivos relativos Q7&!t$ 7&!te+erL 7&!tsoe+er$ 7&i&$ 7&i&e+erL
7&i&soe+er$ 7&oseQ ND1 ;1<BO1
:15=1I &os nombres contables pueden ir precedidos de deter"in!ntes o
"odi#i!dores o"o !l,(nos ad%etivos exclamativos4 7&!t$ &o7 h !d.eti+o$ &o7
#e7$ &o7 "!n'$ so N"enos (s!doOL s(& N"s (s!doO h !d.eti+o$ so #e7$ so "!n'$
s(&$ too #e7$ too "!n' ND1 ;1=CO1
:15?1I &os nombres contables pueden ir precedidos de ad%etivos indefinidos
o"o Ue!&$ e+er'$ eit&er$ so"e H!l,(nHos$ !s66$ !n'$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' !n'$
not 111 !n'$ !ll Ht&e6$ eno(,&$ /(ite eno(,&$ "ore$ "ost$ no$ ot&er$ t&e ot&erV$ et1 D1
;1=5
Los no"bres /(e son ont!bles e inont!bles son inont!bles (!ndo +!n
%reedidos de !d.eti+os inde#inidos de !ntid!d o"o Qlittle$ "(&$ so"eQ$ et1 D1
:188
:15@1I &os nombres contables pueden ir precedidos de los pronombres
indefinidos mencionados en 2.-*7 /a 'ue poner ;t/e<, un ad%etivo
demostrativo# un ad%etivo posesivo entre el pronombre indefinido seguido de
;of< el nombre contable. D1 <1:C
:15B1I &os nombres contables pueden ir precedidos de algunas per(frasis
partitivas /(e son (!nti#i!dores o no"bres oleti+os4 ! ert!inL #!irL ,oodL
l!r,eL s"!ll !"o(nt o# R%roble"s H(n! iert!L b(en!L b(en!L ,r!nL %e/(e)!
!ntid!d de %roRble"!s6$ /(ite ! l!r,eL s"!ll !"o(nt o# REind(sL EinRd(s NGBO H(n!
!ntid!d b!st!nte ,r!ndeL %e/(e)! de &inRd2es6$ !n !r"' o# Rsoldiers H(n e.0rito de
solRd!dos6$ !n !ssoi!tion o# iRde!s H(n! !soi!i3n de iRde!s6$ ! b!, o# R!%%les H(n
s!oL (n! t!le,! de "!nRz!n!s6$ ! b!nd o# Rt&ie+es H(n! %!ndill! de l!Rdrones6$ !
b!rrier o# Robst!les H(n! b!rrer! de obsRt(los6$ ! b!s9et o# R!%%les H(n! !n!st!L
est! de "!nRz!n!s6$ ! b!t& o# R%!%ers H(n! %il! de %!R%eles6$ ! blo9 o# Rs&!resL
Rti9ets H(n %!/(ete de !Riones Hde bols!6L (n t!o de biRlletes6$ ! bo!rd o# diRretors
H(n! .(nt! direRti+!L (n onse.o de !d"inistr!Ri3n6$ ! boo9 o# Rs!"%lesL Rti9ets H(n
"(esRtr!rioL (n t!o NoO t!lon!rio de Rti/(es6$ ! bo(/(et o# R#lo7ers H(n r!"o de
R#lores6$ ! bo- o# R"!t&es H(n! !.! Hllen!6 de eRrill!s6 ' U! R"!t&bo-V H(n! !.!
H+!F!6 %!r! eRrill!s6$ ! brood o# R&i9ens H(n! nid!d! de R%ollos6$ ! b(n& o# 111 H(n
"!no.oL r!"oL r!i"oL ,r(%oL "ont3n de 11164 ! b(n& o# Rlies H(n "ont3nL (n!
s!rt! de "enRtir!s6$ ! b(ndle o# Rlot&esL R%!%ersL Rsti9sL Rt7i,s H(n #!rdo de Rro%!L
(n le,!.o de %!R%elesL (n &!z de Rle)!L (n &!z de le)! "eRn(d!6$ ! irle o# Rtrees H(n
Fr(lo de Rrboles6$ ! l("% o# R#lo7ers H(n "ont3n de R#lores6$ ! olletion o#
Rst!"%s H(n! olei3n de Rsellos6$ ! olon' o# R!nts H(n! oloni! de &orR"i,!s6$ !
ol("n o# Rt!n9s H(n! ol("n! de Rt!n/(es6$ ! o"%!n' o# Rsoldiers H(n! o"%!)F!
de solRd!dos6$ ! o(%le o# Nindi! U%!rV ' e/(i+!le ! U(nHos$ !s6 (!ntHos$ !s64 8$ :$ ;M
no se (s! on no"bres /(e +!n en ,r(%os de dos /(e se (s!n on U%!ir o#V4 D1 %!ir
o#O Roins H(n %!r de "oRned!s6$ ! o+e' o# R%!rtrid,es H(n! nid!d!L %oll!d!L
b!nd!d! de %erRdies6$ ! r!te o# R9i7is H(n !.3n de R9i+is6$ ! ro% o# o"R%l!intsL
Rst(dents H(n! t!nd! de R/(e.!sL est(Rdi!ntes6$ ! ro7d o# R%eo%le H(n! "(ltit(d de
R,ente6$ ! de9 o# R!rds H(n! b!r!.! de R!rt!s6$ lo7 doses o# R&or"onesL Rdr(,s
Hdosis b!.!s de &orR"on!sL Rdro,!s6$ ! dozen Re,,s H(n! doen! de R&(e+os6$ ! dro+e
o# R!ni"!ls H(n! "!n!d! de !niR"!les6$ ! #leet o# Rs&i%s H(n! #lot! de Rb!ros6$ ! #li,&t
o# Rst!irsL Rste%s H(n tr!"o de es!Rler!6$ #li,&ts o# R%i,eons Hb!nd!d!s de %!Rlo"!s6$ !
#lo9 o# RbirdsL R,o!tsL Rs&ee% H(n! b!nd!d! de R%.!rosL (n reb!)o de R!br!sL (n
reb!)o de oR+e.!s6$ be!(ti#(l #or"s o# Rtri!n,les H#or"!s &er"os!s de Rtrin,(los6$ !
,!,,le o# R,eese H(n! b!nd!d! de R,!nsos6$ ! ,!n, o# Rri"in!ls H(n! b!nd! de
ri"iRn!les6$ ! bi,L l!r,eL s"!llL ,ood ,ro(% o# R,irlsL Rt&in,s H(n ,r!nL %e/(e)oL
b(en ,r(%o de "(R&!&!sL Ros!s6$ bi,L l!r,eL s"!ll ,ro(%s o# RbirdsL Rst!"%s
H,r!ndesL %e/(e)os ,r(%os de R%.!rosL Rsellos6$ ! &erd o# R!ttleL Rele%&!ntsL R,o!ts
H(n reb!)o de ,!Rn!doL eleR#!ntesL R!br!s6$ ! &i+e o# Rbees H(n en.!"bre de !Rbe.!s6$
! &orde o# Rto(rists H(n! &ord!L "(ltit(d de t(Rrist!s6$ ! &ost o# R%roble"s H(n
"ont3n de %roRble"!s6$ ! &(" o# R+oies H(n "(r"(llo de R+oes6$ ! list o# R7ordsL
R+erbs H(n! list! de %!Rl!br!sL R+erbos6$ ! litter o# R(bsL R%(%sL R%(%%ies H(n! !"!d!
de !R&orros6$ ! litter o# boo9s H(n "ont3n desorden!do de Rlibros6$ t&e "!.orit' o#
R"!""!ls Hl! "!'orF! de los "!R"F#eros6$ ! "!ss o# ontr!RditionsL R(rls H(n
"ont3n NoO 2"(lo de ontr!diRionesL Rrizos6$ "!sses o# o"R%l!ints H"(&Fsi"!s
R/(e.!s6$ ! "inorit' o# R&osts H(n! "inorF! de los !n#iRtriones6$ ! "ob o# R#!ns H(n
,r(%o de !d"ir!Rdores6$ ! "o(nt!in o# R%rotests H(n "ont3n de %roRtest!s6$
"o(nt!ins o# R7ords H"ontones de %!Rl!br!s6M A n("ber o# Rt&in,s is Nliter!rioOL !re
Nestnd!rO t&ere HUn! %ori3nL Un n2"eroL Un! serie de Ros!s est Nliter!rioOL
estn Nolo/(i!lO !llF6M t&e ,re!test n("ber o# Rdi!ries Hel "!'or n2"ero de !R,end!sL
Rdi!rios6M T&e ,re!test n("ber o# R%eo%le !,ree HEl "!'or n2"ero de %erRson!s estn
de !(erdo6M /(ite ! l!r,e n("ber o# deRe%tions H(n n2"ero b!st!nte ,r!nde de
dee%Riones6$ ,re!t NoO l!r,eL s"!ll n("bers o# R&ildren H(n ,r!nL %e/(e)o
n2"ero de Rni)os6$ t&e order o# R7ordsL t&e R7ord Rorder Hel orden de %!Rl!br!s6$ !
%!9 o# R!rdsL Rlies H(n! b!r!.! NoO (n "!zo de R!rt!sL (n! s!rt! de "enRtir!s6$ !
%!9 o# Rdo,sL R7ol+es H(n! .!(rF! de R%errosL Rlobos6$ ! %!9et o# Rris%s H(n! bols!L
(n %!/(ete de %!t!t!s r(R.ientes6$ ! %!ir Nse (s! s3lo on no"bres /(e +!n en
,r(%os de dosM indi! s3lo 84 D1 o(%le o# ' :1@15;O o# R!r"sL Re'esL R,lo+esL R&!ndsL
Rs&oesL Rso9s H(n %!r de Rbr!zosL Ro.osL R,(!ntesL R"!nosL z!R%!tosL !leRtines6$ !
%!nel o# Re-%erts H(n e/(i%o de e-R%ertos6$ %!rt o# t&e Rti,ers H%!rte de los Rti,res6$ !
%!rt' o# Rs&ool&ildren H(n ,r(%o de esoRl!res6$ ! %ile o# Rboo9sL Rle!+esL "!Rteri!lsL
R%!%ers H(n! %il! NoO (n "ont3n Horden!dHo$ !6 ' desorden!dHo$ !66 de RlibrosL R&o.!sL
"!teRri!lesL %!R%eles6$ ! %l!,(e o# R"ie H(n! %l!,! de r!Rtones6$ ! %ool o# reRso(res
H(n! #(ente de reR(rsos6$ ! %ride o# Rlions H(n! "!n!d! de Rleones6$ ! ,re!t NoO l!r,eL
s"!llL ,ood /(!ntit' o# Rstr!7berriesL Rto(rists H(n! ,r!nL %e/(e)!L b(en! !ntid!d
de R#res!sL t(Rrist!s6$ t&e rest o# t&e e-R(rsions Hel resto de l!s e-(rRsiones6$ ! r(n o#
oRinidenes H(n! r!&! de oiniRdeni!s6$ ! s!9 o# %oRt!toes H(n s!o de %!Rt!t!s6$
! s&ool o# R#is&L s!rRdines H(n b!no de R%eesL s!rRdin!s6$ ! sore o# R%eo%le H(n!
+einten! de %erRson!s6$ ! se! o# Rtro(bles H(n "!r de R%en!s6$ ! se! o# R%eo%le H(n!
ri!d! de R,ente6$ ! set o# Rboo9sL R9e'sL R9ni+esL Rst!"%sL Rt&in,s H(n! olei3n de
RlibrosL (n .(e,o de Rll!+esL (n .(e,o de (R&illosL (n! serie de RsellosL (n on.(nto
de Ros!s Non (n n2"ero deter"in!doO6$ ! s&e!# o# %o%(l!r /(oRt!tions H(n #!.o NoO
"ont3n de it!s %o%(Rl!res6$ ! s&el# o# Rboo9s H(n est!nte de Rlibros6$ ! s&o!l o# R#is&
H(n b!no de R%ees6$ ! sli% o# t&e R%en H(n l%s(s Rl!"i6$ ! st!9 o# Rboo9sL RoinsL
!Rssettes H(n "ont3n NoO (n! %il! Horden!dHo$ !66 de RlibrosL "oRned!sL Rint!s6$ !
stor" o# R%rotests H(n! ole!d! de %roRtest!s6$ ! stre!" o# Rboo9sL R%eo%le H(n torrente
de RlibrosL R,ente6$ ! strin, o# lo!l !(Rt&oritiesL RlossesL Rne7s%!%ersL R%e!rlsL Rs&o%sL
R+e&iles H(n! serie de !(torid!des loR!lesL (n! serie de R%0rdid!sL (n ,r(%o de
%eRri3diosL (n! s!rt! de R%erl!sL (n! !den! de Rtiend!sL (n! #il! de +eR&F(los6$ !
s7!r" o# Rbees H(n en.!"bre de !Rbe.!s6$ ! te!" o# b!Rlloonists H(n e/(i%o de
!eroRn!(t!s6$ tons o# ,eo%oni R%rod(ts Htonel!d!s de %rod(tos ,eoR%3nios6$ !
troo% o# 111 H(n es(!dr3nL (n! tro%!L (n! !ter+! de 1116$ ! t(#t o# R#e!t&ers H(n
%en!&o de R%l("!s6$ ! +!riet' o# Rre!sons H(n! +!ried!d de r!Rzones6$ ! +!se o#
R#lo7ers H(n .!rr3n de R#lores NllenoO6L ! R#lo7er R+!se H(n .!rr3n de R#loresL #loRrero
N+!FoO6$ ! 7!d o# RnotesL R%!%ers H(n "ont3n NoO #!.o de Rnot!sL %!R%eles61
Detrs de Uo#V %(eden ir Ut&eL t&e onesL t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL itsL o(rL
t&eirL "ineL 'o(rsL &isL &ersL o(rsL t&eirsL (sL t&e"$ et1V1 E.14 ! b!, o# t&e &e!%
R!%%lesL t&e &e!% RonesL t&e ri%e R!%%lesL t&ese ri%e R!%%lesL t&ose ri%e R!%%les H(n
s!oL (n! t!le,! de l!s "!nz!n!s b!Rr!t!sL l!s b!Rr!t!sL l!s "!nz!n!s "!Rd(r!sL est!s
"!nz!n!s "!Rd(r!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s "!nz!n!s "!Rd(r!s6$ ! b!, o# Ro(rsL Rt&eirs
H(n s!o Rn(estroL Rs('oL (n! t!le,! Rn(estr!L Rs('!6$ ! bo- o# t&e R7ood R"!t&esL t&e
bi, R"!t&esL t&e bi, RonesL t&ese R"!t&esL t&ose R7ood R"!t&es H(n! !.! de l!s
erill!s de "!Rder!L erill!s R,r!ndesL l!s R,r!ndesL est!s eRrill!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s
erill!s de "!Rder!6$ ! bo- o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir R"!t&es H(n! !.! de
"isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(sL s(sL s(sL n(estr!sL s(s eRrill!s6$ ! bo- o# Ro(rsL Rt&eirs
H(n! !.! Rn(estr!L Rs('!6$ ! b(n& o# 111 H(n ,r(%oL (n! b!nd!L (n! %!ndill!L (n
"!no.o de 11164 ! b(n& o# t&e t&i9 Rboo9sL t&e t&i9 Rones H(n "ont3n de los libros
R,ordosL los R,ordos6$ ! b(n& o# t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir Rboo9s
H(n "ont3n de estosL esos NoO !/(ellosL "isL t(s NoO +(estros NoO s(sL s(sL s(sL
n(estrosL s(s Rlibros6$ T&e' !re ! b(n& o# Rterrorists HSon (n ,r(%oL (n! %!ndill!L
(n! b!nd! de terroRrist!s6M T&e' s!7 ! b(n& o# t&e Rterrorists HDieron (n ,r(%oL (n!
%!ndill!L (n! b!nd! de los terroRrist!s6M ! o(%le o# t&e s&inin, RoinsL Rones H(n %!r
de l!s "oned!s rel(RientesL de l!s rel(Rientes6$ ! o(%le o# t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL
&isL &erL o(rL t&eir Roins H(n %!r de est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!sL "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO
s(s Nde Dd1OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellosO "oRned!s6$ ! o(%le o#
R(sL Rt&e" H(n %!r de noRsotrHos$ !s6L RellHos$ !s66$ t&e det!ils o# t&e R"et&odL R%l!n Hlos
det!lles del R"0todoL R%l!n6$ ! dozen o# t&e bi, Re,,sL Rones H(n! doen! de los
&(e+os R,r!ndesL los R,r!ndes6$ ! dozen o# t&eseL t&ose Re,,s H(n! doen! de estosL
esos NoO !/(ellos R&(e+os6$ ! dozen o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir iRde!s H(n!
doen! de "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(sL s(sL s(sL n(estr!sL s(s iRde!s6$ ! dozen o# R(sL
Rt&e" H(n! doen! de noRsotrHos$ !s6L RellHos$ !s66$ ! #lo9 o# t&e Asi!n RbirdsL Rones
H(n! b!nd!d! de los %.!ros !RsitiosL los !Rsitios6$ ! #lo9 o# t&eseL t&ose Rs&ee%
H(n reb!)o de est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s oR+e.!s6$ ! #lo9 o# Ro(rsL Rt&eirs H(n reb!)o
Rn(estroL de RellHos$ !s66$ ! #renz' o# R&eerin, H(n delirio de o+!Riones6M A ,ro(% o#
Rt&in,s !re t&ere HUn ,r(%o de Ros!s estn !llF6M ! ,ro(% o# t&e o"%le- Rt&in,sL t&e
ro(,& Rones H(n ,r(%o de l!s os!s o"R%le.!sL de lHos$ !s6 Rs%erHos$ !s66M A ,ro(%
o# t&eseL t&ose RBel,i!ns s!id 'es HUn ,r(%o de estosL esos NoO !/(ellos Rbel,!s di.o
/(e sF6M A ,ro(% o# "' Rboo9s !re (se#(l HUn ,r(%o de "is Rlibros es 2tilL son 2tiles6M
A ,ro(% o# 'o(r Rboo9s !re &e!% HUn ,r(%o de t(sL +(estrosL s(s Nde Dd1O Rlibros esL
son b!r!toHs66M A ,ro(% o# &isL &erL o(rL t&eir Rst!"%s !re old HUn ,r(%o de s(sL s(sL
n(estrosL s(s Rsellos esL son +ie.oHs66M ! ,ro(% o# R(sL Rt&e" H(n! %ori3nL (n ,r(%o
de noRsotrHos$ !s6L RellHos$ !s66$ ! bi, ,ro(% o# t&e Rsto7!7!'sL t&e s"!ll Rones H(n
,r(%o ,r!nde de los %oliRzonesL los %eR/(e)os6$ ! bi, ,ro(% o# t&eseL t&ose
Rsto7!7!'s H(n ,r(%o ,r!nde de estosL esos NoO !/(ellos %oliRzones6$ ! l!r,e ,ro(%
o# "'L 'o(r R!ts H(n ,r(%o ,r!nde de "isL t(s NoO +(estros NoO s(s R,!tos6$ ! s"!ll
,ro(% o# &isL &erL t&eir R%(%ils H(n ,r(%o %e/(e)o de s(s !Rl("nHos$ !s66$ ! s"!ll
,ro(% o# o(r Rst(dents H(n %e/(e)o ,r(%o de n(estros est(Rdi!ntes6$ ! ,ood ,ro(% o#
t&eir R&!"s H(n b(en ,r(%o de s(s .!R"ones6$ ! ,ood ,ro(% o# R(sL Rt&e" H(n b(en
,r(%o de noRsotrHos$ !s6L RellHos$ !s66$ i"%ressions o# t&e R7orld Hi"%resiones del
R"(ndo6M ! "e"ber o# t&e oR""ission H(n "ie"bro de l! o"iRsi3n6M A n("berL
,ro(% o# t&e RL!t+i!ns s!id 'es HUn n2"eroL ,r(%o de los leRtones NoO Rl!t+ios di.o
/(e sF6M A n("ber o# 'o(r Rboo9s !re &e!% HUn! %ori3n de t(sL +(estrosL s(s Nde
Dd1O Rlibros es Nliter!rioO b!r!t!L son Nolo/(i!lO b!r!tos6M ! ,re!t n("ber o# t&e
s"!ll Rones H(n ,r!n n2"ero de lHos$ !s6 %eR/(e)Hos$ !s66$ ! s"!ll n("ber o# &is
R%(%ils H(n %e/(e)o n2"ero de s(s !Rl("nHos$ !s66$ ! ,ood n("ber o# Rt&e" H(n
b(en n2"ero de RellHos$ !s66M T&e ,re!test n("ber o# t&e bl!9 R%eo%le !,ree HEl
"!'or n2"ero de l!s %erson!s Rne,r!sL de oRlor est de !(erdo6M t&e ,re!test
n("ber o# t&e silent Rones Hel "!'or n2"ero de los silenRiosos6M T&e ,re!test
n("ber o# t&eseL t&ose R%eo%le !,ree HL! "!'orF! de est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s
%erRson!s estHn6 de !(erdo6M t&e ,re!test n("ber o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir
R&orses Hl! "!'or %!rte de "isL t(s NoO +(estros NoO s(sL s(sL s(sL n(estrosL s(s
!Rb!llos6M T&e ,re!test n("ber o# R(sL Rt&e" !re &!%%' HL! "!'orF! de noRsotrHos$
!s6 so"osL RellHos$ !s6 son #elies6M ! ,re!t NoO l!r,eL s"!llL ,ood n("ber o# Rt&e"
H(n ,r!nL %e/(e)oL b(en n2"ero de RellHos$ !s66M ! %!9 o# t&e red R!rdsL t&e red
Rones H(n b!r!.!L (n "!zo de l!s !rt!s Rro.!sL l!s Rro.!s6$ ! %!9 o# 'o(rL &isL &erL
o(rL t&eir R!rds H(n! b!r!.!L (n "!zo de t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(sL s(sL s(sL n(estr!sL
s(s R!rt!s6$ ! %!9 o# Ro(rsL Rt&eirs H(n! b!r!.!L (n "!zo Rn(estrH!$ o6L de RellHos$ !s66$
! %!9 o# t&ese Rdo,sL R7ol+es H(n! .!(rF!L "!n!d! de estos R%errosL Rlobos6$ t&e
%!,es o# t&is R!tl!s Hl!s %,in!s de este R!tl!s6$ ! %!ir o# t&e bl!9 Rs&oesL Rones H(n
%!r de los z!%!tos Rne,rosL los Rne,ros6$ ! %!ir o# t&eseL t&ose Rs&oes H(n %!r de estosL
esos NoO !/(ellos z!R%!tos6$ ! %!ir o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir Rs&oes H(n %!r de
"isL t(s NoO +(estros NoO s(s Nde Dd1OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estrosL s(s Nde
ellHos$ !s6O z!R%!tos6$ ! %!ir o# Rt&e" H(n %!r de RellHos$ !s66$ ! %!rt o# t&e R!9e H(n!
%!rte del R%!stel6$ %!rt o# t&e RonionL soRl(tion H%!rte de l! eRboll!L sol(Ri3n6M !
%ortion o# t&e R&o(ses H(n! %ori3nL %!rte de l!s R!s!s6M Ee sold ! l!r,e /(!ntit' o#
t&e Rstr!7berriesL t&e ri%e RonesL t&e S%!nis& Rstr!7berries Hl +endi3 (n! ,r!n
!ntid!d de l!s R#res!sL l!s "!Rd(r!sL l!s #res!s es%!R)ol!s6M Ee sold ! l!r,e /(!ntit'
o# t&eseL t&ose Rstr!7berries Hl +endi3 (n! ,r!n !ntid!d de est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s
R#res!s6M Ee sells ! s"!ll /(!ntit' o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir Rstr!7berries Hl
+ende (n! %e/(e)! !ntid!d de "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(sL s(sL s(sL n(estr!sL s(s
R#res!s6M ! ,ood /(!ntit' o# R(sL Rt&e" H(n! b(en! !ntid!d de noRsotrHos$ !s6L RellHos$
!s66$ t&e rest o# t&e old R"en Hel resto de los !nRi!nos6$ ! stor" o# t&e %oliti!l
R%rotestsL t&ese R%rotestsL t&ose R%rotests H(n! ole!d! de l!s %rotest!s %oRlFti!sL de
est!s %roRtest!sL de es!s NoO !/(ell!s %roRtest!s6$ t&e s(""!r' o# t&e "!in R%oints Hel
res("en de los %(ntos %riniR%!les6$ ! tr!e o# ! Rs"ile H(n esbozo de (n! sonRris!6$
tr!es o# ! Rstr(,,le Hr!strosL se)!lesL indiios de (n! %eRle!6$ t&e tr!its o# t&e
M!Rl!'si!ns Hlos r!s,os de los "!Rl!sios6$ et1
:18C1I =lgunos nombres contables pueden ir$ ! +ees$ precedidos de ciertas
per(frasis1 E.14 !n !n,el o# ! R&ild H(n Rni)o /(e es (n n,el6$ ! bit o# ! Rs&o9 H(n
%e/(e)o Rs(stoL i"R%!to6$ &er br(te o# ! R#!t&er Hel br(to de s( R%!dre6$ ! de(e o# !
Rro7 H(n tre"endo .!Rleo6$ ! de(e o# ! R"ess H(n! terrible on#(Rsi3n6$ t&eL !L t&isL
t&!t #ool o# ! Rdri+er HelL (nL esteL ese NoO !/(el ond(tor Rtonto6$ ! ,e" o# ! R%oe"
H(n %oe"! %reRioso6$ ! ,i!nt o# ! R"!n H(n ,iR,!nte Ni (n &o"bre ,i,!nRtesoO6M S&e
is ! &e9 o# ! R,irl HEll! es (n! &i! #enoR"en!l6M !L one &ell o# ! R"!n H(n &o"bre
sens!ioRn!l6M It is !L one &ell o# ! R"essL RnoiseL R%roble" HEs (n lFoL r(idoL
%roble"! "(' R,r!ndeL eRnor"e6M S&e &!d ! &ell o# ! Rti"e HEll! lo %!s3 "(' Rbien
NoO "(' R"!l Nde%ende del onte-toO6$ Q9indL sortL t'%e Nno %reedidos del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!doO o# Q h no"bre en sin,(l!r no %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doV
Nliter!rioOL no"bre en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doV Nolo/(i!lOL
no"bre en %l(r!l Nestnd!rO o Q! 9indL ! sortL ! t'%e o# h no"bre en sin,(l!r no
%reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doV Nestnd!rOL no"bre en %l(r!l Nestnd!rO o Q!
9indL ! sortL ! t'%e o# ! Nliter!rios4 no reo"end!bles %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntesOQ
h no"bre en sin,(l!r H(n! l!seL (n! es%eieL (n ti%o de h no"bre64 >&!t 9indL
sortL t'%e o# R&o(se Nliter!rioOL ! R&o(se Nolo/(i!lO is itT HWJ(0 l!seL ti%o de R!s!
esT6M It isnZt &er 9indL sortL t'%e o# R.o9e Nliter!rioOL ! R.o9e Nolo/(i!lO HNo es s(
l!seL ti%o de R&iste6M Ee isnZt t&!t 9indL sortL t'%e o# R%ersonL R#reel!ne R.o(rn!list
Nliter!riosOL ! R%ersonL ! R#reel!ne R.o(rn!list Nolo/(i!lesO Hl no es es! l!seL ese
ti%o de %erRson!L %eriodist! inde%enRdiente NoO %or (ent! R%ro%i!6M >&!t 9indL sortL
t'%e o# R&o(ses Nestnd!rO !re t&e'T HWJ(0 l!seL ti%o de R!s!s sonT6M EeZs ! 9indL
sortL t'%e o# R%!inter Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO NoO EeZs ! 9ind N"s (s!doOL ! sort
N"enos (s!doOL ! t'%e N"s (s!doO o# ! R%!inter Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl es (n!
es%eie de R%intor6M T&e' !re ! 9indL sortL t'%e o# R"en Nestnd!rO HSon (n! l!seL
(n! es%eieL (n ti%o de R&o"bres6M en in,l0s +(l,!r Q9ind$ sort$ t'%eQ %(eden ir
%reedidos de (n deter"in!nte en %l(r!l e-e%to (!ndo +!n detrs de Qo#Q ND1
:1@155 ' 5C18@O4 t&ose N+(l,!rO 9indL sortL t'%e o# R%eo%le Hes!s l!sesL esos ti%os de
%erRson!s6M Ee is ! lion o# ! R"!n Hl es (n H&o"bre o"o (n6 leR3n6M Ee is !
"onster o# ! R"!n Hl es (n R"onstr(o No"o &o"breO6M S&e is ! %e!& o# ! R,irl
HEll! es (n! &i! en!nt!Rdor!6M It 7!s ! %e!& o# ! R,o!l HF(e (n ,ol #!b(Rloso6M Ee
is ! ro9 o# ! R"!n Hl es (n! Rro!L (n &o"bre "(' Rd(ro6M &er s!"% o# ! R&(sb!nd
Hs( R,r!n(.!L brib3n de "R!rido6M Ee is ! ti,er o# ! R"!n Hl es (n H&o"bre o"o (n6
Rti,re6M Ee is ! tit!n o# ! R"!n Hl es (n tiRtnL &o"bre "(' R#(erte NoO or%(Rlento6M
Ee is ! 7!nton o# ! R&(sb!nd Hl es (n "!rido liberRtino6M Ee is ! 7!strel o# !
R&(sb!nd Hl es (n "!rido ,!nRd(l6M It 7!s ! 7&!le o# ! Rdi##ereneL R%roble" HEr!
(n! di#ereni!L (n %roble"! "(' R,r!nde6M Ee &!d ! 7&!le o# ! Rti"e Hl se lo %!s3
Rbo"b!L est(R%end!"enteL en R,r!nde6$ et1
*(!ndo se %one Q9indL sortL t'%e o#Q h no"bre /(e se re#ier! ! %erson!$ es "enos
es%eF#io /(e (!ndo el no"bre se re#iere ! (n! os!1 E.14 EeZs ! 9indL sortL t'%e
o# R7riter Hl es !l,o !sF o"o (n esRritorL esritor "s o R"enos6M ItZs ! 9indL sortL
t'%e o# Rtree HEs (n! l!seL (n ti%o de Rrbol61
:1851I &os nombres contables pueden ir$ ! +ees$ precedidos de preposiciones
con%unciones /(e t!"bi0n %(eden ll!"!rse !"b!s "or#e"!s inde%endientes
rel!ion!ntes1 E.14 in ! &otel Hen (n &otel6M ! bird !nd !not&er !ni"!l H(n %.!ro '
otro !ni"!l6$ et1
:1881I &os nombres incontables H(no(nt!ble no(nsL nonIo(nt no(nsL "!ss
no(ns6$ /(e se %(eden "edir$ %es!r o +!lor!r$ van siempre en singular ' %(eden
ser onretos o"o los no"bres de "!teri!l$ "!s!$ s(Hb6st!ni!s$ lF/(idos o ,!ses$ '
!bstr!tos o"o los no"bres de idio"!s$ ieni!s$ reli,iones$ !l,(n!s
en#er"ed!des$ !rtes$ senti"ientos$ !ti+id!des /(e tienen l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,$
"(&os no"bres de one%tos ter"in!dos en InessM los si,(ientes %(eden (s!rse
todos o"o inont!bles on el si,ni#i!do d!do$ /(e es ,ener!l ' no es%eF#io$ on
+erbo en sin,(l!r ND181BBI5CCOM los /(e no lle+!n n!d! entre or&etes s3lo %(eden
ser inont!blesM los /(e lle+!n Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO son inont!bles ' t!"bi0n
%(eden ser ont!bles en sin,(l!r ND1 81BBI5CCOM los /(e lle+!n Nont!ble en %l(r!lO
son inont!bles ' t!"bi0n %(eden ser ont!bles en %l(r!lM !l,(nos %(eden ir
t!"bi0n %reedidos del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do (!ndo lle+!n Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO$
%ero no %(eden ir en %l(r!lM otros %(eden ser t!"bi0n se"iont!bles en %l(r!l$ %ero
no %(eden ir en sin,(l!r ND1 :158$ :1:5OM l! tr!d(i3n en (nos !sos %(ede ser i,(!l
' en otros di#erente ND1 81BBI5CC$ :1@15<I=$ :1:=15OM los no"bres inont!bles %(eden
ir solos o %reedidos de (n deter"in!nte$ "ientr!s /(e los no"bres ont!bles en
sin,(l!r no %(eden ir solos sino %reedidos de (n deter"in!nte4 !bsenteeis" HHel6
!bsentis"o6$ !bsol(tis" HHel6 !bsol(tis"o6$ !bstinene HHl!6 !bstineni!6$ !(r!'
HHl!6 %reisi3n6$ !d(lter' HHel6 !d(lterio6$ !d+ie Nont!ble en sin,(l!r
%rini%!l"enteO HHlos6 onse.os6$ !##l(ene HHl!6 %ros%erid!d6$ !,,ressi+eness
NU!,,ressi+it'V no e-iste en in,l0sO HHl!6 !,resi+id!d6$ !,ri(lt(re HHl!6 !,ri(lt(r!6$
!ir onditionin, HHel6 !ire !ondiion!do6$ !n,er HHl!6 ir!L 3ler!6$ !%%l!(se HHlos6
!%l!(sos6$ !r&itet(re Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 !r/(itet(r!6$ !rro,!ne HHl!6
!rro,!ni!6$ !s%&!lt HHel6 !s#!lto6$ !ssist!ne Nont!ble en sin,(l!r %rini%!l"enteO
HHl!6 !'(d!L !sisteni!6$ !t&letis Nont!ble en %l(r!lO HHel6 !tletis"o6$ !+!rie
Nliter!rioO HHl!6 !+!rii!6$ b!bble Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHel6 "(r"(lloL s(s(rro6$
b!on$ b!,,!,e HHel6 e/(i%!.e6$ biolo,' HHl!6 biolo,F!6$ birt& ontrol HHel6 ontrol de
l! n!t!lid!d6$ bitterness HHl!6 !"!r,(r!6$ bl!"e HHl!6 (l%!6$ blindness HHl!6 e,(er!6$
blood %ress(re HHl!6 %resi3n !rteri!lL tensi3n6$ bl(bber Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6
,r!s!L Hel6 es%er"! de b!llen!6$ boredo" HHel6 !b(rri"iento6$ bot!n' HHl!6 botni!6$
brooli HHel6 br3oliL br0ol6$ B(dd&is"$ b(tter HHl!6 "!nte/(ill!6$ !"%in, HHl!6
!!"%!d!L Hel6 !"%in,6$ !%it!lis" HHel6 !%it!lis"o6$ !rdbo!rd HHel6 !rt3nL Hl!6
!rt(lin!6$ !relessness HHel6 des(idoL Hl!6 #!lt! de (id!do6$ !rrion HHl!6 !rro)!6$
!s& HHel6 dinero Hen e#eti+o66$ !ss!+! HHl!6 "!ndio! NoO '(!6$ *!t&oliis" HHel6
!toliis"o6$ eler' HHel6 !%io6$ e"ent HHel6 e"ento6$ entr!l R&e!tin, HHl!6
!le#!i3n entr!l6$ &!os HHel6 !os6$ &!tter HHl!6 &&!r!L Hel6 %!rloteoL Hel6
otorreoL Hel6 t!bleteo6$ &e"istr' HHl!6 /(F"i!6$ &ess HHel6 !.edrez6$ R&e7in, ,("L
R&e7in,I,(" HHel6 &ile6$ &ildis&ness HHel6 in#!tilis"o6$ &in! HHl!6 %orel!n!L
loz!6$ R&itHI6&!t HHl!6 &!&!r!L Hel6 %!rloteoL Hel6 %!li/(eL Hlos6 di"es ' diretes6$
*&risti!nit' HHel6 risti!nis"o6$ itizens&i% HHl!6 i(d!d!nF!6$ i+is HHl!6 ed(!i3n
F+i! NoO Hel6 i+is"o6$ l!ssi!l "(si HHl!6 "2si! lsi!6$ l!tter Nont!ble en
sin,(l!rO HHel6 tr!/(eteoL re%i/(eteo6$ le+erness Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 listez!L
!st(i!6$ lot&in, HHl!6 ro%!6$ o!ine HHl!6 o!Fn!6$ o""on sense HHel6 sentido
o"2n6$ o""(nis" HHel6 o"(nis"o6$ o"%!ssion HHl!6 o"%!si3n6$
o"%etiti+eness HHl!6 o"%etiti+id!d6$ o"%liit' HHl!6 o"%liid!d6$ onrete HHel6
&or"i,3n6$ onst!n' HHl!6 onst!ni!6$ onstern!tion Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6
onstern!i3n6$ oo9er' HHl!6 oin! Ni !rte de oin!rO6$ o(ntr'side HHel6 !"%o6$
o(r!,e Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHel6 +!lor6$ o7!rdie HHl!6 ob!rdF!6$ ri9et HHel6
rF/(et6$ ro9er' HHl!6 +!.ill!L loz!6$ (tler' HHl!6 (berterF!L (&illerF!6$ d!nin,
HHel6 b!ile6$ d!r9ness HHl!6 oHb6s(rid!d6$ d!zzle HHel6 res%l!ndorL &e&izo6$ des%!ir
HHl!6 deses%er!i3n6$ destit(tion HHl!6 indi,eni!6$ deterrene HHl!6 dis(!si3n6$
di%lo"!' HHl!6 di%lo"!i!6$ dirt HHl!6 s(ied!dL %or/(erF!L "(,re6$ disredit HHel6
desr0dito6$ disd!in HHel6 desd0n6$ dis,(st HHl!6 indi,n!i3nL Hel6 !so6$ dis"!' HHl!6
onstern!i3n6$ disre,!rd HHl!6 indi#ereni!6$ distr(st Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6
deson#i!nz!L Hel6 reelo6$ do"in!ne HHl!6 do"in!i3n6$ d(st HHel6 %ol+o6$ e!,erness
Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHel6 ent(si!s"o6$ e!rnestness Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6
seried!d6$ e!st HHel6 este6$ eono"is HHl!6 eono"F!6$ ed(!tion Nont!ble en
sin,(l!rO HHl!6 ense)!nz!6$ e##iien' Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 e#iieni!L
e#i!i!6$ eletriit' HHl!6 eletriid!d6$ ele,!ne Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6
ele,!ni!6$ En,lis& Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO Hel Hidio"!6 in,l0s6$ e/(i%"ent HHel6
e/(i%oL Hel6 e/(i%!"ientoL Hl!6 !%tit(d6$ et&is HHl!6 0ti!6$ e+idene Nont!ble en
%l(r!lO HHl!6 e+ideni!6$ e-ite"ent Nont!ble en %l(r!lO HHl!6 e-it!i3nL Hel6
ent(si!s"oL Hel6 !lborotoL Hl!6 on"oi3n6$ e-%loit!tion HHl!6 e-%lot!i3n6$ #!"e
HHl!6 #!"!6$ #!ti,(e Nont!ble en %l(r!l %rini%!l"enteO HHl!6 #!ti,!6$ #!+o(ritis"
NGBOL #!+oritis" NUSAO HHel6 #!+oritis"o6$ #eedb!9 HHl!6 re!i3nL res%(est!L
retro!i3nL retro!li"ent!i3nL re!li"ent!i3nL !(toorrei3nL Hel6 re!.(ste6$ #e+er
Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 #iebre6$ #in!ne Nse"iont!ble en %l(r!lO HHl!s6 #in!nz!sL
Hl!6 #in!ni!i3n6$ #is&in, HHl!6 %es!L Hel6 %es!r6$ #itness HHl!6 b(en! #or"!L
!%tit(d6$ #lo(r HHl!6 &!rin!6$ #l( HHl!6 ,ri%e6$ #oli!,e HHel6 #oll!.e6$ #or,i+eness HHel6
%erd3n6$ #res&ness Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 #res(r!6$ #riendliness Nont!ble en
sin,(l!rO HHl!6 !"ist!d6$ #(n HHl!6 di+ersi3n6$ #(rnit(re HHlos6 "(eblesL Hel6
"obili!rio6$ ,!rb!,e NUSAO HHl!6 b!s(r!6$ ,!soline NUSA4 "s (s!doO NoO ,!solene
NUSA4 "enos (s!doO HHl!6 ,!solin!6$ ,el!tinHe6 HHl!6 ,el!tin!6$ ,enoide HHel6
,enoidio6$ ,eo,r!%&' HHl!6 ,eo,r!#F!6$ R,etI(%I!ndIR,o Nolo/(i!lO HHl!6 inii!ti+!6$
,ibberis& Nolo/(i!lO HHel6 ,!li"!tF!s6$ ,litter Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHel6 oro%elL Hl!6
%(r%(rin!6$ ,l(e Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHel6 %e,!"entoL Hl!6 ol!6$ ,ol# HHel6 ,ol#6$
,r!+it' HHl!6 ,r!+ed!d6$ ,reed NoO ,reediness HHl!6 !+!rii!6$ ,(ilt HHl!6
(l%!Hbilid!d66$ &!%%iness Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 #eliid!d6$ &!r" HHel6 d!)o6$
&!+o HHlos6 estr!,osL Hl!6 ,r!n on#(si3n6$ &e!lt& HHl!6 s!l(d6$ R&e!rt R#!il(re HHel6
ol!%so !rdF!o6$ &eli(" HHel6 &elio6$ &el% Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 !'(d!6$
&esit!n'L &esit!ne HHl!6 d(d!L +!il!i3n6$ Eind(is" HHel6 &ind(is"o6$ &o"e7or9
N+(l,!r o"o ont!ble en %l(r!lO HHlos6 deberes6$ &onest' HHl!6 &onr!dezL
&onestid!dL sinerid!d6$ &orseIridin, HHel6 orrer ! !b!llo6$ &os%it!lit' Nont!ble en
sin,(l!r %rini%!l"enteO HHl!6 &os%it!lid!d6$ &o(se7or9 HHl!s6 l!bores de l! !s!6$
&("idit' Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 &("ed!d6$ &("ilit' Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6
&("ild!d6$ &(n,er Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHel6 &!"bre6$ &(ntin, HHl!6 !z!L Hel6
!z!r6$ &(rr' Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 %ris!6$ &(rt Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6
%en!6$ &'dro,en HHel6 &idr3,eno6$ ieI&o9e' HHel6 .3/(e' sobre &ielo6$ ieIs9!tin,
HHel6 %!tin!.e sobre &ielo6$ i,nor!ne HHl!6 i,nor!ni!6$ illiter!' HHel6 !n!l#!betis"o6$
i"%ort!ne Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 i"%ort!ni!6$ i"%(dene Nliter!rioO HHl!6
insoleni!6$ inde%endene HHl!6 inde%endeni!6$ in#or"!tion Nont!ble en sin,(l!r
%rini%!l"enteO HHl!6 in#or"!i3n6$ innoene HHl!6 inoeni!6$ insistene HHl!6
insisteni!6$ intelli,ene Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 inteli,eni!6$ Isl!" HHel6 isl!"6$
.!bber Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHel6 %!rloteo6$ .e7eller' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
.e7eler' NUSAO HHl!s6 .o'!s6$ j(d!is"$ .(do HHel6 '(do6$ .("%in, HHel6 s!lt!r6$
.(ris%r(dene Nliter!rioO HHl!6 .(ris%r(deni!6$ 9eno HHl!6 loterF! #!"ili!r /(e se .(e,!
on l"in!s6$ 9ino HHel6 /(ino6$ 9no7led,e Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHel6
onoi"iento6$ l!9 Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 #!lt!6$ l!(,& Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO
HHl!6 ris!6$ l!(,&ter HHl!Hs66 ris!Hs66$ leis(re LRleeL NGBO ' LRli4erL NUSAO HHel6 oio6$
lenien' N"s (s!doOL leniene HHl!6 ind(l,eni!6$ linen HHel6 &iloL Hel6 linoL Hl!6 ro%!
bl!n! NoO de !"!6$ liter!t(re Nont!ble en sin,(l!r %rini%!l"enteO HHl!6 liter!t(r!6$
loneliness HHl!6 soled!d6$ l(9 HHl!6 s(erte6$ l(,,!,e HHel6 e/(i%!.e6$ l("b!,o HHel6
l("b!,o6$ l("ber HHl!6 "!der! NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL Hlos6 !&i+!&es NGB
%rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO6$ "!!roni Nont!ble en %l(r!lO HHlos6 "!!rrones6$
"!&iner' Nont!ble en sin,(l!r %rini%!l"enteO HHl!6 "!/(in!ri!6$ "!,i HHl!6
"!,i!6$ "!il HHel6 orreo6$ "!il order HHl!6 +ent! %or orreo6$ "!inten!ne HHel6
"!nteni"iento6$ "!nio HHl!6 "!ndio! NoO '(!6$ "!t&e"!tisL "!t&s NGB4
olo/(i!lOL "!t& NUSA4 olo/(i!lO Nont!ble en %l(r!lO HHl!s6 "!te"ti!s6$ "!t(rit'
HHl!6 "!d(rez6$ "e!sles HHel6 s!r!"%i3n6$ "e&!nis Nont!ble en %l(r!lO HHl!6
"eni!6$ "el!n&ol' Nliter!rioO Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 "el!nolF!6$
"erri"ent Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHel6 .2biloL Hl!6 !le,rF!6$ "et!ll(r,' HHl!6
"et!l(r,i!6$ "il9$ "odest' Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 "odesti!L "oder!i3n6$
"one' Nse"iont!ble en sin,(l!r %rini%!l"enteO HHel6 dinero6$ "or!lit' Nont!ble
en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 "or!lid!d6$ "("%s HHl!s6 %!%er!s6$ "(si HHl!6 "2si!6$ l!ssi!l
"(si HHl!6 "(sF! lsi!6$ %o% "(si HHl!6 "2si! %o%6$ ne7s HHl!Hs66 notii!Hs66$
ne7s%rint HHel6 %!%el de %eri3dio6$ nitro,en HHel6 nitr3,eno6$ nonsense Nont!ble en
sin,(l!rO HHl!s6 tonterF!sL est(%idees6$ nort& HHel6 norte6$ nost!l,i!$ n(trition HHl!6
n(trii3n6$ oe!no,r!%&' HHl!6 oe!no,r!#F!6$ oddness HHl!6 e-entriid!d6$
o"nisiene HHl!6 o"nisieni!6$ oneness Nliter!rioO HHl!6 (nid!dL identid!d6$
o%(lene HHl!6 o%(leni!6$ ore,!no HHel6 or0,!no6$ o+erti"e HHl!s6 &or!s e-tr!Hs66$
o7ners&i% HHl!6 %ro%ied!d6$ o-',en HHel6 o-F,eno6$ %!n!&e Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO
HHel6 ,!rbo6$ %!r!%le,i! HHl!6 %!r!%le.F!L %!r!%le.i!6$ %!rsle' HHel6 %ere.il6$ %!st!
H%!st!6$ Ht&e6 %!t&os HHel6 %!tetis"o6$ %!tiene HHl!6 %!ieni!6$ %e!e#(lness HHl!6
%!zL Hel6 !rter %!F#io6$ %eel HHl!6 s!r!L %iel6$ %etrol NGBO Nont!ble en
sin,(l!rO HHl!6 ,!solin!6$ %etrole(" HHel6 %etr3leo6$ %&oto,r!%&' HHl!6 #oto,r!#F!6$
%&'sis HHl!6 #Fsi!6$ %it& HHel6 bl!no de l! s!r!L "eollo6$ %it' Nont!ble en
sin,(l!rO HHl!6 lsti"!L %en!6$ %oetr' HHl!6 %oesF!6$ %oll(tion HHl!6 %ol(i3n6$
%ol'et&'leneL %ol't&'lene NGB %rini%!l"enteO HHel6 %olietileno6$ %ol'st'reneL
St'ro#o!" NUSA %rini%!l"enteO HHel6 %olietileno6$ %olo HHel6 %olo6$ %o%orn HHl!s6
%!lo"it!s Hde "!Fz66$ %ot!s& HHl!6 %ot!s!6$ %ot!ssi(" HHel6 %ot!sio6$ %o+ert'
Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 %obrez!6$ %o7erlessness HHl!6 i"%oteni!6$ %reision HHl!6
%reisi3n6$ %ri,,is&ness HHl!6 ,!z"o)erF!L "o.i,!terF!6$ %ri+!' HHl!6 inti"id!d6$
%rod(e HHlos6 %rod(toHs6 Hde !li"ent!i3n66$ %ro,ress HHel6 %ro,reso6$ %rose HHl!6
%ros!6$ %(bliit' HHl!6 %(bliid!d6$ R%(r%ort Nliter!rioO HHel6 si,ni#i!do6$ r!in Nont!ble
en %l(r!lO HHl!6 ll(+i!6$ r!in#!ll HHl!6 ll(+i!L Hl!6 %rei%it!i3nL l!s %rei%it!iones6$
r!s&ness HHl!6 irre#le-i3n6$ redness HHl!6 ro.ez6$ relie# Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHel6
!li+io6$ re"orse HHel6 re"ordi"ientoHs66$ rese!r& Nont!ble en %l(r!lO HHl!6
in+esti,!i3n6$ restit(tion HHl!6 restit(i3nL inde"niz!i3n6$ ret!li!tion HHl!s6
re%res!li!s6$ rie HHel6 !rroz6$ r(bbis& HHl!6 b!s(r!6$ r(deness HHl!6 ,roserF!6$ r(,b'
HHel6 r(,b'6$ r(nnin, HHel6 orrer6$ s!bot!,e HHel6 s!bot!.e6$ s!dness Nont!ble en
sin,(l!rO HHl!6 tristez!6$ s!#et' HHl!6 se,(rid!d6$ s!nd Nse"iont!ble en %l(r!lO HHl!6
!ren!6$ s!nit!tion HHl!6 &i,ieneL Hlos6 ser+iios s!nit!rios6$ sener' HHel6 %!is!.e6$
siene #ition HHl!6 ieni! #ii3n6$ sedition HHl!6 sedii3n6$ sel#Ie"%lo'"ent HHel6
tr!b!.o !(t3no"o6$ sel#I%reser+!tion HHel6 instinto de onser+!i3n6$ se-is" HHel6
se-is"o6$ s&!"e Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 +er,Xenz!6$ s&o%%in, HHl!s6 o"%r!Hs66$
s9iin, HHel6 es/(i!r6$ slee% Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHel6 s(e)o6$ s"!ll%o- HHl!6
+ir(el!6$ s"o, HHl!6 niebl! t3-i!L Hel6 nebl("o6$ soer HHel6 #2tbol6$ soi!l seR(rit'
NGBO HHl!6 se,(rid!d soi!l6$ so#tness Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 s(!+id!d6$ so(t&
HHel6 s(r6$ so+erei,nt' HHl!6 sober!nF!6$ s%!,&etti Non +erbo en sin,(l!rO HHlos6
es%!,(etis6$ S%!nis& Hel Hidio"!6 !stell!noL es%!)ol6$ s%in!& HHl!Hs66 es%in!!Hs66$
s%orts7e!r HHl!6 ro%! de de%orteL ro%! in#or"!l6$ st!"in! HHl!6 resisteni!6$ ste!"
HHel6 +!%or6$ sti##ness Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 ri,idezL in#le-ibilid!d6$ stren,t&
Nont!ble en %l(r!lO HHl!6 #(erz!6$ s(ns&ine HHel6 sol6$ s(r+eill!ne HHl!6 +i,il!ni!6$
s'r(% HHel6 .!r!be6$ te!&in, Nse"iont!ble en %l(r!lO HHl!6 ense)!nz!6$ tennis HHel6
tenis6$ t&irst Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 sed6$ t&(nder Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHlos6
tr(enos6$ tr!##i HHel6 tr#io6$ tr!inin, HHel6 entren!"iento6$ tr!ns%ort Nont!ble en
%l(r!lO HHel6 tr!ns%orte6$ tr!ns%ort!tion HHel6 tr!ns%orte NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL Hl!6
de%ort!i3n6$ tr!s& NUSAO HHl!6 b!s(r!6$ tr!+el Nse"iont!ble en %l(r!lO HHel6 +i!.e
Hl!r,o66$ tre!son HHl!6 tr!ii3n6$ t(r"oil Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 on#(si3nL
!,it!i3n6$ (,liness HHl!6 #e!ld!d6$ (nderst!ndin, Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6
o"%rensi3n6$ (nder7e!r HHl!6 ro%! interior6$ (nrest HHl!6 in/(iet(dL Hel6 "!lest!r6$
(r,en' HHl!6 (r,eni!6$ +iolene Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 +ioleni!6$ +olle'b!ll
HHel6 b!lon+ole!L +oleibol6$ 7!l9in, HHel6 !nd!r6$ 7!r"t& HHelL l!6 !lorL Hl!6
ordi!lid!d6$ 7!ter Nont!ble en sin,(l!r ' se"iont!ble en %l(r!lO HHel6 !,(!6$
7e!lt& Nont!ble en sin,(l!rO HHl!6 ri/(ez!L !b(nd!ni!6$ 7e!t&er Nse"iont!ble en
%l(r!lO HHel6 tie"%o6$ 7ei,&tlessness HHl!6 in,r!+idez6$ 7el#!re HHel6 bienest!rL Hl!6
!sisteni! soi!lL Hl!s6 %rest!iones soi!les NUSAO6$ 7est HHel6 oeste6$ 7&e!t
Nont!ble en %l(r!lO HHel6 tri,o6$ 7ildli#e HHl!6 #!(n! ' #lor!6$ 7is&#(l t&in9in, HHel6
es%e.is"oL il(sionis"o6$ 7ool Nont!ble en sin,(l!r %rini%!l"enteO HHl!6 l!n!6$ et1
E.14 B!9ed !%%le is t!st' HL! "!nz!n! !s!d! est s!bros!6M It did ! lot o# d!"!,e
HEizo "(&o d!)o6M T&e ne7s 7!s ! s(r%rise HL!Hs6 notii!Hs6 #(eHron6 (n!
sor%res!6M Ee is #ond o# tr!+el HA 0l le ,(st! +i!.!r Nd(r!nte "(&o tie"%oO6$ %ero
QEe &!d ! b!d .o(rne'Q Hl t(+o (n +i!.e "!lo6M M!!roni is t!st' HLos "!!rrones
estn s!brosos6M T&is "!!roni is t!st' HEstos "!!rrones estn s!brosos6M
S%!,&ettiL T&e s%!,&etti is N!re4 no %onerO deliio(s HLos es%!,(etis Nen ,ener!lOL
Los es%!,(etis Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO estn deliiosos6M A4 Does
&e li9e s%!,&ettiT HWLe ,(st!n los es%!,(etis ! 0lT61 B4 mes$ &e doesL li9es it HSF$ le
,(st!n6$ et1 D1 818C$ :1:5
En in,l0s los no"bres inont!bles se los %(ede (s!r solos sin deter"in!ntes o
"odi#i!doresM los no"bres inont!bles en sin,(l!r no tienen %l(r!l$ no %(eden ir
%reedidos del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ni de !d.eti+os n("er!les !rdin!les o"o
Ut7o$ t&reeV$ et1 E.14 For Middlese-$ ed(!tion is i"%ort!nt HP!r! M1 l! ense)!nz!
es i"%ort!nte6M Ee needs 7or9 Hl neesit! tr!b!.o6$ %ero UEe needs ! .obV Hl
neesit! (n e"%leoL tr!b!.o6M 7it&o(t loss o# ti"e Hsin %0rdid! de tie"%o6M ItZs .(st
t!l9 HEs %(r! %!l!brerF!L Son s3lo &is"esL &!bl!d(rF!sL r("ores6M S&e &!s no
#eelin, in &er #in,ers HEll! no tiene sensibilid!d en los dedos6M Ee li9es #r(it HA 0l le
,(st! l! #r(t!6M I &!+e t&e &ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onor NUSAO o# &is
!/(!int!ne HTen,o el &onor de onoerle6$ et1
Los no"bres inont!bles %(eden ir on U!"o(ntV %ero no on Un("berVM los
no"bres ont!bles s(elen ir on Un("berV %ero %(eden ir t!"bi0n on U!"o(ntV1
E.14 ! ,re!t !"o(nt o# "one'L %ot!toes H(n! ,r!n !ntid!d de dineroL %!t!t!s61
E!' no"bres /(e son inont!bles en in,l0s ' ont!bles e inont!bles en !stell!no4
!,ri(lt(re$ !n,er$ &in!$ o"%!ssion$ ondesension$ ond(t$ (nnin,$
destr(tion$ eletriit'$ en+'$ e/(!lit'$ #les&$ #(n$ ,reed$ &e!lt&$ &o!r#rost Hes!r&!6$
&onest'$ inde%endene$ in#or"!tion$ intelli,ene$ li,&tnin,$ loneliness$ l(9$ l("ber$
"!,i$ "er&!ndise$ "(si$ %!r9in,$ %!tiene$ %(bliit'$ re"orse$ se!side$ s%ite$
st(##$ tr!inin,$ 7el#!re$ 7ort&$ et1
M(&os de los no"bres inont!bles en in,l0s son t!"bi0n inont!bles en
!stell!no$ %ero !l,(n!s o"o U!d+ie$ !%%l!(se$ ne7s$ sener'V$ et1$ son
inont!bles en in,l0s ' no en !stell!noM s(elen$ %(es$ res(lt!r "(&o "s di#Files1
E.14 ItZs be!(ti#(l sener'] H\Es (n %!is!.e &er"oso]6$ %ero QItZs ! be!(ti#(l +ie7]Q
H\Es (n! +ist!L (n %!is!.e &er"osHo$ !6]6$ et1
M(&os no"bres %(eden ser ont!bles e inont!bles t!nto en in,l0s o"o en
!stell!no4 !o""od!tion NGB %rini%!l"ente4 D1:158O H!lo.!"iento6$
!/(!int!ne$ !d+ent(re$ !,e$ !ir$ !lo&ol$ !%%etite$ !%%le$ !%%rei!tion$ !rt$
b!s9etb!ll$ be!(t'$ beer$ be&!+io(r NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO be&!+ior NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO NoO ond(t Nliter!rio4 D1:158O HHl!6 ond(t!6$ bin,o$ bre!d$
bre!9#!st$ b(siness$ !bb!,e$ !9e$ !ner$ !nd'$ !%!it'$ !%it!l$ !(li#lo7er$
ere!l$ &!ne$ &!n,e$ &!r!ter$ &!rit'$ &eese$ &i9en$ &ool!te$ o!l$ o##ee$
old$ o"in,$ onern$ on#idene$ orn$ orr(%tion$ otton$ o(ntr'$ re!"$ ri"e$
ritiis"$ d!"!,e$ de!t&$ de"or!'$ deodor!nt$ de%ression$ desire$ deter,ent$
di##erene$ di##i(lt'$ dinner$ dis!%%oint"ent$ disretion$ disri"in!tion$
disin#et!nt$ di+ersit'$ dr!7in,$ d(9$ e##ort$ e,,$ e"%lo'"ent$ en.o'"ent$
entert!in"ent$ e-%eriene$ #!il(re$ #!s&ion$ #e!r$ #eelin,$ #is&$ #o,$ #oll'$ #ood$
#ootb!ll$ #reedo"$ #riends&i%$ #r(it$ #(t(re$ ,l!ss$ God Nont!ble en "in2s(l!O$ ,old
HHel6 oro Ninont!bleOL "ed!ll! de oro Nont!bleO6$ ,o(t$ ,r!""!r$ ,r!ss$ ,ro7t&$
&!ir$ &!rds&i%$ &esit!tion$ &istor'$ &o%e$ &("o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &("or
NUSAO$ ie$ ie re!"$ ide!$ i"!,in!tion$ ind(str'$ insetiide$ iron$ It!li!n Hel
Hidio"!6 it!li!no Ninont!bleOL it!li!no Nont!bleO6$ .o'$ 9et&(%L !ts(% NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOL !t&(% NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Ninont!bles en in,l0s estnd!r
%ero en in,l0s +(l,!r t!"bi0n ont!bles en sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lO$ 9indness$
9(dos LR9.(4dosL NGBO ' LR9(4d!4sL NUSA o LR9(4do(zL o LR9(4do(sL o LR9.(4do(zLO
H%resti,io NoO reno"bre Ninont!bleOL &onores NoO ,!l!rdones Nont!bleO6$ l!9$ l!"b$
l!nds$ le!t&er$ lett(e$ li#e$ li,&t$ lotion$ lo+e$ "!rble$ "e!t$ n!t(re$ ner+e$ noise$ o!9$
oil$ onion$ %!in$ %!int$ %!intin,$ %!%er$ %!rt$ %!ssion$ %e!e$ %er#etion$ %er"ission$
%estiide$ %&iloso%&'$ %izz!$ %l!sti$ %le!s(re$ H"!s&ed6 %ot!to$ %o7der$ %ride$ %oint$
%o7er$ %rotetion$ /(estion$ re!din,$ re!lit'$ re!son$ rere!tion$ rel!-!tion$ reli,ion$
roo"$ ro'!lt'$ r(bber$ s!l!d$ s!lt$ s!tis#!tion$ s!(e$ s(l%t(re$ sens!tion$ s&!"%oo$
s&ootin,$ sil+er$ s9in$ sno7$ so!%$ soiet'$ soil$ so(nd$ s%!e$ s%eed$ s%ort$ st!t(s$
steel$ stir$ stone$ st(%idit'$ s(ess$ s(,!r$ s(,,estion$ t!l9$ te!$ te&nolo,'$ ti"e$ tin$
to!st$ tob!o$ tort(re$ tro(ble$ tr(st$ tr(t&$ (nit'$ +eloit'$ +erse$ +ie$ +irt(e$ 7!r$
7e!9ness$ 7illo7$ 7ind$ 7ine$ 7ood$ 7or9$ 7ors&i% Nont!ble4 D1 :1<155O$ 'o,&(rtL
'o,(rtL 'o,&o(rt$ 'o(t&$ et1
Todos los no"bres ter"in!dos en Iin, %(eden ser inont!bles4 "!r9etin,$ %!r9in,$
sin,in,$ et1M "(&os no"bres ter"in!dos en Iin, %(eden ser inont!bles '
ont!bles4 7ee%in, Hllor!r6 ' U! 7ee%in,V H(n llori/(eo6$ et1
Todos los no"bres ter"in!dos en Iin, /(e se!n ont!bles ' %roed!n de (n +erbo
se %(eden (s!r t!"bi0n o"o inont!bles4 ! t&r!s&in, H(n! %!liz!6 ' UT&r!s&in,
t&e" is no ,oodV HD!rles (n! %!liz! no sir+e de n!d!6M ! 7eddin, H(n! bod!6 '
U>eddin, &i" is no ,oodV H*!s!rle no sir+e de n!d!6$ et1
:18:1I &os nombres incontables pueden ir precedidos de deter"in!ntes
o "odi#i!dores$ o"o ;t/e<M sin Ut&eV es Nen ,ener!lO ' on Ut&eV es
es%eF#io$ onreto$ ' se %(ede %oner Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO1 E.14 T&e bre!d in En,l!nd is e-%ensi+e HEl %!n Nes%ei!l"enteL
sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO en In,l!terr! esHt6 !ro6M Bre!d in En,l!nd is
e-%ensi+e HEl %!n Nen ,ener!lO en In,l!terr! esHt6 !ro6M t&e blood o# t&is
!ni"!l Hl! s!n,re Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO de este
!ni"!l6$ t&e ne7s o# t&e tr!,ed' Hl!Hs6 notii!Hs6 de l! tr!,edi!6M T&ere 7ill
be !n end to t&e +ioleneL +iolene HSe ter"in!r l! +ioleni!
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rOL l! +ioleni! Nen ,ener!lO6$ et1
:18;1I &os nombres incontables pueden ir precedidos de deter"in!ntes o
"odi#i!dores o"o los ad%etivos calificativos, clasificativos de colorM si los
!d.eti+os +!n %reedidos de Ut&eV tienen (n sentido es%eF#io ' si no +!n
%reedidos de Ut&eV tienen (n sentido ,ener!lM ! +ees es nees!rio %oner Ut&eV1 E.14
t&e Nno s(%ri"irO ,re!t o"%!ssion o# God Hl! ,r!n o"%!si3n de Dios6$ Ht&e6 ,ood
l!"b HHel6 ordero b(enoL Hel6 b(en ordero Ni Hl!6 !rne de ordero b(en!O6$ Ht&e6
s"!ll #is& HHel6 %es!do %e/(e)o6$ t&e Nno s(%ri"irO be!(ti#(l &istor' o# t&is o(ntr'
Hl! &er"os! &istori! de este %!Fs6$ t&e Nno s(%ri"irO (,l' ri"e Hel ri"en #eoL el #eo
ri"en6$ et1
:18<1I &os nombres incontables pueden ir precedidos de deter"in!ntes o
"odi#i!dores o"o los ad%etivos demostrativos Qt&isQ HesteL est!6$ Qt&!tQ HeseL
!/(elL es!L !/(ell!6 %ero no Qt&ese$ t&oseQ1 E.14 t&is ,old Heste oro6$ t&is d(9 Hest!
!rne de %!to6$ t&is ne7s Hest!Hs6 notii!Hs66$ t&!t ne7s Hes!Hs6L !/(ell!Hs6 notii!Hs66$
t&!t o!9 Hes! "!der! de roble6$ t&!t %or9 Hes! !rne de erdo6$ !ll t&is nonsense
Htod!s est!s tonterF!sL est(%idees6$ et1
:18=1I &os nombres incontables pueden ir precedidos de deter"in!ntes o
"odi#i!dores o"o los ad%etivos posesivos Q"'Q H"i6$ Q'o(rQ Ht(L +(estrHo$ !6L s(
Nde Dd1O6$ Q&isQ Hs( Nde 0lO6$ Q&erQ Hs( Nde ell!O6$ QitsQ Hs( Nde 0lL elloO6$ Qo(rQ
Hn(estrHo$ !66$ Qt&eirQ Hs( Nde ellHos$ !s6O61 E.14 "' %er"ission H"i %er"iso6$ 'o(r
sener' Ht( %!is!.eL deor!do6$ &is e-ite"ent Hs( Nde 0lO e"oi3n6$ &er &!os Hs(
Nde ell!O6 !os6$ its &e"istr' Hs( /(F"i!6$ o(r tro(ble Hn(estr! %reo(%!i3n6$ t&eir
e-%eriene Hs( e-%erieni!6$ et1
:18?1I &os nombres incontables pueden ir precedidos de determinantes como"
a+ Al,(nos de los ad%etivos interrogativos4 7&!t$ 7&!t e+er$ 7&!t 111 else$ 7&!t
9indL sort o#$ 7&!t "!nner o# Nliter!rioO$ 7&i&$ 7&i& e+er$ 7&ose$ &o7 little$ &o7
"(& ND1 ;1<?O1
b+ Al,(nos de los ad%etivos exclamativos4 7&!t$ &o7 h !d.eti+o$ so N"enos
(s!doOL s(& N"s (s!doO h no"bre en sin,(l!r$ so little$ so "(&$ s(&$ too little$
too "(& ND1 ;1=CO1
c+ Al,(nos ad%etivos indefinidos. D1 ;1=5
:18@1I &os nombres incontables pueden ir precedidos de los siguientes
pronombres indefinidos" &!l# o#$ &!l# !s "(& o#$ so"e o#$ so"et&in, o#$
so"et&in, else o#$ !n' o#$ b!rel' !n' o#$ &!rdl' !n' o#$ s!rel' !n' o#$ not 111 !n'
o#$ !n't&in, o#$ !n't&in, else o#$ none o#$ not&in, o#$ not&in, else o#$ "(& o#$
not 111 "(& o#$ +er' "(& o#$ not +er' "(& o#$ !s "(& o#$ t7ieL #o(r ti"es !s
"(& o#$ not !s "(& o#$ not so "(& o#$ %rett' "(& o#$ t&is "(& o#$ t&!t "(&
o#$ too "(& o#$ ! bit "(& o#$ !ll o#$ eno(,& o#$ /(ite eno(,& o#$ s(##iient o#$ ! bit
o#$ ! #!ir bit o#$ /(ite ! bit o#$ ! little bit o#$ /(ite ! little bit o#$ ! tin' little bit o#$ !
to(& o#$ little o#$ ! little o#$ /(ite little o#$ /(ite ! little o#$ !s little o#$ so little o#$ not
!s little o#$ not so little o#$ +er' little o#$ ! +er' little o#$ too little o#$ "(& too little o#$
#!r too little o#$ r!t&er too little o#$ little else o#$ less o#$ ! ,ood de!l less o#$ ! #!ir de!l
less o#$ ! ,re!t de!l less o#$ so"e less o#$ !n' less o#$ no less o#$ ! lot less o#$ #!r less
o#$ %lent' less o#$ t&e le!st o#$ ! ,ood de!l o#$ ! #!ir de!l o#$ ! ,re!t de!l o#$ ! ,ood
de!l else o#$ ! ,re!t de!l else o#$ "ore o#$ so"e "ore o#$ !n' "ore o#$ ! bit "ore o#$
! little "ore o#$ little "ore o# Nliter!rioO$ +er' little "ore o# Nliter!rioO$ no "ore o#$ !
to(& "ore o#$ #!r "ore o#$ "(& "ore o#$ no "ore o#$ ! ,ood de!l "ore o#$ ! #!ir
de!l "ore o#$ ! ,re!t de!l "ore o#$ ! lot "ore o#$ %lent' "ore o#$ "ost o#$ ! lot o#$
lots o# Nolo/(i!lO$ /(ite ! lot o#$ r!t&er ! lot o#$ ! lot else o#$ %lent' o#$ ! &e!% o#$
&e!%s o# Nolo/(i!lO$ ! lo!d o# Nolo/(i!lO$ lo!ds o# Nolo/(i!lO$ t&e 7&ole o# Ht&eL
t&is$ et161 D1 <1:C
:18B1I =lgunos nombres incontables pueden ir precedidos de ciertas per(frasis
partitivas /(e son (!nti#i!doresM el no"bre nor"!l"ente no +! %reedido de
Ut&eV ' tiene sentido ,ener!l$ %ero %(ede ir t!"bi0n %reedido de Ut&eV si tiene (n
sentido es%eF#io$ onreto4 !n !t o# Ro7!rdieL Rtre!son H(n! ob!rRdF!L tr!iRi3n6$
!Hn6 Hert!inL #!irL l!r,eL s"!ll$ et16 !"o(nt o# R"il9 H(n! Hiert!L b(en!L ,r!nL
%e/(e)!$ et16 !ntid!d de Rle&e6$ /(ite ! l!r,eL s"!ll !"o(nt o# R#is& H(n! !ntid!d
b!st!nte ,r!ndeL %e/(e)! de %esR!do6$ !rtiles o# R#ood Hos!s de oR"er6$ ! b!, o#
R#lo(r H(n s!oL (n! t!le,! de &!Rrin!6$ ! b!, o# Rs&o%%in, H(n! bols! Hllen!6 on
Ro"%r!s6L ! Rs&o%%in, Rb!, H(n! bols! de l! Ro"%r! Ndel liente %!r! (tiliz!r
"(&!s +eesO NGBOL (n! bols! N+!F! o llen!O de R%lstio NoO R%!%el Nde (s!r ' tir!r
/(e d!n los o"eriosO NUSAO6$ ! b!ll o# Rl!'L Rsno7 H(n! %elot! de !rRill!L Rnie+e6$
! b!r o# R&ool!te H(n! t!blet!L %!still! de &ooRl!te6$ ! b!rrel o# Rbeer H(n b!rril de
erR+ez!6$ ! b!s9et o# R#r(it H(n! !n!st!L est! de R#r(t!6$ ! blob o# R,l(eL Rin9 H(n!
,ot!L (n! "!n&!L (n borr3n de %e,!R"entoL (n! "!n&!L (n borr3n de Rtint!6$ !
blo9 o# R,r!niteL R"!rble H(n blo/(e de ,r!RnitoL R"r"ol6$ ! bolt o# Rli,&tnin, H(n
Rr!'o6$ ! bottle o# &!"R%!,neL R7ine H(n! botell! Nllen!O de &!"R%nL R+ino6L !
&!"R%!,neL R7ine Rbottle N+!F!O6$ ! bo7l o# Rso(% H(n t!z3n de Rso%!6$ ! bre!t& o#
R!ir H(n so%lo de R!ire6$ ! b(rst o# Rl!(,&ter H(n! !r!R.!d!6$ ! !n o# Rbeer H(n! l!t! de
erR+ez!6$ ! !rton o# R"il9 H(n !rt3n de Rle&e6$ ! !se o# R!nt&r!- H(n !so de
!rRb(noL Rntr!-6$ ! &(n9 o# Re!rt&L R"e!t H(n %ed!zoL trozoL !&o de Rtierr!L
R!rne6$ ! l!% o# Rt&(nder H(n Rtr(eno6$ ! lo(d o# Rd(st H(n! n(be de R%ol+o6$ ! lo+e
o# R,!rli H(n diente de R!.o6$ ! l("% o# Re!rt& H(n "ont3n de Rtierr! NoO (n teRrr3n6$ !
ol("n o# Rs"o9e H(n! ol("n! de R&("o6$ ! r!te o# R#r(it H(n !.3n de R#r(t!6$ !
r(st o# Rbre!d H(n "enRdr(,o6$ ! (be o# Rs(,!r H(n terr3n de !Rz2!r6$ ! (% o#
Ro##eeL Rte! H(n! t!z! Nllen!O de !R#0L Rt06L ! Ro##eeL Rte! R(% N+!F!O6$ ! (rrent o#
Rli,&tL R7!ter H(n orriente de Rl(zL R!,(!6$ ! (s&ion o# R!ir H(n ol&3n de R!ire6$ !
d!s& o# R%e%%er H(n %o/(itoL (n! %iz! de %iR"ient!6$ ! dribble o# R7!ter H(n
&orritoL &ilito de R!,(!6$ ! dro% o# Rblood H(n! ,ot! de Rs!n,re6$ !n e-%ression o#
lo+e H(n! e-%resi3n de !Rri)o6$ ! #e!t o# R.e!lo(s' H(n !rreb!to de Relos6$ ! #it o#
deR%ression H(n! de%resi3n HH%6sioRl3,i!66$ ! #l!9e o# Rsno7 H(n o%o de Rnie+e6$ !
#l!s& o# Rli,&tnin, H(n reRl"%!,o6$ ! #l!s9 o# Roil H(n #r!so de !Reite6$ ! #li9er o#
Rli#e H(n! &is%! de R+id!6$ ! #l(tter o# e-Rite"ent H(n re+(elo de !niR"!i3n6$ so"e
#or" o# e-%l!Rn!tion H!l,2n ti%o de e-%li!Ri3n6$ ! #r!,"ent o# RboneL Rstone H(n
trozoL #r!,"ento de R&(esoL R%iedr!6$ ! ,!llon o# Rbeer H(n ,!l3n N(nos (!tro litrosO
de erR+ez!6$ ! ,!"e o# Rtennis H(n! %!rtid! de Rtenis6$ ! ,l!ss o# Rs&err' H(n +!soL (n!
o%! de H+ino de6 .eRrez6$ ! ,r!in o# R7&e!t H(n ,r!no de Rtri,o6$ ! ,(st o# R7ind H(n!
r#!,!L r!&! de R+iento6$ ! &e!d o# R!(li#lo7er H(n! oliR#lor6$ ! &e!% o# RbeerL
in#orR"!tionL "!Rn(reL Rs!ndL Rstr!7L dirt' R7!s&in, H(n "ont3n Hdesorden!do6 de
erR+ez!L in#orR"!i3nL esRti0rolL !Rren!L R%!.!L ro%! Rs(i!6$ &e!%s o# Rbeer
H"ontones Hdesorden!dos6 de erR+ez!6$ &o%es o# s(Ress Hes%er!nz!s de R0-ito6$ !n
in,ot o# R,old H(n lin,ote de Roro6$ !n ite"L !rtile o# Rlot&in, H(n! %rend! de +esRtirL
(n !rtF(lo de Rro%!6$ !n ite" o# Rne7s H(n! noRtii!6$ ! .!r o# Rbeer H(n! .!rr! de
erR+ez!6$ ! .!r o# R.!" H(n t!rroL bote de "er"eRl!d! Nde (!l/(ier os! "enos de
FtriosO6$ ! .et o# R!irL R,!sL R7!ter H(n &orro de R!ireL R,!sL R!,(!6$ ! .(, o# R.(ie
H(n! .!rr! de Rz("o6$ ! 9e, o# Rbeer H(n b!rrilete de erR+ez!6$ ! 9ilo,r!"L
9ilo,r!""e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo o# Riron H(n 9iloH,r!"o6 de R&ierro6$ ! nie
9ind o# R"(si H(n ti%oL (n! l!se de H(n!6 "2si! !,r!Rd!ble6$ ! 9nob NGB
%rini%!l"enteO o# Rb(tter H(n troito de "!nteR/(ill!6$ t&e le+els o# r!dio!Rti+it' Hlos
ni+eles de r!di!ti+iRd!d6$ ! litre NGBOL liter NUSAO o# Rider H(n litro de Rsidr!6$ !
lo!d o# RnonsenseL Rr(bbis& H(n "ont3n de tonteRrF!sL b!Rs(r!6$ lo!ds o# Rr(bbis&
H"ontones de b!Rs(r!6$ ! lo!# Ho# Rbre!d6 H(n! b!rr!L &o,!z! Hde R%!n6L (n R%!n6$ !
lo9 o# R&!ir H(n "e&3n de R%elo6$ ! l("% o# Rl!'L Re!rt&L Rro9 H(n trozoL %ed!zoL
!&o de !rRill!L Rtierr! NoO (n teRrr3nL Rro!6$ ! "!ss o# R&!irL R7!ter H(n "ont3n NoO
2"(lo de R%eloL (n! "!s! de R!,(!6$ "!sses o# Ron#idene H"(&Fsi"!
onR#i!nz!6$ ! "!tter o# o""on R9no7led,e H(n !s(nto de do"inio R%2blio6$ !
"e!ns o# Rtr!ns%ort H(n "edio de tr!nsR%orte6$ ! "etre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "eter
NUSAO o# Rlot& H(n "etro de R%!)o6$ ! "orsel o# R#oodL in#orR"!tion H(n troitoL
%ed!itoL bo!do de Ro"id!L (n %o/(ito de in#or"!Ri3n NoO (n Rd!to6$ ! "o(nd o#
Rr(bble H(n "ont3n de esRo"bros6$ ! "o(nt!in o# Rs!nd H(n! "ont!)! de !Rren!6$
"o(nt!ins o# R7or9 H(n "ont3n de Rtr!b!.o6$ ! "(, o# Rte! H(n! .!rr! de Rt06$ ! n(,,et
o# R,old H(n! %e%it! de Roro6$ t&eL !n o(tbre!9 o# R+iolene HelL (n est!llido de
+ioRleni!6$ ! %!9Het6 o# Rs(,!r H(n %!/(ete de !Rz2!r6$ ! %!9et o# Rris%s H(n! bols!
de %!t!t!s r(R.ientes6$ ! %!ne o# R,l!ss H(n! &o.! de R+idrio6$ ! %!n, o# reR"orse H(n!
%(nz!d! de re"ordiR"ientoHs66$ %!rt o# t&e Ronion H%!rte de l! eRboll!6$ ! %!t o#
Rb(tter H(n! %ori3n de "!nteR/(ill!6$ ! %!t& o# "!Rteri!l H(n %e/(e)o trozo de Rtel!6$
! %!ttern o# be&!+io(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be&!+ior NUSAO H(n "odelo de
onRd(t!6$ ! %eriod o# rel!R-!tion H(n %erFodo de rel!.!Ri3n6$ ! %iee o# R7oodL
R&in!L in#orR"!tion NoO d!t!L Rnonsense H(n trozo de "!Rder!L (n ob.eto de
%oreRl!n!L (n Rd!to NoO (n! in#or"!Ri3nL (n! tonteRrF!6$ t&is %iee o# Rd!t! Heste
Rd!to6$ ! %iee o# Rs(l%t(re H(n trozo de es(lRt(r! NoO (n! es(lt(r! %eR/(e)!6L !
s(l%t(re H(n! es(lt(r!6$ ! %ile o# "!Rn(reL Rr(bbleL Rs!ndL Rstr!7 H(n "ont3nL (n!
%il! Horden!dHo$ !6 ' desorden!dHo$ !66 de esRti0rolL esRo"brosL !Rren!L R%!.!6$ !
%in& o# Rs!lt H(n! %iz! de Rs!l6$ ! %ool o# RbloodL Rli,&tL Rt!lent H(n &!ro de
Rs!n,reL (n #oo de Rl(zL (n! reser+! de t!Rlento6$ ! %ortion o# R"e!tL t&e esRt!te H(n!
%ori3n NoO r!i3n de R!rneL %ori3n NoO %!rte de l! &eRreni!6$ ! %ot o# Rre!" H(n
t!rro de Rre"!6$ ! %o(nd o# Rs(,!r H(n! libr! de !Rz2!r6M ! %(## o# Rs"o9e H(n!
bo!n!d! de R&("o6M T&e' bo(,&t ! l!r,eL s"!ll /(!ntit' o# R#!t H*o"%r!ron (n!
,r!nL %e/(e)! !ntid!d de R,r!s!6M l!r,eL s"!ll /(!ntities o# Ro%i(" H,r!ndesL
%e/(e)!s !ntid!des de Ro%io6$ ! r!s&er o# Rb!on H(n! lon&! de %!nRet!
H!&("!d!6L entre+eRr!do H!&("!do6L toRrrezno6$ t&e re"!inder o# t&e "et!lli
Rs(bst!ne Hel resto de l! s(Hb6st!ni! "eRtli!6$ t&e rest o# t&e R&lorine Hel resto del
Rloro6$ ! ro!st o# R"e!t H(n !s!do de R!rne6$ ! roll o# R7ire H(n rollo de !Rl!"bre6$ !
Hbi,6 ro(nd o# !R%%l!(se H(n! H,r!n6 s!l+! de !R%l!(sosL (n H,r!n6 !R%l!(so6$ ! r(n o#
,oodL b!d Rl(9 H(n! r!&! de b(en!L "!l! Rs(erte6$ ! s!9 o# Ro!l H(n s!o de
!rRb3n6$ ! sr!% o# Rdi##ereneL R7or9L R%!%erL Rtr(t& H(n %o/(ito de di#eRreni!L
tr!Rb!.oL (n %ed!itoL troito de %!R%elL (n! %iz!L (n %ie de R+erd!d6$ ! se! o#
Rblood H(n "!r de Rs!n,re6$ ! set o# R(tler' H(n .(e,o Hon (n n2"ero deter"in!do6
de (Rbiertos6$ ! s&!#t L[!4#tL NGBO ' L[Y#tL NUSAO o# R7it H(n! !,(Rdez!6$ ! s&eet o#
R,l!ssL R%!%er H(n! &o.! de R+idrioL %!R%el6$ ! s&ot o# Rbr!nd' H(n tr!,o de oR)!6$ !
s&red o# R%!%erL toRb!oL Re+ideneL Rtr(t& H(n! tir! NoO (n trozo de %!R%elL (n!
brizn! NoO (n! &ebr! de t!Rb!oL (n r!stro de e+iRdeni!L (n! %iz! de R+erd!d6$ ! sl!b
o# Rli,&t H(n r!'o de Rl(z6$ ! slie o# Rbre!d H(n! rod!.!L (n! reb!n!d!L (n trozo de
R%!n6$ ! slie o# Ror!n,e H(n! rod!.! de n!Rr!n.!6$ ! slie o# R"e!t H(n! t!.!d! de
R!rne6$ ! slie o# Rli#e H(n trozoL (n ret!zoL (n! %ori3nL (n! %!rte de R+id!6$ ! sli+er
o# R&eese H(n! r!.!L lon&! de R/(eso6$ ! sort o# R%l!sti H(n ti%oL (n! l!se de
R%lstio6$ ! s%e9 o# Rd(stL Rs(,!rL Rtr(t&L R"il9 H(n! "ot! de R%ol+oL (n! %iz! de
!Rz2!rL +erRd!dL (n! ,ot! de Rle&e6$ ! s%ell o# 7et R7e!t&er H(n %erFodo de Rll(+i!s6$
! s%&ere o# Rin#l(ene H(n! es#er! de inR#l(eni!6$ ! s%linter o# R7ood H(n! !still! de
"!Rder!6$ ! s%oon#(l o# R"ediine H(n! (&!r!d! de (n "edi!R"entoL (n!
"ediRin!6$ ! s%ot o# Rr!inL Rl(n&L Rtro(ble H(n! ,ot! de Rll(+i!L (n %oo de
!lR"(erzoL (n %robleR"it! NoO ontr!Rtie"%o6$ ! s%rin9lin, o# R+ine,!r H(n!s ,ot!s de
+iRn!,re6$ ! s%(rt o# R#l!"e H(n! ll!"!r!d! de R#(e,o6$ ! s%ri, o# Rl!+ender H(n! r!"it!
de l!R+!nd!6$ ! s/(irt o# R+ine,!r H(n &orrito de +iRn!,re6$ st!9s o# R%l!tes
H"ontones Horden!dos6 de R%l!tos6$ ! sti9 o# Reler'L Rinn!"onL R&!l9L R&e7in,
R,("L Rd'n!"ite H(n! r!"! de R!%ioL (n %ed!zo de !nel! en Rr!"!L (n! Rtiz! NoO (n
%ed!zo de Rtiz!L (n R&ileL (n !rt(&o de din!R"it!6$ ! str!nd o# s%!R,&ettiL Rt&re!dL
R7ool H(n es%!R,(etiL (n! &ebr! de R&iloL Rl!n!6$ ! stre!" o# Rl!+!L Rs(nli,&t H(n rFo de
Rl!+!L (n torrente de Rl(z6$ ! strin, o# R,!rli H(n! ristr! de R!.os6$ ! stri% o# Rle!t&er
H(n! tir! de R(ero6$ ! s(""!r' o# t&e Rne7s H(n res("en de l!s noRtii!s6$ ! tin NGBO
o# Rt(n! R#is& H(n! l!t! de !Rt2n6$ ! to9en o# reRs%et H(n! se)!l de resR%eto6$ ! ton o#
R!9eL Rs(,!r H(n! tonel!d! de %!sRtelL !Rz2!r6$ tons o# Rs(nt!n Rre!" Htonel!d!s de
re"! brone!Rdor!6M ! torrent LRtorentL NGBO ' LRto4rentL NUSAO o# !Rb(seL Rritiis"
H(n torrente de !Rb(soL RrFti!s6$ ! tr!e o# reRsent"entL Rs!dness H(n r!stro de
reRsenti"ientoL trisRtez!6$ tr!es o# R%oison Hr!stros de +eRneno6$ ! tr(ss o# R#r(itL R&!'
H(n r!Ri"oL (n &!z de R&eno6$ ! t(be o# Rtoot&%!ste H(n t(bo de %!st! denRtF#ri!6$ !
t(#t o# R,r!ssL R&!ir H(n! "!t! de R&ierb!L (n "e&3n de R%elo6$ ! t7ist o# Rle"on H(n!
rod!.it! Hretorid!6 de liR"3n6$ ! +olle' o# !Rb(se H(n! s!rt! de inRs(ltos6$ ! 7!+e o#
enRt&(si!s" H(n! ol! de ent(Rsi!s"o6$ ! 7ed,e o# R&eeseL Rle"on H(n trozo
Ntri!n,(l!r4 en #or"! de ()!M "s !n&o %or (n! %!rte /(e %or otr!O ,r!nde de
R/(esoL liR"3n6$ ! 7&it Nr!roO o# onRern H(n! %iz! de %reo(%!Ri3n6$ et1 D1 :1555
:1:C1I =lgunos nombres incontables pueden ir precedidos de varias part(culas
partitivas /(e son (!nti#i!doresM el no"bre nor"!l"ente no +! %reedido de
Ut&eV ' tiene sentido ,ener!l$ %ero %(ede ir t!"bi0n %reedido de Ut&eV si tiene (n
sentido es%eF#io$ onreto1 E.14 ! b!rL !9eL t!blet o# Rso!% H(n! %!still! de .!Rb3n6$
! bitL %ieeL 7ordL #e7 7ords o# !dR+ie H(n onRse.o6$ ! bitL !n !t o# !R,,ression
H(n %oo de !,reRsi3nL (n! !,reRsi3n6$ ! bitL %ieeL slieL r!s&er o# Rb!on H(n %ooL
(n trozoL (n! lon&!L (n! lon&! de %!nRet! H!&("!d!6L entre+eRr!do H!&("!do6L
toRrrezno6$ ! bitL !n !tL ! %iee o# inR.(stieL ! "is!rri!,e o# R.(stie H(n %oo de
in.(sRtii!L (n! in.(sRtii!6$ ! bitL lo!#L %ieeL &(n9L &(n9L sl!bL slie o# Rbre!d H(n
%ooL (n! &o,!z!L (n trozoL (n !&o NoO %ed!zoL (n %ed!zo NoO trozoL (n %ed!zo
NoO trozoL (n! rod!.! NoO reb!n!d! de R%!n6$ ! bitL %ieeL slieL sl!b o# R!9e H(n
%ooL (n trozoL (n! rod!.!L (n %ed!zo NoO trozo de %!sRtel6$ ! bitL %ieeL sti9 o#
R&!l9 H(n %oo de Rtiz!L (n trozo de Rtiz!L (n! Rtiz!6$ ! bitL slieL l("%L &(n9 o#
R&eese H(n %ooL (n! lon&!L (n trozoL (n %ed!zo NoO trozo de R/(eso6$ ! b!rL sl!bL
bitL %iee o# R&ool!te H(n! %!still! NoO t!blet!L (n! t!blet!L (n %ooL (n trozo de
&ooRl!te6$ ! bitL %ieeL l("% o# Rl!' H(n %ooL trozoL %ed!zo NoO trozo de !rRill!6$
! bitL 7!d o# Rotton H(n %ooL %ed!zo de !l,oRd3n6$ ! bitL s%e9L s%ot o# Rdirt H(n
%ooL (n! "!n&it!L (n! "!n&! de s(ieRd!d6$ ! bitL s%e9 o# Rd(st H(n %ooL (n!
"ot! de R%ol+o6$ ! bitL l("%L lod o# Re!rt& H(n %oo de Rtierr!L (n %ed!zo NoO trozo
de Rtierr!L (n teRrr3n6$ ! bitL %iee o# ,ossi% H(n R&is"eL otiRlleo6$ ! bitL bl!de o#
R,r!ss H(n %ooL (n! brizn! de R&ierb!6$ ! bitL %ieeL slie o# R&!" H(n %ooL (n
trozoL (n! r!.! de .!R"3n6$ ! bitL s%ot o# Rin9 H(n %ooL (n! "!n&! de Rtint!6$ ! bitL
stro9e o# Rl(9 H(n %ooL ,ol%e de Rs(erte6$ ! bitL %ieeL &(n9L &(n9 o# R"e!t H(n
%ooL trozoL !&o NoO %ed!zoL %ed!zo NoO trozo de R!rne6$ ! bitL s%e9 o# R"il9 H(n
%ooL (n! ,ot! de Rle&e6$ ! bitL %iee o# R"(si H(n %ooL (n! %!rtit(r! de R"2si!6$
! bitL %ieeL s&eet o# R%!%er H(n %ooL (n trozoL (n! &o.! NoO (n #olio de %!R%el6$ !
bitL #it o# R%!ssion H(n %ooL !t!/(e de %!Rsi3n6$ ! bitL !n !t o# R%er#id' H(n %ooL
!to de %erR#idi!6$ ! bitL %iee o# R%oetr' H(n %oo de %oeRsF!L (n %oRe"!6$ ! bitL !n
!t o# Rs!bot!,e H(n %oo deL (n H!to de6 s!boRt!.e6$ ! bitL %iee o# Rs!nd!l H(n
%oo deL (n esRnd!lo6$ ! bitL %ieeL &(n9L blo9L sl!b o# Rstone H(n %ooL (n
trozoL (n !&o NoO %ed!zoL (n blo/(e NoO sill!rL (n! los! de R%iedr!6$ ! bitL s%e9L
l("% o# Rs(,!r H(n %ooL (n! %iz!L (n terr3n de !Rz2!r6$ ! bitL %ieeL &(n9L
blo9L sl!b o# R7ood H(n %ooL (n trozoL (n !&o NoO %ed!zoL (n blo/(eL (n! t!bl!
de "!Rder!6$ ! bitL s%ell o# R7or9 H(n %ooL (n! te"%or!d! NoO (n %erFodo de
tr!Rb!.o6$ ! bottleL !nL ,l!ssL %int o# Rbeer H(n! botell!L (n! l!t!L (n +!soL (n! %int!
de erR+ez!6$ ! l!%L %e!l o# Rt&(nder H(n Rtr(eno6$ !n ite"L ! %ieeL ! bitL ! 7ord o#
in#orR"!tion H(n Rd!toL (n! noRtii!6$ ! l("%L %iee o# Ro!l H(n %ed!zoL trozo de
!rRb3n6$ ! %iee N"s (s!doOL !n !rtile N"s (s!doOL !n ite" N"s (s!doOL ! set
N"enos (s!doO o# R#(rnit(re H(n R"(eble6$ ! %iee o# Rne7sL !n ite" o# Rne7sL ! Rne7s
Rite" H(n! noRtii!6$ et1
Los no"bres inont!bles %(eden ir %reedidos de Qbits o#L %iees o#Q$ et1
QBitQ Nolo/(i!lO s(,iere nor"!l"ente (n! !ntid!d %e/(e)!$ "enor /(e Q%ieeQ1
:1:51I =lgunos de estos nombres incontables pueden usarse tambin en plural
como contables1 E.14 t7o !o""od!tions Hdos !(erdos6$ t7o !lo&ols o#
di##erent stren,t& Hdos !lo&oles de distint! ,r!d(!i3n6M S&e "i-es !lo&ols HEll!
"ezl! di#erentes ti%os de !lo&ol6M t7o !%%les Hdos "!nz!n!s6M EeZs #indin, ne7
be!(ties in >&it"!nZs %oetr' Hl est enontr!ndo n(e+!s os!s &er"os!s en l!
%oesF! de >16M t&ree beers Htres er+ez!s6$ t7o di##erent bre!ds Hdos ti%os de %!n6$
%ero Ut7o lo!+es Ho# bre!d6V Hdos b!rr!s Hde %!n6L &o,!z!s Hde %!n6L %!nes6$ so"e
b(sinesses H!l,(n!s e"%res!s %e/(e)!s6$ deliio(s !9es H%!steles deliiosos6$ s9in
!ners Hneres de %iel6$ t7o !%it!ls Hdos !%it!les Ni i(d!desOL letr!s
"!'2s(l!sL !%iteles6$ se+er!l &eeses H+!rios /(esos H+!ri!s l!ses de /(eso66$
#i+e o##ees Hino !#0s6M t7o di##erent ottons Hdos !l,odones di#erentes6M Ee
l!i"ed BC d!"!,es HPidi3 BC libr!s %or d!)os ' %er.(iios6M >estern de"or!ies
Hde"or!i!s oident!les6$ e+idenes o# %re&istori settle"ent Hindiios de
!sent!"iento %re&ist3rio6$ t&e e-ite"ents o# t&e !"%!i,n Hl!s os!s
e"oion!ntesL on"oiones de l! !"%!)!6$ &is 'o(t&#(l #ollies Hs(s lo(r!s
.(+eniles6$ lose #riends&i%s H!"ist!des %ro#(nd!sL Fnti"!s6$ t&e #r(its o# t&e e!rt&L
o# t&eir l!bo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL l!bor NUSAO Hlos #r(tos de l! tierr!L s(
tr!b!.o6$ ! lot o# ,l!sses H"(&os +!sos6$ #o(r ,olds H(!tro "ed!ll!s de oro6$ t&ree
,o(ts Nliter!rio4 "ediin!O o# blood Htres ,ot!s de s!n,re6$ orn!"ent!l ,r!sses
H&ierb!s orn!"ent!lesL deor!ti+!s6$ "!n' &!irs H"(&os %elos6$ t&ree It!li!ns Htres
it!li!nos6$ t&e li+es o# t&ese %eo%le Hl!s +id!s de est! ,ente6$ soot&in, lotions #or
inset bites Hloiones !l"!ntes %!r! %i!d(r!s de insetos6M T&ese "!!roniHe6s !re
t!st' HEstos "!!rrones Nde distint!s l!sesO estnL son s!brosos6M oldL oo9ed
"e!ts H#i!"bres6M *!ts !nd do,s &!+e +er' di#erent n!t(res HLos ,!tos ' los %erros
Nen ,ener!lO tienen n!t(r!lez!s "(' distint!s6M t7o o%ti ner+es Hdos ner+ios
3%tios6$ !n !tt!9 o# ner+es H(n !t!/(e de ner+ios6$ t7o di##erent noises Hdos r(idos
di#erentes6$ di##erent oils Hdi#erentes ti%os de !eite6$ ! olletion o# oils H(n!
olei3n de 3leos6$ ! o(%le o# onions H(n %!r de eboll!s6$ t&ree di##erent %!ints
Htres %int(r!s di#erentes6$ t7ent' %!intin,s H+einte (!dros6$ %!rts o# t&e bod' H%!rtes
del (er%o6$ ! 7o"!n o# +iolent %!ssions H(n! "(.er de %!siones +iolent!s6$ t7o
di##erent %e!es Hdos %!es di#erentes6$ s%ei!l %er"issions H%er"isos es%ei!les6$
t7o %estiides Hdos %estiid!s6$ on#litin, %&iloso%&ies H#iloso#F!s o%(est!s6$ red
%l!stis H%lstios ro.os6$ t&e %le!s(res o# li#e Hlos %l!eres de l! +id!6$ t&ree %ot!toes
Htres %!t!t!s6$ t7o 7!s&in, %o7ders Hdos deter,entes6$ ons("erL le,!l %rotetions
H%rotei3nHes6 del ons("idorL le,!lHes66$ re!din,s #ro" G!ldos Hlet(r!s de
G!ld3s6$ t&e &!rs& re!lities o# %o+ert' Hl! d(r! re!lid!d de l! %obrez!6$ &is rese!r&es
Hs(s in+esti,!iones6$ #o(r roo"s H(!tro (!rtosL &!bit!iones6$ t7o s!l!ds Hdos
ens!l!d!s6$ t&ree di##erent s!(es Htres s!ls!s di#erentes6$ t7o s&ootin,s Hdos
!sesin!tosL #(sil!"ientos6$ #o(r sil+ers H(!tro "ed!ll!s de %l!t!6$ ind(stri!l
soieties Hsoied!des ind(stri!les6$ di##erent soils Htierr!s di#erentes6$ t7o soils Hdos
ti%os de tierr!6$ t7o s%!es Hdos es%!ios6$ t7o di##erent s%eedsL +eloities Hdos
+eloid!des di#erentes6$ %lent' o# s%orts H"(&os de%ortes6$ t7o di##erent st!t(ses
Hdos %osiionesL est!t(sL sit(!iones di#erentes6$ se+er!l stones H+!ri!s %iedr!s6$
t&ese s(esses Hestos 0-itos6$ t7o s(,!rs Hdos (&!r!dit!s de !z2!r6$ se+er!l
s(,,estions H+!ri!s s(,ereni!s6$ si- te!s Hseis t0s6$ s!d t&o(,&ts H%ens!"ientos
tristes6$ se+er!l ti"es H+!ri!s +ees6$ t7o to!sts Hdos brindis6M Ee "i-es tob!os
N"s (s!doOL tob!oes Hl "ezl! distint!s l!ses de t!b!o6M "ilit!r' tr!ns%orts
Htr!ns%ortes "ilit!res6$ on 'o(r tr!+els Hen t(s l!r,os +i!.es6M si- +erses Hseis +ersosL
estro#!s6$ &er little +ies Hs(s %e/(e)os +iios6$ t&ree +irt(es Htres +irt(des6$ territori!l
7!ters H!,(!s territori!les6$ se+er!l 7&e!ts H+!ri!s l!ses de tri,o6$ ,ood 7ines
Hb(enos +inos6$ t&e o"%lete 7or9s o# Tolsto' Hl!s obr!s o"%let!s de T16$ et1 D1
:188
:1:81I A +ees$ e-isten dos nombres para la misma cosaM en el !so de !ni"!les el
ont!ble es %!r! el !ni"!l +i+o ' el inont!ble es %!r! el !ni"!l "(erto1 E.14 Ee &!s
! o7 Hl tiene (n! +!!6M Ee &!s bo(,&t bee# Hl &! o"%r!do !rne de +!!6M E!l#
! lo!# is better t&!n none HMedio %!nL Medi! &o,!z! de %!n es "e.or /(e n!d!L
nin,(nHo$ !66M S&e &!s to b(' Hso"e6 bre!d HEll! tiene /(e o"%r!r H!l,o de6 %!n6M !
%i, H(n erdoL o&ino6M Por9 is &e!% HHL! !rne de6 el erdo es b!r!to6M ! s&ee%
H(n! o+e.!6M >e li9e "(tton HNos ,(st! Hl! !rne de6 l! o+e.!6M ! deer H(n ier+oL
+en!do6M S&e li9es +enison HA ell! le ,(st! Hl! !rne de6 el +en!do6$ et1
:1::1I &os nombres colectivos 'ue se refieren a %erson!s o seres vivos o"o Ut&e
!d"inistr!tion N%l(r!lO H! "en(do en "!'2s(l!6$ t&e Ad"ir!lt' NGBO Hel
Al"ir!nt!z,o Ni el "inisterio de "!rin!O6$ t&e Air Fore Nt!"bi0n en "in2s(l!O
N%l(r!lO Hel E.0rito del Aire6$ t&e !ristor!' N%l(r!lO Hl! !ristor!i!6$ t&e !r"'
N%l(r!lO Hel e.0rito6$ t&e !rtiller' N%l(r!lO Hl! !rtillerF! Hdel e.0rito66$ t&e !sse"bl'
N%l(r!lO Hl! !s!"ble!6$ t&e !ssoi!tion N%l(r!lO Hl! !soi!i3n6$ t&e !(diene N%l(r!lO
Hel %2blioL !(ditorio6$ t&e !+!ntIR,!rde Hl! +!n,(!rdi!6$ t&e b!nd N%l(r!lO Hel ,r(%oL
l! b!nd!L l! %!ndill!6$ t&e BH16BH16*H16 Hl! BB*6$ t&e bo!rd N! "en(do en
"!'2s(l!O N%l(r!lO Hl! .(nt!L el onse.o de !d"inistr!i3n6$ t&e brood N%l(r!lO Hl!
nid!d!L !"!d!L %role6$ ! b(n& o# %eo%le NUb(n&V %(ede ir en %l(r!l (!ndo se
(s! on ob.etos %ero no on %erson!sO H(n ,r(%o de %erson!s6$ t&e *!binet N%l(r!lO
Hel G!binete N"inisteri!lO6$ t&e !+!lr' N%l(r!lO Hl! !b!llerF!6$ t&e &oir N%l(r!lO Hel
oro NoO l! or!l Nen ser+iios reli,iosos o !t(!iones %2bli!s en es(el!s$ et1O6$
t&e &or(s N%l(r!lO Hel oro NoO on.(nto Nen !t(!iones %2bli!s %ero no en
ser+iios reli,iososO6$ t&e *&(r& N%l(r!lO Hl! i,lesi! Ninstit(i3nO6$ t&e l!n N%l(r!lO
Hel l!n6$ t&e H7or9in,6 l!ss N%l(r!lO Hl! l!se Htr!b!.!dor!66$ t&e "iddleL (%%erL
7or9in, l!ss N%l(r!lO Hl! l!se "edi!L !lt!L tr!b!.!dor!6$ t&e ler,' Hel lero6$ t&e
lientele L9li4enRtelL ' L9l! Ie nRtelL NUSAO Hl! lientel!6$ t&e li/(e N%l(r!lO Hl!
!"!rill! NoO %!ndill!6$ t&e l(b N%l(r!lO Hel l(b6$ t&e olleti+e Hel oleti+o6$ t&e
olle,e N%l(r!lO Hl! #!(lt!dL el de%!rt!"entoL el ole,io (ni+ersit!rio NoO l! es(el!
(ni+ersit!ri! NGBOL l! (ni+ersid!d NUSA %rini%!l"enteO6$ t&e o"bo N%l(r!lO Hel
on.(nto Nde '!zO6$ t&e o""ission N%l(r!lO Hl! o"isi3n6$ t&e o""ittee N%l(r!lO Hl!
o"isi3nL el o"it06$ t&e o""(nit' N%l(r!lO Hl! o"(nid!d6$ t&e o"%!n' Nen
"!'2s(l! si +! detrs del no"bre de l! o"%!)F!O N%l(r!lO Hl! o"%!)F!6$ t&e
on,re,!tion N%l(r!lO Hl! on,re,!i3n6$ *on,ress Hel *on,reso Nde los Est!dos
UnidosO6$ t&e on,ress Ni on#ereneO N%l(r!lO Hel on,reso Ni on#ereni!O6$ t&e
or%or!tion N%l(r!lO Hl! soied!d !n3ni"!6$ t&e o(nil N%l(r!lO Hel onse.o6$ t&e
re7 Hl! tri%(l!i3nL l! b!nd!L l! %!ndill!L los "ie"bros de l! tri%(l!i3n6 NUt&e
re7sV si,ni#i! Qlos e/(i%osQ4 t&e TD re7s Hlos e/(i%os de tele+isi3nO6M (!ndo
Ut&e re7V si,ni#i! Qel e/(i%oQ %(ede ir on +erbo en sin,(l!r ' t!"bi0n en %l(r!l
%ero se tr!d(irF! %or Qlos "ie"bros del e/(i%oQO$ t&e ro7d N%l(r!lO Hl! "(ltit(d6$
t&e *ro7n N%(ede ir en %l(r!l en "in2s(l! %ero si,ni#i! Qoron!sQ Hde oro$ et16O
Hl! *oron! Ni el "on!r!O6$ t&e de%!rt"ent N%l(r!lO Hel de%!rt!"ento6$ t&e eRlite
N"s (s!doOL 0Rlite Hl! elite NRe!l A!de"i!OL 0lite6$ t&e ene"' N%l(r!lO Hel ene"i,o6$
!nL t&e ense"ble N%l(r!lO H(nL el on.(nto6$ t&e #!(lt' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hel
%ro#esor!do Hde l! #!(lt!d66$ t&e #!"il' N%l(r!lO Hl! #!"ili!6$ t&e #!(n! Hl! #!(n!6$ t&e
#eder!tion N%l(r!lO Hl! #eder!i3n6$ t&e #ir" N%l(r!lO Hl! e"%res!6$ t&e #leet N%l(r!lO Hl!
#lot!6$ t&e #lo9 N%l(r!lO Hl! "(ltit(dL el reb!)oL l! b!nd!d!6$ t&e ,!,,le N%l(r!lO Hl!
b!nd!d!L %!ndill!6$ t&e ,!n, N%l(r!lO Hl! b!nd!L %!ndill!6$ t&e ,!rrison N%l(r!lO Hl!
,(!rnii3n6$ t&e ,ener!l Rst!## Hel est!do "!'or6$ t&e ,o+ern"ent N! "en(do en
"!'2s(l!O N%l(r!lO Hel ,obierno6$ !L t&e ,ro(% N%l(r!lO Ho# %eo%le6 H(nL el ,r(%o Hde
%erson!s66$ t&e &erd N%l(r!lO Hl! "!n!d!L el reb!)oL el tro%el6$ t&e R&o(se&old N%l(r!lO
Hl! #!"ili!L l!s %erson!s de l! !s!6$ t&e Eo(se o# *o""ons NGBOL t&e *o""ons
NGBO HL! *"!r! de los *o"(nes6$ t&e Eo(se o# Lords NGBOL t&e Lords NGBO HL!
*"!r! de los Lores6$ t&e Eo(se o# Re%reRsent!ti+es NUSAO HL! *"!r! de los
Di%(t!dos6$ t&e in#!ntr' Hl! in#!nterF!6$ t&e ins%etor!te N%l(r!lO Hel (er%o de
ins%etores6$ Inter%ol Ni Intern!tion!l %olieO HHl!6 Inter%ol6$ t&e .(dii!r' Nliter!rioO
N%l(r!lO Hl! .(di!t(r!6$ t&e .(r' N%l(r!lO Hel .(r!do6$ t&e Le#t Hl! iz/(ierd! Ni los
%!rtidos de l! iz/(ierd!O6$ t&e le,isl!t(re Nliter!rioO N%l(r!lO Hl! !s!"ble! le,isl!ti+!6$
t&e litter N%l(r!lO Hl! !"!d! Nde !ni"!lesO6$ t&e M!#i! NoO t&e "!#i! Hl! "!#i!6$ t&e
"!,istr!' N%l(r!lO Hl! "!,istr!t(r!6$ t&e "!.orit' Ho# %eo%le6 Hl! "!'orF! Hde l!
,ente66$ t&e "!n!,e"ent N%l(r!lO Hl! Direi3nL los direti+os6$ t&e "iddle l!ss
N%l(r!lO Hl! l!se "edi!6$ t&e "iddle "!n!,e"ent N%l(r!lO Hlos "!ndos "edios6$ t&e
RMidl!nds Hl! re,i3n entr!l de In,l!terr!6$ t&e "iliti! N%l(r!lO Hl! "ilii!6$ t&e
Ministr' Hlos "ie"bros del s!erdoioL de l! lereF!6$ t&e "inorit' Ho# %eo%le6 Hl!
"inorF! Hde l! ,ente66$ t&e "ob Hl! "(&ed("bre6$ t&e "(ltit(de N%l(r!lO Hl!
"(ltit(d6$ t&e n!+' N%l(r!lO Hl! "!rin!6$ t&e nobilit' Hl! noblez!6$ t&e old ,(!rd Hl!
+ie.! ,(!rdi!6$ t&e o%%osition N! "en(do en "!'2s(l!O Nsin,(l!r %rini%!l"enteO
Hl! o%osii3n6$ t&e or&estr! N%l(r!lO Hl! or/(est!6$ !nL t&e o(t#it N%l(r!lO H(nL el
e/(i%o Nde %erson!sM %(ede re#erirse t!"bi0n ! (n ob.eto ' se tr!d(e %or Qtr!.eL
(ni#or"eL on.(ntoQ en sin,(l!r ' %or Qtr!.esL (ni#or"esL on.(ntosQ en %l(r!lO6$ !L
t&e %!ir N%l(r!lO H(nL el %!rL (n!L l! %!re.!6$ t&e %!nel N%l(r!lO Hel .(r!doL %!nel6$ t&e
%!rli!"ent N! "en(do en "!'2s(l!O N%l(r!lO Hel P!rl!"ento6$ t&e H*onser+!ti+eL
L!bo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL L!bor NUSAO$ et16 P!rt' N%l(r!lO Hel P!rtido
H*onser+!dorL L!borist!$ et166$ t&e %!rt' N%l(r!lO Hel ,r(%o6$ %ersoRnnel Hl! sei3n
NoO el de%!rt!"ento de %erson!l Nt!"bi0n %(ede si,ni#i!r U%erson!lV %ero es %l(r!l
' +! %reedido de deter"in!ntes en %l(r!l Ut&eseL t&oseL so"eV$ et1$ ' +erbo s3lo en
%l(r!lO6$ t&e %etiteL %ett' NGBO bo(r,eoisie Hl! %e/(e)! b(r,(esF!6$ t&e %&!l!n-
N%l(r!lO Hl! #!l!n,e6$ t&e %l!Rtoon N%l(r!lO Hel %elot3nL ,r(%o6$ t&e %o%(l!e Hel
%(ebloL %o%(l!&o6$ t&e %o%(l!tion Nsin,(l!r %rini%!l"enteO Hl! %obl!i3n6$ t&e
%ress Hl! %rens!6$ t&e %rolet!ri!t Hel %rolet!ri!do6$ t&e %(bli Hel %2blio6$ t&e /(!rtet
N%l(r!lO Hel (!rteto6$ t&e Ri,&t Hl! dere&! Ni los %!rtidos de l! dere&!O6$ ro'!lt'
Nen %l(r!l si,ni#i! Udere&os de !(torL re,!lF!sVO Hl! #!"ili! re!l6$ t&e s&ool
N%l(r!lO Hl! es(el!6$ t&e sen!te N! "en(do en "!'2s(l!O N%l(r!lO Hel Sen!do6$ t&e
se-Rtet N%l(r!lO Hel se-teto6$ t&e Soiet' N%l(r!lO Ho# Friends6 Hl! Soied!d Hde
A"i,os66$ t&e s/(!d N%l(r!lO Hel %elot3nL l! bri,!d!6$ t&e s/(!dron N%l(r!lO Hel
es(!dr3n6$ t&e st!## N%(ede ir %reedido t!"bi0n de U!llL so"eV o no %reedido de
n!d!O Hel %erson!lL los e"%le!dosL el Est!do M!'or Ndel e.0ritoO6$ t&e
s(bo""ittee N%l(r!lO Hl! s(bo"isi3n6$ t&e s'ndi!te N%l(r!lO Hl! !soi!i3n6$ t&e
te!" N%l(r!lO Hel e/(i%o6$ t&e to% br!ss NGBOL t&e br!ss Nolo/(i!lO Hlos .e#!zos6$ t&e
Tre!s(r' N%l(r!lO Hl! Seret!rF! de E!iend!6$ t&e tri!d N%l(r!lO Hl! trF!d!6$ t&e tribe
N%l(r!lO Hl! trib(6$ t&e Htr!de6 (nion N%l(r!lO Hel sindi!to6$ t&e trib(n!l N%l(r!lO Hel
trib(n!l6$ t&e tro(%e N%l(r!lO Hl! o"%!)F! te!tr!l6$ t&e UHnited6 RNH!tions6 Hl!
OHr,!niz!i3n de l!s6 NH!iones6 UHnid!s66$ t&e (nion N%l(r!lO Hl! !soi!i3nL el
sindi!to6$ t&e (ni+ersit' N%l(r!lO Hl! (ni+ersid!d6$ t&e (%%er r(st Nolo/(i!lO Hl! #lor
' n!t!6$ t&e D!ti!n Hel D!ti!no6$ t&e 7or9#ore Hl! %obl!i3n !ti+!L el %erson!l6$
t&e 'o(t& Nen %l(r!l si,ni#i! U.3+enesVO Ho# tod!'6 Hl! .(+ent(d Ni los .3+enesO6 Hde
&o'66V$ et1$ pueden ir con un verbo en singular t!nto en GB o"o en USA ' los
%rono"bres rel!ti+os i"%erson!les Q7&i&L t&!tQ$ si se +e o"o (n todo (nit!rio$
con un verbo en plural "(&o "s #re(ente"ente en GB /(e en USA$ si se
onsider!n los "ie"bros /(e #or"!n el on.(ntoM si +!n on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r
%(eden ser s(Hb6stit(idos %or el %rono"bre QitQ e ir %reedidos de los !d.eti+os Qt&is$
t&!t$ e+er'$ itsQ$ et1M si +!n on (n +erbo en %l(r!l$ %rini%!l"ente en GB$ %(eden
ser s(Hb6stit(idos %or el %rono"bre Qt&e'Q$ %(eden ir %reedidos del !d.eti+o Qt&eirQ
' %(eden lle+!r los %rono"bres rel!ti+os %erson!les Q7&oH"6L 7&oseQM t!nto en GB
o"o en USA (!ndo &!en re#ereni! ! (n no"bre oleti+o$ !(n/(e est0 (s!do
en sin,(l!r en (n! or!i3n !nterior$ los %rono"bres %erson!les %(eden ir on (n
+erbo en sin,(l!r$ si se +e o"o (n todo (nit!rio$ o en %l(r!l$ si se onsider!n los
"ie"bros /(e #or"!n el on.(ntoM (!ndo +!n %reedidos de (n deter"in!nte$
o"o el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o$ (n !d.eti+o inde#inido$
et1$ el deter"in!nte +! en sin,(l!r ' el +erbo ,ener!l"ente en sin,(l!rM l!
onord!ni! es ,r!"!ti!l (!ndo el +erbo +! en sin,(l!r ' one%t(!l (!ndo +!
en %l(r!lM los no"bres de e"%res!s son no"bres oleti+osM los no"bres de :15B
son oleti+os t!"bi0n$ %ero s3lo se ("%le lo di&o en este %rr!#o (!ndo se
re#ieren ! seres +i+os ' no ! ob.etosM %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes (!ndo estn en
sin,(l!r es reo"end!ble (s!rlos sie"%re on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r en !so de d(d!
'! /(e sie"%re est bien ' on (n +erbo en %l(r!l se (s!n %oo en USAM en +ez de
(s!rlos on (n +erbo en %l(r!l se %(ede %oner Ut&e "e"bers o#V h %!l!br! oleti+!
on +erbo en %l(r!l t!nto en GB o"o en USA1 E.14 T&e S%!nis& !r"' de#ends t&e
St!te HEl e.0rito es%!)ol de#iende !l Est!do6M T&e !r"' !re NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
T&e' !re loo9in, #or +ol(nteers HLos "ie"bros del e.0ritoL Ellos estn b(s!ndo
+ol(nt!rios6M A b(n& o# *&risti!ns deidesL deide NGB %rini%!l"enteO 7&!t to do
HUn ,r(%o de risti!nos deideHn6 /(0 &!er6M Fo(r re7 !re "issin, HF!lt!n (!tro
"ie"bros de l! tri%(l!i3n6M T&e #!"il'L It is &!%%' &ere HL! #!"ili! es #eliz !/(F6M
T&e #!"il' !re NGB %rini%!l"enteO 7orried HLos "ie"bros de l! #!"ili! estn
%reo(%!dos6M T&e #!"il' 7&o !re NGB %rini%!l"enteO 7orried HLos "ie"bros de
l! #!"ili! /(e estn %reo(%!dos6M T&e R#ire briR,!deL R#ire deR%!rt"ent o"esL o"e
NGB %rini%!l"enteO soon HHel (er%o de6 Los bo"beros lle,!n %ronto6M A ,ro(% isL
!re NGB %rini%!l"enteO &ere HUn ,r(%o est !/(F6M A ,ro(% o# %eo%le isL !re NGB
%rini%!l"enteO e!tin,L sin,in,L sittin, t&ere HUn ,r(%o de %erson!s estHn6
o"iendoL !nt!ndoL est sent!doL estn sent!d!s !&F NoO !llF6M T&e Eo(se o# Lords
NGBOL T&e Lords NGBO is (se#(l HL! *"!r! de los Lores es 2til6M T&e Eo(se o#
Lords NGBOL T&e Lords NGBO !re NGB %rini%!l"enteO (se#(l HLos "ie"bros de l!
*"!r! de los Lores son 2tiles6M Inter%ol is !ti+e HHl!6 Inter%ol es !ti+!6M Inter%ol
!re NGB %rini%!l"enteO !ti+e HLos "ie"bros de Hl!6 Inter%ol son !ti+os6M T&e
"ilit!r'L It is no7 in t&e b!rr!9s HEl e.0rito est !&or! en el (!rtel6M T&e "ilit!r'
!re NGB %rini%!l"enteO no7 in t&e b!rr!9s HLos "ilit!res estn !&or! en el
(!rtel6M E!& n!tion &!s so"e sin,ers H*!d! n!i3n tiene !l,(nos !nt!ntes6M T&e
n!tion &!+e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL T&e' &!+e %re.(dies HLos "ie"brosL &!bit!ntes
de l! n!i3nL Ellos tienen %re.(iios6M T&!t %!ir o# (## lin9s is ,ood HEse %!r de
,e"elos es b(eno6M T&!t %!ir !re NGB %rini%!l"enteO on ,ood ter"s HHLos
"ie"bros de6 es! %!re.! se lle+! bien6M T&e %!rt'L It is in #!+o(r NGBOL #!+or
NUSAO o# e/(!lit' HEl %!rtido est ! #!+or de l! i,(!ld!d6M T&e %!rt' s!' NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL T&e' s!' "!n' t&in,s HLos "ie"bros del %!rtidoL Ellos dien
"(&!s os!s6M PersoRnnel is re+ie7in, t&e ontr!ts HL! sei3nL El de%!rt!"ento
de %erson!l est est(di!ndoL rHe6e-!"in!ndo los ontr!tos6M PersoRnnel !re NGB
%rini%!l"enteO re+ie7in, t&e ontr!ts HLos "ie"bros de l! sei3nL del
de%!rt!"ento de %erson!l estn est(di!ndoL rHe6e-!"in!ndo los ontr!tos6M T&e
%(bliL T&e' li9ed it HLe ,(st3 !l %2blio6M T&e %(bliL It li9es it HLe ,(st! !l
%2blio6M T&e Soiet' o# Friends is ! reli,io(s or,!niz!tionL or,!nis!tion NGBO HL!
Soied!d de A"i,os es (n! or,!niz!i3n reli,ios!6M T&e Soiet' o# Friends !re NGB
%rini%!l"enteO !,!inst it HLos "ie"bros de L! Soied!d de A"i,os estn en
ontr!6M >&en ro'!lt' is %resentL in residene H*(!ndo !l,2n "ie"bro de l! #!"ili!
re!l est %resenteL en %!l!io6M >&en ro'!lt' !re NGB %rini%!l"enteO %resentL in
residene H*(!ndo los "ie"bros de l! #!"ili! re!l estn %resentesL en %!l!io6M
T7ent' st!## !re si9 HDeinte e"%le!dos estn en#er"os6M T&e 'o(t& 7&i& re.ets it
HL! .(+ent(d Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO /(e lo re&!z!6M T&e 'o(t&
li9e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL T&e' li9e it HA los .3+enesL ellos Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre
todoL en %!rti(l!rO les ,(st!61
*(!ndo !%!ree el no"bre de (n %!Fs o de (n! i(d!d en e/(i%os de de%ortes$ en
%olFti! ( otr!s os!s$ se %(eden %oner (n +erbo en sin,(l!r en GB ' USA o en
%l(r!l$ sobre todo en GBM en GB se (s! "s #re(ente"ente (n +erbo en %l(r!lM
o(rre lo "is"o on los no"bres de e/(i%os de%orti+os en ,ener!l1 E.14 Is E,'%tL
En,l!ndL S%!in ,oodT HWEs b(eno el e/(i%o de E,i%toL In,l!terr!L Es%!)!T6M Are
NGB %rini%!l"enteO E,'%tL En,l!ndL S%!in ,oodT HWSon b(enos los "ie"bros del
e/(i%o de E,i%toL In,l!terr!L Es%!)!T6M Isr!el isL !re NGB %rini%!l"enteO 7!itin,
#or t&e eletor!l res(lts HIsr!el est es%er!ndo los res(lt!dos eletor!les6M S%!in !re
NGB %rini%!l"enteO %l!'in, It!l' in ! #ootb!ll NGBO NoO soerL tennis "!t&
HEs%!)! est .(,!ndo (n %!rtido de #2tbolL tenis on It!li!6M T&e United Ain,do" is
7innin, HEl Reino Unido est ,!n!ndo6M T&e United Ain,do" !re NGB
%rini%!l"enteO 7innin, HLos "ie"bros del e/(i%o del Reino Unido estn
,!n!ndo6M M!n&ester United isL !re NGB %rini%!l"enteO 7innin, HM1 U1 est
,!n!ndoL Los .(,!dores del M1 U1 estn ,!n!ndo61
Se %(ede (s!r (n +erbo en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l on4 ! o(%le H(n! %!re.! NoO (n
"!tri"onio6$ t&e o(%le N%l(r!lO Hl! %!re.! NoO el "!tri"onio6$ ! o(%le o# h no"bre
de %erson! o os! en %l(r!l H(n %!r de 1116$ ! trio Ho# h no"bre de %erson! o os! en
%l(r!l6 H(n trFo Hde 11166$ t&e trio Ho# h no"bre de %erson! o os! en %l(r!l6 N%l(r!lO Hel
trFo Hde 111661 E.14 T&e 7innin, o(%le isL !re Peter !nd M!r' HL! %!re.! ,!n!dor! esL
son Pedro ' M!rF!6M A o(%le o# 7o"en &!sL &!+e !rri+ed HUn %!r de "(.eres
&!Hn6 lle,!do61
UT&e %olieV Hl! %oliF!6 se (s! "s en %l(r!l /(e en sin,(l!r1 E.14 T&e %olie is
N"enos (s!doOL !re N"s (s!doO t&ere HL! %oliF! est !llF61
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo Q%olieQ si,ni#i! Q%oliF!sQ +! s3lo en %l(r!l '$ si +!
%reedido de (n deter"in!nte$ el deter"in!nte +! en %l(r!l1 E.14 T&ere !re <C Nen
deen!s$ enten!res o "iles %ero no on n2"eros entre l!s deen!sO %olie Ni
%olie"en N"s (s!doOL %olie7o"en N"s (s!doOL %olie o##iers N"s (s!doOO
HE!' <C %oliF!s6$ %ero Unine %olie"en N%olie4 no %onerOL %olie7o"enL %olie
o##iersVM &(ndreds o# Serb %olie Ni %olie"en N"s (s!doOL %olie7o"en N"s
(s!doOL %olie o##iers N"s (s!doOO Hientos de %oliF!s serbios6M ! #i,&t bet7een
%olie Ni %olie"enL %olie7o"enL %olie o##iersO !nd %rotesters H(n! %ele! entre
%oliF!s Nen ,ener!lO ' "!ni#est!ntes6$ %ero Q! #i,&t bet7een t&e %olie !nd
%rotestersQ H(n! %ele! entre l! %oliF! Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO '
"!ni#est!ntes6M %eo%le &el%ed b' %olie Ni %olie"enL %olie7o"enL %olie
o##iersO H,ente !'(d!d! %or %oliF!s Nen ,ener!lO61
No obst!nte$ los no"bres oleti+os /(e son "(' !"%lios o"o Q!d"inistr!tion$
,ener!tion$ %o%(l!tionQ$ et1$ s(elen ir on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r1
Los no"bres /(e lle+!n N%l(r!lO %(eden %onerse t!"bi0n en %l(r!l on el "is"o
si,ni#i!do on +erbo s3lo en %l(r!lM los /(e lle+!n Nsin,(l!r %rini%!l"enteO no se
(s!n !%en!s en %l(r!lM los /(e no lle+!n n!d! s3lo se (s!n en sin,(l!r1 E.14 T&e
!r"ies !re re!d' HLos e.0ritos estn listosL %re%!r!dos61
*iertos no"bres o"o Q!l,!e H!l,!s6$ b!teri! Hb!teri!s6$ b(siness N( otro no"bre4
En,lis&$ et1O st(dies Hieni!s e"%res!ri!les6$ d!t! LRdeIteL Hd!tosL in#or"!i3n6$
e%&i"er! Hos!s e#F"er!sL ob.etos oleion!bles6$ eroti! Hliter!t(r! er3ti!L !rte
er3tio6$ e-oti! NGBO Hob.etos e-3tios6$ insi,ni! Hinsi,ni!s6$ t&e H"!ss6 "edi! Hlos
"edios de o"(ni!i3n6$ %&eno"en! H#en3"enos6$ str!t! Hestr!tos6$ tri+i!
Htri+i!lid!des6V$ se (s!n on (n +erbo en %l(r!l$ %ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l se (s!n t!"bi0n
on (n +erbo en sin,(l!rM U%!r!%&ern!li!V H%!r!#ern!li!L ob.etos de (so %erson!lL
!+FosL "obili!rioL bienes %!r!#ern!les6 %(ede (s!rse on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r o en
%l(r!l$ %ero &!' tendeni! ! (s!rlo en sin,(l!r1 E.14 T&e H"!ss6 "edi! !re Nestnd!rOL
is Nolo/(i!lO e-!,,er!tin, HLos "edios de o"(ni!i3n estn e-!,er!ndo61
E!' !l,(nos no"bres oleti+os /(e se (s!n s3lo on (n +erbo en %l(r!lM si +!n
%reedidos de (n deter"in!nte$ el deter"in!nte +! en %l(r!l1 E.14 T&e !ttle !re
,oin, to be t!9en !7!' HSe +!n ! lle+!r l!s +!!sL el ,!n!do +!(no NoO bo+ino6M
t&oseL t7ent'L ! &(ndred Nen deen!s$ enten!res o "iles %ero no on n2"eros
entre l!s deen!sM se dirF! Uele+en o7sVO !ttle Hes!s NoO !/(ell!sL +einteL ien
+!!s6$ et1
El no"bre U#ol9V (!ndo si,ni#i! U,enteV +! on (n +erbo en %l(r!l t!nto en
sin,(l!r o"o en %l(r!l$ %ero (!ndo e/(i+!le ! U#ol9 "(siV si,ni#i! U"2si!
tr!diion!l NoO #ol9l3ri! NoO #ol9V ' +! sie"%re on +erbo en sin,(l!r1 D1 :1@155
QPeo%leQ +! on (n +erbo en %l(r!lM no %reedido de deter"in!ntes si,ni#i! Ql!
,enteQ ' %reedido de deter"in!ntes en %l(r!l (!ndo si,ni#i! Q%erson!sQM
Q%eo%leQ %(ede ir en in,l0s estnd!r on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r o en in,l0s !r!io
on (n +erbo en %l(r!l ' %reedido en in,l0s estnd!r de deter"in!ntes en sin,(l!r
o %reedido en in,l0s !r!io de deter"in!ntes en %l(r!l (!ndo si,ni#i! Q%(ebloL
etni!L r!z!QM Q%eo%lesQ +! on (n +erbo en %l(r!l ' %reedido de deter"in!ntes en
%l(r!l (!ndo si,ni#i! Q%(eblosL etni!sL r!z!sQ1 E.14 Peo%le !e%t it HL! ,ente Nen
,ener!lO lo !e%t!6M T&is %eo%le &!s Nestnd!rOL &!+e N!r!ioO di##erent (sto"s
HEste %(eblo tiene ost("bres di#erentes6M ! %eo%le H(n %(ebloL (n! etni!L r!z!6M
T&ese %eo%les &!+e di##erent (sto"s HEstos %(eblos tienen ost("bres di#erentes61
No se (tiliz! Ut&eV on Qsoiet'Q (!ndo se (tiliz! en sentido ,ener!l1
:1:;1I =lgunos nombres pueden usarse como colectivos$ %ero %(eden (s!rse
adem!s como nombres individuales1 E.14 T&e ler,'L It 7!s !,!inst it HEl lero
est!b! en ontr! de ello6M T&e ler,'L T&e' 7ere !,!inst it HLos "ie"bros del lero
NoO Los l0ri,osL Ellos est!b!n en ontr! de ello6M A ler,' N"enos (s!doOL
ler,'"!n t&!t "!rries is b(sier HUn l0ri,o /(e se !s! est "s o(%!do6M t&is
ler,' N"enos (s!doOL ler,'"!n Heste "ie"bro del leroL l0ri,o6M t&irt' ler,'
N"enos (s!doOL ler,'"en Htreint! "ie"bros del leroL l0ri,os6M T&e r!#tL It s!'s
'es HL! &er"!nd!d Henter!6 de l! "!sonerF! die sFL Die /(e sF6M T&e r!#tL T&e'
!renZt s(re HLos "ie"bros de l! "!sonerF!L Ellos no estn se,(ros6M Ee &!s ! r!#t
Hl tiene (n! n!+e Ni (n !+i3nOL (n! e"b!r!i3n6M ! ro7n H(n! oron!6M T&e
ene"'L It is ne!r HEl ene"i,o est er!6M T&e ene"'L T&e' !re ne!r HLos
"ie"bros del ene"i,oL Ellos estn er!6M Ee &!s !n ene"' Hl tiene (n ene"i,oL
(n! %erson! ene"i,!6M t&e Eo(se o# R*o""ons NGBO HL! *"!r! de los
*o"(nes6$ ! di##erent Eo(se o# R*o""ons NGBO H(n! *"!r! de los *o"(nes
di#erente6M ! le#t H(n ,ol%e de iz/(ierd! Nbo-eoO6$ ! "ob H(n! "(&ed("breL
b!nd!6$ ! "(ltit(de H(n! "(ltit(d6$ !n or&estr! H(n! or/(est!6$ ! %l!Rtoon H(n
%elot3nL ,r(%o6$ ! ri,&t H(n dere&o6$ ! ro'!lt' H(n! re,!lF!6$ ! s/(!d H(n %elot3nL
(n! bri,!d!6M T&e troo%L It is &ere HL! tro%! est !/(F6M T&e troo%L T&e' !re &ere
HLos "ie"bros de l! tro%!L Ellos estn !/(F6M Ee &!d t7o t&o(s!nd re,(l!r troo%s
Hl tenF! dos "il sold!dos re,(l!res6M ! (nion H(n! !soi!i3nL (n sindi!to6M T&e
'o(t&L It re.ets it HL! .(+ent(d lo re&!z!6M T&e 'o(t&L T&e' li9e it HA los .3+enesL
ellos les ,(st!6M t&e 'o(t&L 'o(n, %eo%le o# t&e n!tion Hl! .(+ent(dL los .3+enes de
l! n!i3n6M I s!7 ! 'o(t& 7it& &er HDi ! (nH!6 .o+en on ell!6M t&ree 'o(t&s Htres
.3+enes6$ et1
No se (tiliz! Ut&eV on Q'o(t&Q H.(+ent(d Ni %erFodo de l! +id! entre l! !doleseni!
' l! "!d(rezO61 E.14 mo(t& is ! %eriod o# li#e HL! .(+ent(d es (n %erFodo de l! +id!6M
t&e ent&(si!s" o# 'o(t& Hel ent(si!s"o de l! .(+ent(d61
:1:<1I &os nombres pueden formarse %or deri+!i3n aLadiendo prefi%os
sufi%os o ter"in!iones ! l! r!Fz o "one"! de (n! %!l!br! /(e se ll!"! %ri"iti+!$
inde%endiente o si"%leM esto %(ede tr!ns#or"!r (n +erbo en (n no"bre ( otr! %!rte
de l! or!i3n1
Se dan los siguientes casos"
*+ Aa nombres derivados 'ue se forman de otros nombres aLadiendo los
siguientes prefi%os ! l! r!Fz o le-e"!4 !I Nse %ron(ni! LeIIL (!ndo e-iste otr!
#or"! sin U!V /(e ten,! (n si,ni#i!do %ositi+o ontr!rio4 !t&eist$ et1$ ' LeIL (!ndo
no e-iste otr! #or"! sin U!V /(e ten,! (n si,ni#i!do %ositi+o ontr!rio4
!n!r&' LeILO$ !bI$ !eroI$ A#roI$ !#terI$ !"biI$ !"%&iI$ !n!I$ An,loI$ !nteI$ !nt&ro%oI$
!ntiI$ !%oI$ !r&I$ !r&!eI en GB %rini%!l"enteL !r&eI en USA %rini%!l"ente en
!l,(n!s %!l!br!s ' !r&eI en GB ' USA en otr!s %!l!br!s$ !r&iI$ !stroI$ !(diHo6I$
!(toI$ beI$ beneI$ biI$ biblioI$ bioI$ b'I$ b'eI$ !t!I$ !t&I$ entHi6I$ &e"oI$ &ronoI$
ir("I$ oI$ onI$ ontr!I$ o(nterI$ deI$ deH!6I$ de"iI$ diI$ di!I$ disI$ do7nI$ eI$
eletroI$ enI$ e%&I$ e%iI$ e/(iI$ e(roI$ e(r'I$ e-I$ e-tr!I$ #orI$ #oreI$ ,eoI$ ,re!tI$
&!e"oI en GB %rini%!l"enteL &e"o en USA$ &etoI$ &e"iI$ &e%t!I$ &eteroI$ &e-!I$
&o"oI$ &'droI$ &'%erI$ &'%oI$ illI$ i"I$ inI$ in#r!I$ interI$ introI$ isoI$ 9iloI$ "!roI$
"!lI$ "!n(I$ "e,!I$ "esoI$ "et!I$ "iroI$ "idI$ "illiI$ "iniI$ "isI$ "onHo6I$ "(ltiI$
n!noI$ neoI$ ne(roI$ nonI$ obI$ o##I$ onI$ o%I$ ort&oI$ o(tI$ o+erI$ %!nI$ %!rH!6I en GB
%rini%!l"enteL %!rI en USA$ %ent!I$ %erI$ %eriI$ %&iloI$ %&otoI$ %&'sioI$ %ol'I$
%ostI$ %reI$ %roI$ %rotoI$ %se(doI$ %s'&Ho6I$ /(!drHi6I$ /(inI$ reI$ retroI$ sel#I$ se"iI$
soioI$ ste%I$ s(bI$ s(%erI$ s(rI$ s'lI$ s'"I$ s'nI$ teleI Nl! se,(nd! e se %ron(ni!
o"e LIeIL$ LIIIL o LIiILO$ t&er"oI$ tr!nsI$ triI$ (ltr!I$ (nI$ (nderI$ (niI$ (%I$ +ieI$ 7elI$
7it&I1 E.4 R!#ter7ord He%Flo,o6$ R!nteroo" H!ntes!l!6$ R!ntiHI6&ero H!nti&0roe6$
!r&Rbis&o% H!rzobis%o6$ !r&HI6Rene"' H!r&iene"i,o6$ R!r&et'%e H!r/(eti%o6$
!stroR%&'sis H!stro#Fs!6$ R!(dio R#re/(en' H!(dio#re(eni!6$ !(tobiRo,r!%&'
H!(tobio,r!#F!6$ Rbene#!tor Hbene#!tor6$ bienRten!r' NoO biRenten!r' NUSAO
Hbienten!rio6$ bibliRo,r!%&' Hbiblio,r!#F!6$ biRo,r!%&' Hbio,r!#i!6$ Rb'I%rod(t
Hderi+!doL s(b%rod(to6$ Renti"etre NGBOL Renti"eter NUSAO HentF"etro6$
&roRno"eter Hron3"etro6$ oHI6ed(R!tion Hed(!i3n "i-t!6$ onR#(sion
Hon#(si3n6$ ontr!disRtintion Hontr!%osii3n6$ Ro(nterIRe#orR"!tion
H*ontr!rre#or"!6$ deonseRr!tion$ deont!"iRn!tion$ Rde"i,od Hse"idios6$ diRo-ide
Hdi3-ido6$ diR!"eter Hdi"etro6$ diRsorder Hdesorden6$ eletroR"!,net Heletroi"n6$
eR/(i+!lene He/(i+!leni!6$ e-IR%resident He- %residenteL e-I%residente6$
e-tr!%oRl!tion He-tr!%ol!i3n6$ R#ore,ro(nd H%ri"er %l!no6$ ,eRo,r!%&' H,eo,r!#F!6$
R,re!tIR,r!nd"ot&er Hbis!b(el!6$ &!e"!Rtolo,' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &e"!Rtolo,'
NUSAO H&e"!tolo,F!6$ R&e"is%&ere H&e"is#erio6$ R&eterodo-' H&eterodo-i!6$
&o"oR%&obi! H&o"o#obi!6$ &'Rdro"eter H&idr3"etro6$ &'%er!Rti+it'
H&i%er!ti+id!d6$ RillIRtre!t"ent H"!ltr!toL "!los tr!tos6$ i"%!ssiRbilit'$
i"%ert(rb!Rbilit'$ in!essiRbilit'$ in!d"issiRbilit'$ interRession Hinteresi3n6$
introR+ersion Hintro+ersi3n6$ "!roeoRno"is H"!roeono"F!6$ "!ln(Rtrition
Hdesn(trii3n6$ "e,!loR"!ni! H"e,!lo"!nF!6$ "et!R%&'sis H"et!#Fsi!6$
R"iroo"%(ter H"iroorden!dor6$ R"illi"etre NGBOL R"illi"eter NUSAO
H"ilF"etro6$ "inio"R%(terL R"inio"%(ter NGB4 "enos (s!doO H"iniorden!dor6$
"isRtr(st Hdeson#i!nz!6$ "oRno-ide H"on3-ido6$ "(lti"illioRn!ire
H"(lti"illon!riHo$ !66$ n!note&Rnolo,' Hn!notenolo,F!6$ neooRloni!lis"
Hneooloni!lis"o6$ ne(ro%!Rt&olo,' Hne(ro%!tolo,F!6$ nonobRser+!ne$ nonRs"o9er
Hno #("!dor6$ orRt&o,r!%&' Horto,r!#F!6$ Ro(t%!tient H%!iente e-terno6$ Ro+erdose
Hsobredosis6$ R%!nIRGer"!nis" H%!n,er"!nis"o6$ %!r!esRt&esi! NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL %!resRt&esi! NUSAO$ %!r!Rs'nt&esis H%!r!sFntesis6$ %eRri"eter
H%erF"etro6$ R%&otoo%' H#otoo%i!6$ %&'sioRt&er!%' H#isioter!%i!6$ R%ol't&eis"
H%oliteFs"o6$ %ostR,r!d(!te H%ost,r!d(!do6$ %reR&istor' H%re&istori!6$ R%rono(n
H%rono"bre6$ R%rotot'%e H%rototi%o6$ R%se(doIinteRllet(!l H%se(dointelet(!l6$
R%s'&oHI6!Rn!l'sis H%sio!nlisis6$ R/(!siIe-%l!Rn!tion Hse"ie-%li!i3n6$ rereR!tion
Hes%!ri"ientoL %!s!tie"%oL rereo NGBO6 ' UreIreR!tionV Hrere!i3n6$ reI
ed(R!tion Hreed(!i3n6$ Rretro+ir(s Hretro+ir(s6$ Rsel#IRser+ie H!(toser+iio6$
Rse"iHI6R#in!l Hse"i#in!l6$ soiolinR,(istis Hsoiolin,XFsti!6$ Rs(bIo""ittee
Hs(bo"isi3nL s(bo"it06$ Rs(rn!"e H!%ellido6$ Rs'nt&esis HsFntesis6$ Rtele+ision
Htele+isi3n6$ t&erR"o"eter Hter"3"etro6$ tr!ns#orR"!tion Htr!ns#or"!i3n6$ Rtri!n,le
Htrin,(lo6$ R(ltr!so(nd H(ltr!sonido6$ (nRtr(t& H#!lsed!d6$ R(nders9irt Ho"bin!i3nL
en!,(!s6$ R(nise- H(nise-o6$ R+ieIRons(l H+ie3ns(l61
Los %re#i.os nor"!l"ente no !"bi!n l! %!rte de l! or!i3n ! l! /(e se (nen$ es
deir$ si se (nen ! (n no"bre$ si,(e siendo (n no"bre1
2+ Aa nombres derivados 'ue se forman a partir de verbos cambiando la
terminacin del verbo o aLadiendo los siguientes sufi%os$ "or#e"!s$
ter"in!iones$ desineni!s$ ! +ees des%(0s de &!er iertos !"bios4 I!de LIeIdL$
I!,e LIIdL si no son %r0st!"os reientes del #r!n0s o LI!4L si son %r0st!"os
reientes del #r!n0s$ I!l LIelL$ I!ne LIensL$ I!nt LIentL Ns(ele ser !,enteO$ I!r L!4L
NGBO ' L!4rL NUSAO NoO LIeL NGBO ' LIerL NUSAO Ns(ele ser !,enteO$ I!rd LIedL NGBO
' LIerdL NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Ns(ele ser !,enteO$ I!rt LIetL NGBO ' LIertL NUSAO
Ns(ele ser !,enteO$ I!tion LIeI[enL$ Ir!' LI9resiL$ Iee Li4L$ Iene LIensL$ Ient LIentL
Ns(ele ser !,enteO$ Ier LIeL NGBO ' LIerL NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Ns(ele ser !,enteO$
Ier' LIeriL$ Iet LIItL o LIetL$ Ii!tion LIIR9eI[enL$ Iion LIenL$ Iior LIieL NGBO e LIierL
NUSAO o LI.erL NUSAO Ns(ele ser !,enteO$ Iio(r NGB %rini%!l"enteO LI.eL o Iior LI.eL
NGBO ' LI.erL NUSAO Ns(ele ser !,enteO$ Iis" LIIzHe6"L Ns(ele ser !,enteO$ Iist LIIstL
'$ ! +ees$ t!"bi0n LIestL NUSAO Ns(ele ser !,enteO$ Iler LIleL NGBO ' LIlerL NUSAO$
I"ent LI"entL$ Ior LIeL NGBO ' LIerL NUSAO Ns(ele ser !,enteO$ Io(r LIeL NGBO '
Ior LIerL NUSAO$ Ision LIenL$ Iso"e LIse"L$ Ission LI[enL$ Ister LIsteL NGBO ' LIsterL
NUSAO Ns(ele ser !,enteO$ Ition LI[enL$ I(re LI.eL NGBO ' LI.erL NUSAO1 E.4 rene,!de
Hrene,!do6M +ill!,e$ ento(r!,e Hs0/(ito6M !/(it H!bsol+erL e-(l%!r6 ' U!/(itt!lV
H!bsol(i3nL e-(l%!i3n6M re#(s!l$ deni!l$ b(ri!lM !llo7 H%er"itir6 ' U!llo7!neV
Honesi3nL s(bsidio6M in&!bit H&!bit!r6 e Uin&!bit!ntV H&!bit!nte6M re,ister Hre,istr!r6
' Ure,istr!rV LRredistr!4L NGBO ' LRredistr!4rL NUSAO Hre,istr!dorL !r&i+eroL
seret!rio6M lie H"entir6 ' Uli!rV LRl!IeL NGBO ' LRl!IerL NUSAO H"entirosHo$ !66M dr(n9
Hborr!&o6 ' Udr(n9!rdV Hborr!&o6M br!, H#!n#!rrone!rt6 ' Ubr!,,!rtV
H#!n#!rr3nH!66M #or" H#or"!r6 ' U#or"!tionV H#or"!i3n6M resi,n Hdi"itir6 '
Uresi,n!tionV Hdi"isi3n6M de"or!' Hde"or!i!6M e"%lo' He"%le!r6 '
Ue"%lo'eeV He"%le!dHo$ !6L de%endiente6M on#ide Hon#i!r6 ' Uon#ideneV
Hon#i!nz!L on#ideni!6M st(d' Hest(di!r6 ' Ust(dentV Hest(di!nte6M "!9e H&!er
N"!n(!l"enteO ' U"!9erV Hre!dorL onstr(torL #!bri!nteL &!edor6M "o9
Hb(rl!rse6 ' U"o9er'V Hb(rl!6M seretM e-e"%li#i!tion He.e"%l!riz!i3n6M "orti#'
H"orti#i!r6 ' U"orti#i!tionV H"orti#i!i3n6M !tionM re!te Hre!r6 ' Ure!tionV
Hre!i3n6M de+ote Hdedi!r6 ' Ude+otionV Hde+oi3n6M %ro&ibit H%ro&ibir6 '
U%ro&ibitionV H%ro&ibii3n6M notion Hnoi3n6M #iddle Hto!r el +iolFnL &!er
&!n&(llos NGBO6 ' U#iddlerV H+iolinist!L &!n&(llerHo$ !6 NGBO6M 7!r H,(erre!r6 '
U7!rriorV H,(errero6M s!+e Hs!l+!r6 ' Us!+io(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL s!+ior NUSAOV
Hs!l+!dor6M %!i#' H%!i#i!r6 ' U%!i#is"V H%!i#is"o6M o%' Ho%i!r6 ' Uo%'istV
Ho%ist!6M "o+e H"o+erse6 ' U"o+e"entV H"o+i"iento6M tre!t"ent$ %(nis&"entM
s(l% Hes(l%ir6 ' Us(l%torV Hes(ltor6M ele+!te Hele+!rL !sender6 ' Uele+!torV
H"ont!!r,!sL ele+!dor de ,r!noL !sensor NUSAO6M %rotet H%rote,er6 ' U%rotetorV
H%rotetor6M orrode Horroer6 ' UorrosionV Horrosi3n6M t&reeso"e H,r(%o de tres
%erson!s6M e"it He"itir6 e Ue"issionV He"isi3n6M !d"issionM %oll HobtenerL reibir
H+otos66 ' U%ollsterV Hen(est!dorH!66M desri%tionM #!il H#r!!s!r6 ' U#!il(reV
H#r!!so6$ et1
L!s ter"in!iones o s(#i.os I!r$ Ier ' Ior s(elen %erteneer ! no"bres !,entesM I!r es
i,(!l en GB ' USA %ero Ier se d! "s en GB ' Ior en USAM Ior se (tiliz! sobre
todo on no"bres l!tinos %!r! #or"!r no"bres t0niosM se s(ele (s!r Ier en +ez de
Ior detrs de onson!ntes dobles e-e%t(!ndo IssI$ detrs de (!ndo se
%ron(ni! LsL$ detrs de , (!ndo se %ron(ni! LdL$ detrs de Ier$ I,r!%&$ IiI$ Iion$
IizI$ I&$ Is&$ 4 !d!%ter LeRdY%teL NGBO ' LeRdY%terL NUSAO Hel /(e !d!%t!6$ !d!%tor
LeRdY%teL NGBO ' LeRdY%terL NUSAO H!d!%t!dor Hel0trio66$ be,,!r H%obre6$ %edl!r
NGBOL %edler NUSAOL %eddler NUSAO LR%edleL NGBO ' LR%edlerL NUSAO H+endedorH!6
!"b(l!nteL !"ello Ni +endedorH!6 de dro,!sO6$ i"%eller NoO i"%ellor NUSAO
LI"R%eleL NGBO ' LI"R%elerL NUSAO$ en("er!tor$ en(ni!tor$ esti"!tor$ o%er!tor$
osill!tor$ et1
De los no"bres !,entes /(e ter"in!n en Iior en USA s3lo &!' +!rios /(e ter"in!n
en Io(r en GB %rini%!l"ente4 %!+io(r$ s!+io(rM los de"s ter"in!n t!"bi0n en Iior
en GB1
E!' no"bres /(e ter"in!n en Ier /(e #or"!n el !d.eti+o !)!diendo Iero(s o"o
Qd!n,ero(s$ n("ero(s$ oli,o"ero(s$ %l(ndero(s$ %ol'"ero(s$ sl!ndero(s$
+i%ero(sQ$ et1$ %ero &!' b!st!ntes e-e%iones4 !"bide-tro(s$ ("bro(s$ de-tro(s$
dis!stro(s$ idol!tro(s$ le%ro(s$ "e!ndro(s$ "onstr(o(s$ 7ondro(sM Qsl("berQ
%(ede %onerse de l!s dos "!ner!s4 sl("bero(sL sl("bro(s1
L! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos /(e ter"in!n en I!te se tr!Hn6s#or"!n en no"bres
!"bi!ndo I!te %or I!tion1
L! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos /(e ter"in!n en Ii#' se tr!Hn6s#or"!n en no"bres
!"bi!ndo Ii#' %or Ii#i!tion1
L! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos /(e ter"in!n en IizeL Iise NGBO se tr!Hn6s#or"!n en
no"bres !"bi!ndo IizeL Iise NGBO %or Iiz!tionL Iis!tion NGBO4 ,lob!liz!tionL
,lob!lis!tion NGBO$ re!liz!tionL re!lis!tion NGBO$ s%ei!liz!tionL s%ei!lis!tion
NGBO$ et1
L! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos /(e ter"in!n en I"it se tr!Hn6s#or"!n en no"bres
!"bi!ndo I"it %or I"ission1
2+ Aa nombres derivados 'ue se forman a partir de verbos con un
cambio voc!lico, conson!ntico o de ambos1 E.14 bind H!"!rr!rL (nir6 ' UbondV
H+Fn(loL .(nt!6M bless ' UblissVM &oose ' U&oieVM ,rie+e ' U,rie#VM li+e ' Uli#eVM
lose ' UlossVM %ro+e ' U%roo#VM sin, ' Uson,VM sit ' Use!tVM s%e!9 H&!bl!r6 ' Us%ee&V
Hdis(rso6M stri9e ' Ustro9eVM stri+e ' Ustri#eV$ et1
-+ Aa nombres derivados 'ue se forman de otros nombres aLadiendo los
siguientes sufi%os$ "or#e"!s$ ter"in!iones o desineni!sM ! +ees$ &!' /(e &!er
iertos !"bios !ntes de !)!dir est!s ter"in!iones4 I!de LIeIdL$ I!,e LIIdL si no
son %r0st!"os reientes del #r!n0s o LI!4L si son %r0st!"os reientes del #r!n0s$
I!&oli$ I!n LIenL$ I!r' LIeriL NGBO ' LIeriL NUSAO$ I!t LIYtL$ I!te LIetL o LIItL$ I' LIsiL$
Ido" LIde"L$ Ie!n LIi4enL o LIienL$ Iel LIelL$ Ien LIenL$ Ier LIeL NGBO ' LIerL NUSAO$
Ieer LIIeL NGBO e LIIrL NUSAO$ Iese LIi4zL$ Iess LIIsL$ LIesL o LIesL$ Iette LIetL$ I#(l LI#elL o
LI#(lL$ I&e!d LI&edL$ I&ood LI&(dL$ Ii!n LIienL$ Ii!n! LIiR!4neL NGB %rini%!l"enteO o
LIiRYneL NUSAO$ Iie LIiL$ Iier LIieL NGBO ' LIierL NUSAO o LI.eL NGBO ' LI.erL NUSAO$
Iin, LIIL$ Iis!n LIIzYnL o LIIzenL$ Iis" LIIzHe6"L$ Iist LIIstL$ Iite LI!ItL$ Iitis LI!ItIsL
o LI!ItesL$ I9in LI9InL$ Ilet LIletL$ LIlItL o LIletL$ Ilin, LIlIL$ Io9 LIe9L$ Io7 LIo(L$
I%&ile$ I%&ili!$ I%&obi!$ Ir' LIriL$ Is&i% LI[I%L$ Ister Ndetrs de dos onson!ntesO LIsteL
NGBO ' LIsterL NUSAO$ I' LIiL1 E.4 blo9 Hblo/(e6 ' Ublo9!deV Hblo/(eo6M %ost
Horreo6 ' U%ost!,eV H#r!n/(eo6M libr!r' Hbibliote!6 ' Ulibr!ri!nV Hbibliote!rio6M
di,nit' Hdi,nid!d6 ' Udi,nit!r'V Hdi,n!t!riHo$ !66M #or" H#or"!6 ' U#or"!tV
H#or"!to6M eletor HeletorH!66 e Ueletor!teV Heletor!do6M in#!nt Hbeb0L ni)Ho$ !66 e
Uin#!n'V Hin#!ni!6M 9in, Hre'6 ' U9in,do"V Hreino6M E(ro%e HE(ro%!6 '
UE(ro%e!nV He(ro%eoL e(ro%e!6M o9 H,!llo6 ' Uo9erelV H,!llito6M "!id Hri!d!L
sir+ient!6 ' U"!idenV Hdonell!6M b(' Ho"%r!6 ' Ub('erV Ho"%r!dor6M !st '
U!sterV LR9!4steL NGBO ' LR9YsterL NUSAO H!z(!reroL r(edeill!6M sell H+ender6 '
UsellerV H+endedor6M slee% Hs(e)o6 ' Uslee%erV H%erson! dor"id!6M 7in H,!n!r6 '
U7innerV H,!n!dor6M "o(nt!in H"ont!)!6 ' U"o(nt!ineerV H"ont!)erHo$ !66M !tor
H!tor6 ' U!tressV H!triz6M 9it&en Hoin!6 ' U9it&enetteV Hoin! %e/(e)!6M s%oon
H(&!r!6 ' Us%oon#(lV H(&!r!d!6M ,od Hdios6 ' U,od&e!dV Hdi+inid!d6M "!n
H&o"bre6 ' U"!n&oodV H&o"brF!L +irilid!d6M Boston HBoston6 ' UBostoni!nV
Hbostoni!nHo$ !66M "(si H"2si!6 ' U"(sii!nV H"2sio6M S&!9es%e!re
HS&!9es%e!re6 ' US&!9es%e!ri!n!V Hesritos NoO di&os #!"osos sobre
S&!9es%e!re6M S(s!n HS(s!n!6 ' US(sieV HS(s!Hnit!66M !(nt HtF!6 ' U!(ntieV HtF!L tiit!L
tit!6M o!l H!rb3n6 ' UollierV H"inero Hde !rb3n66M t&e 7&ite Hel bl!no6 ' Ut&e
7&itin,V Hel bl!no H%!r! z!%!tos6L l! tiz!6M %!rt' H%!rtido6 ' U%!rtis!nV H%!rtid!riHo$
!6L %!rtis!nHo$ !66M des%ot Hd0s%ot!6 ' Udes%otis"V Hdes%otis"o6M dr!"! Hdr!"!6 '
Udr!"!tistV Hdr!"!t(r,o6M l!bo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL l!bor NUSAO Htr!b!.oL
l!bor6$ l!bo(rite NGB %rini%!l"enteOL l!borite NUSAO Hl!borist! Hsoi!list!66M tonsil
H!"F,d!l!6 ' UtonsillitisV H!"i,d!litis6M l!"bs Horderos6 ' Ul!"bs9inV H%iel de
ordero6M boo9 Hlibro6 ' Uboo9letV H#olleto6M d(9 H%!to6 ' Ud(9lin,V H%!tito6M &ire
H!l/(ilerL !rriendo6 ' Ut7o &irelin,sV Hdos "eren!rios6M st!r Hestrell!6 ' U#o(r
st!rlin,sV H(!tro estorninos6M b(ll Htoro6 ' Ub(llo9V Hb(e'L no+illo6M "e!d
H!,(!"ielL %r!do N%o0tioO6 ' U"e!do7V H%r!do6M ,!ll!nt H,!ln6 ' U,!ll!ntr'V
H,!l!nterF!L ,!l!nteoL ,!ll!rdF!6M #riend H!"i,Ho$ !66 ' U#riends&i%V H!"ist!d6M ,!n,
Hb!nd!L %!ndill!6 ' U,!n,sterV H%!ndilleroL %istoleroL "!t3nL ,nH,6ster6M Bill
HG(iler"o6 ' UBill'V HG(iller"ito61
E!' "(&os no"bres /(e %(eden lle+!r indistint!"ente los s(#i.osL ter"in!iones
Iie$ I'$ en l!s #or"!s !ri)os!s o di"in(ti+os$ !(n/(e ! +ees no son e/(i+!lentes1
E.14 !(ntieL !(nt'$ BillieL Bill'$ bo,ieL bo,' H+!,onet!L !rretill! NoO !rro %l!no
Ndel!nte de (n! loo"otor!O6$ !ddieL !dd'$ &!%%ie Nolo/(i!l4 GBOL &!%%'
Nolo/(i!l4 USAO Hti%o6 ' U&!%%'V N!d.eti+oO H(!rte!do6$ oolieL ool' H%e3n
N!sitioO6$ de!rieL de!r' HtesoroL or!z3n6$ do,,ieL do,,' H%errito6$ ,illieL ,ill' NGBO
Hri!doL !o"%!)!nte6$ .(n9ieL .(n9' Hdro,!dito6$ "o(ntieL "o(nt' H"ie"bro de
l! %oliF! "ont!d! !n!diense6$ ni,&tieL ni,&t' H!"is3n6$ %i-ieL %i-' Hd(endeilloL
&!dit!6$ s&eltieL s&elt' H%erro NoO !b!llo de S&etl!nd6$ ! so#tieL so#t' H(n
bl!nden,(e6$ toots'L tootsie Nolo/(i!lesO Hdedito del %ieL %ieeito6$ 7!l9ieIt!l9ieL
7!l9'It!l9' He"isorItr!ns"isor6$ et1
Los di"in(ti+os se #or"!n on l!s ter"in!iones o s(#i.os I!ster$ Iel$ I(le$ Iel o
Ielle$ Ien$ IHe6rel$ Iet$ Iette$ Iie$ Iin,$ I9in$ Ilet$ Ilin,$ Io9$ Isel$ I(le1
A +ees$ &!' "s !"bios4 oo9ie NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL oo9' NUSAO
H,!lletHit6!6 es (n di"in(ti+o de U!9eV1
3+ Aa nombres derivados 'ue se forman de ad%etivos aLadiendo los
siguientes sufi%os$ "or#e"!s$ ter"in!iones o desineni!s4 5ce, 5c, 5/ood, 5ice,
5ism, 5it, 5ness LInIsL o LInesL, 5t/, 5t, 5, et1M ! +ees$ des!%!ree o se !)!de
!l,(n! letr!1 E.14 innoene Hinoeni!6$ i,nor!ne Hi,nor!ni!6$ sere' Hsereto6$
onst!n' Honst!ni!6$ #!lse&ood H#!lsed!d6$ li9eli&ood H%rob!bilid!d6$ .(stie
H.(stii!6$ soi!lis" Hsoi!lis"o6$ re!lit' Hre!lid!d6$ %ossibilit' H%osibilid!d6$
9indness H!"!bilid!d6$ si9ness Hen#er"ed!d6$ tr(t& H+erd!d6$ s!#et' Hse,(rid!d6$
ert!int' Hertez!L ertid("bre6$ .e!lo(s' Helos6$ #oll' Hlo(r!L insens!tez6$ et1
L! "!'or %!rte de los !d.eti+os /(e ter"in!n en I!ble o Iible se tr!Hn6s#or"!n en
no"bres !"bi!ndo I!ble o Iible %or I!bilit' o Iibilit' res%eti+!"ente1
L! "!'or %!rte de los !d.eti+os /(e ter"in!n en I' se tr!Hn6s#or"!n en no"bres
!"bi!ndo l! I' %or Iiness1
L! "!'or %!rte de los !d.eti+os /(e ter"in!n en I#(l se tr!Hn6s#or"!n en no"bres
!)!diendo Iness1
En in,l0s se die U!,,ressi+enessV H!,resi+id!d6 ' U!,,resi+it'Q no e-iste en in,l0s1
En in,l0s se die Uonstr(ti+enessV Honstr(ti+id!d6 ' Uonstr(ti+it'V no e-iste
en in,l0s1
L! "!'or %!rte de los no"bres ter"in!dos en Iis"o en !stell!no ter"in!n
en Iis" en in,l0s si %ro+ienen del l!tFn$ del ,rie,o o de len,(!s ro"!nes$
%ero el %roble"! est en los no"bres ter"in!dos en Iis"o en !stell!no
/(e ter"in!n en Iiis" en in,l0s$ no en Iis" si"%le"enteM ! +ees
ter"in!n en Iiis" o en Iis"1 A ontin(!i3n se d!n los "s (s!dos4
!setiis" H!setis"o6M !t&letis N"s (s!doO NoO !t&letiis" Nen sentido #i,(r!doO
H!tletis"o Nl! %!l!br! Q!t&letis"Q no e-isteO6M *eltiis"L Aeltiis" Heltis"o6M
'niis" Hinis"o6M e"%iriis" He"%iris"o6M erotiis" N"s (s!doOL erotis"
Herotis"o6M esoteriis" Hesoteris"o6M e-oteriis" He-oteris"o6M e-otiis" N"s
(s!doOL e-otis" He-otis"o6M #!lliis" N"s (s!doOL #!llis" H#!lis"o6M #!n!tiis"
H#!n!tis"o6M &er"etiHi6s" H&er"etis"o6M &is%!niis" H&is%!nis"o6M
&o"oerotiis" N"s (s!doOL &o"oerotis" H&o"oerotis"o Hentre %erson!s del
"is"o se-o66M l!onis" N"s (s!doOL l!oniis" Nliter!riosO Hl!onis"o6M l'riis"
N"s (s!doOL l'ris" Hliris"o6 ' Ul'ris"V H!rte de to!r l! lir!61 D1 ;1:?
En in,l0s se die Uons("eris"V Hons("is"o Nl! %!l!br! Qons("is"Q no e-iste
en in,l0sO61
En in,l0s se die Uons("erist N!d.eti+o ' no"bre o Uons("erV si +! del!nte del
no"breO Hons("ist! Nl! %!l!br! Qons("istQ no e-iste en in,l0sO61
6+ Aa nombres derivados 'ue se forman de ad%etivos aLadiendo los sufi%os$
"or#e"!s$ ter"in!iones o desineni!s 5t/ #5u#, 5t #5t# con ciertos cambios
voc!licos en el !d.eti+o en l! esrit(r! o en l! %ron(ni!i3n1 E.4 dee% H%ro#(ndHo$
!66 ' Ude%t&V H%ro#(ndid!d6M &i,& H!ltHo$ !66 ' U&ei,&tV H!lt(r!L est!t(r!6M lon,
Hl!r,Ho$ !66 ' Ulen,t&V Hlon,it(d6M stron, H#(erte6 ' Ustren,t&V H#(erz!6M 7!r"
H!liente Ni te"%l!doO6 ' U7!r"t&V H!lor6M 7ideL bro!d H!n&Ho$ !66 ' U7idt&L
bre!dt&V H!n&(r!6M 'o(n, H.o+en6 ' U'o(t&V H.(+ent(d6M &ot ' U&e!tVM %ro(d '
U%rideV$ et1
E-isten !l,(n!s ter"in!iones "s /(e sir+en %!r! #or"!r no"bres o +erbos o"o
I!in$ Id$ Ider$ Iend$ Iern$ Iest$ Iled,e$ Ist$ Iter$ It&er$ It(de$ %ero !%!reen s3lo on
iert!s %!l!br!s1
Los "or#e"!s$ ter"in!iones$ desineni!s o s(#i.os nor"!l"ente !"bi!n l! %!rte
de l! or!i3n ! l! /(e se (nen$ es deir$ si se (nen ! (n !d.eti+o$ %(eden #or"!r (n
no"bre$ et1
:1:=1I &os nombres pueden formarse por conversin (!ndo (n! %!l!br! sin
!"bi!r de #or"! se (s! o"o otr! %!rte de l! or!i3nM pueden darse los
siguientes casos"
*+ Aa nombres verbales 'ue tienen la misma forma 'ue la forma verbal en
5ingM "(&os de ellos sol!"ente se (s!n en sin,(l!r4 bindin,$ oo9in,$ dr!7in,$
&(ntin,$ "e!nin,$ "is,i+in,$ t!l9in,$ 7!l9in,$ et1 E.14 Ee %re#ers re!din, to
7!l9in, Hl %re#iere leerL l! let(r! ! !"in!r6M t7o "e!nin,s Hdos si,ni#i!dos6M
Ee &!s "is,i+in,s Hl tiene d(d!sL reelos6$ et1
Al,(nos de ellos se (s!n "s /(e los +erbos4 !n,lin, H%es! Non !)!O6$ bo!tin,
H%!seo en boteL b!r!6$ bo7lin, Hlos bolos6$ !noein, H%ir!,Xis"o6$ !r!+!nnin,
H+i!.e en !r!+!n!6$ eletioneerin, H!"%!)! eletor!lL %ro"es!s eletor!list!s6$
&!n,I,lidin, H+(elo en desliz!dorL on !l! delt!6$ "o(nt!ineerin, H"ont!)is"oL
!l%inis"o6$ s&o%li#tin, Hr!terF! NoO &(rto NoO robo Hen l!s tiend!s66$ si,&tseein,
Ht(ris"oL +er los l(,!res de inter0s6$ s9!tebo!rdin, Hde%orte del "ono%!tFn6$ s9iin,
Hes/(FL es/(i!r6$ Rsnor9ellin, NGBOL Rsnor9elin, NUSAO Hb(eoL b(e!r on esn3r9el6$
s(r#in, Hs(r#in,6$ 7ei,&tli#tin, Hle+!nt!"iento de %es!sL &!ltero#ili!6$ 7indo7I
s&o%%in, H+er Hlos6 es!%!r!tes6$ 7inds(r#in, Hs(r# ! +el!6$ '!&tin, Hn!+e,!r en
+eleroL '!teL %r!ti!r l! +el!L n!+e,!i3n ! +el!6$ et1
Nor"!l"ente son inont!bles$ %ero los &!' /(e %(eden ser inont!bles ' ont!blesM
(!ndo el +erbo es tr!nsiti+o$ &!' /(e %oner (n o"%le"ento direto detrs si se
(s! o"o inont!ble4 be,innin, Ho"enz!rL o"ienzoL %rini%io6$ bein, HserL
ri!t(r!6$ b(ildin, Honstr(irL edi#iioL onstr(i3n6$ dr!7in, Hdib(.!rL dib(.o6$
#eelin, HsentirL senti"iento6$ &e!rin, HoFdoL onsider!i3nL !teni3nL +ist!L sesi3n6$
"e!nin, Hsi,ni#i!i3nL si,ni#i!doL !e%i3n6$ "eetin, Hre(nirseL re(ni3nL
entre+ist!L en(entro6$ o##erin, Ho#rei"ientoL o#rend!L don!ti+o6$ %!intin, H%int(r!L
(!dro6$ s!'in, HdeirL di&oL re#rn6$ settin, H%osii3nL esen!rioL "!roL entornoL
en,!reL o"%osii3nL !rre,lo6$ s&o7in, H!t(!i3nL %ro'ei3nL des#ile6$ sittin,
Hsent!rseL t(rnoL sesi3n6$ s(##erin, Hs(#rirL s(#ri"ientoL dolor6$ t(rnin, H+ol+erseL
bo!!lle6$ 7!rnin, H!d+ertirL !d+erteni!61 D1 :188
2+ Aa nombres 'ue tienen la misma forma 'ue el verbo4 ! be!t H(n l!tidoL
redobleL o"%sL rit"oL (n! rond!6$ ! bid H(n! o#ert!L (n intento6$ ! blo7 H(n
,ol%eL so%lo6$ ! boil H(n &er+or6$ ! bore H(n !b(rri"ientoL #!stidio6$ Ht!9e6 !re
HHten6 (id!do6$ ! &e!t H(n! est!#!6$ ! r' H(n ll!ntoL ,rito6$ ! (t$ doZs !nd donZts
Hl!s os!s /(e &!' /(e &!er ' l!s os!s /(e no &!' /(e &!er6$ t&e donZts Hl!s os!s
%ro&ibid!s6$ ! do(bt$ ! dri+e H(n! +(elt!L (n %!seo en o&e6$ ! #!ll$ ! #ind H(n
&!ll!z,o6$ !tL in one ,o Hde (n tir3nL de (n! sent!d!6$ ! &int H(n! indiret!L
insin(!i3nL %ist!L (n indiio6$ ! &it H(n ,ol%e6$ ! lie$ ! loo9 H(n! "ir!d!6$ ! lo+e$ !
"!9e H(n! "!r!6$ ! "eet H(n en(entro6$ Hto ,i+e it6 ! %(s& HHd!rle6 (n e"%(.3n6$
H7it&in6 re!& HH!l6 !l!ne6$ ! ride H(n! +(elt!L (n %!seo en biilet!L ! !b!llo$
et16$ ! ro!st H(n !s!do6$ ! r(n$ ! s&!+e H(n !#eit!do6$ ! s&o9 H(n &o/(eL i"%!to6$
! s%in H(n ,iro6$ ! s7i"$ ! 7!l9$ 7or9 Htr!b!.o6$ et1 E.14 T&e'Z+e ,ot t&e #eel !s i#
itZs 7ron, HTienen el senti"iento de /(e est "!l6M t&e &!+es !nd t&e &!+eInots
Nolo/(i!lO o# t&is 7orld Hlos /(e tienen NoO los rios ' los indi,entes NoO los %obres
de este "(ndo6$ et1 D1 51;:$ 815C?$ =1588
A +ees (n no"bre o"o Us"o9eV Ninont!bleO H&("o6 se on+ierte en +erbo '
l(e,o del +erbo se #or"! otro no"bre$ o"o U! s"o9eV Nont!bleO H(n %itillo61
2+ Aa pronombres 'ue pueden usarse como nombresM l! on+ersi3n de
%rono"bre en no"bre es sol!"ente %!ri!l$ '! /(e (n!s +ees no tienen %l(r!l '
otr!s no %(eden (s!rse o"o %ri"er ele"ento de los ,eniti+os s!.ones1 E.14
Reli,ion is interested in t&e I HL! reli,i3n est interes!d! en el 'oL e,o6M T&e IZs !nd
'o(rZs !nd &i"Zs !re e-essi+e HLos 'o ' los t( ' los ! 0l son e-esi+os6M ItZs ! &e
HEs ni)oL +!r3nL "!&o Nde !ni"!lesO6M t&e s&es o# Greee Hl!s "(.eresL #0"in!s de
Grei!6M E!& 9no7s 7&!t is 7&!t H*!d! (no s!be /(0 es /(06M S&e is t&e one 7&o
,ot !ll t&e %rizes HEll! es l! /(e onsi,(i3 todos los %re"ios6$ A"on, t&e !%%les
'o( see$ t&ese !re t&e best ones HEntre l!s "!nz!n!s /(e +es 0st!s son l!s "e.ores6M
T!9e so"e %e!rs b(t t!9e t&e ri%e ones] H\Ll0+!te !l,(n!s %er!s %ero ll0+!te l!s
"!d(r!s]6M t&e &ol' One HDios6$ t&e E+il One HS!t!nsL el di!blo6M O# t&ose "en$
t&ese !re t&e ,re!t ones HDe esos &o"bres 0stos son los ,r!ndesL il(stres6M I bo(,&t
t&ose to"!toes$ t&e little ones H*o"%r0 esosL !/(ellos to"!tes$ los %e/(e)os6M Ee is
t&e silliest one Hl es el "s tonto6M S&e is t&e le+erest one HEll! es l! "s list!6M
T&ere !re se+er!l %eo%le$ b(t t&is is t&e 9no7in, one HE!' +!ri!s %erson!s %ero 0st!
es l! /(e s!be6M So"e si- nobodies !re &ere HUnos seis donn!dies estn !/(F6M Ee
t&in9s &e is ! so"ebod' Hl se ree (n !l,(ienL (n! %erson! i"%ort!nte6M T!9e !
little so"et&in, be#ore 'o( ,o] H\*o,e NEs%!)!OL A,!rr! (n %oo de !l,o !ntes de
irte6M tens o# t&o(s!nds o# 'e!rs Hdeenios de "iles de !)os6M T&e' o"e b' t7os
!nd t&rees HDienen en d2os ' trFos6$ et1 D1 5C1=;1;
Estos no"bres no +!n nor"!l"ente en ,eniti+o s!.3n sino en ,eniti+o on Uo#V1
A +ees$ &!' %rono"bres o"o (n ele"ento de (n no"bre o"%(esto1 E.14 ! &eI
,o!t N"enos (s!do /(e Ubill' ,o!tVO H(n "!&o !brFo6$ ! s&eI,o!t N"enos (s!do
/(e Un!nn' ,o!tVO H(n! !br!6$ ! &eI"!n H(n #orz(do6$ et1
-+ Aa nombres 'ue est!n formados con ad%etivos a los 'ue se les aLade la
terminacin 5s para el plural o sin la terminacin 5s en singular on Ut&eV o (n
!rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 E.14 t&e bl!9s Hlos ne,ros6$ bro7ns !nd ,reens HHolores6
"!rrones ' +erdes6$ t&e o"is Hlos 3"iosL los 3"isL los tebeosL l!s &istoriet!sL
l!s tir!s 3"i!s6$ t&e onser+!ti+es Hlos onser+!dores6$ t&e ri"in!ls Hlos
ri"in!les6$ t&e de#end!nts Hlos de"!nd!dosL !(s!dos6$ t&e eolo,ists Hlos
eolo,ist!s6$ t&e elders Hlos "!'ores6$ t&e e+ils Hlos "!les6$ t&e #e"!les Hl!s
&e"br!s6$ t&e #e"inists Hl!s #e"inist!s6$ t&e t7o &!l+es Hl!s dos "it!des6$ t&e
intellet(!ls Hlos intelet(!les6$ t&e irre,(l!rs HHl!s tro%!s de6 los irre,(l!res6$ t&e
liber!ls Hlos liber!les6$ t&e "!les Hlos +!rones6$ t&e n!ti+es Hlos n!ti+os6$ t&e nobles
Hlos nobles6$ t&e %in9s Hlos Holores6 ros!dos6$ t&e %l!inti##s Hlos de"!nd!ntesL
/(erell!ntes6$ t&e %ri+!tes Hlos sold!dos %ri+!dos6$ t&e reds Hlos ro.os Ni los
o"(nist!sO6$ t&e re,(l!rs Hlos lientesL Hl!s tro%!s de6 los re,(l!res6$ t&e ro!sts Hlos
!s!dosL l!s !rnes !s!d!s6$ t&e s!+!,es Hlos s!l+!.es6$ t&e s&orts Hl!s sFl!b!s ort!s6$
t&e solids Hlos s3lidos6$ t&e (ndesir!bles Hlos indese!bles6$ t&e +e,et!bles Hlos
+e,et!les6$ t&e 7&ites Hlos bl!nos6$ t&e 'ello7s Hl!s 'e"!s Nde &(e+oOL los Holores6
!"!rillos6 ' todos los de 81?M t&e A"eri!n HelL l! est!do(nidenseL !"eri!nHo$ !66$
t&e bl!9 Hel ne,ro6M I ne+er s!7 s(& ! bro7n HN(n! +i (n "!rr3n !sF6M ! *!t&oli
H(nH!6 !t3liHo$ !66$ t&e *&ile!n HelL l! &ilenHo$ !66$ t&e *olo"bi!n HelL l!
olo"bi!nHo$ !66M T&!t o"i is +er' #(nn' HEseL !/(el 3"io es "(' ,r!iosoL
di+ertido6M Ee doesnZt li9e t&!t o"i HA 0l no le ,(st! ese tebeoL es! &istoriet!
3"i!L ese 3"i6M t&e onser+!ti+e Hel onser+!dorL l! onser+!dor!6$ t&e
ri"in!l Hel ri"in!l6$ ! de!r H(n en!nto6$ !n eolo,ist H(nH!6 eolo,ist!6$ !n elder
H(n! %erson! "!'orL (nH!6 !ni!nHo$ !66$ !n e+il H(n "!l6$ t&e deR#end!nt HelL l!
de"!nd!dHo$ !6L !(s!dHo$ !66$ t&e #e"!le Hl! &e"br!6$ ! R#e"inist H(n! #e"inist!6$ !
Ger"!n H(nH!6 !le"nH!66$ ! G&!n!i!n N"s (s!doOL G&!ni!n N"enos (s!doO H(nH!6
,!n0sH!66$ ! Gree9 H(nH!6 ,rie,Ho$ !66$ t&is &!l# Hest! "it!d6$ !n intellet(!l H(n
intelet(!l6$ !n irre,(l!r H(n irre,(l!r Ndel e.0ritoO6$ ! liber!l H(nH!6 liber!l6$ t&e "!le
Hel +!r3n6$ t&e Me-i!n HelL l! "e.i!nHo$ !6 NEs%!)!OL "e-i!nHo$ !6
NL!tino!"0ri!O6$ t&e n!ti+e Hel n!ti+o6$ t&e noble Hel noble6$ t&e %l!inti## HelL l!
de"!nd!nteL /(erell!nte6$ ! %ri+!te H(n sold!do %ri+!do6$ t&e Protest!nt Hel$ l!
%rotest!nte6$ ! red H(n ro.oL (n! ro.! Ni (nH!6 o"(nist!O6$ ! re,(l!r H(n lienteL (n
re,(l!r Ndel e.0ritoO6$ ! ro!st H(n !s!doL (n! !rne !s!d!6$ t&e R(ssi!n HelL l! r(sHo$
!66$ t&e R7!nd!n HelL l! r(!nd0sH!66$ ! S!"o!n H(nH!6 s!"o!nHo$ !66$ ! S!(di
HAr!bi!n6 H(nH!6 r!be s!(dF6$ ! s!+!,e H(n s!l+!.e6$ ! s&ort H(n! sFl!b! ort!6$ t&e
Sierr! Leone!n HelL l! sierr!leon0sH!66$ t&e Sin,!%ore!n HelL l! sin,!%orense6$ ! solid
H(n s3lido6$ ! So(t& A"eri!n H(nH!6 s(d!"eri!nHo$ !6L s(r!"eri!nHo$ !66$ ! Sri
L!n9!n H(nH!6 esril!n/(0sH!66$ !n (ndesir!ble H(nH!6 indese!ble6$ ! +e,et!ble H(n
+e,et!l6$ ! 7&ite H(nH!6 bl!nHo$ !66$ ! 'ello7 H(n! 'e"! Nde &(e+oOL (n Holor6
!"!rillo61
Al,(nos !d.eti+os se (s!n solos sin Ut&eV ' en sin,(l!r n!d! "sM &!en l! #(ni3n
de no"bres1 E.14 Fren& Hel Hidio"!6 #r!n0s6$ S%!nis& Hel Hidio"!6 !stell!no6$
En,lis& Hel Hidio"!6 in,l0s6$ et1
3+ Aa nombres formados con ad%etivos /(e se (s!n en sin,(l!r on Ut&eV ' sin
l! ter"in!i3n IsM !l,(nos de estos /(e se (s!n en sin,(l!r sin ter"in!i3n Is
%(eden (tiliz!rse on el !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM !l,(nos se (s!n en !%osii3n on
(n no"bre %ro%io ' otros se (s!n on Ut&eV se,(ido del !d.eti+o en s(%erl!ti+oM
!l,(nos se (s!n en e-%resiones idio"ti!s o "odis"os ' otros on (n sentido
e"oti+oM !l,(nos %(eden lle+!r (n !d+erbio entre el !rtF(lo ' el !d.eti+oM l!
on+ersi3n de !d.eti+os en no"bres es ! +ees tot!l ' nor"!l"ente %!ri!l$ %or/(e
"(&os de ellos no %(eden (s!rse o"o %ri"er ele"ento del ,eniti+o s!.3n1 E.14 !
%int o# bitter H(n! %int! de er+ez! l!r!L "!rr3n6M Ee is !n old bl(e Hl es (n +ie.o
+erdeL de%ortist! N/(e re%resent!b! ! (n! (ni+ersid!d o instit(i3n !!d0"i!O6M Ee
is ! tr(e bl(e Hl es (n H"ie"bro de (n %!rtido6 onser+!dor le!lL +erd!dero6M
*&!rles t&e Bold H*!rlos el Atre+ido6M M' d!il' 7or9s #or t&ree &o(rs HMi
sir+ient!L ri!d! tr!b!.! tres &or!s6M T&is is t&e best d!il' Hste es el "e.or
H%eri3dio6 di!rio6M Ee is ! de!r Nolo/(i!lO Hl es (n en!nto6M M' de!r] H\A"or
"Fo]L \Tesoro]L \*or!z3n]6M T&ese te!"s &!+e re!&ed t&e #in!lHs6 HEstos e/(i%os
&!n lle,!do ! l! #in!l6M I !" en.o'in, li#e to t&e #(ll HEsto' dis#r(t!ndo de l! +id! !l
"-i"o6M Al#red t&e Gre!t HAl#redo el Gr!nde6M S&e is ! n!t(r!l #or t&e .ob HEll! es
(n! H%erson!6 dot!d! %!r! el tr!b!.oL e"%leo6M to slee% in t&e o%en Hdor"ir !l !ire
libre6M T&ese te!"s &!+e re!&ed t&e Rse"iIR#in!lHs6 HEstos e/(i%os &!n lle,!do ! l!
se"i#in!l6M Men !re ,re!t sillies Nolo/(i!lO HLos &o"bres son (nos ,r!ndes tontos6M
S&e is ! sill' Nolo/(i!lO HEll! es (n! tont!L idiot!6M mo( st(%id] Nolo/(i!lO H\T2
est2%idoL tonto]6M mes$ "' s7eet] H\SF$ "i !"orL !"or "Fo]6M !L t&e 7&ole H(nL el
on.(nto6$ t&e 7ireless Hl! r!dio6$ et1$ ' todos los de 81=181
Estos no"bres no +!n nor"!l"ente en ,eniti+o s!.3n sino en ,eniti+o on Uo#V1
6+ Aa tambin algunos ad%etivos 'ue se usan como nombres solamente en
pluralM no +!n en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n1 E.14 t&e !nients Hlos !nti,(os6$
t&e bl(es Hde%reHsi3n6L "(rri!L "el!nolF!6$ t&e dr(n9s Hlos borr!&os6$ t&e e!rlies
Hl!s +erd(r!s te"%r!n!s6$ t&e e!t!bles Hlos o"estibles6$ t&e e"%ties Hlos !sos
N+!Fos de er+ez!O6$ t&e #ilin,s Hl!s li"!d(r!s6$ t&e ,lossies Hl!s re+ist!s Non %!%el
s!tin!doL brill!nteO6$ t&e R,oin,sIRon Nolo/(i!lO Hl!s !ti+id!des Nsos%e&os!sOL l!
ond(t!6$ t&e ,reens Hlos +erdes Ni los eolo,ist!sO6$ t&e H'o(n,6 "!rrieds Hlos
H.3+enes6 !s!dos6$ t&e "oderns Hlos "odernos6$ t&e "oorin,s Hl!s !"!rr!sL el
!"!rr!dero6$ t&e ne7l'I7eds Hlos rei0n !s!dos6$ t&e s&!+in,s Hl!s +ir(t!s6$ t&e
s(rro(ndin,s Hlos !lrededoresL l!s er!nF!sL el !"biente6$ t&e tr!%%in,s Hlos !rreosL
!dornos6$ et1$ ' todos los de 81=151
Al,(nos %(eden (s!rse t!"bi0n en sin,(l!r$ %ero tienen /(e ir se,(idos de (n
no"bre1 E.14 t&e e"%t' roo" Hl! &!bit!i3n +!F!L el (!rto +!Fo6$ et1
Estos no"bres no +!n nor"!l"ente en ,eniti+o s!.3n sino en ,eniti+o on Uo#V1
8+ =lgunos nombres contables, de nacionalidad sobre todo, tienen la misma
forma 'ue los ad%etivosM %(eden4
!6 @sarse solamente en singular %reedidos del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ND1 81B;O$
de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o en sin,(l!r$ de !l,(nos !d.eti+os inde#inidos
o"o Qone$ !not&er$ t&e ot&er$ no ot&er$ e+er'$ !n'$ no$ "!n' ! Nliter!rioO$ "!n'
!not&er Nliter!rioOQM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o entre el deter"in!nte ' el no"breM
no %(eden ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n1 E.14 ! B(r"ese H(n bir"!noL (n!
bir"!n!6$ ! *&inese H(n &inoL (n! &in!6$ ! *on,olese H(n on,ole)oL (n!
on,ole)!6M M' de!d 7!s !n !n,el HMi di#(ntHo$ !6 H%!dreL "!dreL es%osHo$ !6$ et16
er! (n n,el6M ! j!%!nese H(n .!%on0sL (n! .!%ones!6$ ! j!+!nese H(n .!+!n0sL (n!
.!+!nes!6$ ! Leb!nese H(n lib!n0sL (n! lib!nes!6$ ! M!ltese H(n "!lt0sL (n!
"!ltes!6$ ! Port(,(ese H(n %ort(,(0sL (n! %ort(,(es!6$ ! S(d!nese H(n s(d!n0sL
(n! s(d!nes!6$ ! S7iss H(n s(izoL (n! s(iz!6$ ! Dietn!"ese H(n +ietn!"it!L (n!
+ietn!"it!6M Eis Dietn!"ese !nd o(r j!%!nese !re #riends Nr!roO HS(s +ietn!"it!s '
n(estros .!%oneses son !"i,os6M ! r!bbit !nd its 'o(n, H(n one.o ' s( rF!61
Si &!en de !d.eti+os$ %(eden ir del!nte del no"bre en sin,(l!r$ %reedido de Ut&e$
del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o en sin,(l!r$ de
los !d.eti+os inde#inidos "enion!dos1 E.14 t&e *on,olese "!n Hel H&o"bre6
on,ole)o6M t&e En,lis& "!n Hel H&o"bre6 in,l0s6M !n Iris& bo' H(n &io irl!nd0s61
b6 @sarse solamente en plural$ %reedidos de Ut&eV ND1 81=151bO$ de (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+o$ n("er!l o inde#inidoM no %(eden ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o
s!.3nM si &!en de !d.eti+os$ %(eden ir del!nte del no"bre en %l(r!l$ %reedido de
Ut&eV o no$ de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o en %l(r!l$ de todos los !d.eti+os
inde#inidos e-e%to los /(e +!n s3lo del!nte del no"bre en sin,(l!r1 E.14 T&e
B(r"ese Htroo%s6 &!+e lost t&e b!ttle HLos bir"!nos HL!s tro%!s bir"!n!s6 &!n
%erdido l! b!t!ll!6M T&e En,lis& Hs%orts"en6 !re 7innin, HLos Hde%ortist!s6 in,leses
estn ,!n!ndo6M T&ese %oor !re &(n,r' HEstos %obres tienen &!"bre6M >e 7ill t!9e
!re o# 'o(r %oor !nd o(r blind H*(id!re"os ! +(estros %obres ' ! n(estros ie,os6M
O(r %oor !re &ere HN(estros %obres estn !/(F6M t&ese *&ineseL Leb!nese Hestos
&inosL lib!neses6$ #i+e *&inese Hino &inos6M si- Port(,(ese Hseis %ort(,(eses6M
T&ere &!+e been se+en de!d HE! &!bido siete "(ertos6M ?CC &o"eless %oor H?CC
%obres sin &o,!r6M j!+!nese %e!s!nts !re so Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL li9e t&is
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO HLos !"%esinos .!+!neses son !sF6M S7iss b!n9ers !re
#!"o(s HLos b!n/(eros s(izos son #!"osos6M 'o(n, %eo%le Hl! ,ente .o+en6M t&ree
Port(,(ese 7o"en Htres "(.eres %ort(,(es!s6M *ert!in Iris& !nd ert!in En,lis&
7ent t&ere H*iertos irl!ndeses ' iertos in,leses #(eron !llF6M *ert!in Port(,(ese !nd
ert!in *&inese 7ent t&ere H*iertos %ort(,(eses ' iertos &inos #(eron !llF6M ! lot
o#L so"e Dietn!"ese %eo%le H"(&!L !l,(n! ,ente +ietn!"it!61
S(elen ir %reedidos de Ut&eV$ %ero ! +ees %(eden ir sin Ut&eV en en("er!iones
%!r!lel!s en sentido ,ener!l1 E.14 mo(n, !nd old$ t&e' !ll #ell !slee% Hj3+enes '
+ie.os$ todos se d(r"ieron6M Ee 7!nts to o+ero"e t&e di##erenes bet7een 'o(n,
!nd old Hl /(iere s(%er!r l!s di#ereni!s entre los .3+enes ' los "!'ores6M It is
indis%ens!ble to bot& si9 !nd &e!lt&' HEs indis%ens!ble t!nto %!r! ,ente en#er"!
o"o s!n!6$ et1
9+ Aa nombres 'ue est!n formados con adverbios o preposiciones ! los /(e se
les !)!de l! ter"in!i3n Is %!r! el %l(r!l o sin l! ter"in!i3n Is en sin,(l!r on
Ut&eV$ (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do o sin n!d!M %(eden dese"%e)!r l!s "is"!s
#(niones /(e (n no"bre1 E.14 t&e 7&'s !nd 7&ere#ores Hlos %or/(0sL l!s !(s!sL
l!s r!zones ' los %or"enores6M T&e 7&en is "ore i"%ort!nt t&!n t&e 7&ere HEl
(ndoL (!ndo es "s i"%ort!nte /(e el d3ndeL dondeL l(,!r6M t&e do7nI!ndIo(ts
Hlos +!,!b(ndos6$ t&e tos !nd #ros Hl!s id!s ' +enid!s6$ t&e (%s !nd Ht&e6 do7ns o#
li#e Hlos !ltos ' b!.osL !ltib!.os de l! +id!6$ t&e ins !nd o(ts o# so"et&in, Hlos
det!lles de !l,o6$ t&e be&ind Hel tr!seroL (lo6M >&!tZs #or !#ters LR!4#tezL NGBO
' LRY#terzL NUSAOT HWJ(0 &!' de %ostreT6M Ee 7!nts "(& !nd ,ets little Hl /(iere
"(&o ' obtieneL onsi,(e %oo6M S&e &!s eno(,& HEll! tiene s(#iiente6$ et1 D1
5C1=;1;
Estos no"bres no +!n nor"!l"ente en ,eniti+o s!.3n sino en ,eniti+o on Uo#V1
0+ Aa nombres 'ue est!n formados con con%unciones1 E.14 T&ere !re ! lot o#
!nds in t&is ess!' HE!' "(&os ' en este ens!'o6M too "!n' b(ts Hde"!si!dos
%eros6$ &is i#s$ b(ts$ %er&!%ses Hs(s sis$ %eros$ /(izs6$ et1
*:+ Cual'uier palabra$ se! !d.eti+o$ %rono"bre$ +erbo$ !d+erbio$ on.(ni3n o
inter.ei3n$ ( or!i3n$ puede convertirse en nombre al formar parte de una
cita. E.14 T&!t UnieV is eno(,& HEseL !/(el U!,r!d!bleV es s(#iiente6M T&!t U&i"V is
eno(,& HEseL !/(el U! 0lV es s(#iiente6M T&!t Us%e!9sV is eno(,& HEseL !/(el
U&!bl!V es s(#iiente6M T&!t UnoV is eno(,& HEseL !/(el UnoV es s(#iiente6M T&!t
Ut&o(,&V is eno(,& HEseL !/(el U!(n/(eV es s(#iiente6M T&!t U7o7]V is eno(,&
HEseL !/(el U\&(']V es s(#iiente6M T&!t Unot&in, !n be doneV is eno(,& HEseL !/(el
Un!d! se %(ede &!erV es s(#iiente61
:1:?1I &os nombres pueden formarse por composicin (!ndo l! r!Fz o le-e"!
de (n! %!l!br! %ri"iti+! se .(nt! on l! r!Fz o "one"! de otr! %!l!br! %ri"iti+!M l!s
%!l!br!s o"%(est!s estn #or"!d!s %or dos %!l!br!s inde%endientes o"o
Qse!"!n$ "oonli,&tQ$ et1M los no"bres o"%(estos %(eden lle+!r en el %ri"er
ele"ento (n no"bre$ (n !d.eti+o$ (n %rono"bre$ (n +erbo o (n !d+erbioM el %ri"er
ele"ento %(ede indi!r el s(.eto o"o Qd!'bre!9$ s(nriseQ$ et1$ o el ob.eto de l!
!i3n o"o Qbloods&ed$ &o(se9ee%in,$ s(n7ors&i%%erQ$ et1M tod!s l!s %!l!br!s
e-e%to Ut&eV ' el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do %(eden (nirse %!r! #or"!r %!l!br!s
o"%(est!sM los nombres compuestos pueden estar formados de"
*+ @n nombre un nombre derivado de un verbo o simplemente un nombre
seguido de otro nombreM el %l(r!l$ si lo tienen$ se #or"! !)!diendo (n! Is !l #in!l1
E.14 !Rl!r" Rlo9s Hdes%ert!Rdores6$ !Rssist!nt diRretorsL !Rssist!nt R"!n!,ers
HdireRtores !dR.(ntos NoO s(bdireRtores6$ !Rssist!nt Rseret!ries HsereRt!rios !dR.(ntosL
s(bsereRt!rios6$ Rb!b' Rlot&es HRro%! deL %!r! beRb0sL Rnenes6$ Rbeer Rtins HRl!t!s de
erR+ez! N+!F!sO6$ Rbedroo"s Hdor"iRtorios6$ Rbird!,eL Rbird R!,e HR.!(l!6$ Rboo9
reR+ie7s HRrFti!sL reRse)!s de Rlibros6$ Rboo9s&o%s NGBOL Rboo9stores NUSAO
HlibrerF!s6$ Rbri,!dier R,ener!ls NoO Rbri,!dierIR,ener!ls H,eneRr!les de briR,!d!6$ R!"el
R&!ir NGBOL R!"el&!ir NUSAO HR%elo de !R"ello6$ R!rds&!r%Her6s NGBO H#(RllerosL
tr!"R%ososL t!R&2res6$ t&e Ro##ee R(%s Hl! Rt!z!s %!r! !R#06$ Rri"e reR%orts Hre%orRt!.es
de RrF"enes6$ R#lo7er R%ots HRtiestosL "!Ret!s6$ R#o(nt!in R%ens HR%l("!s
estiloR,r#i!s6$ R#(rL Rle!t&erL R"in9 Ro!ts H!Rbri,os de R%ielL R(ero NoO R%ielL +iRs3n6$
R,oldHI6di,,ers Hb(s!Rdores de RoroL !z!#orRt(n!s6$ R,oldHI6s"it&s HorR#ebres6$
R&!ir(ts HRortes de R%elo6$ R&e!rtbre!9s HonR,o.!sL s(#riR"ientosL desenR,!)os6$
R&o"e7or9 HdeRberes6$ R&orse&!ir HRrin6$ R.(d,e R!d+o!tes H!(diRtores de R,(err!L
"!Rrin!6$ Rle,I%(lls Nolo/(i!lO Hto"!Rd(r!s de R%elo6$ Rletter Rbo-es Hb(Rzones6$
lie(Rten!nt Rolonels NoO lie(Rten!ntIRolonels HteRnientes oroRneles6$ t&e R"!t&bo-es
Hl!s R!.!s de eRrill!s N+!F!sO6$ Ro!9 Rtrees HRrobles6$ Rr!in#!lls H!RFd!s de Rll(+i!6$
R%or9L Rl!"bL R"(ttonL R+e!l R&o%s H&(Rlet!s de RerdoL orRderoL oR+e.!L terRner!6$
Rs!les7o"en H+endeRdor!s6$ Rs&ool"!sters HdireRtores de esR(el!6$ Rs&ee%s9insL
R!l#s9insL R!t R#(rsL Rse!l R#(rsL R"in9 R#(rsL R#o- R#(rsL R&!"ois Rle!t&er HR%ieles de
oR+e.! NoO !rRneroL terRner!L R,!toL R#o!L +iRs3nL RzorroL %iel de ,!R"(z!6$ Rs&oe
Rs&o%s Hz!%!RterF!s6$ s(sR%ender Rbelts NGBO HliR,(erosL %ort!Rli,!s6$ Rt!- R(ts HreRortes
de i"R%(estos6$ Rtele%&one R!lls Hll!R"!d!s de teRl0#ono6$ Rti9et Ro##ies Ht!R/(ill!s6$
Rtr!##i Rli,&ts HseR"#oros6$ R7ee9endsL 7ee9Rends NGBO HR#ines de seR"!n!6$ R7ine
Rbottles HboRtell!s de R+ino N+!F!sO6$ et1
En !l,(nos !sos se (s! est! estr(t(r! %!r! desribir lo /(e se (s! de los !ni"!les
/(e se "!t!n o"o en !l,(nos de los e.e"%los1
2+ @n nombre derivado de un verbo o un verbo un nombreM el %l(r!l$ si lo
tiene$ se #or"! !)!diendo (n! Is !l #in!l1 E.14 R!ll R,irls H%rostiRt(t!s N/(e d!n it! %or
tel0#onoO6$ Re!seIR#ires HReses del R#(e,o6$ Rd!ne R&!lls HRs!l!s de Rb!ile6$ Rdr!7brid,es
HR%(entes le+!Rdizos6$ R#l!s&li,&ts HlinRtern!s6$ R,lo77or"s Hl(Ri0rn!,!s6$ R,rindstones
HR%iedr!s de !#iRl!rL Rr(ed!s de "oRlino6$ R%i9%o9ets H!rteRrist!s6$ R%l!'bo's
HdonR.(!nes6$ R%l!',ro(nds HRzon!s %!r! .(R,!rL R%!tios de reRreo6$ R%l!'t&in,s
H.(R,(etes6$ R%(s& Rb(ttons HboRtones donde se !R%riet!6$ R%(s&&!irs NGBO HsiRllit!s Nde
%!RseoO6$ Rs%endt&ri#ts Hdes%il#!rr!RdoresL derro&!Rdores6$ Rtellt!les H(enRtist!sL
soR%lones6$ R7!t&do,s HR%erros ,(!rRdi!nes6$ et1
2+ @n nombre un su4b+stantivo agente terminado en 5erM el %l(r!l$ si lo tienen$
se #or"! !)!diendo (n! Is !l #in!l1 E.14 Rbri9l!'ers H!lb!R)iles6$ Rd!'dre!"ers Hlos
/(e Rs(e)!n desR%iertos6$ Rdis&7!s&ers Hl!+!R%l!tos6$ R#!tor' R7or9ers HoRbreros de
R#bri!6$ R"!nIe!ters HtiR,res /(e o"en R&o"bres6$ Rreord R%l!'ers Hto!Rdisos6$
Rs&oe"!9ers Hz!%!Rteros6$ Rt!-%!'ers Hontrib(R'entes6$ Rt&e!treHI6,oers NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL Rt&e!terHI6,oers NUSAO Hlos !sisRtentes !l teR!troL /(e R+!n !l teR!tro6$
Rtin Ro%enersL RtinIRo%eners NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R!n Ro%enersL R!nIRo%eners NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO H!breRl!t!s6$ R7o"!nI&!ters H"iRs3,inos6$ et1
-+ @n ad%etivo un nombreM ! +ees &!' (n! %re%osii3n en "edioM el %l(r!l$ si lo
tienen$ se #or"! !)!diendo (n! Is !l #in!l1 E.14 Rb!ld&e!ds H!Rbez!s R!l+!s6$
Rbl!9bo!rds HeneRr!dosL %iRz!rr!s6$ bl(e Rbloods H!risRt3r!t!s6$ Rd!r9roo"s HR(!rtos
oHb6sR(ros6$ Rdo(bleHI6t!l9 H!"bi,XeRd!des6$ R,reen&o(ses Hin+ern!Rderos6$
R,re'be!rds NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R,r!'be!rds NUSA %rini%!l"enteO HRb!rb!s
R,rises6$ R%!le#!es HRrostros R%lidos6$ %(bli Rsetors NGBOL R%(bli setors NUSAO
HseRtores R%2blios6$ still Rli#es HbodeR,ones6$ R,oodI#orIRnot&in,s HiRn2tilesL
!l!"iRd!des6$ et1
3+ @n adverbio un nombre derivado de un verbo, o un verboM el !d+erbio
%(ede ir del!nte o detrs del no"breM se !ent2! l! %ri"er! sFl!b!$ +!'! l! %!rtF(l!
!d+erbi!l del!nte o detrs del no"breM son no"bres !d+erbi!les /(e se &!n #or"!do
on los +erbos !d+erbi!les$ %ero en los +erbos !d+erbi!les el !d+erbio +! sie"%re
detrs del +erboM el %l(r!l$ si lo tienen$ se #or"! !)!diendo (n! Is !l se,(ndo
ele"entoM s(elen esribirse (nidos %or (n ,(i3n o sin ,(i3n %ero no se%!r!dos1 E.14
Rb'HI6%rod(ts Hderi+!dos6$ Ro+erI(%s Hen(bri"ientos6$ R(to(ts H#i,(r!s %!r!
reort!r6$ R(to##s Hortes6$ Rdo7n,r!des Hb!.!d!sL (est!s !b!.o6$ Rdr!7b!9s
Hinon+enientesL des+ent!.!s6$ R#l'o+ers H%!sos ! ni+el NGBOL des#iles !0reos NUSAO6$
R#ore7ords H%re#!ios6$ R#r!"eI(%s Htr!"%!s6$ R,oIbet7eens Hinter"edi!riosL
"edi!doresL !l!&(etes6$ R&!ndHI6o(ts Hre%!rtiionesL distrib(ionesL #olletosL
re,!losL ddi+!sL li"osn!sL o"(ni!dos de %rens!6$ R&!n,I(%s Nolo/(i!lO
Htr!("!sL o"%le.os6$ Rl!'HI6o##s Hdes%idos Hte"%or!les6L des+i!iones6$ Rl!'o(ts
Hdistrib(ionesL tr!z!dosL dise)os6$ Rlo9o(ts Hierres %!tron!lesL %!ros %!tron!les6$
Rlo9I(%s NUSAO H!l!bozos6$ Ronloo9ers Hes%et!dores6$ Ro(t!sts H"!r,in!dosL
%rosritosL %!ri!s6$ Ro(tries H%rotest!sL l!"ores6$ Ro(tl!7s H#or!.idos6$ R%(llo+ers
H.erse's6$ Rr!9eIo##s H%ellizos6$ Rs&!9edo7ns Hti"osL s!(did!sL %r(eb!s6$ Rs&o7Io##s
H#!n#!rronesL #!rdones6$ Rsli%I(%s Herrores$L des(idos6$ Rt!9eHI6o##s Hdes%e/(esL
s!ltosL %!rodi!s6$ Rt(rno+ers He"%!n!dill!sL #!t(r!ionesL reno+!iones6$ R(nderdo,s
Hdes+!lidosL des!"%!r!dos6$ R7riteI(%s Hrese)!sL re%ort!.es6$ et1
UAn Ro(tbre!9V H(n est!llidoL (n! e%ide"i!6 +iene del +erbo !d+erbi!l Qbre!9 o(tQ4
T&e 7!r bre!9s o(t HEst!ll! l! ,(err!6$ et1
Al,(nos lle+!n el !d+erbio QinQM s(elen !)!dir (n! Is !l #in!l en %l(r!l1 D1 5C1=51B1
6+ @n nombre un adverbioM el !ento s(ele ir en l! 2lti"! sFl!b!M el no"bre
deri+! de (n +erbo !d+erbi!l$ %ero no oinide on l! #or"! del in#initi+o del +erbo
o"o en <6M el %l(r!l se #or"! !)!diendo (n! Is !l %ri"er ele"ento1 E.14 ,oin,sIRon
Hte.e"!ne.esL s(esos6$ ,oin,sIRo+er Hre+isionesL re%!sos6$ &!n,ersIRon H%!rsitos6$ !
loo9erIRon H(nH!6 es%et!dorH!6L "ir3nH!66$ loo9ersIRon Hes%et!doresL "irones6$
%!ssersIRb' Htr!nse2ntes6$ r(nnersIR(% Hs(b!"%eones6$ s(""in,sIR(%
Hre!%it(l!iones6$ et1
No obst!nte$ el !%3stro#o se,(ido o no de QsQ del ,eniti+o s!.3n se %one !l #in!l del
2lti"o ele"ento1 E.14 t&e %!ssersIb'Zs R!ttit(de Hl! !tit(d de los tr!nse2ntes6$ et1
L!s %!l!br!s o"%(est!s de s(Hb6st!nti+os !,entes ter"in!dos en Ier h !d+erbio
s(elen lle+!r ,(i3n1
8+ @n nombre seguido de una preposicin un nombreM en el %l(r!l s(elen
!)!dir l! ter"in!i3n Is !l %ri"er ele"ento1 E.14 R!idesIdeIR!"% H!'(d!ntes de
R!"%o6$ !Rttorne'sI!tIRl!7 H!boR,!dosL %ro(r!Rdores H.(diRi!les66$ Rbrot&ersIinIl!7
H&er"!nos %oRlFtiosL (R)!dos6$ R&!r,0s dZ!R##!ires Hen!r,!dos de neR,oios6$ o!ts
o# R!r"s Hes(dos de R!r"!s6$ o!ts o# R"!il Hot!s de R"!ll!6$ oR""!nders in R&ie#
Ho"!nd!ntes R.e#es6$ Ro"r!des in R!r"s Ho"%!)eros de R!r"!s6$ Ress!'s on "odern
Rli#e HenRs!'os sobre l! +id! "oRdern!6$ R,r!ntsIinIR!id Hs(b+enRionesL s(bRsidios6$
R.!9sIinIt&eIRbo-L R.!9IinIt&eIRbo-es H!.!s de sorR%res!s6$ R"enI!tIR!r"s H&o"bres
de R!r"!s6$ R"ot&ersIinIl!7 HRs(e,r!s6$ RsonsIinIl!7 HR'ernos6$ et1
A +ees$ !)!den l! ter"in!i3n en el se,(ndo en in,l0s olo/(i!l1 E.14 R"ot&erIinI
l!7s$ et1
No obst!nte$ el !%3stro#o se,(ido o no de s del ,eniti+o s!.3n se %one !l #in!l del
2lti"o ele"ento1 E.14 'o(r sonsIinIl!7Zs R#ir" Hl! e"%res!L o"%!)F! de t(s
'ernos6$ et1
9+ @n numeral seguido de una preposicin otro numeralM en %l(r!l s(elen
!)!dir l! ter"in!i3n Is !l 2lti"o ele"ento1 E.14 #o(rI%erIRents H(!tro %or ientos6$
et1
0+ @n nombre seguido de un ad%etivoM en %l(r!l s(elen !)!dir l! ter"in!i3n Is !l
2lti"o ele"ento1 E.14 R!r"#(ls Hbr!z!d!s6$ Rb!rrel#(ls Hb!rriles6$ Rb!s9et#(ls Hest!d!sL
!n!st!d!s6$ Rbottle#(ls Hbotell!s llen!s6$ Rbo-#(ls H!.!s llen!s6$ Rb(9et#(ls Hb!ldes
llenos6$ R!rt#(ls H!rret!d!s6$ R(%#(ls Ht!z!s6$ R,l!ss#(ls H+!sos llenos6$ R&!nd#(ls
H%()!dos6$ R&o(se#(ls H!s!s llen!s6$ R.!r#(ls Ht!rros llenosL botes enteros6$ Rl!dle#(ls
H!zosL (&!rones6$ R"o(t&#(ls Hbo!n!d!s6$ R%!9et#(ls H%!/(etes llenos6$ R%l!te#(ls
H%l!tos6$ R%o9et#(ls Hbolsos llenos6$ R%ot#(ls o# te!rs H"ontones de l,ri"!s6$
Rs!9#(ls Hs!os llenos6$ Rs&o+el#(ls H%!l!d!s6$ Rs%!de#(ls H%!l!d!s6$ Rs%oon#(ls
H(&!r!d!s6$ Rtin#(ls Hl!t!s llen!s6$ et1
Al,(n!s de est!s %!l!br!s tienen otro %l(r!l t!"bi0n4 Rb!rrels#(l NUSAO$ Rb!s9ets#(l$
Rb(9ets#(l$ R(%s#(l$ R"o(t&s#(l$ Rs%oons#(l$ et1$ %ero son #or"!s "enos (s!d!s$ (n
%oo !nti(!d!sM %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "e.or no (s!r est! #or"!$ '! /(e
%(ede est!r "!l ' l! otr! sie"%re est bien1
Estos no"bres en sin,(l!r %(eden ir %reedidos de !d.eti+os o %rono"bres
n("er!les %!rtiti+os$ #r!ion!rios o /(ebr!dos o"o U&!l# !$ ! t&ird o#$ ! /(!rter
o#V$ et1 E.14 &!l# ! s%oon#(l H"edi! (&!r!d!6$ et1
*:+ @n nombre seguido de un ad%etivoM en %l(r!l s(elen !)!dir l! ter"in!i3n Is
!l %ri"er ele"ento1 E.14 R9ni,&ts Rerr!nt NoO R9ni,&tsIRerr!nt H!b!Rlleros eRrr!ntesL
!nRd!ntes6$ R+i!rs R,ener!l NoO R+i!rsIR,ener!l H+iR!rios ,eneRr!les6$ et1
Los no"bres de ori,en #r!n0s %reedidos o se,(idos de (n !d.eti+o !)!den l!
ter"in!i3n Is ! !"bos ele"entos1 E.14 !R,ents %ro+o!Rte(rs H!R,entes
%ro+o!Rdores6$ R#!its !o"R%lis HR&e&os ons(R"!dos6$ R#e""es #!Rt!les H"(R.eres
#!Rt!les6$ no(+e!(- Rri&es Hn(e+os Rrios6$ et1
**+ Oombres compuestos 'ue pueden en plural aLadir 5s al primer elemento o
a ambos1 E.14 R9ni,&ts Rb!&elor NoO R9ni,&tsIRb!&elorL R9ni,&ts Rb!&elors NoO
R9ni,&tsIRb!&elors H!b!Rlleros b!&iRlleres6$ RAni,&ts RTe"%l!r NoO
RAni,&tsIRTe"%l!rL RAni,&ts RTe"%l!rs NoO RAni,&tsIRTe"%l!rs H!b!Rlleros del
RTe"%leL te"R%l!rios6$ et1
*2+ Aa nombres compuestos 'ue pueden aLadir en plural la 5s al primer
elemento en ingls literario o al segundo en ingls colo'uial. E.14 !Rttorne's
R,ener!l NoO !Rttorne'sIR,ener!l ' U!Rttorne' R,ener!ls NoO !Rttorne'IR,ener!lsV H#isR!les
,eneRr!lesL "iRnistros de j(sRtii! NUSAOL %ro(r!Rdores ,eneRr!les NGBO6M
Rb!ttlesIRro'!l NoO Rb!ttleIRro'!ls Hb!Rt!ll!s !"R%!les6M Ro(rtsIR"!rti!l NoO
Ro(rtIR"!rti!ls HonRse.os de R,(err!6M Ro(sinsIR,er"!n NoO Ro(sinIR,er"!ns HR%ri"os
H&erR"!nosL !rRn!les66M R,o+ernors R,ener!l NoO R,o+ernorsIR,ener!l ' UR,o+ernor
R,ener!ls NoO R,o+ernorIR,ener!lsV H,obern!Rdores ,eneRr!les6M R&eirs %reRs("%ti+e NoO
R&eir %reRs("%ti+es H%reRs(ntos &ereRderos6M Rnot!ries R%(bli NoO Rnot!r' R%(blis
HnoRt!rios R%2bliosL noRt!ri!s R%2bli!sL esriRb!nos R%2bliosL esriRb!n!s R%2bli!s6M
R%oetsIRl!(re!te NoO R%oet Rl!(re!tes H%oRet!sL %oeRtis!s l!(reR!dHos$ !s66M R%ost"!sters
R,ener!l NoO R%ost"!stersIR,ener!l ' UR%ost"!ster R,ener!ls NoO R%ost"!sterIR,ener!lsV
HdireRtorHes$ !s6 ,ener!les de Rorreos6M Rser,e!nts R"!.or NoO Rser,e!ntsIR"!.or '
URser,e!nt R"!.ors NoO Rser,e!ntIR"!.orsV HbriR,!d!s6$ et1
*2+ Aa nombres precedidos de t(tulos 'ue aLaden en plural la terminacin 5s
a los dos1 E.14 R9ni,&ts Rb!nnerets NoO R9ni,&tsIRb!nnerets H!b!Rlleros !b!ndeRr!dos6M
RLords Rj(sties H%resiRdentes de trib(Rn!les6M RLords R*&!nellors H%resiRdentes
!niRlleres6M RLords Lie(Rten!nts Hre%resenRt!ntes de l! *oRron!6$ et1
*-+ Aa nombres compuestos cuo segundo elemento es MmanM o M,omanM
'ue cambian solamente el segundo elemento en pluralM el %ri"er ' se,(ndo
ele"ento +!n .(ntos$ no (nidos %or ,(i3n1 E.14 R!d"en NLI"enL o "enos (s!do
LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO H%(bliist!s6M R!id"en
NUSAO NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO Hs!nit!rios6M R!n&or"en NLI"enL o "enos
(s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO H%resent!doresL
&o"bres l!+e6M !%eHI6"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"enLO H&o"bres "ono6M
R!s&"en NUSAO NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO Hb!s(reros6M !-e"en NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL !-"en NUSAO NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"enLO H&!&erosL
%erson!s /(e reort!n ,!stos Nest!nd!r4 los 8OL "2sios NUSA4 +(l,!rO6M
Rb!d"en NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO H,n,sters6M
bin"en NGBO NLI"enL o "enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos
(s!do LI"enLO Hb!s(reros6M Rbird"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o LI"enLO
Hornit3lo,osL &o"bres %.!ro Nestnd!r4 los 8OL !+i!dores Nolo/(i!lO6M Rbo,e'"en
NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"enLO H#!nt!s"!s6M Rbo,"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4
LI"YnLO H(er%os de &o"bres %reser+!dos en (n! t(rb!6M Rb(siness"en NLI"enL o
"enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO H&o"bres de
ne,oios6M R!"er!"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO
H"!r!sL o%er!dores de "!r!6M R!+e"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO
H&o"bres de l!s !+ern!sL &o"bres %re&ist3rios Nestnd!r4 los 8OL "!&otes NoO
tro,lodit!s Nolo/(i!lO6M R&ess"en NLI"enL o "enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en
sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO H%iez!s de !.edrez6M Rl!ss"en NLI"enL o
"enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO H!l("nos
/(e !%!reen en (n! list! de l! l!se6M Ro!l"en NLI"enL o "enos (s!do LI"enL %ero
en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO H!rboneros6M o(nter"en NUSAO NLI
"enL o "enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO
Hde%endientes Hde (n! tiend!66M Rde!d"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO
H"!izos de !nl!.e6M Re!rt&"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO H&o"bres
terrestres6M REn,lis&7o"en H"(.eres in,les!s6M Re-ise"en NGBO NLI"enL o "enos
(s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO Hre!(d!dores de
i"%(estos6M R#ello7R"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO Ho"%!)eros6M R,!,"en
NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO Hesritores de &istesL o"edi!ntes /(e (ent!n
&istes6M R,!s"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO Ht0nios del ,!s6M R&!nd'"en
NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO H"!nit!s6M Rie"en NLI"enL o "enos (s!do
LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO H+endedores de &ieloL
&o"bres de &ielo6M R&e!d"en H.e#es Hde (n ,r(%o6 NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL
o "enos (s!do LI"enLOL !i/(es Ni .e#es de (n! trib(4 LI"enL o "enos (s!do
LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"enL o "enos (s!do LI"YnLO6M R&it"en N"enos (s!doO
NoO R&it R"en N"s (s!doO Nolo/(i!lO NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO Hsi!riosL
!sesinos ! s(eldoL &o"bres d(ros6M .(n9"en NUSAO NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4
LI"YnLO H&!t!rrerosL tr!%eros6M R9e'"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO
N"enos (s!do /(e U9e' "enVO H&o"bres l!+e6M Rle,"en NUSA %rini%!l"enteO
NLI"enL o "enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO
Hre%orterosL !sistentes N/(e reo,en in#or"!i3n$ et1O6M R"!il"en NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO NLI"enL o "enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO
H!rteros6M R"e!t"en NUSAO NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO H!rnieros6M
R"er"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO Htritones6M R"iddle"en NLI"enL %ero en
sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO Hinter"edi!rios6M R"in(te"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO
H"ilii!nos de l! G(err! de Inde%endeni! de Est!dos UnidosL i+iles !r"!dos %!r!
%rest!r ser+iio de e"er,eni!6M R"(sle"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO
H#orz(dos6M Rne7s"en NLI"enL o "enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o
"enos (s!do LI"enLO H%eriodist!sL lo(tores NUSA %rini%!l"enteO6M
Rne7s%!%er"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO H%eriodist!sL %ro%iet!rios de
%eri3dios6M oddIR.ob "en N"enos (s!doO N(O oddIR.ob "en NGB %rini%!l"ente4
los 8O NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO H&o"bres /(e &!en %e/(e)os !rre,los6M
Roil"en NLI"enL o "enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do
LI"enLO H"!,n!tes del %etr3leoL e"%le!dos de (n! o"%!)F! %etroler!L
en,r!s!dores6M Ro+er"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL en GB ' USA ' LI"enL
en USA4 "s (s!doO H!%!t!es6M R%ro%"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO
Hen!r,!dos de los !esorios Hte!tr!les66M Rr!dio"en NUSAO NLI"enL %ero en
sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO Hr!diotele,r!#ist!sL r!diot0nios6M Rr!,"en NLI"enL %ero en
sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO Htr!%eros6M reR"!inder"en Nliter!rioO NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4
LI"YnLO H%erson!s !(toriz!d!s %!r! reibir (n! &ereni!6M reR%!ir"en NLI"enL o
"enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO Ht0nios Hde
re%!r!iones66M Rs!nd"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO H%erson!.es /(e &!en
dor"ir ! los ni)os on s( !ren! ",i!6M Rs!nd7i&"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4
LI"enLO H&o"bres !n(nio6M seRlet"en NUSAO NLI"enL o "enos (s!do LI"enL
%ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO Hone.!les Hen UNe7
En,l!ndV66M Rs&ee%"en NUSAO NLI"enL o "enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4
LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO H,!n!deros Hde o+e.!s66M Rsl!(,&ter"en NLI"enL
%ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO H"!t!ri#es6M Rsno7"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO
H"()eos de nie+e6M Rs%!e"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"enLO H!stron!(t!sL
os"on!(t!s6M Rs%ider"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO Nolo/(i!lO Hobreros
/(e tr!b!.!n en l! onstr(i3n de edi#iios !ltos NGB %rini%!l"enteOL obreros
/(e re%!r!n torres ' &i"ene!s6M Rst!##"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO
H&o"bres /(e sostienen los .!lones (!ndo se &!e (n! "edii3n to%o,r#i!6M
Rsti9"en NLI"enL o "enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do
LI"enLO He"%le!dos /(e se en!r,!n de reo,er d!dos ' #i&!s on (n! +!r!6M
Rstron,"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"enLO H#orz(dosL &o"bres #(ertes6M
Rst(nt"en NGBM en USA se esribe se%!r!do4 URst(nt "enVO NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4
LI"YnLO Hdobles6M Rs(%er"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO Hs(%er&o"bres6M
Rs7!,"en NA(str!li! ' N(e+! [el!nd!O NLI"enL o "enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en
sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos (s!do LI"enLO Htr!b!.!dores !"b(l!ntes6M s7eet"en NLI
"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO H,i,ol3s Hen los %!Fses de &!bl! in,les! del *!ribe66M
Rt!-"en Nolo/(i!lO NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO Hre!(d!dores de i"%(estos6M
Rtr!s&"en NUSAO NLI"enL o "enos (s!do LI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnL o "enos
(s!do LI"enLO Hb!s(reros6M R7e!t&er"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4 LI"YnLO
H&o"bres del tie"%o NoO "eteor3lo,os6M R7in,"en NLI"enL %ero en sin,(l!r4
LI"YnLO H!l!s Ni l!ter!les en el #2tbol !(str!li!noO6$ et1 D1:1@15C
L! "!'or %!rte de los no"bres o"%(estos /(e lle+!n !l #in!l Q"!nQ en sin,(l!r '
Q"enQ en %l(r!l s(elen %ron(ni!rse i,(!l en sin,(l!r ' en %l(r!l1 D1 51:?18
Al,(nos no"bres /(e tienen l! ter"in!i3n I"!n #or"!n el %l(r!l !)!diendo
(n! Is %or/(e no %ro+iene de l! %!l!br! !n,los!.on! U"!nV o no /(iere deir
U&o"breV1 E.14 ! b!t"!n N(n! "edid! de %eso orient!lO ' Ub!t"!nsVM ! Br!&"!n '
UBr!&"!nsV Hbr!"!nes6M ! !'"!n N"s (s!doOL !i"!n ' U!'"!nsL !i"!nsV
H!i"!nes6M ! des"!n H(n r!t3n !l"izlero6 ' Udes"!nsV Hr!tones !l"izleros6M !
dober"!n H(n d3ber"!n6 ' Udober"!nsV Hd3ber"!ns6M ! #ir"!n H(n #ir"n6 '
U#ir"!nsV H#ir"!nes6M ! Ger"!n ' UGer"!nsV H!le"!nes6M ! &et"!nL !n !t!"!n '
U&et"!nsL !t!"!nsV H!t!"!nes Ni .e#es os!osO6M &("!n H(n &("!no6 '
U&("!nsV H&("!nos6M ! Air"!n H(n! !l#o"br! %ers!6 ' UAir"!nsV H!l#o"br!s
%ers!s6M ! le"!n N!r!ioO H(nH!6 !"!nte6 ' Ule"!nsV N!r!ioO H!"!ntes6M !
M(ss(l"!n N!r!ioO ' UM(ss(l"!nsV H"(s(l"!nes6M ! Nor"!n ' UNor"!nsV
Hnor"!ndos6M !n Otto"!n ' UOtto"!nsV Hoto"!nos6M !n otto"!n H(n! oto"!n!
Ni so# t(roO6 ' Uotto"!nsV Hoto"!n!s6M ! %it"!n H(n! biel!6 ' U%it"!nsV
Hbiel!s6M ! %(ll"!n H(n +!,3n de %ri"er! l!se NGBOL (n o&e !"! NUSAO6 '
U%(ll"!nsV H+!,ones de %ri"er! l!se NGBOL o&es !"!s NUSAO6M ! Ro"!n '
URo"!nsV Hro"!nos6M ! s&!"!n H(n &!"n6 ' Us&!"!nsV H&!"!nes6M !
t!lis"!n ' Ut!lis"!nsV Ht!lis"!nes6M ! T(r9o"!n N"s (s!doOL T(ro"!n H(n
t(ro"!no6 ' UT(r9o"!ns N"s (s!doO L T(ro"!ns N"s (s!dos /(e UT(r9o"en
N"s (s!doOL T(ro"enVOV Ht(ro"!nos6M ! >!l9"!n ' U>!l9"!nsV
Hr!dio!setes %orttiles6$ et1
E-isten t!"bi0n no"bres o"%(estos ('o se,(ndo ele"ento es U"!nV en
sin,(l!r$ %ron(ni!do L"YnL$ ' U"enV en %l(r!l$ %ron(ni!do L"enL$ bien
se%!r!dos HR#!"il' R"!nL R#!"il' R"en6 o (nidos %or (n ,(i3n HR&eI"!nL R&eI
"en61
E!' no"bres o"%(estos ('o %ri"er ele"ento es Q"!nQ$ Q,entle"!nQ o
Q7o"!nQ /(e %(eden !)!dir l! ter"in!i3n Is !l se,(ndo ele"ento !"bi!ndo o no
el %ri"er ele"ento1 E.14 R"enser+!ntsL R"!nser+!nts Hri!dos6M R"en R#riends N"s
(s!doOL R"!n R#riends H!"i,os6M R,entle"en R#!r"ers N"s (s!doOL R,entle"!n
R#!r"ers H&!end!dos6M R,entle"enIR(s&ers N"s (s!doOL R,entle"!nIR(s&ers
H!o"od!doresL (.ieres6M R7o"en Rler9s N"s (s!doOL R7o"!n Rler9s Ho#iinist!sL
de%endient!sL ree%ionist!s NUSAO6M R7o"en Rdotors N"s (s!doOL R7o"!n
Rdotors Hdotor!s6M R7o"en R7riters N"s (s!doOL 7o"!n R7riters Hesritor!s6$ et1
*3+ Aa nombres 'ue combinan lo 'ue son o parecen forman una nueva
unidad con caracter(sticas 'ue compartenM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e
"odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!M se re#ieren ! l! "is"! %erson! o !ni"!lM se %(eden
(nir %or "edio de UisV en sin,(l!r ' Q!reQ en %l(r!lM !"bi!n sol!"ente el se,(ndo
ele"ento en %l(r!l ND1 ;1;51=O1 E.14 Rbo' R!tors H"(R&!&osL R&ios !Rtores6M Rbo'
Rso(ts He-%lor!Rdores6M Rb(ll R!l+es HterRneros6M ! R#ello7 Ritizen N!ntes on ,(i3nO
H(nH!6 oni(d!Rd!nHo$ !66M R#ello7 Rtr!+ellers NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R tr!+elers NUSAO
Ho"%!R)eros de R+i!.eL si"%!tiRz!ntes H%olFti!"ente66M R,irl#riends H!R"i,!s6M ! Rl!d'
Rdotor H(n! HseR)or!6 doRtor!6M Rl!d' Rte!&er Ni T&e l!d' is ! te!&erOM %oRlie
Ro##iersL Ronst!bles H!R,entes de %oliRF!6$ et1
*6+ Oombres seguidos de MtoM un verboM en %l(r!l s(elen !)!dir l! ter"in!i3n
Is !l %ri"er ele"ento1 E.14 RbridesItoIRbe H#(t(r!s Rno+i!s6$ et1
*8+ Ctros casos 'ue normalmente forman el plural aLadiendo la terminacin
5s al Bltimo elementoM en !l,(nos !sos %(eden ser or!iones1 E.14 #orR,etI"eIRnots
Hno"eolR+ides N%l!nt!O6M R,oodI#orIRnot&in,s HiRn2tiles6M R&!+eIRnots Hlos /(e no
RtienenL los indiR,entes6M R"err'I,oIro(nds HtioR+i+osL !b!RllitosL !rr(Rseles6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ URt&in,IinIitRsel#V lo !)!de ! los dos4 Rt&in,sIinIt&e"Rsel+es HRos!s en
RsFL re!lid!des "et!R#Fsi!s61
:1:@1I &os nombres pueden formarse por agregacin4 se !)!de (n o"%le"ento
deter"in!ti+o o !dno"in!l detrs del no"breM si tienen %l(r!l nor"!l"ente !)!den
el "or#e"!$ ter"in!i3n$ desineni! o s(#i.o Is !l n2leo del sint!,"! no"in!l1 E.14
birds o# R%re' H!+es de R%res!6$ o!ts o# R!r"s Hes(dos de R!r"!s6$ #eelin,s o# R.o'
Hsenti"ientos de !leR,rF!6$ j!9s o# !ll Rtr!des H(nos "!Rnit!sL !%rendies de Rtodo6$
j(sties o# t&e RPe!e H.(ees de R%!z6$ M!rsili(s o# RP!d(! HM!rsilio de RP!d(!6$ "en
o# RGod H&o"bres de RDios6$ "enIo#IR7!r Hb(/(es de R,(err!6$ et1
:1:B1I &os nombres pueden formarse por paras(ntesis4
*+ Cuando /a composicin derivacinM tod!s l!s %!l!br!s o"%(est!s de
:1:?15I:$ si tienen %l(r!l$ !)!den el "or#e"!$ ter"in!i3n$ desineni! o s(#i.o Is1
E.14 d!'dre!"s H#!nt!sF!sL ens(e)osL enso)!iones6$ l!ndslides Hderr("b!"ientosL
derr("besL des%rendi"ientos de tierr!6$ s(nrises Hs!lid!s de sol6$ e!rt&/(!9es
Hterre"otos6$ d!'dre!"in, Hso)!r des%iertoL enso)!i3n6$ et1
2+ Cuando aLaden morfemas$ ter"in!iones$ desineni!s o s(#i.os o"o Iin,$
et1
2+ Cuando la palabra lleva un prefi%o un sufi%o1 E.14 disR&!r,er Hdes!r,!dor6$
et1
:1;C1I &os nombres pueden formarse por acortamiento Hli%%in,L s&ortenin,L
tr(n!tion6 de una palabra m!s larga1 E.14 H!eroL !ir6%l!ne$ !dH+ertise"ent6 NoO
!d+ertHise"ent6 H!n(nio6$ !(to NUSA4 olo/(i!lO Ni !(to"obile4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO H!(to"3+il6$ BenH.!"in6$ boo9ie Nolo/(i!lO Ni boo9"!9erO
Horredor de !%(est!s Nes%ei!l"ente en l!s !rrer!s de !b!llosO6$ b(d,ie NGB4
olo/(i!lO Ni b(d,eri,!rO H%eri/(ito6$ b(s Ni o"nib(sL "otorb(sO H!(tob2s6$ !rdieL
!rd' NGB4 olo/(i!lesO Ni !rdi,!nL !rdi,!n s7e!ter NUSAOO H&!/(et! de %(nto
Nde l!n!OL rdi,!n6$ &!% Nolo/(i!lO Ni &!%"!nO HtFo6$ &i"% Nolo/(i!lO Ni
&i"%!nzeeO H&i"%!n06$ d!## NGB4 olo/(i!lO Ni d!##odilO Hn!riso6$ oHI6ed
Nolo/(i!lO Ni oHI6ed(!tion!lO H"i-to6$ o% Nolo/(i!lO Ni o%%er4 olo/(i!lO
H%oliHF!66$ e-!" Ni e-!"in!tion4 liter!rioO He-!"en6$ #rid,e Nolo/(i!lO Ni
re#ri,er!torO H#ri,orF#io6$ ,!sHoline6 NUSAO H,!solin!6$ ,o!lie Nolo/(i!lO Ni ,o!l
9ee%erO H%ortero6$ ,'" Ni ,'"n!si("4 liter!rioO H,i"n!sio6$ &!n9'L &!n9ie
Nolo/(i!lesO Ni &!nd9er&ie#O H%!)(elo6$ &i%%o Nolo/(i!lO Ni &i%%o%ot!"(sO
H&i%o%3t!"o6$ #l( Ni in#l(enz!4 liter!rioO H,ri%e6$ l!b Nolo/(i!lO Ni l!bor!tor'O
Hl!bor!torio6$ "!t&s NGBOL "!t& NUSAO Nolo/(i!lesO N"!t&e"!tisO H"!te"ti!s6$
"e"o Ni "e"or!nd("4 liter!rioO H"e"ornd("6$ "i9e Nolo/(i!lO Ni
"iro%&oneO H"ir3#ono6$ "ob Nestnd!rO Ni "obile +(l,(s4 !r!ioO H&(s"!L
%o%(l!&o6$ n!++' NGB4 olo/(i!lO Ni n!+i,!tor4 di!let!lO H%e3n6$ ni,&t'L ni,&tie
Nolo/(i!lesO Ni ni,&tdressO H!"is3n6$ %!nts Ni %!nt!loonO H%!nt!l3n NUSAOL
!lzonillos NGBOL br!,!s NGBO6$ %&oto Nolo/(i!lO Ni %&oto,r!%&O H#otoH,r!#F!66$
%r!" Nestnd!rO Ni %er!"b(l!tor4 liter!rioO NGBO Ho&eito Hde ni)o66$ Pro" NGBO
Ni %ro"en!de onert4 liter!rio4 GBO Honierto Nen el /(e %!rte del %2blio est de
%ieO6$ %(b NGBO Ni %(bli &o(se4 liter!rio4 GBO Ht!bern!6$ s%es Nolo/(i!lO Ni
s%et!lesO H,!#!s6$ t!-iH!b6 Ht!-i6$ Htele6%&one Htel0#ono6$ tell' NGB4 olo/(i!lO Ni
tele+isionO Htele+isi3n6$ t(""' Nolo/(i!lO Ni sto"!&O Hb!rri,!L %!nz!6$ +et Ni
+eterin!r' s(r,eon4 liter!rio4 GBO H+eterin!rio6$ zooHlo,i!l ,!rdens6 Hzoo6$ et1
:1;51I &os nombres reduplicativos pueden formarse con citas o re%etiiones
tot!les o %!ri!lesM "(&os de ellos no s(elen ir en %l(r!l1 E.14 !n R!r,'IRb!r,' NGB4
olo/(i!lO H(n! tri#(l!L (n! dis(si3n6$ Rl!%tr!% H%!%!rr(&!s6$ Rrissross HenredoL
en"!r!)!"iento6$ Rdin,Idon, Ht!ln t!ln6$ Rdri%IRdri% H,oteo ontin(o6$
R#iddleIR#!ddle HtonterF!L est(%idez6$ ! R#li%I#lo% H(n ,iroL +ir!.e de 5@C ,r!dos6$ !
R,ood'IR,ood' H(n s!ntitoL s!nt(rr3n6$ &is R&!IR&! Hs( .!I.6M T&ere is so"e
R&!n9'IR%!n9' ,oin, on HA/(F &!' tr!"%!L tr(os6M R&o(sIR%o(s Htr!"%!L
,!li"!tF!s6$ R&od,eHI6%od,e Hb!tib(rrilloL "ezol!nz!6M Ee ,oes !lon, t&e streets
7it& &is R&(rd'IR,(rd' Hl +! %or l!s !lles on s( or,!nillo6M R&(rl'IRb(rl' Hb(lliioL
!lboroto6$ R.i,,er'IR%o9er' NGB4 olo/(i!lO H&!n&(llosL te.e"!ne.es6$ !n old$ old
l!d' H(n! se)or! +ie.!$ +ie.!6$ t&e R%itterIR%!tter o# little #eet Hel re%i/(eteo de %!sitos6$
R9no9IR9no9 H%o" %o" N! l! %(ert!O6$ Rr!zzleIRd!zzle H!lboroto6$ Rr!zz"!Rt!zz
H!lboroto6$ Rri##r!## H&(s"!L ,ent(z!6$ RseeHI6s!7 Hb!l!nFn6$ Rsin,HI6son,
Hsonsonete6$ Rti%IRto% H("breL i"!6$ &er RtittleIRt!ttle Hs(s &is"es6M ! Rzi,z!, H(n
zi,z!,6$ et1
Estos no"bres no +!n nor"!l"ente en ,eniti+o s!.3n sino en ,eniti+o on Qo#Q1
:1;81I &os nombres pueden formarse por abreviacinM !l,(nos no"bres se
!bre+i!n t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!noM (!ndo (n solo no"bre est !bre+i!do
H!bbre+i!tion6 ' no ter"in! on l! "is"! letr! /(e el no"bre o"%leto se s(ele
%oner (n %(nto detrs de l! !bre+i!i3n %ero no sie"%reM (!ndo (n no"bre est
!bre+i!do ' ter"in! on l! "i"! letr! /(e el no"bre o"%leto ,ener!l"ente no es
nees!rio %oner (n %(nto detrs1 E.14 A%r1 Ni A%rilO H!bril6$ !%t1 Ni !%!rt"entO '
U!%tsV Ni !%!rt"entsO H!%!rt!"entos6$ A(,1 Ni A(,(stO H!,osto6$ bbl1 Ni b!rrelO
Hb!rril6 ' UbblHs6H16V Ni b!rrelsO Hb!rriles6$ BedsH16 Ni Bed#ords&ireO$ b- Ni bo-O
H!.!6 ' Ub-s Ni bo-esOV H!.!s6$ 5 1 Ni &!%terO H5 !%Ft(lo6 ' U= 1 Ni &!%tersOV H=
!%Ft(los6$ L 11 Ni (bi enti"etres NGBOL enti"eters NUSAOO HentF"etros
2bios6$ ,H16 Ni enti,r!"Hs6L enti,r!""eHs6 NGBOO H,1 Ni entF,r!"oHs6O6$ lH16
Ni entilitreHs64 GBL entiliterHs64 USAO Hl1 Ni entilitroHs6O6$ "H16 Ni enti"etreHs64
GBL enti"eterHs64 USAO H"1 Ni entF"etroHs6O6$ dlH16 Ni deilitreHs64 GBL
deiliterHs64 USAO Hdl1 Ni deilitroHs6O6$ d!lH16 Ni de!litreHs64 GBL de!literHs64 USAO
HDl1 Ni de!litroHs6O6$ d!"H16 Ni de!"etreHs64 GBL de!"eterHs64 USAO HD"1 Ni
de"etroHs6O6$ De1 Ni Dee"berO Hdiie"bre6$ d"H16 Ni dei"etreHs64 GBL
dei"eterHs64 USAO Hd"1 Ni deF"etroHs6O6$ et1 Ni eteter!L et eter!O Het0ter!6$
E-od1 Ni E-od(sO H-odo6$ Feb1 Ni Febr(!r'O H#ebrero6$ ##1 Ni #oliosL #ollo7in,
%!,esL lines$ et1O H#oliosL %,in!sL lFne!s$ et1$ si,(ientes6$ FHl(orine6 H#l2or6$ #tH16 Ni
#ootL #eetO H%ieHs66$ Fri1 Ni Frid!'O H+iernes6$ Gen1 HGener!lL G0nesis6$ &,H16
N&eto,r!"Hs6L &eto,r!""eHs6 NGBOO HE,1 Ni &et3,r!"oHs6O6$ &lH16 Ni
&etolitreHs64 GBL &etoliterHs64 USAO HEl1 Ni &etolitroHs6O6$ &"H16 Ni &eto"etreHs64
GBL &eto"eterHs64 USAO HE"1 Ni &et3"etroHs6O6$ 5 &r Ni &o(rO H5 &or!6$ in1 Ni
in&Hes6O H%(l,!d!Hs66$ inHs61 Ni in&esO H%(l,!d!s6$ j!n1 Ni j!n(!r'6$ j(l1 N"enos
(s!doO Ni j(l' N"s (s!doOO$ j(n1N"enos (s!doO Ni j(ne N"s (s!doOO H.(nio6$ 9,H16
Ni 9ilo,r!"Hs6L 9ilo,r!""eHs6 NGBOO HA,1 Ni 9ilo,r!"oHs6O6$ 9"H16 Ni 9ilo"etreHs64
GBOL 9ilo"eterHs64 USAO HA"1 Ni 9il3"etroHs6O6$ L!nsH16 Ni L!n!s&ireO$ M!r1 Ni
M!r&O H"!rzo6$ Midd-H16 Hi Middlese-O$ ",H16 Ni "illi,r!"Hs6L "illi,r!""eHs6
NGBOO H",1 Ni "ilF,r!"oHs6O6$ "lH16 N"illilitreHs64 GBL "illiliterHs64 USAO H"l1 Ni
"ililitroHs6O6$ ""H16 Ni "illi"etreHs64 GBL "illi"eterHs64 USAO H""1 Ni
"ilF"etroHs6O6$ Mon1 Ni Mond!'O$ MsH16L "sH16 NGBOL Ms1L "s1 NUSAO Ni
"!n(sri%tO H"!n(srito6$ MssH16L "ssH16 Ni "!n(sri%tsO H"!n(sritos6$ "t1 Ni
"e,!tonO H"e,!t3n6$ n"H16 Ni n!no"etreHs64 GBL n!no"etreHs64 USAO Hn"1 Ni
n!no"etroHs6O N(n! "il"illon0si"! %!rte de (n "etroO6$ Nor#H16 Ni Nor#ol9O$
NottsH16 Ni Nottin,&!"s&ireO$ No+1 Ni No+e"berO Hno+ie"bre6$ Ot1 Ni OtoberO
Hot(bre6$ ozH16 Ni o(neHs6O Honz!Hs66$ 5 %1 Ni %!,eL %enn'O H5 %,in!L %eni/(e6$ @
%%1 Ni %!,esO H@ %,in!s6$ 8C %H16 Ni %ene4 GBO H8C %eni/(es6$ Pro#1 Ni Pro#essorO
H*!tedrtio6$ 5 /tH16 Ni /(!rterO H5 (!rto6$ = /tH16L /ts Ni /(!rtersO H= (!rtos6$ Re+1L
Re+d Ni Re+erendO HRdo1L R+do1 Ni Re+erendoO6$ S!t1 Ni S!t(rd!'O Hsb!do6$
Se%Ht61 Hi Se%te"ber6 HseH%6tie"bre6$ : s%%1 Ni s%eiesO H: es%eies6$ S(n1 Ni
S(nd!'O Hdo"in,o6$ T&(HrHs661 Ni T&(rsd!'O H.(e+es6$ T(eHs61 Ni T(esd!'O H"!rtes6$
t7o "iles S1 Ni so(t&O Hdos "ill!s !l s(r6$ 5 +1 Ni +erseO H5 +erso6$ 55 ++1 Ni +ersesO
H55 +ersos6$ >ed1 Ni >ednesd!'O H"i0roles6$ 5 'dH16 Ni '!rdO H5 '!rd!6$ B 'dH16L
'dsH16 Ni '!rdsO HB '!rd!s6$ mor9sH16 Ni mor9s&ireO$ et1 D1 :1@185
:1;:1I &os nombres pueden formarse por fusin Hblend61 E.14 brHe!9#!stl6(n&$
H!l"(erzoIo"id!6$ &ortle N&(9le h snortO$ Host6 iHns(r!ne6#Hrei,&t6 Hoste$
se,(ro ' #lete6$ o"bHin!ti6oHn6 Ho"bo N,r(%ito de '!zO6$ eletroHIe-e6(te
Heletro(t!r6$ E(roH%e!ntele6+ision$ &eliHo%ter!ir6%ort H!ero%(erto %!r!
&eli3%teros6$ "oHtor6%edH!l6 Hilo"otor6$ "otHor&ot6el H"otel6$ ne7sHbro!d6!st$
%!r!H&(te6troo%s$ s"oH9e#o6, Hniebl! t3-i!L nebl("o6$ t!rt NHs7ee6tH&e6!rt4
+(l,!r4 %e'or!ti+oO H(n! %rostit(t!L %(t!L #(l!n!6$ teleH+isionbro!d6!st$
tr!nsH#erres6istor Htr!nsistor6$ tr!+elH!t!l6o,(e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+elH!t!l6o,
NUSAO Hdo("ent!l sobre +i!.es6$ et1
:1;;1I &os nombres pueden formarse por siglasM (!ndo l!s si,l!s se leen letr!
%or letr! se ll!"!n nor"!l"ente !bre+i!iones H!bbre+i!tions N"s (s!doOL
initi!lis"s6 ' (!ndo l!s si,l!s se leen o"o si #(er!n (n! sol! %!l!br! se ll!"!n
nor"!l"ente !r3ni"os H!ron'"s6M l!s !bre+i!iones$ inl(id!s l!s de tFt(los
!!d0"ios ' l!s de no"bres ,eo,r#ios$ %(eden lle+!r %(ntos ! +ees entre l!s
distint!s letr!s en "!'2s(l! %ero$ si +!n !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n on (n %(nto$ no se
%(ede !)!dir (n %(nto #in!lM l!s !bre+i!iones on letr!s en "in2s(l! s(elen lle+!r
%(ntos entre l!s distint!s letr!s %ero "(&!s +ees se %(eden %oner t!"bi0n sin
%(ntosM en !so de d(d! lo "e.or es %oner l!s !bre+i!iones on %(ntos entre l!s
distint!s letr!s en "!'2s(l! o "in2s(l!M sin e"b!r,o$ los !r3ni"os no lle+!n
%(ntos entre l!s distint!s letr!s en "!'2s(l!M no se de.! (n es%!io entre l!s
distint!s letr!s1 E.14 AH16Hnte6*H16H&rist("6 N"enos (s!do /(e BH16*H16O N+! detrs del
!)oO LeIRsi4L HA*L A1*1 Ni !ntes de *ristoO6M AH16Hnno6DH16Ho"ini6 N+! del!nte N"s
(s!doO o detrs N"enos (s!doO de (n !)o es%eF#io %ero s3lo detrs de (n
si,loO LeIRdi4L Hd1Hes%(0s de6*1Hristo664 in t&e 'e!r 5@?; AH16DH16 Hen el !)o 5@?;
d1*16$ %ero Uin t&e #o(rteent& ent(r'V Hen el si,lo KID6M AH16Hnno6EH16 Ne,ir!eL
ebr!i(sO Ndel!nte del !)oO LeIReIt[L Hde l! Er! "(s(l"!n!L Eebr!i!6M
AH#ri!n6NH!tion!l6*Hon,ress6 LeIenRsi4L H*on,reso N!ion!l A#ri!no6M
AHirborne6>H!rnin,6AHnd6*Hontrol6 SH'ste"6 LReI7Y9sL HSiste"! de *ontrol '
Al!r"! A0re!6$ AH"eri!n6BHro!d!stin,6*Hor%or!tion6 LeIbi4Rsi4L H*o"%!)F! de
R!diodi#(si3n est!do(nidenseL !"eri!n!6M AH"eri!n6FHeder!tion o#6LH!bor6
NUSAO LeIe#RelL HFeder!i3n est!do(nidenseL !"eri!n! del Tr!b!.o6M Ht&e6
AHssoi!ted6PHress6 Hl! Prens! Asoi!d!6M AHssoi!tion
o#6SHo(t&6EH!st6AHsi!n6NH!tions6 HAsoi!i3n de l!s N!iones Asiti!s del
S(reste6M AH(to"!ti6FHre/(en'6*Hontrol6 H*Hontrol
de6FHre(eni!6AH(to"tio66M !H16"H16L AH16MH16 H!nte "eridie"6 LeIRe"L Hde l!
"!)!n!6M BH16H!&elor o#6AH16Hrts6 Lbi4ReIL Hlieni!do en Filoso#F! ' Letr!s66M
BHe,inners6AHll P(r%ose6SH'"boli6IHnstr(tion6*Hode6 LRbeIsI9L Hbsio6M BH16
He#ore6*H16Hrist6 N+! detrs de (n !)o es%eF#io o de (n si,loM e/(i+!le !
BHe#ore6*Ho""on6EHr!6 %!r! los no risti!nosO Lbi4Rsi4L H!1Hntes de6*1Hristo664 in t&e
'e!r ?; BH16*H16 Hen el !)o ?; !1*16M in t&e #o(rt& ent(r' BH16*H16 Hen el si,lo ID
!1*16M BHritis&6BHro!d!stin,6*Hor%or!tion6L BH16BH16*H16 Lbi4bi4Rsi4L HBH16BH16*H166M
*H!ble6NHe7s6 NHet7or96 Lsi4enRenL HRed de Notii!s %or *!ble6M
*Hentr!l6IHntelli,ene6AH,en'6 Lsi4!IReIL HA,eni! *entr!l de Inteli,eni!6M
*Hos"i6BH!9,ro(nd6EH-%lorer6 Lsi4bi4Ri4L HE-%lor!dor de Fondo *3s"io
Ns!t0liteO6M *OH""on6BH(siness6OHriented6LH!n,(!,e6 LR9o(bolL NGBO ' LR9o(bo4lL
NUSAO H*3bol6M DHi&loro6DHi%&en'l6THri&loroet&!ne6 Ldi4di4Rti4L
HDHiloro6DHi#enil6THriloroet!no66M DHis96OH%er!tin,6SH'ste"6 LdosL NGBO ' Ld!4sL
NUSAO HSiste"! de O%er!i3n on #i&erosIdisos6M
EH(ro%e!n6FHree6THr!de6AHssoi!tion6 LRe#teL HAEL*6M E(roH%e!n6%olHie6 HE(ro%ol
Ni %oliF! e(ro%e!O6M EKH%ort6IMH%ort6BANA Ho# >!s&in,ton6 HB!no de
E-%ort!i3n e I"%ort!i3n de >!s&in,ton6M EH-tr!6THerrestri!l6 HE-tr!terrestre6M
FHeder!l6BH(re!(o#6IHn+esti,!tion6 Le#bi4R!IL HO#iin! Feder!l de In+esti,!i3n6M
FHood!nd6AH,ri(lt(re6OHr,!niz!tion6 HOr,!niz!i3n de l! Ali"ent!i3n ' de l!
A,ri(lt(r!6M FHirst6iHn6#Hirst6oH(t6 H%ri"ero en entr!r %ri"ero en s!lir6M
FHre/(en'6MHod(l!tion6 Le#Re"L HFHre(eni!6MHod(l!d!66M GHener!l6AH,ree"ent
on6TH!ri##s !nd6THr!de6 L,YtL HA(erdo Gener!l sobre Ar!neles ' *o"erio6M
GEJ Ldi4eIt[R9.(4L Ni Gener!l Ee!d/(!rtersO H(!rtel ,ener!l6M
GHreen7i&6MHe!n6THi"e6 Hdi4e"Rti4L HTie"%o "edio de Green7i&6M
EH("!n6IH""(node#iien'6DHir(s6 LeIt[!IR+i4L HDIEL +ir(s del sid!6M LH16SH16EH16
Hl! Es(el! de Eono"F! de Londres6$ NATO LRneIto(L Ni Nort& Atl!nti Tre!t'
Or,!niz!tionO o N!to HOH16TH16AH16NH16L Ot!n6M OHr,!niz!tion
o#6PHetrole("I6EH-%ortin,6*Ho(ntries6 LRo(%e9L HOPEP N(O OPE*6M %H16"H16L %"L
PH16MH16L PM H%ost "eridie"6 L%i4Re"L Hde l! t!rde6M PHol'6DHin'l6*H&loride6
L%i4+i4Rsi4L HPHoli6DHinilo6*Hlor(ro66M !n SH!+e6OH(r6SHo(ls6 Leso(ResL H(n S1O1S1 Ni
S!l+!Hd6 n(estr!s !l"!sOL (n! ll!"!d! de soorro6M HTH(6BHer(losis6 Lti4Rbi4L
Ht(ber(losis66M THele6DHision6 Lti4R+i4L Htele+isi3n6M UHnidenti#ied6FHl'in,6OHb.et6
L.(4e#Ro(L o LR.(4#o(L Ho+ni6M UHnited6NH!tions6 L.(4RenL HN!iones Unid!s6M
UNES*O L.(4Rnes9o(L HUNES*O6$ et1
Al,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e er!n !r3ni"os en %rini%io se &!n tr!ns#or"!do en no"bres
o"(nes ' se esriben on "in2s(l!4 l!ser$ /(!s!r$ r!d!r$ s(b!$ son!r$ et1
:1;<1I &os nombres pueden formarse por onomatopea1 E.14 b(zz Hz("bidoL
r("or6$ Ro9I!IRdoodleIRdoo] H\/(i/(iri/(F]6$ &iss HsilbidoL b(#ido6$ Rr!tI!IRt!tL Rr!tI!I
t!tIRt!t H,ol%eteo NoO r!t!%ln6$ et1
:1;=1I &os nombres pueden formarse por prstamos$ !los o i"it!i3n de
%!l!br!s e-tr!n.er!s de otr!s len,(!sM en in,l0s "s de (n =CP de l!s %!l!br!s son
de ori,en l!tino ' ,rie,o$ bien %roedentes del l!tFn$ del ,rie,o o de l!s len,(!s
ro"!nes o"o el #r!n0s$ el it!li!no$ el %ort(,(0s$ et14 !"o(nt$ !%%ro!&$ !%se
Hbside6$ bis&o%$ bottle$ br!+o$ br!+(r!$ b(9le$ !#0$ !"%in,$ !ste$ !stle$
&!"%ion$ &(r&$ o9le Hberbere&o6$ o"r!de$ d!##odil Ni n!riss(sO$ dodo$
e!,le$ en/(ir'L in/(ir'$ #lo7er$ #renz'$ ,i!nt$ .!,(!r$ .e!ns$ l!,oon$ l!/(er Hl!!6$
le!sin,$ lobster$ "!nd!rin$ "!r"!l!de$ "er'$ "inster H"on!sterio6$ "on9$ "'rtle$
o%er!$ o(tr!,e H(ltr!.e6$ %!ris&$ %!(n& H%!nz!6$ %eo%le$ %il,ri"$ %riest$ %(lle'
H%ole!6$ %(r%le$ /(iet$ s&ool$ si9le H&ozL se,!der!6$ s9ir"is& Hes!r!"(z!6$ soldier$
st(dio$ s(r,er'$ t!n9$ tr(##le Htr(#!6$ +!(lt Hb3+ed!6$ +er!nd!H&6 H,!lerF!6$ +err(!
H+err(,!6$ +er'$ et1
No obst!nte$ se (s!n "s l!s %!l!br!s !n,los!.on!s ' l!s de ori,en n3rdio '
,er"nio1
Al,(n!s de l!s %!l!br!s en in,l0s /(e %ro+ienen del !stell!no son4 !dobe H!dobe6$
!#iion!do H!#iion!do6$ !l!"ed! NUSAO H!l!"ed!6$ !lbino H!lbino6$ !l!z!r
H!lz!r6$ !lo+e H&orn!in!L ni&oL &(eo6$ !l#!l#! H!l#!l#!6$ !lli,!tor Nde Uel
l!,!rtoVO H!i"n6$ !"b(s!de He"bos!d!6$ !"i,o H!"i,o6$ !"ontill!do
H!"ontill!do6$ !n&o+' H!n&o!6$ !%!re.o NUSAO H!%!re.o6$ !r"!d! H!r"!d!6$
!r"!dillo H!r"!dillo6$ !rro'o NUSAO H!(e seo de rFo6$ !+o!do H!,(!!te6$
b!b!o Hb!b!o6$ b!ls! Hb!ls!6$ b!n!n! H%lt!no N&e"br!OL b!n!n! NL!tino!"0ri!O
N/(e se o"e r(dHo$ !6O6$ b!nderillero Hb!nderillero6$ b!rr!oon Hb!rr!3n6$
b!rr!no NUSAO Hb!rr!no6$ b!rri!de Hb!rri!d!6$ b!rrio Hb!rrio !stell!no&!bl!nteL
o"(nid!d !stell!no&!bl!nte6$ b!stin!do Hb!ston!zoL %!liz!6$ bilbo Hes%!d! de
Bilb!o6$ bode,! Hbode,!6$ bolero Hbolero6$ boli+i!no Hboli+i!no N(nid!d
"onet!ri!O6$ bolos Hbolo Ni (&illo ,r!ndeO6$ bon!nz! Hbon!nz!6$ bon,o Hbon,36$
bonito Hbonito N%ezO6$ br!+!do Hbr!+!t!6$ brio HbrFo6$ bronH&6o H%otro s!l+!.e Ni
bronoO6$ b(rrito Hb(rrito Ni tortill! on !rne o &!b!sO6$ b(rro Hb(rro N!ni"!lO6$
!b!llero H!b!llero NGBOL .inete NUSAO6$ !b!n! Nde U!b!)!VO NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO H!set! de %l!'!6$ !l!boose NUSAO H!l!bozo6$ !#eteri! H!#eterF!6$
!lder! Hrter en l! i"! de (n +oln6$ !"!rill! H!"!rill!6$ !"is!do H!t!/(e en
l! oHb6s(rid!d6$ !"%o H!"%o de l! s!b!n!6$ !nnib!l H!nFb!l6$ !n'on H!)3n6$
!r!"el H!r!"elo Ninont!bleOL !r!"elo de le&e ' !z2!r Nont!ble e inont!bleO
N%ero no Us7eetHs6 NGBOL !nd' NUSAO H!r!"eloHs66O6$ !rbon!do Hde !rbon!d!6$
!r,o H!r,! Nno U%ostL &!r,eVO6$ !ro" H!r!"bol!6$ !s!r! Hs!r! s!,r!d!
N!rb(stoO6$ !s!rill! Hs!rill! N#!r"!i!OL !s!rillo Nbotni!O6$ !s9 HtonelL b!rrilL
!so N%!r! tr!ns%ort!r #(el irr!di!do$ %ero no U&el"etL &(ll H!so6O6$ !(dillo
H!(dillo6$ ent!+o Hent!+o Nde +!ri!s (nid!des "onet!ri!sO6$ entesi"o
Hent0si"o6$ enti"o NoO 0nti"o H0nti"o Nde +!ri!s (nid!des "onet!ri!sO6$ ero
H!b!ll!6$ &i!no NUSAO H&i!no6$ &in&ill! H&in&ill!6$ &ino NUSAO H!rtF(lo
&e&o de (n! tel! #(erte de !l,od3nL %!nt!l3n in#or"!l Hde &o"bre66$ &orizo
H&orizo6$ i,!r H%(ro6$ i,!rillo Hi,!rrillo6$ Ri"!rron NUSAO Hi"!rr3n6$ l!ro
H%(ro s(!+e de olor l!ro6$ o&ine!l Ho&inill!6$ o9ro!& H(!r!&!6$ oo!
H!!o6$ o/(ito Ho/(ito Ni %!l"er!O6$ or9 Hor&o6$ orozo HorozoL oro.o6$
orrid! Horrid! Hde toros66$ o'otillo Ho'otillo N!rb(stoO6$ orr!l Horr!l6$ ortes
Hortes6$ o'ote Ho'ote6$ reole Hriollo6$ d!,o Nde UDie,oVO N%e'or!ti+oO
Hes%!)olH!6 NGBOL %ort(,(0sH!6 NGBOL s(d!"eri!nHo$ !6 NoO s(r!"eri!nHo$ !6 NGBOL
it!li!nHo$ !6 NUSAO6$ d!to H.e#e de trib( "(s(l"!n! en Fili%in!s6$ des%er!do
Hb!ndidoL "!l&e&or6$ dinero NUSA4 olo/(i!lO Hdinero6$ dor!do Hdor!do N%ezO6$
eldor!do H(n l(,!r #!b(loso Nel Dor!doO6$ e"b!r,o He"b!r,o N%ero no Useiz(reV Ho#
%ro%ert'6 He"b!r,o Hde bienes66O6$ es%!rto Hes%!rto6$ es%l!n!de He-%l!n!d!6$
#!nd!n,o H#!nd!n,o6$ #iest! H#iest!6$ Fili%ino H#ili%ino6$ #l!"eno H#l!"eno Nb!ileO6$
#lotill! H#lotill!6$ ,!lleon H,!le3n6$ ,!rb!nzo H,!rb!nzo6$ ,!rroteL ,!rotteL ,!rrotte
NGBOL ,!rote NUSAO H,!rrote6$ ,!(&o H,!(&o6$ ,ener!lissi"o H,ener!lFsi"o6$
,r!ioso H,r!ioso NoO b(#3n6$ ,r!ndee H,r!nde Ni nobleO6$ ,ren!de H,r!n!d!6$
,rin,o N%e'or!ti+oO H,rin,o6$ ,(!&!ro H,(&!ro6$ ,(!o H,(!o6$ ,(!n!o
H,(!n!o6$ ,(!no H,(!no6$ ,(errill! H,(errill!L ,(errillero6$ ,(it!r H,(it!rr!6$ ,(sto
Hent(si!s"o6$ &!iend! H&!iend! Ni orti.oO6$ &!""o9 H&!"!!6$ &id!l,o
H&id!l,o6$ &o"bre NUSA4 +(l,!rO H&o"bre NoO tFo6$ &oose,o7 NoO &oos,o7 NUSA4
+(l,!r4 de U.(z,!doVO Hrel6$ &(rri!ne H&(r!n6$ i"%reRs!rio He"%res!rio6$
in#!nt! Hin#!nt!6$ in#!nte Hin#!nte6$ .(no HHes%eie de6 %inz3n !"eri!no6$
.(nt! LRdAnteL o LR&(nteL H.(nt!6$ .(nto H!"!rill!L #!i3n6$ l!9e' Hl!!'o6$ l!ri!t
Hl!zo6$ l!sso Hl!zo N%ero no Ubo7L 9notVOL e&!r el l!zo6$ lin,o Hlen,(!6$ ll!no Hll!no6$
lobo Hlobo ,ris6$ loo Hes%eie de !str,!lo6$ "!&o H"!&o6$ "!dri,!l H"!dri,!l6$
"!d(ro Ht!b!o "!d(ro6$ "!ize H"!Fz6$ "!.orIdo"o H"!'ordo"o6$ Ml!,! NoO
M!l!,! H"l!,! N+inoOL Ml!,!6$ "!"bo H"!"boL b!il!r el "!"bo6$ "!nt!
H"!nt!6$ "!ntill! H"!ntill!6$ "!ri.(!n! NoO "!ri&(!n! H"!ri,(!n! NoO "!ri&(!n!6$
"!Rroon Hi"!rr3nL Holor6 ,r!n!te N%ero no Ubro7nV Holor6 "!rr3n NoO !st!)o6O6$
M!rr!no H"!rr!no N.(dFo es%!)ol o %ort(,(0sO6$ "!t!dor H"!t!dor6$ "!t0 H&ierb!
"!te6$ R"edio Nolo/(i!lO H"0dioL est(di!nte de "ediin!6$ "erino H"erino6$
"es! H"eset!6$ "estizo H"estizo6$ "ir!dor H"ir!dor6$ "ontero H"onter! NoO ,orr!
de !z!dor6$ MorisoL Moreso H"oriso6$ Moro H"oro N"!l!'o #ili%ino
"(s(l"nO6$ "orro Herro NoO %ro"ontorio redonde!do6$ "os/(ito H"os/(ito6$
"(l!tto H"(l!to6$ "(st!n, HH%otro6 "este)o6$ n!&o Hn!&o6$ Ne,rillo Hne,rillo
Nr!z! !#ri!n! en!n!O6$ Ne,rito Hne,rito Nne,ro en!no de Asi! ' Mel!nesi!O6$ ne,roL
Ne,ro Hne,ro6$ o"bre Nno e-iste Uo"berV en USAM en GB t!"bi0n se esribe
"enos ! "en(do U&o"breVO H&o"bre Ni .(e,o de n!i%esOM &o"bre NUSAO H&o"bre
Ni ,(' Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL #ello7O6$ ootillo HootiloL .!rill!6$ ore,!no
Hor0,!no6$ %!is!no NUSAO H!"i,o Nolo/(i!lOL o"%!triot! NoO %!is!no6$ %!l"etto
H%!l"ito6$ %!lo"ino H!b!llo %!rdo on rin ' ol! bl!nos6$ %!"%!s H%!"%!6$
%!"%ero H%!"%ero6$ %!%!'!L %!%!7L %!7%!7 H%!%!'!6$ %!Rr!de Hdes#ileL des#il!rL
e-&ibii3nL e-&ibirL %!seo NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %!se!r N%ero no Usto% H%!r!d!6O6$
%!r!"o H%r!"o6$ %!tio H%!tio Ni terr!e Ho# ! &o(se6L o(rt'!rd Ho# ! &o(se6L
Hs&ool6 %l!',ro(ndL s&ool'!rd NUSAOV$ %ero no U%itV Ho# t&e!tre NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO6 H%!tio de b(t!!s6L %!r!de ,ro(nd H%!tio de !r"!s6L
7ell Ho# ! b(ildin,6 H%!tio de l(es6L #loor Ho# t&e sto9 e-&!n,e6 H%!tio de
o%er!iones6O$ %e!dillo Hdesliz6$ %eon H%e3n6$ %er#eto Hi,!rro %(ro H/(e se
estre&! ! !"bos l!dos66$ %eso H%eso N(nid!d "onet!ri!O6$ %i!dor H%i!dor NoO
re.one!dor6$ %i&iie,o H%i&iie,o NoO !r"!dillo tr(n!do6$ %i"ientoL %i"ento
H%i"iento6$ %int! H%int! NoO "!l de %into Ni ti#(sO6$ %into NUSAO H!b!llo %into6$
%l!nt!in H%lt!no "!&o N/(e se o"e oin!doO6$ %l!'! Hl!,o te"%or!l Hen el
desierto66$ %l!z! H%l!z!6$ %olitio NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H%oliti!stro6$ %o"%!no
Hs!l%!L %"%!no6$ %on&o H%on&o6$ %on&o H%on&o6$ %ot!to H%!t!t!6$ %ronto
H%ronto6$ %ron(ni!"ento H%ron(ni!"iento6$ %(eblo H%(eblo NL!tino!"0ri!OL
!lde! de indios NEst!dos UnidosOL "(nii%io NFili%in!sO6$ %(n9 H%(Hn6t!6$ /(ebr!&o
H/(ebr!&o6$ /(inine H/(inin!6$ r!n& Hr!n&o6$ r!n&er Hr!n&erHo$ !66$ r!n&ero
NUSAO Hr!n&ero6$ r!n&o NUSAO Hr!n&o6$ r!Rtoon Hreto)oL reto)!r6$ rebozo
Hreboi)o6$ rene,!de Hrene,!do6$ rob!lo Hr3b!loL l(bin!6$ rodeo Hrodeo6$ r("b!
Hr("b!6$ s!,(!ro N"s (s!doOL s!&(!ro Hs!,(!ro6$ s!l%ion Hs!l%i3n6$ s!"bo
N+(l,!r4 %e'or!ti+oO Hne,ro6$ s!nbenito Hs!"benito6$ s!+!nn! N"s (s!doOL s!+!nn!&
Hs!b!n!6$ s!++' N+(l,!rO H!st(toL !st(i!L s!ber6$ s&err' Hjerez6$ sierr! Hsierr!6$ siest!
Hsiest!6$ silo Hsilo6$ so"brero Hso"brero de !l! !n&!6$ s%!de Hes%!d! Hde n!i%es66$
st!"%ede Hest!"%id!6$ ste+edore Hestib!dorL esti+!r6$ s(%er!r,o Hsobre!r,o6$ t!o
Htortill! rellen! &e&! on &!rin! de "!Fz6$ t!"!rillo Ht!"!rilloL .!,(!rzo6$ t!n,o
Ht!n,o6$ te/(il! Hte/(il!6$ tob!o Ht!b!o6$ to"!to Hto"!te6$ tore!dor HtoreroL
%i!dor NoO re.one!dor6$ torero Htorero6$ torn!do Htorn!do6$ tornillo NUSAO
Htornillo6$ tortill! Htortill! de "!Fz NoO %!n$ %ero no Uo"eletteL o"elet NUSA4 "s
(s!doO Htortill! de &(e+o6O$ +!"oose NUSAO H+!"os6$ +!nill! H+!inill!6$ +!/(ero
NUSAO H+!/(ero Ni %!stor de +!!sO6$ +i,il!nte H+i,il!nte6$ +ino H+ino Nde %o!
!lid!dO6$ z!%!te!do Hz!%!te!do6$ et1
:1;?1I &os nombres pueden formarse por neologismosM son %!l!br!s n(e+!s /(e
se #or"!n (tiliz!ndo iert!s %!l!br!s %ri"iti+!s on iertos "or#e"!s$
ter"in!iones o s(#i.os %!r! e-%res!r one%tos ( ob.etos no e-istentes
!nterior"enteM %(eden ser t!"bi0n %!l!br!s %ri"iti+!s on (n si,ni#i!do n(e+o1
E.14 lonin, Hlon!i3n6$ loni Hl3nioHs6$ !Hs66$ &or"one H&or"on!6$ st!r 7!rs Hl!
,(err! de l!s ,!l!-i!s6$ tele,r!"$ tele%&one$ et1
:1;@1I &os nombres pueden formarse por agregacin de monemas o palabras1
E.14 t&e To7er o# London Hl! Torre de Londres61
:1;B1I El gnero de los nombres es sencillo en ingls en comparacin con el
castellano$ #r!n0s$ !le"n$ it!li!no ' otros idio"!sM sin e"b!r,o$ en es%er!nto es
"s #il /(e en (!l/(ier otro idio"!1 E!' no"bres "!s(linos ' #e"eninos /(e
tienen (n! r!Fz distint! ' otros /(e son %!reidos$ %ero no b!st! on !)!dir (n!
ter"in!i3n o s(#i.o deter"in!dos1 E.14 b!&elor Hsoltero6 ' Us%insterV N%e'or!ti+oO
Hsolter!6M bo' H&ioL "(&!&o6 ' U,irlV H&i!L "(&!&!6M brot&er H&er"!no6 '
UsisterV H&er"!n!6M #!t&er H%!dre6 ' U"ot&erV H"!dre6M &(sb!nd H"!rido6 ' U7i#eV
Hes%os!L "(.er6M 9in, Hre'6 ' U/(eenV Hrein!6M l!d H"ozo6 ' Ul!ssV H"oz!6M lord
Hse)or6L ,entle"!n H!b!llero6 ' Ul!d'V Hse)or!6M ne%&e7 Hsobrino6 ' UnieeV
Hsobrin!6M son H&i.o6 ' Ud!(,&terV H&i.!6M "on9 H"on.e6L #ri!r H#r!ile6 ' Un(nV
H"on.!6M (nle HtFo6 ' U!(ntV HtF!6M 7iz!rd Hbr(.o6 ' U7it&V Hbr(.!6$ et1
En !stell!no e-isten no"bres en %l(r!l /(e %(eden tr!d(irse !l in,l0s de dos
"!ner!s on distinto si,ni#i!do1 E.14 "' brot&ers !nd sisters H"is &er"!nos H'
&er"!n!s66 ' U"' brot&ersV H"is &er"!nos N+!ronesO6M t&e bride !nd UHt&e6 ,roo"V
Hlos no+ios Nel no+io ' l! no+i!O6 ' Ut&e ,roo"sV Hlos no+ios N+!ronesO6M t&e
*!t&oli Ain, !nd J(een Hlos Re'es *!t3lios NFern!ndo e Is!belO6 ' Ut&e *!t&oli
9in,sV Hlos re'es !t3lios N+!ronesO6$ et1
:1<C1I Aa nombres femeninos 'ue se forman a partir del masculino
aLadiendo l!s terminaciones o s(#i.os /(e s(elen lle+!r los no"bres #e"eninos4
I!$ Ie$ Iess$ Iette$ Ie(se$ Iin!$ Iine$ IHt6ri-$ %ero los no"bres /(e ter"in!n en IerL or !
"en(do %ierden l! UeL oV !l !)!dirse l! ter"in!i3n del #e"eninoM se %rod(en
t!"bi0n !l,(nos otros !"bios %e/(e)os1 E.14 s(lt!n Hs(ltn6 ' Us(lt!n!V Hs(lt!n!6M
in#!nt Hin#!nte6 e Uin#!nt!V Hin#!nt!6M #i!n0 Hno+io H%ro"etido66 ' U#i!n0eV Hno+i!
H%ro"etid!66M !bbot H!b!d6 ' U!bbessV H!b!des!6M !tor H!tor6 ' UR!tressV H!triz6M
!"b!ss!dor He"b!.!dor6 ' U!"b!ss!dressV He"b!.!dor!6M Rb!ron Hb!r3n6 '
URb!ronessV Hb!rones!6M d(9e Hd(/(e6 ' URd(&essV Hd(/(es!6M ,od Hdios6 '
U,oddessV Hdios!6M R&(nter H!z!dor6 ' UR&(ntressV H!z!dor!6M l!(nderer Hl!+!ndero6
' Ul!(ndressV Hl!+!nder!6M lion Hle3n6 ' URlionessV Hleon!6M "!n!,er H,erente6 '
U"!n!,eressV H,erente6M "!r/(is H"!r/(0s6 ' U"!r&ionessV H"!r/(es!6M "!ster
H!"o6 ' U"istressV H!"!6M "illion!ireL "illionn!ire H"illon!rio6 ' U"illion!iressL
"illionn!iressV H"illon!ri!6M Ne,ro Hne,ro6 ' UNe,ressV Hne,r!6M %ro(rer
H!l!&(ete6 ' U%ro(ressV H!l!&(et!6M ti,er Hti,re6 ' Uti,ressV Hti,res!6M R(s&er
H!o"od!dor6 ' U(s&eRretteV H!o"od!dor!6M "!Rsse(r H"!s!.ist!6 ' U"!Rsse(seV
H"!s!.ist!6M z!r Hz!r6 ' Uz!Rrin!V Hz!rin!6M R&ero H&0roe6 ' UR&eroineV H&eroFn!6M
!+i!tor H!+i!dor6 ' U!+i!tri-V H!+i!dor!6M test!tor Htest!dor6 ' Utest!tri-V Htest!dor!6M
+itor H+enedor6 ' UR+itri-V H+enedor!6$ et1
E!'$ sin e"b!r,o$ !l,2n no"bre "!s(lino /(e se #or"! ! %!rtir del #e"enino
!)!diendo l!s ter"in!iones Ier$ I,roo"1 E.14 R7ido7 H+i(d!6 ' UR7ido7erV H+i(do6$
bride Hno+i!6 ' Ubride,roo"V Hno+io61
Los no"bres /(e se re#ieren ! %erson!s ' !ni"!les del ,0nero "!s(lino s(elen ser
"!s(linos1
Los no"bres /(e se re#ieren ! %erson!s ' !ni"!les del ,0nero #e"enino s(elen ser
#e"eninos1
Los no"bres /(e se re#ieren ! ni)os %e/(e)os$ !ni"!les en ,ener!l ' os!s s(elen
ser ne(tros1
:1<51I &a maor parte de los nombres en ingls son comunes ' lle+!n l! "is"!
#or"! %!r! el "!s(lino ' el #e"eninoM est reiendo el n2"ero de este ti%o de
%!l!br!s1 E.14 !rtist H!rtist!6$ Asi!n H!sitiHo$ !66$ *!t&oli H!t3liHo$ !66$ &ild Hni)Ho$
!6L &i.Ho$ !66$ itizen Hi(d!d!nHo$ !66$ oo9 HoinerHo$ !66$ ene"' Hene"i,Ho$ !66$
#riend H!"i,Ho$ !66$ l!7'er H!bo,!dHo$ !66$ liber!l Hliber!l6$ t&e "on!r& LR"one9L
NGBO ' LR"!4ner9L NUSAO HelL l! "on!r!6$ nei,&bo(r NGBOL nei,&bor NUSAO
H+einHo$ !66$ %!rent H%!dreL "!dre6$ %erson H%erson!6$ %(%il H!l("nHo$ !66$ re!der
HletorH!66$ rel!ti+e H%!riente6$ sl!+e Hesl!+Ho$ !66$ s%o(se Hes%osHo$ !6$ st(dent
Hest(di!nte6$ te!&er H%ro#esorH!66$ tr!+eller NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+eler NUSAO
H+i!.erHo$ !66$ 7riter HesritorH!66$ et1
No obst!nte$ !l,(nos no"bres o"(nes o"o Ube,,!r$ ,&ost$ sin,er$ sl!+e$
s7ee%erV$ /(e %(eden (s!rse %!r! el "!s(lino ' el #e"enino$ tienen !de"s (n
e/(i+!lente s3lo %!r! "(.eres4 be,,!r7o"!n$ ,&ost7o"!n$ sl!+e7o"!n$
son,stress$ s7ee%er7o"!n1
*(!ndo se &!e re#ereni! ! (n no"bre o"2n$ se %(ede (s!r U&eL &i"L &isV si se
re#iere ! (n! %erson! del se-o "!s(lino ' Us&eL &erV si se re#iere ! (n! %erson! del
se-o #e"eninoM (!ndo no se es%ei#i! el se-o o se re#iere ! !"bos$ detrs de estos
no"bres$ !ntes se (s!b! U&eL &i"L &isV$ %ero !&or! se %re#iere (s!r U&e or s&eL &i"
or &erL &is or &erV Nse onsider!n (n %oo U!797!rdV H%oo ele,!ntes6O o Ut&e'L
t&e"L t&eirV Nse onsider!n (n!s +ees !"bi,(os ' otr!s +ees %oo orretosO1 E.14
I# !n !rtist 7!nts to s(eed$ &e or s&e Nestnd!rOL t&e' Nolo/(i!lO "(st 7or9 &!rd
HSi (n !rtist! /(iere tri(n#!r$ debe tr!b!.!r d(ro6M I# !rtists 7!nt to s(eed$ t&e'
Nestnd!rO "(st 7or9 &!rd HSi los !rtist!s /(ieren tri(n#!r$ deben tr!b!.!r d(ro6M
>&en !n old %erson loses &is or &er Nestnd!rOL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO &e!lt&$ 111 H*(!ndo
(n! %erson! "!'or %ierde s( s!l(d$ 11161
Es %re#erible (s!rl!s en %l(r!l en in,l0s estnd!r %!r! e+it!r ese %roble"!1 E.14
>&en old %eo%le Nestnd!rOL %ersons Nliter!rioO lose t&eir Nestnd!rO &e!lt&$ 111
H*(!ndo l!s %erson!s "!'ores %ierden s( s!l(d$ 11161
P!r! &!er l! distini3n se %one URbo'$ R"!le$ R"!nV %!r! el "!s(lino ' UR#e"!le$
R,irl$ R"!id$ R7o"!nV %!r! el #e"enino del!nte del no"bre o"2n1 E.14 ! "!nL
,entle"!n #riend H(n H&o"bre6 !"i,o6 ' U! 7o"!nL l!d' #riendV H(n! H"(.er6
!"i,!6M ! bo' #riend H(n !"i,oL no+io Hno %ro"etido66 ' U! ,irlL l!d' #riendV H(n!
!"i,!L no+i! Hno %ro"etid!66M ! R"!le Rte!&er H(n %ro#esor6 ' U! R#e"!le Rte!&erV
H(n! %ro#esor!6M ! R"!n Rser+!nt H(n ri!do6 ' U! R"!idL R7o"!n Rser+!ntL ser+!ntI
,irlV H(n! ri!d!6M s!les"!n H+endedor6 ' Us!les7o"!nV H+endedor!6$ et1
No obst!nte$ ! +ees se (s! l! #or"! "!s(lin! %!r! (n &o"bre o (n! "(.er1 E.14
S&e 7!s t&e R"!ster o# t&e sit(!Rtion HEll! er! l! "!estr! de l! sit(!i3n6M S&e is t&e
s%o9es"!nL s%o9es%erson HEll! es l! %ort!+oz6M Ee is "!9in, ! #is&er"!n o# &er
Hl l! est &!iendo %es!dor!61
Se tiende ! (s!r Q!tor$ !(t&or$ o"edi!n$ editor$ &ero$ &ost$ instr(tor$ l!ndlord$
"!n!,er$ "!'or$ %!inter$ %oet$ %riest$ %ro%&etQ$ %!r! el #e"enino en +ez de Q!tress$
!(t&oress$ o"edienne$ editress$ &eroine$ &ostess$ instr(tress$ l!ndl!d'$
"!n!,eress$ "!'oress NGBO H!l!ldes!6$ %!intress$ %oetess$ %riestess$ %ro%&etessQ1
A +ees$ &!' (n "!tiz distinto (!ndo se (tiliz! (n no"bre "!s(lino %!r! (n!
"(.er1 E.14 S&e is t&e best !tor no7!d!'s HEll! es el "e.or !tor Ninl(idos los
&o"bresO6 ' US&e is t&e best !tress no7!d!'sV HEll! es l! "e.or !triz Nde l!s
"(.eres %ero sin inl(ir ! los &o"bresO61
E!' (n! tendeni! ! s(Hb6stit(ir iertos no"bres o"o Q!"b(l!ne "en$
!n&or"!nL !n&or7o"!n$ b(siness"!n$ &!ir"!nL &!ir7o"!n$ ler,'"!nL
ler,'7o"!n$ on,ress"!nL *on,ress"!n$ #ire"!nL #ire7o"!n$ #is&er"!n$
#ore#!t&ers$ #ore"!n$ #res&"!n NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ &e!d"!sterL &e!d"istress$
&o(se7i#e$ "!id$ "!il"!n NUSAO$ "!le n(rse$ "!nL "!n9ind$ "!nI"!de #ibres
NGBOL #ibers NUSAO$ %olie"!nL %olie7o"!n$ s!les"!nL s!les7o"!n$ s%o9es"!nL
s%o9es7o"!n$ ste7!rdL ste7!rdessL !irline &ostess$ 7!iterL 7!itress$ 7or9"!nQ$
et1$ res%eti+!"ente %or Q!"b(l!ne st!##$ !n&orH%erson6$ b(siness%erson$
&!irH%erson6 HdiretorH!66$ "e"ber o# t&e ler,'$ Me"ber o# *on,ress H"ie"bro
del *on,reso6$ R#ire#i,&ter Hbo"berHo$ !66$ #is&er$ !nestors$ s(%er+isor H!%!t!z6$
#irstI'e!r st(dent$ &e!dte!&er$ &o"e"!9er$ &o(se le!ner$ "!il !rrier NUSAOL letter
!rrier NUSAO H!rterHo$ !66$ n(rse$ &("!nit'L t&e &("!n r!eL &("!n bein,sL
%eo%le$ s'nt&eti #ibres NGBOL #ibers NUSAO$ %olie o##ier$ s!les !ssist!ntL
s!les%erson NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL s!lesler9 NUSAOL s!les re%resent!ti+e$
s%o9es%erson$ #li,&t !ttend!nt H!(-ili!r de +(elo6$ ser+er$ 7or9erQ$ et1$ %!r! e+it!r
disri"in!i3n lin,XFsti!M !l,(n!s &!n tri(n#!do$ otr!s no t!nto1
No obst!nte$ &!' doen!s de %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en I"!n /(e no se (s!n on l!
ter"in!i3n I7o"!n4 o!l"!n$ on "!n$ et1M en in,l0s esrito se tiende ! %oner
UsL&eV o U&eL s&eV %!r! U&e or s&eV ' U7oL"!nV %!r! U7o"!nL "!nV1
Al,(nos no"bres se (s!n nor"!l"ente s3lo %!r! &o"bres o %!r! "(.eres debido !
l! (lt(r!$ %ero %odrF!n (s!rse %!r! !"bos se-os en otr!s ir(nst!ni!sM se %one !
+ees U"!leV o U#e"!leL 7o"!nV del!nte %!r! !l!r!rlo1 E.14 ! H"!le6 Rdress"!9erL
R"odelL Rn(rseL Rseret!r' H(n ost(rero NoO "odistoL "odeloL en#er"eroL
seret!rio6$ ! H#e"!leL 7o"!n6 Rbri9l!'erL RdotorL Rdri+erL "eR&!ni H(n! H"(.er6
!lb!)ilL ond(tor!L dotor!L "eni!6$ et1
No e-iste "!s(lino %!r! U!t7o"!n$ &!r7o"!n$ needle7o"!n$ se!"stress
Host(rer!6V1
*(!ndo se &!e re#ereni! ! UGodV HDios6 o ! (n no"bre /(e se! sin3ni"o de Dios
o"o UPro+ideneV HPro+ideni!6$ ULordV HSe)or6$ se s(elen (s!r QEeL >&oQ '
otros %rono"bres rel!ti+os e interro,!ti+os /(e se (s!n %!r! %erson!s1
*iert!s %!l!br!s o"o Ude"(re Hre!t!d!6$ %ert Ho/(et!L des!r!d!6$ s!ss' NUSA4
olo/(i!lO Hdes!r!d!6$ s!(' Hdes!r!d!6$ +i+!io(s H+i+!z6V$ et1$ s(elen (s!rse
s3lo o %rini%!l"ente %!r! %erson!s del se-o #e"enino1
*iert!s %!l!br!s o"o Udebon!ir NoO debonn!ire H.o+i!lL !irosoL ort0sL ,!ll!rdo6$
debon!irl' H.o+i!l"enteL !iros!"enteL ort0s"enteL ,!ll!rd!"ente6$ le&ero(s
Hl(.(riosoL l!si+o6$ s(!+e H#ino Nno %e'or!ti+oOL "eloso Nno %e'or!ti+oOL &bil
N%e'or!ti+oO6$ (rb!ne Hort0s6V$ et1$ s(elen (s!rse s3lo o %rini%!l"ente %!r!
%erson!s del se-o "!s(lino1
:1<81I Cuando se /ace referencia a los no"bres o"(nes o"o Jbab# babe
#beIb#, c/ild, infant, tot Hnene6$ ! los !ni"!les do"0stios o"o Qcat 4gato+, deer,
dog H%erro6Q$ et1$ ! los !ni"!les %rod(ti+os o"o Qco,, /orseQ$ et1$ ! los
!ni"!les en (entos ' le'end!s se pueden usar en sentido general los
pronombres neutros Mit# ,/ic/M u otros en sentido afectivo M/e# s/e# ,/o#
,/omM ( otros %rono"bres rel!ti+os e interro,!ti+os /(e se (s!n %!r! %erson!s1
E.14 It Ni t&e Rb!b'L b!be LbeIbLO is !slee% HEst dor"ido6M EeL S&e Ni t&e Rb!b'L
b!be LbeIbLO is !slee% HlL Ell! est dor"idHo$ !66M T&e b!b'L b!be 7&i& 'o( s!7
HEl beb0 /(e +iste6M T&e b!b'L b!be 7&oH"6 'o( s!7 HEl beb0 !l /(e +iste61
No obst!nte$ es t!"bi0n #re(ente (s!r U&eL &i"L 7&oL 7&o"V en sentido ,ener!l
%!r! URb!b'$ b!be LbeIbL$ &ildV1
:1<:1I Aa animales 'ue tienen nombres epicenos cuando se /abla en general
nombres con ra() distinta para el masculino el femenino cuando se /abla
con maor precisin1 E.14 bees H!be.!s64 ! drone H(n zn,!no6 ' U! beeV H(n!
!be.!6M !ttle H,!n!do +!(no64 ! b(ll H(n toro6L !n o- H(n b(e'6 ' U! o7V H(n!
+!!6$ ! b(llo9L steer H(n no+illoL torete6 ' U! &ei#erV H(n! no+ill!L +!/(ill!6M t&e
&i9ens Hl!s ,!llin!s64 ! o9L rooster NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H(n ,!llo6 ' U! &enV
H(n! ,!llin!6M deer Hier+osL +en!dos64 ! b(9L st!, H(n ier+oL +en!do6 ' U! doeV
H(n! ,!"!L one.!L liebre6$ ! &!rt Nliter!rioO H(n +en!do6 ' U! &indV H(n! ier+!6M
do,s H%erros64 ! do, H(n %erro6 ' U! bit&V H(n! %err!6M d(9L d(9s H%!tos64 ! dr!9e
H(n %!to6 ' U! d(9V H(n! %!t!6M #is&L #is&es H%ees64 ! "ilter H(n %ez "!&o !d(lto6
' U! s%!7nerV H(n %ez &e"br! !d(lto6M #o-L #o-es Hzorros64 ! do, #o- H(n zorro6 ' U!
+i-enV H(n! zorr!L r!%os!6M ,eese H,!nsos64 ! ,!nder H(n ,!nso6 ' U! ,ooseV H(n!
o!6M ! &orse H(n !b!llo64 ! st!llion H(n se"ent!l6 ' U! "!reV H(n! 'e,(!6$ ! olt
H(n %otro6 ' U! #ill'V H(n! %otr!6M ! %i,L s7ine H(n erdoL %(eroL "!rr!no64 ! bo!r
H(n +err!o6 ' U! so7V H(n! erd!L %(er!L "!rr!n!6M ! roe deer H(n orzo64 ! roeI
b(9 H(n orzo6 ' U! roeIdoeV H(n! orz!6M ! s&ee% H(n! o+e.!64 ! r!"L 7et&er H(n
!rnero6 ' U! e7eV H(n! o+e.!6M ! s7!n H(n isne64 ! ob H(n isne "!&o6 ' U! %enV
H(n isne &e"br!6$ et1
*(!ndo se &!e re#ereni! ! !ni"!les del ,0nero "!s(lino$ se (s! UitV o U&eL &i"V
'$ (!ndo se &!e re#ereni! ! !ni"!les del ,0nero #e"enino$ se (s! UitV o Us&eL
&erV1
:1<;1I Cuando se /ace referencia a animales pe'ueLos, suele /aber nombres
epicenos para ambos sexos1 E.14 ! ,o!t H(n! !br!6$ !n otter H(n! n(tri!6$ ! r!bbit
H(n one.o6$ ! s%!rro7 H(n ,orri3n6$ et1
No obst!nte$ se %(ede distin,(ir el "!s(lino del #e"enino !nte%oniendo iert!s
%!l!br!s1 E.14 ! b(llIele%&!ntL b(llIdol%&inL b(llI%or%oiseL b(llI7&!le Nt!"bi0n
se%!r!dos sin ,(i3nO H(n ele#!nteL (n del#FnL (n! "!rso%!L (n! b!llen! "!&o6 ' U!
o7Iele%&!ntL o7Idol%&inL o7I%or%oiseL o7I7&!leV Nt!"bi0n se%!r!dos sin
,(i3nO H(n ele#!nteL (n del#FnL (n! "!rso%!L (n! b!llen! &e"br!6M ! .!9!ssL R&eI
!ss H(n b(rro6 ' U! .enn'I!ssL Rs&eI!ssV H(n! b(rr!6M ! bill'HI,o!t6L R&eI,o!t H(n
"!&o !brFo6 ' U! n!nn'HI,o!t6L Rs&eI,o!tV H(n! !br!6M ! do,I#o- H(n zorroL
r!%oso6 ' U! bit&I#o-V H(n! zorr!L r!%os!6M ! do,Iotter H(n! n(tri! "!&o6 ' U!
bit&IotterV H(n! n(tri! &e"br!6M ! b(9Ir!bbitL R&eIr!bbit H(n one.o "!&o6 ' U!
doeIr!bbitL Rs&eIr!bbitV H(n! one.!6M ! b(9I&!re H(n! liebre "!&o6 ' U! doeI&!reV
H(n! liebre &e"br!6M ! %e!o9 H(n %!+o re!l6 ' U! %e!&enV H(n! %!+! re!l6M !
t(r9e'Io9L to" t(r9e' H(n %!+o6 ' U! t(r9e'I&enV H(n! %!+!6M ! o9Is%!rro7L
.!9Is%!rro7L "!le s%!rro7 H(n ,orri3n "!&o6 ' U! &enIs%!rro7L #e"!le
s%!rro7V H(n ,orri3n &e"br!L (n! ,orrion!6M ! o9I%&e!s!nt H(n #!isn "!&o6 '
U! &enI%&e!s!ntV H(n #!isn &e"br!6M ! o9I%i,eon H(n %!lo"o6 ' U! &enI%i,eonV
H(n! %!lo"!6M ! to"HI6!tL to" H(n ,!to N"!&oO6 ' U! Rs&eI!tL /(eenV H(n! ,!t!6M
U! t!bb' !tL t!bb'V %(ede ser (n ,!to !ti,r!doL ro"!no o (n! ,!t! !ti,r!d!L
ro"!n! ' t!"bi0n (n! ,!t! en ,ener!lM ! "!le #is& H(n %ez "!&o6 ' U! #e"!le
#is&V H(n %ez &e"br!6M ! "!le #ro, H(n! r!n! "!&o6 ' U! #e"!le #ro,V H(n! r!n!
&e"br!6M ! R&eI!%e H(n "ono6 ' ! URs&eI!%eV H(n! "on!6M ! R&eIbe!r H(n oso6 ' U!
Rs&eIbe!rV H(n! os!6M ! HR&eI67ol# H(n lobo6 ' U! Rs&eI7ol#V H(n! lob!6$ et1
*(!ndo se &!bl! de "!"i#eros$ %ees$ re%tiles ' !ni"!les %e/(e)os se (s! el
,0nero ne(tro UitL 7&i&V$ %ero ! +ees (!ndo se les tiene !#eto o se les %rest!
"(&! !teni3n %or r!zones ientF#i!s se %(ede (s!r U&eL s&eL 7&oL 7&o"V ( otros
%rono"bres rel!ti+os e interro,!ti+os /(e se (s!n %!r! %erson!s$ de%endiendo del
se-o1
A "en(do los no"bres Q!nt$ deer$ &!re Hliebre6$ "o(se Hr!t3n6Q$ se onsider!n
#e"eninos$ ' Qbeetle Hes!r!b!.o6$ do,$ e!,le$ e!rt&7or"$ ele%&!nt$ #is&$ #l'$ #o-$
#ro,$ &orse$ inset$ 9!n,!roo$ "os/(ito$ ti,er$ tro(tQ$ "!s(linosM Q!tL %(ssL %(ss'Q
H,!to6 en GB se onsider! #e"enino ' en USA "!s(lino$ %ero en "(&os !sos
de%ende se,2n lo di,! (n &o"bre o (n! "(.er$ !sF /(e son riterios b!st!nte
s(b.eti+os o rel!ti+osM Qs%iderQ H!r!)!6 %(ede onsider!rse (n!s +ees "!s(lino '
otr!s #e"enino1
:1<<1I Cuando se /abla de McountrM o el nombre de un pa(s o nacin, de una
ciudad, de un pueblo, de las palabras M/andM 4mano+, MlapM 4rega)o+, MsilverM
4plata+, Msp/inxM 4esfinge+, et1$ nor"!l"ente se suelen usar las part(culas
neutras Mit# ,/ic/M$ pero a veces, cuando se tiene afecto o se le 'uiere dar
importancia a un pa(s, se puede usar Ms/e# /er# ,/o# ,/omM ' otros
%rono"bres rel!ti+os e interro,!ti+os /(e se (s!n %!r! %erson!s1 E.14 S%!in is ! bi,
o(ntr' !nd it is in E(ro%e HEs%!)! es (n %!Fs ,r!nde ' est en E(ro%!6M S&e Ni
S%!inO is #(ll o# lo+el' be!&es HEll! Ni Es%!)!O est llen! de %l!'!s bonit!s6$ et1
Los rboles$ l!,os$ "!res$ "ontes ' rFos s(elen (s!rse on QitL 7&i&Q %ero %(eden
ser "!s(linos t!"bi0n1
:1<=1I Cuando se /abla de p!%aros plantas se usa el gnero neutro MitM Hello6$
pero$ ! +ees$ cuando se les tiene afecto se puede usar M/e# s/e# ,/o# ,/omQ '
otros %rono"bres rel!ti+os e interro,!ti+os /(e se (s!n %!r! %erson!s1
A +ees$ no obst!nte$ los no"bres Qbird$ bl!9bird H"irlo6$ !n!r'$ .!' H!rrend!.o6$
"!rtlet H!+i3n6$ robin H%etirro.o6Q$ se onsider!n "!s(linosM Q%!rrotQ Hloro6 %(ede
onsider!rse (n!s +ees "!s(lino ' otr!s #e"enino1
:1<?1I *(!ndo se &!bl! de ob.etos o os!s in!ni"!dos se s(elen (s!r l!s %!rtF(l!s
ne(tr!s QitL 7&i&Q$ %ero con los siguientes nombres cuando son personificados
por motivos literarios o de otro tipo se puede usar M/e# /is# ,/o# ,/omM '
otros %rono"bres rel!ti+os e interro,!ti+os /(e se (s!n %!r! %erson!sM ! +ees$
%(eden onsider!rse o"o #e"eninos en +ez de "!s(linos %ero "enos
#re(ente"ente4 An,er HIr!6$ A(t("n$ D!'$ De!t&$ F!n!tiis"$ Fe!r$ E(n,er$ Ire
HIr!6$ Lo+e$ Mo(nt!in$ M(rder$ Oe!n$ Pl!,(e$ Ri+er$ Slee%$ St!r$ Stor"
HTor"ent!6$ S(""er$ S(n$ Te"%est$ Terror$ T&irst$ T&(nder HTr(eno6$ Ti"e$ Tree$
>!r$ >ind$ >inter$ me!r$ et1
:1<@1I Cuando se /abla de nombres abstractos se suelen usar las part(culas
neutras Mit# ,/ic/M pero, cuando son personificados %or "oti+os liter!rios o de
otro ti%o$ se puede usar Ms/e# /er# ,/o# ,/omM ' otros %rono"bres rel!ti+os e
interro,!ti+os /(e se (s!n %!r! %erson!s4 Ad+ersit'$ A"bition$ Be!(t'$ *&!rit'$
*&!stit'$ *&(r& HI,lesi! No"o instit(i3nO6$ *ri"e$ Des%!ir$ E!rt& Hl! Tierr!6$
E+enin,$ F!it&$ F!"e$ Fort(ne$ Ee!lt&$ Ee!t$ Eo%e$ Eo(r$ E'%oris'$ je!lo(s'$
j(stie$ Libert'$ L(9$ Mer' HMiseriori!6$ Mind$ Moon$ M(si$ N!t(re$ Ni,&t
N"enos (s!do o"o "!s(linoO$ Pe!e$ Plent' HAb(nd!ni!6$ Pride$ Pro%ert'$
Reli,ion$ Rest HDes!nso6$ S!nd!l$ Siene$ Se! HelL l! M!r6$ Solit(de$ So(l
HAl"!6$ S%rin,$ S(""er$ t&e Uni+ersit'$ Ditor'$ >isdo" HS!bid(rF!6$ et1M
t!"bi0n %!l!br!s no %ersoni#i!d!s o"o Uli#e$ li,&t$ liter!t(re$ %&iloso%&'$ %oetr'$
+ie$ +irt(eV$ et1
:1<B1I Cuando se /abla de ob.etos o os!s in!ni"!dos o"o MtrainM 4tren+,
McarM 4coc/e+, Mmotorbi1eM, MplaneM 4avin+, u otras m!'uinas o cual'uier
tipo de barco 4barge, boat, s/ip, etc.+, MbellM 4campana+, Mgun, tan1, truc1,
aircraft 4aeronave+M o naves espaciales /abitadas, instrumentos musicales,
et1$ se suelen usar las part(culas neutras Mit# ,/ic/# t/atM, pero las personas
'ue traba%an o tienen una relacin especial con ellos suelen usar Ms/eMM no se
%(eden (s!r Q7&oL 7&o"Q ' otros %rono"bres rel!ti+os e interro,!ti+os /(e se
(s!n %!r! %erson!s1 E.14 t&e "!nIo#I7!r Ns&eO H(n b(/(e de ,(err!6$ ! bo!t Ns&eO H(n
b!ro6$ ! "er&!ntI"!n Ns&eO H(n b(/(e "er!nte6$ t&e s&i% Ns&eO Hel b!ro61
No obst!nte$ si el d(e)o es (n! "(.er$ %(ede t!"bi0n (s!r el "!s(lino$
es%ei!l"ente on Q!rQ ' Qr!il7!' en,ineQ Hloo"otor!61
Se %(ede (s!r QitQ o %rono"bres "!s(linos %!r! re#erirse ! ob.etos de in#or"ti!4
Qo"%(terQ Horden!dor6$ et1$ ' t!"bi0n on Qlo9Q$ Q7!t&Q ' Q%i%eQ1
*o"o se %(ede +er$ en in,l0s el ,0nero %(ede !"bi!r de%endiendo de l! rel!i3n
/(e l! %erson! ten,! on l! %erson!$ !ni"!l ( ob.eto in!ni"!do1
:1=C1I El genitivo sa%n se forma aLadiendo a los nombres en singular un
apstrofo seguido de una sM los no"bres %ro%ios on (n! sol! sFl!b! s(elen lle+!r
UZsVM (!ndo los no"bres en %l(r!l ter"in!n en Is se !)!de sol!"ente el !%3stro#oM
(!ndo los no"bres en %l(r!l son irre,(l!res ' no ter"in!n en Is se !)!de (n
!%3stro#o se,(ido de (n! sM !l,(nos %rono"bres inde#inidos %(eden ir en ,eniti+o
s!.3nM los !r3ni"os t!"bi0n %(eden ir en ,eniti+o s!.3nM l! %ri"er! %!rte del
,eniti+o s!.3n$ es deir$ lo /(e +! del!nte del !%3stro#o$ se %(ede ll!"!r t!"bi0n
!d.eti+o no"in!l1 E.14 t&e BH16BH16*H16Zs %ro.et Hel %ro'eto de l! BB*6$ BessZs to'
Hel .(,(ete de Is!belit!L Elis!betL Elis!L Is!6$ t&e bo'sZ %roble"s Hlos %roble"!s de
los &iosL "(&!&os6$ j!"esZs #!t&er Hel %!dre de j!i"eL S!nti!,oL Die,oL
j!obo6$ j!"esZs noteboo9 Hl! libret!L el (!derno de j!i"eL S!nti!,oL Die,oL
j!obo6$ t&e "!nZs &!t Hel so"brero del &o"bre6$ M!r'Zs dre!" Hel s(e)o de
M!rF!6$ PeterZs boo9 Hel libro de Pedro6$ t&e 7o"enZs &ildren Hlos &i.os de l!s
"(.eres61 Oo obstante /a varias excepciones a esta regla"
*+ &os nombres propios cl!sicos, sobre todo los 'ue tengan m!s de una s(laba,
'ue terminen en 5s suelen llevar solamente el apstrofo$ es%ei!l"ente en obr!s
lsi!s1 E.4 A&illesZ de!t& Hl! "(erte de A/(iles6$ Aene!sZ #!t&er Hel %!dre de
Ene!s6$ Aes&'l(sZ %l!'s Hl!s obr!s de Es/(ilo6$ Ar&i"edesZ l!7 Hl! le' de
Ar/(F"edes6$ St1B!rn!b!sZ D!' Hel dF! de S!n Bern!b06$ *!ssi(sZ d!,,er Hel %()!l
de *!sio6$ *!t(ll(sZ +ill! Hel &!l0 de *!t(lo6$ *er+!ntesZ 7or9s Hl!s obr!s de
*er+!ntes6$ E("enesZ &!nds Hl!s "!nos de E("enes6$ E(ri%idesZ %erson!lit' Hl!
%erson!lid!d de E(rF%ides6$ Eer(lesZ l(b Hel ,!rroteL l! %orr! de E0r(les6$
L(reti(sZ %oe" Hel %oe"! de L(reio6$ L'(r,(sZ 7i#e Hl! es%os! de Li(r,o6$
Menel!(sZ 7i#e Hl! es%os! NoO "(.er de Menel!o6$ P!risZ lo+er Hl! !"!nte de P!ris6$
P&oeb(sZ steeds Hlos oreles de Febo6$ R!"He6sesZ rei,n Hel reino de R!"s0s6$
Sor!tesZ de!t& Hl! "(erte de S3r!tes6$ So%&olesZ li#e Hl! +id! de S3#oles6$
T&eo,nisZ %oe"s Hlos %oe"!s de Teo,onio6$ Ur!n(sZ sons Hlos &i.os de Ur!no6$
Ker-esZ #leet Hl! #lot! de jer.es6$ [e(sZ deision Hl! deisi3n de [e(s6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ &!' esritores "odernos /(e (s!n el !%3stro#o se,(ido de s on los
no"bres lsios /(e no ter"inen en Li4zL '$ ! +ees$ inl(so on los /(e ter"in!n
en Li4zL1 E.14 Aene!sZs #!t&er Hel %!dre de Ene!s6$ Aes&il(sZs %l!'s Hl!s obr!s de
Es/(ilo6$ St1 B!rn!b!sZs de!t& Hl! "(erte de S!n Bern!b06$ *!t(ll(sZs +ill! Hel &!l0
de *!t(lo6$ Ain, T!nt!l(sZs ri"e Hel ri"en del re' Tnt!lo6$ Dion's(sZs "'sti
&istor' Hl! &istori! "Fsti! de DionisoHs6 Ni B!oO6$ Eer(lesZs Li4zL o-en Hlos b(e'es
de E0r(les6$ et1
E!' t!"bi0n no"bres /(e no son lsios /(e +!n on !%3stro#o (n!s +ees no
se,(ido de s ' otr!s +ees se,(ido de s de%endiendo de l!s e-%resionesM en l!
!t(!lid!d se %re#iere %oner !%3stro#o se,(ido de s1 E.14 St1 A,nesZ e+e Hl! +Fs%er! de
S!nt! In0s6$ St1 A,nesZs bones Hlos &(esos de S!nt! In0s6$ Di9ensZ no+els Hl!s
no+el!s de Di9ens6$ St1 GilesZ Eos%it!l Hel &os%it!l de S1GilL E,idio6$ St1 GilesZs
d!' Hel dF! de S1 GilL E,idio6$ G(' F!79esZd!' Hel dF! de G(ido F16$ G(' F!79esZs
l!ntern Hl! lintern! de G(ido F16$ jonesZ Dition!r' Hel diion!rio de jones6$ Ae!tsZs
%oe"sL so(l Hlos %oe"!sL el !l"! de Ae!ts6$ Ae!tsZ %oetr' Hl! %oesF! de Ae!ts6$ et1
2+ Quc/os nombres propios$ lsios o no$ 'ue terminen en s sonora #)#
pueden llevar el apstrofo solo, generalmente en ingls literario, o el apstrofo
seguido de s, generalmente en ingls colo'uial1 E.14 *&!"bersZ Nliter!rioOL
*&!"bersZs Nolo/(i!lO jo(rn!l$ D!+iesZ Nliter!rioOL D!+iesZs Nolo/(i!lO niee Hl!
sobrin! de D!+ies6$ Eer(lesZ Nliter!rioO s&!reL Eer(lesZs Nolo/(i!lO o-en Hl! re.!
del !r!doL los b(e'es de E0r(les6M j!"esZ Nliter!rioOL j!"esZs Nolo/(i!lO 7i#e Hl!
"(.er de j!i"eL S!nti!,oL Die,oL j!obo6$ jes(sZ Nliter!rioOL jes(sZs Nolo/(i!lO li#e
Hl! +id! de jes2s6$ MosesZ Nliter!rioOL MosesZs Nolo/(i!lO intelli,ene Hl!
inteli,eni! de Mois0s6$ Pe%'sZ Nliter!rioOL Pe%'sZs Nolo/(i!lO di!r' Hel di!rio de
Pe%'s6$ &is Ro'!l Ei,&nessZ Nliter!rioOL Ei,&nessZs Nolo/(i!lO %l!ns Hlos %l!nes de
s( Altez! Re!l6$ et1
Al,(nos se %(eden esribir ' %ron(ni!r de l!s dos "!ner!s4 B(rnsZL B(rnsZs
N!"bos ,ener!l"ente %ron(ni!dos LRb4nzI z$ ezL NGBO ' LRb4rnzez$ I zL NUSAOO
li#e Hl! +id! de B(rns6$ Di9ensZL Di9ensZs 7or9s Hl!s obr!s de Di9ens6$ jonesZL
jonesZs !r Hel o&e de jones6$ t&e jonesZL jonesZs !r Hel o&e de los jones Ni del
"!tri"onio j1O6$ et1
*(!ndo (n no"bre %ro%io +! en %l(r!l$ se s(ele %oner s3lo el !%3stro#o1 E.14 t&e
jonesesZ !r Hel o&e de los jones Ni del "!tri"onio j1 ' de s(s %!rientes diretos e
indiretosO6$ t&e >illi!"sesZ ide!$ et1
*(!ndo (n no"bre %ro%io en sin,(l!r ter"in! en Is$ es "e.or %oner UZsV si +! en
,eniti+o s!.3n4 Di9ensZs$ Ae!tsZs$ et1$ e-e%to on los no"bres lsios on los
/(e es "e.or (s!r Qo#Q4 t&e o-en o# Eer(les$ et1
E!' tendeni! ! %oner el !%3stro#o sin l! s detrs de no"bres %ro%ios o !%ellidos
/(e ter"in!n en Is %!r! indi!r %osesi3n$ si l! %!l!br! si,(iente e"%iez! %or s1
E!' t!"bi0n (n! tendeni! ! %oner el !%3stro#o sin l! s detrs de no"bres %ro%ios
o !%ellidos /(e ter"in!n en Ies ' se %ron(ni!n LIIzL o LIezL %ero no sie"%re1 E.14
Eod,esZ ide!$ et1
2+ &os nombres propios 'ue terminan en 5x o 5) aLaden ;Es<1 E.14 A.!-Zs
o(r!,e Hel +!lor de n'!-6M LeibnizZs %&iloso%&' Hl! #iloso#F! de Leibniz6$ Lo%ezZs
letter Hl! !rt! de L3%ez6$ et1
-+ &os nombres 'ue terminan en 5s o 5x sordas$ nor"!l"ente #r!neses$ pueden
aLadir ;Es<, 'ue se pronuncia #)#, o simplemente el apstrofo1 E.14 D("!sZsL
D("!sZ li#e Hl! +id! de D("!s6$ t&e Prior o# Tor+!(-ZsL Tor+!(-Z /(estion Hl!
%re,(nt! del %rior de T16$ et1
3+ Con los nombres comunes propios en singular terminados en #s# o #)# 'ue
van seguidos de la palabra Msa1eM se usa solamente el apstrofoM son no"bres
!bstr!tos ' no de !ni"!les o seres +i+os1 E.14 #or ,oodnessZ s!9e H%or Hel !"or de6
Dios6$ #or jes(sZ s!9e H%or el !"or de jes2s6$ et1 D1 :1=<
6+ Con los nombres propios de los libros de la Iiblia o de otros libros sagrados
en singular 'ue se pronuncian al final con #s# o #)# se usa solamente el
apstrofo1 E.14 t&e E-od(sZ desri%tion Hl! desri%i3n del -odo6$ et1
8+ Con los nombres comunes en singular 'ue lleven dos o m!s #s# uxtapuestas
se puede aLadir simplemente el apstrofo o ;Es<1 E.14 t&e t&esisZL t&esisZs %oint o#
+ie7 Hel %(nto de +ist! de l! tesis61
9+ Con los nombres comunes en singular como ;boss, ,itness<, etc., 'ue
terminen en dos eses se puede aLadir simplemente el apstrofo o ;Es<1
A(n/(e se! (n! (esti3n (n %oo s(b.eti+! ' &!'! distintos %(ntos de +ist!$ se
%(ede deir /(e$ en general, en la actualidad en ingls se puede poner el
apstrofo con s con casi todos los nombres propios en singular$ lsios o noM si
bien &!' e.e"%los on !"b!s #or"!s %!r! !si todos los no"bres$ (n!s +ees en
in,l0s liter!rio ' otr!s en in,l0s olo/(i!l$ es m!s seguro f!cil para los
castellano/ablantes poner el apstrofo con s en caso de duda1
:1=51I &a ;Es< del genitivo sa%n se puede pronunciar de tres maneras distint!sM
esto sir+e t!"bi0n %!r! los no"bres en %l(r!l$ %!r! l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r
del %resente de indi!ti+o de l! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos ' %!r! l! UZsV (!ndo es
ontr!i3n de QisL &!sQ1
*+ Como #s# cuando va precedida de los siguientes sonidos o fonemas
sordos" #u, f, /, 1, p, t#1 E.14 ! !tZs L9YtsL %!7 Hl! %!t! de (n ,!to6$ &o%es L&o(%sL
No"o l! e no se %ron(ni! (ent! l! onson!nte !nteriorO Hes%er!nz!s6$ r!ts LrYtsL
Hr!t!s6$ s%e!9s Ls%i49sL H&!bl!61 D1 51:;1<
2+ Como #)# cuando va precedida de una vocal, un diptongo, un triptongo, una
semivocal los siguientes sonidos o fonemas conson!nticos sonoros" #b, d, 6, g,
l, m, n, , r, v#M en GB no se %ron(ni! l! r$ ! +ees$ %ero se "!ntiene l! re,l!
%or/(e l! %reede (n! +o!l$ ' en USA se %ron(ni! !si sie"%re l! r1 E.4 birdZsL
birds Lb4dzL NGBO ' Lb4rdzL NUSAO$ !%%leZsL !%%les LRY%He6lzL$ lo+es LlA+zL No"o
l! e no se %ron(ni! (ent! l! onson!nte !nteriorO H!"!6$ &ildZs Lt[!IldzL$
"!nZs L"YnzL$ son,ZsL son,s LsozL NGBO ' Lso4zL NUSAO$ ,lo+es L,lA+zL
H,(!ntes6$ sin,s LsIzL H!nt!6$ PeterZs LR%i4tezL NGBO ' LR%i4terzL NUSAO$ et1 D1
51:;1;
2+ Como #I)# o #e)# cuando va precedida de los sonidos o fonemas sibilantes
#1s, t[, d, s, , [, )#1 E.14 .(d,eZs LRdAdI z$ ezL Hdel .(ez6$ &orseZs LR&o4sI z$ ezL
NGBO ' LR&o4rsez$ I zL NUSAO Hdel !b!llo6$ "(seZs LR".(4zI z$ ezL Hde l! "(s!6$
#o-es LR#o9sI z$ ezL NGBO ' LR#!49sez$ I zL NUSAO Hzorros6$ %(s&es LR%([I z$ ezL
He"%(.onesL o#ensi+!sL e"%(.!6$ 7!t&es LR7ot[I z$ ezL NGBO ' LR7!4t[ez$ I zL NUSAO
Hrelo.esL obser+!6$ et1
*(!ndo el ,eniti+o s!.3n lle+! sol!"ente el !%3stro#o sin s no se %ron(ni!$ %ero en
el !so de no"bres %ro%ios s(ele %ron(ni!rse1 E.4 &o(sesZ LR&!(zI z$ ezL$
D!+iesZ LRdeI+IsI z$ ezL #!t&er$ Di9ensZ LRdI9InzI z$ ezL o LRdI9enzezL boo9s1
El ,eniti+o s!.3n indi! sie"%re (n n2"ero deter"in!doL de#inido de lo /(e se
"enion! en l! se,(nd! %!rteM no se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o en l!
se,(nd! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n1
El ,eniti+o s!.3n s(ele lle+!r el !ento %ri"!rio en el no"bre de l! se,(nd! %!rteM
lo "s se,(ro %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es %oner (n !ento %ri"!rio en el
no"bre de l! %ri"er! %!rte ' en el no"bre de l! se,(nd! %!rte '! /(e sie"%re est
bienM no obst!nte$ (!ndo el no"bre /(e +! en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n +!
%reedido de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+o$ &!' di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do
se,2n se !ent2e el no"bre de l! %ri"er! %!rte o el no"bre de l! se,(nd! %!rteM en
este !so &!' !"bi,Xed!d en in,l0s esrito %ero no en in,l0s &!bl!do4 E.14 t&is
Rte!&erZs boo9 Heste Rlibro del %ro#esor6 ' Ut&is te!&erZs Rboo9V Hel Rlibro de este
%ro#esor6M &er R&ildZs to' Hs( .(,(ete de Rni)Ho$ !66 ' Q&er &ildZs Rto'Q Hel .(R,(ete de
s( &i.Ho$ !66$ et1
:1=81I El genitivo sa%n se usa con nombres propios nombres comunes 'ue se
refieren a personas o grupos de personasM este ,eniti+o s!.3n %(ede ser %osesi+o$
desri%ti+o$ s(b.eti+o$ ob.eti+o$ !trib(ti+o ' de ori,enM este ,eniti+o %(ede ir
se,(ido de ,er(ndio /(e nor"!l"ente se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or (n s(b.(nti+o1
E.14 R!(ntZs !"(sin, Rstor' Ndesri%ti+oO Hl! &istoRriet! di+ertid! de RtF!6$ RBillZs R7i#eL
R&ildrenL R!(ntL Rene"iesL R#riendsL Rli#eL Rde!t&L R7or9L oR%inionsL Rboo9sL R%ortr!it
Ndesri%ti+oO Hl! esR%os!L los R&i.osL l! RtF!L los eneR"i,osL los !R"i,osL l! R+id!L l!
R"(erteL el tr!Rb!.oL l!s o%iRnionesL los Rlibros Ns('os o esritos %or 0lOL el reRtr!to
Ndonde !%!ree 0l$ donde no !%!ree 0l %ero de s( %ro%ied!d o %int!do %or 0lO de
G(iRller"o6$ t&e Rbo'Zs R#!t&er Ndesri%ti+oO Hel R%!dre del "(R&!&o6$ R&ildrenZs
Rlot&es Ndesri%ti+oO HRro%! de Rni)os6$ ! Rler,'"!nZs Rson Ndesri%ti+oO Hel R&i.o de
(n Rl0ri,o6$ RD!+idZs R+ill! N%osesi+oO Hel &!Rl0 de D!R+id6$ ! R#oolZs Rerr!nd H(n!
"iRsi3n iRn2til6$ t&e R,irlZs disR"iss!l Nob.eti+oO Hel desR%ido de l! R&i!6$ R,irlsZ
R#riends&i%s Ndesri%ti+oO H!"isRt!des de R&i!s6$ Rj!"esZs R7i#e Ndesri%ti+oO Hl!
esR%os! de Rj!i"eL S!nRti!,oL RDie,oL j!Robo6M It is RAin,Zs R*olle,e HEs el *oRle,io
ReR!l6M t&e Rl!d'Zs 'o(n, R&ildren Ndesri%ti+oO Hlos R&i.os .3+enes de l! seR)or!6$ !
Rl!diesZ oR""ittee Ndesri%ti+oO H(n! o"iRsi3nL (n o"iRt0 de seR)or!s6$ ! Rlo+ersZ
R/(!rrelL Rti## Ndesri%ti+oO H(n! disR%(t! de en!"oRr!dosL Rno+ios6$ ! R"!nZsL R"enZs
Rl(b Nde #in!lid!dO H(n Rl(b deL %!r! R&o"bres6$ MrH16 RStron,Zs R7i#e Ndesri%ti+oO
Hl! esR%os! del Sr1 RS16$ 'o(r Rnei,&bo(rZs NGBOL Rnei,&borZs NUSAO R,!rden
N%osesi+oO Hel .!rRdFn de t( +eRino6$ t&e R%eo%leZs oR%inions Nde ori,enO Hl!s o%iRniones
de l! R,ente6$ ! R%l!nterZs Rli#e Ndesri%ti+oO Hl! R+id! de (n oRlonoL &!enRd!do6$ St1
Rj!"esZs RP!r9L RS/(!re Ndesri%ti+oO Hel R%!r/(eL l! R%l!z! de S!n Rj!i"eL S!n RDie,oL
S!n j!RoboL S!nRti!,o A%3stol6$ t&e Rte!&erZs R7ords Nde ori,enO Hl!s %!Rl!br!s del
%ro#eRsor6$ Rtr!+ellerZs R&e/(es NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rtr!+elerZs R&e9s NUSAO
Ndesri%ti+oO HR&e/(es de R+i!.e6$ t&e R+ieIRons(lZs R%ost Ndesri%ti+oO Hel R%(esto de
+ieR3ns(l6$ R>illi!"Zs R7ritin, Ndesri%ti+oO Hl! esriRt(r! de G(iRller"o6$ !
R7o"!nZs R&(sb!nd Ndesri%ti+oO Hel "!Rrido de (n! R"(.er6$ R7o"enZs R"!,!zines
Nde #in!lid!dO HreR+ist!s deL %!r! "(R.eres6$ t&is R7o"enZs Rolle,e Nde #in!lid!dO Hest!
(ni+ersiRd!d deL %!r! "(R.eres6M Ee le#t 7it&o(t &is sisterZs seein, &i" Hl se
"!r&3 sin /(e s( &er"!n! le +ier!6M T&ere is no %roble" in t&e ,irlZs 7!ntin, to be
s(re HNo &!' %roble"! on /(e l! "(&!&! /(ier! est!r se,(r!6M in t&e e+ent o#
*&ristineZs o"in, Hen el !so de /(e *ristin! +en,!6$ et1 D1 :1??
En ciertos casos puede /aber ambigSedad o confusin en ingls /ablado entre
el singular el plural con el genitivo sa%n, pero no con el genitivo con MofM1
E.14 t&e R,irlZs Rn!"eL R%!rents Ndesri%ti+oO Hel Rno"breL los R%!dres de l! "(R&!&!6
' Ut&e R,irlsZ Rn!"eL R%!rentsV Hel Rno"breL los R%!dres de l!s "(R&!&!s6M t&e
R"ot&erZs be R &!+io(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be R &!+ior NUSAO Ndesri%ti+oO Hl!
onRd(t! de l! R"!dre6 ' Ut&e R"ot&ersZ be R &!+io(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be R &!+ior
NUSAOV Hl! onRd(t! de l!s R"!dres6$ et1
A(n/(e en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n %(ede &!ber (n !d.eti+o$
%rini%!l"ente re#erido ! %erson!Hs6$ /(e &!e #(ni3n de no"bre4 t&e !R(sedZs
Rinnoene N!trib(ti+oO Hl! inoReni! del !(Rs!do6$ t&e deRe!sedZs R7ill Nde ori,enO
Hel test!R"ento del #!lleRido6$ et1$ es #re(ente no (s!r el ,eniti+o s!.3n sino el
,eniti+o on Qo#Q1 E.14 t&e &("ilit' o# t&e R%oor N!trib(ti+oO Hl! &("ilRd!d de los
R%obres6$ t&e /(!lities o# t&e RFren& Hl!s (!liRd!des de los #r!nReses61
*(!ndo l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n es (n no"bre o"%(esto de +!ri!s
%!l!br!s$ el !%3stro#o se,(ido o no de no"bre se %one !l #in!l1 E.14 t&e RD(9e o#
Alb!Zs inRtentions Hl!s intenRiones del d(/(e de RAlb!6$ 'o(r RsonIinIl!7Zs Rl(9 Hl!
Rs(erte de t( R'erno6$ 'o(r RsisterIinIl!7Zs R&(sb!nd Hel "!Rrido de t( (R)!d!6$
RGeor,e t&e FirstZs Rrei,n Hel reiRn!do de jor,e RI6$ t&e RPresident o# t&e United St!tesZ
R,o+ern"ent Hel ,oRbierno del %residente de los Est!dos URnidos6$ t&e RAin, o#
Den"!r9Zs Ro(rt Hl! Rorte del re' de Din!R"!r!6$ Rnobod' elseZs R%ro%ert' Hl!
%ro%ieRd!d de n!die R"s6$ t&e R"!n o# t&e 7orldZs res%et!Rbilit' Hl! res%et!biliRd!d
del &o"bre de R"(ndo6$ MrH16R>&!tZsI&is n!"eZs sill' R!ns7er Hl! resR%(est! tont!
del Sr1 R3"o se ll!"!6$ !#ter ! d!' or t7oZs Rrest Hdes%(0s de des!ns!r (n dF! o
Rdos6$ et1
*(!ndo &!' +!rios no"bres oordin!dos$ se %(ede %oner el !%3stro#o on o sin
no"bre detrs del 2lti"o (!ndo l! se,(nd! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n se re#iere !
!"bos$ ' detrs de !d! (no de ellos (!ndo l! se,(nd! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n se
re#iere ! !d! (no %or se%!r!do1 E.14 Be!("ont !nd Flet&erZs R%l!'s Hl!s Robr!s de
te!tro No"(nesO de B1 ' F16$ M!r' !nd Ni9Zs R#(t(re Hel #(Rt(ro No"2nO de M!rF! '
Niols61
L! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n %(ede ser (n! or!i3nM esto$ sin e"b!r,o$ no es
"(' #re(ente ' es "e.or e+it!rlo1 E.14 t&e te!&er s&e "et in BelizeZs R%roble"
N"enos (s!do4 %eorOL t&e %roble" o# t&e te!&er s&e "et in Belize N"s (s!do4
"e.orO Hel %roRble"! del %ro#esor /(e ell! onoi3 en Belie61
*(!ndo &!' (n no"bre %ro%io on (n! !%osii3n$ se %(ede %oner QZsQ detrs del
no"bre o des%(0s de l! !%osii3n1 E.14 !t MrH16 E!rdZs$ t&e old te!&er NoO !t MrH16
E!rd$ t&e old te!&erZs Hen !s! del +ie.o %ro#esor Sr1 E161
A +ees$ no se (s! el !%3stro#o1 E.14 Rbo's R7e!r Nde #in!lid!dO HRro%! deL %!r!
"(R&!&os6$ R&ildrenZs R7e!r Nde #in!lid!dO HRro%! deL %!r! Rni)os6$ Rl!diesZ R7e!r Nde
#in!lid!dO HRro%! deL %!r! seR)or!s6$ R"ens R7e!rL "ens7e!r Nde #in!lid!dO HRro%! deL
%!r! R&o"bres6$ et1
En iertos !sos %(ede &!ber di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do1 E.14 t&e T!'lorsZ &ildren Hlos
&i.os de los T!'lor Ns3lo del "!tri"onio T!'lorO6 ' Ut&e T!'lor &ildrenV Hlos &i.os
de los T!'lor Nlos &i.os del "!tri"onio T!'lor ' de s(s %!rientes diretos e
indiretosO61
*(!ndo en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n +! (n no"bre de %il! o (n no"bre
re#erido ! %erson!$ el no"bre de l! se,(nd! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n$ si +! en
sin,(l!r$ %(ede ir %reedido de Q"!n' ! #riend Nliter!rioOL e+er' ot&erL e+er'L
!not&er s(&Q %ero no de Ue+er'V$ et1 E.14 ROs7!ldZs "!n' ! Nliter!rioOL e+er' ot&erL
e+er'L !not&er s(& R#riend HM(&os !R"i,osL Todos los otros !R"i,osL Todos los
!R"i,osL Otro !R"i,o !sF de OsR+!ldo61
*(!ndo en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n +! (n no"bre de %il! o (n no"bre
re#erido ! %erson!$ el no"bre de l! se,(nd! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n$ si +! en %l(r!l$
%(ede ir %reedido de Q#o(r N( otro n2"ero ! %!rtir de dosOL ot&erL t7ie !s "!n'L
#i+e N( otro n2"ero ! %!rtir de dosO ti"es !s "!n'L not !s "!n'L not so "!n'L +er'
"!n'L "(& too "!n' Nolo/(i!l4 s!rstioOL r!t&er too "!n' Ns!rstioOL #e7L
not !s #e7L not so #e7L +er' #e7L e-tre"el' #e7L o"%!r!ti+el' #e7L %reio(s #e7L
too #e7L #!r too #e7L "(& too #e7 Nolo/(i!lOL r!t&er #e7L r!t&er too #e7L #e7erL
#!r #e7erL "(& #e7er Nolo/(i!lOL "!n' #e7erL se+er!l #e7erL #e7 "oreL /(ite
#e7 "oreL +er' #e7 "oreL "!n'L "!n' "oreL +er' "!n' "oreL not t&!t "!n'
"oreL se+er!l "oreL dozens "oreL &(ndreds "oreL t&o(s!nds "oreL "ostL se+er!lL
+!rio(sL di+ers N!r!ioOL n("ero(sL ert!inL s(ndr'L s(&li9eQ1 E.14 ROs7!ldZs ot&er
R#riends Hlos otros !R"i,os de OsR+!ldo61
:1=:1I El genitivo sa%n se usa con animales o grupos de animales grandes,
animales domsticos ' ! +ees$ es%ei!l"ente en in,l0s &!bl!do$ t!"bi0n on
!ni"!les o seres +i+os %e/(e)osM se (s! t!"bi0n %!r! lo /(e %rod(en los !ni"!les
+i+os %ero &!' !l,(n!s e-e%ionesM este ,eniti+o s!.3n %(ede ser desri%ti+o ' de
ori,en1 E.14 ! RbirdZs Re,, H(n R&(e+o de R%.!ro6$ ! RbirdZsIe'e R+ie7 H(n! R+ist! de
R%.!ro6$ t&e RbirdZs Rnest Hel Rnido del R%.!ro6$ t&e b(llZsIe'e NGBOL b(llse'e NUSAO
Hel entro del bl!noL l! di!n!6$ t&e Rb(tter#l'Zs R7in,s Hl!s R!l!s de l! "!riR%os!6$ t&e
R!tZs Rt!il Hel Rr!bo del R,!to6$ ! Rdo,Zs Rt!il Hel Rr!bo de (n R%erro6$ ! R&enZs Re,, H(n
R&(e+o de ,!Rllin!6$ &is R&orseZs Rt!il Hel Rr!boL l! Rol! de s( !Rb!llo6$ t&e RlionZs Rs&!re
Hl! R%!rte del leR3n6$ Rs&ee%Zs R7ool HRl!n! de oR+e.!6$ et1 D1 :1?@
En ,ener!l$ no se (s! t!nto el ,eniti+o s!.3n o"o el ,eniti+o on Qo#Q on no"bres
de !ni"!les e-e%to en !l,(n!s o"bin!iones /(e son !si no"bres o"%(estos o
%!r! !bre+i!r1 E.14 It 7!s so"et&in, 7it& s&inin, e'es li9e ! !tZs Ni li9e t&ose o# !
!tO HEr! !l,o on o.os brill!ntes o"o los de (n ,!to6$ et1 D1 :1B@
:1=;1I El genitivo sa%n se usa con nombres colectivos o de organi)aciones
pol(ticas, religiosas, culturales o de otro tipo, empresas, peridicos, revistas
libros$ es%ei!l"ente en in,l0s liter!rioM este ,eniti+o s!.3n %(ede ser %osesi+o$
desri%ti+o$ de ori,en1 E.14 t&e R"!,!zineZs %oint o# R+ie7 Hel R%(nto de +ist! de l!
reR+ist!6$ et1 D1 :15C5
:1=<1I El genitivo sa%n se usa con nombres propios algunos nombres
comunes Hon+eniene$ et16 se,(idos del no"bre Qs!9eQM se s(ele %oner QZsQ
(!ndo el no"bre no ter"in! en LsL o LzL ' r!r!"ente sin QZsQM (!ndo el no"bre
ter"in! en LsL o LzL se %one s3lo el !%3stro#o '$ ! +ees$ sin 0lM este ,eniti+o es
desri%ti+o1 E.14 #or old !R/(!int!neZ Rs!9e H%or +ie.! !"isRt!d6M #or !R%%e!r!neZ
Rs!9e H%or !%!Rrieni!6M mo( !r,(e #or R!r,(in,Zs Rs!9e N"enos (s!do /(e on Q#or t&e
s!9e o# !r,(in,QO HDis(tes %or dis(Rtir6M For R!r,("entZs Rs!9e$ letZs t&in9 s&e is
,one] H\Pon,!"os %or !so /(e ell! se &!'! ido]6M #or Rbre+it'Zs N"s (s!doOL
Rbre+it' Rs!9e H%or bre+eRd!d6M S&e !"e #or t&e R&ildrenZs Rs!9e HEll! +ino %or los
niR)osL R&i.os6M #or Rle!nlinessZN"s (s!doOL Rle!nliness Rs!9e H%or &iR,iene6M #or
Rle!rnessZ N"s (s!doOL Rle!rness Rs!9e H%or l!riRd!d6M Do it #or RonsieneZ N"s
(s!doOL Ronsiene Rs!9e] H\E!zlo %or onRieni!]6M Go #or 'o(r Ro(ntr'Zs Rs!9e]
H\Dete %or Hl! R!(s! de6 t( %!RFs]6M #or Rdeen'Zs Rs!9e H%or deReni!6M >eZll do it
#or eR##iien'Zs Rs!9e HLo &!re"os %or l! e#iR!i!L e#iRieni!L el rendiR"iento6M #or
R#!s&ionZ N"s (s!doOL R#!s&ion Rs!9e H%or l! R"od!6M For RGodZs N"s (s!doOL RGod
Rs!9e$ o"e soon] H\Por Hel !R"or de6 RDios$ +enH,!6 %ronto]6M For R,oodnessZN"s
(s!doOL R,oodness Rs!9e$ donZt 9ill (s] H\Por Hel !R"or de6 RDios$ no nos "!teHs6]6M #or
R,lor'Zs Rs!9e H%or Hl!6 R,lori!6M #or R&e!lt&Z N"s (s!doOL R&e!lt& Rs!9e H%or l! s!Rl(d6M
For R&e!+enZs Rs!9e$ donZt ,o] H\Por Hel !R"or de6 RDios$ no te +!'!s]6M #or R&onest'Zs
Rs!9e H%or &onestiRd!d6M #or Rjes(sZ Rs!9e H%or el !R"or de jeRs2s6M #or R9no7led,eZ
N"s (s!doOL R9no7led,e Rs!9e H%or onoiR"iento6M Do it #or RM!r9Zs Rs!9e] H\E!zlo
%or RM!ros]6M S&e did it #or &is Rn!"eZs Rs!9e HEll! lo &izo %or s( Rno"bre6M Ee
!"e #or 'o(r oR%inionZs Rs!9e Hl +ino %or t( o%iRni3n6M Sto% #i,&tin, #or R%e!eZ
Rs!9e] H\P!r!Hd6 de l(&!r %or l! R!(s! de l! R%!z]6M For R%it'Zs N"s (s!doOL %it'
Rs!9e$ let &er !lone] H\Por o"%!Rsi3nL %ieRd!dL Dios RS!nto$ d0.!l! tr!n/(il!]6M #or
%oRlitenessZ N"s (s!doOL %oRliteness Rs!9e H%or orteRsF!6M #or R%r!iseZ N"s (s!doOL
R%r!ise Rs!9e H%or !l!Rb!nz!6M #or rereR!tionZ N"s (s!doOL rereR!tion Rs!9e H%or
rere!Ri3n6M #or Rri,&teo(snessZ Rs!9e H%or retiRt(d6M S&e loo9s #or Rs!#et'Zs Rs!9e
HEll! "ir! %or l! se,(riRd!d6M S&e sto%%ed it #or Rso(ndZs Rs!9e HEll! %!r3 %or el
soRnido6M #or Rs%ortZ N"s (s!doOL Rs%ort Rs!9e H%or deR%orte6M not e+en #or old Rti"eZsL
Rti"esZ Rs!9e Hni si/(ier! %or los +ie.os Rtie"%os6M #or Rtr(t&Zs Rs!9e H%or l! +erRd!d6$ #or
+!Rriet'Zs Rs!9e H%or Hl!6 +!rieRd!d6$ #or R7!r"t&Zs Rs!9e H%or !Rri)oL !R#eto61 D1 :1B5
:1==1I El genitivo sa%n se usa con algunos nombres 'ue indican peso, precio o
valor, tiempo 4cronolgico+, se,(idos del no"bre U,ort/VM son ,eniti+os de
"edid!1 E.14 S&e bo(,&t #i+e R%o(ndZsL R%o(nds 7ort& o# Rs(,!r HEll! o"%r3 !Rz2!r
%or +!lor de ino Rlibr!s6M S&e 7!nts &er R"one'Zs R7ort& HEll! /(iere s!!rle
%roR+e&o6M t7o R'e!rsZ 7ort& o# &!rd R7or9 Hdos R!)os de d(ro Rtr!b!.o6M t&ree
Rdoll!rsZ R7ort& H%or +!Rlor de tres Rd3l!res6M T&!t is t&ree t&o(s!nd Re(rosZ R7ort& HEso
R+!le tres "il Re(ros61
:1=?1I El genitivo sa%n se usa con nombres geogr!ficos4 %l!net!s o (er%os
elestes$ l! n!t(r!lez! ' !,entes n!t(r!les$ ontinentes$ %!Fses o n!iones$ re,iones o
est!dos$ +istos desde (n %(nto de +ist! s(b.eti+o o"o si #(er!n entes +i+os$
es%ei!l"ente en in,l0s liter!rioM s(elen ser ,eniti+os de l(,!r o desri%ti+os1 E.14
t&e Rs(nZs Rbe!"s Hlos Rr!'os del Rsol6$ t&e R"oonZs ir(it o# t&e Re!rt& Hl! R3rbit! de l!
l(n! !lrededor de l! Rtierr!6$ t&e R7indZs eR##et Hel eR#eto del R+iento6$ t&e R%l!ntZs
&!r!teRristis Hl!s !r!teRrFsti!s de l! R%l!nt!6$ et1 D1 :1@?$ :15C5
A +ees se (s! el ,eniti+o s!.3n en titulares de peridico para a/orrar espacio$
%ero l! or!i3n enter! lle+! el ,eniti+o on Qo#Q1 E.14 EOTELZS ROOF BLO>N
A>Am Ni T&e roo# o# ! &otel &!s been blo7n !7!'O HEl te.!do de (n &otel lo &!
lle+!do el +iento61
:1=@1I El genitivo sa%n se usa con expresiones de tiempo4 !#ternoon$ ent(r'$
d!'$ e+enin,$ #ortni,&t$ &o(r$ "in(te$ "o"ent$ "ont&$ ni,&t$ se!son$ seond$
T&(rsd!'$ tod!'$ to"orro7$ T(esd!'$ >ednesd!'$ 7ee9$ 'e!r$ 'esterd!'$ et1M son
,eniti+os de "edid!M (!ndo se %one el !%3stro#o %(ede re#erirse ! tie"%o %resente$
%!s!do o #(t(ro$ ! (n! 0%o! del !)o o ! (n %erFodo de tie"%o deter"in!doM
cuando no se pone el apstrofo puede tener tres significados di#erentes4
a+ @no 'ue no se refiere al futuro sino al tiempo de duracin de una actividadM
es (n !d+erbio de tie"%o1
b+ Ctro 'ue se refiere a una poca del aLo o a un per(odo de tiempo
determinado1
c+ Ctro 'ue se refiere a tiempo presente, pasado o futuro7 se usa
principalmente en ingls colo'uial no se considera tan correcto como con el
apstrofoM no se %(ede (s!r sie"%re sino en !l,(nos !sos n!d! "sM tiene el
"is"o si,ni#i!do /(e on el !%3stro#o1 E.14 !t ! R"o"entZs Rnotie Nestnd!rO Hon
(n !R+iso "(' Rorto6$ ne-t R7ee9Zs ,ener!l eRletions Nestnd!rO Hl!s eleRiones de l!
se"!n! /(e R+iene6M T&e &os%it!l is !bo(t nine R"in(tesZ R7!l9 Nestnd!rO HEl
&os%it!l est ! (nos n(e+e "iRn(tos !nRd!ndo6M !n &o(r !nd ! R&!l#Zs R+isit Nestnd!rO
H(n! +iRsit! de (n! &or! ' R"edi!6M Ee &!snZt &!d ! deentL ,ood Rni,&tZs Rslee% in
"ont&s Nestnd!rO HE!e "eses /(e 0l no Rd(er"e (n! no&e enRter!6M in N7it&in4 no
%onerO !n R&o(rZs Rti"e Nestnd!rOL in !n &o(r Nolo/(i!lO Hdentro de (n! &or!6M ItZs
!bo(t t7o R&o(rsZ Rdri+e Nestnd!rO to M!l!,! HSe lle,! en (n!s dos &or!s ! Ml!,!
%or !rreter!6M E!+e 'o( &e!rd toRd!'Zs Rne7sT Nestnd!rO HWE!s oFdo l!s noRtii!s de
R&o'T6M ! Rs(""erZs Rd!' Nestnd!rOL ! Rs(""er Rd!' Nestnd!rO H(n RdF! de +eRr!no6$ !
Rd!'Zs R7!,es Nestnd!rO H(n .orRn!l6$ Ne7 Rme!rZs RD!' Nestnd!rO HRdF! de A)o
RN(e+o6$ ! ten Rd!'sZ R+isit Nliter!rioOL ! ten Rd!'s R+isit Nolo/(i!lOL ! tenId!' +isit
Nestnd!rOL ! ten Rd!' R+isit Nestnd!rO H(n! +iRsit! de diez RdF!s6M &is R7ee9Zs R7!,es
Nestnd!rO Hs( R%!,! de l! seR"!n!6M S&e &!d ! R7ee9Zs R&olid!' Nestnd!rOL ! oneI
7ee9 &olid!' Nestnd!rO !t E!ster HEll! t(+o (n! se"!n! de +!!iones en Se"!n!
S!nt!6M b' t&e R7ee9Zs Rend NUSA4 estnd!rOL b' t&e Rend o# t&e R7ee9 NGB4 estnd!rO
H!ntes del R#in de seR"!n!6M !#ter ! R"ont&Zs Rti"e Nestnd!rOL !#ter ! R"ont&
Nolo/(i!lO H! l! R+(elt! de (n R"es6M Ee &!d t7o R"ont&sZ R&olid!' Nestnd!rOL ! t7o
R"ont&sZ R&olid!' Nliter!rioOL ! t7oI"ont& &olid!' Nestnd!rO Hl t(+o (n!s
+!!Riones de dos R"eses6M N!4 no %onerO se+en R"ont&sZ Rle!+e Nliter!rioO H(n
%erR"iso de siete R"eses6M S&e ,!+e si- R"ont&sZ Rnotie Nestnd!rOL ! si-I"ont&
notie Nestnd!rO HEll! lo di.o on seis R"eses de !ntel!Ri3n6M t7o R"ont&sZ Rrent
Nestnd!rO Hl! Rrent! de dos R"eses6M in N7it&in4 no %onerO t7o R"in(tesZ Rti"e
Nestnd!rOL in t7o R"in(tes Nolo/(i!lO Hdentro de dos "iRn(tos6$ in N7it&in4 no
%onerO ! R"ont&Zs Rti"e Nestnd!rOL in ! R"ont& Nolo/(i!lO Hdentro de (n R"es6$ in
N7it&in4 no %onerO t&ree R"ont&sZ Rti"e Nestnd!rOL in t&ree R"ont&s Nolo/(i!lO
Hdentro de tres R"eses6$ t&is R'e!rZs Rrisis Nestnd!rO Hl! Rrisis de este R!)o6$ in
N7it&in4 no %onerO ten R'e!rsZ Rti"e Nestnd!rOL in ten R'e!rs Nolo/(i!lO Hdentro de
diez R!)os6M in N7it&in4 no %onerO ten or t7el+e R'e!rsZ Rti"e Nestnd!rOL in ten or
t7el+e R'e!rs Rti"e Nolo/(i!lOL in ten or t7el+e R'e!rs Nolo/(i!lO HdentroL ! l!
R+(elt! de diez o doe R!)os6$ t&e Rent(r'Zs Rend Nestnd!rO Hel #iRn!l del Rsi,lo6$ et1 D1
:1@<$ :15C8
Kara los castellano/ablantes lo m!s sencillo es poner siempre el apstrofo
excepto cuando se refiere al tiempo de duracin de una actividad1 E.14 Ee !n
do it in t7o d!'s Hl %(ede &!erlo en dos dF!s Ndesde /(e e"%iee &!st! /(e
ter"ineM Qin t7o d!'sQ indi! el tie"%o de d(r!i3n de todo lo /(e se die en el
resto de l! or!i3nM en todos los de"s e.e"%los de este %rr!#o se indi! (ndo
e"%iez! (n! !ti+id!d$ 2!nto tie"%o d(r!$ et1$ %ero no se indi! el tie"%o de
d(r!i3n de todo lo /(e se die en el resto de l! or!i3nO61
:1=B1I El genitivo sa%n se usa con nombres de distancia, peso$ %ero ! +ees no
se %one el !%3stro#oM Q#eetQ no lle+! n(n! el !%3stro#oM son ,eniti+os de "edid!1
E.14 ! t7o R"ilesZL t7oI"ile R7!l9 H(n %!Rseo de dos R"ill!s6$ ! /(!rter o# ! R"ileZs
Rdist!ne H! (n! disRt!ni! de (n (!rto de R"ill!6$ !t ! 9iRlo"etreZs NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL 9iRlo"eterZs NUSAO Rdist!ne H! l! disRt!ni! de (n 9iRl3"etro6$ onl'
! RstoneZs Rt&ro7 !7!' Hs3lo ! (n R%!soL Rtiro de %iedr! de disRt!ni!6$ ! #o(r
9iRlo"etresZ NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ! #o(rI9ilo"etre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ! #o(r
9iRlo"etersZ NUSAOL ! #o(rI9ilo"eter NUSAO R"!r& H(n! R"!r&! de (!tro
9iRl3"etros6$ !t t&irt' R#eet Rdist!ne H! l! disRt!ni! de treint! R%ies6M Ee es!%ed b' !
R&!irZsIbre!dt& NGBOL R&!irbre!dt&Zs NGBOL R&!irZs bre!dt& NUSAOL R&!irbre!dt& NGBOL
R&!irsbre!dt& NUSAO Hl Hse6 es!%3 %or los R%elosL se libr3 de "iRl!,ro6M ! R&!irZsI
bre!dt& NGBOL R&!irbre!dt&Zs NGBOL R&!irZs bre!dt& NUSAOL R&!irbre!dt& NGBOL
R&!irsbre!dt& NUSAO es!%e H(n esR!%e %or los R%elos6M Ee 9e%t &er !t R!r"Zs Rlen,t&
Hl l! "!nt(+o ! (n! iert! dist!ni!L l ,(!rd3 l! dist!ni! on ell!6M It is 7it&in
R!r"Zs Rre!& HEst !l !lR!ne de l! R"!no6M ! RstoneZs Rt&ro7 #ro" t&e b(ildin, H! (n!
%eRdr!d! del edi#iio6$ t&ree R9ilosZ R7ei,&t Hel R%eso de tres R9ilos6$ et1 D1 :1@=
:1?C1I El ,eniti+o s!.3n se (s! on partes del cuerpo1 E.14 t&e Rbod'Zs Rneeds Hl!s
neesiRd!des del R(er%o6$ t&e Rbr!inZs R#(ntions Hl!s #(nRiones del eRrebro6M S&e !te
to &er R&e!rtZs onRtent HEll! o"i3 &!st! s!Ri!rse6M t&e R"indZs !R%!it' Hl!
!%!iRd!d de l! R"ente6$ et1 D1 :1@@
:1?51I El genitivo sa%n se usa con nombres abstractos o"o Qde!t&$ d(t'$
#reedo"$ &!r"$ li#e$ lo+e$ l(9$ "ind$ n!t(re$ siene$ tre!t'$ 7itQ$ et1$ en in,l0s
liter!rio1 E.14 !t Rde!t&Zs Rdoor H! l! R%(ert! de l! R"(erte6M Rd(t'Zs R!ll Hl! ll!R"!d! del
deRber6M S&e too9 &er #!t&er o(t o# R&!r"Zs R7!' HEll! %(so ! s( %!dre ! Rs!l+oL #(er!
de %eRli,ro6M Ee ,ot t&e &ildren o(t o# R&!r"Zs R7!' Hl %(so ! los ni)os ! Rs!l+oL
/(it3 ! los ni)os de en R"edio6M Rli#eZs little Rironies Hl!s %e/(e)!s iroRnF!s de l! R+id!6$
Rli#eZs R.o(rne' Hel R+i!.e de l! R+id!6M S&e 7!s ne+er in Rl(9Zs R7!' lon, HEll! no tenF!
s(erte n(n! "(&o Rtie"%o6M I !n see &i" in "' R"indZs Re'e HEs o"o si le
est(+ier! +iendoL lo +eo en "i R"ente6M in R#reedo"Zs Rn!"e Hen Rno"bre de l!
liberRt!d6M one o# Rn!t(reZs R,entle"en H(n !Rb!llero %or n!t(r!Rlez!6M It is Rn!t(reZs
R7!' o# tellin, 'o( so"et&in, HEs l! R#or"! /(e tiene el or,!Rnis"oL l! n!t(r!Rlez!
de deirte !l,o6M S&e is !t &er R7itZsL R7itsZ Rend HEll! est o"o %!r! +ol+erse Rlo!L
no s!be /(0 &!Rer6$ et1
:1?81I El genitivo sa%n se usa con nombres relacionados con la cultura, la
ciencia, la literatura otros !s%etos rel!ion!dos on l! +id! de los seres
&("!nos ' en expresiones idiom!ticasM ! +ees$ sol!"ente en in,l0s liter!rio o
%erodFstio1 E.14 t&e R!rtileZs Rserio(sness Hl! serieRd!d del !rRtF(lo6$ t&e R!rZs deRsi,n
Hel diRse)o del Ro&e6$ ! o"R%(terZs be R &!+io(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be R &!+ior
NUSAO Hel o"%ort!R"iento de (n orden!Rdor6$ t&e eRono"'Zs reent R,ro7t& Hel
reiR"iento reiente de l! eonoR"F!6M S&e 9no7s Fren& !t &er R#in,ersZ Rend
N"enos (s!doOL li9e t&e b!9L %!l" o# &er &!nd N"s (s!doO HEll! se siente ! ,(sto
on el #r!n0sL onoe el #r!n0s o"o l! %!l"! de l! "!noL onoe el #r!n0s de
!rretill!6M o(t o# R&!r"Zs R7!' H#(er! de %eRli,ro6M Ee !te to &is R&e!rtZs onRtent Hl
o"i3 ! "s no %oder6M R&istor'Zs deR+elo%"ent Hel des!Rrrollo de l! &isRtori!6$ t&e
R"!r9etZs Rrise Hl! s(Rbid! del "erR!do6$ ! RneedleZs Re'e H(n! !%ert(r! "Fni"!L (n
ori#iio "(' %e/(e)o6$ t&e Rr!zorZs Red,e Hel R#ilo de l! n!R+!.!6$ t&e reR%ortZs Rontent
Hel onteRnido del re%orRt!.e6$ RsieneZs Ri"%!t Hel i"R%!to de l! Rieni!6$ t&e Rs&i%Zs
R!%t!in Hel !%iRtn del Rb!ro6$ t&e Rs&i%Zs Ro"%!n' Hl! tri%(l!i3n6$ t&e Rs&i%Zs
Rdotor Hel R"0dio de ! Rbordo6$ t&e R7!rZs Rre!l" Hel teRrreno de l! R,(err!6M t&e
R7!terZs Rle+el Hel niR+el del R!,(!6$ et1 D1 :1@B$ :15C;
:1?:1I El genitivo sa%n se usa con nombres de lugares o edificios e instituciones
donde se &!e +id! soi!l o donde se re!liz!n !ti+id!des &("!n!s$ es%ei!l"ente
en in,l0s liter!rio4 %!Fses$ i(d!des$ !s!s$ (ni+ersid!des$ ole,ios ' es(el!s$
%olit0nios$ !tedr!les$ i,lesi!s$ !b!dF!s$ %!rro/(i!s$ trib(n!les$ !'(nt!"ientos$
!ero%(ertos$ est!iones$ !stillos$ .e#!t(r!s de %oliF!$ "(seos$ %!l!ios$ &os%it!les$
&oteles$ te!tros$ ines$ entros o"eri!les$ rest!(r!ntes$ tiend!s$ b!nos$ l(bHe6s$
tiend!s$ s(%er"er!dos$ #!r"!i!s$ !,eni!s de +i!.e$ editori!les ' otros
est!blei"ientos o"eri!les$ et1M estos ,eniti+os s!.ones de l(,!r %(eden lle+!r l!
se,(nd! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n$ ' (!ndo l! se,(nd! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n es
UB!n9$ *!t&edr!l$ *&(r&$ *l(b$ *olle,e$ Eos%it!l$ Eotel$ &o(se$ P!l!e$
P(blis&ers$ Rest!(r!nt$ S&ool$ s&o%$ store$ s(%er"!r9et$ T&e!tre NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL T&e!ter NUSAOV se %(ede s(%ri"ir si res(lt! #!"ili!r o se
sobrHe6entiendeM ! +ees$ t!"%oo lle+!n el !%3stro#o %or/(e se &! %erdido on el
(so$ es%ei!l"ente detrs del no"bre %ro%io se,(ido de QB!n9$ Rest!(r!nt$
P(blis&ers$ s&o%$ store$ Uni+ersit'Q$ ne,oios on el no"bre %ro%io ' !l,(n!s
i(d!des si res(lt! #!"ili!r o se sobrHe6entiendeM los no"bres de l(,!res no se +en
desde (n %(nto de +ist! ,eo,r#io sino soi!l o %olFtioM s(elen ser ,eniti+os de
l(,!r1 E.14 RR(ssi!Zs instiRt(tions Hl!s instit(Riones de RR(si!6M T&e' !te !t t&e
F!rro7Zs H*o"ieron en !s! de los F!rro7L l! #!"ili! F!rro76M I !" ,oin, to "'
sisterZs H&o(se6 HDo' ! !s! de "i &er"!n!6M RAin,Zs *olle,e RLondon 7!s di##erent
HEl RLondres del *ole,io RRe!l er! di#erente6M Old St1 RP!(lZs H*!Rt&edr!l6 7!s b(rnt
do7n in 5=== HL! +ie.! !teRdr!l de S1 RP!blo se /(e"3 en 5===6M T&e' +isited St1
RP!(lZs H*!Rt&edr!l6 HDisit!ron l! !teRdr!l de S!n RP!blo6M St1 RP!(lZs RAbbe' Hl!
!b!RdF! de S1 RP!blo6M St1 RP!(lZs R&(r&'!rd is bi, HEl R%!tio de l! i,lesi! de S1 RP!blo
es ,r!nde6M S&e bo(,&t it !t RSel#rid,eZs Hs(%erR"!r9et6 HEll! lo o"%r3 en el
s(%er"erR!do RS16M RSt1 L(9eZs HREos%it!l6$ RG('Zs HREos%it!l6$ RD(rr!ntZs HEoRtel6$
R*l!rid,eZs HEoRtel6$ St1 RM!rtinZs HRT&e!tre6$ Sel#rid,eZsL Sel#rid,es Hs&o%6$
RE!rrodZsL RE!rrods HRs&o%6$ RBro7nsL RGreens HRs&o%6$ R>ool7ort&s HRs&o%6$ RS!ll'Zs
HR*o##ee RS&o%6$ R*&ildZs HRo##eeIR&o(se6$ MRDon!lds HRRest!(r!nt6$ RB!rl!'s
HRB!n96$ RLlo'ds HRB!n96$ RArt&(rZs HR*l(b6$ RBroo9sZs HR*l(b6$ t&e Rb!9erZs HRs&o%6 Hl!
%!n!deRrF!6$ t&e R&e"istZs HRs&o%6 Hl! #!rR"!i!6$ RLon,"!ns HR%(blis&ers6$ RM!r9s
!nd RS%enerZsL RS%enersL RS%ener$ R*&!"bersZs Rjo(rn!l Hl! reR+ist!L %(bli!Ri3n
R*&!"bers6$ R*&!"bers En,lis& RDition!r'$ !t RS"it&L !t RS"it&Zs$ t&e Rboo9sellerZs
Hen l! libreRrF! RS"it&6$ !t S"it& t&e Rboo9sellerZs Ro##ie Hen l! o#iRin! de l! libreRrF!
S"it&6M Ee 7ent to t&e dotorZsL dotor Hl #(e ! l! ons(lt! del "0dioL !l
"0dio6M Ee 7ent to t&e dentistZsL dentist Hl #(e !l dentist!6M !t t&e R,reen,roerZs
HRs&o%6 Hl! +erd(leRrF!6$ !t t&e R,roerZs HRs&o%6L !t t&e ,roerHZs6 Hen l! Rtiend! de
o"esRtiblesL (ltr!"!Rrinos6M S&e 7ent to t&e le!nerZsL le!nersZL le!ners HEll! #(e
! l! tintorerF!6M !t t&e R&!irdresserZs Hs&o%6L !t t&e R&!irdresserHZs6 Hen l! %el(/(erF!6$
!t t&e Rb(t&erZs HRs&o%6L Rb(t&er Hen l! !rnieRrF!6M jo&ns Eo%9ins Uni+ersit'$ et1
D1 :1@?$ :1BC
Cuando un nombre en plural /ace la funcin de ad%etivo clasificativo, se
puede suprimir el apstrofo$ si se /(iere1 E.14 RBo's RS&ool$ RMiners FedeRr!tion$
RSt(dents RUnion$ United RSt!tes RAir RFore$ R>o"ens RInstit(te$ et1 Se %(ede o"itir
el !%3stro#o en !n(nios$ !rteles$ et14 RL!diesHZ6 R7e!r Nde #in!lid!dO HRro%! deL %!r!
seR)or!s6$ et1
A +ees$ no lle+!n ni !%3stro#o ni s$ es%ei!l"ente en est!blei"ientos ,r!ndes1 E.14
J(een Street$ Re,ent Street$ Priness Street$ Ditori! St!tion$ M!rlboro(,& Eo(se$
et1
:1?;1I El genitivo sa%n se usa con algunos pronombres indefinidos4 !n'bod'$
!n' one$ bot&$ e+er'bod'$ e+er'one$ e+er'one else$ e+er'7&ere$ nobod'$ no one$
one$ ot&ers$ t&e ot&ers$ so"ebod'$ so"ebod' else$ so"eone$ so"eone else$ et1 E.14
T&is is e+er'bod'Zs HEsto es de todos6M T&!t is Rnobod'Zs R%roble" HEsoL A/(ello no
es %roRble"! de Rn!die61 D1 <1:C
:1?<1I El genitivo sa%n se usa con nombres en forma el(ptica para indicar
posesin o lugarM l! se,(nd! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n no se s(ele %oner %!r! e+it!r
re%etiiones %or/(e se sobrHe6entiende lo /(e se /(iere deir1 E.14 T&!t boo9 is "'
RsisterZs HRboo96 HEse libro es Hel6 de "i &erR"!n!6M T&is &o(se is 'o(r Rbrot&erZs
HR&o(se6 HEst! !s! es Hl!6 de t( &erR"!no6M Eer &o"e is s"!ller t&!n RMi&!elZs
HR&o"e6 HL! !s! de ell! es "s %e/(e)! /(e l! H!s!6 de MiR,(el6M RS(s!nZs HR#!"il'6
is ! l!r,e #!"il' HL! #!R"ili! de S(Rs!n! es n("eros!L ,r!nde6M S&e %(t &er !r"s
t&ro(,& &er R&(sb!ndZs HR!r"s6 HEll! %(so los br!zos en los HRbr!zos6 de s( "!Rrido6M
A4 >&ose is t&isT HWDe /(i0n es estoT61 B4 It is REenr'Zs HR!"er!6 HEs Hl! "!r!
H#oto,r#i!66 de Enri/(e6M ERliz!Zs HRli#e6 is ! terrible li#e HL! +id! de Elis! es
terrible6M S&e is !t t&e dentistZs HEll! est en el dentist!6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ se %(ede (s!r el genitivo con MofM precedido de los pronombres
relativos ;t/at< ;t/ose< para su4b+stituir a nombres 'ue se usan en el
genitivo sa%n el(ptico1 E.14 T&!t boo9 is better t&!n t&!t o# "' sister HEseL A/(el
libro es "e.or /(e el de "i &er"!n!6M T&is &o(se is s"!ller t&!n t&!t o# 'o(r brot&er
HEst! !s! es "s %e/(e)! /(e l! de t( &er"!no6M S&e %(t &er !r"s t&ro(,& t&ose o#
&er &(sb!nd HEll! %(so los br!zos en los de s( "!rido61
:1?=1I El doble genitivo sa%n es poco recomendable %or/(e es %es!do1 E.14 t&e
Rte!&erZs R7i#eZs R!r Hel Ro&e de l! esR%os! del %ro#eRsor6$ RPeterZs R"ot&erZs R#(ner!l
Hel #(neRr!l de l! R"!dre de RPedro6$ "' Rbrot&erZs R#riendZs Ro(sin Hel R%ri"o del
!R"i,o de "i &erR"!no6$ et1
Por eso$ es "e.or %oner Qt&e !r o# t&e te!&erZs 7i#e$ t&e #(ner!l o# PeterZs "ot&er$
t&e o(sin o# "' brot&erZs #riendQ1
A +ees$ se (s! (n ,eniti+o s!.3n en GB ' no en USA1 E.14 ! Rb!b'Zs Rbottle NGBO '
U! Rb!b' Rbottle NUSAOV Nde #in!lid!dO H(n bibeRr3n6M ! Rb!b'Zs R%r!" NGBO ' U! Rb!b'
R!rri!,e NUSAOV Nde #in!lid!dO H(n o&eRito deL %!r! Rni)o6M ! RdollZs R&o(se NGBO
' U! Rdoll&o(se NUSAOV H(n! R!s! de "(R)e!s6M Rl!"bZs R7ool NGBO ' Ul!"bs7ool
NUSAOV HRl!n! de orRdero6$ et1
:1??1I El genitivo sa%n 4t/e saxon genitive# t/e inflected genitive+ puede ser"
*+ Kosesivo$ si indi! %ro%ied!d o %erteneni!4 RMi&!elZs Rboo9$ "' R!(ntZs R&o"e1
2+ Descriptivo4
!6 Si l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n &!e de s(.eto se ll!"! s(b.eti+o4 Rjo&nZs
Rde!t& Ni jo&n diedO$ R7o"enZs Rri,&ts Hlos deRre&os de l!s "(R.eres61
b6 Si l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n &!e de o"%le"ento direto se ll!"!
ob.eti+o4 RS(s!nZs introRd(tion Ni sb introd(ed S(s!nOM en iertos !sos res(lt!
di#Fil s!ber si el ,eniti+o s!.3n es s(b.eti+o ( ob.eti+oM %or eso$ se %re#iere (s!r el
,eniti+o on Qo#Q (!ndo es ob.eti+oM no obst!nte$ si l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o
s!.3n no se re#iere ! (n! %erson!$ es ob.eti+o ' no s(b.eti+o4 t&e Rdo,Zs R!%t(re Ni sb
!%t(red t&e do,O1
2+ =tributivo, si indi! (n! (!lid!d4 RBillZs st(R%idit' Ni Bill is st(%idO1
-+ De origen$ si l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n ori,in! lo /(e se die en l!
se,(nd! %!rte4 t&e Rb!n9Zs R"ess!,e Hel "enRs!.e N%roedenteO del Rb!no6M PrisRill!Zs
Rdr!7in, Ni P1 didL "!de ! dr!7in,M %(ede onsider!rse t!"bi0n desri%ti+o
s(b.eti+oO1
3+ De finalidad4 &ildrenZs boo9s Hlibros %!r! ni)os61
6+ De medida1 D1 :1==$ :1=@IB
8+ De lugar1 D1 :1=?$ :1?:
:1?@1I El genitivo con MofM se usa con nombres en singular 'ue se refieren a
personas, colectivos o instituciones, a menudo para dar importancia al
nombre 'ue va detr!s de MofM, con esos nombres en plural cuando no se
distingue del singular para evitar confusiones /(e %odrF!n s(r,ir si se (s!r! el
,eniti+o s!.3nM se s(ele (s!r (!ndo no indi! %osesi3n o %erteneni!M se s(ele (s!r
(!ndo !"bos no"bres +!n %reedidos de (n !d.eti+oM se (s! t!"bi0n on los
!d.eti+os /(e se (s!n o"o no"bres en %l(r!lM se (s! Qo#Q ' no el ,eniti+o s!.3n
(!ndo +! se,(ido de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o1 E.14 t&e n!"e o# t&e R,irl
Hel no"bre de l! "(R&!&!6M T&e de!t& o# &is R#!t&er 7!s terrible HL! "(erte de s(
R%!dre #(e terrible6M t&e son o# ! Rler,'"!n Hel &i.o de (n Rl0ri,o6$ t&e 7i#e o# MrH16
RStron, Hl! es%os! del Sr1 RS16$ t&e o"%(ter o# 'o(r Rnei,&bo(r NGBOL Rnei,&bor
NUSAO Hel orden!dor de t( +eRinHo$ !66$ ! #oe o# S1 E(Rssein H(n ene"i,o de S1
E(Rssein6$ !do%tion o# R&ildren H!do%i3n de Rni)os6$ t&e #i,(re o# t&e R%oet Hl! #i,(r!
del %oRet!6$ t&e "'t&i n!t(re o# t&e R%oet Hl! n!t(r!lez! "Fti! del %oRet!6M in t&e
&o"e +ill!,e o# t&e R"!n 7&o is t&ere Hen el %(eblo n!t!l del R&o"bre /(e est !&FL
!llF6M t&e e-e(tion o# ! Rri"in!l Hl! e.e(i3n de (n ri"iRn!l6$ t&e %ortr!it o# RBill
Hel retr!to de G(iRller"o Ndonde !%!ree 0lO6$ in t&e e'es o# "' R&ildren H! los o.os
de "is R&i.os6$ t&e deision o# t&e R.(r' Hl! deisi3n del .(Rr!do6$ t&e &erit!,e o# t&e
Rn!tion Hel %!tri"onio de l! n!Ri3n6$ t&e li#e o# #(t(re ,eneRr!tions Hl! +id! de
,ener!iones #(Rt(r!s6$ t&e &e!d/(!rters o# t&e *onser+!ti+e RP!rt' Hl! sede del
P!rtido *onser+!Rdor6$ t&e &(sb!nds o# "' R!(nts Hlos "!ridosL es%osos de "is
RtF!s6$ t&e .e7els o# o(r R#riends Hl!s .o'!s de n(estros !R"i,os6$ t&e o%inions o# t&ese
Rdotors Hl!s o%iniones de estos R"0dios6$ t&e #!es o# t&e R,irls Hl!s !r!s de l!s
"(R&!&!s6$ t&e ne7 &o(se o# t&e old R%ost"!n Hl! n(e+! !s! del +ie.o !rRtero6$
t&e li#e o# t&e Rri& Hl! +id! de los Rrios6$ et1 D1 :1=8
Se (s! el ,eniti+o s!.3n on no"bres en %l(r!l en iert!s e-%resiones t!n orrientes
/(e son %rti!"ente no"bres o"%(estos1 E.14 s&oolIbo'sZ lot&es Hl! ro%! de
los ole,i!les6$ ,irlsZ #riends&i%s H!"ist!des de &i!s6$ ! lo+ersZ /(!rrelL ti## H(n!
%ele! de en!"or!dos NoO no+ios6$ et1
:1?B1I El genitivo con MofM se usa con nombres de animales ob%etos
inanimados contables e incontables4 %!Fses$ i(d!des$ %(eblos$ edi#iios$ rFos$
"ont!)!s$ "es!s ' otros ob.etos$ no"bres de "!teri!l$ "!s! o lF/(idos$ no"bres
!bstr!tos o"o !iones$ senti"ientos$ (!lid!des$ ide!s$ et1$ e-e%to on
no"bres de tie"%o /(e s(elen lle+!r el ,eniti+o s!.3n %ero no sie"%re1 E.14 t&e
si,&t o# !n Rele%&!nt Hl! +ist! de (n eleR#!nte6$ t&e stren,t& o# ! Rdo, Hl! #(erz! de (n
R%erro6$ t&e Pri"e Minister o# RS%!in Hel %residente del Gobierno de EsR%!)!6$ t&e
7!lls o# t&e Rto7n Hl!s "(r!ll!s de l! i(Rd!d6$ in t&e "iddle o# t&e Rto7n Hen "edio
de l! i(Rd!d6$ t&e n!"e o# t&is Rstreet Hel no"bre de est! R!lle6$ t&e le,s o# t&e Rt!ble
Hl!s %!t!s de l! R"es!6$ t&e door o# t&e Rsittin, roo" N!ntes on ,(i3nO Hl! %(ert! del
(!rto de Rest!r6$ !t t&e #rontL b!9 o# t&e R!r Hen l! %!rte del!nter!L tr!ser! del
Ro&e6$ %!rt o# t&e R"one' H%!rte del Rdinero6$ t&e roo# o# t&e R&o(se Hel te.!do de l!
R!s!6$ t&e size o# t&e Rstone Hel t!"!)o de l! R%iedr!6$ t&e #oot o# t&e R"o(nt!in Hel %ie
de l! "onRt!)!6$ !t t&e to% o# t&is R%!,e Hen l! %!rte de !rrib! de est! R%,in!6$ !t t&e
botto" o# t&e R%!,e Hen l! %!rte de !b!.o de l! R%,in!L en l! %,in! !b!.o6$ !n
e-%!nseL ! "!ss o# R7!ter H(n! e-tensi3nL "!s! de R!,(!6$ ! %ieeL bitL slie o#
Rbre!d H(n trozoL (n! rod!.! de R%!n6$ t&e oll!%se o# t&e Rbee# Rtr!de Hel ol!%so del
oR"erio de !rne de R+!!6$ t&e o(tsideL inside o# t&is R&o(se Hl! %!rte e-teriorL
interior de est! R!s!6$ b' t&e side o# t&e R%ool H!l l!do de l! %isRin!6$ !t t&e ed,e o#
t&e Rri+er H!l borde del RrFo6$ t&e /(!lit' o# Rli#e Hl! !lid!d de R+id!6$ in t&e n!"e o#
R#reedo" Hen no"bre de l! liberRt!d6$ !t t&e be,innin,L end o# t&e Rstor' H!l %rini%ioL
#in de l! &istoRriet!6$ !t t&e end o# t&e Rt!le H!l #in!l del R(ento6$ in t&e "iddle o# t&e
Rt!le H! "it!d del R(ento6$ #or t&e lo+e o# 'o(r Rsister H%or el !"or de t( &erR"!n!6$
t&e /(estion o# t&e eRono"' Hl! (esti3n de l! eonoR"F!6$ t&e s(ess o# t&is
onRerto Hel 0-ito de este onRierto6$ t&e e-!"in!tion o# t&e R"!tter Hel e-!"en del
!Rs(nto6$ ! b(re!( o# in#orR"!tion H(n! o#iin! de in#or"!Ri3n6$ diretor o# %(bli
!R##!irs NoO %(bli !##!irs diretor Hdiretor de !s(ntos R%2blios6$ t&e res(lt o# t&e
R7!r Hel res(lt!do de l! R,(err!6$ t&e e-%eriene o# t&is R"!n Hl! e-%erieni! de este
R&o"bre6$ t&e d!' o# t&e R7eddin, Hel dF! de l! Rbod!6$ in j!n(!r' o# t&is R'e!r Hen
enero de este R!)o6$ t&e i"%ort!ne o# t&e R%l!n Hl! i"%ort!ni! del R%l!n6$ ! (% o#
Rte!L Ro##ee H(n! t!z! Nllen!O de Rt0L !R#06 %ero U! te!L o##ee (%V N+!F!4 %!r! t0L
!#0O6$ ! bottle o# RbeerL R7ine H(n! botell! Nllen!O de erR+ez!L R+ino6$ ! tin NGBOL
!n o# RbeerL R7ine H(n! l!t! Nllen!O de erR+ez!L R+ino6$ ! tin NGBO o# R%!int H(n! l!t!
Nllen!O de %inRt(r!6 %ero U! %!int tin NGBOV N+!F!4 %!r! %int(r!O6$ ! bo- o# R"!t&es
H(n! !.! Nllen!O de eRrill!s6 %ero U! "!t& bo-V N+!F!O6$ et1 D1 :1=8I:$ :1?8$ :1B@
En algunos casos este genitivo con MofM se usa para el contenido no el
continente de algo o"o en los (!tro 2lti"os e.e"%losM es el uso partitivo1
A +ees$ se (s! el genitivo con MofM en expresiones idiom!ticas on iert!s
%!l!br!s1 E.14 Ee r(les 7it& ! rod o# Riron N"enos (s!doOL !n Riron Rrod N"s (s!doO
Hl ,obiern! on "!no de R&ierroL se+er!"ente6M T&e e!rt& 7!s o+ered in ! !r%et
o# R,reen HL! tierr! est!b! !l#o"br!d!L t!%iz!d! de R+erde6$ et1M (!ndo est!s
%!l!br!s se (s!n on (n sentido literal o figurado se die4 !n iron rod Nliter!lO
H(n! +!r! de &ierro6$ t&e iron (rt!in N#i,(r!doO Hel tel3n de !ero6M Ee tre!ts (s 7it&
!n iron #istL &!nd HNos tr!t! se+er!"ente6M ! ,reen !r%et Nliter!lO H(n! !l#o"br!
+erde6$ et1
En general con nombres de animales se usa m!s el genitivo con MofM 'ue el
genitivo sa%n1
:1@C1I El genitivo con MofM se usa precedido de los pronombres relativos Mt/at,
t/oseM, para su4b+stituir a nombres /(e se (s!n en el ,eniti+o s!.3n elF%tio1 E.14
S&e %(t &er !r"L !r"s t&ro(,& &er R&(sb!ndZs HEll! %(so el br!zoL los br!zos en elL
los de s( "!Rrido6 ' US&e %(t &er !r"L !r"s t&ro(,& t&!tL t&ose o# &er R&(sb!ndV
HEll! %(so el br!zoL los br!zos en elL los de s( "!Rrido6M Ee entered t&is roo"
t&ro(,& &is Rbrot&erZs Hl entr3 en est! &!bit!i3n ! tr!+0s de l! de s( &erR"!no6 '
UEe entered t&is roo" t&ro(,& t&!t o# &is Rbrot&erV Hl entr3 en est! &!bit!i3n !
tr!+0s de l! de s( &erR"!no6M T&is &o(se is 'o(r Rbrot&erZs HEst! !s! es de t(
&erR"!no6 ' UT&is &o(se is t&!t o# 'o(r Rbrot&erV HEst! !s! es l! de t( &erR"!no6$
et1
:1@51I El genitivo con MofM se puede usar con nombres seguidos de un genitivo
sa%n el(ptico, por'ue se sobr4e+entiende la segunda parte del genitivo sa%nM el
,eniti+o s!.3n tiene /(e ser de#inido ' re#erirse ! (n ser +i+o$ no ! (n ob.etoM si es (n
,eniti+o on Qo#Q %osesi+o$ no se %(eden %oner en ,eniti+o on Qo#Q sin ,eniti+o
s!.3n elF%tioM si no es (n ,eniti+o on Qo#Q %osesi+o$ se %(eden %oner t!"bi0n en
,eniti+o on Qo#Q sin ,eniti+o s!.3n elF%tio1 E.14 ! boo9 o# RPeterZs Nliter!rio4
%osesi+oO H(n libro de RPedro6M !n' boo9 o# "' Rbrot&erZs Nliter!rio4 %osesi+oO
H(!l/(ier libro de "i &erR"!no6M Ee didnZt see !n' brot&er o# 'o(r R(nleZs N"enos
(s!doOL R(nle N"s (s!doO Hl no +io ! nin,2n &er"!no de t( RtFo6M one o"%(ter o#
"' Rbrot&erZs Nliter!rio4 %osesi+oO H(n orden!dor de "i &erR"!no6M Ee is !not&er
o(sin o# RB!rb!r!Zs N"enos (s!doOL RB!rb!r! N"s (s!doO Hl es otro %ri"o de
RBrb!r!6M ! (sto"er o# t&e Rb!9erZs N"enos (s!do4 "s (s!do en in,l0s liter!rioOL
Rb!9er N"s (s!do4 "enos (s!do en in,l0s liter!rioO H(n liente del %!n!Rdero6M It is
no #!(lt o# t&e RdotorZs N"enos (s!doOL Rdotor N"s (s!doM es "e.or sin !%3stro#o
ni QsQ en in,l0s &!bl!do %or/(e se %(ede on#(ndir on QdotorsZQO HNo es (l%! del
R"0dio6M It 7!s no #!(lt o# t&e Rdri+erZs N"enos (s!doOL Rdri+er N"s (s!doO HNo er!
(l%! del ond(Rtor6M t&is #riend o# 'o(r RsisterZs N"enos (s!doOL Rsister N"s (s!doO
Heste !"i,o de t( &erR"!n!6M ! ,i#t #ro" "' R#riendZs N"enos (s!doOL R#riend N"s
(s!doO H(n re,!lo de "i !R"i,Ho$ !66M Loo9 !t t&is "!,!zine o# R*l!reZs Nliter!rio4
%osesi+oO HMir! est! re+ist! de R*l!r!6M t&!t ne%&e7 o# 'o(r R"ot&erZs N"enos
(s!doOL R"ot&er N"s (s!doO HeseL !/(el sobrino de t( R"!dre6M e!& no+el o#
G!lRdosZ N"enos (s!doOL G!lRdos N"s (s!doO H!d! no+el! de G!lRd3s6M T&is %enil
is ! #!+o(rite NGBOL #!+or ite NUSAO o# 'o(r RsonZs N"enos (s!doOL Rson N"s (s!doO
HEste l%iz es (no %re#erido de t( R&i.o6M !n old r!ino!t o# "' R"ot&erZs Nliter!rio4
%osesi+oO H(n +ie.o i"%er"e!bleL (n! +ie.! ,!b!rdin! de "i R"!dre6M T&is re!lis"
o# R*!rl'leZs N"enos (s!doOL R*!rl'le N"s (s!doO is interestin, HEste re!lis"o de
R*!rl'le es interes!nte6M ! s!tellite dis& o# "' RsisterZs Nliter!rio4 %osesi+oO H(n!
!nten! %!r!b3li! de "i &erR"!n!6M T&!tZs t&e onl' brot&er o# &ers t&!t IZ+e e+er
"et NT&!tZs &er onl' brot&er t&!tL 7&o" IZ+e e+er "et4 no %onerO HseL A/(0l es el
2nio &er"!no de ell! /(e &e onoido .!"s61
A +ees &!' (n! li,er! di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do1 E.14 t&!t bi, "o(t& o# Rjenni#erZs
Nliter!lO Hes! bo! ,r!nde de GenoR+e+!L Rmeni#er6 ' Ut&!t bi, "o(t& o# Rjenni#erV
N#i,(r!doO Hes! bo!z!s de GenoR+e+!L Rmeni#er61
El no"bre /(e +! se,(ido de l! %re%osii3n Qo#Q tiene /(e ir %reedido de (n!
%!l!br! indeter"in!d!L inde#inid! o"o el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ (n !d.eti+o
n("er!l !rdin!l$ (n !d.eti+o inde#inidoM %(ede ir t!"bi0n %reedido de (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+o$ /(e ! +ees tiene (n "!tiz des%eti+oM no %(ede ir %reedido de
Ut&eVM !sF$ %(es$ es inorreto deir$ !(n/(e se %(ed! deir en in,l0s +(l,!r$ Ut&e
o(sin o# B!rb!r!Zs$ t&e re!lis" o# *!rl'leZs is interestin,M t&e d!(,&ter o# MrsH16
Bro7nZs &!s !rri+edV$ et1$ %or/(e Ut&eV es deter"in!doL de#inidoM &!brF! /(e deir
UB!rb!r!Zs o(sin N"s orretoO NoO t&e o(sin o# RB!rb!r! N"enos orretoO$
*!rl'leZs re!lis" is interestin, N"s orretoO NoO t&e re!lis" o# R*!rl'le is
interestin, N"enos orretoOM MrsH16 Bro7nZs d!(,&ter &!s !rri+ed N"s orretoO
NoO t&e d!(,&ter o# MrsH16 RBro7n &!s !rri+ed N"enos orretoO$ et1
Si se pone un pronombre personal detr!s de MofM, /a 'ue poner el
pronombre personal ob%eto1 E.14 ! boo9 o# R"ine H(n libro R"Fo6$ t&!t #riend o#
R'o(rs Hese !"i,o Rt('oL es! !"i,! Rt('!6$ so"e ne%&e7s o# R&ers H!l,(nos sobrinos
de Rell!6$ t7o o"%(ters o# Ro(rs Hdos orden!dores Rn(estros6$ et1
El genitivo sa%n el(ptico 'ue va detr!s de la preposicin MofM tiene 'ue ser
definido referido a una personaM %(ede ir %reedido de Ut&eV$ de (n !d.eti+o
%osesi+o$ del no"bre %ro%io de (n! %erson!$ %ero no %(ede ir %reedido del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do$ (n !d.eti+o n("er!l !rdin!l$ (n !d.eti+o inde#inidoM %or eso$ no es
orreto deir #r!ses o"o Q! boo9 o# ! N!rtF(lo indeter"in!doO 7riterZs$ ! %!,e o#
t&e boo9ZsQ NQboo9Q es (n ob.eto$ no (n! %erson!O$ et1M &!brF! /(e deir Q! boo9 o#
t&is R7riterZs N"enos (s!doOL R7riter N"s (s!doO H(n libro de este esriRtor6$ ! %!,e
o# t&e Rboo9 H(n! %,in! del Rlibro6$ et1
El nombre 'ue va delante de la preposicin MofM no puede ser un nombre
propio de personaM !sF$ %(es$ se die QMrH16 RP!r9insonZs R>illi!"Q HG(iller"o el
del Sr1 P!r9inson6$ %ero no se %(ede deir Q>illi!" o# MrH16 P!r9insonHZs6Q1
E!' di#ereni! entre Q! %ortr!it o# t&e R9in,Q H(n retr!to del Rre' Ndonde !%!ree el
re'O6 ' Q! %ortr!it o# t&e R9in,ZsQ H(n retr!to del Rre' N/(e es %ro%ied!d del re' o
%int!do %or 0lO6M Q! %&oto,r!%& o# "' RsisterQ H(n! #oto,r!#F! de "i &erR"!n! Ndonde
!%!ree ell!O6 ' Q! %&oto,r!%& o# "' RsisterZsQ H(n! #oto,r!#F! de "i &erR"!n! Nde s(
%ro%ied!dO6M Q! %ortr!it o# RBillQ H(n retr!to de G(iRller"o Ndonde !%!ree 0lO6 ' Q!
%ortr!it o# RBillZsQ H(n retr!to de G(iRller"o Ndonde no !%!ree 0l %ero de s(
%ro%ied!d o %int!do %or 0lO6M Qso"e %!intin,s o# RBillQ H!l,(nos (!dros de
G(iRller"o Ndonde !%!ree 0lO6 ' Qso"e %!intin,s o# RBillZsQ H!l,(nos (!dros de
G(iRller"o Ndonde no !%!ree 0l %ero de s( %ro%ied!d o %int!dos %or 0lO6M Qt&!t
sl!nder o# RMel!n'Q Hes! !l("ni! de MeRl!ni! N!l("ni!n ! M1O6 ' Qt&!t sl!nder o#
RMel!n'ZsQ Hes! !l("ni! de MeRl!ni! Nes M1 l! /(e !l("ni!O6M Qt&is ne7s o#
BeRlind!Q Hest! notii! de Ni !er! deO BeRlind!L BeRl0n6 ' Qt&is ne7s o# BeRlind!ZsQ
Hest! notii! de N%roedente deO BeRlind!L BeRl0n6M Q! st(dent o# B1 RR(ssellQ H(n
est(di!nte de l!s obr!s de B1 RR16 ' Q! st(dent o# B1 RR(ssellZsQ H(n est(di!nte /(e #(e
!l("no de B1 RR16$ et1
El genitivo con MofM se puede usar tambin con nombres seguidos de un
genitivo sa%n no el(ptico$ %or/(e no se sobrHe6entiende l! se,(nd! %!rte del
,eniti+o s!.3n '! /(e 0st! !)!de in#or"!i3n n(e+!M el no"bre /(e +! se,(ido de l!
%re%osii3n Uo#V h ,eniti+o s!.3n no elF%tio %(ede ser deter"in!doL de#inido o
indeter"in!doL inde#inidoM el ,eniti+o s!.3n %(ede ser %osesi+o ' desri%ti+o1 E.14
one o# "' R"ot&erZs old Rr!ino!ts H(n! de l!s ,!b!rRdin!s +ie.!s de "i R"!dre6M one
o# t&e Rb!9erZs R(sto"ers H(no de los Rlientes del %!n!Rdero6M Ee didnZt see !n' o#
'o(r R(nleZs Rbrot&ers Hl no +io ! nin,(no de los &erR"!nos de t( RtFo6M t&eL ! %riest
o# St1 RP!(lZs H*!Rt&edr!l6 HelL (n (r! de l! !tedr!l de S!n RP!blo6M t&eL !n'
President o# t&e N!tion!l RF!r"ersZ RUnion HelL (!l/(ier %residente del SindiR!to
N!ion!l de A,ri(lRtoresL Gr!nR.eros6$ et1
:1@81I El genitivo con MofM se usa con nombres seguidos de varias palabras,
una frase u oracin1 E.14 S&e obe'ed t&e diretions o# ! R"!n 7it& ! R.!9et HEll!
obedei3 l!s indi!iones de (n R&o"bre on (n! &!R/(et!6M ! son o# ! ler,'"!n
o# t&e *&(r& o# REn,l!nd H(n &i.o de (n l0ri,o de l! I,lesi! An,liR!n!6M It 7!s t&e
o%inion o# "' R"ot&er$ 7&o &!d ne+er re!d !n't&in, in &er li#e HEr! l! o%ini3n de
"i R"!dre$ /(e no &!bF! leFdo n!d! en s( +id!6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ en ingls no literario se puede usar tambin en genitivo sa%n
pero es recomendable utili)ar el genitivo con MofM1 E.14 A ,irl I 9no7Zs R#!t&er &!s
&!d !n !ident HEl R%!dre de (n! &i! /(e onozo &! tenido (n !idente6M Old
7o"!n 7&!tIdoI'o( !llI&erZs R!r &!s been stolen HE!n rob!do el Ro&e de l!
"(.er "!'or o"o se ll!"e61
:1@:1I El genitivo con MofM se usa con un nBmero indeterminado# indefinido1
E.14 T&e' 7ere %(%ils o# DrH16 RArnold HEr!n !l("nos del dotor RArnold6M so"e
#riends o# MrH16 RB(s& H!l,(nos !"i,os del Sr1 RB16$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ si se die QT&e' 7ere DrH16 RArnoldZs R%(%ilsQ HEr!n los !Rl("nos del
dotor RArnold6$ el n2"ero de !l("nos es deter"in!doL de#inido !(n/(e no se
"enione1
:1@;1I El genitivo con MofM se usa en ingls /ablado con nombres en plural 'ue
terminen en 5s cuando se 'uiere evitar la ambigSedad1 E.14 t&e "one' o# "'
Rlients Hel dinero de "is Rlientes6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ si se usa el genitivo sa%n, no se puede distinguir el singular del
plural en ingls /ablado7 el genitivo sa%n se usa principalmente con el
singular nada m!s, excepto con los nombres ;parents< ;grandparents<
por'ue no se usan apenas en singular1 E.14 "' RlientZs R"one' Hel diRnero de "i
liRente6 ' Q"' RlientsZ R"one'Q Hel diRnero de "is liRentes6 s(en!n i,(!l en in,l0s
&!bl!doM S&e &!s e'es /(ite (nli9e t&ose o# &er R%!rentsL &er R%!rentsZ HEll! tiene
o.os o"%let!"ente distintos de los de s(s R%!dres61
:1@<1I El genitivo con MofM se usa con algunas expresiones de tiempo$ %ero no
on tod!s l!s /(e %(eden ir en ,eniti+o s!.3n1 E.14 T&e' &!d ! 7!l9 o# t7o R&o(rs
HDieron (n %!seo de dos R&or!s6M ! +isit o# one !nd ! &!l# R&o(rsL !n &o(r !nd ! R&!l#
NGB %rini%!l"enteO H(n! +isit! de (n! &or! ' R"edi!6M S&e &!d ! &olid!' NGBO o#
one R7ee9 !t RE!ster HEll! t(+o (n!s +!!iones de (n! seR"!n! en Se"!n! RS!nt!6M
Ee &!d ! &olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO o# t7o R"ont&s Hl t(+o (n!s +!!iones de
dos R"eses6M t&e rent o# t7o R"ont&s Hl! rent! de dos R"eses6M t&e risis o# t&is R'e!r
Hl! risis de este R!)o6$ t&e end o# t&e Rent(r' Hel #in!l del Rsi,lo6$ et1 D1 :1=@$ 5C1;18$
5C1;1=$ 5C1;1B
:1@=1I El genitivo con MofM se usa con nombres 'ue indican distancia, precio o
valor1 E.14 !t ! dist!ne o# less t&!n ! &(ndred "etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "eters
NUSAO H! (n! dist!ni! de "enos de ien "etros6$ boo9s to t&e +!l(e o# 8CC Rdoll!rs
Hlibros %or +!lor de 8CC Rd3l!res6M S&e setL %(t ! +!l(e o# ?CC R%o(nds on t&e
"!n(sri%t HEll! t!s3 el "!n(srito en ?CC Rlibr!s6M ! ,i#t o# t&e +!l(e o# 5C H(n
re,!lo de diez libr!s de +!lor6M T&!t %iee o# ne7s "!' be o# +!l(e to &er HEs!
notii! %(ede ser +!lios! %!r! ell!6$ et1 D1 :1==$ :1=B
:1@?1I El genitivo con MofM se usa con nombres geogr!ficos especialmente en
ingls no literario4 ontinentes$ %!Fses o n!iones$ re,iones o est!dos$ i(d!des$
(ni+ersid!des$ et1$ +istos desde (n %(nto de +ist! ob.eti+o o ,eo,r#io1 E.14 t&e
%eo%les o# AR"eri! Hlos %(eblosL l!s ,entes de AR"0ri!6$ t&e Ar&bis&o% o#
R*!nterb(r' Hel !rzobis%o de R*16$ t&e te!&ers o# RLondon Uni+ersit' Hlos %ro#esores
de l! (ni+ersid!d de RLondres6$ t&e e-tension o# RR(ssi! Hl! e-tensi3n de RR(si!6$ et1
D1 :15C5
:1@@1I El genitivo con MofM se usa con partes del cuerpo1 E.14 t&e needs o# t&e
Rbod' Hl!s neesid!des del R(er%o6$ t&e #(ntions o# t&e Rbr!in Hl!s #(niones del
eRrebro6$ t&e !%!it' o# t&e R"ind Hl! !%!id!d de l! R"ente6$ et1 D1 :1?C
:1@B1I El genitivo con MofM se usa con nombres relacionados con la cultura, la
ciencia otros aspectos relacionados con la vida de los seres /umanos en ingls
est!ndar1 E.14 t&e s(ess o# t&e R%l!' Hel 0-ito de l! Robr!6$ t&e !%t!in o# t&e Rs&i% Hel
!%itn del Rb!ro6$ t&e &!r!ter o# R7ine Hel !rter del R+ino6$ et1 D1 :1?5$ :15C;
:1BC1I El genitivo con MofM se usa con nombres comunes concretos 'ue indican
lugares, edificios, instituciones, planetas o cuerpos celestes1 E.14 t&e l!7'ers o#
t&e Rto7n Hlos !bo,!dos de l! i(Rd!d6$ t&e %re"ises o# t&e Rs&ool Hl!s inst!l!iones
de l! esR(el!6$ t&e %&one o# t&e Rb!n9 Hel tel0#ono del Rb!no6$ t&e %!intin,s o# t&e
R,!ller' Hlos (!dros de l! ,!leRrF!6$ t&e old %!intin,s o# t&e "(Rse(" Hlos (!dros
+ie.os del "(Rseo6$ t&e orbit o# t&e Rs(n Hl! 3rbit! del Rsol6$ t&e "o+e"ent o# t&e Re!rt&
Hel "o+i"iento de l! Rtierr!6$ et1 D1 :1=?
:1B51I El genitivo con MofM se usa despus de la palabra Msa1eM1 E.14 mo( !r,(e
#or t&e s!9e o# R!r,(in, N"s (s!do /(e on el ,eniti+o s!.3nO HDis(tes %or
dis(Rtir6M For t&e s!9e o# R!r,("ent$ letZs t&in9 s&e is ,one] H\Pon,!"os %or !so
/(e ell! se &!'! ido]6M For t&e s!9e o# R!r,(in,L R!r,("ent$ i"!,ine &e is !li+e]
H\Pon,!"os %or !so /(e 0l est0 +i+o]6M S&e !"e #or t&e s!9e o# t&e R&ildren HEll!
+ino %or los Rni)osL R&i.os6M T&e' did it #or t&e s!9e o# t&e R&ildren HLo &iieron %or
los R&i.osL Rni)os6M Do it #or t&e s!9e o# Ronsiene] H\E!zlo %or onRieni!]6M Go
#or t&e s!9e o# 'o(r Ro(ntr'] H\Dete %or Hl! !(s! de6 t( %!RFs]6M #or t&e s!9e o#
Rdeen' H%or deReni!6M >eZll do it #or t&e s!9e o# eR##iien' HLo &!re"os %or l!
e#iR!i!L l! e#iiReni!L el rendiR"iento6M For t&e s!9e o# R,oodness$ donZt 9ill (s]
H\Por Hel !"or de6 RDios$ no nos "!tes]6M #or t&e s!9e o# R,lor' H%or Hl!6 R,lori!6M Ee
!"e #or t&e s!9e o# &er !nd R&i" Hl +ino %or !(s! de ell! ' R0l6M #or t&e s!9e o#
R&onest' H%or &onestiRd!d6M T&e' did it #or t&e s!9e o# t&eir R"one' HLo &iieron %or
s( Rdinero6M Ee s!id it #or t&e s!9e o# Rit Hl lo di.o %or/(e RsF6M S&e did it #or t&e s!9e
o# &is Rn!"e HEll! lo &izo %or s( Rno"bre6M Ee !"e #or t&e s!9e o# 'o(r oR%inion Hl
+ino %or t( o%iRni3n6M Sto% #i,&tin, #or t&e s!9e o# R%e!e] H\P!r!Hd6 de l(&!r %or l!
!(s! de l! R%!z]6M For t&e s!9e o# R%it' let &er !lone] H\Por %ieRd!d d0.!l! tr!n/(il!]6M
#or t&e s!9e o# Rri,&teo(sness H%or retiRt(d6M S&e loo9s #or t&e s!9e o# Rs!#et' HEll!
"ir! %or l! se,(riRd!d6M not e+en #or t&e s!9e o# old Rti"es N"enos (s!do /(e el
,eniti+o s!.3nO Hni si/(ier! %or los +ie.os Rtie"%os6M #or t&e s!9e o# Rtr(t& H%or l!
+erRd!d6M #or t&e s!9e o# +!Rriet' H%or Hl!6 +!rieRd!d6M #or t&e s!9e o# R7!r"t& H%or
!Rri)oL !R#eto6$ et1 D1 :1=<
:1B81I El genitivo con MofM se usa con nombres seguidos de MofM precedidos
del art(culo indeterminado en singular o sin l en plural1 E.14 S&e 7!s !n
!d"irer o# G!lRdos HEll! er! (n! !d"ir!dor! de G!lRd3s6M T&e' 7ere ,re!t !d"irers
o# *erR+!ntes HEr!n ,r!ndes !d"ir!dores de *erR+!ntes6$ et1
No se %(ede (s!r el ,eniti+o s!.3n en este !so$ %or/(e QS&e 7!s G!lRd3sZ !dR"irerQ
serF! e/(i+!lente de QS&e 7!s t&e !d"irer o# G!lRdosQ HEll! er! l! !d"ir!dor! de
G!lRd3s6 ' QT&e' 7ere *erR+!ntesZ ,re!t !dR"irersQ serF! e/(i+!lente de QT&e' 7ere
t&e ,re!t !d"irers o# *erR+!ntesQ HEr!n los ,r!ndes !d"ir!dores de *erR+!ntes61
:1B:1I El genitivo con MofM se usa con muc/os nombres 'ue tienen la misma
forma 'ue los ad%etivos ND1 81=15O en aposiciones1 E.14 t&e identit' o# t&e R>els&
Hl! identid!d de los ,!Rleses6M j(!n *!rlos$ 9in, o# RS%!in Hj(!n *!rlos$ re' de
EsR%!)!6$ et1
:1B;1I El genitivo con MofM se usa con nombres seguidos de pronombres 'ue se
refieren a personas sobre todo a cosasM e/(i+!len ! (n %osesi+o ' nor"!l"ente
tienen (n "!tiz e"oti+o1 E.14 I &!+enZt lied #or t&e li#e o# R"e HNo &e "entido %or "i
R+id!6M S&e !nZt be!r t&e s"ellL t!ste o# R&i" HEll! no %(ede so%ort!r s( oRlorL
s!Rbor6M Ee doesnZt #!n' Nolo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"enteO t&e !%%e!r!ne o# R&er HA
0l no le ,(st! l! !%!rieni!L el !s%eto de Rell!6M On t&e #!e o# Rit$ it isnZt too b!d
HA%!rente"ente no est de"!si!do "!l6M t&e &ee9 o# Rt&e" Hl! !r! Hd(r!6 de
Rellos61
:1B<1I El genitivo con MofM 4t/e of5genitive# t/e perip/rastic genitive+ puede
ser4
*+ Kosesivo$ si indi! %ro%ied!d o %erteneni!4 !n' boo9 o# "' Rbrot&erZs H(!l/(ier
libro de "i &erR"!no61
2+ Descriptivo, se! s(b.eti+o ( ob.eti+o4 t&e dr!7in, o# PrisRill! Hel dib(.o de
PrisRil! Ndonde !%!ree ell!O6$ t&e de!t&L &("ili!tion o# Rjo&n$ t&e !%t(re o# t&e
Rdo,1
2+ =tributivo4 t&e st(%idit' o# RBill Ni Bill is st(%idO1
-+ De origen$ si l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o on Uo#V %roede de l! se,(nd! %!rte4
t&e "ess!,e o# t&e Rb!n9 Hel "enRs!.e N%roedenteO del Rb!no61
3+ Temporal4 ! +isit o# ten Rd!'s H(n! +isit! de diez RdF!s61
6+ De lugar4 t&e %eo%le o# And!l(Ri! Hl! ,ente de And!l(RF!61
:1B=1I Se pueden usar el genitivo sa%n el genitivo seguido de MofM con
nombres propios de persona%es famososM el ,eniti+o on Qo#Q en#!tiz! lo /(e +!
detrs de Qo#Q1 E.14 G!lRdosZ Rno+elsL t&e no+els o# G!lRdos Hl!s no+el!s de G!lRd3s6M
G!rF! RLor!Zs R%oetr'L t&e %oetr' o# G!rF! RLor! Hl! %oesF! de G!rF! RLor!6$ et1
:1B?1I Se pueden usar el genitivo sa%n el genitivo seguido de MofM con
nombres propios de persona coordinados en singularM t!"bi0n con un nombre
comBn 'ue se refiera a una persona o un grupo de personas como Mfat/er,
mot/er, uncle, auntM, etc., cuando va precedido del un art(culo o ad%etivoM el
genitivo sa%n enfati)a lo 'ue va en la segunda parte del genitivo sa%n el
genitivo con MofM enfati)a lo 'ue va detr!s de MofM1 E.14 AlieZs !nd RTedZs
R%ost!rds N"s (s!do ' "enos en#tioO Hl!s t!rR.et!s %ost!les Nno o"(nesO de
Alii! ' Hl!s t!r.et!s %ost!les Nno o"(nesO de6 ERd(!rdo N(n!s son de (no ' otr!s de
otroO6 ' Ut&e %ost!rds o# Alie !nd RTedV N"enos (s!do ' "enos en#tioM es
!"bi,(oO Hl!s t!r.et!s %ost!les de Alii! ' ERd(!rdo N%(eden ser (n!s de (no ' otr!s
de otro o de los dosO6M Be!("ont !nd RFlet&erZs R%l!'s N"s (s!do ' "enos
en#tioO Hl!s Robr!s de te!tro de B1 ' RF1 N!(tores o"(nes de l!s "is"!s obr!sO6 '
Ut&e %l!'s o# Be!("ont !nd RFlet&erV N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioM es !"bi,(oO
Hl!s obr!s de te!tro de B1 ' RF1 N!(tores o"(nes de l!s "is"!s obr!s o de obr!s
distint!sO6M bot& t&e Rbo'Zs R%!rents N"enos en#tioO Hel R%!dre ' l! R"!dre del
"(R&!&o6 ' Ubot& %!rents o# t&e Rbo'V N"s en#tioO Hel %!dre ' l! "!dre del
"(R&!&o6M T&e R&ildZs R"ind 7!s restless HL! R"ente del Rni)o est!b! in/(iet!6 '
UT&e "ind o# t&e R&ild 7!s restlessV HL! "ente del Rni)o est!b! in/(iet!6M T&is
R&ildZs R"ot&er is &ere HL! R"!dre de este Rni)o est !/(F6 ' UT&e "ot&er o# t&is
R&ild is &ereV HL! "!dre de este Rni)o est !/(F6M ! Rler,'"!nZs Rson Hel R&i.o de (n
Rl0ri,o6 ' Ut&e son o# ! Rler,'"!nV N"s en#tioO Hel &i.o de (n Rl0ri,o6M RGodZs
,re!t o"R%!ssion Hl! ,r!n o"%!Rsi3n de RDios6 ' Ut&e ,re!t o"%!ssion o# RGodV
Hl! ,r!n o"%!si3n de RDios6M RGodZs eR-istene Hl! e-isRteni! de RDios6 ' Ut&e
e-istene o# RGodV Hl! e-isteni! de RDios6M &is R&e!rtZs Rtre!s(re N"enos en#tioO Hel
teRsoro de s( or!Rz3n6 ' Ut&e tre!s(re o# &is R&e!rtV N"s en#tioO Hel tesoro de s(
or!Rz3n6M t&e indiR+id(!lZs R#reedo" Hl! liberRt!d del indiR+id(oL de l! %erRson!6 '
Ut&e #reedo" o# t&e indiR+id(!lV Hl! libert!d del indiR+id(oL de l! %erRson!6M t&e R9in,Zs
deR%!rt(re N"enos en#tioO Hl! %!rRtid!L Rid!L s!Rlid! del Rre'6 ' Ut&e de%!rt(re o# t&e
R9in,V N"s en#tioO Hl! %!rtid!L id!L s!lid! del Rre'6M T&is Rl!d'Zs R&o(se is e"%t'
HL! R!s! de est! seR)or! est +!F!6 ' UT&e &o(se o# t&is Rl!d' is e"%t'V HL! !s! de
est! seR)or! est +!F!6M 7!s&in, "!&ines 7it&in Re+er'bod'Zs Rre!& Hl!+!dor!s !l
!lR!ne de todo el R"(ndo6 ' U7!s&in, "!&ines 7it&in t&e re!& o# Re+er'bod'V
Hl!+!dor!s !l !l!ne de todo el R"(ndo6M T&is R"!nZs o"R%!ssion is !"!zin, HL!
o"%!Rsi3n de este R&o"bre es sor%rendente6 ' UT&e o"%!ssion o# t&is R"!n is
!"!zin,V HL! o"%!si3n de este R&o"bre es sor%rendente6M T&is R"!nZs R#!it& is
,re!t HL! R#e de este R&o"bre es ,r!nde6 ' UT&e #!it& o# t&is R"!n is ,re!tV HL! #e de
este R&o"bre es ,r!nde6M T&is R"!nZs R&e!rt is !ll ri,&t HEl or!Rz3n de este R&o"bre
est %er#et!"ente6 ' UT&e &e!rt o# t&is R"!n is !ll ri,&tV HEl or!z3n de este
R&o"bre est %er#et!"ente6M T&is R"!nZs inRtelli,ene$ R!re !nd Ro(tloo9 i"%ressed
e+er'bod' HL! inteliR,eni!$ (iRd!do ' enR#o/(e de este R&o"bre i"%resion!ron !
todos6 ' UT&e intelli,ene$ !re !nd o(tloo9 o# t&is R"!n i"%ressed e+er'bod'V HL!
inteli,eni!$ (id!do ' en#o/(e de este R&o"bre i"%resion!ron ! todos6M A R"!nZs
Rli#e is %reio(s HL! R+id! de (n R&o"bre es %reios!6 ' UT&e li#e o# ! R"!n is
%reio(sV HL! +id! de (n R&o"bre es %reios!6M t&is 'o(n, R"!nZs Rson N"enos
en#tioO Hel R&i.o de este &o"bre R.o+en6 ' Ut&e son o# t&is 'o(n, R"!nV N"s
en#tioO Hel &i.o de este &o"bre R.o+en6M M!r' !nd RNi9Zs R#(t(re N"s (s!do '
"enos en#tioO Hel #(Rt(ro Ho"2n6 de M!rF! ' NioRls6 ' Ut&e #(t(re o# HR6M!r'
!nd RNi9V N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioM es !"bi,(oO Hel #(t(ro No"2nO de M!rF!
' NioRls NoO el #(t(ro Nno o"2nO de M!RrF! ' NioRls6M "' R"ot&erZsL R#!t&erZsL
R(nleZsL R!(ntZs Rn!"e N"enos en#tioO Hel Rno"bre de "i R"!dreL R%!dreL RtFoL RtF!6 '
Ut&e n!"e o# "' R"ot&erL R#!t&erL R(nleL R!(ntV N"s en#tioO Hel no"bre de "i
R"!dreL R%!dreL RtFoL RtF!6M t&is R"ot&erZsL R#!t&erZsL R(nleZsL R!(ntZs Rson N"enos
en#tioO Hel R&i.o de est! R"!dreL este R%!dreL este RtFoL est! RtF!6 ' Ut&e son o# t&is
R"ot&erL R#!t&erL R(nleL R!(ntV N"s en#tioO Hel &i.o de est! R"!dreL este R%!dreL
este RtFoL est! RtF!6M t&e R"ot&erZsL R#!t&erZsL R(nleZsL R!(ntZs R!r N"enos en#tioO Hel
Ro&e de l! R"!dreL del R%!dreL del RtFoL de l! RtF!6 ' Ut&e !r o# t&e R"ot&erL R#!t&erL
R(nleL R!(ntV N"s en#tioO Hel o&e de l! R"!dreL del R%!dreL del RtFoL de l! RtF!6M
ROs7!ldZs t&ree R#riends Hlos tres !R"i,os de OsR+!ldo6 ' Ut&ree #riends o# ROs7!ldV
Htres !"i,os de OsR+!ldo6L t&e t&ree #riends o# ROs7!ld Hlos tres !"i,os de
OsR+!ldo6M ROs7!ldZs #e7 R#riends Nliter!rioO Hlos %oos !R"i,os de OsR+!ldo6 ' U#e7
#riends o# ROs7!ldV Nestnd!rO H%oos !"i,os de OsR+!ldo6$ Ut&e #e7 #riends o#
ROs7!ldV Nestnd!rO Hlos %oos !"i,os de OsR+!ldo6M ROs7!ldZs "!n' R#riends
Nliter!rioO H"(&os !R"i,os de OsR+!ldo6 ' U"!n' #riends o# ROs7!ldV Nestnd!rO
H"(&os !"i,os de OsR+!ldo6M t&ese R%eo%leZs Rli+es Hl!s R+id!s de est! R,ente6 ' Ut&e
li+es o# t&ese R%eo%leV Hl!s +id!s de est! R,ente6M t&!t R%ersonZs R%o7er N"enos
en#tioO Hel %oRder de es! %erRson!6 ' Ut&e %o7er o# t&!t R%ersonV N"s en#tioO Hel
%oder de es! %erRson!6M ! R%l!nterZs Rli#e N"enos en#tioO Hl! R+id! de (n oRlonoL
&!enRd!do6 ' Ut&e li#e o# ! R%l!nterV N"s en#tioO Hl! +id! de (n oRlonoL
&!enRd!do6M t&e R#ootb!ll R%l!'erZs NGBOL R#ootb!llerZs NGBO Rb!9 N"s (s!do '
"enos en#tioO Hl! esR%!ld! del #(tboRlist!6 ' Ut&e b!9 o# t&e R#ootb!ll R%l!'er NGBOL
R#ootb!ller NGBOV N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO Hl! es%!ld! del #(tboRlist!6M t&e
RPresidentZs !Rrri+!l N"enos en#tioO Hl! lleR,!d! del %resiRdente6 ' Ut&e !rri+!l o# t&e
RPresidentV N"s en#tioO Hl! lle,!d! del %resiRdente6M ! reord &eld b' RAen'!Zs
Peter R>illi!"sL b' Peter >illi!"s o# RAen'!L b' t&e Aen'!n Peter >illi!"s H(n
r0ord "!ntenido %or Pedro >1 de RAeni!6M 'o(r RsisterIinIl!7Zs R&(sb!nd N"s
(s!do ' "enos en#tioO Hel "!Rrido de t( (R)!d!6 ' Ut&e &(sb!nd o# 'o(r RsisterIinI
l!7V N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO Hel "!rido de t( (R)!d!6M Rso"eoneZs Rs&!do7
N"s (s!do ' "enos en#tioO Hl! Rso"br! de R!l,(ien6 ' Ut&e s&!do7 o# Rso"eoneV
N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO Hl! so"br! de R!l,(ien6M #or 'o(r RsisterZs Rlo+e N"enos
en#tioO H%or el !R"or de t( &erR"!n!6 ' U#or t&e lo+e o# 'o(r RsisterV N"s en#tioO
H%or el !"or de t( &erR"!n!6M 'o(r RsonIinIl!7Zs Rl(9 N"s (s!do ' "enos en#tioO
Hl! Rs(erte de t( R'erno6 ' Ut&e l(9 o# 'o(r RsonIinIl!7V N"enos (s!do ' "s
en#tioO Hl! s(erte de t( R'erno6M t&e biRolo,' Rte!&erZs Rroo" N"s (s!doOL t&e
te!&er o# biRolo,'Zs Rroo" N"enos (s!doO Hel R(!rto del %ro#esor de bioloR,F!6 '
Ut&e roo" o# t&e te!&er o# biRolo,'V N"s en#tioO Hel (!rto del %ro#esor de
bioloR,F!6M T&e de!d R7o"!nZs &(sb!nd !nd Rd!(,&ter Hel "!rido e R&i.! de l! "(.er
R"(ert!6 ' Ut&e &(sb!nd !nd d!(,&ter o# t&e de!d R7o"!nV Hel "!rido e &i.! de l!
"(.er R"(ert!6$ et1
En iertos !sos se %re#iere el ,eniti+o on Qo#Q %!r! d!r e/(ilibrio ! l! #r!se1 E.14 t&e
d!(,&ter o# S!r!& !nd RSi"on Hl! &i.! de S!r! ' SiR"3n6$ t&e rei,n o# j!"es t&e
RSeond Hel rein!do de j!i"e RII6$ et1$ %ero se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n el ,eniti+o s!.3n4
Geor,e t&e RFirstZs Rrei,n Hel reiRn!do de jor,e RI6$ et1
*on (n no"bre %ro%io de %erson! solo$ se (s! "s el ,eniti+o s!.3n ' es
reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes (tiliz!rlo sie"%re en +ez del ,eniti+o
on Qo#Q1 E.14 RBillZs R7i#eL R&ildrenL R!(ntL Rene"iesL R#riendsL Rli#eL Rde!t&L R7or9L
oR%inionsL Rboo9s$ et1 N"s (s!do ' "enos en#tioO Hl! esR%os!L los R&i.osL l! RtF!L
los eneR"i,osL los !R"i,osL l! R+id!L l! R"(erteL el tr!Rb!.oL l!s o%iRnionesL los Rlibros
Ns('os o esritos %or 0lO de G(iRller"o6 ' Ut&e 7i#eL &ildrenL !(ntL ene"iesL
#riendsL li#eL de!t&L 7or9L o%inionsL boo9s$ et1$ o# RBillV N"enos (s!do ' "s
en#tioO Hl! es%os!L los &i.osL l! tF!L los ene"i,osL los !"i,osL l! +id!L l! "(erteL
el tr!b!.oL l!s o%inionesL los libros Ns('os o esritos %or 0lO de G(iRller"o6M RD!+idZs
R&e!dL R+ill! N"s (s!do ' "enos en#tioO Hl! !Rbez!L el &!Rl0 de D!R+id6 ' Ut&e
&e!dL +ill! o# RD!+idV N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO Hl! !bez!L el &!l0 de D!R+id6M
Rj!"esZs R7i#e N"s (s!do ' "enos en#tioO Hl! esR%os! de Rj!i"eL S!nRti!,oL
RDie,oL j!Robo6 ' Ut&e 7i#e o# Rj!"esV N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO Hl! es%os! de
Rj!i"eL S!nRti!,oL RDie,oL j!Robo6M RNi9Zs R!,e N"s (s!do ' "enos en#tioO Hl!
eRd!d de RNioHRls66 ' Ut&e !,e o# RNi9V N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO Hl! ed!d de
RNioHRls66M S&e is R*&!rlesZ "ot&er !nd R#riend N"s (s!do ' "enos en#tioO HEll!
es l! "!dre ' !R"i,! de R*!rlos6 ' US&e is t&e "ot&er !nd #riend o# R*&!rlesV N"enos
(s!do ' "s en#tioO HEll! es l! "!dre ' !"i,! de R*!rlos61
En iertos !sos %(ede &!ber di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do1 E.14 RBillZs R%ortr!it Hel reRtr!to
Ndonde !%!ree 0l$ donde no !%!ree 0l %ero de s( %ro%ied!d o %int!do %or 0lO de
G(iRller"o6 ' Ut&e %ortr!it o# RBillV Hel retr!to Ndonde !%!ree 0l$ %ero no de s(
%ro%ied!d ni %int!do %or 0lO de G(iRller"o6M RIs!i!&Zs Rboo9 Hel Rlibro de Is!RF!s
Nesrito %or 0l o de s( %ro%ied!dM no es el libro bFblioO6 ' Ut&e boo9 o# IRs!i!&V Hel
libro de Is!RF!s Nel libro bFblioO6M se (s! Qo#Q on "(&os otros libros bFblios en ese
sentido1
:1B@1I Se pueden usar el genitivo sa%n el genitivo seguido de ;of< con
nombres de animales en singularM el ,eniti+o on Qo#Q en#!tiz! lo /(e +! detrs de
Qo#QM en in,l0s &!bl!do se %re#iere l! onstr(i3n on Qo#Q en !so de !ni"!les
%e/(e)os ' !ni"!les %oo onoidos1 E.14 t&!t R!ssZs R&e!d N"enos en#tioOL t&e
&e!d o# t&!t R!ss N"s en#tioO Hl! !bez! de ese Rb(rro6M ! RbirdZs Rnest N"s (s!do '
"enos en#tioOL t&e nest o# ! Rbird N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO Hel nido de (n
R%.!ro6M t&e RbirdZs R#e!t&er N"enos en#tioOL t&e #e!t&er o# t&e Rbird N"s en#tioO
Hl! %l("! del R%.!ro6M ! Rb(tter#l'Zs R7in,s Nliter!rio4 "enos en#tioO ' Ut&e 7in,s o#
! Rb(tter#l'V Nolo/(i!l4 "s en#tioO Hl!s !l!s de (n! "!riR%os!6M ! R!tZs R%!7 N"s
(s!do ' "enos en#tioOL t&e %!7 o# ! R!t N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO Hl! %!t! de
(n R,!to6M t&e R!tZs Re'es N"enos en#tioOL t&e e'es o# t&e R!t N"s en#tioO Hlos
o.os del R,!to6M Ro7Zs R"il9 N"s (s!do ' "enos en#tioO HHl!6 le&e de R+!!6 '
Ut&e "il9 o# ! Ro7V N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO Hl! le&e de (n! R+!!6M t&e
Rele%&!ntZs Rtr(n9 N"enos en#tioOL t&e tr(n9 o# t&e Rele%&!nt N"s en#tioO Hl!
tro"%! del eleR#!nte6M ! R#o-Zs Rt!il N"s (s!do ' "enos en#tioO ' Ut&e t!il o# ! R#o-V
N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO Hel r!boL l! ol! de (n Rzorro6M &is R&orseZs Rt!il N"enos
en#tioOL t&e t!il o# &is R&orse N"s en#tioO Hel r!boL l! ol! de s( !Rb!llo6M t&e
R&orseZs R"!ne N"enos en#tioOL t&e "!ne o# t&e R&orse N"s en#tioO Hl! rin del
!Rb!llo6M o(r 7&ite R&orseZs R&e!d N"enos en#tioOL t&e &e!d o# o(r 7&ite R&orse
N"s en#tioO Hl! !bez! de n(estro !b!llo Rbl!no6$ ! R&orseZs R&e!d N"enos
en#tioOL t&e &e!d o# ! R&orse N"s en#tioO Hl! !bez! de (n !Rb!llo6M ! RlionZs RdenL
t&e den o# ! Rlion Hl! ,(!rid! de (n Rle3n6M !n Ro7lZs Rnest N"s (s!do ' "enos
en#tioOL t&e nest o# !n Ro7l N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO Hel nido de (n Rb2&o6M
t&e R7!s%Zs R.!7s N"enos en#tioOL t&e .!7s o# t&e R7!s% N"s en#tioO Hl!s
"!ndFb(l!s de l! !R+is%!6$ et1
T!"bi0n en %l(r!l en iertos !sos %ero el ,eniti+o s!.3n %(ede ser !"bi,(o en
in,l0s &!bl!do '! /(e ! +ees no se s!be si est en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l1 E.14 R7&!lesZ
Rson,s Nen ,ener!lOL t&e R7&!lesZ Rson,s Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO
N(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in! en LsL ' otr! o"ienz! %or LsL (n! de l!s dos no se
%ron(ni! (!ndo se &!bl! r%idoO ' Ut&e son,s o# R7&!lesV Hl!s !niones de l!s
b!Rllen!s6$ et1
:1BB1I Se pueden usar el genitivo sa%n el genitivo seguido de ;of< con
nombres de personas animales en plural$ sobre todo en in,l0s esritoM el
,eniti+o on Qo#Q en#!tiz! lo /(e +! detrs de Qo#QM es %re#erible (s!r Qo#Q %!r! e+it!r
!"bi,Xed!des1 E.14 bot& R7ritersZ R!i" ' Qt&e !i" o# bot& R7ritersQ Hel ob.eti+o de los
dos esriRtores6$ et1
:15CC1I Se pueden usar el genitivo sa%n el genitivo seguido de ;of< con
nombres 'ue indican distancia, precio valor1 D1 :1==$ :1=B$ :1@=
:15C51I Se pueden usar el genitivo sa%n el genitivo seguido de ;of< con
nombres geogr!ficos4 %l!net!s o (er%os elestes$ ontinentes$ %!Fses o n!iones$
re,iones o est!dos$ vistos desde un punto de vista sub%etivo como si fueran entes
vivos$ es%ei!l"ente en in,l0s liter!rio$ con nombres de organi)aciones,
peridicos, revistas, libros, lugares o edificios e instituciones donde se &!e +id!
soi!l o donde se re!liz!n !ti+id!des &("!n!s4 i(d!des$ !s!s$ (ni+ersid!des$
ole,ios ' es(el!s$ %olit0nios$ !tedr!les$ i,lesi!s$ !b!dF!s$ %!rro/(i!s$ trib(n!les$
!'(nt!"ientos$ !ero%(ertos$ est!iones$ !stillos$ .e#!t(r!s de %oliF!$ "(seos$
%!l!ios$ &os%it!les$ &oteles$ te!tros$ ines$ entros o"eri!les$ rest!(r!ntes$
tiend!s$ b!nos$ l(bHe6s$ s(%er"er!dos$ #!r"!i!s$ !,eni!s de +i!.e$ editori!les '
otros est!blei"ientos o"eri!les$ et1M el ,eniti+o s!.3n se (s! en in,l0s liter!rio '
el ,eniti+o on Qo#Q en in,l0s estnd!rM el ,eniti+o on Qo#Q en#!tiz! lo /(e +! detrs
de Qo#QM no sie"%re se %(ede %oner el ,eniti+o on Uo#V1 E.14 AR"eri!Zs R%eo%lesL
t&e %eo%les o# AR"eri! Hlos R%(eblosL l!s R,entes de AR"0ri!6M And!l(Ri!Zs R%eo%leL
t&e %eo%le o# And!l(Ri! Hl! R,ente de And!l(RF!6M RAsi!Zs eRono"iesL %!R,od!s '
Qt&e eono"iesL %!,od!s o# RAsi!Q Hl!s eono"F!sL %!,od!s !Rsiti!s6M t&e Rb!n9Zs
R%&oneL t&e %&one o# t&e Rb!n9 Hel teRl0#ono del Rb!no6M B!reRlon!Zs %o%(Rl!tionL t&e
%o%(l!tion o# B!reRlon! Hl! %obl!Ri3n de B!reRlon!L b!reloRnes!6M t&e
BH16BH16R*H16Zs R#(t(reL t&e #(t(re o# t&e BH16BH16R*H16 Hel #(Rt(ro de l! BBR*6M t&e
Rb(ildin,Zs R!,eL onsRtr(tionL R&ei,&tL inRterior N"enos (s!dosO ' Qt&e !,eL
onstr(tionL &ei,&tL interior o# t&e Rb(ildin,Q N"s (s!dosO Hl! !nti,XeRd!dL l!
onstr(Ri3nL l! !lRt(r!L el inteRrior del ediR#iio6M t&is Rb(ildin,Zs Rroo# N"enos
(s!doOL t&e roo# o# t&is Rb(ildin, N"s (s!doO Hel teR.!do de este ediR#iio6M
*!liR#orni!Zs Rbrid,esL t&e brid,es o# *!liR#orni! Hlos R%(entes de *!liR#orni!6M t&e
R*&(r&Zs RdotrineL t&e dotrine o# t&e R*&(r& Hl! doRtrin! de l! iR,lesi!6M t&e Rit'Zs
Rn!"eL Rs&ool ' Ut&e n!"eL s&ool o# t&e Rit'V Hel Rno"breL l! esR(el! de l!
i(Rd!d6M t&e oR""itteeZs deRisionL t&e deision o# t&e oR""ittee Hl! deiRsi3n de l!
o"iRsi3nL del o"iRt06M t&e 7&ole oR""(nit'Zs !R%%ro!&L t&e !%%ro!& o# t&e
7&ole oR""(nit' Hel enR#o/(e de tod! l! o"(niRd!d6M t&e Ro"%!n'Zs
re%reRsent!ti+eL t&e re%resent!ti+e o# t&e Ro"%!n' Hel re%resenRt!nte de l!
o"%!R)F!6M #or 'o(r Ro(ntr'Zs R,oodL #or t&e ,ood o# 'o(r Ro(ntr' H%or el Rbien de
t( %!RFs6M t&e RdesertZs !R%%e!lL t&e !%%e!l o# t&e Rdesert Hel !tr!Rti+o del deRsierto6M !
RdotorZs deR,reeL t&e de,ree o# ! Rdotor Hel R,r!do de doRtor6M t&e Re!rt&Zs
R!t"os%&ereL enR+iron"entL R"o+e"entL roRt!tion ' Ut&e !t"os%&ereL en+iron"entL
"o+e"entL rot!tion o# t&e Re!rt&V Hl! !tR"3s#er!L el "edio !"RbienteL el
"o+iR"ientoL l! rot!Ri3n de l! Rtierr!6M !n Re"%ireZs desRtr(tionL t&e destr(tion o#
!n Re"%ire Hl! destr(Ri3n de de (n i"R%erio6M REn,l!ndZs Rli"!teL t&e li"!te o#
REn,l!nd Hel Rli"! de In,l!Rterr!6M RE(ro%eZs R(sto"sL t&e (sto"s o# RE(ro%e Hl!s
osRt("bres de E(Rro%!L e(roR%e!s6M RFr!neZs R7inesL t&e 7ines o# RFr!ne Hlos R+inos
#r!nResesL de RFr!ni!6M t&e R,!ller'Zs R%!intin,sL t&e %!intin,s o# t&e R,!ller' Hlos
R(!dros de l! ,!leRrF!6M t&e R,!rdenZs R7!llsL t&e 7!lls o# t&e R,!rden Hl!s %!RredesL los
R"(ros del .!rRdFn6M t&e R,o+ern"entZs deRisionL t&e deision o# t&e R,o+ern"ent Hl!
deiRsi3n del ,oRbierno6M t&e R,o+ern"entZs oRll!%seL t&e oll!%se o# t&e R,o+ern"ent
Hel oRl!%so del ,oRbierno6M RGreeeZs seond l!r,est Rb!n9L t&e seond l!r,est b!n9 o#
RGreee Hel se,(ndo Rb!no "s ,r!nde de RGrei!6M REe!+enZs R7!'sL t&e 7!'s o#
REe!+en Hlos !R"inos del RieloL de RDios6M ! R&o(seZs inRsideL t&e inside o# ! R&o(se
Hel inteRrior de (n! R!s!6M t&is R&o(seZs o(tRsideL inRside ' Ut&e o(tsideL inside o# t&is
R&o(seV Hl! %!rte e-teRriorL inteRrior de est! R!s!6M t&e R&o(seZs Rroo#L t&e roo# o# t&e
R&o(se Hel teR.!do de l! R!s!6M RIt!l'Zs R,re!tnessL t&e ,re!tness o# RIt!l' Hl! ,r!nRdez!
de IRt!li!6M t&e R.(r'Zs deRisionL t&e deision o# t&e R.(r' Hl! deiRsi3n del .(Rr!do6M t&e
Rl!9eZs Rbe!(t'L t&e be!(t' o# t&e Rl!9e Hl! &er"oRs(r! del Rl!,o6M RLi+er%oolZs
Rb(sHs6esL t&e b(sHs6es o# RLi+er%ool Hlos !(toRb(ses de RL16M RLondon RTo7erL t&e
To7er o# RLondon Hl! RTorre de RLondres6M London UniR+ersit'Zs Rte!&erL t&e
te!&ers o# RLondon UniR+ersit' Hlos %ro#eRsores de l! Uni+ersid!d de RLondres6M
M!RdridZs "(Rse("sL t&e "(se("s o# M!Rdrid Hlos "(Rseos de M!Rdrid6M t&e
R"!,!zineZs %oint o# R+ie7L t&e %oint o# +ie7 o# t&e R"!,!zine Hel %(nto de R+ist! de
l! reR+ist!6M t&e "(Rse("Zs old R%!intin,sL t&e old %!intin,s o# t&e "(Rse(" Hlos
(!dros R+ie.os del "(Rseo6M Rn!t(reZs R%(r%oseL t&e %(r%ose o# Rn!t(re Hel ob.eRti+oL
%roR%3sito de l! n!t(r!Rlez!6M t&e or,!niRz!tionZsL or,!niRs!tionZs NGBO %oliti!l
R+ie7sL t&e %oliti!l +ie7s o# t&e or,!niRz!tionL or,!niRs!tion NGBO Hlos %(ntos de
+ist! %oRlFtios de l! or,!niz!Ri3n6M t&e R%!rt'Zs onR+entionL t&e on+ention o# t&e
R%!rt' Hel onR,resoL l! on+enRi3n del %!rRtido6M t&e R%l!netZs Rs(r#!eL t&e s(r#!e o#
t&e R%l!net Hl! s(%erR#iie del %l!Rnet!6M RPrinetonZs Rst(dentsL t&e st(dents o#
RPrineton Hlos est(Rdi!ntes de Hl! Uni+ersid!d de6 RPrineton6M t&e Rrest!(r!ntZs R7!llsL
t&e 7!lls o# t&e Rrest!(r!nt Hl!s %!Rredes del rest!(Rr!nte6M RR(ssi!Zs eono"i
R%roble"sL t&e eono"i %roble"s o# RR(ssi! Hlos %roble"!s eoRn3"ios de
RR(si!66M t&e Rs&i%Zs R!%t!inL t&e !%t!in o# t&e Rs&i% Hel !%iRtn del Rb!ro6M St1
RAlb!ns R%eo%leL t&e %eo%le o# St1 RAlb!ns Hl! R,ente de St1 RAlb!ns Ni(d!dO6M St1
RAndre7s Rb(ildin,sL t&e b(ildin,s o# St1 RAndre7s Hlos ediR#iios de St1 RAndre7s
Ni(d!dO6M Eer #!t&er 7!s +i!r o# St1 RAndre7Zs R*&(r&L Eer #!t&er 7!s +i!r o# t&e
&(r& o# St1 RAndre7s HS( %!dre er! +i!rio de l! i,lesi! de S1 AnRdr0s6M St1 RAnneZs
HR*&(r&6L t&e &(r& o# St1 RAnne Hl! iR,lesi! de S!nt! RAn!6M St1 Rj!"esZs HR*&(r&L
RP!l!e6 ' Ut&e &(r&L %!l!e o# St1 Rj!"esV Hl! iR,lesi!L el %!Rl!io de S1 Rj!i"eL
S!nti!,o AR%3stolL S1 RDie,oL S1 j!Robo6M t&e Rs&oolZs R%re"isesL t&e %re"ises o#
t&e Rs&ool Hl!s inst!l!Riones de l! esR(el!6M t&e Rs&oolZs REe!dL t&e Rs&ool REe!d '
Ut&e Ee!d o# t&e Rs&oolV Hel diRretor de l! esR(el!6M SeR+illeZs R%roble"sL t&e
%roble"s o# SeR+ille Hlos %roRble"!s de SeR+ill!6M I !" ,oin, to "' RsisterZs HR&o(se6
' UI !" ,oin, to t&e &o(se o# "' RsisterZsL RsisterV HDo' ! R!s! de "i &erR"!n!6M t&e
Rs(nZs Rener,'L RorbitL Rs&!do7 ' Ut&e ener,'L orbitL s&!do7 o# t&e Rs(nV Hl! enerR,F!L
R3rbit!L Rso"br! del Rsol6M RS%!inZs l!r,est !Rt&edr!lL t&e l!r,est !t&edr!l o# RS%!in Hl!
!teRdr!l "s ,r!nde de EsR%!)!6M RS%!inZs R'o(t&L t&e 'o(t& o# RS%!in Hl! .(+ent(d
es%!R)ol!6M t&e Rto7nZs Rl!7'ersL re%reRsent!ti+es ' Ut&e l!7'ersL re%resent!ti+es o#
t&e Rto7nV Hlos !boR,!dosL re%resenRt!ntes de l! i(Rd!d6M t&e United RSt!tesZ
RGo+ern"entL t&e RGo+ern"ent o# t&e United RSt!tes Hel ,oRbierno de los Est!dos
URnidos6M t&e R>estZs deR"!ndsL t&e de"!nds o# t&e R>est Hl!s deR"!nd!s de
oiRdente6M t&e R7orldZs R%roble"sL t&e %roble"s o# t&e R7orld Hlos %roRble"!s del
R"(ndo6M t&e R7orldZs R,o!l9ee%ers NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,o!ltenders NUSAO ' Ut&e
,o!l9ee%ers NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,o!ltenders NUSAO o# t&e R7orldV Hlos %orRterosL
,(!rd!R"et!s del R"(ndo6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ sol!"ente se %(ede deir4 Old St1 RP!(lZs H*!Rt&edr!l6 7!s b(rnt do7n
in 5=== HL! +ie.! !teRdr!l de S1 RP!blo se /(e"3 en 5===6M T&e' +isited St1 RP!(lZs
H*!Rt&edr!l6 HDisit!ron l! !teRdr!l de S!n RP!blo6M St1 RL(9eZs HREos%it!l6$ RG('Zs
HREos%it!l6$ RD(rr!ntZs HEoRtel6$ R*l!rid,eZs HEoRtel6$ St1 RM!rtinZs HRT&e!tre NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL RT&e!ter NUSAO6$ RSel#rid,eZsL RSel#rid,es HRS&o%6$ RE!rrodZsL
RE!rrods HRS&o%6$ R>ool7ort&s HRS&o%6$ RS!ll'Zs HR*o##ee RS&o%6$ R*&ildZs
HR*o##eeIR&o(se6$ MRDon!lds HRRest!(r!nt6$ et1
:15C81I Se pueden usar el genitivo sa%n el genitivo seguido de ;of< con
nombres 'ue indican tiempoM el ,eniti+o on Qo#Q en#!tiz! lo /(e +! detrs de
Qo#Q1 E.14 S&e &!d ! R7ee9Zs R&olid!' NGBO !t E!sterL S&e &!d ! &olid!' NGBO o# !L
one R7ee9 !t E!ster HEll! t(+o (n! seR"!n! de +!!Riones en Se"!n! S!nt!6M Ee
&!d ! t7o R"ont&sZ R&olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Ee &!d t7o R"ont&sZ R&olid!'
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Ee &!d ! &olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO o# t7o R"ont&s HEl
t(+o (n!s +!!Riones de dos R"eses6M >e &!d ! #i+e R"in(tesZ Rt!l9 Nliter!rioOL ! #i+e
R"in(tes Rt!l9 Nolo/(i!lOL ! #i+eI"in(te t!l9 Nestnd!rOL ! #i+e R"in(te Rt!l9
Nestnd!rO NoO ! t!l9 o# #i+e R"in(tes HT(+i"os (n! R&!rl! de ino "iRn(tos6M T&e'
&!d ! t7o R&o(rsZ R7!l9 Nliter!rioOL ! t7o R&o(rs R7!l9 Nolo/(i!lOL ! t7oI&o(r 7!l9
Nestnd!rOL ! t7o R&o(r R7!l9 Nestnd!rO NoO ! 7!l9 o# t7o R&o(rs HDieron (n %!Rseo
de dos R&or!s6M t7ent' Rd!'sZ R!bseneL !n !bsene o# t7ent' Rd!'s H(n! !(Rseni! de
+einte RdF!s6M ! ten Rd!'sZ R+isitL ! +isit o# ten Rd!'s H(n! +iRsit! de diez RdF!s6M I need
"' ei,&t R&o(rsZ Rslee% Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL ei,&tI&o(r slee% Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doO NoO slee% o# ei,&t R&o(rs N"enos (s!doO HNeesito "is o&o R&or!s de Rs(e)o6M
t&e 7orldZs reord ti"eL t&e 7orld reord ti"e NGBOL t&e 7orld reord Hl!
%l(s"!r!L el r0ord "(ndi!l6M RTo"orro7Zs R"eetin, is i"%ort!ntL T&e "eetin, o#
Rto"orro7 is i"%ort!nt HL! re(Rni3n de "!R)!n! es i"%ort!nte6M t&e R'e!rZs seond
R"!.orL t&e seond "!.or o# t&e R'e!r Hl! se,(nd! ,r!n Rli,! Nde de%orteO del R!)o6$
et1
:15C:1I Se pueden usar el genitivo sa%n el genitivo seguido de ;of< con el
nombre ;sa1e<1 E.14 S&e did it #or R!rtZs Rs!9eL t&e s!9e o# R!rt HEll! lo &izo %or Hel6
!R"or !l R!rte6M #or R.(stieZ Rs!9eL #or t&e s!9e o# R.(stie H%or Hl!6 .(sRtii!6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ s3lo se %(ede deir4 For R&e!+enZs Rs!9e$ donZt ,o] H\Por Hel !R"or
de6 RDios$ no Hte6 +!'!s]61 D1 :1=<$ :1B5
:15C;1I Se pueden usar el genitivo sa%n el genitivo seguido de ;of< con
nombres relacionados con la cultura, la ciencia otros aspectos
relacionados con la vida de los seres /umanosM el ,eniti+o s!.3n se (s! en
in,l0s liter!rio ' el ,eniti+o on Qo#Q en in,l0s estnd!rM el ,eniti+o on Qo#Q
en#!tiz! lo /(e +! detrs de Qo#Q1 E.14 t&e R!d.eti+eZs R#(ntionL t&e #(ntion o# t&e
R!d.eti+e Hl! #(nRi3n del !d.eRti+o6M t&e R!rtileZs s(b.eti+e Rbi!sL t&e s(b.eti+e
bi!s o# t&e R!rtile Hl! %!ri!lid!d s(b.eRti+! del !rRtF(lo6M t&e Rbod'Zs RneedsL t&e
needs o# t&e Rbod' Hl!s neesiRd!des del R(er%o6M t&e Rboo9Z R!(t&orL t&e !(t&or o#
t&e Rboo9 Hel !(Rtor del Rlibro6M ! Rboo9Z R!(t&orL t&e !(t&or o# ! Rboo9 Hel !(Rtor de
(n Rlibro6M t&e Rboo9Zs Rolo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R olor NUSAOL Rtitle Nliter!riosO
' Qt&e olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAOL title o# t&e Rboo9Q Nolo/(i!lesO
Hel o R lorL R tFt(lo del Rlibro6M t&e R!rZs dis!R%%e!r!ne N"enos (s!doOL t&e
dis!%%e!r!ne o# t&e R!r N"s (s!doO Hl! des!%!riRi3n del Ro&e6M t&e R!rZs
Ro7nerL t&e o7ner o# t&e R!r Hel %ro%ieRt!rio del Ro&e6M t&e Rli##Zs Red,eL t&e
ed,e o# t&e Rli## Hel Rborde del !!ntiRl!do6M t&e Rlo9Zs Rti9in,L t&e ti9in, o# t&e
Rlo9 Hel tiRt! del reRlo.6M t&e onRertoZs seond R"o+e"entL t&e seond
"o+e"ent o# t&e onRerto Hel se,(ndo "o+iR"iento del onRierto6M t&is
onRertoZs s(RessL t&e s(ess o# t&is onRerto Hel R0-ito de este onRierto6M t&is
RdressZs R%rieL t&e %rie o# t&is Rdress Hel R%reio de este +esRtido6M t&e enR/(ir'Zs
onRl(sionsL t&e onl(sions o# t&e enR/(ir' Hl!s onl(Rsiones de l! enR(est!6M
t&e R#ireZs R#l(tterL t&e #l(tter o# t&e R#ire Hl! ond(l! R i3nL l! +ibr! R i3nL el !le R teoL el
#l! R "eo del R#(e,o6M !t t&e R,!llo7sZ R#oot N"enos (s!doOL !t t&e #oot o# t&e
R,!llo7s N"s (s!doO H!l R%ie de l! R&or!6M t&e R,er(ndZs &!r!teRristisL t&e
&!r!teristis o# t&e R,er(nd Hl!s !r!teRrFsti!s del ,eRr(ndio6M t&e R,!"eZs
s(RessL t&e s(ess o# t&e R,!"e Hel R0-ito del .(e,o6M &is R&e!rtZs Rtre!s(reL t&e
tre!s(re o# &is R&e!rt Hel teRsoro de s( or!Rz3n6M t&eL "' R.o(rne'Zs RendL t&e Rend
o# t&eL "' R.o(rne' Hel #iRn!l delL de "i R+i!.e6M t&e Rl!"%Zs d!zzlin, Rs&!deL t&e
d!zzlin, s&!de o# t&e Rl!"% Hl! %!nt!ll! desl("Rbr!nte de l! Rl"%!r!6M Rli#eZs
R,o!lL t&e ,o!l o# Rli#e Hel ob.eRti+o de l! R+id!6M 'o(r Rli#eZs R!i"L t&e !i" o# 'o(r
Rli#e Hel ob.eRti+o de t( R+id!6M &is Rli#eZs R!i"L t&e !i" o# &is Rli#e Hel ob.eRti+o de s(
R+id!6M t&is Rli#eZs R%(r%oseL t&e %(r%ose o# t&is Rli#e Hel ob.eRti+o de est! R+id!6M t&e
R"!,!zineZs RostL t&e ost o# t&e R"!,!zine Hel Roste de l! reR+ist!6M t&e Rno+elZs
desri%tion Nde l(,!r o de ori,enO Hl! desri%i3n /(e &!e l! noR+el!L l!
desri%i3n en l! noR+el! Ni t&e desri%tion in t&e no+elO6L t&e no+elZs desRri%tion
Ndesri%ti+oO Hl! desri%Ri3n de Ni sobreO l! noR+el!6 ' Ut&e desRri%tion o# t&e
no+elV Ndesri%ti+oO Hl! desri%Ri3n de Ni sobreO l! noR+el!6M t&e Rno+elZs R%lotL t&e
%lot o# t&e Rno+el Hl! Rtr!"! de l! noR+el!6M t&is R%!9etZs R7ei,&tL RsizeL R&ei,&t
N"enos (s!doO ' Ut&e 7ei,&tL sizeL &ei,&t o# t&is R%!9etV N"s (s!doO Hel R %esoL
el t! R "!)oL l! !l R t(r! de este %!R/(ete6 %ero Qt&is R%!9et R7ei,&tL RsizeL R&ei,&tQ
Heste R %esoL este t! R "!)oL est! !l R t(r! de %!R/(ete Nes (n! "edid! estnd!r de
entre +!ri!sO6$ t&e R%!relZs R!ddress NGBOL !Rddress NUSAO ' Ut&e !ddress o# t&e
R%!relV Hl! direRi3n del %!R/(ete6M t&e R%!rt'Zs deRisionL t&e deision o# t&e
%!rt' Hl! deiRsi3n del %!rRtido6M t&e R%l!nZs insi,Rni#i!neL i"R%ort!neL !R%%ro+!l
' Qt&e insi,ni#i!neL i"%ort!neL !%%ro+!l o# t&e R%l!nQ Hl! insi,ni#i R !ni!L
i"%or R t!ni!L !%rob! R i3n del R%l!n6M t&e R%l!'Zs s(RessL t&e s(ess o# t&e R%l!'
Hel R0-ito de l! Robr!6M t&e Rob.etZs !R%%e!r!neL t&e !%%e!r!ne o# t&e Rob.et Hl!
!%!riRi3n del obR.eto6M t&e RR%oe"Zs Ri"!,er'L t&e i"!,er' o# t&e R%oe" Hl!s
iR",enes del %oRe"!6M t&is R%ro%ert'Zs R+!l(eL t&e +!l(e o# t&is R%ro%ert' Hel +!Rlor
de est! %ro%ieRd!d6M t&is %roR%os!lZs i"R%ort!neL t&e i"%ort!ne o# t&is %roR%os!l
Hl! i"%orRt!ni! de est! %roR%(est!6M t&e Rr!il7!'Zs NGBOL Rr!ilro!dZs NUSAO
Rlen,t&L t&e len,t& o# t&e Rr!il7!' NGBOL Rr!ilro!d NUSAO Hl! lon,iRt(d del
#erro!Rrril6M reRli,ionZs deRlineL i"R%ort!ne N"enos (s!doO ' Qt&e delineL
i"%ort!ne o# reRli,ionQ N"s (s!doO Hl! de! R deni!L i"%or R t!ni! de l! reliR,i3n
Nen ,ener!lO6$ %ero Qt&e reRli,ionZs deRlineL i"R%ort!neV ' Qt&e delineL
i"%ort!ne o# t&e reRli,ionQ Hl! de! R deni!L i"%or R t!ni! de l! reliR,i3n Nen
(esti3n4 (n! de l!s "(&!s /(e &!'O6M t&e Rro9Zs R7ei,&tL t&e 7ei,&t o# t&e Rro9
Hel R%eso de l! Rro!6M t&e Rb!n9in, Rser+ieZs R,ro7t&L t&e ,ro7t& o# t&e Rb!n9in,
Rser+ie Hel reiR"iento del ser+iio b!nR!rio6M t&e RsensesZ R&!r"on'L t&e
&!r"on' o# t&e Rsenses Hl! !r"oRnF! de los senRtidos6M soRiet'Zs "or!l R#!bri
N"enos (s!doOL t&e "or!l #!bri o# soRiet' N"s (s!doO Hl! b!seL estr(t(r!
"oRr!l de l! soieRd!d Nen ,ener!lO6M t&is Rs(bst!neZs Rn!"e N"enos (s!doOL t&e
n!"e o# t&is Rs(bst!ne N"s (s!doO Hel Rno"bre de est! s(Hb6sRt!ni!6M t&is
Rs'ste"Zs eR##iien' N"enos (s!doOL t&e e##iien' o# t&is Rs'ste" N"s (s!doO Hl!
e#iR!i! de este Rsiste"!6M !t t&e Rt!bleZs R#oot N"enos (s!doOL !t t&e #oot o# t&e
Rt!ble N"s (s!doO H!l R%ie de l! R"es!6M t&e teleR+isionZs R#(ntionL R#(t(re Hl!
#(n R i3nL el #( R t(ro de l! tele+iRsi3n Nen ,ener!lO6 ' Ut&e #(ntionL #(t(re o#
teleR+isionL t&e teleR+isionV Hl! #(ni3nL el #(t(ro de l! tele+iRsi3n Nen ,ener!lOL de
l! tele+iRsi3n Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6M t&e Rt&eore"Zs R%roo#L
t&e %roo# o# t&e Rt&eore" Hl! R%r(eb! del teoRre"!6M t&e Rto7n Ro(nilZs R&o(sesL
t&e &o(ses o# t&e Rto7n Ro(nil Hl!s R!s!s del one.o "(nii R %!lL
!'(nt! R "iento6M t&e Rtr!inZs deR%!rt(reL t&e de%!rt(re o# t&e Rtr!in Hl! s!Rlid! del
Rtren6M !t t&e R7!terZs Red,eL !t t&e ed,e o# t&e R7!ter H!l R l!doL ! l! o R rill! del
R!,(!6M t&e R7ineZs R&!r!terL t&e &!r!ter o# t&e R7ine Hel !Rrter del R+ino6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ sol!"ente se %(ede deir4 t&e e'e o# !L t&e Rneedle Hel o.o de
(n!L l! !R,(.!6$ ! RneedleZs Re'e H(n! !%ert(r! R"Fni"!6$ t&e Rs&i%Zs Ro"%!n'
Hl! tri%(l!Ri3n6$ t&e Rs&i%Zs Rdotor NoO t&e dotor on t&e s&i% Hel R"0dio de
! Rbordo61
:15C<1I Se pueden usar el genitivo sa%n el genitivo seguido de MofM con
nombres en plural 'ue terminen en 5s$ on el ,eniti+o on Qo#Q en in,l0s &!bl!do
' on el ,eniti+o s!.3n o el ,eniti+o on Qo#Q en in,l0s esritoM el ,eniti+o s!.3n se
(s! %rini%!l"ente on el sin,(l!r o on %!l!br!s /(e no ter"inen en Is en %l(r!l o
on los no"bres Q%!rentsQ ' Q,r!nd%!rentsQ %or/(e no se (s!n !%en!s en sin,(l!rM
el ,eniti+o on Qo#Q en#!tiz! lo /(e +! detrs de Qo#Q1 E.14 "' RlientsZ R"one'L t&e
"one' o# "' Rlients Hel diRnero de "is Rlientes6$ t&e oldest R&ildrenZs Rbi'lesL t&e
bi'les o# t&e oldest R&ildren Hl!s biiRlet!s de los ni)os "!R'ores6M S&e &!s e'es
/(ite (nli9e &er %!rentsZL S&e &!s e'es /(ite (nli9e t&ose o# &er %!rents HEll! tiene
o.os o"%let!"ente distintos de los de s(s %!dres61
:15C=1I En casi todos los casos mencionados de 2.065*:3 se puede usar el
genitivo sa%n o el genitivo con MofM, pero, si se usa el genitivo sa%n, se da m!s
importancia a la segunda parte del genitivo sa%n, , si se usa el genitivo con
MofM, se da m!s importancia al nombre 'ue va detr!s de MofMM l! %!l!br! /(e +!
!l #in!l s(ele lle+!r l! in#or"!i3n i"%ort!nte1 E.14 RG!ldosZ Rno+els Nse en#!tiz!
Uno+elsVO Hl!s noR+el!s de G!lRd3s6$ t&e no+els o# G!lRdos Nse en#!tiz! H!6 UG!ldosVO
Hl!s no+el!s de G!lRd3s6$ Antonio M!&!doZs R%oetr' Nse en#!tiz! U%oetr'VO Hl!
%oeRsF! de Antonio M!&!do6$ t&e %oetr' o# Antonio M!R&!do Nse en#!tiz! H!6
UAntonio M!&!doVO Hl! %oesF! de Antonio M!R&!do6$ et1
:15C?1I A%!rte de l! di#ereni! de 0n#!sis en (n! %!l!br! ( otr!$ se pueden usar el
genitivo sa%n el genitivo seguido de MofM con una cierta diferencia de
significado o con un significado distinto1 E.14 T&e' 7ere %(%ils o# Dr1 RArnold
HEr!n !l("nos del dotor RArnold6 ' UT&e' 7ere Dr1 RArnoldZs R%(%ilsV HEr!n los
!Rl("nos del dotor RArnold6M t&e RLordZs RD!' Hel RdF! del SeR)or Ni el do"in,oO6 '
Ut&e D!' o# t&e RLordV Hel dF! del j(iio FiRn!l6M RE+eZs Rd!(,&ters Hl!s R&i.!s de RE+!
N(n!s (!nt!sO6 ' Ut&e d!(,&ters o# RE+eV Hl!s &i.!s de RE+! Ntod!s l!s "(.eresO6M t&e
RAin,Zs REn,lis& Hel in,l0s esRtnd!r6 ' Ut&e En,lis& o# t&e R9in,V Hel in,l0s del Rre'6M
t&e RJ(eenZs reRe%tion in Gl!s,o7 Hl! ree%Ri3n de l! Rrein! en G1 Nor,!niz!d! %or
ell!O6 ' Ut&e ree%tion o# t&e RJ(een in Fr!neV Hl! ree%i3n de l! Rrein! en Fr!ni!
N/(e &iieron ! l! Rein!O6M t&e RJ(eenZs Rs%ee& Hel disR(rso de l! Rrein!6 ' Ut&e
s%ee& o# t&e RJ(eenV Hl! #or"! de &!bl!r de l! Rrein!6M t&e RJ(eenZs R#e!r Hel R"iedo
de l! Rrein! N/(e ell! tenF!O6 ' Ut&e #e!r o# t&e RJ(eenV Hel "iedo ! l! Rrein!6$ et1
El genitivo sa%n se usa con nombres propios nombres comunes 'ue se
refieren a personas o grupos de personas1
:15C@1I Se suele usar el genitivo sa%n en ve) del genitivo seguido de MofM con"
*+ @n nombre propio de persona solo o"o UPeterV$ et1$ no coordinado con
otro 'ue no lleve una #)# al final. E.14 RPeterZs Rli#e$ et1
2+ @n nombre comBn 'ue se refiera a una persona o"o Q#!t&er$ "ot&er$ (nle$
!(ntQ$ et1$ (!ndo no +! %reedido de n!d!1 E.14R"ot&erZs Rboo9s$ et1
2+ =lgunos nombres 'ue indican tiempo t!nto en sin,(l!r o"o en %l(r!l1 D1:1=@
-+ Oombres 'ue van detr!s de un genitivo con MofQ1 E.14 t&e D(9e o# RAlb!Zs
inRtentions Hl!s intenRiones del d(/(e de RAlb!6M t&e President o# t&e N!tion!l
RF!r"ersZ RUnion Hel %residente del RSindi!to N!ion!l de A,ri(lRtoresL Gr!nR.eros6$
t&e %riest o# St1 RP!(lZs H*!Rt&edr!l6 Hel (r! de l! !Rtedr!l de S!n RP!blo6$ et1 D1
:1=8$ :1?<$ :1@5
3+ El genitivo sub%etivo delante de un gerundio1 E.14 T&!t is ROl,!Zs Rdoin, HEso
es obr!L os! de Ol,!6M R>illi!"Zs R7ritin, Hl! esriRt(r! de G(iRller"o6$ et1
6+ @n superlativo en la segunda parte del genitivo sa%n1 E.14 RS%!inZs best
9no7n R!rtist$ t&e R7orldZs bi,,est R!r$ et1M si el ,eniti+o s!.3n es de l(,!r$ se %(ede
%oner %ri"ero l! se,(nd! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n$ %ero &!' /(e %oner l!
%re%osii3n QinQ del!nte de l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3n4 t&e best 9no7n !rtist
in S%!in$ t&e bi,,est !r in t&e 7orld$ et1
8+ Frases 'ue dan informacin a conocida1
9+ Frases cortas1
0+ Ciertas expresiones1
:15CB1I En los siguientes e%emplos solamente se puede usar el genitivo sa%n4 !
RbirdZsIe'e R+ie7 H(n! R+ist! de R%.!ro6$ t&e R!tZs Rlitter Hl! !R"!d! de l! R,!t!6$ t&e
RlionZs Rs&!re Hl! R%!rte del leR3n6$ RMot&erZs Rboo9s Hlos Rlibros de "!R"6$ Rtr!+ellerZs
R&e/(es NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rtr!+elerZs R&e9s NUSAO HR&e/(es de R+i!.e6$ et1
:155C1I Se suele usar el genitivo seguido de MofM en ve) del genitivo sa%n con"
*+ Ciertos nombres inanimados concretos u abstractos1
2+ Oombres colectivos referidos a personas.
2+ Ciertos nombres en plural terminados en 5s en in,l0s &!bl!do$ ! no ser /(e
/(ede l!ro %or el onte-to o iert!s %!l!br!s /(e lo !l!ren1 D1 :1@;
-+ Oombres seguidos de varias palabras, una frase u oracin1 E.14 A desri%tion
o# 7&!t is ,oin, Ron HUn! desri%i3n de lo /(e est %!Rs!ndo6$ et1 D1:1@8
3+ Oombres incontables$ ! no ser /(e +!'!n se,(idos del no"bre Qs!9eQ1
6+ Kartes del cuerpo1 D1:1@@
8+ Cuando la preposicin MofM va seguida de un gerundio1 E.14 Eis deision o#
,oin, t&ere HS( deisi3n de ir !llF6M T&e %le!s(re o# t!l9in, toL 7it& 'o( HEl %l!er
de &!bl!r onti,o61
9+ Frases 'ue dan informacin no conocida aBn1
0+ Frases largas1
:15551I En los siguientes e%emplos solamente se puede usar MofM no el genitivo
sa%n4 t&e !(s!tion o# oRrr(%tion Hl! !(s!i3n de orr(%Ri3n6M t&eL !n
!9no7led,He6"ent o# t&!t R#!t HelL (n reonoi"iento de ese R&e&o6M !re!s o#
Rdo(bt Hre!s de Rd(d!6M !n !s%et o# t&e R%roble" H(n !s%eto del %roRble"!6M !n
!tte"%t o# R"(rderL ! R"(rder !Rtte"%t H(n intento de !sesiRn!to6M t&!t !ttit(deL #r!"e
o# R"ind Hes! !tit(d "enRt!l6M t&e b!9 o# t&e R&!irL t&e R&!ir Rb!9 Hel res%!ldo de
l! Rsill!6M t&e b!9 o# t&e Rb(sL Rs&ool Hl! %!rte tr!ser!L %osterior del !(toRb2sL de l!
esR(el!6M ! b!r o# R&ool!teL ! R&ool!te Rb!r H(n! t!blet!L b!rr! de &ooRl!te6M t&e
b!sis o# t&e R%roble" Hl! b!se del %roRble"!6M t&e b!t o# !n Re'e Hel %est!)eo de (n
Ro.o6M !t t&e be,innin, o# t&e Rstor'L t&is R7ee9L t&is R"ont& H!l o"ienzo de l!
&istoRriet!L est! seR"!n!L este R"es6M t&is be&!+io(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be&!+ior
NUSAO o# t&e R"ot&er Hest! ond(t! de l! R"!dre6M t&e bene#it o# &("!n Rt&o(,&t Hel
bene#iio del %ens!"iento R&("!no6M t&e boo9 o# t&e R#il" Hel libro de l! %eRlF(l!6M !
bottle o# Rbeer H(n! botell! Nllen!O de erR+ez!6L ! Rbeer Rbottle H(n! botell! N+!F!O de
erR+ez!6M !t t&e botto" o# t&e R%!,e H!l %ie de l! R%,in!L en l! %,in! !b!.o6M t&e
botto" o# t&e Rse! Hel #ondo del R"!r6M ! bo7l o# Rs(,!r H(n t!z3n NllenoO de !Rz2!r6L
! Rs(,!r Rbo7l H(n t!Rz3n N+!FoO %!r! Hel6 !Rz2!r6M ! bo- o# iR,!rs H(n! !.! Nllen!O
de R%(ros6L ! iR,!r Rbo- H(n! R!.! N+!F!O deL %!r! R%(ros6M ! bo' o# R5CL ! tenI'e!rI
old bo' H(n &io de diez R!)os6M t&e b(rden o# t&e R%!st Hel %eso del %!Rs!do6M !
b(re!( o# in#orR"!tionL !n in#orR"!tion Rb(re!( H(n! o#iin! de in#or"!Ri3n6M !ner
o# t&e R%rost!teL R%rost!te R!ner Hner de R%r3st!t!6M t&e !(se o# t&e R(ni+erse Hl!
!(s! del (niR+erso6M t&e &!"%ion o# t&e UH16SH16RAH16L t&e UH16SH16RAH16 R&!"%ion
Hel !"%e3n de los Est!dos URnidos6M Ee &!s ! &!ne o# #or"in, ! R,o+ern"ent Hl
tiene (n! o%ort(nid!d de #or"!r ,oRbierno6M It is t&e &!ne o# ! Rli#eti"e HEs l!
o%ort(nid!d de (n! R+id!6M t&e *&!nellor o# t&e E-R&e/(er NGBO Hel "inistro de
EonoR"F!6M ! &!n,e o# !ddressL R!irL R%l!n H(n !"bio de direRi3nL R!iresL R%l!n6M
! lose #riend o# R"ine H(n !"i,o R"Fo Fnti"o6M t&e o!st o# RFlorid!L t&e RFlorid!
Ro!st Hl! ost! de FloRrid!6M ! o!t o# R%!int H(n! !%! de %inRt(r!6M oins o# le,!l
Rtender H"oned!s de (rso Rle,!l6M t&e o""!nd o# ! Rl!n,(!,e Hel do"inio de (n
iRdio"!6M t&e o"%re&ension o# t&ese Rt&in,s Hl! o"%rensi3n de est!s Ros!s6M
on#(sion o# oR%inions Hon#(si3n de o%iRniones6M t&e on/(est o# t&e Rontinent Hl!
on/(ist! del ontiRnente6M t&e ontinent o# RE(ro%eL t&e E(ro%e!n ontinent Hel
ontinente e(roR%eo6M t&e ontrol o# t&e sit(R!tion Hel ontrol de l! sit(!Ri3n6M t&e ost
o# Rli+in, Hel ostoL oste de Hl!6 R+id!6M t&e o(nil o# t&e Rit'L t&e Rit' Ro(nil Hel
!'(nt!"iento6M t&e *o(nt o# MonteRristo Hel onde de MonteRristo6M in t&e o(rse
o# &er on+erRs!tion Hen el (rso de s( on+ers!Ri3n6M t&e (lt(re o# R&!n,e Hl!
(lt(r! del R!"bio6M !not&er (% o# Rte! H&!rin! de otro osRt!l6M t&e d!te o# Riss(e
N"s (s!doOL t&e Riss(e Rd!te N"enos (s!doO Hl! #e&! de e-%ediRi3n6M t&e d!' o# t&e
R7eddin,L t&e R7eddin, Rd!' Hel dF! de l! Rbod!6M t&e d!'s o# t&e R7ee9 Hlos dF!s de l!
seR"!n! Ninl(ido el do"in,oOL Ht&e6 7ee9d!'s Hlos dF!s de se"!n! Nsin el sb!do '
do"in,oO6M +!rio(s de,rees o# R#!il(re H+!rios ,r!dos de #r!R!so6M t&e de%!rt(re o#
t&e Rb(sL Rtr!in NoO t&e Rb(sL Rtr!in deR%!rt(re Hl! s!lid! del !(toRb2sL Rtren6M t7o
desri%tions o# t&e s!"e diRs!ster Hdos desri%iones del "is"o deRs!stre6M t&e desire
o# R&ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R &onor NUSAO Hel deseo del &oRnor6M t&e
destr(tion o# R"!tter Hl! destr(i3n de l! "!Rteri!6M ! di##erene o# R&!r!ter H(n!
di#ereni! de !Rrter6M diretor o# %(bli !R##!irsL %(bli !R##!irs diRretor Hdiretor de
!s(ntos R%2blios6M t&e door o# t&e R&o(seL t&e R&o(se Rdoor Hl! %(ert! de l! R!s!6M t&e
door o# t&e Rsittin, roo"L t&e Rsittin, roo" Rdoor Hl! %(ert! del (!rto de esRt!r6M !t t&e
ed,e o# t&e Rri+erL !t t&e Rri+er Red,e H!l borde del RrFo6M t&e ed,e o# t&!t Rr(ler Hel borde
de es!L !/(ell! Rre,l!6M t&is edition o# RNe7s REo(r NoO t&is Ne7s Eo(r edition Hest!
edii3n de l! &or! de l!s noRtii!s6M !t t&e end o# t&e Rd!'L t&e Rstor'L t&is R7ee9L t&is
R"ont& H!l #in!l del RdF!L de l! &istoRriet!L de est! seR"!n!L de este R"es6M t&e
en.o'"ent o# R%le!s(re Hel dis#r(teL ,oe del R%l!er6M es!lo%e o# R+e!l N"s (s!doOL
+e!l es!lo%e N"enos (s!doO Hes!lo%e de terRner!6M t&e e+idene o# t&e Rsenses Hl!
e+ideni! de los senRtidos6M t&e e-!"in!tion o# t&e R"!tter Hel e-!"en del !Rs(nto6M
!n e-ess o# R!(tion H(n e-eso de %re!(Ri3n6M in t&e e'e o# t&e beR&older Hen el
o.o del obser+!RdorL es%et!Rdor6M t&e #!t&er o# ! R#!"il' Hel %!dre de (n! #!R"ili!6M
t&e #ield o# Rb!ttleL t&e Rb!ttle#ield Hel !"%o de b!Rt!ll!6M t&e #lo7 o# in#orR"!tionL t&e
in#orR"!tion R#lo7 Hel #l(.o de in#or"!Ri3n6M t&e #oot o# t&e R"o(nt!in Hel %ie de l!
"onRt!)!6M !t t&e #rontL b!9 o# t&e R!r Hen l! %!rte del!nter!L tr!ser! del Ro&e6M t&e
#(l#il"ent NGB %rini%!l"enteOL #(l#ill"ent NUSAO o# deRsires Hl! s!tis#!i3n de los
deRseos6M t&e ,!rden o# t&e R%!l!eL t&e R%!l!e R,!rden Hel .!rdFn del %!Rl!io6M ! ,l!ss
o# Rbeer H(n +!so NllenoO de erR+ez!6L ! Rbeer R,l!ss H(n! R+!so de erR+ez! N+!Fo i (n
+!so %!r! ser+ir er+ez!O6M ! ,l!ss o# R7ine H(n! o%! Nllen!O de R+ino6L ! R7ine R,l!ss
H(n! Ro%! de R+ino N+!F! i (n! o%! %!r! ser+ir +inoO6M "!n' &e!ds o# Rst!te
H"(&os .e#es de esRt!do6M 7it& t&e &el% o# R"one' Hon l! !'(d! del diRnero6M ! &int
o# Rt&!t H(n! indi!i3n de Reso6M t&e &istor' o# Rso(l R"(siL t&e Rso(l R"(si R&istor'
Hl! &istori! de l! R"2si! Rso(l6M t&e Eo(se o# Ht&e6 R*o""ons Hl! *"!r! de los
*oR"(nes6M t&e &("idit' o# R!irL t&e R!ir &(R"idit' Hl! &("ed!d del R!ire6M !n iss(e o#
R%rini%le H(n !s(nto de %rinRi%io6M in j!n(!r' o# t&is R'e!r Hen enero de este R!)o6M
t&e .o' o# Rse- Hel %l!er del Rse-o6M ! .(, o# Rbeer H(n! .!rr! Nllen!O6 de erR+ez!L !
Rbeer R.(, H(n! R.!rr! de erR+ez! N+!F! i (n! .!rr! %!r! ser+ir er+ez!O6M t&e 9e' o#
t&e R!rL t&e R!r R9e' Hl! ll!+e del Ro&e6M t&e 9e' o# R9no7led,e Hl! ll!+e del
onoiR"iento6M &is l!9 o# R9indnessL Rt!t Hs( #!lt! de !"!biliRd!dL Rt!to6M t&e
l!n,(!,e o# t&e Rbirds Hel len,(!.e de los R%.!ros6M t&e le, o# t&e R&!irL t&e R&!ir Rle,
Hl! %!t! de l! Rsill!6M t&e le, o# t&is R&!ir Hl! %!t! de est! Rsill!6M t&e le,Hs6 o# t&e Rt!bleL
t&e Rt!ble Rle,Hs6 Hl!Hs6 %!t!Hs6 de l! R"es!6M ! le, o# t&e R&!irL ! Rt!ble Rle, H(n! %!t! de
l! R"es!6M #or t&e li#e o# R"eL R'o(L R&i"L R&erL R(sL Rt&e" H%or "iL t(L s(L n(estr!L s(
R+id!6M in t&e li+es o# !ll R"!n9ind Hen l!s +id!s de tod! l! &("!niRd!d6M T&e' &!+e
"!de "ist!9es b' t&e loo9Hs6 o# itL t&e" HE!n o"etido errores ! .(z,!r %or elloL
ellos6M t&e loss o# &("!n Rli+es Hl! %0rdid! de +id!s &(R"!n!s6M &is lo+e o# Rtr(t& Hs(
!"or %or l! +erRd!d6M ! "!n o# Ro(r!,e H(n &o"bre +!Rliente6M t&e "!% o# RS%!in Hel
"!%! de EsR%!)! Ndonde !%!ree Es%!)!O6$ %ero es di#erente de Qt&e S%!nis& "!%Q
Hel "!%! es%!)ol N&e&o en Es%!)! %ero %(ede !%!reer Es%!)! o ser de (!l/(ier
otro %!Fs o de todo el "(ndoO6M ! "!tter o# Rti"e H(n! (esti3n de Rtie"%o6M t&e
"e!nin, o# Rt&is Hel si,ni#i!do de Resto6M Me"bers o# R*on,ressL R*on,ress"enL
R*on,ress7o"enL R*on,ress%ersons H"ie"bros del *onR,reso6 %ero Uon,ress Ni
on#ereneO "e"bersV H"ie"bros del on,reso Ni on#ereni!O6M "en o# Rsiene
H&o"bres de Rieni!6M ! "et&od o# e-R%ression H(n "0todo de e-%reRsi3n6M t&is
"et&od o# !Rn!l'sis Heste "0todo de !Rnlisis6M in t&e "iddle o# t&e Rt!le H! "it!d del
R(ento6M in t&e "iddle o# t&e Rto7nL t&ose deRb!tes Hen "edio de l! i(Rd!dL esos
deRb!tes6M t&e Minister o# RS%ortHs6L t&e RS%orts RMinister Hel "inistro de DeR%ortes6$ !
"i-t(re o# se+er!l Rs(bst!nes H(n! "ezl! de +!ri!s s(Hb6sRt!ni!s6M t&e "(si o#
t&e ,(iRt!rL t&e ,(iRt!r R"(si Hl! "2si! de l! ,(iRt!rr! Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO ' U,(iRt!r R"(siV Hl! R"2si! de ,(iRt!rr! Nen ,ener!lO6M in t&e n!"e o#
R#reedo" Hen no"bre de l! liberRt!d6M t&e n!"e o# t&is Rstreet Hel no"bre de est!
R!lle6M t&e n!"e o# t&is Rtree N"s (s!doOL t&is Rtree Rn!"e N"enos (s!doO Hel no"bre
de este Rrbol6M t&e n!t(re o# R#ireL Rt&in,sL R7!terL t&is R%ro,r!""e Hl! n!t(r!lez! del
R#(e,oL de l!s Ros!sL del R!,(!L de este %roR,r!"!6$ t&e need o# R&(ntin,L Rre!din, N'
otros ,er(ndiosO Hl! neesid!d de R!z!rL Rleer6M t&e ne7s o# &is Rde!t& Hl! notii! de
s( R"(erte6M noise o# Rbells Hr(ido de !"R%!n!s6M t&e noise o# t&e R&!ir Rdr'er Hel r(ido
del se!Rdor del R%elo6M #or ! n("ber o# Rre!sons H%or (n! serie de r!Rzones6M t&e
obser+!ne o# t&e Rl!7 Hl! obser+!ni!L el ("%li"iento de l! Rle'6M t&e obser+!tion
o# Rn!t(re Hl! obser+!i3n de l! n!t(r!Rlez!6M t&e obser+!tion o# t&e R7orld N"s
(s!doOL t&e R7orld obserR+!tion N"enos (s!doO Hl! obser+!i3n del R"(ndo6M t&e
order o# R7ordsL t&e R7ord Rorder Hel orden de %!Rl!br!s6M t&e %!e o# reR#or" Hel rit"o
de reR#or"!6M t&ree %!,es o# t&e Rboo9 Htres %,in!s del Rlibro6M %!rt o# t&e R"one'
H%!rte del diRnero6M ! bi, %!rt o# t&e R%l!n H(n! ,r!n %!rte del R%l!n6M t&e %e!e o#
R"ind Hl! %!z "enRt!l6M ! l!r,e %erent!,e o# R%eo%le H(n ,r!n %orent!.e de
%erRson!s6M %led,es o# R&el% H%ro"es!s de !R'(d!6M t&e %eo%le o# RIndi! No (!l/(ier
otro %!FsOL t&e Indi!n %eo%le Hl! ,ente de l! RIndi!6M ! %l!e o# R7ors&i%L ! R7ors&i%
R%l!e H(n l(,!r de R(lto6M t&e %li,&t o# t&e Rblind Hl! sit(!i3n di#Fil de los Rie,os6M
! %oint o# R &ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R &onor NUSAOL Rl!7 H(n! (esti3n de
&oRnorL deRre&o6M t&e %oints o# Rinterest Hlos %(ntos de inteRr0s6M ! %ot o# Ro##ee H(n!
!#eRter! Nllen! de !#0O6L ! Ro##ee R%ot H(n! !#eRter! N+!F! %!r! !#0O6M ! %ot o# Rte!
H(n! teRter! Nllen! de t0O6L ! Rte! R%ot H(n! teRter! N+!F! %!r! t0O6M t&e %o7er o# Rlo+eL
R"one'L t&e R7&istle Hel %oder del !R"orL del diRneroL de l! #(erz! del silRb!to6M &is
%o7er o# R7ill N"enos (s!doOL &is 7ill%o7er N"s (s!doO Hs( #(erz! de +ol(nRt!d6M
t&e %rie o# t&e Rb(r,l!r !Rl!r" Hel %reio de l! !Rl!r"! !ntiRrrobo6M t&e %ro,r!""in,
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %ro,r!"in, NUSAO o# t&e BH16BH16R*H16L t&e BH16BH16*H16
%ro,r!""in, Hl! %ro,r!"!i3n de l! B1B1R*16M t&e %(r%ose o# Rli#e Hl! #in!lid!d de l!
R+id!6M t&e %(rs(it o# R&!%%inessL R"one' Hl! b2s/(ed! de l! #eliiRd!dL del Rdinero6M
t&e /(!lit' o# Rli#e Hl! !lid!d de R+id!6M t&e /(estion o# t&e eRono"' Hl! (esti3n de
l! eonoR"F!6L t&e eRono"' R/(estion Hl! (esti3n eoRn3"i!6M b' ! /(ir9 o# R#!te
H%or (no de esos !%ri&os del desRtinoL %or (n! de es!s !s(!lid!des de l! R+id!6M
t&e r!te o# inR#l!tionL t&e inR#l!tion Rr!te Hl! t!s! de in#l!Ri3n6M t&e r!te o# RinterestL t&e
Rinterest Rr!te Hl! t!s! de inteRr0s6M reo,nition o# Rso"et&in, Hreonoi"iento de
R!l,o6M t&e re.etion o# t&e iRde! Hel re&!zo de l! iRde!6M t&e rest o# t&e Rte-t Hel resto
del Rte-to6M t&e res(lt o# t&e e-R%erieneL R7!r Hel res(lt!do de l! e-%eRrieni!L
R,(err!6M t&e res(lt o# t&e R"!t& N"s (s!doOL t&e R"!t& reRs(lt N"enos (s!doO Hel
res(lt!do del %!rRtido6M o(r re+ie7 o# R%olitisL o(r R%olitis reR+ie7 Hn(estro res("en
de l! %oRlFti!6M t&e ri,&t o# #ree Rs%ee& Hel dere&o de libert!d de e-%reRsi3n6M t&e
ri,&t o# reR%l' Hel dere&o ! Rr0%li!6M t&e ris9 o# inR#etion N"s (s!doOL t&e inR#etion
Rris9 Hel ries,o de in#eRi3n6M t&e roo# o# t&e R&o(seL t&e R&o(se Rroo# Hel te.!do de l!
R!s!6M t&e r(le o# Rl!7 Hl!s nor"!sL re,l!s de l! Rle'6M t&e r("o(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL r("or NUSAO o# deR#e!t Hel r("or de l! deRrrot!6M t&e sene o# t&e
Rri"eL t&e Rri"e Rsene Hl! esen! del Rri"en6M t&e seret o# lon, Rli#e Hel sereto de
l! lon,eR+id!d6M t&e se(rit' o# t&e Rst!te Hl! se,(rid!d del Rest!do6L t&e Rst!te seR(rit'
Hl! ,!r!nRtF! del esRt!do6M t&e ?Ht&6 Ho#6 RA(,(st NGB %rini%!l"enteO Hel siete de
!R,osto6M t&e s&!do7 o# ! RtreeL R&o(se NoO ! RtreeL R&o(se Rs&!do7 Hl! so"br! de (n
RrbolL (n! R!s!6M t&e s&o9 o# t&e Rrisis Hel i"%!to de l! Rrisis6M EeZs s&ort o#
R"one' Hl !nd! "!l de diRnero6M b' t&e side o# t&e R%ool H!l l!do de l! %isRin!6M on
bot& sides o# t&e Rro!d H! !"bos l!dos de l! !rreRter!6M t&e si,&t o# t&is Rsener' Hl!
+ist! de este %!iRs!.e6M ! si"%li#i!tionL !n o+ersi"%li#i!tion o# t&e R%roble" H(n!
si"%li#i!i3nL si"%li#i!i3n e-esi+! del %roRble"!6M t&e size o# t&e RstoneL t&e
Rstone Rsize Hel t!"!)o de l! R%iedr!6M ! sort o# into-iR!tion H(n ti%o de into-i!Ri3n6M
so"e sort o# e-%l!Rn!tion H!l,2n ti%o de e-%li!Ri3n6M t&e so(nd o# t&e R7ind Hel
sonido del R+iento6M ! st!## o# Rte!&ers H(n! %l!ntill! de %ro#eRsores6M t&e st!te o# t&e
eRono"' Hel est!do de l! eonoR"F!6L t&e eono"i st!te Hl! sit(!i3n eon3"i!6M
t&e St!te o# R>!s&in,tonL R>!s&in,ton RSt!te Hel est!do de R>16M ! st!te"ent o# t&ose
R#!ts H(n! e-%osii3n de esos R&e&os6M t&e str!te,' o# t&e Red R*rossL t&e Red
R*ross Rstr!te,' Hl! estr!te,i! de l! *r(z RRo.!6M S&e &!s t&e stren,t& o# ! Rb(ll HEll!
tiene l! #(erz! de (n Rtoro6M t&e stri9es o# 5BBR< Hl!s &(el,!s de 5BBR<6M t&e str(t(re
o# R"!tter Hl! estr(t(r! de l! "!Rteri!6M st(dies o# t&is !Rl!"it' Hest(dios de est!
!l!R"id!d6M t&e st(d' o# R"!tterL %&iRloso%&' Hel est(dio de l! "!Rteri!L #ilosoR#F!6M
>o"en &!+e ! st'le o# t&eir Ro7n HL!s "(.eres tienen (n estilo R%ro%io6M t&e s(r+i+!l
o# t&e R#ittest Hl! s(%er+i+eni! de los "s Rs!nos6M t&e s'"%to"s o# RAIDSL t&e
RAIDS Rs'"%to"s Hlos sFnto"!s del Rsid!6M ! t!ste o# Rt&in,s H(n! "(estr! de Ros!s6M
! t&ird o# Rs(,!r H(n! terer! %!rte de !Rz2!r6M t&e t&re!t o# diRse!ses Hl! !"en!z! de
en#er"eRd!des6M !t ! ti"e o# Rrisis Hen (n tie"%o de Rrisis6M ! t(be o# Rtoot&%!ste H(n
t(bo NllenoO de %!st! denRtF#ri!6L ! Rtoot&%!ste Rt(be H(n Rt(bo N+!FoO de %!st!
denRtF#ri!6M !t t&e to% o# t&is R&illL !t t&is &illto%L on t&e to% o# t&is R&illL on t&is
&illto% Hen l! i"! de est! oRlin!6M !t t&e to% o# t&is R%!,e Hen l! %!rte de !rrib! de
est! R%,in!6M ! to(r o# t&e Ro(ntr' H(n! ,ir! %or el R%!FsL R!"%o6 %ero Q! Ro(ntr'
Rto(rQ H(n! R,ir! %or el R!"%o6M t&e tre!t"ent o# R!ner N"s (s!doOL t&e R!ner
Rtre!t"ent N"enos (s!doO Hel tr!t!"iento del Rner6M t&!t THee6Is&irt o# R'o(rs Hes!
!"iset! de de%orte Rt('!6M ! tin NGBO o# Rt(n! R#is& H(n! l!t! Nllen!O de !Rt2n6L ! Rt(n!
Rtin NGBO H(n! Rl!t! N+!F!O de !Rt2n6M t&e tr(n9 o# t&is RtreeL t&is Rtree Rtr(n9 Hel trono
de este Rrbol6M t&e (s!,e o# t&ese R7ords Hel (so de est!s %!Rl!br!s6M t&e (se o# t&is
"!R&ine Hel (so de est! R"/(in!6M t&e +!l(e N7ort&4 no %onerO o# li#e Hel +!lor de l!
R+id!6M ! +iol!tion o# &("!n Rri,&tsL ! &("!n Rri,&ts +ioRl!tion H(n! +iol!i3n de los
dere&os &(R"!nos6M ! 7!ll o# RstoneL ! Rstone R7!ll H(n! %!redL (n "(ro de R%iedr!6M
t&e 7!lls o# t&e Rto7nL t&e Rto7n R7!lls Hl!s "(r!ll!s de l! Ri(d!d6M 7!ter o# t&is
Rri+er H!,(! de este RrFo6$ %ero Qt&is Rri+er 7!terQ HEstH!$ e6 R!,(! de rFo6L Qt&is ri+er
R7!terQ H!,(! de este RrFo6M ! 7!' o# desribin, t&e R%l!net H(n! "!ner! de desribir
el %l!Rnet!6M 7e!%ons o# "!ss deRstr(tionL "!ss deRstr(tion 7e!%ons H!r"!s de
destr(i3n "!Rsi+!6M t&e 7ei,&t o# Rti"e Hel %eso del Rtie"%o6M t&e 7el#!re o# t&e
R%oor Hel bienest!r de los %obres6M t&e 7indo7 o# t&e R&o(seL t&e R&o(se R7indo7 Hl!
+ent!n! de l! R!s!6M t&e 7indo7s o# t&ese R&otels Hl!s +ent!n!s de estos &oRteles6M
7ords o# !(Rs!tionL s(R%%ort H%!l!br!s de !(s!Ri3nL !R%o'o6M t&e 7orld o# iRde!s
Hel "(ndo de l!s iRde!s6M t&e 'o(n,est o# t&e R!stron!(ts Hel "s .o+en de los
!stroRn!(t!s6$ et1
Al,(nos no"bres o"o Qb!9$ be,innin,$ botto"$ ed,e$ end$ inside$ "iddle$
o(tside$ %!rt$ side$ to%Q$ s(elen ir se,(idos de Qo#Q$ %ero &!' e-e%iones1
Se (s! s3lo Qo#Q detrs de (n !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o o l!si#i!ti+o ND1@18=O$ detrs de
(n n("er!l ND1 ;1<CI8$ ;1<;15I8$ ;1<=15I8$ <1B15I8$ <15<I5?$ <18815I8O$ detrs de (n
%rono"bre inde#inido ND1 ;1<;1=$ ;1<=1=$ <1B1=$ <1:CO$ detrs de (n +erbo
ND1@1@15@;O$ en otros !sos4 D1 81=$ :15@I8C$ :18@I:C$ ;1<;15I?$ ;1<=15I?$ <1B15I?
*APTULO *UARTO
El !d.eti+o ;15I5:
Ad.eti+os del!nte del no"bre ;1<$ ;15;I5<$ ;1;:1;
Ad.eti+os !li#i!ti+os ' l!si#i!ti+os ;1=
Ad.eti+os no ,r!d(!bles ;1?
Ad.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, ' Ied ;1@
Ad.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, ;1B
Ad.eti+os din"ios ' esttios ;15C
Ad.eti+os o"%(estos ;155
Ad.eti+os /(e indi!n est!do tr!nsitorio o n!t(r!lez! intrFnse! ;158
Ad.eti+os (nidos %or o"! o on.(ni3n ;15:
Orden de los !d.eti+os ;15;
Ad.eti+os del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo ;15<
Ad.eti+os del!nte o detrs de (n no"bre ;15=
Ad.eti+os detrs del no"bre ;15?
Ad.eti+os detrs de (n +erbo ;15@
Intensi#i!i3n o !ten(!i3n de !d.eti+os ;15B
Ad.eti+os o"%!r!ti+os ;18CI88$ ;18;I=$ ;1;B
Ad.eti+os !bsol(tos ;18:
Ad.eti+os en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de !d+erbios ;18?
Ad.eti+o s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o ;18@$ ;18;I=$ ;1;B
Ad.eti+os en s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o %reedidos de !d+erbios ;18B
El !d.eti+o s(%erl!ti+o !bsol(to ;1:C
Ad.eti+os en ,r!do %ositi+o %reedidos de !d+erbios ;1:5
*!"bios !l #or"!r el o"%!r!ti+o ' s(%erl!ti+o en el !d.eti+o ;1:8
Ad.eti+os deri+!dos ;1::
Ad.eti+os en #or"! ne,!ti+! ;1:;I<
Ad.eti+os %!reidos ;1:=
Ad.eti+os rel!ion!dos on no"bres ter"in!dos en Iist ;1:?
Ad.eti+os e/(i+!lentes ! no"bres ;1:@
Ad.eti+os %or on+ersi3n ;1:BI;;
Ad.eti+os o"%(estos ;1;<
Ad.eti+os red(%li!ti+os ;1;=
Ad.eti+os !ort!dos ;1;?
Ad.eti+os ono"!to%0'ios ;1;@
F(niones del !d.eti+o ;1;B
Ad.eti+os n("er!les ;1<CI<8
Ad.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os ;1<:I;
Ad.eti+os %osesi+os ;1<<I=
Ad.eti+os interro,!ti+os ;1<?I@
Ad.eti+os rel!ti+os ;1<B
Ad.eti+os e-l!"!ti+os ;1=C
Ad.eti+os inde#inidos ;1=5
;151I &os ad%etivos pueden ser"
a+ Calificativos.
b+ Clasificativos.
c+ De colores.
d+ Determinativos4 n("er!les$ de"ostr!ti+os$ %osesi+os$ interro,!ti+os$ rel!ti+os$
e-l!"!ti+os e inde#inidos1
Por el si,ni#i!do los deter"in!ntes Hdeter"iners6 %(eden ser4
!6 Es%eF#ios4 el !rtF(lo deter"in!do$ los !d.eti+os n("er!les$ de"ostr!ti+os$
%osesi+os$ interro,!ti+os$ rel!ti+os ' (nos %oos !d.eti+os inde#inidos4 t&e ot&er$
bot&$ t&e #or"er$ t&e l!tter$ et1
b6 No es%eF#ios o ,ener!les4 el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ los !d.eti+os e-l!"!ti+os
' !si todos los !d.eti+os inde#inidos1
En rel!i3n on l! #or"!$ los !d.eti+os %(eden ser4
!6 Si"%les4 intelli,ent Hinteli,enteHs66$ le+er HlistoHs66$ nie H!,r!d!bleHs6L
si"%tioHs6$ !Hs6L bonitoHs6$ !Hs66$ et1
b6 *o"%(estos %or dos %!l!br!s4 &err' red Hro.HoHs6$ !Hs6 erez!6$ Rli#eIRs!+in, H/(e
s!l+! +id!sL de soorro6$ RIndoIRBritis&$ Rte&nioIsienRti#i$ RSinoITiRbet!n$ et1$ o
"s de dos4 Rdo7nI!tIR&eel Hdes!se!doL ,!st!do6$ et1 D1 ;15;1@$ ;1;;I=
;181I &os ad%etivos normalmente tienen una sola forma para el singular
masculino o femenino el plural masculino o femeninoM es deir$ tienen le-e"!
' "or#e"! ero de n2"ero ' ,0nero$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no tienen "or#e"! de
n2"ero ' ,0neroM los "or#e"!s de n2"ero ' ,0nero se #(nden en (no solo en
in,l0sM los !d.eti+os no +!n se,(idos de l! ter"in!i3n Is del ,eniti+oM l! "!'orF!
+!n del!nte del no"bre H!ttrib(ti+e !d.eti+e6 ' %(eden e-%res!r r!s,os
%er"!nentes o %ro+ision!lesM otros$ (nos %oos$ +!n detrs del no"bre H%redi!ti+e
!d.eti+e6 ' e-%res!n r!s,os %er"!nentes o !r!terFstiosM !si todos %(eden ir
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o H%redi!ti+e !d.eti+e6 ' e-%res!n r!s,os
%ro+ision!lesM en in,l0s l! %osii3n "s #re(ente del !d.eti+o es del!nte del
no"bre$ ' en !stell!no es detrs del no"breM en in,l0s ,ener!l"ente lle+! el
!ento el no"bre ' no el !d.eti+o$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no es !l re+0s1 E.14 ! t!ll
Rbo'L R,irl H(n &io R!ltoL (n! &i! R!lt!6$ t!ll Rbo'sL ,irls H&ios R!ltosL &i!s
R!lt!s61
Sol!"ente los !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os tienen (n! #or"! %!r! el sin,(l!r ' otr! %!r!
el %l(r!l1
M(&os !d.eti+os tienen le-e"! ' "or#e"! de o"%!r!ti+o ' s(%erl!ti+o !)!dido
o"o s(#i.o o ter"in!i3n o o"o %!rtF(l!s se%!r!d!s del !d.eti+o1
El !d.eti+o %(ede indi!r (!lid!des4 s9il#(l NGB %rini%!l"enteOL s9ill#(l NUSAO
H&bilHes66$ est!dos4 !li+e H+i+HoHs6$ !Hs66$ !ti+id!des o !tit(des4 t!l9!ti+e
H&!bl!dorHes6$ !Hs66$ %osibilid!des4 inredible HinreFbleHs661
E-isten !sos en /(e (n! %!l!br! %(ede tener l! "is"! #or"! %!r! el !d.eti+o ' el
no"bre en sin,(l!r$ ' (!ndo es! %!l!br! &!e de no"bre %(ede tener l!s
!r!terFsti!s de (n no"bre ' to"!r l! ter"in!i3n Is %!r! #or"!r el %l(r!lM %(ede
ir %reedid! de (n !d.eti+o n("er!l o"o Qone$ t7oQ$ et1$ e-e%to l!s /(e ter"in!n
en I#(lM se pueden dar dos casos"
*+ &os 'ue se pueden poner con el mismo significado en plural no %reedidos
de Ut&eV (!ndo se sobrHe6entiende Uen ,ener!lV ND1 81<:O o %reedidos de Ut&eV
(!ndo se sobrHe6entiende Ues%ei!l"enteV ND1 81?OM son n("erosos4 E.14
ri"in!lHs6$ &o%e#(lHs6$ liber!lHs6$ "edi!l HlFnioHs6L "0dioHs66 ' UHt&e6 "edi!ls
NGBOV Hl!s re+isiones "0di!s6$ nobleHs6$ 7&iteHs6$ red Hro.oHs6$ !Hs66 ' UT&e reds !re
&ereV HLos ro.os Ni o"(nist!sO estn !/(F6M *!t&oliHs6$ A#ri!nHs6$ Alb!ni!nHs6$
Al,eri!nHs6$ A"eri!nHs6$ Ar,entini!nHs6$ Asi!nHs6$ A(str!li!nHs6$ A(stri!nHs6
Bel,i!nHs6$ Bosni!nHs6$ Br!zili!nHs6$ B(l,!ri!nHs6$ *&ile!nHs6$ *olo"bi!nHs6$ *ost!
Ri!nHs6$ *ro!ti!nHs6$ E,'%ti!nHs6$ E(ro%e!nHs6$ Ger"!nHs6$ Gree9Hs6$
G(!te"!l!nHs6$ Eond(r!nHs6$ E(n,!ri!nHs6$ Indonesi!nHs6$ Ir!/(iHs6$ Isr!eliHs6$
It!li!nHs6$ j!"!i!nHs6$ Aen'!nHs6$ L'bi!nHs6$ Me-i!nHs6$ Moro!nHs6$
Ni!r!,(!nHs6$ Ni,eri!nHs6$ Ni,erienHs6$ Nor7e,i!nHs6$ P!9ist!niHs6$ P!n!"!ni!nHs6$
P!r!,(!'!nHs6$ Per(+i!nHs6$ R("!ni!nHs6$ R(ssi!nHs6$ Serbi!nHs6$ Slo+eni!nHs6$
So(t& A"eri!nHs6$ T&!iHs6$ T'role!nHs6$ Ur(,(!'!nHs6$ Denez(el!nHs6$ et1
E-isten !l,(nos !d.eti+os /(e se di#ereni!n de los no"bres4 Ar!biL Ar!bi!n '
UHt&e6 Ar!bsVM D!nis& ' UHt&e6 D!nesVM P&illi%ine ' UHt&e6 Fili%inosVM Polis& ' UHt&e6
PolesVM Sottis&L Sots Heso0sHes6$ !Hs66 ' UHt&e6 SotsV Hlos esoeses6M T(r9is& '
UHt&e6 T(r9sV$ et1 D1 81B;
2+ &os 'ue se pueden poner con distinto significado en plural1 E.14 l!ssi
HlsioHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ul!ssisV Hlsi!s6$ t&e l!ssis Hlos lsios Nes%ei!l"enteL
sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6$ et1
En !l,(nos !sos no se %one l! ter"in!i3n Is$ %ero se distin,(en de los !d.eti+os
%or/(e +!n %reedidos de Ut&eVM inl('en ! los &o"bres ' ! l!s "(.eresM los
ter"in!dos en Iels&$ Ien&$ Iis&$ I(t&$ no %(eden ir %reedidos de (n !d.eti+o
n("er!l o"o Qone$ t7o$ et1$ %ero los /(e ter"in!n en Iese$ Iiss$ sF1 E.14 S%!nis&
Hes%!)olHes6$ !Hs66 ' Ut&e S%!nis&V Hlos es%!)oles6M t7o S7iss Hdos s(izHos$ !s66$
et1D1 81=151b
;1:1I &os sufi%os$ ter"in!iones o desineni!s m!s corrientes de los ad%etivos
son4 Ial4 r(r!l Hr(r!lHes66$ Ian4 An,li!n H!n,li!noHs6L !n,li!n!Hs66$ Iane4
"(nd!ne H"(nd!noHs6L "(nd!n!Hs66$ Iative4 onte"%l!ti+e Honte"%l!ti+oHs6L
onte"%l!ti+!Hs66$ Ible4 #eeble Hd0bilHes66$ Iean4 Mediterr!ne!n H"editerrneoHs6L
"editerrne!Hs66$ Ied4 "iddleI!,ed Hde ed!d "edi!n!6$ bored H!b(rridoHs6$ !Hs66$
Ient LIentL4 %ersistent H%ersistente6$ Iese4 *&inese H&inoHs6L &in!Hs66$ Ies'ue4
,rotes/(e H,rotesoHs6L ,rotes!Hs66$ Iful4 !re#(l H(id!dosoHs6L (id!dos!Hs66$ Iian4
Bostoni!n Hbostoni!noHs6L bostoni!n!Hs66$ Iic4al+ LII9HHe6l6L4 eono"iL eono"i!l
Heon3"ioHs6L eon3"i!Hs66$ Iil4e+4 !,ile H,ilHes66$ Iine4 ,en(ine H,en(inoHs6L
,en(in!Hs66$ Iing4 interestin, Hinteres!nteHs66$ borin, H!b(rridoHs6$ !Hs66$ Iis/4 sel#is&
He,oFst!Hs66$ Iive4 dee%ti+e Hdee%ion!nteHs66$ Ile4 little H%e/(e)oHs6L %e/(e)!Hs6$
Iless LIlesL o LIlIsL4 &o"eless Hsin &o,!rL te&o6$ Ili1e4 ,odli9e Hdi+inoHs6L
di+in!Hs66$ Il #5li#4 7orldl' H"(nd!noHs6L "(nd!n!Hs66$ Iose4 %o"%ose
H%o"%osoHs6L %o"%os!Hs66$ r(,ose$ s%inose$ et1$ Io(s4 serio(s HserioHs6L seri!Hs66$
Iproof4 b(lletI%roo# H! %r(eb! de b!l!6$ Iseater4 ! #o(rIse!ter R!r H(n o&e de
(!tro !sientosL %l!z!s6$ Isome4 &!ndso"e H!tr!ti+oHs6L !tr!ti+!Hs66$ I #5i#4 e!s'
H#ilHes66$ et1
;1;1I El orden de los ad%etivos es el siguiente4
*+ =lgunas palabras 'ue se llaman prede(cticas o predeterminantes1
Entre l!s %!l!br!s %redeFti!s o %redeter"in!ntes H%reHI6deter"iners6 estn4
a+ =ll N!d.eti+o inde#inido4 D1 ;1<1=$ ;1=515CO$ bot/ N!d.eti+o inde#inido4 D1 ;1<1=$
;1=51BO$ double N!d.eti+o n("er!l %ro%orion!lL "2lti%loL "(lti%li!ti+oL "2lti%le
D1 ;1<8O$ 'uadruple N!d.eti+o n("er!l %ro%orion!lL "2lti%loL "(lti%li!ti+oL
"2lti%le D1 ;1<8O$ triple# treble N!d.eti+o n("er!l %ro%orion!lL "2lti%loL
"(lti%li!ti+oL "2lti%le D1 ;1<8OM %(eden ir se,(idos de Ut&eV %ero no del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!doM los !d.eti+os$ si los &!'$ +!n detrs de Ut&eV1 E.14 do(ble t&e %rie Hel
doble del %reio6M Ee %!'s do(ble t&e rent Ht&!t6 &e did t7o 'e!rs !,o Hl %!,! el
doble de rent! Hde l!6 /(e %!,!b! &!e dos !)os6$ et1
QAllQ %(ede ir t!"bi0n en !%osii3n o"o %rono"bre inde#inido detrs de (n
no"breL %rono"bre1 D1 <1:C15:
QBot&Q %(ede ir t!"bi0n en !%osii3n o"o %rono"bre inde#inido detrs de (n
no"breL %rono"bre1 D1 <1:C158
QDo(ble$ /(!dr(%le$ tri%leL trebleQ$ %(eden ir t!"bi0n detrs de Ut&eV$ del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do (!ndo son !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os1 E.14 It &!d t&e do(ble !d+!nt!,e
o# bein, bot& !nti"!,neti !nd &'dro&lori HTenF! l! doble +ent!.! de ser
!nti"!,n0tio e &idrol3rio6M ! do(ble br!nd' H(n o)! doble6M t&e /(!dr(%le
ti"e Hel o"%s de (!tro %or (!tro6$ ! /(!dr(%le !lli!ne H(n! !li!nz! (dr(%le6M
! tri%le !(se H(n! !(s! tri%le6$ ! treble +oie H(n! +oz de so%r!noL ti%le6$ t&e tri%le
#ront Hel #rente tri%le6$ t&e treble le# Hl! l!+e de sol61
b+ Qan ND1 ;1<1=$ ;1=515<O$ suc/ ND1 ;1<1=$ ;1=C155$ ;1=51:8O1
c+ Ruite ND1 ;15=158O$ rat/er ND1 ;15=158O$ ,/at Ne-l!"!ti+o4 ;1=C15OM %(eden ir
se,(idos de Ut&eV ' del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM los !d.eti+os$ si los &!'$ +!n detrs
del !rtF(lo1 E.14 ItZs /(ite t&e #!s&ion no7 HEs %reis!"ente l! "od! !&or!6M >&!t !
si"%le t&in,] H\J(0 os! "s senill!]6$ et1
d+ AalfM es !d.eti+o %!rtiti+oL #r!ion!rio ' %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eV o del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do h no"bre o entre el !rtF(lo ' el no"bre1 D1 ;1<8
e+ Los !d+erbios Qonce, one time, t,ice, t,o times, t/ree timesQ$ et1$ %(eden ir
del!nte o detrs de Ut&eVM +!n del!nte de U#or"erVM todos e-e%to QoneQ %(eden ser
!d.eti+os n("er!les %ro%orion!lesL "2lti%losL "(lti%li!ti+osL "2lti%les (!ndo
indi!n !ntid!d ' +!n del!nte de Ut&eV ND1 ;1<8O1 E.14 Ee 7!s one t&e best %l!'er
in NGBOL on NUSAO t&e te!" Hl #(e (n! +ez el "e.or .(,!dor en el e/(i%o6M t&e
one >i"bledon &!"%ion HelL l! /(e #(e (n! +ez !"%e3nH!6 de >16M T&e' &!+e
t7ie t&e !"o(ntL /(!ntit' Ht&!t6 t&e' need HTienen el doble de lo /(e neesit!n6M
t&e t7ie >i"bledon &!"%ion HelL l! /(e #(e dos +ees !"%e3nH!6 de >16M t&ree
ti"es t&e !"o(ntL /(!ntit' Hel tri%le6$ t&e t&ree ti"es loser HelL l! tres +ees
%erdedorH!6L elL l! /(e %erdi3 tres +ees6$ et1 D1 ?15=
*(!ndo QoneQ +! (nido ! otr! %!l!br! "edi!nte (n ,(i3n$ +! entre Ut&eV o (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o ' el no"bre1
Los !d+erbios Qone$ one ti"e$ t7ie$ t&ree ti"esQ$ et1$ +!n del!nte del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do h no"bre on (n si,ni#i!do ' detrs del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do on
otro si,ni#i!doM todos e-e%to UoneV %(eden ser !d.eti+os n("er!les
%ro%orion!lesL "2lti%losL "(lti%li!ti+osL "2lti%les (!ndo indi!n !ntid!d ' +!n
del!nte del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ND1 ;1<8O1 E.14 one ! d!' N"s (s!doOL one ti"e
! d!' N"enos (s!doO H(n! +ez !l dF!6$ ! one >i"bledon &!"%ionL ! one ti"e
>i"bledon &!"%ion H(noL (n! /(e #(e !"%e3nH!6 de >16M t7ie ! "ont& Hdos
+ees !l "es6M T&ere is ! t7ie >i"bledon &!"%ion HE!' (n !"%e3n de
>i"bledon /(e &! ,!n!do dos +eesL /(e &! ,!n!do dos +ees en >i"bledon6$
et1 D1 ?15=
Los !d.eti+os /(e +!n "s er! del no"bre son los /(e estn "s Fnti"!"ente
li,!dos !l no"breM %or eso$ los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$ de olor ' l!si#i!ti+os
s(elen ir detrs de Ut&eV o del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ' de !d.eti+os n("er!les$
de"ostr!ti+os$ %osesi+os$ interro,!ti+os$ e-l!"!ti+os$ inde#inidos$ si los &!'1
2+ =lgunos determinantes" ;t/e<, el art(culo indeterminado los si,(ientes
!d.eti+os deter"in!ti+os Hlos ad%etivos demostrativos posesivos61
2+ Al,(nos deter"in!ntes4 los si,(ientes !d.eti+os deter"in!ti+os Hlos ad%etivos
interrogativos, exclamativos, relativos los indefinidos excepto Mfe,er
>est!ndar?# less >colo'uial?# moreM ND1;1<1=O61
-+ Al,(nos deter"in!ntes4 los si,(ientes !d.eti+os deter"in!ti+os Hlos ad%etivos
numerales ordinales, incluidos ;follo,ing, former >literario?, last, latter
>literario?, next< >V.-.3*?, algunos ad%etivos indefinidos" ot/er >a veces?, same61
3+ Al,(nos deter"in!ntes4 los si,(ientes !d.eti+os deter"in!ti+os Hlos ad%etivos o
pronombres numerales cardinales61
6+ =lgunas palabras 'ue se llaman posde(cticas o posdeterminantes1 D1 ;15;15
8+ &os ad%etivos calificativos, de colores clasificativos1 D1 ;15;18I8:
;1<1I &os ad%etivos 'ue dese"%e)!n l! #(ni3n de o"%le"entoL !d'!ente del
no"bre ' /(e van slo delante del nombre son4
*+ &os ad%etivos demostrativosM entre los !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os ' el no"bre
s(elen ir %ri"ero los !d.eti+os n("er!les ' l(e,o los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$ de olor
' l!si#i!ti+os1 E.14 t&is old b(ildin, Heste +ie.o edi#iio6$ t&!t +er' iss(e HeseL !/(el
"is"o !s(nto6$ t&!t 7ooden #r!"e HeseL !/(el "!ro de "!der!6$ t&!t 'o(n,
ostri& Hese L!/(el !+estr(z .o+en6$ #or t&ese ne-t t&ree 7ee9s Hd(r!nte est!s
%r3-i"!s tres se"!n!s61
En in,l0s !r!io ' en !stell!no "(' liter!rio se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+o se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+oM se (s!n "(' %oo en los dos
idio"!s1 E.14 7it& t&is &er ,od#!t&er N"enos (s!doOL 7it& t&is ,od#!t&er o# &ers
N"s (s!doO Hon este s( %!drino N"enos (s!doOL on este %!drino Hde b!(tizo6 s('o
N"s (s!doO6M t&is &is best "!n N"enos (s!doOL t&is best "!n o# &is N"s (s!doO
Heste s( %!drino N"enos (s!doOL este %!drino Hde bod!6 s('o N"s (s!doO61
2+ &os ad%etivos posesivosM entre los !d.eti+os %osesi+os ' el no"bre s(elen ir
%ri"ero los !d.eti+os n("er!les ' l(e,o los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$ de olor '
l!si#i!ti+os1 E.14 &er #!t&er Hs( %!dre6$ &is 'o(n, d!(,&ter Hs( &i.! .o+en61 D1 ;1<<
2+ &os ad%etivos interrogativosM entre los !d.eti+os interro,!ti+os ' el no"bre
s(elen ir %ri"ero los !d.eti+os n("er!les ' l(e,o los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$ de olor
' l!si#i!ti+os1 E.14 >&i& ide!T HWJ(0L *(l ide!T6M >&i& s"!ll !"%&ibi!nT
HWJ(0 !n#ibio %e/(e)oT61 D1 ;1<?
-+ &os ad%etivos relativosM entre los !d.eti+os rel!ti+os ' el no"bre s(elen ir
%ri"ero los !d.eti+os n("er!les ' l(e,o los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$ de olor '
l!si#i!ti+os1 E.14 T&e &ild 7&ose Hri&6 #!t&er is &ere HEl ni)o ('o %!dre Hrio6
est !/(F61 D1 ;1<B$ <18=1<
3+ &os ad%etivos exclamativosM los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$ de olor ' l!si#i!ti+os
s(elen ir entre los !d.eti+os e-l!"!ti+os ' el no"bre1 E.14 T&ere !re so #e7 H,ood6
#riends] H\E!' t!n %oHos$ !s6 !"i,Hos$ !s6 Hb(enHos$ !s66M ItZs s(& ! s&ort ti"e] H\Es
t!n %oo tie"%o]61
Los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$ de olor ' l!si#i!ti+os +!n detrs del !d+erbio
e-l!"!ti+o U&o7V ' del!nte del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do h no"breM se (s! s3lo en
in,l0s liter!rio1 E.14 Eo7 9ind ! 7o"!n 'o(r "ot&er is] H\J(0 "(.er "s !"!ble es
t( "!dre]61 D1 ;1=C
6+ &os ad%etivos indefinidosM los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$ de olores ' l!si#i!ti+os
s(elen ir entre los !d.eti+os inde#inidos ' el no"bre1 E.14 e+er' #!st r(nner H!d!
orredor r%ido6$ et1
El !d.eti+o inde#inido Qeno(,&Q +! del!nte del no"bre (!ndo el no"bre +!
se,(ido de Qo#Q1 E.14 S&e &!s eno(,& %roble"s o# &er o7n HEll! tiene s(#iientes
%roble"!s on los s('os61
Los !d.eti+os inde#inidos Q"!n'Q Nliter!rioO$ Qs(&Q ND1 ;1=51:8O$ %(eden ir se,(idos
del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do %ero no de Ut&eVM s(elen ir del!nte del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do h no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!rM los !d.eti+os$ si los &!'$ +!n detrs
del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 E.14 M!n' ! %oor 7o"!n !"e t&!t 7!' HM(&!s
"(.eres %obres +enF!n %or !llF6M s(& ! "!nL "ess Ht!l &o"breL lFo6M Ee 7!s s(& !
nie "!n Hl er! (n &o"bre t!n !,r!d!bleL si"%tio61
QM!n'Q %(ede ir t!"bi0n entre Ut&eV ' el no"bre1 E.14 T&e "!n' brilli!nt s%ee&es
Ht&!t6 s&e "!de HLos "(&os dis(rsos brill!ntes /(e ell! dioL %ron(ni361
Los !d.eti+os Q+!rio(sQ ' Q7&oleQ +!n del!nte del no"bre (!ndo son !d.eti+os
inde#inidos$ %ero +!n detrs del +erbo (!ndo no son inde#inidos1 E.14 +!rio(s t&in,s
H+!ri!s os!s6 ' UT&e olo(rs NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olors NUSAO !re +!rio(sV
HLos olores son +!ri!dos6M t&e 7&ole %l!e Htodo el l(,!r6 ' UT&e %l!te is still
7&oleV HEl %l!to est tod!+F! entero61
*(!ndo U! #e7V +! on (n !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o$ de olor ' l!si#i!ti+o del!nte del
no"bre$ es "s #re(ente /(e U#e7V +!'! del!nte del !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o$ de olor
' l!si#i!ti+o$ %ero %(ede ir "enos #re(ente"ente t!"bi0n detrs sin !"bio de
si,ni#i!doM %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes lo "s #il es %oner sie"%re U#e7V
del!nte de (n !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o$ de olor ' l!si#i!ti+o de (!l/(ier! de l!s 8:
!te,orF!s de ;15; h no"bre$ e-e%to on Ul!st$ ne-tV /(e +!n del!nte de U#e7VM
Uonl'V no se (s! on U#e7V1 E.14 ! #e7 e-itin, d!'s N"s (s!doOL !n e-itin, #e7
d!'s N"enos (s!doO H(nos %oos dF!s e"oion!ntes6$ ! #e7 &!%%' "ont&s N"s
(s!doOL ! &!%%' #e7 "ont&s N"enos (s!doO H(nos %oos "eses #elies6$ ! #e7
selet %eo%le N"s (s!doOL ! selet #e7 %eo%le N"enos (s!doO H(n!s %o!s %erson!s
eso,id!s61
Los !d.eti+os inde#inidos s(elen ir del!nte de los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$ de olor '
l!si#i!ti+os$ +!'!n del!nte del no"bre o no1
Los !d.eti+os inde#inidos Q!llQ ' Qbot&Q +!n del!nte de Ut&eV$ los !d.eti+os '
%rono"bres de"ostr!ti+os ' %osesi+os1 E.14 !ll t&e bo's Htodos los "(&!&os6$ !ll
&is "e"ories Htodos s(s re(erdos6M !ll t&ese HtodHos$ !s6 estHos$ !s66M bot& &er
brot&ers Hlos dos &er"!nos de ell!6M T&e'Zre bot& &is HSon los dos de 0l61 D1 ;1=51BI
5C
Los !d.eti+os inde#inidos Qe+er'$ #e7$ "!n'Q +!n entre los !d.eti+os %osesi+os ' el
no"bre1 E.14 'o(r e+er' ste% Nr!roO H!d! (no de t(s %!sos6$ &is #e7L "!n' #riends
Hs(s %oosL "(&os !"i,os61
El !d.eti+o inde#inido Q"oreQ s(ele ir %reedido de los !d.eti+os n("er!les
!rdin!les$ de los !d.eti+os ' %rono"bres inde#inidos Q! #e7$ ! ,oodL ,re!t "!n'
Nliter!rioO$ !n'$ #e7$ "!n'$ "(&$ not t&!t "!n'$ /(ite #e7$ /(ite ! #e7$ se+er!l$
so"e$ too "!n'$ +er' #e7$ +er' "!n' Nliter!rioOQ ' de e-%resiones o"o Qb!rel'L
&!rdl'L s!rel'$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' !n'$ ! bitL littleL to(&$ ! lot$ #!r$ no$ !
,oodL #!ir de!l$ ! ,re!t de!l$ e+en$ %lent'$ r!t&er$ ! o(%le$ dozens$ &(ndreds$
t&o(s!ndsQ1 D1 ;1=518:
El !d.eti+o inde#inido QlessQ s(ele ir %reedido de los !d.eti+os n("er!les !rdin!les
en in,l0s +(l,!r$ de los !d.eti+os ' %rono"bres inde#inidos Q#e7$ ! #e7$ +er' #e7$
/(ite ! #e7$ ! /(ite #e7$ "!n'$ not t&!t "!n'$ ! ,oodL ,re!t "!n' Nliter!rioO$ +er'
"!n' Nliter!rioO$ too "!n'$ so"e$ !n'$ not !n'$ "(&$ not t&!t "(&$ too "(&$
se+er!lQ ' de e-%resiones o"o Qb!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel'$ ! bitL littleL to(&$ ! ,oodL
#!ir de!l$ ! ,re!t de!l$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' !n'$ "ore or$ no$ ! lot$ lots
Nolo/(i!lO$ #!r$ e+en$ %lent'$ r!t&erQ D1 ;1=515?
El !d.eti+o inde#inido U"!n'V +! del!nte del !d.eti+o inde#inido Uot&erV1
Los !d.eti+os inde#inidos +!n del!nte de los !d.eti+os o %rono"bres n("er!les
!rdin!les e-e%to on Q#e7er Nestnd!rOL less Nolo/(i!lOL "oreQM &!' /(e tener en
(ent!$ no obst!nte$ /(e !l,(nos de ellos o"o Qso"eQ se on+ierten en !d+erbios
(!ndo +!n del!nte de los !d.eti+os n("er!les !rdin!les1
8+ &os ad%etivos numerales t!nto !rdin!les o"o ordin!les ' %!rtiti+os o
#r!ion!riosM s(elen ir detrs de Ut&eV$ (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ los !d.eti+os
deter"in!ti+os Hde"ostr!ti+os$ %osesi+os$ interro,!ti+os$ rel!ti+os$ e-l!"!ti+os$
inde#inidos e-e%to Q#e7er Nestnd!rOL less Nolo/(i!lOL "oreQ$ ' del!nte de los
!d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$ de olores ' l!si#i!ti+os$ si los &!'M !/(F se inl(irF!n los
!d.eti+os n("er!les ordin!les U#ollo7in,$ #or"er Nliter!rioO$ l!st$ l!tter Nliter!rioO$
"'ri!d Nliter!rio4 no %(ede ir se,(ido de Uonl'VO$ ne-tV ND1 ;1<5O /(e +!n del!nte de
(!l/(ier! de l!s 8: !te,orF!s de ;15; h no"bre$ !(n/(e U#ollo7in,V %(ede ir !
+ees$ "(&o "enos #re(ente"ente$ en l! !te,orF! 5C t!"bi0n1 E.14 t7o
Alb!ni!ns Hdos !lb!nesHes$ !s6 Nen ,ener!lO6$ t&e t&ree A#ri!ns Hlos tres !#ri!nHos$
!s66$ #o(r A"eri!ns Ni #o(r U1S1HA16 itizensO H(!tro est!do(nidenses6$ t&e #i+e
Ar,entini!ns Hlos ino !r,entinHos$ !s66$ se+en t!bles Hsiete "es!s6$ ten Asi!ns Hdiez
!sitiHos$ !s66$ t&e t7el+e A(str!li!ns Hlos doe !(str!li!nos H' !(str!li!n!s66$
nineteen A(stri!ns Hdiein(e+e !(strF!os H' !(strF!!s66$ t&e t7ent'I#i+e Bel,i!ns
Hlos +eintiino bel,!s6$ &er #irst doll Hs( %ri"er! "()e!6$ t&e #i#t& ti"e Hl! /(int!
+ez6M t&e #o(rt& %!rt o# t&e !9e Hl! (!rt! %!rte del %!stel6M t&ese t7o !ts Hestos dos
,!tos6$ so"e t7ent' trees H(nos +einte rboles6$ %ero Q#i+e #e7er Nestnd!rOL less
Nolo/(i!lO %!nt&ersQ Hino %!nter!s "enos6M I &!+e #o(r boo9s #e7er Nestnd!rOL
less Nolo/(i!lO t&!n 'o( H&!+e6 HTen,o (!tro libros "enos /(e t26M t7o "ore 9ilos
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL t7o 9ilos "ore Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hdos 9ilos "s6$
t&ree "ore "ont&s Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL t&ree "ont&s "ore Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doO Htres "eses "s6M I &!+e #o(r boo9s "ore N(!ndo +! se,(ido de Ut&!nV +!
detrs del no"bre %reedido del !d.eti+o n("er!l !rdin!lO t&!n 'o( HTen,o (!tro
libros "s /(e t26M Ee 7!s t&e ne-tL l!st %erson to o"e Hl #(e l! %r3-i"!L 2lti"!
%erson! en +enir6M #i+e ne7 s&irts Hino !"is!s n(e+!s6$ "' #irst ne7 ontr!t H"i
%ri"er ontr!to n(e+o6$ t&is seond old !r Heste se,(ndo o&e +ie.o6$ e+er' t&ird
'e!r H!d! terer !)o6$ &is t&ree 'o(n, d!(,&ters Hs(s tres .3+enes &i.!s6$ t&ese #o(r
old b(ildin,s Hestos (!tro edi#iios +ie.os6$ t7o #(rt&er do"esti #li,&ts Hdos +(elos
n!ion!les "s61
Los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$ de olor ' l!si#i!ti+os$ t!nto en ,r!do %ositi+o o"o en
,r!do o"%!r!ti+o ' s(%erl!ti+o$ s(elen ir entre los !d.eti+os n("er!les ' el
no"bre$ ! no ser /(e el n("er!l #or"e %!rte del no"bre1
El !d.eti+o U%re+io(sV %(ede ir detrs del n("er!l4 #i+e %re+io(s 9ennels Hino
%errer!s !nteriores6$ %ero ! +ees se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n del!nte4 t&e %re+io(s t7o
s%!es&i%s Hl!s dos n!+es es%!i!les !nteriores6$ et1
Se s(elen %oner los !d.eti+os en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o del!nte de !d.eti+os '
%rono"bres n("er!les !rdin!lesM el !rdin!l %(ede ir del!nte del !d.eti+o
s(%erl!ti+o (!ndo lle+! 0n#!sis1 E.14 t&e best t&ree Heels6 Nno en#tioOL t&e t&ree
best Heels6 Nen#tioO Hl!s tres "e.ores H!n,(l!s66$ et1
Los !d.eti+os n("er!les ordin!les s(elen ir del!nte de los !d.eti+os o %rono"bres
!rdin!les1 E.14 t&e #irst se+en Hs&o7s6 Hlos %ri"eros siete Hes%et(los66$ t&e l!st
t&ree Hsin,ers6 Hlos tres 2lti"os H!nt!ntes66$ et1
&os ad%etivos Mfirst, last, next, ot/erM, pueden ir4
a+ Seguidos del ad%etivo o pronombre numeral cardinalM nor"!l"ente +!n en
este ordenM en#!tiz! el n("er!lM se re#ieren ! (n "is"o ,r(%o1 E.14 t&e #irst t&ree
"ont&s Hlos %ri"eros tres "eses Nde (n "is"o !)o o serieO6$ t&e l!st #i+e %!ssen,ers
Hlos 2lti"os ino %!s!.eros Nde (n "is"o ,r(%oO6$ t&e ne-t t7o lessons Hl!s
%r3-i"!s dos leiones Nde (n! "is"! "!teri!O6$ t&e ot&er si- ,irls Hl!s otr!s seis
&i!s Nde (n "is"o ,r(%oO6$ t&e ot&er #i+e Hlos otros ino61
b+ Krecedidos del ad%etivo numeral cardinalM no se (s!n !%en!s en este ordenM
en#!tiz! el !d.eti+o n("er!l !rdin!lM %(eden indi!r t!"bi0n /(e son de dos ,r(%os
di#erentes %ero no nees!ri!"ente1 E.14 t&e t&ree #irst "ont&s Hlos tres %ri"eros
"eses Nde dos !)os distintosO6$ t&e #i+e l!st %!ssen,ers Hlos ino 2lti"os %!s!.eros
Nde ,r(%os distintosO6$ t&e t7o ne-t lessons Hl!s dos leiones %r3-i"!s Nde
di#erentes "!teri!sO6$ t&e si- ot&er ,irls Hl!s otr!s seis &i!s Nde di#erentes ,r(%osO61
M(&!s +ees se (s!n indistint!"ente1 E.14 T&e ot&er #i+eL #i+e ot&er 7o"en !"e
l!te HL!s otr!s ino "(.eres lle,!ron t!rde6M Ot&er #i+eL Fi+e ot&er 7o"en !"e
l!te HDinieron t!rde otr!s ino "(.eres61
Los !d.eti+os Q#rontQ ' Qre!rQ +!n nor"!l"ente detrs de los !d.eti+os n("er!les
!rdin!les$ %ero %(eden ir t!"bi0n del!nte "enos #re(ente"ente sin di#ereni! de
si,ni#i!do1 E.14 t&e t7o #ront doorsL t&e #ront t7o doors Hl!s dos %(ert!s de
del!nte6M t&e t&ree re!r l!"%sL li,&ts NoO t&e re!r t&ree l!"%sL li,&ts Hl!s tres
l"%!r!sL l(es de !trs61
9+ &os ad%etivos compuestos$ ,ener!l"ente l!si#i!ti+os$ /(e s(elen lle+!r
,(iones entre l!s distint!s %!l!br!s (!ndo se (s!n del!nte del no"breM (!ndo +!n
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o o detrs del no"bre$ s(elen ir se%!r!dos sin ,(ionesM
en !so de /(e +!'!n %rededidos de (n !d+erbio$ ! +ees no se %(ede s(%ri"ir el
!d+erbio (!ndo +!n del!nte del no"bre4 R!llItooIR#re/(ent Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!llI
tooIRr!re Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rbl!9I!ndIRbl(e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rbl!9I!ndIR7&ite Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rbl!9IRtie Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(tI!ndIRdr'$ Rdo7nI!tIR&eel$ Re!s'ItoIR#ind$
Re!s'ItoIR#ollo7$ Re!s'ItoIRre!d$ Re!s'ItoI(nderRst!nd$ Re!s'ItoIR(se$ R#!rIRo##$
R#irstIRl!ss Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #reeItoIt&eI%(bli$ R&!rdI!ndIR#!st$ R&itI!ndIR"iss$ R&itI
orIR"iss$ Rl!r,erIt&!nIRli#e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rli,&terIt&!nIR!ir Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"i-edIR(%
Nolo/(i!lO$ Rne-tItoIRl!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##It&eIRreord Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##I
t&eIR7!ll$ Ro(tIo#IRd!te$ Ro(tIo#HIt&e6IRdoor Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(tIo#IR%o9et$ R%entIR(%$
R%(##edIR(% H&in&!doL en,reFdo6$ Rro(ndIt&eIRlo9 N"s (s!doOL !Rro(ndIt&eIRlo9
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rr(nIRdo7n$ RseondIRl!ss Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso(,&tIR!#ter$ Rst!teIo#I
t&eIR!rt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt&irdIRl!ss$ Rto%IRseret$ Rto(&I!ndIR,o$ (nR&e!rdIo# Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R(%%erIR!se Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(%%erIRl!ss Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(%ItoIRd!te$
R(%ItoIt&eIR"in(te$ H+er'6 R7ellI!Re%ted$ H+er'6 R7ellI!Rd!%ted$ R7ellI!dR.(sted$ R7ellI
!R##eted$ R7ellIR!i"ed$ R7ellI!R%%ointed$ R7ellI!Rttended$ R7ellIRb!l!ned$ R7ellI
beR&!+ed$ R7ellIRblo7nI(%$ R7ellIRbred$ R7ellIRbro(,&tI(%$ R7ellIRb(ilt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R7ellIR!redI#or$ R7ellIR&osen$ H+er'6 R7ellIonRei+ed$ R7ellIoRnneted$ R7ellI
deR#ended$ R7ellIdeR#ined$ R7ellIdeRser+ed$ R7ellIdeR+elo%ed$ R7ellIRdone$
R7ellIRdressed$ R7ellIRe!rned$ R7ellIRed(!ted$ R7ellIeR/(i%%ed$ R7ellIR#!+o(red NGBOL
R7ellIR#!+ored NUSAO$ R7ellIR#o(nd$ R7ellIR#o(nded$ R7ellIR,roo"ed$ R7ellIR,ro(nded$
R7ellIR&eeled$ R7ellIR&(n,$ R7ellIR9e%t$ R7ellIR9nit$ R7ellIR9no7n$ R7ellIR"!de$
R7ellIRoiled$ R7ellIRor,!nizedL R7ellIRor,!nised NGBO$ R7ellIR%!dded$ R7ellIR%!id$
R7ellIR%l!ed$ R7ellIR%l!nned$ R7ellI%reRser+ed$ R7ellIR%ro+idedI#or$ R7ellIRro(nded$
R7ellIRset$ R7ellIRst!9ed$ R7ellIRsto9ed$ R7ellIRte"%ered$ R7ellIHR6t&o(,&tIRo(t$
R7ellIRt&("bed$ R7ellIRti"ed$ R7ellIRt(rned$ R7ellI(%R&olstered$ R7ideI!R7!9e$
R7ideIRo%en$ et1 E.14 ! #!rIo## Ro(ntr' H(n %!Fs leR.!no6M !n (n&e!rdIo# reRs(lt H(n
res(lt!do inRs3litoL sin %reeRdentes6M It is (nR&e!rd o# #or !n'one to 7in t&ree 'e!rs
r(nnin, HEs H!l,o6 inRs3litoL !l,o sin %reeRdentes /(e !l,(ien ,!ne tres !)os
se,(idos6M ! 7ellIb(ilt R+ill! H(n &!l0 bien onsRtr(ido6$ 7ellIde+elo%ed oR%inions
Ho%iniones bien des!rroRll!d!s6$ ! 7ellIdressed R7o"!n H(n! "(.er bien +esRtid!6$ !
7ellI9no7n Rno+elist H(n no+elist! #!R"oso6$ ! 7ellI%ro+idedI#or R#!"il' H(n!
#!"ili! on el %or+enir !se,(Rr!do6$ ! 7ellIt&o(,&tIo(t R%l!n H(n %l!n bien
%enRs!do6M ! 7ideI!7!9e R%erson H(n! %erson! es%!biRl!d!6$ %ero QT&!t %erson 7!s
R7ide !R7!9eQ HEs!L A/(ell! %erson! est!b! es%!biRl!d!6$ et1 D1 ;15@1;$ ;1;<15<
Al,(nos o"o URl(edIR(% NGBOL Rl(edIRin NUSAO Hbien in#or"!do6$ Rdo7nI!ndIRo(t$
Rdo7nItoIRe!rt&$ R"!deIR(% H"!/(ill!doL !s#!lt!doL in+ent!do6$ R"essedIR(%$
Rne+erIRendin,$ Rne+erIR#!ilin,$ Ro##IRli"its$ RonIRline Nno ,r!d(!bleM t!"bi0n URonRlineV
del!nte o detrsO$ R%l!'edIRo(t$ RsteelIRbl(e$ RsteelIR,re' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
RsteelIR,r!' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ Rstr(n,IRo(t Nolo/(i!lO$ Rst(##edIR(%$ (nR!lledI#or$
(nR!redI#or$ (nRdre!"edIo#L (nRdre!"tIo# NGB %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R7!istIR&i,& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7ellI!dR+ised$ R7ellIdiRs%osed$ R7ellIenRdo7ed$
R7ellIR#ed$ R7ellIinR#or"ed$ R7ellIinRtentioned$ R7ellIRli9ed$ R7ellIR"!nnered$
R7ellIR"!t&ed$ R7ellIR"e!nin,$ R7ellIR"e!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7ellIRo##$ R7ellIRre!d$
R7ellIRs%o9en$ R7ellIRt&o(,&tIo#$ R7ellIR+ersedV$ et1$ +!n on ,(i3n del!nte del
no"bre ' nor"!l"ente se%!r!dos sin ,(i3n ' r!r!"ente on ,(i3n detrs del +erbo
o detrs del no"bre1 E.14 !n (n!redI#or R!ni"!l H(n !ni"!l !b!ndoRn!do6M Ee 7!s
le#t (nR!red #orL (nR!redI#or HLe de.!ron !b!ndoRn!do6M ! 7ellI!d+ised R%l!n H(n
%l!n !erRt!doL %r(Rdente6$ ! 7ellIs%o9en R,irl H(n! &i! bien &!Rbl!d!61
Al,(nos o"o UR#ireIreRsist!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#irstIRr!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##IR9e'$
RseondHI6R&!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7ellIR7ornV$ et1$ +!n on ,(i3n del!nte del no"bre
' nor"!l"ente on ,(i3n o se%!r!dos sin ,(i3n detrs del +erbo1
E!' otros /(e +!n sie"%re on ,(i3nHes64 R!d+ertisin,IR#ree Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R!lo&olIR#ree Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !RttentionIRsee9in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ b!dl' R#!edIR(%Ito
N%(ede ir %reedido de Q+er'Q %ero no de Q"oreL lessQO$ Rb(iltIRin$ R!rIR#ree Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Ron#ideneIRb(ildin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro%'ri,&tIR#ree Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rde+ilI"!'IR!re N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rd(t'IR#ree Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ REn,lis&IRs%e!9in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Re+ilIR"inded$ R#!rIRre!&in,$
R#ineIR,r!ined$ R&!l#I!ndIR&!l# Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!%%'I,oIRl(9' Hdes%reo(%!doHs6$
!Hs66$ R&!rdIRore$ RinterestIR#ree Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rle#tIR7in,$ R"!n'IRtiered Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R"!tterIo#IR#!t$ R"e!tIRe!tin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"iddleIRl!ss$ R"iddleIo#I
t&eIRro!d$ RnonIEn,lis&IRs%e!9in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RnonIRn!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Ro##IR!ir Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"bre %ero t!"bi0n detrs de
(n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ Ro##IRb!l!ne$ Ro##IRentre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Ro##IRenter
NUSAO$ Ro##IRolo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Ro##IRolor NUSAO$ Ro##It&eIR7!ll
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ Ro##IR7&ite Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro7nIRbr!nd NGB4
no ,r!d(!bleOL Ro7nIRl!bel NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleOL RstoreIRbr!nd NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
Rri,&tIR&!nded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs&o(lderIR&i,& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RsoIRso Nolo/(i!l4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ Rsto(tIRli"bed$ Rstr!i,&tIR#!ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR&o%edI#or Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R(serIR#riendl'$ R7orldIRreord Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R'ello7IRe'ed$ et1 D1
;1B1;$ ;155$ =15=5
Al,(nos se (s!n .(ntos on ,(i3n o se%!r!dos sin ,(i3n4 Rbr!ndIRne7L Rbr!nd Rne7$
Ro##IRd(t'L Ro## Rd(t' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(%side Rdo7nL R(%sideIRdo7n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1
E.14 It is ! br!ndIne7L br!nd ne7 R&!t HEs (n so"brero #l! R "!nteL tot!l"ente
R n(e+o61
Al,(nos se (s!n .(ntos sin ,(i3n o on ,(i3n del!nte del no"bre H#!r!R7!' N"s
(s!doOL #!rI!7!' N"enos (s!doO$ et16 ' se%!r!dos sin ,(i3n detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+o o"o !d.eti+os ' detrs de (n +erbo nor"!l o"o !d+erbios4 #!r !7!'$
et1
Al,(nos se (s!n .(ntos sin ,(i3n del!nte del no"bre ' nor"!l"ente se%!r!dos sin
,(i3n ' r!r!"ente .(ntos sin ,(i3n detrs del +erbo o detrs del no"bre4
!bo+ebo!rd Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ &!' !l,(nos de ori,en l!tino o #r!n0s /(e +!n sie"%re se%!r!dos sin
,(i3n4 p l! "ode Ns3lo detrs de (n no"bre o +erbo o%(l!ti+o o"o !d.eti+o '
detrs de (n +erbo nor"!l o"o !d+erbioO$ %ro r!t!$ et1
0+ &os siguientes ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos se pueden usar delante
del nombre, pero no detr!s del nombreM se %(eden (s!r t!"bi0n detrs del +erbo
' ! +ees t!"bi0n ! %rini%io o ! "it!d de (n! or!i3n o"o !d+erbios ND1 ?18<OM l!
"!'or %!rte son l!si#i!ti+osM estos !d.eti+os$ (!ndo +!n del!nte del no"bre$
lle+!n nor"!l"ente (n !ento se(nd!rio ND1 51;?15O4 !bo+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !RrossI
t&eIRbo!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO H,ener!l6$ !d &o$ !#t Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hde %o%!6$ !#ter Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R!irHI6"!il Nno ,r!d(!bleO H!0reoL !ero%ost!l6$ Rp l! R!rte Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!l#reso Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!llI!Rro(nd NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R!llIRd!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R!llIRin Nno ,r!d(!bleO HlibreL tot!l NGB %rini%!l"enteO6$ R!llIRni,&t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R!llIRo(t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!llIRri,&t NUSA4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hb(eno6$ R!llIRro(nd
NGB %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R!llItooIRo#ten Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !nd!nte$
R!nteIR"orte" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R! %osteRriori Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R! %riRori Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R!tI!IR,l!ne Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !7!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ b!9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ b!9st!,e
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rb!9ItoIRb!9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rb!9ItoIt&eIR7!ll Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rb!97!rdI!ndIR#or7!rd Hde +!i+0n6$ b!reb!9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H/(e "ont! ! %elo6$
Rbet7eenIt&eIR7!rs Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bi"ont&l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO H/(inen!lL bi"estr!l6$
bi7ee9l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bleedin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bodil' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lo97ise
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ollet Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(nterHI6Rlo97ise Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Ro(ntr'HI6R7ide Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(nt'HI6R7ide Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rrissross Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hentrer(z!do6$ ross7ise Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ d!il' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ de!t&l'$
de R#!to Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rdin,IRdon, Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en
in,l0s +(l,!rO$ do7nR&ill Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do7nRri+er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rdo7nst!,e$
Rdo7nst!irs Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do7nRst!te NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ do7nRstre!" Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ do7nRto7n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do7nR7ind Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Re!rt&7!rd Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ e!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Re!st7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ en s(ite NGB4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ Re+er'd!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e- R,r!ti! Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ e- oR##Hiio6
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ e-R%ress Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-Rte"%ore Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#!eI
toIR#!e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #!lsetto Hde #!lsete6$ #!r$ #!rt&er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #!rt&est Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R#irstIR&!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #orte Ndetrs de (n +erboO$ R#ortni,&tl' NGB
%rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R#ree&!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#ree&old NGB
%rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R#(llIR#!e$ R#(llIRlen,t& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#(llIRti"e Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hde .orn!d! o"%let!6$ #(rt&er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #(rt&est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R&!l#IR&o(rl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!l#IR"ont&l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!l#IR%rie Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R&!l#HI6R7!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!l#IR'e!rl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!ndItoIR&!nd
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!ndItoIR"o(t& Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en
in,l0s +(l,!rO$ R&e!dHI6R#irst Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&e!dlon, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&e!dIRon Nno
,r!d(!bleO H#ront!lHes66$ R&e!dItoIR&e!d Nno ,r!d(!ble4 USA %rini%!l"enteO$
R&elterIRs9elter$ &i,&er$ &it&er N!r!ioO$ &o"e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &o"e7!rd Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ &o(rl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i"%ro"%t( Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ RinIRde%t&
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ind(str'R7ide Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RinIR&o(se Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rinl!nd Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ inRs&ore Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inside Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ in R+itro Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
in7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ l!nd7!rd$ l!ter$ Rle!se&old Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lee7!rd Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ le#t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ le#t7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rlon,IRdist!ne Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ lo7er$ R"!-i"(" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"idHI6R"ornin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R"idni,&tl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "idR7!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "idR7ee9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"idR7ee9l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "ini"(" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "in(tel' LR"InItliL o
LR" I n etliL NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO HHde6 "in(to ! "in(to6$ "ont&l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
n!tion7ide Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ne!r$ ne!rRb' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rne-tIRdoor Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ni,&tlon, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ni,&tl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RnineItoIR#i+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
nonHI6Rsto% Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nort& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rnort&HI6Re!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rnort&HI6Re!st7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rnort&7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rnort&HI6R7est$
Rnort&HI6R7est7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ no7$ Ro##IRline Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##HI6Rsreen Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##IRse!sonL Ro## Rse!son Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##HI6Rs&ore Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
o##Rside Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##HI6Rst!,e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##It&eIR(## Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Ro##It&eIR%e, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##It&eIRs&el# Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RonIR!ir Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
RonIRbo!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hde ! bordo6$ RoneIinI!IRli#eti"e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RoneI
onIRone NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ RoneHI6Rti"e N( otro n2"ero !rdin!l4 t7oI$ et1O Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ RoneItoIRone Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RonIR9e' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ronl' Nno ,r!d(!bleM
%(ede ir %reedido de Ut&eV o del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o '
se,(ido de (n no"bre o QoneHs6QM o"o !d+erbio %(ede ir solo detrs del no"bre o
se,(ido de (n !d.eti+oL !d+erbio detrs de (n +erboO$ RonIRsreen Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rons&ore Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onside Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onRst!,e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RonI
t&eIR.ob Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RonIt&eIR%!,e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RonIt&eIRs%ot Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Hen el !to6$ Ron7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(tIo#IRo(rt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(tIo#IRs&ool
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(tIo#IRto7n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(tIo#It&eIR7!'$ Ro(tIo#IR7or9 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(tri,&t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o(tRside Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(t7!rd Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Ro+er!ll Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro+er!r" NGB %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleOL
Ro+er&!nd NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro+er,ro(nd NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
Ro+er&e!d Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro+erl!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+erR"(& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Ro+erni,&t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+erRse!s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro+erIt&eIRo(nter Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hsin reet!L e-tr!b(rstil NUSAO6$ R%!rtIRti"e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%ellIR"ell$
%er R!%it!$ %er Rent Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%ersonItoIR%erson Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %i!nissi"o$
%lent' Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R%ointIRbl!n9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%ostIR#ree NGB
%rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R%ostIR%!id Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%ri"! R#!ieL R%ri"!IR#!ie
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%ro Rr!t! Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R%ro Rte" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ /(!rterl'
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rre!r7!rd NUSA4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ RrentIR#ree Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ri,&t7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se!7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rse"iR7ee9l' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ RsideIb'IRside Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sidelon, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RsideIRon NGB4
no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rsides!ddle Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ side7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rside7!'s Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rsin,leIR&!nded$ s9'7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso#tl'IRso#tl' Nolo/(i!lO
H!(telosoL ,r!d(!l6$ solo Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso"eti"e Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H!nti,(oL o!sion!l NoO inter"itente NUSAO6$ so%r!no Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rsotto R+oe
Nliter!rioO$ so(t& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso(t&HI6Re!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso(t&HI6Re!sterl' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rso(t&HI6Re!st7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso(t&7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rso(t&HI6R7est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso(t&HI6R7esterl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso(t&HI6R7est7!rd
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs%otIRonL Rs%ot Ron NGB4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ st!!to Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ st!, Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rst!teside NUSA4 olo/(i!l4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ Rst!te7ide Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rste%Ib'IRste% Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(n7!rd Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ t&en Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&it&er N!r!io4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ t&ro(,&L t&r(
NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!blesO$ RtoI!ndIR#ro Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rto%Io#It&eIRline Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rtreble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(nder!r" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nderRo+er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R(nder,ro(nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(nder"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nderRne!t& Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nderRse! Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(nderIt&eIRo(nter Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Hl!ndestino6$ R(nderIt&eIRt!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nderR7!ter Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(%I
!ndIRdo7n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(%HI6Ro(ntr' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (%Rst!,e$ (%Rst!irs Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (%Rst!te NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ (%Rstre!" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (%Rto7n
NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R(%7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +erb!ti" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7ee9l'
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7est7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7&!te+er Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R7&oles!le Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7ind7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 'e!rl' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ et1 E.14 t&e !bo+e reR"!r9s Hl!s obser+!iones !nteRrioresL Rdi&!s6$ in
!#ter R'e!rs Hen !)os %osteRriores6$ t&e p l! !rte R"en( Hel "en2 ! l! R!rt!6$ !n
!l#reso R"e!l H(n! o"id! !l !ire Rlibre6$ !llIo(t R7!r H,(err! ,eneRr!lL toRt!l6$ !n
e-!"%le o# ! %osterioriL ! %riori Rre!sonin, H(n e.e"%lo de r!zon!"iento !
%osteRrioriL ! R%riori6$ !n !7!' R"!t& H(n %!rtido #(er!L le.os de R!s!6$ ! b!9 R+o7el
H(n! +o!l %osteRrior6$ ! bi"ont&l' R"!,!zine H(n! re+ist! /(ineRn!lL bi"esRtr!l6$
bodil' R#(ntions Hneesid!des or%oRr!lesL #isioRl3,i!s6$ ! d!il' R+isit H(n! +isit!
Rdi!ri!6$ de!t&l' Rsilene Hsilenio se%(lRr!l6$ e-%ress deRli+er' Hentre,! Rr%id!6$ ! #!r
Ro(ntr' H(n %!Fs leR.!no6$ ! #ortni,&tl' R"eetin, H(n! re(ni3n /(ineRn!l6M It %!sses !t
&o(rl' Rinter+!ls HP!s! !d! R&or!6M in l!ter R"ont&s Hen "eses %osteRriores6$ t&e le#t
Rside Hel l!do izR/(ierdo6$ ! "ont&l' R+isit H(n! +isit! "enRs(!l6$ &er ne!r reRl!tions
Hs(s %!rientes erR!nos6$ ! ne!rb' &oRtel H(n &otel erR!no6$ ni,&tl' %erR#or"!nes
H#(niones tod!s l!s Rno&es6$ t&e no7 ,eneRr!tion Hl! ,ener!i3n !Rt(!lL de !R&or!6M
EeZs !n onl' R&ild Hl es &i.o R2nio6M !n o(tIo#It&eI7!' R+ill!,e H(n %(eblo
!%!rRt!do6M ! /(!rterl' %(bliR!tion H(n! %(bli!i3n tri"esRtr!l6$ rentI#ree
!o""oRd!tion H!lo.!"iento libre de Rrent!6M t&ro(,& Rtr!##i Htr#io de R%!so6$ t&e
(%st!irs R#l!t Hel %iso de !Rrrib!6$ ! 7ee9l' Rne7s%!%er H(n %eri3dio se"!Rn!l6$ !
'e!rl' Rontest H(n! o"%etii3n !Rn(!l6$ et1
Al,(nos de estos !d.eti+os %(eden ir detrs del sint!,"! no"in!l o"o !d+erbios1
D1 ?1;M o(rre lo "is"o on los !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os Q'on N!r!io4 no
,r!d(!bleOL 'ond N!r!io4 no ,r!d(!bleOL 'onder N!r!io4 no ,r!d(!bleOQM +!n
del!nte del no"bre ' (!ndo son !d+erbios detrs del +erboM !l,(nos o"o
URrossIRo(ntr' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (%Rstre!" Nno ,r!d(!bleOV$ et1$ +!n del!nte del
no"bre o detrs del no"bre o"o !d.eti+os ' detrs del +erbo o"o !d+erbiosM
Qe!st$ nort&$ so(t&$ 7estQ$ %(eden ir detrs del no"bre o"o no"bres1
*:+ &os siguientes ad%etivos se pueden usar delante del nombreM son todos
l!si#i!ti+os e-e%to los /(e lle+!n detrs N!li#i!ti+osO ' los /(e lle+!n detrs
N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oOM son di#erentes de los de olor$ /(e no son !li#i!ti+os
ni l!si#i!ti+osM se %(eden (s!r t!"bi0n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o o (n +erbo
!(-ili!r$ sin ,(iones si son o"%(estos$ o"o %!rtii%ios de %!s!do$ no o"o
!d.eti+osM estos !d.eti+os$ (!ndo +!n del!nte del no"bre$ lle+!n nor"!l"ente (n
!ento se(nd!rioM no e-iste nin,2n !d.eti+o orres%ondiente ter"in!do en Iin,4
!borted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !b(sed$ !ss!ssin!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !ssisted$ !7!ited Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ b!ited Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ be!&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bl!"ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
bo!sted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ born Nno ,r!d(!bleM (!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do +!
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o$ se,(ido o no de Qo#L inL intoL toL 7it&Q %ero no de
Qb'QO$ br!ndis&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rbro9enIinto N' detrs de (n +erbo4 Rbro9en intoO$
R!re#(ll' R,oneIinto N' detrs de (n +erbo4 !re#(ll' N!d+erbioO R,one intoO$
&eer#(ll' R%(tIR(%I7it& Nno ,r!d(!ble ' detrs de (n +erbo4 &eer#(ll' N!d+erbioO
R%(t R(% 7it&O$ Ro""onl'IR&eld N"s (s!doOL Ro""onl' R&eld N"enos (s!doO N'
detrs de (n +erbo4 o""onl' N!d+erbioO &eldO$ on.oined Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ritiizedL ritiised NGBO$ dereed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ dee"ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
dere,(l!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ deri+ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ desribed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
desired$ di##(sed$ dis"e"bered Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do(bled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ dr!#ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ dre!ded$ dro%%ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ edited Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ elo%ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ e"%tied Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ en+ied$ es!%ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ esti"!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ e-er%ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-%eted$ e-%ressed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #!bled
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #e!red$ #e!t(red$ #ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #e+ered$ #i,(red Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ R#illedIRin N' detrs de (n +erbo4 R#illed RinO$ #or7!rded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
#reed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,ener!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &ei,&tened$ R&eldIto N' detrs de (n
+erbo4 R&eld toO Hen lo /(e se "!ntiene #ir"e6$ &enn!ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ HR"(&6
R&o%edI#or Nno ,r!d(!ble ' detrs de (n +erbo4 H"(&6 N!d+erbioO R&o%ed #orO
HH"('6 es%er!doL !nsi!do6$ i"!,ined Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ indited Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
intended Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ iss(ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R.("%edIR(% NGB4 olo/(i!lM detrs
de (n +erbo4 R.("%ed R(% Hle+!nt!do de (n s!lto64 GB ' USA4 estnd!rO H!rribist!L
%res(nt(oso6$ 9e%t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ l!nded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ li9ed$ HR"(&6 Rlon,edI#or
Nno ,r!d(!ble ' detrs de (n +erbo4 H"(&6 N!d+erbioO Rlon,ed #orO HH"('6
dese!do6$ loosened$ "!%%ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "entioned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"(&I
i"R%ro+ed N"s (s!doOL R"(& i"R%ro+ed N"enos (s!doO N' detrs de (n +erbo4
"(& N!d+erbioO i"R%ro+edO$ H+er'6 R"(& Rloo9edIR#or7!rdIto N' detrs de (n
+erbo4 +er' "(& N!d+erbioO Rloo9ed R#or7!rd toO$ R"(& Rt!l9edIo# N' detrs de (n
+erbo4 "(& N!d+erbioO Rt!l9ed o#O$ R"(&IR(sed N' detrs de (n +erbo4 "(&
N!d+erbioO R(sedO$ R"(&IR+isited N' detrs de (n +erbo4 "(& N!d+erbioO R+isitedO$
"(rdered Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ needed$ net7or9ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nested Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rne7l'I!Rrri+ed N"s (s!doOL Rne7l' !Rrri+ed N"enos (s!doO N' detrs de
(n +erbo4 ne7l' N!d+erbioO !Rrri+edO$ Rne7l'IdisRo+eredL Rne7l' disRo+ered N'
detrs de (n +erbo4 ne7l' N!d+erbioO disRo+eredO$ R%!idIRin Nno ,r!d(!ble ' detrs
de (n +erbo4 R%!id RinO$ R%!idIR(% Nno ,r!d(!ble ' detrs de (n +erbo4 R%!id R(%O$
%erei+ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %i%ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%l!'edIRb!9 N' detrs de (n +erbo4
R%l!'ed Rb!9O$ %r!ised$ %ooled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %reR#erred$ %retended$ %ro#essed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %(lled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %(n&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %(r%orted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %(rs(ed$ R%(tI(% Nno ,r!d(!ble ' detrs de (n +erbo4 R%(t (%O$ R/(i9l'
R,l!nedIt&ro(,& N' detrs de (n +erbo4 /(i9l' N!d+erbioO R,l!ned t&ro(,&O$
re!soned$ reb(9ed$ re!lled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rreentl'I!Rrri+ed N"s (s!doOL Rreentl'
!Rrri+ed N' detrs de (n +erbo4 reentl' N!d+erbioO !Rrri+edO$ Rreentl'IRb(ilt N"s
(s!doOL Rreentl' Rb(ilt N' detrs de (n +erbo4 reentl' N!d+erbioO Rb(iltO$ Rreentl'I
deR%!rted N"s (s!doOL Rreentl' deR%!rted N' detrs de (n +erbo4 reentl' N!d+erbioO
de%!rtedO$ Rreentl'IRsold N"s (s!doOL Rreentl' Rsold N' detrs de (n +erbo4 reentl'
N!d+erbioO RsoldO$ redo(bled$ re#erred Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ re#ri,er!ted$ rele,!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ reRl(t!ntl' RdoneI!R7!'I7it& N' detrs de (n +erbo4 rel(t!ntl'
N!d+erbioO Rdone !R7!' 7it&O$ re%li!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ re%orted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
re%ri"!nded$ re/(ested$ re/(ired$ ret(rned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rri%%edIRo## N' detrs de
(n +erbo4 Rri%%ed Ro##O$ r("o(red NGB %rini%!l"enteOL r("ored NUSAO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s!id Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s!inted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs!ledIRdo7n N"s (s!doOL
Rs!led Rdo7n N"enos (s!doO N' detrs de (n +erbo4 Rs!led R do7n N!d+erbioOO$
solded$ se(red Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ seen$ sent Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RsetIinIRstone Nno
,r!d(!ble ' detrs de (n +erbo4 Rset in RstoneO$ s&!ded$ sl!ndered$ sl!(,&tered Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ RsoIR!lled Nno ,r!d(!ble ' detrs de (n +erbo4 so N!d+erbioO R!lledO$
Rso(%edIR(% N' detrs de (n +erbo4 Rso(%ed R(%O$ s%r(n, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s/(!ndered$
st!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleM %(ede ir t!"bi0n detrs de (n no"bre %ero es %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!doO$ Rst!te"ented Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ st(died LRstAdidL Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(b"itted
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(##i-ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(,,ested Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(%%osed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s7orn Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt!l9edI!bo(t N' detrs de (n +erbo4 Rt!l9ed
!bo(tO$ t!r,eted$ Rt&!t&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt&oro(,&l' RtriedIRo(t N' detrs de (n
+erbo4 t&oro(,&l' N!d+erbioO Rtried Ro(tO$ RtriedI!ndIRtested Nno ,r!d(!ble ' detrs de
(n +erbo4 Rtried !nd RtestedO$ (n+eiled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +!nis&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R7ellIR!redI#or N' detrs de (n +erbo4 7ell N!d+erbioO R!red #orO$ R7rittenIRo(t Nno
,r!d(!ble ' detrs de (n +erbo4 R7ritten Ro(tO ' otros de ;1@1 E.14 ! o""onl'I&eld
N"s (s!doOL o""onl' &eld R+ie7 H(n! o%ini3n /(e l! ,ente tiene nor"!l"ente6M
T&ere !re so"e desribed N!d.eti+oO R"et&ods$ %ero QT&ere !re so"e "et&ods Ht&!tL
7&i& !re6 desRribed N%!rtii%ioOQ HE!' !l,(nos "0todos H/(e estnL son6
desRritos6M ne7l'I!rri+ed N"s (s!doOL ne7l' !rri+ed Rst(dents Hest(di!ntes rei0n
lleR,!dos6$ ! ne7l'Idiso+ered N"s (s!doOL ne7l' diso+ered %iee o# Re+idene
H(n! %r(eb! rei0nHte"ente6 des(Rbiert!6$ ! reentl'I!rri+ed N"s (s!doOL reentl'
!rri+ed Rto(rist H(n t(rist! rei0n lleR,!do6$ ! reentl'Ib(ilt N"s (s!doOL reentl'
b(ilt R+ill! H(n &!l0 rei0n onsRtr(ido6$ ! reentl'Ide%!rted N"s (s!doOL reentl'
de%!rted R#riend H(n !"i,o /(e se &! ido reRiente"ente6$ ! reentl'Isold N"s
(s!doOL reentl' sold Rlorr' NGBOL Rtr(9 NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H(n !"i3n rei0n
+enRdido6$ t&e re/(ired N!d.eti+oO R&!n,es Hlos !"bios neeRs!rios6$ %ero QT&e
7ei,&t Ht&!t is6 reR/(ired N%!rtii%ioOQ HEl %eso H/(e es6 re/(e R ridoL nee R s!rio6M t&e
s(,,ested N!d.eti+oO i"R%ro+e"ents Hl!s "e.or!s s(,eRrid!s6$ %ero QT&e %ro%os!ls
Ht&!t !re6 s(R,,ested N%!rtii%ioO !re not ne7Q HL!s %ro%(est!s H/(e son6 s(,eRrid!s
no son n(e+!s6$ et1 D1 =15=5
**+ &os siguientes ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos se pueden usar slo
delante del nombre, pero no detr!s del nombre o detr!s de un verbo
copulativoM l! "!'or %!rte son l!si#i!ti+osM todos estos !d.eti+os$ (!ndo +!n
del!nte del no"bre$ lle+!n nor"!l"ente (n !ento se(nd!rio4 !(s!ti+e Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R!t(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!ddIon Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!di%ose$ !erobi Nno
,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ R!#terIRt!- Nno ,r!d(!ble
' U!#ter t!-V4 sint!,"! %re%osiion!lO$ !l,!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !liR"ent!r' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R!llIRit' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!llIinIRone Htodo en (no6 Nno ,r!d(!ble ' UR!llI
inIRoneV NGB4 sint!,"! no"in!lO H"ono6 ' UR!ll in RoneV Htodo en (no6 o"o
!d+erbio O$ R!llIR"!le Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!llIR"et!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!llIorIRnone Nno
,r!d(!ble ' U!ll or noneV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R!llIorIRnot&in, Nno ,r!d(!ble ' U!ll or
not&in,V4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R!llIR%!rt' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!llIR%(r%ose Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R!llIRro(nd NGB %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleOL$ R!llIRst!r$ R!llIRti"e$ !ltern!te
Lo4lRtenetL NGBO ' Lo4lRternetL NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !lRtern!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R!"bient Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !n!est&eti NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !nest&eti NUSAO$
R!ni"!l$ R!nteRbell(" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !nRterior Nno se,(ido de UtoVO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!ntiHI6R!irr!#t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !ntideR%ress!nt$ !ntiHI6%ersoRnnel Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!R%ost!te$ !R%%ell!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!r&I!ndIR+!(lt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !rit&R"eti Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R!rr!nt Nliter!rioO$ !sRend!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !ssoi!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!str!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !Rttend!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!(dio Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!(dioHI6R+is(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !(toHI6iR""(ne Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !(toR"oti+e Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !R+ersi+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ b!9HI6Rdoor NGBOL Rb!9HI6door NUSAO Nno
,r!d(!ble ' Qb!9 RdoorQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ b!sed N(!ndo +! %reedido de (n
no"bre4 ,ro(ndIb!sed$ LondonIb!sed$ 7ebIb!sed$ et1O$ b!ss Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rb!st!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RbestIR!se Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %reedido de Ut&eVO$ beRs%o9e
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!ble4 GB %rini%!l"enteO H&e&o ! Hl!6 "edid!6$ bienten!r' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ bienRtenni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rbi,IRn!"e Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Ubi, Rn!"eV4
sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rblo7Ib'IRblo7 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rbl(eIR&i% Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Ubl(e
R&i%V4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rbl(eIRoll!r NGB4 no ,r!d(!ble ' Ubl(e Roll!rV4 sint!,"!
no"in!lO$ bl(is&IR,reen N' Ubl(is& R,reenV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rbo!rdin,IRo(t Nno
,r!d(!ble4 GB$ %ero (!ndo +! detrs del +erbo el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente es s3lo
Qbo!rdin,Q ' Qo(tQ es !d+erbio en GB ' USAO$ boRt!ni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rbo-IRo##ie Nno ,r!d(!ble ' URbo- Ro##ieV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rbre!dI!ndIRb(tter Nno
,r!d(!ble ' URbre!d !nd Rb(tterV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rbre!9ne9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rbrid!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ br(te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ b(9 NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ b(" N+(l,!rO
H"!loL de "ierd!6$ b("%er He-tr!ordin!rioL r0ord6$ Rb(sinessIRl!ss Nno ,r!d(!ble '
URb(siness Rl!ssV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO Hde l!se %re#erente6$ R!rdi! Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R!rdin!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!rn!l$ !Rrotid Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ *!rtesi!n L9!4Rti4zienL NGB4
"s (s!do /(e L9!4Rti4enLO ' L9!4rRti4enL NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!stIRiron Nno
,r!d(!ble ' Q!st RironQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R!t&%enn' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!(tion!r'$
enRtenni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eR%&!li Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &!ne Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &e!%'L
&e!%ie Nolo/(i!lO$ &e!%o Nolo/(i!lO Hordin!rio6$ R&i9enI!ndIRe,, Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ &ie# Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r$ %ero U&ie#estV4 liter!rioO$ &oie
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ it!tion!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i+i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i+ili!n Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rl!ssi Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rli%Ion Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro9I!ndIRb(ll
Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ RoldIR#is& N' Qold R#is&Q4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$
oRll!bor!ti+e$ Ro""onIRl!7 Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Qo""on Rl!7Q4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$
Ro""onHI6Rsense$ Ro"%o(nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ron.(,!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ oRnn(bi!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onstit(ent Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rons(""!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rontr!b!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ or%or!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o(ldnZtI!reIless Nno
,r!d(!ble ' Uo(ldnZt !re lessV4 sint!,"! +erb!lO H%!sot!6$ Ro(ntr'I!ndIR7estern
Nno ,r!d(!ble ' URo(ntr' !nd R7esternV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ r!9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rresent Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RrossIRborder Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (lin!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R(ttin,IRed,e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ d!"n Nno ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ d!"nedest Nno
,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ Rd!rede+il Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ d!rlin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 olo/(i!lO$ d!rn
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 olo/(i!lO$ d!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rd!'IR!re Nno ,r!d(!ble ' URd!'
R!reV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO Hser+iio de ,(!rderF! in#!ntil6O$ Rd!'ItoIRd!' Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hdi!rioHs6$ !Hs66$ Rde!dIRend Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Ude!d RendV4 sint!,"!
no"in!lO$ deRisionIR"!9in, Nno ,r!d(!ble ' UdeRision R"!9in,4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$
De"oRr!ti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rdent!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ dieRteti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
di##erenti!l$ Rdi,it!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ diRoes!n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ diR+ision!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rdotor!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do(R"ent!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rdo,Ie!tIRdo, Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ RdoIitI'o(rRsel# Hbriol!.e6 Nno ,r!d(!ble ' QDo it 'o(rRsel#]Q H\E!zlo t2
"is"o]6O$ RdoIRnot&in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RdoIorIRdie Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RdoorItoIRdoor Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rdors!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rdo(bleIRde9er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rdo(bleIRdi,it
NUSA4 no ,r!d(!ble ' Udo(ble Rdi,itV4 sint!,"! no"in!l en GB ' USAOL
Rdo(bleIR#i,(re NGB %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!ble ' Udo(ble R#i,(reV4 sint!,"!
no"in!l en GB ' USAO$ Rdo7nri,&t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ dre!d N!r!ioO$ dr(n9en$ d(!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ d(d Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rd(let$ Rd(%li!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Re!rt&en Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Re!rt&l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Re!stern"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e##in, NGB4 no
,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO Hde "ierd!6$ eRletor!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rendorine Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
RendIo#IRline Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Uend o# RlineV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ RendIo#It&eIR"o(t&
Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Uend o# t&e R"o(t&V4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ RendIo#IRterr!e NGB4 no
,r!d(!ble ' Uend o# Rterr!eV4 sint!,"! no"in!l en GB ' USAO$ RendIo#IRter" NGB4
no ,r!d(!ble ' Uend o# Rter"V4 sint!,"! no"in!l en GB ' USAO$ enRtire Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ en+ironR"ent!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eR%iso%!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e%iso%!li!nL
E%iso%!li!n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eR%istol!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eR%on'"o(s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
e/(iRnoti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rerst7&ile Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ REs9i"o Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
esR%ei!l Nliter!rioO$ e+!nR,eli Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Re+enIRdoll!r NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hde
d3l!res enteros Nno #r!iones de d3l!rO6$ Re+enIR%o(nd NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hde libr!s
enter!s Nno #r!iones de libr!O6$ eR+ent(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-Ress Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
eR-e(ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-R%!tri!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-%eRdition!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
e-IRser+ie Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #!tion!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #!e!l NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
#e!l NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#!intest$ R#!irIR7e!t&er Nno ,r!d(!ble '
Q#!ir R7e!t&erQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ #!R"ili!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #!r!R7!' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R#!stIR#ood Nno ,r!d(!ble ' U#!st R#oodV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$
R#!stIR#or7!rd Nno ,r!d(!ble ' U#!st R#or7!rdV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R#!tIR!t Nno
,r!d(!bleO Ho%(lento6$ R#!-IonIdeR"!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#eelIR,ood NGB4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ #e"or!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#et!lL R#oet!l NGB %rini%!l"enteO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R#ilin,IR!binet$ R#irstIborn NoO R#irstborn Nliter!rios4 no ,r!d(!bles ' UR#irstI
born NoO R#irstbornV4 liter!rios4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R#irstIdeR,ree Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Q#irst
deR,reeQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R#irstIRe+er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#irstIR#loor Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R#irstI,eneRr!tion Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#irstIRline Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#irstI%!stIt&eIR%ost Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R#irstIRti"e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#i-edIRter" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#loorItoIReilin,
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#l'Ib'IRni,&t Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%ir!t!6$ R#o!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R#oldHI6!7!' Nno ,r!d(!bleOL R#oldI(% Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#ollo7IR(% Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ #ool Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R#orible$ #ore Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #oRrensi$
R#or"!ti+e$ R#or"er Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R#oster Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#o(rIRse!ter Nno
,r!d(!bleM se %(ede %oner (!l/(ier otro n2"ero ' !l,(n!s otr!s %!l!br!s del!nte
de Qse!terQO$ R#reeI#or" Nno ,r!d(!ble ' U#ree R#or"V4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$
R#reeIR"!r9et Nno ,r!d(!ble ' U#ree "!r9etV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R#reeHI6R7&eelin,$
#ront Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#rontIR%!,e Nno ,r!d(!ble ' UR#ront R%!,eV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$
R#rontIRro7 Nno ,r!d(!ble ' U#ront Rro7V4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R#ront!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R#(llIRolo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R#(llIRolor NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#(llIRdress Nno
,r!d(!ble ' Q#(ll RdressQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R#(llIR%!,e Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Q#(ll R%!,eQ4
sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R#(llIRs!le Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Q#(ll Rs!leQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$
R#(llIRsize Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Q#(ll RsizeQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R#(ner!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
#(t(re Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R,!stri Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,!strono"i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R,ener!lIR%(r%ose N"s (s!doOL R,ener!l R%(r%ose Nno ,r!d(!ble ' U,ener!l R%(r%oseV4
sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R,enit!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,eniti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,entile Nno
,r!d(!bleO H%!,!noL risti!noL no .(dFo6$ ,i!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R,i+eI!ndIRt!9e Nno
,r!d(!ble ' QGi+e !nd t!9e]Q H\D! ' o,e]6O$ ,l!0$ R,oI!R&e!d He"%rendedorHes6$
!Hs6L din"ioHs6$ !Hs6 ' UR,oI!R&e!dV4 sint!,"! no"in!l H+isto b(enoL l(z +erde66$
R,odd!"Hn6 Nno ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ R,oIR,o Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R,oodis& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R,oodl' Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R,r!ssIRrootsL R,r!ss Rroots Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Q,r!ss
rootsQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ RGre!ter Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R,reen#ield NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
,rossIo(t NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO HindeenteHs66$ ,'"Rn!sti
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!irIRtri,,er$ &!Rl!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!ndI"eIRdo7n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R&!%less Nliter!rioO$ R&!rdIRore Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Q&!rd RoreQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$
R&!rdIRo+er$ R&e!rtItoIR&e!rt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&ellI!ndIRbri"stone$ R&ell(+! Nno
,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ &ereItod!'I,oneIto"orro7 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&i,&Ide#iRnition
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R&i,&l!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleM es no"bre t!"bi0nO$ R&i,&IRot!ne$
R&i,&I%erR#or"!ne N' Q&i,& %erR#or"!neQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R&i,&IR%ress(re N'
Q&i,& R%ress(reQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R&i,&IR%ro#ile N' Q&i,& R%ro#ileQ4 sint!,"!
no"in!lO$ R&i,&IRrise Nno ,r!d(!ble ' QR&i,& RriseL R&i,&IRriseQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$
R&i,&IseR(rit' N' Q&i,& seR(rit'Q4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R&i,&IsoRiet' N' Q&i,&
soRiet'Q4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R&i,&IRs%eed Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Q&i,& Rs%eedQ4 sint!,"!
no"in!lO$ R&i,&IRstreet NGB4 no ,r!d(!ble ' UR&i,& streetV4 sint!,"! no"in!l en GB
' USAO$ R&i,&IRtension N' Q&i,& RtensionQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ &ind Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
&inder Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&itI!ndIRr(n Nno ,r!d(!ble ' QEit !nd r(n]Q H\Gol%e! '
orre]6O$ &it&ertoI(nRdre!"edIo#$ R&olierIt&!nIRt&o( Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hde s(%eriorid!d6$
R&onestItoIR,oodness Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &onor!r'$ &onoRri#i$ R&o(seItoIR&o(se Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ &'"eRne!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ iRn!(,(r!l$ RinRborn Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
inRendi!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inR&o!te Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ RinIdeR"!nd Nno
,r!d(!ble e Uin de"!ndV4 sint!,"! %re%osiion!lO$ inRdoor HinteriorL (biertoL b!.o
te&oL en %ist! (biert!6$ in#!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RinIR#li,&t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ iRniti!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ inRl!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rin"ost Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rinner Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ RinnerIRit' Nno ,r!d(!ble e Uinner Rit'V4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rinner"ost
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ RinIRstore Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRs(r,ent Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
inter,!Rl!ti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rinteri" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRterior Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
interlo9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ interR"edi!r'$ interR%erson!l$ interR%l!net!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
interRr!i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inters&oRl!sti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ interRst!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
inter7!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inR+esti,!tor'$ Rits'IRbits'L Ritt'IRbitt' Nolo/(i!lO$ .oint Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ .o(rn!listi$ .(Rdii!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R9indred Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R9no9do7n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R9no9IRon Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rl!r,eIRs!le Nno ,r!d(!ble '
Ql!r,e Rs!leQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rl!stIRdit& Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Ql!st Rdit&Q4 sint!,"!
no"in!lO$ Rl!stIR,!s% Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rl!stIR"in(te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rl!stIR7ee9 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rl!teIRni,&t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ L!tino NUSA4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
l!tiRt(din!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rl!tter Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rl!tterIRd!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
l!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lee Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rle#tIR&!nd Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Qle#t R&!ndQ4
sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rle#tI&!nd Rdri+e Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Qle#t &!nd Rdri+eQ4 sint!,"!
no"in!lO$ Rle#tist$ Rle#to+er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rle,isl!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rlesser Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rli#eI!ndIRde!t& Nno ,r!d(!bleOL Rli#eIorIRde!t& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rli#elon,
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ li9e Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!ble ' detrs del +erbo o"o %re%osii3n4 D1
@1@15??O$ Rline!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rlittor!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ li+eIin Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ li+elon, Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ lo,istiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lone Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ lonel' &e!rts Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rlon,IR&!(l$ lon,is& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
lon,it(din!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rlon,IRli#e Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Ulon, Rli#eV4 sint!,"!
no"in!lO$ Rlon,IRlost$ Rlon,IRr!n,e N%(ede ir %reedido de Q+er'Q %ero no de Q"oreL
lessQ ' Ulon, Rr!n,eV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO Hde l!r,o !l!ne6$ Rlon,HI6ti"e N' Qlon,
Rti"eQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rlo7Ido7n N!d.eti+o ' no"breO Nolo/(i!l4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ Rlo7l!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rlo7IR%ro#ile N' Qlo7 R%ro#ileQ4 sint!,"!
no"in!lO$ Rlo7IRrise N' Qlo7 RriseQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rl("b!r Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ l'"R%&!ti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rl'ri Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!iden Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R"!ilIRorder Nno ,r!d(!ble Hde +ent! %or orreo6 ' UR"!il RorderV4 sint!,"! no"in!l
H+ent! %or orreo6O$ "!in Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!inlineL "!inIline Nno ,r!d(!ble '
U"!in RlineV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R"!.orIRle!,(e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"!9eIorIRbr!9e Nno
,r!d(!ble ' QM!9e or bre!9 sb]Q H\E!z tri(n#!r o #r!!s!r ! !l,(ien]6O$ "!n!R,eri!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!n#(l Nliter!rioO$ R"!ni! Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!Rnori!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R"!nItoIR"!n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!Rrine Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"!rit!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R"!riti"e Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ "!'or!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"edi!n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"e,!loR"!ni! Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "enstr(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"er!ntile Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "ere$ "etroR%olit!n$ "iroeleRtroni Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "idIAtl!nti Nno
,r!d(!ble ' Q"id Atl!ntiQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R"id"ost Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
"idIP!i#i N' Q"id P!i#iQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R"iddle Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RMiddle
RE!stern$ R"iddleIRdist!ne Hde "edio #ondo6 Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Q"iddle dist!neQ4
sint!,"! no"in!l Hse,(ndo %l!no6O$ R"illionItoIRone Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"i"i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "o9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"odernIRd!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "oRle(l!r Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R"onet!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"ornin,IR!#ter Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"o(t&I
toIR"o(t& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "(ltiHI6%!rt' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"(r!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"'ri!d Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rn!rr!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ n!+iR,!tion!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
neon!t!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rnet&er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rnet&er"ost Nliter!rioO$
Rne+erItoIbeI#orR,otten Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rnitri Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rnitro(s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
RnoIR#!(lt Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Uno R#!(ltV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ RnoIR#rills Nno ,r!d(!ble '
Uno R#rillsV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO Hsin l(.osL senillo6$ RnoI#(zz'IRed,e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
RnoIR,o Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RnoIR,ood Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ RnoIR,ro7t& Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ RnoIR&o%e Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hsin #(t(ro6$ no"in!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
RnonHI6(sRtodi!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RnonHI6Rd!ir' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RnonHI6eR-e(ti+e NGB4
no ,r!d(!bleO$ RnoIRnonsense$ RnonHI6Rn(le!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RnonHI6%reRsri%tion Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ RnonHI6R%ro#it NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rnort&Io(ntr' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rnort&ern"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ notIre!din,I!tI!ll Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RnoIR7in
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nt& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ n("is"!ti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rn(%ti!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ o(R%!tion!l$ o(l!r Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##IRBro!d7!' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##IR%e!9 NGB %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##IRsreen Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ RoldIRst'le Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RoldIRti"e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RoldIR7orld Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ olde$ Rolden N!r!io4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Roli+eIR,reen N' Uoli+e ,reenV4
sint!,"! no"in!lO$ ORl'"%i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RoneIR&orseL IRlineL IR"!nL IR%!,eL
IR%!rentL IR%!rt'L I%ersonL IR%ieeL IRs&ot NUSAOL IRsto%L IR7!'L IR7ee9L IR7o"!nL
IR7ord N( otro n2"ero !rdin!l4 t7oI$ et1O Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Qone R&orseL et1Q4
sint!,"! no"in!lO$ RoneIinI!IR"illion Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Qone in ! R"illionQ4 sint!,"!
no"in!lO$ RoneIRo## NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro%enIR!ir Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Qo%en !irQ4
sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Ro%enI!ndIRs&(t Hl!roL e+idente6$ Ro%enIRdoor Nno ,r!d(!ble '
Qo%en RdoorQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Ro%enIR&e!rt Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Qo%en R&e!rtQ4
sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Ro%enIR&e!rt& Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Uo%en R&e!rt&V4 sint!,"!
no"in!lO$ Ro%enIRne9$ Ro%ti"!lL Ro%ti"(" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro%tIRin Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Ro%tIRo(t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rorbit!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ orR&estr!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
or,!niRz!tion!lL or,!niRs!tion!l NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rorient Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ort&oRdonti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ort&oR%!edi NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ort&oR%edi NUSAO
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ os"oti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ osRtensible$ Rot&erIt&!nIRob+io(s Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(tI!ndIRo(t Nno ,r!d(!bleO He"%edernidoL ons("!doL !0rri"oL
!bsol(to6$ o(tRdoor Nno ,r!d(!bleO He-teriorL !l !ire libre6$ Ro(ter Nno ,r!d(!bleO
He-teriorL e-ternoL "s !le.!do6$ Ro(ter"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(tIo#IRst!te NUSA4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ o+!ri!n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro+enItoIRt!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o7n N' detrs del
+erbo o"o %rono"bre4 D1<185O$ %!nre!ti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%!%!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R%!ris&IR%("% NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R%!rt'I%oRliti!l NGB %rini%!l"ente4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ R%!s&!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%!'I%erIRli9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%!'I%erIR+ie7
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%el+i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%enI!ndIRin9 Nno ,r!d(!ble ' UR%en !nd Rin9V4
sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R%enI!ndIR9ni#e Nno ,r!d(!ble ' UR%en !nd R9ni#eV4 sint!,"!
no"in!lO$ R%enile$ %en(lti"!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%e%%erI!ndIRs!lt Nno ,r!d(!ble '
UR%e%%er !nd Rs!ltV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ %ere%t(!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
%&!r"!Re(ti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&il&!rR"oni Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%i9I!ndIR&oose Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R%it(reIR%ost!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %l!inHI6lot&es Nno ,r!d(!ble ' U%l!in
lot&esV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ %l!ne Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%l!net!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %l("
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %l(s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %oReti!l$ R%ol!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%o%I(% Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R%ost!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ostIbell(" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %osterior Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %ostHI6ind(stri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ostHI6"orte" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%ostHI6n!t!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ostHI6o%er!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %oRtenti!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %reHI6e"%ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %rH!6eRtori!n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %re#eRrenti!l$
%reIinRd(stri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %reR"enstr(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %re"ier Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%re%!r!tor' Nno ,r!d(!ble ' detrs del +erbo o"o %re%osii3n4 D1 @1@185@O$
R%reHI6s&ool Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %resent!tion!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%resentIRd!' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %reHI6Rt!- Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %reR+erb!l$ R%re+io(s Nno ,r!d(!ble ' detrs del
+erbo o"o %re%osii3n4 D1 @1@185BO$ %ri"e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%rini%!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %rior Nno ,r!d(!ble ' detrs del +erbo o"o %re%osii3n4 D1 @1@188CO$
%ro H%ro#esion!l6$ %roIR!" Hde %ro#esion!les ' !#iion!dos6$ %roRession!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %ro%!,!ndist$ %roRsodi Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %rosR%eti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%se(don'"o(s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %s'&o"etri$ R%(bi Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%(l"on!r'
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%(s&IRb(tton Nno ,r!d(!ble ' UP(s& b(ttonV HA%ret!r bot3n6O$
R%(t!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ /(!dr(%le Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R/(estionI!ndIR!ns7er Nno
,r!d(!ble ' Q/(estion !nd !ns7erQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R/(i9IR#ire Nno ,r!d(!ble '
Q/(i9 #ireQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ /(i9sil+er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rr!%idIR#ire Nno
,r!d(!ble ' Qr!%id #ireQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ r!+e$ Rr!zorIRt&in NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
Rre!d'ItoIRliense Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rre!d'ItoIR7e!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rre!lIRli#e Nno
,r!d(!ble ' Qre!l Rli#eQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rre!r"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ reonstr(ti+e$
redHI6bri9 Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Ured bri9V4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ RredIR!r%et Nno
,r!d(!ble ' Qred R!r%etQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ RredIRletter Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ re,iR"ent!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ re%rob!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ resR%eti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ reRs(lt!nt Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ reRtrib(ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO H%(niti+oL retrib(ti+o6$ Rre+erend$ reR+erse Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ reR+erseIR&!r,e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ reR+i+!list$ Rri,&t#(l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rri,&tIR&!nd Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Qri,&t R&!ndQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rri,&tI&!nd Rdri+e Nno
,r!d(!ble ' URri,&tI&!nd Rdri+eV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rri,&tist$ Ri,&t Re+erend Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rri,&tItoIRli#e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rrit(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ri+!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ro!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ro,(e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RrollIon Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RoR"!ne Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rrot!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rro(ndIRt!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rro(ndIRtri% NUSA4
no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rr(n!7!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s!Rbb!ti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs!#et'IR#irst Nno
,r!d(!ble ' URs!#et' R#irstV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rs!line$ s!lt7!ter Nno ,r!d(!ble '
Us!lt 7!terV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ s!"e$ s!"eIse- Nno ,r!d(!ble4 ' Qs!"e Rse-Q4
sint!,"! no"in!lO$ s!rtori!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s!re Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ si!ti Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ sre7Ito%H%ed6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rse!lIo#I!R%%ro+!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
RseondIdeR,ree Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Qseond deR,reeQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$
RseondIRstrin, Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Qseond Rstrin,Q4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ RseeIRnot&in,
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RseeIRt&ro(,& Nno ,r!d(!ble4 ' Qsee t&ro(,&Q o"o +erboO$
Rsel#IRdri+e NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rsel#s!"eL Rsel#IRs!"e NGB4 "enos (s!doO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ se"ientenni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rse"iond(tin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
sen!Rtori!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s&!" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs&i%ItoIRs&ore Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rs&o%IRbo(,&t NGBOL RstoreIRbo(,&t NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs&ortIR&!(l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rs&ortIRst!' NGB4 no ,r!d(!ble4 ' Qs&ort Rst!'Q4 sint!,"! no"in!l en GB
' USAO$ Rside7!'s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rsi,n!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sin,HI6son, Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rsin,leIRstore' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RsitIRdo7n Nno ,r!d(!ble ' URSit Rdo7n]V
H\Si0nt!te]O Hser+idoHs6 en l! "es!L de br!zos !Fdos6$ Rsi-IR#i,(re Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rsl!%IR(% NGB4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ sli"line Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs"!llIR,ro(% Nno
,r!d(!ble ' Us"!ll R,ro(%V4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ Rs"!llIRti"e Nolo/(i!l4 %e'or!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs"!llIRto7n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sn(b$ soi!l de"or!ti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
RsoiIRdis!nt Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ sol!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sole Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
RsolidIRst!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RsoonItoIRbe Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso(t&ern"ost Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rs%!ti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s%ei!list Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s%er"iid!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rs%itI!ndIR%olis& N' URS%it !nd R%olis&VHEs(%e ' li"%i!6O$ Rs%litIRti9et Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rs%r!'Ion NGB %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rst!ndHI6!lone Nno
,r!d(!bleO H!(t3no"o6$ Rst!ndb' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rst!ndHI6(% Nno ,r!d(!ble ' URSt!nd
(%]V H\Le+nt!te]6O$ st!%le Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rst!rtI(% Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Ust!rt (%V
He"%ez!rL !rr!n!r6O$ Rst!teIo#It&eIR!rt Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Qst!te o# t&e R!rtQ4 sint!,"!
no"in!l Hlo 2lti"oL lo "s no+edoso6O H2lti"o "odeloL de lo "s reienteL de
+!n,(!rdi!6$ RsteelIRtr!%$ Rste%I(% Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ stereo Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rsti9Ion
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RstillIRli#e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ stiR%endi!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sto9 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ stone Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ str!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rstron,HI6!r" Nno ,r!d(!ble
' Qstron, !r"Q4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ s(bHI6R!/(! NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ s(b!R/(!ti Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s(bR.(nti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs(b"!rineL s(b"!Rrine Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
s(bse/(ent Nno ,r!d(!ble ' detrs del +ebo o"o %re%osii3n4 D1 @1@18:BO$
s(Ressi+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s("%t(!r' Nliter!rioO$ Rs(reHI6#ire$ Rs(r#!eItoIR!ir Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rs(r#!eItoIRs(r#!e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs(r,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(Rrre!list
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs7eetI!ndIRso(r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s'llo,istiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rt!9e!7!' NGBOL Rt!9eIRo(t NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO H%!r! lle+!r6$ t!n,eRrine Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ t!rRt!ri Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tetoni Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rteen!,e Nno ,r!d(!bleOL
teen Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rtensile$ RtenI'e!rIRold N( otro n2"ero !rdin!l h
Q'e!rIoldQO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ testi(l!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt&er"!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
t&er"ost!ti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt&reeIRd!' N( otro n2"ero !rdin!l h Qd!'QO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rt&reeIR%iee N( otro n2"ero !rdin!l h Q%ieeQO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rt&reeIR/(!rter N( otro n2"ero !rdin!l h Q/(!rterQO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt&reeIR7!' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rt&ro7HI6!7!' Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Qt&ro7 !7!'Q Htir!r6O$ Rtit(l!r Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ RtonIR(% NGB4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rto%IRle+el$ Rto%"ost Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rto%IRr!ted$ Rto%IseR(rit' NGBO$ Rtrib(t!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tri%li!te Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rtr(eIRli#e Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Utr(e Rli#eV4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ tr(st'$ Rt(rnIo#I
t&eIRent(r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hde #in!les de si,lo6$ t(Rtori!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt7ieIRtold
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt7oIRbit NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt7oIR"!n N( otro n2"ero !rdin!l h
Q"!nQO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt7oIR%iee Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt7oIR%l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rt7oIRtone Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (lRterior Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(lti"!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
("%teent& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRd(e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRen+i!ble$ (nR(tter!ble$ (%l!nd
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(%%er Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hs(%eriorL !lto6$ (ret&r!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(ri
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (terine Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(tter Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R+!,in!lL +!R,in!l NGBO
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R+!ri!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +eRnere!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R+erit!ble Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ +erRn!(l!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R+ern!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R+ertebr!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R+er' Nno ,r!d(!bleM sin e"b!r,o$ en in,l0s !r!io se %(ede %oner
Q+eriestQ del!nte del no"bre4 t&e +eriest so(ndrel Hel sin+er,Xenz! "s ,r!nde6O$
R+eterin!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R+int!,e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R+irt(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +o!ti+e
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7!l9IRin Nno ,r!d(!ble ' U>!l9 in]V H\Entr!]6O$ R7!l9IR(% Nno
,r!d(!ble ' Q>!l9 (%]Q H\S(be ! %ie]6O$ R7!llItoIR7!ll Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7estern"ost
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7&istleIsto% Nno ,r!d(!ble ' U7&istle sto%V4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$
R7&iteIRbre!d NUSA4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!ble ' Q7&ite Rbre!dQ4 sint!,"! no"in!l en
GB ' USAO$ R7&ole"e!l NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R7&ole7&e!t NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
R7ideIRbodiedL R7ideIRbod'$ 7ild!t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7ood7ind Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R7ordI#orIR7ord Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7or9I!tIR&o"e Nno ,r!d(!ble ' Q>or9 !t &o"e]Q
H\Tr!b!.! en !s!]6O$ R7ors&i%#(l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7orstIR!se Nno ,r!d(!ble4
%reedido de Ut&eV ' Q7orst R!seQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R7o(ldIRbe Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R7riteIRin NUSA4 no ,r!d(!ble ' Q>rite in]Q NGB ' USAO H\Esribe]66
H!diion!lHes66$ R7ron,#(l$ 7ro(,&t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 'e!rHI6Rlon, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rzi,z!, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1 E.14 t&e !t(!l R7ords Hl!s %!l!br!s Rre!lesL +erd!Rder!sL
R"is"!s6$ !n !llIst!r R!st H(n re%!rto esteRl!r6$ !t !n !llIti"e R&i,& H! (n! i#r!
&isRt3ri!L sin %reeRdentes6M S&e 7or9s !ltern!te RS(nd!'s HEll! tr!b!.! los
do"in,os !lRternosL (n do"in,o sF ' otro no6M !n !ltern!ti+e R"et&od H(n "0todo
!ltern!Rti+o6$ !n !%ost!te R*!t&oli H(n !t3lio !R%3st!t!6$ !n !rit&"eti Rtest H(n test
!ritR"0tio6$ !n !rr!nt R#ool H(n tonto redoR"!do6$ t&e !send!nt Rl!ss Hl! l!se
do"iRn!nte6$ t&e !ttend!nt Rn(rse Hl! en#er"er! de R,(!rdi!6$ t&e !ttend!nt
res%onsiRbilities Hl!s res%ons!bilid!des !soRi!d!sL /(e onRlle+!6$ Hso"e6 !(dio
eR/(i%"ent H(n e/(i%o de soRnido6$ t&e &ie# Rt&in, Hl! os! %riniR%!lL %riR"er!6$ t&e
&ie# eR-e(ti+e o##ier Hel %resiRdenteL l! %resiRdent!6$ ! doIitI'o(rsel# Rs&o%L Rstore
H(n! tiend! de brioRl!.e6$ t&e dr(n9en R"!n Hel &o"bre RebrioL boRrr!&o6$ !n e!rt&l'
R%!r!dise H(n %!r!Fso terreRn!l6M T&ere 7!s no e!rt&l' Rre!son #or ,oin, HNo &!bF!
r!z3n %oRsible %!r! ir6M t&e entire %o%(Rl!tion Htod! l! %obl!Ri3n6M e-ess Rb!,,!,e
He-eso de e/(iR%!.e6M S&e &!snZt NGB4 liter!rioO t&e #!intest iRde! HEll! no tiene ni l!
"s re"ot! iRde!6M "' #or"er Rte!&er H"i %ro#esor !nteRrior6$ t&e #or"er R%resident
Hel %residente !nteRriorL e- %resiRdente NoO e-I%resiRdente6M !n indoor R!eri!l NGBOL
!nRtenn! NUSAO H(n! !nten! Hde tele+isi3n6 inteRrior6$ t&e inner Rt&o(,&ts Hlos
%ens!"ientos RFnti"osL inteRriores6$ t&e l!tter R&!l# o# t&e R#il" Hl! se,(nd! %! rte NoO
"it!d de l! %eRlF(l!6$ in li9e R!ses Hen !sos se"e R .!ntesL %!re R idos6M T&e' !re o#
li9e R"ind HSon de l! "is"! o%iRni3n6M ! lone R"ot&er H(n! "!dre sol R ter!L
di+or R i!d!6$ ! lone eR-istene H(n! e-isteni! soliRt!ri!6$ lon,HI6ti"e N"enos (s!do
/(e Qlon,Iter"QO eR##ets He#etos ! l!r,o R%l!zo6$ t&e "!in Rt&in, Hlo i"%or R t!nteL
#(nd!"en R t!lL %rini R %!l6M S&eZs ! "ere e"R%lo'ee N"s (s!doOL e"%lo'Ree N"enos
(s!doO HEll! es (n! si"%leL "er! e"%leR!d!6M ! Middle E!stern R!ttit(de H(n! !tit(d
deHl6 Oriente RMedio6M It is ! "illionItoIone R&!neL It is ! &!ne in ! R"illion HEs
(n! %osibilid!d entre (n "iRll3n6M o(%!tion!l Rt&er!%' Hter!%i! o(%!ioRn!l6M !n
o(tI!ndIo(t Rli!r H(n "entiroso e"%ederRnido6$ o(tdoor R,!"es H.(e,os !l !ire Rlibre6$
t&e o(ter Risl!nds Hl!s isl!s "s !leR.!d!s6$ t&e %re+erb!l %oRsition Hl! %osii3n del!nte
del R+erbo6$ "' %rini%!l Rinterest H"i inter0s %rini R %!lL "! R 'or6$ t&e %rini%!l
R!torL Rtenor Hel !torL tenor %riniR%!l6$ 7it&o(t %rior Rnotie Hsin %re+io !R+iso6$ !
re,i"ent!l tr!Rdition H(n! tr!dii3n del re,iR"iento6M t&e sole Ro7ner Hel 2nio
Rd(e)o6$ t&e U%%er RD!n(be Hel !lto D!Rn(bio6M (tter desR%!ir Hdeses%er!i3n toRt!l6M
EeZs !n (tter R#ool Hl es (n i"b0il to R t!lL o" R %leto6M !t t&e +er' Rend H!l #in!l de
Rtodo6$ be#ore &is +er' Re'es Hdel!nte de s(s "is"os Ro.os6$ !t t&!t +er' R"o"ent Hen
ese "is"o "oR"ento6$ et1 D1 ;1;51?I@$ ;1<8
Otros !d.eti+os s(elen ir del!nte del no"bre$ %ero en (n %orent!.e "enor !l 5CP
%(eden ir t!"bi0n detrs del +erbo o%(l!ti+o4 !boRri,in!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!Ro(stiH!l6$ !eRrobi Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$
R!eri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !eroRn!(ti!lL i$ !R##ir"!ti+e$ R!,eIRold$ R!irItoIR!ir Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !l,eRbr!iH!l6$ !l%&!Rbeti!lL i$ R!l%ine$ !"b!ss!Rdori!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!n!Rto"i!lL i$ !nRestr!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!nn(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !nteRn!t!l$
!ntii%!tor'$ !ntiRlo97ise NGBO$ !ntiR/(!ri!n$ !nRti/(e$ !%oRstoliH!l6$ !R%%rei!ble$
ARr!bi!n$ R!r!ble$ !rRteri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !t"oRs%&eriH!l6$ !Rto"i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!(R-ili!r'$ b!&!Rn!li!n$ biR!nn(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rbibli!l$ bootle, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rbron&i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rbrot&erl'$ Rb(d,et!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !loRri#i$ !Rnoni!lL
i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!%it!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!rdbo!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Re!seless Nno
,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ elebr!tor'$ Rell(l!r$
Rer+i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&e"i!l$ R&roniH!l6$ ir(l!tor'$ Rir("#le-$ Rit'7ide
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ liR"!tiH!l6$ Ro!st!l$ oRll!ter!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ oRlleti+e Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ oRlle,i!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ oR""e"or!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onRentri
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onRe%t(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onR,ression!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ontin(!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onRtr!t(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ontr!R%(nt!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(ntless$
Rr!ni!l$ R(biH!l6$ Rdei"!l$ deRliber!ti+e$ deRl(si+e$ deR"oni!H!l6$ deR%il!tor' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ diR,esti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ direRtori!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ diRsri"in!tor' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ diR+ersion!r'$ Rdo7n7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rd(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
d(oRden!l$ Re!stern Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eoRlo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rel#in$ e"br'Roni$
eR"er,ent Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ entre%reRne(ri!l$ e%i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rerr!nt$ ers!tz Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ e+ol(tion!r'$ e-Rterior$ e-tr!HI6(Rrri(l!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-tr!R"!rit!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-tr!R"(r!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-tr!terriRtori!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#!te#(l$
R#eder!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #e"inist$ #in!ni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#l!,r!nt$ #lor!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ #r!tern!l$ R#reeIRr!n,e NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R#(llIR#!t$ R#(rt&er"ost
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R,!seo(s$ R,!(z'$ ,ene!Rlo,i!lL i$ ,ener!tion!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ,eriR!tri Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R,est(r!l$ R,ibbo(s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R,irlieL R,irl'
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R,odIR!7#(l Nolo/(i!lO$ ,r!R""!ti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RGrei!n
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,(bern!Rtori!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!ndsIRo## Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Hte3rioL !(to"tioL de no inter#ereni! NoO inter+eni3n6 N' UE!nds o##]V H\No
to/(en]6O$ R&!ndsIRon Nno ,r!d(!bleO H%rtioL "!n(!l6$ R&!n,do,$ R&e!+'IRd(t'$
&eRr!ldi$ R&erb!l$ &er(Rle!n$ R&i,&IRle+el$ &iRstori!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &istriRoniH!l6$
i""eR"ori!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ in Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRi%ient Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RinIRde%t&$
indiR+id(!l$ inRd(stri!l$ ineRl(t!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inR#ern!l$ Rin#idel$ in#l!tion!r'$
instiRt(tion!l$ inRter!l!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ interit' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ interRneine Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ interRstell!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ interRtrib!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ interR(rb!n Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ intr!R"(r!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ intr!R+eno(s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRtrinsiH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ introRd(tor' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inR+esti,!ti+e$ inR+eter!te Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ IsRl!"i$ iRtiner!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 9!leidoRso%i$ 9indl'$ R9ni,&tl'$
R9no9!bo(t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R9nott'$ Rl!ter!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rl!(d!tor'$
leis(rel' LRleeliL NGBO ' LRli4erliL NUSA4 "s (s!do /(e LRleerliLO$ Rleonine
Nliter!rioO$ Rline!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ liRt(r,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ li+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
lo,!Rrit&"iH!l6$ Rlon,IRter"$ Rl(n!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"!d!% Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!ble
en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ "!instre!"$ "!R""!li!n Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "!""!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!rti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ M!rti!n Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ M!Rsoni Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!t&eR"!ti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s
estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ "!tri"oni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"edi!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R"edi(" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "essiR!ni Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r '
,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ "et!Rboli Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "eteoroRlo,i!lL i$
R"i,r!tor'$ R"ilit!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "inisRteri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"irt&less$ R"ont&l'$
"on(R"ent!l$ R"oonlit Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rn!reo(s$ Rn!sent$ Rn!t!l Nliter!rioO$ Rn!tion!l$
n!t(r!RlistiL Rn!t(r!list$ Rn!+!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ NeR!ndert&!l$ Rne(r!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ne(rolo,i!lL i$ RnonIeRssenti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nort&ern Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rnort&HI6Re!stern Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rnort&HI6R7estern Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rn(le!rIR#ree Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ n(Rtrition!l$ Rn(triti+e$ obRstetriH!l6$ oR!sion!l$ oR(lt$ oeR!ni
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ oe!noR,r!%&iH!l6$ Ro##IRro!d Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ olR#!tor' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ o%&Rt&!l"i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro%ti!lL i$ or!Rtori!lL i$ Ro(tsize Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %!Rrent!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!riet!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!rli!R"ent!r'$
%!rtiRi%i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%!stor!l$ R%!tent$ %!Rtern!l$ R%etor!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R%en!l$ %eriRodiH!l6$ %eri%!Rteti$ %&onoRlo,i!lL i$ %&otoR,r!%&i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%iRtori!l$ %iee"e!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %len!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ne(R"!ti Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R%o%is&$ %osition!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ost%r!ndi!l Nliter!rioO$ %ostHI67!r
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%red!tor'$ %reRdi!ti+e$ %re&isRtoriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %reRli"in!r'
Nno ,r!d(!ble ' detrs del +erbo o"o %re%osii3n4 D1 @1@185?O$ %reR"!rit!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %reRn!t!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %resiRdenti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %reRtend
Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %retern!t(r!l$ %reR+ent!ti+e$ %reR+enti+e$ %reIR7!r Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %ri"!l$ R%ri"!r'$ %riR"e+!l$ %riR"ordi!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %roRb!tion!r'$
%roleRt!ri!n$ %roRtetionist Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s
+(l,!rO$ %s'&iR!triH!l6$ %s'&oR%!t&i$ %(Rbesent Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R/(!lit!ti+e Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R/(!ntit!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R/(i9IR&!n,e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ /(oRtidi!n
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ Rr!i!l$
Rr!"s&!9le$ reR"edi!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ re%roRd(ti+e$ re%Rtili!n$ resid(!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ reRsid(!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rresino(s$ Rres%ir!tor' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rri"less$
ro(Rtine Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ s!lient Nno
,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ s!nt$ s&oRl!sti$
Rsri%t(r!l$ Rseis"iH!l6$ Rsensor' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rseri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rserried Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s&eer Nliter!rioO$ Rs&ortIRter"$ siRdere!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rsisterl'$
Rs"o9eless$ Rsoi!l$ soioRlo,i!lL i$ Rsoni Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso(t&ern Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
so(t&HI6Re!stern Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ so(t&HI6R7estern Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs%etr!l$ Rs%in!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rst!ndHI6!Rlone Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rsteel'$ stell!r Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s
estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ Rsti9IRon Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ st'listiH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s(bRsoni Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(bst!nti+e Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r '
,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ s(bteRrr!ne!n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(bRtro%i!lL i$ s(Rb(rb!n
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(%erR+isor' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs7!s&b(9lin,$ Rs'l+!nL Rsil+!n Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s'"R%&oni Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt!b(l!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rteen'$ teleR,r!%&i$
teRrrestri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rte-t(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt&!n9less$ t&eR!tri!lL i$
t&er"oRn(le!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&oRr!i$ Rton!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rton,(eIinIR&ee9$
Rtoot&'$ to% Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ toRrrenti!l$ tot!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tr!ns!Rtl!nti Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ tr!nsR+erse$ triR%!rtite Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tri%le Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ triR("%&!l
Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ Rtro%i!l$ Rts!rist Nel
"s (s!doOL Rtz!rist Nel "enos (s!doOL Rz!rist NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ Rt7ilit$
t'%oR,r!%&i!lL i$ (%R&ill Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(%%erIRr(st Nolo/(i!lM no ,r!d(!ble '
Q(%%er Rr(stQ4 sint!,"! no"in!lO$ R(rb!n$ R(rin!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +!inR,lorio(s$
+!leRditor'$ R+!s(l!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +eR&i(l!r Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R+eno(s$
R+ertebr!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +esti,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +iR!rio(s$ R+iser!l$ 7!ste Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R7een'$ 7estern Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7i#el'$ R7il#(l NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
R7ill#(l NUSAO$ R7oollen NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R7oolen NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R7or9!d!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7orld7ide Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ zooRlo,i!l$ et1 E.14 !erobi
Re-erises He.eriios !eRr3bios6$ !irItoI!ir R"issiles H"isiles !ireIR!ire6$ !l,ebr!i
Rs("s Hs("!s !l,eRbr!i!s6$ in !l%&!beti!l Rorder Hen orden !l#!Rb0tio6$ !l%ine R#lor!
H#lor! !lR%in!6$ t&e !"b!ss!dori!l Rresidene Hl! resideni! del e"b!.! R dorL
di%lo R "ti!6M !n!to"i!l R#e!t(res Hr!s,os !n!Rt3"ios6$ !n !nestr!l tr!Rdition H(n!
tr!dii3n !nesRtr!l6M !n !nn(!l R+isit H(n! +isit! !Rn(!l6M !nten!t!l R!re H(id!do
%ren!Rt!l6$ !nti/(!ri!n Rboo9s Hlibros !ntiR(!rios6$ !ntii%!tor' R"e!s(res H"edid!s
on !ntii%! R i3nL en %re+i R si3n6$ !n !ntilo97ise diRretion H(n! direi3n
ontr!ri! ! l!s !,(.!s del reRlo.6M !n !nti/(e Rs&o% H(n! tiend! de !nti,XeRd!des6$ t&e
!%ostoli s(Ression Hl! s(esi3n !%osRt3li!6$ !n !%%rei!ble Rdi##erene H(n!
di#ereni! !%re R i!bleL i"%or R t!nte6$ !r!ble Rl!nd Htierr! ! R r!bleL (lti R +!ble6$ t&e
!to"i Rbo"b Hl! bo"b! !Rt3"i!6$ !n Ar!bi!n R!"el H(n !"ello Rr!be6$ !n
!t"os%&eri R%oe" H(n %oe"! !t"osR#0rio6$ e-tr!"!rit!l Rse- Hse-o
e-tr!"!tri"oRni!l6M T&e' 7ent to t&e #(rt&er"ost R&(t HF(eron ! l! &oz! "s
disRt!nte NoO leR.!n!6M ! Grei!n Nre#erido sol!"ente ! l! Grei! lsi! NoO !nti,(!O
R(rn H(n! (rn! R,rie,!6$ t&e in R%l!e Hel l(,!r de R"od!6$ t&e littor!l R&ills Hlos
"ontF(los litoRr!les6$ t&e lit(r,i!l Rorder Hel orden liRt2r,io6$ lon,Iter" N"s (s!do
/(e Qlon,HI6ti"eQO eR##ets He#etos ! l!r,o R%l!zo6$ ! "edi!l erRti#i!te H(n
erti#i!do R"0dio6$ o!sion!l o"R%l!ints H/(e.!s es%oRrdi!s6$ ! %&oto,r!%&i
R"odel H(n "odelo #otoR,r#io6$ %re"!rit!l Rse- Hse-o %re"!tri"oRni!l6$ %ren!t!l
R!re H(id!do %ren!Rt!l6$ t&e %residenti!l R!ndid!te Hel !ndid!to %residenRi!l6$
7it&o(t %re+io(s Rnotie Hsin %re+io !R+iso6$ ! %reHI67!r R#!s&ion H(n! "od! de l!
%reR,(err!6$ ! %s'&i!tri Rn(rse H(n! en#er"er! %siR/(itri!6$ %s'&o%!t&i
Rtendenies Htendeni!s %siR3%!t!s6$ o(t o# s&eer neRessit' H%or %(r! neesiRd!d6M It
7!s s&eer Rl(9 HF(e %(r! Rs(erte6M s&ortIter" eR##ets He#etos ! orto R%l!zo6$ !
tr!ns!tl!nti R'!&t H(n '!te tr!ns!Rtlntio6$ ! tr!ns+erse Ren,ine H(n "otor
tr!ns+erRs!l6$ tri%!rtite Rt!l9s Hon+ers!iones tri%!rRtit!s6$ et1 D151;?15
Otros !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en I!l s(elen ir del!nte del no"bre en "s del BCP de
los !sos ' no +!n detrs del +erbo o%(l!ti+o ni si/(ier! (n5CP4 ,ener!l$ %oliti!l$
et1
*2+ Todos los nombres 'ue van delante de un nombre /aciendo la funcin de
ad%etivo l!si#i!ti+oM son no"bres !d.eti+!dosM no son !d.eti+os sino /(e &!en
es! #(ni3n en iertos !sos n!d! "sM +!n del!nte del no"bre %ero no detrs del
+erboM son no ,r!d(!blesM en !l,(nos diion!rios se die /(e %(eden ir del!nte del
no"breM en otros diion!rios se les ll!"! "odi#i!dores Hno(n "odi#iers6$ %or/(e
"odi#i!n !l no"bre /(e +! detrs1 D151;5$ ;15;15=I88$ ;1;CI8
*2+ =lgunos ad%etivos !li#i!ti+os como ;ama)ed, annoed, contented,
ex/austed, /elpless, na1ed, satisfied, tired, ,orried<$ et1$ /(e se re#ieren !l
s(.eto de l! or!i3nM se &! s(%ri"ido l! on.(ni3n s(bordin!d!$ el %rono"bre ' el
+erbo1 E.14 H7&en &e 7!s6 N!9ed$ &e tried to s7i" t&e *&!nnel HH(!ndo est!b!6
Desn(do$ 0l intent3 n!d!r el *!n!l Hde l! M!n&!66M H7&en &e is6 >orried$ t&e lorr'
dri+er NGBOL tr(9er NUSAO !nZt slee% HH(!ndo est6 Preo(%!do$ el !"ionero no
%(ede dor"ir6$ et1
Al,(nos otros !d.eti+os o"o Ui"%ort!nt$ re"!r9!bleV$ (!ndo +!n %reedidos de
iertos !d+erbios o"o U"ore$ "ostV$ et1M no se re#ieren !l s(.eto de l! or!i3nM se
&! s(%ri"ido U7&!t isV E.14 H!nd 7&!t is6 More i"%ort!nt$ in#l(ene %eddlin, is
bein, %(nis&ed HH' lo /(e es6 Ms i"%ort!nte$ el tr#io de in#l(eni! se est
!sti,!ndo6$ et1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os o"o U(rio(s$ #(nn'$ odd$ str!n,e$ s(r%risin,V$ et1$ /(e no se
re#ieren !l s(.eto de l! or!i3n si,(iente '! /(e se &! s(%ri"ido Uit isVM el !d.eti+o
%odrF! s(Hb6stit(irse %or el !d+erbio orres%ondiente1 E.14 Hit is6 *(rio(sL F(nn'L
OddL Str!n,eL S(r%risin,$ Little Red Ridin, Eood didnZt notie it HHes6 *(riosoL
Gr!iosoL E-tr!)oL Sor%rendente$ *!%er(it! Ro.! no lo not36M Hit is6 Odd$ t&e "!n
didnZt s!' !n't&in, HHes6 E-tr!)o$ el &o"bre no di.o n!d!61
*-+ &os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos en grado comparativo o
superlativo cuando van seguidos de otro ad%etivo en grado positivo D nombre1
E.14 t&e "ore e-%eriened old "!n Hel !ni!no on "s e-%erieni!6$ t&e "ost
7onder#(l bl(e s9' Hel ielo !z(l "s "!r!+illoso6$ et1
Los !d.eti+os en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o ' s(%erl!ti+o ,ener!l"ente +!n del!nte de
(!l/(ier otro !d.eti+o1 E.14 better %!rent!l ontrolM t&e &i,&est "ont&l' #i,(res on
reord1
*3+ &os ad%etivos formados por nombres de cantidades, pesos, medidas,
tiempo, precedidos de un ad%etivo numeral cardinal1 D1 ;1;51B
;1=1I &os ad%etivos 'ue no son de colores ni determinativos pueden ser4
*+ Slo calificativosM son los "s n("erososM los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os e-%res!n
l!s (!lid!des de (n ser +i+o o os!M tienen (n sentido #i,(r!doM "s del BBP son
,r!d(!bles4 de#inite$ #eeble$ #ool%roo#$ &!%%'$ ri&$ sli,&t$ (bi/(ito(s$ et1M se
e-e%t(!n s3lo (nos %oos4 e-ellent Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ int!t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1$ '
los de =15=515M %or eso$ se %(eden %oner en los ,r!dos o"%!r!ti+o$ %reedidos de
Q"oreQ o se,(idos de l! ter"in!i3n Ier$ ' s(%erl!ti+o$ %reedidos de Q"ostQ o
se,(idos de l! ter"in!i3n IestM %(eden ir nor"!l"ente %reedidos de los !d+erbios
Uless$ "ore$ "ost$ "ostl'$ /(ite$ r!t&er$ re!ll'$ serio(sl'$ so$ s(##iientl'$ too$
(nRdo(btedl'$ +er'V1 E.14 S&e &!s ! ne7 %!ir o# ,lo+es HEll! tiene (n n(e+o %!rL otro
%!r de ,(!ntes6$ %ero QS&e &!s ! %!ir o# ne7 ,lo+esQ HEll! tiene (n %!r de ,(!ntes
n(e+os6$ et1
2+ Calificativos clasificativosM (!ndo tienen (n sentido #i,(r!do s(elen ser
!li#i!ti+os ' (!ndo tienen (n sentido liter!l s(elen ser l!si#i!ti+osM (!ndo son
!li#i!ti+os s(elen ser ,r!d(!blesM (n %orent!.e !lto de los l!si#i!ti+os son no
,r!d(!blesM no #i,(r!n o"o no ,r!d(!bles$ '! /(e son ,r!d(!bles on !l "enos (n
si,ni#i!do4 !!de"i$ !lien$ !li+e$ b!re$ b!si$ bl!9$ bl!n9$ blind$ b(s'$ !s(!l$
!t!stro%&i$ !t&oli$ entr!l$ ert!in$ le!n$ o"%lete$ onsio(s$ orret$ di+ine$
dr'$ d("b$ ed(!tion!l$ e##eti+e$ elli%ti!l$ e"otion!l$ e"%t'$ e/(!l$ e-!t$ e-tre"e$
#(ll$ ,en(ine$ ,r!%&i$ &e!+enl'$ l!te$ li9el'$ lo,i!l$ "e&!ni!l$ "ent!l$ "et!lli$
"odern$ "or!l$ ne7$ ob.eti+e$ ordin!r'$ %!rti(l!r$ %l!in$ %oetiH!l6$ %ositi+e$
%ri+!te$ %ro#ession!l$ %ro%er$ %(re$ re!l$ re,(l!r$ reli,io(s$ re+ol(tion!r'$ ro(nd$
r(r!l$ sienti#i$ seret$ silent$ si"il!r$ s%ei#i$ s/(!re$ str!i,&t$ tr(e$ (se#(l$ 7ooden
Hde "!der! Nno ,r!d(!bleOL ine-%resi+o N,r!d(!bleO6$ 7ret&ed$ 'o(n,$ et1 E.14
Ub!siV es !li#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! UbsioV en el sentido de U%rini%!l$ +it!l$
senillo$ %ri"iti+oV ' l!si#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! UbsioV en el sentido de
U,ener!l$ eseni!lVM Uelli%ti!lV es !li#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! HelF%tio N!"bi,(oL
+erbosoO6 ' l!si#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! lo "is"o /(e Uelli%tiV HelF%tio Nen
#or"! de eli%seL %erteneiente ! l! eli%seO6M U,r!%&iV es !li#i!ti+o (!ndo
si,ni#i! U,r#ioV en el sentido de U+F+idoV ' l!si#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i!
U,r#ioV en el sentido de U!rtFstioVM U"e&!ni!lV es !li#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i!
U"enioV en el sentido #i,(r!do ' l!si#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! U"enioV en el
sentido liter!lM U"ent!lV es !li#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! UlooV ' l!si#i!ti+o
(!ndo si,ni#i! U"ent!lV en todos los de"s sentidosM U"et!lliV es !li#i!ti+o
(!ndo si,ni#i! U"etlioV en el sentido de Ud(ro$ ido$ des!,r!d!bleV '
l!si#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! U"etlioV en el sentido liter!l de U&e&o de "et!l$
res%l!ndeienteVM U%oetiH!l6V es !li#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! U%o0tioV en el
sentido de U&er"osoV ' l!si#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! U%o0tioV en el sentido de
Ure#erente ! l! %oesF!VM Uro(ndV es !li#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! UredondoV en el
sentido de Uir(l!r$ redonde!do$ es#0rioV ' l!si#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i!
UredondoV re#erido ! n2"eros o bien U!biertoV re#erido ! o.os$ et1M Us/(!reV es
!li#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! U(!dr!doV re#erido ! l! #or"! ' l!si#i!ti+o (!ndo
si,ni#i! U(!dr!doV en rel!i3n !l re! o s(%er#iie$ et$ ' los de =15=5181
No obst!nte$ !l,(nos /(e %(eden ser !li#i!ti+os ' l!si#i!ti+os son no
,r!d(!bles4 de!d Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,olden Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!.or Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
seond!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7ron, Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en
in,l0s +(l,!rO$ et1
2+ Slo clasificativosM los !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os identi#i!n ! (n ser +i+o o os!
o"o "ie"bro de (n ,r(%o o l!seM s(elen ir detrs de los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os '
de los de oloresM "(&os de ellos son no ,r!d(!blesM inl('en4
a+ &os ad%etivos 'ue se refieren a pa(ses, religiones, grupos tnicos, )onas
geogr!ficas1 E.14 Fren&$ S%!nis&$ *!t&oli$ Isl!"i$ Ar!bi$ e!stern$ Ro"!n Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ 7estern$ et1
b+ =lgunos ad%etivos terminados en 5en 'ue indican el producto de 'ue est!
/ec/o4 sil9en Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7ooden Hde "!der!6$ 7oollen NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
7oolen NUSAO$ et1
c+ &os ad%etivos formados a partir de nombres aLadiendo las terminaciones o
sufi%os 5al, 5ar 5ic, 5icalM los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Ii o Ii!l s(elen tener (n
sentido liter!l ' no #i,(r!do4 !ddition!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ b!teri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
be!ti#i$ besti!l$ bi#o!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bilin,(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bio,r!%&i!lL i$
bise-(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ b(oliH!l6$ !lend!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !rino,eni$
!te,ori!lL i$ ere"oni!l$ &!ris"!ti$ &e"i!lL i$ &ronolo,i!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ir(l!r$ leri!lL i$ li"!tiH!l6$ li"!tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
oHI6edH(!tion!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"i-to6$ oloni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o""(n!l$
ondition!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ on,enit!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hon,0nito6$ oni!lL i$
onte-t(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ os"eti$ os"i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 'liH!l6$ 'lindri!lL
i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ de"oni$ di!beti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ di!boliH!l6$ di!,nosti Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ di!,on!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ d'n!stiH!l6$ d'sle-i$ d's%e%tiH!l6$
elesi!sti!lL i$ e("eni!lL i N"s (s!doOL oe("eni!lL i NGB4 "enos (s!doO$
eletriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eletro"!,netiH!l6$ eletroni Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ elli%ti$
e"ble"!tiH!l6$ e"etiH!l6$ ende"iH!l6$ e%i,r!""!tiH!l6$ e%ileti$ e/(il!ter!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ #r!tern!l$ #r!triid!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,eo,r!%&i!lL i$ ,eolo,i!lL i$
identi!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ le,!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "edie+!lL "edi!e+!l NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ oident!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %er%et(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%rodi,!l$ ret!n,(l!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ soi!l$ tot!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (s(!l1
d+ &os nombres 'ue se usan como ad%etivos delante de un nombre4 botto"
Hin#erior6$ ! r(bber #!tor' H(n! #bri! de !(&o6$ ! %l!sti ont!iner H(n
ontenedor de %lstio6$ et1 D1 ;15;15=I88
e+ =lgunos ad%etivos 'ue tienen la terminacin de un participio 4de+ pasado1 D1
=15=51:
f+ Ctros4 !bsent$ !bsol(te$ !l"i,&t' Htodo%oderosoL tre"endo6$ b!le#(l Hsiniestro6$
b!re#oot Hdes!lzo6$ belie+!ble$ berser9 Hloo6$ bi,!"o(s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bilio(s
Hre%(,n!nte6$ biode,r!d!ble$ RbirdHI6li9e$ Rbloodless Hsin s!n,re6$ Rbl(eIRoll!r
HobreroL "!n(!l6$ bo,(s H#!lso6$ Rbotto"less Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hsin #ondo6$ Rbo(ndless
Hsin lF"ites6$ Rbr!inless Hest2%ido6$ bre!t&!ble Hres%ir!ble6$ br(tis& Hbr(t!l6$ b(lbo(s$
Rb(lletIR%roo# H! %r(eb! de b!l!s6$ !%it!listHi6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !rni+oro(s$
!+erno(s$ elib!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ erti#i!ble$ &!r,e!ble$ &ild%roo#$ l!ndestine$
lo(dless Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o,n!te H!#Fn6$ oll!%sible H%le,!bleL teles3%io6$
oloni!list$ Rolo(rIRblind NGB %rini%!l"enteOL RolorIRblind NUSAO Hd!lt3nio6$
o"!tose$ o"b(stible$ o"%le"ent!r'$ o"%re&ensi+e$ o"%(lsor' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ on(rrent$ on,r!t(l!tor' Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hde en&or!b(en!6$ on,r(ent$
oni#ero(s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onse(ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onte"%l!ti+e Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ onte"%or!neo(s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ontinent$ ontin(o(s$ ontrib(tor'$
on+ertible$ on+(lsi+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ orrobor!ti+e$ os"o%olit!n$ o(nter#eit Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ o(nterHI6R%rod(ti+e$ o(nterHI6re+oRl(tion!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ r!9%ot
Hdes!bell!do6$ (r!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (rrent$ d!il'$ d!r9is&$ deid(o(s Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hde &o.! !d(!6$ dere%it$ de#!"!tor'$ de#e!tist$ de#i!nt$ de#initi+e$
de#(nt$ delin/(ent$ de"onstr!ble$ dero,!tor' Hdes%eti+o6$ det!&!ble
Hdes"ont!ble6$ deterrent$ di"in(ti+e$ disontin(o(s$ disretion!r' Hdisreion!l6$
disri"in!tor' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ dis,r!e#(l H+er,onzoso6$ dis%os!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Hdese&!ble6$ do(ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do7n&ill Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ dre!"less
Htr!n/(ilo6$ d(s9' H"oreno6$ e!t!ble$ edible$ ed(!ti+e$ ele,i!H!l6$ entire$
e/(i+!lent$ #ortissi"o$ #ortni,&tl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#o(rIR%l'$ R#o(rIRs/(!re$ #r!(d(lent$
#ree #or"$ #ree&!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #ree&old Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #(rt&er$ #(t(re$ Grei!n$
&!l#$ &o%eless$ ille,iti"!te$ indis%osed$ le#t$ le,iti"!te$ lone$ "!in$ "!t&less Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R"edi("IRdr'$ "isinR#or"ed$ "ission!r'$ onl'$ o%%osite Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
o7n$ %!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %er#et$ %ossible Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %re,n!nt$ %resent Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %ro#!ne$ ri,&t$ s!"e$ si"(lt!neo(s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sin,le Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s(bonsio(s$ s(b"!rine$ s(bnor"!l$ s(bstit(te$ s(bterr!ne!n$ s(%erb$
s(%re"e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (lti"!te$ (ndeRni!ble$ (nRe!rt&l'$ (ne"R%lo'!ble$
(neR/(i+o!l$ (ne-Re%tion!ble$ (nR#!it&#(l$ (ni/(e$ (tter$ +erti,ino(s$ 7ort&1
;1?1I Aa (n! serie de ad%etivos no determinativos$ %rini%!l"ente l!si#i!ti+os$
/(e son no graduables por'ue no pueden formar el comparativo seguidos de
5er o precedidos de MmoreM ni el superlativo seguidos de 5est o precedidos de
MmostMM l! "!'or %!rte son !d.eti+os ob.eti+os o ne(trosM los !d.eti+os no
,r!d(!bles no %(eden ir %reedidos de nin,2n !d+erbio de ;18? ni de ;1:5 /(e +!'!
se,(ido s3lo de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!blesM son no ,r!d(!bles4 !bdo"in!l$ !borti+e$
!(s!ti+e$ !e$ !eti$ !r'li$ !tion!ble$ !denoid!l$ !d.eti+!l$ !do%ti+e$ !d+erbi!l$
!#oot$ !#ter$ !,,re,!te$ !,ri(lt(r!l$ !ll(+i!l$ !"oebiL !"ebi NUSAO$ !"%&ibio(s$
!n!erobi$ !n!l$ !nill!r' Nliter!rioO$ !n,in!l$ !ni"!te$ !noretiL !nore-i$
!nteedent$ !nten!t!l$ !nte%en(lti"!te$ !ntib!teri!l$ !ntiendo"'si!l$ !nti%oRde!nL
!nRti%od!l$ AIORAL AIOR9!'L AIoR9!' Nlos tres en USA %rini%!l"enteO$ !%&!si!L
!%&!si$ !%%ell!nt$ !/(!ti$ Ar!b$ Ar!bi!n$ Ar!bi$ !rbore!l$ !r&itet(r!l$ !r&i+!l$
!r"ori!l$ !sti,"!ti$ !st'l!r$ !tri!l$ !ttrib(t!ble$ !ttrib(ti+e$ !(ditor'L !(diti+e$
!(ri(l!r$ A(ssie Nolo/(i!lO$ !(t&ori!l$ !+ioni$ b!9$ b!9less$ b!teriid!l$
b!llisti$ b!ss$ be&!+io(r!l NGBOL be&!+ior!l NUSAO$ be7i,,ed N!r!ioO$ bi!"er!l$
bil!bi!l$ bil!ter!l$ bin!r'$ bino"i!l$ bi%!rtis!n$ bi%!rtite$ bl(He6is&$ boneless$
boo9!ble$ bootless$ bor!i$ born$ botto"$ brid!l$ bri"#(l$ bronze$ B(dd&ist$
!nton!l$ !%ti+e$ !rboli$ !r%!l$ !t!boli$ *!t&oli N(!ndo se re#iere ! l! reli,i3n
' se tr!d(e %or Q!t3lioHs6$ !Hs6$ %ero Q!t&oliQ en "in2s(l! H(ni+ers!lL liber!lL
toler!nte6 es ,r!d(!bleO$ !(s!l$ *eltiL Aelti$ *enti,r!de$ entri#(,!l$ entri%et!l$
er!"i$ et!e!n$ &!r,e!ble$ &estn(t$ &ildless$ &or!l$ ir!di!n$ *isteri!n$
istern!l$ itr(sL itro(s NGBO$ litor!l$ oe+!l Nliter!rioO$ o,niti+e$ oinident!l$
oit!l$ oll!bor!ti+e$ oll!rless$ o"bin!tori!l$ o""ent!ri!l$ o""(t!ble$
o""(t!ti+e$ o"%!r!ti+e$ o"%le"ent!l$ on,re,!tion!l$ onneti+e$
onstit(tion!l$ onstr(tion!l$ ons(l!r$ ons(lt!ti+e$ ons("%ti+e$ onti,(o(s$
ontin(!l$ ontin(o(s$ ontrib(tor'$ on+!lesent$ on+er,ent$ on+ertible$
o%(l!ti+e$ ordless$ orne!l$ oron!l$ oron!r'$ or%or!l$ orretion!l$ orreti+e$
orrel!ti+e$ orres%ondent$ os"eti$ osti+e$ oRter"ino(s$ Ro(ntless Nno ,r!d(!ble
en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ r!ni!l$ *reole$ ret!eo(s$
RrossIR%l'$ r(r!l$ r(st!e!n$ r'st!lline$ (boid$ (lti+!ble$ (lt(r!l$ ("(l!ti+e$
(nei#or"$ (rri(l!r$ (stodi!l$ 'berneti$ d!"nHed6 Nolo/(i!lO$ Rd!%%leIR,re'
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rd!%%leIR,r!' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ d!ti+e$ de!t&less$
dei"!l$ del!r!ble$ deret!l$ ded(tible$ de"oti Nliter!rioO$ deno"in!tion!l$
de%!rt"ent!l$ det!&!ble$ de(ed$ de+elo%"ent!l$ de+otion!l$ di!rr&oe!l NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL di!rr&e!l NUSAO$ di!rr&oei NGB %rini%!l"enteOL di!rr&ei
NUSAO$ diet!r'$ disRrete$ disR.(nti+e$ distriRb(tion!l$ disRtrib(ti+e$ diRtr!nsiti+e$
di(rn!l$ dotrin!l$ done$ Rdo(bleIR/(i9$ dri%%in,$ d(e$ d(n$ d(oden!l$ d(%le-$
d(ti!ble$ ed'si!l$ etoder"!l$ Ed7!rdi!n$ elet$ eleti+e$ eletro"!,Rneti$
eletroRst!ti$ Eliz!bet&!n$ elo(tion!r'$ E"erit(s$ e"%'re!l Nliter!rioO$
en+iron"ent!l$ e%i(re!n$ e%id(r!l NGBO$ e/(estri!n$ E(lide!n$ e+er,reen$
e+erl!stin,$ e-ellent$ e-R&!n,e!ble$ e-istent$ e-istenti!l$ e-o,!"o(s$ e- %!rte
Nliter!rioO$ e-t!nt$ e-terior$ e-tern!l$ e-tr!$ e-tr!(rri(l!r$ Re-tr!dit!ble$ e-tr!R"!rit!l$
e-tr!neo(s$ e-tr!Rsensor'$ #!eless$ #!i!l$ #!tio(s$ #!titio(s$ #!9e$ #!llo7$
R#!t&erless$ #!t&o"less$ #!(ltless$ R#e!t(reIRlen,t&$ #eline$ #e"!le$ #er!l$ #erro(s
Nliter!rioO$ #ition!l$ #ititio(s$ #in!l$ #inite$ #is!l$ #l!-en$ #li,&tless$ #lo7erless$
#l(+i!l$ #ord!ble$ #oresee!ble$ #orest!l N"s (s!doOL #oresti!l$ #ortissi"o$
#o(nd!tion!l$ Fr!nis!n$ #r!triid!l$ #reel!ne$ #ri!ti+e$ #riendless$ #(n,iid!l$
#(n,!l$ #(n,oid$ #(n,o(s$ #(sti!n$ G!eli$ ,!in#(l$ ,!l!ti$ ,!l+!ni$ ,ener!ti+e$
R,enitoHI6R(rin!r'$ ,enoid!l$ Geor,i!n$ ,l!0L ,l!0ed NUSAO$ ,l!i!l$ ,l!di!Rtori!l$
,l!nd(l!r$ ,l(te!lL ,l(t!e!l NGB4 "enos (s!doO$ ,o!lless$ ,odl'$ ,o+ernR"ent!l$
,r!d!ble$ ,r!n(l!r$ ,r!tis$ ,r!+it!tion!l$ ,re'is& NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,r!'is& NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO$ ,(st!tor'L ,(st!ti+e$ &!bit(!l$ &!irless$ R&!l#IR&!rd'$ R&!rdbo(ndL
R&!rdo+er$ R&e!dless$ R&e!dlon,$ &ebdo"!d!lL &ebdo"!d!r'$ &eli!!l$ Eelleni$
&e"%en Nr!roO$ &e%!ti$ &e%t!,on!l$ &er!ldi$ &erb!eo(s$ &erb!l$ &eredit!r'$
&eterodo-$ &eterose-(!l$ &e-!,on!l$ R&i,&l!nd$ Eind($ Eis%!ni$ &olisti$ &o"eless$
&o"eo%!t&iL &o"oeo%!t&i NGBO$ &o"ose-(!l$ R&on9'IRton9$ &orizont!l$
&or"on!l$ &'dr!(li$ &'%erRriti!l$ &'%erRsensiti+e$ &'%o%&'se!l N"s (s!doOL
&'%o%&'si!l$ &'%o,l'R!e"i NGBOL &'%o,l'Re"i NUSAO$ &'%ot&!l"i$ Iberi!n$
i,neo(s$ illiit$ i""ense$ i"%e!&!ble$ i"%er!ti+e$ i"R%eri!l$ i"%erR"issible$ in$
inident$ inRo,nito$ ino""(ni!do$ inontest!ble$ inontroR+ertible$ inRorri,ible$
inoRrr(%tible$ inre"ent!l$ indi,eno(s$ ind(ti+e$ ineRr!di!ble$ ine-R%ressible$
in#!llible$ inR#e!sible$ in#inite$ ino%er!ble$ inst!nt$ inRstinti+eL inRstint(!l$ inte,r!l$
intention!l$ interRolle,i!te$ interdeno"iRn!tion!l$ interRdisi%lin!r'$ interior$
interline!rL interline!l$ interlob(l!r$ interR"edi!r'$ interR"edi!te$ inter"od!l$ intern!l$
interR%erson!l$ inRter%reti+eL inRter%ret!ti+e$ inRtest!te$ intestin!l$ inRto-i!nt$
intr!%eritone!l$ intr!+eno(s$ in+!l(!ble$ in+erse$ in+iol!ble$ in+iol!te Nliter!rioO$
in+it!tion!l$ inR+ol(nt!r'$ ionoRs%&eri$ iriRdesent$ irreonRil!ble$ irreRdee"!ble$
irre%!r!ble$ Isl!"i$ it!li$ j!obe!n$ .obless$ 9ineti$ R9neeIR&i,&$ AooriHe6$ A(rdis&$
l!bi!l$ L!bo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL L!bor NUSAO$ l!ri"!lL l!&r'"!l$ l!ti$
l!ndless$ l!r,is&$ l!r+!l$ l!st$ l!tent$ L!tin$ RL!tin AR"eri!n$ l!+ender$ Rle!seHI6&old$
le,end!r'$ le,,ed$ le,("ino(s$ Lesbi!n$ li"itless$ line!r$ li/(id$ lite Nolo/(i!lO$
Li+er%(dli!n$ lo!l$ lo9!ble$ loo"oti+e$ lorn$ lo7erIR!se$ L(t&er!n$
"!roeono"i$ "!,ent!$ "!l!ri!lL "!l!ri!nL "!l!rio(s$ "!le$ M!n(ni!n$
"!nd!tor'$ "!ni!!lL "!ni!$ R"!niIdeR%ressi+e$ "!ni#old Nliter!rioO$ "!n(!l$
M!ori$ "!r"!l!de$ "!rri!,e!ble$ "!rs(%i!l$ "!(+e$ "!-i$ "!-i"!l$ "e!s(r!ble$
R"e!tIRe!tin,$ "ediin!l$ "edie+!lL "edi!e+!l NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ Mediterr!ne!n$
"e,!lo"!Rni!!lL "e,!loR"!ni!$ "e"br!no(s$ "endi!nt$ "eno%!(s!l$
"enstr(!l$ "ens(r!ble$ "ens(r!l$ "ens(r!tion!l$ "eriless$ "eridion!l$ "es"eri$
"et!#ition!l$ "et!rs!l$ "irobi!lL "irobi$ "i,r!tion!l$ "i,r!tor'$ "illenni!l$
"ini"!l$ "in(s$ "ission!l$ "ito&ondri!l$ "ne"oni$ "od!l$ "od(l!r$ "ono Ni
"on!(r!lO$ "ono&roR"!ti$ R"ono&ro"e$ "oRno,!"o(s$ "onoR%&oni$ "oonless$
Mooris&$ "or,!n!ti$ "ort!l$ R"ot&%roo#$ R"otionless Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s
estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ R"oti+eless$ "o+He6!ble$ "(lti#!tori!l$
"(lti%le$ "(ltiRstore'$ "(nii%!l$ "(te$ "(t(!l$ n!"eless$ n!rr!ti+e$ n!tion!l$
n!ti+e$ n!+' Hbl(e6$ N!zi$ neolit&i$ netL nett NGBO$ ne(r!l,i$ ne(ter$ ne7is&$ ne-t$
not(rn!l$ nod!l$ nod(l!rL nod(loseL nod(lo(s$ no"in!ti+e$ non!,en!ri!n$ nonI
eRssenti!l$ nonIeR-istent$ nonIR#!t$ nonIR#inite$ nonIR&("!n$ nonIRiron H/(e no neesit!
%l!n&!rse6$ nonIRline!r$ nonIRn!ti+e$ nonIR%ro#itI"!9in,$ nonIRresident$
nonresRtriti+e$ nonRs9id$ nonIRs"o9in,$ nonIs%eRi#i$ nonIRst!nd!rd$ nonHI6Rsti9$
nonIs'R""etri$ nonHI6R(nion$ nonIR+erb!l$ nonHI6R7&ite$ Nordi$ Nor"!n$ Norse$
notion!l$ n(le!r$ n(de$ n("berless$ Rn("ber Rone$ N> Ni Nort& >estO$ obser+!ble$
obsolesent$ obt!in!ble$ o(lt$ o(%!tion!l$ o&re NGB %rini%!l"enteOL o&er
NUSAO Hore6$ otos'll!bi$ ot!,on!l$ odo(rless NGB %rini%!l"enteOL odorless
NUSAO$ o##IBro!d7!'$ o##ii!l$ o##Rside$ oldis&$ Ol'"%i!n$ o"ni%otent Nliter!rioO$
o"ni%resent Nliter!rioO$ o"nisient$ o"ni+oro(s$ RoneItoIRone$ RoneIR7o"!n$ onside$
o%IRed NUSAO$ o%er!ti$ o%er!tion!l$ o%er!ti+e$ o%t!ti+e$ o%tion!l$ or!l$ or!n,e$
orbit!l$ or,!ni$ or,!s"iL or,!sti$ or,i!sti$ orient!l$ ort&o,on!l$ o+en!ble$
Ro+en%roo#$ o+erR!,e$ Ro+er&!nd$ Ro+er&e!d$ o+erRlon,$ o+i%!ro(s$ %!l!eolit&i NGBOL
%!leolit&i NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ %!lis&$ %!lli!ti+e$ %!l"!r$ %!r!boli$ %!r!llel$
%!r!"ilit!r'$ %!r!%le,i$ %!rent!l$ %!rli!"ent!r'$ R%!ssIR#!il NUSAO$ %!t&less$
%!triline!l Nliter!rioO$ %!tron'"i$ %e(ni!r' Nliter!rioO$ %el!,i$ %ell(id Nliter!rioO$
%endent$ %endin,$ %enins(l!r$ %ension!ble$ %ent!,on!l$ Penteost!l$ %er#etible$
%eritone!l$ %er"!nent$ %er%et(!l$ %&il!teli$ %&one"i$ %&oni$ %&os%&oriL
%&os%&oro(s$ %&r!s!l$ %ieb!ld$ %iezoeletri$ %inn!te$ Pise!n$ %izzi!to$ %l!nt!r$
%l(%er#et$ %l(r!l$ %ol',!"o(s$ %ol',lot$ %ol'%&oni$ %orell!no(s$ %orn
Nolo/(i!lOL %orno Nolo/(i!lO$ %osRterior$ %ost&("o(s$ %ostn(%ti!l$ %re!nero(s$
%reession!l$ %redi!ti+e$ %reIeR-istin,$ %re#!tor'L %re#!tori!l$ %re#i-!l$ %re&ensile$
%reliter!te$ %ren(%ti!l$ %re%!r!tor'L %re%!r!ti+e$ %re%onder!nt$ %re%osition!l$
%reHI6%r!ndi!l Nliter!rioO$ PreIR!%&!elite$ Presb'teri!n$ %reRs&r(n9$ %re+enti+eL
%re+ent!ti+e$ %ri"!r'$ %rint!ble$ %ristine$ %ri+'$ %rob!tion!lL %rob!tion!r'$ R%roIR!"$
%roed(r!l$ %roons(l!r$ R%rore!ti+e$ %ro%&'l!ti$ %ro%rietori!l$ %rost&eti$
Protest!nt$ %sori!ti$ %(n9$ %(%!l$ %(s&in,$ %'!'(ne NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$
/(!drientenni!l$ /(!dr!R%&oniL /(!droR%&oni NGBO$ /(!dril!ter!l$ R/(i9IRdr'$
r!i!l$ r!di!l$ r!in%roo#$ r!tHe6!ble$ reessi+e$ re&!r,e!ble$ rei%ro!l$ reo+er!ble$
ret!l$ retiline!r$ re("bent Nliter!rioO$ re(%er!ti+e$ re(rrent$ rede"%tion!lL
rede"%ti+eL rede"%tor'$ reddis&$ re#l!tion!r'$ re#le-i+e$ re#or"!tor'L re#or"!ti+e$
re#(nd!ble$ re,ent!l$ re,iid!l$ re,ion!l$ re,n!l$ rel!tion!l$ re"ittent$ re"o+!ble$
ren!l$ re%!'!ble$ re%ertori!l$ re%tili!n$ re%(bli!n$ resident$ residenti!l$ ret!li!tor'L
ret!li!ti+e$ reti(l!te$ retin!l$ retr!t!ble$ retr!tile$ retrolent!l$ retros%eti+e$
ret(rn!ble$ re+el!tion!l$ re+ersion!r'$ re+ersion!l$ r&e("!toid$ r&in!l$ riboso"!l$
ri9ettsi!l$ riderless$ ri"less$ ri%!ri!n$ ri+erine$ rooo$ Ro"!n$ Ro"!nes/(e$
roo#less$ rot!tor'L rot!ti+e$ r(stless$ s!erdot!l$ s!ri#ii!l$ s!line$ s!li+!r'$
s!l+!tion!l$ s!%%&i$ s!l!r$ s!lene$ S!ndin!+i!n$ s!%(l!r$ s!rl!tin!l$ sleroti$
sorb(ti$ soreless$ srib!l$ sri%t(r!l$ sro#(lo(s$ s(tell!r$ se!"less$ seession!l$
seond!r'$ seret!ri!l$ seretor'$ setion!l$ setor!l$ sedi"ent!r'$ se,"ent!l$ Rsel#I
!R(s!tor'$ Rsel#IR!terin,$ Rsel#I#(lR#illin,$ Rsel#IRlo9in,$ Rsel#IRre,(l!tin,L Rsel#I
re,(Rl!tor'$ Rsel#IRso7n$ se"estr!l$ se"in!ri!l$ Se"iti$ sententi!l$ se%t!l$ se%t(%le$
se%tenni!l$ se/(ent$ se/(enti!l$ ses/(ientenni!l$ se-!,esi"!l$ se-!n,(l!r$
se-enni!l$ Rs&!tter%roo#$ sierr!n$ si,&tless$ sil9en Nliter!rioO$ sil+i(lt(r!l Nliter!rioO$
si"(lt!neo(s$ sinistr!l Nliter!rioO$ sinistrode-tr!l Nliter!rioO$ sinistrorseL sinistrors!l
Nliter!riosO$ sin(soid!l$ Rs9inIRdee%$ s9inless$ s9'HI6&i,&$ Sl!+$ Sl!+i$ Sl!+oni$
slee+eless$ so$ soiet!l$ soioeono"i$ solstiti!l$ so"!ti$ so+erei,n$ So+iet$ s%!sti$
s%!t(l!r$ s%ee&less$ s%&er!l$ s%er"!toid!l$ s%rin,less$ st!inless Nno ,r!d(!ble en
in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ st!"in!l$ st!%&'loo!l$ st!teless$
st!tion!r'$ st!t(!r'$ st!t(tor'$ stereoH%&oni6$ stern!l$ stibi!l$ stoneless$ str!%less$
str!t!l$ stre%too!l$ str(t(r!l$ st'l!r$ st'%ti$ s(b!Rto"i$ s(bRonsio(s$
s(b(Rt!neo(s$ s(bR&("!n$ s(b.et$ s(bRli"in!l$ s(bR"ersible$ s(bRorbit!l$
s(bs!%(l!r$ s(bRsidi!r'$ s(bsol!r$ s(bst!nRti+!l$ s(btit(l!r$ s(b+ir!l$ s(essor!l$
s((rs!l$ s(##i-!l$ s(##r!,!n$ s("R"!tion!l$ Rs(""it!l$ s(nless$ s(%erR&("!n$
s(%erl!ti+e$ s(%erRn("er!r'$ s(%erRsoni$ s(%%le"ent!r' N"s (s!doOL s(%%le"ent!l$
s(%r!Rn!tion!l$ s7inis&$ s'll!bi$ s'"%to"!ti$ s'non'"o(s$ s'%&iliti$ s'ste"i$
t!bern!(l!r$ t!bloid$ t!it$ t!t(!l$ t!llis&$ t!rs!l$ t!-!ble$ te!rless$ tee"in,$ teetot!l$
tele%&otoR,r!%&i$ tele+ision!l$ tene"ent!lL tene"ent!r'$ terenten!r'$ ter"in!ble$
ter"in!l$ ter%si&ore!n$ territori!l$ terti!n$ terti!r'$ test!R"ent!r'$ test!te$ Te(toni$
te-t(r!l$ t&e"!ti$ t&er"ioni$ t&es%i!n$ Rt&o(,&tIRo(t$ t&'roid!l$ tid!l$ RtieIRon$ tit!ni$
to,et&er Nolo/(i!lO$ toni$ tonsori!l$ toot&less$ to%$ to%R,!ll!nt$ to%i!r'$ to%less$
to%%in, NGB4 +(l,!rO$ tr!9less$ tr!,!l$ tr!nsontiRnent!l$ tr!nsR#er!ble$ tr!nsition!l$
tr!ns%ol!r$ tr!ns+estite$ tre!son!ble N"s (s!doOL tre!sono(s$ trib!l$ trib(t!r'$
trienten!r'L trientenni!l$ trilin,(!l$ tri"estr!lL tri"estri!l$ tri%%in,$ triseri!l$
tro&!i$ Rtr(eIRbl(e$ t(b!l$ t(beless$ t(ber(l!r$ t(ber(lo(s$ t(b(l!r$ Rt7oIR7!'$
(lero(s$ (ln!r$ (ltr!R+iolet$ (nRo(nt!ble$ (nder$ (nsri%t(r!l$ (ntoR7!rdL (nRto7!rd$
(ntr(e$ (%$ R(%HI6Ro(ntr'$ (%R&ill$ R(%IR"!r9et$ (%ro!rio(s$ (%R7ind$ (reter!l$ (ret&r!l$
(ro,enit!l$ (tiliz!bleL (tilis!ble NGBO$ +!ini!l$ +!in,lorio(s$ +!leditor'$ +!l(eless$
D!t!ble$ +e,!n$ +e,et!l$ +e,et!ri!n Nestnd!rOL +e,,ie Nolo/(i!lOL +e,,'
Nolo/(i!lO$ +e,et!ti+e$ +eno(s$ +erb!l$ +eri#i!ble$ +erti,ino(s Nliter!rioO$ +esi(l!r$
+esti,i!l$ +eter!n$ +i!rio(s$ +iti"less$ +ill!ti$ +ir!l$ +ir,in$ Dir,o!n$ +is(!l$
+i+i%!ro(s$ +o!tion!l$ +oieless$ +ol!ni$ +ol(nt!r'$ +oti+e$ 7!s&!ble$ R7!ter%roo#$
R7est7!rd$ 7&!9in, Nolo/(i!lO$ 7&e!ten$ R7&iteIRoll!r$ R7&ole,r!in$ 7indin,$
7indless$ 7itless$ 7ont Nliter!rioO$ 7ordless$ R7orldIRl!ss$ R7orldIR#!"o(s$
'ello7is&$ 'o,i$ zenit&!l$ zodi!!l$ zon!l$ zoos%or!n,i!l ' otros !d.eti+os de olor
en Iis&1 D1;1=$ ;18:
Los !d.eti+os no ,r!d(!bles /(e lle+!n (n %re#i.o son t!"bi0n no ,r!d(!bles4
%ost,l!i!l$ %ost+ir!l$ %re"enstr(!l$ retro+ir!l$ et1
Los !d.eti+os /(e se re#ieren ! (n! reli,i3n son todos no ,r!d(!bles1
Ade"s de 0stos$ son no ,r!d(!bles todos los !d.eti+os del resto del libro /(e lle+!n
detrs Nno ,r!d(!bleOM si (n !d.eti+o lle+! detrs Nno ,r!d(!bleO es sie"%re no
,r!d(!ble$ !(n/(e !%!rez! "s +ees sin Nno ,r!d(!bleO detrsM "eree l! %en!
s!ber /(0 !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os ' l!si#i!ti+os son no ,r!d(!blesM en tot!l son
!l,(nos ientos ' !%!reen todos en este libro$ %rini%!l"ente en el !%Ft(lo (!rto
ND1 ;1<1@I58$ ;1=$ ;1@IB$ ;155$ ;15;1@$ ;15;15<I88$ ;15<$ ;15=15$ ;15?1:I;$ ;15?1=$
;15@1:$ ;18515$ ;18815$ ;1881=$ ;18:$ ;1:515I8$ ;1::15$ ;1::1:$ ;1:;15I=$ ;1:<$ ;1:=$
;1:?$ ;1;;15I8$ ;1;;1;$ ;1;=$ ;1<5$ ;1=5$ =158@$ =15<B$ =15=5$ ?18$5C1BO$ %ero los
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles son "ilesM &!' !d.eti+os /(e son !li#i!ti+os ' l!si#i!ti+os
/(e no !%!reen o"o no ,r!d(!bles$ %ero %(eden serlo on !l,(no de s(s
si,ni#i!dos$ %rini%!l"ente (!ndo son l!si#i!ti+os1
En !so de d(d! es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes (s!r del!nte de (n
!d.eti+o s3lo !d+erbios /(e %(ed!n (s!rse on !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
ND1 ;1:5O1
Los !d.eti+os n("er!les$ de"ostr!ti+os$ %osesi+os$ interro,!ti+os$ rel!ti+os$
e-l!"!ti+os$ inde#inidos e-e%to Q#e7Q ' QlittleQ$ son no ,r!d(!bles1
Los !d.eti+os en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o ter"in!dos en Ier no %(eden ir %reedidos de
Q"oreL lessQ %ero son ,r!d(!bles '! /(e %(eden ir %reedidos de Q! bitL ! lotQ$ et1
D1 ;18515
Los !d.eti+os en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o ter"in!dos en Iest no %(eden ir %reedidos de
Q"ostL le!stQ ' son no ,r!d(!bles1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles no %(eden ir %reedidos de iertos !d+erbios /(e
s(elen (tiliz!rse on l! "!'or %!rte de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles4 Q!li,&tQ no %(ede ir
%reedido de Q+er'Q sino de Q!llQM Q!loneQ no %(ede ir %reedido de Q+er'Q sino de
Q!llL /(iteL +er' "(&QM Q!7!9eQ no %(ede ir %reedido de Q+er'Q sino de Q#(ll'L
+er' "(&L 7ideQ$ et1
Los !d.eti+os no ,r!d(!bles no %(eden #or"!r el o"%!r!ti+o se,(idos de Ier o
%reedidos de Q"oreQ ni el s(%erl!ti+o se,(idos de Iest o %reedidos de Q"ostQ
(!ndo +!n detrs de +erbos o%(l!ti+os4 T&is +erb is tr!nsiti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO
HEste +erbo es tr!nsiti+o6M ItZs (ni+ers!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO HEs (ni+ers!l6M sin e"b!r,o$
*+ Se puede poner MmoreM D ad%etivos no graduables cuando se comparan dos
cualidades distintas, por'ue no es realmente una comparacin no se refieren
al grado o a la cantidad del ad%etivo ND1 ;18515O1
2+ Se puede poner Mmore# lessM D ad%etivos no graduables cuando van detr!s
de verbos copulativos, seguidos de Mt/anM D nombres# pronombres seguido4s+
de un verboM no es re!l"ente (n! o"%!r!i3n de !d.eti+o$ %or/(e se o"%!r!n
dos one%tos distintos ' no se re#iere !l ,r!do o ! l! !ntid!d del !d.eti+o1 E.14 ItZs
"ore eolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleOL ille,!l Nno ,r!d(!bleOL %ro+ision!l Nno ,r!d(!bleOL
/(!dr!n,(l!r Nno ,r!d(!bleOL /(!lit!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleOL retro!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO
t&!n I t&o(,&t HEs "s eol3,ioL ile,!lL %ro+ision!lL (!dr!n,(l!rL (!lit!ti+oL
retro!ti+o de lo 'o /(e %ens!b!61
2+ Se pueden poner Mless, more, verM delante de algunos ad%etivos no
graduables cuando el ad%etivo va delante del nombre a 'ue se refiere a los
dos, no slo al ad%etivoM no se re#iere !l ,r!do o ! l! !ntid!d del !d.eti+o ND1;1<1@I
58O1 E.14 ! lessL "oreL +er' le,!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO "ind H(n! "ente "enosL "sL
"(' le,!l6$ ! "ore 7orld7ide Nno ,r!d(!bleO b(siness H(n ne,oio "s "(ndi!l6$
t&e +er' best Nno ,r!d(!bleO %eo%le Hl!s "e.ores %erson!s de tod!sL on "(&o61
-+ Se puede poner Mmore and moreM D ad%etivos no graduables1 E.14 ItZs
beo"in, "ore !nd "ore "(lti#or" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "(ltilin,(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"(ltiRn!tion!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO HSe est &!iendo !d! +ez "s "(lti#or"e$
"(ltilin,Xe$ "(ltin!ioRn!l61
El +erbo Qsee"Q +! se,(ido s3lo de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles$ ! no ser /(e entre Qsee"Q
' el !d.eti+o no ,r!d(!ble se %on,! Qto beQ o !d+erbios o"o Q!l"ost$ "ore or less$
%rett' "(&Q$ et1
En !stell!no &!' !d.eti+os no ,r!d(!bles t!"bi0n %ero "(&os "enos /(e en
in,l0s1
;1@1I Aa otros ad%etivos$ ll!"!dos !d.eti+os +erb!les$ 'ue terminan en 5ing
5ed /(e tienen l! "is"! #or"! /(e los %!rtii%ios de %resente ' de %!s!do de los
+erbos orres%ondientes$ %ero se di#ereni!n %or l! #(ni3n ND1 =15=5OM !l,(nos
son s3lo !d.eti+os Ns3lo !d.eti+os 111 O ' no &!' +erbo orres%ondienteM son !si
todos !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os ' no lle+!n n!d! detrsM !l,(nos son l!si#i!ti+os '
lle+!n detrs Nl!si#i!ti+oOM otros son !"bos ' lle+!n detrs N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oOM los /(e no lle+!n n!d! %(eden ir del!nte del no"bre ' detrs del
+erboM si lle+!n N%!rtii%ioO no son !d.eti+osM el !d.eti+o en Iin, /(e tiene l!
"is"! #or"! /(e el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente /(iere deir nor"!l"ente Q/(e
entretiene$ /(e !b(rreQ$ et1$ e indi! !i3nM el !d.eti+o en Ied /(e tiene l! "is"!
#or"! /(e el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do /(iere deir Q/(e es o est entretenidoL
!b(rridoQ$ et1$ e indi! est!doM l! !i3n del !d.eti+o en Iin, %rod(e
nor"!l"ente el est!do del !d.eti+o en IedM si se re#iere ! !l,o in!ni"!do$ se
(tiliz! sie"%re l! #or"! en Iin, ' no l! #or"! en IedM l!s #or"!s en Iin, ' Ied /(e
son i,(!les /(e los %!rtii%ios de %resente ' de %!s!do de los +erbos
orres%ondientes son !d.eti+os$ !li#i!ti+os o l!si#i!ti+os$ (!ndo +!n del!nte
del no"breM los %!rtii%ios$ si +!n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o e indi!n est!do$
son !d.eti+os ' no %(eden ir se,(idos de Qb'Q h s(.eto !,ente ni %reedidos del
+erbo Q&!+eQM %(eden ir solos$ %(eden ir se,(idos de (n !d+erbio o se,(idos de
(n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!M si %(eden ser !d.eti+os$ son !d.eti+os (!ndo +!n
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o o Q&!+e beenQ h o"%le"ento direto o"o
o"%le"entos %redi!ti+os ND1 =15=81;OM l!s #or"!s en Iin, no s(elen tr!d(irse
%or (n ,er(ndio (!ndo son !d.eti+os ' %(eden ir %reedid!s de U+er'V ( otro de
los !d+erbios /(e se %(eden %oner del!nte de los !d.eti+os ,r!d(!blesM sin
e"b!r,o$ son #or"!s +erb!les en Iin, o %!rtii%os de %resente ' %!s!do (!ndo
+!n %reedidos de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o e indi!n !i3nM en este !so l!s #or"!s
+erb!les en Iin,$ /(e s(elen tr!d(irse !l !stell!no %or (n ,er(ndio$ no %(eden ir
%reedid!s de U+er'V ( otro de los !d+erbios /(e se %(eden %oner del!nte de los
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles4 !bsondin, Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hen #(,!6 ' U!bsondedV Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO H#(,!doHs6$ !Hs66M !bsorbin, H!bsorbenteHs6 N#i,(r!d!"enteO Ni "('
interes!nteOL !%!sion!nteHs66 ' U!bsorbedV N%rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO NQ!bsortoHs6$ !Hs6L onentr!doHs6$ !s6L ensi"is"!doHs6$ !Hs6QM o"o
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do si,ni#i! Q!bsorbidoL !si"il!doQOM !b(ttin, Nliter!rio4
l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Holind!nteHs66 ' U!b(ttedV
Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Holind!doHs6$ !Hs6
on !l,o6M !eler!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e !eler!Hn66 '
U!eler!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!eler!doHs6$ !Hs66M !o""od!tin,
Ho"%l!ienteHs6L !o"od!tiioHs6$ !Hs66 ' U!o""od!tedV Ho"%l!idoHs6$
!Hs66M !o"%!n'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e
!o"%!)!Hn66 ' U!o"%!niedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!o"%!)!doHs6$
!Hs66M !(sin, H!(s!dorHes6L !(s!torioHs66 ' U!(sedV H!(s!doHs6$ !Hs66M
!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO HinterinoHs6$ !Hs6L
s(%lenteHs66 ' U!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hinter%ret!doHs6$ !Hs66M !d"irin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO
H!d"ir!dorH!6L !d"ir!ti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U!d"iredV H!d"ir!doHs6$ !Hs66M !dorin,
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO H!ri)osoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U!doredV Ns3lo del!nte
del no"breO H!dor!doHs6$ !Hs66M !d+!nin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H/(e !+!nz!Hn6L de ed!d !+!nz!d!6 ' U!d+!nedV
N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO H!+!nz!doHs6$ !Hs6L !del!nt!doHs6$ !Hs66M !##etin,
Hon"o+edorH!66 ' U!##etedV H!#et!doHs6$ !Hs66M !##litin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H!on,o.!dorHes66 ' U!##litedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO H!#li,idoHs6$ !Hs66M !,He6in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO Hirrit!nteHs66 ' U!,edV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO H!ni!noHs6$ !Hs6L
de ed!d66M !,,r!+!tin, Hirrit!nteHs66 ' U!,,r!+!tedV H!,r!+!doHs6$ !Hs6L on
!,r!+!ntes6M !,onizin,L !,onisin, NGBO H!n,(stiosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U!,onizedL
!,onised NGBOV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hdeses%er!doHs6$ !Hs66M !idin, Nliter!rio4
l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e !'(d!Hn66 ' U!idedV
Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!'(d!doHs6$ !Hs66M
!l!r"in, H!l!r"!nteHs6L %reo(%!nteHs66 ' U!l!r"edV N%rini%!l"ente detrs de
(n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO H%reo(%!doHs6$ !Hs6L dot!doHs6$ !Hs6 de siste"! de !l!r"!6M
!"!zin, HinreFbleHs66 ' U!"!zedV H!t3nitoHs6$ !Hs6L %!s"!doHs6$ !Hs6L
!so"br!doHs6$ !Hs66M !"(sin, Hdi+ertidoHs6$ !Hs6L ,r!iosoHs6$ !Hs6L entretenidoHs6$
!Hs66 ' U!"(sedV Hdi+ertidoHs6$ !Hs6L /(e leHs6 &!e ,r!i!6M !nno'in, H/(e d!Hn6
r!bi!6 ' U!nno'edV Hen#!d!doHs6$ !Hs66M !ns7erin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!(to"tioHs6$ !Hs66 ' U!ns7eredV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hontest!doHs6$ !Hs66M !%%!llin, H!troz6 '
U!%%!lledV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO H&orroriz!doHs6$ !Hs66M !%%ro+in,
H!%rob!torioHs6$ !Hs6L de !%rob!i3n6 ' U!%%ro+edV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO
H!(toriz!doHs6$ !Hs66M !rrestin, Nliter!rioO Hll!"!ti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U!rrestedV Nno
,r!d(!bleO H!rrest!doHs6$ !Hs6L !tro#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M !sendin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!sendenteHs66 ' U!sendedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!bleO H!sendidoHs6$ !Hs66M !ss("in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H%res(nt(osoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U!ss("edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H#in,idoHs6$ !Hs6L #!lsoHs6$ !Hs66M !stonis&in, H!so"brosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U!stonis&edV
H!so"br!doHs6$ !Hs66M !sto(ndin, H%!s"osoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U!sto(ndedV H%!s"!doHs6$
!Hs66M !tt!9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H!t!!nteHs6L /(e !t!!Hn66 ' U!tt!9edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!t!!doHs6$
!Hs66M !tten(!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!ten(!nteHs66 '
U!tten(!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!ten(!doHs6$ !Hs66M !+en,in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO H+en,!dorH!66 ' U!+en,edV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H+en,!doHs6$ !Hs66M
Hre6!7!9enin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO HHre6n!ienteHs66 '
UHre6!7!9enedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO HHde n(e+o6 des%ert!doHs6$ !Hs66M b!##lin,
Hdesonert!nteHs66 ' Ub!##ledV Ndel!nte del no"bre ' detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO Hdesonert!doHs6$ !Hs66M b!9in, Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!&i&!rr!nteHs6L de
"(&o !lor6 ' Ub!9edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!s!doHs6$ !Hs66M b!l!nin, N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oO H/(e e/(ilibr!Hn66 ' Ub!l!nedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO
He/(ilibr!doHs6$ !Hs66M b!tterin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e
"!ltr!t!Hn66 ' Ub!tteredV H"!ltr!t!doHs6$ !Hs66M be!"in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hr!di!nteHs6L sonrienteHs66 ' Ube!"edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO He"itidoHs6$ !Hs66M be,(ilin, Hsed(torH!66 ' Ube,(iledV Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hsed(idoHs6$ !Hs66M belie+in, Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+oO
Hre'enteHs66 ' Ubelie+edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO HreFdoHs6$ !Hs66M
be"(sin, Nliter!rioO Hdesonert!nteHs66 ' Ube"(sedV Hdesonert!doHs6$ !Hs66M
be7ilderin, Hdesonert!nteHs6L !%!b(ll!nteHs66 ' Ube7ilderedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hdesonert!doHs6$ !Hs66M be7it&in, H!(ti+!dorH!66 ' Ube7it&edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
H&e&iz!doHs6$ !Hs66M bindin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO H+in(l!nteHs6L !strin,enteHs66 '
Ubo(ndV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s
+(l,!rO H!t!doHs6$ !Hs6L en(!dern!doHs6$ !Hs6L destin!doHs6$ !Hs6L obli,!doHs6$
!Hs66M bitin, Hort!nteHs6L "ord!zHes66 ' UbittenV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO
H"ordidoHs6$ !Hs66M bleedin, NGB4 +(l,!r4 l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO H"!lditoHs6$ !Hs6L %()eteroHs6$ !Hs6M o"o %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente
detrs de (n +erbo si,ni#i! Us!n,r!ndoV6 ' UbledV NGB4 +(l,!r4 l!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hs!n,r!doHs6$ !Hs66M blindin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4
%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO Hdesl("br!nteHs66 ' UblindedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hdesl("br!doHs6$ !Hs66M blisterin, N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oO H!br!s!dorHes6L +ir(lentoHs6$ !Hs6L +erti,inosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' UblisteredV
Hon !"%oll!s6M bloo"in, Honden!doHs6$ !Hs6 NoO "!lditoHs6$ !Hs6 Nl!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!ble4 olo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"enteOL r!di!nteHs6 NoO #loreienteHs6
N!li#i!ti+oO6 ' Ubloo"edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H(bierto #in!"ente on #lor(ro de
"!,nesio %!r! red(ir l! !ntid!d de l(z %erdid! %or re#le.o6M bo!rdin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde &(0s%edesL de
!bord!.eL de e"b!r/(eL de internos6 ' Ubo!rdedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H&os%ed!doHs6$ !Hs66M boilin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Ndel!nte del no"bre
(!ndo si,ni#i! Q&ir+iendoQ Nen sentido liter!lO ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o
(!ndo si,ni#i! U!s!do Nde !lorOV Nen sentido #i,(r!do i boilin, &ot H"('
!liente6O$ %ero (!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente +! detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+o ' si,ni#i! Q&ir+iendoQ Nen sentido liter!lO Ni oiendoOO ' UboiledV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H&er+idoHs6$ !Hs6L oidoHs6$ !Hs66M borderin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Honti,(oHs6$ !Hs66 '
UborderedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hborde!doHs6$ !Hs66M borin, H!b(rridoHs6$
!Hs6 Ni /(e !b(rreO6 ' UboredV H!b(rridoHs6$ !Hs6 Ni /(e estHn6 !b(rridoHs6$ !Hs6O6M
bo(nin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hs!noteHs66 ' Ubo(nedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO Hde+(eltoHs6$ !Hs66M br!in, H+i,oriz!nteHs66 ' Ubr!edV Hre#orz!doHs6$
!Hs6L #ort!leidoHs6$ !Hs66M br!7lin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H!lborot!dorH!66 ' Ubr!7ledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H!lborot!doHs6$ !Hs66M bre!9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H#r,ilHes66 ' Ubro9enV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO HrotoHs6$ !Hs6L
des&e&oHs6$ !Hs6L "!loHs6$ !Hs66M bristlin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H&irs(toHs6$ !Hs66 ' UbristledV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Heriz!doHs6$ !Hs66M broilin, Nolo/(i!l4
l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hso#o!nteHs66 ' UbroiledV Nolo/(i!l4 l!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO Hso#o!doHs6$ !Hs66M br(isin, HdolorosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ubr(isedV
H"!,(ll!doHs6$ !Hs6L &eridoHs6$ !Hs6L on "or!tones6M b(ddin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hen iernes6 ' Ub(ddedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO Hin.ert!doHs6$ !Hs66M b(ll'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H"!t3nH!6L !"edrent!dorH!66 ' Ub(lliedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hinti"id!doHs6$ !Hs66M b(n,lin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Htor%eHs66 ' Ub(n,ledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hestro%e!doHs6$ !Hs66M
b(r,eonin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO HreienteHs6L
%(.!nteHs66 ' Ub(r,eonedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H#loreidoHs6$ !Hs66M
b(rnin, N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!br!s!dorH!66 '
Ub(rned NoO b(rnt NGB %rini%!l"enteO Nl!si#i!ti+osO H/(e"!doHs6$ !Hs66M
b(rstin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o4 en
sentido #i,(r!doM si,ni#i! Ure%letoHs6$ !Hs6L llenoHs6$ !Hs6L !b!rrot!doHs6$ !Hs6V$ si
+! se,(ido o no de U7it&V$ ' si,ni#i! Uon "(&!s ,!n!s deV$ si +! se,(ido de
in#initi+oO ' Ub(rstV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hre+ent!doHs6$ !Hs66M b(r'in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde enterr!"iento6 '
Ub(riedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Henterr!doHs6$
!Hs66M !l(l!tin, H!l(l!dorH!66 ' U!l(l!tedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO
H!l(l!doHs6$ !Hs66M !l"in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Htr!n/(iliz!nteHs66 ' U!l"edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!l"!doHs6$
!Hs66M !%ti+!tin, H!(ti+!dorH!66 ' U!%ti+!tedV H!(ti+!doHs6$ !Hs66M !r+in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Htrin&!nteHs66 ' U!r+edV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Ht!ll!doHs6$ !Hs66M !stin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde !lid!dL de re%!rto6 ' U!stV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO H#(ndidoHs6$ !Hs66M !t&in, Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO
Hont!,iosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U!(,&tV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H!,!rr!doHs6$ !Hs66M
&!llen,in, Hdes!#i!nteHs66 ' U&!llen,edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hdes!#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M &!n,in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!"bi!nteHs66
' U&!n,edV H!"bi!doHs6$ !Hs66M &!ntin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO H/(e ,rit!Hn66 ' U&!ntedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H!nt!doHs6$ !Hs66M &!r!terizin,L &!r!terisin, NGBO Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e !r!teriz!Hn66 ' U&!r!terizedL &!r!terised NGBOV Nl!si#i!ti+o4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!r!teriz!doHs6$ !Hs66M &!r,in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e !t!!Hn66 ' U&!r,edV N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oO H!r,!doHs6$ !Hs66M &!r"in, Hen!nt!dorH!66 ' U&!r"edV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!#ort(n!doHs6$ !Hs6L !(ti+!doHs6$ !Hs66M &eerin, H!lent!dorH!66 '
U&eeredV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H!l!"!doHs6$ !Hs66M &illin, Hes!lo#ri!nteHs66 '
U&illedV Hen#ri!doHs6$ !Hs66M &o9in, H!s#i-i!nteHs66 ' U&o9edV Hentreort!doHs6$
!Hs6L dis,(st!doHs6$ !Hs6 NGB4 olo/(i!lO6M i+ilizin,L i+ilisin, NGBO Nl!si#i!ti+o4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hed(!dorH!66 ' Ui+ilizedL i+ilised NGBOV N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oO Hi+iliz!doHs6$ !Hs66M l!ri#'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H!l!r!torioHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ul!ri#iedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hl!ri#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M l!ssi#'in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hl!si#i!ti+oHs6$ !Hs66 '
Ul!ssi#iedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hl!si#i!doHs6$ !Hs6L seretoHs6$ !Hs66M
le!nin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde l! li"%iez!6 '
Ule!nedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hli"%i!doHs6$ !Hs66M le!nsin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%(ri#i!dorH!66 ' Ule!nsedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hli"%i!doHs6$ !Hs6L %(ri#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M li%%in, Nolo/(i!l4 l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO Hr%idoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Uli%%edV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO HortoHs6$ !Hs6L
entreort!doHs6$ !Hs66M losin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H2lti"oHs6$ !Hs6L !l NoO de ierre6 ' UlosedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO Herr!doHs6$
!Hs66M o!-in, H"i"osoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Uo!-edV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hon+enidoHs6$ !Hs66M oll!%sin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e se &(ndeHn66 ' Uoll!%sedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO H&(ndidoHs6$ !Hs66M olletin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO Hde olet!6$ ' UolletedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO HserenoHs6$ !Hs6L
o"%letoHs6$ !Hs66M o"#ortin, Hreon#ort!nteHs66 ' Uo"#ortedV Hreon#ort!doHs6$
!Hs66M o""!ndin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hdo"in!nteHs6L
i"%onenteHs6L %ro"inenteHs66 ' Uo""!ndedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Horden!doHs6$ !Hs6L i"%(estoHs6$ !Hs66M o"%ellin,
Hon+inenteHs6L !%!sion!nteHs6L !%re"i!nteHs66 ' Uo"%elledV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hi"%(estoHs6$ !Hs6L obli,!doHs6$ !Hs66M o"%ens!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hinde"niz!bleHs66 ' Uo"%ens!ted Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breOL
o"%ens!ted #or Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oOV
Hinde"niz!doHs6$ !Hs66M o"%ro"isin, Ho"%ro"etedorH!66 ' Uo"%ro"isedV Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO Ho"%ro"etidoHs6$ !Hs66M onernin, Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO H%reo(%!nteHs66 ' UonernedV Ndel!nte del no"bre ' detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Q%reo(%!doHs6L !Hs6Q$ detrs de (n no"bre
(!ndo si,ni#i! Qin+ol(r!doHs6L !Hs6$ !#et!doHs6L !Hs6L en (esti3nQM (!ndo es
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do si,ni#i! Qre#erirseQ ' %(ede ir se,(ido de Q7it&Q %ero no de
Qb'QOM onditionin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H!ondiion!dorHes6 N%!r! os"0tios$ &!"%2$ et1O6 ' UonditionedV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hondiion!doHs6$ !Hs6L ondiion!lHes66M on#essin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se on#ies!Hn66 ' Uon#essedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hdel!r!doHs6$ !Hs66M on#idin,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hon#i!doHs6$ !Hs6L /(e on#F!Hn66 ' Uon#idedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hon#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M on#inin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 liter!rio4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H/(e li"it!Hn66 ' Uon#inedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hli"it!doHs6$ !Hs66M
on#litin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hontr!ditorioHs6$ !Hs6L o%(estoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Uon#litedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Henontr!doHs6$ !Hs66M on#(sin, Hon#(soHs6$
!Hs66 ' Uon#(sedV Hon#(ndidoHs6$ !Hs66M onnetin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se onet!Hn6L de enl!e6 ' UonnetedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rM %rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO Hrel!ion!doHs6$ !Hs6L onet!doHs6$ !Hs66M on/(erin, H+enedorH!66 '
Uon/(eredV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO Hon/(ist!doHs6$ !Hs66M onsolin,
Honsol!dorH!66 ' UonsoledV Honsol!doHs6$ !Hs66M onsti%!tin, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e estri)eHn66 ' Uonsti%!tedV Hestre)idoHs6$ !Hs66M onstritin,
Hestre&oHs6$ !Hs66 ' UonstritedV Hrestrin,idoHs6$ !Hs66M ons(ltin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!sesorH!66 ' Uons(ltedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hons(lt!doHs6$ !Hs66M ons("in, Nl!si#i!ti+oO
H!rroll!dorH!6L de+or!dorH!66 ' Uons("edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hons("idoHs6$ !Hs66M
ontestin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e dis%(t!Hn66 ' UontestedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hdis%(t!doHs6$ !Hs66M ontin(in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hontin(!doHs6$ !Hs66 '
Uontin(edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Honst!nteHs6L
ininterr("%idoHs6$ !Hs66M ontr!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hontr!t!nteHs66 ' Uontr!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hontr!t!doHs6$
!Hs66M ontr!stin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO Hontr!st!nteHs66
' Uontr!stedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hontr!st!doHs6$ !Hs66M ontrib(tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hontrib('enteHs66 ' Uontrib(tedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hontrib(idoHs6$ !Hs66M
ontrollin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H"!'orit!rioHs6$ !Hs6L
deter"in!nteHs6L %redo"in!nteHs66 ' UontrolledV Hontrol!doHs6$ !Hs6L ontenidoHs6$
!Hs66M on+ertin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H%roselitist!Hs66 ' Uon+ertedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hon+ersoHs6$ !Hs6L
re#or"!doHs6$ !Hs66M on+inin, Hon+inenteHs66 ' Uon+inedV N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oO Hon+enidoHs6$ !Hs66M oo9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Ho"estibleHs6L %!r! oin!r6 ' Uoo9edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hoin!doHs6$ !Hs66M oolin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO Hre#res!nteHs66 ' UooledV
Hre#res!doHs6$ !Hs66M oHI6Rordin!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hoordin!nteHs66 ' UoHI6Rordin!tedV Hoordin!doHs6$ !Hs66M orrobor!tin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e orrobor!Hn66 '
Uorrobor!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Horrobor!doHs6$ !Hs66M orrodin, Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO H/(e orroeHn66 ' UorrodedV HorroFdoHs6$ !Hs66M orr(%tin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Horr(%torHes66 ' Uorr(%tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Horro"%idoHs6$ !Hs66M o(rtin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e orte.!Hn66 ' Uo(rtedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Horte.!doHs6$ !Hs66M r!9in, Nolo/(i!l4 l!si#i!ti+oO He-tr!ordin!rioHs6$
!Hs6L !eler!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ur!9edV H!,riet!doHs6$ !Hs6 Nestnd!rOL &i#l!doHs6$ !Hs6
Nolo/(i!lO6M r!s&in, NGB %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!l4 l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO NQ+erd!derHo$ !6Q %ero o"o %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente
si,ni#i! Qret("b!ndoQ$ et1O ' Ur!s&edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO Hestrell!doHs6$ !Hs66M ri%%lin, H!,obi!nteHs6L !troz6 ' Uri%%ledV
N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO Hlisi!doHs6$ !Hs66M ro7nin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hs(%re"oHs6$ !Hs66 ' ro7ned Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Horon!doHs6$ !Hs66M r("blin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO H/(e se des"oron!Hn66 ' Ur("bledV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hdes"oron!doHs6$ !Hs66M r(s&in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO H!%l!st!nteHs6L !%!b(ll!nteHs66 '
Ur(s&edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!b!tidoHs6$ !Hs66M r(stin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hinr(st!nteHs6L /(e se inr(st!Hn66 ' Ur(stedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hinr(st!doHs6$ !Hs66M (rsin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hbl!s#e"!dorH!66 ' U(rsedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H"!lditoHs6$ !Hs66M (r+in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hen (r+!L /(e se (r+!Hn66 ' U(r+edV H(r+oHs6$ !Hs6
N(!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do no %(ede ir se,(ido de Qb'Q %or/(e es
intr!nsiti+oO6M (s&ionin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!"orti,(!nteHs66 ' U(s&ionedV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hon o.ines6M (ttin, Hort!nteHs6L &irienteHs66 ' U(tV Nl!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!bleO Hort!doHs6$ !Hs6L t!ll!doHs6$ !Hs6L borr!&oHs6$ !Hs6 N+(l,!r4 GBO6M
d!"!,in, H%er.(dii!lHes66 ' Ud!"!,edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H%er.(di!doHs6$ !Hs66M
d!"nin, Honden!torioHs6$ !Hs6L rFtioHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ud!"nedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO Honden!doHs6$ !Hs6L "!lditoHs6$ !Hs6 Nolo/(i!lO6M d!r9enin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e oHb6s(reeHn66 '
Ud!r9enedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO
Hos(roHs6$ !Hs66M d!zzlin, N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO Hdesl("br!nteHs66 '
Ud!zzledV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hdesl("br!doHs6$ !Hs66M de!denin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte
del no"breO Hde "!l! "(erte6 ' Ude!denedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!ten(d!doHs6$ !Hs6L
insensibiliz!doHs6$ !Hs66M de!#enin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO HensordeedorH!66 ' Ude!#enedV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO HensordeidoHs6$ !Hs66M debilit!tin, Hdebilit!nteHs66 ' Udebilit!tedV
Hdebilit!doHs6$ !Hs66M de!'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hen #r!no
deterioroL en deso"%osii3nL /(e de!eHn6 NoO +!Hn6 de!'endo6 ' Ude!'edV
Hdeterior!doHs6$ !Hs66M deei+in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e en,!)!Hn66 '
Udeei+edV Hen,!)!doHs6$ !Hs66M deidin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hdeisi+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' UdeidedV HdeididoHs6$ !Hs6L !te,3rioHs6$ !Hs66M delinin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hen de!deni!6 ' UdelinedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hdebilit!doHs6$ !Hs66M
deo"%osin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se
deso"%oneHn66 ' Udeo"%osedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hdeso"%(estoHs6$ !Hs66M dere!sin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO HdereienteHs66 ' Udere!sedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hde!FdoHs6$ !Hs66M de#!ttin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hon "enos ,r!s!6 ' Ude#!ttedV
Hsin ,r!s!6M de#endin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H+i,enteHs6L de#ensorH!66 ' Ude#endedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hde#endidoHs6$
!Hs66M de#inin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hdeter"in!nteHs6L
es%ei#i!ti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ude#inedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hde#inidoHs6$ !Hs66M de#'in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hdes!#i!nteHs66 ' Ude#iedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hdes!#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M de,ener!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO H/(e se de,ener!Hn66 ' Ude,ener!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hde,ener!doHs6$
!Hs66M de,r!din, Hde,r!d!nteHs66 ' Ude,r!dedV Hde,r!d!doHs6$ !Hs66M de&("!nizin,L
de&("!nisin, NGBO Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hdes&("!niz!nteHs66 ' Ude&("!nizedL
de&("!nised NGBOV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hdes&("!niz!doHs6$ !Hs66M del!'in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hdil!torioHs6$ !Hs66 ' Udel!'edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hret!rd!doHs6$ !Hs66M de"!ndin, He-i,enteHs66 ' Ude"!ndedV He-i,idoHs6$ !Hs66M
de"e!nin, Hde,r!d!nteHs66 ' Ude"e!nedV Hde,r!d!doHs6$ !Hs66M de"or!lizin,L
de"or!lisin, NGBO Hdes"or!liz!dorH!66 ' Ude"or!lizedL de"or!lised NGBOV
Hdes"or!liz!doHs6$ !Hs66M de%re!tin, Nliter!rio4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hre%rob!torioHs6$ !Hs6L des%rei!ti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ude%re!tedV H"enos%rei!doHs6$
!Hs66M de%ressin, Hde%ri"enteHs66 ' Ude%ressedV Hde%ri"idoHs6$ !Hs66M deridin, NGB4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hb(rl3nH!66 ' UderidedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hridi(liz!doHs6$
!Hs66M desendin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
HdesendienteHs66 ' Udesended H#ro" 1116V Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs
de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO HdesendienteHs6 Hde 1116L /(e tieneHn6 s( ori,en Hen 11166M
desertin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO HdesertorH!66 '
UdesertedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!b!ndon!doHs6$ !Hs6L desiertoHs6$ !Hs66M deser+in,
H"eritorioHs6$ !Hs6L de "0ritoL di,noHs6$ !Hs66 ' Udeser+edV Nnor"!l"ente %reedido
de de (n !d+erbioO H"ereidoHs6$ !Hs66M desi,nin, Hintri,!nteHs66 ' Udesi,nedV Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hdise)!doHs6$ !Hs66M desol!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hdesol!dorH!66 ' Udesol!tedV Hdesol!doHs6$ !Hs66M deRst!bilizin,L deRst!bilisin, NGBO
Hdesest!biliz!dorH!66 ' UdeRst!bilizedL deRst!bilised NGBOV Hdesest!biliz!doHs6$ !Hs66M
destro'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hdestr(ti+oHs6$
!Hs66 ' Udestro'edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hdestroz!doHs6$ !Hs66M deterior!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e e"%eor!Hn66 ' Udeterior!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hdeterior!doHs6$ !Hs66M deter"inin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hdeter"in!nteHs66 ' Udeter"inedV HdeididoHs6$ !Hs6 N(!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do si,ni#i! Qdeter"in!doL ondiion!doQO6M de+!st!tin, Hde+!st!dorH!66 '
Ude+!st!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hde+!st!doHs6$ !Hs66M de+elo%in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hen +F!s de des!rrollo6 ' Ude+elo%edV
Nnor"!l"ente %reedido de (n !d+erbioO Hdes!rroll!doHs6$ !Hs66M de+o(rin,
Hde+or!dorH!6L +e&e"enteHs6L !(i!nteHs66 ' Ude+o(redV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO Hde+or!doHs6$ !Hs66M dil!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H/(e se dil!t!Hn66 ' Udil!tedV Hdil!t!doHs6$ !Hs66M diR"inis&in, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO HdereienteHs6L !d! +ez "enor6 ' UdiR"inis&edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hred(idoHs6$ !Hs6L li"it!doHs6$ !Hs66M dis!R%%ointin, Hdee%ion!nteHs66 '
Udis!R%%ointedV Hdee%ion!doHs6$ !Hs6L desil(sion!doHs6$ !Hs66M diRs!r"in,
H!%!i,(!dorH!6L en!nt!dorH!66 ' Udis!r"edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Hdes!r"!doHs6$ !Hs66M disbelie+in, Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hinr0d(loHs6$ !Hs66 ' Udisbelie+edV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hno reFdoHs6$ !Hs66M disRernin, He-i,enteHs6L
entendidoHs6$ !Hs6L ed(!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' UdisRernedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H%eribidoHs6$ !Hs6L distin,(idoHs6$ !Hs66M diso"#ortin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H"olestoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Udiso"#ortedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hino"od!doHs6$ !Hs66M disonRertin, Hdesonert!nteHs66 ' UdisonRertedV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hdesonert!doHs6$ !Hs66M disRo(r!,in, Hdes!lent!dorH!66 '
UdisRo(r!,edV Hdes!ni"!doHs6$ !Hs66M disRri"in!tin, HentendidoHs6$ !Hs6L re#in!doHs6$
!Hs66 ' UdisRri"in!tedV Hdisri"in!doHs6$ !Hs66M dis#i,(rin, H/(e des#i,(r!Hn66 '
Udis#i,(redV Hdes#i,(r!doHs6$ !Hs66M disR,(stin, Hre%(,n!nteHs66 ' UdisR,(stedV
Hindi,n!doHs6$ !Hs66M disR&e!rtenin, Hdes!lent!dorH!66 ' UdisR&e!rtenedV
Hdes!lent!doHs6$ !Hs66M disill(sionin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e desil(sion!Hn66
' Udisill(sionedV Hdesil(sion!doHs6$ !Hs66M disinte,r!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se desinte,r!Hn66 ' Udisinte,r!tedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hdesinte,r!doHs6$ !Hs66M dis"!'in, Nliter!rio4
l!si#i!ti+oO H/(e onstern!Hn66 ' Udis"!'edV Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+oO
Honstern!doHs6$ !Hs66M diRsorient!tin,L diRsorientin, H/(e desorient!Hn66 '
UdiRsorient!tedL diRsorientedV Hdesorient!doHs6$ !Hs66M disR%!r!,in, Hdes%rei!ti+oHs6$
!Hs6L des%eti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' UdisR%!r!,edV H"enos%rei!doHs6$ !Hs66M disR%iritin,
Hdes!lent!dorH!66 ' UdisR%iritedV Hdes!ni"!doHs6$ !Hs66M disR%le!sin, Hdes!,r!d!bleHs66
' UdisR%le!sedV Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hdis,(st!doHs6$ !Hs66M dis%(tin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%ol0"ioHs6$ !Hs66 '
Udis%(tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hdis%(t!doHs6$ !Hs66M dis/(!li#'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hdes!li#i!dorH!66 ' Udis/(!li#iedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hdes!li#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M disR/(ietin, Hin/(iet!nteHs66 ' UdisR/(ietedV Hin/(iet!doHs6$
!Hs66M disRs!tis#'in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e no s!tis#!eHn66 ' UdisRs!tis#iedV
Hins!tis#e&oHs6$ !Hs66M disRtin,(is&in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hdistinti+oHs6$ !Hs6L !r!terFstioHs6$ !Hs66 ' UdisRtin,(is&edV H#!"osoHs6$ !Hs6L
distin,(idoHs6$ !Hs66M disRtortin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hde#or"!nteHs66 ' UdisRtortedV Hdistorsion!doHs6$ !Hs6L de#or"!doHs6$ !Hs66M
disRtr!tin, H"olestoHs6$ !Hs6L /(e distr!eHn66 ' UdisRtr!tedV Hdistr!FdoHs6$ !Hs66M
disRtressin, H!n,(stiosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' UdisRtressedV H!n,(sti!doHs6$ !Hs66M disRt(rbin,
Hin/(iet!nteHs66 ' UdisRt(rbedV H%ert(rb!doHs6$ !Hs66M di+ertin, Nliter!rioO H!"enoHs6$
!Hs6L di+ertidoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Udi+ertedV Hdes+i!doHs6$ !Hs6L distr!FdoHs6$ !Hs66M di+idin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hdi+isorioHs6$ !Hs66 ' Udi+idedV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hdi+ididoHs6$ !Hs6L seion!doHs6$ !Hs66M dodderin, HsenilL der0%itoL
&o&o N%e'or!ti+oO6 ' UdodderedV Hd0bilL sin r!"!s6M do"in!tin, Hdo"in!nteHs66 '
Udo"in!tedV Hdo"in!doHs6$ !Hs66M dotin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO H/(e !dor!Hn6L &o&oHs6$ !Hs66 ' UdotedV LRdo(tI d$ edLO Nl!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!bleO H!dor!doHs6$ !Hs66M do(btin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO Hes0%tioHs6$ !Hs66 ' Udo(btedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hd(d!doHs6$ !Hs66M dren&in, Nl!si#i!ti+oO Htorreni!lHes66 '
Udren&edV He"%!%!doHs6$ !Hs66M drin9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO H/(e bebeHn66 ' Udr(n9V N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO HbebidoHs6$ !Hs66M
dri+in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Htorreni!lHes6L
!zot!dorH!6L i"%(lsorH!66 ' Udri+enV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hond(idoHs6$
!Hs66M dro7nin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se
estHn6 !&o,!ndo6 ' Udro7nedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!&o,!doHs6$ !Hs66M
dr'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO HseoHs6$ !Hs66 ' UdriedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO se!doHs6$ !Hs66M d'ein, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e ti)eHn66 ' Ud'edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hte)idoHs6$ !Hs66M e!rt&HI6bindin, Ns3lo
!d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO H/(e se !%e,!Hn6 ! l! Tierr!6 ' Ue!rt&HI6bo(nd
Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO HterrestreHs6L %ros!ioHs6$ !Hs6L en direi3n
! l! Tierr!6M e&oin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hre+erber!nteHs66 ' Ue&oedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hre+erber!doHs6$ !Hs66M eletri#'in, Heletriz!nteHs66 e Ueletri#iedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Heletri#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M ele+!tin, Henri/(eedorH!66 ' Uele+!tedV N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oO Hele+!doHs6$ !Hs66M e"b!rr!ssin, He"b!r!zosoHs6$ !Hs6L +iolentoHs6$ !Hs66
e Ue"b!rr!ssedV H+iolent!doHs6$ !Hs6L !+er,onz!doHs6$ !Hs66M e"bitterin, H!"!r,oHs6$
!Hs66 e Ue"bitteredV H!"!r,!doHs6$ !Hs66M en&!ntin, Hen!nt!dorH!66 e Uen&!ntedV
N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO Hen!nt!doHs6$ !Hs66M enirlin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hen+ol+enteHs66 ' UenirledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO Hrode!doHs6$ !Hs66M enlosin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hir(nd!nteHs66 e UenlosedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+o4 %rini%!l"ente
del!nte del no"breO H!d.(ntoHs6$ !Hs66M eno"%!ssin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hir(nd!nteHs66 ' Ueno"%!ssedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Her!doHs6$ !Hs66M
eno(r!,in, H!lent!dorH!66 ' Ueno(r!,edV H!lent!doHs6$ !Hs66M ende!rin,
H!tr!ti+oHs6$ !Hs66 e Uende!redV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se &!eHn6 /(erer6M
ener,izin,L ener,isin, NGBO Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hener,0tioHs6$
!Hs66 ' Uener,izedL ener,ised NGBOV HllenoHs6$ !Hs6 de ener,F!6M ener+!tin, Nliter!rioO
Hdebilit!nteHs66 ' Uener+!tedV Nliter!rioO Hdebilit!doHs6$ !Hs66M en,!,in,
Hen!nt!dorH!66 e Uen,!,edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%ro"etidoHs6$ !Hs6L
o(%!doHs6$ !Hs66M en,rossin, H#!sin!nteHs6L !bsorbenteHs66 e Uen,rossedV
H!bsortoHs6$ !Hs6L en#r!s!doHs6$ !Hs66M en,(l#in, Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hen+ol+enteHs66 e Uen,(l#edV Nliter!rio4
l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hs("er,idoHs6$ !Hs66M en&!nin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4
%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO H/(e re!lz!Hn66 e Uen&!nedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
H%roes!doHs6$ !Hs6L "e.or!doHs6$ !Hs66M enli,&tenin, Hinstr(ti+oHs6$ !Hs66 e
Uenli,&tenedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO Hil(str!doHs6$ !Hs6L %ro,resist!Hs6L
il("in!doHs6$ !Hs66M ennoblin, HennobleedorH!66 e UennobledV HennobleidoHs6$
!Hs66M enr!%t(rin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO H/(e e"beles!Hn66 e Uenr!%t(redV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
He"beles!doHs6$ !Hs66M enri&in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Henri/(eedorH!66 e Uenri&edV Henri/(eidoHs6$ !Hs66M ent!n,lin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H/(e se enred!Hn66 ' Uent!n,ledV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hen"!r!)!doHs6$ !Hs66M entert!inin, Hdi+ertidoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Uentert!inedV
HentretenidoHs6$ !Hs66M ent&r!llin, H#!sin!nteHs66 e Uent&r!lledV He"beles!doHs6$ !Hs66M
entiin, Htent!dorH!66 e UentiedV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H!tr!FdoHs6$ !Hs66M
entr!nin, H#!sin!nteHs66 e Uentr!nedV He"beles!doHs6$ !Hs66M errin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se e/(i+o!Hn66 ' UerredV Nl!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO He/(i+o!doHs6$ !Hs66M e-!s%er!tin,
He-!s%er!nteHs6L irrit!nteHs66 e Ue-!s%er!tedV He-!s%er!doHs6$ !Hs6L irrit!doHs6$ !Hs66M
e-eedin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e e-edeHn66 e
Ue-eededV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO He-edidoHs6$
!Hs66M e-itin, He"oion!nteHs66 e Ue-itedV He"oion!doHs6$ !Hs66M e-&!(stin,
H!,ot!dorH!66 e Ue-&!(stedV H!,ot!doHs6$ !Hs66M e-&il!r!tin, Hesti"(l!nteHs6L
e-it!nteHs66 e Ue-&il!r!tedV Hesti"(l!doHs6$ !Hs66M e-%!ndin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hdil!t!bleHs6L en e-%!nsi3n6 e Ue-%!ndedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hdil!t!doHs6$ !Hs66M e-%lodin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H/(e est!ll!Hn66 e Ue-%lodedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hest!ll!doHs6$ !Hs66M e-ten(!tin, Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H!ten(!nteHs66 e Ue-ten(!tedV Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+oO H!ten(!doHs6$ !Hs66M #!din,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se "!r&it!Hn6L desti)eHn66 ' U#!dedV
N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO Hdeste)idoHs6$ !Hs6L "!r&itoHs6$ !Hs6L !%!,!doHs6$ !Hs66M
#!ilin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H"en,(!nteHs6L de!denteHs66 '
U#!iledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H#r!!s!doHs6$ !Hs66M
#!llin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e !eHn6L
desiendeHn66 ' U#!llenV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!FdoHs6$ !Hs6L %erdidoHs6$
!Hs66M #!sin!tin, H#!sin!nteHs66 ' U#!sin!tedV H#!sin!doHs6$ !Hs66M #!ti,(in,
Nliter!rioO H#!ti,osoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U#!ti,(edV H#!ti,!doHs6$ !Hs66M #!ttenin, H/(e
en,ord!Hn66 ' U#!ttenedV Heb!doHs6$ !Hs66M #!7nin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H!d(l!dorH!66 ' U#!7nedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H!d(l!doHs6$ !Hs66M #e(din, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO HontendienteHs66 ' U#e(dedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H%ele!doHs6$ !Hs66M #iddlin, NQtri+i!lHes6L insi,ni#i!nteHs6Q %ero
o"o %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente si,ni#i! Q"!ni%(l!ndoQO Htri+i!lHes66 ' U#iddledV Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO H"!ni%(l!doHs6$ !Hs66M #illin, Hn(triti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U#illedV
N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO HllenoHs6$ !Hs66M #inis&in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H#in!lHes66 ' U#inis&edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble en
in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO Hter"in!doHs6$ !Hs66M #ittin, Nliter!rioO
H!de(!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' U#ittedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s
estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO He"%otr!doHs6$ !Hs6L ent!ll!doHs6$ !Hs6L
!.(st!bleHs6L inte,r!lHes6L !%!it!doHs6$ !Hs66M #l!,,in, Nl!si#i!ti+oO H/(e
#l!/(e!Hn66 ' U#l!,,edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Henlos!doHs6$ !Hs66M #l!s&in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hinter"itenteHs6L brill!nteHs66 ' U#l!s&edV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hen#o!doHs6$ !Hs6 on (n! l(z6M #l!tterin,
H&!l!,!dorH!66 ' U#l!tteredV H&!l!,!doHs6$ !Hs66M #li%%in, NGB4 olo/(i!l4
l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H"!lditoHs6$ !Hs6L onden!doHs6$ !Hs66 '
U#li%%edV NGB4 olo/(i!l4 l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Htir!doHs6$ !Hs66M
#lo7erin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H#loreienteHs6L
#loridoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U#lo7eredV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO
H#lore!doHs6$ !Hs66M #l'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e
+(el!Hn6 %or los !iresL bre+eHs66 ' U#lo7nV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H%ilot!doHs6$ !Hs6L en!rbol!doHs6$ !Hs6L reorridoHs6$ !Hs6 en !+i3n6M #o!"in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e &!eHn6 es%("!6 '
U#o!"edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hon+ertido en es%("!6M #oldin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%le,!bleHs66 ' U#oldedV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H%le,!doHs6$ !Hs66M #ollo7in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breM %(ede ir detrs de (n no"bre %ero es %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO
Hsi,(ienteHs66 ' U#ollo7edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hse,(idoHs6$ !Hs66M #orbe!rin, Nliter!rioO H%!ienteHs6L toler!nteHs66 ' U#orbornV
Nliter!rioO Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se &!Hn6 !bstenido6M #orbiddin, Hse+eroHs6$
!Hs6L i"%onenteHs6L de ,r!n di#i(lt!d6 ' U#orbiddenV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble en
in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO H%ro&ibidoHs6$ !Hs66M #ore,oin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!nteriorHes6L %reedenteHs66 ' U#ore,oneV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H%re+isibleHs6L ine+it!bleHs66M #ores&!do7in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e %res!,i!Hn66 ' U#ores&!do7edV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%res!,i!doHs6$ !Hs66M
#or,i+in, Hind(l,enteHs6L o"%!si+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U#or,i+enV H%erdon!doHs6$ !Hs66M
#osterin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!o,edorHes66 ' U#osteredV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!o,idoHs6$ !Hs66M #o(ndin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H#(nd!dorH!66 ' U#o(ndedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H#(nd!doHs6$ !Hs66M #reezin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO H&el!doHs6$ !Hs6L b!.o ero6 ' U#rozenV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO
H&el!doHs6$ !Hs66M #ri,&tenin, Hes%!ntosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U#ri,&tenedV H!s(st!doHs6$ !Hs66M
#r(str!tin, H#r(str!nteHs66 ' U#r(str!tedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO H#r(str!doHs6$
!Hs66M #(9in, N+(l,!r4 l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde
"ierd!L de los o.ones6 ' U#(9edV N+(l,!r4 l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H.odidoHs6$
!Hs66M #(l#illin, H/(e s!tis#!eHn6L %lenoHs6$ !Hs666 ' U#(l#illedV Hs!tis#!torioHs6$ !Hs6L
re!liz!doHs6$ !Hs66M #("blin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Htit(be!nteHs6L
tor%eHs66 ' U#("bledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde.!doHs6$ !Hs6 !erL
"!nose!doHs6$ !Hs66M ,!t&erin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO HreienteHs66 ' U,!t&eredV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H#r(nidoHs6$ !Hs66M ,n!s&in,
Hre&in!nteHs66 ' U,n!s&edV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO Hre&in!doHs6$ !Hs66M ,n!7in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%ersistenteHs6L %(nz!nteHs66 ' U,n!7edV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO HorroFdoHs6$ !Hs6L !tor"ent!doHs6$ !Hs66M
,oin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hen "!r&!L !t(!lHes66
' U,oneV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO
Hdes!%!reidoHs6$ !Hs6L idoHs6$ !Hs66M ,o+ernin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H,obern!nteHs6L do"in!nteHs66 ' U,o+ernedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H,obern!doHs6$ !Hs66M ,r!ti#'in, H,r!ti#i!nteHs66
' U,r!ti#iedV Hs!tis#e&oHs6$ !Hs66M ,r!tin, H&irri!nteHs6L ris%!nteHs66 ' U,r!tedV Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hr!ll!doHs6$ !Hs66M ,rie+in, Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H!on,o.!doHs6$ !Hs6 Ni /(e se l!"ent!Hn6O6 ' U,rie+edV H!on,o.!doHs6$
!Hs6 Ni !%en!doHs6$ !Hs6O6M ,rindin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 del!nte del no"bre (!ndo
si,ni#i! Q!bsol(toHs6$ !Hs6L !,ot!dorH!6L &irri!nteHs6Q ' %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Qre&in!ndoL "oliendoL !#il!ndoL
%(liendoQO ' U,ro(ndV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H"olidoHs6$ !Hs6L %i!doHs6$ !Hs6L desl(str!doHs6$
!Hs66M ,ro7in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO HreienteHs66 '
U,ro7nV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!d(ltoHs6$ !Hs6L
reidoHs6$ !Hs66M ,(idin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e ,(F!Hn6L
retorL diretor6 ' U,(idedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO
H,(i!doHs6$ !Hs6L telediri,idoHs6$ !Hs66M &!9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hs%eroHs6$ !Hs6L seoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U&!9edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO Hort!doHs6$ !Hs66M &!l#Ion+inin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO H"edio
on+inenteHs66 ' U&!l#Ion+inedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO H"edio
on+enidoHs6$ !Hs66M &!ltin, Htit(be!nteHs66 ' U&!ltedV H%!r!doHs6$ !Hs66M &!n,in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hol,!nteHs6L %!r! ol,!rL de te&o6 '
U&!n,ed Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!&or!doHs6$ !Hs66L &(n, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hol,!doHs6$ !Hs66VM &!r!ssin, H"olestoHs6$ !Hs66
' U&!r!ssedV H!br("!doHs6$ !Hs6L !,obi!doHs6$ !Hs66M &!rdenin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H/(e se end(reeHn66 ' U&!rdenedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4
%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO H(rtidoL e"%edernidoL reinidente6M
&!r"onizin,L &!r"onisin, NGBO H/(e !r"oniz!Hn66 ' U&!r"onizedL &!r"onised
NGBOV H!r"oniz!doHs6$ !Hs66M &!rro7in, H!n,(stiosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U&!rro7edV
H!n,(sti!doHs6$ !Hs66M &!(ntin, Hin/(iet!nteHs66 ' U&!(ntedV N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oO He"br(.!doHs6$ !Hs6L !n,(sti!doHs6$ !Hs66M &e!lin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H(r!ti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U&e!ledV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
H(r!doHs6$ !Hs66M R&e!rtbre!9in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hdes,!rr!dorH!6L
desor!zon!dorH!66 ' UR&e!rtbro9enV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hdesonsol!doHs6$
!Hs66M &e!rtenin, H!lent!dorH!66 ' U&e!rtenedV H!lent!doHs6$ !Hs66M &el%in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e !'(d!Hn6L de !'(d!6 '
U&el%edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!'(d!doHs6$ !Hs66M
R&i,&HI6R#l'in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO Hde
,r!n !lt(r!L %ro"etedorHes66 ' UR&i,&HI6#lo7nV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4
%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO H!ltison!nteHs6L ri"bo"b!nteHs66M &inderin,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H/(e obst!(liz!Hn66 ' U&inderedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hobst!(liz!doHs6$ !Hs66M &oldin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO Hdil!torioHs6$ !Hs6L de !l"!en!"iento te"%or!l6 ' U&eldV Nl!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hs(.et!doHs6$ !Hs66M &orri#'in, H&orrorosoHs6$
!Hs66 ' U&orri#iedV H&orroriz!doHs6$ !Hs66M &("!nizin,L &("!nizin, NGBO
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H&("!niz!nteHs66 ' U&("!nizedL &("!nised
NGBOV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H&("!niz!doHs6$ !Hs66M &("blin, NoO &("ili!tin,
H&("ill!nteHs66 ' U&("bled NoO &("ili!tedV H&("ill!doHs6$ !Hs66M &(ntin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hde !z!6 ' U&(ntedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!z!doHs6$ !Hs66
H!tor"ent!doL !orr!l!doL %erse,(ido6M &(rr'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hon %ris!6 ' U&(rriedV N,ener!l"ente del!nte del no"breO Hr%idoL
!%res(r!doL &e&o de %ris!6M identi#'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO Hes%ei#i!ti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' Uidenti#iedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Hidenti#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M ill("in!tin, Hesl!reedorH!66 e Uill("in!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hil("in!doHs6$ !Hs6L il(str!doHs6$ !Hs66M i"%!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hi"%!t!nteHs66 e Ui"%!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente
del!nte del no"breO Hi"%!t!doHs6$ !Hs6L inr(st!doHs6$ !Hs66M i"%osin,
Hi"%resion!nteHs66 e Ui"%osedV Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hi"%(estoHs6$ !Hs66M i"%ro+in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hinstr(ti+oHs6$ !Hs6L %r3s%eroHs6$ !Hs66 e
Ui"%ro+edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H"e.or!doHs6$ !Hs66M inbreedin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e %rore!Hn6 dentro de (n! "is"! #!"ili! o
r!z!6 e UinbredV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hinn!toHs6$ !Hs6L endo,"ioHs6$ !Hs66M in!%!it!tin,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H/(e in!%!it!Hn66 e Uin!%!it!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hin!%!it!doHs6$
!Hs66M inRor%or!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H%olisint0tioHs6$ !Hs66 e UinRor%or!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Honstit(idoHs6$
!Hs6 Nle,!l"enteO6M inre!sin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
HreienteHs6L !d! +ez "!'or6 e Uinre!sedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H"!'orHes6L
inre"ent!doHs6$ !Hs66M inri"in!tin, Ho"%ro"etedorH!6L inri"in!torioHs6$ !Hs66 e
Uinri"in!tedV Hinri"in!doHs6$ !Hs66M inR#!t(!tin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e
e"bob!Hn66 e UinR#!t(!tedV Hen!%ri&!doHs6$ !Hs66M in#l!"in, H/(e se in#l!"!Hn6L
e-!erb!nteHs66 e Uin#l!"edV Hin#l!"!doHs6$ !Hs66M in#(ri!tin, Hirrit!nteHs66 e
Uin#(ri!tedV Hirrit!doHs6$ !Hs66M inR,r!ti!tin, H&!l!,!dorH!6L obse/(iosoHs6$ !Hs66 e
UinR,r!ti!tedV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO Hon,r!i!doHs6$ !Hs66M Rin,ro7in,L
inR,ro7in, NGBO Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H/(e reeHn6 &!i!
dentro6 e URin,ro7nL inR,ro7n NGBOV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Hinn!toHs6$ !Hs6L on,0nitoHs6$ !Hs6L en!rn!doHs6$ !Hs6L !n/(ilos!doHs6$ !Hs66M
inR&ibitin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e in&ibeHn66 e UinR&ibitedV Hin&ibidoHs6$
!Hs66M inRsin(!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hinsin(!nteHs6L
"!lintenion!doHs6$ !Hs66 e UinRsin(!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hinsin(!doHs6$ !Hs66M ins%irin, Hins%ir!dorH!66 e Uins%iredV Hins%ir!doHs6$ !Hs66M
ins(l!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!isl!nteHs66 e Uins(l!tedV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!isl!doHs6$ !Hs66M ins(ltin, Hins(lt!nteHs66 e Uins(ltedV Hins(lt!doHs6$
!Hs66M inte,r!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hinte,r!dorH!66 e
Uinte,r!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hinte,r!doHs6$ !Hs66M intensi#'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO HreienteHs66 e Uintensi#iedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hintensi#i!doHs6$
!Hs66M interRbreedin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se r(z!Hn66 e
UinterRbredV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hr(z!doHs6$ !Hs66M interonnetin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se o"(ni!Hn6L on orres%ondeni!L de
o"(ni!i3n6 e UinteronnetedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hinteronet!doHs6$ !Hs66M
interestin, Hinteres!nteHs66 e UinterestedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre (!ndo e/(i+!le ! UonernedV ' se tr!d(e %or Uinteres!doHs6$ !Hs6V$ detrs
de (n +erbo (!ndo +! se,(ido de UinV ' se tr!d(e %or Uinteres!doHs6$ !Hs6V '
del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo (!ndo se tr!d(e %or Uinteres!doHs6$
!Hs6VOM interRlin9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se
entrel!z!Hn6L interrel!ion!Hn66 e UinterRlin9edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hentrel!z!doHs6$ !Hs6L
interrel!ion!doHs6$ !Hs66M interRlo9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e se entrel!z!Hn66 e UinterRlo9edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Hentrel!z!doHs6$ !Hs66M inti"id!tin, H!"edrent!dorH!66 e Uinti"id!tedV
H!"edrent!doHs6$ !Hs66M into-i!tin, He"bri!,!dorH!6L est(%e#!ienteHs66 e
Uinto-i!tedV HebrioHs6$ !Hs66M intri,(in, Hintri,!nteHs66 e Uintri,(edV Hintri,!doHs6$
!Hs66M in+!din, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hin+!sorH!66 e
Uin+!dedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hin+!didoHs6$ !Hs66M in+esti,!tin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e in+esti,!Hn66 e Uin+esti,!tedV
Hin+esti,!doHs6$ !Hs66 Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breOM in+i,or!tin,
Hesti"(l!nteHs6L toni#i!nteHs66 e Uin+i,or!tedV HllenoHs6$ !Hs6 de !le,rF!6M in+itin,
H!tr!ti+oHs6$ !Hs6L init!nteHs66 e Uin+itedV Hin+it!doHs6$ !Hs66M ionizin,L ionisin, NGBO
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hioniz!nteHs66 ' UionizedL ionised NGBOV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hioniz!doHs6$ !Hs66M irrit!tin, Hirrit!nteHs66 e Uirrit!tedV Hirrit!doHs6$ !Hs66M
isol!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 4 s3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!isl!nteHs6
Nre#erido ! idio"!sO6 ' Uisol!tedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO H!isl!doHs6$ !Hs6L
!%!rt!doHs6$ !Hs66M .eerin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hb(rl3nH!66 '
U.eeredV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!b(&e!doHs6$ !Hs66M 9n!9erin,
NGB4 olo/(i!lO H!,ot!dorH!66 ' U9n!9eredV NGB4 olo/(i!lO Hre+ent!doHs6$ !Hs66M
9nittin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde te.er6 ' U9nittedL
9nit NGB %rini%!l"enteOV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hte.idoHs6$ !Hs66M 9no7in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO H!st(toHs6$ !Hs6L de o"%liid!d6 '
U9no7nV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 olo/(i!l o +(l,!r '$ !
+ees$ estnd!rO HonoidoHs6$ !Hs6L reonoidoHs6$ !Hs66M l!bo(rin, NGBOL l!borin,
NUSAO Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO Htr!b!.!dor6 ' Ul!bo(red NGBOL l!bored NUSAOV
Hdi#i(ltosoL #orz!do6M l!n,(is&in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO Hln,(idoHs6$ !Hs6L senti"ent!lHes66 ' Ul!n,(is&edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
H"!r&it!doHs6$ !Hs66M le!+in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hde des%edid!6 ' Ule#tV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
si,ni#i! Qiz/(ierdoHs6$ !Hs6Q ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o si,ni#i! Qde.!doL en
onsi,n!QOM lendin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde
%r0st!"o6 ' UlentV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%rest!doHs6$ !Hs66M len,t&enin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se !l!r,!Hn66 ' Ulen,t&enedV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!l!r,!doHs6$ !Hs66M liber!tin, Hliber!dorH!66 ' Uliber!tedV Hliber!doHs6$
!Hs66M li"itin, Hrestriti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' Uli"itedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO
Hli"it!doHs6$ !Hs66M lin9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Ho%(l!ti+oHs6$
!Hs66 ' Ulin9edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hrel!ion!doHs6$ !Hs66M lo9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se ierr!Hn6 on ll!+e6 ' Ulo9edV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hblo/(e!doHs6$ !Hs66M losin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%erdedorH!66 ' UlostV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO
H%erdidoHs6$ !Hs66M lo+in, N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO H!ri)osoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ulo+edV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H/(eridoHs6$ !Hs66M "!ddenin, He-!s%er!nteHs66 ' U"!ddenedV
Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+oO Henlo/(eidoHs6$ !Hs66M "!n!,in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H,erenteHs66 ' U"!n!,edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hontrol!doHs6$ !Hs66M "!n(#!t(rin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H"!n(#!t(reroL de
#!bri!i3nL ind(stri!l6 ' U"!n(#!t(redV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H"!n(#!t(r!doHs6$ !Hs66M "!t&in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e &!eHn6 .(e,o6 ' U"!t&edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO H/(e &!Hn6 &e&o .(e,o6M "e!s(rin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H,r!d(!doHs6$ !Hs6L de "edir6 ' U"e!s(redV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
H"oder!doHs6$ !Hs66M "edi!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H/(e "edi!Hn6L
(r!Hn66 ' U"edi!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H"ediin!lHes66M "eltin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO HenterneedorH!6L de #(si3n6 '
U"elted Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleOL "olten N!li#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOV HderretidoHs6$ !Hs6 ND1 =18B18O6M "es"erizin,L
"es"erisin, NGBO H#!sin!nteHs66 ' U"es"erizedL "es"erised NGBOV H%!s"!doHs6$
!Hs66M "inin, Hre"il,!doHs6$ !Hs6L "en(ditoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U"inedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO H%i!doHs6$ !Hs66M "in,lin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e se "ezl!Hn66 ' U"in,ledV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H"ezl!doHs6$ !Hs66M
"ini"izin,L "ini"isin, NGBO Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H"ini"iz!nteHs66 ' U"ini"izedL "ini"ised NGBOV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H"ini"iz!doHs6$ !Hs66M "is!rr'in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e !bort!Hn6L /(e se
"!lo,r!Hn66 ' U"is!rriedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H/(e &!Hn6 !bort!doL #r!!s!doHs6$ !Hs66M "isle!din, Hen,!)osoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U"isledV
Hen,!)!doHs6$ !Hs66M "issin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%erdidoHs6$ !Hs6L
des!%!reidoHs6$ !Hs6L /(e #!lt!Hn66 ' U"issedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H%erdidoHs6$ !Hs6L des!%!reidoHs6$ !Hs66M "iti,!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H!ten(!nteHs66 ' U"iti,!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H"iti,!doHs6$ !Hs66M "o9in,
Hb(rl3nH!66 ' U"o9edV Hb(rl!doHs6$ !Hs66M "oder!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble
en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!r4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H"oder!dorH!66 ' U"oder!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H"oder!doHs6$ !Hs66M "odernizin,L "odernisin, NGBO Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e se "oderniz!Hn66 ' U"odernizedL "odernised NGBO Nl!si#i!ti+oO
H"oderniz!doHs6$ !Hs66M "odi#'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H"odi#i!dorH!66 ' U"odi#iedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H"odi#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M "oist(rizin,L
"oist(risin, NGBO H&idr!t!nteHs66 ' U"oist(rizedL "oist(rised NGBOV H&idr!t!doHs6$
!Hs66M "orti#'in, H&("ill!nteHs66 ' U"orti#iedV H!+er,onz!doHs6$ !Hs66M "oti+!tin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H"oti+!dorH!6L /(e "oti+!Hn66 '
U"oti+!tedV H"oti+!doHs6$ !Hs66M "o(lderin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "olderin,
NUSAO Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se estHn6
des"oron!ndoL %odridoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U"o(ldered NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "oldered
NUSAOV Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+oO Hdes"oron!doHs6$ !Hs66M "o(ntin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO HreienteHs66 ' U"o(ntedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H"ont!doHs6$ !Hs6L ! !b!llo6M "o(rnin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e llor!Hn66 ' U"o(rnedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hl!"ent!doHs6$ !Hs66M "o+in, N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO He"oti+oHs6$ !Hs6L
"3+ilHes6L "otrizHes66 ' U"o+edV He"oion!doHs6$ !Hs66M "(ddlin, Hdi#FilHes6 de
entender6 ' U"(ddledV Hon#(soHs6$ !Hs66M "(lti%l'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se "(lti%li!Hn66 ' U"(lti%liedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H"(lti%li!doHs6$ !Hs66M "(r"(rin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e "(r"(r!Hn6L "(r"(r!dorH!666 '
U"(r"(redV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H"(r"(r!doHs6$ !Hs66M
"(t!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H"(t!nteHs66 ' U"(t!tedV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H"(t!doHs6$ !Hs66M "'sti#'in, Hdesonert!nteHs66 ' U"'sti#iedV
Hdesonert!doHs6$ !Hs66M n!,,in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H%ersistenteHs6L ,r()3nH!6L intr!n/(iloHs6$ !Hs66 ' Un!,,edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H#!stidi!doHs6$ !Hs66M n!(se!tin, Hre%(,n!nteHs6L n!(se!b(doHs6$
!Hs66 ' Un!(se!tedV H!s/(e!doHs6$ !Hs66M ne,oti!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hne,oi!dorH!66 ' Une,oti!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hne,oi!doHs6$
!Hs66M nonHI6%oll(tin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno
ont!"in!nteHs66 ' UnonHI6%oll(tedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno
ont!"in!doHs6$ !Hs66M no(ris&in, Hn(triti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' Uno(ris&edV Hn(tridoHs6$ !Hs66M
n(rsin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e !"!"!nt!Hn66 '
Un(rsedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!tendidoHs6$ !Hs66M
n(rt(rin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e rF!Hn6L
(id!Hn66 ' Un(rt(redV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hri!doHs6$ !Hs6L (id!doHs6$ !Hs66M
obli,in, H!tentoHs6$ !Hs6L ser+ii!lHes66 ' Uobli,edV Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO H!,r!deidoHs6$ !Hs66M obser+in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hobser+!dorH!66 ' Uobser+edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hobser+!doHs6$ !Hs66M
o(%'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde o(%!i3n6 ' Uo(%iedV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO Ho(%!doHs6$ !Hs66M o##endin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Ho#ensi+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' Uo##endedV Ho#endidoHs6$ !Hs66M o%er!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Ho%er!ti+oHs6$ !Hs6L de e-%lot!i3nL de
#(nion!"ientoL de o%er!iones6 ' Uo%er!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H!ion!doHs6$ !Hs6L !%li!doHs6$ !Hs66M o%%osin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hontr!rioHs6$ !Hs6L o%(estoHs6$ !Hs6L
ene"i,oHs6$ !Hs66 ' Uo%%osedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 %rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO Ho%(estoHs6$ !Hs6L en ontr!6M o%%ressin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Ho%resorH!66 ' Uo%%ressedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Ho%ri"idoHs6$ !Hs66M or,!nizin,L
or,!nisin, NGBO Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hor,!niz!dorH!66 '
Uor,!nizedL or,!nised NGBOV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO Hor,!niz!doHs6$ !Hs66M
o+erRbe!rin, Hdo"in!nteHs66 ' Uo+erRbornV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO Ho%ri"idoHs6$
!Hs66M o+er&e!tin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e re!lient!Hn66 ' Uo+er&e!tedV
Hre!lent!doHs6$ !Hs66M o+erl!%%in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se
s(%er%oneHn66 ' Uo+erl!%%edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hs(%er%(estoHs6$ !Hs66M o+erR%o7erin,
H%enetr!nteHs6L !,obi!nteHs6L irresistibleHs66 ' Uo+erR%o7eredV Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hdo"in!doHs6$ !Hs66M o+ers&!do7in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Heli%s!nteHs66 ' Uo+ers&!do7edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Heli%s!doHs6$ !Hs66M o+er7&el"in, N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO H!br("!dorH!66 '
Uo+erR7&el"edV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO H!br("!doHs6$ !Hs66M o-',en!tin,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H/(e o-i,en!Hn66 ' Uo-',en!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Ho-i,en!doHs6$ !Hs66M
%!r!l'sin, NGBOL %!r!l'zin, NUSAO H%!r!liz!nteHs66 ' U%!r!l'sed NGBOL %!r!l'zed
NUSAOV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO H%!r!liz!doHs6$ !Hs66M %!rtin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e %!rteHn6L de des%edid!6 ' U%!rtedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hse%!r!doHs6$ !Hs66M %!ssin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%!s!.eroHs6$ !Hs6L s(%er#ii!lHes6L r%idoHs6$ !Hs66 '
U%!ssedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%!s!doHs6$ !Hs66M
%!tronizin,L %!tronisin, NGBO HondesendienteHs66 ' U%!tronizedL %!tronised
NGBOV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO Htr!t!doHs6$ !Hs6 on ondesendeni!6M %!'in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde %!,oL %ro+e&osoHs6$ !Hs66
' U%!idV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO
H%!,!doHs6$ !Hs66M %enetr!tin, H%enetr!nteHs6 Nen sentido #i,(r!doOL %ers%i!z NoO
!,(do6 ' U%enetr!tedV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H%enetr!doHs6$ !Hs66M %er#etin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se %er#eion!Hn66 ' U%er#etedV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H%er#eion!doHs6$ !Hs66M %er#or"in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hinter%ret!ti+oHs6$ !Hs6L !"!estr!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' U%er#or"edV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hre%resent!doHs6$ !Hs66M
%eris&in, NGB4 olo/(i!l4 l!si#i!ti+oO H&el!doHs6$ !Hs6L "(' #rFoHs6$ !Hs6L "!lditoHs6$
!Hs66 ' U%eris&edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H"(ertoHs6$ !Hs6 de #rFo NGB4 olo/(i!l4 s3lo detrs
de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oOL deterior!doHs6$ !Hs66M %er%le-in, Hdesonert!nteHs66 '
U%er%le-edV H%er%le.oHs6$ !Hs66M %ert(rbin, H%ert(rb!dorH!66 ' U%ert(rbedV
H%ert(rb!doHs6$ !Hs66M %er+!din, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hdo"in!nteHs66 ' U%er+!dedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hdo"in!doHs6$ !Hs66M %i9lin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e d!Hn6 s!bor ! es!be&e6
' U%i9ledV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO Hes!be&!doHs6$ !Hs6L en(rtidoHs6$ !s6L en
+in!,re Nestnd!rOL borr!&oHs6$ !Hs6 Nolo/(i!lO6M %ierin, H%enetr!nteHs6L
ort!nteHs66 ' U%ieredV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H%er#or!doHs6$ !Hs66M %ioneerin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4
%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO H%ioneroHs6$ !Hs6L inno+!dorH!66 ' U%ioneeredV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO He-%lor!doHs6$ !Hs6L %ro"o+idoHs6$ !Hs66M
%it'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO Ho"%!si+oHs6$ !Hs6L de
des%reio6 ' U%itiedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Ho"%!deidoHs6$ !Hs66M %l!!tin, H/(e
!%!i,(!Hn66 ' U%l!!tedV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H!%!i,(!doHs6$ !Hs66M %le!sin,
H!,r!d!bleHs66 ' U%le!sedV HontentoHs6$ !Hs66M %ollin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO Heletor!lHes66 ' U%olledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hen(est!doHs6$ !Hs66M %oll(tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hont!"in!nteHs66 ' U%oll(tedV Hont!"in!doHs6$ !Hs66M
%ostR"odi#'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H%osHt6"odi#i!bleHs66 ' U%ostR"odi#iedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H%osHt6"odi#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M %r!tisin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %r!tiin, NUSAO
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%r!ti!nteHs6L !ti+oHs6$ !Hs66
' U%r!tised NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %r!tied NUSAOV Nl!si#i!ti+oO He-%ertoHs6$ !Hs6L
est(di!doHs6$ !Hs66M %redis%osin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e
%redis%oneHn66 ' U%redis%osedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO
H%redis%(estoHs6$ !Hs66M %reenin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e se !i!l!Hn66 ' U%reenedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!i!l!doHs6$
!Hs66M %re#i,(rin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se
i"!,in!Hn66 ' U%re#i,(redV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hi"!,in!doHs6$ !Hs66M
%re%ossessin, Nliter!rio4 %rini%!l"ente en #or"! ne,!ti+!O H!tr!ti+oHs6$ !Hs6L
!,r!d!bleHs66 ' U%re%ossessedV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H%reo(%!doHs6$ !Hs6L
%redi%(estoHs6$ !Hs66M %reRsribin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e reet!Hn66 ' U%reRsribedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hreet!doHs6$
!Hs66M %ressin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO H!%re"i!nteHs6L (r,enteHs66 '
U%ressedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO H!%(r!doHs6$
!Hs6L !,obi!doHs6$ !Hs6L %l!n&!doHs6$ !Hs6L %rens!doHs6$ !Hs66M %res("in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%res(nt(osoHs6$ !Hs66 '
U%res("edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hs(%(estoHs6$
!Hs66M %roessin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde
%roes!"iento6 ' U%roessedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%roes!doHs6$ !Hs66M
%ro.etin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hsobres!lienteHs66 ' U%ro.etedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%re+istoHs6$ !Hs66M %ro"isin, H%ro"etedorH!66 '
U%ro"isedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%ro"etidoHs6$ !Hs66M %ro+o9in,
Hirrit!nteHs66 ' U%ro+o9edV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H%ro+o!doHs6$ !Hs66M %(nis&in,
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO Hd(roHs6$ !Hs6L !,ot!dorH!66 ' U%(nis&edV
H!sti,!doHs6$ !Hs6L "!ltr!t!doHs6$ !Hs66M %(r,in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H%(r,!nteHs66 ' U%(r,edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H%(r,!doHs6$ !Hs66M %(ri#'in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H%(ri#i!dorH!66 ' U%(ri#iedV
H%(ri#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M %(s&in, He"%rendedorHes6L en0r,ioHs6$ !Hs6L !,resi+oHs6$ !Hs66
' U%(s&edV Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hes!soHs6$ !Hs6L en (n !%rieto6M
%(zzlin, Hdesonert!nteHs66 ' U%(zzledV Hdesonert!doHs6$ !Hs66M /(!li#'in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!li#i!tioHs6$ !Hs6L
eli"in!torioHs6$ !Hs6L l!si#i!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' U/(!li#iedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO
Htit(l!doHs6$ !Hs6L !%!it!doHs6$ !Hs66M /(!nti#'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H/(e (!nti#i!Hn66 ' U/(!nti#iedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H(!nti#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M /(estionin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO Hin/(isiti+oHs6$ !Hs6L
rFtioHs6$ !Hs66 ' U/(estionedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hinterro,!doHs6$ !Hs66M /(i9enin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H!eler!dorHes66 ' U/(i9enedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!eler!doHs6$ !Hs66M r!idin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!s!lt!nteHs66 ' Ur!idedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!s!lt!doHs6$ !Hs66M r!n9in,
NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!ble4 l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde
,r!do s(%erior6
' Ur!n9edV Nno ,r!d(!ble4 l!si#i!ti+oO Hl!si#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M r!s%in, H&irri!nteHs6L
s%eroHs6$ !Hs6L bronoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ur!s%edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hde b!rb!s6M r!ttlin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"bre4 r!roO He-elenteHs6L
+i+!zHes66 ' Ur!ttledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 r!roO H!,it!doHs6$ !Hs6L desonert!doHs6$ !Hs66M
r!+is&in, Hen!nt!dorH!6L !rreb!t!dorH!66 ' Ur!+is&edV Hen!nt!doHs6$ !Hs66M
re!ss(rin, Htr!n/(iliz!dorH!6L !lent!dorH!66 ' Ure!ss(redV Htr!n/(iloHs6$ !Hs6L
tr!n/(iliz!doHs6$ !Hs66M reei+in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"bre4 r!roO Hree%torH!66 ' Ureei+edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H,ener!l"ente
!e%t!doHs6$ !Hs6L reibidoHs6$ !Hs66M reordin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hde ,r!b!i3nL diso,r#ioHs6$ !Hs6L /(e re,istr!Hn66 '
UreordedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H,r!b!doHs6$ !Hs6L do("ent!doHs6$ !Hs66M
redee"in, Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+oO Ho"%ens!dorH!66 ' Uredee"edV Nliter!rio4
l!si#i!ti+oO Hredi"idoHs6$ !Hs66M re#or"in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H/(e re#or"!Hn66 ' Ure#or"edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hre#or"!doHs6$ !Hs66M re#res&in,
Hre#res!nteHs66 ' Ure#res&edV Hre#res!doHs6$ !Hs66M rein+i,or!tin, Hreesti"(l!nteHs66
e Urein+i,or!tedV Hreesti"(l!doHs6$ !Hs66M re.(+en!tin, Hre.(+eneedorH!66 '
Ure.(+en!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hre.(+eneidoHs6$ !Hs66M rel!-in, Hrel!.!nteHs66 '
Urel!-edV Hrel!.!doHs6$ !Hs66M relie+in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO Hrel!.!nteHs66 '
Urelie+edV H!li+i!doHs6$ !Hs66M re%e!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hre%etidorH!66 ' Ure%e!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hre%etidoHs6$ !Hs66M re%ro+in, Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+oO Hreri"in!torioHs6$
!Hs66 ' Ure%ro+edV Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+oO Hreri"in!doHs6$ !Hs66M resol+in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hresol+enteHs66 ' Uresol+edV
Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o ' si,ni#i! Qres(eltoHs6$ !Hs6L deididoHs6$ !Hs6QM
(!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do si,ni#i! Qres(eltoL !l!r!doQOM restr!inin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hrestriti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' Urestr!inedV
H"oder!doHs6$ !Hs6L o"edidoHs6$ !Hs66M restritin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e restrin,eHn66 ' UrestritedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO Hrestrin,idoHs6$
!Hs6L %ro&ibidoHs6$ !Hs66M ret!inin, Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO Hde onteni3n6 ' Uret!inedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO HretenidoHs6$ !Hs66M retirin, N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble en
in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO Hretr!FdoHs6$ !Hs6L s!lienteHs6L %!r!
retir!rse6 ' UretiredV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hretir!doHs6$ !Hs66M ret(rnin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e re,res!Hn66 ' Uret(rnedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde+(eltoHs6$ !Hs66M re+e!lin,
Hre+el!dorH!66 ' Ure+e!ledV Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hre+el!doHs6$ !Hs66M re+it!lizin,L
re+it!lisin, NGBO Hre+it!liz!nteHs66 ' Ure+it!lizedL re+it!lised NGBOV Hre+it!liz!doHs6$
!Hs66M re+oltin, Hre%(,n!nteHs66 ' Ure+oltedV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hs(ble+!doHs6$ !Hs66M re7!rdin, H,r!ti#i!nteHs66 ' Ure7!rdedV Hreo"%ens!doHs6$
!Hs66M r&'"in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%!re!doHs6$
!Hs6L /(e ri"!Hn66 ' Ur&'"edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hri"!doHs6$
!Hs66M rin,in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e s(en!Hn6L
sonoroHs6$ !Hs6L ,r!ndilo(enteHs6L en0r,ioHs6$ !Hs66 ' Urin,edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!nill!doHs6$ !Hs6L "!r!doHs6$ !Hs6 on (n
Fr(loL Fr(los6M ri%enin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H/(e estHn6 "!d(r!ndo6 ' Uri%ened Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H"!d(roHs6$
!Hs66M risin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!sendienteHs6L
s!lienteHs66 ' UrisenV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hres(it!doHs6$ !Hs66M ri+etin, H#!sin!nteHs66 '
Uri+etedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H#!sin!doHs6$ !Hs66M ro!stin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H%!r! !s!r Ndel!nte del no"breOL !rdiendo Nolo/(i!l4 detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO6 ' Uro!stedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!s!doHs6$ !Hs66M ro9in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H"eedorH!66 ' Uro9edV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H"eidoHs6$ !Hs6L s!(didoHs6$ !Hs66M rollin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H+ibr!nteHs6L !,it!doHs6$ !Hs6L
ond(l!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' UrolledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Henroll!doHs6$ !Hs6L
err!doHs6$ !Hs66M rottin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hen
%(tre#!i3nL /(e se %(dreHn66 ' UrottedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%odridoHs6$
!Hs66M ro(sin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO H!l(rosoHs6$ !Hs6L +e&e"enteHs66
' Uro(sedV Hdes%ert!doHs6$ !Hs66M ro7in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO Hde re"o6 ' Uro7edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hre"!doHs6$ !Hs66M r(lin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hdo"in!nteHs6L +i,enteHs66 ' Ur(ledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hde
r!'!s6M r(nnin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 %(ede ir del!nte ' detrs de (n no"bre
o"o !d.eti+o$ !(n/(e se %(ede onsider!r t!"bi0n o"o !d+erbio (!ndo +!
detrs de (n no"breO HorrienteHs6L ontin(oHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ur(nV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO HderretidoHs6$ !Hs6L deste)idoHs6$ !Hs6L
!,ot!doHs6$ !Hs6L de ontr!b!ndo6M r(s&in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H/(e #l('eHn6L re%entinoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ur(s&edV Hon %ris!6M r(ttin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e estHn6 en elo6 ' Ur(ttedV Nno ,r!d(!bleO
HllenoHs6$ !Hs6 de rod!d!s6M s!ddenin, HentristeedorH!66 ' Us!ddenedV
HentristeidoHs6$ !Hs66M s!"%lin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hde "(estreo6 ' Us!"%ledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H%rob!doHs6$ !Hs66M s!nti#'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hs!nti#i!dorHes66 ' Us!nti#iedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hs!nti#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M s!tis#'in,
Hn(triti+oHs6$ !Hs6 N(!ndo se re#iere ! o"id!OL ,r!ti#i!nteHs6L s!tis#!torioHs6$ !Hs6L
/(e d!Hn6 s!tis#!i3nL /(e s!tis#!eHn66 ' Us!tis#iedV Hs!tis#e&oHs6$ !Hs66M s!+in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hs!l+!dorH!6L !ten(!nteHs6L
!&orr!dorH!66 ' Us!+edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hres!t!doHs6$ !Hs6L !&orr!doHs6$ !Hs66M
s!ldin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 olo/(i!lO H"(' !lienteHs66 ' Us!ldedV Nolo/(i!l4
l!si#i!ti+oO Hes!ld!doHs6$ !Hs6L !lent!doHs6$ !Hs66M s!tterin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se dis%ers!Hn66 ' Us!tteredV N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oO Hdis%ersoHs6$ !Hs66M sintill!tin, H&is%e!nteHs6L rel("br!nteHs66 '
Usintill!tedV Hentelle!doHs6$ !Hs66M sor&in, Nolo/(i!lO H!br!s!dorH!6L #erozHes66
' Usor&edV Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!br!s!doHs6$ !Hs6L &!"(s!doHs6$ !Hs66M
s(##lin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e #ore.e!Hn66 '
Us(##ledV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H#ore.e!doHs6$ !Hs66M se!r&in, Hin/(isiti+oHs6$ !Hs66 '
Use!r&edV Hre,istr!doHs6$ !Hs66M sed!tin, Hsed!nteHs66 ' Used!tedV Hsed!doHs6$ !Hs66M
Rsel#IRenterin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H!(toentr!dorHes66 ' URsel#IRentred NGBOL
Rsel#IRentered NUSAOV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO He,o0ntrioHs6$ !Hs66M Rsel#I
onRtrollin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H/(e se ontrol! ! sF "is"o6 ' URsel#I
onRtrolledV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hon do"inio de sF "is"oL !(torre,(l!doHs6$
!Hs66M Rsel#IRoolin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hde en#ri!"iento !(to"tio6 '
URsel#IRooledV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hen#ri!doHs6$ !Hs6 !(to"ti!"ente6M Rsel#I
deRei+in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hso)!dorHes66 ' URsel#IdeRei+edV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
!li#i!ti+oO Hil(soHs6$ !Hs66M Rsel#IdeRter"inin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO
H!(t3no"oHs6$ !Hs6L de libre deter"in!i3n6 ' URsel#IdeRter"inedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
!li#i!ti+oO H!(todeter"in!doHs6$ !Hs66M Rsel#IdeR+otin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO
H/(e se dedi! ! sF "is"o6 ' URsel#IdeR+otedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hdedi!do !
sF "is"o6M Rsel#IdiRretin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO H!(todiri,idoHs6$ !Hs66 ' URsel#I
diRretedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO H,(i!doHs6$ !Hs6 %or +ol(nt!d %ro%i!6M
Rsel#IR#ertilizin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!(to#ertiliz!nteHs66 '
URsel#IR#ertilizedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!(to#ertiliz!doHs6$ !Hs66M
Rsel#I#iRn!nin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!(to#in!ni!doHs6$ !Hs66 '
URsel#I#iRn!nedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H#in!ni!do %or (no
"is"o6M Rsel#IR,ener!tin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO H/(e se ,ener! ! sF "is"o6 '
URsel#IR,ener!tedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO H!(to,ener!do %or sF "is"o6M
Rsel#IR,i+in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!bne,!doHs6$ !Hs66 '
URsel#IR,i+enV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hd!do %or (no "is"oL
!(toderi+!doHs6$ !Hs66M Rsel#IR,o+ernin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H!(t3no"oHs6$ !Hs6L /(e se ,obiern! ! sF "is"o6 ' URsel#IR,o+ernedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H,obern!do %or sF "is"o6M Rsel#IR&!rdenin, Ns3lo
!d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO H!(toend(reibleHs66 ' URsel#IR&!rdenedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
l!si#i!ti+oO H!(toend(reidoHs6 !Hs66M Rsel#IRli"itin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO H/(e se li"it! ! sF "is"o6 ' URsel#IRli"itedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oO Hli"it!do ! sF "is"o6M Rsel#IR"o+in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO H!(to%ro%(lsorHes66 ' URsel#IR"o+edV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO H!(to%ro%(ls!doHs6$ !Hs66M Rsel#IR%le!sin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H/(e
se s!tis#!e ! sF "is"o6 ' URsel#IR%le!sedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hs!tis#e&o de sF
"is"o6M Rsel#IRr!isin, NGBOL Rsel#IRrisin, NUSAO Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO H/(e no neesit!Hn6 le+!d(r!6 ' URsel#IRrisenV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!bleO H/(e s(beHn6 %or s(s %ro%ios "edios6M Rsel#IRs!tis#'in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o
!li#i!ti+oO H/(e se s!tis#!e ! sF "is"o6 ' URsel#IRs!tis#iedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
!li#i!ti+oO H!(too"%l!ienteHs6L s!tis#e&o de sF "is"o6M Rsel#Is(R%%ortin, Ns3lo
!d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Heon3"i!"ente inde%endienteHs6L
!(to#in!ni!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' URsel#Is(R%%ortedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO H/(e se sostieneHn6 %or sF "is"oHs6L !(toest!bleHs66M Rsel#Is(sRt!inin,
Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H/(e se "!ntieneHn6 %or s(s %ro%ios
"edios6 ' URsel#Is(sRt!inedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H"!ntenidoHs6$
!Hs6 %or s(s %ro%ios "edios6M seren!din, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO H/(e d!Hn6 (n! seren!t!6 ' Useren!dedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e &!Hn6 sido d!doHs6$ !Hs6 (n! seren!t!6M ser+in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hen !ti+oL de ser+ir6 '
User+edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hser+idoHs6$ !Hs66M s&!9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hte"blorosoHs6$ !Hs6L /(e tie"bl!Hn66 ' Us&!9enV
N%rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO H!,it!doHs6$ !Hs6L s!(didoHs6$ !Hs6L
i"%resion!doHs6$ !Hs66M s&!"in, H+er,onzosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Us&!"edV H!+er,onz!doHs6$
!Hs66M s&!tterin, Htre"endoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Us&!tteredV Hdestroz!doHs6$ !Hs66M s&!+in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde !#eit!r6 ' Us&!+edV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breOL Us&!+enV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO H!#eit!doHs6$ !Hs6L r!%!doHs6$ !Hs66M s&i#tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!"bi!nteHs6L "o+edizoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Us&i#tedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!"bi!doHs6$ !Hs66M s&o9in, H&orribleHs66 ' Us&o9edV
N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO H&orroriz!doHs6$ !Hs66M s&rin9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e eno,eHn6L /(e es!se!Hn66 ' Us&r(n9V
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO o Us&r(n9enV Heno,idoHs6$
!Hs66M si9enin, H!s/(e!nteHs6L es!lo#ri!nteHs66 ' Usi9enedV H!s/(e!doHs6$ !Hs66M
si""erin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e &ier+eHn6 !
#(e,o lentoL /(e #er"ent!Hn66 ' Usi""eredV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H&er+idoHs6$ !Hs6 ! #(e,o lentoL #er"ent!doHs6$ !Hs66M sin,in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e !nt!Hn66 ' Us(n,V Nl!si#i!ti+oO
H!nt!doHs6$ !Hs66M sin9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H/(e se &(ndeHn6L /(e +!Hn6 ! %i/(e6 ' Qs(n9enQ Nl!si#i!ti+oO H&(ndidoHs6$ !Hs6L !
ni+el "s b!.o6M sl!ntin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hinlin!doHs6$ !Hs6L
r!s,!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' Usl!ntedV Hinlin!doHs6$ !Hs6L tendeniosoHs6$ !Hs66M sli,&tin, Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hdes%eti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' Usli,&tedV Ho#endidoHs6$ !Hs66M s"!9in,
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H"(' r%idoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Us"!9edV H!bo#ete!doHs6$ !Hs66M
s"!s&in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO H#!ntstioHs6$ !Hs66 ' Us"!s&edV N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+o4 +(l,!rO Hborr!&oHs6$ !Hs66M s"o9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H%!r! #("!dores6 ' Us"o9edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!&("!doHs6$ !Hs66M so!9in,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO He"%!%!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' Uso!9edV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO He"%!%!doHs6$ !Hs66M soberin, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO H!leion!dorH!6L /(e d!Hn6 /(e %ens!r6 ' UsoberedV Hdes%e.!doHs6$ !Hs66M
soot&in, Hrel!.!nteHs6L !l"!nteHs66 ' Usoot&edV Htr!n/(iliz!doHs6$ !Hs66M s%!n9in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hr%idoHs6$ !Hs6L #(erteHs66 ' Us%!n9edV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hz(rr!doHs6$ !Hs66M s%!rin, H"oder!doHs6$
!Hs6L %!roHs6$ !Hs6L o"%!si+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' Us%!redV Hno i"%resindibleHs66M s%e!9in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%!rl!nteHs6L /(e &!bl!Hn66 '
Us%o9enV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"bre re#erido 2ni!"ente
! os!sO H&!bl!doHs6$ !Hs66M s%innin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO HdeL
%!r! &il!r6 ' Us%(nV H&il!doHs6$ !Hs6L de +idrio6M s%littin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hes%!ntosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Us%litV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hr!.!doHs6$ !Hs66M
s%onsorin, NGB4 l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H%!troin!dorH!66 ' Us%onsoredV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%!troin!doHs6$ !Hs66M
s%r!7lin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO Hirre,(l!rHes6 ' ,r!ndeHs66 '
Us%r!7ledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO He-tendidoHs6$ !Hs6 de
#or"! irre,(l!r6M s%re!din, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H/(e se e-tiendeHn6L /(e se es%!reHn66 ' Us%re!dV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
He-tendidoHs6$ !Hs6L es%!ridoHs6$ !Hs66M st!bbin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO H%(nz!nteHs66 '
Ust!bbedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!%()!l!doHs6$ !Hs66M st!bilizin,L
st!bilisin, NGBO Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hest!biliz!dorH!66 '
Ust!bilizedL st!bilised NGBOV Hest!biliz!doHs6$ !Hs66M st!,,erin, H!so"brosoHs6$ !Hs66 '
Ust!,,eredV Hest(%e#!toHs6$ !Hs66M st!"%in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H%or donde se !nd!6 ' Ust!"%edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Hsell!doHs6$ !Hs66M st!rtin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hinii!lL de s!lid!L de !rr!n/(e6 ' Ust!rtedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO Ho"enz!doHs6$ !Hs66M st!rtlin, H!so"brosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ust!rtledV
H!s(st!doHs6$ !Hs66M st!r+in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H&!"brientoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ust!r+edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%ri+!doHs6$ !Hs6 de
o"id!6M ste!"in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en
in,l0s +(l,!r4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H&("e!nteHs6L &2"edoHs6$ !Hs6L #(riosoHs6$
!Hs66 ' Uste!"edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en
in,l0s +(l,!rO Hoin!doHs6$ !Hs6 !l +!%orL e"%!)!doHs6$ !Hs66M stereot'%in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e estereoti%!Hn66 ' Ustereot'%edV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hestereoti%!doHs6$ !Hs66M sterilizin,L sterilisin, NGBO Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!r4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hesteriliz!nteHs66 ' UsterilizedL sterilised NGBOV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s
estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO Hesteriliz!doHs6$ !Hs66M sti#lin, Hso#o!nteHs6L
!,obi!nteHs6L o%resi+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' Usti#ledV Hso#o!doHs6$ !Hs66M sti"(l!tin,
Hesti"(l!nteHs66 ' Usti"(l!tedV Hesti"(l!doHs6$ !Hs66M stin,in, H&irienteHs66 ' Ust(n,V
H&eridoHs6$ !Hs66M stirrin, Hon"o+edorH!66 ' UstirredV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hre"o+idoHs6$
!Hs66M stoo%in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Henor+!doHs6$ !Hs6L !FdoHs6$
!Hs66 ' Ustoo%edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Henor+!doHs6$ !Hs66M sto%%in, NGB %rini%!l"ente4
l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e %!r!Hn6 "(&!s +ees6 ' Usto%%edV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Herr!doHs6$ !Hs6L blo/(e!doHs6$ !Hs6L re%ri"idoHs6$ !Hs66M
str!%%in, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hrob(stoHs6$ !Hs66 '
Ustr!%%edV Nolo/(i!l4 l!si#i!ti+o4 detrs de (n no"bre o +erbo o%(l!ti+oO
Hneesit!doHs6$ !Hs66M stren,t&enin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H#ort!leedorH!66 ' Ustren,t&enedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H#ort!leidoHs6$ !Hs66M stri9in,
Hsor%rendenteHs6L i"%resion!nteHs6L en &(el,!6 ' Ustr(9V Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
si,ni#i! Qen &(el,!Q en USA ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o si,ni#i!
Qent(si!s"!doQ en GB ' USAO NoO Ustri9enV H,ol%e!doHs6$ !Hs6L !t!!doHs6$ !Hs66M
st(lti#'in, Nliter!rioO He"br(teedorH!6L so#o!nteHs66 ' Ust(lti#iedV Nliter!rio4
l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO He"br(teidoHs6$ !Hs66M st(nnin,
Hsens!ion!lHes66 ' Ust(nnedV H%!s"!doHs6$ !Hs66M st(%e#'in, H%!s"osoHs6$ !Hs6L
inreFbleHs66 ' Ust(%e#iedV H!tont!doHs6$ !Hs6L %!s"!doHs6$ !Hs66M s(eedin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hs(esi+oHs6$ !Hs6L
s(bsi,(ienteHs66 ' Us(eededV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hs(edidoHs6$ !Hs66M s(9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e "!"!Hn66 ' Us(9edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H&(%!doHs6$ !Hs66M s(##erin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e
s(#reHn6L dolienteHs66 ' Us(##eredV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 del!nte del no"breO Hs(#ridoHs6$
!Hs66M s(##o!tin, Hso#o!nteHs6L !s#i-i!nteHs66 ' Us(##o!tedV H!s#i-i!doHs6$ !Hs66M
s(%%ortin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!redit!ti+oHs6$
!Hs6L se(nd!rioHs6$ !Hs66 ' Us(%%ortedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!%o'!doHs6$
!Hs66M s(%%ressin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e
re%ri"eHn6L s(%ri"eHn66 ' Us(%%ressedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Hs(%ri"idoHs6$ !Hs66M s(r,in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H/(e !("ent!Hn6 +erti,inos!"ente6 ' Us(r,edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H&in&!doHs6$ !Hs66M s(r%!ssin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hino"%!r!bleHs6L indesri%tibleHs66 ' Us(r%!ssedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hs(%er!doHs6$ !Hs66M
H(n6s(r%risin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o on U(nVO HHno6 sor%rendenteHs6L Hno6
!so"brosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' UH(n6s(r%risedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o on U(nVO HHno6
sor%rendidoHs6$ !Hs66M s(rro(ndin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hir(nd!nteHs6L de !lrededorL del "o"ento6 ' Us(rro(ndedVNl!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!bleO Hrode!doHs6$ !Hs66M s(st!inin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hn(triti+oHs6$ !Hs6L
+i,oriz!nteHs66 ' Us(st!inedV HsostenidoHs6$ !Hs6L onst!nteHs66M s7!ddlin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hen+ol+enteHs66 ' Us7!ddledV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hen+(eltoHs6$ !Hs66M s7e!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO Hs(dorosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Us7e!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H"(' "!l %!,!doHs6$ !Hs66M s7ee%in, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte
del no"breO H!"%lioHs6$ !Hs6L dr!"tioHs6$ !Hs6L r!di!lHes6L "!,nF#ioHs6$ !Hs6L
!rroll!dorH!66 ' Us7e%tV Hb!rridoHs6$ !Hs66M s7ellin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e
se &in&!Hn6L e-!lt!doHs6$ !Hs6L ri"bo"b!nteHs66 ' Us7ollenV H&in&!doHs6$ !Hs66M
s7in,in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s
+(l,!r4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hosil!nteHs6L on "(&! "!r&!L desin&ibidoHs6$
!Hs66 Nolo/(i!lOL !deniosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Us7(n,V Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble en
in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!r4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hb!l!ne!doHs6$ !Hs66M s7irlin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H/(e ,ir!Hn6L /(e se !rre"olin!Hn66 ' Us7irledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H!rre"olin!doHs6$ !Hs66M t!9in, H!tr!ti+oHs6$ !Hs6L ont!,iosoHs6$
!Hs6 Nolo/(i!lO6 ' Ut!9en H7it& 1116V Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO
Hen!nt!doHs6$ !Hs6 Hon 1116 N(!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do +! detrs del +erbo
Q&!+eQ ' si,ni#i! Qo,idoQO6M t!nt!lizin,L t!nt!lisin, NGBO Hinit!nteHs6L sed(torH!66
' Ut!nt!lizedL t!nt!lised NGBOV Htent!doHs6$ !Hs66M t!-in, Hdi#FilHes66 ' Ut!-edV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H,r!+!doHs6$ !Hs66M te!rin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO H+erti,inosoHs6$ !Hs6L looHs6$ !Hs6 Ni !eler!doHs6$ !Hs6OL de tel! /(e se
r!s,!6 ' UtornV Nl!si#i!ti+oO HrotoHs6$ !Hs6L r!s,!doHs6$ !Hs66M te!sin, Hb(rl3nH!66 '
Ute!sedV Hb(rl!doHs6$ !Hs66M te"%tin, Htent!dorH!66 ' Ute"%tedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Htent!doHs6$ !Hs66M terri#'in, H!terr!dorH!66 ' Uterri#iedV
H!terroriz!doHs6$ !Hs66M t&i9enin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e se &!eHn6 "s densoHs6$ !Hs6 NoO es%esoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ut&i9enedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!("ent!doHs6$ !Hs66M t&re!tenin, H!"en!z!dorH!66 '
Ut&re!tenedV H!"en!z!doHs6$ !Hs66M t&rillin, He"oion!nteHs66 ' Ut&rilledV Ns3lo
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO He"oion!doHs6$ !Hs6L ontentFsi"oHs6$ !Hs66M
t&r(stin, NGB4 liter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!"biiosoHs6$ !Hs66 '
Ut&r(stV Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO He"%(.!doHs6$ !Hs66M ti"eI
ser+in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!d(l!dorHes6L
o%ort(nist!Hs66 ' Uti"eIser+edV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H(!li#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M tintin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hon "!ties6 '
UtintedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Holore!doHs6$ !Hs6L te)idoHs6$ !Hs66M tirin, H!,ot!dorHes6L
!ns!doHs6$ !Hs6L /(e !ns!Hn6L !b(rridoHs6$ !Hs66 ' UtiredV N(!ndo +! detrs de (n
+erbo %(ede ir se,(ido de Qo#QO H!ns!doHs6$ !Hs6 Ni !b(rridoL #!ti,!do NoO
e-&!(stoO6M tor"entin, H!tor"ent!dorH!66 ' Utor"entedV H!tor"ent!doHs6$ !Hs66M
tort(rin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Htort(r!dorHes66 ' Utort(redV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!tor"ent!doHs6$ !Hs66M tossin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H/(e se l!nz!Hn66 ' UtossedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hs!(didoHs6$ !Hs66M to(&in, Hon"o+edorH!66 ' Uto(&edV
Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hto!doHs6$ !Hs6 Ni looO6M to(rin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!"b(l!nteHs6L itiner!nteHs6L t(rFstioHs6$ !Hs6L
de ,ir!L de %!seo6 ' Uto(redV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
HreorridoHs6$ !Hs66M to7erin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H!ltFsi"oHs6$ !Hs6L intensoHs6$ !Hs6L des"es(r!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' Uto7eredV Nl!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!bleO H,(!rneidoHs6$ !Hs6 de torres6M tr!inin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e entren!Hn66 ' Utr!inedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Hentren!doHs6$ !Hs66M tr!ns#or"in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e tr!ns#or"!Hn66 ' Utr!ns#or"edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Htr!ns#or"!doHs6$ !Hs66M tr!n/(illizin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!n/(ilizin, NUSAOL
tr!n/(illisin, NGBO Htr!n/(iliz!nteHs66 ' Utr!n/(illized NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
tr!n/(ilized NUSAOL tr!n/(illised NGBOV Htr!n/(iliz!doHs6$ !Hs66M tr!("!tizin,L
tr!("!tisin, NGBO Htr!("!tiz!nteHs66 ' Utr!("!tizedL tr!("!tised NGBOV
Htr!("!tiz!doHs6$ !Hs66M tr!+ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+elin, NUSAO
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!"b(l!nteHs6L itiner!nteHs66 ' Utr!+elled
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+eled NUSAOV H/(e &!Hn6 +i!.!do "(&o Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breOL "(' #re(ent!doHs6$ !Hs66M tro(blin, H%ert(rb!dorH!6L %enosoHs6$ !Hs66 '
Utro(bledV H%reo(%!doHs6$ !Hs6L in/(ietoHs6$ !Hs66M tr(stin, Hon#i!doHs6$ !Hs66 '
Utr(stedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hle!lHes66M tr'in, Hd(roHs6$ !Hs66 '
UtriedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%rob!doHs6$ !Hs6L
%roes!doHs6$ !Hs66M t("blin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e orreHn6
on #(erz!6 ' Ut("bledV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hre+(eltoHs6$ !Hs6L des!rre,l!doHs6$ !Hs66M
t7inin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Htre%!dorH!6L
s!r"entosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' Ut7inedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO Hentrel!z!doHs6$ !Hs66M t7istin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hser%ente!nteHs6L on reodosL de !r!ol6 ' Ut7istedV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO
HretoridoHs6$ !Hs66M (n!Ro""od!tin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H%oo !"!bleHs6L
%oo ser+ii!lHes66 ' U(n!Ro""od!tedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hno
e/(i%!doHs6$ !Hs6L sin !lo.!"iento6M (n!R"(sin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H/(e no
&!eHn6 ,r!i!6 ' U(n!R"(sedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hno di+ertidoHs6$ !Hs66M
(n!Rss("in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H"odestoHs6$ !Hs6L senilloHs6$ !Hs66 '
U(n!Rss("edV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hno #in,idoHs6$ !Hs66M (nRbendin,
Hin#le-ibleHs6L indo"!bleHs66 ' U(nRbentV Hno dobl!doHs6$ !Hs6L no obli,!doHs6$ !Hs6 !
eder6M (nRblen&in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 liter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO H/(e no
desoniert!Hn66 ' U(nRblen&edV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 liter!rioO Hi"%+idoHs6$
!HsH6M (nR!rin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hindi#erenteHs6 ' U(nR!redI#orV Ns3lo
!d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO H!b!ndon!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nR&!n,in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO
Hin!lter!bleHs6L in"(t!bleHs66 ' U(nR&!n,edV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hi,(!lHes6L sin !"bi!r6M (no"%reR&endin,
Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO Hino"%rensi+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(no"%reR&endedV Ns3lo
!d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO Hno o"%rendidoHs6$ !Hs66M (nonR+inin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o
!li#i!ti+oO H%oo on+inenteHs66 ' U(nonR+inedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4
s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO Hno
on+enidoHs6$ !Hs6L e-0%tioHs6$ !Hs66M (nderRst!ndin, Ho"%rensi+oHs6$ !Hs66 '
U(nderRstoodV Nno ,r!d(!bleO HsobreHe6ntendidoHs6$ !Hs66M ' (ndeRser+in, Ns3lo
!d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hde %oo "0ritoL %oo "eritorioHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(ndeRser+edV Ns3lo
!d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO Hin"ereidoHs6$ !Hs66M (nRdo(btin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e no d(d!Hn66 ' U(nRdo(btedV Ns3lo
!d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hind(d!bleHs66M R(nd(l!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hond(l!nteHs66 ' UR(nd(l!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hond(l!doHs6$ !Hs66M
(ne-Ritin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H%oo esti"(l!nteHs6L %oo !%etitosoHs6$ !Hs66
' U(ne-RitedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hno e"oion!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nR#eelin, Ns3lo
!d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO HinsensibleHs6L d(roHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(nR#eltV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
!li#i!ti+oO Hno sentidoHs6$ !Hs66M (nR#ittin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO Hi"%ro%ioHs6$
!Hs66 ' U(nR#ittedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO Hsin !%tit(desL no !r"!doHs6$ !Hs66M
(nR#oldin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se e-tiendeHn6
NoO re+el!Hn66 ' U(nR#oldedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno re+el!doHs6$ !Hs66M
(n#orR,i+in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO Hi"%l!!bleHs66 ' U(n#orR,i+enV Ns3lo
!d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno %erdon!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nR&eedin, Ns3lo
!d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hdes!tentoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(nR&eededV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hdes!tendidoHs6$ !Hs66M (ni#'in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO H(ni#i!dorH!66 ' U(ni#iedV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H(ni#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M (niRll("in!tin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H%oo
il(str!ti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(niRll("in!tedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno
il("in!doHs6$ !Hs66M (ninRs%irin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H"on3tonoHs6$ !Hs66 '
U(ninRs%iredV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hsin ins%ir!i3n6M (nRinterestin, Ns3lo
!d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H%oo interes!nteHs6L sin inter0s6 ' U(nRinterestedV Ns3lo
!d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hindi#erenteHs6L no interes!doHs6$ !Hs6L sin inter0s6M (ninR+itin,
Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO H%oo !tr!ti+oHs6$ !Hs6L %oo !%etitosoHs6$ !Hs66 '
U(ninR+itedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H,r!t(itoHs6$ !Hs6L sin
in+it!i3n6M (nitin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO H/(e (neHn66
' U(nitedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H(nidoHs6$ !Hs66M (nR9no7in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO HinonsienteHs66 ' U(nR9no7nV
Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO HdesonoidoHs6$ !Hs66M (nRlo+in, Ns3lo
!d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO Hn!d! !ri)osoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(nRlo+edV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
l!si#i!ti+oO Hno !"!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nR"o+in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO
Hin"3+ilHes66 ' U(nR"o+edV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO Hi"%!sibleHs66M (nner+in, Hdesonert!nteHs66 ' U(nner+edV
Hdesonert!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nobRser+in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO Hdes(id!doHs6$
!Hs66 ' U(nobRser+edV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hdes!%eribidoHs6$
!Hs666M (noR##endin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hino#ensi+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(noR##endedV
Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hno o#endidoHs6$ !Hs66M (n%erRei+in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o
l!si#i!ti+oO H/(e no se d!Hn6 (ent!6 ' U(n%erRei+edV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4
no ,r!d(!bleO Hdes!%eribidoHs6$ !Hs66M (nR%it'in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hno
o"%!si+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(nR%itiedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno
!%i!d!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nR/(estionin, Nliter!rio4 s3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+oO Hie,oHs6$
!Hs6L inondiion!lHes66 ' U(nR/(estionedV Nliter!rio4 s3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO Hin(estion!bleHs66M (nRre!sonin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte
del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hirr!ion!lHes66 ' U(nRre!sonedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno r!zon!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nreR#letin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o
l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hirre#le-i+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(nreR#letedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno onsider!doHs6$ !Hs6L no re#le.!doHs6$ !Hs66M
(nreR#res&in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H%oo re#res!nteHs66 ' U(nreR#res&edV Ns3lo
!d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno re#res!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nreRl!-in, Ns3lo
!d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno rel!.!nteHs66 ' U(nreRl!-edV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
!li#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno rel!.!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nreR"itin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o
l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hin#!ti,!bleHs6L tot!lHes66 ' U(nreR"ittedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno ontin(!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nreRsistin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o
!li#i!ti+oO Hs("isoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(nreRsistedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO Hno obstr(idoHs6$ !Hs66M (nreR+e!lin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H%oo
re+el!dorH!66 ' U(nreR+e!ledV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno
re+el!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nreR7!rdin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hin,r!toHs6$ !Hs6L
i"%rod(ti+oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(nreR7!rdedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Hsin reo"%ens!6M (nRs!tis#'in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H%oo s!tis#!torioHs6$
!Hs66 ' U(nRs!tis#iedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO Hins!tis#e&oHs6$ !Hs66M (nRseein,
Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hie,oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(nRseenV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Ho(ltoHs6$ !Hs6L sin ser +isto6M (nRsettlin, Hin/(iet!nteHs6L
%ert(rb!dorH!66 ' U(nRsettledV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO H!,it!doHs6$ !Hs6L
inest!bleHs6L iniertoHs6$ !Hs66M (nRstintin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H,enerosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(nRstintedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H!b(nd!nteHs6L in!ns!bleHs66M (ns(sR%etin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO Hon#i!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' U(ns(sR%etedV
Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hinsos%e&!doHs6$ !Hs66M (ns(sRt!inin,
Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H%oo sostenibleHs66 ' U(ns(sRt!inedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
!li#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno sostenidoHs6$ !Hs66M (nRte"%tin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o
!li#i!ti+oO H%oo tent!dorH!66 ' U(nRte"%tedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO Hno tent!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nRtirin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Hin!ns!bleHs66 ' U(nRtiredV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno
!ns!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nR+!r'in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO Hin+!ri!bleHs66 ' U(nR+!riedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
l!si#i!ti+oO Hsin !"bi!r6M (nR7e!r'in, Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Hin!ns!bleHs66 ' U(nR7e!riedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hno
!ns!doHs6$ !Hs66M (nR7illin, Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oO H%oo dis%(estoHs6$ !Hs66 '
U(nR7illedV Ns3lo !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hin+ol(nt!rioHs6$ !Hs66M (%Rli#tin, He-!lt!dorH!6L /(e !ni"!Hn66 ' U(%Rli#tedV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO He-!lt!doHs6$ !Hs6L !ni"!doHs6$ !Hs66M (%Rsettin, Ho#ensi+oHs6$ !Hs66 '
U(%RsetV Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo se tr!d(e %or U#!stidi!doHs6$ !Hs6L
re+(eltoHs6$ !Hs6L "!lV ' detrs de (n +erbo (!ndo se tr!d(e %or Udis,(st!doHs6$
!Hs6OM +!r'in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO HdistintoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U+!riedV H+!ri!doHs6$
!Hs66M +!(ltin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO H(s!doHs6$ !Hs6 %!r! s!lt!rL /(e se e-tr!li"it!Hn66 '
U+!(ltedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H!bo+ed!doHs6$ !Hs66M +!(ntin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H.!t!niosoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U+!(ntedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO H!!re!doHs6$ !Hs66M +eri#'in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H+eri#i!dorH!66 ' U+eri#iedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H+eri#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M +e-in, Nliter!rioO
Hirrit!nteHs66 ' U+e-edV Nliter!rioO Hirrit!doHs6$ !Hs66M +ibr!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H+ibr!nteHs66 ' U+ibr!tedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e se &!Hn6 &e&o +ibr!r6M +isitin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H+isit!nteHs6L in+it!doHs6$ !Hs6L de re,!lo6 ' U+isitedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H+isit!doHs6$ !Hs66M 7!9in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hest!ndo des%iertoHs6$ !Hs66 '
U7o9enV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hdes%ert!doHs6$ !Hs66M
R7!llo%in, LR7ole%IL NGBO ' LR7!4le%IL NUSAO Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Henor"eHs6L deso"(n!lHes66 ' UR7!llo%edV LR7ole%tL NGBO
' LR7!4le%tL NUSAO Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
Hz(rr!doHs6$ !Hs66M 7!ntin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO
Hde#iienteHs6L !(senteHs66 ' U7!ntedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hb(s!do6M 7!r"in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e &!eHn6 entr!r en !lor6 ' U7!r"edV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!lent!doHs6$ !Hs66M 7!rnin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde !+isoL de !d+erteni!L de !l!r"!6 ' U7!rnedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!d+ertidoHs6$ !Hs6L !+is!doHs6$ !Hs66M 7!s&in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%!r! l!+!r6 ' U7!s&edV
Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hl!+!doHs6$ !Hs66M 7!stin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO H/(e ons("eHn6L !"ortiz!bleHs66 ' U7!stedV LR7eIstI d$ edL N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oO H%erdidoHs6$ !Hs6L !sol!doHs6$ !Hs6L de"!r!doHs6$ !Hs6L "!l,!st!doHs6$
!Hs6L in2tilHes66M 7!t&in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e obser+!Hn6L
de obser+!dor6 ' U7!t&edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hobser+!doHs6$
!Hs66M R7!terIoolin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO H/(e re#ri,er!Hn6 %or !,(!6 '
UR7!terIooledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hre#ri,er!doHs6$ !Hs6 %or !,(!6M 7!-in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO HreienteHs66 ' U7!-edV Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Hener!doHs6$ !Hs6L i"%er"e!biliz!doHs6$ !Hs66M 7e!9enin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO Hdebilit!nteHs66 ' U7e!9enedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hdebilit!doHs6$ !Hs66M
7e!rin, H!ns!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' U7ornV H,!st!doHs6$ !Hs6L !,ot!doHs6$ !Hs66M 7e!r'in,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO H/(e !ns!Hn66 ' U7e!riedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO H!ns!doHs6$ !Hs66M
7elo"in, H!o,edorH!6L !"!bleHs6L de bien+enid!6 ' U7elo"edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e &!Hn6 sido d!doHs6$ !Hs6 l! bien+enid!6M R7ellIR"e!nin,
Ns3lo !d.eti+oO Hbienintenion!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' UR7ellIR"e!ntV Ns3lo !d.eti+o
l!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hd!doHs6$ !Hs6 on l! "e.or inteni3n6M 7&!9in, Ns3lo
del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hbesti!lHes6L olos!lHes66 ' U7&!9edV NGB4
olo/(i!l4 %rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hre+ent!doHs6$ !Hs6 Ni "('
!ns!doHs6$ !Hs6O6M 7&irlin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e ,ir!Hn66 '
U7&irledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H,ir!doHs6$ !Hs66M 7&is%erin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H"(r"(r!dorH!66 ' U7&is%eredV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H(&i&e!doHs6$ !Hs66M 7&istlin,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e sil+!Hn6L on silb!to6 '
U7&istledV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hsilb!doHs6$ !Hs66M
7idenin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e se ens!n&!Hn6L /(e
!("ent!Hn66 ' U7idenedV Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hens!n&!doHs6$ !Hs6L !("ent!doHs6$ !Hs66M
7indin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hsin(osoHs6$ !Hs6L ser%ente!nteHs66 ' U7indedV
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erboO Hsin !liento6M 7inno7in,
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e !+ent!Hn66 '
U7inno7edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H!+ent!doHs6$
!Hs66M 7irin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde l! inst!l!i3n
el0tri!6 ' U7iredV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO
Hre#orz!doHs6$ !Hs6 %or !l!"breL !l!"br!doHs6$ !Hs6L re+estidoHs6$ !Hs6 de !l!"breL
tensoHs6$ !Hs6 %or el ons("o de esti"(l!ntes N+(l,!rO6M 7it&erin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO
H!br!s!dorH!6L &irienteHs6L #(l"in!nteHs66 ' U7it&eredV N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO
H"!r&itoHs6$ !Hs6L "(stioHs6$ !Hs6L !tro#i!doHs6$ !Hs66M 7itnessin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e estHn6 de testi,oHs66 ' U7itnessedV
Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%reseni!doHs6$ !Hs66M
7o"!nizin,L 7o"!nisin, NGBO H"(.erie,oHs6$ !Hs66 ' U7o"!nizedL 7o"!nised
NGBOV H!#e"in!doHs6$ !Hs66M 7or9in, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 !d.eti+o del!nte
de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Qtr!b!.!dorH!6L l!bor!lHes6L de tr!b!.oL /(e tr!b!.!Hn6L
/(e #(nion!Hn6L de tr!b!.!rL obreroHs6$ !Hs6L !ti+oHs6$ !Hs6L s(#iienteL de ,(F!Q '
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resente detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i!
Qtr!b!.!ndoQO ' U7or9edV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO Ht!ll!doHs6$ !Hs66M 7orr'in,
H%reo(%!nteHs66 ' U7orriedV H%reo(%!doHs6$ !Hs66M 7orsenin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H/(e e"%eor!Hn6L /(e +!Hn6 de "!l en %eor6 '
U7orsenedV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO He"%eor!doHs6$
!Hs66M 7o(ndin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H&irienteHs66 ' U7o(ndedV
N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO H&eridoHs6$ !Hs66M 7ritin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%!r! esribir$ et16 ' U7rittenV Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no
,r!d(!bleO HesritoHs6$ !Hs66M 'ello7in, Nl!si#i!ti+oO H/(e se estHn6 %oniendo
!"!rillentoHs66 ' U'ello7edV HH/(e se &!Hn6 %(estoHs6$ !Hs6 !"!rillentoHs66M 'ieldin,
H#le-ibleHs6L o"%l!ienteHs66 ' U'ieldedV Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO H%rod(idoHs6$
!Hs66$ et1 E.14 So"et&in, Ht&!t6 &e 7!s !bRsorbed in HAl,o en lo /(e 0l est!b!
!bsorto6M !(sed Rri"in!ls Hri"in!les !(Rs!dos6M t&e !##eted dotor NoO t&e
dotor H7&o is6 !##eted Hel dotor H/(e est6 !#et!do6M DonZt be !l!r"ed] H\No te
!s(stes]6M ! +er' !"(sin, R!nedote H(n! !n0dot! "(' di+erRtid!L ,r!Rios!L
entreteRnid!6$ %ero QEeZs N+er'4 no %onerO !"(sin, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO (s
No"%le"ento diretoOQ Hl est di+irti0ndonos6M !n !"(sed Rst!re H(n! "ir!d!
di+erRtid!6$ %ero QEe is not !"(sed N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t&e #il" Ns(.eto
!,enteOQ HNo le !e en ,r!i! l! %elF(l!6M e-tre"el' !nno'ed H"(' en#!d!dHoHs6$
!Hs66M t&e !ns7erin, Rr' Hel ,rito de resR%(est!6M !n !stonis&in, oRinidene Ni !
oinidene t&!t !stonis&es 'o(O H(n! oinideni! sor%renRdenteL /(e te
sorR%rende6M Ee 7!s t&ro7n boilin, R7!ter HLe tir!ron !,(! &irR+iendo6M IZ" boilin,
HEsto' !s!do Nde !lorO6M boiled %oRt!toes H%!t!t!s oRid!s6M ! borin, Rboo9 H(n libro
!b(Rrrido Ni %oo interes!nteO6$ ! ,irl bored N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t&e boo9 H(n
&i! !b(rrid! on el libro6M bre!9in, ,l!ss Hrist!l #r,il6M +er' bro9en En,lis&
Hin,l0s "(' &!%(rre!do6M ! broilin, A(,(st Rni,&t H(n! no&e de !,osto
so#oR!nte6M ! b(rnin, R&o(seL Rs(n H(n! !s! !rRdiendo NoO en Rll!"!sL (n sol
!br!s!Rdor6M ! b(rnt NGB %rini%!l"enteO R"e!l H(n! o"id! /(eR"!d!6M b(rnt NGB
%rini%!l"enteO R7ood H"!der! /(eR"!d!6M S&e is +er' !l(l!tin, HEll! es "('
!l(l!dor!6$ %ero QS&e is N+er'4 no %onerO !l(l!tin, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO t&e
/(!ntit'Q HEll! est !l(l!ndo l! !ntid!d6M ! &!n,in, sit(R!tion H(n! sit(!i3n
!"Rbi!nte6M t&e +er' &!n,ed Rli"!te Hel li"! "(' !"Rbi!do6M t&e "ost
&!r"in, l!d' Hl! se)or! "s en!nt!dor!6M t&e le!nin, N!d.eti+oO Rl!d' H7&oL t&!t
is6 &ere Hl! "(.er de l! li"R%iez! /(e est !/(F6$ %ero QT&e l!d' Ht&!t is6 Rle!nin,
N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO &ereQ HL! "(.er /(e est li"R%i!ndo !/(F6M T&e l!d' is
Rle!nin, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO HL! "(.er est li"R%i!ndo6M t&e onerned
"ot&er Hl! "!dre %reo(%!d!6M T&e "ot&er H7&o is6 onerned %rotested HL! "!dre
en (esti3nL in+ol(r!d!L !#et!d! %rotest36M S&e is onerned H!bo(tL #or t&e
#(t(re6 HEll! est %reo(%!d! HsobreL %or el #(t(ro66M ! oo9ed R"e!l H(n! o"id!
R&e&!6M !t ! r!9in, R%!e H! (n rit"o ende"oRni!doL ! tod! %!sRtill!6M ! r!s&in,
Rbore H(n +erd!dero R%el"!6M s(%erbl' (t lot&es Hro%! ort!d! "!,nF#i!"ente6M
ItZs H+er'6 d!"!,in, to &er !reer HEs H"('6 %er.(dii!l %!r! s( !rrer!6M
e"otion!ll' d!"!,ed R&ildren Hni)os d!R)!dos e"oion!l"ente6M #ireId!"!,ed
R,oods H"er!nF!s d!)!d!s %or H(n6 inRendio6M >e !re deided to le!+e Nliter!rioO
HEst!"os deididos !L Tene"os deidido "!r&!rHnos66M Eer &!r!ter is +er'
deided HS( !rter est "(' de#inido6M de%%ressin, Rne7s Hnotii!s de%riR"entes6M
S&e see"s de%ressed HEll! %!ree de%ri"id!6M ! ri&l' deser+ed R&ono(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL R&onor NUSAO H(n &onor "(' "ereRido6M S&e is destro'ed
N!d.eti+oO HEll! est destroz!d!L dee%ion!d!6$ %ero UT&!t is silentl' destro'ed
N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t&e"V HEsoL A/(ello lo destroz!n silenios!"enteL es
destroz!do silenios!"ente %or ellHos$ !s66M t7o #(ll' de+elo%ed toes Hdos dedos de
los %ies o"%let!"ente des!rroll!dos6M ! &i,&l' de+elo%ed Ro(ntr' H(n %!Fs "('
des!rroRll!do6M ! #!st di"inis&in, deR,ree o# %erson!l #reedo" H(n ,r!do de libert!d
%erson!l /(e est dis"in('endo Rr%id!"ente6M ! dis!%%ointin, Ro(to"e H(n
res(lt!do dee%ioRn!nte6M ! dis!%%ointed Rlo+er H(n !"!nte dee%ioRn!doL
desil(sioRn!doL (n! !"!nte dee%ioRn!d!L desil(sioRn!d!6M T&e %erson s&e 7!s
dis!R%%ointed in HL! %erson! /(e le &!bF! de#r!(d!do ! ell!6M distin,(is&in, R#e!t(res
Hr!s,os !r!teRrFstios6M t&e "ost distin,(is&ed R7riter Hel esritor "s #!R"oso6$
%ero QT&e' &!+e distin,(is&ed N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO one t&in, #ro" !not&erQ
HE!n distin,(ido (n! os! de otr!6M !n entert!inin, ,(est H(n in+it!doL &(0s%ed
di+ertido6M !n e-itin, Rstor' H(n! &istoriHet6! e"oioRn!nte6M !n e-ited R!(diene
H(n %2blio e"oioRn!do6M ! #!din, #lo7er H(n! #lor /(e se "!r&it!6M ! +er' #!ded
s&irt H(n! !"is! "(' desolorid!L deste)id!6M T&e %ro"otion is #inis&ed HL!
%ro"oi3n est ter"in!d!6M IZ" #inis&ed Nolo/(i!lO HEsto' !!b!dHo$ !66M T&e'
!re #inis&ed Nolo/(i!lO 7it& t&is HE!n !!b!do on esto6M IZ" not #inis&ed
Nolo/(i!lO 7it& &er HNo &e !!b!do on ell!6M t&e #ollo7in, N!d.eti+oO Rd!'s Hlos
dF!s siR,(ientes6$ %ero QT&e 7o"!n H7&o is6 R#ollo7in, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO
&i" is &is R"ot&erQ HL! "(.er /(e le est si,(iendo es s( R"!dre6M T&e' 7ere +er'
#rozen HEst!b!n "(' on,el!dos6M ! #(l#illin, R.ob H(n e"%leo /(e s!tisR#!e6M T&e'
!re li+in, +er' #(l#illed Rli+es HEstn +i+iendo +id!s "(' s!tis#!Rtori!s6M ! ,oin,
onRern H(n ne,oio en R"!r&!6M t&e ,oin, Rr!te Hel %reioL l! t!s! !Rt(!l6M Ee is
,one Nolo/(i!l4 !d.eti+o4 est!doO Hl Hse6 &! ido6M T&e !9e is ,one Nolo/(i!l4
!d.eti+o4 est!doO HEl %!stel &! des!%!reido6M T&e' "(st be ,one Nolo/(i!l4
!d.eti+o4 est!doOL &!+e ,one N%!rtii%io4 !i3nO b' S!t(rd!' HTienen /(e irse !ntes
del sb!do6M EeZs Ni &!sO been ,one Nolo/(i!l4 !d.eti+o4 est!doO #or ten "in(tes Hl
&! des!%!reido d(r!nte diez "in(tos6M ,rindin, N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO
R%o+ert' H%obrez! !bsoRl(t!6$ %ero QT&ere 7!s ! "!n H7&o 7!s6 R,rindin, N%!rtii%io
Hde6 %resenteO &is Rteet&Q HE!bF! (n &o"bre H/(e est!b!6 re&iRn!ndo los Rdientes6M !
+er' &(rried "e!lL ,l!ne H(n! o"id!L "ir!d! "(' r%id!6M t&e "ost interestin,
R.obL R%erson Hel e"%leoL l! %erson! "s intereRs!nte6M ItZs interestin, N!d.eti+oO HEsL
Est interes!nte6M interested R%!rt' H%!rte intereRs!d!6M An interested %erson is 7illin,
to listen HUn! %erson! interes!d! est deseos! de es(&!r6M T&e' "et t&e interested
Rb(siness"!n H*onoieron !l &o"bre de ne,oios intereRs!do6M ! b(siness"!n H7&o
is6 interested in "one'Q H(n &o"bre de ne,oios H/(e est6 interes!do en el dinero6M
A %erson H7&oL t&!t is6 interested in reli,ion is 7illin, to listen HUn! %erson! H/(e
est6 interes!d! en Hl!6 reli,i3n est deseos! de es(&!r6M T&e %erson is interested in
reli,ion HL! %erson! est interes!d! en Hl!6 reli,i3n6M ! 9illin, Rlion H(n le3n /(e
R"!t!6M ! 9illin, Rstor' H(n! &istoriet! ,r!ioRsFsi"!L %!r! "orirse de Rris!6M ! 9illed
Rsn!9e H(n! (lebr! R"(ert!6M ! +er' 7ell 9no7n Nestnd!rO NoO +er' 7ellI9no7n
Nestnd!rOL +er' 9no7n Nolo/(i!lO no+elist H(n no+elist! "(' onoido6M EeZs +er'
7ell 9no7n Nestnd!rOL +er' 9no7n Nolo/(i!lO Hl es "(' onoido6M ! little
9no7nL littleI9no7n Nestnd!rO !(t&or H(n !(tor %oo onoido6M ! lo9ed door
H(n! %(ert! blo/(e!d!6M T&e' &!+e "!n!,ed to re,!in lost ,ro(nd HE!n
onse,(ido +ol+er ! ,!n!r terreno %erdido6M It is lost HEst %erdido6M "oder!tin,
inR#l!tion HH(n!6 in#l!i3n "odeRr!d!6M stron,l' "oti+!ted R"iners H"ineros
#(erte"ente "otiR+!dos6M t&e "o+in, R#ore Hl! #(erz! "oRtor!L "oRtriz6M S&e is +er'
"(& "o+ed HEll! est "(' i"%resion!d!6M o(%'in, R#ores H#(erz!s de
o(%!Ri3n6M T&e se!t is o(%ied HEl !siento est o(%!do6M !n o##ended R(sto"er
H(n liente o#enRdido6M S&e loo9s o##ended HEll! %!ree o#endid!6M Ee is +iolentl'
o%%osed Hl se o%one ter"in!nte"ente6M S&e 7!s %oorl' %!id HEll! est!b! "!l
%!,!d!6M ! %le!sed R%erson H(n! %erson! onRtent!6M t&e %ro"ised Rl!nd Hl! tierr!
%ro"eRtid!6M t&e reei+ed %ron(niR!tionL R7isdo" Hl! %ron(ni!i3nL s!bid(rF!
,ener!l"ente !e%Rt!d!6M T&e' !re +er' relie+ed HEstn "(' !li+i!dosL Sienten
"(&o !li+io6$ %ero UT&e' !re relie+ed N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' ot&ersV HSon
soorridosL ree"%l!z!dosL rele+!dos %or otros6M ! retired en,iRneer H(n in,eniero
retiRr!do6M t&e risin, Rs(n Hel sol n!RienteL /(e Rs!le6M r!%idl' risin, %rod(Rti+it'
H%rod(ti+id!d /(e !siende Rr%id!"ente6M r(n Rb(tterL R"et!lL RdressL Rboo9L
R%rod(t H"!nte/(ill! derreRtid!L "et!l derreRtidoL +estido desteR)idoL libro !,oRt!doL
%rod(to de ontr!Rb!ndo6M ! sin,in, Rbird H(n %.!ro /(e R!nt!6M ! s(n, R"!ss H(n!
"is! !nRt!d!6M ! s%littin, R&e!d!&e H(n dolor de !bez! es%!nRtoso6M ! s(r%risin,
del!Rr!tion H(n! del!r!i3n sor%renRdente6M ! s(r%rised R.o(rn!list H(n %eriodist!
sor%renRdido6M S&e is ! bit s(r%rised HEll! est (n %oo sor%rendid!6M ! te!rin, R&(rr'L
Rr(s& H(n! %ris! Rlo!6M ! +er' tirin, Rboo9 H(n libro "(' !b(Rrrido6$ %ero QS&e is
N+er'4 no %oner del!nte de Utirin,VO tirin, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO &i"Q HEll! le
est !ns!ndo ! 0l6M ! tired R7o"!n H(n! "(.er !nRs!d!6M Ee is ! bit to(&ed Hin t&e
&e!d6 Hl est (n %oo to!do Hde l! !bez!66M ! tr(sted #riend H(n !"i,o en /(ien se
on#F!6M ! +er' (nited te!" H(n e/(i%o "(' (nido6M S&e is (n"o+ed HEll! est
i"%!sibleL in!lter!d!6M S&e &!s !n (%set Rsto"!& HEll! tiene el est3"!,o reR+(elto6
' US&e is (%set be!(se 111V HEll! est dis,(st!d! %or/(e 1116M "' 7!9in, R&o(rs Hl!s
&or!s /(e %!so desR%iertHo$ !6M Ee is 7!ntin, in e-%eriene Hl esHt6 de#iiente en
e-%erieni!6M 7or9in, Nl!si#i!ti+oO %o%(Rl!tion H%obl!i3n !Rti+!6$ %ero QT&ere is !
"!n H7&o is6 R7or9in, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO &ereQ HE!' (n &o"bre H/(e est6
tr!b!R.!ndo !/(F6M 7or9ed #lint H%iedr! t!ll!d!6M EeZs Ni &!sO been 7orried sine
Mond!' Hl estL lle+!L !nd!L &! est!do %reo(%!do desde el l(nes6$ et1
;1B1I &os ad%etivos 'ue terminan en 5ing$ si son ,r!d(!bles$ to"!n Q"oreQ '
Q"ostQ %!r! #or"!r el o"%!r!ti+o ' s(%erl!ti+o ' +!n %reedidos de los !d+erbios
Uless$ "ostl'$ /(ite$ r!t&er$ re!ll'$ serio(sl'$ so$ s(##iientl'$ too$ (ndo(btedl'$ +er'V$
et1$ !(n/(e ten,!n sol!"ente (n! sFl!b!M estos !d.eti+os$ ll!"!dos +erb!les$ son
i,(!les /(e los %!rtii%ios de %!s!do de los +erbos orres%ondientes$ %ero se
di#ereni!n %or l! #(ni3nM pueden ser de cuatro clases4
*+ &os ad%etivos calificativos 'ue est!n relacionados con verbosM s(elen indi!r
est!do o e#etoM son !si todos ,r!d(!blesM ,ener!l"ente %(eden ir del!nte de (n
no"breM estn rel!ion!dos on +erbos tr!nsiti+os ' tienen el "is"o si,ni#i!do
/(e el +erboM &!' dos l!ses4
a+ &os 'ue tienen otro ad%etivo correspondiente terminado en 5ed o la
terminacin del participio 4de+ pasado4 D1;1@
b+ &os 'ue no tienen otro ad%etivo correspondiente terminado en 5edM l! #or"!
ter"in!d! en Ied es s3lo %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ND1=15=COM los /(e no lle+!n n!d!
%(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre ' detrs de (n +erbo4 !ll(rin,$ beo"in,$ be#ittin,$
b(bblin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ b(!neerin,$ lin,in,$ lo'in, Nliter!rioO$
ondeRsendin,$ onni+in,$ d!rin,$ d!s&in, Nd!s&ed4 GB4 !r!ioO H,!ll!rdoL
ele,!nte6$ d!(ntin,$ des%!irin, Hdeses%er!doL de deses%er!i3n6$ dis!R%%ro+in,$
disoRbli,in,$ do"ineerin,$ d7indlin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ edi#'in, Nliter!rioO$
end(rin,$ e-!tin,$ e-r(i!tin,$ #!lterin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$
#et&in, H!tr!ti+o6$ #leetin,$ #lo(ris&in,$ #ootlin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ ,!llin,$
,l!rin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ ,r!s%in,$ ,rinnin, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ ,ri%%in,$ ,r(d,in, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ ,(s&in,$
&!rro7in,$ &etorin,$ i"%lorin,$ in/(irin, N"s (s!doOL en/(irin, N%rini%!l"ente
del!nte del no"breO$ .!rrin,$ "e!nderin,$ "en!in, H!"en!z!dorL !"en!z!nte6$
%erse+erin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ %i##lin, Nolo/(i!lO$ r!"blin,
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO Hdi+!,!dor6$ r!ntin,$ s!ri#'in,$ s!t&in,$
se!rin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ tellin,$ tri#lin,$ 7illin,$ 'e!rnin,
Nliter!rio4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ et1 E.14 S&e is des%!irin, HEll! est
deses%er!d!6$ et1 D1 ;1@$ =15;;
2+ &os ad%etivos clasificativos 'ue est!n relacionados con verbosM estn
rel!ion!dos on +erbos intr!nsiti+os ,ener!l"ente ' tienen el "is"o si,ni#i!do
/(e el +erboM s(elen indi!r (n %roeso o est!do /(e ontin2! d(r!nte (n %erFodo de
tie"%oM &!' dos l!ses4
a+ &os 'ue tienen otro ad%etivo correspondiente terminado en 5ed o la
terminacin del participio 4de+ pasado ND1;1@O1
b+ &os 'ue no tienen otro ad%etivo correspondiente terminado en 5ed o la
terminacin del participio 4de+ pasadoM l! #or"! ter"in!d! en Ied es s3lo
%!rtii%io ND1=15=COM los /(e no lle+!n n!d! %(eden ir del!nte del no"bre ' detrs
del +erbo4 !bidin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ !&in, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ !d.oinin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ !ilin, Nno
,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!r4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
!%%ro!&in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ !r,(in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ !risin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ !s%irin, Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ b!r9in, H/(e l!dr!Hn6 Nno ,r!d(!ble4 del!nte del no"breOL
&i#l!doHs6$ !Hs6 NGB4 olo/(i!lO6$ b!ttlin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
beetlin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ besettin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ billo7in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ bl!zin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ blin9in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"bre4 estnd!r
en GB ' USA (!ndo si,ni#i! Qinter"itenteHs6Q e in,l0s olo/(i!l en GB (!ndo
si,ni#i! Q"!lditoHs6$ !Hs6L %()eteroHs6$ !Hs6QM o"o %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente detrs de
(n +erbo si,ni#i! Q%!r%!de!ndoQO$ bl(nderin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ bl(s&in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ bl(sterin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO$ boo"in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r '
,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ bo(ndin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
bri""in, HllenoHs6$ !Hs6 &!st! el borde6$ broodin, Nliter!rio4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte
del no"breO Hin/(iet!nteHs66$ b(l,in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ b("blin, Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO Hino"%etenteHs66$ b(stlin, Hb(lliioso6$ b('in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ !s!din, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
l!s&in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ o"in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ o"%etin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ onl(din, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H#in!l6$ ond(tin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO$ onsentin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ ontendin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ orres%ondin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %(ede ir del!nte ' detrs de
no"bre o"o !d.eti+o$ %ero detrs del no"bre se %(ede onsider!r t!"bi0n
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO$ Ro(nter+!ilin,L o(nterR+!ilin, NGBO Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ r!7lin,$ ree%in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO$ ri9etin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ rin,in, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ r'in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ d!nin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ d!n,lin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ d!7dlin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ d!7nin, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ di##erin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ dinnin,
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ dis!%%e!rin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ dis%ensin, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ diRssentin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ di+in,
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ dizz'in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
dri#tin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ Rdri+ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
Rdri+elin, NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ droo%in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ Rd(ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rd(elin, NUSAO Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ d'in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H/(e Hse6 estHn6 "(riendo6$ e"er,in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ en!blin, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ ens(in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ enterin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ es!l!tin, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ e+ol+in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ e-istin,
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ #esterin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
#i,&tin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ #l!"in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ #leein, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ #li9erin,
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ #lo!tin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
#lo7in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ #l(t(!tin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ #l(tterin,
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ #o(nderin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ R#ree7&eelin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ #ri,,in, N+(l,!r4 no ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO H"!lditoHs6$ !Hs66$ #roli9in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO$ #ro7nin,$ #(ntionin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
R,!llo%in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ ,!l("%&in, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ ,!%in, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ ,ibberin, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ ,l!nin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ ,le!"in,
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ ,li""erin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO$ ,lintin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ ,listenin, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ ,lo!tin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R,lobeHI6trottin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ ,ossi%in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ ,re'in, NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL ,r!'in, NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ ,ri%in,
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ ,ro%in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
,ro+ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,ro+elin, NUSAO Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
,ro7lin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ ,r("blin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ ,(r,lin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ &!%%enin, Nolo/(i!l4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ &e!+in, Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$
&issin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ &o"in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
&o%%in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ &o7lin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ &(l9in, Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
i"%endin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ ind7ellin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ interR!tin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ interR#erin, Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ interR+enin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
intros%etin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ .obbin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ .o9in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ .(ttin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ 9illin,$ l!stin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ l!(,&in, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ le!din, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ le!%in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ leerin, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ liltin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ lin,erin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ li+in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %(ede ir del!nte ' detrs del no"bre
o"o !d.eti+o$ %ero detrs del no"bre se %(ede onsider!r o"o (n %!rtii%io Hde6
%resenteO$ lon,in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ loo"in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ l("berin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ l(r9in, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ l'in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
"!r!(din, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ "edi!tin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO H"edi!dor6$ "iddlin, Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente
del!nte del no"breO$ "inisterin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ "o!nin,
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ "otorin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
nei,&bo(rin, NGBOL nei,&borin, NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
nestin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ net7or9in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ ni,,lin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ ni%%in, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ oozin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ o%enin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ o+er!r&in, Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente
del!nte del no"breO$ o+er#lo7in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
o+er&!n,in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ o+erl'in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ o+erridin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ %!ntin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
%!rtii%!tin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ %endin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%ersistin, Nliter!rio4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ %&il!nderin, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ %iddlin, Nolo/(i!lO$ %loddin, Ns3lo del!nte
del no"breO$ %l(n,in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ %r!tin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
%r!ttlin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ %reedin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ %reIe-istin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
%residin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"bre4 liter!rio4 r!ro o"o !d.eti+oO$
%re+!ilin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ %re+!ri!tin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ %robin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ %rotr(din, Nliter!rio4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ %r'in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ %(ls!tin, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H%!l%it!nteHs6L +ibr!nteHs66$ /(!rrellin, NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL /(!rrelin, NUSAO Nl!si#i!ti+o4 s3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ /(!+erin,$ /(estin, Nl!si#i!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ r!in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ r!9in, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ r!,in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ r!ll'in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ r!rin, Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ r!+enin, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 liter!rio4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ r!+in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ re!din, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ reedin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ relinin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
re(rrin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ rei,nin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ rel!%sin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ relentin,
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ re"!inin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
reso(ndin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ res(ltin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO Honsi,(ienteHs66$ re+ol+in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ riotin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ ri%%lin, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO Htens!doHs6$ !Hs66$ ro!rin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
rolli9in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ rot!tin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ ro+in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ r(stlin, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ s!,,in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ s!li+!tin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ s&e"in,
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ sree&in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
see"in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ seet&in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ s&i""erin,$ s&inin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte
del no"breO$ s&i+erin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ si"%erin, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ sittin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ sizzlin, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ s9iin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ slee%in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ slidin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ slo(&in,
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ s"ellin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ s"ilin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ s"o(lderin, NGBOL s"olderin, NUSAO
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ sn!rlin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
sne!9in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ sni,,erin,$ sni+ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
sni+elin, NUSAO Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ so!rin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ soddin, NGB4 +(l,!r4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ sorro7in,
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ s%ir!llin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL s%ir!lin,
NUSAO Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ s/(e!9in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ s/(intin,
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ s/(ir"in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
st!ndin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ st!rin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
stin9in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ stre!"in, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ strollin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ str(,,lin, Ndel!nte del
no"breO$ str(ttin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ s(bordin!tin, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ s(r+i+in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ s7!r"in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ s7elterin, Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s7in,ein, NGB %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r '
,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!r4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ t!l9in, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ tee"in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tendin, Nr!ro4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ t&ie+in, Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ t&in9in, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ t&ri+in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ t&robbin,
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ t&ron,in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ t&("%in,
Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ t&(nderin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ ti9in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ tiltin, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ tin9lin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ toddlin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ totterin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ tr!ilin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
tr!"%in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ tre"blin, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ t7in9lin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nder!&ie+in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ (nderRl'in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ +!nis&in, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ 7!itin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ 7!l9in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ 7!nderin, Ns3lo del!nte
del no"breO$ 7!rrin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ 7!+in, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ 7ee%in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ 7&eedlin,$ 7&eezin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
7&in,He6in, NGB4 olo/(i!l4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ 7&inin, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ 7&irrin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R7&o%%in, Nolo/(i!l4
no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ 7innin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente
del!nte del no"breO$ 7it&in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ 7onderin,
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ 7rit&in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
'!7nin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ et1 E.14 t&e #irst b('in, (sto"er
Hel %ri"er liente /(e o"%r!6M S&e s!7 ! d'in, N!d.eti+oO R7o"!n HEll! +io (n!
"(.er "oriRb(nd!6$ %ero QS&e s!7 ! 7o"!n H7&oL t&!t 7!s6 Rd'in, N%!rtii%io Hde6
%resenteO in !%%!llin, onRditionsQ HEll! +io ! (n! "(.er H/(e est!b!6 "(Rriendo en
ondiiones es%!nRtos!sL &oRrribles6M ! li+in, N!d.eti+oO R%erson H(n! %erson! R+i+!6$
%ero QA %erson H7&oL t&!t is6 Rli+in, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO in ti"es R%!stQ HUn!
%erson! H/(e est6 +iR+iendo en tie"%os %!Rs!dos6M T&is %erson is Rli+in, N%!rtii%io
Hde6 %resenteO in t&e R%!st HEst! %erson! est +iR+iendo en el %!Rs!do6M ! r!+in,
l(Rn!ti H(n loo %erRdido6M ! stin9in, Rroo" H(n (!rto !s/(e R rosoL R #0tido6M !
t&(nderin, Rn(is!ne H(n #!stidio deso"(Rn!l6M T&e 7!itin, N!d.eti+oO R"!n H7&oL
t&!t is6 o(tside HEl R&o"bre /(e est es%er!ndo #(er!6$ %ero QT&e "!n H7&oL t&!t is6
R7!itin, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO o(tsideQ HEl &o"bre /(e est esR%er!ndo #(er!6M
7orsenin, N!d.eti+oO Rl!s&es H&o/(es /(e +!n ! R%eor6M T&e sit(!tion is R7orsenin,
N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO HL! sit(!i3n est e"%eoRr!ndo6$ et1 D1;1<15C$ ;1@$ =15;;
2+ &os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos 'ue est!n relacionados con verbos4
son !si todos ,r!d(!bles$ !l "enos en !l,(n! de l!s !e%ionesM &!' dos l!ses4
a+ &os 'ue tienen otro ad%etivo correspondiente terminado en 5ed o la
terminacin del participio ND1;1@OM l! #or"! ter"in!d! en Ied es s3lo %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!do ND1=15=CO1
b+ &os 'ue no tienen otro ad%etivo correspondiente terminado en 5edM los /(e
no lle+!n n!d! %(eden ir del!nte del no"bre ' detrs del +erbo4 !%%e!lin,
H!tr!ti+oHs6$ !Hs6L s(%li!nteHs66$ !rin,$ ,litterin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO$ ,lo7in,$ l!9in, Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ o(t,oin,$
o(tst!ndin,$ s%!r9lin,$ s%ortin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ 7!+erin, Ns3lo del!nte
del no"breO$ et1 E.14 Ee is ! bit l!9in, Hl es (n %oo tor%e61
-+ &os ad%etivos 'ue no est!n relacionados con verbos por'ue no existe ningBn
verbo as(M los /(e no !%!reen en ;1@ no tienen otro !d.eti+o orres%ondiente
ter"in!do en Ied o l! ter"in!i3n del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM %(eden ser4
a+ Calificativos4 !%%etizin,L !%%etisin, NGBO$ bre!t&t!9in,$ bro9in, H/(e &!eHn6
de !,enteHs6 de bols!6$ (nnin,$ Re!s'IR,oin,$ enter%risin,$ R#!rIRre!&in,$
R,oodIRloo9in,$ R,r(ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R,r(elin, NUSAO$ R&!rdIRdrin9in,$
R&!rdIR7e!rin,$ R&e!rtHI6rendin,$ R&i,&IR#l'in,$ R&i,&IRso(ndin,$ Rl!bo(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL Rl!bor NUSAO Rs!+in,$ Rl!7I!Rbidin, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO$ Rlon,IRl!stin,$ Rlon,IRr(nnin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ Rlon,estIRr(nnin,
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ Rlon,IRser+in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
Rlon,HI6Rst!ndin,$ R"indIRbo,,lin, Nolo/(i!lO$ R"o(t&IR7!terin,$ RnieIRloo9in,$
Ro##IR%(ttin,$ %!inst!9in, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ R%e!eIRlo+in,$
R%enn'IR%in&in,$ Rse"iond(tin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
s%ellbindin,$ s7!s&b(9lin, Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s
+(l,!rO$ t&oro(,&HI6,oin,$ Rti"eIonRs("in,$ (nR!rin,$ (no"%ro"isin,$
(nR#l!tterin,$ (nR&esit!tin,$ (ninRs%irin,$ (nRinterestin,$ (nRlo+in,$ (noRbli,in,$
(noR##endin,$ (nR%le!sin,$ (nR%ro"isin,$ (nreR#res&in,$ (ns(Rst!inin,$ (nRte"%tin,$
(nRt&in9in,$ (%Rst!ndin,$ et1 E.14 ! ,oodIloo9in, R!tress H(n! !triz R,(!%!L boRnit!6$
et1
b+ Calificativos clasificativos4 #ort&Ro"in,$ et1
c+ Clasificativos4 !ntiR9no9in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
!R7!rdIR7innin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ b!ldin, H/(e se estHn6
/(ed!ndo !l+o6$ RbestIRsellin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ blit&erin,
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO H&!rl!tn6$ R&ildbe!rin, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO H#0rtilHes66$ Rlod&o%%in, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ d!rlin, Nolo/(i!l4 s3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Re!rHI6s%littin,
Hensordeedor6$ Re!rt&HI6s&!tterin, H/(e !(s!Hn6 on"oi3n6$ R#!eIRs!+in, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R#!tIR#indin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ R#!(ltHI6#indin, Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s
+(l,!r4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R#eeIR%!'in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ R#reeIRst!ndin,$ #re/(entl'Io(rrin, N(!ndo +! detrs del +erbo +!
se%!r!do sin ,(i3n ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente es s3lo Qo(rrin,Q ' Q#re/(entl'Q es
!d+erbio ' +! detrs$ no del!nteO$ ,!n,lin,$ R,!sIR,(zzlin, Nolo/(i!l4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO$ R,ro(ndHI6Rbre!9in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R&!irIRs%littin, Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ R&e!tIRsee9in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
Rino"in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rin,oin, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rl!ndo7nin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rl!7IRbre!9in, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ liltin,$ R"!nIRe!tin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ R"iddleIRr!n9in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
R"one'IRl!(nderin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R"one'HI6R"!9in, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R"one'HI6Rs!+in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO$ Rne+erIRendin,$ Roe!nIR,oin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
Rono"in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Ron,oin, Ns3lo del!nte del
no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Ronr(s&in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
o(tl'in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ o+erR7eenin, Nliter!rio4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ %!in9illin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R%e!eIR9ee%in,
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R%rizeHI67innin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R/(i9IR!tin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R/(i9IR,ro7in,
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ Rse!#!rin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
RreordIRbre!9in, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rri%HI6Rro!rin,
Nolo/(i!l4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ se!#!rin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
Rse!HI6,oin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ Rsel#IresR%etin,
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ RsenteneIRendin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte
del no"breO$ Rs&o7HI6sto%%in, Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO
H/(e !(s! sens!i3n6$ s(%erond(tin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt!-IRr!isin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rto%IR,rossin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ Rto%IRr!n9in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
Rt(bIRt&("%in, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO Hde"!,3,io6$ (ne!sin,$ (no"R%l!inin,$
(nRd'in, N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ (nRerrin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR#!ilin,
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR#l!,,in,$ (nrelentin,$
(nR7ittin, Nliter!rio4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ R(%I!ndIo"in, Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R(%o"in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ 7!r"on,erin, Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R7!'#!rin, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ et1 E.14 ! blit&erin, Ridiot H(n idiot! %erRdido6M o+er7eenin,
R%ride Hor,(llo %res(nRt(oso6$ et1
;15C1I Aa ad%etivos 'ue son din!micos otros est!ticos7 los din"ios$ /(e
s(elen ser !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$ son !d.eti+os !ti+os$ no %er"!nentes$ /(e
de%enden de l! +ol(nt!d de l! %erson! ' %(eden ir on (n +erbo en #or"! ontin(!
o on (n +erbo en i"%er!ti+o ' los esttios no1
Ad.eti+os din"ios4 !bs(rd$ !b(si+e$ !dor!ble$ !##!ble$ !##etion!te$ !"bitio(s$
!"(sin,$ !nno'in,$ !7#(l$ !797!rd$ b!b'is&$ b!d$ borin,$ br!+e$ !l"$ !re#(l$
!reless$ !(tio(s$ &eer#(l$ &ildis&$ le+er$ o"%l!ent$ oneited$ onsistent$
ordi!l$ riti!l$ r(el$ d!rin,$ desriti+e$ des%ondent$ di##i(lt$ dis!,ree!ble$
disobedient$ disr(%ti+e$ d(ll$ e!rl'$ eono"i!l$ eno(r!,in,$ ent&(si!sti$
e-tr!+!,!nt$ #!it&#(l$ #oolis&$ #or"!l$ #r!n9$ #riendl'$ #(nn'$ ,enero(s$ ,entle$ ,ood$
,reed'$ &!st'$ &el%#(l$ &'%oriti!l$ idioti$ illo,i!l$ i"%!tient$ i"%ossible$
i"%(dent$ inno+!ti+e$ ironi$ irrit!tin,$ .e!lo(s$ .(st$ 9ind$ l!te$ l!z'$ lo,i!l$ lo'!l$
"!nnerl'$ "e!n$ "is&ie+o(s$ "'sterio(s$ n!i+e N"s (s!doO NoO n!+e$ n!st'$
n!(,&t'$ nie$ nois'$ obedient$ obli,in,$ obstin!te$ odd$ o%ti"isti$ %!tient$ %e(li!r$
%ed!nti$ %essi"isti$ %l!'#(l$ %olite$ %r!ti!l$ /(i9$ /(iet$ r!s&$ re!son!ble$
re+ol(tion!r'$ ro(,&$ r(de$ sel#is&$ sensible$ sensiti+e$ s&'$ sill'$ sinere$ slo7$
snobbis&$ st(bborn$ st(%id$ s(s%iio(s$ t!t#(l$ t!l9!ti+e$ tedio(s$ t&o(,&t#(l$ tid'$
ti"id$ tired$ tireso"e$ tirin,$ toler!nt$ tro(bleso"e$ (nderst!ndin,$ (n#!it&#(l$
(n,r!te#(l$ (n&el%#(l$ (n9ind$ (n%le!s!nt$ (nre!son!ble$ (nsr(%(lo(s$ (nsel#is&$
(ntid'$ +!(o(s$ +!in$ +iio(s$ +(l,!r$ 7!ste#(l$ 7i9ed$ 7ise$ 7itt'$ et1 E.14 Ee is
bein, 9ind Hl est siendo !"!ble6M S&e is bein, ,ood HEll! est siendo b(en!61 D1
=1?
Los !d.eti+os esttios$ /(e son %!si+os ' no de%enden de l! +ol(nt!d de l! %erson!$
son l! "!'or %!rte de los !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os ' !l,(nos !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os
o"o Ube!(ti#(l$ bi,$ bl!9$ de!d$ e!s'$ #!t$ ,oodIloo9in,$ &(n,r'$ ill$ l(9'$ old$
ri&$ ri,&t$ slee%'$ s"!ll$ s(re$ t!ll$ t&irst'$ (,l'$ 7ron,$ 'o(n,V$ todos los !d.eti+os
ter"in!dos en Ied de ;1<15C$ ;1@ ' =15=5 /(e %(eden &!er t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!do %or/(e no son !d.eti+os !ti+os$ sino %!si+os ' &!en l!
#(ni3n de %!rtii%ios de %!s!do si +!n %reedidos de Ubein,V$ et1 E.14 Be 9ind]
H\S0 !"!ble]6M Be ,ood] H\S0 b(en!]61
A +ees$ &!' !d.eti+os /(e %(eden ser din"ios on (n si,ni#i!do ' esttios on
otro1 E.14 Ee is bein, ! bi, Ndin"ioO idiotL ! ,ood Ndin"ioO "on!r& Hl est
siendo (n ,r!n idiot!L (n b(en "on!r!6 ' UT&is t!ble is bi,L ,oodV NesttiosO
HEst! "es! es ,r!ndeL b(en!6M S&e is bein, ! %er#et Ndin"ioO "ot&er HEll! est
siendo (n! "!dre %er#et!6 ' UT&!t is %er#etV NesttioO HEsoL A/(ello est
%er#eto6M Ee is bein, red N#i,(r!do4 din"ioO Hl est &!iendo Hel %!%el6 de ro.o
Ni o"(nist!O6 ' UT&is is redV Nliter!l4 esttioO HEsto es ro.o6M T&is !rtist is bein,
7ooden Ndin"ioO HEste !rtist! no est siendo e-%resi+o6 ' UT&is is ! 7ooden
NesttioO ob.etV HEsto es (n ob.eto de "!der!6M Ee is bein, 'ello7 N#i,(r!do4
din"ioO Hl est siendo ob!rde6 ' UT&is is 'ello7V Nliter!l4 esttioO HEsto es
!"!rillo61
;1551I &os ad%etivos compuestos suelen llevar un guin en medioM %!r! l!
!ent(!i3n D151;?15M pueden ser4
*+ CalificativosM ,ener!l"ente son ,r!d(!bles %or/(e !d"iten el o"%!r!ti+o '
s(%erl!ti+o4 R!identIR%rone$ R#irstIRl!ss Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hde %ri"er orden Ni
e-elenteHs6O6$ R&!rdIR(%$ Ro##IR&!nd$ Rr(nIRdo7n$ RseondIRl!ss Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hde
in#erior !lid!d6$ RseondIRr!te$ Rto%IR&e!+'$ Rtro(bleIR#ree$ R7!r"IR&e!rted$
R7orldl'IR7ise$ et1 E.14 ! 7!r"I&e!rted R7i#e H(n! es%os! !riR)os!L !#eRt(os!6$ et1
D1 ;1B1;1!$ ;1;<$ =15=515
2+ Clasificativos4 R!llIR%o7er#(l$ R!(dioIR+is(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rbr!ndIRne7$
Rb(lletIR%roo#$ RrossIR*&!nnel$ RrossIRo(ntr'$ R(tIR%rie NGB %rini%!l"ente4 no
,r!d(!bleOL R(tIRr!te NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleO H! %reio reb!.!do6$
Rdee%IRse!$ Rdri%IRdr' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rdri+eIRin H%!r! o&es6$ Rd(t'IR#ree$ R#irstIRl!ss
Hde %ri"er! l!se6$ R#reeHI6Rr!n,e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#(llIR#!e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R#(llIRlen,t& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#(llIRs!le Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!l#IR%rie$ R&!l#IR'e!rl'$
RieIRold Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RinterestIR#ree$ R9neeIRdee% Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rl!stIR"in(te$
Rl!teIRni,&t$ Rle!dIR#ree$ Rli#eIRsize Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RlooseIRle!# Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rnort&HI6Re!st$ Rnort&HI6R7est$ Rn(le!rIR#ree$ RoddsIRon Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RredIRbri9$
RseondIRl!ss Hde se,(nd! l!se6$ RseondIdeR,ree Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RseondIR&!nd$
RsoIRso$ Rt!-IR#ree Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RtoneIRde!#$ Rto%IRseret$ R7ideI!R7!9e$
R7orldIR#!"o(s$ et1 D1 ;1B1;1$ =15=51:
2+ De colores4 RbloodIRred Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rbl(eIRbl!9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RbottleIR,reen$
Rdo+eIR,re' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rdo+eIR,r!' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ eRletriIRbl(e$
R#res&IRolo(red NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R#res&IRolored NUSAO$ RieIRbl(e$ RironIR,re'
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL RironIR,r!' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ R.etIRbl!9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rli"eIR,reen$ Rn(tIRbro7n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##IR7&ite$ R%e!IR,reen$ R%e!rlIR,re' NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL R%e!rlIR,r!' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ Rro'!lIRbl(e$ Rse!IR,reen Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rs&o9in,IR%in9$ Rs9'IRbl(e$ Rsno7IR7&ite$ et1
;1581I &os ad%etivos calificativos, clasificativos de colores pueden indicar4
a+ Estado transitorio$ si se tr!d(e el +erbo UbeV %or Uest!rV$ no UserV4 b(s'$
&(n,r'$ 7orried$ et1 E.14 T&ese ,orill!s !re &(n,r' HEstos ,oril!s estn
&!"brientosL tienen &!"bre6M S&e is 7orried HEll! est %reo(%!d!6$ et1
b+ Oaturale)a intr(nseca$ si se tr!d(e el +erbo UbeV %or UserV$ no Uest!rV4
intelli,ent$ slo7$ 7ise$ et1 E.14 Pen,(ins !re slo7 HLos %in,Xinos son lentos6M
Miner!ls !re (se#(l HLos "iner!les son 2tiles6$ et1
c+ Estado transitorio naturale)a intr(nseca$ si se %(ede tr!d(ir el +erbo UbeV
%or UserV o Uest!rV4 be!(ti#(l$ bene#ii!l$ bl(e$ e-%ensi+e$ #!t$ nie$ red$ stron,$ t&in$
(,l'$ (se#(l$ et1 E.14 T&e %ro"otion is bene#ii!l HL! %ro"oi3n es bene#iios!6$
et1
;15:1I Cuando /a dos ad%etivos calificativos delante de un nombre se puede
poner una coma o la con%uncin ;and< entre ellosM l! on.(ni3n Q!ndQ se (s!
"(&o "enos (!ndo los !d.eti+os +!n del!nte del no"bre /(e (!ndo los
!d.eti+os +!n detrs del +erboM (!ndo se %one l! on.(ni3n U!ndV s(elen ser de l!
"is"! !te,orF! de l!s 8: e-istentes$ !(n/(e se %(ede %oner si"%le"ente (n!
o"!M ! +ees$ (!ndo son ortos no se %one o"! entre ellos1 E.14 ! t!ll N:O$ sli" N<O
,irl H(n! &i! !lt! ' del,!d!6M ! s&ort N:O$ st(rd' N<O #orei,ner H(n e-tr!n.ero b!.o '
rob(sto6M t&e lon, N:O$ lo7 N<O !"er!M ! t!ll N:O !nd No o"!O ele,!nt N<O bo' H(n
"(&!&o !lto ' ele,!nte6M ! r(el N8O !nd No o"!O inonsider!te N8O %erson H(n!
%erson! r(el ' desonsider!d!6M !n intelli,ent N8O !nd No o"!O !"bitio(s N8O
b(siness"!n H(n &o"bre de ne,oios inteli,ente ' No o"!O !"biioso6M ItZs ! lon,
N:O !nd No o"!O tedio(s N8O b(siness1
*(!ndo &!' dos !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os de l! "is"! !te,orF! del!nte del no"bre$
se %(ede %oner l! on.(ni3n Q!ndQ entre ellos '$ si son de distint! !te,orF!$ no se
%one n!d!1 E.14 ! soi!l N5:O !nd !,ri(lt(r!l N5:O %roble" H(n %roble"! soi!l '
!,rFol!6M ! Britis& N55O l!ssi!l N5:O "(sii!n H(n "2sio lsio britnio61
*(!ndo &!' dos !d.eti+os de olor del!nte del no"bre$ se %one l! on.(ni3n
Q!ndQ entre ellos1 E.14 ! red N@O !nd 'ello7 N@O s9inL &ide H(n %elle.o ro.o ' !"!rillo61
*(!ndo &!' "s de dos !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os del!nte del no"bre$ se %(ede %oner
(n! o"! o l! on.(ni3n Q!ndQ entre los dos 2lti"os1 E.14 ! t!llH$6 d!r9 !nd No
o"!O &!ndso"e ,entle"!n H(n !b!llero !lto$ de tez oHb6s(r! ' ele,!nte61
*(!ndo &!' "s de dos !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os del!nte del no"bre$ no se %one
o"! ni l! on.(ni3n Q!ndQ entre los dos 2lti"os si son de di#erente !te,orF!$ %ero
si son de l! "is"! !te,orF! se %one o"! entre los /(e +!n del!nte del 2lti"o ' l!
on.(ni3n Q!ndQ del!nte del 2lti"o1 E.14 ! 7ellI9no7n N5C en este !soO A#ri!n
N55O %oetM ! soi!l N5:O$ biolo,i!l N5:O !nd %oliti!l N5:O %roble"1
*(!ndo se "ezl!n !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os on !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os ' de olores
del!nte del no"bre$ no se %one o"! ni l! on.(ni3n U!ndV1
En todos los !sos se %(ede %oner l! on.(ni3n U'V del!nte del 2lti"o !l tr!d(irlo
!l !stell!no1 No se s(ele %oner l! on.(ni3n Q!ndQ en "edio de dos !d.eti+os /(e
+!n del!nte del no"bre$ si %erteneen ! !te,orF!s o l!ses distint!s de l!s 8:
"enion!d!s1 E.14 (,l' N8O 7ooden N5;O 7indo7s H+ent!n!s de "!der! #e!s6M ! nie
N8O bl!9 N@O &!t H(n bonito so"brero ne,ro6M !n ele,!nt N<O R(ssi!n N55O ,irlM ! nie
N8O$ 7ide N?O sittin,Iroo" H(n! s!l! de est!r bonit! ' !n&!61
Se s(ele %oner l! on.(ni3n Q!ndQ del!nte del 2lti"o !d.eti+o /(e +!'! del!nte del
no"bre en (n! desri%i3n (!ndo son todos %ositi+os o ne,!ti+os1 E.14 Ee is !
%!tient N<O !nd ,oodIn!t(red N<O %riest Hl es (n (r! %!iente ' bond!doso61
Es nees!rio %oner l! on.(ni3n Q!ndQ del!nte del 2lti"o !d.eti+o /(e +!'! del!nte
del no"bre (!ndo se re#ieren ! %!rtes o !s%etos di#erentes de !l,oM %(eden ser dos
!d.eti+os de (n! "is"! l!se o !te,orF! o"o el olor$ l! n!ion!lid!d$ et1 E.14 !
red N@O !nd %(r%le N@O &!t H(n so"brero ro.o ' %2r%(r!6M #i+e T&!i N55O !nd T'role!n
N55O to(rists Hino t(rist!s t!il!ndeses ' tiroleses6M ! bl!9 N@O !nd 7&ite N@O %&oto
H(n! #oto en bl!no ' ne,ro6M ! 'ello7 N@O$ red N@O !nd 7&ite N@O roo" H(n
&!bit!i3n !"!rill!$ ro.! ' bl!n!6M ! bri9 N5<O !nd iron N5<O 7!ll H(n! %!red de
&ierro ' l!drillo6M ! %s'&olo,i!l N5:O !nd soiolo,i!l N5:O %&eno"enon H(n
#en3"eno %siol3,io ' soiol3,io61
Se %one l! on.(ni3n QorQ en "edio de dos !d.eti+os (!ndo e-%res!n (n!
!ltern!ti+!1 E.14 ! di##i(lt N<O or 7orr'in, N<O rossro!ds H(n! enr(i.!d! di#Fil o
%reo(%!nte61
Se %one l! on.(ni3n Qb(tQ en "edio de dos !d.eti+os (!ndo e-%res!n (n
ontr!steM %(eden ser dos !d.eti+os de (n! "is"! l!se o !te,orF! o"o el olor$ l!
n!ion!lid!d$ et1 E.14 ! &e!% b(t ,ood t!ble H(n! "es! b!r!t! %ero b(en!61
Si (n no"bre +! %reedido de +!rios !d.eti+os /(e lle+!n sol!"ente (n !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do$ esos !d.eti+os se re#ieren ! (n "is"o #en3"eno$ %erson! o os!1
E.14 ! t!ll !nd 9ind "!n H(n &o"bre !lto ' ort0s61
Si !d! !d.eti+o +! %reedido de (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ se re#ieren ! distintos
#en3"enos$ %erson!s o os!s1 E.14 A #!ir !nd ! bl!9 7o"!n 7ere t!l9in, to e!&
ot&er HUn! "(.er r(bi! ' (n! "(.er ne,r! est!b!n &!bl!ndo l! (n! on l! otr!61
;15;1I &as indicaciones o sugerencias para el orden 'ue siguen los ad%etivos
calificativos, de color clasificativos delante del nombre son las siguientes7 /a
veintitres categor(as"
*+ En primer lugar se suelen poner los ad%etivos posde(cticos o
posdeterminantes4 "!in$ "!.or$ onl'$ %er#et$ %re+io(s$ re!l$ reent$ s&eer$ sli,&t$
(lti"!te$ (ni#or"$ (tter$ et1M son "!'orit!ri!"ente l!si#i!ti+os1 E.14 t&e "!.or N5O
interestin, N<O o""ent Hel o"ent!rio %rini%!l interes!nte6M t&e "!in N5O ne7 N=O
bio,r!%&ies Hl!s %rini%!les bio,r!#F!s n(e+!s6M t&e onl' N5O re"!inin, N5CO
%ossibilit' Hl! 2ni! %osibilid!d /(e /(ed!6M in %er#et N5O ,ood N8O te"%er Hon (n
&("or b(eno %er#eto6M t&e reent N5O s(nn' N<O 7e!t&er Hel tie"%o sole!do
reiente6M t&e (lti"!te N5O ,ood N8O t&in, Hl! "-i"! os! b(en!6M (ni#or" N5O t!ll
N:O$ 7&ite N@O b(ildin,s Hedi#iios bl!nos !ltos ' (ni#or"es6M (tter N5O sill' N8O ide!s
Hide!s o"%let!"ente tont!s6$ et1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os de 5C Ninl(ido el !d.eti+o n("er!l ordin!l U#ollo7in,V4 D1;1<5O
' 58 %(eden ir t!"bi0n en 5 on (n! li,er! di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do1 E.14 !n
i"%ressi+e N8O e-istin, N5CO sit(!tion H(n! sit(!i3n e-istente i"%resion!nte6L !n
e-istin, N5O i"%ressi+e N8O sit(!tion H(n! sit(!i3n i"%resion!nte e-istente6M t&e
#ollo7in, N5O deliio(s N<O dis& N"s (s!doO Hel %l!to deliioso si,(iente6L t&e
deliio(s N<O #ollo7in, N5CO dis& N"enos (s!doO Hel si,(iente %l!to deliioso6M t&e
i"%ort!nt N<O re"!inin, N5CO st(##L t&e re"!inin, N5O i"%ort!nt N<O st(## Hel "!teri!l
i"%ort!nte /(e /(ed!6M ! ,ood N8O s"ilin, N5CO te!&er H(n %ro#esor sonriente '
b(eno6L ! s"ilin, N5O ,ood N8O te!&er H(n %ro#esor b(eno ' sonriente6M t&e be!(ti#(l
N8O !bo+eI"entioned N58O t&o(,&tsL t&e !bo+eI"entioned N5O be!(ti#(l N8O t&o(,&ts
Hlos %ens!"ientos &er"osos "enion!dos "s !rrib!6$ et1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os o"o Q!ddition!l$ &ie#$ o"%lete$ entire$ e-tre"e$ le#t$ o%%osite$
%!rti(l!r$ %!st$ %ositi+e$ %resent$ %rini%!l$ %(re$ s%ei#i$ s(%erb$ tr(e$ (%%er$
(s(!lQ$ et1$ %(eden ir en l! !te,orF! 5: ' ! +ees t!"bi0n en l! 54 !n ne7 N=O
!ddition!l N5:O "!,!zine H(n! re+ist! Hil(str!d!6 !diion!l n(e+!6L !n !ddition!l N5O
ne7 N=O "!,!zine H(n! re+ist! Hil(str!d!6 n(e+! !diion!l6M t&e 7onder#(l N8O &ie#
N5:O ide! Hl! ide! %rini%!l "!r!+illos!6L t&e &ie# N5O 7onder#(l N8O ide! Hl! ide!
"!r!+illos! %rini%!l6M ! ,ood N8O o"%lete N5:O boo9 H(n libro o"%leto b(eno6L !
o"%lete N5O ,ood N8O boo9 H(n libro b(eno o"%leto6M ! ,ood N8O entire N5:O boo9
H(n libro entero b(eno6L !n entire N5O ,ood N8O boo9 H(n libro b(eno entero6M !n
i"%ressi+e N8O e-tre"e N5:O sit(!tion H(n! sit(!i3n e-tre"! i"%resion!nte6L !n
e-tre"e N5O i"%ressi+e N8O sit(!tion H(n! sit(!i3n i"%resion!nte e-tre"!6M t&e
ro(nd N?O le#t N5:O s/(!re Hl! %l!z! de l! iz/(ierd!$ redond!6L t&e le#t N5O ro(nd N?O
s/(!re Hl! %l!z! redond! de l! iz/(ierd!6M t&e be!(ti#(l N8O le#t N5:O s/(!re Hl! %l!z!
de l! iz/(ierd!$ &er"os!6L t&e le#t N5O be!(ti#(l N8O s/(!re Hl! %l!z! &er"os! de l!
iz/(ierd!6M t&e %!rti(l!r N5O interestin, N8O o""ent N"s (s!doO Hel o"ent!rio
interes!nte ' es%ei!l6L t&e interestin, N8O %!rti(l!r N5:O o""ent N"enos (s!doO
H(n o"ent!rio es%eF#io interes!nte6M t&e interestin, N8O %!st N5:O o""ent Hel
!nterior o"ent!rio interes!nte6L t&e %!st N5O interestin, N8O o""ent Hel interes!nte
o"ent!rio !nterior6M t&e bro!d N?O o%%osite N5:O ro!d Hl! !lle de en#rente$ !n&!6L
t&e o%%osite N5O bro!d N?O ro!d Hl! !lle !n&! de en#rente6M ! ,re!t N8O %ositi+e N5:O
7o"!n H(n! "(.er %ositi+! "!r!+illos!6L ! %ositi+e N5O ,re!t N8O 7o"!n H(n! "(.er
"!r!+illos! %ositi+!6M t&e di##i(lt N8O %resent N5:O sit(!tion Hl! sit(!i3n !t(!l
di#Fil6L t&e %resent N5O di##i(lt N8O sit(!tion Hl! sit(!i3n di#Fil !t(!l6M t&e %rini%!l
N5O dili,ent N<O %erson N"s (s!doO Hl! %erson! dili,ente %rini%!l6L t&e dili,ent N<O
%rini%!l N5:O %erson N"enos (s!doO Hl! %erson! %rini%!l dili,ente6M !7#(l N8O
s%ei#i N5:O ide!s Hide!s es%eF#i!s &orribles6L s%ei#i N5O !7#(l N8O ide!s Hide!s
&orribles es%eF#i!s6M !n e!s' N8O s(%erb N5:O ide! H(n! ide! ,eni!l #il6L ! s(%erb
N5O e!s' N8O ide! H(n ide! #il ,eni!l6M tr(e N5O intelli,ent N<O t&o(,&ts
H%ens!"ientos inteli,entes +erd!deros6L intelli,ent N<O tr(e N5:O t&o(,&ts
H%ens!"ientos +erd!deros inteli,entes6M t&e ,reen N@O (%%er N5:O side Hel l!do de
!rrib! +erde6L t&e (%%%er N5O ,reen N@O side Hel l!do +erde de !rrib!6M (s(!l N5O
o"%li!ted N<O b(siness N"s (s!doO Hne,oios o"%li!dos nor"!les6L
o"%li!ted N<O (s(!l N5:O b(siness N"enos (s!doO Hne,oios nor"!les
o"%li!dos6$ et1
Los !d.eti+os de l! !te,orF! 55 %(eden ir t!"bi0n ! +ees en l! !te,orF! 5 on (n
si,ni#i!do li,er!"ente di#erente4 red N@O S%!nis& N55O 7ine H+ino es%!)ol tinto6L
S%!nis& N5O red N@O 7ine H+ino tinto es%!)ol61
2+ En segundo lugar se suelen poner ad%etivos calificativos 'ue se refieren a la
actitud a los %uicios de valor7 indican la apariencia, estimacin o valoracin
sub%etiva de la personalidad las emociones del nombre 'ue en este caso es un
ser vivoM !l,(nos %(eden ir en 8 on sentido #i,(r!do ' en < on sentido liter!l4
!ttr!ti+e$ !7#(l$ b!d$ be!(ti#(l$ &!r"in,$ &e!%$ r(el$ d!rin,$ deliio(s$
des%i!ble$ dirt'$ #ine$ #oolis&$ #riendl'$ ,ood$ ,re!t$ &orrible$ i"%ressi+e$ intelli,ent$
9ind$ lo+el'$ nie$ o%%ressi+e$ %oor$ %rett'$ sill'$ s7eet$ terrible$ +!l(!ble$ +iio(s$
+iolent$ 7onder#(l$ et1$ ' !l,(nos de ;1<15C$ ;1@$ ;1B15$ ;1B1:$ ;1B1;1!Ib$ =15=815I8M si
&!' dos de est! !te,orF! .(ntos$ se %one %ri"ero el "s orto o el "s ,ener!lL
!"%lio ' l(e,o el "enos orto o "enos ,ener!lL !"%lio1 E.14 ! nie N8O bi, N:O
+el+et N5@O o!t N"s (s!doOL ! bi, N:O nie N8O +el+et N5@O o!t N"enos (s!doO H(n
!bri,o de terio%elo ,r!nde ' bonito6M ! be!(ti#(l N84 "s ,ener!lO intelli,ent N84
"enos ,ener!lO 7o"!n H(n! "(.er inteli,ente ' &er"os!6M ! be!(ti#(l N8O$ bri,&t N<O
le!n N<O &o(se H(n! !s! li"%i!$ sole!d! ' &er"os!6L ! be!(ti#(l N8O$ le!n N<O
bri,&t N<O &o(se H(n! !s! sole!d!$ li"%i! ' &er"os!6M ! #oolis& N8O #eeble N<O "!n
H(n &o"bre d0bil ' tonto6L ! #eeble N<O #oolis& N8O "!n H(n &o"bre tonto ' d0bil6M !
,re!t N8O #ree N<O o##er H(n! ,r!n o#ert! ,r!t(it!6M ! be!(ti#(l N8O tr(e N<O stor' H(n!
&istoriHet6! +erd!der! ' &er"os!6M ! #(nn' N8O old N<O En,lis& N55O &!t H(n +ie.o '
,r!ioso so"brero in,l0s6M ! #oolis& N8O 'o(n, N=O "!n H(n .o+en tontoL insens!to6M
! %oor N8O little N=O ,irl H(n! %obre "(&!&it!6M ! nie N8O bl!9 N@O l!d' H(n!
si"%ti! se)or! ne,r!L de olor6M ! !re#(l N8O 7&ite N@O ,irl H(n! &i! bl!n!
(id!dos!6M ! de%ressin, N8O #!"ili!r N5:O stor'M &er be!(ti#(l N8O En,lis& N55O
o(ntr' N5=O &o(se Hs( &er"os! !s! de !"%o in,les!6M ! ,ood N8O de#inite N5:O
boo9 H(n libro deter"in!do b(eno6$ et1
*on !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os de l!s !te,orF!s 8 ' < ! +ees se %one %ri"ero el "s
orto o el "s ,ener!lL !"%lio ' l(e,o el "enos orto o "enos ,ener!lL !"%lio '!
/(e s(en! "e.or ' !de"s l! di#ereni! entre s(b.eti+o ' ob.eti+o %(ede ser rel!ti+!1
E.14 ! /(iet N<O intelli,ent N8O 7o"!n H(n! "(.er inteli,ente ' tr!n/(il!6M T&e bi,
N:O $ re!"' N<O $ deliio(s N8O "il9s&!9e N"s (s!doOL T&e bi, !nd re!"' !nd
deliio(s "il9s&!9e N"enos (s!doO HEl b!tido deliioso$ re"oso ' ,r!nde61
Si se die US&e is ! %rett' s&ort l!d'V HEll! es (n! se)or! b!st!nte b!.!6$ Q%rett'Q no
es !d.eti+o sino !d+erbio1
Se %(ede deir U! s&ort N:O$ %rett' N<O l!d'V H(n! se)or! ,(!%! H'6 b!.!6 o$ "enos !
"en(do$ U! %rett' N8O$ s&ort N:O l!d'V H(n! se)or! b!.! H'6 ,(!%!61
2+ En tercer lugar se suelen poner ad%etivos calificativos 'ue indican el tamaLo
del nombre o si es largo, corto4 enor"o(s$ &(,e$ l!r,e$ lon,$ s&ort$ s"!ll$ t!ll$ tin'$
et1$ e-e%t(!ndo Q,re!t bi,Q$ /(e +! del!nte de los de 8 ' los otros de :$ ' QlittleQ
/(e +! en =1 E.14 &(,e N:O b!9 N5=O teet& Hdientes de !trs enor"es6M ! &(,e N:O
s'"boli N<O i"%ort!ne H(n! i"%ort!ni! si"b3li! enor"e6M i"%ressi+e N8O
botto" N5=O teet& Hdientes de !b!.o i"%resion!ntes6M ! bi, N:O s/(!re N?O roo" H(n!
&!bit!i3n (!dr!d! ,r!nde6M ! s"!ll N:O dili,ent N<O te!&er H(n %ro#esor dili,ente
de %o! est!t(r!6M ! bi, N:O bl!9 N@O !t H(n ,!to ne,ro ,r!nde6M ! bi, N:O bro7n N@O
7ooden N5<O &!ir H(n! sill! de "!der! "!rr3n ,r!nde6M ! s"!ll N:O bro7n N@O
le!t&er N5@O %(rse NGBOL &!n,e %(rse NUSAO H(n "onedero de (ero "!rr3n
%e/(e)o6M ! l!r,e N:O "edie+!lL "edi!e+!l NGB %rini%!l"enteO N55O !t&edr!l H(n!
!tedr!l "edie+!l ,r!nde6M ! s&ort N:O s&!r% N?O ob.et H(n ob.eto orto !#il!do6$ et1
El !d.eti+o Ulon,V s(ele ir4
!6 Se,(ido de los !d.eti+os Ube!(ti#(lL borin,L r(elL d!rin,L deliio(sL dirt'L #oolis&L
#riendl'L &orribleL i"%ressi+eL intelli,entL 9indL %oorL %rett' Nsi +! del!nte de Ulon,V
es !d+erbioOL sill'L s7eetL terribleL +iio(sL +iolentV$ et1$ h no"bre4 ! lon, N:O
interestin, N<O no+el H(n! no+el! interes!nte H'6 l!r,!6M lon, N:O be!(ti#(l N<O &!ir1
b6 Preedido de los !d.eti+os U!7#(lL &!r"in,L &e!%L #ineL ,oodL ,re!tL lo+el'L
nieL 7onder#(lV$ et1$ h no"bre4 !n !7#(l N8O lon, N:O boo9 H(n libro l!r,o '
&orrible61
-+ En cuarto lugar se suelen poner ad%etivos calificativos 'ue indican la
temperatura4 old$ ieIold$ &ot$ 7!r"$ et1 E.14 ! &ot N;O &("id N<OL "(,,' N<O
d!' H(n dF! &2"edoL bo&ornoso ' !l(roso6$ et1
3+ En 'uinto lugar se suelen poner ad%etivos calificativos 'ue indican la
apariencia, estimacin o valoracin ob%etiva de la descripcin f(sica del
nombreM !l,(nos %(eden ir en < on sentido liter!l ' en 8 on sentido #i,(r!do4
bri,&t$ &e!%$ &eer#(l$ le!n$ le!r$ lo(d'$ olo(r#(l NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor#(l
NUSAO$ re!"'$ d!r9$ dee%$ deli!te$ dili,ent$ dirt'$ disontented$ ele,!nt$
e-%ensi+e$ #!ir$ #!"o(s$ #!t$ #ree$ ,enero(s$ &!%%'$ &!rd$ &e!+'$ &("id$ i"%ort!nt$
interestin,$ interested$ li,&t$ lo(d$ lo7$ "(,,'$ "'sterio(s$ ne,leted$ ner+o(s$ %!le$
%e!e#(l$ %le!s!nt$ %oor$ %rett'$ ro(,&$ s&in'$ s&r(n9en$ sli"$ s"oot&$ so#t$ s%!io(s$
str!i,&t$ stron,$ st(rd'$ s(nn'$ s7eet$ s'"bloli$ t&in$ t&i9$ tired$ tr(e N%(ede ser
t!"bi0n l!si#i!ti+o en 5:O$ et1$ ' !l,(nos de ;1<15C$ ;1@$ ;1B15$ ;1B1:$ ;1B1;1!Ib$
=15=815I8M Q#eebleQ %(ede ir en l! !te,orF! < o en l! 51 E.14 ! tired N<O old N=O &orse
H(n !b!llo +ie.o !ns!do6M ! d!r9 N<O bl(e N@O s(it H(n tr!.e !z(l oHb6s(ro6M ! dee%
N<O$ ir(l!r NBO bo7l H(n t!z3n %ro#(ndo ' ir(l!r6M !n ele,!nt N<O S%!nis& N55O
,entle"!n H(n !b!llero es%!)ol ele,!nte6M !n i"%ort!nt N<O soi!l N5:O o!sion H(n
o!si3n soi!l i"%ort!nte6M !n e-%ensi+e N<O "et!l N5@O deor!tion H(n! deor!i3n
de "et!l !r!L (n! !r! deor!i3n "etli!6$ et1
Si dos !d.eti+os son de l! "is"! !te,orF! o l!se$ o inl(so de l!s !te,orF!s 8 ' <$
se %one %ri"ero el "s orto o el "s ,ener!lL !"%lio ' l(e,o el "enos orto o
"enos ,ener!lL !"%lio4 ! bri,&t N<O$ &eer#(l N<O loo9 H(n! "ir!d! !lent!dor! '
!le,re6M ! %!le N<O ner+o(s N<O ,irl H(n! "(&!&! ner+ios! ' %lid!6M so#t N<O$
deli!te N<O +el+et Hterio%elo deli!do ' s(!+e6$ %ero ! +ees se %(ede %oner de l!s
dos "!ner!s on (n! li,er! di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do4 ! t&in N<O d!r9 N<O #!e H(n!
!r! oHb6s(r! del,!d!6L ! d!r9 N<O t&in N<O #!e H(n! !r! del,!d! oHb6s(r!6M !
%e!e#(l N<O$ &!%%' N<O &ild&ood H(n! in#!ni! #eliz H'6 tr!n/(il!6 ' U! &!%%' N<O$
%e!e#(l N<O &ild&oodV H(n! in#!ni! tr!n/(il! H'6 #eliz6M ! #!t N<O disontented N<O
"!n H(n &o"bre desontento ,ordo6L ! disontented N<O #!t N<O "!n H(n &o"bre
,ordo desontento6M ! %oor N<O ne,leted N<O &ild H(n %obre ni)o des!tendido Ni d!
lsti"!O6L ! ne,leted N<O %oor N<O &ild H(n ni)o %obre H'6 des!tendido Ni el ni)o
+i+e en l! %obrez!$ %ero no d! lsti"!O61
Los !d.eti+os "s (s!dos s(elen ir del!nte de los "s r!ros1
A(n/(e el orden nor"!l es el desrito$ ! +ees$ se %(ede !"bi!r on (n! li,er!
di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do on el #in de d!r 0n#!sis ! (n! !r!terFsti! de (n! %erson!
o os!1 E.14 dirt' N<O Asi!n N55O boo9s Hlibros !sitios s(ios6 ' UAsi!n N55O dirt' N<O
boo9sV Hlibros !sitios obsenos6M ! t!ll N:O$ sli" N<O$ blond N@O Nor7e,i!n N55O ,irl
H(n! &i! nor(e,! !lt!$ del,!d! ' r(bi!6L ! t!ll N:O$ blond N@O$ sli" N<O Nor7e,i!n
N55O ,irl H(n! &i! nor(e,! !lt!$ r(bi! ' del,!d!6M ! le!n N<O bro!d N?O street H(n!
!lle !n&! H'6 li"%i!6L ! bro!d N?O le!n N<O street H(n! !lle li"%i! H'6 !n&!6$ et1
6+ En sexto lugar se suelen poner ad%etivos calificativos 'ue indican la edad del
nombre o si es vie%o o nuevo4 !nient$ br!ndIne7$ "odern$ ne7$ old$ (%ItoId!te$
'o(n,$ et1$ inl('endo QlittleQ N!li#i!ti+o$ no inde#inidoO /(e +! del!nte de QoldQM
t!"bi0n los !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os de ;1;515C /(e indi!n l! ed!d del no"bre o si
es +ie.o o n(e+o4 nineteent&Ient(r' Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ et1 E.14 !n old N=O
ro(nd N?O t!ble H(n! "es! +ie.! redond!6M ! ne7 N=O red N@O re'led N58O dress H(n
+estido ro.o n(e+o reil!doL (n n(e+o +estido ro.o reil!do6M ! ne7 N=O steel N5@O
9ni#e H(n (&illo de !ero n(e+o6$ et1
Los !d.eti+os QlittleQ$ Q'o(n,Q ' QoldQ +!n en %osii3n = (!ndo tienen "s
i"%ort!ni! /(e (n !d.eti+o de l! !te,orF! 55M %(eden ir .(nto !l no"bre en
%osii3n 5;$ %reedidos de (n !d.eti+o de l! !te,orF! 55 o de otr! !te,orF!$ (!ndo
#or"!n %!rte del no"bre ' no d!n re!l"ente in#or"!i3n sobre el no"bre$ %ero
entones el !d.eti+o de 55 o de otr! !te,orF! tiene "s i"%ort!ni!M no se %one
o"! entre los dos 2lti"os !d.eti+osM se %(ede deir Q! little oldQ h no"bre de (n
ser +i+o$ %ero no se %(ede deir Q! little 'o(n,Q h no"bre de (n ser +i+o1 E.14 !
'o(n, N=O *&inese N55O 7o"!n H(n! "(.er &in! .o+en6 ' U! *&inese N55O 'o(n,
7o"!nV H(n! "(.erit! &in!6M ! little N=O old N=O o7 H(n! +!! +ie.! %e/(e)!6M !n
old N=O Asi!n N55O "!n H(n &o"bre !sitio "!'or6 ' U!n Asi!n N55O old "!nV H(n
!ni!no !sitio6M ! s&r(n9en N<O old "!nL 7o"!n H(n &o"breL (n! "(.er "!'orL
!ni!nHo$ !6 eno,idHo$ !66$ et1
*(!ndo Q'o(n,Q ' QoldQ se (s!n %!r! d!r in#or"!i3n sobre l! ed!d %erteneen ! l!
!te,orF! =1 E.14 ! 'o(n, N=O A#ri!n N55O bo' H(n "(&!&o !#ri!no .o+en6M !n old
N=O P(erto Ri!n N55O #l!, H(n! b!nder! %(ertorri/(e)! NoO %ortorri/(e)! +ie.!61
Los !d.eti+os /(e +!n en l! !te,orF! 8 %(eden %onerse del!nte de Q'o(n, ' oldQ$ si
lle+!n "s 0n#!sis$ o detrs$ si lle+!n "enos 0n#!sis1 E.14 !n old N=O !,,ressi+e N8O
b(siness"!n N!/(F se d! "s i"%ort!ni! ! QoldQ /(e ! Q!,,ressi+eQO H(n &o"bre
de ne,oios +ie.o ' o"%etiti+o6M !n !,,ressi+e old b(siness"!n N!/(F se d! "s
i"%ort!ni! ! Q!,,ressi+eQ /(e ! QoldQO H(n &o"bre de ne,oios o"%etiti+o '
+ie.o6M ! 'o(n, N=O$ sill' N8O ,irl H(n! &i! .o+en H'6 tont!6L ! sill'$ 'o(n, ,irl H(n!
&i! tont! ' .o+en61
El !d.eti+o QlittleQ %(ede ir en l! !te,orF! =4 ! little N=O red N@O !r %ero$ (!ndo se
/(iere indi!r t!"!)o$ es "e.or (s!r Qs"!llQ /(e irF! en l! !te,orF! :4 ! s"!ll N:O
%in9 N@O It!li!n N55O #(r N5@O o!t H(n %e/(e)o !bri,o de %iel ros! it!li!no61
8+ En sptimo lugar se suelen poner los ad%etivos calificativos 'ue indican la
forma, la configuracin o el molde del nombre4 bro!d$ e,,Is&!%ed$ lon,I
ste""ed$ n!rro7$ o+!l$ ro(nd$ s&!r%$ s/(!re N!li#i!ti+oO$ 7ide$ et1 E.14 ! s/(!re
N?O 7&ite N@O &ole H(n &o'o bl!no (!dr!do6M ! s/(!re N?O r(dd' N@O #!e H(n! !r!
(!dr!d! ' r(bi(nd!6$ et1
9+ En octavo lugar se suelen poner los ad%etivos de colores4 bl!9$ blondHe6$
bro7n$ re!"$ ri"son Nno ,r!d(!bleO H!r"esF6$ red$ r(dd'$ s!rlet$ +iolet$ 7&ite$
'ello7$ et1M inl('e los olores de l! r!z! de los seres +i+os1 E.14 t&e bl!9 N@O
tri!n,(l!r NBO #in Hl! !let! tri!n,(l!r ne,r!6M ! bl!9 N@O +el+et N5@O o!t H(n !bri,o de
terio%elo ne,ro6M t&e bl(e N@O A%ril N5?O s9' Hel ielo !z(l de !bril6M Ee &!s +er'
be!(ti#(l N8O bl!9 N@O e'es Nestnd!rOL Ee &!s +er' bl!9 N@O$ be!(ti#(l N8O e'es
N!r!ioO Hl tiene o.os "(' &er"osos ' "(' ne,ros6$ et1
Los olores %(eden ser4
56 Si"%lesM !l,(nos %(eden %onerse en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! ' s(%erl!ti+! o"o
U,reen$ redV$ et1
86 *o"%(estosM %(eden ir %reedidos de4
!6 Ad.eti+os de l! l!se 88 Non ,(i3n o sin 0l4 D1 ;1;<15O4 e"er!ldI,reenL e"er!ld
,reen H+erde es"er!ld!6M ! %(r%leI,reen N"s (s!doOL %(r%le ,reen s&!de H(n! ,!"!
+erde %2r%(r!6$ et1
b6 Ad.eti+os de otr! l!seM si se %onen dos olores se,(idos el /(e ter"ine en Iis& o
I' +! el %ri"ero4 ! reddis&I,reen N"s (s!doOL reddis& ,reen olo(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAO H(n olor +erdeIro.izo6M ItZs reddis& ,reen N"s
(s!doOL reddis&I,reenM re!"'I7&ite Hbl!noIre"!6$ et1
6 Ad.eti+os de l! l!se < Hbri,&tHI6L li,&tHI6L d!r9HI6L dee%HI6L %!leHI6 N"s (s!dos
se%!r!dos sin ,(i3n /(e (nidos on ,(i3nO$ %(re Nsin ,(i3nO$ et16 /(e !li#i!n !l
!d.eti+o de olor de l! l!se @M on los olores Ubl!9V ' U7&iteV no se (s!n Ud!r9V
' Uli,&tV4 dee%Ibl!9 N"enos (s!doOL dee% bl!9 Hne,ro intensoL s(bido6$ li,&tIbl(e
N"enos (s!doOL li,&t bl(e H!z(l l!ro6$ %!leIbl(e N"enos (s!doOL %!le bl(e H!z(l
%lido6$ %(re 7&ite Hbl!no %(ro6$ et1 D1;1551:
*on+iene distin,(ir entre U! li,&tIred s(it!seV H(n! "!let! ro.! l!r!6 ' U!
li,&t red s(it!seV H(n! "!let! ro.! li,er!61
0+ En noveno lugar se suelen poner los ad%etivos clasificativos 'ue indican la
forma, la configuracin o el molde del nombre4 !n,(l!r$ ir(l!r$ 'lindri!l$
ret!n,(l!r$ s/(!re Nl!si#i!ti+oO$ tri!n,(l!r$ et1 E.14 ! &!%%' N<O "'sterio(s N<O
!n,(l!r NBO "odel H(n! "odelo !n,(l!r$ "isterios! ' #eliz61
*:+ En dcimo lugar se suelen poner ad%etivos clasificativos terminados en
5ing7 se diferencian de los de la categor(a 2* por'ue son participios de presente,
no gerundios7 lle+!n !ento se(nd!rio "ientr!s /(e los de 85 lle+!n !ento
%ri"!rioM e/(i+!len ! Q/(e h +erboQ4 boo"in,$ di+idin,$ #ro7nin,$ interlo9in,$
t&innin,$ (no"%l!inin,$ los l!si#i!ti+os de ;1@$ ;1B18$ ;1B1;1$ et1M los /(e %(eden
ser !li#i!ti+os ' l!si#i!ti+os$ o"o los de ;1B1:$ ;1B1;1b$ et$ +!n en 5C (!ndo
son l!si#i!ti+os ' en 8 3 < (!ndo son !li#i!ti+os1 E.14 t&e boo"in, N5CO
j!%!nese N55O !r N8CO ind(str' Hl! bo'!nte ind(stri! del !(to"3+il .!%ones!6$ et1
A(n/(e el orden nor"!l es el desrito$ ! +ees$ se %(ede !"bi!r on (n! li,er!
di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do on el #in de d!r 0n#!sis ! (n! !r!terFsti! de (n! %erson!
o os!1 E.14 ! li+in, N5CO +ertebr!te N5:O !ni"!l H(n !ni"!l +ertebr!do +i+o6L !
+ertebr!te N5:O li+in, N5CO !ni"!l H(n !ni"!l +i+o +ertebr!do6$ et1
**+ En undcimo lugar se suelen poner ad%etivos clasificativos, normalmente
en maBscula, 'ue indican lugar de origen o lugar de donde proviene el
nombre como la nacionalidad7 pueden indicar tambin la poca a la 'ue
pertenece o el estilo la religin4 A#ri!n$ Atl!nti$ Got&i$ It!li!n$ Mediterr!ne!n$
P(erto Ri!n$ Ro"!n$ S%!nis&$ M(sli" N"s (s!doOL Mosle" N"enos (s!doO$ et1M
t!"bi0n se %onen los no"bres %ro%ios de l(,!r (!ndo &!en l! #(ni3n de
!d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os del!nte del no"bre4 Berlin$ E(ro%e$ Del&i$ et ND1;1;515O1
E.14 ! B(l,!ri!n N55O &!nd"!de N58O iron N5@O lo9L ! &!nd"!de N5CO B(l,!ri!n
N55O iron N5@O lo9 H(n relo. Hde %!red6 de &ierro b2l,!ro &e&o ! "!no6M !n It!li!n
N55O %oliti!l N5:O %roble" H(n %roble"! %olFtio it!li!no6M ! sill' N8O s&r(n9en N<O
R(ssi!n 55O ob.et H(n ob.eto r(so eno,ido ' ridF(lo6M S%!nis& N55O soi!l N5:O li#e
Hl! +id! soi!l es%!)ol!6M ! T(r9is& N55O &o"eHI6"!de N58O !9eL ! &o"eHI6"!de
N58O T(r9is& N55O !9e H(n %!stel t(ro &e&o en !s!L !sero6M t&e At&ens N55O
ed(!tion N85O on#erene Hl! on#ereni! de Ni %!r!O ense)!nz! de Aten!s6M in t&e
Middle E!st N55O terror N8CO !%it!l Hen l! !%it!l del terror de Oriente Medio6$ et1
*2+ En duodcimo lugar se suelen poner ad%etivos clasificativos 'ue terminan
igual 'ue un participio 4de+ pasado4 !r+ed$ &!nd"!de$ retired$ s(b"er,ed$
(ndeided$ (nderde+elo%ed$ (nder#ed$ (nder#in!nedL (nder#(nded$ (nde+elo%ed$
(ndeteted$ (ndil(ted$ (ndiso+ered$ (ndis,(ised$ (ndi+ided$ (ndone$ (ndo(bted$
(ndre!"edIo#$ (ne"%lo'ed$ (nesorted$ (ne-%l!ined$ (n#ettered$ (n#o(sedL
(n#o(ssed NUSAO$ (n,(!rded$ (n&!"%ered$ los l!si#i!ti+os de ;1<15C$ ;1@$
=15=51:$ et1M los /(e %(eden ser !li#i!ti+os ' l!si#i!ti+os$ o"o los de =15=518$
!l,(nos de ;1@$ et1$ +!n en 58 (!ndo son l!si#i!ti+os ' en 8 3 < (!ndo son
!li#i!ti+os1
Estos !d.eti+os %(eden ir t!"bi0n en 5C4 ! l!/(ered N5CO A#ri!n N55O &!ir1
*2+ En decimotercer lugar se suelen poner ad%etivos clasificativos terminados
en 5al, ar 5ic, 5ical, etc. >V. -.6.2?, 'ue no pertenecen a las categor(as 05*27
indican algo relacionado con el nombre4 e-%eri"ent!l Ntiene /(e +er on
Qe-%eri"entQO$ "or!l Ntiene /(e +er on Q"or!lsQO$ %oliti!l Ntiene /(e +er on
Q%olitisQO$ soi!l Ntiene /(e +er on Qsoiet'QO$ st!tisti!l Ntiene /(e +er on
Qst!tistisQO$ et1M los l!si#i!ti+os /(e indi!n l(,!r4 do"esti$ lo!l$ r(r!l$ (rb!n$
et1$ o tie"%o4 !nn(!l$ "ont&l'$ 7ee9l'$ et1$ +!n del!nte de los otros l!si#i!ti+os
de l! !te,orF! 5:1 E.4 lo!l N5:O eono"i N5:O de!ls$ et1
A +ees$ no se ("%len l!s re,l!s desrit!s %or/(e el !d.eti+o /(e +! del!nte del
no"bre #or"! (n! (nid!d on el no"bre1 E.14 #!"il' N8CO "edi!l N5:O /(estionsL
re!sons NQ"edi!lQ #or"! (n! (nid!d on Q/(estionsL re!sonsQO H(estionesL
r!zones "0di!s de #!"ili!6M ! "!r!t&on N8CO le,!l N5:O b!ttle NQle,!lQ #or"! (n!
(nid!d on Qb!ttleQO H(n! b!t!ll! le,!l "!r!toni!n!6$ et1
*-+ En decimocuarto lugar se suelen poner nombres 'ue /acen la funcin de
ad%etivos clasificativos 'ue indican una medida precedida de un numeral
cardinal ND1 ;1;51BOM no se %(eden %oner en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!1 E.14 !
#i+eI%o(nd N5<O ,old N5@O oin H(n! "oned! de oro de ino libr!s6$ et1
*3+ En decimo'uinto lugar se suelen poner los ad%etivos clasificativos 'ue
indican la su4b+stancia o material de 'ue est! /ec/a el nombre ND1 ;1;51?OM no
s(elen ir en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!M el orden es ,ener!l"ente !l re+0s /(e
en !stell!no4 e!rt&en Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sil9en Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7ooden$ 7oollen NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL 7oolen NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1
*6+ En decimosexto lugar se suelen poner nombres comunes 'ue /acen la
funcin de ad%etivos clasificativos 'ue indican lugar ND1 ;1;518OM son todos no
,r!d(!bles ' no se %(eden %oner en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!M el orden es
,ener!l"ente !l re+0s /(e en !stell!no1 E.14 ! it' N5=O bre!d N8CO deli+er' H(n
re%!rto de %!n Ni (n! %erson! /(e re%!rte %!nO %or l! i(d!d6$ et1
Al,(nos no"bres /(e &!en l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os en l! !te,orF! 5=
o"o Qend$ #ront$ to%Q$ et$ %(eden ir t!"bi0n ! +ees en l! !te,orF! 5 on (n
si,ni#i!do li,er!"ente di#erente4 t&e n!rro7 N?O end N5=O street Hl! !lle del #in!l
estre&!6L t&e end N5O n!rro7 N?O street Hl! !lle estre&! del #in!l6M t&e n!rro7 N?O
#ront N5=O street Hl! !lle de en#rente estre&!6L t&e #ront N5O n!rro7 N?O street Hl! !lle
estre&! de en#rente6M t&e n!rro7 N?O to% N5=O street Hl! !lle de !rrib! estre&!6L t&e
to% N5O n!rro7 N?O street Hl! !lle estre&! de !rrib!61
*8+ En decimosptimo lugar se suelen poner nombres 'ue /acen la funcin de
ad%etivos clasificativos 'ue indican el tiempo ND1 ;1;51:OM son todos no ,r!d(!bles
' no se %(eden %oner en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!M el orden es ,ener!l"ente
!l re+0s /(e en !stell!no4 end$ >ednesd!' N( otro dF! de l! se"!n!O$ o+erti"e$
Se%te"ber N( otro "es del !)oO$ 7ee9end$ et1
*9+ En decimoctavo lugar se suelen poner nombres 'ue /acen la funcin de
ad%etivos clasificativos 'ue indican la su4b+stancia o material de 'ue est! /ec/a
el nombre ND1 ;1;51?OM son todos no ,r!d(!bles ' no se %(eden %oner en #or"!
o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!M el orden es ,ener!l"ente !l re+0s /(e en !stell!no1 E.14
! !rdbo!rd N5@O deter,ent N85O ont!iner H(n ontenedor deL %!r! deter,ente de
!rt3n Ni (n ontenedor de !rt3n /(e ontiene deter,enteO6M le!t&er N5@O tennis N85O
s&oes Hz!%!till!s de tenis de (ero6M ! %l!sti N5@O R7!s&in, N85O "!R&ine H(n!
l!+!dor! Ni (n! "/(in! %!r! l!+!rO de R%lstio6M ! S%!nis& N55O 7!- N5@O !ndle
H(n! +el! de er! es%!)ol!6$ et1
*0+ En decimonoveno lugar se suelen poner nombres 'ue /acen la funcin de
ad%etivos clasificativos 'ue indican la causa, el modo, el medio o el agente del
nombre 'ue va detr!s ND1 ;1;51<OM son todos no ,r!d(!bles ' no se %(eden %oner
en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!M el orden es ,ener!l"ente !l re+0s /(e en
!stell!no4 ! do("ent %roessin, %ro,r!" H(n %ro,r!"! %!r! %roes!r
do("entos6$ et1M en !so de /(e &!'! (n !d.eti+o de l! !te,orF! 5I5: ' 5< del!nte
del no"bre /(e +!'! %reedido de (n !d.eti+o de l!s !te,orF!s 5=I5@ ,ener!l"ente
es b!st!nte #il s!ber si se re#iere s3lo !l !d.eti+o o !l !d.eti+o ' !l no"bre4 t&e
eletri Nse re#iere s3lo ! Qs&o9QO s&o9 t&er!%' Hl! ter!%i! de eletro&o/(e6M
sereti+e Nse re#iere ! los dosO R"one' R"!tters H!s(ntos de dinero &erR"0tios6$ et1
2:+ En vigsimo lugar se suelen poner los nombres 'ue /acen la funcin de
ad%etivos clasificativos 'ue indican la descripcin4 el ti%o$ l! !te,orF! o l! l!se
ND1 ;1;51@OM son todos no ,r!d(!bles ' no se %(eden %oner en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! o
s(%erl!ti+!M el orden es ,ener!l"ente !l re+0s /(e en !stell!no4 !lbino$ R!r"&!ir$
!s%&!lt$ !(to$ b!b'$ b!se$ bi.o($ boo9$ boo"$ b(d,et$ b(siness$ b(tton$ !ntile+er$
!r$ !r!+!n$ !t&HI6!ll$ !+!lr'$ &!"%ion$ &!ne$ &!r!ter$ &i9en$ &ild$ l!ssI
toIl!ss$ ol("n$ o"%onent$ o"%(ter$ onert$ onto(r$ orr(%tion$ r!s&
Hintensi+oHs6$ !Hs6L estritoHs6$ !Hs66$ resendo$ (s&ion$ (tIo##$ d!(,&ter$ Rde!dbe!t$
deb!tin,$ deisionI"!9in,$ de,ree$ de"!nd$ desi,ner$ dieHI6&!rd$ dinner$ dis%l!'$
do("ent$ do,$ do"ino$ dr!#t$ dr!,$ dr!(,&t NGB %rini%!l"enteOL dr!#t NUSAO$
dress$ dr(,$ ed(!tion$ ene"'$ enter%rise$ e-&!n,e$ e-tr!dition$ R#!llHI6b!9$ #!"il'$
#!s&ion$ #il"$ #lo7er$ #ol9$ #ood$ #re!9$ #rei,&t$ #(n$ ,ener!list$ ,enre$ ,irl$ ,ol#$
,r!d(!te$ ,r!ss$ &!ndir!#t$ &e!d$ EHer6MH!.est'Zs6SH&i%6$ R&on9'Iton9$ R&o(se&old$
R&("%b!9$ i"it!tion$ in#or"!tion$ ins(r!ne$ Internet$ ite"ItoIite"$ .("bo$
9erbside NGB %rini%!l"enteOL (rbside NUSAO$ 9e'$ 9in,side$ R9no9o(t$ Rl!nd"!r9$
Rl!ndslide$ le!d Lli4dL NoO LledL$ Rle!se&old$ li,&t R&e!+'7ei,&t$ li,&tnin,$ li+in,$ lo,i$
loo%$ lo+e$ "!iden$ "!.orit'$ "!r!t&on$ "!ss$ "!ster$ "eninR,itis$ "idHI6!ir$
R"iddle7ei,&t$ "id,et$ "idter"$ "ob$ "o9$ "odel$ "one'$ "oti+e$ "(9$
"(lti"edi!$ "(nitionHs6$ "(rder$ Ne,ro$ ne7s$ no"in!ti+e$ none$ no(n$ no+elt'$
oddb!ll Nolo/(i!lO$ o%enin,$ o(t%(t$ Ro+er&e!d$ o+erride$ o+ers%ill$ %!rent$ %!rtin,$
%!tent$ %ension$ %ersoRnnel$ %ini$ R%in%oint$ %olie$ %ost,r!d(!te$ %o(nd$ %redi!te$
%re#!b$ %re"i("$ %ress(re$ %resti,e$ %rie$ %rize$ %ro"otion$ %ro%ert'$ %(rs(it$ R%(s&I
b(tton$ /(!lit'$ /(estion$ r!##le Hri#!6$ r!in$ r!ndo"$ r!+en$ reord$ re,(l!tion$ relit$
re%e!t$ rese!r&$ resist!ne$ ret(rn$ rin,side$ ro!st$ root$ r(nIon$ s!le$ sr!t&$
se(rit'$ sees!7$ se"ionRd(tor$ s&!do7 NGBO$ s&i%bo!rd$ s&o9$ s9i$ sn!%$ soer$
s%eies$ steerin,$ sto9$ store$ stri%te!se$ Rtellt!le$ tennis$ terrorist$ Rte-tboo9$ to9en$
toot&br(s&$ to%$ tort(re$ tr!##i$ tr!in$ tr!ns#or"in, Hde tr!ns#or"!i3n6$ tr!+el$ tri9$
troo%$ Rt7ili,&t$ (nderR,r!d(!te$ (nion$ R(%st!rt$ (tilit'$ +!let$ +es%er Nr!roO$ +ideo$
7!isto!t$ 7e!t&er$ 7ireless$ 7it&dr!7!l$ 7o"!n$ 7onder$ zero$ et1 E.14 t&e
+ol(nt!r' N5:O %rie rise N8CO 7!rnin, N85O s'ste" Hel siste"! de !+iso de s(bid! del
%reio +ol(nt!rio6$ et1
2*+ En vigsimo primer# vigesimoprimer lugar se suelen poner nombres 'ue
/acen la funcin de ad%etivos clasificativos 'ue indican la finalidad o el
propsito ND1 ;1;51;OM son todos no ,r!d(!bles ' no se %(eden %oner en #or"!
o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!M el orden es ,ener!l"ente !l re+0s /(e en !stell!no4
!d+ertisin,$ !l!r" Hlo96$ !ntiRtr(st$ brood H%!r! l! re%rod(i3n6$ le!nin,$
drin9in, H7!ter6$ #lo7er H%ot6$ ,!"in,$ ,i+eHI6!7!'$ 9ee%I#it H%!r! "!ntenerse en
#or"!6$ se7in,$ sin,in,$ 7!l9in, Hsti96$ 7!s&in,$ et1M estos !d.eti+os ter"in!dos
en Iin, se di#ereni!n de los de 5C %or/(e son ,er(ndios$ no %!rtii%ios de %resenteM
lle+!n !ento %ri"!rio "ientr!s /(e los de 5C lle+!n !ento se(nd!rioM indi!n
%ro%3sito o #in!lid!d ' e/(i+!len ! Q%!r! h +erbo en in#initi+oQ4 R7!s&in, R%o7der
Hdeter,ente Ni %ol+o %!r! l!+!rO6$ et1 E.14 !n e-%ensi+e N<O !r ins(r!ne N8CO
erti#i!te H(n erti#i!do del se,(ro del o&e !ro6M ! &e!% N<O +e,et!ble N85O
%ress(re oo9er H(n! &oll! ! %resi3n %!r! +erd(r! b!r!t!6$ et1
22+ En vigesimosegundo lugar se suelen poner nombres 'ue /acen la funcin
de ad%etivos clasificativos 'ue combinan lo 'ue son o parecen forman una
nueva unidad con caracter(sticas 'ue comparten con el nombre siguiente ND1
;1;51=OM son todos no ,r!d(!bles ' no se %(eden %oner en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! o
s(%erl!ti+!M el orden es ,ener!l"ente !l re+0s /(e en !stell!no4 9e'$ %!rent$ /(!9$
et1
22+ En vigesimotercer lugar se suele poner la primera parte del genitivo sa%n
seguida del nombre 'ue va en la segunda.
*(!ndo (n !d.eti+o +! %reedido de U+er'V ( otro !d+erbio nor"!l"ente +! en
%ri"er l(,!r1 E.14 Ee &!s +er' bl!9 N@O$ be!(ti#(l N8O e'es N"s (s!doOL Ee &!s
be!(ti#(l N8O$ +er' bl!9 N@O e'es N"enos (s!doO Hl tiene o.os &er"osos ' "('
ne,ros61
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo el 2lti"o !d.eti+o #or"! (n! (nid!d on el no"bre no %(ede
%!s!rse ! %ri"er l(,!r ni %(ede ir %reedido de U+er'V4 ! H+er'6 t!ll 'o(n, l!d' H(n!
.o+en H"('6 !lt!61
Gener!l"ente el "s er!no !l no"bre indi! (n! (!lid!d "s %erenne$
%er"!nente$ ob.eti+!$ /(e l! del se,(ndo "s er!no ' !sF s(esi+!"ente si &!'
"s de dosM el "s le.!no es el "s s(b.eti+o1 E.14 ! ne7 N=O #(r N5@O o!t H(n n(e+o
!bri,o de %iel6M Q#(rQ est "s er!no ! Qo!tQ %or/(e #or"!n (n on.(nto o (nid!d
"s ob.eti+o$ d(r!dero$ /(e Qne7 o!tQM Qne7Q es "(&o "s s(b.eti+o /(e Q#(rQ$
'! /(e (n! %erson! %(ede deir /(e est n(e+o ' otr! /(e no est n(e+o1
Si &!' (n !d.eti+o en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o o s(%erl!ti+o .(nto on otroHs6 en ,r!do
%ositi+o$ se %one %ri"ero el o"%!r!ti+o o s(%erl!ti+o ' l(e,o los de"s !d.eti+os
de ;15;15I88 del!nte del no"bre4 ! &e!%er N<O &orrible N8O !r H(n o&e &orrible
"s b!r!to6M t&e 7idest N?O "odern N=O +ersion Hl! +ersi3n "odern! "s !"%li!6M
t&e 'o(n,est N=O %rett' N8O ,irl Hl! &i! bonit! "s .o+en6$ t&e "ost #!"o(s N<O
boo9 N8CO #!ir Hl! #eri! del libro "s #!"os!61
;15<1I &os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos 'ue se pueden usar de las dos
maneras, bien delante del nombre con sentido espec(fico 'ue restringe,
delimita, o bien detr!s del verbo con sentido descriptivo pero no detr!s del
nombre, son"
*+ &a maor parte de los ad%etivos calificativos clasificativosM no &!'
di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do4 !ller,i$ !ttr!ti+e$ b!d$ ri"in!l$ d(## NGB4 olo/(i!lO$
elder Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eldest Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Sottis&$ sill'$ t!ll$ tin'$ T(r9is&$
(%%er"ost$ 'o(n,$ et1 E.14 !n !ller,i %erson H(n! %erson! !l0r,i!6 ' US&e is
!ller,iV HEll! es !l0r,i!6M !n !ttr!ti+e o##er H(n! o#ert! !tr!ti+!6 ' US&e is
!ttr!ti+eV HEll! es !tr!ti+!6M ! b!d t&in, H(n! os! "!l!6 ' UT&is is b!dV HEsto es
"!lo6M ri"in!l l!7 Hdere&o %en!l6 ' UT&!t is ri"in!lV HEsoL A/(ello es deliti+oL
ri"in!lL +er,onzoso6M ! d(## NGB4 olo/(i!lO r!dio H(n! r!dio "!l!6 e UIt is d(##
NGB4 olo/(i!lOV HEs "!lo6M t&e elder son Hel &i.o "!'or Nde los dosO6 ' UEe is t&e
elder o# t&e t7oV Hl es el "!'or de los dos6M t&e eldest brot&er Hel &er"!no "!'or
Nde tres o "sO6 ' US&e 7!s t&e eldest o# t&e #o(r &ildrenV HEll! er! l! "!'or de los
(!tro &i.os6M ! Sottis& (ni+ersit' H(n! (ni+ersid!d esoes!6 ' UT&e' !re Sottis&V
HSon esoeses6M ! sill' ,irl H(n! &i! tont!6 ' UT&e' !re sill'V HSon tontHos$ !s6M t!ll
bo's H&ios !ltos6 ' US&e is +er' t!llV HEll! esL est "(' !lt!6M ! tin' roo" H(n!
&!bit!i3n di"in(t!L "in2s(l!6 e UItZs ! +er' tin' &o(seV HEs (n! !s! "('
%e/(e)!L di"in(t!6M ! T(r9is& !r%et H(n! !l#o"br! t(r!6 ' US&e 7!s T(r9is&V
HEll! er! t(r!6M t&e (%%er"ost le!+es Hl!s &o.!s "s ele+!d!sL de "s !rrib!6 e UIt
is (%%er"ost in "' "indV HEst %resente en "i "ente %or eni"! de todo6M ! 'o(n,
%erson H(n! %erson! .o+en6 ' US&e is 'o(n,V Hell! es .o+en6$ et1
2+ =lgunos ad%etivos calificativos clasificativosM el si,ni#i!do %(ede +!ri!r$
!(n/(e l! tr!d(i3n !l !stell!no se! ! +ees l! "is"! en !"bos !sosM (!ndo
+!n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o$ %(eden ir se,(idos de (n! %re%osii3n se,(id!
de (n o"%le"ento$ de (n in#initi+o$ de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! /(e e"%iee %or
Ut&!tV4 !bsent HQdistr!FdoHs6$ !Hs6L !(senteHs6Q del!nte de (n no"bre ' Q!(senteHs6Q
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o6$ !(sto"ed H!ost("br!doHs6$ !Hs66$ !irborne Nno
,r!d(!ble4 del!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo se tr!d(e %or Q!erotr!ns%ort!doHs6$ !Hs6L
tr!ns%ort!doHs6$ !Hs6 %or el !ireQ ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo se tr!d(e
%or Q+ol!ndoQO$ !lert HQ!lert!Hs6L en ,(!rdi!L es%!bil!doHs6$ !Hs6L !tentoHs6$ !Hs6Q
Ndel!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO6$ !loo# HQ"(' reser+!doHs6$
!Hs6L #rFoHs6$ !Hs6L dist!nteHs6Q Ndel!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO6$ !lien Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Qe-tr!n.eroHs6$ !Hs6L
e-tr!terrestreHs6L !lienF,enoHs6$ !Hs6L e-tr!)oHs6$ !Hs6Q ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o
(!ndo si,ni#i! Qe-tr!)oHs6$ !Hs6L !.enoHs6$ !Hs6QO$ !llied Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
(!ndo si,ni#i! Q!li!doHs6$ !Hs6L !#FnHes6Q ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o se,(ido o
no de QtoL 7it&Q (!ndo si,ni#i! Q!li!doHs6$ !Hs6L (nidoHs6$ !Hs6L rel!ion!doHs6$ !Hs6
Hon6QO$ !n,r' HQen#!d!doHs6$ !Hs6Q Ndel!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO6$ !nterior H!nterior Nno ,r!d(!ble4 liter!rio4 del!nte de (n no"bre o
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o se,(ido de QtoQM (!ndo +! se,(ido de QtoQ se %(ede
onsider!r t!"bi0n (n! %re%osii3n1 D1@1@15BO6$ !%%!rent HQ!%!renteHs6Q Ndel!nte de
(n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO6$ bi, Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo
e/(i+!le ! Ql!r,eL ,re!tL &(,eQ ' del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+o en los de"s sentidosO$ bi,,is& Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo e/(i+!le !
Qsize!bleQ ' del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o en los de"s
sentidosO$ ert!in Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! QiertoHs6$ !Hs6Q on el
si,ni#i!do de Qdeter"in!doHs6$ !Hs6L t!lHes6Q ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo
si,ni#i! Qse,(roHs6$ !Hs6Q on el si,ni#i!do de Qon+enidoHs6$ !Hs6QO$ &e!%
Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Qb!r!toQ en el sentido de Qeon3"ioQ '
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo e/(i+!le ! Q7ort&lessQ ' se tr!d(e %or
Q#ilHes6L sin +!lorQO$ onsio(s Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo e/(i+!le !
Q!7!reQ ' se tr!d(e %or QonsienteHs6Q ' del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+o en otros sentidos ' s(ele tr!d(irse %or QonsienteHs6L
deliber!doHs6$ !Hs6QO$ do7n Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Q%!r! b!.!rQ '
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Qde%ri"idoHs6L estro%e!doHs6QO$
dr(n9 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o on el si,ni#i!do de
Qborr!&oHs6$ !Hs6QO$ e-tre"e Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo e/(i+!le ! Uo(ter"ostL
#!r ' +er' ,re!tV ' se tr!d(e %or Qe-tre"oHs6$ !Hs6L en l! zon! "s !lQ ' del!nte de
(n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o en otros sentidos ' se tr!d(e %or
Qe-tre"oHs6$ !Hs6L e-tre"ist!Hs6QO$ #!int Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo
si,ni#i! Q"!re!doHs6$ !Hs6L des#!lleidoHs6$ !Hs6Q ' del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de
(n +erbo o%(l!ti+o on los si,ni#i!dos de Qd0bilHes6L li,eroHs6$ !Hs6QO$ #ine Ndel!nte
de (n no"bre (!ndo e/(i+!le ! U,oodV ' (!ndo se re#iere ! !l,o &e&o de
%!rtF(l!s "(' %e/(e)!s o /(e no de.! %!s!r "s /(e %!rtF(l!s "(' %e/(e)!s ' se
tr!d(e %or Q#inoHs6$ !Hs6Q$ detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo se tr!d(e %or
QbienQ ' del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo se tr!d(e
%or Q#inoHs6$ !Hs6L "!,nF#ioHs6$ !Hs6L %(roHs6$ !Hs6L re#in!doHs6$ !Hs6L !,r!d!bleHs6L
b(enoHs6$ !Hs6 Ni "!loHs6$ !Hs6 %or/(e es en sentido ir3nioOL s(tilHes6L deli!doHs6$
!Hs6QO$ #ond Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Q!ri)osoHs6$ !Hs6 NoO
!#et(osoHs6$ !Hs6L in,en(oHs6$ !Hs6 NoO +!noHs6$ !Hs6L de"!si!do o"%l!ienteHs6V '
del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo +! se,(ido de
Uo# 111VO$ ,l!d Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Qde !le,rF!L #elizQ ' detrs de
(n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! QontentoHs6L !Hs6$ !,r!deidoHs6L !Hs6QO$ ,re!t
Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo se tr!d(e %or Q,r!nL ,r!ndeHs6Q ' del!nte de (n
no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo se tr!d(e %or Q#!b(losoHs6$ !Hs6L
sens!ion!lHes6QO$ ill Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo e/(i+!le ! Q!d+erseQ ' se
tr!d(e %or Q"!loHs6$ !Hs6L ne,!ti+oHs6$ !Hs6Q ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo
e/(i+!le ! U(n7ellV ' se tr!d(e %or Q"!loHs6$ !Hs6L en#er"oHs6$ !Hs66$ !Hs6QO$
i"%ressi+e Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o ' se tr!d(e %or
Qi"%resion!nteHs6QO$ ino""ens(r!te Nno ,r!d(!ble4 del!nte de (n no"bre se
tr!d(e %or Qinon"ens(r!bleHs6Q ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o se,(ido de
Q7it&Q se tr!d(e %or Qdes%ro%orion!doHs6$ !Hs6 onQO$ l!st Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
(!ndo e/(i+!le ! U%re+io(sL "ost reentV re#erido ! tie"%o ' del!nte de (n
no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o on otros sentidos !(n/(e se tr!d(z! %or
Q2lti"oHs6$ !Hs6L %!s!doHs6$ !Hs6Q on todos los sentidosO$ le#t Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
(!ndo si,ni#i! Qiz/(ierdoHs6$ !Hs6L ! l! iz/(ierd!Q ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o
(!ndo si,ni#i! Qiz/(ierdist!Hs6L de iz/(ierd!sQO$ little Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
(!ndo e/(i+!le ! Us"!llL 'o(n,L s&ortL insi,ni#i!ntV ' del!nte de (n no"bre o
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o en los de"s sentidos !(n/(e se tr!d(z! %or
Q%e/(e)oHs6$ !Hs6L &ioHs6$ !Hs6QO$ ne-t Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i!
Qsi,(ienteQ en el %!s!do$ Q%r3-i"oQ en el #(t(ro$ Qsi,(ienteQ en %osii3n ' detrs de
(n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Qel o l! si,(ienteL lHos$ !s6 si,(ientesQ en (n!
se(eni!O$ o## Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Q"!loHs6$ !Hs6Q ' detrs de
(n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Q!%!,!doHs6$ !Hs6L desonet!doHs6$ !Hs6L
ort!doHs6$ !Hs6L e/(i+o!doHs6$ !Hs6L libreHs6L "!lL "!loHs6$ !Hs6L r!nioHs6$ !Hs6QO$ old
Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo e/(i+!le ! Q#or"erL %re+io(sL e-%erienedL +eter!nL
#!"ili!rL lon,Ist!ndin,Q ' del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o
on los de"s sentidos$ !(n/(e se tr!d(z! %or Q+ie.oHs6$ !Hs6L !nti,(oHs6$ !Hs6L
"!'orHes6QO$ one Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Q(nHo$ !6L 2niHo$ !6L solHo$
!6L "is"Ho$ !6L on (nH!6 t!lQ ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i!
Q(nni"eHs6QO$ o(t,oin, Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Qs!lienteHs6L !l
e-teriorL %!r! lle+!rQ ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Qsoi!bleHs6L
e-tr!+ertidoHs6$ !Hs6 NoO e-tro+ertidoHs6$ !Hs6QO$ %!rti(l!r Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
(!ndo si,ni#i! QonretoHs6$ !Hs6L deter"in!doHs6$ !Hs6L %!rti(l!rHes6L es%ei!lHes6Q
' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Q"!nitioHs6$ !Hs6L e-i,enteHs6L
es%ei!lHes6QO$ %oor Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo e/(i+!le ! Ub!dV$ detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo e/(i+!le ! Qin!de/(!teQ ' del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs
de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o on los de"s sentidos !(n/(e se tr!d(z! %or Q%obreHs6QO$
%osterior Ndel!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o se,(ido de QtoQO$
%reise Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo e/(i+!le ! Q!(r!teL e-!tL +er'Q ' se
tr!d(e %or Qe-!toHs6$ !Hs6L "is"oHs6$ !Hs6L %reisoHs6$ !Hs6Q ' del!nte de (n no"bre
o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o on los de"s sentidos4 Q%reisoHs6$ !Hs6L
"eti(losoHs6$ !Hs6QO$ %reli"in!r' Ndel!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+o se,(ido de QtoQO$ %ri+' Ndel!nte de (n no"bre N!r!ioO si,ni#i!
Q%ri+!doHs6$ !Hs6L seretoHs6$ !Hs6Q ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o Nliter!rioO se,(ido
de QtoQ (!ndo si,ni#i! Qenter!doHs6$ !Hs6 deQO$ %(re Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo
e/(i+!le ! U!bsol(teL s&eerL t&eoreti!lL not !%%liedV ' del!nte de (n no"bre o
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o on los de"s sentidos !(n/(e se tr!d(z! %or
Q%(roHs6$ !Hs6QO$ si9 Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo se tr!d(e %or
Q"!re!doHs6$ !Hs6L on ,!n!s de +o"it!rL "(ertoHs6$ !Hs6 deL &!rtoHs6$ !Hs6 deL
!n,(sti!doHs6$ !Hs6Q ' del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo
si,ni#i! Qen#er"oHs6$ !Hs6L "orbosoHs6$ !Hs6L de "(' "!l ,(stoQO$ sli,&t Ndel!nte de
(n no"bre (!ndo se tr!d(e %or Qli,eroHs6$ !Hs6L le+eHs6Q ' del!nte de (n no"bre o
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo se tr!d(e %or Qdel,!doHs6$ !Hs6L %oo
#ir"eHs6L es!soHs6$ !Hs6L insi,ni#i!nteHs6QO$ sorr' Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo
si,ni#i! Ql!"ent!bleHs6Q ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i!
Q!rre%entidoHs6L !Hs6QO$ s(b.et Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Qso"etidoHs6$
!Hs6Q ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Qs(.etoHs6$ !Hs6L e-%(estoHs6$
!Hs6L %ro%ensoHs6$ !Hs6QO$ s(%%le"ent!r' Ndel!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+o se,(ido de QtoQO$ t&ro(,& Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i!
QdiretoHs6$ !Hs6L de %!soQ ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i!
Qter"in!doHs6$ !Hs6L !!b!doHs6$ !Hs6QO$ (lterior Ndel!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+o se,(ido de QtoQO$ 7ell Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i!
Qs!noHs6$ !Hs6Q ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! QbienL
on+enienteQO$ 7ret&ed Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Q"!lditoHs6$ !Hs6L
onden!doHs6$ !Hs6Q$ detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Q"(' "!lQ '
del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i!
Qdesdi&!doHs6$ !Hs6L &orribleHs6L es%!ntosoHs6$ !Hs6QO$ 'o(n, Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
(!ndo se re#iere ! l! 0%o! de l! .(+ent(d$ ! los .3+enes ' se tr!d(e %or
Q.o+enHes6Q ' del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o en otros
sentidos ' se tr!d(e %or Q.o+enHes6L tiernoHs6$ !Hs6L n(e+oHs6$ !Hs6QO$ et1 E.14 T&e'
loo9ed in !n !bsent 7!' HMir!ron de #or"! distr!Fd!6 ' US&e is !bsentV HEll! est
!(sente6M !irborne troo%s Htro%!s !erotr!ns%ort!d!s6 ' UT&e %l!ne 7!s !irborneV HEl
!+i3n est!b! +ol!ndo6M !n !lert ,irl H(n! &i! !lert!L en ,(!rdi!L es%!bil!d!L !tent!6
' UEe is !lertV Hl est !lert!6M S&e is ! +er' !loo# &!r!ter HEll! es (n! %erson!
"(' reser+!d!L #rF!L dist!nte6 ' UT&e' !re !loo#V HSon "(' reser+!dosL #rFos6M
!lien s%!er!#t Hn!+es e-tr!terrestresL !lienF,en!s6 ' UT&!t is !lien to (sV HEsoL
A/(ello es e-tr!)o %!r!L !.eno ! nosotrHos$ !s6M !ller,i re!tions Hre!iones
!l0r,i!s6 ' UEe is !ller,i Hto t&!t6V Hl es !l0r,io H! esoL !/(ello66M !n !%%!rent
oinidene H(n! oinideni! !%!rente6 ' UT&!t is !%%!rent to &erV HEsoL A/(ello
es !%!rente %!r! ell!6M ! bi, e-%losion H(n! ,r!n e-%losi3n6 ' UEe 7!s bi,V Hl er!
or%(lento6M ! bi,,is& "!n H(n &o"bre on !s%eto or%(lento6 ' UT&e rent is
bi,,is&V HL! rent! es b!st!nte ,r!nde6M !t ert!in ti"es o# d!' H! iert!s &or!s del
dF!6L ! ert!in de!t& H(n! "(erte se,(r!6L Onl' de!t& is ert!in HS3lo l! "(erte es
ine+it!ble6 ' UEe is ert!in o# t&!tV Hl est se,(roL on+enido de esoL !/(ello6M !
&e!% boo9 H(n libro b!r!toL eon3"io6 ' U>ords !re &e!%V HEs #il &!bl!rL L!s
%!l!br!s l!s lle+! el +iento6L E("!n li#e o(t t&ere is &e!% HL! +id! &("!n! !llF no
+!le n!d!6M ! onsio(s e##ort H(n es#(erzo onsienteL deliber!do6 ' US&e is
onsio(s o# &er res%onsibilit'V HEll! es onsiente de s( res%ons!bilid!d6M M' de!r
#!t&er] H\Mi /(erido %!dre]6L De!r "ot&er N!l o"ienzo de (n! !rt!O HJ(erid!
"!dre6 e UIt is +er' de!rV HEs "(' !ro6L UEis &o(se is de!r to &i"V HS( !s! es de
,r!n +!lor %!r! 0l6M in t&e e-tre"e e!st Hen l! zon! "s !l esteL orient!l6L 7it&
e-tre"e !(tion Hon e-tre"o (id!do6 e UIt is t&e "ost e-tre"e e-!"%le o# s(&
be&!+io(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be&!+ior NUSAOV HEs el e.e"%lo "s e-tre"o de
t!l ond(t!6M ! #!int A"eri!n !ent H(n d0bil !ento !"eri!no6 ' UEe #eels
#!intV Hl se siente "!re!doL des#!lleido6M #ine s!nd H!ren! #in!6 ' UEe is #ineV Hl
est bien6M ! ,l!d e-%ression H(n! e-%resi3n de !le,rF!6 ' US&e is ,l!d Hto be &ere6V
HEll! est ontent! Hde est!r !/(F66M &er ill &e!lt& Hs( "!l! s!l(d6 ' US&e is illV HEll!
est "!l!L en#er"!6M !n i"%ressi+e s%e!9er H(n or!dor i"%resion!nte6 ' UT&!t is
i"%ressi+eV HEsoL A/(ello es i"%resion!nte6M ! little ,irl H(n! &i! %e/(e)!6L #i+e
little bo's Hino &ios %e/(e)os6 e UIt is littleV HEs %e/(e)o6M T&e ne-t S!t(rd!'
&e didnZt o"e HEl sb!do si,(iente 0l no +ino6L ne-t 'e!r Hel !)o %r3-i"o6L in t&e
ne-t to7n Hen l! si,(iente i(d!d6 ' U>&o !re ne-tTV HWJ(ienes son los
si,(ientesT6M It is !n o## d!' HEs (n dF! "!lo6 e UIt is o##V HEst !%!,!doL
desonet!doL ort!doL "!lL "!loL r!nio6L UEe is o##V Hl est e/(i+o!doL libre6M
!n old boo9 H(n libro +ie.o6 ' UEe is oldV Hl es "!'orL +ie.o6M Ee is t&e one "!n
H7&oH"6L t&!t6 s&e lo+es Hl es el 2nio &o"bre /(e ell! !"!6 ' UT&e' !re one in
t&eir o%inionV HSon (nni"es en s( o%ini3n6M t&is %oor l!d'] H\est! %obre se)or!]6 '
UT&is #ood is %oor in n(triti+e +!l(eV HEst! o"id! es %obre en t0r"inos n(triti+os6M
!t t&!t %reise "o"ent Hen ese NoO !/(el %reisoL "is"o "o"ento6 ' US&e is +er'
%reise in &er 7or9V HEll! es "(' "eti(los! en s( tr!b!.o6M t&e %resent
ir("st!nes Hl!s ir(nst!ni!s !t(!les6 ' UT&e' !re %resentV HEstn %resentes6M
%(re !ident H%(r! !s(!lid!d6 ' UT&!t ,old is %(reV HEseL A/(el oro es %(ro6M !
si9 &ild H(n ni)o en#er"o6 ' UEe is si9V Hl est "!re!doL tiene ,!n!s de
+o"it!r6M I &!+enZt t&e sli,&test ide! HNo ten,o Hni6 l! "s re"ot!L "enor ide!6 '
UEe is sli,&tV Hl es "en(doL del,!do6M ! sorr' si,&t H(n !s%eto l!"ent!ble6 ' UEe
is sorr'V Hl est !rre%entidoL lo siente6M ! s(b.et n!tion H(n! n!i3n so"etid!6 e UIt
is s(b.et to &!n,eV HEst s(.etoL e-%(estoL %ro%enso ! !"bio6M t&ro(,& tr!##i
Htr#io de %!so6 ' UEe is t&ro(,& 7it& itV Hl &! ter"in!do on ello6M Ee is not !
7ell "!n Hl no es (n &o"bre s!noL on s!l(dL /(e est0 bien de s!l(d6 ' US&e 7!s
7ellV HEll! est!b! bien6M t&is 7ret&ed stor' Hest! "!ldit! &istori!6M t&!t 7ret&ed
re!t(re] H\es!L !/(ell! desdi&!d! ri!t(r!]6 ' UEe #elt 7ret&edV Hl se sentF! "('
"!l6M ! 'o(n, %erson H(n! %erson! .o+en6 ' UT&e' #eel 'o(n,V HSe sienten .3+enes6$
et1
2+ En ingls literario el ad%etivo calificativo clasificativo puede ir al comien)o
de una oracin delante del nombre cuando se sobr4e+entiende el verbo MbeM o
en ingls est!ndar detr!s de un verbo copulativo1 E.14 E!%%' His6 t&e %erson
7&ose "ind is l(id Nliter!rioO HFeliz Hes6 l! %erson! ('! "ente se! l2id!6 ' UT&e
%erson 7&ose "ind is l(id is &!%%'V Nestnd!rO HL! %erson! ('! "ente se! l2id!
es #eliz6M Fort(n!te H!re6 t&ese &ildren 7&o donZt 9no7 re!lit' Nliter!rioO
HA#ort(n!dos Hson6 estos ni)os /(e no onoen l! re!lid!d6 ' UT&ese &ildren 7&o
donZt 9no7 re!lit' !re #ort(n!teV Nestnd!rO HEstos ni)os /(e no onoen l! re!lid!d
son !#ort(n!dos6$ et1
-+ &os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos pueden ir delante del nombre
detr!s de verbos copulativos$ si +!n %reedidos de (n !d+erbio (!ntit!ti+o o no
(!ntit!ti+o o"o Q!bnor"!ll'$ !bsol(tel'$ !bs(rdl'$ !ident!ll'$ !ti+el'$ !ll$
!lle,edl'$ !l"i,&t' Nolo/(i!lO$ !l%&!beti!ll'$ !lto,et&er$ !"!zin,l'$ !%%!rentl'$
!%%ro-i"!tel'$ !rtisti!ll'$ !stonis&in,l'$ !strono"i!ll'$ !7#(ll'$ b!dl'$ be!stl'$
be!(ti#(ll'$ bitterl'$ bl!t!ntl'$ blindin,l'$ bloo"in,$ boldl'$ br!nd$ bre!t&t!9in,l'$
brilli!ntl'$ br(t!ll'$ !re#(ll'$ !t!stro%&i!ll'$ &!r"in,l'$ &ie#l'$ l!ssi!ll'$
le!rl'$ lini!ll'$ o"%!r!ti+el'$ o"%letel'$ onsider!bl'$ onsistentl'$ ontin(!ll'$
on+enientl'$ ooll'$ r!9in,$ riti!ll'$ r(i!ll'$ r(del'$ r(ell'$ (rio(sl'$ d!"n$
d!n,ero(sl'$ de!d$ de!dl'$ de!rl'$ deidedl'$ dee%l'$ deliber!tel'$ deliio(sl'$
deli,&t#(ll'$ des%er!tel'$ de+!st!tin,l'$ de+ilis&l'$ di!,on!ll'$ dis!r"in,l'$
disonertin,l'$ distintl'$ do(bl'$ do7nri,&t$ dr!"!ti!ll'$ dr!sti!ll'$ dre!d#(ll'$
distintl'$ dist(rbin,l'$ e!sil'$ e"inentl'$ e"%&!ti!ll'$ enor"o(sl'$ entiin,l'$
entirel'$ e/(!ll'$ es%ei!ll' Nliter!rioO$ essenti!ll'$ etern!ll'$ e-!tl'$ e-!,,er!tedl'$
e-eedin,l'$ e-ellentl'$ e-e%tion!ll'$ e-essi+el'$ e-itin,l'$ e-l(si+el'$
e-r(i!tin,l'$ e-%ensi+el'$ e-/(isitel'$ e-tr!ordin!ril'$ e-tr!+!,!ntl'$ e-tre"el'$
#!b(lo(sl'$ #!intl'$ #!irl'$ #!nt!sti!ll'$ #!r "ore$ #!r too$ #!t!ll'$ #e!r#(ll'$ #e!rso"el'$
#ierel'$ #in!ni!ll'$ #inel'$ #oolis&l'$ #or"id!bl'$ #ort(n!tel'$ #r!n9l' N"enos (s!do
/(e del!nte del !rtF(loO$ #reneti!ll'$ #ri,&t#(ll' NGBO$ #(9in, N+(l,!rO$ #(ll'$
#(nd!"ent!ll'$ ,ener!ll'$ ,enero(sl'$ ,en(inel'$ ,lorio(sl'$ ,r!+el'$ ,re!tl'$ ,rossl'$
,r(ellin,l' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,r(elin,l' NUSAO$ &!bit(!ll'$ &!l#HI6 Nse,(ido del
se,(ndo ele"ento %ero &!' !l,(n! e-e%i3nO$ &e!rtil'$ R&ell(+! N+(l,!rO$ &e!+il'$
&ideo(sl'$ &i,&l'$ &o%elessl'$ &orribl'$ &(,el'$ i""ensel'$ i"%osin,l'$ i"%ossibl'$
i"%ressi+el'$ i"%rob!bl'$ inre!sin,l'L inre!sedl'$ inredibl'$ in(r!bl'$
indeentl'$ inde#initel'$ in#initel'$ in&erentl'$ inordin!tel'$ ins!nel'$ intensel'$
intensel'$ intention!ll'$ intern!tion!ll'$ inti"!tel'$ irretrie+!bl'$ .oll' NGB
%rini%!l"enteO$ 9eenl'$ 9ind o#$ l!r,el'$ less$ less !nd less$ li,&tl'$ liter!ll' N"enos
(s!do /(e del!nte del !rtF(loO$ l(diro(sl'$ "!ddenin,l'$ "!dl'$ "!inl'$ "!ssi+el'$
"!teri!ll'$ "erel'$ "i,&t'$ "ir!(lo(sl'$ "oder!tel'$ "ore$ "ore !nd "ore$
"ort!ll'$ "ost$ "ostl'$ "(&$ "(& "ore$ "(& too$ "(t(!ll'$ n!t(r!ll'$ ne!r
N"enos (s!doOL ne!rl' N"s (s!doO$ neess!ril'$ needlessl'$ no less$ no"in!ll'$
not!bl'$ notie!bl'$ not +er'$ obs(rel'$ o!sion!ll'$ oddl'$ o##ii!ll'$ one$ onl'$
o%enl'$ ori,in!ll'$ ostensibl'$ ot&er7ise$ o(tr!,eo(sl'$ o(tst!ndin,l'$ o(t7!rdl'$
o+erl'$ o+er7&el"in,l'$ %!in#(ll'$ %!l%!bl'$ %!rti!ll'$ %!rti(l!rl'$ %!rtl'$
%!ssion!tel'$ %!tentl'$ %!t&eti!ll'$ %!t&olo,i!ll'$ %e(li!rl'$ %er#etl'$ %er"!nentl'$
%&eno"en!ll'$ %&oneti!ll'$ %l!in$ %l!inl'$ %le!s!ntl'$ %oorl'$ %ositi+el'$ %ossibl'
N"enos (s!do /(e del!nte del !rtF(loO$ %otenti!ll'$ %reio(s$ %redo"in!ntl'$
%re%ostero(sl'$ %res("!bl'$ %rett'$ %re+io(sl'$ %ri"!ril'$ %rini%!ll'$ %rob!bl'$
%ro#o(ndl'$ %ro%erl'$ %(rel'$ %(r%osel'$ /(intessenti!ll'$ r!di!ll'$ r!rel'$ r!t&er$
re!dil'$ re!l Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL re!ll' Nestnd!rO$ re!son!bl'$
re,rett!bl'$ re,(l!rl'$ rel!ti+el'$ re"!r9!bl'$ re+oltin,l'$ ri&l'$ ridi(lo(sl'$ ri,&t$
ri,&tl'$ ro(,&l'$ s!+!,el'$ s!rel'$ see"in,l'$ serio(sl'$ se+erel'$ s&!"e#(ll'$
s&!r%l'$ s&o9in,l'$ si,ni#i!ntl'$ silentl'$ si"%l'$ sinerel' N"enos (s!do /(e
del!nte del !rtF(loO$ sin,(l!rl'$ sli,&tl'$ solidl'$ so"e7&!t$ so"e7&!t too$ sort o#$
so(ndl'$ s%ei!ll' Nestnd!rO$ s%ei#i!ll'$ s%et!(l!rl'$ s%otlessl'$ str!n,el'$ stritl'$
stri9in,l'$ stron,l'$ s(bst!nti!ll'$ s(ddenl' N"enos (s!do /(e del!nte del !rtF(loO$
s(##iientl'$ s(%erbl'$ s(%erl!ti+el'$ s(%%osedl'$ s(%re"el'$ s(r%risin,l'$
s(s%iio(sl'$ terribl'$ t&i9l'$ t&oro(,&l'$ toler!bl'$ too Ndel!nte de !d.eti+os /(e
ten,!n dos o "s sFl!b!sO$ tot!ll'$ tre"endo(sl'$ tr(l'$ (nbelie+!bl'$ (no""onl'$
(ndo(btedl'$ (ne-%etedl'$ (n#ort(n!tel'$ (ni#or"l'$ (ni+ers!ll'$ (n"ist!9He6!bl'$
(nn!t(r!ll'$ (nneess!ril'$ (no##ii!ll'$ H(n6t'%i!ll'$ H(n6(s(!ll'$ (tterl'$ +!stl'$
+er'$ +er' "(&$ H+er'6 "(& too "(&$ +iolentl'$ +irt(!ll'$ +isibl'$ +it!ll'$ 7&oll'$
7ideI$ 7idel'$ 7ildl'$ 7oe#(ll'$ 7onder#(ll'$ 7orr'in,l'$ 7ret&edl'Q$ et1$ ' todos
los !d+erbios de %(nto de +ist! ter"in!dos en Il' ND1 ?1B1=1:1!OM ! +ees los !d.eti+os
ter"in!n s3lo o"o el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do (!ndo +!n %reedidos de los
!d+erbios Ubri,&tl'$ di"l'$ li,&tl'V$ et1 E.14 !n !bsol(tel' #!nt!sti d!' H(n dF!
!bsol(t!"ente #!ntstio6 ' UT&e d!' is !bsol(tel' #!nt!stiV HEl dF! es
!bsol(t!"ente #!ntstio6M ItZs t&e #!irl' &e!% boo9 HEs el libro b!st!nte b!r!to6 '
UT&e boo9 is #!irl' &e!%V HEl libro es b!st!nte b!r!to6M !n !ll 7ron, !%%ro!& H(n
en#o/(e o"%let!"ente e/(i+o!do6 ' UT&e !%%ro!& is !ll 7ron,V HEl en#o/(e es
o"%let!"ente e/(i+o!do6M !n !lto,et&er di##erent "!tter H(n !s(nto tot!l"ente
di#erente6 ' UT&e "!tter is !lto,et&er di##erentV HEl !s(nto es tot!l"ente di#erente6M
!n !7#(ll' i"%ort!nt deision H(n! deisi3n terrible"ente i"%ort!nte6 ' UT&e
deision is !7#(ll' i"%ort!ntV HL! deisi3n es terrible"ente i"%ort!nte6M !
do7nri,&t &ostile rel!tions&i% H(n! rel!i3n o"%let!"ente &ostil6 ' UT&e
rel!tions&i% is do7nri,&t &ostileV HL! rel!i3n es o"%let!"ente &ostil6M !n e!sil'I
on#(sed 7ord H(n! %!l!br! /(e se on#(nde #il"ente6 ' UT&e 7ord is e!sil'
on#(sedV HL! %!l!br! se on#(nde #il"ente6M !n entirel' di##erent t&in, H(n! os!
o"%let!"ente di#erente6 ' UT&e t&in, is entirel' di##erentV HL! os! es
o"%let!"ente di#erente6M !n etern!ll' disontented %erson H(n! %erson!
onst!nte"enteL %er"!nente"ente desontent!6 ' UT&e %erson is etern!ll'
disontentedV HL! %erson! est onst!nte"enteL %er"!nente"ente desontent!6M
t&e e-%ensi+el'L %oorl' #(rnis&ed &o(se Hl! !s! !"(ebl!d! de #or"! !r!L
%obre"ente6 ' UT&e &o(se is e-%ensi+el'L %oorl' #(rnis&edV HL! !s! est
!"(ebl!d! de #or"! !r!L %obre"ente6M ! &!l#HI6!slee% 7o"!n H(n! "(.er "edio
dor"id!6 ' UT&e 7o"!n is &!l#HI6!slee%V HL! "(.er est "edio dor"id!6M ! one
be!(ti#(l b(ildin, H(n edi#iio (n! +ez &er"oso6 ' UA b(ildin, t&!t 7!s one
be!(ti#(lV HUn edi#iio /(e #(e (n! +ez &er"oso6M +er' !li+e !ni"!ls H!ni"!les
"(' +i+os6 ' UT&ese !ni"!ls !re +er' !li+eV HEstos !ni"!les estn "(' +i+os61 D1
81;=$ 8155?$ ;1:5
Los !d.eti+os no %(eden ir detrs del no"bre$ e-e%to si +!n %reedidos de los
!d+erbios Q!lto,et&er$ do7nri,&t$ entirel'$ etern!ll'Q$ et1M (!ndo +!n detrs del
no"bre se sobrHe6entiende (n %rono"bre rel!ti+o ' el +erbo QbeQ detrs del
no"bre1 E.14 It is ! "!tter Ht&!tL 7&i& is6 !lto,et&er di##erent HEs (n !s(nto
tot!l"ente di#erente6M It is ! rel!tions&i% Ht&!tL 7&i& is6 do7nri,&t &ostile HEs (n!
rel!i3n o"%let!"ente &ostil6M It is ! t&in, Ht&!tL 7&i& is6 entirel' di##erent HEs
(n! os! o"%let!"ente di#erente6M It is ! %erson Ht&!tL 7&o is6 etern!ll'
disontented HEs (n! %erson! onst!nte"enteL %er"!nente"ente desontent!6$ et1
;15=1I &os ad%etivos 'ue se pueden usar de las dos maneras, bien delante del
nombre o detr!s del nombre 4attributive ad%ectives+, son"
*+ =lgunos ad%etivos calificativos, clasificativos de colores pueden ir delante o
detr!s del nombre, si se sobr4e+entiende el verbo MbeM precedido de un
pronombre relativoM %(eden ir t!"bi0n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o H%redi!ti+e
!d.eti+es6M no obst!nte$ no se %(ede %oner (!l/(ier !d.eti+o detrs del no"bre
sino /(e son e-%resiones idio"ti!s "(' %oo n("eros!sM en in,l0s liter!rio se
%(eden (s!r "(&os !d.eti+os de est! #or"! si +!n oordin!dosM en %ros! es "s
#re(ente (s!r los !d.eti+os del!nte del no"bre$ %ero en %oesF! se %(eden (s!r
detrs del no"breM el !d.eti+o s(ele lle+!r "s 0n#!sis (!ndo +! detrs del no"bre1
E.14 !!de"i %roble"s H%roble"!s !!d0"ios6M #or %roble"s H7&i& !re6
!!de"i H%or %roble"!s H/(e son6 !!d0"ios6M T&e 7&ole t&in, is !!de"i
HTodo el !s(nto es !!d0"io6M God Al"i,&t' N(O Al"i,&t' God HDios
Todo%oderoso6M God is !l"i,&t' HDios es todo%oderoso6M !nient !nd "odern
&'"ns H&i"nos !nti,(os ' "odernos6M Ht&e6 E'"ns Anient !nd Modern Hlos
&i"nos !nti,(os ' "odernos6M T&e' !re !nient !nd "odern HSon !nti,(os '
"odernos6M #or no !%%!rent re!son Hsin "oti+o !%!rente6M !nL t&e &eir !%%!rent
H(nH!6L el$ l! &erederHo$ !6 #orzosHo$ !66M It be!"e !%%!rent HSe &izo %!tente6M !L t&e
ri+er d!r9 H(nL el rFo oHb6s(ro6M De!r Mot&er N!l o"ienzo de (n! !rt!O HJ(erid!
"!dre6M Mot&er de!r] Nen otros !sosO H\M!dre /(erid!]6M S&e is de!r to "e HEll! es
+!lios!L entr!)!ble %!r! "F6M ! dre!d#(l e-%eriene H(n! e-%erieni! terrible6M !
%enn' dre!d#(lL %enn'Idre!d#(l NGBO H(n libro NoO (n! re+ist! sens!ion!list!6M ItZs
dre!d#(l HEs terrible6M E"erit(s Pro#essor o# P&'sis HEl !tedrtio e"0rito de
#Fsi!6M t&e Pro#essor H7&o is6 E"erit(s o# P&'sis HEl !tedrtio H/(e es6 e"0rito
de #Fsi!6M etern!l /(!rrellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL /(!rrelin, NUSAO Hdis%(t!s
etern!s6M etern!l li#eL li#e etern!l H+id! etern!6M Li#e is etern!l HL! +id! es etern!6M
e+erl!stin, li#e H+id! etern!6M t&e e+erl!stin, 7!r Hl! etern! ,(err!6M li#e Ht&!t is6
e+erl!stin, H+id! H/(e es6 etern!6M Li#e is e+erl!stin, HL! +id! es etern!6M !n
e-tr!ordin!r' be&!+io(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be&!+ior NUSAO H(n! ond(t!
e-tr!ordin!ri!6$ E"b!ss!dor E-tr!ordin!r' He"b!.!dor e-tr!ordin!rio6M ItZs
e-tr!ordin!r' HEs e-tr!ordin!rio6M ! #!ir deision H(n! deisi3n .(st!6M !L t&e l!d'
#!ir H(n!L l! bell! d!"!6M It isnZt #!ir HNo es .(sto6M t&e ,ener!l ide! Hl! ide! ,ener!l6M
!nL t&e Attorne' Gener!l H(nH!6L el$ l! %ro(r!dorH!6 ,ener!l NGBOL "inistrHo$ !6 de
j(stii! NUSAOL #is!l ,ener!l6M t&e DiretorL Go+ernorL Ins%etorL Seret!r'
Gener!l Hel diretorL ,obern!dorL ins%etorL seret!rio ,ener!l6M t&e S(r,eon
Gener!l Hel ins%etor ,ener!l de S!nid!d6M t&e Soliitor Gener!l Hel !d.(nto del
%ro(r!dor ,ener!l de l! N!i3n NGBOL el s(bseret!rio de j(stii! NUSAO6M ItZs
,ener!l HEs ,ener!l6M ! ,r!io(s ,est(re H(n ,esto ort0sL ,entil6M GoodL Goodness
,r!io(s] H\Dios S!nto]6M S&e 7!s ,r!io(s HEll! er! ort0sL ,entil6M ! ,reen !%%le
H(n! "!nz!n! +erde6M t&e Me!do7 ,reen Hlos +erdes %!stos6M ItZs ,reen HEsHt6
+erde6M t&e i""e"ori!l (sto" Hl! ost("bre in"e"ori!l6M #ro"L sine ti"e
i""e"ori!l Hde tie"%os in"e"ori!lesL in"e"or!bles6M !n i"%ossible t!s9 H(n!
t!re! i"%osible6M Mission I"%ossible H"isi3n i"%osible6M ItZs i"%ossible HEs
i"%osible6M ! #(ll' inl(si+e %rie H(n %reio on todo inl(ido6M Mond!' to Frid!'
inl(si+e Hde l(nes ! +iernes inl(ido6M ItZs inl(si+e o# tr!ns%ort HInl('e el
tr!ns%orte6M !n intern!tion!l %roble" H(n %roble"! intern!ion!l6M !"nest' Ht&!t is6
intern!tion!l H!"nistF! H/(e es6 intern!ion!l6L t&e s%orts Ht&!t !re6 intern!tion!l Hlos
de%ortes H/(e son6 intern!ion!les6M T&e %roble" is intern!tion!l HEl %roble"! es
intern!ion!l6M "!.esti sener' H%!is!.e "!.est(oso6M Eotel M!.esti HEotel
M!.est(oso6M EeZs "!.esti Hl es "!.est(oso6M ! "issin, %erson H(n! %erson!
des!%!reid!6M ! !r 7it& its 7&eels Ht&!t !re6 "issin, H(n o&e sin r(ed!s6M T&e
7&eels !re "issin, HF!lt!n l!s r(ed!s6M ne-t "ont& Hel %r3-i"o "es6M T&e %ro.et
7ill be re!d' b' S(nd!' H7&i&L t&!t is6 ne-t Nliter!rioO HEl %ro'eto est!r listo
!ntes del do"in,o %r3-i"o6M Ee is ne-t Hl es el si,(iente6M non%!reil Nliter!rioO Hsin
%!rL %!r!n,3n6M T&e' &!+e o%%osite +ie7s HTienen en#o/(es ontr!rios6M t&e
7indo7 o%%osite Hl! +ent!n! de en#rente6M Eer o%inion is entirel' o%%osite HS(
o%ini3n es o"%let!"ente o%(est!6M ItZs o# %!r!"o(nt i"%ort!ne HEs de %ri"ordi!l
i"%ort!ni!6M Lord %!r!"o(nt Hse)or s(%re"o6M S!#et' is %!r!"o(nt Nno
,r!d(!bleO HL! se,(rid!d es %ri"ordi!l6M t&e %oliti Nliter!rioO t&in, to do Hlo
%r(dente6M t&e bod' %oliti Hel (er%o %olFtio6M It "!' be "ore %oliti Nliter!rioO to
s!' not&in, HP(ede /(e se! "s %r(dente no deir n!d!6M ! %ositi+e deision H(n!
deisi3n %ositi+!6M %roo# %ositi+e H%r(eb! %ositi+!6M T&e res(lts !re %ositi+e HLos
res(lt!dos son %ositi+os6M %(bli interest Hinter0s %2blio6$ !L t&e not!r' %(bli
NUSAO H(nH!6L el$ l! not!riHo$ !6 NoO esrib!nHo$ !6 %2bliHo$ !66M It be!"e %(bli
HSe &izo %2blio6M r!"%!nt in#l!tion Hin#l!i3n ,!lo%!nte6M !L t&e lion r!"%!nt Nen
&erldi! +! detrs del no"breO H(nL el le3n r!"%!nteL #eroz6M Dise!se is r!"%!nt
HProli#er!n l!s en#er"ed!desL L!s en#er"ed!des son end0"i!s6M ! ro,!tor' %etition
H(n! %etii3n ro,!tori!6M Ht&e6 letters ro,!tor' Hl! ro,!tori!6M It is ro,!tor' HEs
ro,!torio6M ! ro(nd #i,(re H(n! #i,(r! redond!6M S&e loo9ed !t &i"$ &er e'es ro(nd
HEll! le "ir3$ on los o.os bien !biertos6M It is ro(nd HEs redondo6M ! ro'!l %!l!e H(n
%!l!io re!l6M !nL t&e Astrono"er Ro'!l H(nH!6L el$ l! !str3no"Ho$ !6 re!l6M blood
ro'!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hs!n,re re!l6$ t&e Priness Ro'!l Hl! %rines! re!l6M It isL loo9s
ro'!l HEsL P!ree "!.est(oso6M s%irit(!l needs Hneesid!des es%irit(!les6M t&e Lords
S%irit(!l Hlos "ie"bros de l! I,lesi! !n,li!n! /(e o(%!n es!)os en l! *"!r! de
los Lores6M It isL loo9s s%irit(!l HEsL P!ree es%irit(!l6M t&e si"%le li#e Hl! +id!
senill!6M ! #ee si"%le H(n %leno do"inioL (n! %len! %ro%ied!d6M ItZs si"%le to (se
HEs #il de "!ne.!r6M ! sl!9 ro%e H(n! (erd! #lo.!6M Ee %rono(ned it 7it& t&e
ton,(e H7&i&L t&!t 7!s6 sl!9 Hl lo %ron(ni3 on l! len,(! distendid!6M t&e
s(bli"e %erson!lit' N"s (s!doO ' Ut&e %erson!lit' s(bli"eV N"enos (s!doOM ItZs
s(bli"e HEs s(bli"e6M &is s(%erior o##ier Hs( s(%erior6M Mot&er S(%erior H"!dre
s(%erior!6M ItZs s(%erior to t&!t HEs s(%erior !L "e.or /(e esoL !/(ello6M te"%or!l !nd
s%irit(!l "!tters H!s(ntos te"%or!les ' es%irit(!les6M t&in,s te"%or!l !nd s%irit(!l
Hos!s te"%or!les ' es%irit(!les6M T&ese "!tters !re te"%or!l !nd s%irit(!l HEstos
!s(ntos son te"%or!les ' es%irit(!les6M ! tense %ersonL silene H(n! %erson! tens!L
(n silenio tenso6M Ee %rono(ned it 7it& t&e ton,(e H7&i&L t&!t 7!s6 tense Hl lo
%ron(ni3 on l! len,(! tens!6M S&eZs tense HEll! est tens!6M de!r !nd tender
e"otions He"oiones %reios!s ' tiern!s6M e"otions H7&i&L t&!t !re6 de!r !nd
tender He"oiones H/(e son6 %reios!s ' tiern!s6M tri("%&!nt lo+e ' Ulo+e
tri("%&!ntV Hel !"or /(e tri(n#!6M S&e is tri("%&!nt HEll! est tri(n#!l61
Al,(nos !d.eti+os +!n sol!"ente del!nte o detrs del no"bre %ero no detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+o4 !l"i,&t' GodL God !l"i,&t' HDios Todo%oderoso6M !nteedent
Nliter!rioO e+ents Hs(esos %reedentes6M e+ents !nteedent Nliter!rioO to t&e
inde%endene Hs(esos /(e !nteedieron ! l! inde%endeni!6M t&e !ttend!nt
di##i(lties Hl!s di#i(lt!des intrFnse!s6M t&e ris9s !ttend!nt on t&is e-%lor!tion Hlos
ries,os /(e onlle+! est! e-%edii3n6M ! born "(sii!n H(n "2sio n!to6M ! 9in,
born H(n re' de n!i"iento6$ %ero QEe 7!s born N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO &ereQ Hl
n!i3 !/(F6M t&e orres%ondin, "e"ber Hel "ie"bro orres%ondiente6M 7!,e
inre!ses orres%ondin, to t&e rise in t&e r!te o# in#l!tion H!("entos s!l!ri!les
orres%ondientes ! l! s(bid! en l! t!s! de in#l!i3n6M T&e elet bod' "eets 7ee9l'
HL! or%or!i3n eso,id! se re2ne se"!n!l"ente6M !L t&e bride elet H(n!L l! no+i!
elet!6M t&e Go+ernor elet Hel ,obern!dor eleto6M t&e President elet Hel %residente
eleto6M !n err!nt &ildL &(sb!nd H(n ni)o des!rri!doL (n "!rido in#iel6M !L t&e
9ni,&t err!nt H(nL el !b!llero !nd!nte6M ! ,oin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO onern H(n
ne,oio /(e #(nion!L en "!r&!6M one o# t&e "ost e-%ensi+e !rs ,oin, Nno
,r!d(!bleO H(no de los o&es "s !ros /(e e-isten6M "!.or Nno ,r!d(!ble4 del!nte
de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! QserioL ,r!+eL "(' i"%ort!nteQ ' detrs de (n
no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Q"!'orL el$ l! "!'orQO4 ! "!.or dis!d+!nt!,e H(n!
des+ent!.! "(' i"%ort!nte6$ "!.or &!n,es H!"bios "(' i"%ort!ntes6$ t&e
Ser,e!nt M!.or Hel bri,!d!6$ BL * "!.or HsiL do "!'or6$ in D "!.or Hen re "!'or6M
>illi!"s "!.orL M!.or Hel H&er"!no6 "!'or de los >16M "!rti!l "(si H"2si!
"ilit!r6M !L t&e o(rt "!rti!l H(nL el onse.o de ,(err!6M "inor Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Use(nd!rioL "enorV ' detrs de (n no"bre (!ndo
si,ni#i! U"enorL el$ l! "enorVO4 "inor %roble"s H%roble"!s se(nd!riosL
"enores6M in B #l!t "inor Hen si be"ol "enor6$ Asi! Minor HAsi! Menor6$ jones
"inorL Minor Hel H&er"!no6 %e/(e)oL "enor de los j16M t&e net res(lt Hel res(lt!do
,lob!l6M net e!rnin,sL %ro#it H,!n!ni!s net!s6M 'o(r ino"e net Ht(s in,resos netos6M
! %!tent lie H(n! "entir! e+identeL %!tente6M Ht&e6 letters %!tent Hl! %!tente de
in+eni3nL 0d(l! NoO %!tente de %ri+ile,io6M %leni%otenti!r' %o7ers H%oderes
%leni%oteni!rios6M "inister %leni%oRtenti!r' H"inistro %leni%oteni!rio6M Ee is
%leni%oRtenti!r' Hl es %leni%oteni!rio6M ! %res("%ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO di!,nosis H(n
di!,n3stio %rob!ble6M !nL t&e &eir %res("%ti+e H(nH!6L el$ l! %res(ntHo$ !6
&erederHo$ !66M r(nnin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i!
QorrienteL si"(ltneoL ontin(oL #lot!nteL !biertoL orredorL de !rrer!L "o+edizoL
orredizoL s(%(r!nteL orridoL (rsi+oL l!nz!doQ ' detrs de no"bres o"o Ud!'Hs6$
"eetin,Hs6$ ti"eHs6$ 'e!rHs6V$ et1$ (!ndo si,ni#i! Qonse(ti+oL se,(idoQ$ si se
onsider! !d.eti+o$ ' Qonse(ti+!"enteL se,(id!"enteQ$ si se onsider! !d+erbioOM
t&e te"%or!l %o7er o# t&e st!te Hel %oder te"%or!l del est!do6M t&e Lords Te"%or!l
Hlos "ie"bros l!ios de l! *"!r! de los Lores6M test!R"ent!r' !%!it' H!%!id!d
%!r! test!r6M Ht&e6 letters test!R"ent!r' Hl! !rt! test!"enRt!ri!L el !(to de
!(toriz!i3n de !lb!Re!6M t&e tot!l s(" NoO t&e s(" tot!l Hl! s("! tot!l6$ et1
2+ Quc/os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos 'ue terminan en 5ble cuando
van detr!s de Mt/ere is# areM D ad%etivo indefinido, cuando van detr!s de un
ad%etivo en grado superlativo, cuando van con las palabras ;all# first# last#
next# onl# single<M estos !d.eti+os %(eden ir sin di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do del!nte o
detrs del no"breM (!ndo +!n detrs del no"bre se (s! "s ! "en(do el +erbo
QbeQ %reedido de (n %rono"bre rel!ti+o entre el no"bre ' el !d.eti+o o "enos
#re(ente"ente se sobrHe6entiende el +erbo QbeQ %reedido de (n %rono"bre
rel!ti+o (!ndo lle+! 0n#!sis1 E.14 T&ere !re ! #e7 !+!il!ble Nno %(ede ir del!nte de
U! #e7VO trees HE!' (nos %oos rboles dis%onibles N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de
U(nosVO6L T&ere !re ! #e7 trees Ht&!tL 7&i& !re6 !+!il!ble HE!' (nos %oos rboles
H/(e estn6 dis%onibles6M t&e #inest !+!il!ble #oodL t&e #inest #ood Ht&!tL 7&i& is6
!+!il!ble Hel "e.or !li"ento H/(e est6 dis%onible6M t&e onl' !+!il!ble %olie"!nL
t&e onl' %olie"!n H7&oL t&!t is6 !+!il!ble Hel 2nio %oliF! H/(e est6 dis%onible6M
t&e onl' !+!il!ble #ood Hl! 2ni! o"id! dis%onible6 ' Ut&e n(rses H7&o !re6
!+!il!bleV Hl!s en#er"er!s H/(e estn6 dis%onibles6M o"%!r!ble res(lts to t&eirsL
res(lts Ht&!tL 7&i& !re6 o"%!r!ble to t&eirs Hres(lt!dos H/(e son6 o"%!r!bles !
los s('os6M t&e lon,est onei+!ble 7!' Hel !"ino "s l!r,o i"!,in!ble6M in t&e
lon,est 7!' Ht&!tL 7&i& is6 onei+!ble Hde l! #or"! "s l!r,! i"!,in!ble6M !ll t&e
i"!,in!ble in,redientsL !ll t&e in,redients Ht&!t !re6 i"!,in!ble Htodos los
in,redientes H/(e son6 i"!,in!bles6M t&e &e!%est i"!,in!ble net %ro+ider Hel
%ro+eedorL ser+idor de l! red Hde Internet6 "s b!r!to i"!,in!ble6L S&e 7o+e &er
&!ir in t&e %rettiest #!s&ion Ht&!tL 7&i& is6 i"!,in!ble HEll! riz3 el %elo ! l! "od!
"s bonit! H/(e es6 i"!,in!ble6M 7it& !ll t&e i"!,in!ble in#or"!tion Hon tod! l!
in#or"!i3n i"!,in!ble6L 7it& !ll t&e in#or"!tion Ht&!t is6 i"!,in!ble Hon tod! l!
in#or"!i3n H/(e es6 i"!,in!ble6M t&e #!stest i"!,in!ble "!&ineL t&e #!stest
"!&ine Ht&!t is6 i"!,in!ble Hl! "/(in! "s r%id! /(e se %(ede i"!,in!r6M t&e
l!st %ossible re"ed'L t&e l!st re"ed' Ht&!t is6 %ossible Hel 2lti"o re"edio H/(e es6
%osible6M %ossible "one' l!(nderin, H%osible bl!n/(eo de dinero6M Ee &!d t&e "ost
%ro#o(nd (nderst!ndin, Ht&!tL 7&i& is6 %ossible Hl tenF! l! o"%rensi3n "s
%ro#(nd! H/(e es6 %osible6M T&ere is not ! sin,le re!d!ble boo9L T&ere is not ! sin,le
boo9 Ht&!tL 7&i& is6 re!d!ble HNo &!' ni (n libro /(e se %(ed! leer6M T&ere is one
sol(ble s(bst!neL T&ere is one s(bst!ne Ht&!tL 7&i& is6 sol(ble HE!' (n!
s(Hb6st!ni! H/(e es6 sol(ble6M t&e onl' s(it!ble dotorL t&e onl' dotor H7&oL t&!t
is6 s(it!ble Hel 2nio "0dio H/(e est6 %re%!r!doL !%!it!do6M t&e onl' s(it!ble
%ersonL t&e onl' %erson H7&oL t&!t is6 s(it!ble Hl! 2ni! %erson! H/(e es6 !de(!d!6M
T&ere !re "!n' terrible onse/(enesL T&ere !re "!n' onse/(enes Ht&!tL 7&i&
!re6 terrible HE!' "(&!s onse(eni!s H/(e son6 terribles6M t&e #irst +isible
b(ildin,sL t&e #irst b(ildin,s Ht&!t !re6 +isible Hlos %ri"eros edi#iios H/(e son6
+isibles6$ et1
Si el s(%erl!ti+o se #or"! on Q"ostQ$ el !d.eti+o ter"in!do en Ible tiene /(e ir
detrs del no"bre4 t&e "ost e-%ensi+e "!&ine i"!,in!ble Hl! "/(in! "s !r!
/(e (no se %(ed! i"!,in!r61
2+ &os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos 'ue acompaLan a un nombre con
un complemento# adacente 'ue lo especifica" un sintagma preposicional o
una oracin subordinada de relativoM los !d.eti+os %(eden ir on el "is"o
si,ni#i!do del!nte ' detrs del no"bre si se sobrHe6entiende el +erbo QbeQ
%reedido de (n %rono"bre rel!ti+o4 o"%li!ted$ di##erent$ e!s'$ di##i(lt$
i"%ossible$ %le!s!nt$ si"il!r$ (n%le!s!nt$ et1 E.14 ! o"%li!ted %ro.et to %(t into
%r!tieL %r!tise NUSA4 "enos (s!doO H(n %ro'eto o"%li!do %!r! %oner en
%rti!6M ! %ro.et H7&i&L t&!t is6 o"%li!ted to %(t into %r!tieL %r!tise NUSA4
"enos (s!doO H(n %ro'eto /(e es o"%li!do %!r! %oner en %rti!6M T&!t is !
di##erent %roble" #ro" "ine HseL A/(0l es (n %roble"! di#erente del "Fo6M T&!t is
! %roble" H7&i&L t&!t is6 di##erent #ro" "ine HseL A/(0l es (n %roble"! /(e es
di#erente del "Fo6M T&is is !n e!s' t!ble to "o+e Hst! es (n! "es! #il de "o+er6M
T&is is ! t!ble H7&i&L t&!t is6 e!s' to "o+e Hst! es (n! "es! /(e es #il de
"o+er6M T&is is ! di##i(lt ess!' to 7rite Hste es (n ens!'o di#Fil de esribir6M T&is
is !n ess!' H7&i&L t&!t is6 di##i(lt to 7rite Hste es (n ens!'o /(e es di#Fil de
esribir6M S&e is !n e!s' %erson to ,et !rried !7!' HEll! es (n! %erson! #il de
de.!rse lle+!r6M S&e is ! %erson H7&oL t&!t is6 e!s' to ,et !rried !7!' HEll! es (n!
%erson! /(e es #il de de.!rse lle+!r6M It is !n i"%ossible t!s9 to #inis& HEs (n! t!re!
i"%osible de ter"in!r6M It is ! t!s9 H7&i&L t&!t is6 i"%ossible to #inis& HEs (n! t!re!
/(e es i"%osible de ter"in!r6M T&ese !re %le!s!nt 7ords to &e!r Hst!s son %!l!br!s
!,r!d!bles de oFr6M T&ese !re 7ords H7&i&L t&!t !re6 %le!s!nt to &e!r Hst!s son
%!l!br!s /(e son !,r!d!bles de oFr6M It is ! si"il!r !%%ro!& to "ine HEs (n en#o/(e
si"il!r !l "Fo6M It is !n !%%ro!& H7&i&L t&!t is6 si"il!r to "ine HEs (n en#o/(e /(e
es si"il!r !l "Fo6M T&ese !re (n%le!s!nt 7ords to &e!r Hst!s no son %!l!br!s
!,r!d!bles de oFr6M T&ese !re 7ords H7&i&L t&!t !re6 (n%le!s!nt to &e!r Hst!s no
son %!l!br!s /(e se!n !,r!d!bles de oFr6M t&e (s(!l !ns7er on s(& o!sions Hl!
ontest!i3n &!bit(!l en t!les o!siones6M t&e !ns7er H7&i&L t&!t is6 (s(!l on s(&
o!sions Hl! ontest!i3n /(e es &!bit(!l en t!les o!siones61
-+ Quc/os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos normalmente en aposicin de
un nombre 'ue /aga la funcin de su%eto pueden ponerse delante del nombre,
separados por una coma en ingls literario de una pausa en ingls colo'uial,
o detr!s del nombre entre comas se puede sobr4e+entender el verbo MbeM
precedido de un pronombre relativo, si no es expl(cito, o no sobr4e+entender el
verbo MbeM precedido de un pronombre relativo, si es expl(citoM nor"!l"ente
%(eden ir t!"bi0n !l #in!l detrs del %redi!do +erb!l$ se%!r!dos ,ener!l"ente %or
(n! o"! en in,l0s liter!rio ' de (n! %!(s! en in,l0s olo/(i!lM %(eden ir en los
tie"%os /(e se re#ieren !l %!s!do$ %ero "(&!s +ees no %(eden ir en los tie"%os
/(e se re#ieren !l %resente o !l #(t(ro1 E.14 A"!zed$ t&e !tor s!id not&in,
HSor%rendido$ el !tor no di.o n!d!6M T&e !tor$ !"!zed$ s!id not&in, HEl !tor$
sor%rendido$ no di.o n!d!6M Anno'ed$ t&e 7o"!n le#t t&e roo" HDis,(st!d!$ l!
se)or! "!r&3 de l! s!l!6M t&e 7o"!n$ !nno'ed$ le#t t&e roo" HL! se)or!$
dis,(st!d!$ "!r&3 de l! s!l!6M T&e 7o"!n le#t t&e roo"$ !nno'ed HL! se)or!
"!r&3 de l! s!l!$ dis,(st!d!6M *ontented$ s&e 7ent !7!' HS!tis#e&!L *o"%l!id!$
ell! se !le.36 NoO S&e$ H7&o 7!s6 ontented$ 7ent !7!' HEll!$ H/(e est!b!6
s!tis#e&!L o"%l!id!$ se !le.36 NoO S&e 7ent !7!'$ ontented HEll! se !le.3$
s!tis#e&!L o"%l!id!6M E-&!(sted$ t&e old "!n resi,ned Nen %!s!do sol!"enteO
HA,ot!do$ el !ni!no di"iti36M T&e old "!n$ e-&!(sted$ resi,ned HEl !ni!no$
!,ot!do$ di"iti36M T&e old "!n resi,ned$ e-&!(sted HEl !ni!no di"iti3$ !,ot!do6M
Eel%less$ t&e %ost"!n NGB %rini%!l"enteO resi,ned HI"%otente$ el !rtero di"iti36
NoO T&e %ost"!n NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ H7&o 7!s6 &el%less$ resi,ned HEl !rtero$
H/(e no %odF! &!er n!d!6 i"%otente$ di"iti36 NoO T&e %ost"!n NGB
%rini%!l"enteO resi,ned$ &el%less HEl !rtero di"iti3$ i"%otente6M Mon!r&i$
!ristor!ti or %o%(l!r$ e+er' ,o+ern"ent &!s to st!nd #or tr(t& HMonr/(io$
!ristortio o %o%(l!r$ todo ,obierno tiene /(e de#ender l! +erd!d6M E+er'
,o+ern"ent$ "on!r&i$ !ristor!ti or %o%(l!r$ &!s to st!nd #or tr(t& HTodo
,obierno$ "onr/(io$ !ristortio o %o%(l!r$ tiene /(e de#ender l! +erd!d6M Ne7
or seondI&!nd$ bi'les !re sold in se+er!l %l!es HN(e+!s o de se,(nd! "!no$ l!s
biilet!s l!s +enden en +!rios sitios6M Bi'les$ ne7 or seondI&!nd$ !re sold in
se+er!l %l!es HBiilet!s$ n(e+!s o de se,(nd! "!no$ l!s +enden en +!rios sitios6M
S!tis#ied$ t&e ,irl ,!+e "e ! 9iss HS!tis#e&!$ l! &i! "e dio (n beso6 NoO T&e ,irl$
H7&o 7!s6 s!tis#ied$ ,!+e "e ! 9iss HL! &i!$ H/(e est!b!6 s!tis#e&!$ "e dio (n
beso6 NoO T&e ,irl ,!+e "e ! 9iss$ s!tis#ied HL! &i! "e dio (n beso$ s!tis#e&!6M
Tired !#ter t&e 7!l9$ t&e to(rist s!t do7n H*!ns!do des%(0s del %!seo$ el t(rist! se
sent36 NoO T&e to(rist$ H7&o 7!s6 tired !#ter t&e 7!l9$ s!t do7n HEl t(rist!$ H/(e
est!b!6 !ns!do des%(0s del %!seo$ se sent36 NoO T&e to(rist s!t do7n$ tired !#ter t&e
7!l9 HEl t(rist! se sent3$ !ns!do des%(0s del %!seo6M Tired$ t&e s%orts7o"!n
!rri+ed &o"e Nen %!s!do sol!"enteO H*!ns!d!$ lle,3 l! de%ortist! ! !s!6M T&e
s%orts7o"!n$ tired$ !rri+ed &o"e HL! de%ortist!$ !ns!d!$ lle,3 ! !s!6M T&e
s%orts7o"!n !rri+ed &o"e tired HL! de%ortist! lle,3 ! !s! !ns!d!6M More 7orried
t&!n be#ore$ t&e l!d' 7ent in Nen %!s!do sol!"enteO HMs %reo(%!d! /(e !ntes$ l!
se)or! entr36M T&e l!d'$ "ore 7orried t&!n be#ore$ 7ent in HL! se)or!$ "s
%reo(%!d! /(e !ntes$ entr36M T&e l!d' 7ent in$ "ore 7orried t&!n be#ore HL!
se)or! entr3$ "s %reo(%!d! /(e !ntes61
El !d.eti+o !%ositi+o %(ede ser s(Hb6stit(ido %or (n !d+erbio en iert!s o!siones$
sobre todo (!ndo el !d.eti+o +! del!nte del no"bre1 E.14 *ontentedl'$ s&e 7ent
!7!' H*on s!tis#!i3n$ ell! se !le.36M Eel%lessl'$ t&e %ost"!n resi,ned
HSinti0ndose i"%otente$ el !rtero di"iti361
3+ &os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos terminados en 5er en forma
comparativa o los ad%etivos en forma positiva cuando se usan con los
adverbios ;as, enoug/, fairl, more, muc/, so, ver<M los !d.eti+os %(eden ir
entre el !d+erbio ' el no"bre o detrs del no"bre si se sobrHe6entiende el +erbo
UbeV %reedido de (n %rono"bre rel!ti+o1 E.14 A better ide! t&!n t&e %re+io(s oneL
An ide! H7&i&L t&!t is6 better t&!n t&e %re+io(s one HUn! ide! "e.or /(e l!
!nterior6M Ee is !s le+er ! bo' !s &is brot&erL Ee is ! bo' H7&oL t&!t is6 !s le+er !s
&is brot&er Hl es (n &io t!n listo o"o s( &er"!no6M Ee is !s ,ood ! "!n !s 'o(L
Ee is ! "!n H7&oL t&!t is6 !s ,ood !s 'o( Hl es (n &o"bre t!n b(eno o"o t26M in
!s brie# ! sentene !s %ossibleL in ! sentene !s brie# !s %ossible Hen (n! or!i3n t!n
bre+e o"o se! %osible6M Ee led !s nor"!l ! li#e !s %ossibleL Ee led ! li#e H7&i&L
t&!t 7!s6 !s nor"!l !s %ossible Hl lle+!b! (n! +id! t!n nor"!l o"o er! %osible6M
As e!s' ! .ob !s t&e one 'o( &!d l!st 'e!rL A .ob H7&i&L t&!t is6 !s e!s' !s t&e one
'o( &!d l!st 'e!r HUn tr!b!.o t!n #il o"o el /(e tenF!s el !)o %!s!do6M Ee is old
eno(,& ! 'o(t& to #i,&tL Ee is ! 'o(t& H7&oL t&!t is6 old eno(,& to #i,&t Hl es (n
.o+en on ed!d s(#iiente %!r! l(&!r6M ItZs ! #!irl' &e!% boo9L ItZs ! boo9 H7&i&L
t&!t is6 #!irl' &e!% HEs (n libro b!st!nte b!r!to6M ItZs ! #!irl' &e!% boo9 to b('L ItZs
! boo9 H7&i&L t&!t is6 R#!irl' &e!% to b(' HEs (n libro H/(e es6 b!st!nte b!r!to de
o"%r!r6M ! "ore Nno +! se,(ido de !d.eti+os de (n! sol! sFl!b!O /(!li#ied sientist
t&!n !ll t&e ot&ersL ! sientist H7&oL t&!t is6 "ore /(!li#ied t&!n !ll t&e ot&ers H(n
ientF#io "s (!li#i!do /(e todos los de"s6M Ee !nnot #ind ! "ore !%%ro%ri!te
7ordL Ee !nnot #ind ! 7ord H7&i&L t&!t is6 "ore !%%ro%ri!te N"s liter!rio '
en#tioO Hl no %(ede enontr!r (n! %!l!br! "s !%ro%i!d!6M Ee &!s ! "(& bi,,er
!r t&!n "ineL Ee &!s ! !r H7&i&L t&!t is6 "(& bi,,er t&!n "ine Hl tiene (n
o&e "(&o "s ,r!nde /(e el "Fo6M Alt&o(,& not #or so ob+io(s ! di##i(lt'L
Alt&o(,& not #or ! di##i(lt' so ob+io(s HA(n/(e no %or (n! di#i(lt!d t!n ob+i!6M
ItZs so bi, ! t!ble t&!t s&e !nZt "o+e it N"s (s!doOL ItZs ! t!ble so bi, t&!t s&e !nZt
"o+e it N"enos (s!doO HEs (n! "es! t!n ,r!nde /(e ell! no %(ede "o+erl!6M S&e
isnZt so 7orried ! te!&er !s to re!te %roble"sL S&e isnZt ! te!&er Ht&!t is6 so
7orried !s to re!te %roble"s HEll! no es (n! %ro#esor! t!n %reo(%!d! o"o %!r!
re!r %roble"!s6M Ee 7!s so ,re!t ! "!n]L Ee 7!s ! "!n so ,re!t] H\l er! (n
&o"bre t!n e-elente]6M It 7!s so #!sin!tin, ! d!']L It 7!s ! d!' 7&i&L t&!t 7!s so
#!sin!tin,] Nliter!rioO H\Er! (n dF! t!n #!sin!nte]6M S&e &!s ne+er "et so e!s' !
"!n to ,o o(t 7it&L S&e &!s ne+er "et ! "!n Ht&!t is6 so e!s' to ,o o(t 7it& HEll!
n(n! &! onoido ! (n &o"bre on el /(e se! t!n #il s!lir6M I ne+er s!7 so
be!(ti#(l ! 7o"!nL I ne+er s!7 ! 7o"!n H7&oL t&!t is6 so be!(ti#(l HN(n! +i !
(n! "(.er t!n &er"os!6M ItZs ! +er' tin' &o(seL ItZs ! &o(se H7&i&L t&!t is6 +er' tin'
HEs (n! !s! "(' %e/(e)!61
A(n/(e se %odrF! deir t!"bi0n QAlt&o(,& not #or ! so ob+io(s di##i(lt'$ S&e isnZt
! so 7orried te!&er to re!te %roble"s$ It 7!s ! so #!sin!tin, d!']$ S&e &!s ne+er
"et ! so e!s' "!n to ,o o(t 7it&$ I ne+er s!7 ! so be!(ti#(l 7o"!n$ Ee 7!s ! so
,re!t "!n]Q$ es "e.or e+it!r Q! soQ h !d.eti+o h no"bre '! /(e$ !l ser "s liter!rio$
se (s! "(' %oo ' %(ede est!r "!l en iertos !sosM es "e.or (s!r Qs(& !Q h
!d.eti+o h no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r o Qs(&Q h !d.eti+o h no"bre ont!ble en
%l(r!l ' se (s! "(&Fsi"o "sM en %l(r!l se die4 T&e' !re t!bles Ht&!tL 7&i& !re6
so bi,] N"enos (s!do4 no es reo"end!ble (s!r Qso bi, t!blesQO NoO T&e' !re s(&
bi, t!bles] N"s (s!doO H\Son "es!s t!n ,r!ndes]6M T&e' !re r(nners H7&oL t&!t !re6
so /(i9] N"enos (s!doM no es reo"end!ble (s!r Qso /(i9 r(nnersQO NoO T&e' !re
s(& /(i9 r(nners] N"s (s!doO H\Son (nos orredores t!n r%idos]L \J(0
orredores "s r%idos]61
P(ede &!ber di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do (!ndo se %one Q"ore 111 t&!nQ on +erbos
tr!nsiti+os e intr!nsiti+os on o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l1 E.14 T&e'
9no7 "ore !ti+e %eo%le t&!n M!r' Hdoes6 H*onoen ! "s ,ente !ti+! Hde l!6 /(e
Honoe6 M!rF! Ni M!rF! no onoe ! t!nt! ,ente !ti+! %ero no /(iere deir /(e M1
se! "enos !ti+!O6 ' UT&e' 9no7 %eo%le H7&oL t&!t !re6 "ore !ti+e t&!n M!r'V
H*onoen ! ,ente "s !ti+! /(e M!rF! Ni M!rF! es "enos !ti+!O61
6+ &os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos en grado superlativo relativo de
superioridad con la terminacin o sufi%o 5est se pueden poner delante detr!s
del nombre si van seguidos de una oracin subordinada de relativo1 E.14 T&e
e!siest b(siness"en to do b(siness 7it& !re &ere NoO T&e b(siness"en H7&o !re6
e!siest to do b(siness 7it& !re &ere HLos &o"bres de ne,oios on los /(e es "s
#il ne,oi!r estn !/(F6M T&e e!siest %eo%le to on+ine !re n!i+e N"s (s!doO NoO
n!+e NoO T&e %eo%le H7&oL t&!t !re6 e!siest to on+ine !re n!i+e N"s (s!doO NoO
n!+e HL! ,ente "s #il de on+ener es in,en(!61
8+ &os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos en grado superlativo relativo de
superioridad con la terminacin o sufi%o 5est se pueden poner delante o detr!s
del nombre si van con ad%etivos 'ue terminen en 5ble1 E.14 t&e lon,est %ossible
&olid!' ' Ut&e lon,est &olid!' Ht&!t is6 %ossibleV Hl!s +!!iones "s l!r,!s /(e
se!n %osibles6M t&e 7orst %ossible t&in, ' Ut&e 7orst t&in, Ht&!t is6 %ossibleV Hl! %eor
os! %osible61
Sin e"b!r,o$ es inorreto deir Qt&e e!rliest t'%e7riter %ort!ble$ t&e r!rest sn!il
edibleQ$ et1
9+ &os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos en grado superlativo relativo de
superioridad precedidos de MmostM los ad%etivos en grado superlativo
relativo de inferioridad precedidos de MleastM se ponen delante o detr!s del
nombre cuando van seguidos de una oracin subordinada de relativo o un
sintagma preposicional1 E.14 It is t&e "ost be!(ti#(l !t&edr!l in t&e 7orld NoO It is
t&e !t&edr!l Ht&!t is6 "ost be!(ti#(l in t&e 7orld HEs l! !tedr!l "s &er"os! del
"(ndo6M Ee !te t&e t!stiest N"s (s!doOL t&e "ost t!st' N"enos (s!doO %e!r Hl
o"i3 l! %er! "s s!bros!6 NoO Ee !te t&e %e!r H7&i&L t&!t 7!s6 "ost t!st' Hl
o"i3 l! %er! "(' s!bros!6M T&is is t&e "ost di##i(lt %roble" to (nderst!nd NoO
T&is is t&e %roble" H7&i&L t&!t is6 "ost di##i(lt to (nderst!nd Hste es el
%roble"! "s di#Fil de entender6M S&e is t&e le!st !ttr!ti+e ,irl in to7nL t&e ,irl
H7&o is6 le!st !ttr!ti+e in to7n HEll! es l! &i! "enos !tr!ti+! de l! i(d!d6M Ee is
t&e "ost (nderst!ndin, 'o(t&L 'o(t& "ost (nderst!ndin, o# !ll Hl es el .o+en "s
o"%rensi+o Hde todos66M S&e is t&e "ost on+ined %ersonL %erson "ost on+ined
o# t&is #!t HEll! es l! %erson! "s on+enid! de este &e&o6M Ee is t&e le!st !#r!id
sto7!7!' N%eor %or/(e %odrF! entenderse t!"bi0n Qel %oliz3n del #(t(ro on
"enos "iedoQOL sto7!7!' le!st !#r!id N"e.orO o# t&e #(t(re Hl es el %oliz3n on
"enos "iedo del #(t(ro61
0+ &os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos en grado superlativo absoluto se
ponen delante o detr!s del nombre si se sobr4e+entiende el verbo MbeMM se
%(ede %oner Q"ostQ %ero no Qle!stQM el !d.eti+o tiene /(e tener dos o "s sFl!b!s1
E.14 It is ! "ost be!(ti#(l !t&edr!l HEs (n! !tedr!l "(' &er"os!6 NoO It is !
!t&edr!l H7&i&L t&!t is6 "ost be!(ti#(l Nliter!rioO HEs (n! !tedr!l "(' &er"os!6M
S&e is ! "ost %rett' ,irlL S&e is ! ,irl H7&oL t&!t is6 "ost %rett' HEll! es (n! &i!
"(' bonit!6M Ee !te ! "ost t!st' %e!r Hl o"i3 (n! %er! "(' s!bros!6 NoO Ee !te !
%e!r H7&i&L t&!t 7!s6 "ost t!st' Hl o"i3 (n! %er! "(' s!bros!6M S&e &!s ! "ost
#!+o(r!ble NGBOL #!+or!ble NUSAO o%%ort(nit' NoO S&e &!s !n o%%ort(nit' H7&i&L
t&!t 7!s6 "ost #!+o(r!ble NGBOL #!+or!ble NUSAO Nliter!rioO HEll! tiene (n!
o%ort(nid!d "(' %ro%ii!L #!+or!ble61
*:+ &os ad%etivos calificativos, clasificativos de colores en grado comparativo
se ponen delante detr!s del nombre, tanto si llevan la terminacin 5er como
la palabra MmoreM7 el ad%etivo detr!s de MmoreM tiene 'ue tener dos o m!s
s(labas7 tienen 'ue ser dos nombres del mismo gneroM los no"bres %(eden est!r
en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l1 E.14 Leon is ! bi,,er to7n t&!n Ben!+ente Nestnd!rOL Leon
is ! to7n H7&i&L t&!t is6 bi,,er t&!n Ben!+ente Nliter!rioO HLe3n es (n! i(d!d "s
,r!nde /(e Ben!+ente6M Ee !nnot #ind ! "ore !%%ro%ri!te 7ord Nestnd!rO NoO Ee
!nnot #ind "ore !%%ro%ri!te 7ords Nestnd!rOL Ee !nnot #ind ! 7ord H7&i&L t&!t
is6 "ore !%%ro%ri!te Nliter!rioO NoO Ee !nnot #ind 7ords H7&i&L t&!t !re6 "ore
!%%ro%ri!te Nliter!rioO Hl no %(ede enontr!r (n! %!l!br! "s !%ro%i!d! NoO
%!l!br!s "s !%ro%i!d!s6M Ee &!s ! "(& bi,,er !r t&!n "ine Nestnd!rOL Ee &!s !
!r H7&i&L t&!t is6 "(& bi,,er t&!n "ine Nliter!rioO Hl tiene (n o&e "(&o "s
,r!nde /(e el "Fo6M S&e &!s ! "ore #!+o(r!ble NGBOL #!+or!ble NUSAO o%%ort(nit'
Nestnd!rOL S&e &!s !n o%%ort(nit' H7&i&L t&!t 7!s6 "ore #!+o(r!ble NGBOL
#!+or!ble NUSAO Nliter!rioO HEll! tiene (n! o%ort(nid!d "s #!+or!ble6M ! "ore
intelli,ent ,irl t&!n jilli!n NoO ! ,irl H7&o is6 "ore intelli,ent t&!n jilli!n H(n! &i!
"s inteli,ente /(e j(li!n!6$ et1
**+ Tambin con ad%etivos calificativos, clasificativos de colores 'ue vaan
con el adverbio ;/o,ever< cuando el nombre al 'ue se refiere el ad%etivo /ace
la funcin de su%eto en las dos oracionesM %(eden ir on Ut&eV se,(ido de no"bres
ont!bles e inont!bles en sin,(l!r o ont!bles en %l(r!l o on el !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do se,(ido de no"bre en sin,(l!r1 E.14 Eo7e+er stron, t&e lo9s$ t&e'
!n be bro9enL Lo9s$ &o7e+er stron, Ht&e' !re6$ !n be bro9en HL!s err!d(r!s$
%or "('L no i"%ort! lo #(ertes /(e se!n$ se %(eden ro"%er6M Eo7e+er stron, !
te"%t!tion$ it is b!dL It is ! b!d te"%t!tion$ &o7e+er stron, Hit is6 HEs (n! "!l!
tent!i3n$ %or "('L no i"%ort! lo #(erte /(e se!6M Eo7e+er stron, t&e te"%t!tion$ it
is not ,oodL T&e te"%t!tion is not ,ood$ &o7e+er stron, Hit is6 HL! tent!i3n no es
b(en!$ %or "('L no i"%ort! lo #(erte /(e se!6M Eo7e+er ,ood t&e o##er$ it is not
!d+is!bleL T&e o##er is not !d+is!ble$ &o7e+er ,ood Hit is6 HL! o#ert! no es
reo"end!ble$ %or "('L no i"%ort! lo b(en! /(e se!61
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo el s(.eto no es el "is"o en l!s dos or!iones el !d.eti+o +!
entre Q&o7e+erQ ' el no"bre /(e %(ede ser ont!ble en sin,(l!r on Ut&eV o el
!rtF(lo indeter"in!do ' en %l(r!l on Ut&eV o inont!ble en sin,(l!r on Ut&eV1 E.14
Eo7e+er d!r9 ! ni,&t Hit is6$ 7eZll ,o HIre"os$ %or "(' oHb6s(r! /(e est0 l!
no&e6M Eo7e+er stron, t&e te"%t!tion His6$ donZt ,o] H\Por "('L No i"%ort! lo
#(erte /(e se! l! tent!i3n$ no +!'!s]61
*(!ndo el s(.eto es el "is"o en l!s dos or!iones el !d.eti+o +! entre Q&o7e+erQ '
el %rono"bre1 E.14 It 7!s ! !r &o7e+er e-%ensi+e it "i,&t be HEr! (n o&e %or
"('L no i"%ort! lo !ro /(e #(er!61
*2+ &os ad%etivos calificativos, clasificativos de colores en grado positivo
cuando van con los adverbios ;no less, 'uite, rat/er, too< pueden ir delante del
nombre en singular, detr!s del nombre en singular detr!s del verboM on los
no"bres ont!bles se (s! el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do en l!s dos %ri"er!s
onstr(iones$ %ero no se %(ede (s!r n(n! ni Ut&eV ni (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o o
%osesi+oM s3lo en l! terer! onstr(i3n se %(ede (tiliz!r Ut&eV o el !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do del!nte del no"breM Qr!t&erQ %(ede o"bin!rse de tres "!ner!s
distint!s (!ndo +! on el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ (n !d.eti+o ' (n no"bre en
sin,(l!rM l! %ri"er! #or"! ' l! terer! son l!s "s (s!d!s !(n/(e l! se,(nd! #or"!
indi! "s e-!tit(dM Qno lessQ %(ede o"bin!rse de (!tro "!ner!s distint!s ' l!
terer!$ !(n/(e indi! "s e-!tit(d$ es l! "enos (s!d!1 E.14 It 7!s no less tri9' !
"!tterL It 7!s ! no less tri9' "!tterL It 7!s ! "!tter H7&i&L t&!t 7!s6 no less
tri9' HEr! (n !s(nto no "enos deli!doL Er! (n !s(nto H/(e6 no Her!6 "enos
deli!do6M T&e "!tter 7!s no less tri9' HEl !s(nto no er! "enos deli!do6M Ee 7!s
no less re"!r9!ble ! "!nL Ee 7!s no less ! re"!r9!ble "!nL Ee 7!s ! no less
re"!r9!ble "!nL Ee 7!s ! "!n H7&oL t&!t 7!s6 no less re"!r9!ble HEr! (n
&o"bre no er! "enos not!ble NoO e-tr!ordin!rioL Er! (n &o"bre H/(e6 no Her!6
"enos not!ble o e-tr!ordin!rio6M T&e "!n 7!s no less re"!r9!ble HEl &o"bre no
"enos not!ble NoO e-tr!ordin!rio6M Ee is /(ite ! deentL ! ,entleL ! %o%(l!rL !
si"%leL !n (nderst!ndin, "!n Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO NoO Ee is ! /(ite RdeentL
R,entleL R%o%(l!rL Rsi"%leL (nderRst!ndin, "!n Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!do4 on est!
onstr(i3n los !d.eti+os s(elen ser de dos o tres sFl!b!s on !ento en l! %ri"er!
sFl!b! ' de (!tro o "s sFl!b!s no !ent(!dos en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! ' "enos
#re(ente"ente de (n! sol! sFl!b!O Hl es (n &o"bre b!st!nte deenteL de !rter
b!st!nte d(leL %o%(l!rL senilloL o"%rensi+o NGBO N'O "(' deenteL de !rter
"(' d(leL %o%(l!rL senilloL o"%rensi+o NUSAO6M T&e "!n is /(ite (nderst!ndin,
HEl &o"bre es b!st!nte o"%rensi+o NGBOL "(' o"%rensi+o NUSAO6M Ee is r!t&er
! #!t "!nL Ee is ! r!t&er #!t "!nL Ee is ! "!n H7&oL t&!t is6 r!t&er #!t Hl es "s
bien (n &o"bre ,ordoL l es (n &o"bre H/(e est6 "s bien ,ordo6M T&e "!n is
r!t&er #!t HEl &o"bre est "s bien ,ordo6M S&e is too di##i(ltL res%onsible ! %(%il
H#or &o"e7or96 Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL S&e is ! too di##i(ltL res%onsible Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!do4 en est! %osii3n el !d.eti+o detrs de QtooQ es on+eniente /(e ten,!
tres o "s sFl!b!s %ero "enos #re(ente"ente %(ede tener t!"bi0n dosO %(%il H#or
&o"e7or96L S&e is ! %(%il H7&oL t&!t is6 too di##i(ltL res%onsible H#or &o"e7or96
HEll! es (n! !l("n! de"!si!do di#FilL res%ons!ble H%!r! los deberes66M T&e %(%il is
too di##i(ltL res%onsible H#or &o"e7or96 HL! !l("n! es de"!si!do di#FilL
res%ons!ble H%!r! los deberes66M T&e' onsider &er too di##i(lt ! 7o"!n Nestnd!r4
"s (s!doO to "!rr'L T&e' onsider &er ! too Rdi##i(lt 7o"!n Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!do4 en est! %osii3n el !d.eti+o detrs de QtooQ es on+eniente /(e ten,! tres o
"s sFl!b!s %ero "enos #re(ente"ente %(ede tener t!"bi0n dosO to "!rr'L T&e'
onsider &er ! 7o"!n H7&oL t&!t is6 too di##i(lt to "!rr' HL! onsider!n (n! "(.er
H/(e es6 de"!si!do di#Fil de !s!r6M T&e' onsider Ht&!t6 s&e is too di##i(lt !
7o"!n to "!rr' Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL T&e' onsider Ht&!t6 s&e is ! too di##i(lt
7o"!n to "!rr' Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL T&e' onsider Ht&!t6 s&e is ! 7o"!n
H7&oL t&!t is6 too di##i(lt to "!rr' H*onsider!n /(e es (n! "(.er H/(e es6
de"!si!do di#Fil de !s!r6M T&e 7o"!n is too di##i(lt to "!rr' HL! "(.er es
de"!si!do di#Fil de !s!r61
P!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "s se,(ro no (s!r Q! h tooQ h !d.eti+o de (n! sol!
sFl!b! o dos h no"bre %or/(e se (s! en in,l0s !r!io !t(!l"ente4 Q! too b!d
"ist!9e$ ! too bi, t&in,$ ! too bi, &o(se to loo9 !#ter$ ! too ,ood o%%ort(nit'L
%ro%osition$ ! too ,re!t libert'$ ! too serio(s "ist!9e$ ! too e!s'L o"%le-L disreetL
serio(s %roble"$ et1$ ' en !l,(nos otros !sos est "!l4 Q! too bi, t&in,$ ! too #!t
"!n$ ! too lon, stor'Q$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ se %(ede (s!r en in,l0s liter!rio Q! h #!rL not tooQ h !d.eti+o de (n! o
"s sFl!b!s h no"bre1 E.14 ! #!r too bi, t&in, Nliter!rioO$ ! #!r too e!s'L o"%le-L
disreetL serio(s %roble" Nliter!rioO$ et1
*on Usort o#V s3lo se %(ede %oner el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 E.14 S&eZs ! sort o#
&onest 7o"!n N"s (s!doOL S&eZs sort o# !n &onest 7o"!n N"s (s!doOL S&eZs !
sort o# !n &onest 7o"!n Nr!roO HEll! es (n! "(.er "s o "enos &onr!d!6L S&eZs !
7o"!n sort o# &onestL S&eZs ! 7o"!n 7&o is sort o# &onest HEll! es (n! "(.er /(e
es "s o "enos &onr!d!6L T&e 7o"!n is sort o# &onest HL! "(.er es "s o "enos
&onr!d!61
*2+ &os ad%etivos calificativos, clasificativos de colores con un nombre en
plural los adverbios ;no less, 'uite, rat/er< pueden ir delante detr!s del
nombreM (!ndo +!n detrs del no"bre se sobrHe6entiende el +erbo QbeQ %reedido
de (n %rono"bre rel!ti+oM %(eden ir t!"bi0n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o1 E.14
T&e' 7ere no less tri9' "!ttersL T&e' 7ere "!tters H7&i&L t&!t 7ere6 no less
tri9' HEr!n !s(ntos no "enos deli!dosL Er!n !s(ntos H/(e6 no Her!n6 "enos
deli!dos6M T&e "!tters 7ere no less tri9' HLos !s(ntos no er!n "enos deli!dos6M
T&e' 7ere no less re"!r9!ble "enL T&e' 7ere "en H7&oL t&!t 7ere6 no less
re"!r9!ble HEr!n &o"bres no "enos not!bles NoO e-tr!ordin!riosL Er!n &o"bres
H/(e6 no Her!n6 "enos not!bles NoO e-tr!ordin!rios6M T&e "en 7ere no less
re"!r9!ble HLos &o"bres no er!n "enos not!bles NoO e-tr!ordin!rios6M T&e' !re
/(ite N%(ede ir se,(ido de !d.eti+o de (n! o "s sFl!b!s h no"bre en %l(r!lO #!t
"enL T&e' !re "en H7&oL t&!t !re6 /(ite #!t HSon &o"bres b!st!nte ,ordos NGBOL
"(' ,ordos NUSAOL Son &o"bres H/(e estn6 b!st!nte ,ordos NGBOL "(' ,ordos
NUSAO6M T&e "en !re /(ite #!t HLos &o"bres estn b!st!nte ,ordos NGBOL "('
,ordos NUSAO6M T&e' !re r!t&er #!t "enL T&e' !re "en H7&oL t&!t !re6 r!t&er #!t
HSon "s bien &o"bres ,ordosL Son &o"bres H/(e estn6 "s bien ,ordos6M T&e
"en !re r!t&er #!t HLos &o"bres estn "s bien ,ordos61
El !d+erbio QtooQ no %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de (n
!d.eti+oM no se %(ede deir QT&e' !re too #!t "enM T&e' !re too 9ind ,irls to re#(seQM
&!' /(e deir QT&e' !re "en H7&oL t&!t !re6 too #!tQ HSon &o"bres de"!si!do
,ordosL Son &o"bres H/(e estn6 de"!si!do ,ordos6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo +! (n in#initi+o detrs %(ede est!r bien en "(&os !sos4
T&e' onsider t&e" too di##i(lt 7o"en to "!rr'L T&e' onsider Ht&!t6 t&e' !re
7o"en H7&oL t&!t !re6 too di##i(lt to "!rr' HL!s onsider!n "(.eres de"!si!do
di#Files de !s!rL *onsider!n /(e son "(.eres de"!si!do di#Files de !s!r6M T&e
7o"en !re too di##i(lt to "!rr' HL!s "(.eres son de"!si!do di#Files de !s!r6M
T&e' !re too 9ind ,irls to s!' noL to des%ise 'o(L T&e' !re ,irls too 9ind to s!' noL
to des%ise 'o( HSon &i!s de"!si!do !"!bles %!r! deir noL %!r! des%rei!rte6M
T&e ,irls !re too 9ind Hto s!' noL to des%ise 'o(6 HL!s &i!s son de"!si!do
!"!bles H%!r! deir noL %!r! des%rei!rte661
P!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes lo reo"end!ble es no (tiliz!r l! onstr(i3n QtooQ h
!d.eti+o h no"bre en %l(r!l1
*-+ =lgunos ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos pueden ir delante del
nombre con un sentido detr!s del nombre con otro sentido distinto cuando
se sobr4e+entiende un pronombre relativo seguido del verbo MbeM entre el
nombre el ad%etivo7 pueden ir tambin, a veces, detr!s de un verbo
copulativo4 d(e Ndel!nte del no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Qdebido oHs6$ !Hs6L "ereido
oHs6$ !Hs6Q ' detrs del no"bre ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i!
Q/(e se debeHn6L /(e &!' /(e %!,!rL /(e se es%er!Hn6QO$ o%%osite Ndel!nte del
no"bre (!ndo se tr!d(e %or Qo%(esto oHs6$ !Hs6L ontr!rio oHs6$ !Hs6Q ' detrs del
no"bre ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Q/(e estHn6 en#renteL
en#renteQO$ %!st Ndel!nte del no"bre (!ndo se tr!d(e %or Q!nteriorHes6L !nti,(oHs6$
!Hs6L 2lti"oHs6$ !Hs6Q ' detrs del no"bre ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo
si,ni#i! Q%!s!doHs6$ !Hs6QO$ %l(s Ndel!nte del no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Q%ositi+oHs6$
!Hs6Q ' detrs del no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Q%or !rrib!L ' %ioQO$ %resent Ndel!nte del
no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Q!t(!lHes6 Ni (rrentL e-istin,OQ ' detrs del no"bre '
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Q%resenteHs6 Ni no !(senteHs6OO$
%ro%er Ndel!nte del no"bre (!ndo e/(i+!le ! Utr(eL ri,&tL re!lV ' se tr!d(e %or
Q%ro%ioHs6$ !Hs6L !de(!doHs6$ !Hs6L +erd!deroHs6$ !Hs6L orretoHs6$ !Hs6Q$ detrs del
no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Qen sFL %ro%i!"ente di&oHs6$ !Hs6Q$ detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Q!%ro%i!do oHs6$ !Hs6L orreto oHs6$ !Hs6L !de(!do oHs6$
!Hs6Q ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o (!ndo +! se,(ido de QtoQ ' se tr!d(e %or
Q%ro%io deQO$ res%onsible N,ener!l"ente del!nte del no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i!
Qres%ons!bleHs6 Ni #or"!lHesOL di,noHs6 de on#i!nz!L !%ro%i!doHs6L !Hs6L de
res%ons!bilid!d Ni i"%ort!nteHs6OQ ' detrs del no"bre ' detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Qres%ons!bleHs6 Ni ! !r,o deL /(e tiene /(e d!r (ent!s
de !l,oL !l,(ienOO$ senior Hdel!nte del no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! U"s !nti,(oV '
detrs del no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! U%!dreV6$ et1 E.14 in d(e o(rse Hen s( debido
"o"ento6M t&e s(" Ht&!t is6 d(e Hl! s("! H/(e es6 debid!6M T&e b(s is d(e in ten
"in(tes HEl !(tob2s se es%er! %!r! dentro de diez "in(tos6M "' %!st e-%eriene H"i
e-%erieni! !nterior6L t&e %!st #i+e 'e!rs Hlos 2lti"os ino !)os6M Ee did it in 'e!rsL
de!des H7&i&L t&!t !re6 %!st Hl lo &izo en !)osL d0!d!s H/(e estn6 %!s!dHos$
!s66M T&e d!n,er is no7 %!st HEl %eli,ro '! &! %!s!do6M All d!n,er is no7 %!st HEl
%eli,ro &! %!s!do '!6M %l(s t&ree de,rees Htres ,r!dos sobre ero6M T&ere !re < CCC
%l(s H%eo%le6 HE!' <CCC ' %io H%erson!s66M in &er %resent .ob Hen s( e"%leoL
%(esto !t(!l6L t&e %resent sit(!tion Hl! sit(!i3n !t(!l6M A %rotein H7&i&L t&!t is6
%resent in blood HUn! %roteFn! /(e se en(entr! en l! s!n,re6M t&e %eo%le H7&o !re6
%resent Hl! ,ente H/(e est6 %resente6M T&e' 7ere %resent HEst!b!n %resentes6M %ro%er
#r!tion H#r!i3n %ro%i!6L t&e %ro%er "o(nt!in Hl! +erd!der! "ont!)!6M reli,ionL t&e
"o(nt!in %ro%er Hl! reli,i3nL "ont!)! %ro%i!"ente di&!L en sF6M t&e dis(rsi+e
t&in9in, H7&i&L t&!t is6 %ro%er to t&e so(l Hel %ens!"iento dis(rsi+o H/(e es6
!%ro%i!do %!r! el !l"!6M It isnZt %ro%er #or ! l!d' to ,o o(t !lone HNo es !%ro%i!doL
orreto %!r! (n! se)or! s!lir sol!6M It is %ro%er to t&is HEs %ro%io de esto6L S&e did
!s s&e t&o(,&t %ro%er HEll! &izo lo /(e le %!rei3 orreto6M res%onsible %eo%le
H%erson!s res%ons!bles6M ! +er' res%onsible deision H(n! deisi3n "(' !%ro%i!d!L
di,n! de on#i!nz!6M t&e %eo%le H7&o !re6 res%onsible #or t&e %ro.et Hl! ,ente H/(e
es6 res%ons!ble del %ro'eto6M Ee is res%onsible H#or t&e dis!ster6 Hl es Hel6
res%ons!ble Hdel des!stre66M t&e senior "e"bers o# t&e or,!niz!tionL or,!nis!tion
NGBO Hlos soios "s !nti,(os de l! or,!niz!i3n6 ' UMrH16 F!irb!n9s seniorV Hel Sr1
F1 %!dre6$ et1
*3+ Quc/os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos pueden ir delante del
nombre7 tambin detr!s del nombre cuando el ad%etivo va seguido de un
complemento de rgimen preposicional o se sobr4e+entiende un pronombre
relativo D el verbo MbeM delante del ad%etivoM ! +ees %(ede !"bi!r !l,o el
sentidoM %(eden ir t!"bi0n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o1 E.14 b!d %(%ils H!l("nos
"!los6M T&e' !re t&e %(%ils H7&o !re6 b!d !t b!seb!ll HSon los !l("nos H/(e son6
"!los en b0isbol6M T&ese %(%ils NGB %rini%!l"enteO !re b!d HEstos !l("nos son
"!los6M ! bo(nin, b!b' H(n ni)o s!note6 ' U! b!b' Ht&!t is6 bo(nin, 7it& &e!lt&V
H(n ni)o H/(e est6 s!note6M ! deser+in, !seL !(se H(n !soL (n! !(s! di,nHo$ !6L
"eritoriHo$ !66M !n iss(e deser+in, o# !ttention H(n !s(nto "ereedor de !teni3n6M
Ee is deser+in, o# t&is Nliter!rioO Hl es "ereedorL di,no de esto6M t&e #(rt&er"ost
&(t Hl! !b!)!L &oz! "s le.!n!6M t&e t!ble Ht&!t is6 #(rt&er"ost #ro" t&e door Hl!
"es! H/(e est6 "s dist!nte de l! %(ert!6M T&e t!ble is #(rt&er"ost #ro" t&e door
HEs l! "es! "s dist!nte de l! %(ert!6M ! ,ood boo9L &ild H(n b(en libroL (nH!6
ni)Ho$ !6 b(enHo$ !66M Ee is ! &ild Ht&!t is6 ,ood !t "!t&s NGB4 olo/(i!lOL "!t&
NUSA4 olo/(i!lO Hl es (n ni)o H/(e es6 b(eno enL %!r! l!s "!te"ti!s Ni se le
d!n bien l!s "!te"ti!sO6M Ee is ! &ild Ht&!t is6 ,ood #or "!t&s NGB4 olo/(i!lOL
"!t& NUSA4 olo/(i!lO Hl es (n ni)o H/(e es6 b(eno %!r! l! ieni! de l!s
"!te"ti!s Ni %!r! l! ontrib(i3n ientF#i! ! l!s "!te"ti!sO6M T&is &ild is
,ood HEste ni)o es b(enoL Est! ni)! es b(en!6M T&!t is ,ood HEsoL A/(ello es
b(eno6M !n i"%ossible t!s9 H(n! t!re! i"%osible6M ! s'ste" Ht&!t is6 i"%ossible to
desribe H(n siste"! H/(e es6 i"%osible de desribir6M T&is is i"%ossible HEsto es
i"%osible6M t&e in&erent di##i(lties Hl!s di#i(lt!des in&erentes6M t&e ris9s Ht&!t !re6
in&erent in it Hlos ries,os in&erentes ! ello6M t&e "ost li9el' /(estions Hl!s %re,(nt!s
"s %rob!bles6M t&e tools Ht&!t !re6 "ost li9el' to be (sed Hl!s &err!"ient!s /(e se
(sen %rob!ble"ente "s6M It is li9el' HEs %rob!ble6M ! %!tient n(rse H(nH!6
en#er"erHo$ !6 %!iente6M S&e is ! n(rse H7&o is6 %!tient 7it& &i" HEll! es (n!
en#er"er! H/(e es6 %!ienteL /(e tiene %!ieni! on 0l6M S&e is %!tient HEll! es
%!iente6M ! %e(li!r %erson H(n! %erson! r!r!6M ! #!s&ion %e(li!r to t&is o(ntr'
H(n! "od! !r!terFsti! de este %!Fs6M T&is on#erene roo"L bo!rdroo" is
%e(li!r HEst! s!l! de re(nionesL .(nt!s es r!r!6M ! stron, eno(,& 'linder H(n
ilindro s(#iiente"ente #(erte6M steel 'linders Ht&!t !re6 stron, eno(,& to s(r+i+e !
n(le!r !t!stro%&e Hilindros de !ero H/(e son6 s(#iiente"ente #(ertes %!r!
sobre+i+ir ! (n! !tstro#e n(le!r6M T&is 'linder is stron, eno(,& HEste ilindro es
s(#iiente"ente #(erte6M ! +isible %l!net H(n %l!net! +isible6M t&e %l!net Ht&!t is6
+isible in t&is !re! Hel %l!net! H/(e es6 +isible en est! zon!6M T&e %l!net is +isible HEl
%l!net! es +isible6M ! 7ort&' !stron!(t H(n !stron!(t! &onor!bleL res%et!bleL
eno"i!ble6M ! "e!l 7ort&' o# t&e o!sion H(n! o"id! di,n! de l! o!si3n6M Ee is
7ort&' o# t&is Hl es di,no de esto6$ et1
*6+ Existen algunos ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos en grado positivo 'ue
pueden ir delante del nombre7 tambin detr!s del nombre cuando se
sobr4e+entiende un pronombre relativo D el verbo MbeM delante del ad%etivo1
E.14 ! #or7!rd "otionL "o+e"ent H(n "o+i"iento &!i! !del!nte6M T&e 7!'
H7&i&L t&!t is6 #or7!rd HEl !"ino &!i! !del!nteL de +!n,(!rdi!6M in #(t(re 'e!rs
Hen !)os +enideros6M in ti"e H7&i&L t&!t is6 #(t(re Hen tie"%o /(e &! de +enir6M !
%(re !nd si"%le S%!ni!rd H(n es%!)ol %(ro Ni on b(en or!z3nO ' senillo Ni no
retoridoO6M A S%!ni!rd H7&oL t&!t is6 %(re !nd si"%le HUn es%!)ol de %(r! r!z!L
&!st! l! "0d(l!6M ItZs %(re !nd si"%le terroris"L ItZs terroris" Ht&!t is6 %(re !nd
si"%le HEs %(ro terroris"o si"%le"ente6M ! +er' stron, "!teri!l H(n "!teri!l "('
#(erte6M A "!teri!l H7&i&L t&!t is6 +er' stron, HUn "!teri!l /(e es "(' #(erte6M
'o(n, !nd old %eo%le H,ente .o+en ' "!'or6M Peo%le H7&oL t&!t !re6 'o(n, !nd old
HGente /(e es .o+en ' "!'or61
*8+ =lgunos ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos de medida como Mdeep,
for,ard, /ig/, long, old, s'uare, tall, t/ic1, ,ideM, pueden ir delante del
nombre7 van tambin detr!s del nombre, si se sobr4e+entiende un pronombre
relativo D el verbo MbeM delante del ad%etivo1 E.14 ! #o(rteenI"etreIdee% NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL #o(rteenI"eterIdee% NUSAO 7ell ' U! 7ell H7&i&L t&!t is6
#o(rteen "etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "eters NUSAO dee%V H(n %ozo deL /(e tiene
!tore "etros de %ro#(ndid!d6M ! #o(rI&(ndredI"etreHI&i,&6 NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
#o(rI&(ndredI"eterHI&i,&6 NUSAO to7er ' U! to7er H7&i&L t&!t is6 #o(r &(ndred
"etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "eters NUSAO &i,&V H(n! torre deL /(e tiene
(!troientos "etros de !lto6M ! #i+eI"etreIlon, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ! #i+eI"eterI
lon, NUSAO 9it&en ' U! 9it&en H7&i&L t&!t is6 #i+e "etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
"eters NUSAO lon,V H(n! oin! deL /(e tiene ino "etros de l!r,o6M ! se+ent'I
'e!rIold "!n ' U! "!n H7&oL t&!t is6 se+ent' 'e!rs oldV H(n &o"bre deL /(e tiene
setent! !)os6M ! #o(rI"etreIs/(!re NGB %rini%!l"enteOL #o(rI"eterIs/(!re NUSAO
roo" o U! #o(rIs/(!reI"etre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL #o(rIs/(!reI"eter NUSAO roo"
' U! roo" H7&i&L t&!t is6 #o(r "etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "eters NUSAO s/(!reV
H(n! &!bit!i3n deL /(e tiene (!tro "etros (!dr!dos6M ! se+enI#ootHIt!ll6 "!n ' U!
"!n H7&oL t&!t is6 se+en #ootL #eet t!llV H(n &o"bre deL /(e "ide siete %ies6M !
se+enIenti"etreIt&i9 NGBOL se+enIenti"eterIt&i9 NUSAO boo9 ' U! boo9
H7&i&L t&!t is6 se+en enti"etres NGBOL enti"eters NUSAO t&i9V H(n libro deL
/(e tiene siete entF"etros de ,rosor6M ! se+enI"etreI7ide NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
se+enI"eterI7ide ri+er NUSAO ' U! ri+er H7&i&L t&!t is6 se+en "etres NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL "eters NUSAO 7ideV H(n rFo deL /(e tiene siete "etros de !n&o61
*9+ Quc/os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos terminados en 5ed o
forma irregular 'ue tienen la misma forma 'ue el participio 4de+
pasadoM %(eden ir del!nte del no"bre e indi!n (n! !r!terFsti!
rel!ti+!"ente onst!nteM %(eden ir t!"bi0n detrs del no"bre o (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+o o"o !d.eti+os$ si indi!n est!do ' l! or!i3n est en !ti+!$ o
o"o %!rtii%ios de %!s!do$ si indi!n !i3n ' l! or!i3n est en %!si+!M
(!ndo +!n detrs del no"bre se sobrHe6entiende (n %rono"bre rel!ti+o h
el +erbo QbeQ del!nte del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ND1 =15=<OM nor"!l"ente se
tr!d(en de l! "is"! "!ner! !l !stell!no$ !(n/(e ! +ees !"bi! (n %oo
el si,ni#i!do4 !b!ndoned Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i!
U!b!ndon!doHs6$ !Hs6L desin&ibidoHs6$ !Hs6V ' detrs de (n no"bre o (n
+erbo (!ndo si,ni#i! U!b!ndon!doHs6$ !Hs6VO$ !o"%lis&ed Ndel!nte de
(n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Ue-%ertoL ons("idoL lo,r!doV ' detrs de (n
no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! U("%lidoHs6$ !Hs6VO$ !do%ted Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! U!do%t!do oHs6$ !Hs6 No"o &i.oHs6$ !Hs6OV ' detrs
de (n no"bre o (n +erbo (!ndo si,ni#i! U!do%t!doHs6$ !Hs6 Ni ele,idoHs6$
!Hs6OVO$ !llied Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! U!li!doHs6$ !Hs6L
!#FnHes6V ' detrs de (n +erbo (!ndo si,ni#i! U!li!doHs6$ !Hs6L (nidoHs6$
!Hs6L rel!ion!doHs6$ !Hs6VO$ !ltered H!lter!doHs6$ !Hs66$ !r"ed H!r"!doHs6$
!Hs66$ in+ol+ed Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Uo"%le.oHs6$ !Hs6L
o"%li!doHs6$ !Hs6L !#et!doHs6$ !Hs6V ' detrs de (n no"bre o (n +erbo
(!ndo si,ni#i! Uin+ol(r!doHs6$ !Hs6L i"%li!doHs6$ !Hs6L en (esti3nVO$
%!r&ed Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! UreseoHs6$ !Hs6L
tost!doH s6$ !Hs6V ' detrs de (n no"bre o (n +erbo (!ndo si,ni#i!
U"(ertoHs6$ !Hs6 de sedVO$ re/(ired Ndetrs de (n no"bre es %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!doO Hre/(eridoHs6$ !Hs66$ ret!rded Hretr!s!doHs6$ !Hs66$ seen H+istoHs6$
!Hs66$ set Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! U#i.oHs6$ !Hs6L %resritoHs6$
!Hs6L rF,idoHs6$ !Hs6L est!bleidoHs6$ !Hs6V ' detrs de (n +erbo ! "en(do
se,(ido de l!s %re%osiiones Q#or$ on$ toQ$ (!ndo si,ni#i! UlistoHs6$ !Hs6L
deididoHs6$ !Hs6L !ost("br!doHs6$ !Hs6VO$ 7edded Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
(!ndo si,ni#i! Ule,Fti"oHs6$ !Hs6L de !s!doHs6$ !Hs6V ' detrs de (n +erbo
(!ndo si,ni#i! U!s!doHs6$ !Hs6L ent(si!s"!doHs6$ !Hs6L e"%e)!doHs6$
!Hs6VO ' los de ;1@ ' =15=5 /(e no lle+!n detrs Us3lo detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oVM los de ;1<15C$ ;1@$ =15=5 /(e lle+!n detrs Us3lo del!nte del
no"breV$ son %!rtii%ios de %!s!do (!ndo +!n detrs de (n no"bre1 E.14
!n !b!ndoned l!(,& H(n! ris! desin&ibid!6M Ee is !b!ndoned Hl est
!b!ndon!do6M !n !o"%lis&ed oo9 H(n oinero e-%erto6 ' U"ission Ht&!t
is N"enos (s!doO6 !o"%lis&ed N!d.eti+oO H"isi3n H/(e est6 ("%lid!6L
"ission Ht&!t &!s been N"s (s!doO6 !o"%lis&ed N%!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!doOV H"isi3n H&! sido6 ("%lid!6M t&e !llied #ores Hl!s #(erz!s !li!d!s6
' UEe is !llied 7it& &erV Hl est (nidoL rel!ion!do on ell!6M Ee is !n
!ltered "!n Hl es (n &o"bre di#erenteL !"bi!do6M T&ere is ! "!n H7&o
is6 !ltered d(e to t&e s(##erin, HE!' (n &o"bre H/(e est6 !"bi!do debido
!l s(#ri"iento6M Ee 7!s !ltered d(e to t&e s(##erin, Hl est!b! !"bi!do
debido !l s(#ri"iento6M !n !r"ed %olie"!n H(n %oliF! !r"!do6M A
%olie"!n H7&oL t&!t is6 !r"ed 7it& !n !(to"!ti ri#le HUn %oliF! /(e est
!r"!do on (n ri#le !(to"tio6M T&e %olie"!n is !r"ed 7it& !n
!(to"!ti ri#le HEl %oliF! est !r"!do on (n ri#le !(to"tio6M !n
in+ol+ed %erson H(n! %erson! !#et!d!6M t&e %eo%le H7&o !re6 in+ol+ed Hl!
,ente H/(e est6 in+ol(r!d!L i"%li!d!6M T&e' &!d in+ol+ed dis(ssions
HTenF!n dis(siones o"%le.!sL o"%li!d!sL enre+es!d!s6M T&is is t&e
"!tter Ht&!t is6 in+ol+ed Hste es el !s(nto en (esti3n6M be!(se o# t&e
%eo%le H7&o !re6 in+ol+ed Hdebido ! l!s %erson!s /(e estn i"%li!d!sL
in+ol(r!d!s6M All t&e %eo%le !re in+ol+ed HTod! l! ,ente est i"%li!d!L
in+ol(r!d!6M T&e' 7ere in+ol+ed in %olitis HEst!b!n in+ol(r!dosL
i"%li!dosL "etidos en %olFti!6M t&e %!r&ed li%sL soil Hlos l!bios reseosL
l! tierr! rese!6M Peo%le H7&o !re6 %!r&ed no7 HPerson!s H/(e estn6
"(ert!s de sed !&or!6M ! "ent!ll' ret!rded &ild H(n ni)oL (n! ni)!
retr!s!dHo$ !6 "ent!lH"ente66 ' UEe is "ent!ll' ret!rdedV Hl est retr!s!do
"ent!lH"ente66M set %ries H%reios est!bleidosL #i.os6 ' UT&e' !re set #or
!tionV HEstn listos %!r! l! !i3n6M ! 7edded 7i#e H(n! es%os! le,Fti"!6 '
US&e is 7edded to !n ide!V HEll! est ent(si!s"!d! on (n! ide!6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, /(e tienen l! "is"! #or"! /(e el
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resente %(eden ir del!nte del no"bre o$ si indi!n est!do$ detrs de
(n +erbo o%(l!ti+o ND1 =15;<15OM (!ndo +!n detrs del no"bre ' se
sobrHe6entiende del!nte (n %rono"bre rel!ti+o h el +erbo QbeQ son %!rtii%ios de
%resente e indi!n !i3n ND1 =15;<1;$ =15;=15O1
*0+ Quc/os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos pueden ir delante del nombre
en ingls colo'uial o detr!s del nombre en ingls literario cuando van con las
palabras ;matters# t/ings<M (!ndo +!n detrs del no"bre se sobrHe6entiende (n
%rono"bre rel!ti+o h el +erbo QbeQ del!nte del !d.eti+o1 E.14 T&e' t!l9ed !bo(t
reli,io(s "!tters NoO T&e' t!l9ed !bo(t "!tters H7&i&L t&!t !re6 reli,io(s
HE!bl!ron de !s(ntos H/(e son6 reli,iosos6M Ee li9es si"%le t&in,s NoO Ee li9es
t&in,s H7&i&L t&!t !re6 si"%le HA 0l le ,(st!n l!s os!s H/(e son6 senill!s6M
#!"ili!r 7it& !ll tr!dition!l t&in,s H#!"ili!r on tod!s l!s os!s tr!diion!les6 '
U#!"ili!r 7it& !ll t&in,sV H7&i&L t&!t !re6 tr!dition!l H#!"ili!r on tod!s l!s os!s
H/(e son6 tr!diion!les6M t&eir %rediletion #or En,lis&L S%!nis& t&in,s NoO t&eir
%rediletion #or t&in,s H7&i&L t&!t !re6 En,lis&L S%!nis& Hs( %redilei3n %or os!s
in,les!sL es%!)ol!s6M in s%irit(!l t&in,s NoO in t&in,s H7&i&L t&!t !re6 s%irit(!l Hen
os!s es%irit(!les6$ on t&e!tri!l t&in,s NoO on t&in,s H7&i&L t&!t !re6 t&e!tri!l
Hsobre os!s te!tr!les6$ et1
2:+ El ad%etivo Mfurt/erM puede usarse delante del nombre o detr!s de un
pronombre indefinido con el significado ;m!s<1 E.14 Gi+e "e #(rt&er det!ils]
H\D!Hd6"e "s det!lles]6 ' UEe &!s not&in, #(rt&er to s!'V Hl no tiene n!d! "s
/(e deir6M E!s s&e !n' #(rt&er /(estionsT HWTiene ell! !l,(n! %re,(nt! "sT6 '
UE!s s&e !n't&in, #(rt&er to !s9TV HWTiene ell! !l,o "s /(e %re,(nt!rT61
2*+ &os ad%etivos de colores pueden ir delante o detr!s del nombre si se
sobr4e+entiende un pronombre relativo D el verbo MbeM delante del ad%etivo7
pueden ir tambin detr!s de un verbo copulativo1 E.14 t&e s!rlet letter Hl! letr!
es!rl!t!6M Ee 7!nts ! bi'le Ht&!tL 7&i& is6 7&ite Hl /(iere (n! biilet! H/(e
se!6 bl!n!6M T&e tr!in loo9ed bl!9 HEl tren %!reF! ne,ro6$ et1
22+ Dos o m!s ad%etivos calificativos, clasificativos de colores con una
con%uncin entre los dos Bltimos pueden ir delante del nombre, si no llevan
nfasis, o detr!s del nombre en ingls literario, si llevan nfasis, separados por
una coma en ingls escrito o una pausa en ingls /ablado. E.14 Ee !rri+ed ! .(st
d!r9 !nd +er' 7!r" s(""er ni,&tL Ee !rri+ed ! s(""er ni,&t$ .(st d!r9 !nd +er'
7!r" Hl lle,3 (n! no&e de +er!no$ %reis!"ente oHb6s(r! ' "(' !l(ros!6M t&e
dr'$ e"%t' !nd 7&ite ro!dL t&e ro!d$ dr'$ e"%t' !nd 7&iteM %(re !nd si"%le liter!r'
7or9L liter!r' 7or9 %(re !nd si"%le Hlis! ' ll!n!"ente x6M Ne7 or seondI&!nd
bi'les !re sold in se+er!l %l!esL Bi'les$ ne7 or seondI&!nd$ !re sold in se+er!l
%l!es HBiilet!s$ n(e+!s o de se,(nd! "!no$ l!s +enden en +!rios sitios6M E+er'
"on!r&i$ !ristor!ti or %o%(l!r ,o+ern"ent &!s to st!nd #or tr(t&L E+er'
,o+ern"ent$ "on!r&i$ !ristor!ti or %o%(l!r$ &!s to st!nd #or tr(t& HTodo
,obierno$ "onr/(io$ !ristortio o %o%(l!r$ tiene /(e de#ender l! +erd!d6M T&e'
sent t&e "one' #or t&e old !nd %oor l!d'L T&e' sent t&e "one' #or t&e l!d'$ old !nd
%oor HEn+i!ron el dinero %!r! l! se)or!$ "!'orL +ie.! ' %obre6M Ee isL s!7 ! s&ort$
intelli,ent !nd &!%%' "!n ' UEe isL s!7 ! "!n$ s&ort$ intelli,ent !nd &!%%'V Hl esL
+io ! (n &o"bre b!.o$ inteli,ente ' #eliz6M S&e doesnZt li9e o(r s"!ll b(t be!(ti#(l
&o(seL S&e doesnZt li9e o(r &o(se$ s"!ll b(t be!(ti#(l HA ell! no le ,(st! n(estr!
!s!$ %e/(e)! %ero &er"os!6M Ee is ! bi, s/(!reIs&o(ldered !nd +irile "!nL Ee is !
bi, "!n$ s/(!reIs&o(ldered !nd +irile Hl es or%!&3n$ +iril ' on l!s es%!ld!s
(!dr!d!s6M S&e 7!s s(s%iio(s o# t&e le+er b(t obstin!te to(ristL S&e 7!s
s(s%iio(s o# t&e to(rist$ le+er b(t obstin!te HEll! sos%e&!b! del t(rist!$ listo %ero
obstin!do6M Ee s!7 ! lot o# bl!9 !nd 7&ite$ 'o(n, !nd old %eo%leL Ee s!7 ! lot o#
bl!9 !nd 7&ite %eo%le$ 'o(n, !nd old %eo%leL Ee s!7 ! lot o# %eo%le$ bl!9 !nd
7&ite$ 'o(n, !nd old Hl +io ! "(&! ,ente$ ne,r! ' bl!n!$ .o+en ' "!'orL +ie.!61
;15?1I &os ad%etivos pueden ir detr!s del nombre en los siguientes casos"
*+ En ingls literario cuando el ad%etivo calificativo, clasificativo de color va
detr!s del nombre, separado por una coma en ingls escrito o una pausa en
ingls /abladoM %(ede ir t!"bi0n detrs del %redi!do +erb!l$ %ero se re#iere ! (n
no"breL %rono"bre !nterior1 E.14 AL T&e l!d'$ "ore 7orried t&!n be#ore$ 7ent in
HUn!L L! se)or!$ "s %reo(%!d! /(e !ntes$ entr36 o UAL T&e l!d' 7ent in$ "ore
7orried t&!n be#oreV HUn!L L! se)or! entr3H$6 "s %reo(%!d! /(e !ntes61
2+ En ingls literario cuando el ad%etivo calificativo clasificativo va detr!s del
nombre el nombre o sintagma nominal va separado por una coma en ingls
escrito o una pausa en ingls /ablado de una oracin anterior a la 'ue se
refiere1 E.14 Ee !rri+ed$ &is #!e !l" !nd &!%%' Ni Ee !rri+edM &is #!e 7!s !l"
!nd &!%%'O Hl lle,3 on s( !r! tr!n/(il! ' #eliz Ni l lle,3M s( !r! est!b!
tr!n/(il! ' #elizO61
2+ Aa una serie de ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos 'ue se usan
principalmente detr!s del nombre7 no se pueden usar delante del nombre4
!#oret&o(,&t$ !9i"bo Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !s&ore Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !str!'$ desi,n!te Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ,!Rlore Ndetrs de (n no"bre en %l(r!lO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ in!rn!te Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ inIl!7 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!n/(0 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nie !nd le!nL s"!rtL
tid'$ et1 Hbien li"%ioL ele,!nteL orden!do$ et1 Nsi +! del!nte de (n no"bre !"bi!
el si,ni#i!doO6$ %!r e-ellene Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!'!ble$ %er&ed$ (%HI6Rri+er Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ et1 E.14 "!lie !#oret&o(,&t H"!lii! %re"edit!d!6M H7it&6 !r"s !9i"bo
Hon los br!zos en .!rr!6M t&e M!'or Rdesi,n!te Hel !l!lde desi,Rn!do6$ !%%les ,!lore
H"!nz!n!s en !b(nd!ni!L ! %orrillo6$ !L t&e de+il in!rn!te H(nL el de"onio
%ersoni#i!do6$ !nL t&e !tor "!n/(0 L"oR9eIL NGB o L"!4R9eILO ' LR"!49eIL
NUSAO H(nL el !tor #r(str!do6$ et1
-+ Aa una serie de ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos 'ue se usan
principalmente detr!s del nombre o un verboM (!ndo son o"%le"entos
%redi!ti+os$ el o"%le"ento direto %(ede ser (n no"breL %rono"breM estos
!d.eti+os e-%res!n (n! !i3n o est!do onreto$ es%eF#io ' no se %(eden (s!r
del!nte del no"breM los "s i"%ort!ntes son4 !bed N!r!io4 no ,r!d(!bleM %(ede
onsider!rse !d+erbio t!"bi0nO$ !bl!ze$ !bloo"$ !bre!st N!r!io4 no ,r!d(!bleM
%(ede onsider!rse !d+erbio t!"bi0nO$ !bro!&$ !o(nt!ble$ !/(!inted$ !dri#t$
!#ire Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !#l!"e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !#lo!t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !#oot Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !#o(l$ !R,!%e$ !,&!st$ !,le!"$ !,lo7$ !,o,$ !&e!d$ !.!r$ p l! "ode$
!Rli,&t$ !li+e$ !lone$ !%!rt$ !%lent' Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ !s&!"ed$ !slee% Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !stern$ !stride$ !Rs(nder Nliter!rioO$ !t&irst Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !7!9e Hto 1116$
!7!re Ho#6$ !7!s& LeR7o[L NGBOL LeR7o4[L NUSAO H7it&6$ be!ten$ bo(nd$ desended
#ro" 111 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ destined Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ de+oid Nliter!rioO o# 111$
disonerted$ Rdressed R(% Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e"boso"ed N+(l,!r4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
ens&rined Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ en+ironed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-e%ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
e-e"%t$ ,l(ed to$ inl(ded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ .i,,ered$ M!ren,o Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"ind#(l o#111$ on Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o7in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RredIR&!nded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ri+en$ sle7ed NGB4 olo/(i!lO Hborr!&o6$ s(ited$ tin,ed Hte)idoHs6$ !Hs6L "!tiz!doHs6$
!Hs66$ (n!R#r!id Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +oid Nliter!rioO$ 7ort& Nno ,r!d(!bleO1 E.14 Ee set t&e
%!l!e !bl!ze Hl le %rendi3 #(e,o !l %!l!io6M T&e b(ildin,L %!l!e is !bl!ze HEl
edi#iioL %!l!io est !rdiendoL en ll!"!s6M ! or%or!tion #(ll' !o(nt!ble to t&e"
H(n! e"%res! o"%let!"ente res%ons!ble !nte ellos6M S&e 7!s &eld !o(nt!ble
HEll! #(e onsider!d! res%ons!ble6M S&e s!7 t&e '!&t !dri#t HEll! +io el '!te ! l!
deri+!6M T&e s&i% !dri#t isnZt o(rs HEl b!ro ! l! deri+! no es Hel6 n(estro6M T&e bo!t is
!dri#t HEl b!ro est ! l! deri+!6M T&e &o(se 7!s !#ire HL! !s! est!b! en ll!"!s6M
Eer 7ords set &is %!ssions !#l!"e HS(s %!l!br!s enendieron s(s %!siones Ni
%(sieron s(s %!siones en ll!"!sO6M Eer e'es 7ere !#l!"e 7it& .e!lo(s' HS(s o.os
est!b!n en ll!"!s de elos6M Ee 9e%t t&e b(siness !#lo!t Hl "!nt(+o el ne,oio !
#lote6M T&e' st!'ed !#lo!t HSe "!nt(+ieron ! #lote6M T&ere is ! !"%!i,n !#oot Hto ,et
"one'6 HE!' (n! !"%!)! en "!r&! H%!r! onse,(ir dinero66M So"et&in, o(t o#
t&e ordin!r' 7!s !#oot HAl,o #(er! de lo nor"!l est!b! en "!r&!6M ! '!&t 7it& t&e
s!ils !#o(l H(n '!te on l!s +el!s enred!d!s6M Ee r!n !#o(l o# t&e l!7 Hl o"eti3 (n
delito6M It le#t t&e "!n !,&!st HDe.3 !l &o"bre !terr!doL !terroriz!do6M S&e 7!s
!,&!st !t t&e +er' t&o(,&t HEll! est!b! !terr!d!L !terrroriz!d! de l! ide! "is"!L
s3lo de %ens!rlo6M S&e stood t&ere eret$ e'es i"%erio(sl' !,le!" HEll! se /(ed3 !llF
er,(id!$ on los o.os !ti+!"ente enendidos6M It 7!s !,le!" HEst!b!
res%l!ndeiente6M T&e s(n set t&e s9' !,lo7 HEl sol %(so el ielo res%l!ndeienteL
r!di!nte6M T&e s9' 7!s !,lo7 HEl ielo est!b! r!di!nteL res%l!ndeiente6M T&e ne7s
set t&e n!tion !,o, HL! notii! de.3 ! l! n!i3n on+(lsion!d!L e"oion!d!L
i"%!iente6M T&e' 7ere !,o, HEst!b!n e"oion!dosL i"%!ientes6M t&e 7ee9s
!&e!d Hl!s se"!n!s %r3-i"!sL /(e +ienen6M T&e' 7ere !&e!d HEst!b!n %or del!nte6M
Le!+e t&e door !.!r HDe.! l! %(ert! entre!biert!6M T&e door 7!s !.!r HL! %(ert!
est!b! entre!biert!6M bee# p l! "ode H!rne ,(is!d!6M !%%le %ie p l! "ode Ht!rt!L
%!stel de "!nz!n! on &el!do6M T&!t olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAO is p
l! "ode HEseL A/(el olor est de "od!6M Ee set t&e &os%it!l !li,&t Hl %rendi3
#(e,o !l &os%it!l6M T&e roo" is !li,&t HL! &!bit!i3n est !rdiendo6M S&e s!7 no
%erson !li+e HEll! no +io ! nin,(n! %erson! +i+!6M T&e' !re still !li+e HEstn tod!+F!
+i+Hos$ !s66M Ee is t&e ri&est "!n !li+e Hl es el &o"bre "s rio Hdel "(ndo6 &o'
Hen dF!66M T&e &e!dline !lone "!de &er t&in9 t7ie !bo(t it HEl tit(l!r solo le &izo !
ell! %ensrselo dos +ees6M T&e' !re !lone HEstn solHos$ !s66M ! t&in, !%!rt H(n! os!
!%!rteL es%ei!lL distint!6M T&e' li+e !%!rt HDi+en !%!rteL se%!r!dos6M T&ere is #ood
!%lent' HE!' o"id! en !b(nd!ni!6M T&ere is ! "!n !s&!"ed o# it HE!' (n
&o"bre !+er,onz!do de ello6M Are 'o( !s&!"edT HWEstHi6s !+er,onz!doHs6$ !Hs6T6M
Ee #o(nd &is "ot&er !slee% Hl enontr3 ! s( "!dre dor"id!6M T&e &ild is !slee%
HEl ni)oL L! ni)! est dor"idHo$ !66M 7it& It!l' #!r !stern Hon It!li! "(' H&!i!6
!trs6M T&e !%t!in is !stern HEl !%itn est !L en l! %o%!6M S&e 9e%t &er "ot&er
!7!9e HEll! "!nt(+o ! s( "!dre des%iert!6M T&e' !re !7!9e HEstn des%iertos6M Ee
"!de t&e ,irl !7!re o# t&e ris9 Hl &izo ! l! "(&!&! onsiente del ries,o6M Ee
7!s !7!re o# t&e %roble" Hl er! onsiente del %roble"!6M S&e s!7 ! 7orld !7!s&
7it& "one' HEll! +io (n "(ndo lleno de dinero6M It is !7!s& 7it& !r"s HEst lleno
de !r"!s6M "(si desended #ro" "edie+!lL "edi!e+!l NGB %rini%!l"enteO son,s
H"2si! /(e tiene s( ori,en en !niones "edie+!les6M EeZs desended #ro" ! o(nt
Hl es desendienteL desiende de (n onde6M ! &o% ,l(ed to t&e %l!te H(n! &(let!
%e,!d! !l %l!to6M S&e 7!s ,l(ed to t&e tele+ision HEll! est!b! %e,!d! ! l! tele+isi3n6M
e+er'bod'$ t&e bo'L "'sel# inl(ded Htodos$ inl(ido el "(&!&oL 'o "is"o6M
T&e "!n$ "ind#(l o# t&e sit(!tion$ resi,ned HEl &o"bre$ onsiente de l! sit(!i3n$
di"iti36M S&e is "ind#(l o# t&e ris9s HEll! es onsiente deL tiene en (ent! los
ries,os6M 7it& t&e &e!dli,&ts on Hon los #!ros enendidos6M T&ereZs ! lot o# %ress(re
on to ens(re t&!t it is done HSi,(e &!biendo "(&! %resi3n %!r! !se,(r!rse de /(e
se &!e6M It is on HEst enendidoL onet!doL %(estoL %re%!r!doL teniendo l(,!rL en
!rteler!L en %ieL siendo %resent!do6M S&e is on HEll! est de ser+iioL !t(!ndo6M Ee
7!s !(,&t RredIR&!nded HLe o,ieron NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!ron on l!s "!nos en l!
"!s!L in #r!,!nti6M I !" not s(ited to t&is 7or9 HNo esto' &e&oL sir+o %!r! este
tr!b!.o6M ! str!te,' "ost s(ited to 'o( H(n! estr!te,i! "(' !de(!d!L !%ro%i!d!
%!r! ti6M ! b(siness"!n (n!#r!id o# t!9in, ris9s H(n &o"bre de ne,oios sin "iedo !
orrer ries,os6M S&e is (n!#r!id HEll! no tiene "iedo6M Ee 7!s (n!#r!id o# ris9 Hl no
tenF! "iedo !l ries,o6M S&e "!de t&e sentene +oid Nliter!rioO HEll! !n(l3 l!
senteni!6M ! .e7el 7ort& t7o "illion e(ros H(n! .o'! /(e +!le dos "illones de
e(ros6M It is 7ort& ! lot HD!le "(&o61
Al,(nos de estos !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de Q+er' "(&Q4 !o(nt!ble$ p l!
"ode$ !li+e$ !%!rt$ !%lent'$ !s&!"ed$ !slee%$ !stern$ !7!re Ho#6$ !7!s& H7it&6$ on$
s(ited$ 7ort&1
Al,(nos de estos !d.eti+os %(eden ir del!nte del no"bre$ si +!n %reedidos de (n
!d+erbio1 E.14 ! tr(l' !li+e %erson H(n! %erson! +erd!der!"ente des%iert!6$ ! &!l#
!slee% bo' H(n "(&!&o "edio dor"ido6$ et1
3+ Aa algunos ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos 'ue pueden /acer de
complemento predicativo del ob%eto 4ob%ect complement+ de ciertos verbos
normalesM +!n !ent(!dosM el o"%le"ento direto %(ede ser (n no"breL
%rono"breM el o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o se re#iere nor"!l"ente !l o"%le"ento
direto ' e-%res! nor"!l"ente (n !trib(to del o"%le"ento direto ND15C18<15C1bOM
el o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o en in,l0s +! ,ener!l"ente detrs del o"%le"ento
direto %ero en !stell!no %(ede ir detrs del o"%le"ento direto ' nor"!l"ente
t!"bi0n del!nteM el o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o e-%res! (n! ide!$ !i3n o est!do
onreto$ es%eF#io$ "ientr!s /(e si el !d.eti+o +! del!nte del no"bre e-%res!
nor"!l"ente (n! !r!terFsti! "s d(r!der!M entre los +erbos "s (s!dos estn4
!o(nt$ b!9e$ b!n,$ be!t$ belie+e$ bl!st$ blo7$ bre!9$ b(rn$ b(r'$ b(rst$ !ll$ !t&$
erti#'$ &!r"$ olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAO$ onsider$ o%' o(t$
re!te$ (t$ del!re$ dee"$ dee%#reeze$ dr!7$ dri+e$ d'e$ e!t$ elet$ #!n' Nliter!rio4
GB %rini%!l"enteO$ #eel$ #ill$ #ind$ #lin,$ #l'$ #ore$ ,et$ ,i+e$ ,ro7$ &!""er$ &!n,$
&!+e$ &e!r$ &old$ i"!,ine$ .(d,e$ 9ee%$ 9i9$ 9ill$ 9no9$ l!bel$ l!'$ le!+e$ let$ li9$
li9e$ "!9e$ o%en$ %!int$ %!t$ %!'$ %i9$ %l!ne$ %l!'$ %re#er$ %res("e$ %rono(ne$ %ro%$
%ro+e$ %(ll$ %(s&$ %(t$ re!d$ re9on$ re,!rd$ render$ rin,$ ro!st$ roll$ r(b$ s!re$ sr(b$
see$ sell$ send$ ser+e$ set$ s&oot$ s&o7$ slee%$ s/(!s&$ ste!"$ stri9e$ s(9$ s7!llo7$
s7ee%$ t!9e$ te!r$ tele+ise$ ter"$ t&in9$ t&ro7$ t(rn$ 7e!r$ 7!nt$ 7!s&$ 7i%e$ 7is&$
7or9$ 7rite$ et1M ! +ees$ se sobrHe6entiende el +erbo QbeQ %reedido de (n
%rono"bre rel!ti+o1 E.14 B!n, t&e door Rs&(t H*ierr! l! %(ert! de (n %ort!zo6M T&e'
belie+e t&e "!n Hto be6 Rde!d H*reen /(e el &o"bre est R"(erto6M T&e Htele6%&one
bl!sted 'o(r #!t&er !R7!9e HEl tel0#ono des%ert3 de so%et3n ! t( R%!dre6M T&e 7ind
ble7 t&e door Rs&(t HEl +iento err3 l! %(ert! de R,ol%e6M T&e' bro9e t&e door Ro%en
HAbrieron l! %(ert! de (n R,ol%e6M T&e' b(rnedL b(rnt NGB %rini%!l"enteO t&is
%erson !Rli+e Nno %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&isVO HJ(e"!ron ! est! %erson! R+i+! N%(ede
ir t!"bi0n del!nte de U! est!VO6M T&e' b(ried t&e 7o"!n !Rli+e Nno %(ede ir del!nte
de Ut&eVO HEnterr!ron ! l! "(.er R+i+! N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de U! l!VO6M Ee
b(rst t&e door Ro%en HAbri3 l! %(ert! de (n R,ol%e6M Ee doesnZt !ll t&!t /(estion
Rdi##i(lt Nno %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&!tVO Hl no onsider! es!L !/(ell! %re,(nt!
diR#Fil N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de Ues!VO6 ' U! di##i(lt R/(estionV N!r!terFsti!
"s d(r!der!O H(n! %re,(nt! diR#Fil6M S&e !(,&t &i" RredIR&!nded HEll! le o,i3
NEs%!)!OL !,!rr3 on l!s "!nos en l! R"!s!L in #r!R,!nti6M S&e &!r"ed t&e %riness
!sRlee% HEll! d(r"i3 ! l! %rines! %or en!nt!R"iento6M S&e onsiders &is !tions
R7ort&' o# !ttention Nno %(ede ir del!nte de U&isVO HEll! onsider! s(s !iones
di,n!s de !tenRi3n N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de Us(sVO6 ' U! 7ort&' R!tionV
N!r!terFsti! "s d(r!der!O H(n! !i3n enoR"i!ble6M Ee onsiders &is o"%!nion
R9ind Nno %(ede ir del!nte de U&isVO Hl onsider! ! s( o"%!)erHo$ !6 !R"!ble
N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de U! s(VO6 ' U! 9ind o"R%!nionV N!r!terFsti! "s
d(r!der!O H(nH!6 o"%!)erHo$ !6 !R"!ble6M S&e o%ied t&e letter o(t R#!ir HEll! o%i3
l! !rt! Rbien6M God re!ted "!n Rdi##erent Nno %(ede ir del!nte de U"!nVO HDios
re3 !l &o"bre di#eRrente N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de U!lVO6M Ee (t t&e &eese
Rt&in Nno %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO Hl ort!b! el /(eso delR,!do N%(ede ir t!"bi0n
del!nte de UelVO6M T&e dotor del!red &er "ot&er R#it to tr!+el HEl dotor del!r3 /(e
s( "!dre est!b! en ondiiones de +i!R.!r6M >e dee" t&is %(%il Rle+er Nno %(ede ir
del!nte de Ut&isVO H*onsider!"os ! este !l("no Rlisto N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de
U!VO6M S&e dee%#roze t&e bre!d Rsolid HEll! on,el3 el R%!n6M Ee dre7 t&e line Rt&i9
Nno %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO Hl dib(.3 l! lFne! R,r(es! N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte
de Ul!VO6M S&e dro+e &er #!t&er R7ild Nno %(ede ir del!nte de U&erVO HEll! +ol+F3 ! s(
%!dre Rloo N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de U!VO6M T&e' e!t t&e #is& Rr!7 Nno %(ede ir
del!nte de Ut&eVO H*o"en el %es!do Rr(do N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de UelVO6M
S&e #eels t&e "!tter i"R%ort!nt to tell (s HEll! siente /(e es i"%orRt!nte ont!rnos el
!s(nto6M Ee #o(nd t&e t!s9 Re!s' Nno %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO Hl enontr3 l! t!re!
R#il N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de Ul!VO6M Ee #l(n, t&e 7indo7 Rs&(t Hl err3 l!
+ent!n! de (n R,ol%e6M Ee #le7 &is "en R!r"ed Hl lle+3 %or !+i3n ! s(s &o"bres
!rR"!dos6M Ee #ored t&e 7indo7 Ro%en Hl !bri3 l! +ent!n! %or l! R#(erz!6M T&e' ,ot
t&e n("bers Rri,&t HAert!ron on los Rn2"eros6M S&e ,!+e &i" t&e o##ee Rold Nno
%(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO HEll! le dio el !#0 R#rFo N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de
UelVO6M Ee &!""ers t&e "et!l R#l!t Hl de.! el "et!l liso on el "!rRtillo6M S&e &!d (s
Rbe!ten HEll! nos tenF! ,!Rn!dosL derroRt!dos6M S&e &!s l(n& Roo9ed Ndel!nte de
Ul(n&V si,ni#i!rF! UEll! &! oin!do l! o"id!VO HEll! tiene l! o"id! oiRn!d!
N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de Ul!VO6M S&eZll &!+e &er ess!' R#inis&ed b' ten HEll!
tendr s( ens!'o ter"iRn!do %!r! l!s diez6M S&e &!s t&e !ns7er Rre!d' Nno %(ede ir
del!nte de Ut&eVO HEll! tiene l! res%(est! %re%!Rr!d! N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de
Ul!VO6M T&e' &e!r 'o(r +oie R&eer#(l Nno %(ede ir del!nte de U'o(rVO HO'en t( +oz
!Rle,re N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de Ut(VO6M T&e' &old li#e R&e!% HTienen en %oo l!
R+id!L D!lor!n %oo l! R+id!6M S&e i"!,ined t&e brid,e R ,re' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
R ,r!' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO HEll! i"!,in!b! el
%(ente R,ris N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de UelVO6M Ee i"!,ines &er R%rett'L !s R%rett'
Hl i"!,in! /(e ell! es boRnit!L l l! i"!,in! o"o Hsi #(er!6 boRnit!L t!n boRnit!6M
Ee .(d,ed it Hto be6 R7ise to be !re#(l Hl .(z,3L onsider3 %r(RdenteL !erRt!do
tener (id!do6M T&e' 9e%t t&e %!tient !Rli+e HM!nt(+ieron !l %!iente R+i+o6M Ee
9i9ed t&e door Ro%en Hl !bri3 l! %(ert! de (n! %!Rt!d!6M T&e' 9ill o9ro!&es
Rde!d HM!t!n l!s (!Rr!&!s6M It 9no9ed t&e &o(se R#l!t HDerrib3 o"%let!"ente l!
R!s!6M T&e %(n& l!id t&e bo-er Rlo7 HEl %()et!zo de.3 !l bo-e!dor #(er! de
o"Rb!te6M S&e le#t t&e &o(se Ro%en HEll! de.3 l! !s! !Rbiert!6M Let t&e do, Rloose]
H\S(elt! el R%erro]6M T&e do, li9ed t&e bone Rle!n HEl %erro l!"i3 el &(eso &!st!
de.!rlo Rli"%io6M S&e li9es &er te! Rstron, Nno %(ede ir del!nte de U&erVO HA ell! le
,(st! el t0 R#(erte N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de UelVO6M I li9e t&e bre!d H7&en it is6
R&ot HMe ,(st! el %!n H(!ndo est6 !Rliente6M T&e' "!9e &er "ot&er R!n,r' HPonen
en#!d!d!L En#!d!n ! s( R"!dre6M Ee "!de &er 7i#e R&!%%' Nno %(ede ir del!nte de
U&erVO Hl &izo ! s( "(.erL es%os! #eRliz N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de U!VO6M T&e'
!re "!9in, t&e 7&ole t&in, Rle!r HEstn %oniendo l!roL !l!r!ndo todo el !Rs(nto6M
Ee %!inted t&e &o(se Rbl(e Nno %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO Hl %int3 l! !s! de !Rz(l
N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de Ul!VO6M S&e %!id t&e ser+ie Rde!r N"s (s!doO HEll!
%!,3 el ser+iio R!ro6 ' US&e %!id t&e de!r Rser+ieV N"enos (s!doO HEll! %!,3 el
!ro serR+iio6M Ee %l!'ed &er #riend R#!ir Hl tr!t3 ! s( !"i,! Rbien6M T&e' %re#er t&e
"il9 R&ot Nno %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO HPre#ieren l! le&e !Rliente N%(ede ir
t!"bi0n del!nte de Ul!VO6M Ee %res("es &is 7i#e R&!%%' Hl s(%one /(e s( es%os!L
"(.er es #eRliz6M T&e e-%ert %rono(ned t&e test R+!lid HEl e-%erto del!r3 /(e l!
%r(eb! er! R+lid!6M S&e %ro%%ed t&e door Ro%en HEll! "!nt(+o l! %(ert! !Rbiert!6M
S&e %ro+ed t&e %ro.et R7ron, HEll! de"ostr3 /(e el %ro'eto est!b! e/(i+oR!do6M
P(ll &er &!ir Rlose to t&e t!ble] H\ARrri"! s( sill! ! l! "es!]6M T&e' %(t t&e ,irl Rri,&t
HS!!ron ! l! &i! del eRrror6M T&e' r!n, t&e bell Rlo(d HTo!ron #(erte el Rti"bre6M
Ee ro!sted ! l!"b R7&ole Nno %(ede ir del!nte de U!VO Hl !s3 (n ordero enRtero
N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de U(nVO6M S&e r(bbed t&e to7el Rdr' HEll! se3 l! t!ll!
#roRtndol!6M T&e !ident s!red t&e %!ssen,ers Rsti## Nno %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO
HEl !idente de.3 ! los %!s!.eros "(ertos de R"iedoL %!tidiR#(sos N%(eden ir
t!"bi0n del!nte de U!VO6M S&e sr(bbed t&e #loor Rle!n HEll! de.3 el s(elo li"%io
#roRt!ndo6M S&e sees t&e ide! R7ron, Nno %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO HEll! +e l! ide!
e/(i+oR!d! N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de Ul!VO6M I &!te to see &er (n&!%%'L !s
(n&!%%' HOdio +erl! desdiR&!d!L in#eRlizL o"o Hsi #(er!6 desdiR&!d!L in#eRliz NoO
t!n desdiR&!d!L in#eRliz6M S&e sells t&e #r(it R&e!% Nno %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO
HEll! +ende l! #r(t! b!Rr!t! Ni ! (n %reio b!r!toO N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de Ul!VO6
' US&e sells Ht&e6 &e!% R#r(itV HEll! +ende Hl!6 #r(t! H/(e es6 b!Rr!t!6M Set t&is !ni"!l
R#ree] H\De.! H!6 este !ni"!l Rlibre]6M T&e' s&ot t&e bird Rde!d HM!t!ron de (n tiro el
R%.!ro6M S&e ste!"ed t&e letter Ro%en HEll! !bri3 l! !rt! %or "edio del +!R%or6M It
str(9 t&e 7o"!n Rblind Nno %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO HDe.3 ! l! "(.er Rie,!
N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de U!VO6M S&e s(9ed t&e or!n,e Rdr' HEll! &(%3 l!
n!r!n.! &!st! de.!rl! sin Rz("o6M Ee tore t&e letter Ro%en Hl r!s,3 el sobre de l!
R!rt!6M T&e' tele+ise t&e e+ent Rli+e Nno %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO HTele+is!n el
!ontei"iento en diRreto N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de UelVO6M Ee t&in9s &er
d!(,&ter R%le!s!nt Nno %(ede ir del!nte de U&erVO Hl en(entr! ! s( &i.! !,r!Rd!ble
N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de U!VO6M It t&re7 o(r %l!ns !7Rr' HTir3 n(estros %l!nes
%or l! Rbord!6M Ee t(rned t&e &orses Rloose HSolt3 los !Rb!llos6M S&e 7e!rs &er &!ir
Rs&ort Nno %(ede ir del!nte de U&erVO HEll! lle+! el %elo Rorto N%(ede ir t!"bi0n
del!nte de UelVO6M S&e 7!nts &er roo" Rle!n Nno %(ede ir del!nte de U&erVO HEll!
/(iere s( &!bit!i3n Rli"%i! N%(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de Us(VO6M It 7!s&es t&e
lot&es Rle!n HL!+! l! ro%! ' l! de.! Rli"%i!6M S&e 7i%ed t&e t!ble Rle!n HEll! li"%i3
l! R"es!6M Ee 7or9ed t&e 9not Rloose Hl solt3 el Rn(do6M S&e 7rites &er n!"e Rl!r,e
Nno %(ede ir del!nte de U&erVO HEll! esribe s( no"bre R,r!nde N%(ede ir t!"bi0n
del!nte de Us(VO61
Detrs de !l,(nos de estos +erbos ' otros "(&os o"o Qbrin, (%$ do$ ,et$ &e!r$ &it$
re!d$ sl!"$ s%ell$ t!9e$ 7e!rQ$ et1$ se %(ede %oner (n !d+erbio de o"%le"ento
%redi!ti+o detrs del o"%le"ento direto ND15C18<15C1OM ! +ees es "(' di#Fil
s!ber si es !d.eti+o o !d+erbio (!ndo tienen l! "is"! #or"! ' ni los entendidos se
%onen de !(erdoM si se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o ' (n !d+erbio$ el !d.eti+o se re#iere
nor"!l"ente !l o"%le"ento direto ' e-%res! nor"!l"ente (n !trib(to del
o"%le"ento direto$ %ero el !d+erbio se re#iere !l +erbo tr!nsiti+o Ho"%le-I
tr!nsiti+e +erb6 ' !l o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 S&e did it !Rlone N!d+erbioO HEll! lo
&izo Rsol! Ni sin !'(d! de n!dieO6M S&e !lone N!d+erbioO did it HS3lo ell! lo &izo6M Ee
bro(,&t (% &is #o(r &ildren ! R lone N!d+erbioO Hl ri3 ! s(s (!tro &i.os Rsolo6M Ee
did t&e e-erise R7ron, N!d+erbio4 no %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO Hl &izo el e.eriio
R"!l N!d+erbio4 %(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de UelVO6M T&e' ,ot t&e n("bers R7ron,
N!d+erbio4 no %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO HEntendieron los n2"eros !l re R +0s
N!d+erbio4 %(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de UlosVO6M Ee &e!rd it 7ron, N!d+erbioO Hl lo
o'3 "!l6M It &it &er &!rd N!d+erbio4 no %(ede ir del!nte de U&erVO HF(e (n ,ol%e
"(' d(ro %!r! ell!6M I re!d 'o( lo(d N!d.eti+oO !nd le!r N!d.eti+oO HTe oi,o !lt! '
l!r!"ente6 ' UEe re!d it lo(dl' N!d+erbioO !nd le!rl' N!d+erbio4 no %(eden ir
del!nte de UitVOV Hl lo le'3 !lt! ' l!r!"ente6M Ee sl!""ed t&e door &!rd
N!d+erbio4 no %(ede ir del!nte de Ut&eVO Hl err3 l! %(ert! #(erte"ente de (n
%ort!zo6M T&e' too9 it &!rd N!d+erbio4 no %(ede ir del!nte de UitVO HSe lo to"!ron
"(' "!l6M Ee 7e!rs &is tro(sers ri,&t N!d+erbio4 no %(ede ir del!nte de U&isVO Hl
lle+! los %!nt!lones bien6$ et1
Detrs de los +erbos Q#ind$ t&in9Q$ el !d.eti+o es sie"%re o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o1
M(&!s de est!s onstr(iones se %(eden %oner en %!si+! ' el o"%le"ento
%redi!ti+o %!s! ! ser !trib(to1 E.14 Ee "!de &is "ot&er R&!%%' Hl &izo ! s( "!dre
#eRliz6 ' UEis "ot&er 7!s "!de R&!%%'V HSe &izo ! s( "!dre #eRlizL S( "!dre #(e
&e&! #eRliz61
El o"%le"ento direto %(ede ser t!"bi0n (n! #r!se1 E.14 S&e onsiders 7ritin, !
no+el Re!s' HEll! onsider! #il esribir (n! noR+el!61
M(&os de estos +erbos o"o Qonsider$ "!9eQ$ et1$ +!n se,(idos de (n
o"%le"ento direto h (n o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o /(e %(ede ser (n !d.eti+o o (n
no"bre$ %ero !l,(nos +erbos o"o Qdri+e$ ,etQ$ et1$ +!n se,(idos de (n
o"%le"ento direto h (n o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o /(e tiene /(e ser
nees!ri!"ente (n !d.eti+o ' no (n no"bre1 Si &!' dos o "s !d.eti+os !l #in!l de
(n! or!i3n /(e &!,!n l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o$ los dos 2lti"os
s(elen ir (nidos %or l! on.(ni3n U!ndV1 E.14 S&e 7!nts &er roo" bi, !nd Rle!n Nno
%(ede ir del!nte de U&erVO HEll! /(iere s( &!bit!i3n ,r!nde ' Rli"%i! N%(ede ir
t!"bi0n del!nte de Us(VO61
El o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o s(ele ir detrs del o"%le"ento direto ' lle+! "s
0n#!sis /(e el o"%le"ento diretoM ! +ees %(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte del
o"%le"ento direto$ ,ener!l"ente "enos #re(ente"ente$ ' lle+! "enos 0n#!sis
/(e el o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 It ble!&es t&e lot&es R7&ite N"s (s!doO HL! le.F!
de.! l! ro%! Rli"%i!6L It ble!&es 7&ite t&e Rlot&es N"enos (s!doO HL! le.F! de.!
li"%i! l! Rro%!6M Ee &!l9ed &er dress Rbl(e N"s (s!doO Hl "!r3 s( +estido on
tiz! !Rz(l6L Ee &!l9ed bl(e &er Rdress N"enos (s!doO Hl "!r3 on tiz! !z(l s(
+esRtido6M S&e (t t&e bi, !9e Ro%enL S&e (t o%en t&e bi, R!9e N!"bos b!st!nte
(s!dosO HEll! ort3 el %!stel R,r!nde6M Ee dr!ined t&e ,l!ss Rdr' N"s (s!doO Hl de.3
el +!so Rseo6L Ee dr!ined dr' t&e R,l!ss N"enos (s!doO Hl de.3 seo el R+!so6M Ee
dr!7sL %(llsL s%re!dsL stret&es t&e #!bri R7ide N"s (s!doO ' UEe dr!7sL %(llsL
s%re!dsL stret&es 7ide t&e R#!briV N"enos (s!doO Hl estir! l! Rtel!6M >e &eld t&e
door Ro%en Nb!st!nte (s!doO HM!nt(+i"os l! %(ert! !Rbiert!6L >e &eld o%en t&e Rdoor
Nb!st!nte (s!doO HM!nt(+i"os !biert! l! R%(ert!6M T&e' &oldL t!9e t&e to(rists
R!%ti+e N"s (s!doO HM!ntienenL E!en ! los t(rist!s !(Rti+os6L T&e' &oldL t!9e
!%ti+e t&e Rto(rists N"enos (s!doO HM!ntienenL E!en !(ti+os ! los t(Rrist!s6M S&e
irons t&e #!bri R#l!tL S&e irons #l!t t&e R#!bri N!"bos b!st!nte (s!dosO HEll! %l!n&!
l! Rtel!6M S&e "!de &er error R,oodL S&e "!de ,ood &er Rerror N!"bos b!st!nte
(s!dosO HEll! orri,i3 s( eRrror6M S&e %(lled ! (%bo!rd Ro%enL S&e %(lled o%en !
R(%bo!rd N!"bos b!st!nte (s!dosO HEll! !bri3 de (n tir3n (n !rR"!rio6M Are 'o(
,oin, to %(s& t&e door Ro%enTL Are 'o( ,oin, to %(s& o%en t&e RdoorT N!"bos
b!st!nte (s!dosO HWD!s ! !brir l! %(ert! e"%(R.ndol!T6M T&e' %(s&ed t&e door
Ro%enL T&e' %(s&ed o%en t&e Rdoor N!"bos b!st!nte (s!dosO HAbrieron l! %(ert!
e"%(R.ndol!6M Ee set t&e %risoners R#reeL Ee set #ree t&e R%risoners N!"bos b!st!nte
(s!dosO Hl liber3 ! los %risioRneros6M Ee tore t&e letter Ro%enL Ee tore o%en t&e Rletter
N!"bos b!st!nte (s!dosO Hl r!s,3 el sobre de l! R!rt!61
A +ees$ el o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o +! del!nte del o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 T&e'
(t s&ort o(r on+erRs!tion HAort!ronL Abre+i!ron n(estr! on+ers!Ri3n6M S&e (t
s&ort &er R+isit HEll! !bre+i3L !ort3 s( +iRsit!6M T&e' t&in9 #it to Rst!' H*onsider!n
on+eniente /(eRd!rse6$ et1
El o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o +! del!nte del o"%le"ento direto (!ndo 0ste +!
se,(ido de (n! or!i3n de in#initi+o o (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o1 E.14 S&e
(t s&ort t&e "eetin, t&!t 7!s t!9in, %l!e HEll! !bre+i3L !ort3 l! re(ni3n /(e
est!b! elebrndose6M T&e' "!de 9no7n t&e #!ts to be onsidered HEiieron
%2blios los &e&os /(e &!bF! /(e onsider!r61 D1 5C1<
6+ En algunos compuestos formados por ciertos nombres ad%etivos
calificativos clasificativos4 #or t&e ti"e bein, H%or !&or!6$ !L t&e lion o(&!nt
H(nL el le3n tendidoL t("b!do6$ !L t&e %oet l!(re!te H(nL el %oet! l!(re!do6$ !L t&e
Nobel l!(re!te H(nH!6L el$ l! %re"io Nobel Hl!(re!dHo$ !666$ t&e Prine re,ent Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hel %rFni%e re,ente6$ t&e J(een re,n!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hl! rein!
rein!nte6$ Ht&e6 letters re/(isitori!l Hel e-&orto6$ t&e Ani,&ts Te"%l!rL Ani,&tsI
Te"%l!r Hlos !b!lleros te"%l!rios6$ tre!s(re tro+e Htesoro Hesondido6 &!ll!do6$ et1
Estos !d.eti+os +!n nor"!l"ente detrs del no"bre4 o(&!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
l!(re!teM Ul!(re!teV %(ede onsider!rse t!"bi0n (n no"bre1
Estos !d.eti+os +!n sol!"ente detrs del no"bre4 re,ent$ re,n!nt$ re/(isitori!l1
8+ Aa muc/os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos precedidos de ;t/e< 'ue
van de aposicin detr!s del nombre propio1 E.14 *&!rles t&e Gre!t H*!rlos el
Gr!ndeL *!rlo"!,no61
9+ &os ad%etivos calificativos, clasificativos de colores en grado positivo o
comparativo 'ue van detr!s de los siguientes pronombre indefinidos4 !not&er
Hone6$ e+er'bod'$ e+er'bod' else$ e+er'one$ e+er'one else$ e+er' one$ e+er't&in,$
se+er!l$ +!rio(s$ so"e$ so"e "ore$ so"e #e7er$ so"ebod'$ so"ebod' else$ so"e
one$ so"eone$ so"eone else$ so"et&in,$ so"et&in, else$ so"e7&ere$ !n' Hone6$
!n' Hones6$ !n' ot&er$ !n' ot&ers$ !n'bod'$ !n'bod' else$ !n'one$ !n'one else$
!n't&in,$ !n't&in, else$ !n'7&ere$ !n'7&ere else$ nobod'$ nobod' else$ no one$ no
one else$ not&in,$ not&in, else$ "!n'$ ! ,ood "!n'$ ! ,re!t "!n'$ +er' "!n'$ !s
"!n'$ so "!n'$ too "!n'$ eno(,&$ /(ite eno(,&$ #e7$ /(ite #e7$ /(ite ! #e7$ #e7er
Hones6$ t&e #e7est$ "ore$ less$ %lent'$ little$ none$ none else$ t&e 7&ole oneHs6M
nor"!l"ente se sobrHe6entiende el +erbo UbeV %reedido de (n %rono"bre rel!ti+oM
los !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos del !d+erbio UsoVM el !d.eti+o +! detrs de los
%rono"bres$ ten,!n (n! o "s %!l!br!s ' no del!nte de UelseL oneHs6V$ et1 E.14 Ee
didnZt "eet !n'bod' H7&oL t&!t 7!s6 s(it!ble Hl no enontr3 ! n!die H/(e #(er!6
!de(!do6M S&e didnZt see !n'one H7&oL t&!t 7!s6 'o(n, HNo +io ! n!die H/(e
#(er!6 .o+en6M Is t&ere !n't&in, H7&i&L t&!t is6 "ore interestin,T HWE!' !l,o H/(e
se!6 "s interes!nteT6M It 7!s not&in, H7&i&L t&!t 7!s6 ri"in!l HNo #(e n!d! H/(e
#(er!6 ri"in!l6M S&e sees not&in, 7ron, HEll! no +e n!d! "!lo6M No one H7&o is6
so sill' !s 'o( HN!die H/(e se!6 t!n tonto o"o t26M S&e s!7 so"et&in, else
o"ino(s t&ere HEll! +io !l,o de "!l !,XeroL !(,(rio !llF6$ et1 Sin e"b!r,o$ el
!d.eti+o +! del!nte de (!l/(ier %rono"bre /(e &!,! de no"bre1 E.14 t&!t n!st'
so"et&in, Hes! os! des!,r!d!ble6$ et1
0+ @n ad%etivo calificativo, clasificativo de color en grado comparativo va
detr!s del nombre, principalmente si los nombres comparados son de distinto
gnero1 E.14 ! ,irl "ore intelli,ent t&!n ji" H(n! &i! "s inteli,ente /(e j!i"itoL
S!nti!,(itoL Die,(itoL j!obito6$ et1
*:+ @n ad%etivo calificativo clasificativo detr!s de expresiones de medida1 E.14
S&e is se+en 'e!rs old HEll! tiene siete !)os6$ et1 D1 ;1;51B
**+ &os participios de pasado 'ue /acen la funcin de ad%etivos cuando van
seguidos de un sintagma preposicionalM se sobrHe6entiende Ut&!tL 7&i& h beV
del!nte del %!rtii%io1 E.14 t&e letters Ht&!tL 7&i& !re6 7ritten in bl!9 Hl!s letr!s
H/(e estn6 esrit!s de ne,ro6$ et1
*2+ @n ad%etivo calificativo, clasificativo de color detr!s del nombre si /a
una de las con%unciones coordinadas distributivas# correlativas ;bot/ ... and,
eit/er ...or, neit/er ... nor 4... nor+, not 4onl+ but 4also+<, en medio1 E.14 ! .ob
bot& interestin, !nd 7ellI%!idL eit&er interestin, or 7ellI%!idL neit&er interestin, nor
7ellI%!idL not onl' interestin, b(t !lso 7ellI%!id H(n tr!b!.o interes!nte ' bien
%!,!doL interes!nte o bien %!,!doL no interes!nte ' no bien %!,!doL no s3lo
interes!nte sino t!"bi0n bien %!,!do6$ et1
;15@1I &os ad%etivos calificativos clasificativos 'ue van detr!s de un verbo
copulativo son"
*+ &os 'ue /acen la funcin de atributo detr!s de verbos copulativos o de
complemento predicativo del su%eto detr!s de verbos semicopulativosM
"odi#i!n !l s(.eto ' !l +erboM los +erbos "s i"%ort!ntes son4 !t$ !%%e!r$ b!n,$
be$ be born$ be onsidered$ be dee"ed$ be eleted$ be "!de$ be n!"ed$ beo"e$
bl!ze$ blo7$ bl(s&$ boil$ bre!9$ br(s&$ b(l9$ b(rn$ b(rst$ o"e$ o"e in$ o"e o##$
o"e o(t$ ontin(e$ (t$ die$ drin9$ e!t$ e"er,e$ end (%$ es!%e$ #!ll$ #!ll do7n$ #eel$
#i,&t$ #l!"e$ #li9er$ #lin,$ #l'$ #reeze$ ,!ze$ ,et$ ,le!"$ ,li""er$ ,lo7$ ,o$ ,ro7$
&!n,$ &old$ 9ee%$ lie$ li+e$ lollo%$ loo9 H%!reer6$ loo"$ "!9e$ "!rr'$ o%en$ %!ss$
%l!'$ %le!d$ %olis&$ %ro+e$ %(ll$ re!d$ re"!in$ re%ort$ rest$ ret(rn$ rin,$ r(n$ see"$ set$
s&!9e$ s&ine$ s&o7$ sin,$ sit$ sl!"$ slide$ s"ell$ sn!%$ so(nd$ s%rin,$ st!nd$ st!nd (%$
st!re$ st!'$ steer$ sto%$ stoo%$ stri9e$ s(r+i+e$ s7in,$ t!ste$ t&in9$ tr!+el$ tre!t$ t(rn$
t(rn o(t$ 7e!r$ 7!s&$ 7!-$ 7ei,&$ 7ind (%$ 7or9$ '!7n$ et1M si &!' (n
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l o (n o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ +! detrs
del !d.eti+oM si &!' (n o"%le"ento indireto %reedido de UtoV$ s(ele ir detrs del
!d.eti+o %ero on !l,(nos +erbos o"o U!%%e!r$ loo9$ see"V %(ede ir entre esos
+erbos ' (n in#initi+o se,(ido del !d.eti+o1 E.14 DonZt !t innoent 7it& "e
No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO] H\No te &!,!s el inoente on"i,o]6M T&e ine"!
!%%e!rs deserted HEl ine %!ree desierto6M T&e door b!n,ed s&(t HL! %(ert! se err3
de (n %ort!zo6M I !" !ble to s7i" ! little HSo' !%!z de n!d!r (n %oo6M Ee 7!s
!#r!id o# t&e do, No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO Hl est!b! !s(st!doL
tenF! "iedo del %erro6M Eis #!t&er is !"!zin, HS( %!dre es sor%rendente6M Ee is
!ns7er!ble to no one No"%le"ento indiretoO Hl no tiene /(e rendirle (ent!s !
n!die6M S&e is onsio(s o# it No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HEll! es
onsiente de ello6M Ee is de!r to "e No"%le"ento indiretoO Hl es entr!)!ble
%!r! "F6M T&e error 7!s d(e to !relessness No"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!lO HEl error #(e debido ! #!lt! de (id!do6M It 7!s d(e to ! te&ni!l
%roble" No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HF(e debido ! (n %roble"!
t0nio6M T&is %roble" is so e!s' to sol+e] H\Este %roble"! es t!n #il de
sol(ion!r]6M S&e is #!int 7it& &(n,er No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO HEll! est
des#!lleid! de &!"bre6M S&eZd be onl' too &!%%' to &el% 'o( HEll! te !'(d!rF!
en!nt!d!L on "(&o ,(sto6M Ee is ill Hl est "!loL en#er"o6M S&e is lo!t& to sell
t&e !r HEll! se resiste ! +ender el o&e6M Ee is "ent!ll' ret!rded Hl es retr!s!do
"ent!l6M S&e is old eno(,& to ,o to s&ool HEll! tiene s(#iiente ed!d %!r! ir ! l!
es(el!6M S&e is sill' HEll! es tont!6M S&e is so 'o(n, t&!t s&e isnZt !llo7ed to ,o in
HEll! es t!n .o+en /(e no l! de.!n entr!r6M S&e is %oor HEll! es %obre6M Ee is si9 Hl
est en#er"o6M T&e' !re Sottis& HSon esoeses6M Ee is %resent Hl est %resente6M
T&e' !re t!ll HSon !ltos6M Ee is T(r9is& Hl es t(ro6M S&e 7!s born %oor HEll! n!i3
%obre6M S&e is beo"in, boredL tired HEll! se est !b(rriendoL !ns!ndo6M It be!"e
,reen HSe %(so +erde6M It bl!zed red HRes%l!ndeF! de ro.o6M Ee bl(s&ed bri,&t red
Hl se %(so ro.o brill!nte6M It boiled dr' HSe se3 &ir+iendo6M It bro9e loose HSe
solt36M It br(s&ed o%en HSe !bri3 !l e%ill!r6M It b(l9s l!r,e HO(%! (n l(,!r
i"%ort!nte6M T&e door b(rst o%en HL! %(ert! se !bri3 de ,ol%e6M It 7ill o"e tr(e HSe
&!r re!lid!d6M Ee !"e in dr(n9 Hl entr3 borr!&o6M It !"e o## l(9' HS!li3 on
s(erte6M It !"e o(t oloss!l HS!li3 olos!l6M T&e 7e!t&er ontin(ed "ild HEl tie"%o
ontin(3 s(!+e6M Ee (t loose Hl se ro"%i3 l!s !t!d(r!s6M Ee died %oorL 'o(n, Hl
"(ri3 %obreL .o+en6M T&!t 7ine drin9s too #l!t HEseL A/(el +ino se bebe sin n!d! de
,!s6M T&ese !9es e!t ris% HEstos %!steles se o"en r(.ientes6M T&e' ended (%
&!%%' HTer"in!ron ontentos6M Ee es!%ed (ns!t&ed Hl es!%3 ileso6M Ee is ,oin,
to #!ll ill Hl +! ! en#er"!rL !er en#er"o6M S&e #ell do7n de!d HEll! se !'3
"(ert!6M T&e' #eel #!int HEstn "!re!dos6M S&e be,!n to #eel #!int HEll! o"enz3 !
des"!'!rse6M Ee #eels o## Hl se siente "!l6M S&e #eels 7ret&ed HEll! se siente
desdi&!d!6M S&e #o(,&t s&' o# it No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HEll!
intent3 e+it!rloL el(dirlo6M T&e' #l!"ed s!rlet HTenF!n (n olor es!rl!t!6M It
#li9ered bl(e HP!r%!de!b! de !z(l6M T&e door #le7 o%en HL! %(ert! se !bri3 de
re%ente6M >e #l(n, t&e door s&(t H*err!"os r%id!"ente l! %(ert!6M T&e 7!ter #roze
solid HEl !,(! se on,el36M Get 7ell] H\J(e te "e.ores]6M It ,ot betterL d!r9L 7orse
HMe.or3L OHb6s(rei3 NoO Ano&ei3L E"%eor36M It ,li""ered bl!9 HBrill!b!
d0bil"ente de ne,ro6M It ,lo7s %in9 HBrill! de ros!6M Ee ,oes r!z' Hl se %one
looL enlo/(ee6M It ,re7 #!inter HSe &izo "s d0bil6M Eer %ro"ise &olds ,oodL tr(e
HS( %ro"es! si,(e en %ieL es +lid!6M Ee &(n, to(,& Hl se "!nt(+o en s(s tree6M
Ee 9e%t /(ietL silent Hl se "!nt(+o en silenio6M Ee lies still Hl '!e /(ietoL sin
"o+erse6M S&e li+es +er' /(iet HEll! +i+e "(' tr!n/(il!6M It lollo%s red HRes!lt! de
ro.o6M Ee loo9s old Hl %!ree +ie.oL "!'or6M It loo9s %rett' HP!ree bonito6M S&e
loo9s s!dL 7e!9 HEll! %!ree tristeL d0bil6M S&e loo9s s!d !bo(t &er No"%le"ento
de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HEll! "ir! de #or"! triste ! s( !lrededor6M Ee loo9s
(n7ell Hl tiene "!l! !r!6M It loo"s l!r,e HO(%! (n l(,!r i"%ort!nte6M T&is diet
"!9es sli" HEst! diet! !del,!z!6M S&e "!rried old HEll! se !s3 Hde6 "!'orL +ie.!6M
It o%ened 7ide HSe !bri3 del todo6M It %!ssed (nnotied HP!s3 des!%eribido6M S&e
%l!'s #!ir HEll! .(e,! li"%io6M Ee %le!ded ,(ilt'L innoent Hl se del!r3 (l%!bleL
inoente6M T&is %iee o# 7ood %olis&es bri,&t HEste trozo de "!der! se %(le ' /(ed!
brill!nte6M It %ro+ed (seless HRes(lt3 in2til6M T&e !ni"!l %(lled #ree HEl !ni"!l se
solt3 !l tir!r6M Eer ondition re"!ins riti!l HS( est!do si,(e siendo rFtio6M Eer
+oie re"!ined %(re HS( +oz %er"!nei3 %(r!6M Ee re%orted si9 Hl di.o /(e est!b!
en#er"o6M Rest !ss(red] H\J(edH!L e6 on+enidHo$ !6]6M It rin,s #!lseL tr(e HS(en!
#!lsoL on+inente6M T&e "il9 is r(nnin, s&ort HL! le&e se est !!b!ndo6M T&e
#(t(re see"s &o%eless to t&e" No"%le"ento indiretoO HEl #(t(ro les %!ree
deses%er!nz!dor6L T&e #(t(re to t&e" No"%le"ento indiretoO see"s to be
&o%eless HEl #(t(ro ! ellos les %!ree /(e es deses%er!nz!dor6M S&e s!t !lone HEll!
est!b! sent!d! sol!6M S&e see"s ,ood N#or"! de serO HEll! %!ree b(en!6 ' US&e
see"s 7ellV Ns!l(dM Q7ellQ es !d.eti+o !/(F$ no !d+erbio$ ' e/(i+!le ! Q&e!lt&'QO
HEll! %!ree /(e est bien6M It s&ines bl(eL bri,&t HTiene (n brillo !z(lL Brill!
"(&o6M T&e' s&oo9 t&e"sel+es #ree HSe liber!ron s!(di0ndose6M T&e boo9
s&o7ed 'ello7 HEl libro %!reF! !"!rillo6M S&e doesnZt sin, tr(eL be!(ti#(l HEll! no
!nt! bienL &er"os!"ente6M ItL Ee is sittin, %rett' HEstL l est bienL en (n!
sit(!i3n !#ort(n!d!6M T&e door sl!""ed s&(t HL! %(ert! se err3 de (n %ort!zo6M
T&e door slides s&(t HL! %(ert! se ierr! orri0ndol!6M T&e 7indo7 sn!%%ed s&(t
HL! +ent!n! se err3 on (n li6M It so(nds interestin, HS(en! interes!nte6M T&e door
s%r!n, o%en HL! %(ert! se !bri3 r%id!"ente6M Ee stood still Hl se /(ed3 /(ieto6M
Ee stood (% str!i,&t Hl se %(so de %ie dere&o6M S&e st!red !t (s R7ideIRe'ed HEll!
se /(ed3 "irndonos on los o.os "(' !biertos6M T&is !r steers so#t HEste o&e se
ond(e on s(!+id!d6M Ee sto%%ed de!d Hl %!r3 en seo6M S&e stoo%ed lo7 HEll!
se reb!.3 "(&o6M Ee str(9 l(9' NGBO Hl t(+o (n ,ol%e de s(erte6M T&e roo"
str(9 b!re HL! &!bit!i3n /(ed3 +!F!6M T&e door s7in,s o%en HL! %(ert! se !bre6M
It t!stes ,ood HS!be bien6M Ee t&in9s %ro%er HSe,2n lo /(e 0l onsider! orreto6M
S&e tr!+els li,&t HEll! +i!.! li,er!6M Ee tre!ted &er &!ndso"e Hl l! tr!t3
,eneros!"ente6M Eer #!e t(rned red HSe le %(so l! !r! olor!d! ! ell!6M It 7!s&es
7&iter HL!+! "s bl!no6M S&e 7!-ed l'ri!l !bo(t t&e %!intin, No"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HEll! &!bl3 e-t!si!d! sobre el (!dro6M It is 7e!rin, t&in
Nolo/(i!lO HSe est ,!st!ndo6M It 7ei,&s &e!+' HPes! "(&o6M Ee 7o(nd (% dr(n9
Hl ter"in3 borr!&o6M T&!t is onsidered in!%%ro%ri!te HEsoL A/(ello se onsider!
in!%ro%i!do6M It 7!s "!de e!s' HLo &iieron #il6M S&e is re,!rded o"%etent HA
ell! se l! onsider! o"%etente6M To ,o no7 is dee"ed #oolis& HIr !&or! se onsider!
(n! tonterF!6M T&e do, 7or9ed #ree HEl %erro se solt36M Eer "o(t& '!7ned o%en HL!
bo! se le !bri3 ! ell! !l bostez!r6$ et1
Al,(nos de estos +erbos o"o Q!%%e!r$ be$ beo"e$ blo7$ o"e$ die$ #eel$ ,o$ 9ee%$
lie$ li+e$ loo9$ "!rr'$ %l!'$ re!d$ re"!in$ s&ine$ sit$ s"ell$ st!nd$ t!ste$ 7!s&Q$ et1$ '
"(&os otros %(eden ir se,(idos de (n !d+erbio en +ez de (n !d.eti+o
ND15C18<1:1dOM ! +ees es "(' di#Fil s!ber si es !d.eti+o o !d+erbio (!ndo tienen l!
"is"! #or"!M si se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o ' (n !d+erbio$ el !d.eti+o se re#iere !
(n! (!lid!d del s(.eto$ %ero el !d+erbio se re#iere !l +erbo$ !(n/(e no sie"%re se
+e l!r!"ente l! di#ereni!1 E.14 Ee !ns7ered 7ron, N!d+erbioO Hl ontest3 "!l6M
Ee is ,ood N#or"! de serO Hl es b(eno6 ' UEe is 7ell Ns!l(dM Q7ellQ es !d.eti+o
!/(F$ no !d+erbio$ ' e/(i+!le ! Q&e!lt&'QOV Hl est bien6M T&e 7ind blo7s stron,
N!d+erbioO HEl +iento so%l! #(erte6 ' UT&e 7ind blo7s stron,l' N!d+erbioOV HEl
+iento so%l! #(erte"ente6M Ee bre!t&es &!rd N!d+erbioO Hl res%ir! on di#i(lt!d6M I
#eel ,ood Nolo/(i!lOL 7ell Nestnd!r4 Q7ellQ es !d.eti+o !/(F$ no !d+erbio$ '
e/(i+!le ! Q&e!lt&'QO HMe siento bien6M Ee #eels b!d Nliter!l4 s!l(dO Hl se siente
"!l6M Ee #eels b!dl' N!d+erbioO !bo(t t&!t N#i,(r!doO Hl se siente "!l sobre eso6M
S&e #eels b!dl' N!d+erbioO HEll! no siente bien Ni s( sentido del t!to no es b(enoL
est bienO6M It #reezesL sets &!rd N!d+erbioO HSe &iel!L end(ree6M Ee 7ent 7ron,
N!d+erbioO Hl se e/(i+o36M S&e ,(essed ri,&tL 7ron, N!d+erbiosO HEll! !ert3L se
e/(i+o36M Mil9 doesnZt 9ee% 7ell Nestnd!rM Q7ellQ es !d.eti+o !/(F ' e/(i+!le !
Q#res&QOL ,ood N+(l,!rO in s(""er HL! le&e no se onser+! bien en +er!no6M Ee
li+es +er' &!%%' Hl +i+e "(' #eliz6 ' UEe li+es &!%%il'V N!d+erbioO Hl +i+e
#eliz"ente6M Ee loo9s ,ood N!%!rieni!O Hl tiene b(en !s%eto6M Ee loo9s 7ell
Ns!l(d4 Q7ellQ es !d.eti+o !/(F$ no !d+erbio$ ' e/(i+!le ! Q&e!lt&'QO Hl tiene b(en!
!r!L %!ree est!r bien6M S&e loo9ed !n,ril' !t 'o( HEll! te "ir3 on ir!6M T&e' loo9L
s!+eL t&in9L tr'L 7or9 &!rd N!d+erbioO HSe #i.!nL A&orr!nL Piens!nL Se es#(erz!nL
Tr!b!.!n "(&o6M T&e sentene re!ds le!r Nolo/(i!lOL le!rl' Nliter!rioO
N!d+erbiosO HL! or!i3nL senteni! se lee l!r!"ente6M S&e re"e"bers ri,&t
N!d+erbioO HEll! lo re(erd! bien6M It s"ells b!d HE(ele "!l6L It s"ells ,ood
N"e.orOL 7ell N%eorO HE(ele bien6 e UIt s"ells (nbelie+!bl' N!d+erbioOV HE(ele
inreFble"ente6M S&e t&o(,&t 7ron, N!d+erbioO HEll! %ens3 "!l6M It 7!s&es le!n
Nolo/(i!l4 !d+erbioOL le!rl' Nliter!rio4 !d+erbioO HL!+! li"%io6$ et1 D1 ?15:
*on los +erbos /(e se re#ieren ! los ino sentidos se s(ele (s!r el !d.eti+o Ub!d$
,oodV$ et1M Q7ellQ %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+o ' de !d+erbio$ %ero es
!d.eti+o (!ndo se re#iere ! l! s!l(d detrs de +erbos o%(l!ti+os1
*on !l,(nos de estos +erbos no se %(edeHn6 (s!r todo ti%o de !d.eti+osM on Qt!steQ
s3lo los !d.eti+os de s!bor$ on Q#!llQ %rini%!l"ente Q!slee%$ ill$ si9$ de!d$ silent$
+!!ntQ1
*(!ndo (n !d.eti+o &!e de !trib(to$ el s(.eto %(ede ser (n sint!,"! no"in!l$ (n!
or!i3n o #r!se1 E.14 T&e ,irl 7&o is sin,in, is %rett' HL! &i! /(e est !nt!ndo es
bonit!6M >&et&er t&e' 7ill o"e or not is rel!ti+e HHel6 J(e +en,!n o no es rel!ti+o6M
T&e "!n 7it& ! &!t is t!ll HEl &o"bre on so"brero es !lto6M S%e!9in, En,lis& toL
7it& &er is #!nt!sti HE!bl!r in,l0s on ell! es #!ntstio6M *o"%l!inin, !bo(t it is
e!s' HJ(e.!rse de ello es #il61
*(!ndo &!' (n !d.eti+o detrs del +erbo en (n! or!i3n interro,!ti+! no se &!e
"eni3n !l !d.eti+o en l! ontest!i3n en in,l0s$ %ero en !stell!no se s(ele %oner
QloQ %!r! re#erirse !l !d.eti+o1 E.14 A4 Is &e t!llT H WEs 0l !ltoT61 B4 mes$ &e is H SF$ lo
es6L No$ &e isnZt HNo$ no lo es61
Al,(nos de estos +erbos o"o Q,et$ t(rnQ$ et1$ s3lo %(eden ir se,(idos de (n
!d.eti+o1
El !d.eti+o /(e +! detrs del +erbo %(ede s(Hb6stit(irse %or l!s %!l!br!s Uso$ t&e
7!'$ !s$ &o7$ 7&!tV1 E.14 A4 S&e is s!d HEll! est triste61 B4 mes$ s&e is so HSF$ ell! lo
est6M A4 S&e loo9s !%%e!lin, HEll! %!ree !tr!ti+!61 B4 E-!tl'$ t&!tZs t&e 7!' s&e
loo9s HE-!t!"ente$ eso es lo /(e %!ree6M S&e is /(i9 !s &e s!'s HEll! es r%id!
o"o die 0l6M A4 mo( !re too %ro(d HEres de"!si!do or,(llosHo$ !661 B4 >&!t
s&o(ld I be li9eTL Eo7 s&o(ld I beT HW*3"o deberF! ser 'oT6M A4 T&e' loo9 &(n,r'
HP!ree /(e tienen &!"bre61 B4 >&!t do t&e' loo9 li9eT HWJ(0 !s%eto tienenT61
Si &!' dos o "s !d.eti+os !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n /(e &!,!n l! #(ni3n de !trib(to$
nor"!l"ente se %onen %ri"ero los "s ortos ' l(e,o los "s l!r,osM se %one
%ri"ero el "s i"%ort!nte o "s ob.eti+o ' el 2lti"o es el "enos i"%ort!nte o "s
s(b.eti+oM es "s o "enos !l re+0s de los !d.eti+os /(e +!n del!nte del no"breM no
obst!nte$ no &!' (n orden #i.o o"o (!ndo +!n del!nte del no"bre$ '! /(e los
riterios son "s s(b.eti+osM l! on.(ni3n Q!ndQ se (s! "(&o (!ndo los !d.eti+os
+!n detrs del +erboM en in,l0s liter!rio$ no obst!nte$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir l!
on.(ni3n Q!ndQ ! +ees1 E.14 T&e &o(se is bi, !nd nie HL! !s! es ,r!nde '
bonit!6M It is l!r,e !nd s/(!re HEs es%!ioso ' (!dr!do6M Ee 7!s old$ tiredH$6 N"s
(s!do sin o"!O !nd t&irst' Hl tenF! #rFo$ est!b! !ns!do ' tenF! sed61
*(!ndo dos !d.eti+os e-%res!n (n! !ltern!ti+! se %(ede %oner l! on.(ni3n QorQ en
"edio '$ si e-%res!n ontr!ste$ se %(ede %oner l! on.(ni3n Qb(tQ en "edio1 E.14 It
"(st be bi, or s"!ll HDebe ser ,r!nde o %e/(e)o6M S&e is s&ort b(t be!(ti#(l HEll! es
b!.! %ero &er"os!61
2+ &os 'ue van seguidos de una oracin subordinada 'ue empiece por Mt/atM
o M/o,M7 se sobre4e+ntiende ;it< D el verbo MbeM delante del ad%etivo1 E.14 Hit is6
Astonis&in, t&!t s&e re#(sed t&e "one' HHes6 Sor%rendente /(e ell! no !e%t!r! el
dinero6M Hit is6 Inredible &o7 t&e' !ted HHes6 InreFble 3"o !t(!ron61
El !d.eti+o %(ede #or"!r %!rte de l! or!i3n s(bordin!d!$ si se sobreHe6ntiende UitV
h el +erbo QbeQ ' l! or!i3n %rini%!l +! detrs1 E.14 I# Hit is6 better$ o"e to"orro7]
H\Si es "e.or$ +en "!)!n!]6M >&en Hs&e is6 tired$ s&e !n re!te ! lot o# tro(ble
H*(!ndo est !ns!d! ell! %(ede !r"!r "(&o .!leo6M >&et&er H'o( !re6 ri,&t or
7ron,$ 'o( !l7!'s o"%l!in H*on r!z3n o sin ell! sie"%re te /(e.!s6M H7&en 7e
!re6 >orried$ 7e !nZt slee% HH(!ndo est!"os6 Preo(%!dos$ no %ode"os dor"ir61
En in,l0s es "(&o "s #re(ente /(e &!'! (n !d.eti+o detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+o$ o /(e e.ere l! #(ni3n de +erbo o%(l!ti+o$ /(e (n no"bre1
2+ &os 'ue se usan detr!s de verbos copulativos solamenteM no %(eden ir del!nte
de (n no"breM !l,(nos +!n nor"!l"ente se,(idos de (n sint!,"! %re%osiion!lM
otros %(eden ir se,(idos de (n sint!,"! %re%osiion!l %ero no nees!ri!"ente4
!bo(t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !bro!d Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !b(zz$ !/(!inted$ !tion!ble$ !#l(tter$
!#r!id N,r!d(!ble4 %(ede ir %reedido de Q! bit Nolo/(i!lOL less Nolo/(i!lOL "ore
Nolo/(i!lOL so"e7&!t Nolo/(i!lOL terribl' Nestnd!rOL too Nolo/(i!lOL +er'
Nolo/(i!lO$ et1O$ !,li""er$ !,litter$ !,ro(nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hen!ll!do6$ !&e!d Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !irsi9$ !9in$ !li9e$ R!ll Rin Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"olido Ni "(' !ns!doO6$ R!ll
Rri,&t Nno ,r!d(!bleOL !lRri,&t Nno ,r!d(!ble4 olo/(i!lO$ !loo#$ !R"iss$ !ns7er!ble
H#or st&L to sb6$ !%roR%os LIR%o(L Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ !rr!'ed$ !Rs9e7$ !stern Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !stir Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ !str!'$ !ttired Nliter!rioO Hin 1116$ !ttr!ted$
!ttrib(t!ble$ !tt(ned Hto 1116$ !( ,r!tin Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !+erse$ !7ei,&$ A>OL Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !7r' LeRr!IL Ndetrs de +erbos o%(l!ti+os sol!"ente o"o !d.eti+oO$
b!dl' o##$ b!sed$ b!ts Nolo/(i!lO$ beR&ind&!nd Nolo/(i!lO$ be&olden Nliter!rioO$
bere#t Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO Ho# 1116$ berser9$
blotto Nolo/(i!lO$ bon9ers NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ Rbo(nd R(% HinL 7it& 1116$ Rbr!ssed Ro##
Nolo/(i!lO$ bri"#(l o#L 7it& 111 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bro9e Nolo/(i!lO$ b(s&ed
Nolo/(i!lO$ b(st$ b(sted NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ !sed Hin 1116$ &!%el Nno
,r!d(!bleO H%rotest!nteHs66$ R&eesed Ro##$ &i9en Nolo/(i!lO H"iedosoHs6$ !Hs66$
&o9ed (% Hdis,(st!do6$ &(##ed NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ o,niz!ntL o,nis!nt NGBO$
ond(i+e$ onneted N(!ndo +! se,(ido de UtoL 7it&VO$ onson!nt$ ontent$
ontin,ent$ on+ers!nt$ o(nter Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ r!9ers Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
r!7lin, Nno ,r!d(!bleM si no +! se,(ido de U7it&V %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"breO
7it& x$ Rde!d Rbe!t Nolo/(i!lO$ de ri,(e(r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ desiro(s$ de
Rtro% LdeRtro(L Nliter!rioO$ disonRtent$ disenR,!,ed$ disinRlined$ disR%osed$
disRtin,(is&!ble$ di+isibleL di+id!ble NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do"iiled Nliter!rioO$
done$ Rd(t'IRbo(nd Nliter!rioO$ en!"o(red NGB %rini%!l"enteOL en!"ored NUSAO
Nliter!rioO$ e/(idist!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-e"%t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#!,,ed HRo(t6 NGB4
olo/(i!lO$ R#!r R,one Nolo/(i!lO Hen "(' "!l est!do6$ R#ed R(% Nolo/(i!lO H!bo(t
NGBOL 7it& 1116$ #inito Nno ,r!d(!ble4 olo/(i!lO$ #i-!ted$ #loored H7it&L in 1116$
#l(s&$ R#or#eit Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ #r!%%0 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#(nn' &!R&! Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R#(nn' %eR(li!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,!rbed Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hin st&6$
,e!red H(%6$ ,l!d$ ,l(ed Hto x6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!9ed Ro## NGB4 olo/(i!lO$
R&!'7ire Nolo/(i!lO$ R&ellHI6Rbent Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&et R(% Nolo/(i!lO H!,it!do6$
R&one'o"bed$ R&(n, R(% NoO R&(n,IR(% Nolo/(i!lO$ R&(n9'IRdor' Nolo/(i!lO$ In
NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO Ni inor%or!tedO$ ino""(niR!do Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rin#r! Rdi,
Nolo/(i!lO$ ins(red$ inRtest!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ in(red$ .i,,ered NGB4 olo/(i!lO$
9!R%(t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R9e'ed R(%$ l!9in,$ leer'$ le,ion Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ le,it
Nolo/(i!lO Ni le,iti"!teO$ li!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rli+eH!6ble in NGBO H&!bit!bleL
lle+!dero6$ Rli+eH!6ble 7it& NGBO Hso%ort!ble6$ loo N+(l,!r4 USA %rini%!l"enteO$
"i##ed Nolo/(i!lO$ "ired Hin x6$ "olli#ied$ "(" Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hen
silenio6$ Rnon Ro"%os R"entis N!r!io4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ n(ts Nolo/(i!l4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##IR,(!rd$ o9!'L OA Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ on Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ot&er7ise
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ o(t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o7in, Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %!'!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%issed Ro## NGB4 +(l,!rO$ %l!stered Nolo/(i!lO$
%oised$ R%oo%ed HRo(t6 NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 +(l,!rO Hre+ent!do6$ %oorl' NGB
%rini%!l"enteO$ %re,,ers NGB4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r '
,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO He"b!r!z!d!Hs66$ %re.(dii!l Hto6$ %roo#$ %(##ed$ R%(##ed
HRo(t6 NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ R%(##ed R(% H&in&!doHs6$ !Hs6L en,reFdoHs6$ !Hs66$ /(its Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hen %!z6$ redolent Nliter!rioO$ red(ible$ re#er!ble Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO
to x$ re,!rd#(l$ reli!nt$ re"iss$ re"o+ed$ re%!'!ble$ rid Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ riddled$
ri""ed H7it& x6$ RsotIR#ree Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ s&!,,ed Ho(t6 NGB4 +(l,!rO$
sit(!ted$ s9int NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ s"itten$ Rs%!ed Ro(t NoO Rs%!edIRo(tM Rs%o9en #or
Ho"%ro"etidoHs6$ !Hs6 N%erson!OL reser+!doHs6$ !Hs6 Nob.etoO6$ Rst!r9ers NGB4
olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rstr(n, Ro(t$ Rstr(n, R(% NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ st(9$ s7!t&ed$
t!9en H7it& 1116 Hen!nt!do Hon 11166$ t!n9ed NUSAO$ Rt!n9ed R(% Nolo/(i!lO$
t!nt!"o(nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rtensed R(%$ t&ere Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&in9!ble$ Rtied R(%$
tin,ed$ Rtooled R(% N+(l,!rO$ to%s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tri""ed$ t(ned Rin$ (nR!ble Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (n!Ro(nted #or Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (n!R7!re$ (non+ined$ R(nderR7!'L
R(nder R7!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (ndisR"!'ed$ (ni"R%ressed$ (nRli9e$ (nR"ind#(l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nRs!t&ed$ (nR+ersed Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hno "(' +ers!doHs6$ !Hs6 NoO
d(&oHs6$ !Hs66$ (nR7ell$ +ersed H+ers!doHs6$ !Hs6L d(&oHs6$ !Hs66$ 7ei,&ted$ 7&!9ed
NGB4 olo/(i!lOL R7&!9ed Ro(t Nolo/(i!lO$ 7ont Nliter!rioO$ R7or9ed R(% Nolo/(i!lO$
R7orse Ro## Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ht&e6 R7orst Ro## Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7r!%%ed R(%$ 7rot&
Nliter!rioO$ zon9ed N+(l,!rOL Rzon9ed Ro(t N+(l,!rO$ et1 D1 ;1@IB$ ;15<1:$ =15=51 E.14 It
7!s !b(zz 7it& e"otion HB(llF! de e"oi3n6M Eis !tion is !tion!ble HS( !i3n es
en.(ii!bleL %roes!ble6M Eer &e!rt 7!s !#l(tter HS( or!z3n est!b! !lborot!do6M
T&e' !re ! bitL terribl'L tooL +er' !#r!id o# t&e sit(!tion HTienen !l,o deL "(&oL
de"!si!doL "(&o "iedo de l! sit(!i3n6M It 7!s !,li""er HEst!b! on re#le.osL
+isos6M T&e ob.et 7!s !,litter HEl ob.eto est!b! brill!nteL rel("br!nte6M Ee 7!s
!irsi9 Hl est!b! "!re!do en el !+i3n6M T&ese ide!s !re !9in HEst!s ide!s son
!#ines6M T&e' !re !li9e HSon %!reidos6M Ee is !ll ri,&t Hl est bien6M Ee is !loo# Hl
es reser+!doL #rFoL dist!nte6M So"et&in, is #(ll'L !7#(ll' !"iss HAl,o +! "(' "!l6M
T&ere is so"et&in, !"iss HE!' !l,o "!lL irre,(l!rL /(e no +! bien6M T&ere is
not&in, !"iss HNo &!' nin,2n %roble"!L n!d! ino%ort(no6M Ee is !ns7er!ble to
&er Hl tiene /(e rendirle (ent!s ! ell!6M Ee is not !ttr!ted to %olitis HA 0l no le
!tr!e l! %olFti!6M It is !ttrib(t!ble to (ne"%lo'"ent HEs !trib(ibleL i"%(t!ble !l
dese"%leo6M S&e is !+erse to t&e ide! HEll! es re!i! ! l! ide!6M It is !7r' HEst
torido6M S&e is b!ts Nolo/(i!lO HEll! est &i#l!d!L &!l!d!6M S&eZs bere#t o#
&!%%iness HEll! se +e %ri+!d!L des%ro+ist! de #eliid!d6M Ee is bon9ers NGB4
olo/(i!lO Hl est &i#l!doL &!l!do6M Ee is &i9en Nolo/(i!lO Hl es "iedosoL (n
,!llin!6M S&e is o,niz!ntL o,nis!nt NGBO o# t&is HEll! est !l orrienteL tiene
onoi"iento de esto6M It isnZt ond(i+e to 7or9in, HNo es %ro%iio %!r! tr!b!.!r6M
ItZs onneted 7it& t&is #!"il' HEst rel!ion!do on est! #!"ili!6M ItZs onson!nt
7it& &er d(ties HEst en onson!ni! on s(s deberes6M T&e' !re ontent 7it& t&e
res(lt HEstn s!tis#e&os on el res(lt!do6M T&e !ti+it' is ontin,ent on t&e 7e!t&er
HL! !ti+id!d est s(%edit!d! !lL de%ende del tie"%o N!t"os#0rioO6M T&e' !re
on+ers!nt 7it& t&e s(b.et HEstn #!"ili!riz!dos on el te"!6M T&e' !re r!9ers
Nolo/(i!lO HEstn &i#l!dosL &!l!dos6M S&e is desiro(s o# tr!+ellin, NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL tr!+elin, NUSAO !bro!d HEll! est deseos! de +i!.!r !l e-tr!n.ero6M
It is distin,(is&!ble #ro" t&e ot&er one HEs distin,(ible del otro6M It is di+isible HEs
di+isible6M It is e/(idist!nt HEst e/(idist!nte6M Reso(res !re l!9in, HLos re(rsos
estn !(sentesL son de#iientesL #!lt!n6M S&e is l!9in, in t!t HEll! es de#iiente enL
!ree de t!toL A ell! le #!lt! t!to6M S&e is leer' o# &i"L t&is HEll! est reelos! de
0lL esto6M Eis !d"irers !re le,ion Nliter!rioO HS(s !d"ir!dores son inn("er!bles6M
Ee is li!ble #or t&e #!il(re Hl es res%ons!ble del #r!!so6M T&is ,rie# isnZt Rli+He6!ble
7it& HEst! %en! es inso%ort!bleL no se %(ede so%ort!r6M Ee is n(ts Nolo/(i!lO Hl
est &i#l!doL &!l!do6M S&e is n(ts Nolo/(i!lO !bo(t %&oto,r!%&' HEll! est
&i#l!d!L lo! %or l! #oto,r!#F!6M S&e is o9!' HEll! est bien6M T&e re%ort is /(ite
ot&er7ise Nliter!rioO HEl re%ort!.e es o"%let!"ente distinto6M T&e #ireL s(""er is
o(t HEl #(e,oL +er!no est ter"in!do6M S&e #eels %oorl' NGB %rini%!l"enteO HEll!
se siente "!l6M It is %roo# !,!inst #ire HEs ! %r(eb! ontr! el #(e,o6M It is redolent
Nliter!rioO o# #r!(d HE(ele ! #r!(de6M T&e' !re re"iss HSon ne,li,entesL
des(id!dos6M It is re%!'!ble HEs ree"bols!bleL reinte,r!ble6M S&e is rid o#
res%onsibilit' HEll! est libre de res%ons!bilid!d6M It 7!s t!nt!"o(nt to !e%tin, it
HEr! e/(i+!lenteL E/(i+!lF! ! !e%t!rlo6M T&e' !re (n!ble to do it HSon in!%!es de
&!erlo6M Ee is (n!7!re Hl no es onsiente6M T&e' !re (non+ined HNo estn
on+enidos6M It is (nder7!' HEst en !"ino6M It is (nli9e t&is HEs di#erente de
esto6M T&e' !re (n7ell HSe sienten "!l6M Ee loo9s (n7ell Hl tiene "!l! !r!6M Ee is
7ont Nliter!rioO to !rri+e l!te Hl est !ost("br!do ! lle,!r t!rde6M T&e' !re zon9ed
N+(l,!rO HEstn ol,!dosL borr!&osL &e&os %ol+o6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ "(&os de estos !d.eti+os %(eden ir del!nte del no"bre$ si +!n
%reedidos de (n !d+erbio1 E.14 ! so"e7&!t !#r!id &ild H(n ni)o (n %oo !s(st!do6$
et1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os s(elen ir detrs del +erboM s3lo "(' r!r!"ente H5P6 +!n del!nte
del no"bre4 !b!s&ed$ !nno'ed$ l!d Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ en,!,ed$ ,ro,,' Nolo/(i!lO$
R&(n,IRo+erL R&(n, Ro+er$ inensed$ indis%osed$ 9n!9ered NGB4 olo/(i!lO
Hre+ent!do6$ Rn(ll !nd R+oid Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ re%lete Nliter!rioO$ re%(,n!nt$ se%!r!ted
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(b R.(die Nno ,r!d(!ble4 liter!rioO$ Rt&(nderstr(9$ (n!Rb!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ 7ell$ R7ordIR%er#et Nno ,r!d(!bleOL RletterIR%er#et NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
et1 E.14 Ee #elt !b!s&ed H!t so"et&in,6 Hl se sentF! !+er,onz!do Hde !l,o66M It is
Rn(ll !nd R+oid HEs n(lo6M Ee is t&(nderstr(9 Hl est !t3nitoL est(%e#!to6M S&e
loo9s 7ell HEll! tiene b(en !s%eto6$ %ero UEeZs not ! 7ell "!nV Hl no es (n
&o"bre s!no Ni on s!l(dO6$ et1
Otros !d.eti+os s(elen ir detrs de +erbos o%(l!ti+os %ero %(eden ir t!"bi0n
del!nte del no"bre4 !6 M(&o "enos #re(ente"ente H<P64 e!sier$ ,l!d$ ill$
i"%ossible$ obli+io(s$ re!d'$ s(re$ et1 b6 Menos #re(ente"ente H8CP64 !n-io(s$
e+ident$ ,r!te#(l$ &el%#(l$ l(9'$ %e9is& Nolo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"enteO$ tired$
(nli9el'$ 7orse$ et1
-+ Quc/os de los ad%etivos compuestos 'ue no llevan guiones entre las
distintas palabras4 b!dl' o## H"!l de dinero6$ o(t o# d!te Hdes#!s!doHs6$ !Hs6L
%!s!doHs6$ !Hs6 de "od!6$ o(t o# %o9et$ to(& !nd ,o H!rries,!doHs6$ !Hs66$
(ndre!"edL (ndre!"t o# Hno so)!do Hs6$ !Hs66$ et1 E.14 Ee is o(t o# d!te Hl est
des#!s!do6$ et1 D1 ;1<1@
;15B1I &os ad%etivos calificativos, clasificativos de colores en grado positivo
pueden intensificarse o atenuarse de varias maneras"
*+ = travs de la entonacin4 se d! 0n#!sis !l !d.eti+o ' si,ni#i! U+er' H"('6 h
!d.eti+oV1 E.14 Ee is Rri& Ni +er' ri&O Hl es Rrio Ni "(' rioO61
2+ Tepitiendo el ad%etivo1 E.14 S&e is 7onder#(l 7onder#(l HEll! es "!r!+illos!
"!r!+illos!61
;18C1I El comparativo de igualdad4 l! "!'or %!rte de los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$
!l,(nos l!si#i!ti+os$ !l,(nos de olores ' !l,(nos inde#inidos nor"!l"ente estn
en ,r!do %ositi+o o"o en los e.e"%los +istos &!st! !&or!$ %ero %(eden (s!rse %!r!
#or"!r el o"%!r!ti+o de i,(!ld!d4 Q!s 111 !sQ en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!M el !d.eti+o en
,r!do %ositi+o indi! /(e los dos t0r"inos de l! o"%!r!i3n o"%!rten l! (!lid!d
o !ntid!d en l! "is"! "edid!M si el !d.eti+o no +! del!nte del no"bre$ el ,r!do de
l! (!lid!d o !ntid!d %(ede ir de C ! 5CCM %(eden (s!rse %!r! #or"!r el
o"%!r!ti+o de desi,(!ld!d4 Qnot !sL so 111 !sQ NUsoV se (s! s3lo en or!iones
s(bordin!d!s ne,!ti+!s$ interro,!ti+!s o !#ir"!ti+!s ondiion!lesO$ Qnot soQ
N(!ndo no +! se,(ido del se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3nM se sobrHe6entiendeO$
Qnot s(& !Q h !d.eti+o h no"bre en sin,(l!r h Q!sQ$ Qnot s(&Q h !d.eti+o h
no"bre en %l(r!l h Q!sQ s3lo en #or"! ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M se s(ele (s!r UsoV
(!ndo QsoQ +! %reedido de U/(iteV ' (!ndo UnotV +! !ent(!doM el %ri"er
t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n o"%!rte l! (!lid!d o !ntid!d en "enor "edid! /(e el
se,(ndoM si el !d.eti+o no +! del!nte del no"bre$ el ,r!do de l! (!lid!d o !ntid!d
%(ede ir de C ! 5CC1 E.14 T&is o"%(ter is !s &e!% N%(ede ser "(' %oo b!r!to$
b!st!nte b!r!to o "(' b!r!toO !s t&!t oneL T&is is !s &e!% ! o"%(ter !s t&!t one
HEste orden!dor es t!n b!r!to o"o 0seL !/(0l6M Is s&e !s ri& N%(ede ser "(' %oo
ri!$ b!st!nte ri! o "(' ri!O !s &e is Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4
USA %rini%!l"enteOT HWEs ell! t!n ri! o"o 0lT6M I !" not !s #ort(n!te !s 'o( !re
Nestnd!rOL 'o( Nolo/(i!l ' liter!rioO o UI !" not so #ort(n!te !s 'o( !re Nestnd!rOL
'o( Nolo/(i!l ' liter!rioOV HNo so' t!n !#ort(n!do o"o t2L Dd1L +osotrHos$ !s6 Ni
So' "enos !#ort(n!do /(e Dd1 ' Dd1 %(ede ser "(' %oo !#ort(n!do$ b!st!nte
!#ort(n!do o "(' !#ort(n!doO6M T&is is Rnot /(ite so bi, Nesto es "enos ,r!nde /(e
esoL !/(ello ' esoL !/(ello %(ede ser "(' %oo ,r!nde$ b!st!nte ,r!nde o "('
,r!ndeO !s t&!t HEsto no es e-!t!"ente t!n ,r!nde o"o esoL !/(ello6M ArenZt 'o(
!s &!%%' !s t&e' !re Nestnd!rOL t&e" Nolo/(i!lOL t&e' Nliter!rio4 USA
%rini%!l"enteOT NoO ArenZt 'o( so &!%%' !s t&e' !re Nestnd!rOL t&e" Nolo/(i!lOL
t&e' Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteOT Nt2 eres %rob!ble"ente "enos #eliz /(e ellos
' ellos %(eden ser "(' #elies$ b!st!nte #elies o "(' #eliesO HWNo eres t!n #eliz
o"o ellosT6M S&e is not so ri& NEll! es "enos ri! /(e el se,(ndo t0r"ino
sobrHe6entendido ' el se,(ndo t0r"ino sobrHe6entendido %(ede ser "(' rio$
b!st!nte rio o "(' rioO HEll! no es t!n ri!6M S&e is not s(& ! t!ll Nell! es "enos
!lt! /(e t2 ' t2 %(edes ser "(' !lt!$ b!st!nte !lt! o "(' !lt!O ,irl !s 'o( !re
Nestnd!rOL 'o( Nolo/(i!l ' liter!rioO HEll! no es (n! &i! t!n !lt! o"o t26M T&e'
!re not s(& intelli,ent Nellos son "enos inteli,entes /(e nosotros ' nosotros
%ode"os ser "(' inteli,entes$ b!st!nte inteli,entes o "(' inteli,entesO st(dents !s
7e !re Nestnd!rOL (s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO HNo son
est(di!ntes t!n inteli,entes o"o nosotros6M S&e is !s #!"o(s !s !nd ri&er t&!n 7e
!re Nestnd!rOL (s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO too NoO S&e is !s
#!"o(s !s 7e !re Nestnd!rOL (s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO
!nd ri&er too HEll! es t!n #!"os! o"o nosotros ' "s ri! t!"bi0n6$ et1
*(!ndo se %one Q!sQ h !d.eti+o h Q!sQ h no"breL %rono"bre se,(ido de o"! h
Q"!'beQ ( otro !d+erbio &!' /(e %oner (n !d.eti+o en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o de
s(%eriorid!d$ no de in#eriorid!d1 E.14 Ee is !s t!ll N%(ede ser "(' %oo !lto$ b!st!nte
!lto o "(' !ltoO !s s&e is Nestnd!rOL &er Nolo/(i!lOL s&e Nliter!rio4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO$ "!'be t!ller Nless t!ll4 no %onerO Hl es t!n !lto o"o ell!$ /(izHs6
"s H!lto661
Se %(eden (s!r !l,(n!s %!l!br!s o"o Q!t(!ll'$ !l"ost$ !%%!rentl'$ !s ! "!tter o#
#!t$ b!si!ll'$ b' !nd l!r,e$ (rio(sl' eno(,&$ e+er' bit$ e-!tl'$ #(nd!"ent!ll'$
#(nnil' eno(,&$ &!l#$ in ! 7!'$ in brie#$ in e##et$ in #!t$ in ,ener!l$ in re!lit'$ in
t&eor'$ indeed$ .(st$ .(st e-!tl'$ "!n'$ "!'be$ "(&$ ne!rl'$ not /(ite$ o# o(rse$
%er&!%s$ %res("!bl'$ re!ll'$ re,rett!bl'L re,ret#(ll'$ re%(tedl'$ ro(,&l'$ see"in,l'$
so"e&o7$ t&eoreti!ll'$ (nderst!nd!bl'$ (ndo(btedl'$ (n(s(!ll'Q$ et1$ del!nte de
Q!s 111 H!s6Q N"s (s!doO en or!iones s(bordin!d!s o"%!r!ti+!s !#ir"!ti+!s o
ne,!ti+!sL Qso N%reedido de QnotL nZtQO 111 H!s6Q N"enos (s!doO en or!iones
s(bordin!d!s o"%!r!ti+!s ne,!ti+!s$ %ero Q.(stQ en iertos !sos$ Unot&in, li9e
NGB4 en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3loO$ no7&ere ne!r Nen #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3loOV$ los
!d+erbios "(lti%li!dores o"o Qt7ie$ t&ree ti"esQ ' otros n("er!les se,(idos de
Qti"esQ +!n s3lo del!nte de Q!sQ ' no de QsoQ en or!iones s(bordin!d!s
o"%!r!ti+!s !#ir"!ti+!s o ne,!ti+!s1 E.14 S&e is !l"ostL ne!rl' !s t!ll !s 'o( H!re6
HEll! es !si t!n !lt! o"o t26M ItZs !l"ost !s 7&ite HEst !si t!n bl!no6M It isnZt
e+er' bit so ,ood H!s t&is6 HNo es del todo t!n b(eno Ho"o 0steL esto66M It isnZt
e-!tl' so red !s t&is HNo esHt6 e-!t!"ente t!n ro.o o"o 0ste6M It isnZt e-!tl' so
,ood H!s t&is6 HNo es e-!t!"ente t!n b(eno Ho"o 0steL esto66M S&e is .(st !s
!re#(l !s 7e !re Nestnd!rOL (s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO
HEll! es %reis!"ente t!n (id!dos! o"o nosotros6M It isnZt .(st !s ,oodL red !s Nso4
no %onerO t&is HNo esHt6 %reis!"ente t!n b(enoL ro.o o"o 0ste6M It isnZt .(st
e-!tl' !sL so ,oodL red !s t&is HNo esHt6 "(' e-!t!"ente t!n b(enoL ro.o o"o
0ste6$ et1 D1 B15?1B15
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo Q.(stQ no #or"! %!rte de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! o"%!r!ti+!
%(ede ir se,(ido de U!sV o de QsoQ h !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o1 E.14 Ee is .(st !sL so
st(bbornL s!d Hl es %reis!"ente t!n test!r(doL est %reis!"ente t!n triste61
Los !d+erbios "(lti%li!dores Qt7o ti"es Nr!roO$ t&ree ti"es$ ten ti"esQ$ et1$ +!n
se,(idos de Q!sQ en el o"%!r!ti+o de i,(!ld!dL desi,(!ld!d$ Q"oreQ o Ier en el
o"%!r!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d ' QlessQ en el o"%!r!ti+o de in#eriorid!d h !d.eti+o
en ,r!do %ositi+o$ %ero en !stell!no se tr!d(en %or Qdos +ees$ tres +ees$ diez
+eesQ$ et1$ "s h !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o1 E.14 ItZs t7o ti"es less &',ieni t&!n
t&is N"enos (s!doOL ItZs t7ie !s (n&',ieni !s t&is N"s (s!doO HEs dos +ees
"enos &i,i0nio /(e esto6M ItZs t&ree ti"es !s &e!% !s t&is o UItZs t&ree ti"es
&e!%er t&!n t&isV HEs tres +ees "s b!r!to /(e esto6M S&e is #o(r ti"es !s /(i9 !s
&e is Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO o US&e is #o(r
ti"es /(i9er t&!n &e is Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4 USA
%rini%!l"enteOV HEll! es (!tro +ees "s r%id! /(e 0l6M S&e isnZt #o(r ti"es !s
/(i9 !s &e is Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO o
US&e isnZt #o(r ti"es /(i9er t&!n &e is Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4
USA %rini%!l"enteOV HEll! no es (!tro +ees "s r%id! /(e 0l6M S&e is #o(r ti"es
less /(i9 t&!n &e is Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO
HEll! es (!tro +ees "enos r%id! /(e 0l6$ et1
En in,l0s se die QT&is s%on,e osts t7ie !s "(& Nestnd!rOL t7o ti"es !s "(&
Nestnd!rOL t7o ti"es "ore Nr!roOL do(ble Nestnd!rOQ HEst! es%on.! (est! dos
+ees "sL el doble6M ItZs t7ie !s be!(ti#(lL &e!%L &',ieni !s t&is Nestnd!rOL ItZs
t7ie "ore be!(ti#(lL &e!%L &',ieni t&!n t&is N"enos (s!doO HEs dos +ees "s
&er"osoL b!r!toL &i,i0nio /(e esto61
En in,l0s no se s(ele (s!r l! onstr(i3n on Qt7ie h lessQ4 ItZs t7ie less &',ieni
t&!n t&is HEs dos +ees "enos &i,i0nio /(e esto6M es "e.or deir4 T&is is t7ie !s
&',ieni HEsto es dos +ees "s &i,i0nio61
Los !d+erbios Q&!l#$ t7ieQ$ no %(eden ir se,(idos de (n o"%!r!ti+o ter"in!do en
Ier4 &e!%er$ et1
A +ees$ el o"%!r!ti+o de i,(!ld!d se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or el s(%erl!ti+o
rel!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d1 E.14 S&e 7!s !s !re#(l ! l!d' !s e+er li+ed in En,l!nd HEll!
er! l! se)or! "s (id!dos! de In,l!terr!61
Los !d.eti+os ortos s(elen (s!rse on el o"%!r!ti+o de desi,(!ld!d en +ez de on
el o"%!r!ti+o de in#eriorid!d$ !(n/(e el si,ni#i!do no es e-!t!"ente el "is"o1
E.14 S&e is not !sL so (te !s &er "ot&er N"s (s!doO HEll! no es t!n bonit! o"o s(
"!dre6L S&e is less (te t&!n &er "ot&er N"enos (s!doO HEll! es "enos bonit! /(e
s( "!dre61
E!' (n! serie de e-%resiones idio"ti!s o "odis"os en l!s /(e se (tiliz! (n sF"ilM
en in,l0s liter!rio se %(ede s(%ri"ir el %ri"er Q!sQ !si sie"%reM si se %one H!s6$ es
/(e se %(ede s(%ri"ir1 E.14 T&e' !re !s Nno s(%ri"irO !li9e !s t7o %e!s ND1 @1@15??O
Hin ! %od6 HSe %!reen o"o dos ,ot!s de !,(!6M ItZs H!s6 A"eri!n !s !%%le %ie HEs
tF%i!"ente Hnorte6!"eri!no6M Ee is H!s6 b!ld !s ! oot Nolo/(i!lO Hl est t!n
!l+o o"o (n! bol! de bill!r6M ItZs H!s6 bl!9 !s %it&L soot HEs t!n ne,ro o"o el
!rb3n6M EeZs H!s6 blind !s ! b!t Hl no +e (n b(rro ! tres %!sos6M Ee is H!s6 bold !s
br!ss Hl tiene "s !r! /(e es%!ld!6M EeZs H!s6 boldL br!+e !s ! lion Hl es Ht!n6
#iero o"o (n le3n6M S&eZs H!s6 bri,&t !s ! b(tton HEll! es "s list! /(e el &!"bre6M
EeZs H!s6 bro7n !s ! berr' Hl est o"o el !rb3nL (n tiz3n6M Ee is H!s6 b(s' !s !
beeL be!+er Hl est !t!re!dFsi"Ho$ !66M ItZs H!s6 &e!% !s dirt HEst b!r!tFsi"o6M Ee is
H!s6 &ir%'L "err' !s ! ri9et Nolo/(i!lO Hl est ontentFsi"oL o"o (n!s
%!s(!s6M ItZs H!s6 le!n !s ! 7&istle HEst li"%io o"o (n! %!ten!6M Eer +oie is
H!s6 le!r !s ! bell HL! oi,o o"o si est(+ier! ! "i l!do6M ItZs H!s6 le!r !s r'st!l Ni
ItZs Rr'st!lIRle!rO HEst "s l!ro /(e el !,(!6M ItZs H!s6 le!r !s "(d HEst "('
on#(soL No entiendo n!d!6M S&eZs H!s6 losed !s !n o'ster HEll! es "(' &er"0ti!6M
Ee is H!s6 old !s &!rit'L ! l!" Hl es "s #rFo /(e el &ieloL "r"ol6M It is H!s6
old !s ie HE!e (n #rFo /(e %el!L te on,el!s6M Ee is H!s6 old !s ie Hl es "s #rFo
/(e el &ielo6M EeZs H!s6 o""on !s "(9 Hl es "s b!sto /(e el %!%el de li.!6M EeZs
H!s6 ool !s ! (("ber Hl est "(' tr!n/(ilo6M EeZs H!s6 ross !s ! be!r Hl tiene
(n &("or de %erros6M S&e 7!s H!s6 (nnin, !s ! #o- HEll! er! "s !st(t! /(e (n
zorroL (n! zorr!6M T&e ,irl is H!s6 (te NUSAO !s ! beeZs 9neeL b(,Zs e!rL b(tton HL!
&i! es ,(!%Fsi"! NEs%!)! %rini%!l"enteOL lindFsi"! NL!tino!"0ri!
%rini%!l"enteO6M EeZs H!s6 d!#t !s ! br(s& NGB4 olo/(i!lO Hl es "s tonto /(e
Ab(ndio6M Ee is H!s6 de!d !s ! dodoL doorn!il Hl est re/(ete"(erto6M S&e is H!s6
de!# !s ! %ost NUSAOL door%ost NGBOL door9nob NUSAO HEll! est t!n sord! o"o
(n! t!%i!6M T&e'Zre H!s6 di##erent !s &!l9 #ro"L !nd &eese NGBO HSon t!n
di#erentes o"o l! no&e ' el dF!6M Ee is H!s6 dr(n9 !s ! lordL 7&eelb!rro7 Hl est
o"o (n! (b!6M ItZs H!s6 dr' !s ! bone HEst o"%let!"ente seo6M T&is is H!s6 dr'
!s d(st HEsto es "(' ridoL !b(rrido6M S&e is H!s6 d("b !s !n o'ster HEll! est "(d!
o"o (n! ostr!6M ItZs H!s6 e!s' !s %ieL AB*L 7in9in,L one t7o t&reeL #!llin, o## !
lo,L 7&istlin, Di-ie NUSAO HEs %!n o"ido NoO Est &(%!do6M EeZs H!s6 #!t !s ! %i,
Hl est ,ordFsi"oL "(' ,ordo6M Ee is H!s6 #it !s ! #iddle Hl est s!no o"o (n!
"!nz!n!6M ItZs H!s6 #l!t !s ! %!n!9e HEst liso o"o (n! t!bl!6M S&eZs H!s6 #ree !s !
birdL t&e !ir HEll! no tiene !t!d(r!s de nin,2n ti%oL es o"%let!"ente libre6M S&eZs
H!s6 #res& !s ! d!is' HEll! est t!n #res! o"o (n! le&(,!6M S&eZs H!s6 ,entle !s !
l!"b HEll! es Ht!n6 "!ns! o"o (n ordero6M Eer 7ord is H!s6 ,ood !s &er deed
NGBO HEll! es (n! %erson! de %!l!br!6M T&e &ild is H!s6 ,ood !s ,old HEl ni)oL L!
ni)! se %ort! o"o (n n,el6M T&!t is H!s6 ,ood !s ,old HEsoL A/(ello es
b(enFsi"o6M Ee is H!s6 ,r!+e !s ! .(d,e Hl es t!n serio o"o (n! "on.!6M EeZs H!s6
,reen !s ,r!ss Ni EeZs R,r!ssIR,reenO Hl es (n no+!to6M Ee is H!s6 &!%%' !s !
s!ndbo'L ! l!r9L ! ri9etL t&e d!' His lon,6L L!rr' NGB %rini%!l"enteO Hl est
ontentFsi"oL o"o (n!s %!s(!s6M It is H!s6 &!rd !s ro9 HEst t!n d(ro o"o (n!
%iedr!6M Ee is H!s6 &!rd !s n!ils Hl es "(' d(ro de or!z3n6M ItZs H!s6 &e!+' !s le!d
HEs "s %es!do /(e el %lo"o6M ItZs H!s6 &ot !s bl!zes HEst t!n !liente o"o el
#(e,o6M EeZs H!s6 &(n,r' !s ! 7ol#L &(nter Hl est &!"briento o"o (n lobo6M
S&eZs H!s6 9een !s "(st!rd NGB4 olo/(i!lO HEll! est llen! de ent(si!s"o6M H!s6
l!r,e !s li#e Hen !rne ' &(eso6M ItZs H!s6 li,&t !s ! #e!t&er HEs li,ero o"o (n!
%l("!6M EeZs H!s6 li+el' !s ! ri9et Hl es +i+o o"o el &!"bre6M It is H!s6 lon, !s
'o(rL "' !r" HEs "s l!r,o /(e (n dF! sin %!n6M Ee &!s ! #!e !s Nno s(%ri"irO
lon,L t&!t is H!s6 lon, !s ! #iddle Hl !nd! on !r! l!r,!6M Ee is H!s6 "!d !s ! &!tterL
M!r& &!re Hl est o"o (n! !br!6M S&e is H!s6 "!d !s ! 7et &en NUSAO HEll!
tiene (n !rreb!to de 3ler!L est o"o (n! !br!6M Ee is H!s6 "iser!ble !s sin Hl
est "(' !b!tidoL de%ri"ido6M Ee is H!s6 n!9ed !s t&e d!' &e 7!s born Hl est
o"o Dios loL le tr!.o !l "(ndo6M EeZs H!s6 n(tt' !s ! #r(it!9e Nolo/(i!lO Hl est
"s loo /(e (n! !br!6M ItZs H!s6 old !s t&e &ills HEs "s +ie.o /(e M!t(s!l0n6M H!s6
%!le !s de!t& Hbl!no o"o (n %!%el6M ItZs H!s6 %l!in !s ! %i9est!## NGBO HEst "s
l!ro /(e el !,(!6M Ee is H!s6 %le!sed !s P(n& Hl est "s ontento /(e (n!s
%!s(!s6M T&e' !re H!s6 %oor !s ! &(r& "o(se HSon "s %obres /(e (n "!estro
es(el!L l!s r!t!sL los %obres de sole"nid!d6M It is H!s6 %rett' !s ! %it(re HEs
%reiosHo$ !66M S&eZs H!s6 %(re !s t&e dri+en sno7 HEll! es %(r! ' +ir,in!lL t!n %(r!
o"o l! nie+e6M EeZs H!s6 /(i9 !s li,&tnin,L ! #l!s&L ! 7in9 Hl es r%ido o"o (n
rel"%!,o6M S&eZs H!s6 /(iet !s ! "o(se HEll! no &! di&o ni %Fo6M S&e is H!s6 %ro(d
!s ! %e!o9 HEll! es "s or,(llos! /(e (n %!+o re!l6M T&e' 7ere H!s6 %ro(d !s
%e!o9s HEr!n "s or,(llosHos$ !s6 /(e los %!+os re!les6M ItZs H!s6 red !s ! beetroot
HEst ro.o o"o (n to"!te6M ItZs H!s6 red !s ,old HEs o"o el oro6M S&e 7!s H!s6 red
!s ! beetroot HEll! est!b! ro.! o"o (n to"!te6M S&e is H!s6 ri,&t !s r!in HEll! est
o"o n(e+!L si t!l os!6M ItZs H!s6 s!#e !s &o(ses NGBO HEst ! s!l+o6M EeZs H!s6
seret !s ! #is& Hl es "(' reser+!do6M S&e is H!s6 si9 !s ! %!rrot NGBOL do, NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO HEll! est "(ert! de r!bi!6M ItZs H!s6 sli%%er' !s !n eel HEs "('
resb!l!dizo6M EeZs H!s6 slo7 !s ! tortoiseL "ol!sses NUSAO Hl es "s lento /(e (n!
tort(,!6M EeZs H!s6 sl' !s ! #o- Hl es !st(to o"o (n zorro6M ItZs H!s6 s"oot& !s !
b!b'Zs botto" HEs t!n s(!+e o"o l! %iel de (n beb06M ItZs H!s6 s"oot& !s sil9 HEs
Ht!n6 s(!+e o"o l! sed!6M Ee is H!s6 sober !s ! .(d,e Hl est tot!l"ente sereno6M It
is H!s6 solid !s ro9 HEs t!n s3lidoL #ir"e o"o (n! ro!6M S&e is H!s6 so(nd !s !
bellL n(t HEll! est en %er#et!s ondiiones NoO s!n! o"o (n! "!nz!n!6M ItZs H!s6
sti## !s ! bo!rdL %o9er HEst "s tieso /(e (n %!loL ,!rrote6M EeZs H!s6 str!i,&t !s !
die Hl es &onr!do ! !rt! !b!l6M ItZs H!s6 str!i,&t !s ! dieL !n !rro7 HEst "s
dere&o /(e (n! +el!L dere&o &!st! deir b!st!6M EeZs H!s6 stron, !s !n o- Hl esHt6
t!n #(erte o"o (n toroL roble6M S&e is H!s6 st(bbornL obstin!te !s ! "(le HEll! es
"s ter!L test!r(d! /(e (n! "(l!6M EeZs H!s6 s(btle !s ! bri9 Nolo/(i!lO Hl es
"s orto /(e l!s "!n,!s de (n &!leo6M S&eZs H!s6 s(btle !s ! %!nt&er HEll! tiene
"(&os doblees6M It is red H!s6 s(re !s e,,sL #!te HEs ro.Ho$ !6 on tod! se,(rid!d6M
As Nno s(%ri"irO s(re !s e,,s !reL is e,,s NGBO H*o"o /(e dos ' dos son (!tro Ni
sin nin,2n ti%o de d(d!sO6M It is H!s6 s7eet !s &one' HEst t!n d(le o"o l! "iel6M
EeZs H!s6 s7i#t !s !n !rro7 Hl es r%idoL +eloz o"o (n! #le&!6M ItZs H!s6 s7i#t !s !
deer HEs +eloz o"o (n ier+o6M Ee is H!s6 t&i9 !s ! bri9L t7o Hs&ort6 %l!n9s
Nolo/(i!lO Hl es "s b(rro /(e (n !r!do6M T&e'Zre H!s6 t&i9 !s t&ie+es HSon ()! '
!rne6M EeZs H!s6 t&in !s ! r!9eL r!il NUSAO Hl est en los &(esos6M ItZs H!s6 to(,& !s
!n old boot NUSAOL !s old boots NGBO HEst "s d(ro /(e (n! s(el! de z!%!to6M
S&eZs H!s6 tr(st' !s ! do, HEll! es "s b(en! /(e el %!n6M Ee is H!s6 (,l' !s sin Hl es
"s #eo /(e Piio6M ItZs H!s6 7!r" !s to!st HEst "(' !lentito6M EeZs H!s6 7&ite !s !
,&ostL %!%er NoO ! s&eet Hl est t!n %lido o"o l! "(erte NoO (n #!nt!s"!L bl!no
o"o el %!%el NoO l! le&e6M ItZs H!s6 7&ite !s sno7 HEsHt6 t!n bl!no o"o l!
nie+e6M S&e is H!s6 7ise !s Solo"on NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL !n o7l HEll! es "s
s!bi! /(e S!lo"3n6$ et1
A +ees$ en +ez de (s!r Q!s 111 !sQ$ et1$ se &!en t!"bi0n o"%!r!iones (tiliz!ndo4
56 L!s %re%osiiones Q!sQ ND1 @1@18;O ' Qli9eQ ND1 @1@15??OQ1
86 El !d.eti+o U!li9eVM se %(eden (s!r !l,(nos !d+erbios de !ntid!d o"o Q! bitM !
little$ e-!tl'$ .(st$ .(st e-!tl'$ /(ite$ r!t&er$ so"e7&!t$ +er'Q$ et1$ del!nte de
U!li9eV1 E.14 T&e' 7ere !ll !li9e HEr!n todos %!reidosL tod!s %!reid!s6M mo( !re !
bitL ! littleL /(iteL r!t&erL so"e7&!tL +er' !li9e HDosotros sois NoO Dds1 son (n
%ooL (n %ooL "(' NoO b!st!nte NGBOL b!st!nte NoO "(' NGBOL (n %ooL "('
%!reidos61
:6 Los !d.eti+os Uo"%!r!ble HtoL 7it& 1116L e/(i+!lent Hto 1116L identi!l Hto 1116L
si"il!r Hto 1116V1
;6 El !d.eti+o ' %rono"bre inde#inido Ut&e s!"e H!s 1116V1 D1 ;1=51:;$ <1:C1<:
<6 E-%resiones o"o Qt&e &ei,&t o#L t&e len,t& o#L t&e size o# 111$ t&e s!"e HQ!sQ h
no"breL %rono"breL !d+erbioL or!i3n s(bordin!d!6$ t&e s!"e olo(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAOL len,t&L %rieL sizeL 7idt&$ et1$ t&e o%%ositeL t&e
on+erseL t&e re+erse Ho# h no"breL %rono"bre6Q1 E.14 T&is is t&e size o# !
,'"n!si(" HEsto es del t!"!)o de (n ,i"n!sio6M ItZs t&e o%%ositeL on+erseL
re+erse Ho# t&!t6 HEs lo ontr!rioL o%(esto Hde esoL !/(ello66$ et1
;1851I El ad%etivo comparativo de superioridad, sea calificativo, clasificativo o
de color, se forma con MmoreM D ad%etivo graduable en grado positivo o
ad%etivo graduable D 5er el de inferioridad con MlessM D ad%etivo graduable
en grado positivoM QlessQ se %(ede (s!r on (n !d.eti+o de (n! o "s sFl!b!sM
existen cinco tipos de comparativos adem!s del comparativo de igualdad a
mencionado"
*+ Comparativo de superioridad o inferioridad4 !"bos %(eden ir se,(idos o no
de Qt&!nQ "s el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n$ /(e %(ede ser (n !d.eti+oL (n
no"bre o sint!,"! no"in!lL (n %rono"breL (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!M se (s!
"(&o "s el o"%!r!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d /(e el de in#eriorid!dM l! "!'or %!rte de
los !d.eti+os en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o se (s!n se,(idos de Qt&!nQM se o"%!r!n dos
ele"entos s3loM si el o"%!r!ti+o no +! se,(ido de Qt&!nQ$ %(ede ir %reedido de
Ut&eV ' se,(ido de QoneHs6Q$ %ero nor"!l"ente se s(%ri"e QoneHs6Q1 E.14 >e !re
&!%%ier t&!n e+er'bod' else HSo"os "s #elies /(e todo el resto de l! ,ente6M T&is
is "ore interestin, t&!n 'o( t&in9 HEsto es "s interes!nte de lo /(e rees6M S&e is
%oorer t&!n !ll o# (s HEll! es "s %obre /(e todos nosotros6M S&e is "ore rel(t!nt
t&!n t&e ot&er ,irl N"s (s!doOL S&e is t&e "ore rel(t!nt ,irl N"enos (s!doO HEll!
es "s re!i! /(e l! otr! &i!6M T&e' !re less &!ndso"e HSon "enos ele,!ntesL
,(!%os6M T&is boo9 is less entert!inin, t&!n t&!t #il" HEste libro es "enos
entretenido /(e es!L !/(ell! %elF(l!6M T&ere !re t7o "odels$ 7&i& is &e!%erL t&e
&e!%erL t&e &e!%er oneT HE!' dos "odelos$ W(l es "s b!r!toL el "s b!r!toL el
"s b!r!toT6$ et1
*(!ndo se o"%!r!n dos (!lid!des distint!s$ se s(ele e"%le!r Q"oreQ h !d.eti+o
,r!d(!ble o no ,r!d(!ble en ,r!do %ositi+o h Qt&!nQ se,(ido de otro !d.eti+o
,r!d(!ble o no ,r!d(!ble en ,r!do %ositi+o$ %or/(e no es re!l"ente (n
o"%!r!ti+o '! /(e le #!lt! el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3nM no obst!nte$ si el
!d.eti+o del!nte de Qt&!nQ es no ,r!d(!ble$ el !d.eti+o detrs de Qt&!nQ tiene /(e ser
,r!d(!ble ' !l re+0s1 E.14 It is "ore ! did!ti t&!n ! %r!ti!l boo9 HEs "s (n libro
didtio /(e %rtio6L It is ! "ore did!ti t&!n %r!ti!l boo9 HEs (n libro "s
didtio /(e %rtio6M ItZs "ore !nt&ro%o"or%&i Nno ,r!d(!bleOL bilin,(!l Nno
,r!d(!bleOL inor,!ni Nno ,r!d(!bleOL +erti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO t&!n %r!ti!l
N,r!d(!bleO HEs "s !ntro%o"3r#ioL bilin,(eL inor,nioL +erti!l /(e %rtio6M
S&e 7!s "ore de!d Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero %(ede ir %reedido de U!l"ostL ne!rl'QO
t&!n !li+e N,r!d(!bleO HEll! est!b! "s "(ert! /(e +i+!6M Ee is "ore l!z'
N,r!d(!bleO t&!n ino"%etent N,r!d(!bleO Hl es "s +!,o /(e ino"%etente6M ItZs
"ore d!"% t&!n old Nse (s! Q"oreQ on dos !d.eti+os /(e e-%resen !r!terFsti!s
di#erentesO HEst "s &2"edo /(e #rFo6$ %ero QItZs d!"%er N"ore d!"%4 no %oner
%or/(e no e-%res! !r!terFsti!s di#erentesO t&!n l!st 'e!rQ HEst "s &2"edo /(e
el !)o %!s!do61
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo se o"%!r!n dos di"ensiones on los !d.eti+os Q&i,&$ lon,$
t&i9$ 7ideQ$ se (s! "s Ier /(e Q"oreQ1 E.14 T&is is &i,&er t&!n Hit is6 lon, N"s
(s!doO o UT&is is "ore &i,& t&!n Hit is6 lon,V N"enos (s!doO HEsto es "s !lto /(e
l!r,o61
*(!ndo se (s!n +!rios !d.eti+os %reedidos de Q"oreQ$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir Q"oreQ
des%(0s del %ri"ero$ ! no ser /(e se les /(ier! d!r 0n#!sis1 E.14 ItZs "ore %roli#i$
s'ste"!ti$ to-io,eni$ t&!n t&e ot&er HEs "s %rolF#io$ siste"tio$ to-io,0nio$
/(e el otro6 e QItZs "ore %roli#i$ "ore Nen#tioO s'ste"!ti$ "ore Nen#tioO
to-io,eni$ t&!n t&e ot&erQ HEs "s %rolF#io$ "s siste"tio$ "s to-io,0nio$
/(e el otro61
Al,(nos !d.eti+os o"o Q!nterior Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ in#erior Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ .(nior$
%osterior Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %rior Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ senior$ s(%erior$ (lterior Nno
,r!d(!bleOQ$ et1$ +!n se,(idos de UtoV en +ez de Qt&!nQ1 E.14 It 7!s !nterior to Nse
%(ede onsider!r t!"bi0n o"o %re%osii3n4 D1 @1@15BO t&is HF(e !nterior ! esto6M
Ee is in#erior to &er Hl es in#erior ! ell!6M T&!t t'%e o# !rt is in#erior to t&is one HEse
ti%o de !rte es in#erior ! 0ste6M Ee is .(nior to &er b' t&ree 'e!rs Hl es tres !)os "s
.o+en /(e ell!6M S&e is #o(r 'e!rs senior to &i" HEll! es (!tro !)os "!'or /(e 0l6M
T&e' !re s(%erior to (s HSon s(%eriores ! nosotros6$ et1
QIn#eriorQ ' Qs(%eriorQ %(eden ir %reedidos de Q"(&Q$ si +!n se,(idos del se,(ndo
t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n e-%lFito o sobrHe6entendido1 E.14 ItZs "(& in#eriorL
s(%erior Hto t&!t6 HEs "(' in#eriorL s(%erior H! esoL !/(ello661
UIn#eriorV ' Us(%eriorV %(eden ir %reedidos de Q+er'Q$ si no +!n se,(idos del
se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n1 E.14 T&e 7ool is o# +er' in#eriorL s(%erior
/(!lit' HL! l!n! es de !lid!d "(' in#eriorL s(%erior61
Qj(niorQ$ QseniorQ ' Qs(%eriorQ %(eden ir %reedidos de Q"oreQ o Q"ostQ$ o"o si
#(er!n !d.eti+os en ,r!do %ositi+o$ ' %(eden ir t!"bi0n sin el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l!
o"%!r!i3n1 E.14 T&e i+il ser+!nts in "ore .(niorL senior %ositions didnZt !,ree
HLos #(nion!rios "s .3+enesL +eter!nos no est!b!n de !(erdo6M t&e "ost
s(%erior r!e in t&e 7orld Hl! r!z! del "(ndo on "s !ires de s(%eriorid!d61
*(!ndo &!' (n %rono"bre detrs de l!s %!rtF(l!s o"%!r!ti+!s Q!sQ ' Qt&!nQ$ se
%(ede %oner el %rono"bre %erson!l s(.eto on (n +erbo !(-ili!r en in,l0s liter!rio$
!(n/(e ! +ees se %(ed! s(%ri"ir el +erbo !(-ili!r$ o si"%le"ente el %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto sin el +erbo en in,l0s olo/(i!lM U!sV ' Ut&!nV se %(eden s(%ri"ir
.(nto on lo /(e +!'! detrs$ si se sobrHe6entiende1 E.14 S&e is #!tter Ht&!n &e is
Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO6 HEll! esHt6 "s
,ord! H/(e 0l66M T&e' !re "ore !st(te Ht&!n 7e !re Nestnd!rOL (s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e
Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO6 HSon "s !st(tos H/(e nosotros661 D1 81;<$ 81@;
En (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! o"%!r!ti+! detrs de Qt&!nQ se %(ede %oner (n
!d.eti+o$ (n no"bre$ (n %rono"bre$ (n o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 *(!ndo (n!
%erson! o os! +! en el %ri"er t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n ' #or"! %!rte del
no"breL %rono"bre del se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n$ es nees!rio %oner
Qot&erQ o QelseQ detrs del no"breL %rono"bre del se,(ndo t0r"ino de l!
o"%!r!i3n1 E.14 Lo(ise is better t&!n !n' ot&er ,irlL !n'one else HL(is! es "e.or
/(e (!l/(ier otr! &i!L %erson!6$ %ero QFr!nis is better t&!n !n' ,irlL !n'one
elseQ HFr!niso es "e.or /(e (!l/(ier &i!L otr! %erson!6M T&is o"%(ter is
&e!%er t&!n !n' ot&er one HEste orden!dor es "s b!r!to /(e (!l/(ierL nin,2n
otro6$ %ero QT&is o"%(ter is &e!%er t&!n !n' !rQ HEste orden!dor es "s b!r!to
/(e (!l/(ier o&e61
2+ Comparativo de graduacin" dos ad%etivos van unidos por la con%uncin
MandM e indican un crecimiento progresivo en el comparativo de superioridad
un decrecimiento progresivo en el comparativo de inferioridadM +!n sin el
se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3nM si es de s(%eriorid!d$ se %(ede %oner Ier !nd
Ier o U"oreV !nd U"oreV h !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o '$ si es de in#eriorid!d$ &!'
/(e %oner UlessV !nd UlessVh !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o1 E.14 Ee is ,ro7in, t!ller
!nd t!ller Hl se est &!iendo !d! +ez "s !lto6$ T&is no+el is ,ettin, "ore !nd
"ore interestin, HEst! no+el! se est %oniendo !d! +ez "s interes!nte6M S&e is
beo"in, less !nd less 7e!9 HEll! se est debilit!ndo !d! +ez "enos6M M' #!t&er is
beo"in, less !nd less !ti+e HMi %!dre se est &!iendo !d! +ez "enos !ti+o6$
et1
En %oesF! ! +ees se #or"! este o"%!r!ti+o de otr! "!ner! en in,l0s !r!io1 E.14
T&e %i%er lo(d !nd lo(der #le7 HEl #l!(tist!L ,!itero to!b! !d! +ez "s !lto6M T&e
d!ners /(i9 !nd /(i9er "o+ed HLos b!il!rines se "o+F!n !d! +ez "s r%ido6M
Ee ,ro7s bolder !nd still "ore bold Hl se &!e !d! +ez "s !(d!zL !tre+ido61
2+ Comparativo de accin o comparativo contrastado" el ad%etivo va seguido
de un complemento 'ue es una oracinM si &!' (n in#initi+o detrs de Qt&!nQ$ se
%(ede s(%ri"ir l! %!rtF(l! UtoV del in#initi+o sin !"bio de si,ni#i!doM %(eden
lle+!r o no el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n1 E.14 It is e!sier to s!' 'es Ht&!n
no6 HEs "s #il deir sF H/(e no66M It is "ore re7!rdin, to be %olite Ht&!n Hto6 be
r(de6 HEs "s ,r!ti#i!nte ser ort0s H/(e Hser6 ,rosero66$ et1
-+ Comparativo de proporcin" se construe poniendo Mt/eM delante de cada
ad%etivo, pronombre indefinido o nombre e indica un paralelismoM si el !d.eti+o
es !li#i!ti+o$ l!si#i!ti+o o de olor$ %(ede ir solo o del!nte del no"breM si es
!d.eti+o inde#inido +! del!nte del no"bre ' si es %rono"bre inde#inido +! soloM el
no"bre +! %reedido de Q"oreQ$ si es o"%!r!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d$ ' de QlessQ$ si es
o"%!r!ti+o de in#eriorid!dM se %(ede s(%ri"ir QHit6 isQ %or/(e se sobrHe6entiende$
%ero si es otr! #or"! +erb!l del +erbo QbeQ no se %(ede s(%ri"irM si es otro +erbo$ no
se %(ede s(%ri"ir ni el s(.eto ni el +erboM +!n sin el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l!
o"%!r!i3nM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s !d+erbi!les o"%!r!ti+!sM se %(ede
%oner (n !d.eti+o$ (n %rono"bre inde#inido o (n no"bre t!nto en l! or!iones
%rini%!les o"o en l! or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 T&e &e!%er Hit is6$ t&e better Hit
is6 H*(!nto "s b!r!to Hes6$ "e.or Hes66M T&e #!tter Hit is6$ t&e 7orse Hit is6 H*(!nto
"s ,ordo Hes6$ %eor Hes66M T&e bi,,er t&e &o(se His6$ t&e "ore ti"e 'o( &!+e
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL &!+e 'o( Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO to s%end le!nin, H*(!nto
"!'or se! l! !s!$ t!nto "s tie"%o tieneHs6 /(e dedi!r ! l! li"%iez!6M T&e "ore
7i+es &e &!d$ t&e "ore &ildren &e o(ld Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL o(ld &e Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doO be,et Nliter!rioO H*(!nt!s "s es%os!s tenF! 0l$ "s &i.os %odF!
en,endr!r6M T&e less e-%ensi+e Hit is6$ t&e better Hit is6 H*(!nto "enos !ro Hes6$
"e.or Hes66M T&e s"!ller t&e &o(se His6$ t&e less ti"e 'o( &!+e Nestnd!r4 "s
(s!doOL &!+e 'o( Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO to s%end le!nin, H*(!nto "s %e/(e)!
se! l! !s!$ t!nto "enos tie"%o tieneHs6 /(e ,!st!r li"%i!ndo6$ et1
A +ees no se %one Qt&eQ del!nte del %ri"ero en in,l0s liter!rio$ %ero &!' /(e
%onerlo del!nte del se,(ndo1 E.14 S&e be!"e s!dder$ t&e "ore s&e li+ed H*(!nto
"s +i+F! ell!$ "s triste se %onF!61
3+ Comparativo consecutivo" se forma poniendo"
a+ M4all+ D t/eM seguido del comparativo de un ad%etivo abstracto ... Mas# since#
becauseM7 van sin el segundo trmino de la comparacin1 E.14 Ee 7!s H!ll6 t&e
&!%%ier !sL sineL be!(se s&e 7!s ! re!l #riend Hl er! H(n t!nto6 "s #eliz '! /(eL
%(esto /(eL %or/(e ell! er! (n! +erd!der! !"i,!6M S&e is H!ll6 t&e "ore s!tis#ied !sL
sineL be!(se &e &!s "!de it HEll! est H(n t!nto6 "s s!tis#e&! '! /(eL %(esto
/(eL %or/(e 0l lo &! onse,(ido6$ et1
b+ M4all+ D t/eM seguido del comparativo de un ad%etivo abstracto 4... MforM
seguido de un nombre# pronombre# forma verbal 5ing+7 van sin el segundo
trmino de la comparacin. E.14 S&e 7!s H!ll6 t&e "ore #r(str!ted HEll! est!b! H(n
t!nto6 "s #r(str!d!6M S&e 7!s H!ll6 t&e "ore #r(str!ted #or t&!t deisionL not ,oin,
i""edi!tel' HEll! est!b! H(n t!nto6 "s #r(str!d! %or es!L !/(ell! deisi3nL no ir
in"edi!t!"ente6$ et1
Los !d.eti+os /(e lle+!n Ier ' Iest en el o"%!r!ti+o ' s(%erl!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d
res%eti+!"ente son "(&o "enos n("erosos /(e los /(e lle+!n Q"oreQ ' Q"ostQ$
%ero se (s!n on "s #re(eni!1
*(!ndo e-iste l! ide! de o%osii3n$ o"%!r!i3n$ ontr!ste$ entre dos ide!s$
one%tos$ !te,orF!s o ,r(%os$ se s(ele (s!r el !d.eti+o en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o de
s(%eriorid!d en in,l0s$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no se s(ele (s!r en ,r!do %ositi+o$
%ero ! +ees se (s! t!"bi0n en !stell!no el !d.eti+o en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o de
s(%eriorid!dM +!n sin el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n1 E.14 *!to t&e Elder
H*!t3n el Die.o6$ Plin' t&e mo(n,er HPlinio el jo+en6$ &er 'o(n,er sister Hs(
&er"!n! %e/(e)!6$ t&e lo7er l!sses Hl!s l!ses b!.!s6$ &is better side N"s (s!doOL
sel# N"enos (s!doOL &is ,ood side Hs( l!do b(eno6$ t&e L!tterID!' S!ints Hlos S!ntos
de los lti"os DF!s Ni los "or"onesO6$ &er better &!l# Hs( "edi! n!r!n.!6$ t&e inner
e!r Hel oFdo interno6$ &is elder brot&er Hs( &er"!no "!'or6$ &er elders Hs(s
"!'ores6$ &is betters Hs(s s(%eriores6$ et1
Se (s! "s el o"%!r!ti+o /(e el s(%erl!ti+o en in,l0s !t(!l ' el ?<P de los
o"%!r!ti+os se (s!n sin l! se,(nd! %!rte de l! o"%!r!i3n1 E.14 T&is is nier Ht&!n
t&!t6 HEsto es "s !,r!d!ble H/(e esoL !/(ello661
*(!ndo se o"%!r!n no"bres$ se (s!n l!s %!rtF(l!s Q"oreQ %!r! #or"!r el
o"%!r!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d ' Q#e7er Nliter!rioOL less Nolo/(i!lOQ %!r! el
o"%!r!ti+o de in#eriorid!d "s el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n1 E.14 Ee &!s
"ore boo9s t&!n An,el! Hl tiene "s libros /(e nn,el!6M An,el! &!s #e7er
Nestnd!rOL less Nolo/(i!lO boo9s t&!n An,el Hnn,el! tiene "enos libros /(e
nn,el61
El !d.eti+o en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o s(ele ir %reedido del !rtF(lo deter"in!do
(!ndo +! del!nte del no"bre$ sobre todo (!ndo +! se,(ido de Qo#L inQ h no"breL
%rono"breM +! sin el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3nM sin e"b!r,o$ el !d.eti+o
no s(ele ir %reedido de Ut&eV (!ndo +! del!nte del no"bre en l! se,(nd! %!rte de
(n ,eniti+o s!.3n4 t&e R#!"il'Zs older Rson Hel R&i.o "!'or de l! #!R"ili!6 ' (!ndo +!
%reedido de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o4 &is ne7er to' Hs( .(,(ete "s n(e+o61
;1881I Casi todos los ad%etivos calificativos, algunos clasificativos, algunos de
colores algunos ad%etivos indefinidos como Mfe,, some fe,M, etc., son
graduables H,r!d!ble6 %or/(e tienen o"%!r!ti+o ' s(%erl!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d e
in#eriorid!dM forman el comparativo superlativo de superioridad de la
siguiente manera"
*+ &os siguientes ad%etivos forman el comparativo superlativo de
superioridad de forma irregular4 b!d H"!loHs6$ !Hs6L e+il H"!loHs6$ !Hs6L ill
Hen#er"oHs6$ !Hs6L 7ron, H"!l66$ 7orse H%eorHes66 N! +ees se %re#iere (s!r Qless
7ellQ %or/(e es "s di%lo"tio$ "s s(!+eO$ 7orst Hel$ l!L los$ l!s %eorHes6M #!r
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO Hle.!noHs6$ !Hs66$ #!rt&er N"enos (s!do4 s3lo del!nte del
no"bre4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo %!r! dist!ni!O H"s le.!noHs6$ !Hs66$ #(rt&er N"s (s!do4
s3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!ble4 %!r! dist!ni! $ !+!ne !bstr!to ' otros
"!tiesO H"sL n(e+oHs6$ !Hs6L o"%le"ent!rioHs6$ !Hs6L s(%eriorHes6L "s le.!noHs6$
!Hs6L "s re"otoHs6$ !Hs66$ #!rt&est N"enos (s!do4 s3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo %!r! dist!ni!O Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s le.!noHs6$ !Hs6L l!r,oHs6$ !Hs66$
#(rt&est N"s (s!do4 s3lo del!nte del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!ble4 %!r! dist!ni!$ !+!ne
!bstr!to ' otros "!tiesO H"s le.!noHs6$ !Hs6L "s e-tre"oHs6$ !Hs66M ,ood
Hb(enoHs6$ !Hs66L 7ell N!d.eti+oO Hbien6$ better H"e.orHes66$ best Hel$ l!L los$ l!s
"e.orHes6L 3%ti"oHs6$ !Hs66M l!te Ht!rdFoHs6$ !Hs6L on retr!so6$ l!ter Nre,(l!rO
H%osteriorL (lterior6L l!tter Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hse,(ndoL 2lti"o6$ l!test Nre,(l!rO
H2lti"oHs6$ !Hs6 Ni no #in!lOL %!s!doHs6$ !Hs6L el$ l!L los$ l!s "s reienteHs6 NoO
"odernoHs6$ !Hs66L l!st H2lti"oHs6$ !Hs6 Ni #in!l o no #in!lOL !nteriorHes6 Nen (n! serie$
!ntes del "s reiente Ni no #in!lOO6M little H%oo$ !6$ less H"enos6L lesser H"enor6$
le!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"enosL "s "Fni"Ho$ !6L "enor6M es r!ro enontr!r QlittlerQ '
QlittlestQ /(e indi!n !#et!i3n ' senti"ent!lis"o$ e-e%to en in,l0s olo/(i!l en el
len,(!.e de los ni)osM "!n' H"(&Hos$ !s66$ "ore H"s6$ "ost Hel$ l!L los$ l!s /(e
"s6M "(& H"(&o$ !6$ "ore H"s6$ "ost Hel$ l! /(e "s6M ne!r Her!noHs6L !Hs6$
ne!rer H"s er!noHs6L !Hs6$ ne!rest Hel$ l! "s er!nHo$ !6L los$ l!s "s er!nHos$
!s6M ni,& N!r!ioO Her!noHs6$ !Hs6$ ne!r H"s er!noHs6$ !Hs6$ ne-t H%r3-i"oHs6$
!Hs66M old H+ie.oHs6$ !Hs6L "!'orHes6L de ed!d6$ older Nre,(l!r ' sie"%re /(e +!'!
se,(ido de Qt&!nQM %(ede ir %reedido de Qt&ree d!'sL 7ee9sL "ont&sL 'e!rsQ$ etM
se %(ede (s!r dentro ' #(er! de (n! "is"! #!"ili!O H"s +ie.oHs6L !Hs6L "!'orHes6$
elder Ndentro de (n! "is"! #!"ili! sol!"ente %ero no %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&!nV ni
%reedido de Qt&ree d!'sL 7ee9sL "ont&sL 'e!rsQO H"s +ie.oHs6$ !Hs6L "!'orHes66$
oldest Nre,(l!rM se %(ede (s!r dentro ' #(er! de (n! "is"! #!"ili!O Hel$ l!L los$ l!s
"s +ie.oHs6$ !Hs6L !ni!noHs6$ !Hs6L eldest Ndentro de (n! "is"! #!"ili! sol!"enteO
Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "!'orHes661 E.14 7orse ne7s H%eores notii!s6$ %ero Q"ore b!d ne7sQ
NQ"oreQ no !li#i! ! Qb!dQ sino ! Qb!d ne7sQO H"s notii!s "!l!s6M on t&e #!rt&er
b!n9 o# t&e ri+er Hen l! riber!L orill! "s le.!n! del rFo6$ #(rt&er #!ts H"sL n(e+os
d!tos6$ 7it&o(t #(rt&er loss o# ti"e Hsin "s %erdid! de tie"%o6M T&e' 7ent to t&e
#!rt&est orner o# t&e E!rt& HF(eron ! los rinones "s !%!rt!dos de l! tierr!6M T&e
#!rt&est dist!ne Ht&!t6 &e &!s e+er 7!l9ed is :C 9ilo"etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
9ilo"eters NUSAO HL! dist!ni! "s l!r,! /(e 0l &! !nd!do n(n! es de :C
9il3"etros6M t&e #(rt&est "o(nt!in Hl! "ont!)! "s le.!n!6$ ! best #riend H(n !"i,o
"(' b(eno6$ t&e l!te !rri+!lL de%!rt(re o# t&e b(s Hl! lle,!d!L s!lid! on retr!so NoO
t!rde del !(tob2s6M S&e !(,&t ! l!ter tr!in HEll! to"3L o,i3 NEs%!)!O (n tren
%osterior6M t&e l!tter &!l# o# t&e #il" Hl! se,(nd! "it!dL %!rte de l! %elF(l!6$ in &er
l!tter 'e!rs Hen s(s 2lti"os !)os6$ t&e l!test #i,(res Hl!s i#r!s "s reientesL l!s
2lti"!s i#r!s6M t&e l!st Ni #in!lO T(esd!' in Se%te"ber Hel 2lti"o "!rtes en
seH%6tie"bre6M in &er l!st Ni #in!l o no #in!lO letter Hen s( 2lti"! !rt!6M T&is is t&e l!st
Ni #in!lO boo9 Ht&!t6 &eZs ,oin, to 7rite Hste es el 2lti"o libro /(e 0l +! ! esribir6M
T&is is t&e l!test boo9 Ht&!t6 &eZs 7ritten !nd itZs better t&!n t&e l!st Ni no #in!lO one
Hste es el libro "s reiente /(e 0l &! esrito ' es "e.or /(e el !nterior6M t&e l!test
#!s&ion Hl! 2lti"! "od!L l! "od! "s reiente6M Ee &!s little in#or"!tion Hl tiene
%o! in#or"!i3n6M A to!ster (ses less eletriit' t&!n ! 7!s&in, "!&ine HUn!
tost!dor! (s! "enos eletriid!d /(e (n! l!+!dor!6M ! lesser e+il H(n "!l "enor6$ to
! lesser e-tentL de,ree Hen "enor ,r!do6M S&e &!s Ht&e6 le!st t!lent o# t&e #o(r HEll!
es l! /(e "enos t!lento tiene de los (!tro6M Ee &!snZt t&e le!st ide! 7&ere s&e is Hl
no tiene ni l! "s "Fni"! ide! de d3nde est ell!6M t&e le!st b!dL 7orse !ltern!ti+e
Hl! !ltern!ti+! "enos "!l!6M 7it&o(t t&e le!st e##ort Hsin el "enor es#(erzo6M T&e
le!st little t&in, (%sets &er HEll! se dis,(st! %or l! "s "Fni"! os!L lo "s
"Fni"o6M t&e ne!r &orse Hel !b!llo "s er!no6M Ee is older t&!n &is sister Hl es
"!'or /(e s( &er"!n!6M &is elder sister Hs( &er"!n! "!'or Nde dosO6M S&e is "'
elder sister HEll! es "i &er"!n! "!'or Nde dosO6M S&e is t&e elder o# t&e t7o sisters
HEll! es l! "!'or de l!s dos &er"!n!s6M &er eldest brot&er Hs( &er"!no "!'or Nde
tres o "sO6M Ee is "' eldest brot&er Hl es "i &er"!no "!'or Nde tres o "sO6M Ee
is t&e eldest o# t&e #i+e brot&ers Hl es el "!'or de los ino &er"!nos6$ et1
Los o"%!r!ti+os QlesserQ ' QelderQ no tienen l!s "is"!s !trib(iones /(e los otros$
%(es no %(eden ir se,(idos de Qt&!nQ1
2+ Si tienen una sola s(laba los ad%etivos normalmente aLaden las
terminaciones 5er para el comparativo de superioridad 5est para el
superlativo de superioridad, excepto Mdrun1, fond, fun, glad, li1e 4similar+,
real #rIel# >HI? #ri"4e+l# >@S=?, rig/t, sparse, staid, ,rongM 'ue van con
;more# most<1 E.14 stron, H#(erteHs66$ stron,er H"s #(erteHs66 ' Ustron,estV Hel$ l!L
los$ l!s "s #(erteHs66$ et1
*!si todos los !d.eti+os de (n! sol! sFl!b!$ e-e%to los irre,(l!res ' !l,(nos otros$
%(eden ir t!"bi0n %reedidos de Q"oreQ %!r! el o"%!r!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d ' de
Q"ostQ %!r! el s(%erl!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d %or r!zones de estilo$ sobre todo (!ndo
no +!n del!nte del no"bre o son (s!dos detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o ' +!n
se,(idos de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! /(e e"%iee %or Qt&!nQM t!"bi0n (!ndo +!n
%reedidos de Q"ore !nd "oreQ$ Q"ost !nd "ostQ ' no se,(idos de Qt&!nQM no
obst!nte$ ,ener!l"ente es "(&o "s #re(ente (s!r Ier ' Iest on los !d.eti+os de
(n! sol! sFl!b!$ e-e%to on !l,(nos o"o QoddQ$ et1M no se %(ede (s!r Qt&e direrQ
h no"bre$ QHt&e6 odderQ h no"bre$ %ero sF Qt&e direstL oddestQ h no"bre1 E.14 It is
"ore r!re to do t&!t HEs "s r!ro &!er esoL !/(ello6M S&e is "ore s!dL #iere t&!n
&e is HEll! est "s triste Hde lo6 /(e Hest6 0lL es "s !0rri"! /(e 0l6M Ee is "ore
!nd "ore ri& Hl es !d! +ez "s rio6M one o# t&e stron,est N"s (s!do4 "enos
en#tioOL "ost stron, N"s en#tioO !r,("ents H(n! de l!s %ele!s "s #(ertes61
Sin e"b!r,o$ no s(elen to"!r Q"oreQ ni Q"ostQ %!r! #or"!r el o"%!r!ti+o ' el
s(%erl!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d los !d.eti+os irre,(l!res "enion!dos en !6 ' !l,(nos
otros4 bi,$ bl!9$ le!n$ #!ir Hr(bioHs6$ !Hs6 Hde %elo6L bl!noHs6$ !Hs6 Hde %iel66$ #!st$
,re!t$ &!rd Hd(roHs66$ !Hs6 Nen sentido #FsioO6$ &i,&$ lo7$ /(i9$ t&i9$ t&in$ 7ide$
7ort&$ 'o(n,1 E.14 Is t&is 7ort& "ore t&!n t&!tT HWD!le esto "s /(e esoL !/(elloT6$
et1
Los !d.eti+os de (n! sol! sFl!b! /(e ter"in!n en (n! sol! onson!nte$ nor"!l"ente
Qb$ d$ ,$ 9$ "$ n$ %$ r$ t$ +$ zQ$ d(%li!n l! onson!nte !l !)!dir Ier$ Iest1 D15C15<1=
2+ Si tienen dos s(labas casi todos los ad%etivos pueden ir precedidos de MmoreM
para el comparativo de superioridad de MmostM para el superlativo de
superioridadM los o"%!r!ti+os ' s(%erl!ti+os de s(%eriorid!d /(e +!n %reedidos
de los !d+erbios Q"oreQ ' Q"ostQ se ll!"!n %eri#rstios1 Los !d.eti+os de dos o
"s sFl!b!s /(e e"%iez!n %or !I ' los ter"in!dos en I!t$ I!l$ I!nt$ Iet$ Ied$ Ien$
Ient$ Iern$ Ies/(e$ Iest$ Ie-$ I#(l$ Ii$ Iid$ Iile$ Iin,$ Iis&$ Ii+e$ Iless$ Iose$ Io(s$ I/(e$
Iso"e ,ener!l"ente$ I(lt$ s(elen lle+!r s3lo Q"oreQ ' Q"ostQ ' no Ier ' Iest1 E.14
!#r!id$ "ore !#r!id H"s !te"oriz!doHs6$ !Hs66$ t&e "ost !#r!id Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s
!te"oriz!doHs6$ !Hs66M !loo#$ "ore !loo# H"s dist!nteHs66$ "ost !loo# Hel$ l!L los$ l!s
"s dist!nteHs66M e-!tM br(t!l$ "ore br(t!l H"s br(t!lHes66$ "ost br(t!l Hel$ l!L los$
l!s "s br(t!lHes66$ #or"!l$ nor"!l$ et1M onst!nt$ rel(t!nt$ "ore rel(t!nt H"s
re!ioHs6$ !Hs66$ t&e "ost rel(t!nt Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s re!ioHs6$ !Hs66M oRrret$
Hin6diRret$ et1M %le!sed$ "ore %le!sed H"s s!tis#e&oHs6L !Hs66$ "ost %le!sed Hel$ l!L
los$ l!s "s s!tis#e&oHs6L !Hs66M ,olden$ 7oollen$ et1M reent$ "ore reent H"s
reienteHs66$ "ost reent Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s reienteHs66 ' U#re/(entV$ et1M "odern$
et1M &onest$ "odest$ et1M Ro"%le-L o"R%le-$ Rre#le-$ et1M (se#(l$ "ore (se#(l H"s
2tilHes66$ "ost (se#(l Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s 2tilHes66M tr!,i$ "ore tr!,i H"s tr,ioHs6$
!Hs66$ "ost tr!,i Hel$ l!L los$ l!s tr,ioHs6$ !Hs66M +i+id$ "ore +i+id H"s +i+oHs6L
+i+!Hs6L +F+idoHs6L +F+id!Hs66$ t&e "ost +i+id Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s +i+oHs6L +i+!Hs6L
+F+idoHs6L +F+id!Hs66M doile$ "ore doile H"s d3ilHes66$ "ost doile Hel$ l!L los$ l!s
"s d3ilHes66$ #r!,ile$ sterile$ et1M borin,$ "ore borin, H"s !b(rridoHs6$ !Hs66$ "ost
borin, Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s !b(rridoHs6$ !Hs66M bl(He6is&$ "ore bl(He6is& H"s
!z(l!doHs6L !Hs66$ "ost bl(He6is& Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s !z(l!doHs6$ !Hs66$ #oolis&$ et1M
!ti+e$ "ore !ti+e H"s !ti+oHs6$ !Hs66$ "ost !ti+e Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s !ti+oHs6$
!Hs66M (seless$ "ore (seless H"s in2tilHes66$ "ost (seless Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s
in2tilHes66M +erbose$ "ore +erbose H"s !"(losoHs6$ !Hs66$ "ost +erbose Hel$ l!L los$
l!s "s !"%(losoHs6$ !Hs66M #!"o(s$ "ore #!"o(s H"s #!"osoHs6$ !Hs66$ "ost
#!"o(s Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s #!"osoHs6$ !Hs66$ !(tio(s$ et1M !nRti/(e$ b(rRles/(e$
,roRtes/(e$ %it(Rres/(e$ et1M !7eso"e$ loneso"e$ tireso"e$ et1M di##i(lt$ oR(lt$
et1 D1 ;1881<$ ;1881B
-+ Aa tambin algunos otros ad%etivos de dos s(labas 'ue slo aLaden MmoreM
MmostM4 biRz!rre$ ert!in$ distint$ e!,er$ e-!t$ #orei,n$ %reise$ %ri+!te$ %ro%er$
re"ote$ sole"n$ et1 D1 ;1881<
3+ Unicamente pueden aLadir la terminacin 5er para el comparativo de
superioridad 5est para el superlativo de superioridad, adem!s de poder
llevar MmoreM MmostM, los siguientes ad%etivos de dos s(labas4
!6 Los !d.eti+os /(e +!'!n !ent(!dos en l! 2lti"! sFl!b! o ter"inen en +o!l no
!ent(!d!1 E.14 onRise$ %oRlite$ %roR#o(nd$ et1
Al,(nos se (s!n "s on Q"oreQ ' Q"ostQ4 !Rli+e$ Ro""on$ R&!ndso"e$ inRtense$
R%le!s!nt$ %roR#o(nd$ Rr!,,ed$ sinRere$ Rsolid$ Rst(%id$ et1
Al,(nos se (s!n "s on Q"oreQ ' Q"ostQ ' s3lo %(eden !)!dir Iest$ no Ier4
o"R%lete Ho"%letoHs6$ !Hs66$ e-Rtre"e$ seRrene HserenoHs6$ !Hs66$ R7i9ed$ et1 D1
;1881:1
b6 Los !d.eti+os /(e ter"in!n en +o!l no !ent(!d!4 Ier4 le+er$ le+erer H"s
listoHs6$ !Hs66$ le+erest Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s listoHs6$ !Hs66M tender HtiernoHs6$ !Hs66$ et1$
%ero &!' !l,(nos /(e lle!+!n s3lo U"oreL "ostV4 e!,er$ %ro%erM Io74 n!rro7$
n!rro7er H"s estre&oHs6$ !Hs66$ n!rro7est Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s estre&oHs6$ !Hs66M
s&!llo7$ et1$ I(re4 obRs(re$ obRs(rer H"s oHb6(roHs6$ !Hs66$ obRs(rest Hel$ l!L los$
l!s "s oHb6(roHs6$ !Hs66$ et1$ I'4 de!dl' H"ort!lHes66$ e!rl' Hte"%r!noHs6$ !Hs6L
"!dr(,!dorHes6$ !Hs66$ &!%%' H#elizL #elies6$ &ol' Hs!ntoHs6$ !Hs66$ &o"el' H!seroHs6$
!Hs66$ l!z' H+!,oHs6$ !Hs66$ li9el'$ lo+el' Hsi"%tioHs6$ !Hs6L bonitoHs6$ !Hs66$ %rett'
HbonitoHs6$ !Hs66$ sill'$ et1M el !d.eti+o Q+er'Q no %(ede ir %reedido de Q"oreQ o
Q"ostQ$ %ero %(ede ir se,(ido de Iest en el s(%erl!ti+o en in,l0s liter!rio1
Los !d.eti+os de dos sFl!b!s /(e ter"in!n en I(re #or"!n el o"%!r!ti+o ' el
s(%erl!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d "s ! "en(do on Q"oreQ ' Q"ostQ res%eti+!"ente
/(e on Ier ' Iest4 "!t(re$ et1
Los !d.eti+os de dos sFl!b!s /(e ter"in!n en I' #or"!n el o"%!r!ti+o ' el
s(%erl!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d "s ! "en(do on Ier ' Iest res%eti+!"ente /(e on
Q"oreQ ' Q"ostQ$ %ero los /(e ter"in!n en Il' lo #or"!n "s ! "en(do on Q"oreQ
' Q"ostQ /(e on Ier ' Iest1 Los !d.eti+os de dos sFl!b!s /(e lle+en Ier$ Iest$ t!"bi0n
%(eden lle+!r Ier$ Iest$ (!ndo +!n %reedidos de (nI4 (n&!%%'$ (ntid'$ et1
6 Los !d.eti+os /(e ter"in!n en onson!nte h Ile$ /(e se %ron(ni! LHe6lL1 E.14 !ble$
!"%le$ brittle$ #eeble$ ,entle$ &("ble$ noble$ %(r%le$ si"%le$ st!ble$ s(btle$ et1
d6 Otros !d.eti+os /(e no se %(eden l!si#i!r #il"ente %ero "s (s!dos on
Q"oreQ ' Q"ostQ4 Qr(el$ /(iet$ tired$ et1
E!' t!"bi0n !l,(nos !d.eti+os /(e no s(elen lle+!r Ier o Iest %ero ! +ees$ !(n/(e
"(' r!r!"ente$ se +en #or"!s n!d! !onse.!bles %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes o"o
Qb!9er$ #ronter$ #rontest$ ri,&ter$ s!rederQ$ et1
Los !d.eti+os en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! Qelder N"s (s!doO$ inner N"s (s!doO$ lesser
N"s (s!doO$ o(ter N"s (s!doO$ (%%er N"s (s!doOV ' los 8 !d.eti+os Unet&er N"s
(s!doO$ (tter N"s (s!doOV$ no son o"%!r!ti+os de %leno dere&o$ '! /(e no +!n
se,(idos de Ut&!nV1 E.14 !n inner irle H(n Fr(lo de %erson!s "s !lle,!d!s6$ !n
o(ter %!rt H(n! %!rte e-teriorL"s !le.!d!6$ t&e (%%er re,ion Hl! re,i3n "s !lt!6$ t&e
net&er re,ions Hlos in#iernos Hl!s re,iones b!.!s66$ !n (tter so(ndrel H(n
sin+er,Xenz!L brib3nL %illo de l! %eor !l!)!61
6+ &os ad%etivos Mbac1, bottom, eastern, end, fore >no graduable" es el ad%etivo
positivo 'ue da MformerM en el comparativo Mforemost# firstM en el
superlativo?, furt/er >tiene otro superlativo" Mfurt/estM?, /ead, /ind >positivo?
o /inder >comparativo?, inner >formado a partir del adverbio de lugar MinM?,
lo,er, net/er >es el comparativo de la forma potica ;Eneat/< >V beneat/??,
nort/ern, outer >formado a partir del adverbio de lugar MoutM?# utter, rear,
sout/ern, top, upper >formado a partir del adverbio de lugar MupM?, utter,
,esternM, etc., forman el superlativo de superioridad aLadiendo MmostM
detr!s, no delante. E.14 t&e b!9"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO Riss(e Hel n2"ero Nde (n!
re+ist!$ et1O "s !tr!Rs!do6$ t&e botto""ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO Rre,ionsL iRde!s Hl!s
re,iones "s Rb!.!sL l!s ide!s "s #(nd!"enRt!les6$ t&e e!stern"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleOL
e!st"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO Rto7n Hl! i(d!d "s !l Reste6$ end"ost H2lti"oL e-tre"o6$
t&e #ore"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO oR%%onent Hel o%onente "s i"%orRt!nteL dest!R!do6$
t&e #(rt&er"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO R+ill!,e Hel %(eblo "s disRt!nteL leR.!no6$ t&e
&e!d"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO Rsientist Hel ientF#io "s dest!R!doL !del!nRt!do6$ t&e
&ind"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleOL &inder"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO R%!rt Hl! %!rte "s tr!Rser!6$ &er
inner"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleOL in"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO Rt&o(,&ts Hs(s %ens!"ientos "s
RFnti"osL reR3nditos6$ t&e lo7estL lo7er"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO R%!rt o# t&e o(ntr' Hl!
%!rte "s Rb!.! del %!Fs6$ t&e net&er"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO Rde%t&s o# orr(%tion Hl!
orr(%i3n "s Rb!.!6$ t&e nort&ern"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO Rl!9e Hel l!,o "s !l Rnorte6$
t&e o(ter"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleOL o(t"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO Risl!nd Hl! isl! "s reR"ot!6$
t&e re!r"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO R%!rt o# t&e tr!in Hl! %!rte R2lti"! del tren6$ t&e
so(t&ern"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO +olR!no Hel +oln "s !l Rs(r6$ t&e to%"ost Nno
,r!d(!bleO Rl!'er Hl! !%! s(%eRriorL "s R!lt!6$ t&e (%%er"ost Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleOL (%"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO R#loor Hel %iso "s R!lto6$ (tter"ost H"s
dist!nteL "-i"o6$ 7it& t&e (t"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleOL (tter"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO R!re
Hon el "!'or (iRd!do6$ t&e 7estern"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO Rdistrit Hel distrito H/(e
est6 "s !l oReste6$ et1
8+ Si tienen tres o m!s s(labas los ad%etivos suelen ir precedidos de MmoreM
para el comparativo de superioridad de MmostM para el superlativo de
superioridad4 be!(ti#(l H&er"osoHs6$ !Hs66$ dr!"!ti Hdr!"tioHs6$ !Hs66$ i,noble
H+ilHes6L innobleHs66$ ridi(lo(s HridF(loHs6$ !Hs66$ %r!ti!l H%rtioHs6$ !Hs66$ et1 E.14
7onder#(l H"!r!+illosoHs6$ !Hs66$ "ore 7onder#(l H"s "!r!+illosoHs6$ !Hs66$ "ost
7onder#(l Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s "!r!+illosoHs6$ !Hs661
No obst!nte$ !l,(nos on el %re#i.o (nI %(eden !)!dir Ier ' Iest res%eti+!"ente4
(no""on$ (n&!%%'$ (n%le!s!nt$ (ntid' Hdesorden!doHs6$ !Hs66$ (nl(9'$ et1
9+ Con excepcin de los ad%etivos irregulares algunos de una sola s(laba, la
maor parte de los ad%etivos de una o m!s s(labas 'ue puedan formar el
comparativo superlativo de superioridad aLadiendo las terminaciones 5er
5est respectivamente pueden aLadir, no obstante, MmoreM MmostM cuando"
!6 D!n %reedidos de Q"ore !nd "oreQM no se %(ede Ier !nd Ier1 E.14 S&e ,re7 "ore
!nd "ore s(re o# &ersel# HEll! se &izo !d! +ez "s se,(r! de sF "is"!61
b6 Estn en %!r!lelis"o on otro !d.eti+o %reedido de Q"ore$ "ost$ less$ le!stQM los
!d.eti+os de (n! sFl!b! lo #or"!n "s #re(ente"ente on Ier ' Iest1 E.14 M!drid is
"ore 7e!lt&' N"enos (s!doOL 7e!lt&ier N"s (s!doO !nd "ore o""odio(s t&!n
!n' +ill!,e HM!drid es "s rio ' es%!iosoL !"%lio /(e (!l/(ier %(eblo6M
S!l!"!n! is "ore nie N"enos (s!doOL nier N"s (s!doO !nd less e-%ensi+e t&!n
S7edis& to7ns HS!l!"!n! es "s bonit! ' "enos !r! /(e l!s i(d!des s(e!s6M
t&e "ost li+el' !nd intelli,ent "!n in t&!t !re! Hel &o"bre "s +it!l e inteli,ente en
es!L !/(ell! zon!61
6 *(!ndo no e-iste (n! o"%!r!i3n re!l"ente %or/(e no !%!ree el se,(ndo
t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n o %or/(e se o"%!r!n si"%le"ente l!s (!lid!des de
+!rios !d.eti+osM no se %(ede %oner Ier1 E.14 Ee is "ore t&!n &!%%' Hl es "s /(e
#eliz6M E("!n bein,sL E("!ns !re "ore ,ood t&!n b!d HLos seres &("!nos son
"s b(enos /(e "!los6M T&!t t!ble is "ore b!d t&!n ,ood HEs!L A/(ell! "es! es
"s "!l! /(e b(en!6M S&e is "ore !n,r' t&!n s(r%rised HEll! est "s en#!d!d! /(e
sor%rendid!61
d6 *(!ndo se (s!n se,(idos de (n se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n /(e no se!
otro !d.eti+o1 E.14 S&e is "ore %rett' N"enos (s!doOL %rettier t&!n &e t&o(,&t HEll!
es "s bonit! de lo /(e 0l %ens!b!61
e6 *(!ndo +!n detrs del no"bre o %!r! e+it!r l! !o#onF! en in,l0s liter!rio1 E.14
T&e "!n "ost ri& is jo&n Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL T&e ri&est "!n is j1 Nestnd!rO
HEl &o"bre "s rio es j(!n61
#6 *(!ndo se /(iere d!r 0n#!sis o di,nid!d de estilo en in,l0s liter!rio1 E.4 A "ore
#ond 7i#e ne+er li+ed Nliter!rioO HN(n! e-isti3 (n! es%os!L "(.er "s !ri)os!6M to
t&e "ost &i,& !nd "i,&t' Prine Feli%e Nliter!rioO H! s( Altez! Re!l ' %oderosFsi"o
%rFni%e Feli%e61
*(!ndo &!' !d.eti+os oordin!dos se %onen sie"%re %ri"ero los o"%!r!ti+os '
s(%erl!ti+os ter"in!dos en Ier ' Iest ' l(e,o los %reedidos de Q"oreQ ' Q"ostQ1 E.14
Bilb!o is l!r,er !nd "ore ind(stri!l t&!n A+il! HBilb!o es "s ,r!nde ' "s
ind(stri!l /(e n+il!61
,6 *(!ndo se /(iere indi!r /(e &!' "s de (n on.(nto #or"!do %or (n no"bre
%reedido de (n !d.eti+oM no e-iste (n! o"%!r!i3n re!l"ente %or/(e no !%!ree
el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n o %or/(e se o"%!r!n si"%le"ente l!s
(!lid!des de +!rios !d.eti+osM si se %one el !d.eti+o ter"in!do en Ier no se re#iere !
l! !ntid!d ni ! l!s (!lid!des de +!rios !d.eti+os sino ! l! (!lid!d del no"bre '
!"bi! el si,ni#i!do t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no1 E.14 T&ere !re "ore b!dL
,ood ne7s Nindi! !ntid!d ' Qb!dL ,ood ne7sQ es (n on.(ntoO HE!' "s "!l!sL
b(en!s notii!s6M T&ere !re "ore b!d t&!n ,oodL ,ood t&!n b!d ne7s NQb!d ne7sQ
' Q,ood ne7sQ son dos on.(ntos ' se o"%!r!n dos !d.eti+osO HE!' "s notii!s
"!l!s /(e b(en!sL b(en!s /(e "!l!s6M T&ere !re 7orseL better ne7s Nno indi!
!ntid!d ' Q7orseL better ne7sQ no es (n on.(ntoM se re#iere ! l! (!lid!d de
Qne7sQO HE!' %eoresL "e.ores notii!s61
AsF$ %(es$ en !so de d(d! es %re#erible (s!r Q"oreQ ' Q"ostQ en +ez de Ier ' Iest
res%eti+!"ente '! /(e !si sie"%re estn bien1
0+ = veces en ingls arcaico, para /acer re(r, mostrar sorpresa u otra ra)n, no
se tienen en cuenta las reglas anteriores1 E.14 !rt#(llest$ borin,est$ br(t!lest$
&eer#(llestM Ee is t&e on#o(ndedest .!' t&!t e+er li+ed Hl es el !rrend!.o "s
"!lditoL onden!do /(e +i+i3 .!"s6M (rioser !nd (rioser H"s ' "s (rioso6$
(rsedest$ d!rlin,est$ e-!t$ t&e ,rotes/(est sene Hl! esen! "s ,rotes!6$ t&e
#!"o(sest %!r9$ &onestest$ ot&erer$ r!,,ediest NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ sole"nest$
+(l,!rest$ et1
*:+ &os ad%etivos terminados en 5ed, 5ing, 'ue tienen la misma forma 'ue un
participio 4de+ pasado o un participio 4de+ presente, toman MmoreM MmostM
para formar el comparativo superlativo de superioridad van precedidos de
los adverbios Mless, mostl, rat/er, seriousl, so, sufficientl, too, verM, sin son
graduables, aun'ue tengan solamente una s(laba. D1 ;1@$ ;15B$ =15=5
;18:1I Aa ad%etivos absolutos 4absolute ad%ectives+ calificativos o clasificativos
'ue, aun'ue indi'uen una cualidad en un grado mu alto se consideren no
graduables en ingls est!ndar, son graduables en ingls vulgar ' %(eden ir en
in,l0s +(l,!r %reedidos de los !d+erbios Qless$ "ore$ "ostl'$ r!t&er$ so$ s(##iientl'$
too$ +er'Q$ et14 !bsol(te$ !li+e$ !l"i,&t' Htre"endo6$ !lone$ !"or!l$ !%%ro-i"!te$
!+er!,e$ !7#(l$ blind$ borderline$ ert!in HiertoHs6$ !Hs6L se,(roHs6$ !Hs66$ ir(l!r$
oinident$ o"%lete$ or%ore!l$ orret$ o+ert$ de!d$ deliio(s$ diretion!l$ di+ine$
di+isible$ dre!d#(l$ e"%t' H+!FoHs6$ !Hs66$ enor"o(s$ e%ile%ti$ e/(!l$ e/(i+!lent$
essenti!l$ etern!l$ e-ellent$ e-%et!nt$ e-tr!ordin!r'$ #!lse$ #!t!l$ #e(d!l$ #inis&ed$
#l!7less$ #l(s&$ #ool%roo#$ #r!(d(lent$ #(ll HllenoHs6$ !Hs66$ &!le$ &e!+enl'
Helesti!lHes6L elesteHs6L di+inoHs6$ !Hs6L %!r!disF!oHs6$ !Hs66$ &orizont!l$ i""obile$
i"%ossible$ inident!l$ inredible$ indei%&er!ble$ indis%ens!ble$ ine-or!ble$
insensible$ inst!nt!neo(s$ int!t$ interro,!ti+e$ in+isible$ in+(lner!ble$ .(nior$ l!n9$
l!7#(l$ l(9e7!r"$ "!,ni#ient$ "!.or$ "!ni#est$ "!r+ello(s NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
"!r+elo(s NUSAO$ "i"eti$ R"ini"!list$ "inor$ "isell!neo(s$ "ort!l$
"(ltiR#!rio(s$ "(ltiRr!i!l$ "'t&i!l$ %er#et$ %ort!ble$ %ossible$ %ro#essori!l$ %s'&i$
%(s&'$ /(intessenti!l$ re!d'$ re%l!e!ble$ restor!ti+e$ res(r,ent$ ri,&t$ rootless$ ro(nd
HredondoHs6$ !Hs66$ s!do"!so&isti$ s!#e$ Rsel#IRser+in,$ silent$ slee%less$ s/(!re
H(!dr!doHs6$ !Hs66$ stentori!n$ str!i,&t$ str!%%'$ s(Rbordin!te$ s(bHI6Rst!nd!rd$ s(%erb
H"!,nF#ioL es%l0ndido6$ s(%ern!t(r!l$ s(%%orti+e$ s7ell$ t!n,enti!l$ Rt&irdIRr!te$
t&reeIdiR"ension!l$ ti"eless$ tireless$ toneless$ tr!nsient$ tr!nsitor'$ tri("%&!nt$
tri!n,(l!r$ (bi/(ito(s$ (nR#!t&o"!ble$ (ni#or"$ (ni/(e Hes%ei!lHes6L e-e%ion!lHesL
e-tr!ordin!rioHs6$ !Hs66$ (nneess!r'$ (seless$ (to%i!n$ +itorio(s$ 7ei,&tless$ et1
E.14 Ee "!de t&e "ost !l"i,&t' N+(l,!rO #(ss Hl !r"3 el lFo "s tre"endo6M
di+inest N+(l,!rO "el!n&ol' Hl! "el!nolF! "s di+in!l6M t&e e-ellent Nno
,r!d(!ble4 estnd!rOL "ost e-ellent N+(l,!rO ,i#t Hel re,!lo e-elenteL "s
e-elente6M lessL "oreL +er' #r!(d(lent N+(l,!rO H"enosL "sL "(' #r!(d(lento6M
E+er't&in, see"s !s %er#et N+(l,!rO !s Hit6 !n be HTodo %!ree t!n %er#eto o"o
%(ede serlo6M T&e sit(!tion is +er' e-e%tion!l Nestnd!rOL T&e sit(!tion is +er'
(ni/(e N+(l,!rO HL! sit(!i3n es "(' e-e%ion!l6M T&!t ide! is "ore ne!r to
%er#etion Nestnd!rOL T&!t ide! is "ore %er#et N+(l,!rOL ! bit "ore %er#et
N+(l,!rOV HEs! NoO A/(ell! ide! est "s er! de l! %er#ei3nL es "sL (n %oo
"s %er#et!6$ et1
*(!ndo se (s! Q/(iteQ del!nte de (no de estos !d.eti+os %(ede si,ni#i!r
Qo"%let!"enteL del todoQ en in,l0s estnd!r ' Qb!st!nteQ en in,l0s olo/(i!l o
in,l0s +(l,!r1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os son no ,r!d(!bles en in,l0s estnd!r$ %ero se (s!n o"o
,r!d(!bles en in,l0s olo/(i!l4 !bs(rd$ !e%t!ble$ !(r!te$ !"!zed$ !"!zin,$
!%%!lled$ !%%!llin,$ !sto(ndin,$ bl!9$ brilli!nt$ le!r$ on+ined$ deter"ined$
di##erent$ dis,(sted$ dis,(stin,$ dr(n9$ e-!t$ e-&!(sted$ e-&!(stin,$ #!sin!ted$
#!sin!tin,$ #r!n9$ ,en(ine$ &o%eless$ ob+io(s$ ridi(lo(s$ still$ s(re$ tr(e$ et1
UF!nt!sti$ #(rio(s$ &(,e$ terrible$ 7onder#(lV$ son ,r!d(!bles %ero no se (s!n
%reedidos de U+er'V$ ! no ser /(e se! en in,l0s +(l,!r1
;18;1I &os ad%etivos clasificativos 'ue se refieren a pa(ses, grupos tnicos, )onas
geogr!ficas, pueden ser graduables e ir en forma comparativa superlativa
cuando se refieren a la constitucin racial, a la idosincrasia o forma de ser de
una nacin, pero no son graduables, ni van en forma comparativa o
superlativa, cuando indican nacionalidad4 A"eri!n Hest!do(nidenseHs66$ Ar!bi
Hr!beHs66$ B(r"ese Hbir"!noHs6$ !Hs66$ *&inese H&inoHs6$ !Hs66$ *on,olese
Hon,ole)oHs6$ !Hs66$ D(t& H&ol!nd0sHes6$ ! Hs66$ E!stern NoO e!stern Horient!lHes6L del
Este NoO este6$ En,lis& Hin,l0sHes6$ !Hs66$ Fren& H#r!n0sHes6$ !Hs66$ Britis&
HbritnioHs6$ !Hs66$ Ger"!n H!le"nHes6$ !Hs66$ Indi!n HindioHs6$ !Hs66$ Iris&
Hirl!nd0sHes6$ !Hs6$ j!%!nese H.!%on0sHes6$ !Hs66$ j!+!nese H.!+!n0sHes6$ !Hs66$
Leb!nese Hlib!n0sHes6$ !Hs66$ Port(,(ese H%ort(,(0sHes6$ !Hs66$ S%!nis& Hes%!)olHes6$
!Hs66$ S7iss Hs(izoHs6$ !Hs66$ >els& H,!l0sHes6$ !Hs66$ S(d!nese Hs(d!n0sHes6$ !Hs66$
Dietn!"ese H+ietn!"it!Hs66$ >estern NoO 7estern Hoident!lHes6L del Oeste N(O
oeste6$ et1 E.14 S&e is "ore S%!nis& t&!n 'o( HEll! es "s es%!)ol! /(e t261
;18<1I &os ad%etivos compuestos pueden formar el comparativo el
superlativo de superioridad de una de las dos maneras siguientes4
a+ =Ladiendo MmoreM MmostM de forma anal(tica o perifr!stica 4analtic#
perip/rastic form+ respectivamente4 R#!rIR#et&ed He-!,er!doHs6$ !Hs6L
in+erosF"ilHes6L %oo %rob!bleHs6L ro!"bolesoHs6$ !Hs66$ R#!rIRsi,&ted
Hl!ri+identeHs6L on +isi3n de #(t(ro6$ R#eebleIR"inded Hi"b0ilHes6L tontoHs6$ !Hs66$
RFr!noIRGer"!n H#r!no!le"nHes6L #r!no!le"!n!Hs66$ R,oodIRn!t(red Hb(enoHs6$
!Hs66$ Rn!rro7IR"inded Hintoler!nteHs6L de "ir!s estre&!sL de "ent!lid!d err!d!L
err!doHs6$ !Hs66$ RoldIR#!s&ioned H!nti(!doHs6$ !Hs6$ Ro+erIR!n-io(s Hde"!si!do
%reo(%!doHs6$ !Hs6L !%rensi+oHs6$ !Hs6L s(%er%rotetorHes66$ Rsel#IRonsio(s$
Rsel#IRs(##iient H!(tos(#iienteHs66$ Rs&ortIRsi,&tedL Rne!rIRsi,&ted H"io%eHs66$ R7ellI
toIRdoL R7ellIRo## H!o"od!doHs6$ !Hs6L !diner!doHs6$ !Hs6L !!(d!l!doHs6$ !Hs6L
%(dienteHs66$ et1
b+ =Ladiendo las terminaciones 5er 5est al primer elemento si son regulares
con la forma correspondiente si son irregulares7 es la forma sinttica o de
inflexin 4snt/etic# inflected form+7 tambin pueden aLadir MmoreM
MmostM al ad%etivo compuesto de los dos elementosM se (s!n ,ener!l"ente "s
on Q"oreQ ' Q"ostQ /(e de l! otr! "!ner! e-e%to on QbestI9no7nQ4
Rb!dIR"!nnered H"!led(!doHs6$ !Hs66$ Rb!dIRte"%ered Hde "!l ,enioL de "!l &("or6$
Rbi,IR&e!ded HreFdoHs6$ !Hs6L en,reFdoHs6$ !Hs66$ Rbi,IR&e!rted$ RloseIR#ittin,$
RoldIRblooded$ Rd(llIR7itted Hon %oo in,enio6$ R#ineIRloo9in, H!%(estoL on b(en
!s%eto6$ R,oodIR&e!rted Hbond!dosoHs6$ !Hs6L de b(en or!z3n6$ R,oodIR&("o(red
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R,oodIR&("ored NUSAO H.o+i!lHes6L de b(en &("or6$
R,oodIRloo9in, H,(!%oHs6$ !Hs6L !%(estoHs6$ !Hs6$ R,oodIRn!t(red Hb(enoHs6$ !Hs6L de
n!t(r!lez! bond!dos!6$ R,oodIRsized H,r!ndeHs6L de b(en t!"!)o6$ R,oodIRte"%ered$
R&!rdIR7or9in, Htr!b!.!dorHes6$ !Hs66$ RillIR!d+ised Hdes!ert!doHs6$ !Hs66$ R9indIR&e!rted
Hbond!dosoHs6$ !Hs6L de b(en or!z3n6$ Rlon,IRl!stin,$ Rlon,IRli+ed Hlon,e+oHs6$ !Hs66$
Rlon,IRst!ndin,$ Rlon,IRs(##erin,$ Rlon,IRter"$ Rlo7IR(t$ Rlo7IR%!id$ Rlo7IRsl(n,$
RnieIRloo9in,$ RoldIRest!blis&ed H+ie.oHs6$ !Hs6L de !bolen,oL de reonoid! solidez6$
Rs&ortIRli+ed$ Rs&ortIRter"$ Rslo7IR7itted$ Rs"oot&IRt!l9in,$ Rstron,IR"inded Hres(eltoHs6$
!Hs6L de !rterL deididoHs6$ !Hs66$ R7ellI!dR+ised$ R7ellI!R%%ointed$ R7ellIRb!l!ned$
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!R%(estoL R,(!%o61
;18=1I Cuando /a uno o m!s ad%etivos en forma comparativa o superlativa de
superioridad con la terminaciones 5er, 5est otro o m!s ad%etivos precedidos de
MmoreM o MmostM normalmente se ponen primero los ad%etivos terminados en
5er 5est. E.14 T&e %l!e 7!s s"!ller !nd "ore be!(ti#(l t&!n I t&o(,&t HEl l(,!rL
sitio er! "s %e/(e)o ' "s &er"oso de lo /(e 'o reF!6M ! "(& e!sier !nd "ore
interestin, boo9 H(n libro "(&o "s #il ' "s interes!nte61
;18?1I &os ad%etivos en grado comparativo de superioridad o
inferioridad, 'ue son todos graduables en grado positivo, pueden ir
precedidos en forma afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa de algunos
adverbiosM !l,(nos !d+erbios %(eden ir t!"bi0n se,(idos de !l,(nos
%!rtii%ios de %!s!do (!ndo &!en l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+os %ero no (!ndo
&!en l! #(ni3n de %!rtii%iosM los !d+erbios %(eden ser de !ntid!d$ de
"od!lid!d$ de "odo$ de tie"%o$ de #re(eni!$ et1M !l,(nos son
intensi#i!dores ' en#!tiz!doresM !l,(nos de estos !d+erbios %(eden ir
se,(idos de o"%!r!ti+os irre,(l!res n!d! "sM los m!s usados son4 ! bit
Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
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ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"(&Fsi"oL (n!
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o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %oo6$ ! little bit Nse,(ido de
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!d.eti+os %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
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o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %ooL (n! %o!L !l,o6$
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ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hl!r!"ente6$
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Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Ho"%let!"ente6$ onsider!bl' Nliter!rio4 se,(ido de
!d.eti+os %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO Honsider!ble"enteL b!st!nte6$ onsistentl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
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H+isible"ente6$ +is(!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H+is(!l"ente6$
7onder#(ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"!r!+illos!"ente6$ 7ret&edl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hdesonsol!d!"enteL tre"end!"enteL terrible"ente6$
'et Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles
' ob.eti+os o ne(trosM %(ede ir t!"bi0n detrs del !d.eti+oO H!2nL tod!+F!L
inl(so6$ et1 E.14 Ee is ! bit "ore !n-io(s Hl est (n %oo "s
%reo(%!doL in/(ietoL !nsioso6M Ee is ! #!rL ! d!"n N+(l,!rOL ! lon, si,&t
&!%%ier Hl es "(&Fsi"o "s #eliz6M S&e is ! ,ood de!lL #!ir de!l "ore
dili,ent HEll! es b!st!nteL "(&o "s dili,enteL !%li!d!6M Ee is ! ,ood bit
"ore se%ti!l NGB %rini%!l"enteOL s9e%ti!l NUSAO Hl es b!st!nte "s
es0%tio6M I !" ! ,re!t de!l "ore !re#(l no7 HTen,o "(&Fsi"o "s
(id!do !&or!6M S&e is ! &ellL &e9 o# ! lot le!ner t&!n &i" HEll! es
"(&Fsi"o "s li"%i! /(e 0l6M S&e s!id it ! &ellL &e9 o# ! lot "ore le!rl'
t&!n &e didL &i" HEll! lo di.o "(&Fsi"o "s l!r!"ente /(e 0l6M T&e' !re
! little less !ttr!ti+e HSon (n %oo "enos !tr!ti+Hos$ !s66M T&e' !re ! little
bit less o""(ni!ti+e HSon (n %o/(ito "enos o"(ni!ti+Hos$ !s66M S&e
is ! lotL N!4 no %oner del!nte de UlotsVO lots %rettier t&!n 'o(r sister HEll! es
"(&o "s bonit! /(e t( &er"!n!6M S&e #eels ! lotL N!4 no %onerO lots
better HEll! se siente "(&o "e.or6M mo( !re ! tin' little bit "ore s!tis#ied
HEsts (n %o/(itito "s s!tis#e&o6M S&e 7!s ! to(& loser HEll! est!b! (n
%oo "s er!6M It is !bsol(tel' better HEs !bsol(t!"enteL rot(nd!"ente
"e.or6M It 7!s !ll t&e e!sier to !&ie+e s(ess HF(e "(&oL t!nto "s #il
onse,(ir 0-ito6M ItZs !l"ost t&i9erL 7&iter HEsHt6 !si "s ,r(eso NoO
es%esoL bl!no6M Is it !n' &e!%erT HWEs !l,o "s b!r!toT6M Ee isnZt !n'
'o(n,er Ni Ee is no 'o(n,erO Hl no es Hn!d!6 "s .3+en6M S&e le#t 7it&o(t
,ettin, !n' better HEll! se "!r&3 sin %onerse Hn!d!6 "e.or6M Are 'o( !n'
ri&erT HWEres H!l,o6 "s rioT6M S&e onsented 7it&o(t bein, !n' &!%%ier
HEll! onsinti3 sin ser Hn!d!L (n %oo6 "s #eliz6M It is b!rel' H!n'6 better
HA%en!s es Hn!d!6 "e.or6M It is b!rel' less bl!9L e-%ensi+e HEs !%en!s
"enos ne,roL !ro6M ItZs b' #!r &e!%erL /(ieter HEs "s b!r!toL tr!n/(ilo
on "(&o6M It is !t!stro%&i!ll' 7orse HEsHt6 !t!str3#i!"ente %eor6M
Ee s!id it !t!stro%&i!ll' 7orse Hl lo di.o !t!str3#i!"ente %eor6M It is
le!rl' &e!%er HEs l!r!"ente "s b!r!to6M Ee bo(,&t it le!rl' &e!%er
Hl lo o"%r3 l!r!"ente "s b!r!to6M T&is is distintl' bi,,er HEsto es
l!r!"ente "s ,r!nde6M Ee "!de t&is distintl' #!ster Hl &izo esto
l!r!"ente "s r%ido6M S&e is e+en less obstin!te HEll! es inl(so "enos
obstin!d!L ter!6M T&e' 7ere e-tr!ordin!ril' s(r%rised HEst!b!n
e-tr!ordin!ri!"enteL e-tr!)!"ente sor%rendidos6M T&e' "!de t&!t
e-tr!ordin!ril' better HEiieron eso e-tr!ordin!ri!"ente "e.or6M ! #!rL
"(& 'o(n,er %erson H(n! %erson! "(&o "s .o+en6M T&is sto7!7!' is
#!r &(n,rier HEste %oliz3n est "(&o "s &!"briento6M T&is is sold #!r
&e!%er HEsto se +ende "(&o "s b!r!to6M It is #!r #!r "ore e-%ensi+e HEs
"(&o "(&o "s !ro6M It 7!s #!t!ll' 7orse HF(e #!t!l"ente %eor6M Ee is
#ort(n!tel' li,&ter Hl es !#ort(n!d!"ente "s li,ero6M ItZs &!l# !s "(&
older HEst l! "it!d "s #rFo6M T&!t is &!rdl' H!n'6 better HEso !%en!s es
"e.or6M It is &!rdl' less bl!9L e-%ensi+e HEs !%en!s "enos ne,roL !ro6M
ItZs &e!%s Nolo/(i!lO &e!%er HEs "(&o "s b!r!to6M It is &e!%s
Nolo/(i!lO less e-%ensi+eL 7&ite HEs "(&o "enos !roL bl!no6M It is
&orribl' "ore &!r"#(l HEs &orrible"ente "s d!)ino6M mo( %(s&
i""ensel' &!rder t&!n "eL I do HE"%(.!s in"ens!"ente "s #(erte /(e
'o6M mo( !re i""ensel' s"!rter t&!n I !" Nestnd!rOL "e Nolo/(i!lOL I
Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO HEres in"ens!"ente "s inteli,ente /(e
'o6M T&!t is in#initel' &e!+ier t&!n t&is HEsoL A/(ello es in#init!"ente "s
%es!do /(e esto6M Ee t&o(,&t it o+er in#initel' lon,er t&!n "!n' Hl lo
"edit3 d(r!nte (n tie"%o in#init!"ente "s l!r,o /(e "(&os6M S&e is
little better HEll! est %oo "e.or6M S&e #eels "iles better no7 HEll! se
siente "(&o "e.or !&or!6M >e !re "(& &!%%ier t&!n e+er'bod' else
HSo"os "(&o "s #elies /(e todo el resto de l! ,ente6M Ee is "(& older
Hl es "(&o "s +ie.o6M T&is is "(& "ore interestin, t&!n 'o( t&in9
HEsto es "(&o "s interes!nte de lo /(e rees6M S&e is "(& "ore
sereti+e t&!n !ll o# (s HEll! es "(&o "s &er"0ti! /(e todos nosotros6M
T&is boo9 is "(& less entert!inin, t&!n t&!t #il" HEste libro es "(&o
"enos entretenido /(e es!L !/(ell! %elF(l!6M T&e' !re "(& "(& #!ster
t&!n &e is Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO
HSon "(&o "(&o "s r%idos /(e 0l6M S&e is "(& "(& 9inder no7
HEll! es "(&o "(&o "s !"!ble !&or!6M S&eZs ne!rl' better HEll! est
!si "e.or6M ItZs ne!rl' less Nr!roO !ttr!ti+e HEs !si "enos !tr!ti+Ho$ !66M
It is no betterL &e!%erL less interestin, HNo est n!d! "e.orL "s b!r!toL
"enos interes!nte6M T&e' 7ere none t&e 7iser !#ter &er desri%tion HS(
desri%i3n no les !l!r3 n!d!6M S&eZs Rnot !n' #!ster HEll! no es n!d! "s
r%id!6M ItZs not !n' less de"!ndin, HNo es "enos e-i,ente en !bsol(to6M
T&!t is o%enl' "ore on#(sin, t&!n t&e rest HEsoL A/(ello es !biert!"ente
"s on#(so /(e el resto6M It is /(ite Nr!ro4 GBO betterL &e!%erL olderL
7!r"er HEs b!st!nte "e.orL "s b!r!toL "s +ie.oL "s !liente6M Ee is
/(ite Nr!ro4 GBO betterL olderL 'o(n,er Hl es b!st!nte "e.orL "!'orL "s
.o+en6M Ee is /(ite Nr!ro4 GBO 7!r"er Hl tiene b!st!nte "s !lor6M ItZs
/(ite ! bitL /(ite ! little NGBO bi,,erL s!#er HEs b!st!nte "s ,r!ndeL
se,(ro6M T&is "!&ine is r!t&er betterL slo7er t&!n t&e #irst one HEst!
"/(in! es "s bienL b!st!nteL (n %oo "e.orL "s lent! /(e l! %ri"er!6M
T&!t is s!rel' less ne,!ti+e HEsoL A/(ello !%en!s es "enos ne,!ti+o6M
S&e is so "(& better] H\Ell! es t!nto "e.or]6M ItZs !sL so "(& e!sier #or
&er to (nderst!nd HEs t!nto "s #il %!r! ell! o"%render6M ItZs so "(&
less &el%#(l HEs t!nto "enos 2tilL e#i!z6M Ee is so +er' "(& s&orter t&!n
'o( !re Nestnd!rOL 'o( Nliter!rio ' olo/(i!lO Hl es t!ntFsi"o "s b!.o /(e t26M
ItZs so +er' "(& less &el%#(l HEs t!ntFsi"o "enos 2tilL e#i!z6M Ee is
so"e7&!t less interested Hl est (n %oo "enos interes!do6M It is still
,re!ter N"s (s!doOL ,re!ter still N"enos (s!doO HEs !2n "s ,r!ndeL "s
,r!nde tod!+F!6M T&e sit(!tion is terribl' "ore on#(sed HL! sit(!i3n est
terrible"ente "s on#(s!6M It isHnZt6 Rt&!t &e!%erL /(i9er HHno6 Es
"(&oL t!nto "s b!r!toL r%ido6M T&e' !re Rt&!t "(& bi,,er HSon "(&oL
t!nto "!'oresL "s ,r!ndes6M It isnZt Rt&!t "(& less e-%ensi+e HNo es
"(&oL t!nto "enos !ro6M T&is is t7ie "ore o"%li!ted t&!n t&!t HEsto
es dos +ees "s o"%li!do /(e esoL !/(ello6M ItZs t7o ti"es less
&',ieni t&!n t&is HEs dos +ees "enos &i,i0nio /(e esto6M ItZs tons
Nolo/(i!lO better HEs "(&Fsi"o "e.or6M T&is %roble" is tre"endo(sl'
"ore o"%le- HEste %roble"! es tre"end!"ente "s o"%le.o6M Ee is
(n#ort(n!tel' 'o(n,er Hl es des!#ort(n!d!"ente "s .o+en6M (s(!ll'
better Hnor"!l"ente "e.or6M ItZs +er' little less Nr!roO bl(e HEs "(' %oo
"enos !z(l6M S&e is +er' "(& 7iser HEll! es "(&Fsi"o "s s!bi!6M ItZs
+er' "(& "ore 'ello7 HEs "(&Fsi"o "s !"!rillo6M ItZs +er' "(& less
bl(eL ,reen HEs "(&Fsi"o "enos !z(lL +erde6M Ee is +er' +er' "(& "ore
onsio(s Hl es "(&Fsi"o "(&Fsi"o "s onsiente6M T&e stor'
beo"es 'et "ore o"%li!tedL "ore o"%li!ted 'et HL! &istoriHet6! se
o"%li! !2nL tod!+F!L inl(so "s6M ItZs 'et less e-%ensi+e N"s (s!doOL
less e-%ensi+e 'et HEs !2nL tod!+F!L inl(so "enos !ro6$ et1
El !d+erbio Qb' #!rQ s(ele ir detrs del !d.eti+o en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o1 E.14 Ee is
/(i9er b' #!r Hl es "s r%ido on "(&o61
Los !d.eti+os o"%!r!ti+os e-e%to QbetterQ no +!n %reedidos de los !d+erbios
Qo"%letel'$ littleQ1 E.14 o"%letel' better Ho"%let!"ente "e.or6M EeZs little better
t&!n 'o( !re Nestnd!rOL 'o( Nliter!rio ' olo/(i!lO Hl es %oo "e.or /(e t261
Los !d.eti+os en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o del!nte del no"bre %(eden ir %reedidos de los
!d+erbios intensi#i!ti+os Q#!rQ ' Q"(&Q$ %ero no de U! bit$ ! #!r$ ! d!"n N+(l,!rO$ !
lon, si,&t$ ! ,ood bit$ ! ,ood de!l$ ! #!ir de!l$ ! ,re!t de!l$ ! &ell o# ! lot$ ! &e9 o# !
lot$ ! little$ ! lot$ lots$ ! tin' little bit$ ! to(&$ !ll t&e$ !n' Ht&e6$ &!l# !s "(&$ &e!%s$
little$ "iles$ none t&e$ /(ite$ /(ite ! bit$ /(ite ! little NGBO$ /(ite ! lot$ tons$ +er'
littleV1 E.14 ! #!rL "(& 'o(n,er %erson H(n! %erson! "(&o "s .o+en61
;18@1I El superlativo relativo indi! (n! o"%!r!i3n ,ener!l"ente entre tres o
"s seres +i+os o os!sM el s(%erl!ti+o dest!! l! (!lid!d de (n no"bre en rel!i3n
on otros t0r"inos de l! o"%!r!i3nM /a dos tipos de superlativo relativo"
*+ El de superioridad se #or"! on Ut&eVL (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o4 Q"'L 'o(rL &isL
&erL itsL o(rL t&eirQ h !d.eti+o en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o o !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o
%reedido de UR"ostV N!ent(!doO h Hno"bre N/(e no es nees!rio detrs de Qt&eQ$ si
se sobrHe6entiendeO6 h HQin Nel "s (s!doOL o#L !"on,L onL (nderQ h no"breL
%rono"breL QHt&!t6Q h s(.eto h %redi!do +erb!l N/(e no son nees!rios si se
sobrHe6entiendenO6M el !d.eti+o en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o %reedido de Qt&eQ$ si no +!
del!nte del no"bre %or/(e se sobrHe6entiende$ &!e de %rono"bre o"o n2leo de
(n sint!,"! no"in!l detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oM (!ndo el !d.eti+o s(%erl!ti+o$
no del!nte del no"bre$ +! detrs del +erbo o"o !trib(to s(ele lle+!r Ut&eVM ! +ees
en in,l0s olo/(i!l %(ede no lle+!rlo %ero$ si se s(%ri"e Ut&eV$ es !"bi,(o '! /(e
%(ede tr!d(irse o"o Uel$ l!$ los$ l!s "s h !d.eti+oV o o"o U"(' h !d.eti+oVM l!
!"bi,Xed!d e-iste sol!"ente en l! esrit(r!$ '! /(e en in,l0s &!bl!do (!ndo es
s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o +! !ent(!do el s(%erl!ti+o ter"in!do en Iest o l! %!l!br!
Q"ostQ$ %ero (!ndo es !bsol(to no +!n !ent(!dos ' se !ent2! el !d.eti+o en
,r!do %ositi+o si +! %reedido de Q"ostQ ' sin !ento (!ndo ter"in! en IestM %!r!
los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es reo"end!ble (s!r sie"%re Ut&eV (!ndo es s(%erl!ti+o
rel!ti+o ' sin Ut&eV (!ndo es s(%erl!ti+o !bsol(toM se (s! Qo#Q del!nte del no"bre
en sin,(l!r o"o Qb(n&$ lotQ$ et1$ del!nte del no"bre en %l(r!l ' de %rono"bre
,ener!l"ente en %l(r!lM on no"bres de %erFodos de tie"%o o"o Qli#e$ 'e!rQ$ et1$
se (s! Qo# N"s (s!doOL in N"enos (s!doOQM se (s! Q!"on,Q del!nte del no"breL
%rono"bre en %l(r!lM se (s! QinQ del!nte del no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l /(e se
re#ier! ! (n l(,!r o ! (n ,r(%oM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o n("er!l ordin!l entre
Ut&eV ' el !d.eti+o s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o de s(%eriorid!dM el !d.eti+o %(ede ser
!li#i!ti+o$ l!si#i!ti+o ' de olor1 E.14 t&e best !ltern!ti+e Hl! "e.or !ltern!ti+!6M It
is t&e R"ost be!(ti#(l !Rt&edr!l HEs l! !teRdr!l "s &erR"os!6M S&e is t&e R"ost
&onestL intelli,ent HEll! es l! "s &onRr!d!$ &oRnest! NoO sinRer!L inteliR,ente6M S&e
is t&e R%rettiestL Rs&ortest Ho# !ll6 Nestnd!rOL S&e is R%rettiestL Rs&ortest Ho# !ll6
Nolo/(i!lO HEll! es l! "s boRnit!L Rb!.! Hde tod!s66M S&e is t&e R"ost destr(ti+e
Nestnd!rOL S&e is "ost desRtr(ti+e Nolo/(i!lO HEll! es l! "s destr(Rti+!6M t&e
R"ost li+el' !nd intelli,ent R"!n in No#4 no %onerO t&!t !re! Hel R&o"bre "s +iRt!l e
inteliR,ente en es!L !/(ell! zon!6M S&e is t&e R'o(n,est Ho# t&e t&ree sisters6
Nestnd!rOL S&e is R'o(n,est Ho# t&e t&ree sisters6 Nolo/(i!lO HEll! es l! "s R.o+en
Hde l!s tres &er"!n!s66M T&!t is t&e best .e7el Hin No#4 no %onerO t&e 7orld6 Hs! es l!
"e.or .o'! Hdel "(ndo66M Ee is t&e oldest "!n Hin NGBOL on NUSAO t&is te!"6 Hl es
el &o"bre de "s ed!dL "s !ni!no Hen este e/(i%o66M S&e is t&e %rettiest ,irl Hin
No#4 no %onerO to7n6 HEll! es l! &i! "s bonit! Hde l! i(d!d66M t&e lon,est d!' o#
N"s (s!doOL in N"enos (s!doO t&e 'e!r Hel dF! "s l!r,o del !)o6M &is 'o(n,est
d!(,&ter Hs( &i.! "s .o+en6M t&e R"ost e-%ensi+e !r Hel o&e "s !ro6M Ee is t&e
R"ost (nderst!ndin, R'o(t& Ho# !ll6 Hl es el .o+en "s o"%renRsi+o Hde todos66M
S&e is t&e %erson R"ost on+ined o# t&is #!t HEll! es l! %erson! "s on+enRid! de
este &e&o6M S&e is t&e R"ost &onestL intelli,ent Nestnd!rOL S&e is "ost R&onestL
inRtelli,ent Nolo/(i!lO !"on, t&e %eo%le t&!t I 9no7 HEll! es l! "s &onRr!d! N(O
&oRnest!L inteliR,ente entre l! ,ente /(e onozo6M T&e' !re t&e R"ost %re%!red
Nestnd!rOL T&e' !re "ost %reR%!red Nolo/(i!lO in Ht&e6 to7n HSon los "s
%re%!Rr!dos en l! i(d!d6M ! desri%tion o# t&e +!,(est H(n! desri%i3n de los "s
+!,o6M EeZs Rnot &!+in, t&e e!siest o# d!'s Hl no est %!s!ndo los dF!s "s #iles
Hde s( +id!66M Ee is t&e t!llest %erson t&!t IZ+e e+er seen Hl es l! %erson! "s !lt!
/(e .!"s &!'! +isto6M t&e 7orst res(lts Hlos %eores res(lt!dos6M t&!t o# t&e "ost
"odern in+entions Nliter!rioO Hes! in+eni3n de l!s "s "odern!s6M n!t(re !t its
"ost in&os%it!ble Hl! n!t(r!lez! en s( #or"! "s in&3s%it!6M t&e t&ird lon,est ob.et
Hel terer ob.eto "s l!r,o6$ t&e t&ird bi,,est s!tellite Hel terer s!t0lite "s ,r!nde6M
t&e ne-t best sre7dri+er Hel se,(ndo destornill!dor "e.or6$ et1
A +ees$ el s(%erl!ti+o %(ede ir %reedido de U!n'$ noV1 E.14 on !n' s"!llest
o!sion Hinl(so en l! "enor o!si3n6M r(,b'$ or !n' ro(,&est s%ort Hr(,b' o
(!l/(ier! de los de%ortes "s d(ros6$ %ero es "e.or deir Ur(,b'$ or !n' ro(,&er
s%ortV Hr(,b' o (!l/(ier de%orte "s d(ro6M No "e!nest det!il is insi,ni#i!nt HNi
el det!lle "s "ez/(ino es insi,ni#i!nte61
Se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n Ut&eV h !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o %reedido de UR"ostV
N!ent(!doO h no"bre1 D1 ;15=1B
*(!ndo se o"%!r!n no"bres$ se (s!n l!s %!rtF(l!s Q"ostQ %!r! #or"!r el
s(%erl!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d1 E.14 Arnold &!s t&e "ost boo9s Nestnd!rOL "ost Rboo9s
Nolo/(i!lO HArn!ldo es el /(e "s Rlibros tiene6M Ee "!de t&e "ost "ist!9es
Nestnd!rOL "ost "isRt!9es Nolo/(i!lO Hl #(e el /(e "s eRrrores o"eti361
Se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n el !d.eti+o en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o se,(ido del "is"o
!d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o1 E.14 Ee is t&e R"ost intelli,ent o# t&e intelli,ent bo's Hl
es el "s inteliR,ente de los "(&!&os inteli,entes6M S&e is t&e #!stest o# t&e #!st
r(nners HEll! es l! "s r%id! de l!s orredor!s r%id!s61
En !stell!no se (s! el s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o (!ndo se re#iere ! dos seres +i+os o
os!s$ %ero en in,l0s se (s! nor"!l"ente el o"%!r!ti+o$ !(n/(e ! +ees en in,l0s
olo/(i!l se (s! el s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o es%ei!l"ente on Qbest$ eldest$ oldest$
'o(n,estQ$ %!r! (n! o"%!r!i3n entre dos seres +i+os o os!s sol!"ente o"o en
!stell!no1 E.14 S&e is t&e t!ller o# t&e t7o ,irls HEll! es l! "s !lt! de l!s dos &i!s6M
T&is is t&e "ore !"(sin, o# t&e t7o +ideos Hste es el "s di+ertido de los dos
+Fdeos6M Eer ri,&t e'e is t&e 7e!9er Ho# t&e t7o6 HS( o.o dere&o es el "s d0bil Hde
los dos66M mo( &!+e t7o d!(,&ters1 >&i& is t&e 'o(n,estT Nolo/(i!lO HTienes dos
&i.!s1 W*(l es l! "s .o+enL "enorT61 D181;<$ 81@;
Sin e"b!r,o$ se (s!n iert!s e-%resiones o"o UP(t 'o(r best #oot #or7!rd]V ' no
UbetterV$ !(n/(e ten,!"os s3lo dos %ies$ UM!' t&e best te!" 7in]V$ !(n/(e %(eden
ser dos$ tres o "s$ et1
E!' tendeni! en in,l0s ! (s!r Ut&eV se,(ido del !d.eti+o s(%erl!ti+o ' (n no"bre
on si,ni#i!do de s(%erl!ti+o !bsol(to1 E.14 IsnZt s&e t&e "ost be!(ti#(l 7o"!nT
HWNo es ell! (n! "(.er "(' &er"os!T6$ et1
El !d.eti+o en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d s(ele ir %reedido de Ut&eV$
(!ndo +! del!nte del no"bre$ sobre todo (!ndo +!n se,(idos de Qo#L inQ h
no"breL %rono"bre4 t&e Nno s(%ri"irO %rettiest ,irl in t&is !re!M sin e"b!r,o$ el
!d.eti+o no s(ele ir %reedido de Ut&eV4
!6 *(!ndo +! del!nte del no"bre en l! se,(nd! %!rte de (n ,eniti+o s!.3n4 t&e
#!"il'Zs oldest son Hel &i.o "!'or de l! #!"ili!6$ et1
b6 *(!ndo +! %reedido de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o4 &is ne7est to' Hs( .(,(ete "s
n(e+o61 6 *(!ndo +! %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do1 D1 ;15=1B
A%ro-i"!d!"ente l! "it!d de los s(%erl!ti+os se (s!n sin l! se,(nd! %!rte de l!
o"%!r!i3n1 E.14 S&e is t&e t!llest Ho# !ll6 HEll! es l! "s !lt! Hde tod!s661
Se die Qt&e N&!' /(e %oner Ut&eV %or/(e es (n s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+oO "ost #re/(entl'
"entioned !seQ Hel !so "enion!do "s #re(ente"ente6$ %ero QT&e !se is
"entioned "ost #re/(entl'Q Nno se %(ede %oner Ut&eV (!ndo Q"ostQ +! se,(ido de
(n !d+erbio !l #in!l de l! or!i3n$ %or/(e es (n s(%erl!ti+o !bsol(toO HEl !so es
"enion!do "(' #re(ente"ente61
2+ El superlativo relativo de inferioridad se #or"! on Ut&eVL (n !d.eti+o
%osesi+o4 Q"'L 'o(rL &isL &erL itsL o(rL t&eirQ h !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o %reedido
de QRle!stQ H!ent(!do6 h no"bre Nno es nees!rio detrs de Ut&eV$ si se
sobrHe6entiendeO h HQo#L !"on,L inQ h no"breL %rono"bre4 no es nees!rio si se
sobrHe6entiende6M Qle!stQ se (s! on los !d.eti+os de dos o "s sFl!b!s$ %ero no se
(s! !%en!s on los !d.eti+os de (n! sol! s3l!b!M el !d.eti+o en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o$ si
no +! del!nte del no"bre %or/(e se sobrHe6entiende$ &!e de %rono"bre o"o
n2leo de (n sint!,"! no"in!l detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o ' +! sie"%re
%reedido de Ut&eVM se (s! Qo#Q del!nte del no"bre en sin,(l!r o"o Qb(n&$ lotQ$
et1$ no"bres de %erFodos de tie"%o o"o Qli#e$ 'e!rQ$ et1$ de no"bres en %l(r!l '
de %rono"bres ,ener!l"ente en %l(r!lM se (s! Q!"on,Q del!nte no"bresL
%rono"bres en %l(r!lM se (s! QinQ del!nte del no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l /(e se
re#ier! ! (n l(,!r o ! (n ,r(%oM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o n("er!l ordin!l entre
Ut&eV ' el !d.eti+o s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o de in#eriorid!dM el s(%erl!ti+o de in#eriorid!d
se (s! "(&o "enos /(e el de s(%eriorid!dM el !d.eti+o %(ede ser !li#i!ti+o$
l!si#i!ti+o ' de olor1 E.14 t&e Rle!st e-%ensi+e #risbee Hel diso +ol!dor "enos
R!ro6M Ee is t&e sto7!7!' Rle!st !#r!id o# t&e #(t(re Hl es el %oliz3n on "enos
R"iedo del #(t(ro6M t&e Rle!st b!dL desir!bleL o##ensi+e !ltern!ti+e Hl! !ltern!ti+!
"enos R"!l!L deseR!bleL o#enRsi+!6M t&e Rle!st e-%ensi+el' #(rnis&ed &o(se Hl! !s!
!"(ebl!d! de l! #or"! "enos R!r!6M t&e t&ird Rle!st e-%ensi+e s!tellite Hel terer
s!t0lite "enos R!ro61
A +ees se (s! t!"bi0n on (n !d.eti+o en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o o"o en Qt&e le!st
7orse !ltern!ti+eQ Hl! !ltern!ti+! "enos "!l!6$ %ero no es reo"end!ble %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes1
*(!ndo se o"%!r!n no"bres$ %!r! el s(%erl!ti+o de in#eriorid!d se (s!n l!s
%!rtF(l!s Q#e7est Nliter!rioOL le!st N+(l,!rOQ on no"bres ont!bles ' Ule!stV on
no"bres inont!bles1 E.14 D!n! &!s t&e Rle!st N"(' (s!doO "one' HD!n! es l! /(e
"enos diRnero tiene6L D!n! &!s le!st Nr!roO R"one' HD!n! tiene %o/(Fsi"o diRnero61
Se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n el !d.eti+o en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o se,(ido del "is"o
!d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o$ %ero nor"!l"ente es red(nd!nte (s!r el !d.eti+o en
,r!do %ositi+o ' es "e.or s(%ri"irlo %or/(e se sobrHe6entiendeM no obst!nte$ es
nees!rio si e-isten +!rios ,r(%os di#erentes en (!nto !l ,r!do de l! (!lid!d del
!d.eti+o1 E.14 Ee is t&e Rle!st intelli,ent o# t&e Hintelli,ent Nnees!rio si &!' otro
,r(%o de &ios /(e no son inteli,entesO6 bo's Hl es el "enos inteRli,ente de los
"(&!&os Hinteli,entes661
Nor"!l"ente se (s! el s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d del !d.eti+o ontr!rio en
+ez del s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o de in#eriorid!d$ e-e%to (!ndo no se /(iere ser t!n
direto$ '! /(e el s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o de in#eriorid!d %(ede ser (n! #or"! "s
di%lo"ti! de deir lo "is"o1 E.14 It is t&e &e!%est !r HEs el o&e "s b!r!to6$
en +ez de QIt is t&e le!st e-%ensi+e !rQ HEs el o&e "enos !ro61
El !d.eti+o en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o de in#eriorid!d s(ele ir %reedido de Ut&eV$
(!ndo +! del!nte del no"bre$ sobre todo (!ndo +!n se,(idos de Qo#L inQ h
no"breL %rono"breM sin e"b!r,o$ el !d.eti+o no +! %reedido de Ut&eV (!ndo +!
del!nte del no"bre en l! se,(nd! %!rte de (n ,eniti+o s!.3n4 t&e #!"il'Zs le!st old
son Nr!roO Hel &i.o "enor de l! #!"ili!6 ' (!ndo +! %reedido de (n !d.eti+o
%osesi+o4 &is le!st old to' Hs( .(,(ete "enos +ie.o61
;18B1I Se pueden poner ciertos adverbios delante de un ad%etivo calificativo,
clasificativo de color en grado superlativo relativo 4D nombre+ de
inferioridad precedido de ;t/e< cuando van delante del nombre4 !bsol(tel'$
!l"ost$ !lto,et&er$ b!rel'$ brilli!ntl'$ b' #!r N%(ede ir del!nte del !d.eti+o o$ si +! !l
#in!l$ detrs del !d.eti+oO$ o"%!r!ti+el'$ o"%letel'$ onsider!bl'$ d!n,ero(sl'$
do7nri,&t$ dre!d#(ll'$ e"inentl'$ entirel'$ e!sil'$ es%ei!ll'L s%ei!ll'$ e-eedin,l'$
e-tre"el'$ #!r N"enos (s!do /(e Qb' #!rQO$ #!r !nd !7!'$ #ri,&t#(ll'$ #(ll'$
,lorio(sl'$ ,rossl'$ &!rdl'$ &e!rtil'$ &o%elessl'$ in %!rt$ in so"e res%ets$ inre!sedl'L
inre!sin,l'$ indeed$ .(st$ l!r,el'$ "oder!tel'$ "ore or less$ "(&$ ne!rl'$ Rnot /(ite$
one$ onl'$ %!rti!ll'$ Hnot6 %!rti(l!rl'$ %!rtl'$ %r!ti!ll'$ %ro#o(ndl'$ /(ite$ r!t&er$
re!dil'$ re!son!bl'$ rel!ti+el'$ ridi(lo(sl'$ s!rel'$ se+erel'$ s&!r%l'$ si"%l'$
sli,&tl'$ so"e7&!t$ stri9in,l'$ stron,l'$ terribl'$ to so"e e-tent$ t&oro(,&l'$ tot!ll'$
tre"endo(sl'$ (tterl'$ +!stl'$ +er' "(&$ +iolentl'$ 7&oll'$ 7idel'$ 7ret&edl'$ et1$
todos los !d+erbios intensi#i!dores ' en#!tiz!dores no (!ntit!ti+os de ;1:51: '
todos los !d+erbios "od!les de ?1B1=1 E.14 T&ese 7el#!re ri,&ts !re b' #!r t&e "ost
!ttr!ti+eL t&e "ost !ttr!ti+e b' #!r HEst!s %rest!iones soi!les son on "(&o l!s
"s !tr!ti+!sL l!s "s !tr!ti+!s on "(&o6M T&is o"%!n' is b' #!r t&e bi,,est
oneL t&e bi,,est one b' #!r HEst! o"%!)F! es on "(&o l! "s ,r!nde6M Ee is b'
#!r t&e R9indest H!"on, t&e %oorestL t&e +er' %oorestL !ll o# (s6 Hl es on "(&o el
"s !"!ble Hentre los "s %obresL entre los "s %obres on "(&oL Hde6 entre
todos nosotros66M T&e' !re b' #!r t&e le!st e-%ensi+e br!9e %!dsL s&oesL blo9s
HSon on "(&o l!s z!%!t!s NoO %!still!s de los #renos "enos !r!s6M S&e is e!sil'
t&e le+erest ,irl in to7n HEll! es #il"ente l! &i! l! "s list! de l! i(d!d6M It is
#!r N"enos (s!doOL b' #!r N"s (s!doO t&e best sol(tion HEs on "(&o l! "e.or
sol(i3n6M Ee is #!r !nd !7!' t&e best %olitii!n Hl es on "(&o el "e.or %olFtio6M
Ee is "(& t&e best Hl es on "(&o el "e.or6M ItZs "(& t&e &e!%estL e!siest HEs
lo "s b!r!toL #il on "(&o6M S&e !rri+ed "(& t&e /(i9est HEll! lle,3 l! "s
r%id! on "(&o6M T&is Rti,&tro%e 7!l9er is /(ite t&e best HEste e/(ilibrist! es
%reis!"ente el "e.or6M Ee is r!di!ll' t&e 7orst Hl es r!di!l"ente el %eor61
T!"bi0n se %(eden %oner todos estos !d+erbios del!nte de (n !d.eti+o en ,r!do
s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d ' de in#eriorid!d %reedido de (n !d.eti+o
%osesi+o h (n no"bre1 E.14 S&e is #!r !nd !7!' t&eir best sin,er HEll! es on
"(&oL sin l(,!r ! d(d! s( "e.or !nt!nte61
Sin e"b!r,o$ el !d+erbio Q+er'Q +! entre Ut&eV o el !d.eti+o %osesi+o ' el !d.eti+o
s(%erl!ti+o ter"in!do en Iest en +ez de on Q"ostQ1 E.14 t&e +er' best ser+ies Hlos
"e.ores ser+iios de todosL "e.oritos ser+iios6M T&e' 7ore t&eir +er' best dresses
HLle+!b!n %(estos s(s "e.ores +estidos de todosL "e.oritos +estidos61
;1:C1I El superlativo absoluto no indi! o"%!r!i3nM se #or"! !)!diendo l!
ter"in!i3n o s(#i.o Iest o %oniendo el !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o %reedido de
Q"ostL bestQ Nsin !entoO H"('L e-tre"!d!"enteL de lo "s6M el !d.eti+o$ /(e %(ede
ser !li#i!ti+o$ l!si#i!ti+o ' de olor$ no +! %reedido de Ut&eV (!ndo +! en
,r!do s(%erl!ti+o !bsol(toM (!ndo Q"ostQ +! %reedido de (n !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do$ se tr!d(e %or U"('V '! /(e es s(%erl!ti+o !bsol(toM (!ndo el
!d.eti+o en s(%erl!ti+o !bsol(to +! detrs del +erbo$ se s(ele !)!dir (n! #r!se o (n!
or!i3n %!r! es%ei#i!rlo1 E.14 S&e is le+erest Nestnd!rO 7&en s&e is &(n,r' HEll!
es "(' list!L listFsi"! (!ndo tiene &!"bre6M EeZs oldestL "ost Relderl' Nestnd!rO
Hl es "(' "!'orL "(' +ie.oL +ie.Fsi"o6M S&e is %rettiest Nestnd!rO HEll! es "('
bonit!6M S&e is "ost Rbe!(ti#(lL desRtr(ti+eL R&onestL R&orribleL inRtelli,entL R9indL
(nR&!%%' Nestnd!rO HEll! es "(' &erR"os!L destr(Rti+!L &onRr!d!$ &oRnest! NoO
sinRer!L &orroRros!L inteliR,enteL !R"!bleL in#eRliz NoO est "(' desonRtent!6M S&e is
not best %reR%!red HEll! no est "(' %re%!r!d!6M ! "ost Rinterestin, #il" H(n!
%elF(l! "(' intereRs!nte6M Ee is ! "ost !R"(sin, oR"edi!n Hl es (n o"edi!nte
di+ertiRdFsi"oL ,r!ioRsFsi"oL "(' di+erRtidoL de lo "s ,r!Rioso6M T&e' !re "ost
R!797!rd Nestnd!rO HSon torR%Fsi"osL "(' Rtor%esL "(' %oo R%rtiosL "(' %oo
eleR,!ntes6M T&!t is "ost Rdi##i(lt Nestnd!rO HEsoL A/(ello es di#iiRlFsi"oL "('
diR#FilL de lo "s diR#Fil6M T&!t is "ost R&e!+' Nestnd!rO HEsoL A/(ello es
%es!RdFsi"oL "(' %eRs!doL de lo "s %eRs!do6M Ee t(rned !,!inst t&e +er' %eo%le
7&o &!d been 9indest Nestnd!rO to &i" Hl se +ol+i3 en ontr! de l! "is"Fsi"!
,ente /(e &!bF! sido "s !"!ble on 0l6M t&!t o# "ost "odern in+entions Nliter!rioO
Hes! in+eni3n "(' "odern!6M n!t(re !t its "ost in&os%it!ble Nliter!rioO Hl!
n!t(r!lez! en s( #or"! "s in&3s%it!61
*(!ndo los !d.eti+os +!n %reedidos de Uit h beV ' se,(idos de Uo#V s3lo %(eden ir
%reedidos de U"ostV Ni +er'O H"('6 %ero no %(eden ter"in!r en Iest %reedidos
del !rtF(lo Ut&eV1 D1 =15:8
*(!ndo Q"ostQ +! %reedido de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o se tr!d(e %or Ut!nV1 E.14
t&is "ost !R,ree!ble e+enin, Hest! t!rde t!n !,r!Rd!ble6$ t&is "ost R%o7er#(l n!tion
on E!rt& Hest! n!i3n t!n %odeRros! en l! Tierr!6$ t&is "ost (ntr!t!ble Nse
sobrHe6entiende Q%roble"QO o# %roble"s Heste %roble"! t!n in!bord!bleL di#Fil6$
et1
;1:51I &os ad%etivos !li#i!ti+os$ l!si#i!ti+os ' de olores en grado positivo en
#or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! pueden ir precedidos de algunos
adverbiosM se %one N' %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO (!ndo +!n se,(idos t!"bi0n de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!do /(e no &!en l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+osM los !d+erbios no
se,(idos de N' %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO nor"!l"ente %(eden ir t!"bi0n se,(idos de
!l,(nos %!rtii%ios de %!s!do (!ndo &!en l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+os %ero no (!ndo
&!en l! #(ni3n de %!rtii%iosM los adverbios pueden ser"
*+ =dverbios intensificadores enfati)adoresM son todos !d+erbios de
!ntid!d ' no de "odo$ !(n/(e ter"inen en Il'M si el ,r!do %ositi+o es <C
%(eden ir del <C !l 5CCM los "s i"%ort!ntes son4 ! bit too Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido
de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente detrs de (n +erbo s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles
N"enos (s!dosO$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles N"s (s!dosO ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H(n %oo de"!si!do6$ ! ,ood de!l too Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os 2ni!"ente detrs de (n +erbo s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles
N"enos (s!dosO$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles N"s (s!dosO ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Hde"!si!do h !d.eti+o h on "(&o6$ ! little too Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente
detrs de (n +erbo s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles N"enos (s!dosO$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles N"s (s!dosO ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO H(n %oo de"!si!do6$ ! little bit too Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os
2ni!"ente detrs de (n +erbo s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles N"enos
(s!dosO$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles N"s (s!dosO ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H(n %o/(ito de"!si!do6$ ! lot too Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO Hde"!si!do 111$ on "(&o6$ ! tin' little bit too Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
2ni!"ente detrs de (n +erbo s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles N"enos
(s!dosO$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles N"s (s!dosO ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H(n %o/(itito de"!si!do6$ ! tri#le too Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
2ni!"ente detrs de (n +erbo s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles N"enos
(s!dosO$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles N"s (s!dosO ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!l,oL (n %o/(ito de"!si!do6$ !ll Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Ho"%let!"enteL todHo$ !66$
R!llIR#ired NUSAO Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
He-esi+!"ente6$ !ll t&e "ore Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Ht!nto "sL !2n "s6$ !ll too Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"('L s("!"ente6$ !l"i,&t' Nolo/(i!lO Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hterrible"ente6$ !lto,et&er Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles
' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO Htot!l"ente6$ !n' too Ns3lo en or!iones interro,!ti+!s ' ondiion!les4
se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!l,o
de"!si!do6$ !7#(l Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"ente4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('L terrible"ente6$ be!stl' Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO H"(' NoO e-esi+!"ente Nno si,ni#i! Ubesti!l"enteVO6$ blindin,l'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO He+idente"ente NoO
l!rFsi"!"ente Nno si,ni#i! Uie,!"enteV o"o Ublindl'VO6$ blood' NGB4
+(l,!r4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Htre"end!"enteL "('6$
bloo"in, NGB4 olo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Htre"end!"ente6$
b' no "e!ns Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Ho"%let!"ente6$ o"%letel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Ho"%let!"ente6$ r!9in, Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('L s("!"ente6$
d!"n N+(l,!r4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('6$ de!d
Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Ho"%let!"ente6$
de(ed Nolo/(i!l4 r!ro4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"!lditHo$ !66$
do(bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hel
doble de6$ do7nri,&t Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('L o"%let!"enteL
+erd!der!"ente6$ enor"o(sl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Henor"e"ente6$
entirel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Henter!"enteL o"%let!"ente6$ es%ei!ll'L s%ei!ll' N"s (s!do en in,l0s
olo/(i!l on el "is"o si,ni#i!do /(e Qes%ei!ll'QM %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes es "s se,(ro (s!r sie"%re Ues%ei!ll'VO Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hes%ei!l"ente6$ e+er so NGB %rini%!l"ente4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles
' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO H"('6$ e-eedin,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Hs("!"enteL e-tre"!d!"ente6$ e-essi+el' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO He-esi+!"ente6$ e-orbit!ntl' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO He-orbit!nte"ente6$ e-tr! Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO He-tr!L
es%ei!l"ente6$ e-tre"el' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO He-tre"!d!"ente6$ #!r "ore Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"(&o "s6$ #!r too Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Hde"!si!do6$ #!r too "(& "ore Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Hde"!si!do "s 111$ on "(&o6$ #ri,&t#(ll' Nolo/(i!l4 GB
%rini%!l"ente4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Htre"end!"enteL e-tre"!d!"enteL "('O6$ #(9in, N+(l,!r4 se,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' r!r!"ente de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doM s3lo
se (s! del!nte de (n !d.eti+o o (n !d+erbioO Ho"%let!"ente6$ #(ll'
Nestnd!r4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles
' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doOL #(ll Nolo/(i!l4 r!ro4
se,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os
o ne(trosO Henter!"enteL o"%let!"enteL "('6$ R&ell(+! N+(l,!rO Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO HinreFble"ente6$ &i,&l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
Ho"o Q!l!i"ed$ &!r,ed$ l!ssi#ied$ olo(red NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
olored NUSAO$ o"%etiti+e$ o"%le-$ ontro+ersi!l$ riti!l$ (lti+!ted$
(rio(s$ d!n,ero(s$ de+elo%ed$ do(bt#(l$ ed(!ted$ e##eti+e$ en.o'!ble$
estee"ed$ e+ident$ e-%losi+e$ #ore#(l$ i"%enetr!ble$ i"%ression!ble$
i"%rob!ble$ inensed$ indi,n!nt$ ins(ltin,$ intelli,ent$ interestin,$ li9el'$
no(ris&in,$ ob+io(s$ %!id$ %e(li!r$ %l!ed$ %le!sed$ %olis&ed$ %rob!ble$
%rod(ti+e$ /(!li#ied$ /(estion!ble$ reo""ended$ re,!rded$ res%eted$
s!lted$ s!tis#!tor'$ se!soned$ sensiti+e$ se-ed$ si,ni#i!nt$ s9illed$
so%&isti!ted$ s%ied$ str(n,$ s(ess#(l$ tr!ined$ (non+ention!l$ (nli9el'$
(n(s(!l$ +!l(!ble$ +e-ed$ et1$ %ero no de otros o"o Qbri,&t$ le!r$ dense$
#ri,&t#(l$ #(nn'$ ,ood$ "!d$ old$ %l!in$ /(eer$ ri&$ s!d$ s!,e$ s"!rt$ sore$
str!n,e$ 7iseQ$ et16 ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!lt!"ente NoO "('6$
&(,el' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de !d.eti+os no ,r!d(!bles /(e ter"in!n
i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Henor"e"ente6$ i""e!s(r!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Henor"e"enteL in#init!"ente6$ i""ensel' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hin"ens!"ente6$
inre!sin,l'L inre!sedl' Nse,(idos de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!d! +ez "s6$ .oll' Nolo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"ente4
se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('6$ Ht&e6 le!st Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO HelL l!L lHos$ !s6 "enos6$
"i,&t' Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"ente4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
H"('6$ "ore Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H"s6$ "ore !nd "ore Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!d! +ez "s6$ "ost Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"('6$ "(& Nen #or"! ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! +!
se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doM en #or"!
!#ir"!ti+! +! se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e e"%iez!n %or !I$ /(e son
!%ositi+os o +!n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o$ ' de !l,(nos otros o"o
Qdi##erent$ ,oodQ$ et1$ ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"(&oL "('6$ "(&
"ore Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"(&o "s6$
"(& too Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hde"!si!do 111$
on "(&o6$ H+er'6 "(& too "(& Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hde"!si!do 111$ on "(&o6$ Rnot ! Rlittle Nliter!rio4
se,(ido de !d.eti+os !ent(!dos s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!do !ent(!dosO
H"('6$ not R&!l# NGB4 olo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO H"('6$ onl' too Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO H"('L s("!"enteL de"!si!do6$ Ro+erl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO He-esi+!"enteL de"!si!do6$ o+er7&el"in,l'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!br("!dor!"ente6$ %!rti(l!rl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%!rti(l!r"enteL es%ei!l"ente6$ %lent' NUSA4
+(l,!r4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros o !l #in!l4 D1?15?O H"('L "(&o6$ %reio(s
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
H"('6$ %rett' Nolo/(i!l4 no +! !ent(!do %ero el !d.eti+o /(e +! detrs sFM
(!ndo U%rett'V es !d.eti+o +! !ent(!do4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles '
no ,r!d(!bles s3lo en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('L bien6$ /(ite
Nno +! !ent(!do$ %ero el !d.eti+o /(e +! detrs sF4 %(ede indi!r en #or"!
!#ir"!ti+!$ en #or"! ne,!ti+! o en #or"! interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+! (n
5CCP (!ndo se tr!d(e %or Qo"%let!"enteL tot!l"enteL del todoQ t!nto
en GB o"o en USA on !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' on %!rtii%ios de
%!s!do ND1 ;18:$ ;18?OM %(ede indi!r !si (n 5CCP (!ndo se tr!d(e %or
U"('V on !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles$ %ero no on !d.eti+os !bsol(tos$
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros en USA en
#or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ en #or"! ne,!ti+! o en #or"! interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! o
ne,!ti+! ' s3lo en #or"! ne,!ti+! en GBO$ r!t&er NGB4 en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ no
en #or"! ne,!ti+! o interro,!ti+!4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('6$ r!t&er too Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
2ni!"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doM #!irl' too4 no %onerO H(n %ooL !l,oL "s bien de"!si!do6$ re!l NUSA
%rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('6$
ri,&t NGB4 +(l,!r4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros Ho"o Q,ood$ ,l!d$ "ild$ ne7$
s&!r%$ s"!rt$ sorr'$ s%i'$ 7orriedV$ et16O H"('L tot!l"ente6$ sli,&tl' too
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H(n %oo
de"!si!do6$ so +er' H+er'6 Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Ht!n Ht!n6 Nh !d.eti+os en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+oO6$ so"e7&!t too Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H(n %oo de"!si!do6$ s(%re"el'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hs("!"ente6$
too Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hde"!si!do
N%ero en !l,(nos !sos %(ede e/(i+!ler ! Q"('QO6$ too "(& Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hde"!si!do6$ too "(&
"ore Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hde"!si!do
"s6$ tot!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Htot!l"ente6$ (tterl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Ho"%let!"enteL tot!l"ente6$ +!stl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hin#init!"ente6$ +er' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!do /(e tienen (n sentido !ti+oM on los %!rtii%ios de %!s!do /(e
tienen (n sentido %!si+o no se (s! Q+er'Q sino Q"(&Q$ Q+er' "(&Q$
Q,re!tl'Q Nliter!rioO$ et16M %(ede ir se,(ido de !l,(nos !d.eti+os no
,r!d(!bles h no"breM +! s3lo del!nte de (n !d.eti+o o (n !d+erbio4 D1 ;1?$
?15O H"('6$ +er' "(& Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os /(e ter"in!n ,ener!l"ente
i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO H"('6$ 7&oll' Nliter!rio4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Ho"%let!"enteL tot!l"ente6$ 7ide Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
ob.eti+os o ne(tros o"o U!%!rtL !7!9eL o%en$ etVO Ho"%let!"ente6$ et1
E.14 S&e is !ll (%setL 7ron, HEll! est o"%let!"ente dis,(st!d!L
e/(i+o!d!6M It 7!s !ll dirt' HEst!b! o"%let!"ente s(io6M Ee ,ot !ll 7et
Hl se "o.3 todo6M S&eZs ,one !ll red HEll! se &! %(esto tod! olor!d!6M !ll
#inis&ed Ho"%let!"ente ter"in!do6M !lto,et&er di##erent Htot!l"ente
di#erente6M !n !7#(l Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO old d!' H(n dF! "('
#rFo6M It is bloo"in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO old] H\E!e (n #rFo tre"endo]6M S&eZs
! o"%letel' &onest 7o"!nL S&eZs o"%letel' !n &onest 7o"!n HEll! es
(n! "(.er o"%let!"ente &onr!d!6M ! o"%letel' destr(ti+eL di##erent
!ttit(de H(n! !tit(d o"%let!"ente destr(ti+!L distint!6M ! r!9in, ,ood
#il" H(n! %elF(l! "(' b(en!6M de!d ert!inL dr(n9L le+elL /(ietL ri,&tL
str!i,&tL s(reL tiredL 7ron, Ho"%let!"ente se,(roL borr!&oL ni+el!doL
tr!n/(iloL en lo iertoL retoL se,(roL !ns!doL e/(i+o!do6M ! %rett' d!"n
N+(l,!rO ,ood s&o7 H(n es%et(lo "(' b(eno6M de(ed Nolo/(i!lO ,ood
l(9 H"!ldit! b(en! s(erte6M do7nri,&t d!n,ero(sL insolentL ridi(lo(s
H"(' %eli,rosoL insolenteL ridF(lo6M ! do7nri,&t &ostileL d!n,ero(s
rel!tions&i% H(n! rel!i3n o"%let!"ente &ostilL %eli,ros!6M !n enor"o(sl'
bene#ii!lL o"%le-L #!tL i"%ort!ntL i"%ressedL %o%(l!rL ri& #i,(re H(n!
#i,(r! enor"e"ente bene#iios!L o"%le.!L ,ord!L i"%ort!nteL
i"%resion!d!L %o%(l!rL ri!6M !n enor"o(sl' bene#ii!l %ro.et H(n
%ro'eto enor"e"ente bene#iioso6M entirel' le!rL orretL de%endentL
di##erentL de+otedL "ist!9enL sel#is&L se%!r!teL s(r%risedL 7ron,
Henter!"enteL o"%let!"ente l!roL orretoL de%endienteL di#erenteL
dedi!doL e/(i+o!doL e,oFst!L se%!r!doL sor%rendidoL e/(i+o!do6M ItZs
t&e entirel' 7ron, !%%ro!& HEs el en#o/(e o"%let!"ente e/(i+o!do6M
!n e+er so tender &ild H(n ni)o "(' tierno6M He6s%ei!ll' &eer#(lL
di##i(ltL i"%ort!ntL s!tis#'in,L stron,L tr(eL (se#(lL +!l(!ble
Hes%ei!l"ente !le,reL di#FilL i"%ort!nteL n(triti+oL #(erteL +erd!deroL 2tilL
+!lioso6M !n e-eedin,l' b!dL di##i(lt t!s9 H(n! t!re! s("!"ente "!l!L
di#Fil6M e-eedin,l' !"i!bleL 7e!lt&' Hs("!"ente !"!bleL rio6M It is
e-tr! lon, HEs e-tr!l!r,o6M >e !re e-tre"el' 7orried HEst!"os
e-tre"!d!"ente %reo(%!dos6M t&e e-tre"el' !#r!id #orei,ner Hel
e-tr!n.eroL l! e-tr!n.er! e-tre"!d!"ente !s(st!dHo$ !66M !n e-tre"el' "ild
e+enin, H(n! t!rde e-tre"!d!"ente s(!+e6M e-tre"el' di##i(ltL d!n,ero(sL
i"%ort!nt He-tre"!d!"ente di#FilL %eli,rosoL i"%ort!nte6M #!r too
e-%ensi+e Hde"!si!do !ro6M #ri,&t#(ll' Nolo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"ente4O
tired H"(' !ns!do6M ! #ri,&t#(ll' Nolo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"enteO tired
%erson H(n! %erson! "(' !ns!d!6M ItZs #(9in, N+(l,!rO (seless HNo sir+e
%!r! (n !r!.oL Es o"%let!"ente inser+ibleL ine#i!z6M #(ll' !%%rei!tedL
!(to"!tiL !7!reL on+inedL .(sti#iedL reo+eredL tr!ined Henter!"enteL
o"%let!"ente !%rei!doL !(to"tioL onsienteL .(sti#i!doL re(%er!doL
entren!do6M ! #(ll' !7!9e %!ssen,er H(n %!s!.ero o"%let!"ente
des%ierto6M ! #(ll' .(sti#ied !ns7er H(n! res%(est! o"%let!"ente
.(sti#i!d!6M #(ll' Nestnd!rOL #(ll Nolo/(i!l4 r!roO on#ident
Ho"%let!"ente se,(ro6M S&e is #(ll' s!tis#ied HEll! est tot!l"ente
s!tis#e&!6M &i,&l' i"%rob!bleL l!ssi#ied H!lt!"ente i"%rob!bleL
l!si#i!do6M ! &i,&l' o"%etiti+eL o"%le-L riti!lL d!n,ero(sL ed(!tedL
estee"edL intelli,entL %l!edL re,!rdedL res%etedL si"%leL s9illedL
s(ess#(lL tr!inedL (non+ention!l 'o(n, "!n H(n .o+en !lt!"ente NoO
"(' o"%etiti+oL o"%le.oL rFtioL %eli,rosoL (ltoL esti"!doL inteli,enteL
sit(!doL esti"!doL res%et!doL senilloL !%!it!doL e-itosoL entren!doL
%oo on+enion!l6M ! &i,&l' de+elo%ed eono"' H(n! eono"F!
!lt!"enteL "(' des!rroll!d!6M Ee is &(,el' !,ree!bleL %o%(l!rL s(ess#(lL
t!lented Hl es enor"e"ente !,r!d!bleL %o%(l!rL e-itosoL est
enor"e"ente dot!do6M ! &(,el' e-%ensi+e s(it H(n tr!.e enor"e"ente
!ro6M !n i""ensel' o"%le-L di##i(ltL ,enero(sL &el%#(lL %o%(l!rL
%o7er#(lL +!l(!bleL 7e!lt&' %erson H(n! %erson! in"ens!"ente o"%le.!L
di#FilL ,eneros!L ser+ii!lL %o%(l!rL %oderos!L +!lios!L ri!6M !n i""ensel'
o"%le- iss(e H(n! (esti3n in"ens!"ente o"%le.!6M !n inre!sin,l'
stron, lobb' H(n ,r(%o de %resi3n !d! +ez "s #(erte6M It is beo"in,
inre!sin,l'L inre!sedl' le!rL di##i(ltL stron, HEst !d! +ez "s l!roL
di#FilL #(erte6M T&!t is .oll' Nolo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"enteO di##i(lt HEsoL
A/(ello es "(' di#Fil6M Ee is t&e le!st intelli,ent Hl es el "enos
inteli,ente6M ItZs "i,&t' Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO old HEst "('
#rFo6M ItZs beo"in, "ore !nd "ore %ro+ision!l Nno ,r!d(!bleOL /(!lit!ti+e
Nno ,r!d(!bleOL /(!dr!n,(l!r Nno ,r!d(!bleOL eolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleOL
ille,!l Nno ,r!d(!bleOL retro!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleOM "ost onernedL obli,ed
H"(' %reo(%!doL !,r!deido6M Ee is "ost !##eted b' &er de!t& Hl est
"(' !#et!do %or l! "(erte de ell!6M T&ose "ost !##eted b' &er de!t& 111
HsosL A/(0llos "('L "s !#et!dos %or l! "(erte de ell! 1116M Ee is H+er'6
"(& !#r!id Hl est "(' !s(st!do6M It is "(& di##erent #ro" "ine HEs
"(' di#erente del "Fo6M I !" not "(& ,ood !t t&!t HNo so' "(' b(eno
%!r! eso6M Ee is "(& "ore !ti+e Hl es "(&o "s !ti+o6M S&e is "(&
too !n,r'L b(s' HEll! est de"!si!do #(rios!L o(%!d!$ on "(&o6M "(&
too e-%ensi+e Hde"!si!do !ro$ on "(&o6M ItZs "(& too si"%le HEs
de"!si!do senillo$ on "(&o6M EeZs Rnot ! Rlittle Rtired Nliter!rioO Hl est
"(' !nRs!do6M ItZs not R&!l# +| b!d + L &ot + NGB4 olo/(i!lO HEs "!RlFsi"oL
Est "(' !Rliente6M It is not R&!l# +| old tod!' + NGB4 olo/(i!lO HEst
"(' R#rFo &o'6M S&e isnZt R&!l# +| le+er + L intelli,ent + NGB4 olo/(i!lO
HEll! es lis R tFsi"!L "(' inteli R ,ente6M It is Rnot /(ite Rbi, eno(,& HNo es del
todo s(#iiente"ente R,r!nde6M Ee is Rnot /(ite Rs(re Hl no est
o"%let!"ente seR,(ro6M ItZs Rnot /(ite !s bl!9 HNo esHt6 %reis!"ente t!n
ne,ro6M S&e too9 %reio(s ,ood !re HEll! t(+o "(&o (id!do6M It see"s
%rett' R%er#et N+(l,!rOL %rett' (nRli9el' HP!ree "(' %er R #etoL
i"%ro R b!ble6M S&e is /(ite Rri& HEll! es "(' Rri!6M ItZs /(ite Rsi"il!r HEs
"(' si"iRl!r6M It is /(ite Rtr(e HEs o"%let!"enteL "(' Rierto6M EeZs /(ite
! R'o(n, "!n Hl es (n &o"bre "(' R.o+en6M IZ" onl' too ,l!d to &el% 'o(
HEsto' "(' ontento de !'(d!rte6M It is r!t&er NGBO be!(ti#(lL &!r"in,L
#!sin!tin,L ,oodL lo+el'L nie$ et1 HEs "(' &er"osoL en!nt!dorL
#!sin!nteL b(enoL bonitoL bonito$ et16M EeZs re!l NUSA %rini%!l"ente4
olo/(i!lO tired Hl est "(' !ns!do6M EeZs ! re!l NUSA %rini%!l"ente4
olo/(i!lO &!%%' "!n Hl es (n &o"bre "(' #eliz6M Ee is ri,&t NGB4
+(l,!rO ,l!d to see &er Hl est "(' ontento de +erl!6M ItZs so +er' +er'
e-%ensi+e] H\Est t!n !rFsi"o]6M s(%re"el' on#ident Hs("!"enteL
tot!l"ente se,(ro Hde sF "is"o66M too e!s' Hde"!si!do #il6M Ee is too
le+er Hl es de"!si!doL "(' listo6M too "(& onerned Hde"!si!do
in+ol(r!doL !#et!do6M T&e' !re tot!ll' (n%re%!red #or t&e s&o9 HNo
estn %re%!r!dos en !bsol(to %!r! el i"%!toL l! on"oi3nL el s(sto6M
tot!ll' blindL destro'edL #reeL l!9in,L ne7L o%%osedL s!tis#'in,L se(reL
(n!e%t!bleL (n.(sti#ied Htot!l"ente ie,oL destroz!doL libreL !(sente NoO
de#iienteL n(e+oL o%(estoL s!tis#!torioL se,(roL in!e%t!bleL
in.(sti#i!do6M ! tot!ll' sill' ide! H(n! ide! o"%let!"ente tont!6M !n
(tterl' &!r"in,L on+inin,L deli,&t#(lL di##erentL e+ilL #!lseL "ist!9enL
%ers(!si+eL (nbelie+!bleL reli!bleL 7!stedL 7ron, re"!r9 H(n o"ent!rio
tot!l"ente en!nt!dorL on+inenteL en!nt!dorL di#erenteL "!li,noL #!lsoL
e/(i+o!doL %ers(!si+oL inreFbleL #i!bleL des%il#!rr!doL e/(i+o!do6M !
+!stl' o+err!ted !rtist H(n !rtist! in#init!"ente sobre+!lor!do6M ! +er'
intelli,ent bo' H(n &io "(' inteli,ente6M Ee is +er' ontent Hl est "('
s!tis#e&o6M T&e' !re +er' !#r!idL !s&!"edL b(s'L t!ll HEstn "('
!s(st!dHos$ !s6L !+er,onz!dHos$ !s6L o(%!dHos$ !s6L Son "(' !ltHos$ !s66M
t&e +er' #irst Nno ,r!d(!bleOL l!st Nno ,r!d(!bleOL ne-t Nno ,r!d(!bleO d!'
H%reis!"ente el %ri"er dF!L el 2lti"o dF!L !l dF! si,(iente6M t&e +er' s!"e
Nno ,r!d(!bleO d!' Hel "is"Fsi"o dF!6M +er' little "il9 H"(' %o! le&e6M
ItZs t&e +er' tin' &o(se HEs l! !s! "(' %e/(e)!6M ! +ees se die Qnot +er'
,oodQ$ et1$ en +ez de Q+er' b!dQ$ et1$ %or/(e es "s di%lo"tioM +er'
"(& !#r!idL !li+eL !loneL !s&!"edL !slee%L !7!9eL (n!ble H"(' !s(st!doL
+i+oL soloL !+er,onz!doL dor"idoL des%iertoL in!%!z6M +er' "(&
(nRtested Nno ,r!d(!bleOL (nR/(estioned Nno ,r!d(!bleOM 7&oll' on+inin,L
in!de/(!teL ne7L (n!e%t!bleL (ne-%eted Ho"%let!"ente on+inenteL
in!de(!doL n(e+oL in!e%t!bleL ines%er!do6M 7ide !7!9e Ho"%let!"ente
des%ierto6$ et1
QA lotQ ' Q#!rQ %(eden ir se,(idos de Qdi##erentQ$ %ero no de otros !d.eti+os
o"o Q,oodQ$ et1
E!' t!"bi0n !l,(nos otros /(e no se (s!n "(&o4 "ore t&!n$ et1
E-isten (n! serie de %!l!br!s /(e intensi#i!n el si,ni#i!do de (n !d.eti+oM no
s(elen e"%le!rse on otros !d.eti+osM se d!n en e-%resiones idio"ti!s o
"odis"os1 E.14 ItZs b!9in, Nolo/(i!lO &ot &ere HA/(F &!e (n !lor !&i&!rr!nte6M
EeZs b!r9in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO R"!d Hl est loo de reR"!te6M ! boilin, &ot d!' H(n
dF! "(' !liente6M It is boilin,L %i%in, R&ot HEst "(' !Rliente6M EeZs bro!d N"enos
(s!do /(e Q7ideQO !7!9e Hl est tot!l"ente des%ierto6M It is broilin,L b(rnin, R&ot
HEst "(' !Rliente6M Ee is dri%%in, R7et Hl est e"%!R%!doL "(' "oR.!do6M EeZs
#!st !slee% Hl est %ro#(nd!"ente dor"ido6M EeZs #ilt&' Nolo/(i!l4 %e'or!ti+oO
dirt'L ri& Hl est "(' s(ioL %odrido de dinero6M ItZs %eris&in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO
old in &ere] H\A/(F &!e (n #rFo /(e %el!]6M ste!"in, &ot H"(' !liente6M ! sti#lin,
&ot d!' H(n dF! so#o!nteL "(' !l(roso6M EeZs Rstone Rold NoO RstoneIRold
Nolo/(i!lesOL Rstone Rde!d NoO RstoneIRde!d Nolo/(i!lesOL Rstone Rde!# NoO RstoneIRde!#
Nolo/(i!lesO Hl est tot!l"ente R#rFo NoO &eRl!doL R"(ertoL Rsordo6M EeZs stoneIold
Nolo/(i!lO Rsober Hl no &! bebido ni (n! R,ot!6M Ee &!d ! 7&!lin, Nolo/(i!lO ,ood
ti"e Hl lo %!s3 "(' bien6M ItZs 7rin,in, R7et HEst e"%!R%!doL "(' "oR.!do6$ et1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os son en#tiosL en#!tiz!dores He"%&!sizin,64 !bsol(te$ o"%lete$
entire$ o(tri,&t$ %er#et$ %ositi+e$ re!l$ s(re$ tot!l$ tr(e$ (tter$ +er'$ et1$ ' en in,l0s
olo/(i!l on +!lor en#tio nor"!l"ente %!r! indi!r des!%rob!i3n !l,(nos /(e
ter"in!n en Iin,4 blin9in, NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%()etero6$ blit&erin, Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ bloo"in, NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ bl(nderin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ r!s&in,
NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ #l!"in, NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ #reezin,$ &o%%in, Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %iddlin,$ r!+in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ro!rin, Nolo/(i!lO$ s!ldin,$
sor&in,$ so!9in,$ so%%in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ stin9in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&("%in,
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&(nderin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7&!9in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
7&o%%in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO1 E.14 ! blin9in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO R,ood #il" H\"e!&isL
%()et!s$ /(0 %elF(l! "s b(en!]6M ItZs #l!"in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO riRdi(lo(s HEs
%()eter!"ente ridF(lo6M It isL ItZs #reezin, Nolo/(i!lO Rold HE!e "(&o #rFo6M Ee
is &o%%in, Nolo/(i!lO R"!d Hl est #(rioso6M S&eZs r!+in, R"!d HEll! est o"o (n!
!br!6M EeZs ro!rin, Nolo/(i!lO Rdr(n9 Hl est borr!&o %erRdidoL "(' boRrr!&o6M
T&e te! is s!ldin, R&ot HEl t0 est "(' !Rliente6M ItZs sor&in, R&ot HE!e "(&o
!Rlor6M It is so!9in, R7et HEst e"%!R%!doL "(' "oR.!do6M S&eZs so%%in, R7et HEll!
est !l!d! &!st! los R&(esosL "(' "oR.!d!6M EeZs stin9in, Rdr(n9L Rri& Hl est
o"%let!"enteL "(' boRrr!&oL %odrido de diRnero6M ! t&("%in, ,re!t s(it!se H(n!
"!let! enor"e"ente ,r!nde6M ItZs 7&!9in, Rbi,L R,re!t HEs enor"e"ente R,r!nde6$
et1
Se %(ede %oner nor"!l"ente el !d+erbio QtooQ entre los si,(ientes !d+erbios ' (n
!d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o4 !"!zin,l'$ ! bit$ b' #!r$ le!rl'$ e+en$ #!r$ #ort(n!tel'$
.(st$ ! little$ ! little bit$ lots Nolo/(i!lOL ! lot Nliter!rioO$ "(&$ o%enl'$ o(tr!,eo(sl'$
r!t&er$ re!ll'$ sli,&tl'$ so"e7&!t$ still$ stri9in,l'$ st(%e#'in,l'$ s(r%risin,l'$ ! tin'
little bit$ (nbelie+!bl'$ (n#ort(n!tel'$ (n(s(!ll'$ (s(!ll'$ +er' "(&$ et1$ ' el
!d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o1 E.14 ItZs ! bit too o"%li!ted HEs (n %oo de"!si!do
o"%li!do6M ItZs ! bit too old HEs (n %oo de"!si!do +ie.o61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l se (s!n de !d+erbios intensi#i!dores !l,(nos !d.eti+os o"o
Q,ood$ lo+el' NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ nie$ 7ellQ$ et1$ se,(idos de U!ndV ' (n
!d.eti+o !ent(!do on el si,ni#i!do de UbienVM en in,l0s estnd!r en !l,(nos !sos
se %(ede tr!d(ir t!"bi0n o"o (n !d.eti+o ' tiene sentido1 E.14 T&e .ob is ,ood !nd
Re!s' HEl e"%leo es bien R#ilL b(eno ' R#il6M T&e beer 7!s ,ood !nd Rold HL!
er+ez! est!b! bien R#rF!6M T&e "e!l 7!s lo+el' NGB %rini%!l"enteO !nd deRliio(s
HL! o"id! est!b! bien deliRios!6M ItZs lo+el' NGB %rini%!l"enteO !nd RoldL
R/(ietL R7!r" HEst bien R #rFoL tr!n R /(iloL ! R liente6M ItZs nie !nd Rle!nL Rs"!rtL Rtid'
HEst bien Rli"%ioL eleR,!nteL ordeRn!do6M It is ! nie !nd Ro"#ort!ble &!ir HEs (n!
sill! bien R3"od!6M ItZs nie !nd Re!rl'L R7!r" HEs bien te"R%r!noL Est bien
!Rliente6M T&e te! is nie !nd R7!r" HEl t0 est bien !RlienteL es b(eno ' est
!Rliente6M (!ndo se %one Qnie !ndQ h !d.eti+o h no"bre se tr!d(e %or Qno"bre h
bien h !d.eti+oQM sin e"b!r,o$ si se %one QnieQ h !d.eti+o h no"bre$ se tr!d(e %or
Qno"bre h !d.eti+o h ' !,r!d!bleQ4 ! nie lon, 7!l9 H(n %!seo l!r,o ' !,r!d!ble6M
EeZs 7ell !nd tr(l' dr(n9 Hl est bienL o"%let!"ente borr!&o61
2+ =dverbios de cantidad moderadoresM %(eden indi!r (n! %ro%ori3n %!ri!l o
tot!l del !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o %ero n(n! s(%eriorM si el ,r!do %ositi+o es <C
%(eden ir del C !l <CM estos !d+erbios se (s!n !/(F o"o !d+erbios de !ntid!d$
!(n/(e %(ed!n ser t!"bi0n de "odo$ #re(eni!$ et1M los "s i"%ort!ntes
son4 ! bit Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente detrs de (n +erbo s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles N"enos (s!dosO$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles N"s
(s!dosO ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H(n %oo6$ ! little
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente detrs de (n +erbo s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles N"enos (s!dosO$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles N"s (s!dosO ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H(n %oo6$ ! little bit Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de
!d.eti+os 2ni!"ente detrs de (n +erbo s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles
N"enos (s!dosO$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles N"s (s!dosO ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H(n %o/(ito6$ ! tin' little bit Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
2ni!"ente detrs de (n +erbo s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles N"enos
(s!dosO$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles N"s (s!dosO ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H(n %o/(itito6$ ! to(& Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente
detrs de (n +erbo s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles N"enos (s!dosO$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles N"s (s!dosO ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %ooL !l,o6$ !
tri#le Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente detrs de (n +erbo s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles N"enos (s!dosO$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles N"s (s!dosO ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!l,oL (n %o/(ito6$ !bo(t Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"s o "enos6$ !l"ost H!s6 Nen #or"! !#ir"!ti+!
%rini%!l"enteO Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO H!si Ht!n66$ !n' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente en #or"! ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H!l,o6$
!n' less Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!l,o "enos6$
!n' too Ns3lo en or!iones ne,!ti+!s4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Hen !bsol(to de"!si!do6$ !%%ro-i"!tel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
H!%ro-i"!d!"ente NoO "s o "enos6$ !s 111 H!s6 Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Ht!n 111 Ho"o66$ !t le!st Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO H%or lo "enos6$ b!rel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente en #or"!
!#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!%en!s N#re(eni! inde#inid! ' !ntid!dO6$ &ie#l'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H#(nd!"ent!l"ente NoO %rini%!l"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL en s( "!'or %!rte
N!ntid!dO6$ o"%!r!ti+el' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Ho"%!r!ti+!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ onsider!bl' Nliter!rio4 se,(ido
de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Honsider!ble"enteL b!st!nte6$
e+er' bit !s 111 H!s6 Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hen todos los !s%etosL
!bsol(t!"ente t!n 111 Ho"o66$ e-!tl' !s Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
He-!t!"ente t!n6$ e-l(si+el' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO He-l(si+!"enteL 2ni!"ente6$ #!irl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosM si no +! !ent(!do$ no
se %one en d(d! l! (!lid!d e-%res!d! %or el !d.eti+o ' si,ni#i! "!'or %ro%ori3n
%ero$ si +! !ent(!do$ se %one en d(d! di&! (!lid!d ' si,ni#i! "enor %ro%ori3nM
no %(ede ir se,(ido de !d.eti+os de olor$ ! no ser /(e +!'!n %reedidos de Qd!r9Q o
Qli,&tQM +! t!"bi0n se,(ido de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hb!st!nte Nindi! "enor
!ntid!d /(e Q/(iteQO6$ &!l# Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO H"edioL ! "edioL ! "edi!sL en ierto "odo6$ &!l# !s H111 !s6 Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hl! "it!d "s H111 /(e66$ &!l#HI67!' Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H%!ri!l"enteL "edio6$ &!rdl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
2ni!"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!%en!s
N#re(eni! inde#inid! ' !ntid!dO6$ H.(st6 &o7 Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO HHe-!t!"ente6 3"o de6$ &o7e+er Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H%or h !d.eti+o6$ in %!rt Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hen %!rte6$ in "!n' res%etsL in so"e res%ets Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hen "(&os !s%etosL en !l,(nos
!s%etos6$ .(st !bo(t Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!si6$ .(st !s Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H%reis!"ente t!n6$ 9ind o#
Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"s o "enos6$
l!r,el' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hen ,r!n %!rteL
"!'or"ente6$ less Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H"enos6$ less !nd less Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!d!
+ez "enos6$ li,&tl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e
ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO Hli,er!"ente NoO le+e"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ "!inl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO H#(nd!"ent!l"ente NoO %rini%!l"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL en s( "!'or
%!rte N!ntid!dO6$ "!teri!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"!teri!l"ente N"odoOL sensible"ente NoO
onsider!ble"ente N!ntid!dO6$ "e!s(r!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hsensible"ente NoO
%ere%tible"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ "erel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hsi"%le"ente NoO sol!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
"ildl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hs(!+e"ente
N"odoOL li,er!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ "oder!tel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"oder!d!"ente NoO "edi!n!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
"ore Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"s6$ "ore or
less Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"s
o "enos6$ "ost Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H"('6$ "ostl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Hen s( "!'or %!rteL !si6$ ne!r Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H!si6$
ne!rl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros$ de !l,(nos no ,r!d(!bles o"o Ude!dV$ et1$
' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!si6$ ne!rl' !s H111 !s6 Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosM
+! t!"bi0n on !l,(nos !d.eti+os no ,r!d(!bles o"o Ude!dV$ et1O H!si t!n H111
o"o66$ no Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os
o ne(trosO Hn!d!6$ none too N"s (s!doOL none so N"enos (s!doO Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hn!d!
de"!si!do6$ not ! bit Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os %rini%!l"ente ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Hn!d!6$ not !ll t&!t Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hno t!n6$ not 111 H!t !ll6 Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles '
no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hno 111 Hen !bsol(to66$ not e+en ! little
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hni si/(ier! (n
%oo6$ not &!l# Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os !ent(!dos s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hno N!d.eti+oO h
del todo6$ not &!l# !s NGB4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Hni l! "it!d de h !d.eti+o6$ not ne!rl' !s Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosOL
so Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H111 !s6 Hni on
"(&o t!n H111 o"o66$ not %!rti(l!rl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hno %!rti(l!r"enteL no es%ei!l"ente6$ Rnot
/(ite Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hno
o"%let!"enteL no del todo6$ Rnot /(ite !s Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosOL
so Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H111 !s6 Hno
%reis!"ente t!n H111 o"o66$ not +er' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hno "('6$ not&in, li9e !s H111 !s6 Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"(&o "enos H111 /(eL de lo /(e66$ not&in, s&ort o# Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hni "s ni "enos /(e6$ no7&ere ne!r Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Hni on "(&oL ni %or !so"o6$ no7&ere ne!r !s H111 !s6 Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Hni on "(&oL ni %or !so"o t!n H111 o"o66$ onl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hsi"%le"enteL s3lo6$ %!rt Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hen %!rte6$ %!rti!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%!ri!l"enteL en %!rte6$ %!rtl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hen %!rte6$ %lent' h !d.eti+o h eno(,&
NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!l4 entre U%lent'V ' Ueno(,&V +!n !d.eti+os
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros h eno(,& H%or
s(%(esto s(#iiente"ente h !d.eti+oL s(#iiente"ente h !d.eti+o h on
"(&o6$ %r!ti!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO H%rti!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ %redo"in!ntl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%redo"in!nte"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ %reHI6e"inentl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%redo"in!nte"ente NoO #(nd!"ent!l"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ %rett' Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros %ero no los !d.eti+os
!bsol(tos en in,l0s estnd!r ND1 ;18:O ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doM +! !ent(!doM
si se !ent2! el !d.eti+o /(e +! detrs !de"s de Q%rett'Q$ indi! (n! !ntid!d !l,o
"!'or /(e si se !ent2! s3lo Q%rett'QO Hb!st!nte6$ %ri"!ril'L %rini%!ll' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H%rini%!l"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ R/(ite NGB4 en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ en #or"!
ne,!ti+! o en #or"! interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
%ero no los !d.eti+os !bsol(tos ND1 ;18;O ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!do Nestnd!r4
"s (s!doOL se,(ido de los !d.eti+os !bsol(tos Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOM +!
!ent(!doM si se !ent2! el !d.eti+o /(e +! detrs !de"s de Q/(iteQ$ indi! (n!
!ntid!d !l,o "!'or /(e si se !ent2! s3lo Q/(iteQO Hb!st!nte NGB4 indi! "!'or
!ntid!d /(e Q#!irl'QM no se (s! en USA on este si,ni#i!doM en USA se (s!
Qso"e7&!tQO$ r!t&er Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3lo
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Hb!st!nteL (n %ooL !l,o6$ re!son!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Hr!zon!ble"ente N"odoOL !si NoO b!st!nte N!ntid!dO6$ rel!ti+el'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles
' ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' de
!d.eti+os no ,r!d(!bles obe.ti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hrel!ti+!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ ro(,&l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!%ro-i"!d!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ s!rel'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!%en!s N#re(eni! inde#inid! ' !ntid!dO6$
si,ni#i!ntl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Honsider!ble"ente NoO !%rei!ble"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ sli,&tl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hli,er!"ente N"odoOL (n %oo
N!ntid!dO6$ so Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Ht!n6$ so"e7&!t Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO H(n %ooL b!st!nte6$ sort o# Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente en #or"!
!#ir"!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"s o "enos6$ s(bst!nti!ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Honsider!ble"ente NoO bsi!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ s(##iientl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hs(#iiente"ente6$ Rt&is H"(&6L
Rt&!t H"(&6 Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Ht!nL
!sF de6$ to so"e e-tent Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO$
toler!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hr!zon!ble"ente NoO
!e%t!ble"ente N"odoOL "edi!n!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ +irt(!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H+irt(!l"ente
N"odoOL %rti!"ente NoO !si N!ntid!dO6$ et1 E.14 S&e is ! bit 7orried HEll! est
(n %oo %reo(%!d!6M It is ! little e-%ensi+e HEs (n %oo !ro6M Ee is ! to(& n!i+e
N"s (s!doOL n!+e Hl es (n %oo in,en(o NoO inoente6M It is !l"ost bl!9 HEsHt6
!si ne,ro6M Is it !n' di##erentL ,oodT HWEs !l,o di#erenteTL WEs b(enoT6M Eo7 do I
9no7 t&!t it is !n' di##erentT HW*3"o s0 /(e es !l,o di#erenteT6M It is !%%ro-i"!tel'
tr(e HEs "s o "enos +erd!d6M It is b!rel' &ot HA%en!s est !liente6M ! b!rel'
#(rnis&ed roo" H(n! &!bit!i3n !%en!s !"(ebl!d!6$ ! o"%!r!ti+el' ne7 b(ildin,
H(n edi#iio o"%!r!ti+!"ente n(e+o6M It is o"%!r!ti+el' old HEs
o"%!r!ti+!"ente +ie.o6M It 7!s #!irl' R%le!s!nt HF(e b!st!nte !,r!d!ble6M Ee is
R#!irl' Rle+er Hl es listo %ero no b!st!nte6M ! #!irl' d!r9 bl(e .!9et H(n! &!/(et!
!z(l b!st!nte oHb6s(r!6M &!l# !li+eL !slee%L de!d H"edio +i+oL dor"idoL "(erto6M
&!l# Al,eri!n &!l# Gree9 H"edio !r,elino "edio ,rie,o6M ItZs &!l# !s old HEst l!
"it!d "s #rFo6M ItZs &!l# !s e-%ensi+e HEs l! "it!d "s !ro6M Ee is &!rdl' !7!re o#
it Hl !%en!s es onsiente de ello6M &!rdl' s(r%risin, H!%en!s sor%rendente6M S&e
doesnZt 9no7 H.(st6 &o7 !nt&ro%olo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleOL biolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO
t&e "!tter is HEll! no s!be He-!t!"ente6 3"o de !ntro%ol3,ioL biol3,io es el
!s(nto Ni en /(0 "edid! el !s(nto se re#iere ! l! !ntro%olo,F!L biolo,F!O6M Hj(st6
&o7 !nt&ro%olo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleOL biolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO is t&e "!tterT
HWHE-!t!"ente6 3"o de !ntro%ol3,ioL biol3,io es el !s(nto Ni W*(nto tiene
/(e +er el !s(nto on l! !ntro%olo,F!L biolo,F!O6M Eo7e+er &!rd s&e tried$ s&e ne+er
"!de it HPor "(&o /(e ell! lo intent!r!L intent!b!$ n(n! lo onse,(F!L Por "(&o
/(e ell! lo intent3$ n(n! lo onsi,(i36M ! l!r,el' e"%t' tr!in H(n tren en ,r!n %!rteL
"!'or"ente +!Fo6M Ee is "ostl' !##eted b' &er de!t& Hl est en s( "!'or %!rte
!#et!do %or l! "(erte de ell!6M T&ose "ostl' !##eted b' &er de!t& HsosL A/(0llos
en s( "!'or %!rte !#et!dos %or l! "(erte de ell!6M t&e ne!rl' #!t!l !ident Hel
!idente !si #!t!l6M It is ne!rl' re!d' HEst !si listHo$ !66M no di##erentL ,ood Hn!d!
di#erenteL b(eno6M ItZs none too e!s' HNo es n!d! de"!si!do #il6M T&e' !re none
too &!%%'L s(re HNo estn n!d! de"!si!do ontentosL se,(ros6M EeZs not ! bit tired
Hl no est n!d! !ns!do6M ItZs not !t !ll e!s' HNo es #il en !bsol(to6M EeZs not e+en
! little tired Hl no est ni si/(ier! (n %oo !ns!do6M ItZs not &!l# Rb!d + Nestnd!rO
HNo es "!lo del RtodoL Es b!st!nte Rb(eno6M EeZs not &!l# onR+ined + Nestnd!rO Hl
no est on+enido del RtodoL s3lo est "edio on+enRidoL est on+enido s3lo !
R"edi!s6M It isnZt &!l# !s ne7 !s t&!t NGBO HNo es Hni6 l! "it!d de n(e+o6M It is not
&!l# !s old tod!' NGBO HNo est ni l! "it!d de #rFo &o'6M T&e' !re Rnot ne!rl' !sL so
ri& !s t&eir o(sins HNo son ni on "(&o t!n rios o"o s(s %ri"os6M Eer &o(se is
no7&ere ne!r !s bi, !s t&eirs HL! !s! de ell! no es ni on "(&oL %or !so"o t!n
,r!nde o"o l! de ellos6M It is onl' !"(sin, HEs s3loL sol!"ente di+ertido6M S&eZs
%!rt !n,r' HEll! est en#!d!d! en %!rte6M ItZs %lent' NUSA %rini%!l"ente4
olo/(i!lO bi, eno(,& #or &er HEs %or s(%(esto s(#iiente"ente ,r!nde
%!r! ell!L Es s(#iiente"ente ,r!nde on "(&o %!r! ell!6M %r!ti!ll' ne7
H%rti!"ente n(e+o6M S&e is %rett' tired HEll! est b!st!nte !ns!d!6M Ee is R/(ite
NGBOL so"e7&!t sober Hl es b!st!nte RsobrioL senRs!toL disRreto N"enos sobrioL
sens!toL disreto de lo /(e se %iens!M si se !ent2! QsoberQ !de"s de Q/(iteQ indi!
(n! !ntid!d !l,o "!'or /(e si se !ent2! s3lo Q/(iteQO6M S&e is R/(ite NGBOL
so"e7&!t ri& HEll! es b!st!nte Rri!6M It is Hnot6 R/(ite NGBO !ttr!ti+eL si"il!rL tr(e
HHno6 Es b!st!nte !Rtr!ti+oL si"iRl!rL Rierto6M EeZs R/(ite NGBO ! 'o(n, "!n Hl es
(n &o"bre b!st!nte R.o+en6M It 7!s r!t&er b!dL e-%ensi+eL (,l' HEr! b!st!nte "!lHo$
!6L !rHo$ !6L #eHo$ !66M It 7!s r!t&er N#!irl'4 no %onerO too oldL e-%ensi+e HE!F! (n
%ooL "s bien de"!si!do #rFoL Er! (n %ooL "s bien de"!si!do !ro6M
re!son!bl' ert!inL se(re H!si se,(roL b!st!nte se,(ro6M It 7!s ro(,&l' bl!9 HEr!
!%ro-i"!d!"ente ne,ro6M It is so"e7&!t ool HEst (n %oo #rFo6M It is s!rel'
onei+!ble HEs !%en!s onebible6M T&e' !renZt so ,ood HEllos no son t!n b(enos6M
It isnZt so ,oodL ne7 HNo es t!n b(enoL n(e+o6M so"e7&!t !#r!id ,irls H&i!s (n
%oo !s(st!d!s6M S&e 7!s s(##iientl' ner+o(s HEll! est!b! s(#iiente"ente
ner+ios!6M Tob!o Rt&is ,ood is &!rd to #ind HT!b!o t!n b(eno o"o 0steL de t!n
b(en! !lid!d es di#Fil de enontr!r6M It isnZt (s(!ll' Rt&is old HNo &!e
nor"!l"ente Rt!nto #rFo6M Ee &!d ne+er been Rt&isL Rt&!t ,ood Hl no &!bF! sido
n(n! t!n Rb(eno6M I donZt t&in9 Ht&!t6 s&eZs Rt&!t 7orried HNo reo /(e ell! estL est0
t!n %reo(R%!d!6M Ee isnZt Rt&!t ri& Hl no es t!n Rrio6M S&e 7!s Rt&!t !n,r' s&e
re#(sed to t!l9 to (s HEll! est!b! t!n en#!Rd!d! /(e se ne,3L ne,!b! ! &!bl!r on
nosotros6M +irt(!ll' i"%ossible H%rti!"enteL !si i"%osible6$ et1
El !d+erbio "oder!dor Qeno(,&Q se %one detrs de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros en +ez de
del!nte1 E.14 It is ,ood eno(,& HEs Hlo6 s(#iiente"ente b(eno6M It 7!s !essible
eno(,& HEr! Hlo6 s(#iiente"ente !esible6M ItZs ! o""on eno(,& e-%eriene HEs
(n! e-%erieni! s(#iiente"ente orriente61
El (so de Q/(iteQ del!nte de (n !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o es re!l"ente o"%li!do
en GB %ero no en USAM %!r! e+it!r o"%li!iones /(izHs6 se! reo"end!ble %!r!
los !stell!no&!bl!ntes (s!rlo on el si,ni#i!do de Qo"%let!"enteL "('Q del!nte
de (!l/(ier !d.eti+o$ o"o en USA$ ' (s!r Qso"e7&!tQ del!nte de (!l/(ier
!d.eti+o$ o"o en USA$ (!ndo se /(iere deir Qb!st!nteQ1
Los !d+erbios Qb!rel'$ #!irl'$ &!rdl'$ %rett'$ r!t&er Htoo6$ s!rel'$ sort o#$ so"e7&!t
Htoo6$ toler!bl'Q no %(eden ir detrs de QnotQ$ e-e%to (!ndo se ontr!die lo /(e
otr! %erson! &! di&o1 E.14 A4 S&eZs #!irl'L %rett'L r!t&er Htoo6L sort o#L so"e7&!t
Htoo6L toler!bl' re!son!ble1 B4 S&eZs not #!irl'L %rett'L r!t&er Htoo6L sort o#L
so"e7&!t Htoo6L toler!bl' re!son!ble1
E!' t!"bi0n !l,(nos otros /(e no se (s!n "(&o4 less t&!n$ 7orse t&!n$ et1
2+ =dverbios no cuantitativosM %(eden ser !d+erbios de "odo$ de tie"%o$
de #re(eni!$ et1M nor"!l"ente %(eden ir se,(idos de (n !d.eti+o en
,r!do %ositi+o sin lle+!r 0n#!sisM los !d+erbios /(e lle+!n detrs N"odo '
!ntid!dO %(eden (s!rse todos t!"bi0n o"o !d+erbios intensi#i!dores '
en#!tiz!dores$ i,(!l /(e los de ;1:515$ !(n/(e l! tr!d(i3n se! ! +ees
di#erenteM los "s i"%ort!ntes son4 !b.etl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios
de %!s!doO H"iser!ble"ente N"odoOL s("!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ !bo"in!bl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!bo"in!ble"ente N"odoOL terrible"ente N!ntid!dO6$ !bsol(tel' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros$ inl(idos los ,r!d(!bles !bsol(tos$
' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!bsol(t!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL tot!l"ente
NoO del todo NoO rot(nd!"ente NoO s("!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ !bs(rdl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!bs(rd!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL ridF(l!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ !b(nd!ntl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!b(nd!nte"ente N"odoOL %er#et!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ !b's"!ll' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!bis"!l"ente N"odoOL terrible"ente N!ntid!dO6$ !ident!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!ident!l"ente6$ !ti+el' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!ti+!"ente N"odoOL en0r,i!"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ !t(!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hre!l"ente N"odoO6$ !(tel' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!,(d!"ente N"odoOL s("!"ente NoO tre"end!"ente N!ntid!dO6$
!d"ir!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!d"ir!ble"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ !est&eti!ll' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL est&eti!ll' NUSAO Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hest0ti!"ente6$ !lle,edl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hs(%(est!"ente N"odoO6$ !lre!d'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H'!6$ !l7!'s Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hsie"%re6$ !"!zin,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
HinreFble"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ !nt&ro%olo,i!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!ntro%ol3,i!"ente6$ !n'7!' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hde todos "odos6$ !%%!llin,l' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%0si"!"ente N"odoOL terrible"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ !%%!rentl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!%!rente"ente N"odoO6$ !rtisti!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!rtFsti!"ente6$ !stonis&in,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hsor%rendente"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ !strono"i!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!stron3"i!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ !troio(sl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!troz"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ !7#(ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%0si"!"ente NoO es%!ntos!"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dOL "(' NoO terrible"ente N!ntid!dO6$ b!dl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
/(e ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hr(el"ente NoO
de#et(os!"ente N"odoOL ,r!+e"ente NoO "(' N!ntid!dO6$ be!(ti#(ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de !d.eti+os no ,r!d(!bles /(e
ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"!r!+illos!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ biolo,i!ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hbiol3,i!"ente6$ bitterl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!"!r,!"ente NoO i"%l!!ble"ente N"odoOL e-tre"!d!"ente NoO "('
N!ntid!dO6$ bl!t!ntl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hl!r!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ bre!t&t!9in,l'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hi"%resion!nte"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ brilli!ntl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de !d.eti+os no
,r!d(!bles /(e ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hbrill!nte"ente N"odoOL
e-tr!ordin!ri!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ br(t!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hbr(t!l"ente NoO
des%i!d!d!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ !re#(ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de !d.eti+os no ,r!d(!bles s3lo ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e ter"in!n
i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io de %!s!do ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H(id!dos!"ente N"odoO6$ !t!stro%&i!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de !d.eti+os
no ,r!d(!bles s3lo ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!t!str3#i!"ente
N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ ert!inl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hiert!"ente N"odoO6$ &e"i!ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H/(F"i!"ente6$ le!rl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hl!r!"ente N"odoO6$ o""eri!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Ho"eri!l"ente6$ onsistentl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Honsistente"ente NoO siste"ti!"ente
NoO onse(ente"ente N"odoOL #ir"e"ente N!ntid!dO6$ ons%i(o(sl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H+isible"ente NoO e+idente"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ ontin(!ll' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hontin(!"ente6$ on+enientl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hon+eniente"ente N"odoO6$ ooll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de !d.eti+os no ,r!d(!bles s3lo
ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H#rF!"enteL disret!"enteL des!r!d!"ente6$
riti!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de !d.eti+os no ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e
ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
HrFti!"ente NoO #(nd!"ent!l"ente NoO ,r!+e"ente N"odoO6$ r(i!ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hse+er!"ente NoO rFti!"ente NoO de r(i!l h el no"bre orres%ondiente
!l !d.eti+o N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ r(ell' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles '
no ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hr(el"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
(lt(r!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H(lt(r!l"ente6$ (rio(sl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H(rios!"ente N"odoO6$ d!n,ero(sl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios
de %!s!doO H%eli,ros!"ente N"odoO6$ de!dl'L de!t&l' Nse,(idos de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
!d.eti+os no ,r!d(!bles /(e ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hterrible"ente NoO &orrible"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
deidedl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hind(d!ble"ente N"odoO6$ dee%l' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os /(e ter"in!n ,ener!l"ente i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%ro#(nd!"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ de#initel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hsin d(d! N"odoO6$ deliio(sl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hdeliios!"ente6$ deli,&t#(ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Hen!nt!dor!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ de%lor!bl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hl!"ent!ble"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
des%er!tel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hdeses%er!d!"ente N"odoOL terrible"ente NoO s("!"ente N!ntid!dO6$
deter"inedl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hobstin!d!"ente NoO e"%ein!d!"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ detest!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hodios!"ente NoO re%(,n!nte"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ de+!st!tin,l'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hde+!st!dor!"ente N"odoOL tre"end!"ente NoO irresistible"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ de+ilis&l' Nliter!rio4 r!ro4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hdi!b3li!"ente NoO ende"oni!d!"ente N"odoOL
s("!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ di!boli!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hdi!b3li!"ente NoO ende"oni!d!"ente N"odoOL
s("!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ dis,(ntin,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!s/(eros!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ dis"!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios
de %!s!doO Hdesonsol!d!"ente N"odoOL %0si"!"ente NoO "(' N!ntid!dO6$
distintl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hl!r!"ente N"odoO6$ distressin,l' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hdoloros!"ente NoO
%enos!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ dist(rbin,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hin/(iet!nte"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
dr!"!ti!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hdr!"ti!"ente N"odoOL r!di!l"ente NoO
es%et!(l!r"ente N!ntid!dO6$ dr!sti!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles
' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hdrsti!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ dre!d#(ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de !d.eti+os /(e ter"in!n ,ener!l"ente i,(!l /(e (n
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"ort!l"ente NoO es%!ntos!"ente N"odoOL
inreFble"ente N(O &orrible"ente N!ntid!dO6$ e!sil' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
s3lo ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H#il"ente
N"odo ' !ntid!dOL sobr!d!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ eolo,i!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Heol3,i!"ente6$ eono"i!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Heon3"i!"ente6$ e"inentl' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
He"inente"ente N"odoOL s("!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ e"otion!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
He"oti+!"ente6$ e"%&!ti!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hen#ti!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL
!te,3ri!"ente NoO rot(nd!"ente NoO en0r,i!"ente N!ntid!dO6$
ende!rin,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hen!nt!dor!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
en+iron"ent!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hdesde el %(nto de +ist! del "edio !"biente6$
e/(!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hi,(!l"ente N"odoO6$ essenti!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Heseni!l"ente N"odoO6$ etern!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%er"!nente"enteL onst!nte"ente6$
et&i!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H0ti!"ente6$ et&ni!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H0tni!"ente6$ e-!tl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO He-!t!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ e-!s%er!tin,l'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H&!st! l!
e-!s%er!i3n N"odoOL irrit!nte"ente N!ntid!dO6$ e-e%tion!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
He-e%ion!l"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ e-itin,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!%!sion!nte"ente N"odoOL %ro+o!ti+!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ e-r(i!tin,l'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hdoloros!"ente NoO %enos!"ente N"odoOL e-tre"!d!"ente NoO
terrible"ente N!ntid!dO6$ e-/(isitel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO He-/(isit!"ente N"odoOL s("!"ente N!ntid!dO6$
e-tr!ordin!ril' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO He-tr!ordin!ri!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
e-tr!+!,!ntl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
He-tr!+!,!nte"ente N"odoOL e-!,er!d!"ente NoO e-esi+!"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ #!b(lo(sl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H#!b(los!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ #!nt!sti!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H#!ntsti!"ente N"odoOL inreFble"ente NoO
#!b(los!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ #!t!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios
de %!s!doO H#!t!l"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ #e!r#(ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hte"eros!"ente N"odoOL tre"end!"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ #iendis&l' Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%er+ers!"ente N"odoOL terrible"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ #ierel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H#eroz"ente N"odoOL e-tre"!d!"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ #in!ni!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H#in!nier!"ente6$ #l!,r!ntl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H#l!,r!nte"ente NoO
des!r!d!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ #l!tl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H"on3ton!"ente N"odoOL rot(nd!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ #or"id!bl' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H#or"id!ble"ente N"odoOL tre"end!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ #ort(n!tel'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H!#ort(n!d!"ente N"odoO6$ #r!n9l' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H#r!n!"ente N"odoO6$ #ri,&tenin,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hes%!ntos!"ente N"odoOL terrible"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ #(rio(sl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosM no +! se,(ido de %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do on este si,ni#i!doO H#(rios!"ente N"odoOL "(' N!ntid!dO6$
,ener!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H,ener!l"ente6$ ,eo,r!%&i!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H,eo,r#i!"ente6$ ,&!stl' LR,!4stliL NGBO ' LR,YstliL NUSAO Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hes%!ntos!"ente N(O
&orrible"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ ,l!rin,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios
de %!s!doO He+idente"ente N"odoOL tot!l"ente N!ntid!dO6$ ,lorio(sl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros$ si no si,ni#i! Q"('Q ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"!r!+illos!"ente NoO deliios!"ente N"odoOL "('
N!ntid!dO6$ ,r!""!ti!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H,r!"!ti!l"ente6$ ,r!+el' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H,r!+e"ente NoO seri!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL
"(' N!ntid!dO6$ ,re!tl' Nliter!rio4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e ter"in!n i,(!l
/(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H,r!nde"ente
N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ ,rossl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios
de %!s!doO H,roser!"ente N"odoOL e-tre"!d!"ente N!ntid!dO6$
,rotes/(el' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H,rotes!"ente NoO br(t!l"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ ,r(ellin,l' NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL ,r(elin,l' NUSAO Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios
de %!s!doO H!,ot!dor!"ente NoO !br("!dor!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
&e!rtil' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hsiner!"ente N"odoOL
o"%let!"ente NoO tot!l"ente N!ntid!dO6$ &e!+il' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de !d.eti+os no ,r!d(!bles /(e ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!do ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%es!d!"ente
NoO triste"ente N"odoOL !lt!"ente NoO #(erte"ente NoO "(' bien
N!ntid!dO6$ &ellis& Nolo/(i!l4 GB4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosOL &ellis&l' Nolo/(i!lO
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hin#ern!l"ente N"odoOL
terrible"ente N!ntid!dO6$ &ideo(sl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de !d.eti+os no
,r!d(!bles /(e ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H&orrible"ente NoO terrible"ente N"odo
' !ntid!dO6$ &istori!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H&ist3ri!"ente6$ &o%elessl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hdeses%er!d!"ente N"odoOL
o"%let!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ &orribl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios
de %!s!doO H&orrible"ente NoO tre"end!"ente N"od!lid!d ' !ntid!dO6$
ide!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hide!l"ente
NoO en el "e.or de los !sos N"odoO6$ ideolo,i!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hideol3,i!"ente6$
i"%e!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hi"%e!ble"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
i"%ossibl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hi"%osible"ente6$ ino"%!r!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Hino"%!r!ble"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ inorre,ibl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hinorre,ible"ente6$ inredibl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO HinreFble"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
in(r!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hirre"edi!ble"ente6$ indeentl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hdes+er,onz!d!"ente NoO es!nd!los!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ indeed
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doM
%(ede ir t!"bi0n detrs del !d.eti+oO H+erd!der!"ente N"odoO6$
indesrib!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hindesri%tible"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ in#ern!ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hde "odo in#ern!l N"odoOL
terrible"ente N!ntid!dO6$ in#initel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hin#init!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
in&erentl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO HintrFnse!"ente6$ inordin!tel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hdesorden!d!"ente N"odoOL
e-esi+!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ ins!nel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hlo!"ente N"odoOL terrible"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ ins(ltin,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Ho#ensi+!"enteL de "odo ins(lt!nte6$ intellet(!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hintelet(!l"ente6$ intensel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hintens!"ente NoO %ro#(nd!"ente
N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ intention!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hintenion!l"ente6$ intern!tion!ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hintern!ion!l"ente6$ intrinsi!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO HintrFnse!"ente6$ in+!ri!bl' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hsie"%re6$ irre"edi!bl'L irretrie+!bl' Nliter!rios4 se,(idos de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hirre"edi!ble"ente6$ irrit!tin,l'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hde #or"! irrit!nte6$ .(st Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%reis!"ente NoO si"%le"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ 9eenl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hs(til"ente N"odoOL intens!"ente NoO
%ro#(nd!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ l!"ent!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles '
no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hl!"ent!ble"ente6$ le,!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hle,!l"ente6$ lin,(isti!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hlin,XFsti!"ente6$ liter!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hliter!l"ente N"odoOL not!ble"ente N!ntid!dO6$ lo,i!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hl3,i!"ente6$ l(diro(sl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios
de %!s!doO HridF(l!"ente NoO !bs(rd!"ente N"odoO6$ "!ddenin,l'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hde #or"! e-!s%er!nteL
enlo/(eedor!"enteL &!st! deir b!st!6$ "!dl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hlo!"ente N"odoOL terrible"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ "!r+ello(sl' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "!r+elo(sl' NUSAO
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"!r!+illos!"ente NoO
!so"bros!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ "e&!ni!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H"eni!"ente6$ "ent!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"ent!l"ente6$ "ir!(lo(sl' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os
o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"il!,ros!"ente NoO inreFble"ente
N"odoO6$ "iser!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H"iser!ble"ente NoO de%ri"ente"ente N"odoO6$ "onstro(sl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
H"onstr(os!"ente N"odoOL terrible"ente N!ntid!dO6$ "on("ent!ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H"on("ent!l"ente N"odoOL enor"e"ente NoO in"ens!"ente N!ntid!dO6$
"or!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H"or!l"ente6$ "ort!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios
de %!s!doO H"ort!l"ente N"odoOL terrible"ente N!ntid!dO6$ n!t(r!ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hn!t(r!l"ente N"odoO6$ ne!rl' !l7!'s Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles '
no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!si sie"%re N#re(eni!
inde#inid!O6$ neess!ril' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hnees!ri!"ente N"odoO6$ needlessl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hinnees!ri!"ente N"odoO6$ ne+er Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hn(n!6$ no"in!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hno"in!l"ente NoO s3lo de no"bre N"odoO6$ not!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H%!rti(l!r"ente N"odoOL not!ble"ente N!ntid!dO6$ notie!bl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H%ere%tible"ente N"odoOL
not!ble"ente N!ntid!dO6$ obs(rel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios
de %!s!doO Hobs(r!"enteL de "!ner! on#(s!6$ ob+io(sl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hob+i!"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ o!sion!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hde +ez en (!ndo6$ o##ensi+el' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hde H(n!6 #or"! o#ensi+!
N"odoO6$ o##ii!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Ho#ii!l"ente6$ one Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H(n! +ez6$
one d!' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H(n dF!6$ o%enl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles '
no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!biert!"ente6$ ostensibl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!%!rente"ente N"odoO6$ o(tr!,eo(sl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles '
no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hindi,n!nte"ente NoO estr!#!l!ri!"ente N"odoOL
e-tr!+!,!nte"ente NoO es!nd!los!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO terrible"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ o(tst!ndin,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
He-e%ion!l"ente NoO e-tr!ordin!ri!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ %!in#(ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hdoloros!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL %len!"ente NoO e-tre"!d!"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ %!l%!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H! tod!s l(es N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ %!ssion!tel'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!%!sion!d!"ente N"odoO6$ %e(li!rl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles '
no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%e(li!r"ente N"odoOL
es%ei!l"ente N!ntid!dO6$ %er#etl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%er#et!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL
tot!l"ente NoO !bsol(t!"ente NoO "(' N!ntid!dO6$ %er"!nentl' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H%er"!nente"enteL sie"%re6$ %&eno"en!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H#eno"en!l"ente N"odoOL
inreFble"ente NoO e-tre"!d!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ %&'si!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H#Fsi!"ente6$ %iti#(ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hl!sti"os!"enteL l!"ent!ble"enteL de%lor!ble"ente6$ %l!in Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hl!r!"ente N"odoOL tot!l"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ %l!inl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hl!r!"ente NoO "odest!"ente N"odoO6$
%le!s!ntl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!,r!d!ble"ente NoO !#!ble"ente N"odoOL "(' NoO "(' bien N!ntid!dO6$
%oliti!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%olFti!"ente6$ %ositi+el' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hre!l"ente6$ %ossibl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%osible"ente N"odoO6$ %otenti!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H%oteni!l"ente N"odoO6$ %o7er#(ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles '
no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hon+inente"ente N"odoOL
%ro#(nd!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ %rob!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%rob!ble"ente N"odoO6$ %ro#o(ndl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H%ro#(nd!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ %ro%erl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os /(e
ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!%ro%i!d!"ente NoO
orret!"ente N"odoOL tot!l"ente N!ntid!d4 GB4 olo/(i!lO6$
%s'&olo,i!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO HH%6siol3,i!"ente6$ %(rel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H%(r!"ente NoO "er!"ente NoO estrit!"ente NoO +irt(os!"ente N"odoOL
o"%let!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ %(r%osel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles '
no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hdeliber!d!"enteL
intenion!l"enteL !drede6$ r!i!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hr!i!l"ente6$ r!di!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hr!di!l"ente6$ r!rel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! o
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hr!r! +ez NoO !si n(n! NoO %o!s +ees N#re(eni! inde#inid!O6$ re!dil'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H#il"ente N"odoOL in"edi!t!"ente Ntie"%o inde#inidoO6$ re!ll' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hre!l"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ re,(l!rl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles
' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hre,(l!r"enteL
#re(ente"ente6$ re"!r9!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO He-tr!ordin!ri!"ente NoO not!ble"ente
NoO notori!"ente NoO sor%rendente"ente NoO inreFble"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ re%ortedl' Nliter!rio4 se,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hse,2n se die N"odoO6$ ri&l' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e ter"in!n
i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hs(nt(os!"ente NoO %ro#(s!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ ridi(lo(sl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles
N"enos (s!dosO$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles N"s (s!dosO ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO HridF(l!"ente NoO terrible"ente N"odo
' !ntid!dO6$ ri,&tl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hon tod! r!z3n NoO orret!"ente NoO
!%ro%i!d!"ente N"odoO6$ s!dl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Htriste"ente NoO des,r!i!d!"ente NoO l!"ent!ble"ente N"odoOL "(' NoO
tot!l"ente N!ntid!dO6$ s!rel' e+er Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os 2ni!"ente en
#or"! !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!si n(n!6$ sienti#i!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
HientF#i!"ente6$ see"in,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!%!rente"ente6$ seldo" Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! ,r!d(!bles '
no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hr!r! +ez6$ serio(sl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H,r!+e"ente NoO seri!"ente NoO re!l"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ se+erel'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H,r!+e"ente NoO seri!"ente NoO %ro#(nd!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
se-(!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hse-(!l"ente6$ s&!r%l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hbr(s!"ente NoO re%entin!"ente N"odoL tre"end!"ente NoO l!r!"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ s&o9in,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hes%!ntos!"ente N"odoOL terrible"ente N!ntid!dO6$ silentl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hsilenios!"ente6$ si"%l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hsi"%le"ente N"odoOL o"%let!"ente
NoO re!l"ente N!ntid!dO6$ sinerel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hsiner!"ente N"odoO6$ sin,(l!rl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hsin,(l!r"ente NoO e-tr!ordin!ri!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ soi!ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hsoi!l"ente6$ solidl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hs3lid!"ente NoO (nni"e"ente N"odoOL
onienz(d!"ente NoO tot!l"ente N!ntid!dO6$ so"e&o7 Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%or !l,(n!
r!z3n NoO de !l,(n! "!ner! N"odoO6$ so"eti"es Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H! +ees6$
sorel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e
ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hdoloros!"ente NoO se+er!"ente N"odoOL %ro#(nd!"ente N!ntid!dO6$
so(ndl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os /(e ter"in!n i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Hs3lid!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL %ro#(nd!"ente N!ntid!dO6$
s%irit(!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hes%irit(!l"ente6$ s%otlessl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hi"%e!ble"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ st!tisti!ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hest!dFsti!"ente6$ still Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H!2n NoO tod!+F! Ntie"%o inde#inidoO6$ str!n,el'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
He-tr!)!"ente N"odoO6$ stri9in,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hsor%rendente"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ stron,l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os /(e ter"in!n ,ener!l"ente i,(!l
/(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H#(erte"ente NoO solid!"ente N"odoOL tot!l"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ s(ddenl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hre%entin!"ente6$ s(%er#ii!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hs(%er#ii!l"ente N"odoO6$ s(%erbl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO Hest(%end!"ente NoO "!,nF#i!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
s(%erl!ti+el' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hs(%erl!ti+!"ente N"odoOL e-e%ion!l"ente NoO e-tre"!d!"ente
N!ntid!dO6$ s(%%osedl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hs(%(est!"ente N"odoO6$ s(r%risin,l' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hsor%rendente"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL "(' N!ntid!dO6$ s(s%iio(sl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hsos%e&os!"ente NoO s(s%i!z"ente N"odoO6$ te&ni!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Ht0ni!"ente6$ te&nolo,i!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Htenol3,i!"ente6$ terribl' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hterrible"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL "(' N!ntid!dO6$ t&eoreti!ll' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hte3ri!"ente N"odoO6$ t&ere#ore Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H%or onsi,(iente6$ t&i9l' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e ter"in!n
i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hdens!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ t&oro(,&l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H"eti(los!"ente NoO +erd!der!"ente NoO onienz(d!"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ tr!dition!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Htr!diion!l"ente6$ tre"endo(sl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Htre"end!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL enor"e"ente N!ntid!dO6$ tr(l'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H+erd!der!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ (nbelie+!bl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO HinreFble"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ (no""onl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO He-tr!ordin!ri!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
(ndo(btedl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hind(d!ble"ente N"odoO6$ (n#ort(n!tel' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hdes!#ort(n!d!"ente6$
(ni#or"l' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H(ni#or"e"ente6$ (n"ist!9He6!bl' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hine/(F+o!"ente6$ (nn!t(r!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hde "!ner! %oo n!t(r!l NoO
!#et!d!"ente N"odoOL !nor"!l"ente N!ntid!dO6$ (nneess!ril' Nse,(ido
de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hinnees!ri!"ente6$
(no##ii!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO He-tr!o#ii!l"ente6$ (nre"ittin,l' Nse,(ido de
!d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hin!ns!ble"ente6$ (ns%e!9!bl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hindeible"ente N"odoOL inso%ort!ble"ente N!ntid!dO6$ (n(s(!ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hin(sit!d!"ente NoO %oo #re(ente"ente N#re(eni! inde#inid!OL
e-e%ion!l"ente NoO e-tr!ordin!ri!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ (n(tter!bl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
Hindeible"ente NoO indesri%tible"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ (s(!ll'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H&!bit(!l"ente6$ +iio(sl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os
o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H#eroz"ente NoO br(t!l"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ +iolentl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H+iolent!"ente N"odoOL r!di!l"ente NoO #(rib(nd!"ente NoO "('
N!ntid!dO6$ +isibl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros '
de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H+isible"ente6$ +is(!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H+is(!l"ente6$ +it!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO H+it!l"ente6$ 7eirdl'
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
He-tr!)!"ente6$ 7idel' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros /(e ter"in!n
,ener!l"ente i,(!l /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO H!"%li!"ente NoO o"2n"ente N"odoOL "(' N!ntid!dO6$ 7ildl'
Nestnd!rO Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de
%!rtii%ios de %!s!doO Hdesen#ren!d!"ente N"odoOL tot!l"ente NoO
!bsol(t!"ente N!ntid!dO6$ 7oe#(ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios
de %!s!doO Hde%lor!ble"ente6$ 7onder#(ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de
%!s!doO H"!r!+illos!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL "(' N!ntid!dO6$
7ondro(sl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO He-tr!ordin!ri!"ente
N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ 7ret&edl' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios
de %!s!doO Htre"end!"ente NoO terrible"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ 'et
Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' de %!rtii%ios de %!s!doO
H!2nL tod!+F!6$ et1 E.14 !n !bsol(tel' N"odo o !ntid!dO #!nt!sti d!' H(n
dF! !bsol(t!"ente #!ntstio6M !bsol(tel' N!ntid!dO !bs(rdL !loneL
!%%!llin,L !7#(lL brilli!ntL ert!inL le!rL on+inedL r!z'L r(i!lL
de%endentL di##erentL enor"o(sL essenti!lL e-ellentL #!sin!tin,L #ed (%L
#orbiddenL #(rio(sL &(,eL i"%ossibleL "!ssi+eL neess!r'L o%%osedL
%er#etL re+oltin,L ridi(lo(sL ri,&tL s%lendidL stillL s(reL terribleL tr(eL +it!lL
7onder#(l H!bsol(t!"ente NoO tot!l"ente !bs(rdoL soloL &orribleL terribleL
"!,nF#ioL se,(roL l!roL on+enidoL looL r(i!lL de%endienteL
di#erenteL enor"eL eseni!lL e-elenteL #!sin!nteL &!rtoL %ro&ibidoL
#(riosoL enor"eL i"%osibleL "!si+oL nees!rioL o%(estoL %er#etoL
!s/(erosoL ridF(loL orretoL es%l0ndidoL /(ietoL se,(roL terribleL +erd!dL
+it!lL "!r!+illoso6M !bs(rdl' o"%li!tedL #(ss'L ,enero(sL e-%ensi+e
H!bs(rd!"ente o"%li!doL e-i,enteL ,enerosoL !ro6M S&e is !"!zin,l'
N"odo o !ntid!dO be!(ti#(l HEll! es inreFble"ente &er"os!6M t&is
!%%!rentl' N"odoO &!%%' %erson Hest! %erson! !%!rente"ente #eliz6M
!stonis&in,l' N"odo o !ntid!dO di##i(lt Hsor%rendente"ente di#Fil6M
!7#(ll' N!ntid!dO oldL di##i(ltL d(llL ,l!dL ,oodL &!rdL i"%ort!ntL nieL
ri&L r(deL sorr' H"(' #rFoL di#FilL tristeL ontentoL b(enoL d(roL
i"%ort!nteL bonitoL rioL ,roseroL !%en!do6M t&e be!(ti#(ll' N"odoO
ill(str!ted "!,!zine Hl! re+ist! &er"os!"ente il(str!d!6M bitterl' N!ntid!dO
!n,r'L oldL dis!%%ointedL di+idedL en+io(sL o%%osedL resent#(l N!ntid!dO
He-tre"!d!"ente en#!d!doL #rFoL dee%ion!doL di+ididoL en+idiosoL en
ontr!L resentido6M ! bitterl' N!ntid!dO old d!' H(n dF! e-tre"!d!"ente
#rFo6M bre!t&t!9in,l' N"odod o !ntid!dO be!(ti#(l Hde (n! bellez!
i"%onenteL i"%resion!nte6M brilli!ntl' N"odoO olo(red NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL olored NUSAO Hbrill!nte"ente olore!do6M ! brilli!ntl'
N!ntid!dO s(nn' d!' H(n dF! e-tr!ordin!ri!"ente sole!do6$ brilli!ntl'
N!ntid!dO #(nn'L si"%le He-tr!ordin!ri!"ente di+ertidoL senillo6M !
!re#(ll' N"odoO dr!7n %l!n H(n %l!n (id!dos!"ente dise)!do6M It is
!t!stro%&i!ll' N"odo o !ntid!dO dr' HEst !t!str3#i!"ente seo6M ItZs
le!rl' N"odo o !ntid!dO !bs(rd HEs e+idente"ente !bs(rdo6M !
onsistentl' N"odoO ,ood o(t%(t H(n! %rod(i3n onsistente"ente b(en!L
(n rendi"iento onsistente"ente b(eno6M ooll' N"odoO ele,!nt lot&es
Hro%! disret!"ente ele,!nte6M de!dl' NoO de!t&l' N"odo o !ntid!dO d(llL
%!leL stillL 7&ite6 Hterrible"enteL &orrible"ente !b(rridoL %lidoL silenioso
NoO in!ti+oL bl!no6M ! dee%l' N"odo o !ntid!dO !##etedL !n-io(sL
onernedL ,r!te#(lL indebtedL interestedL in+ol+edL o##endedL o##ensi+eL
s(s%iio(sL (n%o%(l!r 7o"!n H(n! "(.er %ro#(nd!"ente !#et!d!L
!n,(sti!d!L %reo(%!d!L !,r!deid!L en de(d!L interes!d!L in+ol(r!d!L
o#endid!L o#ensi+!L s(s%i!zL i"%o%(l!r6M ! dee%l' N"odo o !ntid!dO
o##ensi+e re"!r9 H(n! obser+!i3n %ro#(nd!"ente o#ensi+!6M ItZs de#initel'
N"odo o !ntid!dO tr(e HEs sin d(d! ierto6M ItZs de#initel' N"odoO not tr(e
HNo es ierto en !bsol(toL Sin l(,!r ! d(d! no es ierto6L ItZs not de#initel'
N"odoO tr(e HA%!rente"ente es +erd!d %ero !be l! %osibilid!d de /(e no
lo se!L *!be l! %osibilid!d de /(e no se! iertoL No es +erd!d de #or"!
onl('enteL No es !te,3ri!"ente +erd!d6M dre!d#(ll' N!ntid!dO
boreso"eL d!"!,in, H&orrible"ente tediosoL %er.(dii!l6M e!sil' N"odo o
!ntid!dO !essible H#il"ente !esible6M e"otion!ll' N"odoO e-&!(sted
He"oti+!"ente !ns!do6M !n e"%&!ti!ll' N!ntid!dO di##erent %it(re H(n
(!dro !te,3ri!"enteL rot(nd!"ente di#erente6M It is e/(!ll' N"odoO
e##eti+e HEs i,(!l"ente e#eti+o6M !n etern!ll' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O
disontentedL o(%ied %erson H(n! %erson! onst!nte"enteL
%er"!nente"ente desontent!L o(%!d!6M !n e-e%tion!ll' N"odo o
!ntid!dO bi, b!b' H(n beb0 e-e%ion!l"ente ,r!nde6M e-itin,l' N"odo o
!ntid!dO (n%redit!ble H!%!sion!nte"enteL %ro+o!ti+!"ente
i"%redeible6M !n e-tr!ordin!ril' N"odo o !ntid!dO !"(sin,L o"%le-L
di##i(ltL ,enero(sL &!ndso"eL 9indL l(9'L %o7er#(lL s!dL s(ess#(l t!ilor
H(n s!stre e-tr!ordin!ri!"ente ,r!iosoL o"%le.oL di#FilL ,enerosoL
!%(estoL !"!bleL !#ort(n!doL %otenteL tristeL e-itoso6M ! #!b(lo(sl' N"odo
o !ntid!dO ri&L 7e!lt&' !d+ent(rerL %olitii!n H(n !+ent(reroL %olFtio
#!b(los!"ente rio6M #!nt!sti!ll' N!ntid!dO &e!%L l(9'L old
HinreFble"ente b!r!toL !#ort(n!doL +ie.o6M ! #!t!ll' N"odo o !ntid!dO
deisi+eL inri"in!tin, 7ord H(n! %!l!br! #!t!l"ente deisi+!L
o"%ro"etedor!6$ ! #!t!ll' N"odo o !ntid!dO deisi+e stri9e H(n ,ol%e
#!t!l"ente deisi+o6M ! #ort(n!tel' N"odoO si"%le !essL sol(tion H(n
!esoL (n! sol(i3n !#ort(n!d!"ente senillHo$ !66M ,&!stl' N"odo o
!ntid!dO %!le Hes%!ntos!"enteL &orrible"ente %lido6M ,lorio(sl'
N!ntid!dO &!%%' H"(' #eliz6M ,r!+el' N"odo o !ntid!dO ill H,r!+e"ente
en#er"o6M ,r!+el' N!ntid!dO "ist!9en H"(' e/(i+o!do6M ! ,r(ellin,l'
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,r(elin,l' NUSAO N"odo o !ntid!dO lon, .o(rne'
H(n +i!.e !,ot!dor!"enteL !br("!dor!"ente l!r,o6M &e!rtil' N!ntid!dO
,l!dL %le!sedL relie+edL si9L (%set Ho"%let!"ente ontentoL s!tis#e&oL
!li+i!doL &!rtoL !on,o.!do6M ! &e!+il' N!ntid!dO #orti#ied to7n H(n!
i(d!d "(' bien #orti#i!d!6M &e!+il' N!ntid!dO se!led Nno ,r!d(!bleOL
s&(ttered Nno ,r!d(!bleOL tinned Nno ,r!d(!bleOL 7orded Nno ,r!d(!bleO
H#(erte"ente %reint!doL #(erte"ente err!do on ontr!+ent!n!L "(' bien
enl!t!do NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "(' bien red!t!do6M ! &orribl' N"odo o
!ntid!dO deor!ted b(ildin, H(n edi#iio &orrible"ente deor!do6M S&e is
!n inredibl' N"odo o !ntid!dO &("ble l!d' HEll! es (n! se)or!
inreFble"ente &("ilde6M ItZs indeed N"odo o !ntid!dO ,oodL ,ood indeed
HEs +erd!der!"ente b(eno6M !n in#initel' N"odo o !ntid!dO s(%erb
desri%tion H(n! desri%i3n in#init!"ente #!b(los!L "!r!+illos!6M
inordin!tel' N!ntid!dO (rio(s He-esi+!"ente (rioso6M !n intensel'
N"odo o !ntid!dO !ti+eL o"%etiti+eL e-itedL ,r!te#(lL irrit!tedL "o+in,
It!li!n H(n it!li!no %ro#(nd!"ente !ti+oL o"%etiti+oL ent(si!s"!doL
!,r!deidoL irrit!doL e"oion!nte6M !n intensel' N"odo o !ntid!dO
dr!"!tiL %erson!lL %oliti!l e+ent H(n !ontei"iento %ro#(nd!"ente
dr!"tioL %erson!lL %olFtio6M !n intern!tion!ll' N"odo ' de "od!lid!d4
%(nto de +ist!O #!"o(s !rtist H(n !rtist! intern!ion!l"ente #!"oso6M
irretrie+!bl' N"odoO lost Hirre"edi!ble"ente %erdido6M Eis !bsene 7!s
.(st N"odo o !ntid!dO !ident!l HS( !(seni! er! %reis!"enteL
si"%le"ente !ident!l6M ! n!t(r!ll' N"odoO !ttr!ti+e en+iron"ent H(n
!"biente n!t(r!l"ente !tr!ti+o6M Ee #eels obs(rel' N"odoO 7orried Hl
se siente %reo(%!do de "!ner! on#(s!6M ! one N#re(eni! de#inid!O
be!(ti#(l b(ildin, H(n edi#iio (n! +ez &er"oso6M S&e is o%enl' N"odoO
&ostile to t&is HEll! se o%one !biert!"ente ! esto6M o(tr!,eo(sl' N!ntid!dO
ne7 Hes!nd!los!"enteL e-tr!+!,!nte"ente n(e+HoHs6$ !Hs66M Ee is
o(tr!,eo(sl' N!ntid!dO dis&onest Hl es es!nd!los!"ente des&onesto6M !
%!in#(ll' N"odo o !ntid!dO d(ll s%ee& H(n dis(rso doloros!"ente
!b(rrido6M %!l%!bl' N"odo o !ntid!dO le!r H! tod!s l(es l!ro6M EeZs
%!ssion!tel' N"odoO #ond o# &er Hl est !%!sion!d!"ente en!ri)!do on
ell!6M ! %er#etl' N"odo o !ntid!dO !e%t!bleL le!rL dis,(stin,L ,oodL
nor"!lL ob+io(sL %ossibleL re!son!bleL ridi(lo(s re!tion H(n! re!i3n
%er#et!"ente NoO "(' !e%t!bleL l!r!L !s/(eros!L b(en!L nor"!lL ob+i!L
%osibleL r!zon!bleL ridF(l!6M ! %er"!nentl' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O
tro(bled &!r!ter H(n %erson!.e %er"!nente"ente %reo(%!do6M Ee is
%l!in N!ntid!dO !bs(rdL l!z'L ridi(lo(sL 7ron, Hl es tot!l"ente !bs(rdoL
+!,oL ridF(loL est tot!l"ente e/(i+o!do6M ItZs %l!inl' N"odo o !ntid!dO
!bs(rd HEs l!r!"ente !bs(rdo6M ItZs %ositi+el' N"odoO !b(si+e HEs
re!l"ente !b(si+o6M %(rel' N"odoO ed(!tion!lL in+ol(nt!r'L %r!ti!l
H%(r!"enteL "er!"enteL estrit!"ente ed(!ti+oL in+ol(nt!rioL %rtio6M !
%(r%osel' N"odoO &e!% 7!t& H(n relo. Hde %(lser!6 b!r!to !drede6M
re!dil' N"odoO !+!il!ble H#il de onse,(ir6M re!dil' N"odoO !e%ted
H#il"ente !e%t!doHs66M re!dil' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO !%%!rent
Hin"edi!t!"ente ob+io6M ! re!ll' N"odo o !ntid!dO ,ood ide! H(n! ide!
re!l"ente b(en!6M It is re!ll' N"odo o !ntid!dO s!nd!lo(s HEs re!l"ente
es!nd!loso6M ! ri&l' N"odo o !ntid!dO deor!ted %!l!e H(n %!l!io
s(nt(os!"enteL %ro#(s!"ente deor!do6M ridi(lo(sl' N"odo o !ntid!dO
lo7 %ries H%reios terrible"ente b!.os6M ! serio(sl' N"odo o !ntid!dO
&(rtL illL in.(redL 7e!9ened %!tient H(n %!iente ,r!+e"ente !#et!doL
en#er"oL &eridoL debilit!do6M ! se+erel' N"odo o !ntid!dO dis!bledL
dist(rbedL &(rtL illL in.(red ,irl H(n! &i! ,r!+e"ente dis!%!it!d!L
%reo(%!d!L !#et!d!L en#er"!L &erid!6M It is se+erel' N"odo o !ntid!dO
d!"!,edL li"itedL restrited HEst seri!"ente d!)!doL li"it!doL
restrin,ido6M S&e is s&!r%l' N!ntid!dO riti!lL %ere%ti+e HEll! es
tre"end!"enteL l!r!"ente rFti!L %ers%i!z6M si"%l' N!ntid!dO !7#(lL
deli,&t#(lL 7onder#(l Ho"%let!"enteL re!l"ente &orribleL en!nt!dorL
"!r!+illoso6M It see"s so"e&o7 N"odoO str!n,eL It see"s str!n,e$
so"e&o7 N"odoO HP!ree e-tr!)o %or !l,(n! r!z3n6M ! so(ndl' N"odo o
!ntid!dO re!soned !se H(n !so s3lid!"ente !r,("ent!do6M ! s%otlessl'
N"odoO le!n &o(se H(n! !s! i"%e!ble"ente li"%i!6M It is still Ntie"%o
inde#inidoO ne7 HEst tod!+F!L !2n n(e+o6M Ee is stri9in,l' N"odo o
!ntid!dO &!ndso"e Hl es sor%rendente"ente !%(estoL ,(!%o6M ! stron,l'I
b(ilt N"odoO &o(se H(n! !s! onstr(id! s3lid!"ente6M s(r%risin,l' N"odo
o !ntid!dO resilient Hsor%rendente"ente resistenteL resiliente6M
s(s%iio(sl' N"odoO le!nL /(iet Hsos%e&os!"ente li"%ioL tr!n/(ilo6M t&e
terribl' N"odo o !ntid!dO !s&!"ed "!n Hel &o"bre terrible"ente
!+er,onz!do6M ! terribl' N"odo o !ntid!dO e-itedL #(nn'L ner+o(sL
%le!sedL s!dL sorr'L tiredL (%setL 7orried So"!li!n H(n so"!lF
terrible"ente NoO "(' ent(si!s"!doL ,r!iosoL ner+iosoL ontentoL tristeL
!%en!doL !ns!doL dis,(st!doL %reo(%!do6M terribl' N"odo o !ntid!dO
b!dL oldL ,ood 7e!t&er Htie"%o terrible"ente NoO "(' "!loL #rFoL b(eno6M
! terribl' N"odo o !ntid!dO &!rdL i"%ort!ntL 7ron, deision H(n! deisi3n
terrible"ente NoO "(' di#FilL i"%ort!nteL e/(i+o!d!6M terribl' N!ntid!dO
sorr'L %le!sed H"(' !%en!doL ontento6M t&i9l' N"odo o !ntid!dO
%o%(l!ted Hdens!"ente %obl!do6M t&oro(,&l' N"odo o !ntid!dO !s&!"edL
#ed (%L &onestL "odernL %ro#ession!lL re!son!bleL s!tis#!tor'L s%oiltL
(n%le!s!ntL (nre!son!ble H"eti(los!"enteL +erd!der!"enteL ! onieni!
!+er,onz!doL &!rtoL &onr!doL "odernoL %ro#esion!lL r!zon!bleL
s!tis#!torioL "i"!doL des!,r!d!bleL irr!zon!ble6M S&e 7!s tre"endo(sl'
N!ntid!dO #(nn' HEll! er! tre"end!"ente ,r!ios!6M tr(l' N"odo o
!ntid!dO !ident!l Hre!l"ente !ident!l6M !n (nbelie+!bl' N"odo o
!ntid!dO sordid stor' H(n! &istoriet! inreFble"ente s3rdid!6$ (nbelie+!bl'
N"odo o !ntid!dO !rro,!ntL be!(ti#(lL &i,& HinreFble"ente !rro,!nteL
&er"osoL !lto6M !n (nn!t(r!ll' N!ntid!dO bi, %l!nt H(n! %l!nt!
!nor"!l"ente ,r!nde6M !n (n(s(!ll' N!ntid!dO &!%%' "e"or' H(n
re(erdo e-e%ion!l"ente #eliz6M t&is (s(!ll' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O le!n
!nd be!(ti#(l !re! Hest! re! nor"!l"ente li"%i! ' &er"os!6M Ee is
+iolentl' N!ntid!dO si9 Hl +o"it! "(&o6M 7idel' N!ntid!dO se!led Nno
,r!d(!bleO H"(' %reint!do6$ ! 7idel' N!ntid!dO 9no7nL re!dL res%eted
"!n H(n &o"bre "(' onoidoL (ltoL res%et!do6$ ! 7idel' di##erentL &eldL
(sed %oint o# +ie7 H(n %(nto de +ist! "(' di#erenteL e-tendidoL (s!do6M
7oe#(ll' N"odoO i,nor!ntL in!de/(!te Hde%lor!ble"ente i,nor!nteL
in!de(!do6M ! 7onder#(ll' N!ntid!dO #(nn'L re#res&in, !nedote H(n!
!n0dot! "(' ,r!ios!L re#res!nte6M ! 7onder#(ll' N!ntid!dO 9ind re"!r9
H(n! obser+!i3n "(' !"!ble6M Ee is 7ret&edl' N"odo o !ntid!dO %oor Hl
es tre"end!"enteL terrible"ente %obre6M T&is o# o(rse is not 'et Ntie"%o
inde#inidoO #inis&ed HEsto %or s(%(esto no est !2nL tod!+F! ter"in!do6$ et1
E-isten t!"bi0n !l,(nos otros /(e se (s!n rel!ti+!"ente %oo4 !##etion!tel'$
!,,ressi+el'$ !l!r"in,l'$ !"oro(sl'$ !nno'in,l'$ !%%rei!bl'$ bitin,l'$ bl!ndl'$
bliss#(ll'$ &!r!teristi!ll'$ oldl'$ onse/(entl'$ ri"in!ll'$ r(del'$ d!s&edl'$
d!zzlin,l'$ dee%ti+el'$ deliber!tel'$ de"onstr!bl' Nliter!rioO$ di"l'$ dis!stro(sl'$
dis/(ietin,l'$ en&!ntin,l'$ endlessl'$ #(nd!"ent!ll'$ ,en(inel'$ idioti!ll'$
i""edi!tel'$ i"%ressi+el'$ in!ndesentl'$ ino"%!tibl'$ ino"%re&ensibl'$
inde%endentl'$ indi##erentl'$ indis%ens!bl'$ ine##!bl'$ inn!tel'$ intoler!bl'$
l!(,&!bl'$ lon, Nse,(ido de !l,(nos !d.eti+os o"o Ue-tint$ #or,otten$ o+erd(eV$
et1O Hdesde &!e tie"%o6$ "!,i!ll'$ "!ni#estl'$ "!ni#oldl'$ "edi!ll'$
"iroso%i!ll'$ "(t(!ll'$ ne,li,ibl'$ ne+ert&eless$ notorio(sl'$ oddl'$ ot&er7ise$
o+er"!sterin,l'$ o+er%o7erin,l'$ %!tentl' He+idente"ente6$ %!t&eti!ll'$
%&iloso%&i!ll'$ %&'siolo,i!ll'$ %iddlin,l'$ %ristinel'$ %ro&ibiti+el'$ %ro(dl'$
/(ietl'$ /(intessenti!ll'$ r!di!ntl'$ re#res&in,l'$ re,rett!bl'$ reso(ndin,l'$ rit(!ll'$
r(dd' NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ si"il!rl'$ s%ei#i!ll'$ sti#lin,l'$ st(bbornl'$ st(nnin,l'$
s(bst!nti+el'$ s7eetl'$ t!nt!lizin,l'L t!nt!lisin,l' NGBO$ te"%tin,l'$ to7erin,l'$
tr!,i!ll'$ tri+i!ll'$ t'%i!ll' Nse,(ido de !d.eti+os de n!ion!lid!desO$ (lti"!tel'$
(nbe!r!bl'$ (ndis%(tedl'$ (ne-%etedl'$ (n&e!lt&il'$ (nin&ibitedl'$ (nintention!ll'$
(nner+in,l'$ (n/(estion!bl'$ +!nis&in,l'$ 7!ntonl'$ et1
;1:81I Existen ciertos cambios al formar el comparativo superlativo4
*+ &os ad%etivos de una sola s(laba terminados en 5d, 5g, 5n, 5t, duplican esa
consonante al formar el comparativo superlativo cuando esas consonantes
van precedidas de una sola vocal4 s!d$ bi,$ #!t$ t&in$ &ot$ et1 E.14 s!d HtristeHs66$
s!dder H"s tristeHs6$ s!ddest Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s tristeHs66M bi, H,r!ndeHs66$ bi,,er
H"s ,r!nde6$ t&e bi,,est Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s ,r!ndeHs66M t&in Hdel,!doHs6L !Hs66$
t&inner H"s del,!doHs6L !Hs66$ t&innest Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s del,!doHs6L !Hs66M #!t
H,ordoHs6$ !Hs66$ #!tter H"s ,ordHo$ !66$ t&e #!ttest Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s ,ordoHs6$ !Hs66$
et1 D15C15<1=
Si &!' "s de (n! +o!l o e-iste otr! onson!nte entre l! +o!l ' (n! de es!s
onson!ntes #in!les entones esos !d.eti+os no d(%li!n es!s onson!ntes #in!les1
E.14 le7d Hl!si+oHs6$ !Hs6L l(.(riosoHs6$ !Hs66$ le7der$ le7destM 9ind H!"!bleHs66$
9inder$ 9indest1 D15C15<1;
2+ &os ad%etivos terminados en 5 precedida de una consonante cambian la
por i al formar el comparativo el superlativo. E.14 sill' HtontoHs6$ !Hs66$ sillier
H"s tontoHs6$ !Hs66$ silliest Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s tontoHs6$ !Hs661 D15C15<185
Sin e"b!r,o$ si l! ' +! %reedid! de (n! +o!l no o(rre nin,2n !"bio1 E.14 o'
HtF"idoHs6L !Hs66$ o'er H"s tF"idoHs6L !Hs66$ o'est HelL los "s tF"idoHs6L l!Hs6 "s
tF"id!Hs66M ,re'L ,re'erL ,re'est NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,r!'L ,r!'erL ,r!'est NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO H,risHes6L "s ,risHes6L el$ l!L los$ l!s "s ,risHes661 D15C15<188
2+ &os ad%etivos 'ue terminan en 5e pierden esa 5e al formar el comparativo
superlativo. E.14 si"%le Hsi"%leHs6L senilloHs6$ !Hs66$ si"%ler H"s si"%leHs6L
senilloHs6$ !Hs66$ si"%lest Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "s si"%leHs6L senilloHs6$ !Hs661 D15C15<158
-+ &os ad%etivos terminados en 5ee pierden una ;e< al formar el comparativo
superlativo. E.14 #ree$ #reer$ #reest1 D15C15<15;
;1::1I &os ad%etivos pueden formarse por derivacin aLadiendo prefi%os
sufi%os o ter"in!iones ! l! r!Fz o le-e"! de (n! %!l!br! /(e se ll!"! %ri"iti+!M
esto %(ede tr!ns#or"!r (n +erbo en (n no"bre ( otr! %!rte de l! or!i3nM se
pueden aLadir"
*+ &os siguientes prefi%os4 !I Nse %ron(ni! LeIIL (!ndo e-iste otr! #or"! sin !I
/(e ten,! (n si,ni#i!do %ositi+o ontr!rio4 !"or!l LeIR"orelL NGBO ' LeIR"o4relL
NUSAO H!"or!l6$ et1$ ' LeIL (!ndo no e-iste otr! #or"! sin !I /(e ten,! (n
si,ni#i!do %ositi+o ontr!rio4 !%!t&eti LeIL H!%tio6$ !(n/(e e-ist! U%!t&etiV
H%!t0tio6 %(es no si,ni#i! lo ontr!rioO$ !bI$ !dI$ !eroI$ A#roI$ !"biI$ !"%&iI$ !nI$
!n!I$ An,loI$ !nteI$ !nt&ro%oI$ !ntiI$ !%oI$ !r&!eoI NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !r&eoI
NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ !r&iI$ !stroI$ !(dioI$ A(stroI$ !(toI$ beI$ beneI$ biI$ binI$
bioI$ !t!I$ !t&I$ &e"oI$ ir("I$ oI$ onI$ ontr!I$ o(nterI$ D!noI$ deI$ diI$ di!I$
disI$ do7nI$ eI$ eI$ enI$ e%iI$ e/(iI$ E(roI o e(roI$ e(r'I$ e-I$ e-oI$ e-tr!I$ #orI$ #oreI$
Fr!noI$ ,eoI$ &eteroI$ &o"oI$ &'droI$ &'%erI$ &'%oI$ ilI$ illI$ i"I$ inI$ IndoI$ in#r!I$
interI$ intr!I$ irI$ Iris&I$ isoI$ It!loI$ j(deoI$ "!roI$ "!lI$ "e,!I$ "esoI$ "et!I$ "illiI$
"isI$ "onHo6I$ "(ltiI$ neoI$ nonI$ obI$ o##I$ onI$ ort&oI$ o(tI$ o+erI$ %!nI$ %!rH!6I$
%erI$ %eriI$ %&otoI$ %&'sioI$ %ol'I$ %ostI$ %reI$ %reterI$ %roI$ %rotoI$ %se(doI$
%s'&Ho6I$ /(!siI$ reI$ redI$ retroI$ se"iI$ SinoI$ soioI$ S%!nis&I$ stereoI$ s(bI$
s(%erI$ s(rI$ s'nI$ S'roI$ teleI$ terI$ t&er"oI$ t&oro(,&I$ TibetoI$ tr!nsI$ triI$ (ltr!I$
(nI$ (nderI$ (niI$ (%I$ +ieI$ et1 E.14 !eroRb!ti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !n!esRt&eti NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL !nesRt&eti NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !ntediRl(+i!n H!ntedil(+i!noHs6$
!Hs66$ !nteRn!t!l H%ren!t!lHes66$ !nt&ro%oRlo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !ntiRse%ti
H!ntis0%tioHs6$ !Hs66$ !ntiHI6terrorist LYntIRtererI st$ estL o LYnt! I Rter er est$ I stL
NUSAO H!ntiterrorist!6$ !r&!eoRlo,i!l NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !r&eoRlo,i!l NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !(toHI6iR""(ne H!(toin"(ne6$ beRs%et!led Hon
,!#!s6$ bienRtenni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ biRno(l!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !t!Rle%ti Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ oHI6Red NGBOL RoHI6ed NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleOL oHI6ed(R!tion!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO H"i-toHs6$ !Hs66$ oRe/(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ oeRtern!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
onRo"it!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ disRo(rteo(s Hdesort0s6$ diHs6s'Rll!bi Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
do7nRstre!" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ enR!(sti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-IdiRretor' NGBO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ e-tr! Rbi, He-tr! ,r!ndeHs66$ e-tr!teRrrestri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,eoR"etri
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &idroeRletri Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &'%erRriti!l H&i%errFtioHs66L !Hs66$
&'%oRder"i H&i%od0r"ioHs6L !Hs66$ iRlle,!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hile,!l6$ RillIRti"ed$
iR""edi!te Hin"edi!to6$ indeR%endent Hinde%endienteHs66$ in#r!HI6Rred Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Hin#r!rro.o6$ interR&!n,e!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hinter!"bi!bleHs66$ interontiRnent!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ iRrre+o!ble Hirre+o!ble6$ "!robiRoti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"!lRno(ris&ed Hdesn(tridoHs6$ !Hs66$ "e,!Rlit&i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "et!R!r%!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "onR!(r!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "onoRlin,(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "onoR%&oni
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "(ltiRl!ter!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "(ltiRr!i!l H"(ltir!i!lHes66$ neoRn!t!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ NeoIPl!Rtoni Hneo%l!t3nioHs6$ !Hs66$ non!Rsserti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
nonoRo%er!ti+e Hno oo%er!ti+o6$ Roblon, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##Istreet Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
onRside NGBOL Ronside NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(t!ste Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+erR&e!ted
Hre!lent!do6$ R%!nIRA#ri!n H%!n!#ri!noHs6$ !Hs66$ %!nt&eRisti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%&otoeRletri Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&otoRst!ti Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&'sioRlo,i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %ol'Rnesi!n H%olinesioHs6$ !Hs6$ %ol's'Rll!biH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%ostR"odern H%os"odernoHs6$ !Hs66$ %ostR7!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %reIRe"inent
H%ree"inenteHs66$ %reIeR-istent Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %reterRn!t(r!l Hsobren!t(r!lHes66$ %roI
IRr!ni!n H%roir!nFHes66$ %se(dosienRti#i H%se(doientF#ioHs6$ !Hs66$ rereR!tion!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ RredIR&ot Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ retroR!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rretro#le-Hed6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ se"iR%reio(s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se"iRtro%i!lL i$ stereoRso%i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s(b"iroRso%i Hs(b"iros3%io6$ s(bRnor"!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
s(%er!Rb(nd!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(%erRsensiti+e Hs(%ersensibleHs66$ s(rR&!r,ed
Hsobre!r,!doHs6$ !Hs66$ s'Rno%tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s'nRt!tiH!6$ telesRo%i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ teleR+is(!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ terenRtenni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&er"oR%l!sti
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&er"oRsettin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rt&oro(,&bred Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
tr!nsenRdentH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tr!nsoeR!ni Nno ,r!d(!bleO Htr!nsoenioHs6$
!Hs66$ triRenni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ triRl!ter!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (ltr!Rn!tion!list
H(ltr!n!ion!list!Hs66$ (ltr!Rsoni Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nderRo+er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nderR#loor Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nderR#oot Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nderR&(n, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nderRl'in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nderR%roo# Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (niRl!ter!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R(nise- Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR9ind H%oo !"!bleHs66$ R(%ri,&t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (%Rri+er
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1
Los %re#i.os nor"!l"ente no !"bi!n l! %!rte de l! or!i3n ! l! /(e se (nen$ es
deir$ si se (nen ! (n !d.eti+o$ si,(e siendo (n !d.eti+o1
2+ &os siguientes sufi%os$ "or#e"!s$ ter"in!iones$ desineni!s /(e sir+en %!r!
#or"!r !d.eti+os de +erbos$ no"bres$ n("er!les o de otros !d.eti+os4 I!ble LIeblL
N(!ndo l! r!Fz de l! %!l!br! es o"%let! ' si ter"in! en Ie se s(%ri"e l! e$ %ero &!'
!l,(n!s e-e%iones4 ine+it!ble$ irrit!ble$ et1O$ I!l LIelL$ I!n LIenL$ I!nt LIentL$
I!r LIeL NGBO ' LIerL NUSAO$ I!ri!n LIeerienL NGBO ' LIerienL NUSAO$ I!r' LIeriL$
I!te LIetL o LIItL$ Iborn$ Ied LIedL e LIIdL$ Ien LIenL$ Ient LIentL$ Ieo(s LIesL$ Ier LIeL
NGBO ' LIerL NUSAO$ Iern LIenL NGBO ' LIernL NUSAO$ Iese LIi4zL$ Ies/(e LIes9L$
Iest LIestL o LIIstL$ I#old LI#o(ldL$ I#ree$ I#riendl'$ I#(l LI#elL o LI#(lL$ Ii!n LIenL$
Iible LIebelL NUSAO NoO LI I b elL N! +ees en GB ' USA ' otr!s +ees s3lo en GBO
N(!ndo l! r!Fz de l! %!l!br! no es o"%let!$ %ero &!' !l,(n!s e-e%iones4
onte"%tible$ di,estible$ #le-ible$ res%onsible$ et1O$ Ii LII9L$ Ii!l LII9He6lL$
Iin, LIIL$Iio(s LIiesL$ Iis& LII[L$ Iist LIIstL o LIestL$ Iite LIItL o LIetL N(!ndo no +!
!ent(!doO$ Ii+e LII+L$ Iless LIlesL o LIlIsL$ Ili9e LIl!I9L$ Il' LIliL$ I"!l LI"elL$ Ior' LI
He6riL NGBO ' LIo4riL NUSAO$ Io(s LIesL$ I%roo#$ Iso"e LIse"L$ Iteen LIti4nL$ It& LIuL$ It'
LItiL$ I7!rd LI7edL NGBO ' LI7erdL NUSAO$ I' LIiL1 E.14 soi!l Hsoi!l6 ' Usoi!bleV
Hsoi!ble6M desire Hdese!r6 ' Udesir!bleV Hdese!ble6M detri"ent H%er.(iioL detri"ento6
' Udetri"ent!lV H%er.(dii!l6M Eliz!bet& HIs!bel6 e UEliz!bet&!nV His!belinoHs6$ !Hs66M
Asi! HAsi!6 ' UAsi!nV H!sitioHs6$ !Hs66M i,nore Hi,nor!r6 e Ui,nor!ntV Hi,nor!nte6M
#!"il' H#!"ili!6 ' U#!"ili!rV H#!"ili!r6M &("!nit' H&("!nid!d6 ' U&("!nit!ri!nV
H&("!nit!rioHs6$ !Hs66M ele"ent Hele"ento6 ' Uele"ent!r'V Hele"ent!l6M "oder!te
H"oder!r6 ' U"oder!teV H"oder!doHs6$ !Hs66M AR"eri!nHI6RbornL RBritis&HI6Rborn
Hn!ido enL ori(ndo de Est!dos UnidosL Gr!n Bret!)!6M interest Hinter0sL interes!r6
e UinterestedV Hinteres!do6M ,i#t Hre,!lo6 ' U,i#tedV Hon t!lento6M s&!+e H!#eit!r6 '
Us&!+enV H!#eit!doHs6$ !Hs66M ,old Horo6 ' U,oldenV Hdor!do6M dili,ene Hdili,eni!6 '
Udili,entV Hdili,ente6M bi, H,r!nde6 ' Ubi,,erV H"s ,r!nde6M nort& Hnorte6 '
Unort&ernV Hnorte)oHs6$ !Hs66M *&in! H*&in!6 ' U*&ineseV H&inoHs6$ !Hs66M D!nte
HD!nte6 ' UD!ntes/(eV Hd!ntesoHs6$ !Hs66M %rett' HbonitoHs6$ !Hs66 ' U%rettiestV Hel$
los "s bonitoHs6$ l!Hs6 "s bonit!Hs66M t&ree ' Ut&ree#oldV Htri%leL tri%!rtitoL
o"%(esto de tresL de tres +ees6M reso(re ' Ureso(re#(lV Hin,eniosoL &bil6M terror
Hterror6 ' UterribleV HterribleHs66M interest Hinter0sL interes!r6 e Uinterestin,V
Hinteres!nte6M s&ee% ' Us&ee%is&V H!+er,onz!do6M 'o(n, H.o+en6 ' U'o(n,is&V H"s
bien .o+en6M soi!l Hsoi!l6 ' USoi!listV Hsoi!list!Hs66M de#inition Hde#inii3n6 '
Ude#initeV Hde#inidoHs6$ !Hs66M o"b!t Ho"b!tir6 ' Uo"b!ti+eV Ho"b!ti+o6M
o"%(lsion Ho"%(lsi3n6 ' Uo"%(lsi+eV Ho"%(lsi+oHs6$ !Hs66M olo(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAO Holor6 ' Uolo(rless NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olorless
NUSAOV Hsin olorL desoloridoHs6$ !Hs66M li#e H+id!6 ' Uli#eli9eV H+erosF"ilHes66M
"ont& ' U"ont&l'V H"ens(!l6M !b'ss H!bis"o6 ' U!b's"!lV H!bis"!l6M s!tis#!tion
Hs!tis#!i3n6 ' Us!tis#!tor'V Hs!tis#!torio6M #!"e H#!"!6 ' U#!"o(sV H#!"oso6M
/(!rrel ' U/(!rrelso"eV H%ele3nL %ele!dorL %endeniero6M nine Hn(e+e6 ' UnineteenV
Hdiein(e+e6M ei,&t Ho&o6 ' Uei,&t&V Hot!+oHs6$ !Hs66M se+en Hsiete6 ' Use+ent'V
Hsetent!6M 7!' H!"ino6 ' U7!'7!rdV HdFsoloL !%ri&oso6M bone H&(eso6 ' Ubon'V
H&(es(do61
E-isten !l,(nos "s o"o I!in$ I!ne$ Id$ e"$ Iete$ Ii!$ Iil$ Iine$ Il$ Ilent$ In$ Iond$
Io7$ It$ Ite$ Iti$ It'%e Nolo/(i!lO$ I(te$ %ero !%!reen s3lo on iert!s %!l!br!s1
Los "or#e"!s$ ter"in!iones$ desineni!s o s(#i.os$ nor"!l"ente !"bi!n l! %!rte
de l! or!i3n ! l! /(e se (nen$ es deir$ si se (nen ! (n +erbo o no"bre$ %(eden
#or"!r (n !d.eti+o$ et1
2+ En ingls /a muc/os ad%etivos 'ue terminan en 5ic o en 5ical7 casi todos
ellos terminan en castellano en 5ico4s+, a4s+7 se puede decir 'ue en ingls
terminan todos en 5ic excepto"
a+ &os 'ue terminan solamente en 5ical4 !b!%i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
!roni!l NUSAOL !ron'!l NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !ron'&!l NGB %rini%!l"enteO
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !drenoorti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !erobiolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!ero"edi!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !,ro&e"i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !l,olo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ !lti"etri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !"%&ibolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
!nt&olo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !nt&ro%olo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !ntibibli!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !ntil!ssi!l$ !ntileri!l$ !ntiIelesi!sti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !ntilit(r,i!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !nti%oliti!l$ !%i!l Nno ,r!d(!ble4 liter!rioO$ !%oliti!l$
!r&eolo,i!lL !r&!elo,i!l NGB %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !strolo,i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !stro%&'si!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !(diolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !(teolo,i!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !-iolo,i!l Nliter!rioO$ b!lneolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bibli!l N'
o"%(estosO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bi'lindri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bioeolo,i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ bio,eo&e"i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bio%&'si!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
biote&nolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ br'olo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
!"%!nolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ !rdiolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!r%olo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ !te&("en!lL !te&("eni!l Nliter!rios4 no
,r!d(!blesO$ er+i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ etolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
&irolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ *&ristolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ odiolo,i!l
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ o""onHI6sensi!l Hde sentido o"2n6$ on&olo,i!l
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ orti!l Nno ,r!d(!ble4 liter!rioO$ r!niolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ 'to&e"i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ de"onolo,i!l$
dendro&ronolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ deontolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
di!letolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do"ini!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do-olo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ dro%si!l Nliter!rioO$ d'steleolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
elesiolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ eolo,i!lL oeolo,i!l NGB4 "enos
(s!doO$ ed(!tion!l$ E,'%tolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eletro&e"i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ eletro"e&!ni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eletro"et!ll(r,i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ eletro%&'siolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eletror&eolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ eletros(r,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eletrote&ni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
enz'"olo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e%iste"olo,i!l Nliter!rioO$ erotolo,i!l$
es&!tolo,i!l Nliter!rioO$ et&olo,i!l Nliter!rioO$ e+!n,eli!l$ e-tr!!noni!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ #!ri!l H!bs(rdoL ridF(lo6$ #ini!l Nliter!rioO$ #(n,olo,i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ,!strolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ,e"olo,i!lL ,e""olo,i!l
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ,eo&e"i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,eo%&'si!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
,erontolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ,lossolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
,oodIsensi!l Hon "(&o sentido6$ &eli!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &e%t!"etri!l Nliter!rio4
no ,r!d(!bleO$ &isto&e"i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &isto%!t&olo,i!l Nliter!rio4
no ,r!d(!bleO$ &obb'I&orsi!l H"onote"tioL de !b!llo de b!t!ll!6$
&'dro,eolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &'dro"e&!ni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
&'dro"et!ll(r,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &'dro"eteorolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
&'"nodi!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &'%erl!ssi!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &'%erlo,i!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &'%er%&'si!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &'%erte&ni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
i&nolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ionolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ illo,i!l$
i""et&odi!l$ i"%r!ti!l$ inde-i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ini"i!l Nliter!rioO$
intertro%i!l$ l!9!d!isi!l Nliter!rioO H!%tioHs6$ !Hs6L indolenteHs66$ le-i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ lo,i!l N%!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "e.or (s!r sie"%re UIlo,i!lV en
+ez de UIlo,iV en l!s %!l!br!s o"%(est!s %or/(e est sie"%re bien$ !(n/(e &!'
(n!s (!nt!s /(e ter"in!n s3lo en Ii4 ,er!tolo,i$ nostolo,i$ et1O$
"!rosoiolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!,neto&e"i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!l!olo,i!l
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ "!""!lo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ "!r!siti!l
Nliter!rioO$ "edi!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "ereolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ "et!I
et&i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "et!"!t&e"!ti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "et!%oliti!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "et!%s'&olo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "et!t&eoreti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"et&odolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "etrolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
"iro&e"i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "irolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "iro%&'si!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "iros(r,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "(seolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "(si!l$
"(siolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "'r"eolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ n!(ti!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ neolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ne%&olo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ne(ro%!t&olo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ne(ro%&'siolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ne(ro%s'&olo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ne(ros(r,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ne7 riti!l$
nodi!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ no"olo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
nonbiolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ non!noni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nonleri!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ nonlini!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nonriti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nonelesi!sti!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ none"%iri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nonet&i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
non&istori!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nonidenti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nonle-i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ nonlit(r,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nonlo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
non"!t&e"!ti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ non"e&!ni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ non"edi!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ non"'sti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ non"'t&i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
non%&iloso%&i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ non%&'si!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ non%&'siolo,i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ non%oliti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ non%r!ti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nonr!di!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ nonr&etori!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nonsensi!l$ nonst!tisti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
nons(r,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nons'nt!ti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nonte&ni!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ nonteleolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nont&e!tri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
nontro%i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nont'%i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ n("erolo,i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ odontolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ontolo,i!l$ o%&iolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ orolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ otol!r'n,olo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
o+erriti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+erse%ti!l NGB %rini%!l"enteOL o+ers9e%ti!l
NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+erte&ni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!l!eoeolo,i!l NGBOL
%!leoeolo,i!l NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!l!eo%!t&olo,i!l NGBOL
%!leo%!t&olo,i!l NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!l!eozoolo,i!l NGBOL
%!leozoolo,i!l NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!l'nolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ %!%'rolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %!r!do-i!l$ %!r!sitolo,i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %!trolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %enolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%etro&e"i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&!r'n,olo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&enolo,i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %&eno"enolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&ilolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%&otobiolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&oto&e"i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&oto"e&!ni!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&r!seolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&'olo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ %&'si!l N' o"%(estosO$ %&'sio&e"i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%&'tosoiolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %ill!rbo-i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hdel b(z3n6$
%ne("!tolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %olli!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %o"olo,i!l
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %osolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %ostIl!ssi!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %osti!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %osts(r,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %r!ti!l$
%rebibli!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %rel!ssi!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %relini!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%reriti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %rele-i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %re"edi!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%res(r,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %robibli!l$ %roleri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %roso%o,r!%&i!l
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %rotozoolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %se%&olo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ %se(do"'t&i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %se(do%&iloso%&i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%se(do%s'&olo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %s'&obio,r!%&i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%s'&o&e"i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %s'&o%&!r"!olo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%s'&o%&'si!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %s'&o%&'siolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %s'&os(r,i!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %teridolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %'ro&e"i!l Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ /(izzi!l Hso!rr3nHes6L so!rron!Hs6L b(rl3nHes6L b(rlon!Hs66$
/(odlibeti!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ r!di!l$ r!dio&e"i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
r!dios'""etri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ r&eolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
r&e("!tolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ r&inolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ selenolo,i!l
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ sel#I!n!l'ti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sel#Iriti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
sel#Iidenti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se"!siolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
se"i!,ri(lt(r!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se"il!ssi!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se"io"i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ se"i"'sti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se"i"'t&i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
se"io&e"i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se"i%oliti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se"is!tiri!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ser+o"e&!ni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se-olo,i!l$ sider(r,i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Sinolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ soio%oliti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s%eleolo,i!lL
s%el!eolo,i!l NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s/(izHe6!r&i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
stoi&iolo,i!lL stoi&eiolo,i!lL stoe&iolo,i!l Nliter!rios4 no ,r!d(!blesO$
sto"!tolo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ s(b!%i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
s(blini!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(borti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(briti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
s(bt'%i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(%erriti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(%er'ni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
s(%ere"%iri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(%erlo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(%er%&'si!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s(r,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s'"bolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s'n!,o,i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s'ndi!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ter"inolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&!("!tro%i!l
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ t&er"o&e"i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&ersiti!l Nliter!rioO$
t&r!soni!l Nliter!rioO$ to%i!l$ tri&olo,i!l Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ("bili!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (n!strono"i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (n!noni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(n!te,ori!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nriti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (net&i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(n,r!""!ti!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (n"e&!ni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (n"et&odi!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (n"etri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (n"(si!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (n%r!ti!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (ns'""etri!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nte&ni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nt&e!tri!l
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nt'%i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +erti!l$ +esi!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
+irolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7&i"si!l H!%ri&oso6$ zoo,eolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
zoolo,i!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ zoo"e&!ni!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ zoo%&'tolo,i!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ et1
b+ &os 'ue terminan en 5ic o 5ical sin cambio de significadoM si +! H!l6 entre
%!r0ntesis el "s (s!do es el /(e ter"in! en Ii '$ si +! %ri"ero el /(e ter"in! en
Ii!l$ el /(e ter"in! en Ii es el "enos (s!doM e-e%to los !d.eti+os /(e !%!reen
on l! #o"! I!l !ntes de Ii$ los de"s res%onden ! l! re,l! ,ener!l '! /(e se (s!n
"s on Ii /(e on Ii!l4 !bio,enetiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !!de"iNH!l64 %oo
(s!doO$ !idi"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !o(stiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !tino"etriH!l6
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !erolo,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !ero"e&!niH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!eron!(ti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !erost!tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !est&etiH!l6 NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL est&etiH!l6 NUSAO$ !,onistiH!l6$ !,robiolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!,rolo,i!lL i Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ !,rono"iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !&istoriH!l6
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !l&e"iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !l,ebr!iH!l6$ !l,o"etriH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !lle,ori!lL i$ !l%&!beti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !"%&it&e!triH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !n!&roniH!l6$ !n!,l'%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ !n!,l'%tiH!l6
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ !n!,o,iH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ !n!,r!""!tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!n!lo,i!lL i$ !n!l'ti!lL i$ !n!%t'%tiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ !n!r&iH!l6$
!n!to"i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !nedotiH!l6$ !ne"o"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!n,eliH!l6$ !nt&ro%o"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !ntili"!tiH!l6 $ !nti"on!r&i!lL
i$ !nti%!t&etiH!l6 H!nti%tioHs6L !Hs66$ !ntit&eti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !ntit'%i!lL i$
!ntono"!stiH!l6$ !%!t&etiH!l6$ !%o!l'%tiH!l6$ !%ost!ti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!%ostoliH!l6$ !%ot&e,"!tiH!l6$ !r&et'%i!lL i$ !rit&"eti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!setiH!l6$ !stro"etri!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !stron!(tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!strono"i!lL i$ !s'""etriH!l6$ !s'"%totiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
!t&eistiH!l6$ !t"os%&eriH!l6$ !to"istiH!l6$ !t'%i!lL i$ !(t!r&iH!l6$
!(tobio,r!%&i!lL i$ !(to,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !-io"!tiH!l6$ b!teriolo,i!lL
i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ b!ro"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ biblio,r!%&i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
bi'liH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bio&e"i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ biod'n!"iH!l6$
bioet&i!lL i$ bio,enetiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bio,eo,r!%&i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
bio,r!%&i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ biolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ biono"iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ bis'""etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bot!ni!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Br!&"n!niH!l6$ Br!&"iniH!l6$ b(oliH!l6$ !o,r!%&iH!l6$ !lendri!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !lori"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ *!l+inistiH!l6$ !noni!lL i$
!rdio,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !s(istiH!l6$ !t!&restiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ !te&eti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !te&istiH!l6$ !te,ori!lL i$
!t&odiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !to%triH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ !(stiH!l6$
enobitiH!l6L oenobitiH!l6 NGB %rini%!l"enteO Nliter!rioO$ entriH!l6$
ero,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &!lo,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
H&6!rto,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &e"i!lL i N%!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es
"e.or (s!r sie"%re U&e"i!lV %or/(e est sie"%re bienO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
&e"(r,iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &er(biH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ &i"eri!lL i$
&iro,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &iro"!ntiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$
&oro,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &roniH!l6$ &rono,r!""!tiH!l6
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &ronolo,i!lL i$ &rono"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ leri!lL
i N%!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "e.or (s!r sie"%re Uleri!lV %or/(e est
sie"%re bienO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ li"!teriH!l6$ li"!tiH!l6$ li"!tiH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ li"!tolo,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lini!lL i$ lino"etriH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ lio"etriH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ olori"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
oni!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ os"o,oniH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ os"o,r!%&iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ os"olo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ r!nio"etriH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ ri"inolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ riti!lL i N%!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes es "e.or (s!r sie"%re Uriti!lV %or/(e est sie"%re bienO$
r'%tiH!l6$ r'%to,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ r'st!llo,r!%&iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ 'liH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 'loniH!l6$ 'lindri!lL i$ 'ni!lL i$
'to,enetiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ 'tolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ deistiH!l6$
de"!,o,iH!l6$ de"i(r,iH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ de"o,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
dendritiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ dendrolo,i!lL i Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ der"!tolo,i!lL
i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ des%otiH!l6$ di!riti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ di!,r!""!tiH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ di!leti!lL i$ di!lo,istiH!l6$ di!"etri!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ di!r&iH!l6L
d'!r&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ did!tiH!l6$ dietetiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
dio%triH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ diss'""etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do,"!tiH!l6$
dr!"!tiH!l6$ dr!"!t(r,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ dr(idiH!l6$ d'n!"oeletriH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ d'n!"o"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ d'n!stiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
d's%e%tiH!l6$ elesi!sti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eono"etriH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ est!tiH!l6$ e("eni!lL iL oe("eni!lL i NGB4 "enos (s!doO$
e,oistiH!l6$ e,otistiH!l6 He,otist!Hs66$ e9istiH!l6$ eletro!n!l'tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
eletro"!,netiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eletro"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
eletrot&er!%e(tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ elli%ti!lL i$ e"ble"!tiH!l6$ e"br'olo,i!lL
i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e"etiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e"%iri!lL i$ eno"i!stiH!l6$
en'li!lL i$ ende"iH!l6$ endorinolo,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eni,"!tiH!l6$
enolo,i!lL iL oenolo,i!lL i NGB %rini%!l"enteO Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
ent&'"e"!tiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ento"olo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
e%e-e,etiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ e%iH!l6$ e%i'liH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
e%ide"iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e%ide"iolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e%i,r!""!tiH!l6
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e%i,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e%i%&'tiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ e%isodiH!l6
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ e%it&etiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ e%ito"i!lL i
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ere"itiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ eristiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ erotiH!l6$
et&i!lL i$ et&niH!l6$ et&no,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et&nolo,i!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ etiolo,i!lL i NoO !etiolo,i!lL i NGB %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Hetiol3,io6$ et'"olo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ E(&!ristiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
e(d!e"onistiH!l6L e(de"onistiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ e(dio"etriH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ e(lo,istiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ e(%&(istiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ e(r&'t&"iH!l6 NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL e(r't&"iH!l6 NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ e-e,etiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$
#!n!ti!lL i$ #!tidiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ #renetiH!l6$ G!leniH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Hde G!lenoL ,!l0nio6$ ,!l+!niH!l6$ ,!l+!no"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
,!"o,enetiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ,!so"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
,!strono"iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,ene!lo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,eneriH!l6$
,enetiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,enot'%iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,eoentriH!l6$
,eo&ronolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,eodesiH!l6$ ,eodetiH!l6$ ,eod'n!"iH!l6$
,eo,nostiH!l6$ ,eo,r!%&i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,eolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
,eo"etriH!l6$ ,eo"or%&olo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,eo%oliti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
,eo%oniH!l6$ ,l!iolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,l'%&o,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ ,l'%to,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ,no"iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ ,no"oniH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ,nostiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ ,onio"etriH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ,r!""!ti!lL i$ ,r!%&iH!l6$
,r!%&olo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,r!+i"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,'n!eolo,i!lL i
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,'neolo,i!lL i NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
&!e"!tolo,i!lL i NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &e"!tolo,i!lL i NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
&!,,!diH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &!,io,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
&!,iolo,iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &!r"oniH!l6$ Eebr!iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Eebr!istiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &elio,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
&elio"etriH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ EellenistiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ &el"int&olo,i!lL
i Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &e"is%&eriH!l6$ &ereti!lL i$ &er"!%&roditiH!l6$
&er"ene(tiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &er"etiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &er"itiH!l6
Nliter!rioO$ &eroiH!l6$ &er%etolo,iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &etero,r!%&iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ &eterot'%iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &e-!"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
&ier!r&i!lL i$ &ier!tiH!l6$ &ieror!tiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ &iero,l'%&iH!l6$ &ierolo,iH!l6
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ei%%or!tiH!l6$ &isto,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
&istolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &istorio,r!%&i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &istrioniH!l6$
&olo,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &o"eot'%iH!l6L &o"oeot'%iH!l6 NGBO Nliter!rio4
no ,r!d(!bleO$ &o"iletiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ &o"olo,i!lL i Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
&orolo,iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &'drod'n!"iH!l6$ &'dro,r!%&iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ &'dro9inetiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ &'drolo,iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
&'dro"etriH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &'dro%!t&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
&'droso%iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &'drost!tiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
&'eto,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &',ieniH!l6$ &',roso%iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ &'"nolo,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &'%erboliH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
&'%erriti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &'%erd(liH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
&'%er"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &'%er"etro%iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
&'%nolo,iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &'%ooristiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ &'%oriti!lL i$
&'%ost!tiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ &'%ot&eti!lL i$ &'%so,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
&'%so"etriH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &'steri!lL i$ i!triH!l6 Nliter!rioO$
i&no,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ i&t&'olo,iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
ioniH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ iono,r!%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ideo,r!%&i!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ideolo,i!lL i$ idio"!tiH!l6$ i""(no,enetiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
i""(nolo,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inor,!niH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ intrinsiH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ iodo"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ironiH!l6$ iso"etriH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ j!obiniH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ j!nsenistiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ jes(itiH!l6$
j(d!iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ .(d,"!tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ .(ridi!lL i$ .(ristiH!l6$
9!leidoso%iH!l6$ 9!r'ot'%iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ 9ilo"etriH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ l!b'rint&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ l!oniH!l6$ l!iH!l6$ l!r'n,olo,i!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ l!r'n,oso%iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ let&!r,iH!l6$ le+iti!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ le-io,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ le-iolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
li"nolo,i!lL i Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ lin,(istiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
lit&o,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lit&olo,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lit&oto"iH!l6
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ lit(r,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lo,!rit&"iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ lo,istiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lo,o,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
lo-odro"iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ l(n!tiH!l6$ "!,netoeletriH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "!,ni#iH!l6 N!r!ioO$ "!ie(tiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ "!.estiH!l6$
"!nneristiH!l6$ "!no"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!rt'rolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
M!sHs6oretiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ "!t&e"!ti!lL i$ "!tri!r&!lL i$ "e&!ni!lL i$
"e%&itiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ "et!boliH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "et!ll(r,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"et!%&ori!lL i$ "et!%&r!stiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ "et!%&'si!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "et!t&etiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ "ete"%iri!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"eteoritiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "eteoro,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "eteorolo,i!lL i
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "et&odi!lL i$ Met&odistiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "eton'"i!lL i
Nliter!rioO$ "iro!n!l'tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "irobiolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"iroli"!tolo,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "iroos"iH!l6$ "iro"etri!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "iro%!l!entolo,i!lL i NGBO NoO "iro%!lentolo,i!lL i NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "iroso%iH!l6$ "iroseis"iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"iroto"iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ "i"iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "iner!lo,i!lL i
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "is!nt&ro%iH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ Mis&niH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"obor!tiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ "on!diH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ "on!r&i!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "on!stiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "ono&ro"iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"onodiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ "ono,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "onolo,iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "ono"etri!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "onos'""etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"orbi#iH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ "or%&olo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Mos!iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ "'olo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "'olo,iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
"'st!,o,iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ "'sti!lL i$ "'t&i!lL i$ "'t&olo,i!lL i
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "'t&o%oetiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nerolo,i!lL i Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ neroso%iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ neol!ssi!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ neolo,istiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ neotro%i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ne(rolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ no"!diH!l6$ no"o,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
no"ot&etiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ nonl!ssiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ non'liH!l6
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ noneletriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ non"etri!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
nons'""etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nosolo,i!lL i Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
n("eri!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ oboniH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ obstetriH!l6$ oe!no,r!%&iH!l6
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ oli,!r&iH!l6$ onolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ oneiroritiH!l6
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ oolo,i!lL i Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ o%&t&!l"olo,i!lL i
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o%&t&!l"oso%iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o%ti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
o%ti"istiH!l6$ o%to"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ or!tori!lL i$ or,!no,r!%&iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ or,!nolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ornit&olo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
oro,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ort&o,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ osteolo,i!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ osteo%!t&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!edolo,i!lL i NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
%edolo,i!lL i NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO H%!idol3,io6$ %!l!eet&nolo,i!lL i NGBOL
%!leet&nolo,i!lL i NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!l!eobot!niH!l6 NGBOL
%!leobot!niH!l6 NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!l!eo,eo,r!%&i!lL i
NGBOL %!leo,eo,r!%&i!lL i NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%!l!eo,r!%&iH!l6 NGBOL %!leo,r!%&iH!l6 NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%!l!eonto,r!%&iH!l6 NGBOL %!leonto,r!%&iH!l6 NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %!l!eontolo,i!lL i NGBOL %!leontolo,i!lL i NUSA %rini%!l"enteO
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!ne,'ri!lL i Nliter!rioO$ %!no%tiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
%!nso%&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %!nt&eistiH!l6$ %!%isti!lL i$
%!r!di,"!tiH!l6$ %!r!dis!i!lL i$ %!r!,o,iH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ %!r!,r!%&iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %!r!"edi!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!r!"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%!r!%s'&olo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!r!sitiH!l6$ %!r!t!tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%!rent&etiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!rodiH!l6$ %!rsoniH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hleri!lHes66$
%!t&etiH!l6$ %!t&olo,i!lL i$ %!tristiH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ %ed!,o,iH!l6$ %ed!ntiH!l6$
%edolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hed!#ol3,io6$ %ent!r&i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%eri"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %essi"istiH!l6$ %etro,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%etrolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&!nt!s"!,oriH!l6$ P&!ris!iH!l6$ %&!r"!e(ti!lL
i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&!r"!olo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&enot'%iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %&il!nt&ro%iH!l6$ %&iloso%&i!lL i$ %&leboto"iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ %&le,"!tiH!l6$ %&onetiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&onolo,i!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %&ono"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&onot'%iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%&otoeletriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&oto%eriodiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%&otot'%o,r!%&i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&renolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&t&isi!lL
i$ %&'llot!tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&'si!triH!l6$ %&'sio,no"iH!l6$
%&'sio,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&'siolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%&'to,eo,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %&'tolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%&'to%!t&olo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ietistiH!l6$ %ir!ti!lL i$ %l!ni"etriH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %l(tor!tiH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %od!,riH!l6$ %oetiH!l6$
%ole"iH!l6$ %ol',!"iH!l6$ %ol's'll!biH!l6$ %ol't&eistiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%ol't'%iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %onti#i!lL i$ %re&istoriH!l6$ %rel!tiH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %ris"!tiH!l6$ %roble"!tiH!l6$ %rotolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%ro%!ede(tiH!l6 NGB ' USA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %ro%&etiH!l6$ %rosodiH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %rotot'%iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %se(de%i,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%se(dobio,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %se(dol!ssiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%se(do,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %se(do&istoriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %s'&i!triH!l6
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %s'&o!n!l'tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %s'&obiolo,i!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %s'&olo,i!lL i$ %s'&o"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %s'&o%!t&olo,i!lL
i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %(rit!ni!lL i$ %'r!"idi!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %'ro"etriH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %'rote&niH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ /(i-otiH!l6$ r!bbiniH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
r!diobiolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ r!diolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ r&!%sodiH!l6$
r&etori!lL i$ r&'t&"i!lL i$ roent,enolo,i!lL i N"s (s!dosOL r{nt,enolo,i!lL i
Nno ,r!d(!blesO$ r(briH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ r(stiH!l6$ s!bb!ti!lL i$
S!r!eniH!l6$ s!t!niH!l6$ s!tiri!lL i$ s!t'riH!l6$ s!tolo,i!lL i$ seniH!l6$
seno,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se%tiH!l6 NGB %rini%!l"enteOL s9e%tiH!l6
NUSAO$ s&is"!tiH!l6$ seis"iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ seis"olo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
seis"o"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ seleno,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se"!ntiH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ se"!%&oriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se"He6iolo,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
se"ielli%ti!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se"iolo,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se"iotiH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ se"itro%i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ser!%&iH!l6$ serioo"iH!l6$
ser"oniH!l6$ serolo,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ soiolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
soleistiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ so"!tolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ so%&iH!l6$
so%&istiH!l6$ soriti!lL i$ soteriolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s%!,'riH!l6$
s%!s"odiH!l6$ s%ei#iH!l6$ s%etroso%iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s%&eri!lL i$
st!l!titiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ st!l!,"itiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ st!tiH!l6$ st!tisti!lL i
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ steno,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ stereo,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
stereo"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ stereot'%iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ steriH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ sti&o"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ stoiH!l6$ sto"!&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
str!bis"iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ str!te,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ str!ti,r!%&iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ str!tos%&eriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ stroboso%iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ stro%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ st'listiH!l6$ st'lo,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
s(btro%i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s'b!ritiH!l6$ s'llo,istiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
s'"biotiH!l6$ s'"boliH!l6$ s'""etri!lL i$ s'n!%tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
s'n&roniH!l6$ s'nedo&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ s'neolo,iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s'non'"iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s'no%tiH!l6$ s'nt!tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
s'nt&etiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t!&eo"etriH!l6 NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ t!&o"etriH!l6
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t!&',r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t!&'"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
T!l"(diH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t!%&ono"iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ T!r,("iH!l6
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ t!(tolo,i!lL i$ t!-ono"iH!l6$ te&ni!lL i$ te&nolo,i!lL
i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tele"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ teleolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ter!tolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tetr!r&iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
tetr!sti&iH!l6 Nliter!rioO$ tetr!s'll!biH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&!("!t(r,iH!l6$
t&e!tri!lL i$ t&eistiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&eor!tiH!l6$ t&eolo,i!lL i Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ t&eoreti!lL i$ t&eoso%&i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&er"od'n!"iH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ t&er"oeletriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&er"o"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
t&er"oso%iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&e(r,iH!l6$ T&o"istiH!l6$ ti"or!tiH!l6$
to%o,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ to%olo,iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
to%on'"iH!l6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ to-iolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tr!,iH!l6$
tr!,io"iH!l6$ tri,ono"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tri"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
trit&eistiH!l6$ tro,lod'tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tro%olo,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t'%i!lL
i$ t'%o,r!%&i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t'%olo,i!lL i Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
t'r!nni!lL i$ (n&eroiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (n%&iloso%&i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(n%oetiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nr&'t&"i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (ns'ste"!tiH!l6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (r!no,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (rolo,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
+en!tiH!l6$ +eridi!lL i$ +iso"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +ol!nolo,i!lL i N"s
(s!doOL +(l!nolo,i!lL i Nno ,r!d(!blesO$ -'lo,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
zino,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ zoo,eo,r!%&iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ zoo,r!%&iH!l6
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ zoo"etriH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ zoo%&'tiH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
zooto"iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ z'"olo,iH!l6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1
c+ &os 'ue terminan en 5ic o 5ical con cambio de significadoM %resent!n
di#i(lt!des ! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes %or/(e en !stell!no se tr!d(en nor"!l"ente
de l! "is"! "!ner! %ero el si,ni#i!do es distinto se,2n l! !e%i3n /(e ten,! !d!
(no4 !rseni Nno ,r!d(!bleO H!id6 HHido6 !rs0nio6 ' U!rseni!lV Nno ,r!d(!bleO
H!rs0nioHs6$ !Hs6 Non otros no"bresO6M l!ssi HlsioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen el sentido de
Ue-elenteHs6L tF%ioHs6$ !Hs6L /(e no %!s! de "od!L re#erido !l !rte o liter!t(r! de
Ro"! o Grei!VO6 ' Ul!ssi!lV HlsioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen el sentido de /(e se re#iere !
Ro"! o Grei!$ ! (n! 0%o! liter!ri!$ !rtFsti! o "(si!lM t!"bi0n en el sentido de
Utr!diion!lHes6V H%!r! ide!Hs6L "0todoHs6L teorF!Hs6$ et6O6M o"i H3"ioHs6$ !Hs6
Nen sentido %ositi+o on todos los si,ni#i!dos inl(idos el de l! o"edi! te!tr!l o
"(si!lO6 ' Uo"i!lV HQ3"ioHs6$ !Hs6Q Nen sentido %ositi+o on todos los
si,ni#i!dos de Qo"iQ e-e%to el re#erido ! l! o"edi! te!tr!l o "(si!l ' en
sentido ne,!ti+o on el si,ni#i!do de Q!bs(rdoHs6$ !Hs6L ridF(loHs6$ !Hs6L b(rlesoHs6$
!Hs6QO6M (bi Nno ,r!d(!bleO H2bio Ni en #or"! de (boL rel!ion!do on l!
terer! %oteni!L ele+!do !l (boL %erteneiente !l (boL tridi"ension!lL ('o l!do
es e/(i+!lente ! l! "edid! line!r en (esti3nL iso"0trio NoO re,(l!rO6 ' U(bi!lV
Nno ,r!d(!bleO H2bio Ni en #or"! de (boL rel!ion!do on l! terer! %oteni!L en
+ol("enO6M en GB Udi!boliV Nno ,r!d(!bleO H!rtsL +isionL #i,(re6 HH!rtesL +isi3nL
#i,(r!6 di!b3lioHs6$ !Hs6L s!tnioHs6$ !Hs6L del de"onioL del di!blo Nen sentido liter!l
' #i,(r!doO6 ' Udi!boli!lV H%l!nL "!&in!tionL r(elt'L re!sons6 Hdi!b3lioHs6$ !Hs6L
s!tnioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen sentido #i,(r!do sol!"ente on el si,ni#i!do de Q%er+ersoHs6$
!Hs6QOM en GB Htie"%oL o"id!6 !trozL es%!ntosHo$ !6 Ni +er' b!dO6$ %ero en USA se
%(ede (s!r Qdi!boliQ o Qdi!boli!lQ on el "is"o si,ni#i!do6M en GB Ud'n!"iV
HQdin"ioHs6$ !Hs6Q Nen todos los sentidosO6 ' Ud'n!"i!lV Ns3lo en sentido
#i,(r!doO %ero en USA se %(ede (s!r Qd'n!"iQ o Qd'n!"i!lQ on el "is"o
si,ni#i!doM eono"i Nno ,r!d(!bleO Heon3"ioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen el sentido de /(e tiene
/(e +er on l! eono"F! ' t!"bi0n$ !(n/(e "(' r!r!"ente$ Ueon3"ioHs6$ !Hs6V
en el sentido de Ub!r!toHs6$ !Hs6O6 ' Ueono"i!lV Heon3"ioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen el sentido
de Ub!r!toHs6$ !Hs6V ' t!"bi0n$ !(n/(e "(' r!r!"ente$ en el sentido de U/(e tiene
/(e +er on l! eono"F!VO6M %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es reo"end!ble (s!r
Ueono"iV s3lo (!ndo tiene /(e +er on l! eono"F! ' Ueono"i!lV s3lo
(!ndo si,ni#i! Ub!r!toVM eletri Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hel0trioHs6$ !Hs6 N%!r! "/(in!s
e instr("entos "(si!les /(e #(nion!n on eletriid!d$ %!r! lo /(e se dedi! ! l!
%rod(i3n de eletriid!dOL e"oion!nteHs6L eletriz!nteHs66 ' Ueletri!lV Nno
,r!d(!bleO H!isl!nteHs6L el0trioHs6$ !Hs6 Ni rel!ion!do on l! eletriid!d en sentido
,ener!l %ero no en el sentido de Ue"oion!nteHs6L eletriz!nteHs6VO6M en GB
Q#!nt!stiQ H#!ntstioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen el sentido %ositi+o de Uest(%endoHs6$ !Hs6L
#!b(losoHs6$ !Hs6VO6 ' U#!nt!sti!lV H#!ntstioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen el sentido ne,!ti+o de
U!bs(rdoHs6$ !Hs6L des!bell!doHs6$ !Hs6L inreFbleHs6L estr!#!l!rioHs6$ !Hs6VO6$ %ero en
USA se %(ede (s!r Q#!nt!stiQ o Q#!nt!sti!lQ on el "is"o si,ni#i!doM &istori
H&ist3rioHs6$ !Hs6 Non los sentidos de U"e"or!bleHs6L i"%ort!nteHs6L +ie.oHs6$ !Hs6V
' en ,r!"ti!M %(ede tener t!"bi0n todos los si,ni#i!dos de U&istori!lV$ !(n/(e
se (s! "enos on estos sentidos$ no reo"end!bles %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntesO6 '
U&istori!lV H&ist3rioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen el sentido de /(e se re#iere ! l! &istori!L ! s(esos
o %erson!s del %!s!do ' t!"bi0n on el sentido de UiertoHs6$ !Hs6L +erd!deroHs6$
!Hs6V %or/(e &! e-istido &ist3ri!"enteM %(ede si,ni#i!r t!"bi0n U"e"or!bleHs6L
i"%ort!nteHs6V$ !(n/(e se (s! "enos on estos si,ni#i!dos$ no reo"end!bles %!r!
los !stell!no&!bl!ntesO6M el !d+erbio es U&istori!ll'V %!r! !"bosM identi
Hid0ntioHs6$ !Hs6 N(s!do sol!"ente en di%lo"!i! on rel!i3n ! (no o "s
,obiernos Hest!t!les6O6 ' Uidenti!lV Hid0ntioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen todos los sentidosO6M l'ri
HlFrioHs6$ !Hs6 N%ero no en el sentido de Uent(si!st!$ e#(si+o$ ro"ntioVO6 ' Ul'ri!lV
HlFrioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen todos los sentidos e-e%to en el rel!ti+o ! l! lir! o"o instr("ento
"(si!lO6M "!,i H",ioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen el sentido de Usobren!t(r!lV ' en sentido
liter!l on el si,ni#i!do de Usens!ion!lHes6$ #!b(losoHs6$ !Hs6L "!r!+illosoHs6$
!Hs6VO6 ' U"!,i!lV H",ioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen el sentido de U"il!,rosoV ' en sentido
#i,(r!do on el si,ni#i!do de Usens!ion!lHes6L #!b(losoHs6$ !Hs6L "!r!+illosoHs6$
!Hs6VO6M "etri Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"0trioHs6$ !Hs6 Nrel!ion!do on el siste"! "0trio
dei"!l ' l!s "!te"ti!sO ' U"etri!lL "etriV Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"0trioHs6$ !Hs6
Nrel!ion!do on l! %oesF! o l! "edid!O6M o%ti Nno ,r!d(!bleO4 56 3%tioHs6$ !Hs6
Nrel!ti+o ! los o.os4 t&e o%ti ner+e Hel ner+io 3%tioO ' 86 3%tioHs6$ !Hs6 Nrel!ti+o ! l!
3%ti! Hieni!6 %ero "enos (s!do /(e o%ti!lO6 ' Uo%ti!lV Nno ,r!d(!bleO4 56
H3%tioHs6$ !Hs6 Nrel!ti+o ! instr("entos o %roesos /(e tienen /(e +er on l! +isi3n$
l! l(z$ l!s i",enes4 !n o%ti!l teleso%e H(n teleso%io 3%tio6$ o%ti!l instr("ents
Hinstr("entos 3%tios6$ o%ti!l !strono"' H!strono"F! 3%ti!6$ !n o%ti!l ill(sion
H(n! il(si3n 3%ti!6$ !n o%ti!l dis9 H(n diso 3%tio6O ' 86 H3%tioHs6$ !Hs6 Nrel!ti+o !
l! 3%ti! Hieni!6 %ero "s (s!do /(e Uo%tiVO6M %!r!boli H%!r!b3lio N,eo"etrF!O6
' U%!r!boliH!l6V H%!r!b3lio Ni !le,3rioO6M %eriodi L%IeriRodI9L NGBO
o L%IriR!4dI9L NUSAO H#(ntion$ l!7$ sentene$ s'ste"$ t!ble$ ten!n'$ +ibr!tions$
et16 H%eri3dio Ni inter"itenteL re,(l!rL FlioL /(e ,(!rd! (n %erFodo
deter"in!doO6$ %eriodi L%4r!IRodI9L NGBO o L%4riR!4dI9L NUSAO H!id6
H%er'3dio N/(F"i!O6 ' U%eriodi!lV L%IeriRodI9He6lL NGBO o L%IriR!4dI9He6lL
NUSAO H%eri3dio Ni inter"itenteL re,(l!rL /(e se %(bli! on deter"in!dos
inter+!los de tie"%oL rel!ion!do on %(bli!ionesO6M %oliti H!st(toHs6$!Hs6L
di%lo"tioHs6$ !Hs6L %r(denteHs6 N(!ndo +! del!nte de (n no"breO ' %olFtioHs6$
!Hs6 N(!ndo +! detrs de (n no"bre4 D1 ;15=15O6 ' U%oliti!lV H%olFtioHs6$ !Hs66M
%r!,"!ti H%r!,"tio Nond(t!L ne,oiosL +id! di!ri!L !s(ntos de est!do o
o"(nit!riosL #iloso#F!OL entro"etidoL do,"tio6 ' U%r!,"!ti!lV
H%r!,"tio Nne,oiosL +id! di!ri!OL entro"etidoL do,"tio6M %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes es "e.or (s!r U%r!,"!tiV %or/(e sie"%re est bienM en GB
U%s'&iV Nno ,r!d(!bleO4 56 H%sF/(ioHs6L !Hs66 ' 86 H+identeHs6L !di+inoHs6$ !Hs6L
%!r!%siol3,ioHs6$ !Hs66 ' U%s'&i!lV Nno ,r!d(!bleO Non el si,ni#i!do 5
sol!"ente$ %ero en USA se %(ede (s!r U%s'&iV o U%s'&i!lV on el "is"o
si,ni#i!doOM s&ol!sti HesolstioL %ed!nte6 ' Us&ol!sti!lV Hesolstio6M en GB
UstoiV HestoioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen sentido re!l$ liter!lO6 ' Ustoi!lV HestoioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen
sentido #i,(r!do o "et!#3rio4 %ro%ioHs6L !Hs6 de (n estoioO6 %ero en USA e inl(so
en GB se %(ede (s!r QstoiQ o Qstoi!lQ on el "is"o si,ni#i!doM en GB Qs'nodiQ
Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hsin3dio Nrel!ion!do on el "es l(n!rO6 ' Qs'nodi!lQ Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hsin3dio Nrel!ion!do on sFnodoO6$ %ero en USA e inl(so en GB se
%(ede (s!r Qs'nodiQ o Qs'nodi!lQ on el "is"o si,ni#i!doM s'ste"!ti
Hsiste"tio Ni "et3dioL /(e se !.(st! ! (nos %rini%iosO6 ' Us'ste"!ti!lV
Hsiste"tio Nrel!ti+o ! l! l!si#i!i3n t!-on3"i! de or,!nis"osO6M t!ti Httio
Nrel!ion!do on el t!to4 s(ele ir o"o se,(ndo ele"ento de %!l!br!s o"%(est!s
o"o %&otot!ti$ et1L rel!ti+o !l ordenO6 ' Ut!ti!lV Httio Nrel!ion!do on
tti!L di%lo"tioO6M tro%i Htro%i!lL tr3%io Nrel!ion!do on el tro%is"oL /(e
in#l(eni! l! !ti+id!d de (n! &or"on! es%eF#i!O6 ' Utro%i!lV Htro%i!lL tr3%io
Nrel!ion!do on el tro%oOL #er+oroso NoO %!sion!l6M (neono"i Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hno
eon3"ioHs6$ !Hs6L !ntieon3"ioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen el sentido de /(e tiene /(e +er on l!
eono"F!O6 ' U(neono"i!lV Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hno eon3"ioHs6$ !Hs6L
!ntieon3"ioHs6$ !Hs6 Nen el sentido de Uno b!r!toHs6$ !Hs6V ' t!"bi0n U/(e no tiene
/(e +er on l! eono"F!VO61 E.14 ! &istori e+entL "o"entL deisionL &o(seL
b(ildin, H(n s(esoL (n "o"entoL (n! deisi3nL (n! !s!L (n edi#iio &ist3riHoL
!66$ t&e &istori %resent Hel %resente &ist3rio6M &istori!l e+ideneL rese!r&
He+ideni! &ist3ri! NoO b!ses &ist3ri!sL in+esti,!i3n &ist3ri!6$ ! &istori!l #!tL
o"%!risonL st(d'L !tl!sL %ers%eti+eL "et&odL no+el H(n &e&oL (n!
o"%!r!i3nL (n est(dioL (n !tl!sL (n! %ers%eti+!L (n "0todoL (n! no+el!
&ist3riHoL !66M S&e &!d %roble"s b(t &er stoi %&iloso%&' &el%ed &er HEll! tenF!
%roble"!s %ero s( #iloso#F! estoi! l! !'(d36M Ee &!s ! di##i(lt li#e b(t &is stoi!l
!ttit(de &el%s &i" Hl tiene (n! +id! di#Fil %ero s( !tit(d estoi!L %ro%i! de (n
estoio le !'(d!6M Ee did it #or eono"i re!sons Hl lo &izo %or r!zones
eon3"i!s6M T&is is +er' eono"i!l HEsto es "(' eon3"io6M S&e does it #or
%oliti!l !nd eono"i N"s (s!doOL eono"i!l re!sons HEll! lo &!e %or r!zones
%olFti!s ' eon3"i!s61
Al,(nos !d.eti+os /(e ter"in!n en Iio en !stell!no no ter"in!n en IiH!l6 en
in,l0s1 E.14 P't&!,ore!n$ M!&i!+elli!n Nliter!rioO NUM!&i!+elliV no e-iste en
in,l0sO H"!/(i!+0lioHs6$ !Hs66$ et1
;1:;1I &os ad%etivos los respectivos adverbios suelen formar la forma
negativa aLadiendo4
*+ El prefi%o im5, si el ad%etivo empie)a por b5, m5, p5, o el prefi%o in5, si el
ad%etivo no empie)a por b5, m5, p5, cuando la ra() o lexema no es anglosa%ona o
tiene m!s de una s(laba7 ;5< ;4l+< se refieren a los adverbios de los
ad%etivos en cuestin4 i"R"e!s(r!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i""eR"ori!lHl'6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Ri""inentHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i"R"ort!lHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
i"R"o+He6!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i"R"(ne Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i"R"(t!bleL I' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ i"R%!l%!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i"R%!rti!lHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
i"R%!ss!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i"R%!ssible$ i"%erRe%tible Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
i"R%eris&!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i"R%er"e!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i"R%ro"%t( Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ in!RessibleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inR!(r!teHl'6$ inR!ti+eHl'6$
inR!de/(!teHl'6$ iRn!ni"!teHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inR!l(l!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ino"Rb(stibleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ino"R"ens(r!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ino"R%!r!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inR(r!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inR(rio(s Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ indeR#!ti,!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ indeR#ensibleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
indeR#in!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ indesRrib!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ indesRtr(tibleL I'
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ indisR%(t!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ indiRssol(bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
indisRtin,(is&!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ indiR+isibleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRd(bit!bleL I'
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRe##!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ineR##!e!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
inReli,ibleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ineRl(t!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRe+it!bleL I' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ine-Rtin,(is&!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ in#iniRtesi"!lHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
inR#l!t!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRn("er!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRo%er!bleL I' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ inRo%er!ti+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inorR,!niH!ll'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRsol+ent
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ins(R##iientHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRs(%er!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ins(rR"o(nt!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRtr!nsiti+eHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inR+!lidHl'6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ inR+!ri!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inR+ertebr!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inR+iol!teHl'6
Nno ,r!d(!bleO Nliter!rioO$ inR+ol(nt!r'L Iil' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1
Gener!l"ente se %re#iere el %re#i.o i"I o inI$ en +ez de (nI$ del!nte de !dI$ olI$
o"I$ onI$ orI$ deI$ diHs6I$ e-I$ %erI$ !(n/(e &!' e-e%iones1
Se (s! inI$ en +ez de (nI$ (!ndo no es l! #or"! ne,!ti+!4 Rinbo(nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO
H/(e +ieneHn6L de lle,!d!6$ inRbred NGBOL Rinbred NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Hendo,"ioL end0"ioL inn!to6$ inR!rn!te Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hen!rn!do6$
inRor%or!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRor%or!te N!r!io4 no ,r!d(!bleOL inorR%ore!lHl'6
Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hinor%3reo6$ inR("bentHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRdit!bleL I' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ in#eRrenti!lHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inR,ro7n Nno ,r!d(!bleOL inR,ro7in, Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ inRl!id Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ iRnn!teHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRs(red Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ inR7ro(,&t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1
2+ El prefi%o un5, en ve) de in5, cuando termina en 5ing, 5ed o forma irregular
del participio, aun'ue no exista ningBn verbo e'uivalente, sea la ra() o lexema
anglosa%ona o no tenga una s(laba o m!s7 ;4l+< se refiere a los adverbios de
los ad%etivos en cuestin4 (n!R+!ilin,Hl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRbe!ten Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nbeRlie+in,Hl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRbidden Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRblin9in,Hl'6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nRbl(s&in,Hl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRbo7ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRbridledHl'6
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRe!sin,Hl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRl!d Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRl!i"ed
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRlo(ded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (no"R%l!inin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(no"%reR&endin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (noRrrobor!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRd!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (ndeRl!red Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (ndeR#e!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (ndoR"esti!ted
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRdo(btedHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRd'in,Hl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(ne"R%lo'ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRendin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nenRli,&tened Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (neR-!"%led Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR#!ilin,Hl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR#!lterin,
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR#!t&o"ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRerrin,Hl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nR#l!,,in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR#lin&in,Hl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR#o(ndedHl'6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nR,r!ded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR,r(d,in,Hl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nR,(!rdedHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR&!llo7ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR&o%edI#or Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (ninteRrr(%ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR9no7nHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRle!ded
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRle!+ened Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRlettered Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nRli"itedHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRlisted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR"e!s(redHl'6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (noR%%osed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR%l!ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR%l(,,ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nR%l("bed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR%r!tised NGBOL (nR%r!tied NUSAO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nR%re.(diedHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR%ro"%ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nreRlentin,Hl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nreR"ittin,Hl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRs!id Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nRsri%ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nseR(red Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRseeded Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nRseein, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRse-ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRs&od Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nRs"ilin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRs%!rin,Hl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRs%otted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nRstintin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRstressed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRstr(n, Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nRst(9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRst(died Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (ns(sR%etin,Hl'6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nRs7er+in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRt&o(,&tIo# Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRtin,ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nRtirin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR+!rnis&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR+!r'in, Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nR+oied Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR7!s&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR7!+erin, Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nR7ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1
2+ El prefi%o un5, en ve) de in5, cuando la ra() o lexema es anglosa%ona tiene
una sola s(laba7 ;5< ;4l+< se refieren a los adverbios de los ad%etivos en
cuestin4 (nRbe!t!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRbre!9!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRbrid,e!ble$
(nR9no7!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRl!7#(lHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRlo+He6!ble$ (nR"!nl'$
(nR"iss!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRre!d!bleL I'$ (nRs!le!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nRs&!9He6!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRsto%%!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRt&in9!bleL I'
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRti"el' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRtr(eL I(l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR7ell
H"!l6$ et1
T!"bi0n en !l,(nos !sos (!ndo l! r!Fz o le-e"! no es !n,los!.on! ' tiene (n!
sol! sFl!b!4 (nR&!n,e!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRr(s&!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nR%rint!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR/(ietlHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR(s!ble Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ et1
-+ El prefi%o un5, en ve) de in5, cuando la ra() o lexema no es anglosa%ona
tiene m!s de una sola s(laba7 ;5<, ;5il< ;4l+< se refieren a los adverbios de
los ad%etivos en cuestin4 (n!Rd!%t!ble$ (nR!lter!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (n!R"en!ble$
(nR!"i!ble$ (nR!r,(!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (n!R+!il!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nonRdition!lHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRonsion!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nonstiRt(tion!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nonRtroll!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (ndeRni!bleL I'
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nenRd(r!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ininRtention!lHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nR"ention!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRneess!r'L Iil' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nobRt!in!ble
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (noR##ii!lHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR%!rdon!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(n%!rli!R"ent!r'L Iil' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR/(estion!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nreo,Rniz!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nreR%ent!nt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nRser+ie!ble Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nRsoi!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1
T!"bi0n en !l,(nos !sos (!ndo l! r!Fz o le-e"! es !n,los!.on! ' tiene "s de
(n! sol! sFl!b!4 (nR!ns7er!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (n"isRt!9He6!bleL I' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ et1
Gener!l"ente se %re#iere el %re#i.o (nI$ en +ez de inI del!nte de e"I$ enI$ i"I$ inI$
inteHr6I$ se! l! r!Fz o le-e"! !n,los!.on! o no ' de (n! o "s sFl!b!s4
(ni"R%e!&!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (ninR&!bit!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1
3+ El prefi%o ir5 si el ad%etivo empie)a por r57 ;5< se refiere a los adverbios de
los ad%etivos en cuestin4 irreRo+er!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ irreRd(ibleL I' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ irreR#(t!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ irreR"edi!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
irreR"o+!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ irreR%l!e!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ irreR%ro!&!bleL I'
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ irreRtrie+!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ irreR+ersibleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
iRrre+o!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1
6+ El prefi%o il5 si el ad%etivo empie)a por l54 iRlle,ibleL I'$ iRlli"it!bleL I' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ iRlliter!teHl'6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1
8+ El prefi%o dis54 dis!R,ree!bleL I'$ disR&onestHl'6$ et1
9+ ;Oot< delanteM en !l,(nos !sos e-iste otr! #or"! ' en otros no1 E.14 not
%ossibleL i"%ossibleL I'$ not t!-!ble Nno &!' otr! #or"!O$ et1
;1:<1I Aa una serie de palabras, sobre todo ad%etivos algunos adverbios, 'ue
pueden escribirse de dos maneras, con el prefi%o in5, im5 o ir5 con sentido
negativo, peorativo con el prefi%o un5 con sentido neutro, no peorativoM en
+ez de (nI ! +ees se %(ede %oner nonI on el "is"o si,ni#i!doM !(n/(e el
si,ni#i!do es di#erente$ l! tr!d(i3n %(ede ser b!st!nte %!reid! o i,(!lM
nor"!l"ente se (s! (n! #or"! "s /(e otr!M UI'V ' UHl'6V se re#ieren ! los
!d+erbios de los !d.eti+os en (esti3n1 E.14 i""!Rteri!lHl'6 N%e'or!ti+o4 "s (s!do4
no ,r!d(!bleO ' U(n"!Rteri!l N"enos (s!doOL non"!Rteri!l N"enos (s!doOV Hno
"!teri!l6M iR""or!lHl'6 N%e'or!ti+oO Hin"or!l6 ' U(nR"or!lHl'6L non"or!lL !"or!lV
Hno "or!lL !"or!l6M i"%erRe%tibleL I' Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %e'or!ti+o4 "s (s!doO '
U(n%erRe%tibleV Nno ,r!d(!ble4 "enos (s!doO Hi"%ere%tible6M i"%erRt(rb!bleL I'
N%e'or!ti+oO ' U(n%erRt(rb!bleV Hi"%ert(rb!ble6M i"%oRliteHl'6 N%e'or!ti+o4 "s
(s!doO Hdesort0s6 ' U(n%oRliteHl'6V N"enos (s!doO Hno ort0s6M i"R%r!ti!lHl'6
N%e'or!ti+oO H/(e no es %rtioL te3rioL /(i.oteso6 ' U(nR%r!ti!lHl'6L
nonR%r!ti!l Nne(troOV H%oo %rtioL inser+ible6M i"%reRiseHl'6 N%e'or!ti+o4 "s
(s!doO ' U(n%reRiseV N"enos (s!doO Hi"%reiso6M in!RessibleL I' N%e'or!ti+o4 "s
(s!doO ' U(n!Ressible N"enos (s!doOL non!Ressible N"enos (s!doOV
Hin!esible6M in!dR+is!bleL I' Nliter!l4 "s (s!doO H%oo !onse.!bleL i"%r(denteL
des!onse.!ble6 ' U(n!dR+is!bleV N#i,(r!do4 "enos (s!doO Hno !onse.!bleL
des!onse.!ble6M inR!lien!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %e'or!ti+o4 "s (s!doO '
U(nR!lien!bleL 'V Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hin!lien!ble6M in!R%%rei!bleL I' N%e'or!ti+o4 "s
(s!doO Hin!%rei!ble6 ' U(n!R%%rei!bleV Hno !%rei!ble6M in!R%%e!s!ble N%e'or!ti+oO
Hi"%l!!bleL in!%l!!ble6 ' U(n!R%%e!s!bleL I'V Hi"%l!!ble6M in!R%%rei!ti+eHl'6 '
U(n!R%%rei!ti+eV Hin,r!toL des!,r!deido6M in!%%reR&ensi+eHl'6 H/(e no o"%rendeL
/(e no %eribe6 ' U(n!%%reR&ensi+eV Hin!%rensi+oL des!%rensi+o6M Uin!R%%ro!&!bleL
I'V ' U(n!R%%ro!&!bleL 'V Hin!esibleL in!se/(ible6M in!R%%ro%ri!teHl'6 N"s (s!doO
' U(n!R%%ro%ri!teHl'6V N"enos (s!doO Hin!de(!do6M inR!%tHl'6 Hine%to6 ' U(nR!%tHl'6V
Hine%toL des!ost("br!do6M in!rtiR#ii!lHl'6 N"s (s!doO Hn!t(r!lL senilloL
&!%(ero6 ' U(n!rtiR#ii!lV N"enos (s!doO Hn!t(r!lL senillo6M in!rRtistiH!ll'6
N%e'or!ti+oO Hin!rtFstioL sin !rte6 ' U(n!rRtistiL non!rRtisti Nne(troOV Hno !rtFstio6M
inRborn Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hinn!to6 ' U(nRbornV Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hno n!ido6M
inonRl(si+eHl'6 N"s (s!doO ' U(nonRl(si+e N"enos (s!doOL nononRl(si+e
N"enos (s!doOV Hno deisi+oL no onl('ente6M inoR""(ni!bleL I' N"s (s!doO '
U(noR""(ni!ble N"enos (s!doOL nonoR""(ni!ble Nne(tro4 "enos (s!doOV
Hino"(ni!ble6M inonRtest!bleL I' N"s (s!doO ' U(nonRtest!bleV N"enos (s!doO
Hinontest!bleL in(estion!ble6M inonR+ertibleL I' N"s (s!doO ' U(nonR+ertible
N"enos (s!doOL nononR+ertible Nne(tro4 "enos (s!doOV Hinon+ertible6M
indeRisi+eHl'6 N"s (s!doO ' U(ndeRisi+eHl'6V N"enos (s!doO HindeisoL d(doso6M
indeo"R%os!ble ' U(ndeo"R%os!bleV Hinorr(%tible6M indeR#in!bleL I' NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO ' U(ndeR#in!bleL ' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno
,r!d(!bleOL nondeR#in!ble Nne(tro4 "enos (s!doO Nno ,r!d(!bleOV Hinde#inible6M
indeRter"in!bleL I' N"s (s!doO ' U(ndeRter"in!bleV N"enos (s!doO
Hindeter"in!ble6M indisRtintHl'6 N"s (s!doO ' U(ndisRtint N"enos (s!doOL
nondisRtint Nne(tro4 "enos (s!doOV Hindistinto6M indisRtinti+eHl'6 N"s (s!doO '
U(ndisRtinti+e N"enos (s!doOL nondisRtinti+e Nne(tro4 "enos (s!doOV Hsin
distini3n6M indisRtin,(is&!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleO ' U(ndisRtin,(is&!bleL 'V Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hindistin,(ibleL no distin,(ible6M inRedible ' U(nRedibleL nonRedibleV
Hino"ible6M inRed(!ble ' U(nRed(!bleL nonRed(!bleV Hined(!ble6M inRe/(it!bleL
I' N"s (s!doO ' U(nRe/(it!bleL I'V N"enos (s!doO Hin.(sto6M inesR!%!bleL I' Nno
,r!d(!bleO ' U(nesR!%!bleV Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hine+it!bleL inel(dible6M ineRssenti!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO ' U(neRssenti!lHl'6L noneRssenti!l Nne(troOV Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hinsi,ni#i!nteL
no eseni!l6M Uine-R(s!bleL I'V ' U(ne-R(s!bleV Hine-(s!ble6M ine-R%ressi+eHl'6 '
U(ne-R%ressi+eV Hine-%resi+o6M inR#re/(entHl'6 N"s (s!doO ' U(nR#re/(entHl'6
N"enos (s!doOV Hin#re(enteL %oo #re(ente6M inR&("!nHl'6 Hin&("!no6 '
U(nR&("!nL nonR&("!n Nne(troOV Hin&("!noL no &("!no6M inobRser+!ntHl'6 '
U(nobRser+!ntHl'6L nonobRser+!nt Nne(troOV Hdistr!Fdo6M inoR##ensi+eHl'6 '
U(noR##ensi+eHl'6V Hino#ensi+o6M inRsensiti+eHl'6 N"s (s!doO ' U(nRsensiti+eHl'6
N"enos (s!doOL nonRsensiti+e Nne(tro4 "enos (s!doOV Hinsensible6M UinRsoi!bleL I'V
' U(nRsoi!bleL I'V Hinsoi!ble6M inRsol+!bleL I' Nno ,r!d(!bleOL inRsol(ble Nno
,r!d(!bleO ' U(nRsol+!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleOL nonRsol(ble Nne(troO Nno ,r!d(!bleOV
Hinsol(bleL irresol(ble6M Uins(R%%ort!bleL I'V ' U(ns(R%%ort!bleL I'V Hinso%ort!ble6M
Uins(sRe%tibleL I'V ' U(ns(sRe%tibleL nons(sRe%tible Nne(troOV Hno s(se%tible6M
irreRli,io(sHl'6 ' U(nreRli,io(sHl'6L nonreRli,io(s Nne(troOV Hno reli,ioso6$ et1
Al,(nos tienen el "is"o si,ni#i!do4 i"Rb!l!ne Nno"breOL (nRb!l!ne Nno"bre '
+erboO Hdese/(ilibrioL #!lt! de e/(ilibrio6M in!dR"issibleL I' Nliter!l4 "s (s!doO '
U(n!dR"issibleV N#i,(r!do4 "enos (s!doO Hin!d"isible6M UiRn!lter!bleL I'V '
U(nR!lter!bleL I'V Hin!lter!bleL no !lter!ble6M ino"%re&ensible N"s (s!doO '
U(no"%re&ensibleV Hino"%rensible6M inonRsol!bleL I' N"s (s!doO '
U(nonRsol!bleV Hinonsol!ble6M inonRtroll!bleL I' N"enos (s!doO ' U(nonRtroll!bleL
I' N"s (s!doOL nononRtroll!ble Nne(tro4 "enos (s!doOV Hinontrol!ble6M
ine-R%eriened ' U(ne-R%erienedV Hine-%erto6M inRo%%ort(neHl'6 N"s (s!doO '
U(nRo%%ort(neV Hino%ort(no6M inRs!nit!r' ' U(nRs!nit!r'V Hins!l(breL "!ls!no6L
UnonRs!nit!r'V Nne(troO Hno s!nit!rio6M ins(rR"o(nt!ble ' U(ns(rR"o(nt!bleV
Hins(%er!bleL irre"ont!ble6$ et1
Al,(nos de estos !d.eti+os %(eden lle+!r l!s ter"in!iones o s(#i.os Iibilit'$ Iness$
(!ndo &!en l! #(ni3n de no"bres on l!s "is"! di#ereni!s1 E.14
in!%%ro!&!Rbilit' ' U(n!%%ro!&!Rbilit'V Hin!esibilid!d6M indisRtin,(is&!bleness '
U(ndisRtin,(is&!blenessV Hsi"ilit(d6M ine-R(s!bleness ' U(ne-R(s!blenessV
Hine-(s!bilid!d6M inobRser+!ne ' U(nobRser+!neL nonobRser+!ne Nne(troOV
Hinobser+!ni!L des%iste6M insoi!Rbilit' ' U(nsoi!Rbilit'V Hinsoi!bilid!d6M
ins(R%%ort!bleness ' U(ns(R%%ort!blenessV Hinso%ort!bilid!d6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ &!' !d.eti+os /(e tienen s3lo (n! #or"!4 in!dR+ertent$ inonRsider!te$
inRdelible$ i"R%r(dent$ non!loR&oli$ non"!Rliio(s$ (nRo(t&$ (n#ort(n!te$ (nR9e"%t$
(nR"ention!ble$ (nR(s(!l$ (nR7ittin, Nliter!rioO$ et1
Otros %(eden tener s3lo dos #or"!s4 iRllo,i!l N%e'or!ti+oO Hil3,io6L nonRlo,i!l
Nne(troO Hno l3,io6M inoR&erent N%e'or!ti+oO Hino&erente6L nonoR&erent Nne(troO
Hno o&erente6M Hin6R#l!""!ble Hin#l!"!ble6L nonHI6R#l!""!ble Nne(troO Hno
in#l!"!ble NoO inin#l!"!ble6M (n%oll(tedL non%oll(ted Nne(troO Hno ont!"in!do6M
(n!Re%t!bleL non!Re%t!ble Nne(troO Hin!e%t!ble6M (nRbre!9!bleL nonRbre!9!ble
Nne(troO Hirro"%ible6M (nR&risti!n H%oo risti!no6 ' UnonIR*&risti!nV Nne(troO Hno
risti!no6$ (nenR#ore!bleL nonenR#ore!ble Nne(troO H/(e no se %(ede &!er
("%lir6$ et1
;1:=1I E!' ad%etivos en ingls 'ue pueden resultar dif(ciles para los
castellano/ablantes %or/(e %(eden tr!d(irse !l !stell!no i,(!l o de #or"!
li,er!"ente di#erente %ero tienen distinto si,ni#i!do4 !bsorbent H!bsorbente
N#Fsi!"enteO6 ' U!bsorbin,V H!bsorbente N#i,(r!d!"enteO Ni "(' interes!nteO6M
R!"i!ble H!"istoso6 N!%li!do ! %erson!sO ' UR!"i!bleV H!"istoso6 N!%li!do ! l!s
rel!iones entre l!s %erson!sO6M !%%rei!ble H!%rei!bleL onsider!ble6 '
U!%%rei!ti+eV H!,r!deido6M !rtisti H!rtFstio6 ' U!rt#(lV H!st(to6M !s&!"ed
H!+er,onz!do N%!r! seres +i+os$ no !ionesO6 ' Us&!"e#(lV H+er,onzoso N%!r!
!iones$ no seres +i+osO6M !slee% Hdor"idoL d(r"iendo6 ' Uslee%'V Hso"nolientoL
so)olientoL /(e tiene s(e)o6M !7#(l H&orrible Nestnd!rOL i"%resion!nte NoO
i"%onente N+(l,!rO6 ' U!7eso"eV Hi"%resion!nte NoO i"%onente Nestnd!rOL
!br("!dorL #or"id!ble NUSA %rini%!l"enteO6M bi!nn(!l Hse"estr!l6 ' Ubienni!lV
Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hbien!lL bi!n(!l6M bene#ii!l Hbene#iiosoL +erd!deroL %ro+e&oso6 '
Ubene#ientV Hben0#ioL !rit!ti+o6M br(t!l Hbr(t!lL r(elL !troz6 ' Ubr(tis&V Hbr(toL
!ni"!l6M ere"oni!l Here"oni!l6 ' Uere"onio(sV Here"onioso6M &ildis& H%(erilL
in#!ntil Nen sentido %ositi+o o ne,!ti+oO6 ' U&ildli9eV Hin#!ntilL de ni)o Nen sentido
%ositi+oO6M li"!ti Hli"tio6 ' Uli"!tiV H(l"in!nte6M onte"%t(o(s Hdesde)osoL
des%eti+o6 ' Uonte"%tibleV Hdes%rei!bleL +il6M ontin(!l N(s!do #re(ente"ente
%!r! os!s des!,r!d!blesO Hontin(o Non interr(%i3n o sin interr(%i3nO6 '
Uontin(o(sV Hontin(o Nsin interr(%i3nO6M redibleL belie+!ble HreFble6 '
Ured(lo(sV LR9red.(lesL NGB o LR9red.elesLO ' LR9redelesL NUSA o LR9red.elesLO
Hr0d(lo6M redit!ble Heno"i!ble6 ' UreditedV H/(e se le !trib('e6M de!dent
Hde!dente6 ' Ude!'in,V Hen #r!no deterioroL en deso"%osii3nL /(e de!eHn6 NoO
+!Hn6 de!'endo6M dee%ti+e Hen,!)oso N%!r! os!sO6 ' Udeeit#(lV H"entiroso NoO
e"b(stero NoO #!lso N%!r! %erson!sOL en,!)oso N%!r! os!sO6M deRrisi+e Hb(rl3n6 '
UdeRrisor'V Hirrisorio6M desir!ble Hdese!ble6 ' Udesiro(sV Hdeseoso6M disinterested
Hdesinteres!do NoO i"%!ri!l NoO des%rendidoL indi#erente NoO no interes!do6 '
U(ninterestedV Hindi#erenteL no interes!doL sin inter0s6M dis/(!li#ied Hdes!li#i!do6 '
(n/(!li#ied Hno (!li#i!doL inondiion!lL redo"!doL rot(ndoL sin tit(l!i3n6M
diss!tis#ied HdesontentoL deson#or"eL ins!tis#e&o6 ' U(ns!tis#iedV Hins!tis#e&oL
no s!tis#e&o6M distint HdistintoL l!roL inon#(ndibleL ine/(F+ooL +isible6 '
Udistinti+eV Hdistinti+oL !r!terFstio6M d(!l Nestnd!rO Hdoble4 !%%ro!&L
itizens&i%L ontrolL #(ntionL n!tion!lit'L o7ners&i%L %erson!lit' N"enos (s!doOL
%(r%oseL r!teHs6L role N"s (s!doO NoO rwle6 ' Udo(bleV Hdoble4 itizens&i%
Nolo/(i!lOL ontrol Nolo/(i!lOL #(ntion Nestnd!rOL n!tion!lit' Nolo/(i!lOL
o7ners&i% Nolo/(i!lOL %erson!lit' N"s (s!doOL %(r%ose Nolo/(i!lO$ %ero Ud(!l
r!teHs6 Ht!ri#!Hs6 ! l! %!r NoO en on.(ni3n6L do(ble r!teHs6 Ht!ri#!Hs6 dobleHs66M
e!rt&en Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hde tierr!6$ e!rt&' HterrosoL tel2rioL ,rosero6 ' Ue!rt&l'V
Hterren!lL "(nd!no6M e!t!ble Ho"ible N%ero no o"estibleO6 ' UedibleV Ho"ibleL
o"estible6M e##eti+e He#eti+oL e#i!zL re!lL de ,r!n e#etoL en +i,or NoO en
+i,eni!6$ e##et(!l Nliter!rioO He#i!zL e#eti+oL +lido6$ e##i!io(s Nliter!rioO He#i!zL
e#iiente6 e Ue##iientV He#iienteL de b(en rendi"iento6M e/(it!ble Nliter!rioO
He/(it!ti+o6 ' Ue/(!bleV Hest!bleL e(ni"eL tr!n/(ilo6M e-&!(stin, H!,ot!dor6 e
Ue-&!(sti+eV He-&!(sti+o6M e-%edient Hon+enienteL +ent!.oso6 ' Ue-%editio(sV
He-%editHi+6o6M e-%ressi+e He-%resi+o6 e Ue-%ressibleV He-%res!ble6M #!t!l H#!t!lL
"ort!lL #(nestoL #!tFdio6 ' U#!te#(lV H#(nestoL #!tFdioL irre+o!bleL %ro#0tio6M #e!r#(l
Hte"eroso NoO "iedosoL es%!ntoso N(O &orribleL !terr!dorL terrible NoO tre"endo6 '
U#e!rso"eV Nliter!rioO Hes%!ntosoL !terr!dorL terrible NoO tre"endo6M #e"!le H&e"br!L de
l!s "(.eresL del se-o #e"enino6 ' U#e"inineV H#e"enino6M #ititio(s H#itiio N#!lsoOL
i"!,in!rio NoO #itiio Ni i"!,in!r'O6 ' U#ition!lV Hi"!,in!rio NoO #itiio Ni
i"!,in!r'O6M #ore#(l Hen0r,ioL on+inente NoO ont(ndente6 ' U#oribleV H#orzosoL
on+inente NoO ont(ndente6M #riendl' H!"istosoL !"i,!bleL si"%tio6 '
U#riendlessV Hsin !"i,os6M &!r"#(l Hnoi+oL %erniiosoL d!)inoL %er.(dii!l6 '
U&(rt#(lV H&iriente6M &e!lt&' N%!r! seres +i+osO Hs!no Ni /(e dis#r(t! de b(en! s!l(dO6
' U&e!lt&#(lV N%!r! os!sO Hs!no Ni b(eno %!r! l! s!l(dO6M &onor!r' H&onor!rioL
&onorF#io6 ' U&ono(r!ble NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onor!ble NUSAOV H&onr!doL
&onor!ble6M R&("!n H&("!no Ni /(e se re#iere ! los seres &("!nosO6 ' U&(R"!neV
H&("!no Ni &("!nit!rioO6M ille,!l NoO (nl!7#(l Hile,!l6 ' Ul!7lessV Hsin le' Ni donde
no ri,e l! le'OL desontrol!do6M iRlle,ible Hile,ible6 ' U(nRre!d!bleV Hile,ibleL di#Fil de
leer6M i"%eri!l Hi"%eri!lL britnioL se)ori!l6 e Ui"%erio(sV Hi"%eriosoL !%re"i!nteL
se)ori!l6M i"%r!ti!l Nne,!ti+oO H/(e no es %rtioL te3rioL /(i.oteso6 e
Ui"%r!ti!bleV Nno ,r!d(!ble4 ne(troO Hi"%r!ti!bleL i"%osible de lle+!r ! !bo6M
inredibleL (nbelie+!ble HinreFble6 e Uinred(lo(sV LInR9red.(lesL NGB4 "s (s!doO
e LInR9redelesL NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hinr0d(lo6M indeter"in!ble
Hindeter"in!ble6 e Uindeter"in!teV Hindeter"in!do6M indisri"in!te
Hindisri"in!do6 ' U(ndisri"in!tin,V Hsin diserni"ientoL sin sentido rFtio6M
ind(stri!l H!re!L dis%(teL re+ol(tionL (nrest$ et16 Hind(stri!lL l!bor!lL de !rte '
o#iios6 e Uind(strio(sV He##ortsL #!r"erL to7n$ et16 Htr!b!.!dorL l!boriosoL dili,enteL
!%li!doL e"%rendedor6M in,en(o(s Hin,en(o6 e Uin,enio(sV Hin,enioso6M insensiti+e
HinsensibleL #!lto de sensibilid!d6 e UinsensibleV HinsensibleL i"%!sibleL inonsienteL
sin onoi"iento6M instr(ti+e Hinstr(ti+oL ed(!ti+o6 e Uinstr(tion!lV Hde
instr(i3nL de ense)!nz!6M .(dii!l HdereeL "(rderL %roed(res$ et16 H.(dii!lL
le,!lL rFtioL i"%!ri!l6$ .(diio(s HritiL &oieL deisionL &istori!n$ et16 H!ert!doL
di%lo"tioL sens!toL de riterio6 ' U.(ridi!lV H.(rFdio6M l!(d!ble Nliter!rioO Hlo!ble6
' Ul!(d!tor'V Nliter!rioO Hl!(d!torioL elo,ioso6M le,ible Hle,ible6 e UiRlle,ibleV
Hile,ible6M l(-(rio(s Hl(.oso6 ' Ul(-(ri!ntV He-(ber!nteL &er"oso ' !b(nd!nte6M "!le
H"!&oL de los &o"bresL del se-o "!s(lino6 ' U"!s(lineV H"!s(lino6M
"!le+olent H"!l0+olo6$ "!li,n Hdi#!"!torio6 ' U"!li,n!ntV H"!li,no6M "!ni
H#ren0tio Nre#erido ! %erson!sOL "!ni!o NoO "!nF!o Nno re#erido ! %erson!sO6 '
U"!ni!!lV H"!ni!o NoO "!nF!o Nre#erido ! %erson!sO6M "!nnis& H"!s(lino
N%ositi+oOL &o"br(no Nne,!ti+oO6 ' U"!nl'V H+!ronil N%ositi+oO6M "!ster#(l
Hdo"in!nte NoO !(torit!tioL "!,istr!l NoO ,eni!l6 ' U"!sterl'V H"!,istr!l NoO ,eni!l6M
"o"ent!r' Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"o"entneo6 ' U"o"ento(sV Htr!Hn6sendent!lL
deisi+o6M "o+He6!ble H"o+ibleHs6 N/(e se %(ede "o+erO6 ' U"obileV H"3+ilHes6L
!"b(l!nteHs6L %orttilHes6 N#il de "o+erL /(e se "(e+e #re(ente"enteO6M
ne,li,ent Hne,li,ente6 ' Une,li,ibleV Hinsi,ni#i!nte6M not!ble Hdistin,(idoL not!bleL
se)!l!do6$ notie!ble HsensibleL %ere%tible6 ' Unotorio(sV HHbien6 onoidoL
es!nd!losoHs6$ !Hs6L de "!l! #!"! NoO re%(t!i3n6M o##ii!l Hdo("entL "oti+eL
re!son$ et16 Ho#ii!lL on#ir"!doL !(toriz!doL s(%(estoL %res(nto6 ' Uo##iio(sV
Ho#iiosoL entro"etidoL i"%ort(noL no o#ii!l6M %enetr!tin, H%enetr!nteHs6 Nen sentido
#i,(r!doOL %ers%i!z NoO !,(do6 ' U%enetr!ti+eV H%enetr!ti+oHs6 NoO %enetr!nteHs6 Nen
sentido liter!lOL %ers%i!z NoO !,(do6M %o%(l!r H%o%(l!r6 ' U%o%(lo(sV H%o%(losoL
"(' %obl!do6M %r!ti!l H%rtioL #!tibleL +i!bleL re!list!L sens!to6 ' U%r!ti!bleV
H%r!ti!bleL #!tibleL +i!ble6M re,rett!ble Hl!"ent!ble6 ' Ure,ret#(lV H%es!rosoL
!%en!doL !rre%entidoL triste6M res%et#(l Hres%et(oso6 ' Ures%et!bleV Hres%et!bleL
deenteL le,Fti"oL &onor!ble6M rest#(l Hdes!ns!doL tr!n/(ilo6 ' Uresti+eL restlessV
Hin/(ietoL intr!n/(ilo6M ri,&teo(s HretoL &onr!doL .(sti#i!do6 ' Uri,&t#(lV Hle,Fti"oL
.(sto6M s!l(t!r' Hs!l(d!bleL bene#iioso6 ' Us!l(t!tor'V Hde bien+enid!L de
s!l(t!i3n6M s!tis#'in, Ns(b.eti+o4 %or/(e es (n! sens!i3n %erson!lM %(ede
ir se,(ido de Qeno(,&QO Hn(triti+o N(!ndo se re#iere ! o"id!OL
,r!ti#i!nteL s!tis#!torioL /(e d! s!tis#!i3nL /(e s!tis#!e4 ! s!tis#'in,
.obL "e!l H(n e"%leo /(e d! s!tis#!i3nL (n! o"id! n(triti+!L /(e
s!tis#!e66 ' Us!tis#!tor'V Nob.eti+o4 %or/(e es lo orreto %!r! los
e-%ertosM no %(ede ir se,(ido de Qeno(,&QO Hs!tis#!torio4 ! s!tis#!tor'
.obL "e!l H(n e"%leo s!tis#!torioL (n! o"id! s!tis#!tori!66M s&ol!sti
H!!d0"ioL esolstioL #or"!lHist!66 ' Us&ol!rl'V Her(ditoL dotoL il(str!doL de
intelet(!l6M se!son!ble Ho%ort(noL %ro%io de l! 0%o! del !)oL %ro%io de l! est!i3n6
' Use!son!lV Hest!ion!lL del tie"%o6M sensiti+e HsensibleL lleno de sensibilid!dL
s(se%tibleL deli!doL on#ideni!l6 ' UsensibleV Hsens!toL %r(denteL !ert!doL
r!zon!bleL 3"odo ' %rtioL !%rei!bleL %ere%tibleL onsienteL disretoL l3,io6M
sens(!l H!ressL en.o'"entL li#eL li%sL %ersonL r&'t&"sL 7o"!n$ et16 N%e'or!ti+o o
en sentido se-(!lO Hsens(!lL &edonist!6$ sens(o(s H!rtL olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteO
NoO olor NUSAOL i"!,esL li%sL "o(t&L "(siL %!intin,L %oetL %oetr'L so(ndL
7!r"t&L 7ritin,$ et16 N%ositi+oO Hsens(!l6 ' Usensor'V Hsensorio6M s&re7d Hs!,!zL
!st(to6 ' Us&re7is&V Hre,!)3nL de "!l ,enioL "!liioso6M soi!l Hsoi!l6 ' Usoi!bleV
Hsoi!ble6M s%ei!l Nolo/(i!lOL es%ei!l Nliter!rioO Hes%ei!l Ni e-e%ion!l NoO
e-tr!ordin!rioL %!r! (n (so onretoO6$ #(ss'L #!stidio(sL %!rti(l!r Hes%ei!l Ni
di#FilL /(is/(illosoM re#erido ! (n! %erson! o !l !rter de (n! %erson!O6$ %e(li!r
Hes%ei!l Ni e-tr!)oO6 ' U%!rti(l!rV Hes%ei!l Ni "s de lo nor"!lO6M Rs%irit(!l
Hes%irit(!l6$ s%irit(Rel Hre#in!doL s(tilL in,enioso6 ' URs%iritedV Hen0r,ioL !ni"!do6M
s%ortin, Hde%orti+o6 ' Us%orti+eV H.(,(et3n6M t!steless HinsF%ido NoO soso Nre#erido !
o"id!OL de "!l ,(sto Nre#erido ! no o"estiblesO6 ' Udist!ste#(lV Hdes!,r!d!bleL
re%(,n!nteL no ,r!to6M t!st' Hs!broso NoO !%etitoso Nre#erido ! o"id!OL b(enFsi"o
NGB Hi "(' interes!nte Nolo/(i!lOL "(' !tr!ti+o H,or,eo(sL se-'6 N+(l,!rO6 '
Ut!ste#(lV Hde b(en ,(sto Nno re#erido ! o"id!O6M te"%or!l Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Htr!nsitorioL te"%or!l6 ' Ute"%or!r'V Nno ,r!d(!bleO H%ro+ision!lL interino6M
tireso"e H%es!doL "olesto6$ tirin, H!,ot!dorHes6L !ns!doHs6$ !Hs6L /(e !ns!Hn6L
!b(rridoHs6$ !Hs66 ' UtiredV H!ns!doHs6$ !Hs6 Ni !b(rridoL #!ti,!do NoO e-&!(stoO6M
tort(o(s Htort(oso6 ' Utort(ro(sV Htort(r!dorL !tor"ent!dor6M tro(bleso"e
H%roble"tioL "olestoL di#Fil6 ' Utro(blin,V H%ert(rb!dorL %enoso6M tr(e H+er!zL
+erFdioL e-!toL #ielL iertoL +erd!deroL !line!do6 ' Utr(t&#(lV H+er!zL +erFdioL
e-!toL #ielL sineroL &onr!do6M tr(st#(lL tr(stin, Hon#i!do6 ' Utr(s7ort&'V H#i!bleL
di,no de on#i!nz!L #idedi,no6M t(rbid Ht(rbioL on#(soL t(rb(lento6 ' Ut(r,idV
H&in&!doL %o"%oso6M (nonsio(s Hinonsiente6 ' U(nonsion!bleV He-esi+oL
in.(sto6M (ne-e%tion!l Hnor"!lL orriente6 ' U(ne-Re%tion!bleV Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Hirre%ro&!ble Nestnd!rOL ino(o NoO !nodino Nolo/(i!lO6M R(rb!n H(rb!no6 '
U(rRb!neV Hort0s6M +!l(eless Hsin +!lor6 e Uin+!l(!bleV Ni %rielessO Hin+!l(!bleL
in!%rei!bleL inesti"!ble6M +en!l H+en!lL soborn!bleL orr(%to6 ' U+eni!lV H+eni!lL
le+e6M +irt(!l Hdit!torL los(reL %&otonL sl!+er'L tri("%&$ et16 Hre!lL +irt(!lL
%rti!"enteL de &e&o6 ' U+irt(o(sV Hli#eL sister$ et16 H+irt(osoL or,(llosoL
.(sti#i!doL &onr!do6M 7o"!nis& H"(.erilL !#e"in!do6 ' U7o"!nl'V H#e"enino6M
7onder#(l Nestnd!rOL 7ondro(s Nolo/(i!lO H"!r!+illoso6 ' U7onderin,V H%er%le.oL
sor%rendido6$ et1 D1 5C1:
;1:?1I &os ad%etivos relacionados con nombres terminados en 5ist #I stL o L estL
pueden4
a+ Tener la misma forma 'ue el nombre en ingls4 !bolitionist H!boliionist!6$
!bstr!tionist H!bstr!ionist!6$ Ad+entist H!d+entist!6$ !,eist HH%erson!6 /(e
disri"in! %or r!z3n de ed!d6$ !l!r"ist H!l!r"ist!L !t!stro#ist!6$ An!b!%tist
H!n!b!%tist!6$ !ntiIBols&e+ist H!ntibol&e+ist!6$ !ntiI*o""(nistL !ntio""(nist
H!ntio"(nist!6$ !ntion#or"ist H!ntion#or"ist!6$ !ntiIe+ol(tionist
H!ntie+ol(ionist!6$ !nti#!sist H!nti#!sist!6$ !nti#(nd!"ent!list
H!nti#(nd!"ent!list!6$ !nti&("!nist H!nti&("!nist!6$ !ntiIi"%eri!list Nno ,r!d(!ble
o"o !d.eti+oO H!ntii"%eri!list!6$ !nti"odernist H!nti"odernist!L !nti+!n,(!rdist!6$
!nti"on!r&ist H!nti"onr/(io6$ !nti%!i#ist H!nti%!i#ist!6$ !nti%ro&ibitionist
H!nti%ro&ibiionist!6$ !ntir!ist H!ntir!ist!6$ !ntiHI6terrorist H!ntiterrorist!6$ !ntit&eist
H!ntiteFst!6$ !nti+i+isetionist H!nti+i+isetorH!66$ !ntiI[ionist H!ntisionist!6$
Ass("%tionist H!s(nionist!6$ B!R&!Zist Hb!&!Fst!6$ B!%tist Hb!%tist!6$ Bon!%!rtist
Hbon!%!rtist!6$ br(t!list Hbr(t!list!6$ *!rlist H!rlist!6$ *eltiHi6stL AeltiHi6st Heltist!6$
entrist Hentrist!6$ *&!rtist H!rtist!6$ leri!list Hleri!list!6$ oll!boRr!tionist
Hol!bor!ionist!6$ oloni!list Nno ,r!d(!ble o"o !d.eti+oO Holoni!list!6$
on#or"ist Hon#or"ist!6$ *on#(i!nist Hon#(i!no NoO on#(ionist!6$
*on,re,!tion!list H*on,re,!ion!list!6$ onserR+!tionist Honser+!ionist!6$
onstr(ti+ist Honstr(ti+ist!6$ ons("erist Hons("ist! Nl! %!l!br! Qons("istQ no
e-iste en in,l0sO6$ oHI6o%er!tionist Hoo%er!ti+ist!L ol!bor!ionist!6$ or%or!tist
Ho%or!ti+ist!6$ de#e!tist Hderrotist!6$ de"olitionist Hde"oledorH!66$
deno"in!tion!list Hset!rist!6$ de+i!tionist Hdes+i!ionist!6$ de+ol(tionist
Hde+ol(ionist!6$ di+isionist Hdi+isionist!6$ elitist Helitist!6$ e"!ni%!tionist
H!ntiesl!+ist!6$ e"%iriist He"%irist!6$ entr'ist Hin#iltr!ionist!6$ e%i%&eno"en!list
He%i#eno"en!list!6$ es!%ist Hes!%ist!6$ Es%er!ntist Hes%er!ntist!6$ essenti!list
Heseni!list!6$ e(,enist He(,enist!6$ E(roo""(nist He(roo"(nist!6$ e-l(sionist
He-l(sionist!6$ e-l(si+ist He-l(si+ist!6$ e-istenti!list He-isteni!list!6$ e-tre"ist
He-tre"ist!6$ F!bi!nist H#!bi!nist!6$ F!Rl!n,ist H#!l!n,ist!6$ F!(+ist H#o+ist!6$ #e"inist
Nno ,r!d(!bleO H#e"inist!6$ Foist H#oFst! Ni b(dist! &inoO6$ #ort(itist H#ort(itist!6$
#(sionist H#(sionist!6$ G!lenist H,!lenist!6$ G!(llist H,olist!L ,!(list!6$ ,ener!list
No"o !d.eti+o s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO H%erson! de (lt(r! ,ener!l !"%li!6$
Girondist H,irondino6$ &eterose-ist H&eterose-ist!6$ &istoriist H&istoriist!6$ Eobbist
H%!rtid!riHo$ !6 de Eobbes6$ in#l!tionist Hin#l!ion!rio NoO in#l!ionist! N!d.eti+oOL
%!rtid!rio de l! in#l!i3n Nno"breO6$ in#(sionist Hin#(sionist!6$ ins(rretionist
Hins(r,ente6$ instr("ent!list Hinstr("ent!list!6$ inte,r!tionist Hinte,r!ionist!6$
intern!tion!list Hintern!ion!list!6$ inter+entionist Hinter+enionist!6$ int(itionist
Hint(iionist!6$ irredentist Hirredentist!6$ Isl!"ist Hisl!"ist!6$ isol!tionist
H!isl!ionist!6$ j!inist H.!inist!6$ le#tist Hiz/(ierdist!6$ Leninist Hleninist!6$ liber!tionist
Hliber!ionist!6$ M!&i!+ellist Nliter!rioO H"!/(i!+elist!6$ M!&dist H%!rtid!rio de
M!&di6$ M!oist Nno ,r!d(!ble o"o !d.eti+oO H"!oFst!6$ M!rist H"!rist!6$ M!r-ist
Nno ,r!d(!ble o"o !d.eti+oO H"!r-ist!6$ M!r-istILeninist H"!r-ist!Ileninist!6$
M*!rt&'ist H"!!rtist!6$ "illenni!list H"ilen!rist!6$ "ini"!list H"ini"!list!6$
"is!ndrist H"isndriHo$ !66$ "on!&ist H"on!/(ist!6$ "onet!rist H"onet!rist!6$
n!t(rist NGB %rini%!l"enteO Hn!t(rist!L n(dist!6$ neoi"%ressionist
Hneoi"%resionist!6$ neo%l!stiist Hneo%l!stiist!6$ Neo%l!tonistL NeoHI6Pl!tonist
Hneo%l!tonist!6$ neore!list Hneore!list!6$ nono""(nist Hno o"(nist!6$
nonHI6on#or"ist Hinon#or"ist!6$ Nonon#or"ist Hinon#or"ist! Ndisidente de l!
I,lesi! An,li!n!O6$ nonHI6inter+entionist Hno inter+enionist!6$ non(nionist Hno
sindi!list!6$ no("en!list Hno("en!list!6$ n(dist Hn(dist!6$ obs(r!ntist
HoHb6s(r!ntist!6$ Oident!list Hoident!list!6$ o(ltist Ho(ltist!6$ P!nIIsl!"ist
H%!nisl!"ist!6$ %!r!llelist H%!r!lelist!6$ %!ssi+ist H%!si+ist!6$ Penteost!list
H%enteost!list!6$ %er#etionist H%er#eionist!6$ PeRronist H%eronist!6$ %&otore!list
H#otore!list!6$ %isi(lt(rist H%isi(ltorH!66$ Plotinist H%lotinist!6$ %ointillist Nno
,r!d(!ble o"o !d.eti+oO H%(ntillist!6$ %ost#e"inist H%osHt6#e"inist!6$
%ost"odernist H%osHt6"odernist!6$ %oststr(t(r!list H%osHt6estr(t(r!list!6$ Po(.!dist
Hde#ensorH!6 de l!s %e/(e)!s e"%res!s6$ %reIB(dd&ist H%reb(dist!6$ %reisionist
H%reisionist!6$ %re"illenni!list H%re"ilen!rist!6$ %resent!tionist
H%resent!ionist!6$ %roIB(dd&ist H%rob(dist!6$ %ro!%it!list H%ro!%it!list!6$ %roI
*o""(nist H%roo"(nist!6$ %ro#!sist H%ro#!sist!6$ %ro#e"inist H%ro#e"inist!6$
%ro#ession!list H%ro#esion!list!6$ %roI#l(orid!tionist HH%erson!6 ! #!+or de l!
#l(orHiz6!i3n6$ %ro,ressi+ist H%ro,resist!6$ %ro&ibitionist H%ro&ibiionist!6$
%ro"on!r&ist H%ro"onr/(io6$ %rotetionist H%roteionist!6$ %ro+ini!list
H%ro+ini!list!6$ /(ietist H/(ietist!6$ r!istL r!i!list NGB4 "enos (s!doM en USA es
!r!ioO Hr!ist!6$ Rede"%torist Hredentorist!6$ reR#or"ist Hre#or"ist!6$
rein!rn!tionist Hre'ente en l! reen!rn!i3n6$ reli,ionist H#!ntiHo$ !6 reli,iosHo$
!66$ re%resent!tionist Hre!list! H#i,(r!ti+o66$ reser+ist Hreser+ist!6$ restor!tionist
Hrest!(r!ionist!6$ re+!n&ist Hre+!n&ist!6$ reR+isionist Hre+isionist!6$ re+ol(tionist
Hre+ol(ion!riHo$ !66$ ri,&tist Hdere&ist!6$ s!l+!tionist NoO S!l+!tionist He+!n,elist!L
s!l+!ionist!6$ S!t!nist NoO s!t!nist Hs!tniHo$ !66$ seessionist Nno ,r!d(!ble o"o
!d.eti+oO Hseesionist!6$ setion!list Hre,ion!list!L lo!list!6$ se,re,!tionist
Hse,re,!ionist!6$ se-ist Hse-ist!6$ S&i+!ist Hsi+!Fst!6$ St!linist Hest!linist!6$ st!tist
Hest!tist!6$ str(t(r!list Hestr(t(r!list!6$ s(%erre!list Hs(%erre!list!6$ s(%re"!ist
Hs(%re"!ist!6$ S(%re"!tist Hs(%re"!tist!6$ s7!r!.ist Hinde%endentist! Hde l! Indi!66$
tenebrist Htenebrist!6$ territori!list Hterritori!list!6$ te-t(!list Hte-t(!list!6$ Titoist
HtitoFst!6$ tr!nsendent!list Htr!Hn6sendent!list!6$ tr!ns"(t!tionist
Htr!Hn6s"(t!ionist!6$ Tr!%%ist Htr!%ense6$ tri("%&!list Nno ,r!d(!ble o"o
!d.eti+oO Htri(n#!list!6$ Trots9'ist Htrots9ist!6$ ts!rist Nel "s (s!doOL tz!rist Nel "enos
(s!doOL z!rist NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO LRz!4rI st$ estL N"s (s!doO
NoO LRtz!4rI st$ estL N"enos (s!doO Hz!rist!6$ Uni+ers!list HUni+ers!list! Nteolo,F!O6$
mor9ist H%!rtid!rio de l! !s! re!l de mor96$ et1
b+ Kueden aLadir 5ic #I9L o 5ical #I9He6lL al nombre 'ue termina en 5ist #I stL o L
estL4 !di!%&orist ' U!di!%&oristiV H!di!#orist!6M !d+ent(rist ' U!d+ent(ristiV
H!+ent(rist!6M !,onist H!,onist!6 ' U!,onistiH!l6V H!,onFstio6M !l&e"ist '
U!l&e"istiV H!l/(i"ist!6M !ni"!list ' U!ni"!listiV H!ni"!list!6M !nn!list H!n!list!
NoO ronist! Ni esritor de !n!les$ r3ni!s o re%ort!.esO6 ' U!nn!listiV H!n!lFstio Nde
(n! r3ni! o re%ort!.eO6M !nt!,onist ' U!nt!,onistiV H!nt!,onist!6M !orist H!orist!6 '
U!oristiV H!orFstio6M !%&orist H!#orist!6 ' U!%&oristiV H!#orFstio6M !r&!ist H!r!Fst!6
' U!r&!istiV H!r!iz!nte6M !rtist H!rtist!6 ' U!rtistiV H!rtFstio6M !t!+ist
H%erson! !t+i!6 ' U!t!+istiV H!t+io6M A+erroist ' UA+erroistiV
H!+erroFst!6M biblio%&ilist ' Ubiblio%&ilistiV Hbibli3#ilHo$ !66M !bb!listL
!b!listL 9!bb!listL 9!b!list H!b!list!6 ' U!bb!listHi6L !b!listHi6L 9!bb!listHi6L
9!b!listHi6V H!b!lFstio6M *!es!rist ' U*!es!ristiV Hes!rist!6M !s(ist H!s(ist!6
' U!s(istiH!l6V H!s(Fstio6M !te&ist H!te/(ist!6 ' U!te&istiH!l6V H!te/(Fstio6M
l!ssiist NoO l!ssi!list ' Ul!ssiistiV Hl!siist!6M o""eri!list '
Uo""eri!listiV H"er!ntilist!6M one%t(!list ' Uone%t(!listiV
Hone%t(!list!L one%tist!6M ontortionist ' UontortionistiV Hontorsionist!6M
re!tionist ' Ure!tionistiV Hre!ionist!6M di!lo,ist Hesritor de dilo,os6 '
Udi!lo,istiH!l6V Hdi!lo,Fstio6M dit&eist ' Udit&eistV HditeFst!6M d(!list ' Ud(!listiV
Hd(!list!6M e,oist ' Ue,oistiH!l6V He,oFst!6M d'n!"ist ' Ud'n!"istiV Hdin!"ist!6M
e,otist He,otist!6 ' Ue,otistiH!l6V He,o0ntrioL e,otist!6M e"otion!list e
Ue"otion!listiV Hsenti"ent!list!6M e/(ilibrist ' Ue/(ilibristiV
He/(ilibrist!6M ess!'ist Hens!'ist!6 ' Uess!'ist No Uess!'V h no"breO V
Hens!'Fstio6M E(&!rist He(!ristF!6 ' UE(&!ristiH!l6V He(!rFstio6M
e(d!e"onistL e(de"onist Nliter!riosO ' Ue(d!e"onistiH!l6L
e(de"onistiH!l6V Nliter!riosO He(de"onist!6M e(&e"erist ' Ue(&e"eristiV
Hre'ente en /(e los dioses n!ieron !l "iti#i!r ! los &0roes6M e(lo,ist
H%!ne,irist!6 ' Ue(lo,istiV H%!ne,Frio6M e+!n,elist ' Ue+!n,elistiV
He+!n,elist!6M #!t(!list ' U#!t(!listiV Hob.eti+ist!6M #!t!list ' U#!t!listiV H#!t!list!6M
#etis&ist N"s (s!doOL #eti&ist ' U#etis&isti N"s (s!doOL #eti&istiV H#eti&ist!6M
#e(d!list ' U#e(d!listiV H#e(d!list!6M #e(illetonist ' U#e(illetonistiV H#olletinist!6M
#ideist ' U#ideistiV H#ideFst!6M #in!list ' U#in!listiV H#in!list!6M #lorist H#lorist!6 '
U#loristiV H#lorFstio6M Gon,orist H,on,orist!6 ' UGon,oristiV H,on,orist!6M
&!r"onist H!r"onist!6 ' U&!r"onistiV H!r"onFstio6M Eebr!ist H&ebr!Fst!6 '
UEebr!istiH!l6V H&ebr!Fstio6M &edonist ' U&edonistiV H&edonist!6M Eellenist
H&elenist!6 ' UEellenistiH!l6V H&elenFstio6M &enot&eist ' U&enot&eistiV H&enoteFst!6M
&et!eristL &et!irist ' U&et!eristiL &et!iristiV H&eterist!6M &("orist H&("orist!6 '
U&("oristiV H&("orFstio6M ill("inist e Uill("inistiV Hil("inist!6M ill(sionist e
Uill(sionistiV Hil(sionist!6M i""!nentist e Ui""!nentistiV Hin"!nentist!6M
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H.(rist!6 ' U.(ristiH!l6V H.(rFdio6M lin,(ist Hlin,Xist!6 ' Ulin,(istiH!l6V
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H"edie+!list!6M "ent!list ' U"ent!listiV H"ent!list!6M "ilit!rist ' U"ilit!ristiV
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"ono%olist H"ono%olist!6 ' U"ono%olistiV H"ono%olFstio6M "or!list H"or!list!6 '
U"or!listiV H"or!liz!dorL "or!liz!nte6M neolo,ist Hne3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uneolo,istiH!l6V
Hneol3,io6M ne%otist ' Une%otistiL ne%otiV Hne%otist!6M no+elist LRno+elI st$ estL
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' U%!nt&eistiH!l6V H%!nteFst!6M %!r!lo,ist He"b(sterHo$ !66 ' U%!r!lo,istiV Hil3,io6M
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U%ietistiH!l6V H%ietist!L de+otoL be!to6M %l!,i!rist ' U%l!,i!ristiV H%l!,i!riHo$ !66M
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U%s'&olin,(istiV HH%6siolin,XFstio6M %(,ilist Nliter!rioO H%(,ilist!6 ' U%(,ilistiV
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U!ni"istHi6V Nno ,r!d(!blesO H!ni"ist!6M !nti!%it!list ' U!nti!%it!listHi6V
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' U!to"istHiL i!l6V H!to"ist!6M be&!+io(rist NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be&!+iorist
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U!%it!listHi6V H!%it!list!6M entr!list ' Uentr!listHi6V Hentr!list!6M &!(+inist '
U&!(+inistHi6V H"!&ist!L %!triotero6M olleti+ist ' Uolleti+istHi6V Holeti+ist!6M
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UD!d!istHi6V Hd!d!Fst!6M D!r7inist ' UD!r7inistHi6 Hd!r+inist!6M deter"inist '
Udeter"inistHi6V Hdeter"inist!6M d(!list ' Ud(!list N"enos (s!doOL d(!listiV
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Ue-%!nsionistHi6V He-%!nsionist!6M e-%ressionist e Ue-%ressionistHi6V
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UFo(rieristHi6V H#(rierist!6M #(ntion!list ' U#(ntion!listHi6V H#(nion!list!6M
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U&erb!listHi6V H&erb!rio6M Ein!'!nist ' UEin!'!nistHi6V H&in!'!nist!6M &("!nist '
U&("!nistHi6V H&("!nist!6M ide!list ' Uide!listHi6V Hide!list!6M i"!,ist e
Ui"!,istHi6V Hi"!,inist!6M i"%eri!list e Ui"%eri!listHi6V Nno ,r!d(!bleO
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U.in,oistHi6V H%!triotero6M L!"!ist ' UL!"!istHi6V Hl!"!Fst!6M le,!list '
Ule,!listHi6V Hle,!list!6M le,iti"ist ' Ule,iti"istHi6V Hle,iti"ist!6M liber!list '
Uliber!listHi6V Hliber!list!6M liter!list Hliter!list!6 ' Uliter!listHi6V H!%e,!dHo$ !6 ! l!
letr!6M M!&!'!nist ' UM!&!'!nistHi6V H"!&!'!nist!6M "!nnerist ' U"!nneristHi6V
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U"!teri!listHi6V H"!teri!list!6M "eliorist ' U"elioristHi6V Nno ,r!d(!bleO
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UMet&odistHiL i!l6V H"etodist!6M "iso,'nist ' U"iso,'nistHi6V H"is3,inHo$ !66M
Mit&r!ist ' UMit&r!istHi6V H"itr!Fst!6M "odernist ' U"odernistHi6V H"odernist!L
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U"(t(!listHi6V H"(t(!list!6M n!rissistL n!rist NUSAO ' Un!rissistHi6V Hn!risist!6M
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Uno"in!listHi6V Hno"in!list!6M ob.eti+ist ' Uob.eti+istHi6V Hob.eti+ist!6M
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U%&eno"en!listHi6V H#eno"en!list!6M %&'si!list ' U%&'si!listHi6V H#isi!list!6M
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Ure!listHi6V Hre!list!6M reidi+ist ' Ureidi+istHi6V Hreinidente6M red(tionist '
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rel!ti+ist ' Urel!ti+istHi6V Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hrel!ti+ist!6M reR+i+!list ' Ure+i+!RlistHi6V
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Us!distHi6V HsdiHo$ !66M Sotist ' USotistHi6V Hesotist! Nde UD(ns Sot(sVO6M
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,r!d(!bleO HsintoFst!6M soli%sist ' Usoli%sistHi6V Hsoli%sist!6M Soi!list Hsoi!list!6 '
USoi!listV Hsoi!list!6L Usoi!listiV Hde tendeni! soi!list!L soi!listoide6M soli%sist
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Us'ner,istHi6V Hsiner,0tio6M T!oist ' UT!oistHi6V Ht!oFst!6M terrorist ' UterroristHi6V
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to(ristL +!!tionist NUSAO Ht(rist!6 ' Uto(ristHi6V Ht(rFstio6M tr!dition!listL
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trib!list ' Utrib!listHi6V Htrib!list!6M trit&eist ' Utrit&eistHiL i!l6V HtriteFst!6M (ltr!ist '
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U[ionistHi6V Hsionist!6$ et1
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Hdendr3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Udendrolo,i!lL iV Hdendrol3,io6M deontolo,ist Hdeont3lo,Ho$
!66 ' Udeontolo,i!lV Hdeontol3,io6M der"!tolo,ist Hder"!t3lo,Ho$ !66 '
Uder"!tolo,i!lL iV Hder"!tol3,io6M destr(tionist Hdestr(torH!6L destr(ti+ist!6 '
Udestr(ti+eV Hdestr(ti+o6M di!bolist Hde"on3l!tr!6 ' Udi!boliL !lV Hdi!b3lio
ND1;1::1:1O6M dr!"!tist Hdr!"!t(r,o6 ' Udr!"!tiV Hdr!"tio6M dr!"!tist
Hdr!"!t(r,o6 ' Udr!"!t(r,iH!l6V Hdr!"tio6M eolo,istL oeolo,ist NGB4 "enos
(s!doO Heolo,ist! Nde#ensorOL e3lo,Ho$ !6 Nest(diosoO6 ' Ueolo,i!lL oeolo,i!l
NGB4 "enos (s!doOV Heol3,io6M eono"ist Heono"ist!6 ' Ueono"iL
eono"i!lV Heon3"io ND1;1::1:1O6M ed(!tion!listL ed(!tionist
Hed(!dorH!66 ' Ued(!tion!lV Hed(!ti+o6M E,'%tolo,ist He,i%t3lo,Ho$ !66 '
UE,'%tolo,i!lV He,i%tol3,io6M elo(tionist Hor!dorH!66 ' Uelo(tion!r'V
Hdel!"!torio6M e"br'olo,ist He"bri3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Ue"br'olo,i!lL iV
He"briol3,io6M en'lo%edistL en'lo%!edist NGB %rini%!l"enteO
Henilo%edist!6 ' Uen'lo%ediL en'lo%!edi NGB %rini%!l"enteOV
Henilo%0dio6M endorinolo,ist Hendorin3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uendorinolo,iH!l6V
Hendorinol3,io6M enolo,istL oenolo,ist NGB %rini%!l"enteO Hen3lo,Ho$ !66 '
Uenolo,iH!l6L oenolo,iH!l6 NGB %rini%!l"enteOV Henol3,io6M ento"olo,ist
Hento"3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uento"olo,i!lL iV Hento"ol3,io6M e%ide"iolo,ist
He%ide"i3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Ue%ide"iolo,i!lL iV He%ide"iol3,io6M erotolo,ist
Herot3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uerotolo,i!lV Herotol3,io6M esoteriist Hesoterist!6 '
UesoteriV Hesot0rio6M et&nolo,ist Hetn3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uet&nolo,i!lL iV
Hetnol3,io6M et&olo,ist Het3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uet&olo,i!lV Hetol3,io6M etiolo,istL
!etiolo,ist NGB %rini%!l"enteO Heti3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uetiolo,i!lL i NoO !etiolo,i!lL i
NGB %rini%!l"enteOV Hetiol3,io6M et'"olo,ist Heti"olo,ist!6 ' Uet'"olo,i!lL iV
Heti"ol3,io6M e-oteriist He-oterist!6 ' Ue-oteriV He-ot0rio6M e-tortionist
He-torsion!dorH!66 ' Ue-tortion!teV He-orbit!nte6M ,!strolo,ist H,!str3lo,Ho$ !66 '
U,!strolo,i!lV H,!strol3,io6M ,!strono"ist H,!str3no"Ho$ !66 ' U,!strono"iH!l6V
H,!stron3"io6M ,ene!lo,ist H,ene!lo,ist!6 ' U,ene!lo,i!lL iV H,ene!l3,io6M
,enetiist H,enetist!6 ' U,enetiH!l6V H,en0tio6M ,eolo,ist H,e3lo,Ho$ !66 '
U,eolo,i!lL iV H,eol3,io6M ,eo%&!,ist H,e3#!,Ho$ !66 ' U,eo%&!,o(sV H,e3#!,o6M
Ger"!nist H,er"!nist!6 ' UGer"!niV H,er"nio6M ,l!iolo,istL ,l!i!list
H,l!i3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U,l!iolo,i!lL iV H,l!iol3,io6M ,loss!rist H,los!dorH!66 '
U,loss!ri!lV H,los!dor6M ,r!%&olo,ist H,r!#3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U,r!%&olo,i!lL iV
H,r!#ol3,io6M ,'n!eolo,ist NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,'neolo,ist NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO H,ine3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U,'n!eolo,i!lL i NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
,'neolo,i!lL i NUSA %rini%!l"enteOV H,ineol3,io6M &!e"!tolo,ist NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL &e"!tolo,ist NUSAO H&e"!t3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U&!e"!tolo,i!lL i NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL &e"!tolo,i!lL i NUSAOV H&e"!tol3,io6M &!,iolo,ist
H&!,i3,r!#Ho$ !66 ' U&!,iolo,iH!l6V H&!,io,r#io6M &erb!list H&erbol!riHo$ !66 '
U&erb!lV H&erb!rioL &erbeo6M &er"etist H&er"etist!6 ' U&er"etiH!l6V
H&er"0tio6M &er%etolo,ist H&er%et3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U&er%etolo,iH!l6V H&er%et3lo,oL
&er%etol3,io6M &ierolo,ist H&ier3lo,o6 ' U&ierolo,iH!l6V H&ierol3,io6M &is%!nistL
&is%!niist H&is%!nist!6 ' U&is%!niV H&is%nioHs6$ !Hs6 Nt!"bi0n es no"bre
en USA4 &is%!noHs6$ !Hs6O6M &istolo,ist H&ist3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U&istolo,i!lL iV
H&istol3,io6M &orolo,ist H&or3lo,oL relo.erHo$ !66 ' U&orolo,iH!l6V H&orol3,io6M
&orti(lt(ristL &orti(lt(r!list NGBO H&orti(ltor6 ' U&orti(lt(r!lV H&ortFol!6M
&'drolo,ist H&idr3lo,o6 ' U&'drolo,iH!l6V H&idrol3,io6M &'"nist H&i"nist!6L
&'"nodist H&i"nod!6 ' U&'"niL &'"n!lV H&F"nio6M &'"nolo,ist Nliter!rioO
H&i"n3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U&'"nolo,iH!l6V Nliter!rioO H&i"nol3,io6M &'%nolo,ist
H&i%n3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U&'%nolo,iH!l6V H&i%nol3,io6M &'%notist H&i%notiz!dorH!66 '
U&'%notiV H&i%n3tio6M i&t&'olo,ist Hiti3lo,Ho$ !66 e Ui&t&'olo,iH!l6V
Hitiol3,io6M ideolo,ist NoO ideolo,(e Hide3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uideolo,i!lL iV
Hideol3,io6M i""(nolo,ist Hin"(n3lo,Ho$ !66 e Ui""(nolo,iH!l6V
Hin"(nol3,io6M l!r'n,olo,ist Hl!rin,3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Ul!r'n,olo,i!lL iV
Hl!rin,ol3,io6M L!tinistL l!tinist Hl!tinist!6 ' UL!tinV Hl!tino6M le,ist Hle,ist!L
.(risons(lto6 ' Ule,isl!ti+eV Hle,isl!ti+o6M le-iolo,ist Hle-i3lo,Ho$ !66 '
Ule-iolo,i!lL iV Hle-iol3,io6M libelistL libellist NGB %rini%!l"enteO
Hdi#!"!dorH!66 ' Ulibelo(sL libello(s NGB %rini%!l"enteOV Hdi#!"!torio6M
li"nolo,ist Nliter!rioO Hli"n3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uli"nolo,i!lL iV Nliter!rioO Hli"nol3,io6M
lit&olo,ist Hlit3lo,o6 ' Ulit&olo,iH!l6V Hlitol3,io6M l'riist Hletrist! N"s
(s!doOL lFrio Ni %oet! lFrioO6L l'rist HlFrio Ni %oet! lFrioO6 ' Ul'riH!l6V HlFrio ND1
;:1:O6M "!&inist H"!/(inist!L tr!"o'ist!6 ' U"!&inHe6!bleV Htr!b!.!ble6M
"!dri,!list H"!dri,!list!6 ' U"!dri,!li!nV H"!dri,!leso6M "!rt'rolo,ist
H"!rtirolo,ist!6 ' U"!rt'rolo,i!lL iV H"!rtirol3,io6M "ed!llist NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL "ed!list NUSAO H"ed!llist!6 ' U"ed!lliV Hde "ed!ll!s6M
"elodist H"elodist!6 ' U"elodiV H"el3dio6L U"elodio(sV H"elodioso6M "et!llist
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "et!list NUSAO H"et!list!6 ' U"et!lliV H"etlio6M
"et!ll(r,ist H"et!l2r,iHo$ !66 ' U"et!ll(r,iH!l6V H"et!l2r,io6M "ete"%iriist
H"et!e"%irist!6 ' U"ete"%iri!lL iV H"et!e"%Frio6M "eteorolo,ist H"eteor3lo,Ho$
!66 ' U"eteorolo,i!lL iV H"eteorol3,io6M "et&odolo,ist H"etod3lo,ist!6 '
U"et&odolo,i!lV H"etodol3,io6M "irobiolo,ist H"irobi3lo,Ho$ !66 '
U"irobiolo,i!lL iV H"irobiol3,io6M "iner!lo,ist H"iner!lo,ist!6 '
U"iner!lo,i!lL iV H"iner!l3,io6M "is!nt&ro%ist H"isntro%Ho$ !66 '
U"is!nt&ro%iV H"is!ntr3%io6M "iso,!"ist H"is3,!"o$ !66 ' U"iso,!"iV
H"is3,!"o6M "onodist H!ntor NoO o"%ositor de "onodi!s6 ' U"onodiH!l6V
H"on3dio6M "onolo,H(6ist Hreit!dor de "on3lo,os6 ' U"onolo,iH!l6V Hde
"on3lo,os6M "or%&olo,ist He-%erto en "or#olo,F!6 ' U"or%&olo,i!lL iV
H"or#ol3,io6M "(siolo,ist H"(si3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U"(siolo,i!lV H"(siol3,io6M
"'olo,ist H"i3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U"'olo,i!lL iV H"iol3,io6M "'olo,ist H"i3lo,Ho$
!66 ' U"'olo,iH!l6V H"iol3,io6M "'t&olo,ist H"it3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U"'t&olo,i!lL iV
H"itol3,io6M nerolo,ist Hre,istr!dor de de#(nionesL esritor de nerolo,F!s6 '
Unerolo,i!lL iV Hnerol3,io6M neol!ssiist Hneol!siist!6 ' Uneol!ssi!lL iV
Hneolsio6M ne(rolo,ist Hne(r3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Une(rolo,i!lV Hne(rol3,io6M
ne(ro%!t&olo,ist Hne(ro%!t3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Une(ro%!t&olo,i!lV Hne(ro%!tol3,io6M
nosolo,ist Hnosolo,ist!6 ' Unosolo,i!lL iV Hnosol3,io6M n("is"!tist
Hn("is"tiHo$ !66 ' Un("is"!tiV Hn("is"tio6M n(tritionist Hn(triionist!6 '
Un(tritio(sL n(triti+eL n(trition!lL n(trition!r'V Hn(triti+o6M o(list Ho(list!6 '
Uo(l!rV Ho(l!r6M o%&t&!l"olo,ist Ho#t!l"3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uo%&t&!l"olo,i!lL iV
Ho#t!l"ol3,io6M o%to"etrist Ho%to"etrist!6 ' Uo%to"etriV Ho%to"0trio6M
ornit&olo,ist Hornit3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uornit&olo,i!lL iV Hornitol3,io6M ort&odontist
Hortodontist!6 ' Uort&odontiV Hortod3ntio6M ort&o%edistL ort&o%!edist NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Horto%edist!6 ' Uort&o%ediL ort&o%edi NGB %rini%!l"enteOV
Horto%0dio6M %!edolo,ist NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %edolo,ist NUSAO H%!id3lo,Ho$ !66 '
U%!edolo,i!lL i NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %edolo,i!lL i NUSAOV H%!idol3,io6M
%!l!eontolo,ist NGBOL %!leontolo,ist NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H%!leont3lo,Ho$ !66 '
U%!l!eontolo,i!lL i NGBOL %!leontolo,i!lL i NUSA %rini%!l"enteOV
H%!leontol3,io6M %!l"ist H/(iro"ntiHo$ !66 ' U%!l"!rV H%!l"!r6M %!ne,'rist
Nliter!rioO H%!ne,irist!6 ' U%!ne,'ri!lV Nliter!rioM %!ne,'ri4 !r!ioO H%!ne,Frio6M
%!r!do-ist H%!r!do.ist!6 ' U%!r!do-i!lV H%!r!d3.io6M %!r!sitolo,ist H%!r!sit3lo,Ho$
!66 ' U%!r!sitolo,i!lV H%!r!sitol3,io6M %!ro&i!list H%(eblerinHo$ !66 ' U%!ro&i!lV
H%ro+ini!noL %!rro/(i!l6M %!t&olo,ist H%!t3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U%!t&olo,i!lL iV
H%!tol3,io6M %!%'rolo,ist H%!%ir3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U%!%'rolo,i!lV H%!%irol3,io6M
%!rodist H%!rodist!6 ' U%!rodiH!l6V H%!r3dio6M %edolo,ist Hed!#3lo,Ho$ !66 '
U%edolo,i!lL iV Hed!#ol3,io6M %enolo,ist H%en!list!6 ' U%enolo,i!lV H%enol3,io6M
%&!r"!ist H#!r"!0(tiHo$ !66 ' U%&!r"!e(ti!lL iV H#!r"!0(tiHo$ !66M
%&il!nt&ro%ist H#ilntro%Ho$ !66 ' U%&il!nt&ro%iH!l6V H#il!ntr3%io6M %&il!telist
H#il!telist!6 ' U%&il!teliV H#il!t0lio6M %&ilolo,ist H#il3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U%&ilolo,i!lV
H#ilol3,io6M %&onetist H#onetist!6 ' U%&onetiV H#on0tio6M %&renolo,ist H#ren3lo,Ho$
!66 ' U%&renolo,iH!l6V H#renol3,io6M %&'siist H#FsiHo$ !66 ' U%&'si!lV H#Fsio6M
%&'siolo,ist H#isi3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U%&'siolo,i!lL iV H#isiol3,io6M %oRle"iist N"s
(s!doOL %ole"ist H%ole"ist!6 ' U%ole"iH!l6V H%ol0"ioHs6$ !Hs66M %ol',!"ist
H%olF,!"Ho$ !66 ' U%ol',!"o(sV H%olF,!"o6M %o"olo,ist H%o"3lo,Ho$ !66 '
U%o"olo,i!lV H%o"ol3,io6M %rel!tist H%rel!tist!6 ' U%rel!tiH!l6V H%rel!tiio6M %roI
!bortionist H%ro!bortist!6 ' U%roI!bortionV H%ro!bortist!6M %rotolo,ist
H%rot3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U%rotolo,i!lL iV H%rotol3,io6M %rosodist Hes%ei!list! en
%rosodi!6 ' U%rosodiH!l6V H%ros3dio6M %s!l"ist Hs!l"ist!6 ' U%s!l"iV Hsl"ioL
s!lt0rio6M %s!l"odist H!ntor de s!l"os6 ' U%s!l"odiV Hs!l"3dio6M %s'&i!trist
HH%6si/(itr!6 ' U%s'&i!triH!l6V HH%6si/(itrio6M %s'&olo,ist HH%6si3lo,Ho$ !66 '
U%s'&olo,istiV Nr!roO HH%6siolo,ist!6L U%s'&olo,i!lV HH%6siol3,io6M
%s'&o"etrist H%si3"etr!6 ' U%s'&o"etriH!l6V H%sio"0trio6M %s'&ot&er!%ist
HH%6sioter!%e(t!6 ' U%s'&ot&er!%e(tiV HH%6sioter!%0(tio6M %(bliist H%(bliist!6
' U%(bliV H%2blio6M r!diolo,ist Hr!di3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Ur!diolo,i!lV Hr!diol3,io6M
r&inolo,ist Hrin3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Ur&inolo,i!lV Hrinol3,io6M roR"!ntiist Nliter!t(r!O
Hro"ntiHo$ !66 ' UroR"!ntiV Nno"bre ' !d.eti+oO Nliter!t(r! o noO Hro"ntiHo$ !66M
s!tirist HstFriHo$ !66 ' Us!tiri!lL iV HstFrio6M s!-o%&onist Hs!-o#onist!6 '
Us!-o%&oniV Hs!-o#3nio6M s!tolo,ist He-%erto en es!tolo,F!6 ' Us!tolo,i!lL
iV Hes!tol3,io6M sen!rist H,(ionist!6 ' UseniH!l6V Hes0nio6M sientist
HientF#iHo$ !66 ' Usienti#iV HientF#io6L UsientistiV Hienti#iist!6M seis"olo,ist
Hsis"3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Useis"olo,iH!l6V Hsis"ol3,io6M se"!ntiist Hse"!ntist!6 '
Use"!ntiV Hse"ntio6M se"!siolo,ist Hse"!si3lo,Ho$ !6 Ni se"!ntist!O6 '
Use"!siolo,i!lV Hse"!siol3,io Ni se"ntioO6M se"He6iolo,ist Hse"i3lo,Ho$ !66 '
Use"He6iolo,iH!l6V Hse"iol3,io6M senti"ent!list Hsenti"ent!list!6 ' Usenti"ent!lV
Hsenti"ent!l6M serolo,ist Hser3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Userolo,iH!l6V Hserol3,io6M Sinolo,istL
Sinolo,(e Hsin3lo,Ho$ !66 ' USinolo,i!lV Hsinol3,io6M so"!tolo,ist Hso"!t3lo,Ho$
!66 ' Uso"!tolo,i!lL iV Hso"!tol3,io6M s%eleolo,ist Hes%ele3lo,Ho$ !66 '
Us%eleolo,i!lV Hes%eleol3,io6M str!te,ist Hestr!te,!6 ' Ustr!te,iH!l6V Hestr!t0,io6M
s'"bolo,ist He-%erto en si"bolo,F!6 ' Us'"bolo,i!lV Hsi"bol3,io6M s'"%&onist
Hsin#onist!6 ' Us'"%&oniV Hsin#3nio6M s'non'"ist Hsinoni"ist!6 '
Us'non'"iH!l6V HsinonF"io6M s'ste"!tist Hsiste"!tist!6 ' Us'ste"!tiH!l6V
Hsiste"tio6M t!-ono"ist Ht!-3no"Ho$ !6L t!-ono"ist!6 ' Ut!-ono"iH!l6V
Ht!-on3"io6M te&nolo,ist Hten3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Ute&nolo,i!lL iV Htenol3,io6M
tele,r!%&ist Htele,r!#ist!6 ' Utele,r!%&iV Htele,r#io6M tele%&onist NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL tele%&one o%er!tor NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Htele#onist!6 '
Utele%&oniV Htele#3nio6M teleolo,ist Htele3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uteleolo,i!lL iV
Hteleol3,io6M ter!tolo,ist Hter!t3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uter!tolo,i!lL iV Hter!tol3,io6M
ter"inolo,ist Hter"inolo,ist!6 ' Uter"inolo,i!lV Hter"inol3,io6M t&eorist N"enos
(s!doOL t&eoretii!n Hte3riHo$ !66 ' Ut&eoreti!lL iV Hte3rio6M t&eoso%&ist Hte3so#Ho$
!66 ' Ut&eoso%&i!lL iV Hteos3#io6M t&e(r,ist Hte2r,o6 ' Ut&e(r,iH!l6V Hte2r,io6M
to%olo,ist Hto%3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uto%olo,iH!l6V Hto%ol3,io6M to-iolo,ist Hto-i3lo,Ho$
!66 ' Uto-iolo,i!lL iV Hto-iol3,io6M t'%olo,ist Hti%3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Ut'%olo,i!lL iV
Hti%ol3,io6M (rolo,ist H(r3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U(rolo,iH!l6V H(rol3,io6M Ded!ntist
H+ed!ntist!6 ' UDed!ntiV H+edntio6M +erb!list H+erb!list!L liter!list!6 ' U+erb!lV
H+erb!l6M +i+isetionist H+i+isetorH!6L %!rtid!riHo$ !6 de l! +i+isei3n6 '
U+i+isetion!lV Hde l! +i+isei3n6M +o!list H+o!list!6 ' U+o!lV H+o!l6L U+o!liV
H+olio6M +ol!nolo,ist N"s (s!doOL +(l!nolo,istL +ol!nist NUSAO
H+(l!n3lo,Ho$ !66 ' U+ol!nolo,i!lL i N"s (s!doOL +(l!nolo,i!lL iV
H+(l!nol3,io6M zoolo,ist Hzo3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uzoolo,i!lV Hzool3,io6M z'"olo,ist
Hi"3lo,Ho$ !66 ' Uz'"olo,iH!l6V Hi"ol3,io6$ et1
E!' no"bres en in,l0s /(e ter"in!n en Iist #I stL o L estL$ %ero no &!' !d.eti+o4 !n
!o"%!nistL !o"%!n'ist NUSA4 "enos (s!doO H(nH!6 !o"%!)!nte N"(si!lO6$
!n !rsonist H(nH!6 %ir3"!nHo$ !6L inendi!riHo$ !66$ ! b!ssoonist H(nH!6 #!,otHist!66$ !
!"bist H(nH!6 !"bist!6$ ! !noeist H(nH!6 %ir!,XFst!6$ ! !reerist H(nH!6
!"biiosHo$ !6L !rribist!6$ ! !rtoonist H(nH!6 !ri!t(rist!6$ ! er!"ist N"s (s!doOL
er!"iist H(nH!6 er!"ist!6$ ! &i!ros(rist H(nH!6 %intorH!6 de l!ros(ros6$ !
&iro%odistL %odi!trist NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL %edi(rist NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO H(nH!6 %od3lo,Ho$ !6L %edi(rHo$ !6L !llist!6$ ! l!rinetistL
l!rinettist NGB %rini%!l"enteO H(nH!6 l!rinetist! NoO l!rinete6$ ! ol("nist
H(nH!6 ol("nist!L !rti(list!6$ ! onertist H(nH!6 onertist!6$ ! o%'ist H(nH!6
o%ist!6$ ! oreli,ionist H(nH!6 orreli,ion!riHo$ !66$ ! 'list H(nH!6 ilist!6$ !
dentist H(nH!6 dentist!6$ ! dr(,,ist NUSAO H(nH!6 #!r"!0(tiHo$ !66$ ! d(ellist NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL d(elist NUSAO H(n d(elist!6$ !n es!%olo,ist H(nH!6 es!%ist!6$ !n
e-(rsionist H(nH!6 e-(rsionist!6$ !n e-orist H(n e-orist!6$ ! #!ddist H(nH!6
no+elerHo$ !66$ ! #l!(tistL #l(tist NUSAO H(nH!6 #l!(tist!6$ ! ,(it!rist H(nH!6 ,(it!rrist!6$
! &!r%ist H(nH!6 !r%ist!6$ ! .(doist H(nH!6 '(do!6$ ! librettist H(nH!6 libretist!6$ !
lobb'ist H(nH!6 !bilderHo$ !6L (n "ie"bro de (n ,r(%o de %resi3n6$ ! l(tenistL
l(t!nistL l(tist NUSAO H(nH!6 l!(dist!6$ ! "!ni(rist H(nH!6 "!ni(rHo$ !6L
"!ni(rist! NL!tino!"0ri!O6$ ! "isolo,ist H(nH!6 "is3lo,Ho$ !66$ ! "otor'list
H(nH!6 "otoilist!6$ ! "otorist H(nH!6 "otorist!L !(to"o+ilist!6$ ! not!"b(list
H(nH!6 not"b(lHo$ !66$ !n oboist HoboFst!6$ ! %!r!&(tist H(nH!6 %!r!!idist!6$ !
%!stelHl6ist H(nH!6 %!stelist!6$ ! %er(ssionist H(n "2sio /(e to! instr("entos de
%er(si3n6$ ! %ortr!itist H(nH!6 retr!tist!6$ ! %rot!,onist H(nH!6 %rot!,onist!6$ ! /(erist
H(nH!6 in/(iridorH!66$ ! r!%ist H(n +iol!dor Nse-(!lO6$ ! ree%tionist H(nH!6
ree%ionist!6$ ! s!,liolist H(nH!6 es!'olist!6$ ! Se"itistL Se"itiist H(nH!6
se"itist!6$ ! soloist H(nH!6 solist!6$ ! t!n,oist H(nH!6 t!n,(ist!6$ ! t!ttooistL t!ttooer
H(nH!6 t!t(!dorH!66$ ! t&eorbist H(nH!6 tiorbist!6$ ! tob!onist NGB %rini%!l"enteO
H(nH!6 t!b!/(erHo$ !6L est!n/(erHo$ !66$ ! t'%ist H(nH!6 "e!n3,r!#Ho$ !66$ ! +iolinist
H(nH!6 +iolinist!6$ ! +iolonellist NoO ellist H(nH!6 +iolonelist! NoO +iolon&elist!6$ !
7!terolo(rist NGBOL 7!terolorist NUSAO H(nH!6 !(!relist!6$ et1 D1 :1:<1<
E!' !d.eti+os en !stell!no ter"in!dos en Iist! /(e no ter"in!n en Iist en in,l0s4
e(ro%eFst! H%roIE(ro%e!n6$ ,!lle,(ist! H%roIG!lii!n6$ "!ni/(eFst! HM!ni&H!6e!n6$
ren!entist! HRen!iss!ne6$ (tilit!rist! H(tilit!ri!n6$ et1
E!' no"bres en !stell!no ter"in!dos en Iist! /(e no ter"in!n en Iist en in,l0s4
!.edreist! H&ess %l!'er6$ !rribist! H!rri+iste6$ !rterist! H%i9%o9et6$ eletriist!
Heletrii!n6$ ,(ionist! Hsri%t7riter6$ "!l!b!rist! H.(,,ler6$ %rosist! H%rose 7riter6$
(tilit!rist! H(tilit!ri!n6$ et1
;1:@1I E!' algunos ad%etivos 'ue resultan dif(cilesM "(&!s +ees$ se (tiliz! el
no"bre en +ez del !d.eti+o on el "is"o si,ni#i!do o on "(' %o! di#ereni!4
Aberdoni!n Hde Aberdeen6$ Arizon!n Hde Arizon!6$ B!&!"i!n Hde l!s B!&!"!s6$
R*!irene H!ire)Ho$ !64 del *!iro6$ *!nt!bri,i!n Hde l! Uni+ersid!d de *!"brid,e6$
*!%e Derde!n Hde *!bo Derde6$ *orint&i!n Horinto6$ *ornis& Horn(!ll0sH!64 de
*orn7!ll6$ *("bri!n Hde *("berl!nd6$ De+oni!n Hde De+ons&ire6$ Geordie NGBO
Hde Ne7!stle6$ Gl!s7e,i!n Hde Gl!s,o76$ E!rro+i!n Hde E!rro76$ Aittsi!n Hde
S!int Aitts6$ Aoso+!n H9oso+!r6$ L!n!stri!n Hde L!n!s&ireL L!n!ster6$ L!oti!n
Hl!osi!no6$ Li+er%(dli!n Hde Li+er%ool6$ M!n(ni!n Hde M!n&ester6$ M!n- Hde
UIsle o# M!nV6$ Mone,!s/(e H"one,!sHo$ !66$ M(so+ite H"oso+it!6$ Ne!%olit!n
Hn!%olit!no6$ Ne+isi!n Hde Ne+is6$ No+o!stri!n Hde Ne7!stle6$ Nort&("bri!n Hde
Nort&("berl!nd6$ O-oni!n Ho-onienseL de O-#ord6$ P!ler"it!n Hde P!ler"o6$
P!risi!n H%!risinHo$ !66$ Ro"!n Hro"!nHo$ !6 Hde Ro"!66$ S!int L(i!n Hde S!int
L(i!6$ S!lo%i!n Hde S&ro%s&ire6$ S!n M!rinese Hde S!n M!rino6$ Sso To"0!n Hde
Sso To"0 ' PrFni%e6$ So(se NGB4 olo/(i!lO Hde Li+er%ool6$ Sierr! Leone!n
Hsierr!leon0sH!66$ Sin,!%ore!n Hsin,!%orense6$ Te-!n Hte.!nHo$ !66$ Trinid!di!n Hde
Trinid!d6$ Tob!,!nL Tob!,oni!n Hde Tob!,o6$ D!n(!t(!n Hde D!n(!t26$ Deneti!n
H+enei!nHo$ !66$ Diennese H+ien0sH!66$ [!"bi!n Hz!"bi!nHo$ !66$ et1 E.14 !
*orn7!llL *ornis& to7n H(n! i(d!d de *orn(!llesL orn(!lles!6$ et1
;1:B1I &os ad%etivos pueden formarse por conversin$ (!ndo (n! %!l!br! sin
!"bi!r de #or"! se (s! o"o otr! %!rte de l! or!i3nM el no"bre %(ede &!er de
!d.eti+o del!nte del no"breM !si todos los no"bres %(eden &!er de !d.eti+o
del!nte del no"bre ND1 ;1<158OM son o"bin!iones de +!rios no"bres sin Qo#Q$ %ero
on el "is"o si,ni#i!do /(e si el 2lti"o ele"ento #(er! se,(ido de Qo#Q ' de l!
%!l!br! o %!l!br!s /(e +!n del!nteM el %ri"er no"bre &!e l! #(ni3n de (n !d.eti+o
re!l"ente$ %ero nor"!l"ente &!' di#ereni! en l! %ron(ni!i3n entre est!s
o"bin!iones de +!rios no"bres ' l!s o"bin!iones de (n !d.eti+o del!nte del
no"bre ND151;5O1
Si bien estos no"bres &!en de !d.eti+os$ no %(eden #or"!r el o"%!r!ti+o o
s(%erl!ti+o ' no tienen t!nt! !(tono"F! o"o los no"bres en !so ,eniti+o$ '! /(e
no %(eden ir solosM tienen /(e ir del!nte del no"bre /(e &!,! l! #(ni3n de (n
no"bre1
Al,(nos de estos no"bres o"%(estos %(eden lle+!r (n !d+erbio del!nte1 E.14 !
%(rel' Riron onRt!iner H(n ontenedor si"%le"ente de R&ierro6$ ! o"%letel' R+!ss!l
Rst!te H(n est!do o"%let!"ente R+!s!llo6$ et1
;1;C1I L! tr!d(i3n !l !stell!no de estos nombres compuestos %or on+ersi3n es
nor"!l"ente en orden in+erso$ %ero en !l,(nos !sos no se tr!d(en en orden
in+erso1 E.14 >&!t size s&oes does &e t!9eT HWJ(0 t!ll! de z!%!tos ,!st! 0lT6M >&!t
olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAO !r do 'o( &!+eT HWDe /(0 olor es t(
o&eT6M >&!t olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAO s&irt !re 'o( 7e!rin,T
HWDe /(0 olor es l! !"is! /(e lle+!s %(est!T6$ et1 Estos no"bres pueden ir4
*+ @nidos sin guinM lle+!n (n !ento %ri"!rio %or lo "enos1 E.14 !r&Rbis&o% NoO
R!r&Rbis&o%$ !n R!r"&!ir N"s (s!doOL !r"R&!ir$ Rb!ttle#ields H!"%os de b!t!ll!6$
Rbee&i+e Hol"en!6$ Rbird!,e$ ! Rbloodst!in H(n! "!n&! de s!n,re6$ Rboo9!se$
Rbroo"sti9s$ ! Rb(ll#i,&t H(n! orrid! de toros6$ ! R&(r&'!rd H(n %!tio de (n!
i,lesi!L e"enterio6$ t&e Rdoor9nob Hel %o"o de l! %(ert!6$ Rdo+et!il$ ! R#ist#i,&t H(n!
%ele! H! %()et!zos66$ R#oot%!t& HsenderoL !er! NGBO6$ R#o-t!il$ ! R,!sli,&t H(n! l(z de
,!s6$ ! R,old#is& H(n %ez de olores6$ R&!irdrierL R&!irdr'er N!ntes on ,(i3nO$ !
R&e!d!&e H(n dolor de !bez!6$ ! &e!dR"!ster NoO R&e!dR"!ster N!ntes se%!r!d! o on
,(i3nO H(n diretor Nde ole,ioO6$ R&orse&!ir$ R&orset!il$ Riron7!re Hob.etos de &ierro6$
! Rli,&t&o(se H(n #!ro6$ ! R"!nser+!nt H(n H&o"bre6 ri!do6$ R"!r9et%l!e H%l!z! del
"er!do6$ t&e R"!t&bo- Hl! !.! de erill!s N+!F! %!r! lle+!r erill!sO6$ ! Rr!e&orse
H(n !b!llo de !rrer!Hs66$ ! Rr!ttlesn!9e H(n! ser%iente de !s!bel6$ Rs!les7o"!n$
Rs!7d(st HserrFn Ni %ol+o de sierr!O6$ ! Rs&ee%do, H(n %erro %!stor6$ ! Rsil97or" H(n
,(s!no de l! sed!6$ ! Rtoot&br(s& N!ntes on ,(i3nO H(n e%illo %!r! losL de dientes6$
! R7!rs&i% H(n b!ro de ,(err!6$ ! R7ind"ill H(n "olino de +iento6$ t&e R7indo7%!ne
Hel rist!l de l! +ent!n!6$ et1
En USA se %re#iere no (s!r el ,(i3nM en GB se (s! !d! +ez "enos el ,(i3n1
*on+iene distin,(ir entre4 ! Rbl!9bird H(n "irlo6 ' U! bl!9 N!d.eti+oO RbirdV H(n
%!.!ro ne,ro6M ! Rboo9!se N!ntes on ,(i3nO H(n! est!nterF! %!r! libros6 ' U! boo9
R!seV H(n est(&e de (n libro6M ! Rbro!ds&eet NGBO H(n %eri3dio de #or"!to ,r!nde6
' U! bro!d N!d.eti+oO Rs&eetV H(n #olio !n&o6M ! Rd!r9roo" H(n (!rto HoHb6s(ro6
N%!r! re+el!r #otosO6 ' U! d!r9 N!d.eti+oO Rroo"V H(n (!rto H/(e esL est6 oHb6s(ro
N%ero no %!r! (n #in deter"in!doO6M ! R,l!ss!se N!ntes on ,(i3nO H(n! est!nterF!
%!r! ob.etos de rist!l6 ' U! ,l!ss R!seV H(n! +itrin! Ni (n! est!nterF! H&e&!6 de
rist!lO6M ! ,re'be!rd NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,r!'be!rd NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H(n
!ni!no6 ' U! ,re' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,r!' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO N!d.eti+oO
Rbe!rdV H(n! b!rb! ,ris6M ! R,reen#l' H(n %(l,3n6 ' U! ,reen N!d.eti+oO R#l'V H(n!
"os! +erde6M ! R,reen&o(se H(n in+ern!dero6 ' U! ,reen N!d.eti+oO R&o(seV H(n!
!s! +erde6M ! R&e!dstone H(n! l%id!6 ' U! &e!d N!d.eti+oO RstoneV H(n! %iedr!
!n,(l!r6M ! R&ot&o(se H(n in+ern!dero6 ' U! &ot N!d.eti+oO R&o(seV H(n! !s!
!liente6M ! R&ot%l!te H(n &ornilloL !lient!%l!tos6 ' U! &ot N!d.eti+oO R%l!teV H(n %l!to
!liente6M ! Rred!% NUSAO H(n "ozoL "!letero6 ' U! red N!d.eti+oO R!%V H(n! ,orr!
ro.!61
En !stell!no ' en otros idio"!s o(rre lo "is"o1 E.14 (n! olR&in! Ni ol&!
%e/(e)!O ' U(n! ol R&in!V1
Gener!l"ente se esriben o"o (n! sol! %!l!br! l!s %!l!br!s o"%(est!s ('o
%ri"er ele"ento es Qboo9$ e'e$ &orse$ "ill$ %l!'$ s&ool$ s&o%$ sno7$ 7!'$ 7ood$
7or9Q1
Gener!l"ente se esriben o"o (n! sol! %!l!br! l!s %!l!br!s o"%(est!s ('o
se,(ndo ele"ento se! (n! de l!s si,(ientes %!l!br!s4 Qberr'$ blosso"$ bo!rd$ bo!t$
boo9$ borne$ bo(nd$ br!ined$ b(s&$ #is&$ #lo7er$ ,ro7er$ &e!rted$ &older$ &o(se$
9ee%in,$ li,&t$ li9e$ "!9er$ "!9in,$ "!n$ "!ster$ "!te$ "ill$ "istress$ "on,er$
o7ner$ %iee$ %o7er$ %roo#$ roo"$ s&o%$ s"it&$ stone$ store$ t!il$ ti,&t$ ti"e$ 7!rd$
7!'$ 7eed$ 7ide$ 7ise$ 7o"!n$ 7ood$ 7or9$ 7or9in,$ 7or"$ 7ort$ 7riter$ 7ritin,$
'!rdQ$ es%ei!l"ente si el %ri"er ele"ento es de (n! sol! sFl!b!M !l,(n!s de l!s
%!l!br!s o"%(est!s ('o se,(ndo ele"ento es (n! de es!s %!l!br!s "enion!d!s
no son no"bres sino !d.eti+os4 R&!rdIR7or9in,$ et1
2+ SeparadosM en in,l0s se ll!"!n Uollo!tionsVM &!' ientos de "iles de
o"bin!iones %osiblesM lo "s senillo ' reo"end!ble %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes es %oner (n !ento %ri"!rio en los dos o"%onentes$ es deir$
%ron(ni!r los dos on l! "is"! intensid!dM es (n tono ne(tro$ no en#tio ni
ontr!sti+oM &!' #onetist!s ' diion!rios /(e de#ienden este en#o/(eM en !so de
/(e (n %rini%i!nte no se%! d3nde +! el !ento %ri"!rio en !d! (no de los
o"%onentes %(ede "ir!rlo en (!l/(ier diion!rio1 E.14 ! R%ro#it Rt!- H(n i"%(esto
,!n!nRi!l6$ ! Rdo, Rs&o7 H(n! e-&ibii3n de R%erros6$ o(r RP!ris orreRs%ondent
Hn(estro orres%ons!l en RP!rFs6$ Rr!t R%oison Hr!tiRid!L +eneno %!r! Rr!t!s6$ Tr!R#!l,!r
RS/(!re Hl! %l!z! de Tr!#!lR,!r6$ et1 D1 ;1;515I@
No obst!nte$ se %(ede !ent(!r (no "s /(e otro %!r! indi!r 0n#!sis o ontr!ste1
E.14 A4 >&!t sort o# to7els did s&e b('T HWJ(0 l!se de to!ll!s o"%r3 ell!T61 B4
S&e bo(,&t R&!nd to7els Nen#!tiz! Q&!ndQO HEll! o"%r3 to!ll!s de R"!noL %!r! l!s
R"!nos6$ %ero QA4 >&!t did s&e b('T HWJ(0 o"%r3 ell!T61 B4 S&e bo(,&t &!nd
Rto7els Nen#!tiz! Qto7elsQOL R&!nd Rto7els Nno en#!tiz! ni Q&!ndQ ni Qto7elsQO1
Esto o(rre t!"bi0n en !stell!no ' en otros idio"!s$ !(n/(e no se! on t!nt!
#re(eni!1 E.14 R%iso %iRloto$ Rbote s!l+!R+id!s$ et1
No obst!nte$ se %(ede !ent(!r (no "s /(e otro %!r! indi!r 0n#!sis o ontr!ste1
E.14 R%iso %ilotoL Rbote s!l+!+id!s NoO %iso %iRlotoL bote s!l+!R+id!s1
E!' !l,(nos diion!rios /(e %onen el !ento %ri"!rio s3lo en (n o"%onenteM es
%!r! indi!r 0n#!sis o ontr!ste '$ !(n/(e se (se b!st!nte !sF$ no /(iere deir /(e l!s
otr!s dos %osibilid!des est0n "!l1
2+ @nidos por un guinM se %(ede %oner (n !ento %ri"!rio en el %ri"er ele"ento
' otro %ri"!rio en el 2lti"o1 D1 ;1;51BI5C1
M(&!s %!l!br!s o"%(est!s n(e+!s s(elen esribirse %ri"ero se%!r!d!s$ l(e,o on
,(i3n ' #in!l"ente$ (!ndo estn '! bien inte,r!d!s en l! len,(!$ .(nt!s$ sobre todo
(!ndo l!s dos tienen s3lo (n! sFl!b!M !l,(n!s %!s!n diret!"ente de esribirse
se%!r!d!s ! esribirse .(nt!sM no obst!nte$ !l,(n!s %!l!br!s o"%(est!s /(e !ntes se
esribF!n on (n ,(i3n se esriben !&or! se%!r!d!s4 ! Rb!n9 Rler9 H(n e"%le!do de
Rb!n!6$ Rb!n9 R"!n!,er H,erente de Rb!no6$ Rir(it Rbre!9er Hinterr(%tor
!(toR"tio6$ ! R#is&in, Rrod H(n! !)! de %esR!r6$ ! Rs!+in,s Rb!n9 H(n! !.! de
!R&orros6$ et1M &! &!bido ,r!ndes !"bios en l! esrit(r! en (!nto ! l!s %!l!br!s
o"%(est!s .(nt!s$ se%!r!d!s o on ,(i3n ' se +! &!i! (n! #or"! 2ni! t!nto en
GB o"o en USA1
;1;51I E!' combinaciones de nombres compuestos por conversinM el %ri"er
ele"ento &!e de !d.eti+o$ !(n/(e no lo es ND1;1<158$ ;15;15;OM no se %(ede %oner el
%ri"er ele"ento en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!$ es deir$ es no ,r!d(!bleM %!r!
l! %ron(ni!i3n D151;5M (!ndo son no"bres se%!r!dos se %(eden !ent(!r !"bos
t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no$ !(n/(e ! +ees %(ed! t!"bi0n lle+!r (no el
!ento %ri"!rio ' otro el se(nd!rioM est!s o"bin!iones se usan para"
*+ Oombres propios de continentes, pa(ses, de regiones, de provincias o
condados, de ciudades, de distritos, de r(os o lugares geogr!ficos para indicar
la posicin o procedencia de algoM el %ri"er ele"ento$ /(e +! en "!'2s(l!$ es el
/(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!M el se,(ndo ele"ento +! ,ener!l"ente en
"!'2s(l! ND1:1<15:OM el %l(r!l$ si lo tienen$ lle+! Is !l #in!l1 E.14 R*!"brid,eL
RO-#ord RStreet Hl! R!lle de R*1L RO16$ RGros+enor RPl!eL RS/(!re Hl! R%l!z! RG16$
RGro+e R*resent Hl! R!lle Nen #or"! de "edi! l(n!O RG16$ RE!rris Rt7eed HR"ezl! de
Rl!n! de RE!rris6$ RLi+er%ool *!Rt&edr!l Hl! *!teRdr!l de RLi+er%ool6$ RLondon RAir%ortL
RBrid,e Hel !eroR%(ertoL R%(ente de RLondres6$ M!Rdrid RF!irL Rti"e Hl! R#eri!L R&or! de
M!Rdrid6$ M!Rdrid Rro!d R"!% HR"!%! de !rreRter!s de M!Rdrid6$ t&e S!n Seb!stiR!n
#il" R#esti+!l Hel #estiR+!l de Rine de S!n Seb!sRtin6$ t&e RSe+ern Rbore Hel "!!RreoL
l! s(Rbid! de l! "!Rre! del HrFo6 RSe+ern6$ RSo"erset Rider HRsidr! de RSo"erset6$
RT&orness RB!' Hl! b!R&F! de RT16$ R>est"inster RAbbe' Hl! Ab!RdF! de R>16$ et1 D1
;15;155
E!' "(&os no"bres /(e lle+!n o"o se,(ndo ele"ento l!s %!l!br!s UAbbe'$
Air%ort$ A+en(e$ B!'$ Brid,e$ *!stle$ *!t&edr!l$ *&(r&$ *ir(s$ *olle,e$ *o(rt$
*resent$ Dri+e$ F!ir$ Forest$ G!rdens$ Gro+e$ E!ll$ Eill$ Eotel$ Inn$ L!ne$ Moor$
P!l!e$ P!r9$ Pl!e$ S&ool$ S/(!re$ St!tion$ Street$ To7er$ >!'V$ et1
*on+iene distin,(ir entre Ut&e RO-#ord Non !ento %ri"!rioO Rro!dL RRo!dV N(!ndo
Qro!dQ en "in2s(l! o en "!'2s(l! si,ni#i! Q!rreter!QO Hl! !rreRter! deL /(e +! !
RO-#ord6 ' UO-#ord Non !ento se(nd!rioO RRo!dV N(!ndo QRo!dQ en "!'2s(l!
si,ni#i! Q!lleQO Hl! R!lle RO161
*(!ndo el no"bre no +! !ent(!do en l! %ri"er! sFl!b!$ se !ent2! en l! %ri"er!
sFl!b! del!nte del no"bre1 E.14 Ee li+es in Bo"Rb!' Hl +i+e en Bo"Rb!'6$ %ero Qt&e
RBo"b!' %oRlieQ Hl! %oliRF! de Bo"Rb!'6M ItZs ne!r >estR"inster HEst er! de >16$
%ero UR>est"inster RAbbe'V Hl! Ab!RdF! de R>16$ et1
2+ Oombres comunes, 'ue van en minBscula, 'ue indican lugar 'ue /acen de
primer elemento delante del nombreM el %l(r!l$ si lo tienen$ lle+! Is !l #in!l4 b!9$
b!9street$ b!n9$ border$ botto"$ it'$ loset$ orner$ des9to%$ e!rt&$ e!st$ e-it$ #ront$
,!rden$ ,ro(nd$ R&i,&l!nd$ &i,&Is&ool$ &o"e$ &os%it!l$ 9it&en$ Rle!nIto$ li,&t&o(se$
"!r9et$ R"idl!nd NGBOL R"idl!nds NGBO$ ne!rside$ nort&$ n(rser'$ oe!n$ %!r9in,$
r!il7!'$ re!r$ ro!d$ s&ool$ se!$ so(t&$ st!te$ street$ to%$ to7n$ (ni+ersit'$ (%st!irs$
7est$ 7indo7$ 7orld$ et1 E.14 ! R9it&en Rsin9 H(n #re,!Rdero de oRin!6$ !
Rli,&t&o(se R9ee%er N!ntes on ,(i3nO H(n ,(!rd!R#!roL toRrrero6$ t&e Rs&ool R"eetin,
Hl! re(Rni3n deL en l! esR(el!6$ ! Rse!side &oRtel H(n &oRtel .(nto ! l! Rost!6$ ! Rse!side
reRsort H(n l(R,!r de +er!RneoL +!!Riones .(nto ! l! Rost!6$ ! Rstreet Rl!"% H(n!
#!Rrol! de R!lle6$ ! Rt&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rt&e!ter NUSAO Rs&o7 H(n
es%eRt(lo te!Rtr!l6$ ! Rto7n R&o(se H(n! R!s! de l! i(Rd!d6$ et1 D1;15;15=
Al,(nos de estos no"bres %(eden ir t!"bi0n en ;1;51@1
2+ Cuando se indica tiempo en general o en sentido indeterminadoM el %ri"er
ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!M el %l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is !l
#in!l1 E.14 t&e !dR+!ne %(Rbliit' Hl! %(bliiRd!d R%re+i!L %or !ntiiR%!do6$ t&e Rd!te
R%l!e Hel l(R,!r de e-%ediRi3n6$ Rd!' R l!bo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R l!bor NUSAO
N!ntes on ,(i3nO Htr!Rb!.o Rdi(rno6$ Rd!' Rn(rser' H,(!rdeRrF! in#!nRtil6$ Re+enin, Rdress
HH(n6 Rtr!.e de Rno&eL etiR/(et!6$ ! Rli#e R"e"ber N!ntes on ,(i3nO H(n R"ie"bro
+it!Rliio6$ ! RMiddleIA,e R%oet H(n %oRet! de l! Ed!d RMedi!6$ RMond!' !#terRnoon Hel
Rl(nes %or l! Rt!rde6$ ! Rni,&t Rtr!in N!ntes on ,(i3nO H(n Rtren noRt(rno6$ ! RS%rin,
Rd!' H(n RdF! de %ri"!R+er!6$ RT(esd!' Rdinner Hl! Ren! del R"!rtes6$ Rs(""er
R&olid!'s NGB %rini%!l"enteO H+!!Riones de +eRr!no6$ Rti"et!ble R%roble"s
H%roRble"!s de &oRr!rios6$ ! 7!r" RS%rin, !#terRnoon H(n! Rt!rde !lienteL lid!L
te"%l!d! de %ri"!R+er!6$ RS(nd!' R"ornin, Hel doR"in,o %or l! "!R)!n!6$ R7inter
Rs%orts HdeR%ortes de inR+ierno6$ et1 D1;15;15?
*(!ndo el no"bre no +! !ent(!do en l! %ri"er! sFl!b!$ se !ent2! en l! %ri"er!
sFl!b! del!nte de otro no"bre1 E.14 Good !#terRnoon HB(en!s Rt!rdes6$ %ero
UR!#ternoon Rte!V Hl! "eRriend! %or l! Rt!rde6$ et1
*(!ndo se indi! tie"%o$ bien (n "o"ento o (n !ontei"iento$ en (n sentido
deter"in!do o de#inido se s(ele (s!r el ,eniti+o s!.3n1 E.14 RMond!'Zs R7eddin, Hl!
Rbod! del Rl(nes6$ et1
-+ Con nombres cua finalidad, funcin, propsito, servicio, radica en el
nombre 'ue le precedeM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o
!te,oriz!M el %l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is !l #in!l1 E.14 !n R!ni"!l R#!r" H(n! R,r!n.! de
!niR"!les6$ !ntiRtr(st Rl!7s HRle'es !nti"onoR%olio6$ Rbirt& onRtrol HonRtrol de l!
n!t!liRd!d6$ ! Rb(r,l!r !Rl!r" H(n! !Rl!r"! !ntiRrrobo6$ ! R!nnon Rb!ll H(n! Rb!l! de
!R)3n6$ ! R!r R#!tor' H(n! R#bri! de Ro&es6$ R&e7in, R,(" N!ntes on ,(i3nO
HR&ile6$ ! Rredit R!rd H(n! t!rR.et! de Rr0dito6$ t&e Rde!t& R%en!lt' Hl! R%en! de
R"(erte6$ Rdinin, Rroo" Ho"eRdor6$ t&e Rdri+in, Rliene Hel !rRn0 de Ni %!r!O
ond(Rir6$ R#!"il' R%l!nnin, H%l!ni#i!Ri3n #!"iRli!r6$ ! R#l'in, Rs&o7 H(n!
e-&ibiRi3n de R+(elo6$ ! R#r'in, R%!n H(n! s!rRt0n6$ ! R,old R"ine H(n! R"in! de Roro6$
R,ol# Rl(bs HRl(bHe6sL R%!los de R,ol#6$ t&e R&e!lt& Rentre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
Renter NUSAO Hel Rentro de s!Rl(d6$ ! R&e!lt& or,!niRz!tionL or,!niRs!tion NGBO H(n!
or,!niz!Ri3n deL %!r! l! s!Rl(d6$ ! R&olid!' reRsort H(n l(R,!r de +er!RneoL
+!!Riones6$ R.ob o%%orRt(nities Ho%ort(niRd!des de Rtr!b!.oHs66$ t&e R l!bo(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL R l!bor NUSAO R"!r9et Hel "erR!do de tr!Rb!.oL l!boRr!l6$ ! R"one'
Rorder H(n R,iro %osRt!l6$ Rn!il R+!rnis& HRb!rniz de R()!s6$ R%!rt' R#(nds HR#ondos del
%!rRtido6$ t&e R%e!e R%roess Hel %roReso de R%!z6$ ! R%e!e R%l!n H(n R%l!n de R%!z6$ !
R%o7er R%l!ntL Rst!tion H(n! Rentr!l de ener,F! eRl0tri!6$ ! R%r(nin, R&oo9 N!ntes on
,(i3nO H(n R,!n&o de %oRd!r6$ ! Rsin,in, Rte!&er H(n %ro#eRsor de R!nto6$ ! Rsl!te
R/(!rr' H(n! !nRter! de %iRz!rr!6$ ! Rslee%in, Rb!, H(n Rs!o de dorR"ir6$ ! SORS R!ll
H(n! ll!R"!d! de soRorro6$ t&e Rst!ir R!r%et N!ntes on ,(i3nO Hl! !lR#o"br! de l!s
es!Rler!s6$ Rtennis Rs&oes Hz!%!till!s de Rtenis6$ Rtr!de !R,ree"ents H!R(erdos
o"erRi!les6$ Rtr!+el Rdo("ents Hdo(R"entos de R+i!.e6$ Rtro(ser R%o9ets HbolRsillos
del %!nt!Rl3n6$ t&e R7el#!re Rst!te Hel esRt!do del bienesRt!r6$ ! R'o(t& R&ostel H(n
!lRber,(e .(+eRnil6$ et1 D1 :1:?$ ;15;185
En !l,(nos !sos denot! el ontinente ' no el ontenido de !l,o o"o en los
2lti"os e.e"%los1
*on+iene distin,(ir entre Q!n REn,lis& Nno"bre /(e &!e de !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o
on !ento %ri"!rioO Rte!&erQ H(n %ro#esor de inR,l0s Ni %!r! ense)!r in,l0sO6 ' Q!n
En,lis& N!d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o on !ento se(nd!rioO Rte!&erQ H(n %ro#esor inR,l0s
N%(ede ense)!r (!l/(ier "!teri!O61
3+ Con nombres 'ue son la causa, el modo, el medio o el agente del nombre
'ue va detr!sM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!M el
%l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is !l #in!l1 E.14 !n R!ir Rri#le H(n Rri#le de R!ire Ho"%riR"ido66$
R#ood R%oisonin, Hinto-i!Ri3n !li"enRt!ri!L %or !liR"entoL %or oR"id!66$ ! R,(n
R#i,&t H(n! %eRle!L Rl(&! on !r"!s de R#(e,o6$ ! Rste!" Ren,ine H(n! R"/(in! de
+!R%or6$ et1 D1 :1:?$ ;15;15B
6+ Con nombres 'ue combinan lo 'ue son o parecen forman una nueva
unidad con caracter(sticas 'ue comparten con el nombre siguienteM el %ri"er
ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!M se re#ieren ! l! "is"! %erson! o
!ni"!lM se %(eden (nir %or "edio de UisVM el %l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is !l #in!l1 E.14 !
Rbo' R!tor H(n "(R&!&oL R&io !Rtor6$ ! Rbo' Rso(t H(n e-%lor!Rdor6$ ! Rb(ll R!l#
H(n terRnero6$ ! R#ello7 Ritizen N!ntes on ,(i3nO H(nH!6 oni(d!Rd!nHo$ !66$ ! R#ello7
Rtr!+eller NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rtr!+eler NUSAO H(n o"%!R)ero de R+i!.e6$ ! Rl!d'
Rdotor H(n! HseR)or!6 doRtor!6$ ! Rl!d' Rte!&er Ni T&e l!d' is ! te!&erO H(n!
%ro#eRsor!6$ et1 D1:1:?15CI5:$ :1:?15<$ ;15;188
8+ Con nombres 'ue son la su4b+stancia o material de 'ue est! /ec/a el
nombre siguienteM el %l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is !l #in!l4 bri9$ blood$ br!ss$ bre!d$
bri9$ !rdbo!rd$ &ool!te$ onrete$Ror9sre7$ otton$ r'st!l$ does9in$ e!rt&$
#r(it$ ,l!ss$ ,re!se$ &'dro,en$ iron$ "il9$ le!t&er$ "!rble$ o!9$ o!t"e!l$ oil$
or!n,e7ood$ %!n!9e$ %!str'$ %ie$ %l!sti$ %orrid,e$ rie$ s!lt$ sil9$ sil+er$ sl!te$ stone$
t!l("$ +!nill!$ +e,et!ble$ 7ood$ et1 E.14 ! R&ool!te Rb!r H(n! %!sRtill!L t!Rblet! de
&ooRl!te6$ ! R#r(it R%ie$ ! R,l!ss Rbottle H(n! boRtell! de risRt!l6$ ! R&'dro,en Rbo"b
H(n! Rbo"b! de &iRdr3,eno6$ !n Riron onRt!iner H(n onteRnedor de R&ierro6$ R"il9
R&ool!te H&ooRl!te on Rle&e6$ Rrie R%!%er H%!R%el de !Rrroz6$ Rrie R%(ddin, H!Rrroz
on Rle&e6$ ! Rsil+er Roin H(n! "oRned! de R%l!t!6$ Rsil+er R#oil H%!R%el de !l(R"inio6$
Rsil+er R%l!te H+!R.ill! de R%l!t!L %l!teR!d!6$ ! Rsl!te Rroo# H(n teR.!do de %iRz!rr!6$ ! Rstone
R7!ll H(n! %!RredL (n R"(ro de R%iedr!6$ Rt!l(" R%o7der HR%ol+os de Rt!lo6$ et1 D1
:1:?$ ;15;15@
Se %(ede deir4 ! R,oldL ,olden Rrin, H(n! !Rnillo de Roro6$ ! R7oodL 7ooden R&!ir
H(n! Rsill! de "!Rder!6M ! R7oolL 7oollen R%(llo+er H(n .erRse' de Rl!n!6$ et1
Los !d.eti+os orres%ondientes$ si tienen #or"! distint!$ %(eden tener (n sentido
liter!l4 br!zen Hde l!t3n6$ e!rt&en Hde tierr!6$ 7oollen Hde l!n!6$ et1$ #i,(r!do4 ,l!ss'
H+idriosoHs6$ !Hs6L +FtreoHs6$ !Hs66$ ,olden He-elenteHs6L dor!doHs6$ !Hs6L Ho"o6 de
oroL (reoHs6$ !Hs6$ le!den HtristeHs6L %es!doHs6L %lo"izoHs6L %l2"beoHs6L Ho"o6 de
%lo"o6$ sil9'L sil9en Hs(!+eHs6L sedosoHs6$ !Hs6L Ho"o6 de sed!6$ ston' H#rFoHs6$ !Hs6L
%0treoHs6$ !Hs6L %!reido ! l! %iedr!6$ et1$ liter!l ' #i,(r!do4 !ir' Hes%!ioso '
!ire!doL et0reoHs6$ !Hs66$ sil+er' H%l!te!doHs6$ !Hs66$ ston' H%edre,osoHs6$ !Hs6L #rFoHs6$
!Hs66$ s(,!r' H!z(!r!doHs6$ !Hs6L "elosoHs6$ !Hs6L e"%!l!,osoHs6$ !Hs66$ 7ooden Hde
"!der!L rF,idoHs6$ !Hs6L ine-%resi+oHs6$ !Hs6L tor%eHs66$ et1M si tienen l! "is"! #or"!
/(e el no"bre tienen (n sentido liter!l ' #i,(r!do4 sil+er H!nosoHs6$ !Hs6L
%l!te!doHs6$ !Hs6L de %l!t!6$ iron H#(erte o"o (n robleL #0rreoHs6$ !Hs6L de &ierro6$ et1
D1 ;15;15<
9+ Kara describir algoM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!M
el %l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is !l #in!l1 E.14 ! R7!r Rri"e H(n Rri"en de R,(err!6$
!dR+ent(re Rstories H&isRtori!s de !+enRt(r!s6$ t&e R!eros%!e Rind(str' Hl! inRd(stri!
!eroes%!Ri!l6$ t&e R!ir Rte"%er!t(re Hl! te"%er!Rt(r! del R!ire6$ !n R!n!lo,(e LRYnelo,L
NGBO ' LRYnelo4,L NUSA o LRYnel!4,LO R7!t& H(n reRlo. !n!Rl3,ioL de !R,(.!s6$ !n
R!ni"!l Rinstint H(n insRtinto !niR"!l6$ t&e !Rssist!nt Rte!&er Hel %ro#eRsor !(-iRli!rL
!dR.(nto6$ Rb!n9 HR6r!te e-R&!n,es HR!"bios de Rti%o de inteRr0s6$ Rblood Rdonors
HdoRn!ntes de Rs!n,re6$ Rblood R%ress(re H%reRsi3n s!nR,(Fne!6$ &er Rboso" R#riend Hs(
!R"i,o RFnti"oL del R!l"!6$ t&e Rbr!in Rdr!in Hl! R#(,! de Rerebros6$ ! R&(r& Rdi,nit!r'
H(n di,n!Rt!rio de l! iR,lesi!6$ t&e R&(r&'!rd R7!ll Hel R"(ro del R%!tio de l! iR,lesi!L
e"enRterio6$ ! Ro9I!ndIRb(ll Rstor' H(n R(ento R&ino6$ ! Ro"%!t Rdis H(n Rdiso
o"R%!to6$ Ront!t Rlenses HRlenRtill!s NoO Rlentes de onRt!to6$ ! Rri"e Rstor' H(n!
&isRtori! de RrF"enes6$ deRteti+e Rstories H&isRtori!s %oliRF!!s6$ ! R#!ir' Rt!le H(n
R(ento de R&!d!s6$ t&e R#!"il' R#riend Hel !R"i,o de l! #!R"ili!6$ R#ootb!ll NGBOL
Rsoer R"!t&es H%!rRtidos de R#2tbol6$ t&e ,eneRr!tion R,!% Hel onR#lito
,ener!ioRn!l6$ t&e R,reen&o(se eR##et Hel eR#eto in+erRn!dero6$ R&!ll Rdoor HR%(ert! de
+esRtFb(loL enRtr!d!6$ ! R&e!rt diRse!se H(n! en#erR"ed!d !rRdF!!L del or!Rz3n6$ !n
Riron deter"iRn!tion H(n! deter"in!Ri3n R#0rre!6$ R"!il Rorder HR+ent! %or oRrreo6$
R"!n&ole Ro+er HRt!%! de reR,istroL !l!nt!Rrill!6$ ! Rne,ro ins(Rrretion H(n!
ins(rreRi3n de Rne,ros6$ ! %eRdestri!n Rrossin, NGB %rini%!l"enteO H(n R%!so de
%e!Rtones Nsin bot3n %!r! %oner el se"#oro en ro.oO6L ! R%eli!n Rrossin, NGBO H(n
R%!so de %e!Rtones Hsonoro6 Non (n bot3n %!r! %oner el se"#oro en ro.oO6L ! Rzebr!
Rrossin, H(n R%!so Hde6 Rebr! Hon (n! l(z n!r!n.! inter"itente o sin ell! Nsin
se"#oro ' sin bot3n %!r! %oner el se"#oro en ro.oO6$ ! R%ine R#orest H(n Rbos/(e de
R%inos6$ ! R%ress(re Roo9er H(n! Roll! ! %reRsi3n6$ ! Rs&o% !Rssist!nt H(nH!6 e"%leR!dHo$
!6 de (n! Rtiend!6$ Rs&o% Rste7!rd Hre%resenRt!nte sindiR!l6$ ! Rs&o% R7indo7 H(n
es!%!Rr!te6$ ! Rsoldier Rs%ee& Hel disR(rso de (n solRd!do6$ t&e Rso(nd Rb!rrier Hl!
b!Rrrer! del soRnido6$ t&e Rs%!e R!,e Hl! Rer! es%!Ri!l6$ ! Rst!"% oRlletor H(n
oleioRnist! de Rsellos6$ s(bsRriber HR6tr(n9 Rdi!llin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rdi!lin,
NUSAO H"!r!Ri3n inter(rb!n! de !boRn!dos6$ s(bsRriber HR6tr(n9 Rdi!llin, NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL Rdi!lin, NUSAO Rs'ste" HsisRte"! de "!r!Ri3n inter(rb!n! de
!boRn!dos6$ s(bsRriber HR6tr(n9 Rdi!llin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rdi!lin, NUSAO !llI
n("ber Rs'ste" HsisRte"! n("0rio de "!r!Ri3n inter(rb!n! de !boRn!dos6$
s(bsRriber tr(n9 Rdi!llin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rdi!lin, NUSAO !llIn("ber Rs'ste"
R#!(lt HR#!llo del sisRte"! n("0rio de "!r!Ri3n inter(rb!n! de !boRn!dos6$
s(bsRriber HR6tr(n9 Rdi!llin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rdi!lin, NUSAO HR6s'ste" R#!(lt
HR#!llo del sisRte"! de "!r!Ri3n inter(rb!n! de !boRn!dos6$ s(bsRriber HR6tr(n9
Rdi!llin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rdi!lin, NUSAO HR6s'ste" R#!(lt en,iRneer Hin,eRniero
%!r! R#!llos del sisRte"! de "!r!Ri3n inter(rb!n! de !boRn!dos6$ t&e Rt!ble Rle, Hl!
R%!t! de l! R"es!6$ Rtroo% 7it&Rdr!7!l HretiRr!d! de Rtro%!s6$ R7!r ri"e Rs(s%ets
Hsos%eR&osos de RrF"enes de R,(err!6$ t&e R7eddin, Rd!' N!ntes on ,(i3nO Hel RdF!
de l! Rbod!6$ et1 D1:1:?$ ;15;18C
*on+iene distin,(ir entre Q! Rto' R#!tor'Q H(n! R#bri! de .(R,(etes6 ' Q! to'
R#!tor'Q H(n! R#bri! de .(R,(ete6$ Q! Rto7n R&o(seQ H(n! R!s! de l! i(Rd!d6 ' Q!
Rto7n &o(seL ! Rto7n&o(se NUSAOQ H(n! !s! !doRs!d!L resideni! (rRb!n! NoO !s!
en l! i( R d!d6$ Qt&e R>&ite REo(seQ Hl! R*!s! RBl!n!6 ' Qt&e 7&ite R&o(seQ Hl! !s!
Rbl!n!61
0+ Con nombres precedidos de un ad%etivo numeral cardinalM el %ri"er
ele"ento$ /(e es (n! "edid! de tie"%o$ de dinero$ de %eso$ de es%!io$ et1$ %(ede
ir s3lo del!nte del no"bre ' es el /(e (!nti#i!$ "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!M el
%l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is !l #in!l1 E.14 8 R#i#teenI'e!r Rsentenes Hdos senRteni!s de
/(ine R!)os6$ < RtenIdoll!r Rnotes NGBOL Rbills NUSAO Hino biRlletes de diez
Rd3l!res6$ ! Rt7oIe(ro Roin H(n! "oRned! de dos Re(ros6$ : RoneIe(ro Rst!"%s Htres
Rsellos de (n Re(ro6$ ! Rt&reeI9ilo R%!9et H(n %!R/(ete de tres R9ilos6$ ! Rt7oI"ile R7!l9
H(n %!Rseo de dos R"ill!s6$ ! Rt&reeI"in(te R7!l9 H(n %!Rseo de tres R"in(tos6$ Rse+enI
le!,(e Rboots HRbot!s de siete Rle,(!s6$ ! R#o(rI'linder R!r H(n Ro&e de (!tro
iRlindros6$ et1 D1 ;15;15;
Sin e"b!r,o$ se die Ut&e Si- N!tions *&!"%ions&i%V1
*:+ Con nombres precedidos de un ad%etivo numeral ordinalM el %ri"er
ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!M el %l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is !l
#in!l4 #irstIl!ss$ nineteent&Ient(r' Ns3lo del!nte de (n no"breO$ t&irdIl!ss Ns3lo
del!nte de (n no"breO$ et1 E.14 ! nineteent&Ient(r' R7riter H(n esriRtor del si,lo
RKIK6$ et1
;1;81I Estas combinaciones de nombres compuestos por conversin llevan
normalmente el primer elemento en singular como en los e%emplos de -.-*, si
se puede usar en singular plural cuando va solo, pero en ciertos casos el
primer elemento puede"
*+ Gr en singular a pesar de 'ue suele ir siempre o casi siempre en plural
cuando va soloM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!M el
%l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is !l #in!l1 E.14 t&e RB!l9!n %eRnins(l! Hl! %eRnFns(l! de los
B!lR!nesL b!lRni!6$ ! Rbilli!rd Rt!ble N!ntes on ,(i3nO H(n! R"es! de biRll!r6$ !
R&olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ro(rse H(n R(rso d(r!nte l!s +!!Riones6$
R9ni9erbo9ers H%!nt!lones bo"Rb!&os Nde ,ol#O6$ "(Rnition R7or9ers N!ntes on
,(i3nO Htr!b!.!Rdores /(e #!bri!n "(niRiones6$ Ro!t"e!l H&!Rrin! de !R+en!6$
R%!r!troo% !Rtt!9s H!Rt!/(es de %!r!!iRdist!s6$ %'R.!"! NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
%!R.!"! NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Rtro(sers H%!nt!Rlones de %iR.!"!6$ ! Rsi,&tseein, Rto(r
H(n! e-(rRsi3n %or los l(,!res de inteRr0s6$ ! Rs%et!le R!se N!ntes on ,(i3nO H(n
esRt(&e deL %!r! R,!#!s6$ ! Rs7ee%st!9e Rti9et H(n biRllete de loteRrF! en el /(e se
,!n!n tod!s l!s !R%(est!s6$ Rtroo% Rtr!ins Htrenes "iliRt!resL on Rtro%!s6$ et1
2+ Gr en plural7 son nombres 'ue suelen ir en plural normalmente cuando van
solos conservan esa forma cuando van delante del nombreM el %ri"er
ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!M el %l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is !l
#in!l1 E.14 !n R!l"s&o(se N!ntes on ,(i3nO H(n! R!s! de bene#iReni!6$ !n R!r"s
Rde%ot H(n !l"!R0n de R!r"!s6$ t&e !rts h no"bre$ t&e Rbino(l!rs R!se Hl! R#(nd! de
los %risR"tios6$ Britis& RInd(stries RF!ir HR#eri! de ind(stri!s briRtni!s6$ ! Rlot&es
Rbr(s& H(n eR%illo %!r! l! Rro%!6$ t&e R*o""ons R#loor Hel Rs(elo de l! R*"!r! de los
*oR"(nes6$ o""(niR!tions Rnet7or9L Rs!telliteL Rso#t7!reL Rs'ste"
NUo""(niR!tion HR%roble"L Rs9ills6V si,ni#i! UH%roRble"! deL &!biliRd!d %!r! l!6
o"(ni!Ri3nVO HRredL s!Rt0liteL %!R/(eteL sisRte"! de o"(ni!Riones6$ t&e
R(sto"s Ro##ier Hel o#iRi!l de !Rd(!n!s6$ !n eR+ents Rlist H(n! Rlist! de
!onteiR"ientos6$ e-%losi+es e-%ert H!rti#iRierHo$ !66$ t&e RFores R%ro,r!"H"e6 Hel
%roR,r!"! de l!s #(erz!s !rR"!d!s6$ R,!llo7s R &("o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R &("or
NUSAO H&(R"or Rne,ro6$ t&e R,l!sses R#r!"e Hl! "onRt(r! de l!s R,!#!s6$ ! R,oods Rtr!in
N!ntes on ,(i3nO H(n Rtren de "er!nRF!s6$ "' R.e!ns R%o9et Hel bolRsillo de "is
+!R/(eros6$ o%eRr!tions Rentre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Renter NUSAO NUo%eRr!tion
HRode6V si,ni#i! UHR3di,o de6 o%er!Ri3nVO HRentro de o%er!Riones6$ t&e Rro!ds
R%ro,r!""e NGBOL %ro,r!" NUSAO Hel %roR,r!"! de !rreRter!s6$ Rs!les R!,ent
H!R,ente de R+ent!s6$ ! Rs!+in,s Rb!n9 N!ntes on ,(i3nO H(n! R!.! de !R&orros6$ !
Rs%orts R.!9etL ! Rs%ort R.!9et NUSAO H(n! &!/(et! de%orRti+!L !"eriR!n!6$ t&e
Rs(n,l!sses R!se Hel esRt(&e de l!s R,!#!s de Rsol6$ ! dirt' Rtri9s !"R%!i,n H(n!
!"R%!)! de "!niobr!s Rs(i!s6$ ! Rt7oIt&irds "!R.orit' H(n! "!'oRrF! de dos
Rterios6$ t&e United RSt!tes RGo+ern"ent Hel ,oRbierno de los Est!dos URnidos6$ t&e
mo(n, RT(r9s RP!rt' Hel P!rRtido de los j3+enes RT(ros6$ et1
2+ Gr en singular o en pluralM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o
!te,oriz!M el %l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is !l #in!l1 E.14 Rb!rr!9L Rb!rr!9s Rli#e N!ntes
on ,(i3nO HR+id! de (!rRtel6$ t&e *ont!,io(s DiRse!se RAt Hl! RLe' de l!
En#er"ed!d *ont!R,ios!6L t&e *ont!,io(s DiRse!ses RAt Hl! RLe' de l!s
En#er"ed!des *ont!R,ios!s6$ t&e R*(sto"L R*(sto"s R&o(se Hl! !Rd(!n!6 ' UR(sto"s
Rd(tiesV HdeRre&osL i"R%(estos de !Rd(!n!6$ ! R#ire7or9L R#ire7or9s diRs%l!' H(n!
e-&ibiRi3n de #(e,os !rti#iRi!les6$ e/(!l o%%orRt(nit'L o%%orRt(nities e"R%lo'ers
He"%reRs!rios /(e d!n i,(!lRd!d de o%ort(niRd!des6$ o+er R se!L o+er R se!s R.o(rne'$
o+erRse!s Rb(siness deR%!rt"ent$ R%ro#itL R%ro#its Rt!- Hi"R%(esto de beneR#iiosL
,!Rn!ni!s6$ ! RsissorL Rsissors R9i9 H(n! ti.eRret! N#2tbolO6$ ! RTr!deL RTr!des RUnion
H(n sindiR!to6$ ! Rtro(ser N"s (s!doOL Rtro(sers NGB4 "enos (s!doO R%o9et N!ntes
on ,(i3n los dosO H(n bolRsillo de %!nt!Rl3n6$ ! R7!,eL R7!,es !R,ree"ent H(n
!R(erdo se Rs(eldo6$ et1
En !l,(nos !sos se (s! el %l(r!l on sentido ,ener!l ' el sin,(l!r on sentido
onreto1 E.14 ! so#t Rdrin9s "!n(R#!t(rer ' U! R!r "!n(R#!t(rerVM !n
enterRt!in"ents R,(ide ' U! Rt&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rt&e!ter NUSAO R,(ideVM !
s(r,i!l !R%%li!nes "!n(R#!t(rer ' U! Rb!b' R!rri!,e "!n(R#!t(rerV$ et1
En GB !l,(nos no"bres se %onen ,ener!l"ente en %l(r!l %!r! e+it!r !"bi,Xed!d$
"ientr!s /(e en USA se %onen en sin,(l!r1 E.14 !n !R%%oint"ents Ro##ier$ t&e
!Rrri+!ls R&!ll$ !n RArts deR,ree$ !Rreers R,(id!ne$ t&e &e!+' R&e"i!ls Rind(str'$
Ro(rses oR""ittee$ e-!"iRn!tions Rbo!rd$ ! R,r!nts oR""ittee$ ! R,reetin,s R!rd$
R*&ester#ield REos%it!ls RM!n!,e"ent *oR""ittee$ R%!r9s deR%!rt"ent$ ! ne7
Rs'ste"s R!n!l'st$ et1
;1;:1I El nombre puede /acer de ad%etivo en genitivo como en la primera
parte del genitivo sa%n1 E.14 t&e R,irlZs Rn!"e Hel Rno"bre de l! "(R&!&!6$ &is
R&orseZs Rt!il Hel Rr!boL l! Rol! de s( !Rb!llo6$ et1M en estos e.e"%los Qt&e ,irlQ ' Q&is
&orseQ &!en l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+osM no tienen$ sin e"b!r,o$ #or"! o"%!r!ti+! o
s(%erl!ti+!$ %ero tienen "s !trib(iones /(e los no"bres$ '! /(e los no"bres en
,eniti+o %(eden ir solos %or/(e se sobrHe6entiende l! se,(nd! %!rte del ,eniti+o
s!.3n1 E.14 T&is H&o(se6 is "' sisterZs Hst! H!s!6 es de "i &er"!n!6M Ee 7!s !t St1
P!(lZs H*!t&edr!l6 Hl est!b! en Hl! !tedr!l de6 S!n P!blo6$ et1 D1 :1=CI??$ :1B=I
5CB
;1;;1I El infinitivo$ ! +ees$ se usa como ad%etivo delante del nombre$ !(n/(e no
ten,! #or"! o"%!r!ti+! ' s(%erl!ti+!M pueden darse los siguientes casos"
*+ Rue el infinitivo vaa precedido de varias palabrasM el %l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+!
Is !l #in!l1 E.14 t&!t ne+erItoIbeI#or,otten Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO
Rd!' HeseL !/(el dF! /(e no se "e ol+id!r Rn(n!6$ ! de+ilI"!'I!re Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO R"!n H(n &o"bre des%reo(R%!do6$ et1
2+ Rue el infinitivo vaa seguido de alguna palabraM el %l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is
!l #in!l1 E.14 ! st!'I!tI&o"e Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO R%erson H(n!
%erson! !Rser!L &o,!Rre)!6$ ! (tI%rie NGB %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
del!nte de (n no"breOL (tIr!te NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte de
(n no"breO R.!9et H(n! &!/(et! ! %reio reb!R.!doL reb!.!d! de R%reio6$ t&e
e!seHI6#ire Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO Rline Hl! lFne! del !lto el
R#(e,o6$ ! "!9eIbelie+e Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO R7orld H(n
"(ndo i"!,iRn!rio6$ &er not to be #or,otten Nno ,r!d(!bleO R%roble" Hs( %roble"!
/(e no se %(ede ol+iRd!r6$ ! dri+eIin Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO
Rine"! H(n !(toRine6$ ! ,oI!&e!d Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO
R!ttit(de H(n! !tit(d e"%rendeRdor!L %osiRti+!6$ "' brot&erZs &!ndI"eIdo7n Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO Rtro(sers Hlos %!nt!lones &ered!dos de "i
&erR"!no6$ et1
2+ Rue el infinitivo vaa soloM el %l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is !l #in!l1 E.14 &er not to be
!lien!ted inR&erit!ne Hs( &ereni! /(e no tiene /(e ser en!.eRn!d!6$ Rstor" Rtroo%s
HRtro%!s de !Rs!lto Ni %!r! !s!lt!rO6$ ! R,rindHI6stone H(n! %iedr! de "oRler Ni %!r!
"olerO6$ Rdro% R7ire H!nRten! de !ble olR,!nte Ni %!r! ol,!rO6$ Rsto% R+!l+e HR+l+(l!
de Rierre Ni %!r! err!rO6$ Rs7in, Rl!"% Hl"%!r! olR,!nte Ni %!r! ol,!rO6$ et1
-+ Rue el infinitivo vaa unido a otro infinitivo por medio de las con%unciones
Mand, orMM el %l(r!l$ si lo tiene$ lle+! Is !l #in!lM el !"bio de est!s %!l!br!s !
!d.eti+os es tot!lM el %ri"er ele"ento no "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!1 E.14 ! &itI
!ndIr(n Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO Rdri+er H(n ond(tor /(e se d! !
l! R#(,!6$ ! s"!s&I!ndI,r!b NGB4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO Rr!id H(n
!tr!oL !s!lto en el /(e se ro"%e (n es!%!Rr!te Hde (n! tiend!66$ ! t!9eIorIle!+e Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO Ro##er H(n! o#ert! /(e se o,e NEs%!)!OL
!e%t! o se Rde.!6$ ! &itIorI"iss Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO !R##!ir
H(n! loteRrF!L (n !s(nto en el /(e %(edes !ert!r o Rno6$ et1
;1;<1I &os ad%etivos compuestos pueden formarse por composicin (!ndo l!
r!Fz o "one"! de (n! %!l!br! %ri"iti+! se .(nt! on l! r!Fz o "one"! de otr!
%!l!br! %ri"iti+!M tod!s l!s %!l!br!s$ e-e%to Ut&eV ' U!Hn6V$ %(eden (nirse %!r!
#or"!r %!l!br!s o"%(est!sM estos !d.eti+os %(eden lle+!r !ento %ri"!rio o
se(nd!rio en los ele"entos ND1 51;?15OM los !d.eti+os o"%(estos pueden estar
formados de"
*+ @n nombre un ad%etivoM el %ri"er ele"ento$ /(e es (n !d.eti+o de l! l!se 88
ND1 ;15;O$ es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!M en ,ener!l$ (!ndo +!n del!nte
del no"bre es "e.or %onerlos (nidos on ,(i3n ' (!ndo +!n detrs del +erbo
se%!r!dos sin ,(i3n1 E.14 ! &err'Ired N"s (s!doOL &err' red R7ine H(n +ino ro.o
eRrez!61
2+ @n nombre un participio 4de+ pasadoM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$
!li#i! o !te,oriz!4 R,!sIR#ired Hde ,!s6$ et1 E.14 ,!sI#ired entr!l R&e!tin,
H!le#!i3n entr!l de R,!s6$ et1
2+ @n nombre seguido de la forma verbal en 5ingM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e
"odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!4 b!Rn!n!I%roRd(in, H%rod(torHes6$ !Hs66 de %lt!nos6$
Rli#eIRs!+in, H/(e s!l+! +id!sL de soorro6$ Rner+eIRH76r!9in, H/(e destroz! los
ner+ios6$ Rso(lIdeRstro'in, Hdes"or!liz!dorHes6$ !Hs66$ et1 E.14 b!n!n!I%rod(in,
Ro(ntries H%!Fses %rod(tores de R%lt!nos6$ ! li#eIs!+in, deR+ie H(n !%!r!to /(e
s!l+! R+id!s61
-+ @n ad%etivo seguido de otro ad%etivo4 Rd!r9 R,reen H+erdeHs6 os(rHoHs6$ !Hs66$
Rli,&t R,reen H+erdeHs6 l!roHs6$ !Hs66$ Rbri,&t R,reen H+erdeHs6 #(erteHs66$ et1 E.14 ! li,&t
,reen Rolo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rolor NUSAO H(n olor +erde Rl!ro61
El %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz! %ero &!' e-e%iones4
RbitterIRs7eet H!,rid(le6$ Rde!#IR"(te Hsordo"(do6$ et1
E!' !d.eti+os o"%(estos ,entiliiosM el %ri"ero ter"in! en Io !si sie"%re
se,(ido del otro !d.eti+o on (n ,(i3n1 E.14 RA#roIAR"eri!n H!#ro!"eri!noHs6$
!Hs66$ RAn,loIRS!-on H!n,los!.3nHes6$ !Hs66$ RD!noINorR7e,i!n Hd!nonor(e,oHs6$
!Hs66$ RFr!noIRBritis& H#r!nobritnioHs6$ !Hs66$ RFr!noIRPr(ssi!n H#r!no%r(si!noHs6$
!Hs66$ RIndoIE(roR%e!n Hindoe(ro%eoHs6$ !Hs66$ RIris&IAR"eri!n Hirl!nd0sI!"eri!no6$
RSinoIj!%!Rnese Hsino.!%on0sHes6$ !Hs66$ RSinoIRSo+iet Hsinoso+i0tioHs6$ !Hs66$
RS%!nis&HI6AR"eri!n H&is%!no!"eri!noHs6$ !Hs66$ RS'roIRLeb!nese
Hsiriolib!n0sHes66$ RTibetoIRB(r"!n Htibet!nobir"!noHs6$ !Hs66$ et1
3+ @n ad%etivo o adverbio un participio 4de+ pasado7 algunos son nombres
compuestos terminados en 5ed en los 'ue el primer elemento es un ad%etivo el
segundo elemento no es un participio sino un nombre D la terminacin 5edM el
%ri"er ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!4 R!bsentIR"inded
Hdes%ist!doHs6$ !Hs66$ R#!t&e!ded Hi"b0ilHes6L est2%idoHs6$ !Hs66$ R,l!ss'IRe'ed Hon l!
"ir!d! +idrios!6$ et1 E.14 !n !bsentI"inded R%erson H(n! %erson! des%isRt!d!61
6+ @n ad%etivo seguido de la forma verbal en 5ingM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e
"odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!4 R,oodIRloo9in, H!%(estoHs6L bonit!Hs6L !tr!ti+oHs6$
!Hs66$ et1 E.14 ! ,oodIloo9in, R"!n H(n &o"bre !R%(esto61
8+ @n ad%etivo un nombreM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o
!te,oriz!4 Rdee%IRse! Hdel "!r %ro#(ndo6$ R%resentIRd!' H!t(!lHes66$ et1
9+ @n adverbio un participio 4de+ pasadoM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e
"odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!4 R&!rdIRe!rned Hbien "ereidoHs6$ !Hs6L ,!n!doHs6$ !Hs6
on el s(dor de l! #rente6$ et1 D1 =15=5
0+ @n adverbio seguido de una forma en 5ingM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e
"odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!4 #!rHI6seein,$ R#!stIR,ro7in, Hde rei"iento r%ido6$
R&!rdIR7or9in, Htr!b!.!dorHes6$ !Hs66$ Rlon,IRl!stin, H/(e d(r!Hn6 "(&o6$ (%Rli#tin,
H/(e le+!nt!Hn6 el ni"oL /(e ele+!Hn6 el es%Frit(6$ et1 E.14 ! #!stI,ro7in, R%l!nt H(n!
%l!nt! de rei"iento Rr%ido61
*:+ Dos infinitivos unidos por las con%unciones MorM o MandM1 D1 ;1;;1;
l*+ @n infinitivo seguido de alguna palabra1 D1 ;1;;18
*2+ @n participio 4de+ pasado un adverbioM el se,(ndo ele"ento es el /(e
"odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!4 Rr(nIRdo7n Ns3lo del!nte de (n no"breO ' URr(n
Rdo7nV Ndetrs de (n +erboO H!ns!doL d0bilL des!r,!do6$ R!stIRo## Ns3lo del!nte de
(n no"breO H+ie.oHs6$ !Hs66$ et1
*2+ @n nBmero un nombre contable en singular7 se usan delante del
nombreM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!4 #i+eI%!,e Hde
ino %,in!s6$ t&reeI7indo7 Hde tres +ent!n!s6$ et1
*-+ @na preposicin un nombre4 o+erRse!s He-teriorL e-tr!n.ero6$ R(nder!r"$ et1
E.14 (nder!r" Rodo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rodor NUSAO Holor ! sob!o6$ et1
*3+ Q!s de dos palabrasM el !"bio de est!s %!l!br!s !d+erbi!les o
%re%osiion!les ! !d.eti+os es tot!lM (!ndo +!n del!nte del no"bre lle+!n ,(ionesM
los dos %ri"eros ele"entos son los /(e "odi#i!n$ !li#i!n o !te,oriz!n4 Rdo7nI
!tIR&eel$ Ro(tIo#IRd!te$ Ro(tIo#IR%o9et$ R(nderIt&eIRo(nter$ et1 E.14 do7nI!tI&eel
Rs&oes Hz!%!tos ,!sRt!dos6$ o(tIo#Id!te Rlot&es Hro%! %!s!d! de R"od!6$ o(tIo#I
%o9et e-R%enses H,!stos R+!rios6$ !n o(tIo#It&eI7!' R+ill!,e H(n %(eblo !%!rRt!do6$
(nderIt&eIo(nter R,oods H"er!nF!s /(e se o"%r!nL +enden iRlFit!"ente61
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo est!s o"bin!iones +!n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o no
lle+!n ,(iones1 E.14 T&e s&oes !re Rdo7n !t R&eel HLos z!%!tos estn ,!sRt!dos6$ et1
D1 ;1<1@
No obst!nte$ !l,(n!s %!l!br!s o"%(est!s lle+!n sie"%re ,(i3n (!ndo &!en de
!d.eti+os del!nte del no"bre ' (!ndo &!en de !d+erbios detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+o1 D1 ;1<1@
;1;=1I Los ad%etivos reduplicativos se #or"!n on re%etiiones tot!les o %!ri!lesM
el %ri"er ele"ento no "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!1 E.14 Rrissross Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Hen"!r!)!doHs6$ !Hs6L entrer(z!doHs6$ !Hs66$ R,ood'IR,ood' H"od0lioHs6$ !Hs66$
Rn!"b'IR%!"b' H)o)Ho$ !6L re"il,!dHo$ !66M Rs&ill's&!llier H"s tit(be!nteL
+!il!nte6M Rti%IRto% He-elente6M It is !ll Rto%s'IRt(r+' Lto%L NGBO ' Lt!4%L NUSAO HEst
todo desordeRn!doL %!t!s !Rrrib!6$ et1
;1;?1I &os ad%etivos pueden formarse tambin por acortamiento de una
palabra "s l!r,!1 E.14 o"#' Ni o"#ort!bleO H3"odoHs6$ !Hs66$ loon'L loonieL
l(n' Ni l(n!tiO HlooHs6$ !Hs6L &i#l!doHs6$ !Hs66$ %o%H(l!r6$ et1
;1;@1I &os ad%etivos pueden formarse tambin de forma onomatopica1 E.14
7is&'I7!s&' LR7I[I7o[iL NGBO ' LR7I[I7!4[iL NUSA o LR7I[I7o4[iLO Hd0bilL
insF%idoHs6$ !Hs6L sin %erson!lid!d6$ R&(s&IR&(s& H"(' seretHo$ !66$ et1
;1;B1I El ad%etivo en grado positivo, comparativo o superlativo, puede usarse
normalmente delante del nombre, detr!s de un verbo copulativo como
atributo4 It is r!t&er &e!% HEs "s bien b!r!toL "(' b!r!to6$ detr!s de un verbo
normal como complemento predicativo del ob%eto directo4 Ee s!7 &er %rett'
Hl l! +io bonit!6L Ee s!7 &er !s %rett' Hl l! +io o"o Hsi #(er!6 bonit!L t!n bonit!6M
I donZt li9e to see &i" (n&!%%' HNo "e ,(st! +erleL lo desdi&!do6L I donZt li9e to
see &i" !s (n&!%%' HNo "e ,(st! +erleL lo o"o Hsi #(er!6 desdi&!doL t!n
desdi&!do6M Le!+e &i" !lone] H\D0.!leL lo tr!n/(ilo]6M M!9e it sn!%%'] H\D!te
%ris!]6$ et1
El sint!,"! !d.eti+!l es el !d.eti+o Hh los !d'!entes6M el !d.eti+o es el n2leo del
sint!,"! !d.eti+!l$ /(e %(ede est!r #or"!do %or4
!6 Un !d.eti+o4 It is #!nt!sti HEs #!ntstio6$ et1
b6 Un !d.eti+o ' !d'!entes4 It is !s ,ood !s t&!t HEs t!n b(eno o"o esoL !/(ello6$
et1
El !d.eti+o %(ede ser t!"bi0n t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no (n !d'!ente /(e
"odi#i! H!6 (n no"bre en el sint!,"! no"in!l1
El !d.eti+o %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de (n !d+erbio4 It #le7 &i,& HDol3 !lto61
En el +o!ti+o %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n !%el!ti+! solo4 sill'] H\tontHo$ !6]61
Dentro del sint!,"! !d.eti+!l %(ede &!ber oordin!i3n entre !d+erbios4 It is
o%enl' !nd deisi+el' riti!l HEs !biert! ' deisi+!"ente rFtio61
;1<C1I Los ad%etivos numerales$ /(e son (!ntit!ti+os de#inidos$ +!n del!nte del
no"breM son todos no ,r!d(!bles ' pueden ser"
a+ CardinalesM son los /(e "s se (s!n1
b+ Crdinales1
c+ Kartitivos, fraccionarios o 'uebrados1
&os ad%etivos numerales cardinales son" C no(,&t NGB4 %!r! dei"!les '
e-%resiones "!te"ti!sOL zero NUSA %rini%!l"enteM en todos los sentidos %ero
es%ei!l"ente %!r! l! te"%er!t(r! ' en onte-tos ientF#ios$ "0dios '
eon3"iosO$ C1<B: " Nse lee Q%oint #i+e nine t&ree NoO no(,&t NGBOL zero NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO %oint #i+e nine t&ree enti"etres NGBOL enti"eters NUSAOL o# !
enti"etre NGBOL enti"eter NUSAOVM no se %(ede deir U#i+e &(ndred !nd ninet'I
t&reeVO HC$<B: "6$ 5 one$ 8 t7o$ : t&ree$ ; #o(r$ < #i+e$ = si-$ ? se+en$ @ ei,&t$ B
nine4 nine "en Hn(e+e &o"bres6$ 5C ten$ 55 ele+en$ 58 t7el+e$ 5: t&irRteen$ 5;
#o(rRteen$ 5< #i#Rteen$ 5= si-Rteen$ 5? se+enRteen$ 5@ ei,&Rteen$ 5B nineRteen$ 8C
Rt7ent'$ :C Rt&irt'4 t&irt' Br!zili!ns Htreint! br!sile)os H' br!sile)!s66$ ;C R#ort'4 #ort'
*ost! Ri!ns H(!rent! ost!rri/(e)os H' ost!rri/(e)!s66$ <C R#i#t'4 #i#t' E(ro%e!ns
Hin(ent! e(ro%eos H' e(ro%e!s66$ =C Rsi-t'4 si-t' Ger"!ns Hsesent! !le"!nes H'
!le"!n!s66$ ?C Rse+ent'4 se+ent' G(!te"!l!ns Hsetent! ,(!te"!lteos H'
,(!te"!lte!s6$ @C Rei,&t'4 ei,&t' Eond(r!ns Ho&ent! &ond(re)os H' &ond(re)!s66$
BC Rninet'4 ninet' E(n,!ri!ns Hno+ent! &2n,!ros H' &2n,!r!s66M de +einte ! ien se
!)!de diret!"ente el n2"ero ! l! deen! on ,(i3n N"s (s!doO o sin ,(i3n
N"enos (s!doO4 85L t7ent'Ione N"s (s!doOL t7ent' one N"enos (s!doO$ :8L t&irt'I
t7o N"s (s!doOL t&irt' t7o N"enos (s!doO4 t&irt'It7o Britons N"enos (s!doOL
Britis& %eo%le N"s (s!doO Htreint! ' dos britnios H' britni!s66$ :;L t&irt'I#o(r
N"s (s!doOL t&irt' #o(r N"enos (s!doO4 t&irt'I#o(r B(l,!ri!ns Htreint! ' (!tro
b2l,!ros H' b2l,!r!s66$ ;;L #ort'I#o(r N"s (s!doOL #ort' #o(r N"enos (s!doO4 #ort'I
#o(r D!nes H(!rent! ' (!tro d!neses H' d!nes!s66$ ;@L #ort'Iei,&t N"s (s!doOL
#ort' ei,&t N"enos (s!doO4 #ort'Iei,&t D(t&"enL D(t&7o"en H(!rent! ' o&o
&ol!ndesesL &ol!ndes!s6$ <?L #i#t'Ise+en N"s (s!doOL #i#t' se+en N"enos (s!doO4
#i#t'Ise+en Finns Hin(ent! ' siete #inl!ndesesL #ineses H' #inl!ndes!sL #ines!s66$ BBL
ninet'Inine N"s (s!doOL ninet' nine N"enos (s!doOM 5CC ! Nno en#!tiz! el n2"ero
sino el no"bre /(e +! detrs de U&(ndredVM se %(ede (s!r U!V de 5CC ! 5BBOL one
Nen#!tiz! el n2"ero ' no el no"bre /(e +! detrs de U&(ndredVO &(ndredM ! &(ndred
Isr!elis Hien isr!elFes6M (!ndo 5CC +! detrs de otro n2"ero &!' /(e deir Qone
&(ndredQ$ no Q! &(ndredQM 8CCL t7o &(ndred4 t7o &(ndred Nor7e,i!ns Hdos ientos
nor(e,os H' nor(e,!s66$ :CCL t&ree &(ndred$ ;CCL #o(r &(ndred$ ei,&t &(ndred
Nor7e,i!ns Ho&oientos nor(e,os H' nor(e,!s66$ BCCL nine &(ndredM detrs de (n!
enten! se !)!de U!ndV ' el n2"ero /(e se desee en GB ' USA ' se %(ede$ o"o
o(rre sie"%re en !stell!no$ no %oner Q!ndQ en USA4 !L one &(ndred !nd ten
It!li!nsL one N!4 no %onerO &(ndred ten It!li!ns NUSAO Hiento diez it!li!nos He
it!li!n!s66M 8C:L t7o &(ndred !nd t&reeL t7o &(ndred Nsin U!ndVO t&ree NUSAOM :<CL
t&ree #i#t'L t&ree &(ndred !nd #i#t'L t&ree &(ndred Nsin U!ndVO #i#t' NUSAOM #o(r
&(ndred !nd #i+e Ir!/isL #o(r &(ndred Nsin U!ndVO #i+e Ir!/is NUSAO H(!tro ientos
ino ir!/(Fes6$ si- &(ndred !nd ninet'It&ree Me-i!nsL si- &(ndred Nsin U!ndVO
ninet'It&ree Me-i!ns NUSAO Hseis ientos no+ent! ' tres "e.i!nos H' "e.i!n!s6
NEs%!)!OL "e-i!nos H' "e-i!n!s6 NL!tino!"0ri!O6$ @<BL ei,&t &(ndred !nd
#i#t'HI6nineL ei,&t &(ndred Nsin U!ndVO #i#t'HI6nine NUSAOM ! %!rtir de "il se %one
nor"!l"ente (n! o"! en in,l0s ' (n %(nto en !stell!no %ero t!"bi0n se %(ede
de.!r (n es%!io t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no donde est l! o"! sin %onerl!M
5$CCC !L one t&o(s!ndM de 5$CC5 ! 5$BBB se (s! "s ' es "e.or %oner Uone N"s
en#tio ' %reisoO t&o(s!ndV /(e U! t&o(s!ndV %ero se %(eden %oner los dos$
!(n/(e Q!Q se (s! "(&o "enos de 55CC ! 5BBB /(e de 5$CC5 ! 5CBBM ! N"s
(s!doOL one N"enos (s!do4 en#!tiz! el n2"eroO t&o(s!nd ti"es H"ilL (n "ill!r de
+ees6M !L one t&o(s!nd P!9ist!nis H"il %!/(ist!nFes6M ! N"enos (s!doOL one N"s
(s!doO t&o(s!nd !nd si- P!n!"!ni!nsL one N!4 no %onerO t&o(s!nd si- P!n!"!ni!ns
NUSAO H"il seis %!n!"e)os H' %!n!"e)!s66M 5$5CC4 ! N"enos (s!doOL one N"s
(s!doO t&o(s!ndH$6 one Nno se %(ede (s!r U!V si no +! !l %rini%io del n2"eroO
&(ndred %resentsL ,i#ts H515CC re,!los6M ! N"enos (s!doOL one N"s (s!doO
t&o(s!ndH$6 t7o &(ndred P!r!,(!'!ns H"il dosientos %!r!,(!'os H' %!r!,(!'!s66$
5$<?:4 ! N"enos (s!doOL one N"s (s!doO t&o(s!ndH$6 #i+e &(ndred !nd
se+ent'HI6t&ree treesL one N!4 no %onerO t&o(s!ndH$6 #i+e &(ndred Nsin U!ndVO
se+ent'HI6t&ree trees NUSAO H51<?: rboles6M se %(eden deir de dos "!ner!s l!s
enten!s de 51CCC &!st! 81CCC %rini%!l"ente ' ! +ees &!st! B1BCCM 5$BCC4 !
N"enos (s!doOL one N"s (s!doO t&o(s!ndH$6 nine &(ndred NoO nineteen &(ndred
%l!tes H51BCC %l!tos6M t&ree t&o(s!nd S7iss Htres "il s(izos H' s(iz!s66$ #i+e t&o(s!nd
Per(+i!ns Hino "il %er(!nos H' %er(!n!s66M ?$CCC4 se+en t&o(s!nd t&r(s&es H?1CCC
tordos6M ?=$CCC4 se+ent'HI6si- t&o(s!nd !llotro%i %rod(ts H?=1CCC %rod(tos
!lotr3%ios6M 5CC$CCCL 5CC CCC !L one &(ndred t&o(s!ndM 5$CCC$CCC !L one "illion4
!L one "illion R("!ni!ns H(n "ill3n de r("!nos H' r("!n!s66M se+en "illion
R(ssi!ns Hsiete "illones de r(sos H' r(s!s66$ t7ent'Inine "illion So(t& A"eri!ns
H+eintin(e+e "illones de s(d!"eri!nosL s(r!"eri!nos H' s(d!"eri!n!sL
s(r!"eri!n!s66$ se+enteen "illion T&!is Hdieisiete "illones de t!il!ndeses H'
t!il!ndes!s66M 5$CCC$CC@L one "illion !nd ei,&tL one "illion Nsin U!ndVO ei,&t
NUSAOM no se %(ede %oner U!V (!ndo U"illionV$ et1$ +! se,(ido de enten!s$
"ilesM 5$CCC$;;<L one "illionH$6 #o(r &(ndred !nd #ort'HI6#i+eL one "illionH$6 #o(r
&(ndred Nsin U!ndVO #ort'HI6#i+e NUSAOM 5$CCC$CCC$CCCL one t&o(s!nd "illionL one
"illi!rd NGB4 !ntesOL !L one billion NUSA ' !&or! en GBO H"il "illones6M
5$CCC$CCC$CCC$CCC !L one billion NGB4 !ntesOL one t&o(s!nd billion NGB4 !&or!OL !L
one trillion NUSAO Hbill3n6M !L one /(!drillion N5< erosO NUSAO H"il billones6M !L
one trillion N5@ eros4 GBOL !L one /(intillion NUSAO Htrill3n6$ et1 ND1 <15<OM %(eden
ir %reedidos de UnotVM los n2"eros en serie de (n! "!trF(l! o (n do("ento se
%(eden di+idir on ,(iones4 :?BI?8;IB=1 D1 ;1<1?$ <15<
El (so de Utrillion$ /(!drillionV$ et1$ es o"o el de U"illion$ billionV1 D1 :1@155
UROneV H(nHo$ !6L "is"Ho$ !6 on no"bres ont!bles ' +erbo en sin,(l!r %!r!
%erson!s ' os!sM +! !ent(!do ' se (s! %!r! en#!tiz!r /(e es (nHo$ !6 ' no tres o
diezM indi! "!'or %reisi3n /(e Q!Q ' %(ede indi!r ontr!ste t!"bi0nM se (s! en
#or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M %reedido de Ut&eL !n'L noL notV si,ni#i!
U2niHo$ !6L solHo$ !6V ' +! !ent(!doM se (s! QoneQ ' no Q!Hn6Q del!nte de dF!s de l!
se"!n!$ "eses del !)o ' no"bres de %erFodos de tie"%o o"o Qe+enin,L &o(rL
"in(teL "ornin,L ni,&tL seondL ti"eQ$ et1$ (!ndo se /(iere indi!r el "o"ento en
/(e &! tenido l(,!r !l,o ND1 815CBO$ one "ore Nes "s en#tio /(e U!not&erVO H(nHo$
!6 "s6$ one ot&er H(nHo$ !6 "s61 E.4 Rone orner H(n! es/(in!6M !ll in Rone diretion
Htodos en (n!L l! "is"! direi3n6M ItZs t&e Rone sol(tion Ht&!t6 I see HEs l! 2ni!
sol(i3n /(e +eo6M T&ere 7!s Rone S!r!& in t&e "eetin, HE!bF! (n! S!r! en l!
re(ni3n6M one Peter S"it& H(n t!l Pedro S16M ItZs not #or !n' Rone %erson or ,ro(% HNo
es %!r! (n! sol! %erson! o ,r(%o6M T&ereZs no Rone olle,e 7it& t&ose &!r!teristis
HNo &!' nin,(n! es(el! s(%erior on es!s !r!terFsti!s6M Not Rone #ootb!ller
NGBOL #ootb!ll %l!'er NGBOL soer %l!'er !n o"e HNi (n solo #(tbolist! %(ede
+enir6M ROne d!' I #o(nd t&e "ine HUn dF! enontr0 l! "in!6L I #o(nd t&e "ine Rone
d!' HEnontr0 l! "in! (n dF!6$ %ero UEe s%ent !L Rone ni,&t t&ereV Nno indi! el
"o"ento en /(e &! tenido l(,!r !l,oO Hl %!s3 (n! no&e !llF6M T!9e one "ore
!rd] H\*o,e NEs%!)!OL A,!rr! (n! !rt! "s]6M T&ese #o(r stre!"s !nd Rone ot&er
HEstos (!tro ri!&(elos ' (no "s61
Se %(ede e-%res!r "s o "enos lo "is"o (s!ndo el %rono"bre inde#inido QoneQ
se,(ido de Qo#Q h el no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes4 Ut&eV$ los !d.eti+os
de"ostr!ti+os ' %osesi+os1 E.14 Rone o# t&e orners H(n! de l!s es/(in!s61
Es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes (s!r sie"%re UoneV en +ez de U!V
del!nte de (n n2"ero !rdin!l o del!nte de no"bres de "edid!s %or/(e sie"%re
est bien %ero U!V %(ede est!r "!l1 D1 81558
Los n2"eros !rdin!les Qt7o$ t&ree$ #i+eQ$ et1$ on no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!l +!n
on (n +erbo en %l(r!l$ si &!en de s(.eto %!r! %erson!s ' os!sM (!ndo se &!bl! de
(n! !ntid!d Hde dinero$ et16$ de tie"%o$ de dist!ni!$ de +eloid!d ' de %eso +!n
del!nte de no"bres en %l(r!l on +erbo en sin,(l!r$ si &!en de s(.etoM se (s!n en
#or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M %(eden ir %reedidos de Ut&eVM no
%(eden ir %reedidos del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ ! no ser /(e +!'! se,(ido de (n
!d.eti+oM (!ndo (no de estos n2"eros +! se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o &!' /(e %oner (n
no"bre o UonesV detrs del !d.eti+oM %(eden ir se,(idos de Udozen$ &(ndred$
t&o(s!nd$ "illion$ billionV$ on +erbo en sin,(l!r1 E.14 Fo(r onson!nts !re "issin,
HF!lt!n (!tro onson!ntes6M T&e se+en 9e's 7ere lost HL!s siete ll!+es est!b!n
%erdid!sL se %erdieron6M Fi+e #rid,es !re ne7 H*ino #ri,orF#ios son n(e+os6M Ten
9ilos is not eno(,& HDiez 9ilos no son s(#iientesL es s(#iiente6M >e !n ,(!r!ntee
!n (n#or,ett!ble #o(r 7ee9s HPode"os ,!r!ntiz!r (n!s (!tro se"!n!s
inol+id!bles6M #or ! b!d nine 'e!rs Hd(r!nte (nos n(e+e !)os "!los6$ ! #(rt&er t&irt'
%eo%le Htreint! %erson!s "s6$ ! ,ood t&ree &o(rs H(n!s tres b(en!s &or!s6M ! ,oodL
terrible #i+e 9ilo"etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eters NUSAO o# o(r .o(rne'
H(nos ino 9il3"etros b(enosL terribles de n(estro +i!.e6M ! "ere ten d!'s l!te Hon
!%en!s diez dF!s de retr!soL !%en!s diez dF!s t!rde6M ! "ere #i+e 'e!rs !,o H&!e
!%en!s ino !)os6M t&e l!st Hone N!4 no %onerO6 &(ndred !nd t&irt' 'e!rs Hlos 2lti"os
iento treint! !)os6M t7ent' ne7 ones H+einte n(e+osL n(e+!s6M T7o "illion is
s(##iient HDos "illones son s(#iientesL es s(#iiente6$ et1 D15C18@
Los !d.eti+os n("er!les !rdin!les %(eden ir (nidos ! (n no"bre %or "edio de (n
,(i3n %!r! #or"!r !d.eti+os o"%(estosM t!"bi0n %(eden ir del!nte del no"bre '
(n !d.eti+o1 E.14 ! #i+eI%!,e le!#let H(n #olleto de ino %,in!s6M S&eZs #i+e "ont&s
%re,n!nt HEll! est e"b!r!z!d! de ino "eses6$ et1
Se %(ede e-%res!r "s o "enos lo "is"o (s!ndo el %rono"bre n("er!l !rdin!l
se,(ido de Uo#V h el no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os
de"ostr!ti+os ' %osesi+os1 E.14 #o(r o# t&e onson!nts H(!tro de l!s onson!ntes61
Los !d.eti+os n("er!les !rdin!les %(eden ir se,(idos de l! %!l!br! U"in(tesV o no
(!ndo oiniden on l!s "!r!s del relo. /(e +!n de ino en ino4 ino$ diez$
/(ine$ +einte$ et1$ %ero s(elen ir se,(idos de es! %!l!br! (!ndo son otros
n2"eros1 E.14 ItZs t7ent'I#i+eL t7ent' #i+e H"in(tes6 to ten HSon l!s diez "enos
+eintiino H"in(tos66$ %ero QItZs !l"ost t7ent'I#o(rL t7ent' #o(r "in(tes %!st tenQ
HSon !si l!s diez ' +einti(!tro "in(tos61
Los !d.eti+os n("er!les !rdin!les %(eden ir en %l(r!l (!ndo &!en l! #(ni3n de
no"bres1 E.14 Se+en t&rees !re t7ent'HI6one HTres %or siete sonL &!en +einti(n!61
Los !d.eti+os inde#inidos Q"oreL #e7er Nestnd!rOL less N+(l,!rOQ +!n entre el
!d.eti+o n("er!l ' el no"bre en %l(r!lM sin e"b!r,o$ en !stell!no los !d.eti+os
inde#inidos Q"sL "enosQ +!n detrs del no"bre en %l(r!l1 E.14 si- #e7er Nestnd!rOL
less N+(l,!rO b(ttons Hseis botones "enos6M t&ree "ore (%ol!sL do"es Htres 2%(l!s
"s61
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n del!nte de los !d.eti+os n("er!les !rdin!les4 !bo(t$
!l"ost$ !not&er$ !%%ro-i"!tel'$ !ro(nd$ e-!tl'$ #e7er t&!n$ less t&!n$ ! "!-i"("
o#$ ! "ini"(" o#$ "ore li9e$ "ore or less$ "ore t&!n$ ne!rl'$ no "ore t&!n$ o+er$
ro(,&l'$ so"e$ so"et&in, li9e$ (nder$ (% to H&!st!61
E!' !l,(nos !d+erbios /(e +!n detrs de los !d.eti+os n("er!les !rdin!les h
no"bre4 !t t&e "!-i"(" Ho"o "-i"o6$ !t t&e "ini"(" Ho"o "Fni"o6$ !t
"ost Ho"o "-i"o6$ !t t&e "ost Ho"o "-i"o6$ "!-i"(" Ho"o "-i"o6$
"ini"(" Ho"o "Fni"o6$ "ore H"s6$ "ore or less H"s o "enos6$ or less Ho
"enos6$ or "ore Ho "s6$ or so NGB %rini%!l"enteO H"s o "enos6$ or so"et&in,
li9e t&!t Ho !l,o !sF6$ or t&ere!bo(ts H"s o "enos6$ or (nder Ho "enos6$ %l(s H"s61
E.14 t7o "illion doll!rs "ini"(" Hdos "illones de d3l!res o"o "Fni"o6M t7ent'
!%rons or soL or t&ere!bo(tsL ! ,ood t7ent' !%rons H+einte "!ndilesL %ist!s de
est!ion!"ientoL %rosenios "s o "enos61
UOddV Nolo/(i!l4 detrs de l!s deen!s$ ! %!rtir de +einte$ de l!s enten!s '
"ill!resO +! entre los !d.eti+os n("er!les !rdin!les esritos on i#r!s o on letr!s$
se%!r!do o (nido %or ,(i3n$ ' el no"bre1 E.14 t&irt'Iodd NoO t&irt' odd Nolo/(i!lO
%ro%ellers Htreint! ' t!nt!s &0lies6M T7o t&o(s!nd odd NoO t&o(s!ndIodd Nolo/(i!lO
e(ros is not "(& "one' HDos "il e(ros ' %io no sonL es "(&o dinero61
QAt le!stQ %(ede ir del!nte o detrs de los !d.eti+os n("er!les !rdin!les h no"bre1
;1<51I Los ad%etivos numerales ordinales son4 5stL t&e #irst HelL los %ri"erHo6Hs6L
l!Hs6 %ri"erH!6Hs66$ 8ndL t&e seond HelL los se,(ndoHs6L l!Hs6 se,(nd!Hs66$ :rdL t&e
t&ird HelL los tererHo6Hs6L l!Hs6 tererH!6Hs66$ ;t&L t&e #o(rt& HelL los (!rtoHs6L l!Hs6
(!rt!Hs66$ <t&L t&e #i#t& HelL los /(intoHs6L l!Hs6 /(int!Hs66$ =t&L t&e si-t& HelL los
se-toHs6L l!Hs6 se-t!Hs66$ ?t&L t&e se+ent& HelL los s0%ti"oHs6L l!Hs6 s0%ti"!Hs66$ @t&L t&e
ei,&t& HelL los ot!+oHs6L l!Hs6 ot!+!Hs66$ Bt&L t&e nint& HelL los no+enoHs6L l!Hs6
no+en!Hs66$ 5Ct&Lt&e tent& HelL los d0i"oHs6L l!Hs6 d0i"!Hs66$ 55t&L t&e ele+ent& HelL
los (nd0i"oHs6 N(O 55L l!Hs6 (nd0i"!Hs6 N(O 556$ 58t&L t&e t7el#t& !seHs6 HelL los
d(od0i"oHs6 !soHs6L !soHs6 586$ de U5:t&V ! U5Bt&V se !)!de Ut&V ! !d! n2"ero4
5:t&L t&e t&irteent& HelL los dei"otereroHs6 NoO 5:L l!Hs6 dei"oterer!Hs6 NoO 5:6$
5;t&L t&e #o(rteent& HelL los dei"o(!rtoHs6 NoO 5;L l!Hs6 dei"o(!rt!Hs6 NoO 5;6$
5<t&L t&e #i#teent& HelL los dei"o/(intoHs6 NoO 5<L l!Hs6 dei"o/(int!Hs6 NoO 5<6$
5=t&L t&e si-teent& HelL los dei"ose-toHs6 NoO 5=L l!Hs6 dei"ose-t!Hs6 NoO 5=6$ 5?t&L
t&e se+enteent& HelL los dei"os0%ti"oHs6 NoO 5?L l!Hs6 dei"os0%ti"!Hs6 NoO 5?6$
5@t&L t&e ei,&teent& HelL los dei"ot!+oHs6 NoO 5@L l!Hs6 dei"ot!+!Hs6 NoO 5@6$
5Bt&L t&e nineteent& HelL los dei"ono+enoHs6 NoO dei"ononoHs6 NoO 5BL l!Hs6
dei"ono+en!Hs6 NoO dei"onon!Hs6 NoO 5B6$ 8Ct&L t&e t7entiet& HelL los +i,0si"oHs6
NoO 8CL l!Hs6 +i,0si"!Hs6 NoO 8C6$ :Ct&L t&e t&irtiet& HelL los tri,0si"oHs6 NoO :CL l!Hs6
tri,0si"!Hs6 NoO :C6$ ;Ct&L t&e #ortiet& HelL los (!dr!,0si"oHs6 NoO ;CL l!Hs6
(!dr!,0si"!Hs6 NoO ;C6$ <Ct&L t&e #i#tiet& HelL los /(in(!,0si"oHs6 NoO <CL l!Hs6
/(in(!,0si"!Hs6 NoO <C6$ =Ct&L t&e si-tiet& HelL los se-!,0si"oHs6 NoO =CL l!Hs6
se-!,0si"!Hs6 NoO =C6$ ?Ct&L t&e se+entiet& HelL los se%t(!,0si"oHs6 NoO ?CL l!Hs6
se%t(!,0si"!Hs6 NoO ?C6$ @Ct&L t&e ei,&tiet& HelL los oto,0si"oHs6 N(O @CL l!Hs6
oto,0si"!Hs6 N(O @C6$ BCt&4 t&e ninetiet& t!bleHs6 Hl!Hs6 non!,0si"!Hs6 "es!Hs6L
"es!Hs6 BC6M del U8Ct&V !l U5CCt&V se !)!de diret!"ente el n2"ero ordin!l ! l!
deen! del n("er!l !rdin!l$ no del ordin!l$ on ,(i3n4 8=t&L t&e t7ent'Isi-t& HelL
los +i,0si"o se-toHs6 NoO 8=L l!Hs6 +i,0si"! se-t!Hs6 NoO 8=6$ BBt&L t&e ninet'Inint&
HelL los non!,0si"o no+enoHs6 NoO BBL l!Hs6 non!,0si"! no+en!Hs6 NoO BB6M 5CCt&4
t&e &(ndredt& !nni+ers!r' Hel ent0si"oL 5CC !ni+ers!rio6$ 5C:t&4 t&e &(ndred !nd
t&ird !nni+ers!r' Hel ent0si"o tererL 5C: !ni+ers!rio6$ 8CCt&4 t&e t7o &(ndredt&
#!re7ell Hl! d(ent0si"! des%edid!L des%edid! 8CC6$ :CCt&L t&e t&ree &(ndredt& HelL
los trient0si"oHs6 NoO :CCL l!Hs6 trient0si"!Hs6 NoO :CC6$ ;CCt&L t&e #o(r &(ndredt&
HelL los (!drin,ent0si"oHs6 NoO ;CCL l!Hs6 (!drin,ent0si"!Hs6 NoO ;CC6$ <CCt&L t&e
#i+e &(ndredt& HelL los /(in,ent0si"oHs6 NoO <CCL l!Hs6 /(in,ent0si"!Hs6 NoO <CC6$
=CCt&L t&e si- &(ndredt& HelL los se-ent0si"oHs6 NoO =CCL l!Hs6 se-ent0si"!Hs6 NoO
=CC6$ ?CCt&L t&e se+en &(ndredt& HelL los se%tin,ent0si"oHs6 NoO ?CCL l!Hs6
se%tin,ent0si"!Hs6 NoO ?CC6$ @CCt&L t&e ei,&t &(ndredt& HelL los otin,ent0si"oHs6
N(O @CCL l!Hs6 otin,ent0si"!Hs6 N(O @CC6$ BCCt&L t&e nine &(ndredt& HelL los
nonin,ent0si"oHs6 NoO BCCL l!Hs6 nonin,ent0si"!Hs6 NoO BCC6M de 5CC &!st! 5CCC se
!)!de Q!ndQ ' el n2"ero ordin!l /(e se desee en GB ' USA ' sin Q!ndQ en USA !
l!s enten!s de los n2"eros !rdin!les$ no ordin!les4 8C:rdL t7o &(ndred !nd t&irdL
t7o &(ndred t&ird NUSAO HelL los d(ent0si"o tereroHs6 NoO 8C:L l!Hs6 d(ent0si"!
terer!Hs6 NoO 8C:6$ @<BL ei,&t &(ndred !nd #i#t'HI6nint&L ei,&t &(ndred #i#t'HI6nint&
NUSAO HelL los otin,ent0si"o /(in(!,0si"o no+enoHs6 N(O @<BL l!Hs6
otin,ent0si"! /(in(!,0si"! no+en!Hs6 N(O @<B6M 5$CCCt&L t&eL !L one t&o(s!ndt&
HelL los "il0si"oHs6 NoO 51CCCL (n "il0si"oL l!Hs6 "il0si"!Hs6 NoO 51CCCL (n!
"il0si"!6$ ?$CCCt&4 t&e se+en t&o(s!ndt& !ni"!l Hel siete"il0si"o !ni"!lL !ni"!l
?1CCC6$ ?=$CCCt&4 t&e se+ent'HI6si- t&o(s!ndt& tele+ision Hl! setent! ' seis "il0si"!
tele+isi3nL tele+isi3n ?=1CCC6M des%(0s se !)!de Q!ndQ ' el n2"ero ordin!l /(e se
desee en GB ' USA ' sin Q!ndQ en USA ! los "ill!res de los n2"eros !rdin!les$
no ordin!les4 5$<?:rdL t&e t&o(s!nd #i+e &(ndred !nd se+ent'HI6t&irdL t&e t&o(s!nd
#i+e &(ndred se+ent'HI6t&ird NUSAO HelL los "il0si"o /(in,ent0si"o se%t(!,0si"o
tereroHs6 NoO 51<?:L l!Hs6 "il0si"! /(in,ent0si"! se%t(!,0si"! terer!Hs6 NoO
51<?:6M ! %!rtir de "il se %one (n %(nto en !stell!no ' (n! o"! en in,l0sM
5CC$CCCt&L t&eL !L one &(ndred t&o(s!ndt& HelL los ent0si"o "il0si"oHs6 NoO
5CC1CCCL (n ent0si"o "il0si"oL l!Hs6 ent0si"! "il0si"!Hs6 NoO 5CC1CCCL (n!
ent0si"! "il0si"!6$ 5$CCC$CCCL t&eL !L one "illiont& HelL los "illon0si"oHs6 NoO
51CCC1CCCL (n "illon0si"oL l!Hs6 "illon0si"!Hs6 NoO 51CCC1CCCL (n! "illon0si"!6M
des%(0s se !)!de Q!ndQ ' el n2"ero ordin!l /(e se desee en GB ' USA ' sin Q!ndQ
en USA ! los n2"eros !rdin!les$ no ordin!les4 5$=CC$=C@t&L t&e "illion si-
&(ndred !nd ei,&t&L t&e "illion si- &(ndred ei,&t& NUSAO HelL los "illon0si"o
seisientos"il0si"o se-ent0si"o ot!+oHs6 NoO 51=CC1=C@L l!Hs6 "illon0si"!
seisientos"il0si"! se-ent0si"! ot!+!Hs6 NoO 51=CC1=C@6M 5$CCC$?;<t&L t&e "illion
se+en &(ndred H!nd6 #ort'HI6#i#t& HelL los "illon0si"o se%tin,ent0si"o
(!dr!,0si"o /(intoHs6 NoO 51CCC1?;<L l!Hs6 "illon0si"! se%tin,ent0si"!
(!dr!,0si"! /(int!Hs6 NoO 51CCC1?;<6M 5$CCC$CCC$CCCt&L t&e t&o(s!nd "illiont&
NGBOL t&e billiont& HelL los "il "illon0si"oHs6L 51CCC1CCC1CCCL l!Hs6 "il
"illon0si"!Hs6 NoO 51CCC1CCC1CCC6M 5$CCC$CCC$CCC$CCCL t&e billiont& NGB4 !ntesOL
one t&o(s!nd billiont& NGB4 !&or!OL t&e trilliont& NUSAO HelL los billon0si"oHs6L
51CCC1CCC1CCC1CCCL l!Hs6 billon0si"!Hs6 NoO 51CCC1CCC1CCC1CCC6M %(eden ir
%reedidos de QnotQM ItZs t&e nt&L ("%teent&L #ort'Iso"et&in,t& ti"e s&e &!s done it
HEs l! en0si"! +ez /(e ell! lo &! &e&oL Ell! lo &! &e&o "s de (!rent! +ees61
Los !d.eti+os n("er!les ordin!les %(eden ir del!nte del no"bre o de UoneHs6VM si no
se %one UoneHs6V$ el n("er!l es no"breL %rono"bre ' no !d.eti+o1 E.14 I s!7 t&e
seond one HDi el se,(ndoL l! se,(nd!6M T&e' 7ere t&e #i#t& ones HF(eron los
/(intosL l!s /(int!s61 Los !d.eti+os n("er!les ordin!les %(eden esribirse
!bre+i!dos (!ndo +!n %reedidos de Ut&eV1 E.14 t&e #i#t&L <t& #loor Hel /(into %iso6$
et1
T!"bi0n %(eden ir %reedidos de Q!Hn6L oneQ$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os ' %osesi+os$
!de"s de Qt&eQ4 !L one #i#t& !t&lete H(n /(into !tlet!6$ e-e%to en !l,(n!s #r!ses
idio"ti!s4 !t #irst ,l!ne H! %ri"er! +ist!6$ on seond t&o(,&ts H%ensndolo bien61
Los !d.eti+os n("er!les ordin!les %(eden ir del!nte del no"bre o detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+o$ %ero (!ndo +!n detrs de +erbos nor"!les o"o U!rri+e$ o"eV$
et1$ &!en l! #(ni3n de !d+erbios1
E-isten iertos !d.eti+os n("er!les ordin!les /(e indi!n (n! deen!4
/(!dr!,en!ri!n H/(!dr!,en!rioHs6$ !Hs6L (!rent3nHes6$ !Hs66$ /(in/(!,en!ri!n
H/(in(!,en!rioHs6$ !Hs6L in(ent3nHes6$ !Hs66$ se-!,en!ri!n Hse-!,en!rioHs6$ !Hs6L
sesent3nHes6$ !Hs66$ se%t(!,en!ri!n Hse%t(!,en!rioHs6$ !Hs6L setent3nHes6$ !Hs66$
oto,en!ri!n Hoto,en!rioHs6$ !Hs6L o&ent3nHes6$ !Hs66$ non!,en!ri!n
Hnon!,en!rioHs6$ !Hs6L no+ent3nHes6$ !Hs66$ enten!ri!n Henten!rioHs6$ !Hs6
N!%ro-i"!d!"ente '! /(e %(eden ser !l,(nos !)os "s o "enosO61
Nor"!l"ente los !d.eti+os n("er!les !rdin!les +!n del!nte de (n no"bre /(e
indi/(e orden$ tie"%o ronol3,io$ #e&!s$ t!"!)o$ dist!ni!$ re!$ +ol("en$ %eso$
+eloid!d o te"%er!t(r! ND1 ;1<15O$ %ero on iert!s %!l!br!s o"o Q!t$ boo9$
&!%ter$ e-erise$ #li,&t$ #olio$ line$ n("ber$ %!,e$ %!rt$ %l!t#or"$ roo"$ sene$
setion$ +ol("e$ 7!rdQ$ et1$ %(eden ir t!"bi0n detrs de (n no"bre$ en !%osii3n$
on el "is"o si,ni#i!do /(e los !d.eti+os n("er!les ordin!les1 E.14 t&e t&ird !t Hel
terer !to6 ' U!t T&reeL IIIV HHel6 !to terero6M t&e seond boo9 Hel se,(ndo libro6
' Uboo9 T7oV HHel6 libro se,(ndo6M t&e #i#t& &!%ter Hel /(into !%Ft(lo6 ' U&!%ter
<L DV HHel6 !%Ft(lo <L DL /(into6M t&e nint& e-erise Hel no+eno e.eriio6 '
Ue-erise BV HHel6 e.eriio B6M t&e si-t& #li,&t Hel se-to +(elo6 ' U#li,&t =V HHel6 +(elo
=6M t&e t7entiet& l!% Hl! +i,0si"! +(elt!6 ' Ul!% 8CV HHl!6 +(elt! 8C6M t&e #o(rt&
n("ber Hel (!rto n2"ero6 ' Un("berL NO ;V HHel6 n2"ero ;6M t&e #i#tiet& %!,e Hl!
%,in! /(in(!,0si"!6 ' U%!,e <CV HHl!6 %,in! <C6M t&e se+ent& %l!t#or" Hel
s0%ti"o !nd0n6 ' U%l!t#or" ?V HHel6 !nd0n ?6M t&e tent& roo" Hl! d0i"! &!bit!i3n6
' Uroo" 5CV HHl!6 &!bit!i3n 5C6M t&e #o(rt& sene Hl! (!rt! esen!6 ' Usene Fo(rV
HHl!6 esen! (!rt!6M t&e t7el#t& setion Hl! sei3n d(od0i"!6 ' Usetion 58V HHl!6
sei3n 586M t&e t&ird +ol("e Hel terer +ol("en6 ' U+ol("e :V HHel6 +ol("en :61
URoo" <8?V %(ede indi!r t!"bi0n l! &!bit!i3n 8? del /(into %isoM (!ndo &!'
(n! i#r! on tres n2"eros detrs de (n! l!se$ (n! &!bit!i3n$ (n !%!rt!"ento$ et1$
se lee el %ri"ero solo ' los dos 2lti"os .(ntos4 <8? N#i+e t7ent'Ise+enO$ ! no ser /(e
el se,(ndo se! (n ero4 =C@ Nsi- o& ei,&tOM (!ndo &!' (n! i#r! on (!tro
n2"eros$ se leen de dos en dos4 @;<: Nei,&t'I#o(r #i#t'It&reeOM si el n2"ero de (n!
!s! onst! de ino n("eros$ se lee (no ! (noM los !%!rt!dos de orreos on tres
n2"eros se leen (no ! (noM los n2"eros de los distritos %ost!les se leen
,ener!l"ente (no ! (no1
Se %(ede deir Qt&e #o(rt& !nd t&e #i#t& !t&leteV NoO Ut&e #o(rt& !nd #i#t& !t&letesQ
Hlos !tlet!s (!rto ' /(into61
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n del!nte de los !d.eti+os n("er!les ordin!les h
no"bre4 !l"ost$ !%%ro-i"!tel'$ "ore or less$ ne!rl'$ ro(,&l'$ so"et&in, li9e1 E.14
EeZs !l"ostL !%%ro-i"!tel'L "ore or lessL ne!rl'L ro(,&l'L so"et&in, li9e t&e #i#t&
7inner Hl es !siL !%ro-i"!d!"enteL "s o "enosL !siL !%ro-i"!d!"enteL !l,o
!sF o"o el /(into ,!n!dor61
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n detrs de los !d.eti+os n("er!les ordin!les h
no"bre4 !t "ost$ !t t&e "ost$ "ore or less$ or so NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ or
t&ere!bo(ts1 E.14 S&e is t&e seond b('er !t "ostL !t t&e "ostL "ore or lessL or
t&ere!bo(ts HEll! es l! se,(nd! o"%r!dor! o"o "-i"oL o"o "-i"oL "s o
"enosL !%ro-i"!d!"ente6M S&e is t&e t7entiet& %l!'er or so HEll! es l! +i,0si"!
.(,!dor! "s o "enos6M I t&in9 Ht&!t6 s&e is t&e t&ird o"%etitor or so N"s (s!doOL
t&e t&ird or so o"%etitor N"enos (s!doO H*reo /(e ell! es l! terer! o"%etidor!
"s o "enos61
QAt le!stQ %(ede ir del!nte o detrs de los !d.eti+os n("er!les ordin!les1 E.14 EeZs
t&e #o(rt& +isitor !t le!stL !t le!st t&e #o(rt& +isitor Hl es el (!rto +isit!nte %or lo
"enosL %or lo "enos el (!rto +isit!nte61
Los !d.eti+os Q#ollo7in,$ #or"er Nliter!rioO Hel %ri"erL !/(elL l! %ri"er!L !/(ell!
Non +erbo en sin,(l!rOL los %ri"erosL !/(ellosL l!s %ri"er!sL !/(ell!s Non +erbo en
%l(r!lM se re#iere ! dosM se (s! "s Q#irstQ /(e Q#or"erQO6$ l!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ l!tter
Nliter!rioO Hel se,(ndoL esteL l! se,(nd!L est! Non +erbo en sin,(l!rOL los se,(ndosL
estosL l!s se,(nd!sL est!s Non +erbo en %l(r!lM se (s! "s QseondQ /(e Ql!tterQM se
re#iere ! dosM %!r! tres o "s se (s! Ql!stIn!"edQ H2lti"oHs6O6$ "'ri!d
Hinn("er!bleHs66$ ne-t Nno ,r!d(!bleOQ$ %(eden onsider!rse Ho"o6 !d.eti+os
n("er!les ordin!les1 E.14 t&e #ollo7in,L l!stL ne-t tr!in Hel si,(ienteL 2lti"oL
%r3-i"o tren6M T&e #or"er i,!rette 7!s b!d b(t t&e l!tter i,!rette is 7orse HEl
%ri"erL A/(el i,!rrillo er! "!lo %ero el se,(ndoL este i,!rrillo es %eor6M T&e
#or"er %(%ils 7ere +er' /(iet b(t t&e l!tter %(%ils !re nois' HLos !l("nos %ri"erosL
A/(0llos !l("nos er!n "(' !ll!dos %ero los !l("nos se,(ndosL 0stos !l("nos
son r(idosos61
;1<81I Los ad%etivos numerales partitivos$ fraccionarios o 'uebrados indi!n
si"%le"ente (n! !ntid!d ' son4 &!l# H"it!d6 ' ! ontin(!i3n son i,(!les /(e los
ordin!les ' s(elen ir se,(idos de U%!rtV4 t&e t&ird H elL los tererHoHs6L l!Hs6
terer!Hs66$ t&e #o(rt&L /(!rter HelL los (!rtoHs6L l!Hs6 (!rt!Hs66$ t&e #i#t& HelL los
/(intoHs6L l!Hs6 /(int!Hs66$ t&e si-t& HelL los se-toHs6L l!Hs6 se-t!Hs66$ t&e se+ent& HelL
los s0%ti"oHs6L l!Hs6 s0%ti"!Hs66$ t&e ei,&t& HelL los ot!+oHs6L l!Hs6 ot!+!Hs66$ t&e
nint& HelL los no+enoHs6L l!Hs6 no+en!Hs66$ t&e tent& HelL los d0i"oHs6L l!Hs6
d0i"!Hs66$ t&e ele+ent& N! %!rtir de one en !stell!no se !)!de I!+oHs6L I!+!Hs6 !l
n2"ero en (esti3nO HelL los one!+oHs6L l!Hs6 one!+!Hs66$ t&e t7el#t& %!rtHs6 Hl!Hs6
doe!+!Hs6L doz!+!Hs6 %!rteHs66$ t&e t&irteent& HelL los tree!+oHs6L trez!+oHs6L l!Hs
tree!+!Hs6L trez!+!Hs66$ t&e #o(rteent& HelL los !tore!+oHs6L !torz!+oHs6L l!Hs6
!tore!+!Hs6L !torz!+!Hs6$ t&e #i#teent& HelL los /(ine!+oHs6L l!Hs6 /(ine!+!Hs66$
t&e t7entiet& HelLlos +einte!+oHs6L l!Hs6 +einte!+!Hs66$ t&e t&irtiet& HelL los
treint!+oHs6L l!Hs6 treint!+!Hs66$ t&e #ortiet& HelL los (!rent!+oHs6L l!Hs6
(!rent!+!Hs66$ t&e #i#tiet& HelL los in(ent!+oHs6L l!Hs6 in(ent!+!Hs66$ t&e si-tiet&
HelL los sesent!+oHs6L l!Hs6 sesent!+!Hs66$ t&e se+entiet& HelL los setent!+oHs6L l!Hs6
setent!+!Hs66$ t&e ei,&tiet& HelL los o&ent!+oHs6L l!Hs6 o&ent!+!Hs66$ t&e ninetiet&
%!rtHs6 Hl!Hs6 no+ent!+!Hs6 %!rteHs66M t&e &(ndredt& HelL los ent!+oHs6L l!Hs6
ent!+!Hs66 ' !sF s(esi+!"enteM %(eden ir %reedidos de QnotQ ND1 ;1<1?O1 T!"bi0n
%(eden ir %reedidos de U!Hn6L oneV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os ' %osesi+osM %(eden
re#erirse ! %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s1 E.14 &er ele+ent& %!rt Hs( one!+! %!rte6$ et1
P(eden ir t!"bi0n todos$ e-e%to U/(!rterV$ en %l(r!l %reedidos de (n !d.eti+o
n("er!l !rdin!l ' ter"in!n en Is e-e%to U/(!rterVM (!ndo son !d.eti+os +!n
del!nte del no"bre s3lo1 E.14 ! t7oIt&irds di##ereneL +ote H(n! di#ereni!L (n +oto
de dos terios6$ %ero U! t&reeI/(!rterV "!.orit' H(n! "!'orF! de tres (!rtos61
QE!l#Q %(ede ir entre el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ' (n no"bre /(e indi/(e "edid!s o
!ntid!desM (!ndo U&!l#V es !d.eti+o %!rtiti+o %(ede ir %reedido de Q!Q ' ! +ees
t!"bi0n de QoneQ$ /(e es "s en#tio1 E.14 ! &!l# N!d.eti+o %!rtiti+oO bottle N"enos
(s!doOL &!l# N!d.eti+o inde#inidoO ! bottle N"s (s!doO H(n! botell! "edi!d!L "edi!
botell!6M ! &!l# d!' H"edio dF! Nde tr!b!.o i ; &or!sO6M ! &!l# N!d.eti+o %!rtiti+oO &o(r
N"enos (s!doOL &!l# N!d.eti+o inde#inidoO !n &o(r N"s (s!doO H"edi! &or!6M ! &!l#
N!d.eti+o %!rtiti+oO 9ilo N"enos (s!doOL &!l# N!d.eti+o inde#inidoO ! 9ilo N"s (s!doO
H"edio 9ilo6M ! &!l# N!d.eti+o %!rtiti+oO "ile N"enos (s!doOL &!l# N!d.eti+o
inde#inidoO ! "ile N"s (s!doO H"edi! "ill!6M ! &!l# N!d.eti+o %!rtiti+oO dozen e,,s
N"enos (s!doOL &!l# N!d.eti+o inde#inidoO ! dozen e,,s N"s (s!doO H"edi! doen!
de &(e+os6M one !nd ! None4 no %onerO &!l# N!d.eti+o %!rtiti+oO &o(rs NoO %o(ndsL !n
NoO one &o(r NoO ! NoO one %o(nd !nd ! None4 no %onerO &!l# NGB %rini%!l"enteO
H(n! &or!L libr! ' "edi!6M t&ree !nd ! NoO one &!l# N!d.eti+o %!rtiti+oO 9ilosL t&ree
9ilos !nd ! NoO one &!l# Nno"breO NGB %rini%!l"enteO Htres 9ilos ' "edio6M #i+e !nd
! NoO one &!l# N!d.eti+o %!rtiti+oO &o(rsL #i+e &o(rs !nd ! NoO one &!l# Nno"breO NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Hino &or!s ' "edi!61 D1;1=515
QE!l#Q %(ede ir %reedido de Ut&eV o el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do (!ndo #or"! %!rte
de (n! %!l!br! o"%(est!$ o"o si #(er! (n %re#i.o$ ,ener!l"ente on ,(i3n1 E.14
t&e &!l#Ibrot&er NGBOL t&e &!l# brot&er NUSAO N!d.eti+o %!rtiti+oO Hel &er"!n!stro6$
!L t&e &!l#Itr(t& N!d.eti+o %!rtiti+oO H(n!L l! +erd!d ! "edi!s6$ et1
QJ(!rterQ H(!rtHo$ !6$ (!rto de N%(ede ir %reedido de (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!doL
!rtF(lo deter"in!doL (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o ' %osesi+oO61 E.14 ! /(!rter %o(nd
H(n (!rto de libr!6M #o(r !nd !L one /(!rter N!d.eti+oO 9ilosL #o(r 9ilos !nd !L one
/(!rter Nno"breO NGBO H(!tro 9ilos ' (!rto6M t&ree !nd !L one /(!rter N!d.eti+oO
&o(rsL t&ree &o(rs !nd !L one /(!rter Nno"breO NGBO Htres &or!s ' (!rto6M in t&e
/(!rter ent(r' #ollo7in, t&e *i+il >!r Hen el (!rto deL l! (!rt! %!rte del si,lo
%osterior ! l! G(err! *i+il61
Se %(ede e-%res!r "s o "enos lo "is"o ! +ees (s!ndo el %rono"bre n("er!l
U/(!rterV se,(ido de Qo#Q h el no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ el
!rtF(lo indeter"in!do H%ero no de QoneQ6L !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os ' %osesi+os1 E.14
! /(!rter o# ! %o(nd H(n! (!rt! %!rte de (n! libr!61
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n del!nte de los !d.eti+os n("er!les %!rtiti+os4 !bo(t$
!%%ro-i"!tel'$ !l"ost$ !ro(nd$ e-!tl'$ less t&!n$ ! "!-i"(" o#$ ! "ini"(" o#$
"ore or less$ "ore t&!n$ ne!rl'$ no "ore t&!n$ o+er$ ro(,&l'$ so"et&in, li9e$ (nder$
(% to H&!st!61 E.14 ItZs !bo(tL !%%ro-i"!tel'L !l"ostL !ro(ndL less t&!nL ! "!-i"("
o#L ! "ini"(" o#L "ore or lessL "ore t&!nL ne!rl'L no "ore t&!nL o+erL ro(,&l'L
so"et&in, li9eL (nder &!l# ! 9ilo HEs !%ro-i"!d!"enteL !%ro-i"!d!"enteL !siL
!%ro-i"!d!"enteL "enos deL o"o "-i"oL o"o "Fni"oL "s o "enosL "s
deL !siL no "s deL "s deL !%ro-i"!d!"enteL !l,o !sF o"oL "enos de "edio
9ilo6M Gi+e "e (% to &!l# ! 9ilo] H\D!"e &!st! "edio 9ilo]61
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n detrs de los !d.eti+os n("er!les %!rtiti+os4 !t t&e
"!-i"("$ !t t&e "ini"("$ !t "ost$ !t t&e "ost$ "!-i"("$ "ini"("$ "ore or
less$ or less$ or "ore$ or so NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ or t&ere!bo(ts$ or (nder1 E.14 ItZs
&!l# ! 9ilo !t t&e "!-i"("L !t t&e "ini"("L !t "ostL !t t&e "ostL "!-i"("L
"ini"("L "ore or lessL or lessL or "oreL or soL or t&ere!bo(tsL or (nder HEs "edio
9ilo o"o "-i"oL o"o "Fni"oL o"o "-i"oL o"o "-i"oL o"o
"-i"oL o"o "Fni"oL "s o "enosL o "enosL o "sL o !l,o !sFL o !l,o !sFL o
"enos61
UAt le!stV %(ede ir del!nte o detrs de los !d.eti+os n("er!les %!rtiti+os1 E.14 ItZs t&e
se+ent& %!rt !t le!stL !t le!st t&e se+ent& %!rt HEs l! s0%ti"! %!rte %or lo "enosL %or
lo "enos l! s0%ti"! %!rte61
Los !d.eti+os n("er!les %ro%orion!les$ "2lti%los$ "(lti%li!ti+os o "2lti%les$ /(e
son no ,r!d(!bles$ son4 sin,le HsenilloHs6$ !Hs6L si"%leHs66L one ti"e H(n! +ez6$
do(bleL t7o#oldL t7ie HdobleHs6L dos +ees6$ tri%leL trebleL t&ree#oldL t&ree ti"es
Htri%leHs6L tres +ees6$ /(!dr(%leL #o(r#oldL #o(r ti"es H(dr(%leHs6L (dr(%loHs6$
!Hs6L (!tro +ees6$ /(int(%leL #i+e#oldL #i+e ti"es H/(Fnt(%leHs6L /(Fnt(%loHs6$ !Hs6L
ino +ees6$ se-t(%leL si-#oldL si- ti"es Hs0-t(%loHs6$ !Hs6L seis +ees6$ se%t(%leL
se+en#oldL se+en ti"es Hs0%t(%loHs6$ !Hs6L siete +ees6$ ot(%leL ei,t&#oldL ei,&t ti"es
H3t(%leHs6L 3t(%loHs6$ !Hs6L o&o +ees6$ nine#oldL nine ti"es Hn(e+e +ees6$
de(%leL ten#oldL ten ti"es Hd0(%loHs6$ !Hs6L diez +ees6$ &(ndred#oldL ! &(ndred
ti"es H0nt(%loHs6$ !Hs6L ien +ees6$ et1 E.14 ! t7o#old o%er!tion H(n! o%er!i3n
dobleL en dos sentidos6$ do(bleL t7ie t&e !"o(nt Hel doble de l! !ntid!d6$ tri%leL
trebleL t&ree ti"es t&e !"o(nt Hel tri%le de l! !ntid!d6$ /(!dr(%leL #o(r ti"es t&e
n("ber o# sin,ers H(!tro +ees el n2"ero de !nt!ntes61
;1<:1I Los ad%etivos demostrativos son4 t/is HesteL est!6$ t/at LSYtL HeseL es!L
!/(elL !/(ell!6$ t/ese HestosL est!s6$ t/ose HesosL es!sL !/(ellosL !/(ell!s6M se (s!n
"s Ut&is$ t&!tV /(e Ut&ese$ t&oseVM estos !d.eti+os$ /(e no +!n !ent(!dos ' /(e se
(tiliz!n sol!"ente del!nte del no"bre$ tienen #or"!s %!r! el sin,(l!r ' #or"!s %!r!
el %l(r!l$ "ientr!s /(e l! "!'or %!rte de los !d.eti+os tienen (n! sol! #or"! %!r! el
sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM %(eden ir %reedidos de QnotQM son no ,r!d(!blesM e-isten t!"bi0n
Q'on N!r!ioOL 'ond N!r!ioOL 'onder N!r!ioOQ HeseL es!L !/(elL !/(ell!L esosL
es!sL !/(ellosL !/(ell!s6$ %ero &!n /(ed!do !nti(!dos o se (s!n sol!"ente en
sentido di!let!l1 D1 ;1<15$ <15@
P(eden (s!rse4
*+ Kara describir a personas o cosas por primera ve)M este (so se ll!"! deFtioM
%(eden ir nor"!l"ente se,(idos de UoneL onesV (!ndo son ont!bles$ %ero se (s!n
"s #re(ente"ente sin UoneL onesV o"o %rono"bres de"ostr!ti+os1 E.14 T&is
&!ir is bl!9 HEst! sill! es ne,r!6M T&is one is ! ,ood &!ir Hst! es (n! b(en! sill!6M
T&is boo9 is "ine HEste libro es Hel6 "Fo6M T&is one is "' boo9 Hste es "i libroL el
libro "Fo6M T&is %erson is "' #!t&er HEst! %erson! es "i %!dre6M T&is one is "'
#!t&er Hste es "i %!dre6M mo( %!inted t&!t one o+er t&ere HPint!ste 0seL !/(0lL 0s!L
!/(0ll! de !llF6$ et1 D1 <15B15
2+ Kara describir algo a mencionadoM este (so se ll!"! !n!#3rioM es "s
en#tio /(e si se (s! (n %rono"breM se (s! "s el %rono"bre1 E.14 I &!+e t7o !tsM
t&ese !ts N"enos (s!doOL t&e' N"s (s!doO !re !l7!'s to,et&er HTen,o dos ,!tosM
estos ,!tos estnL estn sie"%re .(ntos6M Eer #l!t is ne!r t&!t one o# &er %!rents HS(
%iso est er! del de s(s %!dres6M T&ose bl!9 ones !re better t&!n t&!t red one
HsosL A/(0llos ne,ros son "e.ores /(e 0seL !/(0l ro.o6M I %re#er t&ese &ool!te
ones HPre#iero 0stos de &ool!te61 D1 <15B18
2+ Kueden usarse con un mati) emotivo en ingls colo'uial expresar alegr(a,
insatisfaccin, aprecio, desprecio, cariLo, antipat(a, etc.M ! "en(do se
sobreHe6ntienden os!s /(e onoen sol!"ente el /(e &!bl! ' el interlo(torM Ut&isV
' Ut&eseV %(eden tener (n "!tiz %ositi+oM %or el ontr!rio$ Ut&!tV ' Ut&oseV %(eden
tener (n "!tiz ne,!ti+o1 E.14 T&is "!n is "' brot&er HEste &o"bre es "i &er"!no6M
T&is one is "' brot&er Hste es "i &er"!no6M Loo9 !t t&!t sill' ,irl] H\Mir! H!6 es!
&i! tont!]6M I re!d t&is letter #ro" "' son HLeF est! !rt! de "i &i.o6M Ee &!s t&!t
&orse o+er t&ere Hl tiene eseL !/(el !b!llo de !llF6M Loo9 !t t&ese %!intin,s] H\Mir!
estos (!dros]6M Do 'o( see t&ose ,irlsT HWDes ! es!sL !/(ell!s &i!sT6$ et1 D1
<15B1:
-+ MT/atM puede tener sentido enf!tico con el mismo significado 'ue ;suc/
a4n+< se traduce por ;tal<1 E.14 Ee dr!n9 to t&!tL s(& !n e-tent t&!t &e o(ld not
7!l9 Hl bebi3 &!st! t!l %(nto /(e no %odF! !"in!r6M S&e 7or9ed to t&!t e-tent t&!t
s&e &!d no ti"e to e!t HEll! tr!b!.!b! &!st! t!l %(nto /(e no tenF! tie"%o %!r!
o"er61
3+ MT/isM Mt/eseM pueden usarse para indicar presente, pasado o futuro
cuando se refieren a tiempo1 E.14 I !" 7or9in, t&is 7ee9 HEsto' tr!b!.!ndo est!
se"!n!6M S&e !"e t&is "ornin, HEll! +ino est! "!)!n!6M T&e'Zll o"e one o#
t&ese d!'s HDendrn (no de estos dF!s61
6+ MT/isM puede indicar lo 'ue viene a continuacin1 E.14 Do it t&is 7!'4 %&one
&i" #irst !nd t&en 'o( %&one "e] H\E!zlo de est! "!ner!4 ll"!le %or tel0#ono
%ri"ero ' des%(0s "e tele#one!s]61
8+ MT/atM puede indicar lo 'ue viene a continuacin si es una personaM este (so
se ll!"! !t!#3rio1 E.14 T&!t one is "' !(nt Hs! es "i tF!61 D1 <15B1?
9+ MT/atM puede indicar algo a mencionado1 E.14 mo( !n st(d' tod!' !nd ,o to
London to"orro71 >&' donZt 'o( do it t&!t 7!'T HP(edes est(di!r &o' ' "!)!n!
+!s ! Londres1 WPor /(0 no lo &!es de es! "!ner!T61
0+ MT/oseM delante del nombre en plural D ;t/at< e'uivale a ;t/e< D nombre
en plural a ;suc/< delante del nombre en plural D ;as<1 E.14 S&e doesnZt li9e
t&ose "en t&!tL t&e "en t&!tL s(& "en !s !re !%t to &e!t HA ell! no le ,(st!n esosL
losL (nos &o"bres /(e son !%!es de en,!)!r61
*:+ MT/atM Mt/oseM, cuando no van acentuados, pueden ser despectivos si
van delante del nombre propio o un apellido pero no son despectivos si van
acentuados1 E.14 t&!t R*!rter N%e'or!ti+oO HeseL !/(el R*16$ t&ose R*!"%bells
N%e'or!ti+oO HesosL !/(ellos R*16$ Rt&!t MrH16 Steer Nno %e'or!ti+oO HReseL !R/(el Sr1
S16$ Rt&ose Millers Nno %e'or!ti+oO HResosL !R/(ellos M161
A +ees$ se %(eden s(%ri"ir los !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os1 E.14 t&ose %l!nts !nd
Ht&ose6 trees Hes!sL !/(ell!s %l!nt!s ' HesosL !/(ellos6 rboles61 D15C1;C158
*on l!s %!l!br!s en %l(r!l /(e indi!n !ntid!des o "edid!s se %(ede (s!r Ut&isV o
Ut&eseV$ Ut&!tV o Ut&oseV1 E.14 T&isL T&ese #o(r "ont&s &!+e been terrible HEstos
(!tro "eses &!n sido terribles6M S&e ,!+e "e t&!tL t&ose t7ent' doll!rs HEll! "e
dio esos NoO !/(ellos +einte d3l!res61
En l!s res%(est!s ort!s ' oletill!s interro,!ti+!s se (s! QitQ %!r! re#erirse ! los
!d.eti+os Ut&isV ' Ut&!tV h no"bre$ si &!en l! #(ni3n de s(.etos$ (!ndo indi!n
(n! os! ' Q&eL s&eQ (!ndo indi!n (n! %erson! o ser +i+o ' se (s! Qt&e'Q %!r!
re#erirse ! Ut&eseV ' Ut&oseV h no"bre de %erson! o os!1 E.14 T&is &!ir Ns(.etoO is
,ood$ isnZt itT HEst! sill! es b(en!$ WnoT61
Los !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os %(eden ir del!nte del no"bre o de UoneHs6V4 t&is one
H0steL 0st! N%!r! os!sM t!"bi0n %!r! %erson!s on el +erbo UbeVO6$ %ero Ut&isV Hesto
N%!r! os!sO6 es s3lo %rono"bre$ t&!t one H0seL 0s!L !/(0lL !/(0ll! N%!r! os!sM
t!"bi0n %!r! %erson!s on el +erbo QbeQO6$ %ero Ut&!tV HesoL !/(ello N%!r! os!sO6 es
s3lo %rono"bre$ t&ese H0stosL 0st!s N%!r! %erson!s ' os!sO6$ t&ose H0sosL 0s!sL
!/(0llosL !/(0ll!s N%!r! %erson!s ' os!sO6M nor"!l"ente no se %one UonesV detrs
de Ut&ese$ t&oseV$ en USA ' en in,l0s liter!rio de GB$ si no +!n se,(idos de (n
!d.eti+o del!nte de UonesV$ %ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l de GB se %(ede %oner QonesQM
QoneHs6Q no se tr!d(e1
QOneQ no se %(ede %oner detrs de Qt&isQ$ (!ndo si,ni#i! QestoQ$ ' Qt&!tQ$ (!ndo
si,ni#i! QesoL !/(elloQM en estos !sos Qt&isQ ' Qt&!tQ son sol!"ente %rono"bres1
QT&isQ es !d.eti+o (!ndo +! se,(ido de UoneV ' si,ni#i! 0stHe$ !6M Qt&!tQ es !d.eti+o
(!ndo +! se,(ido de QoneQ ' si,ni#i! Q0sHe$ !6L !/(0lHl!6Q$ Qt&eseQ ' Qt&oseQ son
!d.eti+os (!ndo +!n se,(ido de QonesQ$ ,ener!l"ente s3lo en in,l0s olo/(i!l de
GBM (!ndo Qt&is$ t&!t$ t&ese$ t&oseQ$ +!n se,(idos de (n !d.eti+o$ son sie"%re
!d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os ' &!' /(e %oner UoneHs6V detrs del !d.eti+o1 E.14 T&is
N!d.eti+oO oneL T&is N%rono"breO is &is !i" Hste es s( ob.eti+o6M S&e ,!+e "e ! &!t$
eit&er t&is N!d.eti+oO oneL t&is N%rono"breO or t&!t N!d.eti+oO oneL t&!t N%rono"breO
HEll! "e dio (n so"brero$ 0ste o !/(0l6M t&!t N!d.eti+oO oneL t&!t N%rono"breO o#L in
t&e orner H0se NoO !/(0l de l! es/(in!6M t&ose N%rono"breOL t&ose N!d.eti+oO ones
NGB4 olo/(i!lO o#L in t&e bo!t H0sos NoO !/(0llos del b!ro6M t&is &e!+' one H0ste
%es!do6M t&!t li,&t one H0seL !/(0l li,ero6M t&ese s(,!r ones H0stos de !z2!r6M t&ose
bl(e ones H0sHos$ !s6L !/(0llHos$ !s6 !z(les61 D1<1:C18$ <1:C181e
Los !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os %(eden ir se,(idos de UoneHs6 h o# h !L t&eV h !d.eti+o
h no"breM se (s!n "s sin UoneHs6V o"o %rono"bres de"ostr!ti+os4 t&is Hone6 o#
!L t&e H0ste$ 0st! de (n$ (n!L el$ l!$ los$ l!s6$ t&!t Hone6 o# !L t&e H0seL !/(0lL 0s!L
!/(0ll! de (n$ (n!L el$ l!$ los$ l!s6$ t&ese Hones6 o# !L t&e HestHos$ !s6 de (n$ (n!L el$ l!$
los$ l!s6$ t&ose Hones6 o# !L t&e H0sos$ !sL !/(0llos$ !s de (n$ (n!L el$ l!$ los$ l!s61 E.14 I
too9 t&is Hone6 o# t&e ,reen !%%lesL ones H*o,F NEs%!)!OL A,!rr0 0st! de l!s
"!nz!n!s +erdesL l!s +erdes6M mo( %!inted t&!t Hone6 o# t&e bi, or!n,es HPint!ste
0seL !/(0l de l!s n!r!n.!s ,r!ndes6M mo( bro(,&t t&ese Hones6 o# ! 7&itis& olo(r
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAO HHT26 tr!.iste 0stHos$ !s6 de (n olor bl!n(zoL
bl!n/(eino6M S&e bo(,&t t&ose Hones6 o# t&e 'ello7is& tone HEll! o"%r3 0sHos$
!s6L !/(0llHos$ !s6 del tono !"!rillento6$ et1
Nor"!l"ente no se %one UoneV entre Ut&isL t&!tV ' el no"bre$ %ero se (s! ! +ees
%!r! indi!r 0n#!sis1 E.14 t&is Hone6 b(, Heste &in&eL insetoL "irobio61
;1<;1I &os ad%etivos demostrativos pueden ir precedidos de4
*+ @n nBmero cardinal D ;of<M el !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o %(ede ir del!nte del
no"bre %reedido de (n n2"ero o no1 E.14 si- o# t&ese Hnine6 %l!'ers Hseis de estos
Hn(e+e6 .(,!dores61 D1 <15<
2+ @n nBmero ordinal D ;of< M el !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o %(ede ir del!nte del
no"bre %reedido de (n n2"ero o no1 E.14 t&e #irst o# t&ose Ht&ree6 sientists Hel
%ri"ero de esos Htres6 ientF#ios61 D1 <15=
2+ =lgunos ad%etivos indefinidos4 bot& o# ND1 ;1=51BO$ !ll o# ND1 ;1=515CO1
-+ =lgunos pronombres interrogativos" &o7 #e7 o#$ &o7 #e7 "ore o#$ &o7 little
o#$ &o7 little o#$ &o7 "!n' less o# N+(l,!rO$ &o7 "!n' "ore o#$ &o7 "!n' "ore
o#1 D1 <18:

3+ =lgunos pronombres exclamativos4 &o7 #e7 o#$ &o7 #e7 "ore o#$ &o7 little
o#$ &o7 "!n' o#$ &o7 "!n' less N+(l,!rO o#$ &o7 "!n' "ore o#$ &o7 "(& o#$ so
#e7 o#$ so little o#$ so "!n' o#$ so "(& o#$ s(& ! lot o#$ too #e7 o#$ too little o#$ too
"!n' o#$ too "(& o#$ 7&!t ! ,re!t de!l o#$ ! ,re!t Nestnd!rO n("ber N"s (s!doO
o#$ ! l!r,e Nestnd!rO n("ber N"s (s!doO o#$ ! ,re!t Nestnd!rO /(!ntit' N"enos
(s!doO o#$ ! l!r,e Nestnd!rO /(!ntit' N"enos (s!doO o#$ 7&!t ! lot o#1 D1 <18B
6+ Todos los pronombres indefinidos mencionados en 2.-*.
8+ @na serie de per(frasis partitivas 'ue son cuantificadores1 D1 :15B
9+ =lgunos adverbios4 do(ble Hel doble de6$ t7ie Hel doble de6$ et1 E.14 do(ble t&is
%rie Hel doble de este %reio6M T&e' &!+e t7ie t&is !"o(nt HTienen el doble de est!
!ntid!d61
;1<<1I Los ad%etivos posesivos son4 m H"iHs6L el 111 "FoL l! 111 "F!L los 111 "FosL
l!s 111 "F!s6$ our Ht(Hs6L el 111 t('oL l! 111t('!L los 111 t('osL l!s 111t('!s6L +(estroHs6$
+(estr!Hs6L el 111 +(estroL l! 111 +(estr!L los 111 +(estrosL l!s 111+(estr!s6L s(Hs6 Hde (sted6L
el 111 s('oL l! 111 s('!L los 111 s('osL l!s 111s('!s6$ /is Hs(Hs6 Hde 0l6L el 111 s('oL l!
111s('!L los 111 s('osL l!s 111 s('!s6$ /er Hs(Hs6 Hde ell!6L el 111 s('oL l! 111s('!L los
111s('osL l!s 111 s('!s6$ its Nde ob.etos in!ni"!dosL !ni"!les o (n beb0L ni)oM
on+iene no on#(ndir UitsV on UitZsV Ni it isL &!sOO Hs(Hs6L el 111s('oL l! 111 s('!L
los 111 s('osL l!s 111 s('!s6$ our Hn(estroHs6$ n(estr!Hs6L el 111 n(estroL l! 111 n(estr!L
los 111 n(estrosL l!s 111 n(estr!s6$ t/eir Hs(Hs6 Hde ellos$ ell!s6L el 111 s('oL l! 111 s('!L
los 111 s('osL l!s 111 s('!s6M se (s!n del!nte del no"bre ' no +!n !ent(!dosM %(eden
ir %reedidos de QnotQM son no ,r!d(!blesM l!s #or"!s Qt&'Q N!r!ioO Ndel!nte de
onson!nteOL t&ine N!r!ioO Ndel!nte de +o!l o Q&Q sord!O e/(i+!len ! U'o(rV$ %ero
se (s!n %rini%!l"ente en %oesF!$ en %ro+erbios$ en l! +ersi3n !nti,(! de l! Bibli! o
onte-tos reli,iosos ' en libros !nteriores !l si,lo KK1
Se re#ieren !l %oseedor ' no ! l! os! %oseFd!$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no se re#ieren
! l! os! %oseFd! ' no !l %oseedorM tienen l! "is"! #or"! en sin,(l!r ' en %l(r!l
o"o !si todos los !d.eti+osM on(erd!n on el !nteedente en n2"ero ' los de l!
terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r en ,0nero t!"bi0nM en in,l0s no se %one n(n! Ut&eV
del!nte del no"bre %reedido de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+oM en !stell!no se %(ede
tr!d(ir %oniendo el !d.eti+o %osesi+o !%oo%!do H"i$ et16 se,(ido del no"bre o el
!rtF(lo deter"in!do h no"bre h !d.eti+o %osesi+o no !%oo%!do H"Fo$ et16M en
in,l0s se (s!n "(&o "s los !d.eti+os %osesi+os /(e en !stell!no '! /(e en
!stell!no se (tiliz! #re(ente"ente el !rtF(lo deter"in!do en +ez de los %osesi+os1
E.4 To" is "' %!l HTo"sHito6 es "i !"i,oL el !"i,o "Fo6M T&e' !re "' ene"ies
HSon "is ene"i,osL los ene"i,os "Fos6M >e !re 'o(r brot&ers HSo"os t(sL
+(estrosL s(s Hde (sted6 &er"!nos6M Peter is &is #!t&er HPedro es s( %!dreL el %!dre
s('o6M M!r' is &er "ot&er HM!rF! es s( "!dreL l! "!dre s('!6M T&e s/(irrel is
"o+in, its t!il HL! !rdill! est "o+iendo l!L s( ol!6M T&e' !re o(r %!rents HSon
n(estros %!dres6M T&is Hone6 is t&eir in+ention Hste es s( in+entoL st! es s(
in+eni3n61
A +ees se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n Qo# itQ en +ez de QitsQ1 E.14 Do 'o( re"e"ber its
%rieL olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAOTL Do 'o( re"e"ber t&e %rieL
olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAO o# itT HWRe(erd!s s(L el %reioL olorT61
Se %(ede (s!r Q'o(rQ de #or"! i"%erson!l1 E.14 I# 'o( &old so"et&in, in 'o(r &!nd
#or ! lon, ti"e HSi se "!ntieneL "!ntienes !l,o en l! "!no d(r!nte "(&o tie"%o61
Se %(ede (s!r Qo(rQ %or "odesti! (!ndo se /(iere deir U"'VM en !stell!no
t!"bi0n ' se ll!"! %l(r!l de !(torid!d1 E.14 O(r o(ntr' is doin, 7ell HN(estro %!Fs
+! bien61
En in,l0s se (s!n los !d.eti+os %osesi+os on l!s %!rtes del (er%o$ l! ro%! ( ob.etos
%erson!les$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no se (s! ,ener!l"ente el !rtF(lo deter"in!doM
t!"bi0n (!ndo se &!e re#ereni! ! !l,o /(e es o"2n ! "s de dos %erson!s$ %ero
en in,l0s se s(ele %oner el no"bre en %l(r!l ' en !stell!no en sin,(l!r1 E.14 Ee
bro9e &is !r" Hl se ro"%i3 el br!zo6M Fi+e soldiers lost t&eir li+es H*ino sold!dos
%erdieron l! +id!61 No obst!nte$ ! +ees$ e-isten dos #or"!s de deirlo$ (n! '!
it!d! on el !d.eti+o %osesi+o ' otr! on Ut&eV detrs de (n! %re%osii3n$ es deir$
en (n sint!,"! %re%osiion!l %!r! res!lt!r ! l! %erson! /(e es !#et!d!4 s(.eto h
+erbo h no"bre %ro%io o %rono"bre %erson!l h %re%osii3n h %!rte del (er%o
H&!ir$ et16$ l! ro%! Hslee+e$ et16 ( ob.eto %erson!l !d&erido !l (er%oM l! %!rte del
(er%o %reedid! de Ut&eV %(ede re#erirse !l s(.eto o !l o"%le"ento diretoM se (s!
"s Ut&eV (!ndo el no"bre +! %reedido de (n! %re%osii3nM el sentido es
%!reido$ %ero (n %oo "s ,ener!l on Ut&eVM ! +ees$ se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n el
!rtF(lo indeter"in!do en +ez del !d.eti+o %osesi+o o Ut&eVM sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo
no &!' (n! %re%osii3n entre el +erbo ' el no"bre$ el no"bre tiene /(e ir %reedido
de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o$ no de Ut&eV o del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ si se indi!
%osesi3n o %erteneni!M si se %one Ut&eV o el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ !"bi! el
si,ni#i!do ' no indi! %osesi3n o %erteneni!M on !l,(n!s %!l!br!s o"o
Q&ildren$ #!"il'$ 9idsQ$ se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n Ut&eV en in,l0s olo/(i!l on el
"is"o si,ni#i!do /(e el !d.eti+o %osesi+o1 E.14 Ee is red in t&eL &is #!e Nse re#iere
!l s(.etoO Hl tiene el rostro so#o!doL l! !r! enendid!6M Ee 7!s s&ot t&ro(,& t&eL
&is &e!rt Nse re#iere !l s(.etoO HUn! b!l! le !tr!+es3 el or!z3n6M Ee es!%ed 7it&
t&eL &is bro9en !r"L le,L nose NoO Ee es!%ed 7it& t&eL &is !r"L le,L nose bro9en
Hl es!%3 on elL s( br!zoL l!L s( %iern!L l!L s( n!riz rotHo$ !66M Ee &!s !n !ni"!l
in t&eL &is !r Hl tiene (n !ni"!l en el NoO s( o&e6M S&e &!s ! old in t&eL &er
&e!d Nse re#iere !l s(.etoO HEll! tiene (n res#ri!do6M T&e' &it "e in N"s (s!doOL on
N"enos (s!doO t&eL "' s&ins Nse re#iere !l o"%le"ento diretoM !/(F se d! "s
i"%ort!ni! ! U"eV /(e ! Us&insVO HMe ,ol%e!ron en l! es%inill!6M T&e' &it &i" in
N"s (s!doOL on N"enos (s!doO t&eL &is !r"L nose N!/(F se d! "s i"%ort!ni! !
Q&i"Q /(e ! Q!r"L noseQO HLe ,ol%e!ron en el br!zoL l! n!riz6M S&e "(st &!+e been
&it in N"s (s!doOL on N"enos (s!doO t&eL &er sto"!& Nse re#iere !l s(.etoO HLe
debieron ,ol%e!r en el est3"!,o ! ell!6$ %ero QIt &its 'o( in Non4 no %onerO t&e e'e
HS!lt! ! l! +ist!6L Ee &it &er on Nin4 no %onerO t&e &e!d Hl l! ,ol%e3 en l! !bez!6VM
S&e 9issed t&e bo' on N"s (s!doOL in N"enos (s!doO t&eL &is #ore&e!d HEll! bes3
!l &io en l! #rente6M Ee 9no9ed &er on N"s (s!doOL in N"enos (s!doO t&e &e!d
Hl l! ,ol%e3 en l! !bez! ! ell!6M T&e' loo9ed &er Hstr!i,&t6 in t&eL &er #!e N!/(F se
d! "s i"%ort!ni! ! Q&erQ /(e ! Q#!eQO HL! "ir!ron Hdiret!"ente6 ! l! !r!6M S&e
%!tted &i" on t&eL &is s&o(lder N!/(F se d! "s i"%ort!ni! ! Q&i"Q /(e !
Qs&o(lderQO HEll! leL lo to3 en l! es%!ld!6M ! %(n& in N"s (s!doOL on N"enos
(s!doO t&e nose H(n %()et!zo en l! n!riz6M S&e %(n&ed &i" in N"s (s!doOL on
N"enos (s!doO t&e #!e HEll! le dio (n %()et!zo en l! !r! ! 0l6M T&e s(n is s&inin,
inL on "' #!e HEl sol "e est d!ndo en l! !r!6$ %ero QT&e s(n is Hs&inin,6 in Non4
no %onerO "' e'esQ HEl sol "e est d!ndo en los o.os6M S&e to(&ed &i" on t&eL &is
s&o(lder Nse re#iere !l o"%le"ento diretoM !/(F se d! "s i"%ort!ni! ! Q&i"Q
/(e ! Qs&o(lderQO HEll! le to3 en l! es%!ld!6M Ee es!%ed 7it& ! bro9en !r"L le,L
nose Hl es!%3 on (n br!zo rotoL (n! %iern! rot!L (n! n!riz rot!6M S&e bro9e &er
le, Nno se %(ede %oner Qt&eL !Q on el "is"o si,ni#i!doM serF! l! %iern! de otr!
%erson!O HEll! se ro"%i3 l! %iern!6M Eo7Zs 'o(r Nestnd!rOL t&e Nolo/(i!lO #!"il'T
HW*3"o est t(L l! #!"ili!T6M >&ere !re o(r Nestnd!rOL t&e Nolo/(i!lO &ildrenL
9idsT HWD3nde estn n(estros &i.osL los ni)osT6M IZ+e "et t&e N+(l,!rOL "'
Nestnd!rO 7i#e HEe +isto ! l! Nolo/(i!lOL "i Nestnd!rO "(.erL es%os!61
A +ees$ no se (s! el !d.eti+o %osesi+o %or/(e no &!' ide! de %osesi3n1 E.14 I !nZt
re"e"ber #or t&e li#e o# "e HNo %(edo reord!r ! #e "F!L %or "i +id!L %or n!d! del
"(ndoL en +erd!d6M S&e doesnZt li9e t&e loo9 o# it HA ell! no le ,(st! s( !s%eto6$
et1
En in,l0s se (s! el !d.eti+o %osesi+o "s /(e en !stell!no1 E.14 T&e' !re &ootin,L
tootin, t&eir &orns HEstn to!ndo el l!-onL l! boin!6M Ee is &el%in, &is d!(,&ter
Hl est !'(d!ndo ! l! &i.!6M S&e 9e%t &er b!l!ne HEll! "!nt(+o el e/(ilibrio6$ et1
Los !d.eti+os %osesi+os$ o"o otros deter"in!ntes$ +!n detrs de (n
%redeter"in!nte$ si lo &!'$ ' del!nte de los !d.eti+os n("er!les$ !d.eti+os
!li#i!ti+os ' l!si#i!ti+os4 !ll &er .o'$ &er bi, &o(se$ et1 D1;1;$ ;1<18
Se %(ede %oner el !d.eti+o QH+er'6 o7nQ H%ro%ioHs6L %ro%i!Hs66 entre (n !d.eti+o
%osesi+o ' (n no"bre %!r! indi!r %osesi3n o ontr!ste (!ndo lle+! 0n#!sisM si &!'
(n !d.eti+o n("er!l +! entre Uo7nV ' el no"breM se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n on el
"is"o si,ni#i!do el no"bre h Qo#Q h !d.eti+o %osesi+o h Qo7nQ1 E.14 S&e &!s &er
H+er'6 o7n !r HEll! tiene s( %ro%io o&e Ni (no soloO6 ' US&e &!s ! !r o# &er
H+er'6 o7n Ni ! !r o# &ersOV HEll! tiene (n o&e s('oL %ro%io Ni (no soloO6M &er
o7n t&ree %&otosL t&ree %&otos o# &er o7n Ni t&ree %&otos o# &ersO Nse re#ieren ! l!
"is"! %erson!O Htres #otos s('!s6M t&eir o7n #o(r &ildren Hs(s %ro%ios (!tro &i.os6
' U#o(r &ildren o# t&eir o7n Ni #o(r &ildren o# t&eirsOV H(!tro &i.os s('os6M &is
H+er'6 o7n !r Hs( %ro%io o&e6 ' U! !r o# &is H+er'6 o7n Ni ! !r o# &isOV H(n
o&e s('oL %ro%io61 D1<185
Los !d.eti+os %osesi+os en in,l0s liter!rio %(eden ir se,(idos de (n ,er(ndio1 E.4
Ee is !s&!"ed o# &er o"in, Hl est !+er,onz!do de /(e ell! +en,!6M T&e' !re
interested in o(r ,oin, t&ere HEstn interes!dos en /(e +!'!"os !llF61
No se s(elen %oner 8 !d.eti+os %osesi+os (nidos %or (n! on.(ni3n e-e%to U&isV
' U&erV1 E.14 &is or &er 7re!t& Hl! oron!L ,(irn!ld! de 0l NoO ell!61
;1<=1I &os ad%etivos posesivos pueden ir precedidos de4
*+ @n nBmero cardinal D ;of<1 E.14 si- o# &er boo9s Hseis de s(s libros61 D1 <15<
2+ @n nBmero ordinal D ;of<M el !d.eti+o %osesi+o %(ede ir del!nte del no"bre
%reedido de (n n2"ero o no1 E.14 t&e #irst o# &is Ht&ree6 brot&ers Hel %ri"ero de s(s
Htres6 &er"!nos661 D1 <15=
2+ =lgunos ad%etivos indefinidos4 bot& o# ND1 ;1=51BO$ !ll o# ND1 ;1=515CO1
-+ =lgunos pronombres interrogativos" &o7 #e7 o#$ &o7 #e7 "ore o#$ &o7 little
o#$ &o7 little o#$ &o7 "!n' less o# N+(l,!rO$ &o7 "!n' "ore o#$ &o7 "!n' "ore
o#1 D1 <18:

3+ =lgunos pronombres exclamativos4 &o7 #e7 o#$ &o7 #e7 "ore o#$ &o7 little
o#$ &o7 "!n' o#$ &o7 "!n' less N+(l,!rO o#$ &o7 "!n' "ore o#$ &o7 "(& o#$ so
#e7 o#$ so little o#$ so "!n' o#$ so "(& o#$ s(& ! lot o#$ too #e7 o#$ too little o#$ too
"!n' o#$ too "(& o#$ 7&!t ! ,re!t de!l o#$ ! ,re!t Nestnd!rO n("ber N"s (s!doO
o#$ ! l!r,e Nestnd!rO n("ber N"s (s!doO o#$ ! ,re!t Nestnd!rO /(!ntit' N"enos
(s!doO o#$ ! l!r,e Nestnd!rO /(!ntit' N"enos (s!doO o#$ 7&!t ! lot o#1 D1 <18B
6+ Todos los pronombres indefinidos mencionados en 2.-*.
8+ @na serie de per(frasis partitivas 'ue son cuantificadores1 D1 :15B
9+ =lgunos adverbios4 do(ble Hel doble de6$ t7ie Hel doble de6$ et1 E.14 It ost
do(ble its %rie H*ost3 el doble de s( %reio6M T&e' !re t7ie &is !,e HTienen el
doble de s( ed!d61
;1<?1I Los ad%etivos interrogativos t!nto en estilo direto on si,no de
interro,!i3n o"o en estilo indireto sin si,no de interro,!i3n son4
*+ W/at ...N L7otL NGBO ' L&7!4tL NUSA o L&7AtLO N(!ndo l! %osibilid!d de
elei3n no est li"it!d! o restrin,id!M tiene (n sentido indeter"in!doL inde#inido$
"ientr!s /(e Q7&i&Q tiene (n si,ni#i!do deter"in!doL de#inidoL li"it!do o
restrin,ido %ero en "(&os !sos se %(eden (s!r !"b!sO HW/(0 111T N"!s(lino '
#e"enino %!r! os!s %rini%!l"ente %ero t!"bi0n$ ! +ees$ %!r! %erson!sM si +!
del!nte del no"bre en sin,(l!r +! on +erbo en sin,(l!r '$ si +! del!nte del no"bre
en %l(r!l$ +! on +erbo en %l(r!lM &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto ' o"%le"ento diretoM
%(ede &!er otr!s #(niones on (n! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' !l
%rini%io o !l #in!l en in,l0s liter!rioO6$ W/at ever ...N HW/(0 111 re!l"enteT6$
W/at ... elseN HW/(0 otroHs6$ !Hs6 111T6$ ,/at 1ind# sort of ...N HW/(0 l!seL ti%o
de 111T6$ ,/at manner of ...N Nliter!rioO HW/(0 l!seL ti%o de 111T61 D1 <18:1;
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes interro,!ti+!s1 E.14 >&!t trees
Ns(.etoO 7ere (t do7nT HWJ(0 rboles #(eron t!l!dosT6M >&!t libr!ries
No"%le"ento diretoO did 'o( +isitT HWJ(0 bibliote!s +isit!steHis6T6M >&!t de%t&L
&ei,&tL sizeL !,eL len,t&L 7idt&L 7ei,&t is111 T NoO Eo7 dee%L &i,&L bi,L oldL lon,L
7ideL &e!+' is 111T HWJ(0 %ro#(ndid!dL !lt(r!L t!"!)o NoO t!ll!L ed!dL lon,it(dL
!n&(r!L %eso tiene 111T NoO W*3"o es 111de %ro#(ndoL !ltoL ,r!ndeL +ie.oL l!r,oL
!n&oL %es!doT6M No#4 no %onerO >&!t olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAO is
itT HWDe /(0 olor esT6M >&!t l(9] H\J(0 s(erte]6M >&!t ! %it'] H\J(0 %en!]6M >&!t
9ind o# &os%it!ls did 'o( ,o toTL To 7&!t sort o# &os%it!ls did 'o( ,oT HWA /(0
l!seL ti%o de &os%it!les #(isteHis6T6M >&!tL >&i& "!n 7o(ld s!' t&isT HWJ(0
&o"bre dirF! estoT6M >&!t N%or/(e &!' "(&os trenesOL >&i& N(no de los trenes
/(e &!'O tr!in ,oes to *(en!T HWJ(0 trenL *(l de los trenes +! ! *(en!T61
*(!ndo el !d.eti+o interro,!ti+o h no"bre &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto en (n! or!i3n
intero,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! no lle+! nor"!l"ente el +erbo !(-ili!r QdoQ on (n +erbo
nor"!l$ %ero si es interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! sF1 E.14 >&!tL >&i& "!n Ns(.etoO s!'s
t&isT N"s (s!doO HWJ(0 &o"bre die estoT6L >&!tL >&i& "!n Ns(.etoO does s!'
t&isT N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO HWJ(0 &o"bre RdieL es el /(e die estoT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 Ee doesnZt 9no7 7&!t trees
7ere (t do7n Hl no s!be /(0 rboles #(eron t!l!dos6M Ee doesnZt 9no7 to 7&!t
de,reL e-tent s&e is in+ol+ed Hl no s!be &!st! /(0 %(nto est ell! in+ol(r!d!6$ et1
2+ W/ic/ 111T L7It[L NGBO o L&7It[L NUSAO N(!ndo l! %osibilid!d de elei3n
est li"it!d! o restrin,id!M tiene (n sentido deter"in!doL de#inido$ "ientr!s /(e
Q7&!tQ tiene (n si,ni#i!do indeter"in!doL inde#inido %ero en "(&os !sos se
%(eden (s!r !"bosO H(l Hde losL l!s 1116 N"!s(lino ' #e"enino %!r! %erson!s o
os!s del!nte de no"bres inont!blesL ont!bles en sin,(l!r on +erbo en sin,(l!rOM
(les Hde losL l!s 1116 N"!s(lino ' #e"enino %!r! %erson!s o os!s del!nte de
no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!lM &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto '
o"%le"ento diretoM %(ede &!er otr!s #(niones on (n! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en
in,l0s olo/(i!l ' !l %rini%io o !l #in!l en in,l0s liter!rioOM %(ede ir del!nte del
no"bre o QoneHs6QM Q7&i&e+erQ !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n !#ir"!ti+! se tr!d(e
%or Qse! (!l se! elL l! 111 /(eQM %(ede ir del!nte del no"bre o QoneHs6Q6$ W/ic/ ever
...N HW(lHes6 111 re!l"enteT6M W/ic/ ... elseN HW(l otrHo$ !6L (les otrHos$ !s6 111T61
D1 <18:1:
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 >&i& ro(te did 'o( &ooseT
HW*(l de l!s r(t!sL J(0 r(t! eso,isteHis6T6M >&i& ro(tes did 'o( &ooseT
HW*(les de l!sL J(0 r(t!s eso,isteHis6T6M >&i& o(ntr' did 'o( ,o toT
Nolo/(i!lOL To 7&i& o(ntr' did 'o( ,oT Nliter!rioO HWA (lL /(0 %!Fs #(isteHis6T6M
>&i&e+er ro(te 'o( t!9e$ be !re#(l] HSe! (!l se! l! r(t! /(e o.!s NEs%!)!OL
to"es$ \ten (id!do]6M >&i& N(no de los di#erentes de%ortesOL >&!t N%or/(e &!'
"(&os de%ortesO s%ort do 'o( %l!'T HWA /(0 de%orte .(e,!sT6M InL OnL B' Nel
"enos (s!do4 %oo reo"end!bleO 7&i& tr!in is &e o"in,T HEn /(0 tren +iene
0lT61
*(!ndo el !d.eti+o interro,!ti+o h no"bre &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto en (n! or!i3n
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! no lle+! nor"!l"ente el +erbo !(-ili!r QdoQ on (n +erbo
nor"!l$ %ero si es interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! sF1 E.14 >&i& "!n Ns(.etoO #ellT N"s
(s!do4 "enos en#tioO HW*(l de los &o"bresL J(0 &o"bre !'3T6L >&i& "!n
Ns(.etoO did #!llT N"enos (s!do4 "s en#tioO HW*(l de los &o"bresL J(0 &o"bre
!R'3L #(e el /(e !'3T6M >&i& "en #ellT HW*(les de los &o"bresL J(0 &o"bres
!'eronT61
Se %(ede e-%res!r "s o "enos lo "is"o (s!ndo el %rono"bre interro,!ti+o
Q7&i&Q se,(ido de Qo#Q h el no"bre1 E.14 >&i& o# t&e "en #ellT HW*(l de los
&o"bres !'3TL W*(les de los &o"bres !'eronT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 S&e 7onders 7&i& "!n #ell
HEll! se %re,(nt! (l de los &o"bres !'36$ et1
2+ W/ose L&(4zL 111T NUde /(i0nV4 "!s(lino ' #e"enino %!r! %erson!s del!nte de
no"bres ont!bles en sin,(l!r on +erbo en sin,(l!r ' Ude /(i0nL /(i0nesV4
"!s(lino ' #e"enino %!r! %erson!s del!nte de no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!l on
+erbo en %l(r!lM &!e l! #(ni3n de %osesi+oL ,eniti+oM %(ede ir %reedido de
%re%osii3n en in,l0s liter!rio ' se,(ido de l! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s
olo/(i!l4 D1 <18:1<O1
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 >&ose %en is t&is Hone6T HWDe
/(i0n es est! %l("! Hestilo,r#i!6T6M >&ose &o(se is t&!t Hone6T HWDe /(i0n es es!
!s!T6M >&ose !%%les !re t&oseT HWDe /(i0nHes6 son es!s NoO !/(ell!s "!nz!n!sT6M
>&ose ,(it!rs !re t&ese Hones6T HWDe /(i0nHes6 son est!s ,(it!rr!sT6M Fro" 7&ose
&o(se !re 'o( o"in,T Nliter!rioOL >&ose &o(se !re 'o( o"in, #ro"T Nolo/(i!lO
HWDe l! !s! de /(i0n +ienesT61
*(!ndo el !d.eti+o interro,!ti+o h no"bre &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto en (n! or!i3n
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! no lle+! nor"!l"ente el +erbo !(-ili!r QdoQ on (n +erbo
nor"!l$ %ero si es interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! sF1 E.14 >&ose &o(se Ns(.etoO #ell do7nT
N"s (s!doOL >&ose &o(se Ns(.etoO did #!ll do7nT N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO
HWDe /(i0n er! l! !s! /(e se derr("Rb3T61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 *o(ld 'o( tell "e 7&ose %en
t&is isT HWPodrF!s deir"e de /(i0n es est! %l("! Hestilo,r#i!6T61
-+ Ao, h !d.eti+o ,r!d(!ble %ositi+o o ne,!ti+o h Q!Q h no"bre ont!ble h +erbo
h s(.etoT HW*3"o de h !d.eti+o h +erbo h !rtF(lo deter"in!do h no"breT61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 t!ll ! "!n is &eT HW*3"o
es de !lto el &o"breT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 I donZt 9no7 &o7 t!ll ! "!n &e
is HNo s0 3"o es de !lto el &o"bre61
3+ Ao, fe, ...N H%oos %ero W(ntos 111TL %o!s %ero W(nt!s 111T Nen interro,!ti+!
del!nte de no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.eto4 D1 <18:1=O61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 #e7 di+isions Ns(.etoO
7ere t&ereT HPo!s %ero W(nt!s di+isiones &!bF! !&FL !llFT6M Eo7 #e7 don!tions
No"%le"ento diretoO did s&e reei+eT HPo!s %ero W(nt!s don!iones reibi3
ell!T61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 mo( "!' 9no7 &o7 #e7
di+isions t&ere 7ere t&ere HP(ede /(e se%!s (nt!s di+isiones &!bF! !&FL !llF6$ et1
6+ Ao, fe, less ...N N+(l,!rO HW(ntHos$ !s6 111 "enos 111T Nen interro,!ti+! del!nte
de no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.eto4 D1 <18:1?O61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 #e7 less N+(l,!rO %eo%le
Ns(.etoO !"eT HW*(nt!s %erson!s "enos +inieronT6M Eo7 #e7 less N+(l,!rO
s(r%rises No"%le"ento diretoO did t&e' &!+eT HW*(nt!s sor%res!s "enos
t(+ieronT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 Did &e tell 'o( &o7 #e7 less
N+(l,!rO %eo%le !"eT HWTe di.o 0l (nt!s %erson!s "enos +inieronT6$ et1
8+ Ao, fe, more ...N H%oHos$ !s6 "s 111 %ero W(ntHos$ !s6T Nen interro,!ti+!
del!nte de no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!l ' +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.eto4 D1 <18:1@O61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 #e7 "ore soldiers Ns(.etoO
7ere t&ereT HPoos "s sold!dos &!bF! !&FL !llF %ero W(ntosT6M Eo7 #e7 "ore
%l!tes No"%le"ento diretoO did s&e bre!9T HPoos "s %l!tos ro"%i3 ell! %ero
W(ntosT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 >&o o(ld tell "e &o7 #e7
"ore soldiers t&ere 7ere t&ereT HWJ(i0n %odrF! deir"e (ntos sold!dos "s
&!bF! !&FL !llFT61
9+ Ao, little ...N H%oHo$ !6 111 %ero W(ntHo$ !6T Nen interro,!ti+! del!nte de
no"bres inont!bles on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.eto4 D1 <18:1BO61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 little bre!d Ns(.etoO 7!s
soldT HPoo %!n se +endi3 %ero W(ntoT6M Eo7 little &eese No"%le"ento diretoO
did 'o( e!tT HPoo /(eso o"iste %ero W(ntoT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 Do 'o( &!%%en to 9no7 &o7
little bre!d 7!s soldT HWS!bes %or !s(!lid!d l! %e/(e)! !ntid!d de %!n /(e se
+endi3T6$ et1
0+ Ao, man ...N HW(ntHos$ !s6 111T Nnor"!l"ente en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!$
!(n/(e t!"bi0n %(ede ir en interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! "(&o "enos #re(ente"ente$
del!nte de no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!l ' +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ /o, ever
man ...N Hdi!blosL de"onios$ WH!6 (ntHos$ !s6 111T61 D1 <18:15C
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 "!n' "ine %ies NGBO
did s&e b('T HW*(ntos %!steles de #r(t! o"%r3 ell!T6M Eo7 "!n' %!rtnersL
to(rists !re t&ereT HW*(ntos soiosL t(rist!s &!'T6M Eo7 "!n' s&ools did t&e'
+isit HW*(nt!s es(el!s +isit!ronT61
*(!ndo el !d.eti+o interro,!ti+o h no"bre &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto en (n! or!i3n
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! no lle+! nor"!l"ente el +erbo !(-ili!r QdoQ on (n +erbo
nor"!l$ %ero en interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! sF1 E.14 Eo7 "!n' sin,ers Ns(.etoO !"eT
N"s (s!do4 "enos en#tioO HW*(ntos !nt!ntes +inieronT6L Eo7 "!n' sin,ers
Ns(.etoO did o"eT N"enos (s!do4 "s en#tioO HW*(ntos !nt!ntes +iRnieronT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 S&e 9no7s &o7 "!n' %!rtners
t&ere !re HEll! s!be (ntos soios &!'6$ et1
*:+ Ao, man less ...N N+(l,!rO HW(ntHos$ !s6 111 "enosT Nnor"!l"ente en
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!$ !(n/(e t!"bi0n %(ede ir en interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! "(&o
"enos #re(ente"ente$ del!nte de no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!l ' +erbo en %l(r!l si
es s(.eto4 D1 <18:155O61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 "!n' less N+(l,!rO d!'s
Ns(.etoO !re le#tT HW*(ntos dF!s "enos /(ed!nT6M Eo7 "!n' less N+(l,!rO serets
No"%le"ento diretoO do 'o( 9no7T HW*(ntos seretos "enos onoesT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 Ee "!' be interested to 9no7
&o7 "!n' less N+(l,!rO d!'s !re le#t HP(ede /(e 0l est0 interes!do en s!ber (ntos
dF!s "enos /(ed!n6$ et1
**+ Ao, man more ...N HW(ntHos$ !s6 111 "s 111T Nnor"!l"ente en interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+!$ !(n/(e t!"bi0n %(ede ir en interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! "(&o "enos
#re(ente"ente$ del!nte de no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!l ' +erbo en %l(r!l si es
s(.eto1 D1 <18:158O61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 "!n' "ore &i9ens
Ns(.etoO !re l!'in, e,,sT HW*(nt!s ,!llin!s "s estn %oniendo &(e+osT6M Eo7
"!n' "ore serets No"%le"ento diretoO do 'o( 9no7T HW*(ntos seretos "s
onoesT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 I o(ldnZt !re less &o7 "!n'
"ore &i9ens !re l!'in, e,,s HMe i"%ort! (n bledoL o"ino (nt!s ,!llin!s "s
estn %oniendo &(e+os61
*2+ Ao, muc/ ...N HW(ntHo$ !6 111T6 Ndel!nte de no"bres inont!bles ' +erbo en
sin,(l!r si es s(.etoM en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!4 D1 <18:15:O61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 "(& "one' Ns(.etoO
!rri+edT HW*(nto dinero lle,3T6M Eo7 "(& #(rnit(re No"%le"ento diretoO 7ill
'o( needT HW*(nto "obili!rioL *(ntos "(ebles neesit!rsT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 Eo7 !n &e tell 'o( &o7 "(&
"one' !rri+edT HW*3"o %(ede 0l deirte (nto dinero lle,3T6$ et1
;1<@1I Los ad%etivos interrogativos$ /(e son no ,r!d(!bles$ +!n sie"%re
!ent(!dos t!nto en estilo direto o"o indireto1 D1 ;1<1:
Si los !d.eti+os interro,!ti+os h el no"bre &!en l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ los +erbos
nor"!les /(e nor"!l"ente se on.(,!n on el !(-ili!r QdoQ no se s(elen on.(,!r
on el !(-ili!r QdoQ sino /(e +!n o"o si est(+ier!n en (n! or!i3n en #or"!
!#ir"!ti+! ' no %(eden lle+!r nin,2n otroM no obst!nte$ se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n el
!(-ili!r QdoQ en#tio (!ndo se insiste en obtener (n! ontest!i3n1 E.14 Eo7 "!n'
!ndid!tes Ns(.etoO !"eT N"s (s!doO/ Eo7 "!n' !ndid!tes Ns(.etoO did o"eT
N"enos (s!doO HW*(ntos !ndid!tos +inieronT61
Los +erbos !(-ili!res /(e no se on.(,!n on el !(-ili!r QdoQ no e-%eri"ent!n
nin,(n! di#ereni!$ '! /(e se %onen o"o si est(+ier!n en (n! or!i3n en #or"!
!#ir"!ti+!1 E.14 Eo7 "!n' 7or9ers !n ,oT HW*(ntos tr!b!.!dores %(eden irT61
El +erbo QbeQ %(ede ir del!nte del no"bre o %rono"bre /(e &!e l! #(ni3n de
!trib(toL %redi!do no"in!l1 E.14 >&ose d!(,&ter is t&!t ,irlL s&eT HWDe /(i0n es
&i.! es! NoO !/(ell! &i!L ell!T61
*(!ndo los !d.eti+os interro,!ti+os h el no"bre &!en otr! #(ni3n /(e no se! l! de
s(.eto los +erbos nor"!les /(e se on.(,!n on el !(-ili!r UdoV lle+!n
nees!ri!"ente el +erbo !(-ili!r UdoV del!nte del s(.etoM es deir$ &!' in+ersi3n del
s(.eto ' el +erbo o"o o(rre norn!l"ente en #or"! interro,!ti+!1 E.14 Eo7 little
resistene No"%le"ento diretoO did t&e' o##erT HO#reieron %o! resisteni! %ero
W(nt!T61
Los !d.eti+os interro,!ti+os +!n !ent(!dos$ "ientr!s /(e los !d.eti+os rel!ti+os no1
E!' (n! serie de +erbos nor"!les /(e %(eden ir se,(idos de (n !d.eti+o
interro,!ti+o ND15C1:?1:1!O1 E.14 T&e' !r,(ed !bo(t 7&i& tr!in to t!9e HDis(tieron
sobre /(0 tren o,er NEs%!)!OL to"!r61
;1<B1I Los ad%etivos relativos$ /(e son no ,r!d(!bles$ son4
*+ W/ic/ L7It[L NGBO o L&7It[L NUSAO H(!l/(ierL /(eL elL l! 111 /(e N' de otr!s
"!ner!s de%endiendo del no"bre /(e lo si,!M se (s! en in,l0s liter!rioM .(nto on el
no"bre &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto ' t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM %(ede
&!er otr!s #(niones %reedido de (n! %re%osii3nM %(ede ser es%ei#i!ti+o '
e-%li!ti+oM en in,l0s liter!rio$ o"o e-%li!ti+o$ %(ede ir del!nte de no"bres o"o
U!se$ #!t$ l!n,(!,e$ "!tter$ %oint$ o!sion$ re!son$ t&in,$ ti"eV$ et1$ e introd(e
(n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o e-%li!ti+!M no obst!nte$ es "(' %oo #re(ente
este (so ' se %re#iere %oner el no"bre se,(ido de U7&i&V$ o"o en !stell!noO61
E.14 *&oose 7&i& %resent 'o( 7ill+] H\Eso,e (!l/(ier re,!lo /(e deseesL el
re,!lo /(e /(ier!s]6M Ee !"e !t t7el+eH+6|$ b' 7&i& ti"e s&e 7!s ,one+ Hl
+ino ! l!s doe$ ! es! &or! ell! se &!bF! ido6M S&e s!id &!teH+6|$ 7&i& 7ord
N"enos (s!doOL 7ord 7&i& N"s (s!doO I donZt li9e+ HEll! di.o odio$ %!l!br! /(e
no "e ,(st!6M T&e' told (s ! stor'H+6|$ 7&i& stor' N"enos (s!doOL stor' 7&i&
N"s (s!doO no one belie+es+ HNos ont!ron (n! &istoriHet6!$ &istoriHet6! /(e n!die
ree6M S&e ,!+e "e ! 9issH+6|$ 7&i& #!t N"enos (s!doOL #!t 7&i& N"s (s!doO I
o(ldnZt (nderst!nd+ HEll! "e dio (n beso$ &e&o /(e no %odF! o"%render61 D1
51<51:$ <18=1;$ <18@1:
2+ W/ic/ever N"s (s!doOL ,/ic/soever N"enos (s!doO NU(!l/(ierL el /(eL l!
/(eL se! (!l se!V del!nte de no"bres en sin,(l!r ' U(!l/(ierL los /(eL l!s /(eL
se!n (!les se!nV del!nte de no"bres en %l(r!lM .(nto on el no"bre &!e l! #(ni3n
de s(.eto ' t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM %(ede &!er otr!s #(niones
%reedido de (n! %re%osii3nM %(ede ser es%ei#i!ti+o ' e-%li!ti+oM o"o
e-%li!ti+o introd(e (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o e-%li!ti+!O1 E.14
>&i&e+er %!rt' is in t&e Go+ern"ent+ H*(!l/(ier %!rtido /(e est0 en el ,obiernoL
El %!rtido /(e est0 en el ,obierno$ se! (!l se!6M Tell "e ! 7ordH+6|$ 7&i&e+er
7ord 'o( 7is&+] H\Di"e (n! %!l!br!$ (!l/(ier %!l!br! /(e deseesL l! %!l!br! /(e
desees$ se! (!l se!]61 D1 <18?1:
A +ees$ no se %(eden (s!r4 S&e bro(,&t 7&!te+er N7&i&e+erL 7&i&soe+er4 no
%oner estos 8O boo9s s&e o(ld b(' HEll! tr!F! (!l/(ier libro /(e %odF! o"%r!r61
2+ W/at L7otL NGBO ' L&7!4tL NUSA o L&7AtLO NUtodo el /(eL tod! l! /(eV del!nte
de no"bres en sin,(l!r ' Utodos los /(eL tod!s l!s /(eV del!nte de no"bres en
%l(r!lM .(nto on el no"bre &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ de o"%le"ento direto$ de
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lM %(ede ir se,(ido de QlittleQ ' Q#e7Q %ero no
de Q"(&$ "!n'Q o n2"eros !rdin!lesO1 E.14 Brin, 7&!t "one' 'o( li9e+] H\Tr!e
todo el dinero /(e /(ier!s]6M >it& 7&!t #ood &e &!s+ H*on tod! l! o"id! /(e 0l
tiene6M S&e s!7 7&!t #riends s&e &!s HEll! +io ! todos los !"i,os /(e tiene6M >&!t
#e7 rest!(r!nts t&ere !re|| !re #(ll+ HLos %oos rest!(r!ntes /(e &!' estn todos
llenos6M S&e ,i+es &i" 7&!t !d+ie &e needs+ HEll! le d! ! 0l todo el onse.o /(e
neesit!61 D1 <18=1=$ <18@1<
-+ W/atever N"s (s!doOL ,/atsoever N"enos (s!doO Hse! el /(e se!L se! l! /(e
se!L (!l/(ierH!6 Ndel!nte de no"bres en sin,(l!r en !#ir"!ti+!O$ se!n los /(e se!nL
se!n l!s /(e se!n Ndel!nte de no"bres en %l(r!l en !#ir"!ti+!O6M (!ndo Q7&!te+erQ
+! detrs del no"bre es !d+erbio1 D1?1881<1 E.14 >&!te+er boo9s&o% 'o( ,o to|$ let
"e 9no7 !bo(t it+] H\Se! l! /(e se! l! librerF! ! l! /(e +!'!s$ dF"elo]6M I#$ #or
7&!te+er re!sonH+6|$ s&e o"es+ HSi$ %or (!l/(ier r!z3n$ +iene ell!61 D1 <18?1;$
?15?$ B15?1=
3+ W/ose L&(4zL H/(ienL el$ l! /(eL ! /(ien N%!r! %erson!s$ !ni"!les ' os!s t!nto en
"!s(lino o"o en #e"enino del!nte de no"bres inont!blesL ont!bles en
sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM &!e l! #(ni3n de %osesi+oL ,eniti+oM se (s! en in,l0s liter!rio
%rini%!l"enteM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s no"in!les interro,!ti+!s en estilo
indireto en l!s /(e l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! introd(id! %or Q7&oseQ %(ede &!er l!
#(ni3n de s(.eto$ de !trib(to o %redi!do no"in!l$ de o"%le"ento direto$
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lM no &!' %!(s! entre l! or!i3n s(bordin!d!
' el resto4 D15C1:@1:O61 E.14 >&ose &o(se is o# ,l!ssH+6| Ns(.etoO "(st not t&ro7
stones !t !not&er H&o(se6 + Nliter!rioO HJ(ienL El /(e ten,! !s! de rist!l no debe
tir!r %iedr!s ! otr!s H!s!s66L Ee 7&o li+esL Peo%le 7&o li+e in ,l!ss&o(sesH + 6 |
"(st not t&ro7 stones !t !not&er H&o(se6 + Nestnd!rO HJ(ien NoO El /(eL L! ,ente
/(e +i+e en !s!s de rist!l no debe tir!r %iedr!s ! otr!s H!s!s66M S&e told &i"
7&ose #!(lt it 7!s+ No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! le di.o ! 0l de /(i0n er! l! (l%!61
D1 ;1<1;$ <18=1<$ <18@1?
;1=C1I Los ad%etivos exclamativos +!n sie"%re !ent(!dos ' en el "is"o orden
t!nto en estilo direto o"o indiretoM dese"%e)!n (n! #(ni3n e-%resi+!M son no
,r!d(!blesM son los si,(ientes4
*+ W/at ...P L7otL NGBO ' L&7!4tL NUSA o L&7AtLO H\/(0 111] N%(ede ir del!nte de
no"bres inont!bles$ del!nte de no"bres ont!bles t!nto onretos o"o !bstr!tos
en sin,(l!r ' en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+! s3loM Q7&!tQ se,(ido de (n sint!,"! no"in!l
%(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!lM se !ent2! el no"bre /(e +! detrs de Q7&!tQO61 E.14 >&!t
old R#(rnit(re] H\J(0 "obili!rio "s +ie.o]6M >&!t t&i9 R"il9] HJ(0 le&e "s
es%es!]6M >&!t R"(si] H\J(0 "2si!]6M >&!t Rnonsense] H\J(0 tonterF!Hs6]6M >&!t
!7#(lL ,ood R7e!t&er] H\J(0 tie"%o "s &orribleL b(eno]6M >&!t ! R"!n Ns(.etoO
Ho"es6] H\J(0 &o"bre H+iene6]6M >&!t !n interestin, Rli#e] N"s (s!doOL >&!t
interestin, Rli#e] N"enos (s!doO H\J(0 +id! "s interes!nte]6M >&!t sill' R"en
N!trib(toO Ht&e' !re6] H\J(0 &o"bres "s tontos Hson6]6M >&!t ! Hbi,6 R&o(se
No"%le"ento diretoO 'o( &!+e] H\J(0 !s! H"s ,r!nde6 tienes]6M >&!t ! R#ort(ne
No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO s&e is interested in] H\En /(0 #ort(n! est
interes!d! ell!]6M >&!t H!6 Rner+eL R&ee9 s&e &!s] H\J(0 !r! Hd(r!6 tiene ell!]6M
>&!t ! Rt&in,L sill' Rt&in, to s!'] H\Mir! /(e deir es! os!L (n! os! t!n tont!]61 D1
815C5$ <18B15?
2+ Ao, h !d.eti+o h no"bre inont!bleL Q!Q h no"bre ont!ble Hh s(.eto h +erbo
en in,l0s estnd!rL h +erbo h s(.eto en in,l0s liter!rio6] H\/(0 h no"bre h "s h
!d.eti+o Hh +erbo h s(.eto6]6M Q&o7Q h !d.eti+o h Qt&eQ h no"bre ont!ble Hh +erbo
en in,l0s estnd!rL h +erbo h no"bre ont!ble en in,l0s liter!rio6]M /o, little ...P
H\/(0 %oHo$ !6 111]6 E.14 Eo7 t!ll ! "!n &e is Nestnd!rOL is &e Nliter!rioO] H\J(0
&o"bre "s !lto Hes 0l6]6M Eo7 &e!% t&e "il9 is Nestnd!rOL is t&e "il9 Nliter!rioO]
H\J(0 b!r!t! esHt6 l! le&e]6M Eo7 little ti"e] H\J(0 %oo tie"%o]61 D1 <18B1:
2+ Ao, fe, h s(.eto Hh +erbo6] H\/(0 %oHos$ !s6 111] Nse (s! del!nte de no"bres
ont!bles ' +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!O6$ /o, fe, more h s(.eto h
+erbo] H\/(0 %oHos$ !s6 111 "s] Ndel!nte de no"bres ont!bles ' +erbo en %l(r!l si
es s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!O61 E.14 Eo7 #e7 #orei,ners] H\J(0 %oos e-tr!n.eros]6M Eo7
#e7 s(r%rises t&ere 7ere] H\J(0 %o!s sor%res!s &(bo]6M Eo7 #e7 "ore s(r%rises
t&ere 7ere] H\J(0 %o!s sor%res!s "s &(bo]61 D1 <18B15I8
-+ Ao, man h s(.eto h +erbo] H\(ntHos$ !s6111] Nse (s! del!nte de no"bres
ont!bles en %l(r!l ' +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!M se (s! "enos /(e
U7&!t ! lot 111]VM se (s! "(&o "s o"o !d.eti+o interro,!ti+o /(e o"o !d.eti+o
e-l!"!ti+oO61 E.14 Eo7 "!n' #lo7ers] H\*(nt!s #lores]61 D1 <18B1;
3+ Ao, muc/ ...P H\(ntHo$ !6 111] Nse (s! del!nte de no"bres inont!bles ' +erbo
en sin,(l!rM en !#ir"!ti+!M "enos (s!do /(e U7&!t ! lot 111]VM "s (s!do o"o
!d.eti+o interro,!ti+o /(e o"o !d.eti+o e-l!"!ti+oO61 E.14 Eo7 "(& &el%
'o(Z+e ,i+en "e] H\*(nt! !'(d! "e &!s d!do]61 D1 <18B1?
6+ So h !d.eti+o h no"bres inont!blesL ont!bles en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l] H\ 111
no"bre h t!n h !d.eti+o]L \/(0 h no"bre h "s h !d.eti+o]61 E.14 ItZs so N"enos
(s!doOL s(& N"s (s!doO ,ood beer] H\J(0 er+ez! "s b(en!]6M S&e 7!s so 7ise !
dotor] H\Er! (n! dotor! t!n s!bi!]L \J(0 dotor! "s s!bi!]6M T&e' !re r(nners
H7&oL t&!t !re6 so /(i9] N"enos (s!doO Nno es reo"end!ble (s!r Uso /(i9
r(nnersVOL T&e' !re s(& /(i9 r(nners] N"s (s!doO H\Son (nos orredores t!n
r%idos]L \J(0 orredores "s r%idos]61
8+ So fe, ...P H\t!n %oHos$ !s6 111] Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+! del!nte de no"bres
ont!bles en %l(r!lO61 E.14 Ee ,!+e "e so #e7 %resentsL ,i#ts] H\Me dio t!n %oos
re,!los]61 D1 <18B1@
9+ So little ...P H\ 111t!n %oHo$ !6 111] Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+! del!nte de no"bres
inont!blesO61 E.14 T&e' &!+e so little ent&(si!s"] H\Tienen t!n %oo ent(si!s"o]61
D1 <18B1B
0+ So muc/ ...P H\t!ntHo$ !6L "(&Ho$ !6 111] Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+! del!nte de
no"bres inont!blesO61 E.14 S&e &!s so "(& e-%erieneL %!tiene] H\Ell! tiene
t!nt!L "(&! e-%erieni!L %!ieni!]61 D1 <18B15C
*:+ So man...P H\t!ntHos$ !s6 111] Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+! del!nte de no"bres
ont!bles en %l(r!lO6$ so +er' "!n'111] Ht!ntFsi"Hos$ !s6 111] Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+!
del!nte de no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!lO61 E.14 T&e' &!+e so "!n' trees] H\Tienen
t!ntos rboles]6M T&e' s!7 so +er' "!n' Hbe!(ti#(l6 birds] H\Dieron t!ntFsi"os
%.!ros H&er"osos6]61 D1 <18B155
**+ Suc/ ...P H\t!n]L \/(0] Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+! del!nte de no"bres inont!blesL
ont!bles en sin,(l!r ' en %l(r!lM Qs(&Q +! !ent(!doO61 E.14 ItZs Rs(& ,ood beer]
N"enos (s!doO H\Es er+ez! "(' b(en!]6L ItZs Rs(& ! ,ood beer] N"s (s!doO H\Es
(n! er+ez! "(' b(en!]6M It 7!s Rs(& deliio(s &ool!te] H\Er! H(n6 &ool!te t!n
deliioso]6M ItZs Rs(& nonsenseL i"%ertinene] H\J(0 tonterF!sL i"%ertineni!]6M It is
Rs(& ! lo+el' d!'] H\E!e (n dF! t!n ,(!%o]6M S&e is Rs(& ! &!r"in, ,irl] H\Ell! es
(n! &i! t!n en!nt!dor!]6M It isnZt Rs(& ! ,ood ide!] H\No es (n! ide! t!n b(en!]6M
T&ere is no Rs(& dition!r' N"s (s!doOL Rs(& ! dition!r' N"enos (s!doO] H\No
&!' t!l diion!rio]6M T&ere !re Rs(& &e!% b!r,!ins] H\E!' ,!n,!s t!n b!r!t!s]61
*2+ Too fe, ...P Hde"!si!dHos$ !s6 %oHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+! del!nte de
no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!lO61 E.14 Ee ,!+e "e too #e7 %resentsL ,i#ts] H\Me dio
de"!si!dos %oos re,!los]61 D1 <18B15:
*2+ Too little ...P H\ 111de"!si!do %oHo$ !6 111] Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+! del!nte de
no"bres inont!blesO61 E.14 T&e' &!+e too little ent&(si!s"] H\Tienen de"!si!do
%oo ent(si!s"o]61 D1 <18B15;
*-+ Too muc/ ...P H\111 de"!si!dHo$ !6 111] Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+! del!nte de
no"bres inont!blesO61 E.14 mo( &!+e too "(& e-%eriene] H\Tienes de"!si!d!
e-%erieni!]61 D1 <18B15<
*3+ Too man...P H\de"!si!dHos$ !s6 111] Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+! del!nte de
no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!lO61 E.14 T&e' &!+e too "!n' trees] H\Tienen de"!si!dos
rboles]61 D1 <18B15=
*6+ M(&os otros !d.eti+os %(eden ir en #or"! e-l!"!ti+! si +!n solos1 E.14
E-ellent] H\E-elente]6M Gre!t] H\F!b(loso]6M I"%ossible] H\I"%osible]6$ et1 D1
;1<1<
;1=51I Los ad%etivos indefinidos son4 &!l#$ 7&ole$ !not&er$ "!n' !not&er Nliter!rioO$
t&e ot&er$ ot&er$ so"e ot&er$ !n' ot&er$ no ot&er$ e+er' ot&er$ or ot&er$ e!&$ e+er'$
eit&er$ neit&er$ bot&$ !ll$ so"e$ so"e 111 so"eL ot&erL ot&ers$ /(ite so"e$ !n'$ b!rel'L
&!rdl'L s!rel' !n'$ .(st !n'$ r!rel' !n'$ no$ "(&$ +er' "(&$ !s "(&$ so "(&$
e+er so "(&$ &!l# !s "(&$ t7ieL #o(r ti"es !s "(&$ not !sL so "(&$ %rett'
"(&$ t&is "(&$ t&!t "(&$ &o7 "(&$ too "(&$ "(&L #!r too "(&$ r!t&er too
"(&$ "!n'$ ! ,ood "!n' Nliter!rioO$ ! ,re!t "!n' Nliter!rioO$ ! +er' ,re!t "!n'
Nliter!rioO$ !s "!n'$ !s "!n' too "!n'$ &!l# !s "!n'$ t7ieL #i+e ti"es !s "!n'$ so
"!n'$ e+er so "!n'$ not !sL so "!n'$ not /(ite !sL so "!n'$ +er' "!n' Nliter!rioO$
too "!n'$ #!r too "!n'$ "(& too "!n' Nolo/(i!lO$ r!t&er too "!n'$ ! #e7 too
"!n'$ t&!t "!n'$ not t&isL t&!t "!n'$ &o7e+er "!n'$ "!n' !Hn6 Nliter!rioO$ little$ !
little$ /(ite little$ /(ite ! little$ .(stL onl' ! little$ !s little 111!s 111$ so little$ +er'L
e-tre"el'L rel!ti+el' little$ ! +er' little$ %reio(s little$ too little$ "(&L #!r too little$
r!t&er little$ r!t&er too little$ less$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' less$ !n' less$ no less$ #e7
less Nolo/(i!lO$ ! #e7 less Nolo/(i!lO$ /(ite ! #e7 less Nolo/(i!lO$ ! /(ite #e7
less Nolo/(i!lO$ +er' #e7 less Nolo/(i!lO$ ! bitL to(&L little less$ ! ,oodL #!ir
de!l less$ ! ,re!t de!l less$ "!n' less Nolo/(i!lO$ not t&!t "!n' less Nolo/(i!lO$
! ,ood "!n' less Nolo/(i!lO$ ! ,re!t "!n' less Nolo/(i!lO$ +er' "!n' less
Nolo/(i!lO$ too "(& less Nolo/(i!lO$ too "!n' less Nolo/(i!lO$ so"e less$
"ore or less$ ! lot less$ lots less Nolo/(i!lO$ "(& less$ #!r less$ +er' "(& less$
&e!%s less Nolo/(i!lO$ e+en less$ not t&!t "(& less$ se+er!l less Nolo/(i!lO$
%lent' less$ r!t&er less$ t&e le!st$ eno(,&$ s(##iient Nliter!rioO$ /(ite eno(,&$ b!rel'
eno(,&$ b!rel' s(##iient Nliter!rioO$ &!rdl' eno(,&$ &!rdl' s(##iient Nliter!rioO$
s!rel' eno(,&$ s!rel' s(##iient Nliter!rioO$ #e7$ ! #e7$ t&e #e7$ ! ,ood #e7$ so"e
#e7$ #!irl' #e7$ /(ite #e7$ /(ite ! #e7$ .(st ! #e7$ onl' ! #e7$ !s #e7$ so #e7$ s(&
#e7$ not !sL so #e7$ ! +er' #e7$ +er'L e-tre"el'L o"%!r!ti+el' #e7$ %reio(s #e7$
too #e7$ #!r too #e7$ "(& too #e7 Nolo/(i!lO$ r!t&er #e7$ r!t&er too #e7$ not R t&isL
R t&!t #e7$ !not&er #e7$ e+er' #e7$ #e7er$ se+er!l #e7er$ so"e #e7er Nliter!rioO$
b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' #e7er$ !n' #e7er$ not !n' #e7er$ ! ,ood de!l #e7er$ ! #!ir
de!l #e7er$ ! ,re!t de!l #e7er$ ! ,oodL ,re!t "!n' #e7er$ #e7 #e7er N+(l,!rO$ ! #e7
#e7er N+(l,!rO$ ! little #e7er N+(l,!rO$ /(ite ! #e7 #e7er N+(l,!rO$ +er' #e7 #e7er
N+(l,!rO$ "ore or #e7er$ ! lot #e7er$ #!r #e7er$ "(& #e7er Nolo/(i!lO$ "!n'
#e7er$ not t&!t "!n' #e7er$ too #e7er$ e+en #e7er$ o"%!r!ti+el' #e7er$ %lent'
#e7er$ r!t&er #e7er$ Ht&e6 #e7est$ "ore$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' "ore$ so"e "ore$
!n' "ore$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' !n' "ore$ ! bitL to(& "ore$ little "ore
Nliter!rioO$ +er' little "ore Nliter!rioO$ ! little "ore Nliter!rioO$ ! +er' little "ore
Nliter!rioO$ #e7 "ore$ ! #e7 "ore$ /(ite #e7 "ore$ /(ite ! #e7 "ore$ +er' #e7 "ore$
! ,ood "!n' "ore Nliter!rioO$ ! ,re!t "!n' "ore Nliter!rioO$ ! lotL #!r "ore$ "!n'
"ore$ "(& "ore$ not t&!t "(& "ore$ +er' "!n' "ore$ no "ore$ not t&!t "!n'
"ore$ too "!n' "ore$ ! ,oodL #!ir de!l "ore$ ! ,re!t de!l "ore$ &e!%s "ore
Nolo/(i!lO$ e+en "ore$ %lent' "ore$ r!t&er "ore$ ! o(%le "ore$ se+er!l "ore$
dozensL &(ndredsL t&o(s!nds "ore$ "ost$ se+er!l$ %lent' Nolo/(i!lO$ +!rio(s$
di+ers N!r!ioO$ n("ero(s$ s(ndr'$ ert!in$ s(&$ s(&I!ndIs(&$ !not&er s(&$ not
&!l# s(& !$ s(&li9e$ t&e s!"e1
Son todos no ,r!d(!bles e-e%to Q#e7Q ' Qlittle1
Los !d.eti+os inde#inidos %(eden ser (!ntit!ti+os o ,r!d!ti+os e identi#i!ti+os o de
se"e.!nz!M los (!ntit!ti+os serF!n del n2"ero 5 !l :C ' el resto identi#i!ti+osM ! los
!d.eti+os inde#inidos del 5 !l 5C inl(si+e se les ll!"! t!"bi0n !d.eti+os
distrib(ti+os1 D1 ;1<1=
*+ Aalf Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"edioL "edi!L l! "it!d de N%(ede ir se,(ido de (n !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do N%ero no de QoneQOL (n !rtF(lo deter"in!doL (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o h no"bre (!ndo es !d.eti+o inde#inidoM Q&!l#Q se (s! "s
del!nte de Ut&eV /(e detrs$ sobre todo en GBM si Q&!l#Q +! detrs de Ut&eV es
!d.eti+o %!rtiti+o$ no inde#inidoM %(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de (n no"bre re#erido !
(n! lo!lid!d no %reedido de n!d!M (!ndo +! del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l se
re#iere ! "s de dosM no se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de
Q&!l#QO61 E.14 &!l# ! d!' H"edio dF! N58 &or!s ronol3,i!s o ; &or!s de tr!b!.oO6$ &!l#
!n &o(r H"edi! &or!6M It is &!l# ! 9ilo o# s(,!r HEs "edio 9ilo de !z2!r6M &!l# !
"illion ro(bles NGB %rini%!l"enteOL r(bles NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H"edio "ill3n
de r(blos6M &!l# t&e s!l!r' H"edio s!l!rio6M Ee is not &!l# t&e N!4 no %onerO ,ood
te!&er &e (sed to be H*o"o %ro#esor 0l no es ni l! "it!d de b(eno de lo /(e solF!
ser6M &!l# t&e tr(t& H"edi! +erd!d6$ &!l# t&e s(,!r Hl! "it!d del !z2!r6$ &!l# t&e bo's
Hl! "it!d de los "(&!&os6$ &!l# t&e st(dents Hl! "it!d de los est(di!ntes6$ &!l# t&is
bottle Hl! "it!d de est! botell!6M &!l# "' "one' Hl! "it!d de "i dinero6M &!l#
London Hl! "it!d de LondresL "edio Londres61 D1 ;1<8
*(!ndo Q&!l#Q es !d.eti+o inde#inido ' +! del!nte de (n no"bre$ tiene (n sentido
"s ,ener!l '$ (!ndo Q&!l#Q es %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Qo#Q h el no"bre
%reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os ' %osesi+os$ tiene
(n sentido "s es%eF#io1 E.14 &!l# N!d.eti+o inde#inidoO t&e s!l!r' Hl! "it!d del
s!l!rio6 ' U&!l# N%rono"bre inde#inidoO o# t&e s!l!r'V Hl! "it!d del s!l!rio61 D1 <1:C15
Es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes (s!r sie"%re Q&!l# !Hn6Q h no"bre
%or/(e sie"%re est bien$ %ero Q&!l# o# !Hn6Q h no"bre %(ede est!r "!l si es (n
no"bre /(e indi/(e "edid!s o !ntid!des o"o Q9ilo$ 9ilo"etre NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eter NUSAOQ$ et1
UE!l#V %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de !ntid!d1 D1 ?15?
2+ W/ole Nno ,r!d(!bleO HtodoHs6L enteroHs6L tod!Hs6L enter!Hs6 Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre o de QoneHs6QM en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! o interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de
no"bres ont!bles en sin,(l!r on +erbo en sin,(l!r$ si &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ '
del!nte de no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l$ si &!e de s(.etoM %(ede
se,(ido de Qent(r'$ &o(r$ "in(te$ seondQM %(ede ir %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+oM del!nte de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r e/(i+!le ! Q!llQ$ %ero es "s en#tio ' se (s! ,ener!l"ente "s /(e Q!llQM
del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l Q7&oleQ no +! %reedido de Ut&eV ' si,ni#i!
QenterHos$ !s6Q$ "ientr!s /(e Q!llQ si,ni#i! QtodHos$ !s6QM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o
in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Q7&oleQO61 E.14 T&e 7&oleL All t&e "(se(" is 7et HTodo
el "(seoL El "(seo entero est "o.!do6M t&e 7&oleL !ll t&e #il" Hl! %elF(l! enter!L
tod! l! %elF(l!6M ! 7&ole #il"L "ont& H(n! %elF(l! enter!L (n "es entero6$ t&is
7&ole lo!# o# bre!d Htod! est! &o,!z! de %!nL est! &o,!z! de %!n enter!6M &er 7&ole
&!nd Htod! s( "!noL s( "!no enter!6M I &!+e s%ent t&e 7&ole d!' Nen#tioO doin,
t&is ' UI &!+e s%ent !ll d!' Nno en#tioO doin, t&isV HEe %!s!do todo el dF!
&!iendo esto6M T&ose 7&ole ,r!""!rs 7ere &ers HEs!sL A/(ell!s ,r!"ti!s
enter!s er!n de ell!6M It &!s r!ined #or se+en 7&ole d!'s HE! llo+ido d(r!nte siete
dF!s enteros6M It r!ined 7&ole 7ee9s HLlo+i3 se"!n!s enter!s6M t&e 7&ole one Hel
entero6$ ! 7&ole one H(no enteroL (n! enter!6$ t&ose 7&ole ones Hesos enterosL es!s
enter!s6M >&ole !re!s 7ere !##eted Hnre!s enter!s Ni !l,(n!s %ero no tod!s l!s
re!sO se +ieron !#et!d!s6$ %ero UAll !re!s 7ere !##etedV HTod!s Nno s3lo !l,(n!s
re!sO l!s re!s se +ieron !#et!d!s61
Se %(ede e-%res!r "s o "enos lo "is"o ! +ees (s!ndo el %rono"bre inde#inido
Q7&oleQ se,(ido de Qo#Q h el no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$
!d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os o %osesi+os %ero se (s! "enos1 E.14 t&e 7&ole o# t&e
"(se(" Htodo el "(seoL el "(seo entero61 D1 <1:C1;?
2+ =not/er Nno ,r!d(!bleO HotrHo$ !6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r '
+erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoM %(ede ir %reedido de Q!l"ostL ne!rl'L notL
%r!ti!ll'L 7it&o(t e-e%tionQM de%endiendo del onte-to Q!not&erQ %(ede indi!r
QotrHo$ !6 Nsi"il!rL !diion!lOQ ( QotrHo$ !6 Ndi#erenteOQOL otrHos$ !s6 Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l$ %reedido de Q#e7Q o (n n2"ero ! %!rtir de dos$ ' +erbo
en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M se esribe
sie"%re Q!not&erQ ' no se %(ede %oner Q!n ot&erQ se%!r!doM %(ede ir del!nte de (n
no"bre o QoneQM "s (s!do o"o %rono"bre sin QoneQ (!ndo +! se,(ido de Qo#Q
h no"breOM Q!not&erQ %(ede ir %reedido de Q"erel'Q Hsi"%le"ente6M not !not&er
Hno otrHo$ !6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre o QoneQM Q!not&er one o#Q$ "enos (s!do /(e el
%rono"bre inde#inido Q!not&er o#Q$ %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido
de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ man anot/er Nno ,r!d(!bleO
H"(&Hos$ !s6 otrHos$ !s6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre %ero no de UoneV en sin,(l!r en
in,l0s liter!rioM +! on +erbo en sin,(l!rO6M se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o
in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Q!not&erL not !not&erL "!n' !not&erQ1 E.4 !not&er 7ee9
Hotr! se"!n!6M Anot&er %&oto,r!%& is eno(,& HOtr! #oto,r!#F! es s(#iiente6M Eere is
!not&er obr! HA/(F &!'L est otr! obr!6M Eere is !not&er one N!trib(toO HA/(F &!'
otrHo$ !66M T&e' lo7ered it b' !not&er Hone6 &!l# %er entL %erent HLo b!.!ron otro
"edio %or iento6M !not&erL ot&er #e7 %&otos Hotr!s %o!s #otos6M Anot&er t7ent'L
T7ent' ot&er %eo%le 7ere to o"e HOtr!s +einte %erson!s ib!n ! +enir6M S&e is
!not&er %erson t&!n t&e one &e 9ne7 HEll! es otr! %erson! /(e l! /(e 0l onoF!6M
M!n' !not&er %erson Nliter!rioO !s9s t&e s!"e /(estion HM(&!s otr!s %erson!s
&!en l! "is"! %re,(nt!61
No se %(ede %oner Q!not&erQ detrs de Q7&!tQ$ !sF /(e &!' /(e re(rrir ! l!
onstr(i3n4 +erbo h s(.eto h Q!not&erQ h no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r (!ndo en
!stell!no se die QW/(0 otrHo$ !6Q h no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r h +erbo h s(.eto1
E.14 Is t&ere !not&er sol(tionT HWJ(0 otr! sol(i3n &!'TL WE!' otr! sol(i3nT6M *!n
'o( t&in9 o# !not&er s(,,estionT HWJ(0 otr! s(,ereni! %iens!s /(e &!'TL WSe te
o(rre otr! s(,ereni!T6$ %ero Q>&!t else !n &e s!'TQ HWJ(0 otr! os!L "s %(ede
deir 0lT61
*(!ndo Q!not&erQ es !d.eti+o inde#inido ' +! del!nte de (n no"bre$ tiene (n
sentido "s ,ener!l '$ (!ndo Q!not&erQ es %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Qo#Q h
el no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os o
%osesi+os$ tiene (n sentido "s es%eF#io1 E.14 !not&er %&oto,r!%& Hotr! #oto,r!#F!6
' UAnot&er o# t&e %&oto,r!%&s is &ereV HOtr! de l!s #oto,r!#F!s est !/(F61 D1<1:C1:
-+ T/e ot/er Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hel otroL l! otr! Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en
sin,(l!r ' +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoOL los otrosL l!s otr!s Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l ' +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoOM en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M %(ede ir se,(ido de (n !d+erbio n("er!l !rdin!lM
%reedido de QnotQ +! s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! on sentido ne,!ti+oM %(ede ir del!nte de
(n no"bre o QoneHs6Q6$ ot/er Nno ,r!d(!bleO HotrHos$ !s6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble ' +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM de%endiendo del onte-to Qot&erQ
%(ede indi!r QotroHs6$ !Hs6 si"il!resL !diion!lesQ ( QotroHs6$ !Hs6 di#erentesQM %(ede
ir %reedido de (n !d.eti+o n2"er!l !rdin!l ! %!rtir de dos$ de los !d.eti+os
de"ostr!ti+os Qt&eseL t&oseQ$ de los !d.eti+os %osesi+os$ de los !d.eti+os inde#inidos
Q!n'$ e+er'$ no$ so"eQM %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre o QoneHs6QM %(ede ir
%reedido de QnotQM %(ede ir se,(ido de l! %!rtF(l! Qt&!nQ /(e se tr!d(e %or
Qdi#erenteHs6QOL otrHo$ !6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!bleL inont!bleO6$ some ot/er
Nno ,r!d(!bleO H!l,o de 111 distintHo$ !6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleOL !l,2n
otroL !l,(n! otr! Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!rOL !l,(nos otrosL
!l,(n!s otr!s Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO4 D1=1:=O6$ an ot/er Nno
,r!d(!bleO Nen !#ir"!ti+!4 UR!n' ot&erV si,ni#i! U(!l/(ier otroL (!l/(ier! otr!V
Hde "s de dos6 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!rM U!n' ot&erV N!ent(!do
o noO si,ni#i! QotrosL otr!sQ del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM en or!iones
!#ir"!ti+!s /(e denot!n d(d!$ s(%osii3n o ne,!i3n ' en or!iones s(bordin!d!s
ondiion!lesL o"%!r!ti+!sL te"%or!les ND1 =1:=O4 Q!n' ot&erQ N!ent(!do o noO
si,ni#i! Q!l,o de 111 distintHo$ !6Q del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble$ Q!l,2n otroL
!l,(n! otr!Q del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r$ Q!l,(nos otrosL !l,(n!s
otr!sQ del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM en ne,!ti+! Q!n' ot&erQ N!ent(!do
o noO se tr!d(e %or Qn!d! de 111 distintHo$ !6Q si +! del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble$
Qnin,2n otroL nin,(n! otr!Q si +! del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r o en
%l(r!lM Qnot !n' ot&erQ no %(ede ir !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n (!ndo si,ni#i!
Qnin,2n otroL nin,(n! otr!QM %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre o QoneHs6QM (!ndo se
&!e "eni3n ! Q!n' ot&erQ del!nte de (n no"bre re#erido ! %erson! en sin,(l!r$ se
s(ele %oner Q&eL &isL &i"Q en in,l0s liter!rio si no se onoe el se-o de l!s %erson!sM
t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner QHs6&eL &e or s&eL &is or &erL &i" or &erL &is or &ersQ en
in,l0s estnd!rM si se re#iere ! "(.eres se (s!rF! Qs&eL &erL &ersQ en in,l0s estnd!rM
en in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r! e+it!r l! disri"in!i3n se-(!l se (s! Qt&e'L t&eirL t&e"L
t&eirsQ %!r! &o"bres ' "(.eresM Q!n'Q se re#iere ! tres o "sO$ no ot/er Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hnin,2n otroL nin,(n! otr! Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r '
%l(r!lM se (s! en !#ir"!ti+! o "enos #re(ente"ente en interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+! on sentido ne,!ti+oM %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre o QoneHs6QM %(ede
ir se,(ido de l! %!rtF(l! Qt&!nQ /(e se tr!d(e %or Qdi#erenteHs6QO6$ ever ot/er Nno
,r!d(!bleO Htodos los otrosL tod!s l!s otr!s Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en
sin,(l!r o QoneQM %(ede ir %reedido de QnotQO6$ or ot/er Nno ,r!d(!bleO H( otroHs6$
!Hs6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+!
o interro,!ti+!M se (s! "(' %oo del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!rM %(ede ir del!nte
de (n no"bre o QonesQO6M se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Qt&e
ot&erL ot&erL so"e ot&erL !n' ot&erL no ot&erL e+er' ot&erL or ot&erQ1 E.4 T&e ot&er
&eel isnZt &ere HEl otro t!3n no est !/(F6M t&e ot&er d!' Ni ! #e7 d!'s !,oO Hel otro
dF! Ni &!e (nos dF!sO6$ t&e ot&er #ools Hlos otros tontos6M t&e ot&er #i+e H!ni"!ls6
Hlos otro ino H!ni"!les66M not t&e ot&er #!es Hno l!s otr!s !r!s6M T&e' 7!nt t&ese
Hones6$ not t&e ot&er ones No"%le"ento diretoO HJ(ieren 0stHos$ !s6$ no los otrosL
l!s otr!s6M ot&er &o"es Hotros &o,!resL otr!s !s!s6M Ot&er n("bers !re
(n%redit!ble HOtros n2"eros son in%redeibles6M ot&er e/(i%"ent Hotros !rtF(los
de e/(i%!"iento6M Ot&er r(les !re not obser+ed HOtr!s re,l!s no son res%et!d!s6M ten
ot&er %eo%le Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL %ersons Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hotr!s diez
%erson!s6$ t&ose ot&er r!dios Hes!s otr!s r!dios6$ "' ot&er 7orries H"is otr!s
%reo(%!iones6$ t&ese #i+e ot&er litres NGBOL liters NUSAO Hestos otros ino litros6M
T&ere !re ot&er 7!'s t&!n t&ese HE!' otr!s #or"!s di#erentes de est!s6M *!nZt 'o(
brin, so"e Lse"L ot&er bre!dT HWNo %(edes tr!er !l,o de %!n distintoTL P(edes
tr!er !l,o de %!n distinto$ WnoT N%rob!ble"ente !e%te l! s(,ereni!M si se %(sier!
Q!n'Q se tr!d(irF! %or Qn!d! de %!n distintoQ e indi!rF! deseo de s!ber el %or/(0
no lo tr!e %ero no serF! (n! s(,ereni!O6M >&' doesnZt &e re!d so"e Lse"L ot&er
boo9s !bo(t t&e %roble"T HWPor /(0 no lee 0l !l,(nos otros libros sobre el
%roble"!T N%rob!ble"ente !e%te l! s(,ereni!M si se %(sier! U!n'V se tr!d(irF!
%or nin,2n libro e indi!rF! deseo de s!ber el %or/(0 no los lee %ero no serF! (n!
s(,ereni!O6M RAn' ot&er !rtist 9no7s &is Nliter!rioOL &is or &erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO
ri,&ts H*(!l/(ier otro !rtist! onoe s(s dere&os6M Not R!n' ot&er 7o"!n 9no7s
&erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO ri,&ts H*(!l/(ier otr! "(.er no onoe s(s dere&osL No
(!l/(ier otr! "(.er onoe s(s dere&os6M T!9e !n' ot&er !%%les 'o( need]
H\Ll0+!Hte6 otr!s "!nz!n!s /(e neesites]6$ %ero QT!9e t&e ot&er !%%les 'o( need]Q
H\Ll0+!Hte6 l!s otr!s "!nz!n!s /(e neesit!s]6M *!nZt 'o( brin, !n' ot&er bre!dT
HWNo %(edes tr!er !l,o de %!n distintoT6M S&e didnZt "eet !n' ot&er %eo%le HEll! no
se enontr3 onL onoi3 ! nin,(n! otr! %erson!6M A4 Is t&ere R!n' ot&erL !n' Rot&er
o##eeT B4 No$ t&ere isnZt R!n' ot&er N"enos (s!doOL !n' Rot&er N"s (s!doO o##ee
HNo$ no &!' nin,2n otro !#06M T&ere is no ot&er i"%ro+e"ent t&!n t&is Hone6 HNo
&!' nin,(n! otr! "e.or! /(e 0st!6M no ot&er in+it!tion Hnin,(n! otr! in+it!i3n6M
T&ere !re no ot&er 7!'s t&!n t&ese HNo &!' otr!s #or"!s di#erentes de est!s6M E+er'
ot&er bo' &!s ! to' HTodos los de"s &ios tienen (n .(,(ete6M E+er' ot&er one &!s
! to' N"enos (s!doOL All t&e ot&er ones &!+e ! to' N"s (s!doO HTodos los de"s
tienen (n .(,(ete6M e+er' ot&erL seond d!' H!d! se,(ndo dF!L (n dF! sF ' otro no6M
One or ot&er Nr!roO l!n,(!,e "(st be (sed HDebe (s!rse (n! ( otr! len,(!6M mo( !n
t!9e t&ese or ot&er le!#lets HP(edes lle+!rHte6 0stos ( otros #olletos61 D1 <1:C1;
A +ees se %(ede (s!r UotrHo$ !6V en !stell!no$ %ero no se (s! Qot&erQ en in,l0s sino
Qdi##erentQM otr!s +ees$ se %(eden (s!r los dos en in,l0s ' en !stell!no1 E.14 S&e
loo9s di##erent no7 HEll! %!ree otr!L di#erente !&or!6M S&e (ses ot&erL di##erent
%!%er HEll! (s! otro %!%elL %!%el di#erente61
3+ Eac/ Nno ,r!d(!bleO H!d! Nse re#iere ! !d! ele"ento de (n on.(nto %e/(e)o
de %erson!s o os!sM el on.(nto %(ede est!r #or"!do %or dos ele"entos n!d! "s '
t!"bi0n %or "s de dosM Qe!&Q res!lt! !d! o"%onente del ,r(%oM Qe!&Q se
re#iere ! (n n2"ero deter"in!do ' nor"!l"ente li"it!do$ "ientr!s /(e Qe+er'Q se
re#iere ! (n n2"ero indeter"in!doM no obst!nte$ en l! %rti! l! di#ereni! entre
Qe!&Q ' Qe+er'Q es ,ener!l"ente "(' %e/(e)!M +! on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r %ero$
(!ndo se &!e "eni3n ! Ue!&V del!nte de (n no"bre re#erido ! %erson!$ se s(ele
%oner Q&eL &isL &i"Q en in,l0s liter!rio si no se onoe el se-o de l!s %erson!sM
t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner QHs6&eL &e or s&eL &e or s&eL &is or &erL &i" or &erL &is or
&ersQ en in,l0s estnd!rM si se re#iere ! "(.eres$ se (s!rF! Qs&eL &erL &ersQ en in,l0s
estnd!rM en in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r! e+it!r l! disri"in!i3n se-(!l se (s! Qt&e'L t&eirL
t&e"L t&eirsQ %!r! &o"bres ' "(.eresM Qe!&Q no %(ede ir %reedido de %!l!br!s
o"o Q!l"ost$ ne!rl'$ not$ %r!ti!ll'Q$ et1$ %ero %(ede ir %reedido de Q7it&o(t
e-e%tionQM %(ede ir t!"bi0n detrs del +erbo !(-ili!rM no %(ede ir %reedido de (n
!d.eti+o %osesi+o %ero Qe+er'Q sFM no %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre %reedido de
(n !d.eti+o n("er!l !rdin!l ( ordin!lL (n !d.eti+o inde#inido$ "ientr!s /(e Qe+er'Q
sFM %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre o QoneQM se (s! "(&o "s o"o %rono"bre sin
QoneQ (!ndo +! se,(ido de Qo#Q h no"breM Ue!& one o# h no"breL %rono"bre en
%l(r!lV +! on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r en in,l0s estnd!r$ %ero ! +ees en
in,l0s olo/(i!l %(ede ir on (n +erbo en %l(r!lM Qe!&Q %(ede re#erirse ! dos
ele"entos +istos se%!r!d!"ente$ "ientr!s /(e Qbot&Q se re#iere ! dos ele"entos
+istos on.(nt!"enteM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de
Qe!&QO61 E.14 e!& to7n H!d! i(d!d6M E!& bo' is re!din, ! boo9 H*!d! &io est
le'endo (n libro6M E!& %erson is drin9in, &is Nliter!rioOL &is or &erL t&eir
Nolo/(i!lO o##ee H*!d! %erson! est bebiendo s( !#06M E!& 7o"!n is drin9in,
&er o##ee H*!d! "(.er est bebiendo s( !#06M S&e o"es e!& d!' HEll! +iene !d!
dF!6M T&ere 7ere ! #e7 "en !nd e!& one t&o(,&t o# it HE!bF! (nos %oos &o"bres
' !d! (no %ens3 en ello6M T&ere !re t7o #lo7ers !nd e!& one Ne+er' one4 no %oner
%or/(e son sol!"ente dosO is ! s'"bol o# lo+e HE!' dos #lores ' !d! (n! es (n
sF"bolo de !"or6M I see t&ree bo's1 Is e!& one re!din, ! boo9T HDeo H!6 tres &ios1
WEst !d! (no le'endo (n libroT Nen +ez de Ue!& oneV se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n
Ue+er'oneL e+er'bod'V /(e se tr!d(irF!n %or QtodosQO6M >it&o(t e-e%tion e!&
boo9 is e-%ensi+e HSin e-e%i3n !d! libro es !ro6M E!& one o# t&eL t&ese
9!n,!roos st!rted r(nnin, H*!d! (no de losL estos !n,(ros e"%ez3 ! orrer6M E!&
one o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir dre!"s &!s o"e tr(e H*!d! (no de "isL t(s
NoO +(estros NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estrosL s(s Nde
ellosO s(e)os se &! &e&o re!lid!d6M e!& one o# (s H!d! (nHo$ !6 de nosotrHos$ !s66M
e!& one o# t&e" H!d! (nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s66M E!& one o# t&e bo"bs 7!s bi,
eno(,& H*!d! (n! de l!s bo"b!s er! s(#iiente"ente ,r!nde6M E!& one o# &er
s(,,estions is %erson!l H*!d! (n! de s(s s(,ereni!s es %erson!l6M E!& one o# (s
7!s drin9in, &is Nliter!rioOL &is or &erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO te! H*!d! (no de nosotros
est!b! bebiendo el t06M Ee 7rote ! letter to e!& one o# t&ose Moz!"bi/(e!ns Hl
esribi3 (n! !rt! ! !d! (nHo$ !6 de esHos$ !s6 "oz!"bi/(e)Hos$ !s66M E!& one o#
t&ese osts t7o %o(nds H*!d! (nHo$ !6 de 0stHos$ !s6 (est! dos libr!s6M E!& one o#
t&ose is !li+e H*!d! (nHo$ !6 de 0sHos$ !s6L !/(0llHos$ !s6 est +i+Ho$ !66M S&e is
loo9in, !#ter e!& one o# t&ose !ni"!ls No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO
HEll! est (id!ndo todos esos !ni"!les6M Ee !r,(ed 7it& e!& one o# (s Hl se
%ele3 on !d! (nHo$ !6 de nosotrHos$ !s66M I "et #i+e %eo%le Nestnd!rOL %ersons
Nliter!rioO !nd I listened to e!& oneZs %roble"s Nsi +! en ,eniti+o s!.3n$ Qe!&Q es
!d.eti+o ' no %rono"bre$ %or/(e no se %(ede s(%ri"ir QoneQO HMe enontr0 on
ino %erson!s ' es(&0 los %roble"!s de !d! (nHo$ !661 D1 <1:C1<
*(!ndo Ue!&V es !d.eti+o inde#inido ' +! del!nte de (n no"bre tiene (n sentido
"s ,ener!l '$ (!ndo Ue!&V es %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Qo#Q h el no"bre
%reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os o %osesi+os tiene
(n sentido "s es%eF#io1 E.14 e!& bo' H!d! &io6 ' UE!& o# t&e bo's is re!din,
! boo9V H*!d! (no de los &ios est le'endo (n libro61
UE!& !nd e+er' h no"bre en sin,(l!rV e Ue!& !nd e+er' one o# h %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lV +!n se,(idos de (n +erbo en
sin,(l!r$ no en %l(r!l1
6+ Ever LRe+riL Nno ,r!d(!bleO H!d!L todHos$ !s6L (!l/(ierM Uel$ l! "!'orV Ndel!nte
de (n no"bre !bstr!to o de UoneVM se re#iere ! (n on.(nto de %erson!s o os!s
nor"!l"ente "!'or /(e el de Qe!&Q ' no se +en o"o %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s
sin,(l!res sino o"o ele"entos de (n on.(ntoM el on.(nto est #or"!do %or tres
ele"entos o"o "Fni"oM no es nees!rio /(e l!s %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s ! l!s
/(e se re#iere &!'!n sido "enion!d!s on !nteriorid!d %ero se sobrHe6entiendenM
Qe+er'Q res!lt! "enos /(e Qe!&Q !d! o"%onente del ,r(%oM Qe+er'Q se re#iere !
(n n2"ero indeter"in!do$ "ientr!s /(e Qe!&Q se re#iere ! (n n2"ero deter"in!do
' nor"!l"ente li"it!doM no obst!nte$ en l! %rti! l! di#ereni! entre Qe+er'Q '
Qe!&Q es "(' %e/(e)!M +! del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r ' on (n +erbo en
sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoM se (s! en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente$ %ero t!"bi0n se
%(ede (tiliz!r en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M Qe+er'Q es %!reido ! Q!llQ h no"bre en
%l(r!l$ %ero Qe+er'Q res!lt! !d! o"%onente del ,r(%o ' Q!llQ +e los o"%onentes
o"o (n on.(ntoM Qe+er'Q %(ede ir %reedido de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o %ero Qe!&Q
noM Qe+er'Q %(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de (n no"bre %reedido de (n !d.eti+o
n("er!l !rdin!l$ ! %!rtir de Qt7oQ$ ( ordin!lL (n !d.eti+o inde#inido$ "ientr!s /(e
Qe!&Q noM Qe+er'Q %(ede ir t!"bi0n del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r %reedido de
Qsin,leQ$ %ero Qe!&Q noM Qe+er' sin,le one o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en
%l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+o en %l(r!lM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM Qe+er'Q
%(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble o"o Q!ssit!ne$ eno(r!,e"entQ$ et1$
%ero Qe!&Q noM Qe+er'Q %(ede ir %reedido de %!l!br!s o"o Q!l"ostL ne!rl'L notL
%r!ti!ll'Q$ et1$ "ientr!s /(e Qe!&Q noM Qe+er'Q %(ede ir se,(ido de U#e7V %ero
Qe!&Q noM no obst!nte t!nto Qe+er'Q o"o Qe!&Q %(eden ir %reedidos de Q7it&o(t
e-e%tionQM (!ndo se re#iere ! %erson!s$ se s(ele %oner Q&eL &isL &i"Q en in,l0s
liter!rio si no se onoe el se-o de l!s %erson!sM t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner QHs6&eL &e
or s&eL &is or &erL &i" or &erL &is or &ersQ en in,l0s estnd!rM si se re#iere ! "(.eres
se (s!rF! Qs&eL &erL &ersQ en in,l0s estnd!rM en in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r! e+it!r l!
disri"in!i3n se-(!l se (s! Qt&e'L t&eirL t&e"L t&eirsQ %!r! &o"bres ' "(.eresM se
esribe Ue+er' RoneV (!ndo se re#iere ! !d! (n! de (n n2"ero de %erson!s o
os!s$ "ientr!s /(e URe+er'oneV N%rono"bre inde#inidoO se re#iere !l on.(nto de (n
n2"ero de %erson!s sol!"enteM %(ede ir %reedido de QnotQ s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M Ue+er' h no"breL Rone Nno se,(ido de Uo#VOV +! se,(ido
de (n +erbo en sin,(l!rM Ue+er' Rone o#V H!d! (nHo$ !6 deM +! del!nte de (n no"bre
en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM
Ue+er' Rone o# h no"breL %rono"bre en %l(r!lV +! se,(ido de (n +erbo en sin,(l!r
en in,l0s estnd!r o %l(r!l en in,l0s olo/(i!lM %(ede ir %reedido de UnotVO6M
Qe+er'Q h no"bre$ Ue+er' RoneV$ Ue+er' Rone o#V h no"bre$ %(eden &!er l!s
#(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto (!ndo
se re#iere ! %erson!s$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!lM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Qe+er'QM
Qe+er'Q %(ede ir %reedido de l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3nO61 E.4 E+er' bo' is
re!din, ! boo9 H*!d! &io estL Todos los "(&!&os estn le'endo (n libro Ni no
&!' nin,(no /(e no le!O6M E+er' %erson is &ere H*!d! %erson! estL Tod!s l!s
%erson!s estn !/(F6M Not e+er' %erson is drin9in, &is Nliter!rioOL &is or &erL t&eir
Nolo/(i!lO o##ee HNo tod!s l!s %erson!s estn bebiendo s( !#06M Al"ost e+er'
,irl is drin9in, &er o##ee H*!si tod!s l!s "(&!&!s estn bebiendo s( !#06M T&ere
7ere t&irt' 7o"en !nd e+er' 7o"!n N"enos (s!do4 "s en#tioOL e+er' one N"s
(s!do4 "enos en#tioO listened HE!bF! treint! "(.eres ' !d! "(.er es(&!b!L
tod!s l!s "(.eres es(&!b!nL !d! (n! es(&!b!6M Eer e+er' deision 7!s
!%%ro+ed HTod!s s(s deisiones er!n !%rob!d!sL *!d! (n! de s(s deisiones er!
!%rob!d!L er!n !%rob!d!s6M T&e' 7ill t!9e !re o# &is e+er' need HSe o(%!rn de
tod!s l!s neesid!des de 0l6M Ee !n !rri+e e+er' "in(te Hl %(ede lle,!r en
(!l/(ier "in(to6M S&e &!d e+er' on#idene in &i" HEll! tenF! l! "!'or on#i!nz!
en 0l6M e+er' #o(r 'e!rs H!d! (!tro !)os6$ e+er' t7o d!'s H!d! dos dF!s6$ e+er'
seondL ot&er d!' H!d! se,(ndo dF!L (n dF! sF ' otro no6$ e+er' #e7 "ont&s H!d!
%oos "eses6M Ee !e%ted To"Zs e+er' ide! Hl !e%t3 tod!s l!s ide!s de
To"sHito66M E+er' Rone 7!s i"%ressed HTodos est!b!n i"%resion!dos6M >e 7ent to
!ll t&e s&o%s b(t e+er' Rone Ns(.etoO 7!s losed HF(i"os ! tod!s l!s tiend!s %ero
tod!s Nsin e-e%i3nO est!b!n err!d!s6M E+er' Rone o# 7&o" Ns(.etoO l!i"s +itor'
H*!d! (no Nsin e-e%i3nO de los (!les %rol!"! +itori!6M E+er' Rone o# t&e
tro(bles Ns(.etoO is Nestnd!rOL !re Nolo/(i!lO d(e to &er HTodos Nsin e-e%i3nO los
.!leos son debidos ! ell!L *!d! (no de los .!leos es debidoL son debidos ! ell!6M
E+er' Rone o# t&e" is Nestnd!rOL !re Nolo/(i!lO &!%%' H*!d! (no Nsin e-e%i3nO
de ellos es #eliz6M Did 'o( do e+er' Rone o# t&ese tri9sT No"%le"ento diretoO
HWEiiste todosL !d! (no Nsin e-e%i3nO de estos tr(osT6M E+er' Rone o# "' sons
is Nestnd!rO notL !re Nolo/(i!lO not d("b HTodos Nsin e-e%i3nO "is &i.os
H+!rones6 no son "(dosL est2%idos Nolo/(i!lOL *!d! (no de "is &i.os no es "(doL
est2%ido Nolo/(i!lO6 ' UNot e+er' Rone o# "' sons is Nestnd!rOL !re Nolo/(i!lO
d("bV HNo todos "is &i.os son "(dos Nestnd!rOL est2%idos Nolo/(i!lO6M T&ere
7ere t&irt' 7o"en !nd e+er' Rone Ns(.etoO listened HE!bF! treint! "(.eres ' !d!
(n! de ell!s es(&!b!L tod!s ell!s es(&!b!n6M T&ere 7ere t&irt' 7o"en !nd I
s!7 e+er' Rone o# t&e" No"%le"ento diretoO HE!bF! treint! "(.eres ' +i ! !d!
(n! de ell!sL tod!s ell!s6M S&e told it to e+er' Rone o# (s No"%le"ento indiretoO
HEll! no lo di.o ! !d! (nHo$ !6 de nosotrHos$ !s66M Ee 7!s #or e+er' Rone o# &er
%ro%os!ls No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO Hl est!b! ! #!+or de !d! (n!
de l!s %ro%(est!s de ell!6M Ee is !,!inst e+er' Rone o# t&e" HEst en ontr! de todos
ellos6M T&ere 7ere #i+e s(%er"!r9ets !nd 7e did t&e s&o%%in, in e+er' Rone o# t&e"
No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO HE!bF! ino s(%er"er!dos e &ii"os l! o"%r! en
!d! (no de ellosL todos ellos6M e+er' sin,le ti9et Htodos los billetes61
QE+er'Q del!nte de (n no"bre !bstr!to %(ede si,ni#i!r Utodos los %osibles 111$
tod!s l!s %osibles 111V1 E.4 mo( &!+e e+er' re!son to be !n,r' HTienes tod!s l!s
r!zones %osibles %!r! est!r en#!d!do61
UE+er' N!d.eti+o inde#inidoO Rd!' Nno"breOV es !d+erbio (!ndo +! se%!r!do '
si,ni#i! U!d! dF!L todos los dF!sV$ "ientr!s /(e QRe+er'd!'Q es !d.eti+o
l!si#i!ti+o ' si,ni#i! Uotidi!noHs6$ !Hs6V4 Re+er'd!' Rt!s9sL R%roble"s Ht!re!s
otidi!n!sL %roble"!s otidi!nos61 E-iste (n! di#ereni! entre Qe+er'Q$ !ent(!do '
no !ent(!do$ en (n! or!i3n ne,!ti+!1 E.14 RE+er' N!ent(!doO "on9e'+| doesnZt
do Rt&!t| Nliter!rioM Qe+er'Q +! !ent(!doO HTodos los "onos no &!en esoL !/(ello
Ni Not Re+er' N!ent(!doO "on9e'+| does t&!t+ Nno en#tioOL Rt&!t| Nen#tioO
Nestnd!rM %!r! e+it!r on#(sionesO HNo todos los "onos &!en esoL !/(ello Ni s3lo
!l,(nos lo &!enO6 ' UE+er' Nno !ent(!doO "on9e'+ doesnZt do Rt&!t+V N!r!ioM
Qe+er'Q no +! !ent(!doO HNin,2n "ono &!e esoL !/(ello Hi Todos los "onos no
&!en esoL !/(ello Nen l3,i! "!te"ti! %ero en l! %rti! no se (tiliz! on este
sentido en !stell!noO Hi No "on9e' does t&!t+ Nno en#tioOL Rt&!t| Nen#tioO
Nestnd!rO HNin,2n "ono &!e eso NoO !/(elloL Reso NoO !R/(ello6O61
E!' di#ereni! entre UEe &!s t!l9ed to e+er' one o# t&e ,irlsV Hl &! &!bl!do on
!d! (n! de l!s &i!s N%rob!ble"ente %or se%!r!doO6 ' QEe &!s t!l9ed to !ll t&e
,irlsQ Hl &! &!bl!do on tod!s l!s &i!s N"s %rob!ble"ente .(nt!s ' "enos
%rob!ble"ente %or se%!r!doO6M Ee &!s +isited e+er' one o# t&ese o(ntries Hl &!
+isit!do !d! (no de estos %!Fses6 ' QEe &!s +isited !ll Ho#6 t&ese o(ntriesQ Hl &!
+isit!do todos estos %!Fses61
QE+er'Q es s3lo !d.eti+o inde#inido ' el %rono"bre inde#inido es Qe+er'oneQ1 D1
<1:C1?
8+ Eit/er Nno ,r!d(!bleO H(no de los dosL (no ( otroL (n! de l!s dosL (n! ( otr!L
(!l/(ier! de losL l!s dosL !d! Non !l,(n!s %!l!br!s o"o Qend$ &!nd$ sideQ$ et1$
en !#ir"!ti+! s3lo ND1 =1:<OM s3lo en este !so del!nte de (n no"bre %(ede &!er l!
#(ni3n de s(.etoOL (noL !l,(no de los dosL (n!L !l,(n! de l!s dos Nen interro,!ti+!OL
nin,(nHo$ !6 de lHos$ !s6 dos N%reedido de QnotQ s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+!OM +! on +erbo en sin,(l!rM %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre o de QoneQM
se re#iere ! dos %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s +istos %or se%!r!doM no se %(ede %oner
(n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Qeit&erQM detrs de (n +erbo en %ret0rito
%er#etoL %l(s(!"%er#eto en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! se %(ede %oner
Ueit&erV se,(ido de (n no"breM Ueit&er h no"breL one h o# h no"breL %rono"bre
en %l(r!lV +! on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r en in,l0s estnd!r o in,l0s liter!rio '
en %l(r!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l61 E.14 eit&er boo9 H(no de los dos libros6M Eit&er
sol(tion Ns(.etoO is ,ood HUn!L *(!l/(ier! de l!s dos sol(iones es b(en!6M Eit&er
#lo7er is %rett' H*(!l/(ier! de l!s dos #lores es bonit!6M on eit&er side o# t&e %!t& H!
!d! l!do del sendero6M E!snZt s&e seen eit&er re%orterT Ni E!s s&e seen neit&er
re%orterTO HWNo &! +isto ell! ! !l,(noL nin,(no de los dos re%orterosT6M T&ere isnZt
eit&er ine"! HNo &!' nin,(no de los dos ines6M Eit&er one Ns(.etoO is ,ood HUnHo$
!6L *(!l/(ier! de lHos$ !s6 dosL Hel6 Uno ( Ho el6 otroL Hl!6 Un! o Hl!6 otr! es b(enHo$
!66M Eit&er one Ns(.etoO is OH16AH16 HUnHo$ !6L *(!l/(ier! de lHos$ !s6 dosL Hel6 Uno (
Ho el6 otroL Hl!6 Un! o Hl!6 otr! +!le6M E!s s&e seen eit&er oneT No"%le"ento
diretoO HWE! +isto ell! ! (nHo$ !6L !l,(nHo$ !6 de lHos$ !s6 dosT6M eit&er one Nno
reo"end!bleM es "e.or (s!r Ueit&erV o"o %rono"bre sin UoneVO o# t&e be!(ti#(l
ones H(no de los dos &er"osos6M eit&er oneZs %ro.et Nsi +! en ,eniti+o s!.3n Ueit&erV
es !d.eti+o ' no %rono"bre$ %or/(e no se %(ede s(%ri"ir UoneVO Hel %ro'eto de
(nHo$ !6L (!l/(ier! de lHos$ !s6 dos6M Ee &!sL &!dL &!snZtL &!dnZt seen eit&er l!9e
Hl &! +isto (noL &!bF! +isto (noL no &! +isto nin,(noL no &!bF! +isto nin,(no de
los dos l!,os6M E!sL E!d &e seen eit&er l!9eT HWE!L E!bF! +isto 0l (no de los dos
l!,osT61 D1 <1:C15C
*(!ndo Ueit&erV es !d.eti+o inde#inido ' +! del!nte de (n no"bre$ tiene (n sentido
"s ,ener!l '$ (!ndo Ueit&erV es %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Uo#V h el
no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os o
%osesi+os$ tiene (n sentido "s es%eF#ioM (!ndo Ueit&erV es !d.eti+o o %rono"bre
inde#inido se re#iere s3lo ! dos %erson!s ( ob.etos$ %ero (!ndo es on.(ni3n ND
B1<1;$ B15C15I8$ B15<O %(ede re#erirse ! dos o "s ele"entos de (n! serie1 E.14 eit&er
sol(tion H(n!L (!l/(ier! de l!s dos sol(iones6 ' UEit&er o# t&e sol(tions Ns(.etoO is
,oodV HUn!L *(!l/(ier! de l!s Hdos6 sol(iones es b(en!61
9+ Oeit/er Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hnin,(nHo$ !6 de lHos$ !s6 dos N+! on +erbo en sin,(l!r
s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre o de
UoneV$ sobre todo (!ndo se re#iere ! %erson!s$ %ero se (s! "(&o "s solo o"o
%rono"bre /(e se,(ido de UoneVM Uneit&er oneV %(ede ir se,(ido de l! se,(nd!
%!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3nM %(ede s(Hb6stit(irse %or Unot eit&erV e-e%to (!ndo
Uneit&erV es s(.etoM no se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de
Qneit&erQM Uneit&er h no"breL one h o# h no"breL %rono"bre en %l(r!lV +! on (n
+erbo en sin,(l!r en in,l0s estnd!r o in,l0s liter!rio ' en %l(r!l en in,l0s
olo/(i!lO61 E.14 neit&er o(ntr' Hnin,2n %!Fs Hde los 866M Neit&er it' 7!s
e-%ensi+e HNin,(n! de l!s H86 i(d!des er! !r!6M Neit&er !l%&!bet Ns(.etoO s!tis#ies
&er HNin,2n !l#!beto de los dosL Nin,(no de los dos !l#!betos le s!tis#!e6M E!s s&e
bro(,&t neit&er o!tT Ni E!snZt s&e bro(,&t eit&er o!tTO HWNo &! tr!Fdo ell!
nin,(no de los dos !bri,osT6M Neit&er one Ns(.etoO s!tis#ies &er HNin,(no de los
dosL Nin,(n! de l!s dosL Ni Hel6 (no ni Hel6 otroL Ni Hl!6 (n! ni Hl!6 otr! le s!tis#!e
! ell!6M Neit&er one o# 'o( &!s Nestnd!rOL &!+e Nolo/(i!lO bro(,&t &isL &is or &erL
t&eirL 'o(r dition!r' HNin,(nHo$ !6 de +osotrHos$ !s6 &!L &!b0is tr!Fdo el
diion!rio6M Neit&er one o# t&e" s%e!9s Nestnd!rOL s%e!9 Nolo/(i!lO *&inese
HNin,(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s6 &!bl! &ino6M T&ere is neit&er oneL T&ere isnZt eit&er one
N!trib(tosO HNo &!' nin,(nHo$ !6 de losL l!s dos6M A4 >&i& do 'o( li9eT HW*(l te
,(st!T6 B4 Neit&er one No"%le"ento diretoO HNin,(nHo$ !66M Neit&er one o# (s
Ns(.etoO is Nestnd!rOL !re Nolo/(i!lO in tro(ble HNin,(nHo$ !6 de nosotrHos$ !s6 dos
est en (n lFoL .!leo6M Neit&er one o# t&e" Ns(.etoO is Nestnd!rOL !re Nolo/(i!lO in
tro(ble HNin,(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s6 dos est en (n lFoL .!leo6M neit&er oneZs str(t(re
Hl! estr(t(r! de nin,(nHo$ !6 de lHos$ !s6 dos61
*(!ndo Uneit&erV es !d.eti+o inde#inido ' +! del!nte de (n no"bre$ tiene (n sentido
"s ,ener!l '$ (!ndo Uneit&erV es %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Uo#V h el
no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os o
%osesi+os$ tiene (n sentido "s es%eF#io1 E.14 neit&er sol(tion Hnin,(n! de l!s dos
sol(iones6 ' UNeit&er o# t&e !l%&!bets Ns(.etoO s!tis#ies &erV HNin,(no de los dos
!l#!betos le s!tis#!e61 D1 <1:C155
0+ Iot/ Nno ,r!d(!bleO H!"bHos$ !s6L los dosL l!s dos Ndel!nte de no"bres ont!bles
%reedidos de Ut&eV o no$ de !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os o %osesi+osM +! on +erbo en
%l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M +! nor"!l"ente
!ent(!doM Ut&eV %(ede o"itirse sin !"bi!r el si,ni#i!doM +! del!nte de (n
no"bre %rini%!l"ente ' "(&Fsi"o "enos #re(ente"ente del!nte de UonesVM
%(ede ir %reedido de UnotV s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M no se
%(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Qbot&QO61 E.14 bot& Ht&e6 ,irls
H"b!s "(&!&!s6M Bot& Ht&e6 !bbre+i!tions loo9 !e%t!ble HL!s dos
!bre+i!iones %!reen !e%t!bles6M Bot& Ht&e6 %!rents !re &!%%' HA"bosL Los dos$
el %!dre ' l! "!dre$ son #elies6M Bot& t&ese !"er!s o"e #ro" j!%!n HEst!s dos
"!r!s +ienen de j!%3n6M Bot& "' %!rents !re &!%%' HA"bosL Los dos$ "i %!dre
' "i "!dre$ son #elies6M Bot& &er !(nts !reL Eer !(nts !re bot& re!din, t&eir
ne7s%!%er HS(s dos tF!s estn le'endo el %eri3dio6M Bot& &ildren N"(&o "s
(s!doOL Bot& ones N"(&o "enos (s!doO !"e HLos dos ni)osL Los dos +inieron61
QBot&Q se re#iere ! lo /(e dos %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s +istos en on.(nto tienen
en o"2nM lo /(e se di,! de (no se re#iere t!"bi0n !l otroM Qe!&Q %(ede re#erirse !
dos %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s +istos se%!r!d!"enteM lo /(e se di,! de (no %(ede
re#erirse t!"bi0n !l otro o noM Qt7oQ se re#iere ! dos %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s
+istos se%!r!d!"enteM lo /(e se di,! de (no %(ede re#erirse t!"bi0n !l otro o no1
E.14 Bot& !"er!s !re di##erent HA"b!s "!r!s son di#erentes Nen rel!i3n !
(!l/(ier otr! "!r! %ero no l! (n! de l! otr!O6M HT&e6 t7o !"er!s !re di##erent
HHL!s6 dos "!r!s son di#erentes Nl! (n! de l! otr!O6M T&ere !re so"e di##erenes
bet7een t&e t7o Nbot&4 no %onerO sisters HE!' !l,(n!s di#ereni!s entre l!s dos
&er"!n!s61
Se %(ede e-%res!r "s o "enos lo "is"o (s!ndo el %rono"bre inde#inido Qbot&Q
se,(ido de Qo#Q h el no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os
de"ostr!ti+os o %osesi+os1 E.14 bot& t&ese !"er!s Hest!s dos "!r!s6 ' UBot& o#
t&ese !"er!s o"e #ro" j!%!nV HEst!s dos "!r!s +ienen de j!%3n61 D1 <1:C158
*:+ =ll Nno ,r!d(!bleO HtodHo$ !6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble on +erbo en
sin,(l!rOL todHos$ !s6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble on +erbo en %l(r!lOM (!ndo
si,ni#i! UtodHos$ !s6V indi! los ele"entos de (n ,r(%o de tres o "s ele"entos
+istos o"o (n on.(ntoM U!llV h no"bre en %l(r!l es %!reido ! Ue+er'V h no"bre
en sin,(l!r$ %ero U!llV +e los o"%onentes o"o (n on.(nto ' Ue+er'V res!lt! !d!
o"%onente del ,r(%oM entre U!llV ' el no"bre inont!bleL ont!ble en %l(r!l %(ede
no ir n!d! o Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o n("er!l$ de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+oM U!llV %(ede ir
del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+oM %(ede ir %reedido de U!l"ostL ne!rl'L %r!ti!ll'VM U!llV
%(ede ir del!nte de no"bres en sin,(l!r re#eridos ! tie"%o ronol3,io /(e son
bien s3lo ont!bles o bien ont!bles e inont!bles o"o Qd!'$ "ont&$ ni,&t$
s(""er$ 7ee9$ 'e!rQ$ %reedidos o no de Ut&eVM sin e"b!r,o$ Qent(r'$ &o(r$
"in(te$ seondQ$ no %(eden ir %reedidos de Q!ll Ht&e6QM Q!llQ h t&e$ !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+o h no"bre en sin,(l!r es %!reido ! Qt&eQ$ !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+o h Q7&oleQ h no"bre en sin,(l!r$ %ero es "enos en#tio '
,ener!l"ente se (s! "enos /(e Qt&e 7&oleQM Q!llQ del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l
si,ni#i! UtodHos$ !s6V$ "ientr!s /(e Q7&oleQ no %reedido de Ut&eV si,ni#i!
QenterHos$ !s6QM (!ndo U!llV +! se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o n("er!l !rdin!l se tr!d(e
%or Ulos$ l!sV ' se %(ede %oner Ut&eV o no entre U!llV ' el !d.eti+o n("er!l !rdin!lM
t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner (n %rono"bre n("er!l$ de"ostr!ti+o$ %osesi+oM se (s! en
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M Unot !llV Hno todoL no todHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!
s3loM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Q!llQO61 E.14 Ee 7!s &ere
!ll d!' Hl est(+o !/(F todo el dF!6$ %ero UEe 7!s &ere e+er' d!'V Hl est(+o !/(F
todos los dF!s6M All s(,!r is 7et HTodo el !z2!r Nen ,ener!lO est "o.!do6M All t&e
s(,!r is 7et HTodo el !z2!r Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO est "o.!do6M
!ll %l!nes Htodos los !+iones Nen ,ener!lO6M !ll t&e %l!nes Htodos los !+iones
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6M All blood' NGB4 +(l,!rOL soddin, NGB4
+(l,!rOL bloo"in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO !(s!tions !re #!lse HTod!s l!s .odid!s NoO
"!ldit!s !(s!iones Nen ,ener!lO son #!ls!s6M All t&e !(s!tions !re #!lse HTod!s
l!s !(s!iones Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO son #!ls!s6M All t&e
t'%e7riters Ht&!t6 &e sells HTod!s l!s "/(in!s de esribir Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre
todoL en %!rti(l!rO /(e 0l +ende6M All t&e !n-iet' isL T&e !n-iet' is !ll ,one HTod!
l! !nsied!d Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO &! des!%!reido6M All
!o""od!tion is e-%ensi+e HTodo Hel6 !lo.!"iento Nen ,ener!lO es !ro6M All t&e
!o""od!tion is e-%ensi+e HTodo el !lo.!"iento Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO es !ro6M All t&is 7ood is eno(,& HTod! est! "!der! es s(#iiente6M All
t&!t is #or 'o( HTodo eso es %!r! ti6M All t&e !rro7s to,et&er loo9 t&e s!"e HTod!s l!s
#le&!s Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO .(nt!s %!reen i,(!les6M All !rro7s
loo9 t&e s!"e HTod!s l!s #le&!s Nen ,ener!lO %!reen i,(!les6M All t&e t&in,s in t&is
roo" !re needed HSe neesit!n tod!s l!s os!s Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO de est! &!bit!i3nL Se neesit! todo lo de est! &!bit!i3n6M All t&ose
e-erises !re ri,&t HTodos esos e.eriios estn bien6M All t&eir do("ents !re
neess!r' HTodos s(s do("entos son nees!rios6M All &is o"%!nions le#t HTodos
s(s o"%!)eros se "!r&!ron6M !ll t&e t&ree +ill!,es Hlos tres %(eblos
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6$ !ll t&ree +ill!,es Hlos tres %(eblos Nen
,ener!lO6$ !ll #o(r 'e!rs H(!tro !)os enteros6M All t&ree Ho# t&e"6 7ent !7!' HLos
tres se !le.!ron6M !ll #o(r o# t&e" HlHos$ !s6 (!tro6M !ll #i+e o# t&e" Hlos ino6M All
se+en 7ere silent HLos siete est!b!n !ll!dos$ todosL Todos est!b!n !ll!dos$ los
siete6M All t&ose !re #or "e HTodos 0sosL !/(0llos son %!r! "F6M Ee too9 !ll o(rs Hl
o,i3 NEs%!)!OL !,!rr3 todos los n(estros6M All Ht&e6 !r"ies 7ere !##eted HTodos
los e.0ritos Ni no s3lo !l,(nos e.0ritosO se +ieron !#et!dos6$ %ero U>&ole !r"ies
7ere !##etedV HE.0ritos enteros Ni !l,(nosO se +ieron !#et!dos61 D1 <1:515:
Se %(ede e-%res!r "s o "enos lo "is"o (s!ndo el %rono"bre inde#inido Q!llQ
se,(ido de Qo#Q h el no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os
de"ostr!ti+os o %osesi+os1 E.14 !ll t&e !rro7s Htod!s l!s #le&!s Nes%ei!l"enteL
sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6 ' UAll o# t&e !rro7s loo9 t&e s!"eV HTod!s l!s #le&!s
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO %!reen i,(!les61
No obst!nte$ el !d.eti+o Q!llQ %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l
no %reedido de Ut&eV %ero el %rono"bre no1 E.14 !ll N!d.eti+oO %!%er Htodo el %!%el
Nen ,ener!lO6$ !ll N%rono"breO o# t&e %!%er Htodo el %!%el Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre
todoL en %!rti(l!rO6$ !ll N!d.eti+oO %eo%le Htod! l! ,ente Nen ,ener!lO6$ !ll
N%rono"breO o# t&e %eo%le Htod! l! ,ente Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6$
et1
*(!ndo Q!llQ es !d.eti+o +! del!nte de Ut&eV %ero (!ndo es !d+erbio +! detrs1 E.14
!ll N!d.eti+oO t&e 'ello7 &o(seHs6 Htod!Hs6 l!Hs6 !s!Hs6 !"!rill!Hs6 Nes%ei!l"enteL
sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO6 ' Ut&e !llI'ello7 &o(seHs6V N!d+erbioO Hl!Hs6 !s!Hs6
o"%let!"ente !"!rill!Hs6 Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO61 D1 <1:C15:
**+ Some Nno ,r!d(!bleM en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente4 (!ndo Qso"eQ +! del!nte
de (n no"bre inont!ble en sin,(l!r se tr!d(e %or Q!l,o deQM %(ede4
!6 Pron(ni!rse o"o LsA"LM s(ele ir !ent(!doM se (s! "enos #re(ente"ente
/(e Lse"LM indi! ontr!ste o 0n#!sisM Q!l,o deQ e/(i+!le ! Q(n! %!rte deQ ' se
sobrHe6entiende QH%ero no l! otr!L s(#iiente6Q o se !l!r! %oniendo Qb(t not !llL
eno(,&Q1
b6 Pron(ni!rse o"o Lse"LM no +! !ent(!doM se (s! "s #re(ente"ente
/(e LsA"LM indi! !ntid!d$ no ontr!ste$ ' se sobrHe6entiende QH%ero no todHo$ !66QM
(!ndo URso"eV +! del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r +! !ent(!do$ se
%ron(ni! LsA"L ' se tr!d(e %or Q(nH!6L !l,2nL !l,(n!QM %(ede &!er de s(.eto$
!trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$ et1M indi! inter0s$ "ientr!s
/(e si se %one el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do indi! desinter0sM (!ndo Qso"eQ +!
del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l se tr!d(e %or Q(nHos$ !s6L !l,(nHos$ !s6QM
(!ndo si,ni#i! Q(nHos$ !s6L !l,(nHos$ !s6Q es el %l(r!l de Q!Hn6Q ' QoneQM se re#iere !
tres (nid!des o "s$ i,(!les o di#erentesM %(ede ir se,(ido de U!ndL b(tV h Uso"eL
ot&erV N!d.eti+os inde#inidosO HotrHos$ !s66 h no"bre o de los %rono"bres
inde#inidos Uso"eL ot&ersV HotrHos$ !s66$ Uso"e ot&ersV H!l,(nHos$ !s6 otrHos$ !s66$
et1$ %reedidos de (n! o"! ' se,(idos de (n +erboM (!ndo +! del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l %(ede4
!6 Pron(ni!rse o"o LsA"LM s(ele ir !ent(!doM se (s! "enos #re(ente"ente
/(e Lse"LM se tr!d(e %or Q!l,(nHos$ !s6QM indi! ontr!ste o 0n#!sis ' se
sobrHe6entiende QH%ero no otrHos$ !s66Q1
b6 Pron(ni!rse o"o Lse"LM no +! !ent(!doM se (s! "s #re(ente"ente
/(e LsA"LM se tr!d(e %or Q(nHos$ !s6L !l,(nHos$ !s6QM indi! !ntid!d$ no ontr!ste$ '
se sobrHe6entiende QH%ero no todHos$ !s66QM en or!iones /(e indi!n ironF!$
!d"ir!i3n$ 0n#!sis$ URso"eV LsA"L +! !ent(!do ' se tr!d(e %or UR+!'!L ,r!nL
"(&Ho$ !6Q$ si +! del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!rM se die t!"bi0n U/(ite !V h
no"bre en sin,(l!r on el "is"o si,ni#i!doM %(ede ir en !#ir"!ti+! on Qi#L
7&et&erQM %(ede (s!rse t!"bi0n en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!$ si se es%er!
(n! ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+!$ si se d! (n! orden !ri)os!$ si se in+it! ! otr! %erson! o
se le o#ree !l,o$ si se &!e (n! s(,ereni!M no indi! d(d!M %(ede ir en interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+! en or!iones s(bordin!d!s ondiion!lesL o"%!r!ti+!sM en
l!s or!iones interro,!ti+!s se s(ele (s!r Qso"eQ on los +erbos Q!n$ "!'$ s&!llQ '
Q7illQM se di#ereni! de Q!n'Q$ %or/(e 0ste indi! d(d! ' no se es%er! (n! res%(est!
!##ir"!ti+! sino /(e %(ede ser !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!M t!"bi0n se %(ede (s!r en
ne,!ti+! ' se tr!d(e %or Q%!rte deL !l,(nHos$ !s6L todoHs6L tod!Hs6Q %!r! indi!r /(e
/(ed! !2n %!rte del %roeso$ "ientr!s /(e Q!n'Q indi!rF! /(e no &! to"!do %!rte
en el %roesoM se %ron(ni! LsA"L si indi! ontr!ste o 0n#!sis ' Lse"L si indi!
!ntid!d$ no ontr!steM en ne,!ti+! del!nte de no"bres /(e indi/(en tie"%o
ronol3,io se tr!d(e %or Q!l,(nHos$ !s6L (n b(en n2"ero deV ' se
%ron(ni! LsA"L si indi! ontr!ste o 0n#!sis ' Lse"L si indi! !ntid!d$ no
ontr!steM Qso"eQ %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre o URoneHs6V re#erido ! %erson!s$
!ni"!les o os!sM Uso"e RoneV %(ede ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3nO$ so"e
Rone o# H!l,(ienL !l,(nHo$ !6 de Ndel!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l o en sin,(l!r
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL inde#inidoM !(n/(e %(ede ir
! +ees t!"bi0n se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l$ es reo"end!ble (s!r sie"%re Qso"eQ N%rono"breO sin
QoneQ en este !soM %(ede re#erirse ! %erson!s o os!sM se (s! "(&Fsi"o "enos
Qso"e N!d.eti+oO one o#Q /(e Qso"e N%rono"breO o#QM %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes
es reo"end!ble (s!r !si sie"%re Qso"e o#QM Qso"eQ$ /(e +! !ent(!do ' se
%ron(ni! LsA"L$ es !d+erbio$ no !d.eti+o$ (!ndo +! se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o
n("er!l ' (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l ' si,ni#i! Q(nHos$ !s6QO6O6$ 'uite some Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hb!st!nte Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleO6M se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o
in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Qso"eQM Uso"eV %(ede ir se,(ido de U#e7V1 E.14 T&ereZs
so"e NLsA"L si indi! ontr!ste o Lse"L si indi! !ntid!dO !%%le HE!' !l,o de
"!nz!n!6M Ee &!s so"e NLsA"L si indi! ontr!ste o Lse"L si indi! !ntid!dO #ree
ti"e Hl tiene !l,o de tie"%o libre6M T&ere "(st be Rso"e LsA"L Nindi! inter0s$
%ero Q!nQ indi!rF! #!lt! de inter0sO e-%l!n!tion HDebe &!ber (n!L !l,(n!
e-%li!i3n6M S&e s%o9e to Rso"e LsA"L Nindi! inter0s$ %ero Q!Q indi!rF! #!lt! de
inter0sO "e&!ni HEll! &!bl3 on (n Hierto6L !l,2n "enio6M T&ereZs
Rso"e LsA"L Nindi! inter0s$ %ero Q!Q indi!rF! #!lt! de inter0sO "!n 7!itin, #or 'o(
HE!' (n &o"bre es%erndote6M Eere !re so"e LsA"L Nsi indi! ontr!ste o Lse"L si
indi! !ntid!dO o%ies HA/(F &!' H(n!sL !l,(n!s6 o%i!s6M Ee li9es so"e LsA"L
no+els b' G!ri! M!r/(ez HA 0l le ,(st!n !l,(n!s N%ero no otr!sO no+el!s de Ni
esrit!s %orO G!rF! Mr/(ez6$ %ero UEeZd li9e so"e Lse"L no+els b' G!ri!
M!r/(ezV Hl /(iereL /(errF! (n!s N%ero no tod!sO no+el!s de Ni esrit!s %orO
G!rF! Mr/(ez6M EeZs 7or9ed #or so"e NLsA"L si indi! ontr!ste o Lse"L si
indi! !ntid!dO 'e!rs Hl &! tr!b!.!do d(r!nte !l,(nosL (n ,r!n n2"ero de !)os6M
T&e' s!7 Hso"e6 NLsA"L si indi! ontr!ste o Lse"L si indi! !ntid!dO soldiers
HDieron ! !l,2n sold!doL H! !l,(nos6 sold!dos6M so"e LsA"L t7ent' %eo%le H(n!s
+einte %erson!s6M T&!t is Rso"e LsA"LL /(ite !n e-!"] H\RD!'! e-!"en]6M A4 >o(ld
'o( li9e so"e Lse"L Nsi se di.er! Q!n'Q$ s(,erirF! d(d!O !9eT HWJ(ieres H!l,o de6
%!stelTL J(ieres !l,o de %!stel$ W+erd!dT61 B4 mes$ %le!se HSF6M *!n 'o( ,i+e &er
so"e Lse"L Nsi se di.er! Q!n'Q$ s(,erirF! d(d!O #oodT HWP(edes d!rle ! ell! !l,o de
o"id!TL P(edes d!rle ! ell! !l,o de o"id!$ W+erd!dT6M *!nL M!' I e!t
so"e Lse"L N!n'4 no %onerO !9eT HWP(edo o"er (n %oo de %!stelTL P(edo o"er
(n %oo de %!stel$ W+erd!dT6M >ill 'o( lend "e so"e NLsA"L si indi! ontr!ste
o Lse"L si indi! !ntid!dM si se di.er! Q!n'Q$ s(,erirF! d(d!O "one'T HWJ(ieres
%rest!r"e !l,o de dineroTL J(ieres %rest!r"e !l,o de dinero$ W+erd!dT6M S&e &!snZt
e!ten so"e NLsA"L si indi! ontr!ste o Lse"L si indi! !ntid!dM si se di.er! Q!n'Q
se tr!d(irF! %or Qn!d!QO b!on HEll! no &! o"ido %!rte del toino Hentre+er!doL
!&("!do6L tod! l! %!net!6M Ee &!snZt %!id so"e NLsA"L si indi! ontr!ste o Lse"L
si indi! !ntid!dM si se %(sier! Q!n'Q se tr!d(irF! %or Qnin,2nQO reei%ts Hl no &!
%!,!do %!rte de losL !l,(nos reibos6M S&e doesnZt (nderst!nd so"e NLsA"L si
indi! ontr!ste o Lse"L si indi! !ntid!dO /(estionsL biolo,' HEll! no entiende
%!rte de l!sL !l,(n!s %re,(nt!sL %!rte de l! biolo,F!6M S&e &!snZt 7ritten #or so"e
NLsA"L si indi! ontr!ste o Lse"L si indi! !ntid!dO "ont&s HEll! no &! esrito
d(r!nte !l,(nosL (n b(en n2"ero de "eses6M I &!+e so"e Rone No"%le"ento
diretoO HTen,o !l,(nHo$ !66M so"e RoneZs le, Hl! %!t! de !l,(nHo$ !66M so"e Rone
N"s (s!do o"o %rono"bre sin QoneQO o# t&e Hbi,6 %roble"s H!l,(no de los
%roble"!s H,r!ndes66M so"e Rone N"s (s!do o"o %rono"bre sin QoneQO o# t&eseL
t&ose %roble"s H!l,(no de estosL esos NoO !/(ellos %roble"!s6M so"e Rone N"s
(s!do o"o %rono"bre sin UoneVO o# "'L &isL &er %roble"s H!l,(no de "isL s(s
%roble"!s6M S&e &!snZt seen so"e Rone No"%le"ento direto4 es nees!rio %oner
QoneQO o# t&e or&estr! HEll! no &! +isto ! !l,(ienL todos los de l! or/(est!6M so"e
Rone N"s (s!do o"o %rono"bre sin QoneQO o# t&e sin,ersL t&ese re#(,ees
H!l,(nHo$ !6 de lHos$ !s6 !nt!ntesL estHos$ !s6 re#(,i!dHos$ !s66M Ee did 7it&o(t so"e
Rone N"s (s!do o"o %rono"bre sin QoneQO o# "' rel!ti+es No"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO Hl se l!s !rre,l3 sin !l,(no de "is %!rientes6M Ee s!7 so"e
Rone N"s (s!do o"o %rono"bre sin QoneQO o# t&eir #riends Hl +io ! !l,(no de s(s
!"i,os6M RSo"e LsA"L e-%losions 9illed %eo%le b(t Rso"e N%rono"bre inde#inidoO
LsA"L NoO ot&ers N%rono"bre inde#inidoOL so"e ot&ers N%rono"bre inde#inidoO
didnZt HAl,(n!s e-%losiones "!t!ron ! ,ente %ero otr!sL !l,(n!s otr!s no6M It too9
/(ite so"e ti"e HLle+3 b!st!nte tie"%o61 D1 =1:=
Si se %one Qso"eQ se indi! (n n2"ero li"it!do$ !(n/(e inde#inido$ del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble o (n! !ntid!d li"it!d!$ !(n/(e inde#inid!$ del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!ble$ %ero ! +ees se %(ede s(%ri"ir Uso"eV %!r! indi!r (n n2"ero ili"it!do
on no"bres ont!bles o (n! !ntid!d ili"it!d! on no"bres inont!bles1 E.14 T&is
,oes b!9 Hso"e6 NLsA"L si indi! ontr!ste o Lse"L si indi! !ntid!dO 'e!rs HEsto
se re"ont! ! H!l,(nosL (nos6 !)os !trs6M T&ere !re Hso"e6 NLsA"L si indi!
ontr!ste o Lse"L si indi! !ntid!dO ,irls in l!ss HE!' H(n!sL !l,(n!s6 &i!s en
l!se6M I dr!n9 Hso"e6 NLsA"L %or/(e ontr!st! on Q!llL eno(,&QO 7ine b(t not !llL
eno(,& HBebF H!l,o de6 +ino %ero no todoL s(#iiente6$ %ero UI dr!n9 Hso"e6 NLse"L
indi! !ntid!dO 7ineV HBebF H!l,o de6 +ino66M Ee 7rote Hso"e6 NLsA"L si indi!
ontr!ste o Lse"L si indi! !ntid!dO %l!'s Hl esribi3 H!l,(n!s6 obr!s de te!tro6$
%ero UEe 7rites Nso"e4 no %onerO %l!'sV Hl esribe obr!s de te!tro61 D1 81585
*(!ndo se (s! Qso"eQ en interro,!ti+!$ se es%er! (n! res%(est! !#ir"!ti+!$ "ientr!s
/(e (!ndo se (s! Q!n'Q indi! d(d!M si l! res%(est! ! Qso"eQ es ne,!ti+! indi!
sor%res!$ %ero si l! res%(est! ! Q!n'Q es ne,!ti+! no indi! sor%res!1 E.14 S&!ll I
brin, so"e Lse"L o##eeT HWTr!i,o !l,o de !#0TL Tr!i,o !l,o de !#0$ W+erd!dT6 '
US&!ll I brin, !n' o##eeTV HWTr!i,o !l,o de !#0TL No tr!i,o !#0$ W+erd!dT61
*(!ndo Qso"eQ es !d.eti+o inde#inido ' +! del!nte de (n no"bre$ tiene (n sentido
"s ,ener!l '$ (!ndo Qso"eQ es %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Qo#Q h el
no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os o
%osesi+os$ tiene (n sentido "s es%eF#io1 E.14 so"e Lse"L o%ies H(n!sL !l,(n!s
o%i!s6 ' UEere !re so"e LsA"L o# t&e o%iesV HA/(F &!' !l,(n!s de l!s o%i!s61
*on+iene no on#(ndir Qso"e ti"eQ N"s es%eF#ioO LsA" Rt!I"L o Lse" Rt!I"L H!l,o
deL !l,2n tie"%o6 on Qso"eti"eQ N"s i"%reiso o +!,oO LRsA"t!I"L H(n dF!L en
!l,(n! o!si3n6$ ni Qso"e d!'Q N"s es%eF#ioO LsA" RdeIL o Lse" RdeIL H!l,2n dF!6
on Qso"ed!'Q N"s i"%reiso o +!,oO LRsA"deIL H(n dF!61 E.14 Ee s%ent so"e ti"e
7it& (s Hl %!s3 !l,o deL !l,2n tie"%o on nosotros6M EeZll ,o so"eti"e ne-t
"ont& Hl ir (n dF!L en !l,(n! o!si3n el "es /(e +iene61
*(!ndo se &!e (n! %re,(nt! on Q&o7 "(&Q h no"bre$ no se %(ede ontest!r
on Qso"eQM &!' /(e (s!r Q! little$ .(st ! little$ not "(&Q$ et1$ Hh no"bre6 ' (!ndo
se &!e (n! %re,(nt! on Q&o7 "!n'Q h no"bre$ no se %(ede ontest!r on Qso"eQ
Hh no"bre6M &!' /(e (s!r Q! #e7$ .(st ! #e7$ not "!n'Q$ et1$ Hh no"bre61
E-iste (n! di#ereni! entre QEe Nno es &inoO &!s 7ritten "ore t&!n so"e *&inese
7ritersQ Hl &! esrito "s /(e !l,(nos esritores &inos6$ QEe Nes &inoO &!s
7ritten "ore t&!n ot&er *&inese 7ritersQ Hl &! esrito "s /(e otros esritores
&inos6 ' QEe Nes &inoO &!s 7ritten "ore t&!n so"e ot&er *&inese 7ritersQ Hl &!
esrito "s /(e !l,(nos otros esritores &inos61 D1 <1:C15;
QSo"eQ %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio de !ntid!d1 D1 ?15?
*2+ =n Nno ,r!d(!bleO Nen !#ir"!ti+!4 UR!n'V H!ent(!doM %(ede ir t!"bi0n
%reedido de QnotQ6 si,ni#i! Q(!l/(ierL (!l/(ier! Hde "s de dos6Q del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!rM %(ede ir %reedido de U!l"ostL ne!rl'V en !#ir"!ti+!
s3lo ' U%r!ti!ll'V en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M el +erbo UbeV %(ede ir
s3lo en ne,!ti+! se,(ido de U!n'V h no"breM Q!n'Q Hno !ent(!do6 si,ni#i! QlosL
l!sQ del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+! en or!iones /(e denot!n d(d!$ s(%osii3n o ne,!i3n ' en or!iones
s(bordin!d!s ondiion!lesL o"%!r!ti+!sL te"%or!les ND1 =1:=OM l! ontest!i3n !
Q!n' 111TQ en interro,!ti+! %(ede ser !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!M UR!n'V H!ent(!do o no6
si,ni#i! Q!l,o deQ o se de.! sin tr!d(ir del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble$ Q!l,2nL
!l,(n!Q del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r$ Q!l,(nosL !l,(n!sQ del!nte de
(n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l o se de.! sin tr!d(irM en ne,!ti+! ! +ees se %(ede
de.!r sin tr!d(ir o$ si no$ Q!n'Q H!ent(!do o no6 se tr!d(e %or Qn!d! deQ del!nte
de (n no"bre inont!ble$ Qnin,2nL nin,(n!L ni (nL ni (n!Q si +! del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!lM Q!n'Q se re#iere ! tres o "sM Qnot !n'Q no
%(ede ir !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n (!ndo si,ni#i! Qnin,2nH!6QM !(n/(e %oo
#re(ente"ente$ se %(ede %oner QoneHs6Q$ en +ez de (n no"bre re#erido ! (n!
%erson! o os!$ detrs de Q!n'Q (!ndo tiene +!lor en#tio$ %ero es di#erente de
UR!n'oneV N%rono"bre inde#inidoO$ /(e se re#iere s3lo ! (n! %erson!M se esribe U!n'
oneV (!ndo se re#iere ! (!l/(ier! de (n n2"ero de %erson!s o os!sM se %(ede
deir UR!n' oneHs6V$ si se en#!tiz! Q!n'Q$ o Q!n' RoneHs6Q$ si se en#!tiz! QoneHs6Q$ en
in,l0s olo/(i!l %or/(e Q!n'Q es !d.eti+o inde#inido$ %ero Q!n'Q +! !ent(!do si no
+! se,(ido de QoneHs6Q %or/(e es %rono"bre inde#inidoM Q!n'Q %(ede ir se,(ido de
QoneQ h no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r ' se tr!d(e %or Q(nH!6V h no"bre h
U(!l/(ier!QM Q!n'Q se re#iere ! tres o "sM U!n' one o#V %(ede ir del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o on
+erbo en sin,(l!r en in,l0s liter!rio ' +erbo en sin,(l!r en in,l0s olo/(i!lO$ barel#
/ardl# scarcel an Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO Nno ,r!d(!blesO Hno 111 !%en!s nin,2nH!6
Nen !#ir"!ti+!OL !%en!s !l,2nH!6 Nen interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M del!nte de (n no"bre
o "enos #re(ente"ente de QoneHs6QO6$ %ust an Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hsi"%le"ente
(!l/(ier Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ rarel an Nen !#ir"!ti+!
s3loO Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hr!r!"ente Ndel!nte de (n no"bre o "enos #re(ente"ente de
QoneHs6O6$ Q!n' n("ber o#Q h no"bre de %erson! o os! Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!O H"(&Hos$ !s6 h no"bre6M (!ndo se &!e "eni3n ! Q!n'Q del!nte de
(n no"bre re#erido ! %erson! en sin,(l!r$ se s(ele %oner Q&eL &isL &i"Q en in,l0s
liter!rio si no se onoe el se-o de l!s %erson!sM t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner QHs6&eL &e
or s&eL &is or &erL &i" or &erL &is or &ersQ en in,l0s estnd!rM si se re#iere ! "(.eres
se (s!rF! Qs&eL &erL &ersQ en in,les estnd!rM en in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r! e+it!r l!
disri"in!i3n se-(!l se (s! Qt&e'L t&eirL t&e"L t&eirsQ %!r! &o"bres ' "(.eresM se
%(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Q!n'Q1 E.14 RAn' blood' NGB4
+(l,!rOL soddin, NGB4 +(l,!rOL bloo"in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO idiot !n do t&!t
H*(!l/(ier .odido NoO "!ldito idiot! %(ede &!er esoL !/(ello6M RAn' !rtist 9no7s
&is Nliter!rioOL &is or &erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO ri,&ts H*(!l/(ier !rtist! onoe s(s
dere&os6M Not R!n' 7o"!n 9no7s &erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO ri,&ts H*(!l/(ier "(.er
noL No (!l/(ier "(.er onoe s(s dere&os6M Not !n' 7o"en 9no7 t&is HNo tod!s
l!s "(.eres s!ben estoL *(!l/(ier "(.er no s!be esto6M S&e doesnZt ,o o(t 7it& .(st
R!n' bo' HEll! no s!le on (!l/(ier &io Nsi no se %one Q.(stQ$ %(ede tr!d(irse %or
UEll! no s!le on nin,2n &ioV en in,l0s liter!rio ' olo/(i!l$ si U!n'V no +!
!ent(!doO6M Ee isnZt !n' #ool Hl no es nin,2n tonto6M Ee &!s 7rittenL 7rote "ore
no+els t&!n R!n' li+in, It!li!n Hl Nest "(ertoO &! esritoL esribi3 "s no+el!s /(e
(!l/(ier it!li!no +i+o6$ %ero QEe &!s 7ritten "ore no+els t&!n R!n' ot&er Hli+in,6
It!li!nQ Hl Nest +i+oO &! esrito "s no+el!s /(e (!l/(ier otro it!li!no H+i+o66M
RAn' oneL An' Rone N"enos (s!dos ' "s en#tios /(e Q!n'Q soloO o# t&e
"!,!zines 7ill do H*(!l/(ier! de l!s re+ist!s Hil(str!d!s6 +!ldr6M RAn' oneL An'
Rone N"enos (s!dos ' "s en#tios /(e QAn'Q soloO o# t&ese "!,!zines osts
Nliter!rioOL ost Nolo/(i!lO ! lot H*(!l/(ier! de est!s re+ist!s Hil(str!d!s6 (est!
"(&o6M RAn' oneL An' Rone N"enos (s!dos ' "s en#tios /(e Q!n'Q soloO o# "'
"!,!zines is Nliter!rioOL !re Nolo/(i!lO better t&!n 'o(rs H*(!l/(ier! de "is re+ist!s
Hil(str!d!s6 es "e.or /(e l!Hs6 t('!Hs66M RAn' oneL An' Rone N"enos (s!dos ' "s
en#tios /(e Q!n'Q soloO o# (s H(!l/(ier! de nosotrHos$ !s66M Ee !n t!9e !n' one
reord Hl %(ede lle+!r (n diso (!l/(ier!6M T!9e !n' !%%les 'o( need] H\Ll0+!Hte6
l!s "!nz!n!s /(e neesites]6$ %ero QT!9e t&e !%%les 'o( need]Q H\Ll0+!Hte6 l!s
"!nz!n!s /(e neesit!s]6M Do 'o( &!+eL E!+e 'o( NGBO !n' &oie !t !llT HWTienes
H!l,(n!6 elei3nT6M Do 'o( #eel !n' lo+e #or &erT HWSientes !l,o de !"or %or ell!T6M
E!+e 'o( !n' "e"or'T HWTieneHs6 H!l,o de6 "e"ori!T6M Is t&ere !n' be,inner !t !ll
in t&is l!ssT HWE!' !l,2n %rini%i!nte de !l,2n ti%o en est! l!seT6M Are t&ere !n'
be,inners !t !llT HWE!' !l,2n %rini%i!nteL H!l,(nos6 %rini%i!ntes de !l,2n ti%oT6M
And 7it& !n' Nindi! d(d!OL so"e Nno indi! d(d!O l(9 s&e s&o(ld be !ble to
o"e Hm on !l,o NoO (n %oo de s(erte ell! deberF! %oder +enir6M S&e #or,ot to b('
!n' Nindi! d(d!OL so"e Nno indi! d(d!O (("bers HEll! se ol+id3 de o"%r!r
!l,(nos %e%inos6M Ee doesnZt t&in9 itZs o# !n' Nso"e4 no %onerO i"%ort!ne Hl no
%iens! /(e se! de i"%ort!ni!6M Ee doesnZt li9e !n' 9ind o# %et &!te NoO %et
!+ersionL %et %ee+e NUSAO HA 0l no le ,(st! nin,(n! l!se de %es!dill! NoO #obi!
es%ei!lL "!nF! Nne,!ti+!O6L Ee doesnZt li9e !n' %et &!te NoO %et !+ersionL %et %ee+e
NUSAO o# !n' 9ind HA 0l no le ,(st! nin,(n! %es!dill! NoO #obi! es%ei!lL "!nF!
Nne,!ti+!O de nin,(n! l!se6M T&ere isnZt !n' "e!t le#t Ho+er6 HNo /(ed! !rneL n!d!
de !rne6M T&ere isnZt !n' 7or9er HNo &!' nin,2n tr!b!.!dor6M T&ere !re not !n'
(%s Nestnd!rO HNo &!' t!z!sL nin,(n! t!z!6M S&e didnZt "eet !n' %eo%le HEll! no
se enontr3 onL no onoi3 ! nin,(n! %erson!6M T&ere !renZt !n' 7or9ers HNo &!'
nin,2n tr!b!.!dor6M T&ere isnZt !n' %erson !t !ll drin9in, &is Nliter!rioOL &is or &erL
t&eir Nolo/(i!lO o##ee HNo &!' nin,(n! %erson! en !bsol(to bebiendo el !#06M
T&ere isnZt !n' l!d' drin9in, &erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO o##ee HNo &!' nin,(n! se)or!
bebiendo el !#06M Ee &!snZt !n' !ddress Ni Ee &!s no !ddressO Hl no tiene
Hnin,(n!6 direi3n6M ArenZt t&ere !n' !stlesT Ni Are t&ere no !stlesTO HWNo &!'
!stillosL nin,2n !stilloT6M Ee &!snZt seen H!n'6 !r&itet(re Hl no &! +isto Hn!d!
de6 !r/(itet(r!6M T&ere isnZtL !renZt R!n' oneL !n' Rone N"enos (s!dos ' "s
en#tios /(e Q!n'Q soloO o# t&e 7or9ers HNo &!' nin,(no de los tr!b!.!dores6M
T&ere isnZtL !renZt R!n' oneL !n' Rone N"enos (s!dos ' "s en#tios /(e Q!n'Q
soloO o# t&e 7or9ers HNo &!' nin,(no de los tr!b!.!dores6M T&ere isnZtL !renZt R!n'
oneL !n' Rone N"enos (s!dos ' "s en#tios /(e Q!n'Q soloO o# t&ose 7or9ers in
Finl!nd HNo &!' nin,(no de esosL !/(ellos tr!b!.!dores en Finl!ndi!6M T&ere !renZt
R!n' onesL !n' Rones N"enos (s!dos ' "s en#tios /(e Q!n'Q soloO o# t&ose
7or9ers in >estern S!"o! HNo &!' nin,(no de esosL !/(ellos tr!b!.!dores en
S!"o! Oident!l6M T&ere isnZtL !renZt R!n' oneL !n' Rone N"enos (s!dos ' "s
en#tios /(e Q!n'Q soloO o# "' rel!ti+es in D!n(!t( HNo &!' nin,(no de "is
%!rientes en D!n(!t26M T&ere isnZtL !renZt R!n' oneL !n' Rone N"enos (s!dos ' "s
en#tios /(e Q!n'Q soloO o# 'o(r rel!ti+es in B!&r!in HNo &!' nin,(no de t(sL
+(estrosL s(s %!rientes en B!&r!in6M T&ere isnZtL !renZt R!n' oneL !n' Rone N"enos
(s!dos ' "s en#tios /(e U!n'V soloO o# (s HNo estL &!' nin,(nHo$ !6 de
nosotrHos$ !s66M T&e' didnZt see R!n' oneL !n' Rone o# t&e .o(rn!lists HNo +ieron !
nin,(no de los %eriodist!s6M *!n 'o( te!& R!n' oneL !n' Rone N"enos (s!dos ' "s
en#tios /(e Q!n'Q soloO o# (sT No"%le"ento indiretoO HWP(edes ense)!rnos !
!l,(noHs6 de nosotrosT6M S&e o(ld brin, it to R!n' oneL !n' Rone o# 'o(
No"%le"ento indiretoO HEll! %odHr6F! tr!erlo ! (!l/(ier! de +osotrHos$ !s66M S&e
isnZt #ed (% 7it& R!n' oneL !n' Rone o# 'o( HEll! no est &!rt! de nin,(nHo$ !6 de
+osotrHos$ !s66M T&is is t&e "ost di##i(lt %roble" o# R!n' oneL !n' Rone Ni !ll t&e
onesO t&!t 7eZ+e &!d to sol+e Hste es el %roble"! "s di#Fil de todos los /(e
&e"os tenido /(e sol(ion!r6M !n' one boo9 H(!l/(ier libro6M S&e &!s &!rdl'L
b!rel'L s!rel' !n' Nso"e4 no %onerO ,ood &e!lt& HEll! !%en!s tiene Hb(en!6 s!l(d
N"enos (s!do /(e QS&e isnZt &e!lt&'L in ,ood &e!lt&Q HEll! no tiene Hb(en!6
s!l(d6O6M T&ere 7!s &!rdl'L b!rel'L s!rel' !n' l!"bL li,&tL tr!ns%ort HA%en!s
&!bF! H!rne de6 orderoL l(zL tr!ns%orteL No &!bF! !%en!s H!rne de6 orderoL l(zL
tr!ns%orte6M S&e s!7 !n' n("ber o# %eo%le HEll! +io ! "(&!s %erson!s6M Ee told
&er !n' n("ber o# ti"es Hl se lo di.o ! ell! "(&!s +ees6M Do 'o( #eel !n' lo+e
#or &erT HWSientes !l,o de !"or %or ell!T6M Ee &!snZt seen !n' !r&itet(re Hl no &!
+isto Hn!d! de6 !r/(itet(r!61 D1 <1:C15@
Si se %one Q!n'Q se indi! (n n2"ero li"it!do$ !(n/(e inde#inido$ del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble o (n! !ntid!d li"it!d!$ !(n/(e inde#inid!$ del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!ble$ %ero ! +ees se %(ede s(%ri"ir U!n'V %!r! indi!r (n n2"ero ili"it!do
del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble o (n! !ntid!d ili"it!d! del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!ble1 E.14 Are t&ere be,inners !t !llT HWE!' %rini%i!ntes de !l,2n ti%oT6M Are
t&ere H!n'6 boo9s in 'o(r roo"T HWE!' H!l,2n libro6L libros en t( (!rtoT6M T&ere
isnZt "e!t HNo &!' !rne6M T&ere !renZt (%s HNo &!' t!z!s6M ArenZt t&ere !stlesT
HWNo &!' !stillosT6M T&ere !renZt 7or9ers HNo &!' tr!b!.!dores6M S&e didnZt "eet
%eo%le HEll! no se enontr3 onL onoi3 ! ,ente6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 i#L 7&et&er
'o( #eel H!n'6 lo+e to7!rds &er HEll! no s!be si sientes H!l,o de6 !"or &!i! ell!6$
et1
*(!ndo se (s! Q!n'Q en interro,!ti+!$ indi! d(d!$ "ientr!s /(e (!ndo se (s!
Qso"eQ se es%er! (n! res%(est! !#ir"!ti+!M si l! res%(est! ! Q!n'Q es ne,!ti+! no
indi! sor%res!$ %ero si l! res%(est! ! Qso"eQ es ne,!ti+! indi! sor%res!1 E.14 Are
t&ere !n' boo9sT HWE!' !l,2n libroTL No &!' libros$ W+erd!dT6 ' UAre t&ere so"e
boo9sTV HE!' !l,(nos libros$ W+erd!dT6M >ill 'o( &!+e !n' o##eeT HWJ(ieres !#0TL
No /(ieres !#0$ W+erd!dT6 ' U>ill 'o( &!+e so"e o##eeTV HJ(ieres !#0$
W+erd!dT6M ArenZt t&ere !n' boo9s on t&e t!bleT HWNo &!' nin,2n libro sobre l!
"es!T6 ' UArenZt t&ere so"e boo9s on t&e t!bleTV HWNo &!' (nos libros sobre l!
"es!T6M S&e doesnZt belie+e Ht&!t6 &e &!s H!n'6 &!r" Ni S&e belie+es Ht&!t6 &e &!s
no &!r"O HEll! no ree /(e 0l ten,! en!nto6 ' US&e doesnZt belie+e Ht&!t6 &e &!s
so"e &!r"V HEll! no ree /(e 0l ten,! !l,o de en!nto Nse s(%one Qo"o dien
otr!s %erson!sQO61 D1 ;1=5155
*(!ndo Q!n'Q es !d.eti+o inde#inido ' +! del!nte de (n no"bre$ tiene (n sentido
"s ,ener!l '$ (!ndo Q!n'Q es %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Qo#Q h el no"bre
%reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os o %osesi+os$ tiene
(n sentido "s es%eF#io1 E.14 Ee doesnZt 9no7 !n' 7o"en Hl no onoe !
nin,(n! "(.er6 ' UEe doesnZt 9no7 !n' o# t&e 7o"enV Hl no onoe ! nin,(n! de
l!s "(.eres61 *(!ndo en !stell!no se %one U!l,2nH!6 otrHo$ !6 deL (!l/(ier otrHo$ !6
deL nin,2nH!6 otrHo$ !6 deL !l,2nHos$ !s6 otrHos$ !s6 deV h no"bre$ en in,l0s &!' /(e
%oner Q!n' one o#Q h no"bre %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+o h Qot&erQ1 E.14 RAn' oneL An' Rone N"enos (s!dos ' "s en#tios /(e
QAn'Q soloO o# "' ot&er rel!ti+es in t&e Dir,in Isl!nds o(ld o"e HAl,2n otroL
*(!l/(ier otro de "isL Al,(noL *(!l/(ier! de "is otros %!rientes de l!s Isl!s
DFr,enes %odHr6F! +enirL Al,(nos otros de "isL Al,(nos de "is otros %!rientes de
l!s Isl!s DFr,enes %odHr6F!n +enir6M T&ere !renZtL isnZt R!n' oneL !n' Rone N"enos
(s!dos ' "s en#tios /(e Q!n'Q soloO o# t&e ot&er 7or9ers HNo &!' nin,2n otro de
losL nin,(no de los otros tr!b!.!dores6M AreL Is t&ere R!n' oneL !n' Rone N"enos
(s!dos ' "s en#tios /(e Q!n'Q soloO o# t&ese ot&er 7or9ers in E!+!n!T HWE!'
!l,2n otro de estosL !l,(no de estos otros tr!b!.!dores en L! E!b!n!T6M T&ere
!renZtL isnZt R!n' oneL !n' Rone N"enos (s!dos ' "s en#tios /(e Q!n'Q soloO o#
"' ot&er rel!ti+es in Andorr! HNo &!' nin,2n otro de "isL nin,(no de "is otros
%!rientes en Andorr!6M AreL isnZt t&ere R!n' oneL !n' Rone N"enos (s!dos ' "s
en#tios /(e Q!n'Q soloO o# 'o(r ot&er rel!ti+es in t&e B!&!"!sT HWE!' !l,(nos
otros de t(sL +(estrosL s(sL !l,(no de t(sL +(estrosL s(s otros %!rientes en l!s
B!&!"!sT61
UNot !n'V h no"bre no %(ede ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n1
*on+iene no on#(ndir U!n' N!d.eti+oO 7!'V H!l,(n!L (!l/(ier "!ner!6 '
U!n'7!'V N!d+erbioO Hde tod!s #or"!s61
*2+ Oo Nno ,r!d(!bleO NUnin,2nL nin,(n! Hde "s de dos6V4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r
si +! del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r /(e &!,! de s(.eto ' on +erbo en
%l(r!l si +! del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l /(e &!,! de s(.eto ' Un!d! deV4
on +erbo en sin,(l!r si +! del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble /(e &!,! de s(.etoM
s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M UnoV no %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$
de (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ de (n !d.eti+o$ de (n %rono"bre$ de (n %!rtii%io$ de
(n !d+erbio$ de (n! %re%osii3n$ de (n! on.(ni3n %ero UnotV sFM (!ndo se &!e
"eni3n ! UnoV del!nte de (n no"bre re#erido ! %erson! en sin,(l!r$ se (s!n los
%rono"bres Q&eL &isL &i"Q en in,l0s estnd!r ' liter!rio ' Qt&e'L t&eirL t&e"Q en
in,l0s olo/(i!l$ ! no ser /(e se!n "(.eres ' entones se (s!rF! Qs&eL &erL t&e'L
t&eirL t&e"Q en in,l0s estnd!rM t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner QHs6&eL &e or s&eL &is or &erL
&i" or &erQ en in,l0s estnd!rM QnoQ$ /(e es "s en#tio ' "s liter!rio$ %(ede ser
s(Hb6stit(ido %or Qnot !n'Q$ /(e no es en#tio ni liter!rio$ e-e%to (!ndo &!e l!
#(ni3n de s(.eto ' (!ndo no se %(ede %oner en ne,!ti+! el +erboM se %(ede %oner
(n !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o$ l!si#i!ti+o o de olor$ (n !d.eti+o !rdin!l ( ordin!l$ entre
QnoQ ' el no"breO1 E.14 No sol(tion NNot !n' sol(tion4 no %onerO !n be re!&ed
HNo se %(ede !l!nz!r nin,(n! sol(i3n6M T&e' brin, boo9s b(t no %enils Nnot !n'
%enils4 no %onerO HTr!en libros %ero nin,2n l%iz6M I s!7 no "ir!leL "ir!les HNo
+i nin,2n "il!,ro6M T&ere is no Ni is not !n'O o"%li!tion HNo &!' nin,(n!
o"%li!i3n6M T&ereZs no ri"e HNo &!' n!d! de ri"en6M T&ere is no s(,!r HNo
&!' n!d! de !z2!r6M T&ere 7ere no Ni 7ere not !n'O dition!ries HNo &!bF! nin,2n
diion!rio6M T&ere is no Ni is not !n'O 7!r HNo &!' nin,(n! ,(err!L No &!' ,(err!
en !bsol(to6M >!s t&ere no Ni >!snZt t&ere !n'O ind(str'T HWNo &!bF! n!d! de
ind(stri!T6M T&ere is noL not one Ni isnZt !n'O %erson drin9in, &is Nliter!rioOL &is or
&erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO o##ee HNo &!' nin,(n! %erson! bebiendo el !#06M T&ere is no
Ni isnZt !n'O ,irl drin9in, &erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO o##ee HNo &!' nin,(n! &i!
bebiendo el !#06M Ee &!s no ,re!t res%et #or &er Hl no le tiene "(&o res%eto !
ell!6M Ee &!s no s"!ll res%et #or &er Hl le tiene "(&o res%eto ! ell!61
QAn'Q h no"bre se %(ede (s!r en +ez de QnoQ h no"bre s3lo (!ndo no es s(.etoM
QnoQ h no"bre es "s liter!rio /(e Q!n'Q h no"breM QnoQ es !d.eti+o sol!"ente ' el
%rono"bre inde#inido orres%ondiente es QnoneQ1 <1:C18;
UNoV %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de !ntid!d1 D1 ?15?
*-+ Quc/ Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"(&Ho$ !6 Nse (s! en ne,!ti+! o interro,!ti+!
%rini%!l"ente4 del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble ' +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de
s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+! se (s! %oo ND1 =1:=O$ %rini%!l"ente en in,l0s liter!rio (!ndo
#or"! %!rte del s(.eto$ ' nor"!l"ente es s(Hb6stit(ido %or Q! lot o#L ! ,re!t de!l o#Q
en in,l0s estnd!rM %(ede ir %reedido de QnotQ ' +! en !#ir"!ti+! o en res%(est!s
ort!sO6$ ver muc/ Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"(&HFsi"6oL "(&HFsi"6! Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre inont!ble on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!O6$ as muc/ 111 4as 111+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Ht!ntHo$ !6 111 Ho"o 1116 Ndel!nte de
(n no"bre inont!ble on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ so muc/ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Ht!ntHo$ !6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
inont!bleM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ ever so muc/ Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Ht!ntFsi"Ho$ !6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleM en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3loO6$ /alf as
muc/ 111 4as 111+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hl! "it!d de6$ t,ice# four times as muc/ 111 4as 111+
Nno ,r!d(!blesO Hdos +eesL (!tro +ees "s 111 /(e 1116$ not as# so muc/ 111 4as 111+
Nno ,r!d(!blesO Hno t!ntHo$ !6 111 Ho"o 1116 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble on
+erbo en sin,(l!r si &!en de s(.etoM s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+!O6$ prett muc/ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hb!st!nte Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de
s(.etoO6$ t/is N"enos (s!doO# t/at N"s (s!doO muc/ Nno ,r!d(!blesO Ht!ntHo$ !6
Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!en de s(.etoM en
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ /o, muc/ Nno ,r!d(!bleO H(ntHo$ !66$ too
muc/ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hde"!si!dHo$ !6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble on +erbo
en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M no %(ede ir
%reedido de Q/(iteQO6$ muc/# far too muc/ Nno ,r!d(!blesO Hde"!si!dHo$ !6 111
on "(&o6$ rat/er too muc/ Nen !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"s
bien de"!si!dHo$ !66M se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Q"(&Q1
E.14 T&ere isnZt "(& ti"e HNo &!' "(&o tie"%o6M Ee 9no7s "(& &e"istr' Hl
s!be "(&! /(F"i!6M Ee does not 9no7 "(& &e"istr' Hl no s!be "(&!
/(F"i!6M Is t&ere "(& "il9T HWE!' "(&! le&eT6M T&e !se &!s !ttr!ted "(&
%(bliit' HEl !so &! !tr!Fdo "(&! %(bliid!d6M M(& 7or9 still needs to be done
HTod!+F! /(ed! "(&o tr!b!.o %or &!er6M T&e' s(eeded !#ter "(& rese!r&
HT(+ieron 0-ito des%(0s de "(&! in+esti,!i3n6M T&ere 7!snZt "(& &o%e HNo
&!bF! "(&! es%er!nz!L L! es%er!nz! no er! "(&! N%ero en in,l0s no se %(ede
deir UT&e &o%e 7!snZt "(&VO6M Der' "(& 7ine isnZt ,ood #or 'o(r &e!lt&
HM(&Fsi"o +ino no es b(eno %!r! l! s!l(d6M T&ere is +er' "(& #e!r HE!' "(&o
"iedo6M Ee doesnZt li9e +er' "(& "il9 HNo le ,(st! "(&HFsi"6! le&e6M T&e'
donZt drin9 +er' "(& 7&is9' NGBM en USA se (s! es%ei!l"ente %!r! el eso0sOL
7&is9e' NUSA e Irl!nd!4 es%ei!l"ente %!r! el !"eri!no o irl!nd0sO HNo beben
"(&Fsi"o ,Xis/(i6M S&e &!s !s "(& in#or"!tion !s 'o( HEll! tiene t!nt!
in#or"!i3n o"o t26M T&ere is !s "(& l!ssi!l "(si !s %o% "(si HE!' t!nt!
"2si! lsi! o"o "2si! %o%6M Ee 7!stes so "(& "one' Hl derro&! t!nto
dinero6M Ee drin9s t7ie !s "(& le"on!de !s s&e does Nestnd!rOL &er Nolo/(i!lOL
s&e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO Hl bebe dos +ees "s de li"on!d! /(e ell!6M
Ee &!snZt !sL so "(& "one' !s t&e' &!+e Nestnd!rOL t&e" Nolo/(i!lOL t&e'
Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO Hl no tiene t!nto dinero o"o ellos6M S&e &!s %rett'
"(& l(9 N"enos (s!do /(e US&e is %rett' l(9'L S&e &!s ! ,re!t de!lL ! lot o#
l(9VO HEll! tiene b!st!nte s(erte6M Ee &!snZt t&!t "(& "one' Hl no tiene t!nto
dinero6M T&ere isnZt t&!t "(& "one' HNo &!' t!nto dinero6M Eo7 "(& lo+e do
'o( #eel to7!rds "eT HW*(nto !"or sientes &!i! "FT6M Ee dr!n9 too "(&
!lo&ol Hl bebi3 de"!si!do !lo&ol6M Ee isnZt le!rnin, too "(& biolo,' Hl no
est !%rendiendo de"!si!d! biolo,F!61 D1 <1:C18?
*(!ndo U"(&V es !d.eti+o inde#inido ' +! del!nte de (n no"bre$ tiene (n sentido
"s ,ener!l '$ (!ndo U"(&V es %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Uo#V h el
no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+osL
%osesi+os$ tiene (n sentido "s es%eF#io1 E.14 "(& 7or9 H"(&o tr!b!.o6 '
UM(& o# t&e 7or9 still needs to be doneV HTod!+F! /(ed! "(&o tr!b!.o %or
&!er61
*(!ndo se &!e (n! %re,(nt! on U&o7 "(&V h no"bre$ no se %(ede ontest!r
on Uso"eVM &!' /(e (s!r U! little$ .(st ! little$ not "(&V$ et1$ Hh no"bre61
*3+ Qan Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"(&Hos$ !s6 N%rini%!l"ente en ne,!ti+! Hnot "!n'6 e
interro,!ti+! del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l %reedido o no de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o %osesi+o ' +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+! se (s! en in,l0s
liter!rio %rini%!l"enteM Unot "!n'V +! en !#ir"!ti+!$ en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!
o en res%(est!s ort!sO6$ a goodL great man Nliter!rios4 no ,r!d(!blesO H"(&Hos$
!s6L (n b(en n2"ero deL (n n2"ero onsider!ble de Nno se %(ede deir Uone ,oodL
,re!t "!n'VM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble
en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!en de s(.etoO6$ a ver great man Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO H"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 Nno se %(ede deir Uone +er' ,re!t "!n'VM en
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on
+erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM %(ede ir %reedido de QnotQO6$ as man 111 Has 1116
Nno ,r!d(!bleO Ht!ntHos$ !s6 111 Ho"o 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4
del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoO6$ as
man too man Nr!ro4 no ,r!d(!bleO Ht!ntHos$ !s6 111 "s de l! (ent! Nen
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ /alf
as man 111 Has 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hl! "it!d de x H/(e x66$ t,ice# five times as
man 111 Has 1116 Nno ,r!d(!blesO Hl! "it!d deL dos +eesL ino +ees "s de 111
H/(e 11166$ so man Nno ,r!d(!bleO Ht!ntHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ ever so man Nno
,r!d(!bleO Ht!ntFsi"Hos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3lo4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en
%l(r!lO6$ not as# so man 111 Has 1116 Nno ,r!d(!blesO Hno t!ntHos$ !s6 111 Ho"o 1116
Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en
%l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!en de s(.etoO6$ not 'uite as# so man 111 4as 111+ Nno
,r!d(!blesO Hno t!ntHos$ !s6 111 Ho"o 11166$ ver man Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO
H"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoO6$ too man Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Hde"!si!dHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM %(ede ir %reedido de QnotQ
%ero no de Q/(iteQM %(ede ir %reedido de (n n2"ero !rdin!l UoneL #i+eV$ et14 one
too man "ist!9esL one "ist!9e too man Non +erbo en sin,(l!rO Nno ,r!d(!bleO
H(n error "s de l! (ent!6$ t7o N( otro n2"ero s(%eriorO too man "ist!9esL t7o
"ist!9es too man Non +erbo en %l(r!lO Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hdos errores "s de l!
(ent!6O6$ far Nestnd!rOL muc/ Nolo/(i!lO too man Nno ,r!d(!blesO
Hde"!si!dHos$ !s6 111 on "(&o6$ rat/er too man Nen !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+!O Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"s bien de"!si!dHos$ !s6 on "(&o6$ a fe, too
man Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO H(nos %oos de"!si!dosL (n!s %o!s de"!si!d!s Nno
se %(ede deir Uone #e7 too "!n'VM en !#ir"!ti+! s3lo4 del!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ Rt/at man Nno ,r!d(!bleO Ht!ntHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ not R t/is# R t/at
man Nno ,r!d(!blesO Hno t!ntHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3lo4 del!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!en de s(.etoO6$ /o,ever man Nno
,r!d(!bleO H%or "(&osL "(&!s /(e Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3lo4 del!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ man a4n6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"(&Hos$ !s6 Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre en sin,(l!r en in,l0s liter!rio on (n +erbo en sin,(l!rO6M se %(ede %oner (n
!d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Q"!n'Q1 E.14 Hnot6 "!n' %olitii!ns HHno6 "(&os
%olFtios6M T&e' !s9 "!n' Nliter!rioO do(bts HPre,(nt!n "(&!s d(d!s6M T&e' "!9e
"!n' Nliter!rioO in/(iries N"s (s!doOL en/(iries HE!en "(&!s %re,(nt!s6M T&e'
&!+e "!n' Nliter!rioO o7s HTienen "(&!s +!!s6M A ,oodL ,re!t "!n' Nliter!rioO
%l!'ers !rri+ed HLle,!ron "(&osL (n b(en n2"ero deL (n n2"ero onsider!ble de
.(,!dores6M A +er' ,re!t "!n' Nliter!rioO %eo%le !"e HM(&Fsi"!s %erson!s
+inieron6M T&ere !re !s "!n' 7ords !s 'o( t&in9 HE!' t!nt!s %!l!br!s o"o
%iens!s6M S&e sells se+en ti"es !s "!n' &ool!te "il9 s&!9es !s 7e do Nestnd!rOL
(s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO HEll! +ende siete +ees "s de
b!tidos de &ool!te /(e nosotros6M T&ere !renZt !sL so "!n' !ni"!ls !s s&e
belie+ed HNo &!' t!ntos !ni"!les o"o reF! ell!6M S&e lost !s "!n' too "!n'
Nr!roO o%%ort(nities !s 'o( did Nestnd!rOL 'o( Nolo/(i!l ' liter!rioO HEll! %erdi3
t!nt!s o%ort(nid!des "s de l! (ent! o"o t26M Ee &!s +er' "!n' Nliter!rioO !rds
Hl tiene "(&Fsi"!s t!r.et!s6M too "!n' 7ords Hde"!si!d!s %!l!br!s6M T&ere is one
too "!n' &!irsL one &!ir too "!n' HE!' (n! sill! de "s NoO "s de l! (ent!6M
T&ere !re t7o too "!n' o"%l!intsL t7o o"%l!ints too "!n' HE!' dos /(e.!s de
"s NoO "s de l! (ent!6M T&ere !re #!r too "!n' Nestnd!rOL "(& too "!n'
Nolo/(i!lO boo9s HE!' de"!si!dos libros on "(&o6M >it& Rt&!t "!n' %eo%le
in+ol+ed it is %ossible H*on t!nt! ,ente in+ol(r!d! es %osible6M T&ere !renZt Rt&!t
"!n' %roble"s HNo &!' t!ntos %roble"!s6M M!n' ! Nliter!rioO %erson !s9s t&e s!"e
/(estion HM(&!s %erson!s &!en l! "is"! %re,(nt!61 D1 <1:C18@
*(!ndo U"!n'V es !d.eti+o inde#inido ' +! del!nte de (n no"bre$ tiene (n sentido
"s ,ener!l '$ (!ndo U"!n'V es %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Uo#V h el
no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+osL
%osesi+os$ tiene (n sentido "s es%eF#io1 E.14 "!n' do(bts H"(&!s d(d!s6 '
U"!n' o# t&e do(btsV H"(&!s de l!s d(d!s61
UM!n'V$ (!ndo es !d.eti+o$ no %(ede ir in"edi!t!"ente %reedido de U/(iteV$ %ero
(!ndo es %rono"bre sF1
*6+ &ittle Nno ,r!d(!bleO H%oHo$ !6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble on +erbo en
sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M si +! %reedido de
Ut&eV tiene (n sentido es%eF#io ' si no +! %reedido de Ut&eV tiene (n sentido
,ener!lO6$ a little Nno ,r!d(!bleO HQ(n %oo deL (n! %o! deQ Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
inont!ble on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoM no se %(ede %oner Uone littleVM
en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M Unot ! littleV Hno %oHo$ !664 en !#ir"!ti+!
s3loM no se %(ede %oner Unot one littleVO6$ 'uite little Nsi se !ent2! QlittleQ indi!
(n! !ntid!d !l,o "!'or /(e si se !ent2! Q/(iteQO Hb!st!nte %oHo$ !6 Ndel!nte de
(n no"bre inont!bleO6$ 'uite a little Nsi se !ent2! QlittleQ indi! (n! !ntid!d !l,o
"!'or /(e si se !ent2! Q/(iteQO Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hb!st!nte Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
inont!bleO6$ %ust# onl a little Nno ,r!d(!blesO Hs3lo (n %oo Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre inont!bleO6$ as little 111 as 111 Nno ,r!d(!bleO Ht!n %oHo$ !6 111 o"o 111 Nen
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleO6$ so little 111
4as 111+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Ht!n %oHo$ !6 111 Ho"o 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleM Unot !sL so little 111 H!s 1116V Hno t!n
%oHo$ !6 Ho"o 11164 s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!4 del!nte de (n
no"bre inont!bleO6$ ver# extremel# relativel little Nno ,r!d(!blesO H"('L
e-tre"!d!"enteL rel!ti+!"ente %oHo$ !6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble on
+erbo en sin,(l!r si &!en de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ a
ver little Nno ,r!d(!bleO H(n %o/(itoL (n! %o/(it! Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
inont!ble on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoO6$ precious little Nno ,r!d(!bleO
H"(' %oHo$ !6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleO6$ too little Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Hde"!si!do %ooL de"!si!d! %o! Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble on +erbo en
sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M no %(ede ir
%reedido de Q/(iteQO6$ muc/# far too little Nno ,r!d(!blesO Hde"!si!do %oHo$ !6
Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleO6$ rat/er 4too+ little Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"s bien
Hde"!si!do6 %oHo$ !6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleO6M se %(ede %oner (n
!d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de QlittleQ1 E.14 T&e little #ood &e &!s is &ere HL! %o!
o"id! /(e 0l tiene est !/(F6M S&e &!s little "one' HEll! tiene %oo dinero6M T&e'
&!+e done little rese!r& HE!n &e&o %o! in+esti,!i3n6M E!s &e "!de little e##ortT
HWE! &e&o 0l %oo es#(erzoT6M T&ereZs little "il9 HE!' %o! le&e6M ! little 7ood
H(n %oo de le)!L "!der!6M T&e' &!+e ! little e-%erieneL "one' HTienen (n %oo
de e-%erieni!L dinero6M Ee &!s done ! little 7or9 Hl &! &e&o (n %oo de tr!b!.o6M
T&e' &!+e ! little !&et LR9Y[eIL NGBO ' L9YR[eIL NUSAO HTienen (n %oo de
distini3n6M mo( &!+e st(died /(ite little bot!n' HE!s est(di!do b!st!nte %o!
botni!6M T&e' &!+e /(ite little "one' HTienen b!st!nte %oo dinero6M Ee 9no7s
/(ite ! little %&'sis Hl s!be b!st!nte #Fsi!6M Ee &!s !s little #e!r !s I &!+e
Nestnd!rOL "e Nolo/(i!lOL I Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO Hl tiene t!n %oo
"iedo o"o 'o6M S&e #eels !s little s!dness !s 'o( do Nestnd!rOL 'o( Nolo/(i!l '
liter!rioO HEll! siente t!n %o! tristez! o"o t26M T&ereZs so little ider] H\E!' t!n
%o! sidr!]6M S&e doesnZt &!+eL &!snZt !sL so little stren,t& !s 'o( HEll! no tiene t!n
%o! #(erz! o"o t26M T&ereZs +er' little ie HE!' "(' %oo &ielo6M T&ereZs +er'
little r(bbis&L litter HE!' "(' %o! b!s(r!6M S&e &!s +er' little &!ir HEll! tiene "('
%oo %elo6M T&ere isnZt +er' little "il9 HNo &!' "(' %o! le&e6M T&is &!s too little
s!lt HEsto tiene de"!si!d! %o! s!l6M T&e' !re "!9in, too little %ro,ress HEstn
&!iendo de"!si!do %oo %ro,resoL Estn %ro,res!ndo de"!si!do %oo6M T&ereZs
still too little sno7 to s9i HE!' tod!+F!L !2n de"!si!d! %o! nie+e %!r! es/(i!r61 D1
<1:C1:5
QLittleQ %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o ,r!d(!ble (!ndo si,ni#i!
U%e/(e)oHs6$ !Hs6V on no"bres ont!bles %ero no on no"bres inont!blesM
(!ndo es !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o ' +! del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r$ +!
%reedido de Ut&eV$ del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do o UoneVM (!ndo +! del!nte de (n
no"bre %ro%io %(ede ir %reedido de Ut&eV$ si tiene (n sentido es%eF#io ND1 81:5O$
' %(ede no ir %reedido de Ut&eV$ si tiene sentido ,ener!l ND1 81=<O1 E.14 t&e little ,irl
Hl! &i! %e/(e)!6$ ! little #lo7er H(n! #lor %e/(e)!61
QLittleL ! littleL /(ite littleL +er' littleQ %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio de
!ntid!d t!"bi0n1 D1 ?15?
*8+ &ess ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleM (!ndo +! del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l se
re#iere ! l! !ntid!d o "!s! ' no s(,iere n2"ero "ientr!s /(e U#e7erV se re#iere !
l!s l!ses o ti%os$ no ! l! !ntid!d$ ' s(,iere n2"eroO H"enos 111 H/(e 1116 Ndel!nte de
(n no"bre ont!ble e inont!ble en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO ' del!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble Nolo/(i!lOM UlessV +! ! "en(do se,(ido de Qt&!nQ h no"breL %rono"bre
en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o$ si se re#iere ! !ntid!d$ en %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lOM en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M %(ede ir %reedido de UnotVO6$ +erbo h barel N"enos
(s!doO# /ardl N"s (s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO less 111 Ht/an 1116L barel
N"enos (s!doO# /ardl N"s (s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO D +erbo D less 111
Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!blesO H!%en!s "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Nestnd!r4 en !#ir"!ti+! s3lo4
del!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleO6$ +erbo h barel N"enos (s!doO# /ardl N"s
(s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO less 111 Ht/an 1116L barel N"enos (s!doO# /ardl
N"s (s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO D +erbo D less 111 Ht/an 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO
Nno ,r!d(!blesO H!%en!s "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l
Nolo/(i!lOO6$ +erbo D barel N"enos (s!doO# /ardl N"s (s!doO# scarcel N"s
(s!doO h an less ... Ht/an ...6L barel N"enos (s!doO# /ardl N"s (s!doO#
scarcel N"s (s!doO h +erbo h an less ... Ht/an ...6 Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO Nno
,r!d(!blesO H!%en!s !l,o "s Nestnd!rO Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleOL !%en!s
!l,(noHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 "s 111 H/(e 1116 Nolo/(i!lO Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en
%l(r!lO6$ an less ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO H!l,o "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Nin,l0s
estnd!r4 del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble ' on +erbo en sin,(l!r$ si es s(.etoOL
!l,(noHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Nin,l0s olo/(i!l4 r!roM del!nte de (n no"bre
ont!bleM en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M Unot !n' less 111 Ht&!n 1116V Hno
"enos 111 H/(e 11164 in,l0s liter!rio4 del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble on +erbo en
sin,(l!r si es s(.etoOL nin,(nHo$ !6 "enosL no "enos 111 H/(e 11164 in,l0s olo/(i!l4
del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+!O6$ no less ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hn!d! "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Ndel!nte
de (n no"bre inont!ble Nin,l0s estnd!rO ' del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en
%l(r!l Nin,l0s olo/(i!lOM s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!O6$ fe,
less ... 4t/an ...+ Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%oHos$ !s6 "enos 111 H/(e 11166$ a fe, less
... 4t/an ...+ Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO H(nHos$ !s6 %oHos$ !s6 111 "enos Hde lHos$ !s6
/(e 1116 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ 'uite a fe, less 111 4t/an 111+
Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hb!st!ntes "enos 111 Hde lHos$ !s6 /(e 1116 Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ a 'uite fe, less 111 4t/an 111+ Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO
Hb!st!ntes %oHos$ !s6 "enos 111 Hde lHos$ !s6 /(e 1116 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble
en %l(r!lO6$ ver fe, less ... 4t/an ...+ Nolo/(i!l4 r!roM no ,r!d(!bleO H"(' %oHos$
!s6 "enos 111 H/(e x6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ a bit# touc/#
little less ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!blesO H(n %oo "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleO6$ a good# fair deal
less 111 4t/an 111+ Nno ,r!d(!blesO NUb!st!nteL "(&Ho$ !6 "enos 111 H/(e 1116V4 in,l0s
estnd!r4 del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r on +erbo en sin,(l!r$ si son s(.etos$ '
Ub!st!ntesL "(&Hos$ !s6 "enos 111 H/(e 1116V4 in,l0s olo/(i!l4 del!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble en %l(r!l ' on +erbo en %l(r!l si son s(.etosM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!O$ a great deal less ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO NU"(&Fsi"Ho$ !6 "enos
111 H/(e 1116V4 in,l0s estnd!r4 del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble ' on +erbo en
sin,(l!r$ si es s(.eto$ ' U"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 "enos 111 H/(e 1116V4 in,l0s olo/(i!l4 on
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l ' on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+!
e interro,!ti+!O$ man less ... 4t/an ...+ Nolo/(i!l4 r!roM no ,r!d(!bleO H"(&Hos$
!s6 "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ not t/at man less ...
Nolo/(i!lM no ,r!d(!bleO Hno t!ntHos$ !s6 111 "enos Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble
en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+! s3loO6$ a good# great man less ... 4t/an ...+ Nolo/(i!les4
no ,r!d(!blesO Hb!st!ntes "(&Hos$ !s6 "enos 111 Hde lHos$ !s6 /(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en
%l(r!l si son s(.etosO6$ ver man less ... Nolo/(i!l4 r!roM no ,r!d(!bleO
H"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 "enos 111 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ too muc/
less Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hde"!si!do "enos Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble
' on +erbo en sin,(l!r$ si es s(.etoO6$ too man less ... Nolo/(i!l4 r!roM no
,r!d(!bleO Hde"!si!dHos$ !s6 "enos 111 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4
del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM es
"e.or (s!r Utoo #e7erVO6$ some less ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO N!l,o "enos 111
H/(e 1116V4 in,l0s estnd!r4 del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble ' on +erbo en sin,(l!r$
si es s(.eto$ ' U!l,(nHos$ !s6 "enos 111 H/(e 1116V4 in,l0s olo/(i!l4 r!ro4 del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente$ %ero %(ede (s!rse
t!"bi0n en interro,!ti+! si se es%er! (n! ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+! o si se d! (n!
orden !ri)os!M si +! !ent(!do indi! ontr!steO$ more or less ... 4t/an ...+ Nno
,r!d(!bleO H"s o "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble Nestnd!rO '
on no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lOM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$
a lot less Nestnd!rOL lots less Nolo/(i!lOL muc/ less Nestnd!rOL far less Nestnd!rO
... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!blesO H"(&o "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Nin,l0s estnd!r4 en
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! on no"bre inont!ble on +erbo en sin,(l!r si
son s(.etosO6M a lot# far less ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!blesO H"(&Hos$ !s6 "enos 111
H/(e 1116 Nolo/(i!l4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ ver muc/ less ...
4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"(&Fsi"Ho$ !6 "enos 111H/(e 1116 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
inont!bleO6$ /eaps less ... 4t/an ...+ Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO H(n "ont3n "enos
de 111 H/(e 1116 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoO6$
even less ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hinl(so "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre inont!ble Nin,l0s estnd!rO ' del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l
Nin,l0s olo/(i!lOO6$ not t/at muc/ less ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hno "(&Ho$ !6
"enos 111 H/(e 1116 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleO6$ several less ... 4t/an ...+
Nin,l0s olo/(i!lM es "e.or (s!r Qse+er!l #e7erQO Nno ,r!d(!bleO H+!riHos$ !s6 "enos
Hde lHos$ !s6 /(e6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ plent less ... 4t/an ...+ Nno
,r!d(!bleO NU"(&Ho$ !6 "enos 111 H/(e 1116V4 in,l0s estnd!r4 del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!ble ' on +erbo en sin,(l!r$ si es s(.eto$ ' U"(&Hos$ !s6 "enos 111 de los
nees!riosL de l!s nees!ri!s Hde lHos$ !s6 /(e 1116V4 in,l0s olo/(i!l4 r!ro4 on
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l ' +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!O$ rat/er less 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"s bien "enos 111 H/(e 1116
Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble Nin,l0s estnd!rO o del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble
en %l(r!l Nin,l0s olo/(i!lM es "e.or (s!r Qr!t&er #e7erQO6M se %(ede %oner (n
!d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de QlessQ1 E.14 T&ereZs less o!l HE!' "enos
!rb3n6M Ee 7!s less st!tes"!n t&!n 7!rrior Hl er! "enos est!dist! /(e ,(errero6M
less Nolo/(i!lO %l!tes H"enos %l!tos6M less Nolo/(i!lO noteboo9s H"enos
(!dernos6M ! bitL to(&L little less bene+olene H(n %oo "enos de bene+oleni!6M !
bitL to(&L little less orr(%tion H(n %oo "enos de orr(%i3n6M T&e' &!+e ! ,oodL
#!ir de!l less "one' t&!n &e does Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO HTienen b!st!nteL "(&Ho$ !6 "enos dinero /(e 0l61 D1 <1:C1:8
UA lot lessL /(ite ! lot lessL ! little bit lessV %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de !d+erbios de
!ntid!d t!"bi0n1 D1 ?15?
*9+ T/e least Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hel /(e "enosL l! /(e "enos Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+!
e interro,!ti+!M del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble o ont!ble en sin,(l!rM %(ede ir
del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l en in,l0s +(l,!r$ %ero no es t!n orreto o"o
U#e7estVM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Qle!stQ6M least Nno
,r!d(!bleO H%o/(Fsi"oHs6$ !Hs6O61 E.14 Ee &!s Ht&e6 le!st t!lent Hl es el /(e "enos
t!lento tiene6M S&e &!snZt t&e le!st ide! 7&ere it !n be HEll! no tiene ni l! "s
"Fni"! ide! de donde %(ede est!r6M T&!t is t&e le!st b!dL 7orse !ltern!ti+e Hs! es
l! !ltern!ti+! "enos "!l!6M S&e "!de t&e le!st N+(l,!rOL t&e #e7est Nestnd!rO
"ist!9es HEll! #(e l! /(e o"eti3 "enos errores61 D1 <1:C1::
*0+ Enoug/ Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 no ,r!d(!bleOL sufficient Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!do4 no ,r!d(!bleO NUs(#iienteV del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble ' +erbo en
sin,(l!r si &!en de s(.eto ' Us(#iientesV del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble ' +erbo en
%l(r!l si &!en de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M Ueno(,&V +!
del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM Ueno(,&V +! ,ener!l"ente del!nte de (n
no"bre inont!ble en sin,(l!r$ %ero "enos #re(ente"ente en in,l0s liter!rio %(ede
ir t!"bi0n detrs del no"bre on el "is"o si,ni#i!doM Ueno(,&V +! detrs del
no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r /(e se! %redi!do no"in!l o !trib(toM %(ede ir
%reedido de (n !d.eti+o o (n !d+erbio o"o Q!bo(t$ !l"ost$ #e7er t&!n$ .(st$ less
t&!n$ "ore t&!n$ ne!rl'$ not$ not ne!rl'Q$ et1O$ 'uite enoug/ Nno ,r!d(!bleO
NUb!st!nteL s(#iienteV del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble ' +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e
de s(.eto ' Ub!st!ntesL s(#iientesV del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble ' +erbo en %l(r!l
si &!e de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O$ barel N"enos (s!doO
enoug/ NoO barel N"enos (s!doO sufficient Nliter!rioO# /ardl N"s (s!doO
enoug/ NoO /ardl N"s (s!doO sufficient Nliter!rioO# scarcel N"s (s!doO
enoug/ NoO scarcel N"s (s!doO sufficient Nliter!rioO Nno ,r!d(!blesO NU!%en!s
s(#iienteV del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!en de
s(.etoM U!%en!s s(#iientesV del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble on +erbo en %l(r!l si
&!en de s(.etoM en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3loOM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o
in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Qeno(,&Q1 E.14 Ee &!s eno(,& Nestnd!rOL s(##iient
Nliter!rioO o(r!,eL e-%eriene Hl tiene s(#iiente +!lorL e-%erieni!6M S&e drin9s
eno(,& Nestnd!rOL s(##iient Nliter!rioO "il9 HEll! bebe s(#iiente le&e6M T&ereZs
eno(,& "il9 Nestnd!rOL "il9 eno(,& Nliter!rioO HE!' s(#iiente le&e6M T&ereZs !
s(##iient !"o(ntL /(!ntit' o# "il9 HE!' s(#iiente !ntid!d de le&e6M T&e' &!+e
eno(,& ti"e Nestnd!rO Hto ,o6 NoO T&e' &!+e ti"e H7&i&L t&!t is6 eno(,& Nliter!rioO
Hto ,o6 HTienen tie"%o s(#iiente H%!r! ir66M Ee 7!s #ool eno(,& N!trib(toO to ,o Hl
#(e lo s(#iiente tonto o"o %!r! ir6M S&e 7!s 7o"!n eno(,& N%redi!do no"in!lO
to be o/(ettis& HEll! er! s(#iiente "(.er %!r! ser o/(et!6M T&e' &!+e "!de
eno(,& Nestnd!rOL s(##iient Nliter!rioO diso+eries HE!n &e&o s(#iientes
des(bri"ientos6M T&ere !re eno(,& Nestnd!rOL s(##iient Nliter!rioO te&nii!nsL
trees HE!' s(#iientes t0niosL rboles6M Ee e!ts /(ite eno(,& "e!t Hl o"e
b!st!nte !rne6M T&ere !renZt /(ite eno(,& te&nii!ns HNo &!' s(#iientesL
b!st!ntes t0nios6$ T&ere is &!rdl' eno(,& Nestnd!rOL s(##iient Nliter!rioO
eletriit' HA%en!s &!' s(#iiente eletriid!d6M T&ere is b!rel' eno(,& Nestnd!rOL
s(##iient Nliter!rioO eletriit' HA%en!s &!' s(#iiente eletriid!d61 D1 <1:C1:;I<
*on+iene no on#(ndir QEe doesnZt &!+e bi, eno(,& ,l!ssesQ Hl no tiene +!sos
s(#iiente"ente ,r!ndes6 ' QEe doesnZt &!+e eno(,& bi, ,l!ssesQ Hl no tiene
s(#iientes +!sos ,r!ndes61
QEno(,&Q %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio de !ntid!d t!"bi0n1 D1 ?15?
2:+ Fe, N,r!d(!bleO H%oHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ND1 =1:<I
=O4 se re#iere ! l!s l!ses o ti%os ' s(,iere n2"eroM del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble
en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM %(ede ir %reedido de Ut&eV o sin 0l
on distinto si,ni#i!doM %(ede ir %reedido de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o en %l(r!l$
(n !d.eti+o %osesi+o en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l ND1 ;1<1=OM #or"! el o"%!r!ti+o !)!diendo
Ier$ %ero no %(ede ir %reedido de U"oreVM #or"! el s(%erl!ti+o !)!diendo Iest$ %ero
no %(ede ir %reedido de U"ostVO6$ a fe, Nno ,r!d(!bleM no se %(ede deir Qone
#e7QO H(nos %oosL (n!s %o!s Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de
(n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM Q! #e7Q Nde : en
!del!nteO indi! (n n2"ero "enor /(e Qse+er!lQ Nde < en !del!nteOM Unot ! #e7V Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hno %oHos$ !s6L "(&Hos$ !s664 en !#ir"!ti+! s3loO6$ t/e fe, Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hlos %oosL l!s %o!s6$ a good fe, Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hb!st!ntes Ndel!nte de
(n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ some fe, N,r!d(!bleO H+!riHos$ !s6L %oHos$ !s6
Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ fairl fe, Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hb!st!ntes
%oHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3lo4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo
en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ 'uite fe, Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hb!st!ntes %oHos$ !s6 Nen
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on
+erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ 'uite a fe, Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hb!st!ntes Nen !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en
%l(r!l si es s(.etoM e/(i+!le ! Q/(ite ! lotQO6$ %ust# onl a fe, Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hs3lo
(nos %oosL (n!s %o!s6$ as fe, 111 as 111 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H t!n %oHos$ !s6 111 o"o 111
Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l
on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ so fe, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 "(&o "s (s!doOL suc/
fe, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 "(&o "enos (s!doO Ht!n %oHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble on +erbo en %l(r!l si son s(.etosO6$
not as# so fe, 111 4as 111+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hno t!n %oHos$ !s6 Ho"o 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!
s3lo4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si son s(.etosO6$ a
ver fe, Nno ,r!d(!bleO H(nos %o/(itosL (n!s %o/(it!s Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si es
s(.etoO6$ ver# extremel fe, Nno ,r!d(!bleOL comparativel fe, N,r!d(!bleO
H"('L e-tre"!d!"enteL o"%!r!ti+!"ente %oHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si son
s(.etosO6$ precious fe, Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"(' %oHos$ !s6L %o/(Fsi"Hos$ !s66$ too fe,
Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hde"!si!dos %oosL de"!si!d!s %o!s Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si es
s(.etoM %(ede ir %reedido de QnotQ %ero no de Q/(iteQO6$ far too fe, N"s (s!doOL
muc/ too fe, N"enos (s!doO Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hsin l(,!r ! d(d! de"!si!dHos$ !s6
%oHos$ !s66$ rat/er fe, N,r!d(!bleO H"s bien %oHos$ !s6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ rat/er too fe, Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"s bien de"!si!dHos$ !s6
%oHos$ !s6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ not Jt/is# Jt/at fe, Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hno t!n %oHos$ !s6 Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble
en %l(r!lO6$ anot/er fe, Nno ,r!d(!bleO HotrHos$ !s6 %oHos$ !s6 Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ ever fe, Nno ,r!d(!bleO H!d! %oHos$ !s6 Ndel!nte de
(n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6M se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs
de Q#e7Q1 E.14 #e7 ide!sL "e&!nis H%o!s ide!sL %oos "enios6M T&e #e7
t&in,s Ht&!t6 s&e &!s !re old HL!s %o!s os!s /(e tiene ell! son +ie.!s6M T&ere !re
#e7 deR%!rt"ents HE!' %oos de%!rt!"entos6M ! #e7 R%ills H(n!s %o!s %!still!s6M A
,ood #e7 R%!ssen,ers &!+e le#t HB!st!ntes %!s!.eros se &!n "!r&!do6M Does &e
&!+e #!irl' #e7 boo9sT HTiene 0l b!st!ntes %oos librosT6M /(ite R#e7 R7&eels
Hb!st!ntes %o!s r(ed!s6$ /(ite ! #e7 R7&eels Hb!st!ntes r(ed!s6M T&e' e!t !s #e7
b!n!n!s !s !s 7e do Nestnd!rOL (s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO
H*o"en t!n %oos %lt!nos o"o nosotros6M S&e &!s !s #e7 oins !s 'o( HEll! tiene
t!n %o!s "oned!s o"o t26M T&e' &!+enZt so #e7 %roble"s HNo tienen t!n %oos
%roble"!s6M Ee didnZt "!9e !sL so #e7 tri%s !s 'o( Hl no &izo t!n %oos +i!.es
o"o t26M Ee s!id it to ! +er' #e7 R%eo%le Hl lo di.o ! (n!s %o/(it!s %erson!s6M
+er'L e-tre"el'L o"%!r!ti+el' #e7 %ills H"('L e-tre"!d!"enteL
o"%!r!ti+!"ente %o!s %!still!s6M %reio(s #e7 +irt(es H"(' %o!sL %o/(Fsi"!s
+irt(des6M T&ere !re too #e7 (%s HE!' de"!si!d!s %o!s t!z!s6M !not&er #e7 &ints
Hotr!s %o!s indiret!s6$ e+er' #e7 &o(rs H!d! %o!s &or!s61 D1 <1:C1:@
El !d.eti+o se %(ede %oner detrs o del!nte de U#e7V1 E.14 ! #e7 selet %eo%le H(n!s
%erson!s "(' selet!s6L ! selet #e7 %eo%le H(n!s %o!s %erson!s selet!s6M >&!t !
#e7 #in!l "in(tes] H\D!'! (nos %oos "in(tos #in!les]6L >&!t ! #in!l #e7 "in(tes]
H\D!'! (nos "in(tos de "(&! tensi3n #in!l]6M ! #e7 +er' "ess' "o"entsL ! +er'
"ess' #e7 "o"ents H(nos %oos "o"entos "(' on#(sos6M !n e-itin, #e7 d!'s
N"s %ositi+oO H(nos dF!s "(' e"oion!ntes6 ' U! #e7 e-itin, d!'sV N"enos
%ositi+oO H(nos %oos dF!s e"oion!ntes61
*on+iene distin,(ir entre UItZs 7ort& not ! #e7 doll!rsV HD!le no %oos Ni "(&osO
d3l!res6 e UIt isnZt 7ort& ! #e7 doll!rsV HNo +!le ni (nos %oos d3l!res61
*(!ndo Q#e7Q es !d.eti+o inde#inido ' +! del!nte de (n no"bre$ tiene (n sentido
"s ,ener!l '$ (!ndo Q#e7Q es %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Qo#Q h el no"bre
%reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+osL %osesi+os$ tiene
(n sentido "s es%eF#io1 E.14 ! #e7 %ills H(n!s %o!s %!still!s6 ' U! #e7 o# t&e
%illsV H(n!s %o!s de l!s %!still!s61
2*+ Fe,er 111 Ht&!n 1116 Nno ,r!d(!ble4 se re#iere ! l!s l!ses o ti%os ' s(,iere n2"ero
"ientr!s /(e UlessV se re#iere ! l! !ntid!d o "!s!$ no !l n2"eroO H"enos 111 H/(e 1116
Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l
N"s (s!doO o UonesV N"enos (s!doO on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM ! "en(do +!
se,(ido de Ut&!nV h !d+erbioL or!i3n on s(.eto ' +erbo e-%lFito o
sobrHe6entendidoO6$ several fe,er Nno ,r!d(!bleO H+!riHos$ !s6 111 "enos Nen
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM ! "en(do +!
se,(ido de Ut&!nVO6$ some fe,er ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleM r!roM es "e.or (s!r
Qse+er!l #e7erQO H!l,(nHos$ !s6 "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente %ero
%(ede (s!rse t!"bi0n en interro,!ti+!$ si se es%er! (n! ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+! o si
se d! (n! orden !ri)os!M si +! !ent(!do indi! ontr!steO6$ +erbo D barel
N"enos (s!doO# /ardl N"s (s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO D fe,er 111 Ht/an 1116L
barel N"enos (s!doO# /ardl N"s (s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO D +erbo D
fe,er 111 Ht/an 1116 Nin,l0s estnd!r4 en !#ir"!ti+! s3loO Nno ,r!d(!blesO H!%en!s
"enos 111 H/(e 11166$ +erbo D barel N"enos (s!doOL /ardl N"s (s!doOL scarcel
N"s (s!doO D an fe,er boo1s 4t/an ...+# barel N"enos (s!doOL /ardl N"s
(s!doOL scarcel N"s (s!doO D +erbo D an fe,er boo1s 4t/an ...+ Nen !#ir"!ti+!
s3loO Nno ,r!d(!blesO H!%en!s !l,(noHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 "s 111 H/(e 1116$ an fe,er ...
4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO H!l,(noHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 "enos 111 H/(e 1116M Unot an fe,er ...
4t/an ...+< Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hno "enos 111 H/(e 11166$ a good# fair
deal fe,er ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!blesO Hb!st!ntesL "(&Hos$ !s6 "enos 111 H/(e 1116
Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ a great deal fe,er ... 4t/an ...+ Nno
,r!d(!bleO H"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!O6$ a good# great man fe,er ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!blesO Hb!st!ntes
"(&Hos$ !s6 "enos 111 Hde lHos$ !s6 /(e 11166$ fe, fe,er ... 4t/an ...+ N+(l,!r4 no
,r!d(!bleO H%oHos$ !s6 111 "enos H/(e 11166$ a fe, fe,er ... 4t/an ...+ N+(l,!rOL a little
fe,er X 4t/an ...+ N+(l,!rO Nno ,r!d(!blesO H(nHos$ !s6 %oHos$ !s6 111 "enos
H/(e 11166$ 'uite a fe, fe,er ... 4t/an ...+ N+(l,!r4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hb!st!ntes "enos 111
Hde lHos$ !s6 /(e 1116 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ ver fe, fe,er ...
4t/an ...+ N+(l,!r4 no ,r!d(!bleO H"(' %oHos$ !s6 111 "enos H/(e 11166$ more or
fe,er ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"s o "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+!
e interro,!ti+! on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM ! "en(do +! se,(ido de Ut&!nVO6$ a
lot fe,er# far fe,er# muc/ fe,er Nolo/(i!lOL man fe,er ... 4t/an ...+ Nno
,r!d(!blesO H"(&Hos$ !s6 "enos 111 H/(e 11166$ not t/at man fe,er X Nno
,r!d(!bleO Hno t!ntHos$ !s6 111 "enos6$ too fe,er X Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hde"!si!dHos$
!s6 "enos 1116$ even fe,er ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hinl(so "enos 111 H/(e 11166$
comparativel fe,er Nno ,r!d(!bleO Ho"%!r!ti+!"ente "enos6$ plent fe,er ...
4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"(&Hos$ !s6 "enos 111 H/(e 11166$ rat/er fe,er ...
4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"s bien "enos 111 H/(e 11166M se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o
in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Q#e7erQ1 E.14 Ee &!s #e7er noteboo9s t&!n 7e do
Nestnd!rOL (s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO Hl tiene "enos
(!dernos /(e nosotros6M se+er!l #e7er oo9s H+!rios oineros "enos6M mo( !n
b(' "ore or #e7er Nestnd!rOL "ore or less Nolo/(i!lO boo9s$ b(t 'o( &!+e to b('
so"e HP(edeHs6 o"%r!r "s o "enos libros$ %ero tieneHs6 /(e o"%r!r !l,(nos6M !
lotL #!rL "(&L "!n' #e7er R,odsons H"(&os "enos !&iR.!dos61 D1 <1:C1:B
22+ 4T/e+ fe,est Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hel$ l!$ los$ l!s /(e "enos6M se %(ede %oner (n
!d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Q#e7estQ1 E.14 Ee &!s Ht&e6 #e7est boo9s Hl es el
/(e "enos libros tiene61 D1 <1:C1;C
22+ Qore 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"s 111 H/(e 11166 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble ' +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.eto o
del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble si &!e de s(.etoM en in,l0s estnd!r$ /(e se (s!
"s$ +! entre (n !d.eti+o n("er!l !rdin!l ' (n no"bre ' en in,l0s liter!rio$ /(e se
(s! "enos$ +! detrs de (n no"bre$ %ero$ si U"oreV +! se,(ido de Ut&!nV$ +! detrs
del no"bre %reedido del !d.eti+o n("er!l !rdin!lM %(ede ir %reedido de UnotVO6$
barel N"enos (s!doOL /ardl N"s (s!doOL scarcel N"s (s!doO more 111
Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!blesO H!%en!s "s 111 H/(e66 Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loM del!nte de (n
no"bre inont!ble ' no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!lO6$ some more ... 4t/an ...+ Nno
,r!d(!bleO NU(nHos$ !s6L !l,(nHos$ !s6 111 "s H/(e 1116V del!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble en %l(r!l ' +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.eto ' U!l,o "s deV del!nte de (n
no"bre inont!ble ' +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.eto4 D1=1:=O$ an more 111
Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO NU!l,(noHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 "s 111 H/(e 1116V del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l ' U!l,o "sV del!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleO$ barel
N"enos (s!doOL /ardl N"s (s!doOL scarcel N"s (s!doO an more 111 Ht/an 1116
Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO Nno ,r!d(!blesO NU!%en!s !l,(noHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 "s 111 H/(e 1116V
del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l ' U!%en!s !l,o "sV del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!bleO$ a bit# touc/ more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!blesO H(n %ooL (n! %o! 111
"s H/(e 11166 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!bleO6$ little more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H%oHo$ !6 "s 111 H/(e 1116
Nliter!rio4 en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!bleO6$ ver little more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"(' %oHo$ !6 "s 111
H/(e 11166 Nliter!rio4 en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!bleO$ a little more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H(n %ooL (n! %o! "s 111
H/(e 11166 Nliter!rio4 en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!bleO$ a ver little more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H(n %o/(itoL (n! %o/(it!
"s 111 H/(e 11166 Nliter!rio4 en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!4 del!nte de (n
no"bre inont!bleO$ fe, more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H%oHos$ !s6 "s 111
H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble on
+erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoO6$ a fe, more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H(nos
%oosL (n!s %o!s "s 111 H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte
de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoO6$ 'uite fe,
more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hb!st!ntes %oHos$ !s6 "s 111 H/(e 1116 Nen
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on
+erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoO6$ 'uite a fe, more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO
Hb!st!ntes "s 111 H/(e6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoO6$ ver fe, more 111
Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"(' %oHos$ !s6 "s 111 H/(e6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e
de s(.etoO6$ a good# great man more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nliter!rios4 no ,r!d(!blesO
H"(&Hos$ !s6 "s 111 H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!en de s(.etoO6$ a lot# far
more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!blesO NU"(&Hos$ !s6 "s 111 H/(e 1116V del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l ' +erbo en %l(r!l si &!en de s(.eto ' U"(&Ho$ !6 "s 111
H/(e 1116V del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble si &!en de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ man more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"(&Hos$ !s6
"s 111 H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoO6$ muc/ more 111 Ht/an 1116
Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"(&Ho$ !6 "s 111 H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4
del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoO6$ not t/at
muc/ more ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hno "(&Ho$ !6 "s 111 H/(e 1116 Nen
!#ir"!ti+! s3loM del!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleO6$ ver man more Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO H"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 "s Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte
de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoO6$ no more 111
Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO NUnin,2nL nin,(n! 111 "s H/(e 1116V on +erbo en sin,(l!r
si +! del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r ' on (n +erbo en %l(r!l si +!
del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l ' Un!d! "sV del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!ble ' +erbo en sin,(l!rM s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!O6$
not Jt/at man more Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hno t!ntHos$ !s6 "s Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3lo4
del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoO6$ too
man more Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hde"!si!dHos$ !s6 "s Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e
de s(.etoO6$ a good# fair deal more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!blesO NUb!st!nteL
"(&Ho$ !6 "s H/(e 1116V del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble ' +erbo en sin,(l!r si
&!en de s(.eto ' Ub!st!ntesL "(&Hos$ !s6 "s 111 H/(e 1116V en in,l0s +(l,!r on
no"bre en %l(r!l ' +erbo en %l(r!l si &!en de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!O$ a great deal more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO NU"(&Fsi"Ho$ !6 "s
111 H/(e 1116V del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble ' +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.eto '
U"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 "s 111 H/(e 1116V en in,l0s +(l,!r on no"bre en %l(r!l ' +erbo
en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O$ /eaps more 111
Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO H"(&o "sL (n "ont3n "s de Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre inont!bleO6$ even more ... 4t/an ...+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hinl(so "s 111 H/(e 1116
Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble ' del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$
plent more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO NU"(&Ho$ !6 "s Hde loL l! nees!riHo$
!66 111 Hde loL l! /(e 1116V del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble ' U"(&oHs6$ !Hs6 "s Hde
losL l!s nees!rioHs6$ !Hs66 111 Hde losL l!s /(e 1116V del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en
%l(r!lM s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!O$ rat/er more 111 Ht/an 1116
Nno ,r!d(!bleO H"s bien "s 111 H/(e 1116 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble o
del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ a couple more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno
,r!d(!bleO H(n %!r de 111 "s H/(e 1116 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$
several more 111 Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!bleO H+!riHos$ !s6 111 "s H/(e 1116 Nen
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on
+erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoO6$ do)ens# /undreds# t/ousands more 111
Ht/an 1116 Nno ,r!d(!blesO Hdoen!sL enten!sL "iles de 111 "s H/(e 1116 Ndel!nte de
(n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6M se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs
de Q"oreQ1 E.14 "ore desires H"s deseos6M T&ereZs "ore steel HE!' "s !ero6M
T&ere isnZt "ore steel HNo &!' "s !ero6M one "ore sin,le d!' Nestnd!r4 "s
(s!doOL one sin,le d!' "ore Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO H(n solo dF! "s6M T&!t &!s
"ore /(!lit' t&!n t&is HEso tiene "s !lid!d /(e esto6M t&ree "ore bee& trees
N"s (s!doOL bee&Itrees N"enos (s!doO Htres &!'!s "s6$ #e7 "ore ide!s H%o!s
ide!s "s6$ #e7 "ore noteboo9s H%oos (!dernos "s6M ! #e7 "ore noteboo9s
H(nos %oos (!dernos "s6M A #e7 "ore ide!s !re needed HSe neesit!n (n!s %o!s
ide!s "s6M /(ite #e7 "ore 7&eels Hb!st!ntes %o!s r(ed!s "s6$ /(ite ! #e7 "ore
7&eels Hb!st!ntes r(ed!s "s6$ +er'L e-tre"el'L o"%!r!ti+el' #e7 "ore lines
H"('L e-tre"!d!"enteL o"%!r!ti+!"ente %o!s lFne!s "s6$ se+er!l "ore oo9s
H+!rios oineros "s6M T&ere !re so"e Lse"L "ore %roble"s HE!' !l,(nos
%roble"!s "s6M A4 >o(ld 'o( li9e so"e Lse"L "ore &eeseT HWJ(ieres !l,o "s
de /(esoTL J(ieres !l,o "s de /(eso$ W+erd!dT61 B4 mes HSF6M RSo"e LsA"L "ore
e-%losions 9illed %eo%le b(t Rot&ers didnZt HAl,(n!s e-%losiones "s "!t!ron !
,ente %ero otr!s no6M ! bitL little "ore %!tiene H(n %oo "s de %!ieni!6M ! bitL
little "ore .(ie H(n %oo "s de z("o6M ! bitL littleL to(& "ore s(,!r H(n %oo
"s de !z2!r6M T&ere !re ! lotL "(&L #!r "ore #e!t&ers HE!' "(&!s "s %l("!s
Nde !+eO6M T&ere 7ere ! lotL "(&L #!r "ore &ildren t&!n s&e t&o(,&t HE!bF!
"(&os "s ni)os de los /(e ell! reF!6M ! lot "ore ,reed H"(&! "s !+!rii!6M
T&ere !re "!n' "ore roses HE!' "(&!s "s ros!s6M T&ere is %lent' "ore o##ee
HE!' "(&o "s !#0 de lo nees!rio6M T&ere !re %lent' "ore t!bles HE!' "(&!s
"s "es!s de l!s nees!ri!s6M S&e &!s +er' "!n' "ore to's HEll! tiene "(&Fsi"os
.(,(etes "s6M T&ere !renZt t&!t "!n' "ore se!ts HNo &!' t!ntos !sientos "s61 D1
<1:C1;5
*(!ndo Q"oreQ es !d.eti+o inde#inido ' +! del!nte del no"bre$ tiene (n sentido
"s ,ener!l '$ (!ndo Q"oreQ es %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Qo#Q h el
no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+osL
%osesi+os$ tiene (n sentido "s es%eF#io1 E.14 "ore bl!9 &!irs H"s sill!s
ne,r!s6 ' Q"ore o# t&e bl!9 &!irsQ H"s de l!s sill!s ne,r!s61
UA lot "oreL /(ite ! lot "oreV %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de !d+erbios de !ntid!d
t!"bi0n1 D1 ?15?
*on+iene no on#(ndir QT&ere !re "!n' "ore N!d.eti+o inde#inidoO interestin,
%eo%leQ HE!' "(&!s "s %erson!s interes!ntes6 ' QT&ere !re "(& "ore
N!d+erbio de !ntid!dO interestin, %eo%leQ HE!' %erson!s "(&o "s interes!ntes61
2-+ Qost Nno ,r!d(!bleO NUl! "!'orF! deL l! "!'or %!rte deV del!nte de (n no"bre
ont!ble ' +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.eto ' Ul! "!'or %!rte deV del!nte de (n
no"bre inont!ble ' +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!O$ t&e "ost Hel$ l! /(e "s N! +ees$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir Ut&eV en in,l0s
olo/(i!lM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Q"ostQO61 E.14 Most
boo9s !re (se#(l HL! "!'or %!rteL "!'orF! de los libros son 2tiles6M Most 7o"en
li9e "en HA l! "!'orF! de l!s "(.eres les ,(st!n los &o"bres6M Are "ost "!,ii!ns
&onestT HWSon &onestos l! "!'orF!L "!'or %!rte de los "!,osT6M Most 7ine is
,ood #or 'o(r &e!lt& HL! "!'or %!rte del +ino es b(eno %!r! l! s!l(d6M Ee &!s "ost
boo9sL "one' Hl tiene "(&Fsi"os NoO l! "!'or %!rte de los librosL "(&Fsi"o
NoO l! "!'or %!rte del dinero6M Ee drin9s "ost 7ine Hl bebe l! "!'or %!rte del
+ino6M Ee &!s t&e "ost boo9sL "one' Ho# !ll6 Hl es el /(e tiene "s librosL dinero
Hde todos66M Ee "!de t&e "ost "ist!9es Hl #(e el /(e "s errores o"eti36M Ee
"!de "ost Nr!roO "isRt!9es Hl o"eti3 "(&Fsi"osL l! "!'or %!rte de los
eRrrores61 D1 <1:C1;8
*(!ndo Q"ostQ es !d.eti+o inde#inido ' +! del!nte del no"bre tiene (n sentido "s
,ener!l ' (!ndo Q"ostQ es %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Qo#Q h el no"bre
%reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+osL %osesi+os$ tiene
(n sentido "s es%eF#io1 E.14 "ost boo9s Hl! "!'or %!rteL "!'orF! de los libros6 '
UMost o# t&e boo9s !re (se#(lV HL! "!'or %!rteL "!'orF! de los libros son 2tiles6M
Ee &!s t&e "ost Hl es el /(e tiene "s61
23+ Several Nno ,r!d(!bleO H+!riHos$ !s6 Nde ; en !del!nteM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l N"s (s!doO o UonesV
N"enos (s!doO on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM se re#iere ! "s de tres %erson!s$
!ni"!les o os!s i,(!les o di#erentesM indi! (n n2"ero "!'or /(e Q! #e7Q Nde : en
!del!nteOM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Qse+er!lQO61 E.14
se+er!l b!,s H+!rios bolsos61
*(!ndo Qse+er!lQ es !d.eti+o inde#inido ' +! del!nte del no"bre$ tiene (n sentido
"s ,ener!l '$ (!ndo Qse+er!lQ es %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Qo#Q h el
no"bre %reedido de deter"in!ntes o"o Ut&eV$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+osL
%osesi+os$ tiene (n sentido "s es%eF#io1 E.14 se+er!l b!,s H+!rios bolsos6 '
Use+er!l o# t&e b!,sV H+!rios de los bolsos61 D1 <1:C1;;
26+ Klent Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO HU"(&Ho$ !6L "s de lHo$ !6 nees!riHo$ !6V
Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleO1 E.14 T&ere is %lent' Nolo/(i!lO roo" HE!'
"(&o sitio NoO es%!io61 D1 <1:C1;<
28+ Various Nno ,r!d(!bleO H+!riHos$ !s6 No"o !d.eti+o inde#inido +! s3lo del!nte
de (n no"bre en %l(r!lM se re#iere ! "s de tres %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s
di#erentesM Use+er!lV se re#iere ! "s de tres$ i,(!les o di#erentes Hi se+er!l
di##erent6M Uso"eV se re#iere ! tres o "s$ i,(!les o di#erentesM en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l N"s (s!doO o
UonesV N"enos (s!doO on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM se %(ede %oner (n
!d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Q+!rio(sQO61 E.14 D!rio(s reords !re old HD!rios
disos son +ie.os6M T&ere 7ere +!rio(s #il" st!rs !nd so"e o# t&e" t!l9ed o%enl' to
t&e %ress HE!bF! +!ri!s estrell!s del ine ' !l,(n!s de ell!s &!bl!ron !biert!"ente !
l! %rens!61 D1 <1:C1;@
P(ede ser t!"bi0n !d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Q+!ri!dHos$ !s6L di+ersHos$
!s6QM es ,r!d(!ble ' %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oM
(!ndo +! s3lo del!nte de (n no"bre %(ede ir %reedido de Ut&eV$ si tiene (n
sentido es%eF#io4 t&e +!rio(s bits o# in#or"!tion Hlos di+ersos d!tosL los d!tos
+!ri!dos6$ t&e +!rio(s t'%es o# "(si Hlos di+ersos ti%osL l!s l!ses +!ri!d!s de
"2si!6$ ' %(ede no ir %reedido de Ut&eV$ si tiene sentido ,ener!l4 +!rio(s
/(estions H%re,(nt!s +!ri!d!s Nl!si#i!ti+oOL +!ri!s %re,(nt!s N!d.eti+o
inde#inidoO6$ +!rio(s t'%es o# "(si Hdi+ersos ti%osL l!ses +!ri!d!s de "2si!
Nl!si#i!ti+oOL +!rios ti%osL +!ri!s l!ses de "2si! N!d.eti+o inde#inidoO61
Sin e"b!r,o$ U+!riedV$ /(e es !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o ,r!d(!ble$ %(ede ir del!nte de (n
no"bre en %l(r!l o en sin,(l!r ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o1
29+ JDivers Ns3lo del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l4 no ,r!d(!ble4 liter!rioO
Hdi+ersHos$ !s6 Nse %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Qdi+ersQO61 E.14
Rdi+ers Nliter!rioO r!es Hr!z!s di+ers!s61
20+ Oumerous Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hn("erosHos$ !s6 No"o !d.eti+o inde#inido
se (s! s3lo del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!lM en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l o UonesV on +erbo en %l(r!l
si &!e de s(.etoM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de
Qn("ero(sQO61 E.14 S&e &!d n("ero(s Nliter!rioO initi!ti+es HEll! t(+o n("eros!s
inii!ti+!s6M on n("ero(s Nliter!rioO ot&er o!sions Hen n("eros!s otr!s o!siones6M
N("ero(s Nliter!rioO dis(ssions &!+e been &eld HSe &!n "!ntenido n("eros!s
dis(siones61
QN("ero(sQ Hn("erosoHs6$ !Hs66 %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oM es
,r!d(!ble ' %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l o detrs de
(n +erbo o%(l!ti+o1
2:+ Sundr Nno ,r!d(!bleO H+!riHos$ !s6 Ndel!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!lM no se
%(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o entre Qs(ndr'Q ' el no"breO61 E.14 !nd s(ndr' ot&er ob.ets
H' +!rios otros ob.etos61 D1 <1:C1;B
2*+ Certain Nno ,r!d(!bleO HiertoHs6$ !Hs6L t!l6 No"o !d.eti+o inde#inido se (s!
s3lo del!nte de (n no"bre o QoneHs6QM si +! se,(ido de QoneQ se tr!d(e %or Q(nHo$
!6Q ' si +! se,(ido de QonesQ se tr!d(e %or Q!l,(noHs6$ !Hs6QM en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r on +erbo en
sin,(l!r si &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ ' del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on
+erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM %(ede ir %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM
lle+! (n !ento se(nd!rioM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o in"edi!t!"ente detrs de
Qert!inQO61 E.14 A ert!in R7ellHI6Rbein, is neess!r' HUn ierto bienesRt!r es
nees!rio6M *ert!in R%eo%le donZt li9e it HA iert!s %erRson!s no les ,(st!6M S&e &!s !
ert!in R&!r" HEll! tiene (n ierto enR!nto6M ! ert!in Bill RG!tes H(n t!l G(iller"o
RG!tes6M !t ert!in ti"es o# Rd!' H! iert!s &or!s del RdF!6M It is losed on ert!in Rd!'s
HEst err!do iertos RdF!s61 D1 <1:C1<C
Q*ert!inQ Hse,(roHs6$ !Hs6L de#initi+oHs6$ !Hs6L +erd!deroHs6$ !Hs66 %(ede ser t!"bi0n
!d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+o del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble o inont!ble o
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oM es ,r!d(!bleM lle+! (n !ento %ri"!rio1 E.14 Ee #!es
Rert!in Rde!t& Hl se en#rent! ! (n! "(erte se,(r!61
22+ Suc/ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Ht!lL t!nL el %ooL l! %o! Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble
on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoO$ t!lL t!n Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en
sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoO$
t!lesL los %oosL l!s %o!s Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l o UonesV no
%reedidos de Ut&eV on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoOM (!ndo Qs(& Q +! %reedido
de QnoL so"e Q ' del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r$ el no"bre ont!ble +!
"s ! "en(do no %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ' "enos #re(ente"ente
%reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do on el "is"o si,ni#i!doM (!ndo Us(&V +!
se,(ido de U!sV e/(i+!le ! (n %rono"bre rel!ti+oM %(ede ir t!"bi0n detrs del
no"breM en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M %(ede ir del!nte de (n
no"bre o de QoneHs6QO6$ suc/5and5suc/ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Ht!l ' t!l6$ anot/er suc/
Nno ,r!d(!bleO HotrHo$ !6 !s Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r o UoneVO$
not J/alf suc/ a 111 Has+ Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hno 111 (n 111 t!n ,r!nde o"o Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre o de QoneQ en iertos !sosM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o$
l!si#i!ti+o o de olor$ in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Qs(&QO61 E.14 I &!+e ne+er seen
s(& 7e!t&erL ,ood 7e!t&er HNo &e +isto n(n! t!l tie"%oL tie"%o se"e.!nteL
%!reidoL (n tie"%o t!n b(eno6M S(& %!tiene !s &e &!s is "ore t&!n neess!r' HL!
%o! %!ieni! /(e tiene 0l es "s /(e nees!ri!6M Ee &!d s(& ! &e!d!&eL ! b!d
&e!d!&e Hl tenF! t!l dolor de !bez!L (n dolor de !bez! t!n #(erte6M EeZs ne+er
seen s(& ! ,irl Nestnd!r4 "(&o "s (s!doOL ! s(& ,irl N+(l,!r4 "(&o "enos
(s!doO Hl n(n! &! +isto t!l &i!6M T&ere is no Rs(& N"s (s!doO dition!r'L
t&in,L T&ere is no Rs(& ! N"enos (s!doO dition!r'L t&in, HNo &!' t!l diion!rioL
os!6M EeZs ne+er seen !not&er s(& boo9 N"(&o "s (s!doOL s(& !not&er boo9
N"(&o "enos (s!doO Hl n(n! &! +isto otro libro i,(!l6M Ee didnZt 9no7 !n' s(&
boo9 N"(&o "s (s!doOL !n' s(& ! boo9 N+(l,!r4 "(&o "enos (s!doO Hl no
onoF! nin,2n libro de este ti%o6M S&e doesnZt 7!nt s(& boo9sL e-%ensi+e boo9s
HEll! no /(iere t!les librosL libros %!reidosL se"e.!ntesL (nos libros t!n !ros6M
S(& be!(t' !s s&e &!d 7!s not nor"!l HL! bellez! /(e ell! tenF! no er! nor"!lL
Ell! tenF! (n! bellez! t!l /(e no er! nor"!l6M S(& "en !s s&e 9ne7 7ere 'o(n,er
HLos %oos &o"bres /(eL o"o los /(e onoF! ell! er!n "s .3+enes6M in s(&
!ses Hen t!les !sos6M A olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAO s(& !s 'o( see
in t&e "ornin, HUn olor t!l o"o el /(e +es %or l! "!)!n!6M S(& %eo%le !s t&ere
!re (se#(l HPerson!s t!les o"o l!s /(e son 2tiles6M Ee didnZt 9no7 so"e s(& tr!de
Hl no onoF! (n o#iio de este ti%oL %or el estilo6M T&e' "!de so"e s(& e-(se
HD!b!n (n! e-(s! de este ti%oL %or el estilo6M Ee did it in s(& ! 7!' t&!t 111 Hl lo
&izo de t!l #or"! /(e 1116M It s&o(ld be done in so"e s(& 7!' !s t&is N"s (s!doOL
in so"e s(& ! 7!' !s t&is N"enos (s!doOL in so"e 7!' s(& !s t&is HDeberF!
&!erse de (n!L !l,(n! #or"! t!l o"o 0st!6M s(& %eo%le !s &i"sel#L %eo%le s(&
!s &i"sel# H%erson!s t!les o"o 0l "is"o6M Ee &!s s(& ! lot o# 7or9 to do Hl tiene
t!nto tr!b!.o /(e &!er6M s(&I!ndIs(& ! %roble" Ht!l ' t!l %roble"!6M Ee didnZt
see !not&er s(& zo"biHe6L !not&er s(& one Hl n(n! +io otro zo"bi !sFL otro
!sF6M S&eZs not R&!l# s(& !n idiot !s t&e' s!' HEll! no es (n! idiot! t!n ,r!nde o"o
dien6M T&ere is no s(& oneL ! one HNo &!' t!l61
QS(&Q se %(ede onsider!r t!"bi0n (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o1 D1 <1:C1<5
QS(&Q +! del!nte de (n no"bre$ %reedido de (n !d.eti+o o no$ %ero QsoQ +!
del!nte de (n !d.eti+o o !d+erbio en ,r!do %ositi+o ' t!"bi0n del!nte de U#e7$ little$
"(&$ "!n'VM en in,l0s liter!rio QsoQ %(ede ir se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o h Q!Q h
no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r1
Se die QS&e bo(,&t &one' in s(& !"o(ntsL /(!ntities t&!t t&e' o(ldnZt e!t it !llQ
HEll! o"%r!b! "iel en t!les !ntid!des /(e no %odF!n o"erl! tod!6$ %ero QS&e
bo(,&t &one' in s(& /(!ntit' N!"o(nt4 no %onerO t&!t t&e' o(ldnZt e!t it !llQ HEll!
o"%r!b! "iel en t!l !ntid!d /(e no %odF!n o"erl! tod!61
22+ JSuc/li1e Nno ,r!d(!bleO Ht!lL se"e.!nteL si"il!rL %or el estilo Ndel!nte de (n
no"bre inont!ble ' ont!ble en sin,(l!rOL t!lesL se"e.!ntesL si"il!resL %or el estilo
Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lOM o"o !d.eti+o inde#inido se (s! s3lo
del!nte de (n no"breM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M no %(ede ir %reedido
de Ut&eV ni del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o entre Qs(&li9eQ '
el no"bre61 E.14 !nd Rs(&li9e H&e!%L ,ood6 st(## H' "!teri!l Hb!r!toL b(eno6
si"il!rL %or el estilo6M !nd Rs(&li9e boo9 H' (n libro si"il!rL %or el estilo6M !nd
Rs(&li9e %ro+isions H' t!les %ro+isionesL %ro+isiones %or el estilo61 D1 <1:C1<8
2-+ T/e same Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hel "is"oL l! "is"! Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
inont!ble o ont!ble en sin,(l!r on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoOL los "is"osL l!s
"is"!s Ndel!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l on +erbo %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$
Hnot6 t&e s!"e 111 H!s 1116 HHno6 el "is"oL l! "is"!L los "is"osL l!s "is"!s 111
H/(e 11166M Qt&e s!"eQ %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre o de QoneHs6QM Qt&e s!"eQ %(ede
ir %reedido de los !d+erbio de !ntid!d Qe-!tl'$ .(st$ "ore or less$ "(&$ ne!rl'$
+er'$ +irt(!ll'Q %ero no de Qless$ "ore$ "ostQ$ et1M se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o
in"edi!t!"ente detrs de Qs!"eQ ' del!nte de (n no"bre1 E.14 It 7!s t&e s!"e Hold6
beer Ht&!t6 7e dr!n9 be#ore HEr! l! "is"! H+ie.!6 er+ez! /(e bebi"os !ntes6M Ee is
still t&e s!"e H,ood6 %erson !s be#ore Hl es tod!+F! l! "is"! Hb(en!6 %erson! deL
/(e !ntes6M Ee &!s t&e s!"e !"er! !s 'o( do Nestnd!rOL 'o( Nolo/(i!l ' liter!rioO
Hl tiene l! "is"! "!r! /(e t26M T&e' !re t&e +er' Nse re#iere ! Qs!"e %eo%leQ$ no
s3lo ! Qs!"eQO s!"e %eo%le Ht&!t6 7e (sed to +isit HSon l!s "is"Fsi"!s %erson!s
/(e solF!"os +isit!r61 D1 <1:C1<:
QS!"eQ se %(ede onsider!r t!"bi0n (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o1
*APTULO JUINTO
El %rono"bre <15
Prono"bres %erson!les <18I5C
Prono"bres re#le-i+os <155I5:
Prono"bres reF%roos <15;
Prono"bres n("er!les <15<I5?
Prono"bres de"ostr!ti+os <15@I8C
Prono"bres %osesi+os <185I8
Prono"bres interro,!ti+os <18:I8<
Prono"bres rel!ti+os <18=I8@
Prono"bres e-l!"!ti+os <18B
Prono"bres inde#inidos <1:CI:8
<151I El pronombre se usa en ve) del nombre para evitar la repeticin del
nombre$ %!r! &!bl!r en t0r"inos ,ener!les %or/(e no se onoz! el no"bre de (n!
%erson!$ (n !ni"!l o (n! os! o si"%le"ente %or/(e no interes! "enion!rloM los
%rono"bres no s(elen ir %reedidos de deter"in!ntesM los %rono"bres %(eden ser4
%erson!les$ re#le-i+os$ reF%roos$ n("er!les$ de"ostr!ti+os$ %osesi+os$
interro,!ti+os$ rel!ti+os$ e-l!"!ti+os$ inde#inidos1
<18I Los pronombres personales su%eto en no"in!ti+o son4 I Nsie"%re en
"!'2s(l!O H'o6$ 'o( Ht2L (stedL +osotrosL +osotr!sL (stedes6$ &e H0l6$ s&e Hell!6$ it
N%!r! os!s$ !ni"!les ' (n beb0 o ni)oO H0lL ell!L elloL lo6$ 7e Hnosotros6$ t&e' HellosL
ell!s6M los %rono"bres %erson!les de %ri"er! %erson! se re#ieren ! l!Hs6 %erson!Hs6
/(e &!bl!Hn6M el de se,(nd! %erson! se re#iere ! l!Hs6 %erson!Hs6 ! l!Hs6 /(e se &!bl!M
los de terer! %erson! se re#ieren ! l!Hs6 %erson!Hs6 de l!Hs6 /(e se &!bl!1 L! #or"!
Qt&o(Q N!r!ioO Ht26 se (s!n %rini%!l"ente en %oesF!$ en %ro+erbios$ en l! +ersi3n
!nti,(! de l! Bibli!$ en libros reli,iosos$ en libros !nteriores !l si,lo KK$ et1
*(!ndo !%!reen +!rios %rono"bres %erson!les s(.eto de distint! %erson! el orden
es %ri"ero el de se,(nd! %erson! ' l(e,o el de %ri"er! %erson! H'o( !nd IL 7e6$
%ri"ero el de terer! %erson! ' l(e,o el de %ri"er! %erson! H&eL s&eL t&e' !nd I6$
%ri"ero el de se,(nd! %erson! ' l(e,o el de terer! %erson! H'o( !nd &eL s&eL
t&e'6$ %ri"ero el de %ri"er! %erson! del %l(r!l ' l(e,o el de se,(nd! o terer!
%erson! H7e !nd 'o(L &eL s&eL t&e'61
<1:1I &os pronombres personales su%eto pueden /acer la funcin de4
*+ Su%etos de (n +erboM en in,l0s son indis%ens!bles$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no
nor"!l"ente no se %onen ! no ser /(e se les /(ier! d!r 0n#!sisM si &!' dos o "s
+erbos ' el %rono"bre /(e &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto es el "is"o$ se %(ede o"itir
on el se,(ndo o terer +erboM nor"!l"ente los %rono"bres t!nto %erson!les o"o
no %erson!les /(e &!,!n l! #(ni3n de s(.eto tienen /(e ir del!nte del +erbo$ ! no
ser /(e +!'!n en interro,!ti+! o detrs de e-%resiones ne,!ti+!s /(e se %onen !l
%rini%io de l! or!i3nM los %rono"bres %erson!les s(.eto on(erd!n on el
!nteedente en n2"ero ' los de l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r en ,0nero t!"bi0n1
E.14 I st(d' Hmo est(dio6M mo( st(d' "ore t&!n I do Nestnd!rOL "e Nolo/(i!lOL I
Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO HT2 est(di!sL Usted est(di!L DosotrHos$ !s6
est(diisL Ustedes est(di!n "s /(e 'o6M It "o+es HHlL Ell!6 se "(e+e6M >e &el%
&er "ore t&!n t&e' do Nestnd!rOL t&e" Nolo/(i!lOL t&e' Nliter!rio4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO HNosotrHos$ !s6 l! !'(d!"os "s /(e ellHos$ !s66M T&e' st(d'
HEllHos$ !s6 est(di!n6M Ee st(dies !nd %l!'s &ess Hl est(di! ' .(e,! !l !.edrez6M Do
'o( (se 'o(r "obile %&oneT HWUs!s t( tel0#ono "3+ilT6M Ne+er did s&e s!' t&!t
HN(n! di.o ell! esoL !/(ello6M It see"s e!s' b(t it isnZt HP!ree #il %ero no lo es6M
A4 S&e did it HEll! lo &izo61 B4 Ee !s 7ell Nestnd!rOL Ei" too Nolo/(i!lO Hl
t!"bi0n6M A4 >&o is t&is "!nT HWJ(i0n es este &o"breT61 B4 Ee N"e.orOL It N%eorO
is MrH16 B(ll HEs el Sr1 B16M A4 >&o is t&is 7o"!nT HWJ(i0n es est! "(.erT61 B4 S&e
N"e.orOL It N%eorO is MrsH16 Doe HEs l! Sr!1 D16M A4 *o(ld I t!l9 to M!tt&e7T
HWPodrF! &!bl!r on M!teoT61 B4 Ee NIt4 no %oner4 D1<1=1519O is &ere HSo' 'oL Al
!%!r!to6M Ee 7&o 7or9s !n s!+e HEl /(e tr!b!.! %(ede !&orr!r61
A +ees$ se s(%ri"e el %rono"bre %or/(e se sobrHe6entiendeM no es reo"end!ble
%!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1 E.14 R(ssi! (sed to &!+e %o7er b(t no7 Hit6 7ill lose it
HR(si! solF! tener %oder %ero !&or! lo %erder61
Los %rono"bres %erson!les s(.eto se (s!n nor"!l"ente detrs del no"bre !l /(e
&!en re#ereni!$ es deir$ !n!#3ri!"ente %ero %(eden (s!rse t!"bi0n !ntes de
"enion!r el no"bre !l /(e se re#ieren$ es deir$ !t!#3ri!"ente1 E.14 jess' 7!s !n
!lo&oli !nd s&e N!n!#3rioO didnZt 9no7 it Hm0si! er! (n! !lo&3li! ' no lo
s!bF!6M >&en s&e N!t!#3rioO s%o9e$ M!r' 7!s sittin, H*(!ndo &!bl3$ M!rF! est!b!
sent!d!61
*(!ndo se (s! el +erbo UbeV %!r! re#erirse ! (n! or!i3n !nterior +! %reedido
si"%le"ente del %rono"bre %erson!l s(.eto$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no se %one
t!"bi0n UloVM (!ndo se (s!n !l,(nos +erbos !(-ili!res H&!+eL doL s&!llL 7ill6 %!r!
re#erirse ! (n! or!i3n !nterior on (n +erbo tr!nsiti+o$ en in,l0s sol!"ente +!n
%reedidos del %rono"bre %erson!l s(.eto %ero en !stell!no se %one t!"bi0n
UloHs6L l!Hs6V1 A4 Are 'o( ! %s'&i!tristT HWEres %si/(i!tr!T61 B4 mes$ I !" HSF$ lo
so'6M A4 Does s&e 7rite !rtilesT HWEsribe ell! !rtF(losT61 B4 mes$ s&e does HSF$ los
esribe6M A4 >ill 'o( do t&!tT HWE!rs esoT61 B4 No$ I 7ill notL 7onZt HNo$ no lo
&!r061
Detrs de Us(& !sV se s(ele %oner el %rono"bre %erson!l s(.eto en in,l0s liter!rio '
el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en in,l0s olo/(i!l1 E.14 It 7!s ,ood #or ! %erson s(&
!s &e Nliter!rioOL &i" Nolo/(i!lO1
*(!ndo (n no"bre o %rono"bre %erson!l s(.eto +! se,(ido de Q!ndL orQ &!' /(e
%oner (n %rono"bre %erson!l s(.eto en in,l0s estnd!r %ero ! +ees se (s! (n
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en in,l0s +(l,!r4 j(li!n NoO Ee !nd I Nestnd!rOL "e
N+(l,!rO !re tired Hj(lin1 NoO l ' 'o est!"os !ns!dos6
*(!ndo !%!reen dos %rono"bres %erson!les s(.eto de distint! %erson! el +erbo +!
en %l(r!l1 E.14 Ee !nd I !re #riends Hl ' 'o so"os !"i,os61
2+ =tributos del +erbo nor"!l QbeQ en in,l0s liter!rio es%ei!l"ente (!ndo +!n
se,(idos de (n! or!i3nM detrs de Qt&!nL !sL e-e%tQ (!ndo son on.(niones se
(tiliz! el %rono"bre %erson!l s(.eto se,(ido de (n +erbo en in,l0s estnd!r ' no
se,(ido de (n +erbo en in,l0s liter!rio en USA %rini%!l"ente$ %ero (!ndo son
%re%osiiones +!n se,(id!s de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto1 E.14 It is I Nliter!rioOL
"e Nolo/(i!lO HSo' 'o6M It is I Nliter!rioO 7&o !" in tro(bleL It is "e Nolo/(i!lO
7&o is in tro(ble HSo' 'o el /(e esto'L est "etido en (n lFo6M ItZs I Nliter!rioO 7&o
!" to ,oL ItZs "e Nolo/(i!lO 7&o is to ,o HSo' 'o el /(e +! ! ir6M It is &e Nliter!rioOL
&i" Nolo/(i!lO HEs 0l6M It is s&e Nliter!rioOL &er Nolo/(i!lO 7&o dro%s "e ! line HEs
ell! /(ienL l! /(e "e esribe (n!s lFne!s Ni (n! !rt!O6M >!s it t&e' Nliter!rioOL t&e"
Nolo/(i!lOT HWEr!n ellHos$ !s6T6M It 7!s &e Nliter!rioOL &i" Nolo/(i!lO 7&o %&oned
HF(e 0l el /(eL /(ien ll!"36M T&e' !re %ro(der t&!n 7e Nliter!rio4 USA
%rini%!l"enteOL (s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e !re Nestnd!rO HSon "s or,(llosos /(e
nosotros6M S&e is !s enter%risin, !s &e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL &i"
Nolo/(i!lOL &e is Nestnd!rO HEll! es t!n e"%rendedor! o"o 0l6M Nobod' !%%ro+ed
it e-e%t I Nliter!rioOL "e Nolo/(i!lO HN!die lo dio el +isto b(eno e-e%to 'o6M Do
'o( t&in9 it o(ld &!+e been &e Nliter!rioOL &i" Nolo/(i!lO 7&o !"eT HWPiens!s
/(e %odrF! &!ber sido 0l el /(e +inoT6M Ee t&o(,&t t&!t 'o( 7ere s&e Nliter!rioOL &er
Nolo/(i!lO Hl %ens3 /(e t2 er!s ell!61
Detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o se %(ede %oner (n no"bre o (n %rono"bre %erson!l
s(.eto en in,l0s liter!rio ' (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en in,l0s olo/(i!l '
(!ndo +! se,(ido de Q!ndL orQ se %(ede %oner (n %rono"bre %erson!l s(.eto en
in,l0s liter!rio ' (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en in,l0s olo/(i!l1 E.14 It 7!s j(li!n
NoO &e Nliter!rioOL &i" Nolo/(i!lO or I Nliter!rioOL "e Nolo/(i!lO HEr!L F(e j(lin NoO
0l o 'o61
<1;1I El pronombre indeterminado MouM NL.(L del!nte de +o!les o !l #in!l de l!
or!i3n en GB ' L.eL s3lo del!nte de onson!ntes en GB ' del!nte de +o!les '
onson!ntes o !l #in!l de l! or!i3n en USAO se (s! en in,l0s olo/(i!l t!nto en GB
o"o en USA %!r! re#erirse ! (!l/(ier %erson! on el sentido de QoneQ !ent(!do$
/(e es in,l0s liter!rioM Q'o(Q inl('e !l /(e est es(&!ndo ' QoneQ$ /(e se (s!
"enos$ !l /(e est &!bl!ndoM en !stell!no nor"!l"ente se tr!d(e on l! #or"!
i"%erson!l UseV1 E.14 mo( Nolo/(i!lO !nZt do !n't&in, !bo(t t&ese t&in,sL ROne
Nliter!rioO !nZt do !n't&in, !bo(t t&ese t&in,s HNo se %(ede &!er n!d! sobre est!s
os!s NoO No %(edesL Uno no %(ede &!er n!d! sobreL en rel!i3n ! est!s os!s6M t&e
li9es o# 'o( H,ente o"o t261
*(!ndo se /(iere !l!r!r /(e U'o(V est en %l(r!l ' no en sin,(l!r se %(ede %oner
Qbot&L !llL ,('s Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteOQ ( otro no"bre detrs de Q'o(Q1
E.14 mo( !ll "(st &el% HTodos +osotros deb0is !'(d!r6M mo( ,('s Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO "(st &el% HDosotros$ tFos$ deb0is !'(d!r6M mo( ,entle"en !n do it
too HDosotros$ !b!lleros$ %od0is &!erlo t!"bi0n61
En +ez de (s!r l!s #or"!s i"%erson!les Q'o(Q$ QoneQ o Qt&e'Q$ "(&!s +ees se (s!
U! %ersonL "!nL #ello7 Nolo/(i!lOL &!% Nolo/(i!lOL ,(' Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"enteOV o l! %!si+! on QitQ1 E.14 I# ! %ersonL "!nL #ello7L &!%L ,('
Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL olle!,(eL l!d'L 7o"!n$ et1$ does t&is$ t&en
donZt %!' !n' !ttention] H\Si (n! %erson!L (n &o"breL (n tFoL (nH!6 ole,!L (n!
se)or!L (n! "(.er &!e esto$ entones no %restes !teni3n]61
*(!ndo se %one QIL 'o( h beQ h sint!,"! no"in!l h Q7&oQ$ &!' /(e %oner el +erbo
/(e +! detrs de Q7&oQ en terer! %erson! %ero en !stell!no se %(ede %oner en
terer! %erson! ' t!"bi0n en %ri"er! o se,(nd! %erson!1 E.14 I !" t&e st(dent 7&o
s!'s t&is HSo' 'o el est(di!nte /(e dieL di,o esto6M mo( !re ! 7o"!n 7&o t&in9s
!bo(t it HHt26 Eres (n! "(.er /(e %iens!L %iens!s en ello61
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo se %one Qit h be h IL 'o( h 7&oQ el +erbo /(e +! detrs de
U7&oV on(erd! on el %rono"bre en in,l0s liter!rio$ %ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l
%(ede ir en terer! %erson! ' no en %ri"er! o se,(nd! %erson!M en !stell!no se
%(ede %oner en terer! %erson! ' t!"bi0n en %ri"er! o se,(nd! %erson!1 E.14 It is
'o( 7&o !re Nliter!rioOL is Nolo/(i!lO res%onsible HEres t2 el /(e eresL es
res%ons!ble6M It isnZt 'o( 7&o !re Nliter!rioOL t&!t is Nolo/(i!lO 7ron, HNo eres t2 el
/(e estL ests e/(i+o!do61
Se %one %ri"ero el %rono"bre de se,(nd! %erson!$ l(e,o el de terer! %erson! ' en
2lti"o l(,!r el de %ri"er! %erson!1 E.14 mo( !nd I Nestnd!rOL "e N+(l,!rO H!re
'o(n,6 HT2 ' 'o Hso"os .3+enes66M Ee !nd I Hl ' 'o6M mo($ Bobbie !nd I
Nestnd!rOL "e N+(l,!rO H!re in NGBOL on NUSAO t&e te!"6 HT2$ RobertHit6! ' 'o
Hest!"os en el e/(i%o661
<1<1I MAe# /imM se %(eden (s!r %!r! (n ni)o o beb0 (!ndo no se onoe el se-o o
no tiene (n si,ni#i!do es%ei!l1 T!"bi0n se (tiliz!n %!r! !ni"!les (!ndo no se
onoe el se-o o no tiene i"%ort!ni!1
<1=1I QGtQ$ /(e nor"!l"ente no se tr!d(e (!ndo &!e de s(.eto o +! detrs de (n!
%re%osii3n$ se usa como"
*+ Su%eto"
a+ Kara una cosa# accin# situacin# lugar# organi)acin# pa(s# algo abstractoM
es %rono"bre %erson!l es%eF#io Hs%ei#i %erson!l %rono(n61 E.14 It Ni ! r(bberO is
s"!ll HNi (n! ,o"! de borr!rO Es %e/(e)!6M I nor"!ll' donZt tell lies$ b(t t&is ti"e
%er&!%s it is neess!r' HNor"!l"ente no di,o "entir!s$ %ero est! +ez /(izHs6 se!
nees!rio61
b+ Kara nombres colectivos cuando se ven como un todo se usa un verbo en
singularM es %rono"bre %erson!l es%eF#io1 E.14 T&e !r"'L It is 7ell e/(i%%ed HHEl
e.0rito6 Est bien e/(i%!do61
c+ Kara animales si no se conoce el sexo, no se les tiene cariLo o no tiene
importancia el sexo del animalM es %rono"bre %erson!l es%eF#io1
d+ Kara un beb o un niLo pe'ueLo si no se conoce el sexo o no tiene un
significado especialM es %rono"bre %erson!l es%eF#io1
e+ Cuando se /abla de los pormenores de algo 'ue se /a introducido con
Mt/ereMM es %rono"bre %erson!l es%eF#io1 E.14 A4 T&ere is ! s&inin, ob.et HE!'
(n ob.eto rel(ienteL res%l!ndeiente61 B4 It is ! "irror HEs (n es%e.o61
f+ Kara referirse a una oracin, frase o verbo a mencionadosM es %rono"bre
%erson!l es%eF#io1 E.14 EeZs t&in9in, o# "o+in, b(t it isnZt e!s' Hl est %ens!ndo
en "(d!rse %ero no es #il61
g+ Con verbos impersonales oraciones impersonales 'ue se refieren al tiempo
atmosfrico, al medio ambiente, a la temperatura, a la cantidad, a las medidas
en general, al dinero, a la distancia, al peso, a las mareas 4del mar+, a los
sentimientos, a las experiencias, a /ec/os, etc., en las 'ue no se conoce el su%etoM
en in,l0s (!ndo no se onoe el s(.eto &!' /(e %oner (n QitQ +!Fo He"%t' s(b.et6$
'! /(e el s(.eto es sie"%re nees!rio en in,l0s$ ! no ser /(e se sobrHe6entiend!M se
%(ede (s!r QitQ h (n +erbo nor"!l o"o Q!"!ze$ !"o(nt to$ !"(se$ !n,er$ !%%e!l$
!%%e!r$ !%%l' to$ !ttr!t$ be !de/(!teL !d+!nt!,eo(sL betterL lo(d'L oldL o""onL
d!"%L e!s'L e+identL #o,,'L &otL r!in'L ri,&tL stor"'L 7!r"L 7ind'L 7ron,$ et1$ be
no (se$ be ! %it'L ! s&!"e$ et1$ belon, to$ bore$ !n$ le!r (%$ lo'$ o"e #ro"$
onern$ onsist o#$ ont!in$ ost$ o(nt$ de%end Hon6$ di##er #ro"$ do$ drizzle$ e/(!l$
e-ite$ e-ist$ #eel$ #eel li9e$ #it$ #reeze$ #ri,&ten$ &!il$ &!%%en$ &!+e$ &el%$ &old$ i"%l'$
inl(de$ interest$ in+ol+e$ ir9$ irrit!te$ 9ee% Hon6$ l!9$ l!st$ lie$ loo9$ loo9 li9e$ "!tter$
"!'$ "e!n$ "e!s(re$ "i,&t$ need$ o(r to sb$ o(,&t$ %!in$ %!'$ %ert(rb$ %le!se$
%res(%%ose$ %ro"ise$ r!in$ re!&$ re"!in$ re%resent$ re/(ire$ rese"ble$ s!ti!te$
s!tis#'$ s!'$ s!re$ see"$ s&o9$ s&o(ld$ si,ni#'$ s"ell$ sno7$ so(nd$ so(nd li9e$
st!nd H#or6$ stor"$ s(##ie Nliter!rioO$ s(it$ s(r%rise$ t!9e$ t!ste$ tend$ terri#'$ t&!7$
t&(nder$ tire$ tor"ent$ tort(re$ to(&$ tro(ble$ (sed$ +e-$ 7ei,&$ 7illQ$ et1 E.14 It is
r!inin, HLl(e+eL Est llo+iendo6M It is sno7in, HNie+!L Est ne+!ndo6M It is &ot
HE!e !lorL Est N(n ob.etoO !liente6M It is t&irt'HI6ei,&t de,rees *elsi(s HEst!"os
! treint! ' o&o ,r!dosL E!' treint! ' o&o ,r!dos de te"%er!t(r!6M ItZs one
t&o(s!ndH$6 nine &(ndred !nd ninet'Iei,&tL &(ndred ninet'Iei,&t NUSAO HSon "il
no+eientos no+ent! ' o&o6M ItZs #i+e 9ilo"etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eters
NUSAO !7!' HEst ! ino 9il3"etros de !/(F6M ItZs lo7 tide HL! "!re! est b!.!6M It
&!%%ened HO(rri36M It see"s so HEso %!ree6M It see"s nor"!l HP!ree nor"!l6M ItZs
! s&!"e] H\Es (n! lsti"!L %en!]61
/+ Kara referirse al tiempo cronolgico7 /a algunas expresiones 'ue no llevan
MitMM es (n QitQ +!Fo4 >&!t ti"e is itTL >&!t is t&e ti"eTL >&!t oZlo9 is itT Nel
"enos (s!doO HWJ(0 &or! esT6M *!n 'o( tell "e t&e ti"eT HWP(edes deir"e l!
&or!TL WMe dies l! &or!TL WJ(0 &or! esT6M It is #i+e HoZlo96L < HoZlo96 b' "'
7!t&L "e NQoZlo9Q se %(ede %oner si se /(iere %ero s3lo detrs de l!s &or!s en
%(nto$ esrit!s nor"!l"ente on letr!s ' ! +ees on n2"erosO HSon l!s ino %or
"i relo. N(!ndo es (n! ontest!i3n ! (n! %re,(nt! se %(ede deir si"%le"ente
U#i+eV Hl!s ino6$ %or/(e se sobrHe6entiende el restoO6M Do 'o( &!+eL E!+e 'o(
H,ot6 t&e ti"e Hon 'o(6T HWTienes &or!T6M >&!t ti"e do 'o( "!9e itT NGBOL >&!t
do 'o( "!9e t&e ti"eT NGBOL >&!t ti"e do 'o( &!+eT NUSAO HWJ(0 &or! tienesT6M
ItZs 581CC NGBO NoO 584CC NUSAOL ItZs t7el+e HoZlo96 in t&e "ornin,L ItZs t7el+e
!1"1 NoO !" NU!H16"H16V se %(ede (s!r de l!s doe de l! no&e &!st! l!s doe de l!
"!)!n!$ %ero si se (s! U!H16"H16V$ no se %(ede (s!r UoZlo9VOL ItZs noonL t7el+e
"idd!'L "idd!'L t7el+e &(ndred &o(rs HSon l!s 581CCL 584CC H&or!s6 Nse (s!n s3lo
los n2"eros %rini%!l"ente en !n(nios$ &or!rios$ %ro,r!"!sOL doe del "ediodF!L
de l! "!)!n!L Es "ediodF!6M ItZs 8;1CC NGBO NoO 8;4CC NUSAOL ItZs CCCC Nse lee Uo o
do(ble oVOL ItZs t7ent'I#o(r &(ndred &o(rsL ItZs t7el+e HoZlo96 !t ni,&tL ItZs t7el+e
%H16"H16L ItZs "idni,&tL ItZs t7el+e "idni,&t HSon l!s 8;1CCL 8;4CCL l!s doe de l!
no&eL Es "edi!no&e6M S&e !"e !t #o(r HoZlo96 HEll! +ino ! l!s ;6M S&e !"e !t
#o(r oZlo9 %ro"%t NGBOL !t ; on t&e dotL !t e-!tl' ;L !t ; s&!r% HEll! +ino ! l!s ;
en %(nto6M ItZs :15< %1"1 NoO %" NU%H16 "H16V se %(ede (s!r de l!s doe de l! "!)!n!
&!st! l!s doe de l! no&eO NGB4 (n %(ntoOL ItZs :45< %1"1 NoO %" NUSA4 dos
%(ntosOL ItZs t&ree #i#teenL ItZs H!6 /(!rter %!st NGB %rini%!l"enteO : NoO t&reeL ItZs
H!6 /(!rter !#ter NUSAO : NoO t&ree HSon l!s :15<L :45< de l! t!rdeL : ' (!rto6M !t H!6
/(!rter %!st NGB %rini%!l"enteO = NoO si-L !#ter NUSAO = NoO si- H! l!s seis '
(!rto6M M' 7!t& s!'s ;L #o(rHI6t&irt'L &!l# %!st NGB %rini%!l"enteO ; NoO #o(rL
&!l# !#ter NUSAO ; NoO #o(rL &!l# ; NoO #o(r Nolo/(i!l4 se s(%ri"e U%!stL !#terV detrs
de U&!l#VO HMi relo. Hde %(lser!6 tiene l!s ;L (!tro ' "edi!6M ItZs t7ent' H"in(tes6
to NGBO ele+en NoO 55 Nsi se sobrHe6entiende l! &or! no es nees!rio deir Uele+enVOL
o# NUSAO ele+en NoO 55L be#ore NUSAO ele+en NoO 55L ItZs tenHI6#ort' HSon l!s one
N(O 55 "enos +einte H"in(tos6L l!s diez NoO 5C ' (!rent! "in(tos6M ItZs t7ent'I#o(r
"in(tes to NGBOL o# NUSAO t&e &o(r HSon "enos +einti(!tro "in(tosL F!lt!n
+einti(!tro "in(tos %!r! l!s 1116M ItZs ,one se+en HoZlo96 NoO ? HoZlo96L ItZs .(st
!#ter se+en HoZlo96 NoO ? HoZlo96 HSon l!s ? NoO siete %!s!d!sL son l!s ? ' %io6M It
"(st be o"in, (% to nine HoZlo96L B HoZlo96 in t&e e+enin, NoO !t ni,&t NoO
%H16"H16 NoO It "(st be ne!rl' nine HoZlo96 NoO B HoZlo96 in t&e e+enin,L !t ni,&tL
nine NoO B %H16"H16 Non U%H16"H16V no se %(ede %oner UoZlo9VO HDeben de ser
er! de l! B NoO n(e+e de l! t!rdeL no&e6M It "(st be !bo(tL !ro(nd @ NoO ei,&t
HDeben de serL Sern !lrededor de l!s @ N(O o&o6M It is so"eti"e bet7een nine
HoZlo96 NoO B HoZlo96 !nd ele+en HoZlo96 NoO 55 HoZlo96 in t&e "ornin,L !t
ni,&t HSon entre l!s n(e+e ' l!s one de l! "!)!n!L de l! no&e6M ItZs lose onL to
si- HoZlo96L = HoZlo96 HSon !si l!s seisL =6M ItZs o"in, (% to t7ent' %!st NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL !#ter NUSAO se+en Nsi se sobrHe6entiende l! &or! no es nees!rio
deir Use+enVO HD!n ! d!r l!s siete ' +einte6M t&e se+enteen &(ndred H&o(rs6 %l!ne
de%!rt(re Hl! s!lid! del !+i3n de l!s 5?1CCL 5?4CC &or!s6M ItZs 8C1C5 NGB4 (n %(ntoOL
8C4C5 NUSA4 dos %(ntosO Nse lee Qt7ent' o& No"o l! +o!l QoQO oneQO HSon l!s
8C1C5L 8C4C561
i+ Kara referirse a los d(as, los meses, las fec/as, los aLos per(odos de tiempoM
es (n QitQ +!Fo4 ItZs T(esd!' HEs "!rtes6M ItZs Ht&e "ont& o#6 Otober HEs Hel "es
de6 ot(bre6M >&!tZs t&e d!teTL >&!t d!te is itT HWJ(0 #e&! esTL WA (nto
est!"osT6M >&!t d!te is it tod!'T HWJ(0 #e&! es &o'T6M >&!t d!' is it tod!'TL >&!t
is t&e d!' tod!'T HWJ(0 dF! es &o'T6M ItZs T&(rsd!' HEs .(e+es6M ItZs 5Hst6 Ho#6
j!n(!r' NGB %rini%!l"ente4 se lee Qt&e #irst o# j!n(!r'Q %ero no se s(ele esribir
Qo#QOL ItZs j!n(!r' 5Hst6 Nse lee Qj!n(!r' t&e #irstQ NGBO ' Qj!n(!r' Ht&e6 #irstQ NUSA4
estnd!rO o Qj!n(!r' one No (!l/(ier otro n2"ero !rdin!l4 t7o$ t&ree$ et1$ &!st!
:5OQ NUSA4 olo/(i!lOO HEs el (no de enero6M Ee 7!s born on A%ril 8<Ht&6H$6 5B?<
Hl n!i3 el 8< de !bril de 5B?<6M <Ht&6 Ho#6 j(l'H$6 NGB %rini%!l"enteO 5B@?L j(l'
<Ht&6H$6 5B@? H< de .(lio de 5B@?6M ItZs t&e 'e!r o# t&e r!t HEs el !)o de l! r!t!
N&or3so%oO6M Ht&e 'e!r6 == BH16*H16 HHel !)o6 == !1*16M Ht&e 'e!r6 =CC Nse lee Usi-
&(ndredVO HHel !)o6 =CC6M Ht&e 'e!r6 @?; Nse die Uei,&t se+ent'I#o(rVO HHel !)o6
@?;6M ! %!rtir del !)o 5CCC se leen de dos en dos$ %or enten!s ' no %or "iles4 Ht&e
'e!r6 558? Nse lee Uele+en t7ent'Ise+enVO HHel !)o6 558?6M de 5BC5 ! 5BCB$ '
t!"bi0n de 5@C5 ! 5@CB$ et1$ se %(eden leer Unineteen &(ndred !nd one N"enos
(s!doOL o& one N"enos (s!doOL nineteen one N"s (s!doOL nineteen o& one N"s
(s!doOV$ et1M 5B<; Nse lee Unineteen #i#t'I#o(rVO H5B<;6M 5BB@ Hnineteen &(ndred
!nd ninet'Iei,&t N"enos (s!doOL nineteen ninet'Iei,&t N"s (s!doO6M t&e nineteen
#orties Hl! d0!d! de 5B;CI5B<C6M t&e si-t& ent(r'L t&e =t& ent(r' Hel si,lo DI6M t&e
KIKt& ent(r'L 5B *L * 5B Hel s1 KIK6M It t!9es ! "in(te to ,et t&ere HSe t!rd! (n
"in(to en lle,!r !llFL !ll6M Eo7 lon, is it sine 7e !"eT HW*(nto tie"%o &!e
/(e +ini"osTL W*(nto tie"%o &!e /(e no +eni"osT6M ItZs been t&ree "ont&s sine
I s!7 &er HE!e tres "eses /(e no l! +eoL Lle+o tres "eses sin +erl!6M It is se+en
'e!rs sine I s!7 &i" l!st HE!n %!s!do siete !)os desde /(e loL le +i %or 2lti"! +ezL
E!e siete !)os /(e no loL le +eoL Lle+o siete !)os sin +erloL le61
%+ Kara referirse a nBmeros de telfonos, de cartillas o documentos de
fracciones decimalesM es (n QitQ +!Fo4 ItZs t&e Htele6%&one n("ber 88<C:B Nse lee
Qt7o t7oL do(ble t7o NGBOL t7ent'It7oL #i+e oL o&L no(,&t NGB4 r!roOL zero
NUSAOL #i#t'L t&ree RnineL t&irt'InineO HEs el Hn2"ero de tel0#ono6 8@<C:B6M ItZs Ht&e6
@:???;CC Nse lee Qei,&t t&ree se+en se+en Rse+enL treble se+en NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL tri%le se+en NGB %rini%!l"enteOL #o(r do(ble o Lo(L NGBOL #o(r
do(ble o& Lo(L NGBOL #o(r zero zero NUSAOL #o(r &(ndredO Nl!s enten!s !l #in!l de
(n n2"ero de tel0#ono se %(eden leer .(nt!s !l #in!l ' los "iles t!"bi0n4 ;CCC H#o(r
t&o(s!nd6OL @<;;;; Nse lee Qei,&t #i+e do(ble #o(r do(ble #o(rL #ort'I#o(r #ort'I
#o(rO HEs Hel6 @:???;CCL @<;;;;6M (!ndo &!' (n %re#i.o del!nte del n2"ero de
tel0#ono$ se &!e (n! %!(s! detrs ' el n2"ero de tel0#ono lle+! !ento %ri"!rio en
el 2lti"o n2"ero$ "ientr!s /(e en los otros lle+! (n !ento se(nd!rioM se %(ede
&!er (n! %!(s! detrs de tres o (!tro n2"eros de tel0#ono %ero no de dos o"o en
!stell!noM ItZs C18<@ Nse lee Qno(,&t NGBOL zero NUSA %rini%!l"enteO %oint t7o
#i+e ei,&tQO HEs C$8<6M ItZs 81;C Nse lee QItZs t7o %o(nds H!nd6 #ort' %eneL t7o
%o(nds #ort'L t7o #ort'QO HSon dos libr!s ' ;C %eni/(es6M ItZs 81;C Nse lee QItZs t7o
doll!rs H!nd6 #ort' entsL t7o doll!rs #ort'L t7o #ort'QO HSon dos d3l!res ' ;C
ent!+os6M ItZs ?1<; Nse lee UItZs se+en Hdoll!rs6 H!nd6 #i#t'I#o(r entsL se+en
Hdoll!rs6 #i#t'I#o(rOL ?1<; Nse lee UItZs se+en H%o(nds6 H!nd6 #i#t'I#o(r %eneL se+en
H%o(nds6 #i#t'I#o(rO HSon siete d3l!res ' in(ent! ' (!tro ent!+osL siete libr!s '
in(ent! ' (!tro %eni/(es6M It is 5CP HEs el 5CP61
1+ Kara personas cuando se /abla con una persona o varias por telfono, a la
entrada de una vivienda, etc., no se sabe 'uin es7 el nombre o pronombre
puede ir en singular tambin en pluralM es (n QitQ identi#i!ti+o Hidenti#'in,61
E.14 A4 >&o is itT HWJ(i0n est !l !%!r!toTL WJ(i0n esT61 B4 ItZs "eL D!+id NIZ"
D!+id4 no %oner4 D1<1:O HSo' 'oL D!+id6M It 7!s t&e"$ 7!snZt itT HEr!nL F(eron
ellos$ WnoT61
l+ Kara dar nfasis a un nombre o pronombre, seguido de una oracin
subordinada de relativo, 'ue puede ir en singular tambin en pluralM es (n
QitQ en#tio He"%&!ti6M en in,l0s se ll!"!n or!iones %!rtid!s Hle#t sentenes61 E.14
It is To" 7&o !"e HEs To"s el /(e +ino6M It 7!s s&eL Eelen 7&o 7on HF(e ell!L
HE6Elen! /(ienL l! /(e ,!n36M It 7!s &er sister 7&o s%o9e HF(e s( &er"!n! l! /(eL
/(ien &!bl36M It is t&e to(rists 7&o &el% (s HSon los t(rist!s los /(e nos !'(d!n61
ll+ En oraciones con los verbos Qloo9$ see"Q$ et1$ se,(idos de (n !d.eti+o o QtoQ h
no"breL %rono"bre ' (n! or!i3n de in#initi+oL (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! no"in!l
/(e e"%iee %or Ut&!tVM t!"bi0n on !l,(nos otros +erbos o"o QbeQ se,(ido de
(n! serie de !d.eti+os ND1 =158@$ =15:C$ =15:51;1b$ =15:8O$ QbeQ se,(ido de (n! serie
de no"bres ND1=158BO$ Qloo9$ see"$ s(r%rise sb$ t!9e Hsb6 so"e ti"e$ (%set sbQ$ et1$
se,(idos de (n! or!i3n de in#initi+oM t!"bi0n on !l,(nos otros +erbos
ND15C1:?15OM t!"bi0n on !l,(nos otros +erbos en %!si+!$ se,(idos de (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! no"in!l /(e e"%iee %or Ut&!tV ND1 =15@818OM t!"bi0n on !l,(nos
otros +erbos en %!si+!$ se,(idos de (n! or!i3n de in#initi+o ND1 =15@815OM t!"bi0n
on !l,(nos otros +erbos nor"!les o"o Q!"!ze$ !"(se$ !n,er$ !%%e!l$ !%%e!r$ be
!de/(!teL !d+!nt!,eo(sL bestL betterL o""onL e!s'L e+identL #!sin!tin,L &orribleL
i""or!lL lo+el'L si"%leL s(r%risin,$ et1$ be ! %it'L ! s&!"e$ et1$ e-ite$ &!%%en$
i"%l'$ ir9$ irrit!te$ "e!n$ o(r to$ %!in$ %le!se$ re/(ire$ s!tis#'$ s(##ie$ s(r%riseQ$
et1$ del!nte de (n no"breL %rono"bre o no ' (n! or!i3n de in#initi+oL (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! no"in!l /(e e"%iee %or Ut&!tVM t!"bi0n on !l,(nos otros +erbos
nor"!les o"o Q!ttr!t$ onern$ ost$ di##er #ro"$ do$ e/(!l$ #it$ #ri,&ten$ &old$
interest$ l!9$ loo9 li9e$ need$ o(,&t$ %ert(rb$ re"!in$ s!re$ s(it$ t!9e$ terri#'$
tor"ent$ tort(re$ tro(ble$ +e-Q$ et1$ del!nte de (n no"breL %rono"bre ' (n! or!i3n
de in#initi+oM t!"bi0n on !l,(nos otros +erbos nor"!les se,(idos de (n! or!i3n
de in#initi+o en in,l0s estnd!r o de (n! or!i3n on ,er(ndio /(e es "s olo/(i!l
ND1 =15<:18OM t!"bi0n on !l,(nos otros +erbos nor"!les o"o Q#eelQ$ et1$ se,(idos
de (n !d.eti+os ' (n! or!i3n de in#initi+oM t!"bi0n on !l,(nos otros +erbos
nor"!les se,(idos de (n! or!i3n on ,er(ndio ND1=15<=OM t!"bi0n on !l,(nos
otros +erbos nor"!les o"o Qbe !"!zin,L e-itin,L interestin,L s(r%risin,$ interest
sb$ "!tter Hto sb6$ s&o9 sbQ$ et1$ se,(idos de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! /(e e"%iee
%or (n! %!l!br! /(e e"%iee %or 7&IM t!"bi0n on !l,(nos otros +erbos nor"!les
o"o Qloo9Q$ et1$ se,(idos de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! /(e e"%iee %or Ui#V$ U!s
i#V U!s t&o(,&VM t!"bi0n on !l,(nos otros +erbos nor"!les o"o Qbe ert!in$ be
le!r$ be do(bt#(l$ be e+ident$ be i"%ort!nt$ be s(re$ "!tterQ$ en ne,!ti+! o
interro,!ti+!$ se,(idos de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! /(e e"%iee %or Ui#V o
U7&et&erV ND15C1:?1:1b15OM en todos estos !sos QitQ$ /(e es introd(torioL e-%leti+o
H%re%!r!tor'L %re(rsor'6$ &!e de s(.eto .(nto on l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de
in#initi+o %osterior ! l! /(e se re#iere1 E.14 >&!t 9ind o# #r(it is it best to b('T
HWJ(0 l!se de #r(t! es "e.or o"%r!rT6M It is #!sin!tin, to ,o #is&in, N"s (s!do
/(e UGoin, #is&in, is #!sin!tin,VO HEs #!sin!nte ir ! %es!r6M It 7!s &orrible to see
%eo%le d'in, o# &(n,er HEr! &orrible +er ! l! ,ente "(riendo de &!"bre6M ItZs
i""or!l to die o# &(n,er HEs in"or!l "orir de &!"bre6M >&' is it i"%ort!nt to ,oT
Ni >&' is ,oin, i"%ort!ntTO HWPor /(0 es i"%ort!nte irT6M It is lo+el' to &!+e ! lot
o# #riends HEs "!r!+illoso tener "(&os !"i,os6M It is si"%le to #ind o(t t&!t &eZs
7ron, HEs senillo des(brir /(e 0l est e/(i+o!do6M It is s(r%risin, t&!t &e &!snZt
!rri+ed 'et HEs sor%rendente /(e no &!'! lle,!do tod!+F!6M It &!%%ened t&!t s&e 7!s
innoent HSe dio l! ir(nst!ni! /(e ell! er! inoente6M It see"s nor"!l to do t&!t
N"s (s!doO HP!ree nor"!l &!er eso6L To do t&!t see"s nor"!l N"enos (s!doO
HE!er eso %!ree nor"!l6M Eo7 lon, does it t!9e to le!rn En,lis&T HW*(nto
tie"%o lle+! !%render in,l0sT61
UIt isV +! se,(ido de (n +erbo en sin,(l!r !(n/(e +!'! se,(ido de (n %redi!do
no"in!l en %l(r!l o de dos s(.etos1 E.11 Is it R%roble"s t&!t !n be sol+edT HWSon
%roRble"!s /(e %(edenL %(ed!n sol(ion!rseT6M It is RM!r' !nd S(s!n 7&o !"e
HSon M!rF! ' S(s!n! l!s /(eL /(ienes +inieron61
Detrs de l!s on.(niones s(bordin!d!s Q!sQ ' Qt&!nQ se %(ede %oner el s(.eto QitQ
si se /(iere$ %ero no se s(ele %oner en l! !t(!lid!dM sin e"b!r,o$ si QitQ +! se,(ido
de (n in#initi+o sin o"%le"ento &!' /(e %onerloM en !so de /(e +!'! (n
%rono"bre /(e no se! QitQ detrs de Q!sQ$ Qt&!nQ$ no se %(ede s(%ri"ir1 E.14 It 7!s !s
on#(sin, !s Hit6 &!d been %redited HEr!L F(e t!n on#(so o"o se &!bF! %redi&o6M
T&e' !re ,oin, to"orro7$ !s Hit6 7!s !,reed l!st "ont& HD!n ! ir "!)!n!$ o"o se
!ord3 el "es %!s!do6M Ee drin9s "(& "ore t&!n Hit6 is ,ood #or &i" Hl bebe
"(&o "s de lo /(e es b(eno %!r! 0l6M S&e drin9s "ore t&!n Hit6 is sensible HEll!
bebe "s de lo %r(dente6M Ee 7onZt o"e$ !s Hit6 &!s &!%%ened "!n' ti"es Hl no
+endr$ o"o &! o(rrido "(&!s +ees6M As Hit6 "i,&t !%%e!r H*o"o %odrF!
%!reer6M As Hit6 see"s best H*o"o %!ree "e.or6M It 7ill not be bl!9$ s(& !s Hit6
no7 is HNo ser ne,ro$ t!l o"o lo es !&or!6M As Hit6 !%%e!rs to &i" H*o"o le
%!ree ! 0l6M As Hit6 is %ro%er H*o"o es .(sto6M As Hit6 &!s been s(,,ested H*o"o se
&! s(,erido6M As Hit6 is onl' to be e-%eted H*o"o se %(ede es%er!r6M S&e %!'s "ore
t&!n Hit6 is e-%eted HEll! %!,! "s de lo /(e se es%er!6M T&in,s !re !s Hit6 #ollo7s
HL!s os!s son de l! si,(iente #or"!6M So #!r !s Hit6 is %ossible HT!nto o"o se!
%osible6M Ee &!s to ,i+e s(& e-%l!n!tion !s Hit6 is %ossible Hl tiene /(e d!r (n!
e-%li!i3n /(e se! %osible6M As Hit6 is o#ten t&e !se H*o"o s(ele s(eder6M As Hit6
is not (no""on in S%!nis&$ r(les !re &el%#(l H*o"o s(ele o(rrir en !stell!no$ l!s
re,l!s son 2tiles6M As e!s' !s it "!' be HT!n #il o"o %(ed! ser6M Less t&!n it is
%ossible to e-%et HMenos de lo /(e se %(ed! es%er!r6M As 'o( s!'$ it is %ossible
H*o"o dies$ es %osible61 D1 5C1;C
*(!ndo se %one l! on.(ni3n s(bordin!d! o"%!r!ti+! de i,(!ld!d Q!sQ h
!d+erbio h Q!sQ se %(ede s(%ri"ir si"%le"ente QitQ o QitQ h el +erbo !(-ili!r QbeQ
entre el se,(ndo Q!sQ ' el !d.eti+o /(e +! detrs o"o se,(ndo t0r"ino de l!
o"%!r!i3nM en !so de /(e +!'! (n %rono"bre /(e no se! QitQ detrs del se,(ndo
Q!sQ$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir el se,(ndo Q!sQ %ero no el %rono"bre ni el +erbo1 E.14 S&e
7ill do it !s lon, !s !d+is!bleL !s is !d+is!bleL !s it is !d+is!bleM S&e 7ill do it !s
lon, !s neess!r'L !s is neess!r'L !s it is neess!r'M S&e did it !s 7ell !s %ossible
Nestnd!rOL !s 7ell !s is %ossible Nestnd!rOL !s 7ell !s it is %ossible Nestnd!rOL !s
best !s %ossible N+(l,!rOL !s best !s is %ossible N+(l,!rOL !s best !s it is %ossible
N+(l,!rO HEll! lo &izo lo "e.or %osible6M T&e' do it !s best H!s6 t&e' !n HLo &!en lo
"e.or %osible6M S&e did it !s best H!s6 s&e o(ld HEll! lo &izo lo "e.or %osible61
E!' !l,(nos +erbos nor"!les /(e %(eden (s!rse o"o %erson!les ' o"o
i"%erson!les on QitQ4 !%%e!r$ be$ beo"e$ be,in$ &!ne$ o"e H!bo(t6$ ost$ do$
e-%et Nen %!si+! o"o i"%erson!lO$ #ollo7$ ,ro7$ &!%%en$ &o%e Nen %!si+! o"o
i"%erson!lO$ l!st$ loo9$ "!tter$ o(r$ re"!in$ s!' Nen %!si+! o"o i"%erson!lO$
see"$ t!9e$ t(rn o(t1 E.14 S&e N%erson!lO !%%e!red o(t o# t&e bl(e HEll! s!li3 no s0 de
d3ndeL (!ndo "enos se es%er!b!6 e UIt Ni"%erson!lO !%%e!rs t&!t s&e is o(tV
HP!ree /(e ell! est #(er!6M Ee &!ned not to o"eL It &!ned t&!t &e didnZt o"e
HSe dio l! !s(!lid!d /(e 0l no +ino6M It osts H'o(6 si-t' %eneL =C% HHte6 *(est!
sesent! %eni/(es6 ' UT&e %rinter ost H&i"6 t7o &(ndred e(rosV HL! i"%resor! Hle6
ost3 dosientos e(ros6M S&e &!%%ened to be innoent HEll! res(lt3 ser inoente6 e
UIt &!%%ened t&!t s&e 7!s innoentV HSe dio l! ir(nst!ni! /(e ell! er! inoente6M
>&!tZs t&e "!tter 7it& &erT HWJ(0 le %!s! ! ell!T6 e UIt doesnZt "!tter]L No "!tter]L
Ne+er "ind]V H\No i"%ort!]6M >&' did it o(rT HWPor /(0 o(rri3T6 e UIt didnZt
o(r to &er t&!t it 7!s %ossibleV HNo se le o(rri3 ! ell! /(e #(er!L er! %osible6M S&e
see"s to &!+e %!ssed HEll! %!ree &!ber !%rob!do6 e UIt see"s Ht&!t6 s&e &!s
%!ssedV HP!ree /(e ell! &! !%rob!do61
QItQ %(ede lle+!r (n! !%osii3n (!ndo es s(.eto o t!"bi0n se %(ede onsider!r l!
!%osii3n o"o el +erd!dero s(.eto$ '! /(e QitQ es introd(torioL e-%leti+o1 E.14 It
s&o(ld be %er#or"ed$ t&is o%er!tion HDeberF! ser &e&! est! o%er!i3n61
No on+iene (s!r en (n! "is"! or!i3n (n QitQ introd(torioL e-%leti+o N5O ' (n QitQ
no introd(torioL e-%leti+o N8O %or/(e !(s! !"bi,Xed!d1 E.14 T&e !r is &ere$ b(t
donZt (se it N8O tod!'$ i# it is not neess!r'] H\El o&e est !/(F$ %ero no lo (ses &o'$
si no es nees!rio] Ni si no es nees!rio el o&e N5OL (s!rlo N8OO61
E!' (n! serie de +erbos nor"!les %reedidos del s(.eto QitQ /(e %(eden ir del!nte
de (n no"breL %rono"bre ' (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! no"in!l /(e e"%iee %or
Qt&!tQ4 !"!ze$ !"(se$ !nno'$ !%%!l$ !stonis&$ !sto(nd$ be7ilder$ bot&er$ deli,&t$
dis,(st$ distress$ e"b!rr!ss$ ,rie+e$ &orri#'$ interest$ %le!se$ s&o9$ s(r%rise$ (%set$
7orr'$ et1 E.14 It 7onZt %le!se &er t&!t 'o( ,o no7 HNo le !,r!d!r ! ell! /(e Hte6
+!'!s !&or!61
2+ Complemento directo"
a+ Kara referirse a un ob%eto o a una oracin anterior se traduce por ;lo<M es
(n QitQ es%eF#io Hs%ei#i6M (!ndo se tr!d(e %or UloV e/(i+!le ! Qt&!tQ HesoL
!/(ello6M +! on +erbos tr!nsiti+os o"o Qbelie+e$ &(9$ do$ en.o'$ &!te$ &e!r$ li9e$
lo+e$ "!9e$ s!'$ tellQ$ et1 E.14 T&is is 7&ite$ do 'o( belie+e it or notT HEsto es
bl!no$ Wlo rees o noT6M *&(9 it in t&e d(stbin] H\TFr!lo en el (bo de l! b!s(r!]6M
It is not in &er to do it HEll! no es !%!z de &!erlo6M A4 Does &e do t&e oo9in,T
HW*oin! 0lT6 B4 No$ does 'o(r &(sb!nd do itT HNo$ Wlo &!e t( "!ridoT6$ %ero A4
Does &e oo9T HW*oin! 0lT6 B4 No$ does 'o(r &(sb!ndT HNo$ Wlo &!e t( "!ridoT6M
Ee s!id so"et&in, b(t I didnZt &e!r it Hl di.o !l,o %ero no lo oF6M T&e' s7e!r b(t
t&eir "ot&er doesnZt li9e it Hj(r!n %ero ! s( "!dre no le ,(st!6M Ee li9es it HA 0l le
,(st!6M ItZs better e+en i# s&e doesnZt s!' it HEs "e.or !(n/(e ell! no lo di,!6M S&e is
7orried b(t t&e' donZt 7!nt to tell it to &er &(sb!nd HEll! est %reo(%!d! %ero no
/(ieren deFrselo ! s( "!rido61
*on !l,(nos +erbos nor"!les o"o Qdeide$ #or,et$ re"e"ber$ tellQ$ no se %one
QitQ1 E.14 Ee s!id so"et&in, !bo(t 7!rs b(t I donZt re"e"ber Hl di.o !l,o sobre l!s
,(err!s %ero no "e !(erdo de ello6M IZ+e deided HLo &e deidido6M S&e !nZt
deide HEll! no %(ede deidirlo61
A +ees$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir QitQ (!ndo es o"%le"ento direto ' se re#iere ! !l,o
di&o %or otr! %erson! on +erbos nor"!les o"o Qelebr!te$ #ind o(t$ #or,et$ ,(ess$
i"!,ine$ "!n!,e$ "ind$ notie$ re#(se$ re"e"ber$ s&o7$ tell$ tr'$ (nderst!nd$ (se$
+isitQ$ et1M en !stell!no se s(ele %oner UloVM si se s(%ri"e UitV indi! "enos
%reisi3n1 E.14 It is &er birt&d!' ne-t 7ee9$ so 7e "(st elebr!te Hit6 HEs s(
("%le!)os l! se"!n! /(e +iene !sF /(e debe"os elebr!rlo6M M!'be s&e 7!nted
to #or,et Hit6 HI,(!l ell! /(erF! ol+id!rlo6M Ee is so +er' "(& s&o9ed t&!t 'o( !nZt
i"!,ine Hit6 HLe i"%!t3 t!ntFsi"o /(e no %(edes i"!,inrtelo6M Eer ,re!tI
,r!nd#!t&er 7!s 7e!rin, ! &!t$ b(t s&e didnZt e+en notie Hit6 HS( bis!b(elo lle+!b!
(n so"brero %(esto$ %ero ell! no lo not3L se dio (ent! Hde ello66M >&' donZt 'o(
tr' Hit6T HWPor /(0 no lo intent!sL no %r(eb!sT6M T&is tele+ision is too old #or t&e" to
(se Hit6 HEst! tele+isi3nL Este tele+isor es de"!si!do +ie.H!$ o6 %!r! (tiliz!rlH!$ o6
ellos6M It is 7ell 7ort& t!9in, t&e tro(ble to +isit Hit6 HD!le bien l! %en! +isit!rlo6$ et1
P(eden d!rse los si,(ientes !sos on el +erbo nor"!l Q9no7Q4
56 No %(ede ir se,(ido ni de QitQ$ ni de Qt&!tQM si,ni#i! Qs!berQM %(ede ir t!"bi0n
se,(ido de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! en todos los !sos$ e-e%to (!ndo +! se,(ido
de (n! %re%osii3n1 E.14 A4 >&!t &!%%enedT HWJ(0 %!s3T61 B4 Nobod' 9no7s H7&!t
&!%%ened6 HNo se s!be Hlo /(e %!s366M A4 EeZs t&e best %l!'er in NGBOL on NUSAO
t&e te!" Hl es el "e.or .(,!dor del e/(i%o61 B4 O&$ I donZt 9no7$ &e didnZt %l!'
7ell l!st 7ee9 HB(eno$ no s0L esto' se,(ro$ 0l no .(,3 bien l! se"!n! %!s!d!6M
S&eZs t&irt' or t&irt'IoneL t&irt' one$ I donZt 9no7 HEll! tiene treint! o treint! ' (no$
no Hlo6 s06M mo( ne+er 9no7L One ne+er 9no7s HN(n! se s!be6M I donZt 9no7 !bo(t
'o( HNo s0 en (!nto !L deL sobre ti6M IZ"L IZll be blessed NGBOL d!"ned NUSAO i# I
9no7 HNo lo s0 ni !(n/(e "e "!tenL No ten,o ni ide!6M Eo7 7!s I to 9no7
Ht&!t 1116T HW*3"o ib! 'o ! s!ber H/(e 1116T6M *&rist 9no7s N+(l,!rOL God 9no7sL
Ee!+ens 9no7s HS!be Dios6$ et1
86 P(ede ir solo o se,(ido de Qt&!tQ$ no de QitQM si,ni#i! Qs!berQM %(ede ir t!"bi0n
se,(ido de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! en todos los !sos1 E.14 A4 ItZs too di##i(lt HEs
de"!si!do di#Fil61 B4 I 9no7 HLo s06L I 9no7 t&!t HS0 eso6L I 9no7 Ht&!t6 itZs too
di##i(lt HS0 /(e es de"!si!do di#Fil6M A4 EeZs /(i9 Hl es r%ido61 B4 I 9no7 HLo
s06L I 9no7 t&!t HS0 eso6M A4 Dere9 !nd *&ris !re "!rried HTeoHdorio6 ' *ristiHn!6
estn !s!dos61 B4 mes$ I 9no7 HSF$ lo s06L I 9no7 t&!t HS0 eso66M A4 T&ereZs not&in,
s&e !n do to &el% 'o( HEll! no %(ede &!er n!d! %!r! !'(d!rte61 B4 I 9no7 HLo s06L
I 9no7 t&!t HS0 eso6M A4 Ee 7ent to see 'o(r %!rents Hl #(e ! +er ! t(s %!dres61 B4 I
9no7 HLo s06L I 9no7 t&!t HS0 eso6M A4 ItZs tr(e HEs +erd!d61 B4 mes$ I 9no7 HSF$ lo s0
6L I 9no7 t&!t HS0 eso6M >&' didnZt 'o( let "e 9no7T HWPor /(0 no "e lo
o"(ni!steL di.isteT6L >&' didnZt 'o( let "e 9no7 t&!t HWPor /(0 no "e
o"(ni!steL di.iste eso6$ et1
:6 P(ede ir s3lo se,(ido de QitQM si,ni#i! nor"!l"ente QonoerQM no %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!1 E.14 A4 Do 'o( 9no7 t&is %roble"T HW*onoes
este %roble"!T61 B4 I 9no7 it NQitQ se re#iere ! Qt&is %roble"QO HLo onozo6M I 9ne7
it] Nen e-l!"!ionesO H\Lo s!bF!]6M DonZt I 9no7 it] H\A "F "e lo +!s ! ont!r]6$
et1
;6 P(ede ir solo o se,(ido de QitQ on el "is"o si,ni#i!do ' t!"bi0n se,(ido de
Qt&!tQM %(ede ir t!"bi0n se,(ido de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! en todos los !sos1 E.14
T&is !se is &o%eless !nd s&e 9no7s Hit6L 9no7s t&!tL 9no7s Ht&!t6 t&is !se is
&o%eless Hste es (n !so %erdido ' ell! lo s!beL s!be esoL s!be /(e es (n !so
%erdido6M A4 mo( 7ere ri,&t$ s&e doesnZt lo+e 'o( HTenF!s r!z3n$ ell! no te /(iere61
B4 I 9ne7 Hit6 HLo s!bF!6L I 9ne7 t&!t HS!bF! eso6M A4 S&eZs not +er' !re#(l HEll! no
tiene "(&o (id!do61 B4 DonZt I 9no7 Hit6 H\Si lo s!br0 'o]6L DonZt I 9no7 t&!t]
H\Si s!br0 'o eso]6M EeZs not intelli,ent$ b(t I 9no7 Hit6L I 9no7 t&!tL &e 9no7s Hit6L
&e 9no7s t&!tL s&e 9no7s Hit6L s&e 9no7s t&!t Hl no es inteli,ente$ %ero lo s0L s0
esoL 0l lo s!beL 0l s!be esoL ell! lo s!beL ell! s!be eso61
En !l,(n!s e-%resiones idio"ti!s se (s! QitQ1 E.14 Ee re!ll' !(,&t it HLe !'3
(n! de %!dre ' se)or "Fo6M Bl!st it] Nolo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"enteOL HGod6 D!"n it
H!ll6] Nolo/(i!lO H\M!ldit! se!]L \Di!ntre]L \Eosti!]6M D!"n it to &ell] N+(l,!rO H\Por
todos los de"onios]6M Fet& Hit6] N! (n %erroO H\B(s!$ b(s!]6M >e #o(,&t it o(t
!"on, (s HLo resol+i"os entre nosotros6M T&e' 7ent it !lone HSi,(ieron (n!
%olFti! inde%endiente6M S&eZs ,ot it HEll! tiene !tr!ti+o6M I &!d it #ro" &er HMe
enter0L Lo s(%e %or ell!6M S&eZll &!+e to &!+e it o(t 7it& &i" !bo(t t&eir sit(!tion
HEll! tendr /(e &!bl!r seri!"ente on 0l sobre s( sit(!i3n6M IZ+e &!d it (% to &ere
7it& 'o(r t!l9in, HEsto' &!st! l! oronill!L l!s n!ries de /(e &!bles6M I &!d it in #or
&i" HLe tenF! "!nF!L tirri! ! 0l6M Let &er &!+e it] H\*(0nt!le ! ell! l!s (!rent!]6M
E!n, it] N+(l,!rO H\Por Dios]L \De"onios]L \M!ldit! se!]6M Eold it] H\Es%er!]6M Eo%
it] H\Lr,!te]6M Ee "!9es it ;< N!rit"0ti!O HA 0l le d! ;<6M Ee lorded it o+er &er Hl
se ense)ore3 sobre ell!6M T&e' "!de it (% HEiieron l!s %!es6M >e &!d to ro(,& it
HT(+i"os /(e %!s!r !%(ros6M Sto% it] H\m! est bien]L \B!st!]L \P!r!]6M EeZll &!+e to
s7e!t it o(t (ntil so"ebod' &el%s &i" Hl tendr /(e !,(!nt!r &!st! /(e le !'(de
!l,(ien61
QItQ no s(ele ir !ent(!do %ero en !l,(nos !sos sF1 E.14 A4 S&e is old HEll! es
"!'or61 B4 S&e loo9s Rit HEll! lo %!ree6M A4 Is s&e 'o(n,erT HWEs ell! "s .o+enT61
B4 S&e #eels Rit HEll! se siente "s .o+en6M A4 Is &e de%ressedT H\Est 0l de%ri"idoT61
B4 Ee so(nds Rit Hl s(en! de%ri"ido6M T&is is RitL R!ll HEsto es todo61
A +ees se %(ede %oner UitV en in,l0s olo/(i!l en +ez de Ut&e"V$ %ero &!' (n!
%e/(e)! di#ereni!1 E.14 S!' so"e "ore nie t&in,s to "e] H\Di"e !l,(n!s os!s
!,r!d!bles "s]6M I li9e it Ni t&e #!t t&!t 'o( s!' nie t&in,s to "eO HMe ,(st! Ni el
&e&o de /(e "e di,!s os!s !,r!d!blesO6L I li9e t&e" Ni t&e nie t&in,sO HMe
,(st!n Ni l!s os!s !,r!d!blesO61
b+ Kara referirse a un infinitivo o una oracin subordinada 'ue vaa detr!s
/aciendo la funcin de complemento directoM QitQ$ /(e es introd(torioL e-%leti+o
H%re%!r!tor'6$ &!e de o"%le"ento direto .(nto on l! or!i3n %osterior ! l! /(e
se re#iereM s3lo se d! en iertos !sosM detrs de los +erbos nor"!les Qbelie+e$
onsider$ #eel$ #ind$ "!9e$ re,!rd$ t&in9Q$ se s(ele %oner QitQ$ si +! se,(ido de (n
!d.eti+oM en in,l0s +(l,!r se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,1 E.14 I
7o(ld !%%rei!te it i# 'o( o(ld &el% "e HLo !%rei!rF! si %(dier!s !'(d!r"e6M Ee
onsiders it di##i(lt "!9in, N+(l,!rOL to "!9e Nestnd!rO no "ist!9es in li#e Hl
onsider! di#Fil no o"eter errores en l! +id!6M Ee onsiders it i"%ort!nt &!+in,
N+(l,!rOL to &!+e Nestnd!rO ! .ob Hl onsider! i"%ort!nte tener (n e"%leo6M T&e'
e-%et it o# t&e"sel+es %!'in, N+(l,!rOL to %!' Nestnd!rO HEs%er!n /(e ellos
%!,(en6M T&e' #eel it neess!r' ontrib(tin, N+(l,!rOL to ontrib(te Nestnd!rO
HSienten l! neesid!d de ontrib(ir6M T&e' #elt it i"%ort!nt oHI6o%er!tin, N+(l,!rOL
to oHI6o%er!te Nestnd!rO H*onsider!b!n i"%ort!nte ol!bor!r6M S&e didnZt #ind it
e!s' 7innin, N+(l,!rOL to 7in Nestnd!rO t7o "ed!ls HA ell! no le res(lt3 #il ,!n!r
dos "ed!ll!s6M S&e #inds it di##i(ltL i"%ossibleL str!n,e ,ettin, (% N+(l,!rOL to ,et
(% Nestnd!rO in t&e "ornin,L S&e #inds ,ettin, (% in t&e "ornin, di##i(ltL
i"%ossibleL str!n,e HA ell! le res(lt! di#FilL i"%osibleL e-tr!)o le+!nt!rse %or l!
"!)!n!6M Ee #inds it interestin, t&!t 'o( 7rote !n !rtile Hl en(entr! interes!nte
/(e esribier!s (n !rtF(lo6M Ee ,!+e it !s &is o%inion t&!t not&in, 7ill &!%%en Hl
e-%res3 l! o%ini3n de /(e no %!s!r n!d!6M Hsb6 &!+e it in "ind to h in#initi+oM S&e
&!s &e!rd it s!id t&!t &eZll o"e b!9 HEll! &! oFdo deir /(e 0l +ol+er6M Ee doesnZt
li9e it in 7inter 7&en it r!ins HA 0l no le ,(st! en in+ierno (!ndo ll(e+e6M Ee
"!9es it ! r(le ,oin, N+(l,!rOL to ,o Nestnd!rO to bed e!rl' Hl tiene o"o nor"! ir
! l! !"! te"%r!no6M S&e "!de it &!rd #or "e 7innin, N+(l,!rOL to 7in Nestnd!rO
t&e %rize HEll! "e %(so l!s os!s di#Files %!r! ,!n!r el %re"io6M Ee "!de it &is role
in li#e &el%in, N+(l,!rOL to &el% Nestnd!rO ot&ers HEizo en l! +id! el %!%el de !'(d!r
! otros6M S&e "!de it le!r t&!t it 7!s d!n,ero(s HEll! !l!r3 /(e er! %eli,roso6M Ee
re,!rds it H!s6 neess!r' ,oin, N+(l,!rOL to ,o Nestnd!rO e!rl' Hl onsider!
nees!rio ir te"%r!no6$ %ero QEe re,!rds it H!s6 neess!r' to ,oQ Hl lo onsider!
nees!rio %!r! ir6M T&e' t&in9 it !%%ro%ri!teL (seless !e%tin, N+(l,!rOL to !e%t
Nestnd!rO t&e o##er H*reen /(e es !%ro%i!doL in2til !e%t!r l! o#ert!6M Do 'o( t&in9
it e!sier ,oin, N+(l,!rOL to ,o Nestnd!rO b' !r t&!n b' b(sT HW*rees /(e es "s
#il ir en o&e /(e en !(tob2sT6M Ee doesnZt t&in9 it li9el' t&!t it 7ill ,i+e "e !n
eletri s&o9 Hl no ree /(e se! %rob!ble /(e "e d0 (n !l!"bre6M S&e t&in9s it
ri,&t &el%in, N+(l,!rOL to &el% Nestnd!rO ot&ers HEll! ree /(e es b(eno !'(d!r !
otros6M T&e' t&o(,&t it ! %it' t&!t s&e s&o(ld sto% 7or9in, HPens!b!n /(e er! (n!
%en! /(e ell! de.!r! de tr!b!.!r61
*(!ndo l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! e"%iez! %or Qt&!tQ$ &!' /(e %oner QitQ on los
si,(ientes +erbos nor"!les4 QHsb6 !e%t it t&!tQ$ Qbrin, it !bo(t t&!tQ Ho!sion!r
/(e6$ QHsb6 brin, it to oneZs !ttention t&!tQ H&!er +er ! (no /(e6$ QHsb6 9ee% it !
seret t&!tQ$ QHsb6 le!rn it #ro" sb t&!tQ$ QHsb6 le!+e it t&!tQ$ QHsb6 not li9e it t&!tQ$
QHsb6 %(t it to sb t&!tQ Hso"eter ! onsider!i3n de !l,(ien /(e6$ QHsb6 resent it t&!tQ$
QHsb6 t!9e it t&!tQ$ QHsb6 t!9e it #or ,r!nted t&!tQ Hd!r %or sent!do /(e6$ et1
Detrs de los +erbos nor"!les Qle!+e$ o7e$ t!9e Hs(%oner6$ 7ill &!+e Hsostener6Q$ es
nees!rio %oner UitV se,(ido de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! o de in#initi+o1 E.14 I le!+e
it to &er &oosin, N+(l,!rOL to &oose Nestnd!rO t&e dress HLe de.o ! ell! /(e eso.!
el +estido6M Ee o7es it to &er t&!t &e &!d so"e l(9 Hl le debe ! ell! l! s(erte /(e
t(+o6M >e t!9e it t&!t &e is ri,&t HS(%one"osL Entende"os /(e 0l tiene r!z3n6M I#
t&e' 7ill &!+e it t&!t s&e is %oor$ it "(st be tr(e HSi sostienen /(e ell! es %obre$ debe
de ser +erd!d61
A +ees$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir UitV se,(ido de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!1 E.14 T&e'
!d"itted Hit6 to t&e"sel+es t&!t it 7!s !n inte,r!l n("ber HAd"itieron /(e er! (n
n2"ero entero6M Ee desires Hit6 o# &i"sel# t&!t &eZll be &onestL Ee desires o# &i"sel#
to be &onest Hl "is"o dese! ser &onr!do6M T&e' e-%et Hit6 o# t&e"sel+es t&!t t&e'
7ill %!' HEllos "is"os es%er!n %!,!r6M Ee "!de Hit6 le!r t&!t it 7!s i"%ossible Hl
!l!r3 /(e er! i"%osible61
Sin e"b!r,o$ no se %(ede %oner QitQ on los +erbos nor"!les Q#it$ "!9e %l!in$
%re#er$ t&in9$ t&in9 #it$ see #itQ$ et1 E.14 Ee %re#ers 'o( to ,oL Ee %re#ers Hit6 #or 'o(
to ,o NUSA4 olo/(i!lO Hl %re#iere /(e +!'!sL +!'is6M T&e' didnZt t&in9L see #it to
s%end so "(& "one' HNo esti"!ron on+enienteL re'eron o%ort(no ,!st!r t!nto
dinero61
*on los +erbos nor"!les Q&!te$ li9e$ lo+eQ$ no se s(ele %oner QitQ e-e%to en l!
e-%resi3n QI &!teL li9eL lo+e it 7&en 111Q HLo odioL Me en!nt!L Me ,(st!
(!ndo 11161
A +ees$ en +ez de %oner QitQ se %one Qt&e #!tQ o Qt&e ir("st!neQ1 E.14 T&e
!ident 7!s d(e to t&e #!t t&!t &e didnZt see t&e ot&er !r HEl !idente #(e debido
!l &e&o de /(e 0l no +io el otro o&e6M S&e o+erloo9s t&e ir("st!ne t&!t t&e'
&!+e 7on HEll! no tiene en (ent! l! ir(nst!ni! de /(e &!n ,!n!do61
A +ees no se %one QitQ %ero en !stell!no se %one QloQ1 E.14 mo( %ro"ised "e HMe
lo %ro"etiste61
2+ Complemento de rgimen preposicional1 E.14 T&ere is not&in, be&indL on to%
o# it HNo &!' n!d! detrsL eni"!6M mo( !n b!n9 on it t&!t s&eZll do it HP(edes
ont!r on /(e ell! lo +! ! &!er6M mo( !n de%end on it t&!t s&eZll o"e HP(edes
ont!r on /(e ell! +! ! +enir6M S&e loo9s (%on it !s 7ron, to 9ill ! %erson HEll!
onsider! e/(i+o!do "!t!r ! (n! %erson!6M T&e' "(st see to it t&!t it doesnZt
oll!%se HDeben en!r,!rse de /(e no se +en,! !b!.o61
T!"bi0n en !l,(n!s e-%resiones idio"ti!s1 E.14 >&ile 'o( !re !t it Hm! /(e ests
en ello6M T&e' 7ent !t it &ot !nd stron, HSe %ele!ron +iolent!"ente6M T&e' donZt &it
it o## HNo se lle+!n bien61
*on el +erbo Qbe s(re o# st&Q se %(ede s(%ri"ir el o"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!l1 E.14 S&e is s(re Ho# it6 HEll! est se,(r! Hde ello661
-+ =tributo o complemento predicativo del su%eto en !l,(n!s e-%resiones
idio"ti!s1 E.14 T&is is it HA&F +ieneL m! lle,3 l! &or!L \D!"os]L \A ello]6M T&!tZs it]
H\Eso es]L \m! est]L \Est bien]L \Eso es todo]L \N!d! "s]L \Se !!b3]6M Ee t&in9s
Ht&!t6 &eZs it N"s (s!doOL &eZs .(st it N"enos (s!doO Hl se ree "(' ele,!nte6$ et1
<1?1I Al,(n!s %erson!s$ esritores$ rFtios$ et1$ (s!n l! %ri"er! %erson! del %l(r!l
Q7eQ en +ez de l! %ri"er! %erson! del sin,(l!r UIV$ os! /(e o(rre t!"bi0n en
!stell!no ' se %(ede ll!"!r plural de autoridad o "!'esttio en iertos !sos$
%l(r!l de "odesti! o ortesF! en otros ' %l(r!l !#eti+o en otros1 E.14 >e del!re t&!t
o(r itizens 7ill en.o' #reedo" N%l(r!l de !(torid!d o "!'esttioO HHNosotros6
del!r!"os /(e n(estros i(d!d!nos dis#r(t!rn de libert!d6M >e !re o# t&e o%inion
t&!t %eo%le !re res%ondin, 7ell N%l(r!l de "odesti! o ortesF!O HHnosotros6 So"os
de l! o%ini3n /(e l! ,ente est res%ondiendo bien6M Eo7 !re 7e tod!'T N%l(r!l
!#eti+o %!r! ni)os$ !ni!nosO HW*3"o est!"os &o'T61
U>eV %(ede inl(ir o e-l(ir l! %erson! ! l! /(e se &!bl!1 E.14 N!t!lie4 S&!ll 7e
NN!t!lie !nd Mi&elleO ,oT HN!t!li!4 WD!"os NN!t!li! ' Mi!el!OT61 Mi&elle4 mes$
7eZd better ,o Ninl(si+oO HMi!el!4 SF$ serF! "e.or /(e nos #(0r!"osL #(0se"os6M
>e s&!ll sell o(r #ir" Ninl(si+oO HDendere"os n(estr! e"%res!6M P&ili%4 S&!ll 7e
NOs!r !nd P&ili%O ,oT HFeli%e4 WD!"os N^s!r ' Feli%eOT61 P!trii!4 mes$ 'o(Zd
better ,o Ne-l(si+oO HP!trii!4 SF$ serF! "e.or /(e #(er!isL #(eseis6M >e s&!ll t!9e
'o(r !r Ne-l(si+oO HLle+!re"os t( o&e61
Se %(ede (s!r U7eV %!r! re#erirse ! (n! terer! %erson! ' en %eri3dios$ et1$ %!r!
re#erirse ! l! ,ente o todos en ,ener!l1 E.14 >eZre in ! &(rr' HTene"os Ni El .e#e
tieneO %ris!61
<1@1I QT&e'Q es el %l(r!l de Q&e$ s&e$ itQ ' se (s! %!r! %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!sM !
+ees$ no se re#iere ! %erson!s onoid!s sino ! l! ,ente$ ! l!s !(torid!des$ ! los
en!r,!dos de (n! e"%res! o ne,oio o ! (n! serie de %erson!s /(e no onoe"osM
en !stell!no nor"!l"ente se de.! sin tr!d(ir o se (s! l! #or"! i"%erson!l UseV1
E.14 T&e' s!' t&!t ! lot o# &!n,es !re needed HDienL Se die /(e se neesit!n
"(&os !"bios61
*(!ndo &!' (n! or!i3n o #r!se entre (n no"bre /(e &!,! de s(.eto ' el +erbo se
%(ede re%etir el no"bre %or "edio de (n %rono"bre %!r! /(e /(ede "s l!ro1 E.14
So"e !rr!n,e"ents$ li9e t&e one o# t&e UN$ Ht&e'6 !re 7ort& ! lot o# "one'
HAl,(nos %re%!r!ti+os$ o"o el de l! ONU$ +!len "(&o dinero6$ et1
*(!ndo &!' (n %rono"bre detrs de l!s %!rtF(l!s o"%!r!ti+!s U!sL "oreL lessV '
Ut&!nV$ se %(ede %oner el %rono"bre %erson!l s(.eto on el +erbo en in,l0s estnd!r
o sin el +erbo en in,l0s liter!rio o si"%le"ente el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto sin el
+erbo en in,l0s olo/(i!l1 E.4 S&e ended "ore /(i9l' t&!n t&e' did Nestnd!rOL
t&e" Nolo/(i!lOL t&e' Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO HEll! ter"in3 "s
r%id!"ente /(e ellos6M T&e' e!t "ore slo7l' t&!n 7e do Nestnd!rOL (s Nolo/(i!lOL
7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO H*o"en "s des%!io /(e nosotros61
A +ees$ (!ndo se &!e re#ereni! ! (n! %!l!br! re#erid! ! %erson! o"o Q! #riend$
! %erson$ ! st(dentQ$ et1$ se %(eden (s!r los %rono"bres Qt&e'$ t&e"Q o el !d.eti+o
Qt&eirQ en in,l0s olo/(i!l1 E.14 I# ! st(dent does it$ t&e' "(st &!+e ! re!son HSi lo
&!e (n est(di!nte$ debe tener (n! r!z3n61
<1B1I Los pronombres personales ob%eto$ /(e e/(i+!len !l !(s!ti+o$ d!ti+o '
!bl!ti+o en !stell!no$ son4 "e H"eL ! "F6$ 'o( HteL ! tFL ! (stedL osL ! +osotrosL !
+osotr!sL ! (stedes6$ &i" Hlo H! 0l6 No"%le"ento diretoOL le H! 0l6 No"%le"ento
diretoL o"%le"ento indiretoO$ &er Hl! No"%le"ento diretoOL le No"%le"ento
indiretoO6$ it HloL l! H%!r! !ni"!les6L lo H%!r! !ni"!les ' os!s6L le No"%le"ento
indiretoO$ (s HnosL ! nosotrosL ! nosotr!s6$ t&e" Nel %l(r!l de U&i"$ &er$ itVO HlosL l!s
N%!r! %erson!s ' os!sOL les H! ellosL ell!s6 No"%le"ento indireto4 %!r! %erson!sO61
L!s #or"!s Qt&eeQ N!r!ioO HteL ! tiL ! (sted6 ' Q'eQ N!r!ioO H! +osotrHos$ !s6L
(stedes6 e/(i+!len ! Q'o(Q$ %ero se (s!n %rini%!l"ente en %oesF!$ en l! Bibli!$ en
libros reli,iosos$ en libros !nteriores !l si,lo KK$ et1M detrs de l!s %re%osiiones
&!' /(e (s!r los %rono"bres %erson!les ob.eto$ no los %rono"bres %erson!les
s(.eto1
*(!ndo !%!reen +!rios %rono"bres %erson!les ob.eto de distint! %erson! el orden
es %ri"ero el de se,(nd! %erson! ' l(e,o el de %ri"er! %erson! H'o( !nd "eL (s6$
%ri"ero el de terer! %erson! ' l(e,o el de %ri"er! %erson! H&i"L &erL t&e" !nd
"e6$ %ri"ero el de se,(nd! %erson! ' l(e,o el de terer! %erson! H'o( !nd &i"L
&erL t&e"6$ %ri"ero el de %ri"er! %erson! del %l(r!l ' l(e,o el de se,(nd! o terer!
%erson! H(s !nd 'o(L &i"L &erL t&e"61
Con los pronombres personales ob%eto se pueden usar"
*+ @n nBmero cardinal D ;of<1 E.14 si- o# t&e" Hseis de ellHos$ !s661 D1 <15<
2+ @n nBmero ordinal D ;of<1 E.14 t&e #irst o# (s Hel %ri"ero de nosotros61 D1 <15=
2+ =lgunos ad%etivos indefinidos4 bot& o# ND1 ;1=51BO$ !ll o# ND1 ;1=515CO1
-+ =lgunos pronombres interrogativos" &o7 #e7 o#$ &o7 #e7 "ore o#$ &o7 little
o#$ &o7 little o#$ &o7 "!n' less o# N+(l,!rO$ &o7 "!n' "ore o#$ &o7 "!n' "ore
o#1 D1 <18:

3+ =lgunos pronombres exclamativos4 &o7 #e7 o#$ &o7 #e7 "ore o#$ &o7 little
o#$ &o7 "!n' o#$ &o7 "!n' less N+(l,!rO o#$ &o7 "!n' "ore o#$ &o7 "(& o#$ so
#e7 o#$ so little o#$ so "!n' o#$ so "(& o#$ s(& ! lot o#$ too #e7 o#$ too little o#$ too
"!n' o#$ too "(& o#$ 7&!t ! ,re!t de!l o#$ ! ,re!t Nestnd!rO n("ber N"s (s!doO
o#$ ! l!r,e Nestnd!rO n("ber N"s (s!doO o#$ ! ,re!t Nestnd!rO /(!ntit' N"enos
(s!doO o#$ ! l!r,e Nestnd!rO /(!ntit' N"enos (s!doO o#$ 7&!t ! lot o#1 D1 <18B
6+ Todos los pronombres indefinidos mencionados en 2.-*.
8+ @na serie de per(frasis partitivas 'ue son cuantificadores1 D1 :15B
9+ @n ad%etivo1 E.14 Fort(n!teL L(9'L Poor t&e"] H\A#ort(n!dosL J(0 s(erte l!
deL Pobre de ellos]61
<15C1I &os pronombres personales ob%eto pueden /acer la funcin de4
*+ Complemento directo de (n +erboM en in,l0s +!n nor"!l"ente detrs de (n
+erbo$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no s(elen ir del!nte del +erbo1 E.14 S&e lo+es "e
HEll! "e /(iere H! "F66M I lo+e 'o( HTe /(iero H! ti6L Le /(iero ! (stedL Os /(iero H!
+osotrHos$ !s66L Les /(iero ! (stedes6M S&e lo+es &i" HEll! leL lo /(iere H! 0l66M Ee
lo+es &er Hl l! /(iere H! ell!66M I s!7 it HLo +i6M T&e' s!7 (s HNos +ieron H!
nosotrHos$ !s66M I s!7 t&e" HLesL LosL L!s +i61
T!"bi0n se (s!n (!ndo se die sol!"ente l! %!rte #in!l de (n! or!i3n
interro,!ti+! on (n in#initi+o1 E.14 >&!t] Eer 7in t&e o"%etitionT I"%ossible]
H\J(0] WJ(e ell! +! ! ,!n!r l! o"%etii3nT \I"%osible]61
Al,(n!s %erson!s (s!n el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto U(sV en +ez de U"eV detrs de
!l,(nos i"%er!ti+os o"o Q,i+e$ &el%$ let$ %!ss$ tellQ$ et1$ os! /(e t!"bi0n se d!
en !stell!no$ ' se ll!"! %l(r!l de !(torid!d1 E.14 LetZs 7!it !nd see 7&!t &!%%ens]
H\D!"os ! es%er!r ! +er /(e %!s!]61
Los %rono"bres %erson!les ob.eto se %(eden s(%ri"ir en or!iones s(bordin!d!s
de rel!ti+o$ (!ndo +!n %reedidos de %re%osiiones o"o Q!#ter$ be#ore$ 7it&o(tQ$
h ,er(ndio si el %rono"bre rel!ti+o se re#iere ! l! "is"! %erson! o os!1 E.14 EereZs
so"et&in, t&!t 'o( &!+e to e!t !#ter oo9in, Hit6 NUt&!tV e UitV se re#ieren !
Uso"et&in,VO HA/(F &!' !l,o /(e tienes /(e o"er des%(0s de oin!rlo6M Ee is !
%erson t&!t s&e li9es 7it&o(t 9no7in, H&i"6 Hl es (n! %erson! /(e le ,(st! ! ell!
sin onoerlo61
E!' !sos en /(e no se %one %rono"bre en in,l0s ' en !stell!no se %(ede %oner1
E.14 S&e &o%es so HEll! lo es%er!L es%er! /(e sF6M T&e' donZt t&in9 so HNo lo reenL
*reen /(e no6M Ee !"e in t&e "ornin, !s &e !l7!'s did Hl +enF! %or l! "!)!n!
o"o lo &!F! sie"%re61
Derbos "onotr!nsiti+os son los /(e !d"iten sol!"ente (n o"%le"ento direto4
%r!tise NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %r!tie NUSAO$ et1 D1 =15?=$ 5C1::1;
Derbos tr!nsiti+os dobles Hditr!nsiti+e6 son los /(e lle+!n %ri"ero el o"%le"ento
indireto ' l(e,o el o"%le"ento direto1
Derbos tr!nsiti+os o"%le.os son los /(e lle+!n (n o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o detrs
del o"%le"ento diretoM %(eden ser4
!6 Derbos de o%ini3nM el o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o %(ede ser (n !d.eti+o o (n
sint!,"! no"in!l1 D1 ;15?1<1 E.14 Ee onsiders t&e %ro.et old Hl onsider! +ie.o el
%ro'eto6M S&e onsiders &i" ! #ool HEll! le onsider! H(n6 tonto61
b6 Derbos de !i3nM el o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o %(ede ser (n !d.eti+o$ (n
sint!,"! no"in!l o (n +erbo ND1 ;15?1<O1 E.14 S&e &!d &er &o(se %!inted HEll! %int3
l! !s! Ni P!,3 ! !l,(ien %!r! /(e se l! %int!r!O6M T&e' st!rted &i" t!l9in, HLe
&iieron &!bl!r6M S&e #ored &i" to ,o HEll! le #orz3 ! irHse661
6 Derbos de %ere%i3nM el o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o %(ede ser (n in#initi+o sin
UtoV o (n! #or"! +erb!l Iin, ND1 =15C<15O1 E.14 Ee s!7 &er ,oL ,oin, Hl l! +io
irHse6L (!ndo se ib!61
2+ Complemento indirecto de un verbo delante de un complemento directo
/(e se! (n no"breL (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o o !l,(nos de los
%rono"bres inde#inidos %ero no (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto$ sobre todo QitQ o
Qt&e"QM los %rono"bres$ sobre todo$ %(eden &!er t!"bi0n de o"%le"ento
indireto detrs del o"%le"ento direto %reedidos de l! %re%osii3n QtoQM en
in,l0s el o"%le"ento direto ' el o"%le"ento indireto +!n nor"!l"ente detrs
del +erboM en !stell!no$ (!ndo &!' dos %rono"bres$ (no /(e &!e de
o"%le"ento direto ' el otro de o"%le"ento indireto$ se %one %ri"ero el /(e
&!e de o"%le"ento indiretoM o(rre %rini%!l"ente on los si,(ientes +erbos
nor"!les4 !ord$ !d+!ne$ !ns7er$ !sribe$ !s9$ !ssi,n$ !ttrib(te$ !7!rd$ be!r$
be/(e!t& Hle,!r6$ bet$ brin,$ b('$ !ble$ !(se$ &!r,e$ o""it$ ost$ de!l$ dedi!te$
den'$ do Ns3lo en iertos !sosO$ dro% H! &int6$ ReI"!ilL Re"!il$ entr(st Nt!"bi0n4 sb
7it& st&VO$ #!-$ #eed$ #et&$ #orbid$ #or,i+e$ #or7!rd$ ,i+e$ ,r!nt$ ,r(d,e$ &!nd$ &!nd
b!9$ intend$ 9i9$ le!se$ le!+e Hde.!r Nen test!"entoO6$ lend$ li9en Nliter!rioO$ lo!n$
"!il$ "!9e$ "ention$ o##er$ o7e$ %!rdon$ %!ss$ %!'$ %er"it$ %l!' Hto!r6$ %ost$
%rol!i"$ %ro"ise$ %ro+e$ %(t$ /(ote$ re!d$ reo""end$ re#(nd$ re#(se$ rel!te$ re"it$
rent Nse %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n4 rent st& #ro" sb H!l,(il!r !l,o ! !l,(ien6O$ re%!'$ ret(rn$
re+e!l$ sell$ send$ ser+e Nt!"bi0n4 sb 7it& st&VO$ s&o7$ sin,$ s%!re$ t!9e$ te!&$
Htele6%&one$ tele-$ tell$ t&ro7$ toss Htir!rL l!nz!r6$ 7ire$ 7is&$ 7rite1 E.14 EeZll bet 'o(
t&is Hl te !%ost!r esto6L EeZll bet t&is to 'o( Hl te !%ost!r esto ! ti6M T&e'Zll
#or,i+e 'o( e+er't&in, HTe %erdon!rn todo6L T&e'Zll #or,i+e e+er't&in, to 'o( HTe
%erdon!rn todo ! ti6M mo( &!+e to dedi!te ti"e to it N"s (s!doOL to dedi!te it
ti"e N"enos (s!doO HTienes /(e dedi!rle tie"%o H! ello66M S&eZll #or,i+e &i"
e+er't&in,L &er t&e "one' Nt&e "one' to &er4 no %onerO HEll! le %erdon!r ! 0l
todoL ! ell! el dinero6L S&eZll #or,i+e e+er't&in, to &i" HEll! le %erdon!r todo ! 0l6M
mo( &!+e to ,i+e ! &!ne to it N"enos (s!doOL to ,i+e it ! &!ne N"s (s!doO
HTienes /(e d!rle (n! o%ort(nid!d6M S&e ,i+es &i" letters HEll! le d! !rt!s6L S&e
,i+es letters to &i" HEll! le d! !rt!s ! 0l6M T&is is 'o(r o7 Hst! es t( +!!6M do 'o(
,i+e it !n' #oodT HWle d!s !l,o de o"erT6L do 'o( ,i+e !n' #ood to itT HWle d!s !l,o
de o"er ! ell!T6M S&e ,!+e &i" t&isL &ersL !ll HEll! le dio ! 0l estoL el s('o NoO el de
ell!L todo6M S&e ,!+e it to &i" HEll! se lo dio ! 0l6M S&e ,i+es ! di##erent e"%&!sis to
t&e ide! HEll! d! (n 0n#!sis di#erente ! l! ide!6$ %ero US&e ,i+es Hto6 t&e ide! !
di##erent e"%&!sisV HEll! d! ! l! ide! (n 0n#!sis di#erente6M T&e re7 &!nded b!9
t&e %!ssen,ers t&eir %!ss%ortsL T&e re7 &!nded t&e %!ssen,ers b!9 t&eir
%!ss%ortsL T&e re7 &!nded t&e %!ssen,ers t&eir %!ss%orts b!9 HL! tri%(l!i3n
de+ol+i3 ! los %!s!.eros s(sL los %!s!%ortes6M T&e re7 &!nded b!9 t&eir %!ss%orts
to t&e %!ssen,ersL T&e re7 &!nded t&eir %!ss%orts b!9 to t&e %!ssen,ers HL!
tri%(l!i3n de+ol+i3 s(sL los %!s!%ortes ! los %!s!.eros6M Ee 9i9ed (s t&e b!ll
Nliter!rioO Hl nos tir3 el b!l3n de (n! %!t!d!6L Ee 9i9ed t&e b!ll to (s Nestnd!rO Hl
nos tir3 el b!l3n de (n! %!t!d! ! nosotros6M mo( &!+e to %!' !ttention to it N"s
(s!doOL to %!' it !ttention N"enos (s!doO HTienes /(e %rest!rle !teni3n6M Hsb6
"ention sb st&L st& to sbM T&e' %er"it &er onl' t7o "e!ls ! d!' HLe %er"iten ! ell!
s3lo dos o"id!s !l dF!6L T&e' %er"it onl' t7o "e!ls ! d!' to &er HLe %er"iten
s3lo dos o"id!s !l dF! ! ell!6L T&e' %er"it t7o "e!ls ! d!' onl' to &er HLe
%er"iten dos o"id!s !l dF! s3lo ! ell!6M Ee re!ds &er letters Hl le lee !rt!s6L Ee
re!ds letters to &er Hl le lee !rt!s ! ell!6M Hsb6 ret(rn sb st&L st& to sbM S&e sends "e
letters HEll! "e en+F! !rt!s6L S&e sends letters to "e HEll! "e en+F! !rt!s ! "F6M
S&e s!n, (s ! son, HEll! nos !nt3 (n! !ni3n6L S&e s!n, ! son, to (s HEll! nos
!nt3 (n! !ni3n ! nosotros6M S&e s&o7ed &i" so"et&in, HEll! le ense)3 !l,o6L
S&e s&o7ed so"et&in, to &i" HEll! le ense)3 !l,o ! 0l6M Ee s&o7ed Hto6 t&e 7orld
t&!t 111 Hl "ostr3 !l "(ndo /(e 1116M Hsb6 s%!re sb st&L st& to sbM Ee too9 t&e" ! letter
Hl les lle+3 (n! !rt!6L Ee too9 ! letter to t&e" Hl les lle+3 (n! !rt! ! ellos61
Los +erbos nor"!les Q!llo7$ !s9$ bet$ !(se$ &!r,e$ ost$ den'$ ,r(d,e$ intend$
%ro"ise$ re#(se$ sin,$ 7riteQ$ s(elen lle+!r el o"%le"ento indireto del!nte del
o"%le"ento diretoM "enos #re(ente"ente %(eden lle+!r t!"bi0n el
o"%le"ento indireto %reedido de QtoQ detrs del o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 S&e
!s9ed RobertL t&e dotorL &i" ! /(estion N"s (s!doO HEll! Hle6 &izo ! RobertoL !l
"0dioL ! 0l (n! %re,(nt!6L S&e !s9ed ! /(estion to RobertL t&e dotorL &i" N"enos
(s!doO HEll! Hle6 &izo (n! %re,(nt! ! RobertoL !l "0dioL ! 0l6M EeZll bet 'o( t&is
N"s (s!doO Hl te !%ost!r esto6L EeZll bet t&is to 'o( N"enos (s!doO Hl te !%ost!r
esto ! ti6M S&e &!r,ed t&e dotor t7o doll!rs N"s (s!doO HEll! obr3 !l dotor dos
d3l!res6L S&e &!r,ed t7o doll!rs to t&e dotor N"enos (s!doO HEll! obr3 dos
d3l!res !l dotor6M T&e "e!l ost t&e dri+er t&ree %o(ndsL too "(& N"s (s!doO
HL! o"id! le ost3 !l ond(tor tres libr!sL de"!si!do6L T&e "e!l ost t&ree
%o(ndsL too "(& to t&e dri+er N"enos (s!doO HL! o"id! le ost3 tres libr!sL
de"!si!do !l ond(tor6M S&e intends 'o( no &!r" N"s (s!doOL S&e intends no
&!r" to 'o( N"enos (s!doO HEll! no tiene inteni3n de &!erte nin,2n d!)o6M S&e
s!n, (s ! son, N"s (s!doO HEll! nos !nt3 (n! !ni3n6L S&e s!n, ! son, to (s
N"enos (s!doO HEll! nos !nt3 (n! !ni3n ! nosotros6M Ee 7rote (s ! letter N"s
(s!doO Hl nos esribi3 (n! !rt!6L Ee 7rote ! letter to (s N"enos (s!doO Hl nos
esribi3 (n! !rt! ! nosotros61
No obst!nte$ en in,l0s +(l,!r en GB %ero no en USA on los +erbos nor"!les
Qbrin,$ b('$ #et&$ ,i+e$ &!nd$ %!ss$ send$ s&o7$ te!&$ tellQ$ se %(ede %oner QitQ de
o"%le"ento direto detrs de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto /(e &!,! l! #(ni3n
de o"%le"ento indireto$ (!ndo l! or!i3n est en !ti+!M esto no es
reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1 E.14 S&e ,!+e &i" it N+(l,!r4 GBO HEll!
se lo dio ! 0l6M Ee ,!+e &er it N+(l,!r4 GBO Hl se lo dio ! ell!6M EeZll tell 'o( it
N+(l,!r4 GBO HTe lo dir 0l61
En GB %ero no en USA$ %rini%!l"ente on los +erbos nor"!les Q,i+e$ o##er$ s&o7$
tellQ en !ti+! en in,l0s +(l,!r$ no reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes$ se
%(ede s(%ri"ir QtoQ del!nte de (n %rono"bre /(e &!,! l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento
indireto (!ndo +! detrs del o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 T&e' ,i+e it &i" N+(l,!r4
GBOL to &i" Nestnd!rO HSe lo d!n ! 0l6M Ee ,!+e it &er N+(l,!r4 GBOL to &er
Nestnd!rO Hl se lo dio ! ell!6M S&o7 it "e N+(l,!r4 GBOL to "e Nestnd!rO]
H\M(0str!"elo] NoO \Ens0)!"elo]6M EeZll tell it 'o( N+(l,!r4 GBOL to 'o( Nestnd!rO
HTe lo dir 0l H! ti661
Sin e"b!r,o$ on iertos +erbos nor"!les en !ti+! Q!ord$ !ddress$ !d"it$
!d+!ne$ !##ord$ !nno(ne$ !ns7er$ !sribe$ !ssi,n$ !ttrib(te$ !7!rd$ be!r$ be/(e!t&
Hle,!r6$ brin,$ b('$ !ble$ !(se$ o""!nd$ o""(ni!te$ on#ess$ on#ide$ de!l$
del!re$ dedi!te$ deli+er$ de"onstr!te$ den'$ desribe$ do$ dro% H! &int6$ ReI"!ilL
Re"!il$ entr(st$ #!-$ #eed$ #or7!rd$ ,i+e$ ,r!nt$ ,r(d,e$ &!nd$ &!nd b!9$ indi!te$
le!se$ le!+e Hde.!r Nen test!"entoO6$ lend$ let$ lo!n$ "!il$ "ention$ "(r"(r$ "(tter$
noti#'$ o##er$ o7e$ %!ss$ %!'$ %l!' Hto!r6$ %ost$ %ro"ise$ %ro%ose$ %ro+e$ /(ote$ re!d$
reo""end$ re#(nd$ rel!te$ re"it$ render$ rent$ re%!'$ re%e!t$ re%ort$ ret(rn$ re+e!l$
sell$ send$ ser+e$ s&o7$ sin,$ st!te$ t!9e$ te!&$ tele,r!%&$ tele-$ tell$ t&ro7$ toss Htir!rL
l!nz!r6$ 7ire$ 7rite$ 7&is%erQ$ et1$ se %(ede %oner en in,l0s estnd!r el
o"%le"ento direto h s(.eto h +erbo h o"%le"ento indireto %reedido o no de
l! %re%osii3n UtoV$ !(n/(e ,ener!l"ente "s (s!do %reedido de l! %re%osii3n
UtoVM on el +erbo Ure%e!tV es in,l0s olo/(i!l si no +! %reedido de l! %re%osii3n
UtoVM on el +erbo UtellV en !ti+! es in,l0s liter!rio si +! %reedido de l! %re%osii3n
UtoVM (!ndo estos +erbos nor"!les +!n en %!si+! se %(ede s(%ri"ir QtoQ en in,l0s
olo/(i!l ' on Ure%e!tV en in,l0s +(l,!r del!nte del %rono"bre /(e &!,! l!
#(ni3n de o"%le"ento direto '! /(e el s(.eto %!iente e/(i+!le !l o"%le"ento
indireto de l! !ti+! ND1=15??18O1 E.14 T&e 9indness s&e "(st do 'o( Nolo/(i!lOL to
'o( Nestnd!rO HEl #!+orL L! ,entilez! /(e ell! debe &!erte6M T&e %!ss%orts t&e
re7 &!nded t&e" b!9L &!nded b!9 to t&e" HLos %!s!%ortes /(e l! tri%(l!i3n les
de+ol+i36M T&e 7ord &e re%e!ted "e Nolo/(i!lOL to "e Nestnd!rO HL! %!l!br! /(e
0l "e re%iti36M T&ere 7!s not&in, t&!t &e did not s&o7 Hto6 &er HNo &!bF! n!d! /(e
0l no le "ostr!r! ! ell!6M T&e seret &eZll tell 'o( Nestnd!rOL to 'o( Nliter!rioO HEl
sereto /(e 0l te dir NoO ont!r61
*on iertos +erbos nor"!les en !ti+! Q!llo7$ !s9$ !ss(re$ bet$ &!r,e$ ost$ #et&$
#orbid$ #or,i+e$ "!9e$ o%en$ %!rdon$ %er"it$ %ro+ide$ re#(se$ s%!re$ 7is&V$ et1$ se
%(ede %oner en in,l0s estnd!r el o"%le"ento direto h s(.eto h +erbo h
o"%le"ento indireto s3lo no %reedido de l! %re%osii3n UtoV1 D1 =15??15
*on el +erbo nor"!l en %!si+! Q!llo7V se (s! "s sin UtoV1
*on el +erbo nor"!l en %!si+! Q#or,i+eV se (s! sin UtoV1
*on iertos +erbos nor"!les en !ti+! Q!9no7led,e$ !d"it$ !llot$ !%%ortion$
ontrib(te$ on+e'$ don!te$ e-&ibit$ e-%l!in$ introd(e$ "e!n$ Hsb6 "e!s(re o(t$
n!rr!te$ o%en$ %oint o(t$ %rol!i"$ %ro%&es'$ re#er$ re"!r9 on$ s!'$ s&o(t$ si,n!l$
s%e!9$ s(b"it$ s(,,est$ s(rrender$ t!l9$ tr!ns#erV$ et1$ se %(ede %oner en in,l0s
estnd!r el o"%le"ento direto h s(.eto h +erbo h o"%le"ento indireto s3lo
%reedido de l! %re%osii3n UtoVM (!ndo estos +erbos +!n en %!si+! no se %(ede
s(%ri"ir QtoQ1 D1 =15??
*on el +erbo nor"!l Qen+'Q el o"%le"ento indireto sin QtoQ +! sie"%re del!nte
del o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 S&e doesnZt en+' &i" &is ,ood #ort(ne HEll! no le
en+idi! s( b(en! s(erte6M S&e en+ies &is !ttit(de to li#e No"%le"ento diretoO HEll!
en+idi! s( !tit(d #renteL &!i! l! +id!61
En in,l0s (!ndo el o"%le"ento indireto +! !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n tiene /(e
ir %reedido de (n! %re%osii3n1 E.14 To &i" t&e' sent ! o9!too !nd ! ,old#in& HA
0l le en+i!ron (n! !!t2! ' (n .il,(ero61
Nor"!l"ente t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no lo /(e es i"%ort!nte se %one !l
#in!l de l! or!i3nM (!ndo &!' (n o"%le"ento direto ' (n o"%le"ento
indireto en l! "is"! or!i3n se %one detrs el /(e lle+! "s 0n#!sis4 S&e ,i+es
&i" letters Nen#tioOL S&e ,i+es letters to &i" Nen#tioOM ,ener!l"ente el
o"%le"ento indireto se %one detrs del o"%le"ento direto si se d! "s 0n#!sis
!l o"%le"ento indireto o si es l!r,o4 S&e ,i+es letters to S(eM S&e ,i+es letters to
t&e "!n in t&e ornerM ,ener!l"ente el o"%le"ento indireto se %one del!nte del
o"%le"ento direto si se d! "s 0n#!sis !l o"%le"ento direto$ (!ndo el
o"%le"ento indireto es orto ! no ser /(e el o"%le"ento indireto no &!'! sido
"enion!do on !nteriorid!d4 S&e ,i+es &i" lettersM si se %one el o"%le"ento
indireto del!nte del o"%le"ento direto entones se indi! /(e el %ri"ero es
in#or"!i3n d!d!$ onoid! ' el se,(ndo in#or"!i3n n(e+!4 S&e ,i+es &i" lettersM
si se %one el o"%le"ento direto del!nte del o"%le"ento indireto entones se
indi! /(e el %ri"ero es in#or"!i3n d!d!$ onoid! ' el se,(ndo in#or"!i3n
n(e+!4 S&e ,i+es lettersL t&e" to M!r'1
Es o"%le"ento indireto (!ndo l! %re%osii3n UtoV h no"bre es s(Hb6stit(ible
%or Uto &i"L &erL itL (sL 'o(L t&e"VM (!ndo no es s(Hb6stit(ible %or esos
%rono"bres %erson!les ob.eto es (n o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Ee ,oes to
M!drid No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO Hl +! ! M!drid61
Si el o"%le"ento direto es (n %rono"bre$ el o"%le"ento indireto tiene /(e ir
detrs %reedido de QtoQ e-e%to on !l,(nos %rono"bres inde#inidos4 !ll$ !n'$
!n'bod'$ !n'one$ !n' one$ !n't&in,$ bot&$ e!&$ eit&er$ e+er' one$ #e7$ #e7er$ less$
"ore$ "ost$ neit&er$ nobod'$ none$ no one$ not&in,$ one$ /(ite ! #e7$ /(ite #e7$
se+er!l$ so"e$ so"ebod'$ so"eone$ so"e one$ so"et&in,1 E.14 Ee sent it to S(s!nL
&er Hl se loL l! en+i3 ! S(s!n!L ell!6$ %ero UEe sent one to S(s!nL &erV Hl en+i3
(nHo$ !6 ! S(s!n!L ell!6 o UEe sent S(s!nL &er oneV Hl en+i3 ! S(s!n!L ell! (nHo$
!661
*on los +erbos nor"!les Q!9no7led,e$ !ddress$ !d"it$ !llot$ !nno(ne$ !%%ortion$
o""(ni!te$ on#ess$ on#ide$ on+e'$ del!re$ deli+er$ de"onstr!te$ desribe$
e-%l!in$ indi!te$ introd(e$ let$ "e!n$ Hsb6 "e!s(re o(t$ "(r"(r$ "(tter$ o%en$
%oint o(t$ %ro%&es'$ %ro%ose$ %ro+ide$ re"!r9 on$ render$ re%e!t$ re%ort$ s!'$ s&o(t$
si,n!l$ s%e!9$ st!te$ s(,,est$ s(rrender$ t!l9$ tele,r!%&$ 7&is%erQ$ se s(ele %oner
%ri"ero el o"%le"ento direto ' l(e,o el o"%le"ento indireto %reedido de
QtoQM no se %(ede %oner del!nte del o"%le"ento direto el o"%le"ento indireto
(!ndo no +! %reedido de QtoQ1 E.14 Ee !9no7led,ed &is debt to &er Hl reonoi3
s( de(d! %!r! on 0l6M S&e o%ened t&e &o(se to t&e %(bli HEll! !bri3 l! !s! !l
%2blio6M Ee %ro%osed #orestr' to t&e" Hl les %ro%(so sil+i(lt(r!6M I re"!r9ed on
t&is to &er HLe o"ent0 estoL &ie est! obser+!i3n ! ell!6M Ee s&o(tedL si,n!lledL
7&is%ered so"et&in, to &er Hl le ,rit3L indi3 %or se)!lesL s(s(rr3 !l,o ! ell!6M Ee
s(,,ested t7o !ltern!ti+es to "e Ni Ee s(,,ested to Nno s(%ri"irO "e t7o
!ltern!ti+esO Hl "e s(,iri3 dos !ltern!ti+!s61
*on los si,(ientes +erbos nor"!les se %(ede %oner %ri"ero el o"%le"ento
indireto %reedido de QtoQ$ bien %or/(e no &!'! o"%le"ento direto$ bien %or/(e
se! nees!rio %oner %ri"ero el o"%le"ento indireto ' l(e,o el o"%le"ento
diretoM (!ndo el o"%le"ento direto es (n! or!i3n$ ,ener!l"ente (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! no"in!l /(e e"%iee %or Qt&!tQ o interro,!ti+! indiret!$ s(ele %onerse
%ri"ero el o"%le"ento indiretoM no obst!nte$ no es nees!rio %oner el
o"%le"ento indireto ' "(&!s +ees no se %one4 !9no7led,e$ !d"it$
!nno(ne$ !ll H,rit!r6$ o""(ni!te$ o"%l!in$ on#ess$ on#ide$ del!re$
de"onstr!te$ desribe$ e-%l!in$ ,r("ble$ indi!te$ "ention$ "(r"(r$ "(tter$ %oint
o(t$ %ro%ose$ %ro+e$ re"!r9 on$ re%e!t$ re%ort$ re+e!l$ s!'$ s&o(t$ si,n!l$ s%e!9$ st!te$
s(,,est$ t!l9$ 7&is%er1 E.14 S&e !nno(ned Hto (s6 N"s (s!doOL didnZt o""(ni!te
to (s N"enos (s!doOL didnZt on#ide to (s N"enos (s!doOL didnZt re%e!t Hto (s6 N"s
(s!doO t&!t t&ere 7!s ! #ored l!ndin, HEll! Hnos6 !n(ni3L no nos o"(ni3L no
nos di.o on#ideni!l"enteL no Hnos6 re%iti3 /(e &!bF! (n !terriz!.e #orzoso61
Sin e"b!r,o$ en in,l0s +(l,!r en GB on el +erbo nor"!l Qe-%l!inQ se %(ede
s(%ri"ir QtoQ del!nte del %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto /(e &!,! l! #(ni3n de
o"%le"ento indiretoM esto no es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1 E.14
>e e-%l!ined t&e" NGBOL to t&e" 7&!t t&e' &!d to do HLes e-%li!"os lo /(e
tenF!n /(e &!er61
*on los si,(ientes +erbos nor"!les se %(ede %oner %ri"ero el o"%le"ento
indireto no %reedido de QtoQ$ bien %or/(e no &!'! o"%le"ento direto$ bien
%or/(e se! nees!rio %oner %ri"ero el o"%le"ento indireto ' l(e,o el
o"%le"ento diretoM (!ndo el o"%le"ento direto es (n! or!i3n s(ele %onerse
%ri"ero el o"%le"ento indireto4 !d+ise$ !llo7$ !ss(re$ on+ine$ in#or"$ let$
noti#'$ %ers(!de$ re"ind$ tell1 E.14 S&e !d+ised (s t&!t x HEll! nos !onse.3 /(e 1116M
S&e didnZt !llo7 &i" to ,o HEll! no le %er"iti3 ir6M S&e !ss(red (s t&!t x HEll! nos
!se,(r3 /(e 1116M T&e' re"inded (s t&!t &e is "!'be ! li!Rbilit' HNos reord!ron /(e
0l es /(izHs6 (n obst(loL l!stre61
Al,(nos +erbos nor"!les o"o Q%l!'$ re!d$ sin,Q$ %(eden ir on (n o"%le"ento
indireto %reedido de QtoQ ' sin o"%le"ento diretoM otros o"o Q!ns7er$ !s9$
bet$ ReI"!ilL Re"!il$ #!-$ #or,i+e$ ,r!nt$ o7e$ %!'$ %ro"ise$ s&o7$ te!&$ tele,r!%&$
tell$ 7!rnQ$ sin QtoQ ' sin o"%le"ento diretoM Q!ble$ Htele6%&one$ 7ire$ 7riteQ$
%(eden ir on QtoQ o sin QtoQ ' sin o"%le"ento diretoM los +erbos /(e %(eden ir
se,(idos de (n o"%le"ento indireto sin QtoQ %(eden onsider!rse tr!nsiti+os en
in,l0s %or/(e se %(eden %!s!r ! %!si+! (!ndo no estn en i"%er!ti+o$ es deir$ se
%(ede onsider!r o"o (n o"%le"ento direto en +ez de o"o (n o"%le"ento
indireto1 E.14 S&e %l!'ed toL #or &i" HEll! to3 %!r! 0l6M S&e s!n, to &i" HEll! le
!nt3 ! 0lL !nt3 %!r! 0l6M Ee tele,r!%&ed "e Hl "e "!nd3 (n tele,r!"!6 ' UI 7!s
tele,r!%&ed b' &i"V HMe "!nd3 (n tele,r!"! 0l6M T&e' Htele6%&oned Hto6 &er HL!
tele#one!ronL ll!"!ron %or tel0#ono6 ' US&e 7!s Htele6%&oned b' t&e"V HL!
tele#one!ronL ll!"!ron %or tel0#onoL Se l! ll!"3 %or tel0#ono6M Tell &er] H\DFselo !
ell!]6M Ee told &er brot&er H!bo(t it6 Hl se lo di.o ! s( &er"!no6 ' UEer brot&er 7!s
told H!bo(t it6 b' &i"V HA s( &er"!no se lo di.o 0l6M S&e told (s HEll! nos lo di.o6 '
U>e 7ere told b' &erV HNos lo di.o ell!6M EeZll 7rite &er NUSAOL to &er Hl le
esribir ! ell!6 ' US&eZll be 7ritten to b' &i"V HA 0l le esribir ell!6$ et1
Detrs de los si,(ientes +erbos nor"!les U!nno(ne$ on#ess$ ontrib(te$ on+e'$
del!re$ deli+er$ don!te$ e-&ibit$ e-%l!in$ "e!n$ n!rr!te$ noti#'$ %ro+ide$ re#er$ s!'$
s(b"it$ t!l9$ tr!ns#erV$ et1$ se %(ede %oner (n o"%le"ento direto h Uto sbV$ %ero
no UsbV h o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 T&e' deli+ered &i" to 'o(L to "e #i+e ob.ets
HTe lo entre,!ron ! tiL Me entre,!ron ino ob.etos6M S&e noti#ied st& to &i" NGBOL
&i" o# st& HEll! le noti#i3 !l,o ! 0l6M Ee %ro+ided t&is to &er NoO Ee %ro+ided &er
7it& t&is Hl le s("inistr3 esto ! ell!61
Detrs de los si,(ientes +erbos nor"!les Uredit$ #(rnis&$ iss(e$ %resent$ %ro+ide$
re7!rd$ s(%%l'$ tr(stV$ et1$ se %(ede %oner (n o"%le"ento direto h to sb$ sb 7it&
st&$ %ero no Usb h o"%le"ento diretoV1 E.14 S&e %resented t&is to &i"L &i" 7it&
t&is HEll! le entre,3 NoO re,!l3 esto6M Ee s(%%lied t&is to &erL &er 7it& t&is Hl le
s("inistr3 esto ! ell!61
Detrs de los si,(ientes +erbos nor"!les Udeli+er$ s(,,estV$ et1$ se %(ede %oner (n
o"%le"ento direto h Uto sbV ' t!"bi0n Uto sbV h o"%le"ento direto1
M(&os de estos +erbos %(eden lle+!r (n o"%le"ento direto on o sin
o"%le"ento indireto4 HsbL it6 %re+ent d!"!,e Hto b(ildin,s6$ Hsb6 %ro%&es' st& Hto
sb6$ et1
El +erbo nor"!l QtellQ %(ede lle+!r si"%le"ente (n o"%le"ento indireto$ %ero
otros +erbos neesit!n lle+!r (n o"%le"ento direto !de"s de (n o"%le"ento
indireto1
Detrs de los si,(ientes +erbos nor"!les UHsb6 !llo7$ be,r(d,e$ en+'$ e-(se$ #ine$
s!+e He+it!r6$ s%!re He+it!r6$ stri9e$ t!-$ ti%$ 7is&$ et1$ se %(ede %oner s3lo Usb h
o"%le"ento diretoV ' no se %(ede %oner el o"%le"ento indireto %reedido de
QtoL #orQ detrs del o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 Hsb6 !llo7 sb st&M S&e en+ied &i" H#or6
&is #reedo" HEll! le en+idi!b! H%or6 s( libert!d6M T&e' #ined &i" t7o t&o(s!nd
%o(nds HLe %(sieron (n! "(lt! de dos "il libr!s61
Detrs de los si,(ientes +erbos nor"!les UHsb6 !r"$ e/(i%$ re,!le$ s!ddleV$ et1$ se
%(ede %oner Usb 7it& st&V1
*on !l,(nos +erbos nor"!les &!' /(e (s!r otr!s estr(t(r!s1 E.14 Hsb6 noti#' sb o#
st& N%ero en GB t!"bi0n Unoti#' st& to sbVO$ Hsb6 re"ind sb o# st&L sb t&!t x$ Hsb6
s(,,est st& to sbL to sb st&M Hsb6 s(s%et sb o# st&$ Hsb6 7!rn sb o# st&$ et1
2+ Complemento indirecto de un verbo delante de un complemento directo$
%rini%!l"ente (!ndo el o"%le"ento direto es (n! #r!se ( or!i3n s(bordin!d!$
o detrs del o"%le"ento direto %reedido de l! %re%osii3n U#orV$ sobre todo
(!ndo el o"%le"ento indireto es (n! #r!se ( or!i3n s(bordin!d! ' (!ndo el
o"%le"ento direto es UitL t&e"VM o(rre %rini%!l"ente on los si,(ientes +erbos
nor"!les4 !llo7 H!ess6$ b!9e$ boil$ boo9$ brin,$ b(ild$ b('$ !ll$ !rr'$ !s&$ !t&$
!(se$ &!n,e$ &oose$ oo9$ re!te$ (t$ desi,n$ do$ e!rn$ #et&$ Hsb6 #ill$ #ind$ #i-$
#r'$ ,!t&er$ ,et$ ,i+e$ ,ro7$ ,(!r!ntee$ &ire$ 9ee%$ 9nit$ le!+e Hde.!r Nno en
test!"entoO6$ "!9e$ "i-$ order H%edir6$ %!int$ %i9$ %l!'$ Hsb6 %ose %roble"s$ %o(r$
%re%!re$ re!&$ re!d$ rent$ reser+e$ s!+e Honser+!rL ,(!rd!r6$ se(re$ send$ set$ se7$
sin,$ slie$ s%!re Hdedi!rL %resindir6$ s%ell$ t!9e$ 7!s&$ 7ei,& N(!ndo no +!
se,(ido de "edid!sO$ 7in$ 7rite$ et1M en in,l0s el o"%le"ento indireto s(ele ir
detrs del +erboM en !stell!no +! del!nte del +erbo (!ndo no +! %reedido de
%re%osii3n ' detrs del +erbo nor"!l %reedido de %re%osii3n1 E.14 S&e brin,s &i"
letters HEll! le tr!e !rt!s H! 0l66 ' US&e brin,s letters #or &i"V HEll! tr!e !rt!s %!r!
0l6M Ee is re!tin, 'o( so"e %roble"s Hl te re!L est re!ndo %roble"!s6 ' UEe
re!tes %roble"s #or 'o(V Hl re! %roble"!s %!r! ti6M S&e (t &i" ! %iee o# bre!d
HEll! le ort3 (n trozo de %!n6 ' US&e (t ! %iee o# bre!d #or &i"V HEll! ort3 (n
trozo de %!n %!r! 0l6M T&is is 'o(r o7 Hst! es t( +!!61 Do 'o( ,i+e it !n' #oodL
!n' #ood to itT HWLe d!s !l,o de o"erT6 ' UDo 'o( ,i+e !n' #ood #or itTV HWD!s
!l,o de o"er %!r! ell!T6M Ee le!+es &er lettersL letters to &er Hl le de.! !rt!s H!
ell!66 ' UEe le!+es letters #or &erV Hl de.! !rt!s %!r! ell!6M Ee %i9ed t&e" !
#lo7erL letter Hl les o,i3 NEs%!)!OL reo,i3 NL!tino!"0ri!O (n! #lorL !rt! H!
ellosL ell!s66 ' UEe %i9ed ! #lo7erL letter #or t&e"V Hl o,i3 NEs%!)!OL reo,i3
NL!tino!"0ri!O (n! #lorL !rt! %!r! ellHos$ !s66M Ee s!+ed "e so"et&in, Hl "e
,(!rd3 !l,o6 ' UEe s!+ed so"et&in, #or "eV Hl ,(!rd3 !l,o %!r! "F6M S&e sends
"e lettersL letters to "e HEll! "e en+F! !rt!s6 ' US&e sends letters #or "eV HEll!
en+F! !rt!s %!r! "F6M Ee 7!s&ed &er t&e !r Nolo/(i!lO Hl le l!+3 el o&e ! ell!6
' UEe 7!s&ed t&e !r #or &erV Hl l!+3 el o&e %!r! ell!61
T!"bi0n o(rre on !l,(nos +erbos !d+erbi!les tr!nsiti+os #le-ibles o"o Qs!7 o##$
se7 onQ$ et1M (!ndo se %one el o"%le"ento indireto del!nte del o"%le"ento
direto$ &!' /(e %oner l! %!rtF(l! !l #in!lM (!ndo se %one el o"%le"ento direto
del!nte del o"%le"ento indireto$ se %(ede %oner l! %!rtF(l! del!nte o detrs del
o"%le"ento direto ND1?1;<1;O1 E.14 S&e se7ed "e t&e .!9et on HEll! "e osi3 l!
&!/(et!6M S&e se7ed on t&e b(ttonL se7ed t&e b(tton on #or "e HEll! osi3 el
bot3n %!r! "F61
Es o"%le"ento indireto on l! %re%osii3n Q#orQ h no"bre (!ndo se!
s(Hb6stit(ible %or Q#or &i"L &erL itL (sL 'o(L t&e"QM (!ndo no es s(Hb6stit(ible %or
esos %rono"bres %erson!les ob.eto es (n o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 S&e did
it #or %le!s(re No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO HEll! lo &izo %or %l!er61
Si el o"%le"ento direto es (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto$ el o"%le"ento
indireto tiene /(e ir detrs %reedido de Q#orQ e-e%to on !l,(nos %rono"bres
inde#inidos4 !ll$ !n'$ !n'bod'$ !n'one$ !n' one$ !n't&in,$ bot&$ e!&$ eit&er$
e+er'one$ e+er' one$ #e7$ #e7er$ less$ "ore$ "ost$ neit&er$ nobod'$ none$ no one$
not&in,$ one$ /(ite ! #e7$ /(ite #e7$ se+er!l$ so"e$ so"ebod'$ so"eone$ so"e one$
so"et&in,1 E.14 Ee sent it #or S(s!nL &er Hl loL l! en+i3 %!r! S(s!n!L ell!6$ %ero
QEe sent one #or S(s!nL &erQ Hl en+i3 (nHo$ !6 %!r! S(s!n!L ell!6 NoO Ee sent
S(s!nL &er one Hl en+i3 (nHo$ !6 %!r! S(s!n!L ell!61
Detrs de los si,(ientes +erbos nor"!les UHsb6 !/(ire$ borro7$ ollet$ o"%ose$
#!bri!te$ #o(nd$ obt!in$ o%en$ %ro+ide$ reo+er$ retrie+e$ 7it&dr!7V$ et1$ se %(ede
%oner s3lo Uo"%le"ento direto h #or sbV1 E.14 T&e' #o(nded ! &os%it!l #or (s
HF(nd!ron (n &os%it!l %!r! nosotros6M Ee o%ened t&e door #or &er Hl !bri3 l! %(ert!
%!r! ell!6M Ee %ro+ided t&is #or &erL &er 7it& t&is Hl le s("inistr3 esto ! ell!61
*on !l,(nos +erbos nor"!les &!' /(e (s!r otr!s estr(t(r!s1 E.14 T&e' 7ill !s9 j!ne
! #!+o(r NGBOL #!+or NUSAOL ! #!+o(r NGBOL #!+or NUSAO o# j!ne HPedirn ! j(!n!
(n #!+or6M Ee !s9ed &er #or #or,i+eness Hl le %idi3 %erd3n ! ell!6M Hsb6 bl!"e sb #or
st&L st& on sbM Hit6 #ill sb 7it& st&M Ee 7!nts to %l!' &er ! ,!"e o# !rdsL ! ,!"e o#
!rds 7it&L !,!inst &er Hl /(iere e&!r (n! %!rtid!L .(,!r ! l!s !rt!s onL ontr!
ell!6M Ee set #ire to t&isL t&is on #ire Hl %rendi3 #(e,o ! esto61
-+ =tributos# predicados nominales de +erbos o%(l!ti+os$ !(n/(e +!'!n
se,(idos de (n! or!i3nM los +erbos o%(l!ti+os %(eden o"itirse ! +eesM en in,l0s
olo/(i!l +!n ! "en(do detrs del +erbo QbeQ ' detrs de l!s %re%osiiones U!sV '
Ut&!nV$ %ero se (s!n los %rono"bres %erson!les s(.eto (!ndo Q!sQ ' Qt&!nQ son
on.(nionesM %(eden e.erer t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de s(.eto en in,l0s olo/(i!l1 E.14
A4 >&o is itT HWJ(i0n esT61 B4 HItZs6 Me HSo' 'o6M It is t&e" Nolo/(i!lOL t&e'
Nliter!rioO 7&o did it HSon ellos los /(eL /(ienes lo &iieron6M S&e is !s interested !s
&i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL &e is Nestnd!rO HEll! es t!n
interes!d! o"o Hlo est6 0l6M T&ereZs &i" to onsider HE!' /(e tenerle en (ent! !
0l6M T&e' !re %ro(der t&!n (s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL 7e
!re Nestnd!rO HSon "s or,(llosos /(e nosotros6M S&e is #!tter t&!n &i" Nolo/(i!lOL
&e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL &e is Nestnd!rO HEll! est "s ,ord! /(e 0l6M
T&e' !re "ore !st(te t&!n (s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL 7e
!re Nestnd!rO HSon "s !st(tos /(e nosotros6M Ee t&in9s t&!t s&e Nliter!rioOL &er
Nolo/(i!lO !nd &er "ot&er &!+e ,one Hl ree /(e ell! ' s( "!dre se &!n ido6M It is
R"e Nolo/(i!lOL RI Nliter!rioO HSo' 'o6M It 7!s R&er Nolo/(i!lOL Rs&e Nliter!rioO 7&o
!rri+ed HF(e ell! l! /(e lle,36M I ne+er s!id it$ "e Nolo/(i!lO HN(n! lo di.e$ 'o6M A4
>&o !te t&e !9eT HWJ(i0n o"i3 el %!stelT61 B4 Me Nolo/(i!l i I !te itOL I did Hmo
Ni mo lo o"FO6L T&e' did$ not R&i" Nolo/(i!lOL R&e Nliter!rioO HEllos$ no 0l6M A4 >&o
!rri+ed Ht&e6 #irstT HWJ(i0n lle,3 Hel6 %ri"eroT61 B4 Ei" Nolo/(i!lO Ni Ee !rri+ed
#irstOL Ee didL Not &i" Nolo/(i!lOL Ee didnZt Hl Ni l lle,3 el %ri"eroOL lL l noL
l no6M A4 T&e' &!+e e!ten HE!n o"ido61 B4 Me too Nolo/(i!lOL I &!+e too
Nestnd!rO Hmo t!"bi0n6M It is "e 7&o is &(n,r' Nolo/(i!lOL It is I 7&o !" &(n,r'
Nliter!rioO HSo' 'o el /(e tieneL ten,o &!"bre6M >ell$ t&ere is !l7!'s &er HB(eno$
sie"%re est ell!6M mo(r sister !nd &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rioO !re le!+in, HT(
&er"!n! ' 0l se +!n6M Ei" Nolo/(i!lOL Ee Nestnd!rO !nd &is do, !re s!d Hl ' s(
%erro estn tristes6M Us Nolo/(i!lOL >e Nliter!rioO bo's !n ,o o(t l!te HHnosotros6
Los &ios %ode"os s!lir t!rde61
3+ Ctras funciones como complemento circunstancial, complemento de
rgimen preposicional detrs de %re%osiionesM en in,l0s s(elen ir detrs del
+erboM en !stell!no s(elen ir detrs del +erbo %ero %(eden ir t!"bi0n del!nte4 7it&
"e Hon"i,o6$ 7it& 'o( Honti,oL on (stedL on +osotrosL +osotr!sL on (stedes6$
7it& &i" Hon 0lL onsi,o6$ 7it& &er Hon ell!L onsi,o6$ 7it& it Hon 0lL ell! N%!r!
!ni"!lesOL ello N%!r! !ni"!les o os!sO6$ 7it& (s Hon nosotrHos$ !s66$ 7it& t&e" Hon
ellHos$ !s66$ et1 E.14 Ee is 7it& "e Hl est on"i,o6M I !" 7it& 'o( HEsto' onti,o6M
S&e is 7it& &i" HEll! est on 0l6M Ee !l7!'s !rries ! re+ol+er 7it& &i" Hl
sie"%re lle+! (n re+3l+er onsi,o6M Ee is 7it& &er Hl est on ell!L *on ell! est
0l6M S&e !l7!'s !rries ! !rd 7it& &er HEll! sie"%re lle+! onsi,o (n! t!r.et!6M Ee
es!%ed 7it& it Hl se es!%3 on 0lL ell!L ello6M T&e' !re 7it& (s HEstn on
nosotros6M >e !re 7it& t&e" HEst!"os on ellosL *on ellos est!"os6M Ee is ne!r
N"s (s!doOL lose to N"s (s!doOL b' N"enos (s!doO (s Hl est er! de nosotrHos$
!s66M T&is is bet7een 'o( !nd "e HEsto es entre t2 ' 'o Ni entre nosotrosO6M ! %&oto
o# "e H(n #oto "F!L de "F Ndonde !%!rezo 'o solo o on otr!s %erson!sO6M I !nZt
i"!,ine it #or t&e li#e o# "e HNo lo %(edo i"!,in!r %or "i +id!6M T&!t 7ill be t&e
de!t& o# "e HEso ser l! "(erte %!r! "F6M S&e doesnZt li9e t&e loo9 o# &i" HA ell!
no le ,(st! el !s%eto /(e tiene 0l6M on t&e #!e o# it H!%!rente"ente61 D1 @15
En GB se %(eden s(%ri"ir los %rono"bres %erson!les ob.eto detrs de (n!
%re%osii3n (!ndo +!n detrs del +erbo Q&!+eQ o detrs de l! %re%osii3n Q7it&Q
%ero en USA no1 E.14 All t&ese boo9s &!+e so"e d(st on t&e"L on NGBO HTodos
estos libros tienen H!l,o de6 %ol+o eni"!6M Ee !te ! %iee o# bre!d 7it& "!r"!l!de
on itL on NGBO Hl o"i3 (n trozo de %!n on "er"el!d! eni"!61
<1551I Los pronombres reflexivos Hre#le-i+e %rono(ns6 son4 "'sel# H'o "is"Ho$
!66$ 'o(rsel# Ht2 "is"Ho$ !6L (sted "is"Ho$ !66$ &i"sel# H0l "is"o6$ &ersel# Hell!
"is"!6$ itsel# H0l "is"oL ell! "is"!6$ o(rsel+es HnosotrHos$ !s6 "is"Hos$ !s6$
'o(rsel+es H+osotrHos$ !s6 "is"Hos$ !s6L (stedes "is"Hos$ !s66$ t&e"sel+es HellHos$
!s6 "is"Hos$ !s66M l! #or"! Qt&'sel#Q N!r!ioO e/(i+!le ! Q'o(rsel#Q$ %ero se (s!
%rini%!l"ente en %oesF!$ en l! +ersi3n !nti,(! de l! Bibli! o onte-tos reli,iosos '
en libros !nteriores !l si,lo KKM &!' t!"bi0n (n %rono"bre inde#inido re#le-i+o4
onesel# H(no "is"oL (n! "is"!6$ /(e se (tiliz! (!ndo no se onoe el s(.eto1
<1581I &os pronombres reflexivos pueden /acer dos #(niones4 !6 Re#le-i+! ' b6
En#ti!1 E!en la funcin reflexiva con4
*+ Verbos pronominales 'ue llevan pronombres reflexivos directos 'ue /acen
la funcin de complemento directoM #or"!n l!s or!iones re#le-i+!s diret!sM el
s(.eto es ! l! +ez !,ente ' %!ienteM el o"%le"ento direto indi! /(e es l! "is"!
%erson! o os! /(e &!e de s(.etoM no %(eden %onerse en %!si+!M el %rono"bre
re#le-i+o no +! !ent(!doM en !l,(nos !sos se %(ede %oner (n %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en +ez de Uonesel#L onesel+esV$ %ero !"bi! el si,ni#i!do ' no se re#iere ! l!
"is"! %erson! o os! /(e &!e de s(.eto4 !b!ndon onesel# Hde.!rse lle+!r6$ !b!se
onesel# Hreb!.!rse6$ !bsent onesel# H!(sent!rse6$ !e%t onesel# H!e%t!rse6$ !o(nt
onesel# Nse,(ido de (n !d.eti+oO Honsider!rse6$ !(se onesel# H!(s!rse6$ !(sto"
onesel# Hto 1116 H!ost("br!rse H! 11166$ !/(!int onesel# 7it& 111 H#!"ili!riz!rse on 1116$
!ddress onesel# to x Hdiri,irse ! xL !%li!rse ! x6$ !d"ire onesel# H!d"ir!rse6$
!dorn onesel# H!dorn!rse6$ !d(l!te onesel# H!d(l!rse H! sF "is"o66$ !d+!ne onesel#
H%ro"oion!rse N%ero U!d+!neV H!+!nz!r6O6$ !##lit onesel# H!#li,irse6$ !li,n onesel#
H!line!rseL %onerse !l l!do de6$ !llo7 onesel# H%er"itirse6$ !ll' onesel# H!li!rse6$
!"(se onesel# Hdistr!erse6$ !noint onesel# H7it& st&6 H(n,irse H! sF "is"o6 Hon
!l,o66$ !%%l' onesel# H%onerse ! ello6$ !%%l' onesel# Hto st&6 H%onerse Hon !l,oL !
&!er !l,o66$ !%%rentie onesel# H%re%!r!rse o"o %rini%i!nte6$ !r" onesel#
H!r"!rse6$ !rr!' onesel# H!t!+i!rseL en,!l!n!rse6$ !s9 onesel# H%re,(nt!rse6$ !ssert
onesel# Hi"%onerse6$ !ssoi!te onesel# H!soi!rse6$ !ss(re onesel# H!se,(r!rse6$
!tt!& onesel# to sb H(nirseL %e,!rse ! !l,(ien6$ !(t&enti!te onesel#
H!(ntentiH#i6!rse6$ !+!il onesel# o# 111 H!%ro+e&!rse de 1116$ !+en,e onesel# Hon sbL
#or st&6 H+en,!rse Hde !l,(ienL %or !l,o66$ b!nd onesel# Hdi+idirse en b!nd!s6$
b!rri!de onesel# H%!r!%et!rseL !trin&er!rse6$ b!se onesel# on st& Hb!s!rse en !l,o6$
be onesel# Hser (no "is"o6$ be!r onesel# Ho"%ort!rseL ond(irseL !nd!r6$ Hit6 be!t
onesel# Hs(%er!rse6$ be!(ti#' onesel# He"belleerse6$ beo"e onesel# Hlle,!r ! ser
(no "is"o6$ be,(ile onesel# Hen,!)!rse6$ belie+e onesel# Hreerse6$ belittle onesel#
H"enos%rei!rse6$ bestir onesel# H"o+erseL "ene!rse6$ better onesel# Hs(%er!rseL
%ros%er!r6$ bl!"e onesel# H#or 1116 H(l%!biliz!rseL sentirse (l%!ble Hde 11166$ blind
onesel# He,!rse6$ br!e onesel# H%re%!r!rse N%!r! !l,o des!,r!d!bleOL #ort!leer s(
ni"o6$ br!nd onesel# !s 111 Htild!rseL !li#i!rse de 1116$ br(ise onesel# Hs!lirle
"or!tones NoO !rden!lesL &!erse "or!tones H7it& st&66$ b(rn onesel# H/(e"!rse6$
b(r' onesel# in st& Hen#r!s!rse en !l,o6$ b(s' onesel# H!t!re!rse6$ !ll onesel# x
Hll!"!rse 1116$ !l" onesel# H!l"!rse6$ !rr' onesel# H%ort!rse6$ !t& onesel#
Hontenerse6$ &!in onesel# to st& Hen!den!rse ! !l,o6$ &e!%en onesel# Hreb!.!rse6$
le!nse onesel# H%(ri#i!rse6L itsel# Hli"%i!rse6$ le!r onesel# o# st& H%rob!r s(
inoeni! de !l,o6$ loister onesel# Henl!(str!rse6$ lot&e onesel# H+estirse6$ ollet
onesel# Nliter!rioO Hseren!rse6$ o"b onesel# H%ein!rse6$ o"#ort onesel#
Honsol!rse6$ o""end onesel# to sb Heno"end!rse ! !l,(ien6$ o""it onesel#
Ho"%ro"eterseL &i%ote!rse6$ o"%!re onesel# Ho"%!r!rse6$ o"%ort onesel#
Ho"%ort!rse6$ o"%ose onesel# H!l"!rseL seren!rseL tr!n/(iliz!rse6$ o"%ro"ise
onesel# Ho"%ro"eterse Ni %onerse en (n! sit(!i3n o"%ro"etid!O6$ one!l
onesel# Ho(lt!rse6$ onentr!te onesel# Honentr!rse6$ onern onesel# H!bo(t st&L
sb6 H%reo(%!rse H%or !l,oL !l,(ien66$ onern onesel# 7it& st& H"eterse enL
o(%!rse de !l,o6$ onde"n onesel# Honden!rse6$ ond(t onesel# Ho"%ort!rse6$
on#ine onesel# Hli"it!rse6$ on#or" onesel# H!d!%t!rse6$ onser!te onesel# Hto sb6
Hons!,r!rse H! !l,(ien66$ onsider onesel# 111 Honsider!rse 1116$ onsole onesel#
Honsol!rse6$ onstr!in onesel# Hsentirse obli,!do6$ ontent onesel# H7it& 1116
Hontent!rse Hon 11166$ ontr!dit onesel# Hontr!deirse6$ ontrol onesel#
Hontrol!rseL do"in!rse6$ on+it onesel# Honden!rse H! sF "is"o66$ on+ine
onesel# H on+enerse6$ orr(%t onesel# Horro"%erse6$ o(& onesel# H!ost!rse6$
o(nt onesel# 111 Honsider!rse 1116$ o+er onesel# H(%6 H(brirse6$ re!" onesel#
N+(l,!r4 USAO Horrerse Nse-(!l"enteO6$ ross onesel# Hs!nti,(!rse6$ ro7n onesel#
Horon!rse6$ (re onesel# H(r!rse6$ (rse onesel# H"!ldeirse6$ (t onesel# Hort!rse6$
deb!se onesel# Hde,r!d!rse6$ deei+e onesel# Hen,!)!rse6$ de9 onesel# H!t!+i!rse6$
del!re onesel# !,!instL in #!+o(r NGBOL #!+or NUSAO o# x Hdel!r!rse en ontr! deL
! #!+or de x6$ dedi!te onesel# to xHdei!rse ! x6$ de#end onesel# Hde#enderse6$
de#ile onesel# Horro"%erse6$ Hsb6 de,r!de onesel# Hde,r!d!rse6$ dei#' onesel#
Hendios!rse6$ del(de onesel# Hen,!)!rse6$ de"e!n onesel# Hreb!.!rse6$ den' onesel#
Hs!ri#i!rseL ne,!rse ! sF "is"o6$ den' onesel# st& H%ri+!rse de !l,o6$ de%ort onesel#
Nliter!rioO Ho"%ort!rse6$ de%ri+e onesel# Ho# st&6 H%ri+!rse Hde !l,o66$ desribe
onesel# Hde#inirse6$ des%ise onesel# Hdes%rei!rse6$ destro' onesel# H!ni/(il!rse6$
destr(t onesel# Hdestr(irse6$ det!& onesel# #ro" x Hse%!r!rseL dist!ni!rse de x6$
de+ote onesel# Hto sbL st&6 Hdedi!rse H! !l,(ienL !l,o66$ di##erenti!te onesel# H#ro"
sb6 Hdi#ereni!rse Hde !l,(ien6$ di% onesel# Hs("er,irse6$ diret onesel# Hdiri,irse6$
disb(rden onesel# o# x Hdes!r,!rse de x6$ disi%line onesel# Hdisi%lin!rse6$
dislose onesel# !s 111 Hre+el!rse o"o 1116$ diso+er onesel# Hdes(brirse ! sF "is"o6$
disenR,!,e onesel# H#ro" st&6 He-i"irse Hde !l,o66$ disenRt!n,le onesel# H#ro" x6
Hdesenred!rse Hde x6$ dis,r!e onesel# Hdes&onr!rse6$ dis,(ise onesel# H!s x6
Hdis#r!z!rse Hde x66$ disli9e onesel# Htenerse !+ersi3n ! sF "is"o6$ dis%ort onesel#
Hdi+ertirse6$ dissoi!te N"s (s!doOL dis!ssoi!te onesel# #ro" x Hdisoi!rse NoO
desli,!rse de x6$ dist!ne onesel# Hdist!ni!rse6$ distin,(is& onesel# Hdistin,(irseL
dest!!rse6$ diRstress onesel# H!#li,irse6$ do !7!' 7it& onesel# Hs(iid!rse6$ dotor
onesel# H!(to"edi!rse6$ dr!, onesel# H!rr!str!rse6$ dr!7 onesel# (% Henderez!rseL
er,(irse6$ dr' onesel# Hse!rse6$ d(%li!te onesel# Hd(%li!rse6$ edi#' onesel#
Hedi#i!rse6$ ed(!te onesel# Hed(!rse6$ e"b!rr!ss onesel# Hsentirse in3"odo6$
e"%t' onesel# N"enos (s!doOL itsel# N"s (s!doO H+!i!rse6$ en.o' onesel#
Hdi+ertirse6$ enri& onesel# Henri/(eerse6$ ent!n,le onesel# Henred!rse6$ en+elo%
onesel# Nliter!rioO Hen+ol+erse6$ e/(i% onesel# He/(i%!rse6$ e-!lt onesel# Hens!lz!rse6$
e-!"ine onesel# He-!"in!rse ! sF "is"o6$ e-Rel onesel# Hl(irse N%ositi+o o
ir3nioOL %!s!rse Nne,!ti+oO6$ e-ite onesel# He"oion!rse6$ e-(se onesel#
He-(s!rseL %edir dis(l%!s6$ e-ert onesel# Hes#orz!rse6$ e-&!(st onesel# H!,ot!rse6$
e-ile onesel# He-ili!rse6$ e-oner!te onesel# He-oner!rse6$ e-%l!in onesel#
He-%li!rse6$ e-%ose onesel# H&!er e-&ibiionis"o Nse-(!l"enteOL e-%onerse !
Nse,(ido de QtoQ h l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,O6$ e-%ress onesel# He-%res!rse6$
#!"ili!rizeL #!"ili!rise NGBO onesel# 7it& 111 H#!"ili!riz!r!se on x6$ #!n onesel#
H!b!ni!rse6$ #!n' onesel# Nolo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"enteO Hser (n reFdo6$ #eed
onesel# H!li"ent!rse6$ Hsb6 #ill onesel# H(%6 7it& x Hllen!rse Hel est3"!,o de x6$
#ind onesel# Henontr!rse6$ #i- onesel# Hest!bleerse6$ #i- onesel# (% H!rre,l!rseL
+estirse6$ #l!tter onesel# Henor,(lleerseL o"%l!erseL &!erse il(siones6$ #l!(nt
onesel# H%!+one!rse6$ #lin, onesel# He&!rseL tir!rse6$ #ore onesel# Hes#orz!rse6$
#or,et onesel# Hol+id!rse de sF "is"o6$ #orti#' onesel#L itsel# H#ort!leerse6$ #ree
onesel#L itsel# H#ro" st&6 Hliber!rse Hde !l,o66$ #r(str!te onesel# H#r(str!rse6$ ,!s&
onesel# H!(&ill!rse6$ ,!t&er onesel# Nliter!rioO H%re%!r!rseL dis%onerse6$ ,et
onesel# 111 H"eterse 1116$ ,ird onesel# H(%6 #or x Nliter!rioO H%re%!r!rse %!r! x6$ ,i+e
onesel# Hto sb6 Hentre,!rse H! !l,(ien66$ ,lori#' onesel# Hens!lz!rse6$ ,o+ern onesel#
H,obern!rse6$ ,ro(% onesel# H!,r(%!rse6$ ,(!rd onesel# H%rote,erse6$ &!ndle onesel#
Hdesen+ol+erse6$ &!n, onesel# H!&or!rse6$ &!te onesel# Hodi!rse6$ &e!l onesel#
H(r!rse6$ &el% onesel# H!'(d!rse ! sF "is"o6$ &el% onesel# Hto 1116 Hser+irse H!l,o66$
&ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onor NUSAO onesel# H&onr!rse ! sF "is"o6$ &("ble
onesel# Hreb!.!rse6$ &(rl onesel# H!rro.!rse6$ &(rt onesel# H&!erse d!)o6$ identi#'
onesel# Hidenti#i!rse Ni "ostr!ndo (n !rn0 de identid!d$ et1O6$ i"!,ine onesel# 111
Hi"!,in!rse 1116$ i""erse onesel# in st& N#i,(r!doO Hs("er,irse en !l,o6$ i"%ro+e
onesel# Hs(%er!rseL "e.or!r s( sit(!i3n6$ ind(l,e onesel# Hd!rse el ,(sto6$ in#or"
onesel# Hin#or"!rse6$ in,r!ti!te onesel# 7it& sb Hon,r!i!rse on !l,(ien6$ in.et
onesel# Hin'et!rse6$ in.(re onesel# Hlesion!rse6$ insin(!te onesel# into st&
Hintrod(irse en !l,o6$ in R st!l NGB %rini%!l"enteOL inRst!ll N%rini%!l"enteO onesel#
in 111 Hinst!l!rse en 1116$ ins(lt onesel# Hins(lt!rse ! sF "is"o6$ ins(re onesel#
H!se,(r!rse6$ introd(e onesel# H%resent!rse6$ in+ol+e onesel# inL 7it& 111
Hin+ol(r!rse en 1116$ .(d,e onesel# H.(z,!rse ! sF "is"o6$ .(sti#' onesel#
H.(sti#i!rse6$ 9ee% onesel# H"!ntenerse Ni ,!n!r %!r! +i+irO6$ 9ee% onesel# !"(sed
Hentretenerse (n r!to6$ 9i9 onesel# Hd!rse on l! !bez! ontr! l! %!redL d!rse de
tort!s NoO %!t!d!sL sentirse "!l6$ 9ill onesel# Hs(iid!rse6$ 9no9 onesel# Ro(t H%erder
el onoi"ientoL !ns!rse "(&o6$ 9no7 onesel# Honoerse6$ l!bel onesel#
H!t!lo,!rse6$ l!(n& onesel# !t sbL st& H!b!l!nz!rse sobre !l,(ienL !l,o6$ l!(n&
onesel# into st& Hentre,!rse ! !l,o6$ liber!te onesel# #ro" 111 Hliber!rse de 1116$ li#t
onesel# (% Hle+!nt!rse6$ li"it onesel# Hli"it!rse6$ lo!t&e onesel# Hdetest!rse6$ lose
onesel# H%erderse6$ lo+e onesel# H!"!rse6$ "!,ni#' onesel# Hen,r!ndeerse6$ "!9e
onesel# 111 Hobli,!rseL %onerse 1116$ "!ni#est onesel#L itsel# H"!ni#est!rse6$ "!r9
onesel# Hse)!l!rse6$ "e!s(re onesel# H"edirse6$ "ess onesel# Hde#e!r6$ "irror onesel#
Hre#le.!rse6$ "isRond(t onesel# H%ort!rse "!l6$ "(til!te onesel# H"(til!rse6$ ner+e
onesel# 111 H!r"!rse de +!lor 1116$ ni9 onesel# Hort!rse6$ o(%' onesel#
HentretenerseL o(%!r el tie"%o6$ o(%' onesel# 7it& st& Ho(%!rse de !l,o6$ orientL
orient!te onesel# Horient!rse6$ o(tRre!& onesel# Hir "s !ll de s(s !%!id!des6$
o+erboo9 onesel# Ho"%ro"eterse de"!si!doL !e%t!r de"!si!d!s !ti+id!des6$
o+ere-ert onesel# H&!er (n es#(erzo e-esi+o6$ o+ere-tend onesel# Hontr!er
de"!si!d!s obli,!iones #in!nier!s6$ o+ere-%ose onesel# Hdes%reti,i!rse on t!nt!s
!%!riiones en %2blio6$ o+erRre!& onesel# Hintent!r &!er de"!si!doL ir "s !ll de
l!s %ro%i!s %osibilid!desL %!s!rse de listo6$ o+erstr!in onesel# H#!ti,!rse
e-esi+!"ente6$ o+erstret& onesel# He-i,irse de"!si!doL %onerse en (n! sit(!i3n
eon3"i! o"%ro"etid!6$ o+ert!- onesel# He-i,irse de"!si!do ! (no "is"o6$
%!e onesel# Hontrol!rse el tie"%oL tener (id!do de no ,!st!r tod! l! ener,F! !l
%rini%io6$ %!r9 onesel# Nolo/(i!lO on 111 Holo!rse en x6$ %erei+e onesel# !s 111
H+erse NoO onsider!rse H! sF "is"o6 o"o 1116$ %er& onesel# on st& Hsent!rse
enHi"! de6 !l,o6$ %er.(re onesel# H.(r!r en #!lsoL o"eter %er.(rio6$ %er"it onesel#
Hst&6 H%er"itirse H!l,o66$ %er%et(!te onesel# H%er%et(!rse6$ %ers(!de onesel#
H!(toon+enerse6$ %i, onesel# Hon st&6 NGB4 olo/(i!lO H%onerse "or!doL d!rse (n
!tr!3n Hde !l,o66$ %l!e onesel# Holo!rseL %onerse6$ %le!se onesel# Ho"%l!erse6$
%le!s(re onesel# H"!st(rb!rse6$ %led,e onesel# Hto st&L in#initi+o6 Ho"%ro"eterse !
H!l,oL in#initi+o66$ %l("e itsel# Hli"%i!rse l!s %l("!s6$ %oison onesel# Hen+enen!rse6$
%oll(te onesel# Horro"%erse6$ %ose onesel# H%re%!r!rse6$ %osition onesel# Hsit(!rseL
%osiion!rse6$ %ostr!te onesel# Nliter!rioO H%ostr!rse6$ %redestine onesel#
H%redestin!rse6$ %reo(%' onesel# H%reo(%!rse6$ %resent onesel#L itsel#
H%resent!rse6$ %ride onesel# Henor,(lleerse6$ %rol!i" onesel#L itsel# H%rol!"!rse6$
%ro.et itsel# H%ro'et!rse6$ %ro"ise onesel# t&!t x H%ro"eterse /(e 1116$ %ro%el
onesel# Hl!nz!rse6$ %rostit(te onesel# H%rostit(irse6$ %rostr!te onesel# H%ostr!rse6$
%rotet onesel#L itsel# H%rote,erse6$ %ro+e onesel# Hde"ostr!r lo /(e (no +!le6$
%ro+ide onesel# H7it& 1116 H%ro+eerse Hde 11166$ %s'&o!n!lise NGBOL %s'&o!n!l'ze
NUSAO onesel# H&!erse (n %sio!nlisis6$ %(ll onesel# o(t o# st& Hs!lirse de !l,o6$
%(ri#' onesel# H%(ri#i!rse6$ %(s& onesel# #or7!rd Ho#reerseL o#reer s(s ser+iiosL
d!rse de"!si!d! i"%ort!ni!6$ %(t onesel# H%onerse6$ r!ise onesel# Hle+!nt!rse6$
re!d' onesel# H%re%!r!rse6$ re!lize onesel# Hre!liz!rse6$ re!ss(re onesel#
Htr!n/(iliz!rse6$ re9on onesel# H!s x6 Honsider!rse Ho"o x66$ reo,nizeL
reo,nise NGBO onesel# Hreonoerse6$ reollet onesel# H!l"!rse6$ reonile
onesel# Hto sb6 Hreonili!rse Hon !l,(ien66$ reonile onesel# Hto st&6 Hresi,n!rse H!
!l,o66$ reord onesel# H,r!b!rse6$ redee" onesel# Hre%!r!r s( error6$ re#res& onesel#
Hre#res!rse6$ re#(te onesel# Hre#(t!rse ! sF "is"o6$ re,!rd onesel# Honsider!rse6$
relie+e onesel# Horin!rL de#e!r NoO ir !l b!)o6$ re"ind onesel# Hreord!rse6$ re"o+e
onesel# H"!r&!rse6$ rene7 itsel#L onesel# Hreno+!rse6$ re%e!t onesel#L itsel#
Hre%etirse6$ re%l!e onesel# HrHe6e"%l!z!rse6$ re%resent onesel# Hre%resent!rse6$ resi,n
onesel# Hto st&L ,er(ndio6 Hresi,n!rse H! !l,oL in#initi+o6 N' Uresi,nV Hdi"itir6O6$
restr!in onesel# HontenerseL !l"!rse6$ restrit onesel# Hto st&6 Hli"it!rse H! !l,o66$
re+e!l onesel# H!%!reer en %2blio6$ re+en,e onesel# Hon sbL #or st&6 H+en,!rse Hde
!l,(ienL %or !l,o66$ re+it!lizeL re+it!lise NGBO Hre+it!liz!rse6$ rid onesel# Ho# sbL st&6
Hdes&!erse Hde !l,(ienL !l,o66$ ri,&t onesel# H%onerse de %ie6$ robe onesel#
Nliter!rioO H+estirse6$ roll onesel# Hre+ol+erse6$ ro(se onesel# Hdes%ert!rse6$ r(b
onesel# H#rot!rse6$ r(%t(re onesel# H&erni!rse6$ s!ri#ie onesel# H#or sbL st&6
Hs!ri#i!rse H%or !l,(ienL !l,o66$ s!#e,(!rd onesel# H%rote,erse6$ s!nti#' onesel#
Hs!nti#i!rseL ons!,r!rse6$ s!tis#' onesel# 111 H!se,(r!rse de 1116$ s!+e onesel# Hst&L #or
sbL sb6 Hs!l+!rseL !&orr!rse H!l,o6L reser+!rse H%!r! !l,oL !l,(ien66$ serete onesel#
Nliter!rioO Ho(lt!rse6$ see onesel# H+erse6$ Hsb6 sell onesel# H+enderseL on+ener !
!l,(ien de lo /(e (no +!le6$ set onesel# Nliter!rioO Hle+!nt!rse6$ set onesel# 111
H%onerse 1116$ s&!9e onesel# Hs!(dirseL liber!rse6$ s&it onesel# N+(l,!rO H!,!rse
Nin+ol(nt!ri!"enteO6$ s&o7 onesel# H!so"!rseL not!rseL %resent!rse6$ s&(t onesel#
!7!'L (% Henerr!rseL rel(irse6$ s&(t onesel# 7it&in 111 Henerr!rseL rel(irse dentro
de 1116$ sol!e onesel# Honsol!rse6$ s%re!d onesel# H%onerse ! s(s !n&!s6$ s%re!d
onesel# o(t Hestir!rseL dise"in!rse6$ st!r+e onesel# H"orise de &!"bre6$ st!tion
onesel# Hsit(!rse6$ steel onesel# H#orL !,!inst st&6 H!r"!rse de +!lor H%!r!L ontr!
!l,o66$ stint onesel# H%ri+!rse de os!s6$ stir onesel# H"o+erse6$ str!i,&t.!9et onesel#
Henorset!rse6$ str!in onesel# H&!erse d!)o6$ stri% onesel# Ho# st&6 Hdes&!erse Hde
!l,o66$ st(d' onesel# Hobser+!rse6$ st(## onesel# H7it& #ood6 Hd!rse (n !tr!3nL
!tiborr!rse Hde o"id!66$ st(%e#' onesel# H/(ed!rse %!s"!do6$ st'le onesel# H&!erse
ll!"!r6$ s(bR.et onesel# to x Hso"eterse ! x6$ s(b"er,e onesel# Hs("er,irse6$
s(b"it onesel# to sbL st& Hso"eterse ! !l,(ienL !l,o6$ s(it onesel# H&!er lo /(e (no
/(iereL lo /(e le d! l! ,!n! ! (no6$ s(n onesel# Hto"!r el sol6$ s(%%ort onesel#
H,!n!rse l! +id!6$ s(r#eit onesel# H&!rt!rseL s!i!rse6$ s(r%!ss onesel# Hsobre%!s!rse6$
s(r%rise onesel# Hsor%renderse6$ s(rrender onesel# to st& Hde.!rse +enerL lle+!r %or
!l,o6$ s(rro(nd onesel# 7it& 111 Hrode!rse de 1116$ te!& onesel# Hser !(todid!t!6$ te!r
onesel# Hretorerse6$ tell onesel# Hdeirse ! sF "is"o6$ t&ro7 onesel# Htir!rse6$ t&r(st
onesel# on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rioO sb H%e,!rse ! !l,(ien6$ ti"e onesel#
Hrono"etr!rse6$ to% onesel# Hs(iid!rse6$ tor"ent onesel# H!tor"ent!rse6$ tr!ns#or"
onesel# Htr!ns#or"!rse6$ (%set onesel# Hdis,(st!rse6$ to7el onesel# Hdo7n6 Hse!rse
on l! to!ll!6$ tr!in onesel# H&!bit(!rse6$ tre!t onesel# H!(to"edi!rse6$ tre!t onesel#
Hto st&6 Hd!rse (n ,(sto Hon !l,o66$ tro(ble onesel# H"olest!rse6$ (nb(rden onesel#
to sbL o# st& Hdes!&o,!rse on !l,(ienL libr!rse de !l,o6$ (ni#' onesel# H(nirse6$ (%set
onesel# H%reo(%!rse6$ +eil onesel# H(brirse on (n +elo6$ 7!r" onesel#
H!lent!rse6$ 7!t& onesel# H+erseL obser+!rse6$ 7e!r onesel# o(t H!,ot!rse6$ 7ei,&
onesel# H%es!rse6$ 7et onesel# H7it& l!(,&terL terror6 Nolo/(i!lO H"e!rse Hde ris!L
"iedo66$ 7or9 itsel# o(t Hsol(ion!rse6$ 7or9 onesel# 111 Hes#orz!rse tr!b!.!ndo 1116$
7r!% onesel# H(brirse6$ 7rite onesel# Htit(l!rseL ,r!d(!rse6$ 7rite onesel# o(t
H!!brsele ! (no l!s ide!s Hde esritor66$ 'ield onesel# to sb Nliter!rioO Hentre,!rse !
!l,(ien6$ 'o9e onesel# H!o%l!rseL (nirseL (nirse6$ et1 E.14 S&e !b!ndoned &ersel#
to st&4 des%!ir$ et1 HEll! se de.3 lle+!r %or !l,o4 l! deses%er!i3n$ et16$ %ero QS&e
!b!ndoned &i"Q HEll! leL lo !b!ndon36M mo( !bsented 'o(rsel# HTe !(sent!ste6M Ee
!"(ses &i"sel# Hl se distr!e6M T&e don9e' !"(ses itsel# HEl borri/(ito se di+ierte
H0l "is"oL ! sF "is"o66M T&e' !r"ed t&e"sel+es !,!inst so"et&in,L so"ebod'
HSe !r"!ron ontr! !l,oL !l,(ien6M Ee !ss(red &i"sel# o# t&e #!t Hl se !se,(r3 del
&e&o6M Ee 7o(ld li9e to !+!il &i"sel# o# t&is o%%ort(nit' to t&!n9 &er HA 0l le
,(st!rF! !%ro+e&!rHse6 est! o%ort(nid!d %!r! d!rle l!s ,r!i!s ! ell!6M Ee bestirred
&i"sel# Hl se "o+i36M Ee b(rnedL b(rnt NGB %rini%!l"enteO &i"sel# Ho(t6 Hl se
/(e"36M Ee !(,&t &i"sel# Hl se ont(+o6M Ee lot&es &i"sel# in bl!9 Hl se +iste
de ne,ro6M T&e' o"%osed t&e"sel+es HSe !l"!ronL seren!ronL tr!n/(iliz!ron6M
T&e' onentr!ted t&e"sel+es HSe onentr!ron6M T&e %(bli onsiders itsel#
intelli,ent HEl %2blio se onsider! inteli,ente6M One o(nts onesel# l(9' HUno se
onsider! #eliz6M S&e (red &ersel# HEll! se (r36M Ee (rsed &i"sel# #or not ,oin,
HSe "!ldi.o ! sF "is"o %or no ir6M >e (t o(rsel+es HNos ort!"os6M Ee deei+ed
&i"sel# Hl se en,!)3 H! sF "is"o66M S&e de#ended &ersel# HEll! se de#endi36M >e
de"e!ned o(rsel+es HNos reb!.!"os6M Ee dried &i"sel# Hl se se36M En.o'
'o(rsel+es] H\Di+ertFos]6M T&e' enri& t&e"sel+es HSe enri/(een6M Ee e-Relled
&i"sel# Hl se l(i3 N%ositi+o o ir3nioOL %!s3 Nne,!ti+oO6M DonZt e-ite 'o(rsel#]
H\No te e"oiones]6M S&e e-erted &ersel# HEll! &izo (n ,r!n es#(erzo6M Ee e-%resses
&i"sel# /(ite 7ell Hl se e-%res! b!st!nte bien6M mo( #eed 'o(rsel+es HOs !li"entis
! +osotrHos$ !s6 "is"Hos$ !s66M M!tter #rees itsel# HL! "!teri! se liber!6M S&e ,ot
&ersel# into tro(ble HEll! se "eti3 en (n lFo6M Ee ,!+e &i"sel# (% Hl se entre,36M
S&e &(rt &ersel# HEll! se &izo d!)o6M T&e' in,r!ti!ted t&e"sel+es 7it& (s HSe
on,r!i!ron on nosotros6M Ee 9i9ed &i"sel# Hl se dio on l! !bez! ontr! l!
%!redL se dio de tort!s NoO %!t!d!sL se sinti3 "!l6M Ee 9illed &i"sel# Hl se "!t3L
s(iid36M Ee lo+es &i"sel# Hl se !"! H! sF "is"o66M S&e lo+es &ersel# HEll! se !"!
H! sF "is"!66M S&e "!de &ersel# !t &o"e HEll! se %(so 3"od!6M S&e "!de &ersel#
&e!% HEll! se reb!.36M E("!nit' "irrors itsel# in t&e" HL! &("!nid!d se re#le.! ! sF
"is"! en ellHos$ !s66M Ee ner+ed &i"sel# to tell &er !bo(t it Hl se !r"3 de +!lor
%!r! deFrselo ! ell!6M Ee %er.(red &i"sel# Hl o"eti3 %er.(rio6M S&e %ers(!ded
&ersel# t&!t 111 HEll! se !(toon+eni3 de /(e 1116M S&e %osed &ersel# to .("% HEll! se
%re%!r3 %!r! s!lt!r6M Ee %rides &i"sel# on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB
%rini%!l"enteO t&!t Hl se enor,(llee de eso6M T&e' %roteted t&e"sel+es HSe
%rote,ieron6M Ee %(lled &i"sel# o(t o# tro(ble Hl se s!li3 del .!leo6M I %(t "'sel# on
t&e list HMe !%(nt0 en l! list!6M Ee reolleted &i"sel# Hl se !l"36M Eistor' re%e!ts
itsel# HL! &istori! se re%ite6M Ee r(bbed &i"sel# Nno s(%ri"irO sore Hl se #rot3 &!st!
&!erse d!)o6$ %ero QEe r(bbed H&i"sel#6 dr'Q Hl se #rot3 &!st! se!rse6M S&e
s!tis#ied &ersel# !bo(t so"et&in, HEll! se !se,(r3 de !l,o6M mo( s!tis#' 'o(rsel#
t&!t 111 HTe !se,(r!sL on+enes de /(e 1116M >e set o(rsel+es !%!rt HNos %(si"os
!%!rte6M >eZ+e str!ined o(rsel+es HNos &e"os &e&o d!)o6M Ee s(rro(nded &i"sel#
7it& ,ood %ro#ession!ls Hl se rode3 de b(enos %ro#esion!les6M DonZt tro(ble
'o(rsel#] H\No te "olestes]L \No se "oleste]6M T&in,s 7ill 7or9 t&e"sel+es o(t HL!s
os!s se sol(ion!rn sol!s6M Ee 7or9s &i"sel# to de!t& Hl se "!t! tr!b!.!ndo61 D1
=15?@
Al,(nos +erbos nor"!les %(eden (s!rse o"o %rono"in!les re#le-i+os (!ndo
tienen sentido en#tio %or/(e es (n ni)o$ (n! %erson! !ni!n! o (n! %erson!
in!%!it!d! ' se /(iere indi!r /(e el es#(erzo re!liz!do tiene "(&o +!lor o
si"%le"ente %or/(e se indi! 0n#!sisM en este !so el %rono"bre re#le-i+o +!
!ent(!doM nor"!l"ente no se (s!n o"o %rono"in!les re#le-i+os$ sino o"o
intr!nsiti+os$ (!ndo se re#ieren ! (n! %erson! /(e %(ede &!erlo sin di#i(lt!dL
,r!n es#(erzoM se %(ede %oner el +erbo Q,etQ del!nte del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do de
!l,(nos de estos +erbos on el "is"o si,ni#i!doM se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n el +erbo
Q,et onesel#Q del!nte del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do de !l,(nos de estos +erbos %!r!
indi!r 0n#!sisM !l,(nos de estos +erbos %(eden (s!rse t!"bi0n o"o tr!nsiti+os
on (n si,ni#i!do li,er!"ente distinto4 !li"!tizeL !li"!tise NGBO Nse %(ede
deir t!"bi0n Qbe !li"!tizedL !li"!tised NGBOQ Hest!r !li"!t!do6 %ero Q,et
Honesel#6 !li"!tizedQ4 no %onerO H!li"!t!rse6$ !d!%t Hto st&L sb6 N,et Honesel#6
!d!%ted4 no %onerO H!d!%t!rse H! !l,oL !l,(ien66$ !d.(st Hto st&L sb6 N,et Honesel#6
!d.(sted4 no %onerO H!d!%t!rse H! !l,oL !l,(ien66$ !sse"ble Hre(nirse6$ b!t&eL ,et
b!t&ed Hb!)!rse6$ be&!+e H%ort!rse bienL o"%ort!rse6$ bene#it Hbene#ii!rse6$ bot&er
H%reo(%!rse6$ bo7 Lb!(L Hinlin!rse N(n ser +i+oO6$ br(s& N,et Honesel#6 br(s&ed4 no
%onerO He%ill!rse6$ &!n,eL ,et Honesel#6 &!n,ed H!"bi!rse de ro%!6$ le!nL ,et
Honesel#6 le!n Hli"%i!rse6$ on#or" H!d!%t!rseL !"old!rse6$ deli,&t x Hdeleit!rse
x6$ destr(t Hitsel#6 Hdestr(irse6$ de+elo% Honesel#6 Hdes!rroll!rse6$ dis!r"
Hdes!r"!rse6$ do(ble Hd(%li!rse6$ dress H+estirse6$ est!blis& Hest!bleerse6$ #eel
Hsentirse6$ #ret H%reo(%!rseL in/(iet!rseL !!lor!rse6$ ,et b!t&ed Hb!)!rse6$ ,et re!d'
H%re%!r!rseL !rre,l!rse6$ ,et s&!+ed H!#eit!rse6$ &!rden Hend(reerse6$ &ide Honesel#6L
,et Honesel#6 &idden Hesonderse6$ &old H"!ntenerse6$ identi#' 7it& sbL st&L ,et
Honesel#6 identi#ied 7it& sbL st& Hidenti#i!rse Ni si"%!tiz!rO on !l,(ienL !l,o6$
in#l!te Hin#l!rse6$ "!ss Honentr!rse6$ "er,e Honesel#6 H#(ndirse6$ "isbe&!+e
HHo"6%ort!rse "!l6$ "odernizeL "odernise NGBO Honesel#L itsel#6 H"oderniz!rse6$
"o+eL ,et Honesel#6 "o+ed H"o+erse6$ o##er$ o%en Hitsel#6 H(%6 H!brirse6$
Hre6or,!nizeL Hre6or,!nise NGBOL ,et Honesel#6 Hre6or,!nizedL Hre6or,!nised NGBO
HHre6or,!niz!rse6$ o+ere!t Ho"er de"!si!do6$ o+erslee% Hdor"ir de"!si!do NGBOL
/(ed!rse dor"ido NUSAO6$ o+er7or9L ,et Honesel#6 o+er7or9ed Htr!b!.!r
de"!si!do6$ %olis&L ,et %olis&ed H%(lirse6$ %re%!reL ,et Honesel#6 %re%!red H#or st&6
H%re%!r!rse H%!r! !l,o66$ re!d.(stL ,et Honesel#6 re!d.(sted Hre!.(st!rse6$ re!r
He"%in!rseL !lz!rse6$ reo+er Hre(%er!rseL rest!bleerse6$ re#or" Hre#or"!rse6$
re%rod(e Hre%rod(irse6$ rest Hdes!ns!r6$ retr!t Hretr!t!rse6$ Hsb6 ro!st Htost!rse6$
se%!r!te Hse%!r!rse N"!tri"oni!l"ente ' en otros sentidosO6$ s&!+eL ,et s&!+ed
H!#eit!rse6$ s&o7er Hd(&!rse6$ stren,t&en H#ort!leerse6$ stret& Hestir!rseL
des%erez!rse6$ tr!ns#or" into x Htr!ns#or"!rse en 1116L tr!ns#or" onesel# Hx6
Htr!ns#or"!rse H! sF "is"o6 Hx66$ (ndressL ,et Honesel#6 (ndressed Hdes+estirse6$
7!s&L ,et Honesel#6 7!s&ed Hl!+!rse6$ 7e!r H,!st!rse6$ 7e!r' H!ns!rse6$ 7orr'L ,et
Honesel#6 7orried H%reo(%!rse61 E.14 mo( beR&!+ed 'o(rRsel# R7ell HTe %ort!ste bien
N!(n/(e te ost!r! "(&o tr!b!.oO6L mo( beR&!+ed R7ell HTe %ort!ste bien Nsin &!er
es#(erzosO6M Ee Rdressed &i"Rsel# Hl se +isti3 N!(n/(e le ost!r! "(&o tr!b!.oO6M
S&e R&!n,edL ,ot R&!n,ed HEll! se !"bi3 de ro%!6L Ee RdressedL ,ot Rdressed
be#ore s&!+in, !nd 7!s&in, Hl se +isti3 !ntes de !#eit!rse ' l!+!rse6M S&e &id
H&ersel#6 HEll! se esondi36M REold 'o(rRsel# Rstill] H\M!ntente /(ieto N!(n/(e te
(este "(&o tr!b!.oO]6L REold Rstill] H\M!ntente /(ieto Nsin &!er es#(erzosO]6M S&e
ne+er o##ered H&ersel#6 #or t&!t HEll! n(n! se o#rei3 %!r! esoL !/(ello6M Ee
re#or"ed H&i"sel#6 Hl se re#or"36M I Rs&!+e "'Rsel# e+er' Rd!' HH'o6 Me !#eito H! "F
"is"o6 todos los dF!s N!(n/(e "e (este "(&o tr!b!.oO6L I Rs&!+e e+er' Rd!'L
Re+er' d!' HH'o6 Me !#eito Nsin di#i(lt!dO todos los dF!s6M T&e old "!n (nRdressed
&i"Rsel#L ,ot &i"sel# (nRdressed HEl !ni!no se des+isti3 Non di#i(lt!dL ,r!n
es#(erzoO6M Ee (nRdressedL ,ot (nRdressed Hl se des+isti3 Nsin &!er es#(erzosO61
L! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos re#le-i+os %(eden (s!rse sin Uonesel#L onesel+esV on
(n si,ni#i!do li,er!"ente di#erente1 E.14 Ee !%%lied &i"sel# to &is 7or9 Hl se %(so
! tr!b!.!r on dili,eni!6 ' US&e !%%lied #or ! .obV HEll! soliit3 (n e"%leo6M S&e
!+!iled &ersel# o# t&is o%%ort(nit' HEll! !%ro+e&3 est! o%ort(nid!d6 e UIt 7ill !+!il
&i" not&in, to o"%l!inV HNo le ser+ir de n!d! /(e.!rse6M S&e dro7ned HEll! se
!&o,3 Nin+ol(nt!ri!"enteO6 ' US&e dro7ned &ersel#V HEll! se !&o,3 N!dredeL
+ol(nt!ri!"enteO6M S&e 9no7s &o7 to o"%ort &ersel# HEll! s!be 3"o
o"%ort!rse6 ' UT&!t o"%orted 7it& t&isV HEsoL A/(ello onord!b! on esto6M
S&e ond(ted &ersel# 7ell HEll! se o"%ort3 bien6 ' US&e ond(ted b(sinessV
HEll! se o(%!b! de los ne,oios6M Ee de%orted &i"sel# b!dl' Hl se o"%ort3 "!l6
' UT&e' de%orted i""i,r!ntsV HDe%ort!ron ! los in"i,r!ntes6M S&e 7!s #eelin,
/(ite &ersel# HEll! se sentF! del todo bien6 ' US&e #elt t&e %!inV HEll! sentF! el dolor6M
Ee ,!t&ered &i"sel# Hl se %re%!r36 ' US&e ,!t&ered "(s&roo"sV HEll! o,F!
NEs%!)!OL reo,F! NL!tino!"0ri!O set!sL &!"%i)ones6M Peo%le %re%!re
Ht&e"sel+es6 #or t&e 7eddin, HL! ,ente se %re%!r! %!r! l! bod!6M S&e %ro+ed &ersel#
to be ! ,ood "ot&er HEll! de"ostr3 ser (n! b(en! "!dre6 ' UEe %ro+ed t&e t&eor'V
Hl de"ostr3 l! teorF!6M Ee reo+ered &i"sel# Hl se ont(+o6 ' UEe reo+eredV Hl
se re(%er3L re%(so6M Ee s(rrendered &i"sel# to idleness Hl se de.3 +ener %or l!
%erez!6 ' UT&e' s(rrenderedV HSe rindieron6M T&e i+' &!s t7ined itsel# !ro(nd t&e
tree HL! &iedr! se &! enros!do !lrededor del rbol6 ' US&e t7ined N"enos (s!doOL
t&re7 N"s (s!doO &er !r"s !ro(nd &i"V HEll! le %(so los br!zos !lrededor61
*(!ndo el s(.eto est #or"!do %or %rono"bres en %ri"er!$ se,(nd! ' terer!
%erson! del sin,(l!r o %l(r!l$ el %rono"bre re#le-i+o /(e se %one detrs del +erbo
+! sie"%re en %ri"er! %erson! del %l(r!lM (!ndo el s(.eto est #or"!do %or
%rono"bres en se,(nd! ' terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r o %l(r!l$ el %rono"bre
re#le-i+o /(e se %one detrs del +erbo +! sie"%re en se,(nd! %erson! del %l(r!l1
E.14 T&e'$ 'o( !nd I !"(se o(rsel+es HEllos$ t2 ' 'o nos di+erti"os6M Adri!n !nd I
&(rt o(rsel+es HAdrinHo6 ' 'o nos &ii"os d!)o6M S&e !nd 'o( %ride 'o(rsel+es on
t&is HEll! ' t2 os enor,(lle0is de esto6M I+!n !nd 'o( e-%ress 'o(rsel+es 7ell HI+n
' t2 os e-%resis bien61
E!' +erbos nor"!les o"o Q!(se$ !d"ire$ !"(se$ bl!"e$ onstr!in$ diso+er$
disli9e$ #!"ili!rize$ #eed$ #or,et$ ,et h !d.eti+o$ &el%$ &(rt$ in.(re$ 9no7$ %ers(!de$
see$ s(r%riseQ$ et1$ /(e %(eden (s!rse o"o re#le-i+os o o"o tr!nsiti+os1 E.14 T&e'
bl!"ed t&e"sel+es HSe e&!ron l! (l%! ! ellos "is"os6 ' US&e bl!"ed &i"V HEll!
le e&3 l! (l%! ! 0l6M S&e &(rt &ersel# HEll! se &izo d!)o Ni ! sF "is"!O6 ' US&e &(rt
&erV HEll! le &izo d!)o ! ell! Ni otr! %erson!O61
2+ Verbos pronominales 'ue llevan pronombres reflexivos indirectos 'ue
/acen la funcin de complemento indirectoM #or"!n l!s or!iones re#le-i+!s
indiret!sM el s(.eto es ! l! +ez !,ente ' %!ienteM el o"%le"ento indireto indi!
/(e es l! "is"! %erson! o os! /(e el s(.eto1 E.14 !llo7 onesel# st&M Ee !ss(red
&i"sel# Ht&!t6 ot&ers did it Hl se !se,(r3 de /(e otros lo &iier!n6M S&e bo(,&t
&ersel#L &er NUSAO !not&er %et HEll! se o"%r3 otro !ni"!l de o"%!)F!L otr!
"!sot!6M T&e' bo(,&t t&e"sel+esL t&e" NUSAO ! %l!ne HSe o"%r!ron (n !+i3n6M
S&e didnZt 7!nt to dr!7 !ttention to &ersel# HEll! no /(erF! ll!"!r l! !teni3n6M Ee
doesnZt ,et "(& ti"e to &i"sel# Hl no tiene "(&o tie"%o %!r! 0lL sF6M T&e
diretor ,!+e &i"sel# t&e bi,,est %!' riseL t&e bi,,est %!' rise to &i"sel# HEl
diretor se s(bi3 el s(eldo "s /(e n!die6M Ee 9e%t it to &i"sel# Hl se lo ,(!rd3
%!r! sF H"is"o6L no di.o n!d! ! n!die6M S&e "!de &ersel# ! (% o# te! HEll! se &izo
(n! t!z! de t06M S&e %er"its &ersel# ! bre!9 HEll! se %er"ite (n des!nso6M >e "(st
%er"it o(rsel+es ! &olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO HDebe"os %er"itirnos (n!s
+!!iones6M Ee %o(red &i"sel# ! drin9 Hl se sir+i3L e&3 (n! o%!6M One !n s!'
t&is to onesel# HUno %(ede deir esto %!r! sF6M T&e' ser+ed t&e"sel+es ! (% o# te!
HSe sir+ieron (n! t!z! de t06M S&e told &ersel# Ht&!t6 s&e "(stnZt do it HEll! se di.o ! sF
"is"! /(e no debF! &!erlo61
2+ Verbos pronominales 'ue llevan pronombres reflexivos 'ue /acen la
funcin de complemento de rgimen preposicional detr!s de una preposicinM
en in,l0s se (s! "(&o l! %re%osii3n Qb'Q se,(id! de (n %rono"bre re#le-i+o ' en
!stell!no se tr!d(e %or QsoloHs6L sol!Hs6 Ni sin o"%!)F! o sin !'(d! de n!dieOQM
Qb'Q %(ede ir %reedid! de Q!llQ ' se tr!d(e %or Uo"%let!"ente soloHs6L sol!Hs6VM
el %rono"bre re#le-i+o s(ele ir !ent(!do en in,l0s &!bl!do1 E.14 T&e' !re !s&!"ed
o# t&e"Rsel+es HEstn !+er,onz!dos de sF "is"os6M Ee is in ontrol o# &i"Rsel# Hl
se ontrol! ! sF "is"o6M T&is is bet7een o(rRsel+es HEsto es entre nosotros6M S&e is
H!ll6 b' &erRsel# HEll! est Ho"%let!"ente6 sol!6M T&e' !re H!ll6 b' t&e"Rsel+es
HEstn Ho"%let!"ente6 solHos$ !s66M Ee is &!%%' 7it& &i"Rsel# Hl esHt6 #eliz
onsi,o "is"o6$ %ero QEe is &!%%' 7it& &i"Q Hl esHt6 #eliz on 0l Ni otr!
%erson!O6M T&e' !re too s(re o# t&e"Rsel+es HEstn de"!si!do se,(ros de sF
"is"Hos$ !s66M S&e be,!n to re!son 7it& &erRsel# HEll! e"%ez3 ! r!zon!r onsi,o
"is"!6M E+er' %!rtile o# "!tter ont!ins li,&t 7it&in itRsel# H*!d! %!rtF(l! de
"!teri! ontiene l(z dentro de sF "is"!6M S&e does it b' &erRsel# HEll! lo &!e ell!
"is"!L Hell!6 sol!6M T&e' #eel .o' 7it&in t&e"Rsel+es HSienten !le,rF! dentro de sFL
ellHos$ !s6 "is"Hos$ !s66M S&e #o(nd t&e re!son 7it&in &erRsel# HEll! enontr3 l!
r!z3n dentro de sFL ell! "is"!6M >e listen to o(rRsel+es HHnosotrHos$ !s66 Nos
es(&!"os ! nosotrHos$ !s6 "is"Hos$ !s66M I loo9 !#ter "'Rsel# Hmo "e (ido ! "F
"is"Ho$ !66M S&e loo9ed !t &erRsel# HEll! se "ir3 ! sF "is"!6M Ee "!de ! s%et!le
o# &i"Rsel# Hl &izo el ridF(loL dio (nL el es%et(lo6M S%e!9 #or 'o(rRsel# HE!bl!
%or ti "is"o6M mo( s%e!9 toL 7it& 'o(rRsel# HT2 &!bl!s onti,o "is"Ho$ !6L T2 te
&!bl!s ! ti "is"Ho$ !66M S&e t!9es !re o# &erRsel# HEll! se o(%! de sF "is"!6$ %ero
QS&e t!9es !re o# &erQ HEll! se o(%! de ell! Ni otr! %erson!O6M I t&o(,&t to "'Rsel#
HPens0 %!r! "F6M T&e' s%e!9 o# t&e"Rsel+es HE!bl!n de ellHos$ !s6 "is"Hos$ !s66$
%ero QT&e' s%e!9 o# t&e"Q HE!bl!n de ellHos$ !s6 Ni otr!s %erson!sO61
*(!ndo el %rono"bre re#le-i+o se re#iere ! !l,o /(e no #or"! %!rte de l! %erson!$
,ener!l"ente !l,o onreto ' /(e o(%! (n l(,!r deter"in!do$ entones no se (s!n
nor"!l"ente los %rono"bres re#le-i+os sino los %rono"bres %erson!les ob.etoM se
(s!n los %rono"bres %erson!les ob.eto ' no los %rono"bres re#le-i+os (!ndo est
"(' l!ro ! /(i0nHes6 se re#ierenM el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto +! detrs de (n!
%re%osii3nM ! +ees$ no es nees!rio %oner el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto1 E.14 Ee
!rries ! %!ss%ort 7it& &i" Hl lle+! (n %!s!%orte Hon 0l66M Not&in, !n o"e
bet7een (s HN!d! %(ede se%!r!rnos6M S&e dre7 t&e bl!n9et !ro(nd &er HEll! se %(so
l! "!nt! !lrededor Hde ell!66M Ee &!s no &!n,e !bo(t &i" Hl no lle+! !"bio6M >e
&!d t&e 7&ole d!' be#ore (s HTenF!"os todo el dF! %or del!nte6M S&e &!s ! do, in
#ront o# &er HEll! tiene (n %erro del!nteL en#rente de ell!6M S&e didnZt &!+e !n'
"one' on &er HEll! no lle+!b! n!d! de dinero onsi,oL eni"!6M S&e &!s t&ree
'e!rsZ e-%eriene be&ind &er HEll! tiene tres !)os de e-%erieni! ! s(s es%!ld!s6M Ee
&!d ! strin, !ro(nd &i" Hl tenF! (n! (erd! !lrededor de sFL 0l6M S&e loo9s !bo(t
H&er6 HEll! "ir! !lrededorL ! s( !lrededor6M Ee loo9ed !ro(nd H&i"6 Hl "ir3
!lrededorL ! s( !lrededor6M T&e' onl' &!+e to loo9 !ro(nd Ht&e"6 HNo tienen "s
/(e "ir!r H! s(6 !lrededor6M Ee loo9ed str!i,&t in #ront o# &i" Hl "ir3 dere&o
del!nteL en#rente de 0l6M S&e %l!ed t&e %!9et be&ind &er HEll! olo3 el %!/(ete
detrs de ell!6M Ee %(lled t&e !%e !ro(nd &i" HSe e&3 l! !%! !lrededor6M S&e s!7
! %erson b' &er HEll! +io ! (n! %erson! .(nto ! ell!6M Ee s!7 ! "on9e' beside &i"
Hl +io (n "ono ! s( l!do6M T&e' s!7 t7o seret !,ents be&ind Ht&e"6 HDieron !
dos !,entes seretos detrs de ellos6M S&e &!s s&(t t&e door be&ind &er HEll! &!
err!do l! %(ert! !l s!lir6M T&e' s&(t t&e doors be&ind t&e" H*err!ron l!s %(ert!s !l
s!lir6M T&e' too9 t&eir &ild 7it& t&e" HLle+!ron ! s( &i.Ho$ !6 on ellos6M Ee t!9es !
s(it!se 7it& &i" Hl se lle+! (n! "!let!6M S&e loo9ed &i" in t&e e'eL #!e HEll! le
"ir3 ! 0l ! los o.osL l! !r!6M T&!t 7!s t&e end o# &er HNo se l! +io "s ! ell!6M Ee
7!s ,l!d to see t&e b!9 o# &er Hl est!b! ontento de /(e ell! se #(er!6M It is
ob+io(s #ro" t&e loo9 o# &i"L &erL t&e" HEs ob+io %or s( "ir!d!6M I 7onZt ,o #or
t&e li#e o# "e HNo ir0 %or n!d! del "(ndo6M Ee 7ill be t&e de!t& o# &er Hl l! +! !
"!t!r6M S&e !nZt st!nd t&e si,&t o# &i" HEll! no %(ede so%ort!r +erlo6M >or9 is t&e
"!9in, o# t&e" HEl tr!b!.o es deisi+o %!r! ellos6M Li#e "!9es no sense #or l!9 o#
'o( HL! +id! no tiene sentido !l #!lt!r t261
No obst!nte$ (!ndo es !l,o "et!#3rio o e"oti+o s(elen e"%le!rse los
%rono"bres re#le-i+os ' ! +ees se %(eden (s!r !"b!s #or"!sM ! +ees$ no es
nees!rio %oner ni el %rono"bre re#le-i+o ni el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto1 E.14
T&e' !re t!l9in, !bo(t &i"L &i"sel# HEstn &!bl!ndo sobre 0lL 0l "is"o6M Ee 7ill
be beside &i"sel# 7it& r!,e Hl se %ondr #(rioso6M S&e is beside &ersel# 7it&
&!%%iness HEll! est /(e no !be en sF de !le,rF!L lo! de ontent!6M S&e bo(,&t !
&o(se #or &erL &ersel# HEll! se o"%r3 (n! !s! %!r! ell!L sF "is"!6M T&e irle
s%re!d to inl(de "eL "'sel# HEl Fr(lo se !,r!nd3 %!r! inl(ir"e ! "FL "F
"is"Ho$ !66M Ee is better o## t&!n &erL &ersel# Hl tiene (n! %osii3n eon3"i!
"e.or /(e ell!L ell! "is"!6M Ee &!s ! roo" to &i"sel# Hl tiene (n (!rto %!r! 0l
solo6M I #elt so"e %!in 7it&in H"'sel#L "e6 Hmo sentF! !l,o de dolor dentro de H"F
"is"Ho$ !6L "F66M S&e isL loo9s %le!sed 7it& &ersel# HEll! estL %!ree s!tis#e&! de
sF "is"!61
En !stell!no &!' "(&os +erbos /(e son #!lsos re#le-i+os %or/(e tienen sol!"ente
#or"! de re#le-i+os$ !(n/(e no lo se!n iert!"ente$ %ero en in,l0s no son
re#le-i+osM (nos son si"%le"ente intr!nsiti+os ' otros son er,!ti+osL
%se(dointr!nsiti+osL "edio%!si+osL !nti!(s!ti+os %or/(e son +erbos
ori,in!ri!"ente intr!nsiti+os /(e %(eden &!er de tr!nsiti+os t!"bi0nM (!ndo el
s(.eto no !%!ree el o"%le"ento direto %(ede %!s!r ! &!er l! #(ni3n de s(.eto
on el "is"o si,ni#i!doM l! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos er,!ti+os in,leses se
tr!d(en !l !stell!no %or "edio de (n +erbo %rono"in!l #!lso re#le-i+o1 E.14 Ee
bro9e Ntr!nsiti+o er,!ti+oO &is !n9le Hl se ro"%i3 el tobillo6 ' UEis !n9le bro9e
Nintr!nsiti+o er,!ti+oOV HS( tobillo se ro"%i36M Ee s!n9 Ntr!nsiti+o er,!ti+oO t&e
9ni#e into t&e &eese Hl &(ndi3 el (&illo en el /(eso6 ' UT&e 9ni#e s!n9
Nintr!nsiti+o er,!ti+oO into t&e &eeseV HEl (&illo se &(ndi3 en el /(eso61
De estos +erbos intr!nsiti+os ' er,!ti+os los "s i"%ort!ntes son4 !bsRond
H#(,!rse6$ !eler!te H!eler!rse6$ !("(l!te H!("(l!rse6$ !d!%t H!d!%t!rse6$
!d&ere H!d&erirse6$ !d+ertise H%(bliit!rse6$ !##ord H%er"itirse el l(.o de6$ !ir
H!ire!rse6$ !%olo,izeL !%olo,ise NGBO Hdis(l%!rse6$ !%%ro!& H!er!rse6$
!%%ro%ri!te Hst&6 H!%ro%i!rse de H!l,o66$ !send Hele+!rse6$ !sse"ble Hre(nirseL
on#eder!rse6$ !ssi"il!te H!si"il!rse6$ !ssoi!te H7it& sb6 Hrel!ion!rse Hon
!l,(ien66$ R!tro%&' H!tro#i!rse6$ !7!9eL !7!9en Hdes%ert!rse6$ b!9 He&!rse !trs6$
b!9e Hoin!rse6$ b!l!ne Hb!l!ne!rse6$ b!l9 H%l!nt!rse6$ b!ll Henroll!rse6$ b!nd
to,et&er H(nirse6$ b!n9 Hl!de!rse6$ b!r,e Hentro"eterse6$ b!s& Hestrell!rseL ro"%erse6$
be !s&!"ed H!+er,onz!rse6$ be #it Hsentirse !%!z6$ be ,l!d NoO %le!sed H!le,r!rse6$
be %rintin, Hest!rse i"%ri"iendoL est!r i"%ri"i0ndose6$ be!& Hen!ll!rse6$ be!t
H!,it!rse6$ beo"e H&!erse6$ beo"e bored H!b(rrirse6$ be&!+e H%ort!rse6$ bend
Htorerse6$ bend do7n H!,!&!rse6$ bere!+e H!#li,irse6$ bl!n& H%onerse bl!no6$
ble!& Hdesolor!rse6$ blend H"ezl!rse6$ blister H!"%oll!rseL llen!rse de !"%oll!s6$
blo7 H/(e"!rseL re+ent!rse6$ bl(r Hdesdib(.!rse6$ bl(s& Hsonro.!rseL r(boriz!rse6$
bo!st H.!t!rseL (#!n!rse6$ bo,,le H/(ed!rse !t3nito6$ boil Hoerse6$ boil do7n
Hred(irse6$ bolt Hdesbo!rse6$ bond H!d&erirse6$ bot&er H"olest!rse6$ bo7 Lbo(L
H!r/(e!rseL dobl!rse N(n ob.etoO6$ bo7l H"o+erse6$ br!,L bo!st H.!t!rse6$ bre!9 o##
Hdes%renderse6$ bre!9 (% Hro"%erse6$ bre7 H%re%!r!rseL !+ein!rse6$ bribe
Ho"%r!rse6$ bridle Hsentirse o#endido6$ bri,&ten H!ni"!rseL des%e.!rse6$ bro!den
Hens!n&!rse6$ Hit6 br(ise H"!,(ll!rse Nl! #r(t!$ et1O6$ br(s&L o"b oneZs &!ir
H%ein!rse6$ b(l,e Hbo"be!rse6$ b(ild (% H!("(l!rse6$ b(rn H/(e"!rse6$ b(rst
Hre+ent!rse6$ b(s Hirse en !(tob2s6$ !l" do7n H!l"!rse6$ !r!"elizeL !r!"elise
NGBO H!!r!"el!rse6$ !t!%(lt Hdis%!r!rseL interr("%irse6$ !t& Hen,!n&!rse6$
!t& #ire Henenderse6$ !+e in H&(ndirse6$ entre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL enter
NUSAO Hentr!rse6$ &!#e Hirrit!rse6$ &!n,e into Htr!ns#or"!rse en6$ &!%
H!,riet!rse6$ &e9 o(t Hirse6$ &eer (% H!ni"!rse6$ &ill Hen#ri!rse6$ &i%
Hdeson&!rse6$ &o9e H!&o,!rse6$ &(rn H!rre"olin!rse6$ ir(l!te Horrerse6$ le!n
Hli"%i!rse6$ le!r H!l!r!rse6$ le!r o## Hl!r,!rse6$ le!+e H!d&erirse6$ li%
Hen,!n&!rse6$ lose (% Herr!rse6$ lot Ho!,(l!rse6$ l("% do7n H!erse6$ l(ster
H!,r(%!rse6$ o!,(l!te Ho!,(l!rse6$ o!Rlese H(nirse6$ o!rsen H%onerse "s
s%ero6$ oll!%se Hol!%s!rseL derr("b!rse6$ olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor
NUSAO Hdesolor!rse6$ o"bine Ho"bin!rse6$ o"e ne!r H!er!rse6$ o"e to !n
end H!!b!rse6$ o""it s(iide Hs(iid!rse6$ o""(ni!te Ho"(ni!rse6$ o"%l!in
H/(e.!rse6$ o"%ress Ho"%ri"irse6$ onentr!te Honentr!rse6$ ondense
Hondens!rse6$ on#eder!te Hon#eder!rse6$ on,e!l Hon,el!rse6$ ontort
Hontr!erse6$ on+ene Hre(nirse6$ on+ert Hinto 1116 Hon+ertirse Hen 11166$ oo9
Hoin!rse6$ ool Hen#ri!rse6$ orrel!te Horrel!ion!rse6$ orrode Horroerse6$ r!9
H!,riet!rse6$ r!s& Hestrell!rse6$ re!se H!rr(,!rse6$ ree% Hdesliz!rse6$ rin,e
H!,!&!rseL eno,erse6$ rin9le H!rr(,!rse6$ ro(& H!,!&!rse6$ ro7 H.!t!rse6$
ro7d H!,lo"er!rse6$ r("ble Hderr("b!rse6$ r("%le H!rr(,!rse6$ r(s&
H!%l!st!rseL !rr(,!rse6$ r'st!llize N"s (s!doOL r'st!lize N"enos (s!doOL r'st!llise
NGBOL r'st!lise NGBO Hrist!liz!rse6$ (rdle H(!.!rse6$ (re H(r!rse6$ (rl Hriz!rse6$
(rl (% H!(rr(!rse6$ d!re H!tre+erse6$ d!r9en HoHb6s(reerse6$ d!7dle
Hentretenerse6$ de!' H%(drirseL deterior!rse6$ deide Hdeidirse6$ deolo(r NGBOL
deolor NUSAO Hdesolor!rse6$ deo"%ose Hdeso"%onerseL %(drirse6M dee%en
H&!erse "s %ro#(ndo6$ deIes!l!te Hred(irse6$ de#l!te Hdesin#l!rse6$ Hit6 de,r!de
Hde,r!d!rse6$ dei,n Hdi,n!rse6$ deli,&t Hdeleit!rse6$ de"onstr!te H"!ni#est!rse6$
de%lo' Hdes%le,!rse6$ deri+e Hderi+!rse6$ deterior!te Hdeterior!rse6$ de+i!te
Hdes+i!rse6$ die H"orirHse66$ di##(se Hdi#(ndirse6$ dil!te Hdil!t!rse6$ di" Hdebilit!rse6$
di"inis& Hred(irse6$ disinte,r!te Hdesinte,r!rse6$ dis%erse Hdis%ers!rse6$ di+ide
Hdi+idirse6$ di+ore Hdi+ori!rse6$ do(ble H"(lti%li!rse %or dos6$ dribbleL drool
H!erse l! b!b!6$ dri#t H!("(l!rseL !"onton!rse6$ drill Hentren!rse6$ dri% H!erse6$
dri+e Hond(irse6$ dro% H!erse6$ Hit6 dr' Hse!rse6$ dro7n H!&o,!rse6$ dr' o(t
H(r!rseL se!rse6$ d(ll He"bot!rse6$ e!se H!l"!rse6$ e!t Ho"erse6$ edd'
H!rre"olin!rse6$ elon,!te H!l!r,!rse6$ eRlo%e H#(,!rse Hon s( !"!nte66$ e"!ni%!te
He"!ni%!rse6$ e"b!r9 on Hst&6 He"b!r!rse en H!l,o66$ e"br!e H!br!z!rse6$ e"%t'
H+!i!rse6$ end Hter"in!rse6$ ende!+o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ende!+or NUSAO
Hes#orz!rse6$ enl!r,e H!,r!nd!rse6$ enlist H!list!rse6$ enRrol NGBOL enRroll NUSAO
H"!tri(l!rse6$ ent7ine Hentrel!z!rse6$ erode Herosion!rse6$ es!l!te Hintensi#i!rse6$
es!%e Hes!%!rse6$ e+!%or!te He+!%or!rse6$ e+en o(t Ho"%ens!rse6$ e+ol+e
Hdes!rroll!rse6$ e-#oli!te He-#oli!rse6$ e-%!nd He-%!ndirse6$ e-tend He-tenderse6$
#!int Hdes+!neerse6$ #!ll H!erse6$ #!ll !bo(tL !ro(nd NGBO H"orirse de ris!6$ #!ll
!slee% Hdor"irse6$ #!ll !7!' Hdes%renderse6$ #!ll b!9 H/(ed!rse !trs6$ #!ll be&ind
Hretr!s!rse6$ #!ll do7n H!erse6$ #!ll #or Hen!"or!rse de6$ #!ll in lo+e Hen!"or!rse6$
#!ll in 7it& H.(nt!rse on6$ #!ll o## H!erse de6$ #!ll o(t 7it& H%ele!rse on6$ #!ll o+er
onesel# Hdes+i+irse6$ #!n' Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO Hi"!,in!rseL #i,(r!rse6$
#eder!te H#eder!rse6$ #eel Hb!dL %oorl'L ,ood$ et16 Hsentirse H"!lL "!lL bien$ et166$
#eel dizz'L si9L #!int H"!re!rse6$ #ester H!"!r,!rse6$ #e(d H%ele!rse6$ #id,et H%onerse
ner+iosoL !#!n!rse6$ Hit6 #ill Hllen!rse6$ #ilter H#iltr!rse6$ #inis& Hter"in!rse6$ #l!il
H!,it!rse6$ #le- Hdobl!rse6$ #li% H/(ed!rse ,(irr!do6$ #lood Hin(nd!rse6$ #lo7 #ro"
Hderi+!rse de6$ #l(s& Hsonro.!rseL r(boriz!rse6$ #l(tter H!,it!rse6$ #o(s Honentr!rse6$
Hsb6 #or,et Nintr!nsiti+oO Hol+id!rse6$ #or" H#or"!rse6$ #or" (% H#or"!rse6$ #ossilizeL
#ossilise NGBO H#osiliz!rse6$ #o(l Henred!rse6$ #r!t(re H#r!t(r!rse6$ #r!,"ent
H#r!,"ent!rse6$ #r!' Hdes&il!&!rse6$ #re!9 Ho(t6 Hsor%renderse6$ #reeze Hon,el!rse6$
#ri,&ten H!s(st!rse6$ #r' H#reFrse6$ #(nnel Hen!(z!rse6$ #(rro7 H!rr(,!rse6$ #(se
H#(ndirse6$ ,!ter!s& Hol!rse de ,orr!6$ ,!t&er Hre(nirse6$ ,et !n,r' Hen#!d!rse6$ ,et
bored H!b(rrirse6$ ,etL beo"e bro9en Hro"%erse6$ ,et oldL &ot Hen#ri!rseL
!lent!rse6$ ,et dressed H+estirse6$ ,et #it H%onerse en #or"!6$ ,et lost H%erderse6$ ,et
"!rried H!s!rse6$ ,et ne!r H!er!rse6$ beL ,et o##ended Ho#enderse6$ ,et o+er&e!ted
Hre!lent!rse6$ ,et %olis&ed Hre#in!rseL %(lirse6$ ,et sill' H%onerse tontoHs6$ !Hs66$ ,et
t!n,led NoO beo"e ent!n,led Henred!rse6$ ,et tired H!ns!rse6$ ,et (% Hle+!nt!rse6$
,et (%set Hdis,(st!rseL "olest!rse6$ ,et (sed H!ost("br!rse6$ ,i,,le HreFrse
on+(lsi+!"ente6$ ,l!ze Hn(bl!rse6$ ,lob!lizeL ,lob!lise NGBO H,lob!liz!rse6$ ,lor'
Hre,ode!rse6$ ,o !ll o+erL !ro(nd Hreorrerse6$ ,o !7!' HirseL "!r&!rse6$ ,o o##
Hdis%!r!rse6$ ,o on bo!rd He"b!r!rse6$ ,o o(t H!%!,!rse6$ ,o redL redden
Hr(boriz!rseL %onerse ro.Ho$ !66$ ,o to bed H!ost!rseL reo,erse6$ ,o to slee%
Hdor"irse6$ ,r!d(!te H,r!d(!rseL lieni!rse6$ ,rill H!s!rse ! l! %!rrill!6$ ,ro+el
H!rr!str!rseL &("ill!rse6$ ,ro7 NoO beo"e s!d Hentristeerse6$ &!lt H%!r!rse6$ &!l+e
Hdi+idirse6$ &!r"onizeL &!r"onise NGBO H!r"oniz!rse6$ &!sten Hd!rse %ris!6$ &!t&
Hin(b!rse6$ &!+e ! b!t& Hb!)!rse6$ &!+e #(nL ! ,ood ti"e Hdi+ertirse6$ &!+e !
s&o7er Hd(&!rse6$ &e!l H(r!rse6$ &e!t (% H!lent!rse6$ &ei,&ten Hintensi#i!rse6$
&erd H!soi!rse6$ &(ddle H!"onton!rseL !(rr(!rse6$ &("% Henor+!rse6$ &(n&
Henor+!rse6$ &(rr' H(%6 Hd!rse %ris!6$ i"!,ine Hi"!,in!rse6$ i"%ro+e H"e.or!rHse66$
in#l!"e Hin#l!"!rse6$ in#l!te H&in&!rse6$ interbreed Hr(z!rse6$ inte,r!te Hinte,r!rse6$
intensi#' Hintensi#i!rse6$ inter&!n,e Hinter!"bi!rse6$ inter"in,le
Hentre"ezl!rse6$ interrel!te Hinterrel!ion!rse6$ iron H%l!n&!rse6$ .!9ni#e
H!tr!+es!rseL %le,!rse6$ .!" H!t!s!rseL blo/(e!rse6$ .eer Hb(rl!rse6$ .er9 H"o+erse6$
.est Hb(rl!rse6$ .in9 Nolo/(i!lO Hdes+i!rse6$ .oin H(nirseL .(nt!rse6$ .olt
Hestre"eerse6$ 9eel o+er H+ol!rseL des%lo"!rse6$ 9ee% !li+e H"!ntenerse +i+o6$
9ee% Honesel#6 #it H"!ntenerse en #or"!6$ 9ee% to He)irse !6$ 9ee% Honesel#6 7!r"
H"!ntenerse !bri,!do6$ 9iss Hbes!rse6$ 9neel Hdo7n6 H!rrodill!rse6$ 9not H&!erse (n
n(do6$ l!, Hrez!,!rse6$ l!(,& HreFrse6$ le!n H!%o'!rse6$ le!+e H"!r&!rse6$ len,t&en
H!l!r,!rse6$ lessen H!li+i!rse6$ lie b!9 Hreost!rse6$ lie do7n Ht("b!rse6$ li#t H!lz!rseL
disi%!rse6$ li,&ten H!li,er!rseL !le,r!rse6$ line (% H%onerse en #il!6$ li/(e#' Hli(!rse6$
li+en (% H!ni"!rse6$ lo!d H!r,!rse6$ lo!lizeL lo!lise NGBO Hlo!liz!rse6$ lo9
Herr!rse6$ lod,e H!lo.!rse6$ loll H!%o'!rse6$ loosen Hsolt!rseL !#lo.!rse6$ l(r&
Ht!"b!le!rse6$ "!9e !n e##ort Hes#orz!rse6$ "!9e #(n o# sbL st& HreFrse de !l,(ienL
!l,o6$ "!r9 H"!r!rse6$ "!rr' H!s!rse6$ "!r+el H"!r!+ill!rse6$ "!t Hen"!r!)!rse6$
"!teri!lizeL "!teri!lise NGBO H"!teri!liz!rseL re!liz!rse6$ "!t(re H%onerse !)e.o6$
"eddle Hentro"eterse6$ "ello7 Hs(!+iz!rse6$ "elt Hderretirse6$ "et!"or%&ose
H"et!"or#e!rse6$ "in,le H"ezl!rse6$ "obilizeL "obilise NGBO H"o+iliz!rse6$ "o9
!t st& Hb(rl!rse de !l,o6$ "oder!te H"oder!rse6$ "o(ld NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "old
NUSAO H"olde!rse6$ "o+e H"o+erseL tr!sl!d!rse6$ "(lti%l' H"(lti%li!rse6$ "(t!te
H"(t!rse6$ n!rro7 Hestre&!rse6$ ne!r H!er!rse6$ obsess Hobsesion!rse6$ obtr(de
Hentro"eterse6$ ooze Hes(rrirse6$ ori,in!te Hori,in!rse6$ ossi#' Hosi#i!rse6$ o+er#lo7
Hderr!"!rse6$ o+er&e!t Hre!lent!rse6$ o+ert(rn Hd!rse l! +(elt!6$ o-idizeL o-idise
NGBO Ho-id!rse6$ %!9 He"%!/(et!rse6$ %!ir o## He"%!re.!rse6$ %!ssi+izeL %!ssi+ise
NGBO H&!erse %!si+o6$ %eel o## Hdes%e,!rse6$ %etri#' H/(ed!rse de %iedr!6$ %le!d
,(ilt' Hdel!r!rse (l%!ble6$ %l(n,e Hz!"b(llirse6$ %o9e #(n !t sbL st& Hb(rl!rse de
!l,(ienL !l,o6$ %ol!rizeL %ol!rise NGBO H%ol!riz!rse6$ %o% Hre+ent!rse6$ %ro+e 7ron,
He/(i+o!rse6$ %(9er H!rr(,!rse6$ %(ll o## H/(it!rse6$ %(## o(t H&in&!rse6$ %(ll o(t
Hs!lirse6$ %(ll t&ro(,& Hre%onerse6$ %(t on "!9eI(% H"!/(ill!rse6$ %(t (% H!lo.!rse6$
/(!dr(%le H"(lti%li!rse %or (!tro6$ /(!il H!ob!rd!rse6$ /(!rrel H%ele!rse6$ /(i9en
Hd!rse %ris!6$ /(iet do7n Htr!n/(iliz!rse6$ r!ll' Hre(%er!rse6$ re!d Hleerse6$ re!lize
Hd!rse (ent!6$ re!r" Hre!r"!rse6$ rebel Hrebel!rse6$ re!nt Hretr!t!rse6$ re(r
Hre%etirse6$ redden H%onerse ro.o6$ redo(ble Hintensi#i!rse6$ red(e Hred(irse6$ reel
Ht!"b!le!rse6$ re#er Hre#erirse6$ re#let Hre#le.!rse6$ re#r!t Hre#r!t!rse6$ re#r!in
H!bstenerse6$ re#(el Hre!b!steerse6$ re,ister Hinsribirse6$ re,ret H!rre%entirse6$
re,ro(% Hre!,r(%!rseL reor,!niz!rse6$ re.oie H!le,r!rse6$ rel!te Hrel!ion!rse6$ rel!-
Hrel!.!rse6$ relo!te Htr!sl!d!rse6$ re"e"berL reollet H!ord!rse6$ reR"it Hred(irse6$
reo%en H+ol+erse ! !brir6$ re%ent H!rre%entirse6$ re%ine H!#li,irse6$ re%rint
Hrei"%ri"irse6$ rese"ble H%!reerse !6$ resettle H+ol+erse ! !sent!r6$ rest on
H!%o'!rseL %os!rse en6$ res("e Hre!n(d!rse6$ retire Hretir!rseL reo,erse6$ re(nite
Hre(nirseL reonili!rse6$ re+it(!l Hre!b!steerse6$ re+i+e Hre!ti+!rse6$ re+olt
Hrebel!rse6$ riot H!"otin!rse6$ ri% Hr!s,!rse6$ ri%%le Hriz!rse6$ rise Hs(ble+!rseL
!lz!rse6$ Hit6 ro!st H!s!rse6$ ro9 H"eerse6$ ro9et Hdis%!r!rse6$ roll (% Henroll!rse6$
rolli Hdi+ertirse6$ root Henr!iz!rse6$ rot H%(drirse6$ ro(se Hdes%ert!rse6$ r(b o##
Hes#("!rse6$ r(s& H!%res(r!rse6$ r(st Hen"o&eerse6$ s!dden Hentristeerse6$ s!,
H&(ndirseL o"b!rse6$ s!tter Hdis%ers!rseL es%!rirse6$ so## Hb(rl!rse6$ sre7
H!tornill!rse6$ s(rr' Hes!b(llirse6$ seede Hse%!r!rse6$ se,re,!te Hse,re,!rse6$ sell
H+enderse6$ set Hen!.!rse6$ settle H!sent!rseL est!bleerse6$ se+er Hort!rse6$ s&!9e
H"o+erse6$ s&!9e ! le, Nolo/(i!lO Hle+!nt!rse de l! !"!6$ s&!tterL s&i+er H&!erse
!)ios6$ s&orten H!ort!rse6$ s&o7 H+erseL not!rse6$ s&rin9 Heno,erse6$ s&r(,
Heno,erse de &o"bros6$ s&(dder Hestre"eerse6$ s&(t Herr!rse6$ s&(t (% H!ll!rse6$
si,n (% H"!tri(l!rse6$ sin9 H&(ndirse6$ sit do7n Hsent!rse6$ sl!9en H!#lo.!rse6$ sl!nt
Hinlin!rse6$ slide do7n Hdesliz!rse6$ slin9 Hl!r,!rse6$ slit&er Hdesliz!rse6$ slo%
Hderr!"!rseL +erterse6$ slo(& Hre%!n&in,!rseL re%!nti,!rse6$ sl("% H&(ndirse6$
s"!s& Hestrell!rse6$ s"o9e H#("!rse6$ s"ot&er H!s#i-i!rse6$ sn!% Hro"%erse6$ snoo%
Hentro"eterse6$ so#ten Hs(!+iz!rse6$ solidi#' Hsolidi#i!rse6$ so(r H!,ri!rse6$
s%ei!lizeL s%ei!lise NGBO Hes%ei!liz!rse6$ s%eed (% H!eler!rse6$ s%l!' Hse%!r!rse6$
s%lit Hro"%erse6$ s%r!7l Ht("b!rse6$ s%re!d He-tenderseL estir!rse6$ s%re!d o(t
Hdise"in!rseL estir!rse6$ s/(!t Hdo7n6 H!,!&!rseL %onerse en (lill!s6$ s/(e!l
H/(e.!rse6$ st!bilizeL st!bilise NGBO Hest!biliz!rse6$ st!,,er Ht!"b!le!rse6$ st!ll
H%!r!rse6$ st!"%ede Hdis%ers!rse Hen desorden66$ st!nd H"!ntenerse de %ieL %onerse
de %ie6$ st!nd (% H%onerse de %ie6$ st!rt He"%ez!rseL %onerse !6$ ste!d'
Hest!biliz!rse6$ sti9 H%e,!rseL !t!s!rse6$ sti##en H!,!rrot!rse6$ sto% H%!r!rse6$ stoo%
H!,!&!rseL inlin!rse6$ sto% Hdetenerse6$ store Honser+!rse6$ str!,,le Hrez!,!rseL
e-tr!+i!rseL e-tenderse6$ str!' Hdes!rri!rse6$ stri+e Hes#orz!rse6$ stroll H%!se!rse6$
str(t H%!+one!rse6$ s(bdi+ide Hs(bdi+idirse6$ s(b"er,e Hs("er,irse6$ s(bsribe
Hs(bsribirse6$ s(bside H!l"!rseL derr("b!rse6$ s(##o!te Hso#o!rseL !s#i-i!rse6$
s(rrender Hrendirse6$ s7!,,er H%!+one!rse6$ s7!llo7 Htr!,!rse6$ s7!' Hl!de!rse6$
s7elter Hso#o!rseL "orirse de !lor6$ s7in, Hb!l!ne!rse6$ s7oon Hdes"!'!rse6$ t!n
Hbrone!rse6$ t!n,le Henred!rse6$ t!%er Hestre&!rse6$ t!rr' HdetenerseL %!r!rseL
/(ed!rse6$ teeter Hb!l!ne!rse6$ tense H%onerse tenso6$ ter"in!te Nliter!rioO
Hter"in!rse6$ t&!7 Hderretirse6$ t&i9en H(%6 Hes%es!rse6$ t&rob Hestre"eerse6$
ti,&ten Htens!rse6$ tilt Hinlin!rse6$ tin,le Hestre"eerse6$ ti% H!erse6$ tire H!ns!rse6$
toss H!,it!rse6$ to(,&en Hend(reerse6$ tr!in Hentren!rse6$ tr!ns#er Htr!ns#erirse6$
tr!nsl!te Htr!d(irse6$ tr!ns%l!nt Htr!Hn6s%l!nt!rse6$ trebleL tri%le Htri%li!rse6$ tro(ble
H%reo(%!rse6$ t(rn !ro(ndL ro(nd NGBO Hd!rse l! +(elt!6$ t(rn into Hon+ertirse en6$
t(rn 7&ite H%onerse bl!no6$ t7ine !ro(ndL ro(nd NGBO Henros!rse6$ t7ist
Henros!rse6$ t7it& Heno,erse6$ (ler!te H(ler!rse6$ (noil Hdesenros!rse6$ (n#(rl
Hdes%le,!rse6$ (nionizeL (nionise NGBO Hsindi!Hliz!6rse6$ (nlo9 H!brirse6$ (nr!+el
H!l!r!rseL resol+erse6$ (nroll Hdesenroll!rse6$ (nsti9 Hdes%e,!rse6$ +!%orizeL
+!%orise NGBO He+!%or!rseL +!%oriz!rse6$ 7!, H"o+erse6$ 7!,,le H"o+erse6$ 7!il
Hl!"ent!rse6$ 7!9e H(%6 Hdes%ert!rse6$ 7!llo7 Hre+ol!rse6$ 7!r" Hent(si!s"!rse6$
7!r" (% H!lent!rse6$ 7!r% Ho"b!rse6$ 7!s& Hl!+!rse6$ 7e!9en Hdebilit!rse6$ 7e!r
H,!st!rseL lle+!rse6$ 7e!r !7!' Hdes,!st!rse6$ 7e!r do7n H,!st!rse6$ 7e!r o(t
HHdes6,!st!rse6$ 7e!t&er Herosion!rse6$ 7&is9 !7!' Hretir!rse r%id!"ente6$ 7&iten
H%onerse bl!no6$ 7iden Hens!n&!rse6$ 7ine Hestre"eerse6$ 7ind Htorerse6$ 7ind
do7n Hred(irse %!(l!tin!"ente6$ 7ind (% Hter"in!rse6$ 7it&dr!7 Hretir!rseL
reo,erseL re%le,!rse6$ 7it&er H"!r&it!rse6$ 7obbleL 7!bble Ht!"b!le!rse6$ 7onder
!t H"!r!+ill!rseL !so"br!rse de6$ 7onder H%re,(nt!rse6$ 7orr' H%reo(%!rse6$
7orsen He"%eor!rse6$ 7ri,,le H"ene!rse6$ 7rin9le H!rr(,!rse6$ 7rit&e Hretorerse6$
'ello7 H%onerse !"!rillo6 ' "(&os +erbos en %!si+!$ "(&os +erbos intr!nsiti+os
on %!rtF(l!s !d+erbi!les ND1 ?1;<15O1 E.14 S&e !bsonded HEll! se #(,36M I !nZt
!##ord to b(' ! ne7 !r HNo %(edo %er"itir"e el l(.o de o"%r!r (n n(e+o o&e6M
S&e !%%ro!&ed "e HEll! se !er3 ! "F6M Ee !ssoi!ted 7it& &er Hl se rel!ion!b!
on ell!6M Ee b!l9ed Hl se %l!nt3L se ne,3 ! &!erlo6M Ee is #it #or t&is .ob Hl se
siente !%!z de &!er este tr!b!.oL e"%leo6M S&eZs ,l!dL %le!sed !bo(t t&!t HEll! se
!le,r! de esoL !/(ello6M Ee be!"e ! dotor Hl se &izo "0dio6M Ee doesnZt be&!+e
so b!dl' Hl no se %ort! t!n "!l6M T&e iron bent HEl &ierro se tori36M S&e bent do7n
HEll! se !,!&36M Ee 7!nts to bene#it Hl /(iere bene#ii!rse6M T&e #i,(re bl(rred
HL! #i,(r! se desdib(.3L &izo borros!6M S&e bl(s&ed on seein, &er &(sb!nd HEll! se
r(boriz3 !l +er ! s( "!rido6M Ee bo,,led Hl se /(ed3 !t3nito6M T&e "e!t is boilin,
HL! !rne se est oiendo6M T&e %roble" boils do7n to t&is HEl %roble"! se red(e
! esto6M T&e &orse bolted HEl !b!llo se desbo36M T&is s(bst!ne bonds HEst!
s(Hb6st!ni! se !d&iere6M DonZt bot&er] H\No te "olestes]L \No se "oleste]6M T&e
br!n& bo7ed HL! r!"! se !r/(e3L dobl36M Ee bo7ed to t&e s(%erior Hl se inlin3
!nte el s(%erior6M T&e le!+es 7ere bo7lin, HL!s &o.!s se est!b!n "o+iendo6M S&e
br!,sL bo!sts !bo(t it HEll! se .!t! de ello6M It bro9e o## HSe des%rendi36M T&e roo"
bro9e o%en HL! &!bit!i3n se !bri36M It bro9e (% HSe ro"%i36M T&e b(re!(r!ts bribe
e!sil' HA los b(r3r!t!s se les o"%r! #il"ente6M T&e !+en(e bro!dens HL!
!+enid! se ens!n&!6M S&e br(ised HEll! se "!,(ll36M S&e #or,ot to br(s&L o"b &er
&!ir HA ell! se le ol+id3 %ein!rse6M Eis 9nees b(9led HA 0l se le dobl!ron l!s
rodill!s6M B(9le 'o(r belts] H\Abr3&ense los int(rones]6M M(d b(ilds (% HEl b!rro
se !("(l!6M Eer l(n& b(rnedL b(rnt NGB %rini%!l"enteO HL! o"id! se le /(e"3
! ell!6M T&e %i%e b(rst HL! t(berF! se re+ent3L ro"%i36M Ee b(sHs6ed to 7or9 Hl se
#(e ! tr!b!.!r en !(tob2s6M Ee !l"ed do7n Hl se !l"36M T&e ob.et !t!%(lts HEl
ob.eto se +! dis%!r!do6M T&e 7ire !(,&t HEl !l!"breL !ble se en,!n&36M It !(,&t
#ire HSe enendi36M T&e roo# !+ed in HEl te.!do se &(ndi3L derr("b36M Ee entred
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL entered NUSAO !ro(ndL ro(nd t&e s%orts Hl se entr3 en los
de%ortes6M T&e' &!#ed !t t&e restritions HSe irrit!ron %or l!s restriiones6M T&e
7ood &!n,ed into %o7der HL! "!der! se tr!Hn6s#or"3L on+irti3 en %ol+o6M S&eZs
&e9ed o(t o# t&e &otel HEll! se &! ido del &otel6M S&e &eered (% HEll! se !ni"36M
T&e !t"os%&ere is &illin, HEl !"biente se est en#ri!ndo6M T&e bri9 &i%s HEl
l!drillo se deson&!L des%rende6M *le!r o##] H\Lr,!te]L \L!r,!os]6M Ee &o9ed Hl
se !&o,!b!L !s#i-i!b!6M T&e 7!ter &(rned HEl !,(! se !rre"olin36M T&e r("o(r
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL r("or NUSAO ir(l!ted HSe orri3 el r("or6M T&e 7!ter
le!red HEl !,(! se !l!r36M T&e 7indo7 losed HL! +ent!n! se err36M M' ton,(e
lo+e to t&e roo# o# "' "o(t& HL! len,(! se "e !d&erF! !l ielo de l! bo!6M T&e
belt li%s HEl int(r3n se en,!n&!L !.(st!6M T&e door losed HL! %(ert! se err36M
T&is door 7onZt lose HEst! %(ert! no se ierr!6M T&e #lo7er losed (% HL! #lor se
err36M T&e blood lots HL! s!n,re se o!,(l!6M T&e b!b' l("%ed do7n HEl beb0 se
!'36M T&e +el+et o!rsened HEl terio%elo se %(soL +ol+i3 "s s%ero6M Le!+es
olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAO HL!s &o.!s Hde los rboles6 se
desolor!n6M T&ese desi,ns o"bine HEstos dise)os se o"bin!n6M Ee
o""(ni!tes 7it& &is son Hl se o"(ni! on s( &i.o6M T&e' !re o"%l!inin,
!bo(t t!-es HEstn /(e.ndose de los i"%(estos6M Air o"%resses HEl !ire se
o"%ri"e6M S&e !nZt onentr!te on doin, t&!t HEll! no %(ede onentr!rse en
&!er eso6M It is on,e!lin, HEst on,elndose6M T&e b!ttle ontin(ed HSe ontin(3
l! b!t!ll!6M S&e ontorted HEll! se ris%3L ontr!.o6M D!%o(r NGBOL D !%or NUSAO
on+erts into 7!ter HEl +!%or se on+ierte en !,(!6M >&!tZs oo9in,T HWJ(0 se est
oin!ndoT6M T&is ools HEsto se en#rF!6M T&ese ide!s orrel!te HEst!s ide!s se
orrel!ion!n6M T&e +!se r!9ed HEl .!rr3n se !,riet3L r!.36M T&e UFO r!s&ed HEl
o+ni se estrell36M T&e blo(se re!sed HL! bl(s! se !rr(,36M T&e s9irt rin9les HL!
#!ld! se !rr(,!6M Ee ro(&ed Hdo7n6 Hl se !,!z!%3L !,!&3 Nen %osii3n de
!t!/(e o listo %!r! !l,oO6M T&e %!%er r(s&ed HEl %!%el se !rr(,36M T&e li/(id
r'st!llized N"s (s!doOL r'st!lized N"enos (s!doOL r'st!llised NGBOL r'st!lised
NGBO HEl lF/(ido rist!liz36M Mil9 (rdles HL! le&e se (!.!6M Tob!o (res HEl
t!b!o se (r!6M T&e &!ir (rled HEl %elo se riz3L ond(l36M S&e (rled (% HEll! se
!(rr(36M T&e' donZt d!re to !ns7er HNo se !tre+en ! ontest!r6M T&e s9' d!r9ened
HEl ielo se oHb6s(rei36M T&is "!teri!l deolo(rs NGBOL deolors NUSAO HEste
"!teri!l se desolor!6M mo(r 9no7led,e dee%ens HT( onoi"iento se &!e "s
%ro#(ndo6M T&e tension deIes!l!ted HL! tensi3n se red(.o6M T&e b!lloon de#l!ted HEl
,lobo se desin#l3L des&in&36M Ee dei,ned to b(' ! "iro7!+e o+en Hl se di,n3 !
o"%r!r (n &orno "iroond!s6M T&is 7ord deri+es #ro" Gree9 HEst! %!l!br! se
deri+! del ,rie,o6M Ee de+i!ted #ro" t&e tr(t& Hl se des+i3 de l! +erd!d6M Ee died
Hl se "(ri36M Ee!t di##(ses HEl !lor se di#(ndeL es%!re6M Eer e'es dil!ted HS(s
o.os se dil!t!b!n6M Eis &o%es di""ed HS(s es%er!nz!s se #(eron debilit!ndoL
!ten(!ndo6M T&e noise di"inis&ed HEl r(ido se red(.oL !%!,36M Peo%le dis%ersed HL!
,ente se dis%ers36M T&e o(ntr' di+ided HEl %!Fs se di+idi36M T&e %o%(l!tion is
do(blin, HL! %obl!i3n se est "(lti%li!ndo %or dos6M Ee dribbledL drooled HSe le
!F! l! b!b!6M Soldiers drill HHl! "!'orF! de6 Los sold!dos se entren!n6M >!ter is
dri%%in, #ro" t&e eilin, HSe est !'endo !,(! del te&o6M T&e !r dri+es /(ietl'
HEl o&e se ond(e s(!+e"ente6M T&e boo9 dried HEl libro se se36M T&e tree
driedL ,re7 dr' HEl rbol se se36$ %ero QT&is ite" o# lot&in, dries itsel#Q HEst!
%rend! se se! sol!6M T&e' dr' o(t HSe (r!n del !lo&olis"o6M T&e s%rin, dried (%
HL! #(ente se se36M Ee dro%%ed t&e s(,!r HSe le !'3 el !z2!r6M M' "e"or' d(lls
HL! "e"ori! se "e e"bot!6M T&e stor" e!sed HL! tor"ent! se !l"36M T&is !9e
e!ts ris% Nr!roO HEste %!stel se o"e r(.iente6M S&e !te !n !%%le %ie HEll! se o"i3
(n %!stel de "!nz!n!6M T&e so(nd elon,!tes HEl sonido se !l!r,!6M T&e 7ell e"%tied
HEl %ozo se +!i36M T&e %eriod ended HSe ter"in3 el %erFodo6M T&e %&r!se ended
7it& ! nie 7ord HL! #r!se se ter"in!b! on (n! %!l!br! bonit!6M Rie enl!r,es HEl
!rroz se !,r!nd!6M Ee enlisted in t&e Ar"' Hl se !list3 en el E.0rito6M T&e'
ent7ined HSe entrel!z!ron6M T&e l!nd erodes HL! tierr! se erosion!6M T&e 7!r
es!l!tes HL! ,(err! se intensi#i!6M T&e li/(id e+!%or!ted HEl lF/(ido se e+!%or36M
I"b!l!nes e+en o(t HLos dese/(ilibrios se o"%ens!nL ni+el!n6M T&e (ni+erse
e-%!nds HEl (ni+erso se e-%!nde6M S&e es!%ed HEll! se es!%36M T&e' #ell in t&e
l!9e HSe !'eron !l l!,o6M S&e &!d t&e" #!llin, !bo(tL !ro(nd 7it& &er .o9es HEllos
se "orF!n de ris! on s(s &istes6M It #ell !7!' HSe des%rendi36M T&e s%orts"!n #ell
b!9 HEl de%ortist! se /(ed3 !trs6M I !" #!llin, be&ind 7it& "' %!'"ents HMe
esto' retr!s!ndo on los %!,os6M Ee #ell do7n t&e st!irs Hl se !'3 %or l!s es!ler!s
!b!.o6M I #ell #or &er HMe en!"or0 de ell!6M Ee is #!llen in 7it& t7o b!d blo9es NGB4
olo/(i!lOL ,('s Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO Hl se &! .(nt!do on dos ti%os
"!los6M Ee #ell o## &is bi'le Hl se !'3 de s(L l! biilet!6M S&e #ell o(t 7it& &er
&(sb!nd HEll! se %ele3 on elL s( "!rido6M T&e' #ell o+er t&e"sel+es to &el% HSe
des+i+F!n %or !'(d!r6M S&e doesnZt #eel ,ood HEll! no se siente bien6M T&e' #eel
%oorl' HSe sienten "!l6M T&e (% #illed HL! t!z! se llen36M T&e 7!ter is #ilterin, HEl
!,(! se est #iltr!ndo6M T&e s&o7 #inis&ed HEl es%et(lo se ter"in36M Eer le,s
#l!iled HL!s %iern!s se le !,it!b!n6M S&e #li%%ed HEll! Hse6 /(ed3 ,(irr!d!L %!s"!d!L
bo/(i!biert!6M T&e &o(se #looded HL! !s! se in(nd36M T&is #lo7s #ro" t&!t HEsto se
deri+! de !/(elloL eso6M A b(tter#l' #l(ttered HUn! "!ri%os! se !,it!b!6M T&e' #o(s
on t&is HSe onentr!n en esto6M Ie #or"s on 7!ter HSe #or"! &ielo sobre el !,(!6M
A ,ro(% #or"ed (% HSe #or"3 (n ,r(%o6M Trees #ossilizedL #ossilised NGBO HLos
rboles se #osiliz!ron6M T&e strin, #o(led HL! (erd! se enred36M T&e ro9
#r!,"ented HL! ro! se #r!,"ent36M T&e t&re!d #r!'ed HEl &ilo se des&il!&36M Ee
#re!9ed Ho(t6 Hl se sor%rendi3L !s(st36M T&e #is& #roze HEl %ez se on,el36M T&e
"e!t #ried HL! !rne se #ri36M T&e ener,' #(nnelled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL #(nneled
NUSAO HL! ener,F! se en!(z3L !n!liz36M Eis bro7 #(rro7ed HS( e.! se !rr(,36M
T&e ,old #(sed HEl oro se #(ndi36M T&e' ,!t&er HSe re(nenL .(nt!n6M S&e ,ot !n,r'
HEll! se en#!d36M T&e' ,ot bored HSe !b(rrieron6M S&e ,ot #it HEll! se %(so en #or"!6M
S&e ,ot lost HEll! se %erdi36M LetZs ,et "!rried] H\*!s0"onos]6M Ee ,ot ne!r Hl se
!er36M T&e s&irt ,ot t!n,led !ro(ndL be!"e ent!n,led in t&e &!ir le,s HL!
!"iset! se enred3 !lrededor de l!s %!t!s de l! sill!6M T&e' ,ot tired HSe !ns!ron6M I
,et (% !t ei,&t HMe le+!nto ! l!s o&o6M S&e ,ot (%set HEll! se dis,(st3L "olest36M
T&e' ,ot (sed to t&!t HSe !ost("br!ron ! eso6M Eer e'es ,l!zed HS(s o.os se
n(bl!ron6M Ee 7ent !ll o+erL !ro(nd And!l(si! Hl se reorri3 tod! And!l(F!6M
T&e' 7ent !7!' HSe #(eronL "!r&!ron6M Ee ,r!d(!ted Hl se ,r!d(36M *&i9en
,rills HEl %ollo se !s! ! l! %!rrill!6M S&e &!lted HEll! se %!r36M T&e' &!l+ed HSe
di+idieron6M T&e' &!r"onizeL &!r"onise NGBO HSe !r"oniz!n6M E,,s &!t& HLos
&(e+os se in(b!n6M Ee &!d #(nL ! ,ood ti"e Hl se di+irti3 "(&o6M S&e &!d !
s&o7er HEll! se d(&36M >e &e!led HNos (r!"os6M T&e #ood &e!ted (% HL! o"id!
se !lent36M O(r %roble"s &ei,&tened HN(estros %roble"!s se intensi#i!ron6M Eer
&!nd &(n&ed HSe le enor+3 l! "!no6M E(rr' H(%6] H\D!te %ris!]6M I"!,ine !ll t&e
7orld] H\I"!,Fn!te todo el "(ndo]6M O(r res(lts !re i"%ro+in, HHse6 Estn
"e.or!ndo n(estros res(lt!dos6M Eis bod' in#l!ted HEl (er%o se le &in&3L in#l36M
T&e t!l9s intensi#ied HL!s on+ers!iones se intensi#i!ron6M T&ese t&in,s
inter&!n,e HEst!s os!s se inter!"bi!n6M T&ese "!tters interrel!te HEstos !s(ntos
se interrel!ion!n6M T&is "!ntill! 7onZt iron HEst! "!ntill! no se %(ede %l!n&!r6M
Pot!toesL T&e %ot!toes .!""ed HL!s %!t!t!s Nen ,ener!lOL L!s %!t!t!s
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO se !"onton!ron6M T&e tr!in .er9ed HEl
tren se "o+F!6M T&e 9!n,!roo .olted HEl !n,(ro se estre"eF!6M T&e 7ol# 9e%t !li+e
HEl lobo se "!ntenF! +i+o6M Ee 9ee%s #it Hl se "!ntiene en #or"!6M S&e !nZt 9ee%
to t&!t HEll! no %(ede e)irse ! esoL !/(ello6M T&e' 9nelt Hdo7n6 HSe !rrodill!ron6M
T&e ro%e 9notted HSe &izo (n n(do en l! so,!6M S&e l!(,&ed !t (s HEll! se ri3 de
nosotros6M Ee le!ned on t&e stone Hl se !%o'3 sobre l! %iedr!6M Ee le#t t7o "in(tes
e!rlier Hl se "!r&3 dos "in(tos !ntes6M T&e 7inter len,t&ened HEl in+ierno se
!l!r,36M P!ins lessened HLos dolores se !li+i!ronL red(.eron6M Ee is ,oin, to lie
do7n ! bit Hl +! ! !ost!rse (n %oo6M Ee li#ted Hl se !lz3L ele+36M T&e' lined (%
HSe %(sieron en #il!6M S&e li+ened (% HEll! se !ni"36M T&e ,!r!,e lo9ed HL!
o&er!L El ,!r!.e se err36M S&e lod,ed in ! &otel HEll! se !lo.3 en (n &otel6M T&e
strin, loosened HL! (erd! se solt3L !#lo.36M S&e "!de !n e##ort HEll! se es#orz36M
T&e #in,er %rint "!r9ed HL! &(ell! del dedo se "!r36M >ine "!t(res HEl +ino se
%one !)e.oL !)e.!6M Eer &!r!ter "ello7ed HS( !rter se s(!+iz36M SteelL T&e
sno7 "elted HEl !ero Nen ,ener!lOL L! nie+e Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO se derriti36M So"e !ni"!ls "et!"or%&ose HAl,(nos !ni"!les se
"et!"or#ose!n6M S&e "in,led 7it& %eo%le HEll! se "ezl!b! on l! ,ente6M
Feelin,s "oder!te HLos senti"ientos se "oder!n6M mo(r li#e "o(lds NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL "olds NUSAO HT( +id! se "olde!6M S&e "o+ed to t&e le#t HEll! se
"o+i3 ! l! iz/(ierd!6M R!ts "(lti%l' HL!s r!t!s se "(lti%li!n6M T&e street n!rro7ed
HL! !lle se estre&!b!6M T&e' ne!red HSe !er!ron6M Ee obtr(ded Hl se
entro"eti36M T&e oil is oozin, HEl !eite se est es(rriendoL rez("!ndo6M T&e
7o(nd o%ened H(%6 HL! &erid! se !bri36M T&e #lood ori,in!ted &ere HL! in(nd!i3n
se ori,in3 !/(F6M mo(r &!te ossi#ied HT( odio se osi#i36M T&e 7!ter o+er#lo7ed HEl
!,(! se derr!"3L desbord36M T&e #ood o+er&e!ted HL! o"id! se re!lent36M T&e
%l!ne o+ert(rned HEl !+i3n se dio l! +(elt!6M Iron o-idizesL o-idises NGBO HEl &ierro
se o-id!6M T&ese boo9s %!9 e!sil' HEstos libros se e"%!/(et!n #il"ente6M T&e'
%!ired o## HSe e"%!re.!ron6M T&e' %!ssi+izedL %!ssi+ised NGBO HSe &iieron
%!si+osL %!si+iz!ron6M T&e 7!ll%!%er %eeled o## HEl %!%el de l! %!red se des%e,36M
S&e %etri#ied HEll! se /(ed3 de %iedr!L %etri#i36M T&e d(9 %l(n,ed HEl %!to se
z!"b(ll36M Ide!s %ol!rizeL %ol!rise NGBO HL!s ide!s se %ol!riz!n6M T&e 7&eel
%o%%ed HL! r(ed! se re+ent36M T&e boo9 is %rintin, HEl libro se est i"%ri"iendo6M
T&e bl!n9et %(9ered HL! "!nt! se !rr(,36M Eer e'es %(##ed o(t HLos o.os se le
&in&!ron ! ell!6M S&e %(lled o## &er ,l!sses HEll! se /(it3 l!s ,!#!s6M T&e li/(id
%(lled o(t HEl lF/(ido se s!li36M S&e %(lled t&ro(,& HEll! se re%(so6M T&e' %(t (%
t&ere HSe !lo.!ron !&FL !llF6M Ee re#r!ined #ro" t&!t Hl se !bst(+o de eso6M N("bers
/(!dr(%le HLos n2"eros se "(lti%li!n %or (!troL (!dri%li!n6M Ee /(i9ened Hl
se dio %ris!6M >e /(ieted do7n HNos tr!n/(iliz!"os6M S&e /(ietened do7n HEll! se
tr!n/(iliz36M T&e' r!ll' HSe re(%er!nL re%onen6M T&e boo9 re!ds e!sil' HEl libro se
lee #il"ente6M T&ose o(ntries re!r"ed HEsosL A/(ellos %!Fses se re!r"!ron6M Ee
reddened Hl se %(so ro.oL sonro.36M T&e !"o(nt red(ed HL! !ntid!d se red(.o6M
T&e r!'s re#leted HLos r!'os se re#le.!b!n6M Ee!t re#r!ted HEl !lor se re#r!t!b!6M
Ee re#(els Hl se re!b!stee de o"b(stible6M T&e +!lle' reI#or"ed HEl +!lle se
+ol+i3 ! #or"!r6M S&e re,istered HEll! se insribi3L "!tri(l36M S&e re,retted &!+in,
,one HEll! se !rre%entF! de &!ber ido6M E+er't&in, rel!tes HTodo se rel!ion!6M Lie
b!9 !nd rel!-] H\Re(0st!te ' rel.!te]6M Ee rel!-ed Hl se rel!.36M T&e' relo!ted
HSe tr!sl!d!ron6M I re"e"ber t&!t HMe !(erdo de eso6M S&ool reo%ened HL!
es(el! se +ol+i3 ! !brir6M Ee re%ented !bo(t t&is Hl se !rre%inti3 de esto6M T&e'
resettled HSe +ol+ieron ! !sent!rL re!sent!ron6M Eis &e!d rested on &er &!nd HS(
!bez! se !%o'!b! en l! "!no de ell!6M *l!sses res("ed HL!s l!ses se re!n(d!ron6M
T&e +iti" retr!ted HL! +Fti"! se retr!t36M Ati+ities re+i+ed HL!s !ti+id!des se
re!ti+!ron6M T&e lot& ri%%ed HEl %!)o se r!s,36M T&e l!"b ro!sted HEl ordero se
!s36M T&e !r"&!ir ro9ed HEl sill3n se "eF!L b!l!ne!b!6M Pries !re ro9etin,
HLos %reios se estn dis%!r!ndo6M T&e !r%et rolled (% HL! !l#o"br! se enroll36M
T&e %l!nt rooted HL! %l!nt! se enr!iz36M T&e #eelin, o# lo+e is ro(sin, HEl
senti"iento del !"or se est des%ert!ndo6M Glor' r(bs o## HL! ,lori! se es#("!6M
T&e ro7d s!ttered HL! "(ltit(d se dis%ers36M T&e t(bes sre7 HLos t(bos se
!tornill!n6M T&e 7indo7 set HL! +ent!n! se en!.36M Ee settled in A"eri! Hl se
!sent3 en A"0ri!6M S&e 7!s s&!9in, 7it& l!(,&ter HEll! se "o+F!L s!(dF! de l!
ris!6M T&e ont!iner s&!ttered HEl ontenedor se &izo !)iosL %ed!zos6M T&e bo!t
s!n9 Hl b!ro se &(ndi36M T&e s(""er s&ortened HEl +er!no se !ort36M M' .!9et
s&r!n9 HSe "e eno,i3 l! &!/(et!6M S&(t (%] H\*ll!te]6M S&e si,ned (% HEll! se
"!tri(l36M Sit do7n &ere] H\Si0nt!teL Si0ntese !/(F]6M Sre7s sl!9en HLos tornillos
se !#lo.!n6M T&e' slid do7n HSe desliz!ron6M S&e slo(&ed HEll! se re%!nti,3L
re%!n&in,36M T&e b(s s"!s&ed HEl !(tob2s se estrell36M T&e 7!t& sn!%%ed HEl
relo. Hde %(lser!6 se ro"%i36M Ee s"o9ed ! i,!r Hl se #("3 (n %(ro6M E!te so#tens
HEl odio se s(!+iz!6M Pl!sti solidi#ies HEl %lstio se solidi#i!6M >ine so(rs HEl +ino
se !,rF!6M Ti"e s%eeded (% HEl tie"%o se !eler36M T&e rin, s%l!'ed HEl !nillo se
se%!r36M T&e rel!tionsL 7!t& s%lit HL!s rel!iones se ro"%ieronL El relo. Hde
%(lser!6 se ro"%i36M T&e dise!se s%re!d HL! en#er"ed!d se e-tendi36M T&e seeds
s%re!d o(t HL!s se"ill!s se dise"in!ron6M T&ose (%s !re sellin, li9e &ot !9es
HEs!s t!z!s se estn +endiendo o"o ros/(ill!s6M Ee s/(!tted Hdo7n6 Hl se !,!&3L
se %(so de (lill!s6M T&e' !re s/(e!lin, HEstn /(e.ndose6M Rel!tions st!bilizedL
st!bilised NGBO HL!s rel!iones se est!biliz!ron6M *on+ers!tions st!lled HL!s
on+ers!iones se %!r!ron6M T&e dis(ssion st!rted HSe e"%ez3 l! dis(si3n6M Ee
ste!died Hl se est!biliz36M T&is !r steers so#t HEste o&e se ond(e s(!+e"ente6M
mo( stood (% HHt26 Te %(siste de %ie6M Eer ne9 sti##ened HEl (ello se le !,!rrot3L
%(so tenso6M Ee stoo%ed to !+oid &ittin, t&e eilin, Hl se !,!&3L inlin3 %!r!
e+it!r d!rse ontr! el te&o6M It sto%%ed HHse6 P!r36M O(r rel!tions&i% stren,t&ened
HN(estr! rel!i3n se #ort!lei36M T&e ,!r"ent stret&ed HL! %rend! Hde +estir6 se
estir36M T&e #is& s(b"er,ed HEl %ez se s("er,i36M Ee s(##o!ted Hl se so#o36M T&is
"ediine s7!llo7s %!inlessl' HEst! "ediin! se tr!,! sin dolor6M T&e &!ir is
s7in,in, HL! sill! est b!l!nendose6M S&e is t!nnin, HEll! est bronendose6M Eer
&!ir t!n,led HEl %elo se le enred3 ! ell!6M T&e sti9 t!%ers HEl %!lo se estre&!6M Ee
tensed Hl se %(so tenso6M T&e &olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO ter"in!ted Nliter!rioO
HL!s +!!iones se ter"in!ron6M Ie is t&!7in, Ho(t6 HEl &ielo se est derretiendo6M
T&e %(lle' ti,&tened HL! %ole! se tens36M T&e s&i% tilted HEl b!ro se inlin36M Ee
ti%%ed o+er Hl se !'36M S&e tired HEll! se !ns36M T&e se! tossed HEl "!r se !,it36M
Me!s(res to(,&ened HL!s "edid!s se end(reieron6M T&e' tr!ined HSe entren!ron6M
Ee tr!ns#erred to !not&er br!n& Hl se tr!ns#iri3 ! otr! s((rs!l6M T&e 7ord
tr!nsl!tes !s Ul!7V HL! %!l!br! se tr!d(e %or Ule'V6M T&is tree tr!ns%l!nts 7ell HEste
rbol se tr!Hn6s%l!nt! bien6M T&e +ol("e trebled HEl +ol("en se tri%li36M S!les
tri%led HL!s +ent!s se tri%li!ron6M Ee tro(bles !bo(t t&is Hl se %reo(%! %or esto6M
S&e t(rned !ro(ndL ro(nd NGBO HEll! se dio l! +(elt!6M Ee t(rned 7&ite Hl se %(so
bl!no6M Eer !r"s t7ined !ro(ndL ro(nd NGBO &er 7!ist HS(s br!zos se enros!ron
!lrededor de s( int(r!6M Eis &!ir t7isted HEl %elo se le enros3 ! 0l6M T&e sre7
(noiled HEl tornillo se desenros36M T&e s!ils (n#(rled HL!s +el!s se des%le,!ron6M
T&e door o(ld (nlo9 HL! %(ert! se %odF! !brir6M T&e "'ster' (nr!+elled NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL (nr!+eled NUSAO HEl "isterio se !l!r36M T&e bedo+er (nrolled
HL! ol&! se desenroll36M T&e ,l(e (nsti9ed HL! ol! se des%e,36M T&e ontent
+!%orizedL +!%orised NGBO HEl ontenido se e+!%or36M T&e t!il 7!,,ed HL! ol!L El
r!bo se "ene!b!L "o+F!6M T&e toot& 7!,,led HEl diente se "o+F!6M Ee 7o9e H(%6 !
little &(n,r' HSe des%ert3 on (n %oo de &!"bre6M Ee 7!r"ed to t&is ide! Hl se
ent(si!s"3 on est! ide!6M T&e %l!e 7!r"ed (% HEl l(,!r se !lent36M Met!l 7!r%s
HEl "et!l se o"b!6M T&is s&irt 7!s&es 7ell HEst! !"is! se l!+! bien6M T&e br!9es
7e!r HLos #renos se ,!st!n6M T&ese tro(sers 7e!r 7ell HEstos %!nt!lones se lle+!n
bien6M R(bber 7ore !7!' HEl !(&o se des,!st36M T&e s&oes 7ore do7n HLos
z!%!tos se Hdes6,!st!ron6M *lot&es 7e!r o(t HL! ro%! se ,!st!6M T&e s&oes !re
7e!rin, o(t HLos z!%!tos se estn Hdes6,!st!ndo6M A ro9 7e!t&ers HUn! ro! se
erosion!6M T&e lo(ds !re 7&is9in, !7!' HL!s n(bes se estn retir!ndo
r%id!"ente6M T&e 7!llet 7&itened HL! !rter! se %(so bl!n!6M T&e delt! 7idened
HEl delt! se ens!n&!b!6M T&e ro!d 7o(nd HL! !rreter! se torF!6M T&e b(siness is
7indin, do7n HEl ne,oio se est red(iendo %!(l!tin!"ente6M T&e ti"e is 7indin,
(% HEl tie"%o se est ter"in!ndo6M T&e #lo7er 7it&ered HL! #lor se "!r&it36M Ee
7onders !t &is o(r!,e HEll! se "!r!+ill!L !so"br! de s( +!lor6M Ee 7onders i#
'o(Zll ,o !7!' Hl se %re,(nt! si Ht26 te irs6M S&e 7orried HEll! se %reo(%!b!6M T&e
sit(!tion 7orsened HL! sit(!i3n Hse6 e"%eor36M M' s(it 7rin9led HEl tr!.e se "e
!rr(,36M T&e !%%le 'ello7ed HL! "!nz!n! se %(so !"!rill!61
E-isten !l,(nos +erbos en in,l0s$ !(n/(e %oos$ /(e son re#le-i+os$ "ientr!s /(e
en !stell!no no lo son1 E.14 T&e' "!de t&e"sel+es loo9 s&orter HE!F! /(e
%!reier!n "s b!.os6$ et1 D1 =15?@
<15:1I &os pronombres reflexivos pueden tener tambin una funcin enf!tica
He"%&!ti re#le-i+e %rono(nsL intensi+e %rono(ns6 %!r! se)!l!r (n ontr!steM
%(eden re#erirse ! (n no"bre o %rono"breM +!n en !%osii3nM +!n #re(ente"ente
detrs del s(.eto$ sobre todo en in,l0s liter!rio$ o !l #in!l$ sobre todo en in,l0s
olo/(i!l$ ' "enos #re(ente"ente detrs de (n +erbo nor"!l no !o"%!)!do de
(n !(-ili!rM URsel#L Rsel+esV +!n sie"%re !ent(!dos on est! #(ni3n11 E.14 I "'Rsel#
,o 7it& &er Hmo "is"o +o' on ell!6L I ,o "'Rsel# 7it& &er HDo' 'o "is"o on
ell!6L I ,o 7it& &er "'Rsel# HDo' on ell! 'o "is"o6M Ee &i"Rsel# is ! str!n,er &ere
Hl "is"o es (n e-tr!)o !/(F6L Ee is &i"Rsel# ! str!n,er &ere HEs 0l "is"o (n
e-tr!)o !/(F6L Ee is ! str!n,er &ere &i"Rsel# HEs (n e-tr!)o !/(F 0l "is"o6M Ee
&i"Rsel# s!'s t&!t &e doesnZt li9e it Hl "is"o die /(e no le ,(st!6L Ee s!'s t&!t &e
doesnZt li9e it &i"Rsel# Hl die /(e no le ,(st! ! 0l "is"o6M S&e &erRsel# doesnZt
drin9 it HEll! "is"! no lo bebe6L S&e doesnZt drin9 it &erRsel# HNo lo bebe ell!
"is"!6M T&e' t&e"Rsel+es oo9 t&eir "e!lsL T&e' oo9 t&eir "e!ls t&e"Rsel+esL
T&e' oo9 t&eir o7n "e!ls HEllos "is"os oin!nL *oin!n ellos "is"os6M T&e'
t&e"Rsel+es !renZt interested in t&e %l!' HEllos "is"os no estn interes!dos en l!
obr! de te!tro6L T&e' !renZt interested in t&e %l!' t&e"Rsel+es HNo estn interes!dos
en l! obr! de te!tro ellos "is"os6M mo( 'o(rRsel# s"o9e HT2 "is"o #("!s6L mo(
s"o9e 'o(rRsel# HF("!s t2 "is"o6M >e o(rRsel+es st!'ed in S!nt!nder HNosotros
"is"os nos /(ed!"os en S!nt!nder6L >e st!'ed o(rRsel+es in S!nt!nder HNos
/(ed!"os nosotros "is"os en S!nt!nder6L >e st!'ed in S!nt!nder o(rRsel+es HNos
/(ed!"os en S!nt!nder nosotros "is"os6M T&e n!tionL !rL s&i% itsel#L &ersel# is
bi, HL! n!i3n "is"!L El o&e "is"oL El b!ro "is"o es ,r!nde61
Si +!n en #(t(ro o ondiion!l si"%le$ +!n #re(ente"ente detrs del s(.eto o !l
#in!l ' "(' %oo #re(ente"ente entre el !(-ili!r ' el in#initi+o1 E.14 I "'Rsel#
7o(ldnZt do it N"s (s!doO HRmo "is"Ho$ !6 no lo &!rF!6L I 7o(ldnZt "'Rsel# do it
N"enos (s!doO Hmo R"is"Ho$ !6 no lo &!rF!6L I 7o(ldnZt do it "'Rsel# N"s (s!doO
HNo lo &!rF! 'o R"is"Ho$ !6L RsolHo$ !661
Si +!n en (n tie"%o o"%(esto$ +!n #re(ente"ente detrs del s(.eto o !l #in!l '
"enos #re(ente"ente entre el !(-ili!r ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 E.14 mo(
'o(rRsel+es &!+e ne+er done it HDosotros R"is"os no lo &!b0is &e&o n(n!6M mo(
&!+e ne+er 'o(rRsel+es done it HNo lo &!b0is &e&o +osotrHos$ !s6 R"is"Hos$ !s6L
RsolHos$ !s6 n(n!6M mo( &!+e ne+er done it 'o(rRsel+es HNo lo &!b0is &e&o n(n!
+osotrHos$ !s6 R"is"Hos$ !s6L RsolHos$ !s661
*(!ndo se re#ieren !l s(.eto$ lo "s se,(ro %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es (s!rlos
sie"%re detrs del s(.eto1
*(!ndo +!n on (n +erbo en i"%er!ti+o s(elen ir !l #in!l$ !(n/(e se re#ier!n !l
s(.eto1 E.14 Send t&e %!9et 'o(rRsel#] H\En+F! el %!/(ete t2 R"is"o]L \En+Fe el
%!/(ete Dd1 R"is"o]6$ %ero QSend 'o(rRsel# t&e %!9et]Q H\En+F!Hte6 el %!/(ete ! ti
R"is"o]L \En+FeHse6 el %!/(ete ! Dd1 R"is"o]6M P&one t&e" 'o(rRsel#] H\Ll"!les
%or tel0#ono t2 R"is"o]L \Ll"eles %or tel0#ono Dd1 R"is"o]61
*(!ndo se re#iere !l s(.eto ' es !trib(to$ +! detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o o"o Qbe$
#eel$ loo9$ see"QM se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n "enos #re(ente"ente el !d.eti+o
%osesi+o Hh !d.eti+o6 h Qsel#Q1 E.14 T&!t %erson 7!s &erRsel# HA/(ell! %erson! er!
ell! R"is"!L !RsF6M S&e doesnZt loo9 &erRsel# HEll! no %!ree ell! R"is"!6M Ee is &is
old sel# !,!in Hl +(el+e ! ser el de !ntes61
*(!ndo se re#ieren !l o"%le"ento direto +!n detrs de 0ste1 E.14 S&e "et t&e oo9
&i"Rsel# HEll! onoi3 !l "isR"Fsi"o oineroL !l oinero en %erRson!61
*(!ndo se re#ieren !l o"%le"ento indireto +!n detrs de 0ste1 E.14 Ee 7rote to
M!r' &erRsel# Hl esribi3 ! M!rF! R"is"!L l! "isR"Fsi"! M!rF!61
*(!ndo se re#ieren !l o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l +!n detrs de 0ste1 E.14 Ee 7ent
to t&e %!r9 itsel# Hl Hse6 #(e !l %!r/(e "is"o61
D!n detrs de (n +erbo intr!nsiti+o on o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l1
E.14 T&e' tr(sted in t&e"sel+es H*on#i!b!n en sF "is"Hos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s6 "is"Hos$
!s661
D!n detrs de (n! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,1 E.14 7it&o(t oo9in, t&e"Rsel+es Hsin
oin!r ellHos$ !s6 R"is"Hos$ !s661
D!n detrs de (n in#initi+o1 E.14 It is i"%ossible #or &ildren to do it t&e"Rsel+es HEs
i"%osible %!r! los ni)os &!erlo ellos R"is"os61
P(eden ir t!"bi0n en (n sint!,"! %re%osiion!l detrs o del!nte de (n s(.eto$ detrs
de (n o"%le"ento direto$ et1 E.14 T&e "(si #or itRsel# is #!sin!tin, HL! "2si!
%or sF R"is"! es #!sin!nte6M In itsel#$ t&e ide! is ,ood HEn sF "is"!$ l! ide! es
b(en!6L T&e ide! is ,ood in itsel# HL! ide! es b(en! en sF "is"!6M S&e li9es t&e
"(si in itRsel# HA ell! le ,(st! l! "2si! en sF R"is"!61
Detrs de l!s %re%osiiones Q!s #or$ b(t$ b(t #or$ e-e%t$ e-e%t #or$ li9e$ no ot&er
t&!n$ none ot&er t&!n$ ot&er t&!nQ$ se %onen los %rono"bres %erson!les ob.eto en
in,l0s estnd!rM en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %(eden %oner t!"bi0n los %rono"bres
re#le-i+os %ero es "s en#tio1 E.14 Nobod' b(t t&e" Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 no
en#tioOL t&e"sel+es Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!do4 en#tioO o(ld do it HN!die e-e%to
ellosL ellos "is"os %odHr6F! &!erlo6M An'bod' e-e%t &er Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 no
en#tioOL &ersel# Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!do4 en#tioOL s&e Nliter!rioO "i,&t &el%
H*(!l/(ier!L *(!l/(ier %erson! e-e%to ell!L ell! "is"! %odHr6F! !'(d!r6M
So"ebod' li9e &i" Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 no en#tioOL &i"sel# Nolo/(i!l4 "enos
(s!do4 en#tioO HAl,(ien o"o 0lL 0l "is"o6M Ee is ! S%!ni!rd li9e "e Nestnd!r4
"s (s!do4 no en#tioOL "'sel# Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!do4 en#tioO Hl es es%!)ol
o"o 'oL 'o "is"o6M E+er'bod' !n .("% li9e "e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 no
en#tioOL "'sel# Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!do4 en#tioO HTodo el "(ndo %(ede s!lt!r
o"o 'oL 'o "is"o61
Detrs de Q!sQ %reedid! de Q!sQ 111$ Qt&!nQ %reedid! de Q"oreL lessQ 111$ se %onen los
%rono"bres %erson!les s(.eto h +erbo en in,l0s estnd!r ' los %rono"bres
%erson!les s(.eto en in,l0s liter!rio$ en USA %rini%!l"ente$ (!ndo son
on.(niones ' los %rono"bres %erson!les ob.eto o los %rono"bres re#le-i+os en
in,l0s olo/(i!l (!ndo son %re%osiiones1 E.14 S&e is !s (n&e!lt&' !s Non.(ni3nO
I Ns(.etoO !" Nestnd!rOL !s Non.(ni3nO I Ns(.etoO Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL
!s N%re%osii3nO "e Nolo/(i!l4 !trib(toOL !s N%re%osii3nO "'sel# Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!do4 en#tio4 !trib(toO HEll! tiene t!n %o! s!l(d o"o 'oL 'oL 'oL 'o
"is"Ho$ !66M Ee "!de t&e s!"e "ist!9e t&!t I "!de Nestnd!rOL Ee "!de t&e s!"e
"ist!9e !s Non.(ni3nO I Ns(.etoO Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL !s N%re%osii3nO
"e Nolo/(i!l4 !trib(toOL !s N%re%osii3nO "'sel# Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!do4 en#tio4
!trib(toO Hl o"eti3 el "is"o error /(e 'o6M S&e did it better t&!n Non.(ni3nO &e
did Nestnd!rOL t&!n Non.(ni3nO &e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL t&!n
N%re%osii3nO &i" Nolo/(i!l4 !trib(toOL t&!n N%re%osii3nO &i"sel# Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!do4 en#tio4 !trib(toO HEll! lo &izo "e.or /(e 0lL 0lL 0lL 0l "is"o6M Ee is
"ore des%oti t&!n Non.(ni3nO s&e Ns(.etoO is Nestnd!rOL t&!n Non.(ni3nO s&e
Nliter!rio4 s(.eto4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL t&!n N%re%osii3nO &er Nolo/(i!l4 !trib(toOL
t&!n N%re%osii3nO &ersel# Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!do4 en#tio4 !trib(toO Hl es "s
des%3tio /(e ell!L ell!L ell!L ell! "is"!61
*(!ndo Q!s$ b(t$ li9e$ t&!nQ +!n se,(id!s de (n %rono"bre %erson!l s(.eto h (n
+erbo son on.(niones$ no %re%osiiones1
*(!ndo Q!ndQ ( otr! on.(ni3n oordin!d! (ne (n no"bre o %rono"bre !nterior !
(n %rono"bre %osterior se %(eden %oner t!nto los %rono"bres %erson!les en in,l0s
liter!rio o"o los %rono"bres re#le-i+os$ /(e son "s en#tios$ en in,l0s
olo/(i!lM %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento
indireto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM
&!' ,r!"tios /(e %re#ieren (s!r s3lo el %rono"bre %erson!l ' no el %rono"bre
re#le-i+o en#tio1 E.14 Eis ene"' !ndL or &e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 no en#tioOL
&i"sel# Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!do4 en#tioO "!de !n !,ree"ent HS( ene"i,o 'L o
0lL 0l "is"o &iieron (n %!to6M M!,,ie !nd &e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 no en#tioOL
&i"sel# Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!do4 en#tioO !re %ed!nti HM!r,!rit! ' 0lL 0l "is"o
son %ed!ntes6M Ee !nd s&e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 no en#tioOL &ersel# Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!do4 en#tioO 7ere on+ined Hl ' ell!L ell! "is"! se on+enieron6M Ee
9i9ed &er !ndL or "e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 no en#tioOL "'sel# Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!do4 en#tioO Hl le dio (n! %!t!d! ! ell! 'L o ! "FL "F "is"o6M S&e s!7
t&e" !ndL or "e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 no en#tioOL "'sel# Nolo/(i!l4 "enos
(s!do4 en#tioO HEll! les +io ! ellos 'L o ! "FL "F "is"Ho$ !66M Ee s!id it to &er !ndL
or "e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 no en#tioOL "'sel# Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!do4
en#tioO Hl se lo di.o ! ell! 'L o ! "FL "F "is"o6M T&is is t&!n9s to >illie !ndL or
(s Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 no en#tioOL o(rsel+es Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!do4 en#tioO
HEsto es ,r!i!s ! G(iller"Hit6o 'L o ! nosotrosL nosotros "is"os6M Ee !"e 7it&
t&e" !ndL or &er Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 no en#tioOL &ersel# Nolo/(i!l4 "enos
(s!do4 en#tioO Hl +ino on ellos 'L o on ell!L ell! "is"!61
Detrs de l!s %re%osiiones Q!"on,$ besides$ bet7eenQ$ se %(eden %oner t!nto los
%rono"bres %erson!les ob.eto o"o los %rono"bres re#le-i+os$ /(e son "s
en#tios1 E.14 T&e' s&!red e+er't&in, !"on, t&e"L t&e"sel+es H*o"%!rtF!n todo
entre ellosL ellos "is"os6M No one 9no7s besides R&erL &erRsel# HN!die lo s!be
!de"sL !%!rte de Rell!L ell! R"is"!6M bet7een "eL "'sel# !nd t&e %resident Hentre
el %residente ' 'o6M T&in,s !renZt ri,&t bet7een (sL o(rsel+es HL!s os!s no +!n
bien entre nosotrosL nosotros "is"os6M Stritl' bet7een (sL o(rsel+es$ is it tr(eT
HEstrit!"ente entre nosotrHos$ !s6$ Wes +erd!dT6M T&e' di+ided t&e "one' bet7een
t&e"L t&e"sel+es HSe di+idieron el dinero entre ellosL ellos "is"os6M T&e tre!s(re
7!s di+ided bet7een t&e"L t&e"sel+es HSe di+idieron el tesoro entre ellosL ellos
"is"os6M T&e t7o 7o"en &!d t&e b!b' bet7een t&e"L t&e"sel+es HL!s dos
"(.eres tenF!n !l ni)oL ! l! ni)! entre l!s dos6M Terene !nd Feliit' &!+e lost ! lot
o# "one' bet7een t&e"L t&e"sel+es HTerenio ' Feliit!s &!n %erdido "(&o
dinero entre los dos6M Ee sent ! letter to MrsH16 Milner !nd "eL "'sel# Hl en+i3 (n!
!rt! ! l! Sr!1 M1 ' ! "FL "F "is"Ho$ !66M T&e' s&!red e+er't&in, bet7een N8OL
!"on, N: o "sO t&e" Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!do4 no en#tioOL t&e"sel+es Nestnd!r4
"enos (s!do4 en#tioO H*o"%!rtF!n todo entre ellosL ellos "is"os61
Detrs de Qinl(din,Q ' del!nte de Qinl(dedQ se %(eden %oner t!nto los
%rono"bres %erson!les o"o los %rono"bres re#le-i+os$ /(e son "s en#tios1
E.14 T&ere 7ill be t&ree$ inl(din, 'o(L 'o(rsel# HE!br tres$ inl('0ndote ! tiL ti
"is"o6M Ee 7!nts e+er'one to &el%$ 'o(L 'o(rsel# inl(ded Hl /(iere /(e todo el
"(ndo !'(de$ inl(ido t2L t2 "is"o6M All o# (s$ "'sel# inl(ded$ &!+e to ,o HTodos
nosotros$ inl(ido 'o$ Hnos6 tene"os /(e ir61
A +ees$ el %rono"bre re#le-i+o /(iere deir /(e lo &!e l! %erson! en (esti3n %or
sF "is"! sin !'(d! de n!die ' en este !so s(ele %onerse !l #in!l de l! or!i3n ' +!
!ent(!do1 E.14 Ee !s9ed t&e /(estion &i"Rsel# HEizo l! %re,(nt! 0l R"is"o6M S&e
does it &erRsel# HLo &!e ell! R"is"!L ell! Rsol!6M >e do t&!t o(rRsel+es HE!e"os eso
nosotros R"is"osL nosotros Rsolos6M T&e' ,o t&e"Rsel+es HD!n ellos R"is"osL ellos
Rsolos6M S&e "!de !ll t&e !9es &erRsel# HEizo todos los %!steles ell! R"is"!L ell!
Rsol!61
Detrs de l!s %re%osiiones Q!bo(t$ !ro(nd$ be&indQ$ se s(ele %oner el %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en +ez del %rono"bre re#le-i+o1
Los %rono"bres re#le-i+os se %(eden (s!r t!"bi0n !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n en
in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r! indi!r 0n#!sis (!ndo se re#ieren ! (n! %erson!$ no ! (n!
os!M no obst!nte$ se (s!n "(' %oo !sF1 E.14 Eersel#$ s&e didnZt "ention it HEll!
"is"! no lo "enion361
Los %rono"bres re#le-i+os on(erd!n on l! %erson! ! l! /(e se re#ieren en
,0nero$ n2"ero ' %erson!1
L!s or!iones re#le-i+!s estn en !ti+! ' no %(eden ir en %!si+!1
<15;1I Kronombres rec(procos4 e!& ot&erL one !not&erM e!& ot&er NQel (no !l otroL
l! (n! ! l! otr!L "(t(!"enteQ (!ndo se re#iere ! dos %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s '!
"enion!dosM Qlos (nos ! los otrosL l!s (n!s ! l!s otr!sL "(t(!"enteQ (!ndo se
re#iere ! "s de dos %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s '! "enion!dosM %(ede ir en
,eniti+o s!.3nOM one !not&er NQel (no !l otroL l! (n! ! l! otr!L "(t(!"enteQ (!ndo
se re#iere ! dosM Qlos (nos ! los otrosL l!s (n!s ! l!s otr!sL "(t(!"enteQ (!ndo se
re#iere ! "s de dosM %(ede ir en ,eniti+o s!.3nOM !"bos %(eden re#erirse ! dos o
"s %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s ' no &!' !%en!s di#ereni! entre (no ' otro$ %ero
&!' %erson!s /(e (s!n Qe!& ot&erQ %!r! dos ' Qone !not&erQ %!r! tres o "sM Qe!&
ot&erQ ' Qone !not&erQ son reF%roos$ no re#le-i+osM %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de
o"%le"ento direto on +erbos nor"!les o"o U!(se$ bl!"e$ ons(lt$ (ddle$
e"br!e$ en,!,e$ #i,&t$ &el%$ &(,$ &(rt$ 9iss$ 9no7$ lo+e$ "!rr'$ "!t&$ "eet$
to(&V$ de o"%le"ento indireto on +erbos nor"!les o"o U,i+e$ rel!te$ sendV$
de o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l on +erbos nor"!les o"o U!,ree$
!ltern!te$ !r,(e$ b!l!ne$ l!s&$ oinide$ ollide$ o"bine$ o""(ni!te$ on#lit$
ons(lt$ ontend$ ontr!st$ on+erse$ oIo%er!te$ dis!,ree$ en,!,e$ inte,r!te$ "!te$
"er,e$ "i-$ %l!'$ /(!rrel$ str(,,leV$ /(e +!n se,(idos de l! %re%osii3n U7it&V '
t!"bi0n on otros +erbos nor"!les /(e lle+!n otr!s %re%osiiones4 %!rt #ro" e!&
ot&er$ et1M !l,(nos +erbos %(eden ir se,(idos de +!ri!s %re%osiiones4 o"%ete
H!,!instL 7it&6$ orres%ond HtoL 7it&6$ loo9 H!#terL !tL #or6$ t!l9 HtoL 7it&6$ #i,&t
H!,!instL 7it&6M los %rono"bres reF%roos no %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de s(.eto en
in,l0s liter!rioM sin e"b!r,o$ en in,l0s olo/(i!l %(eden &!er t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de
s(.eto1 E.14 T&e' !re "!de #or e!& ot&erL one !not&er HEstn &e&os el (no %!r! el
otro6M T&e' !re #ond o# e!& ot&erL o# one !not&er No"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!lO HSe tienen !ri)o Hel (no !l otroL los (nos ! los otros66M mo( ,!+e !
9iss to e!& ot&erL to one !not&er No"%le"ento indiretoO HOs disteis (n beso Hel
(no !l otroL los (nos ! los otros66M T&e' &el% e!& ot&erL one !not&er No"%le"ento
diretoO HSe !'(d!n Hel (no !l otroL los (nos ! los otros66M T&e' &(rt e!& ot&erL one
!not&er No"%le"ento diretoO HEllos se &iieron d!)o el (no !l otroL los (nos ! los
otrosL Ell!s se &iieron d!)o l! (n! ! l! otr!L l!s (n!s ! l!s otr!s6M T&e' &(rt e!&
ot&erZsL one !not&erZs !r" No"%le"ento diretoO HSe &iieron d!)o el (no !l otroL
los (nos ! los otros en el br!zo6M T&e' 9no7 e!& ot&erL one !not&er No"%le"ento
diretoO HSe onoen el (no !l otroL los (nos ! los otros6M T&e' li9e e!& ot&erZsL
one !not&erZs !r No"%le"ento diretoO HA !d! (no le ,(st! el o&e del otro6M
T&e' sent ! ,i#tL %resent to e!& ot&erL to one !not&er No"%le"ento indiretoO HSe
en+i!ron (n re,!lo el (no !l otroL los (nos ! los otros6M All t&e ,irls loo9ed !t e!&
ot&erL one !not&er No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HTod!s l!s &i!s se
"ir!ron Hl!s (n!s ! l!s otr!s66M T&e' !re t!l9in, !bo(t e!& ot&erZsL !bo(t one
!not&erZs %roble"s No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HEstn &!bl!ndo de
s(s %roble"!s HHel6 (no on Hel6 otroL Hlos6 (nos on Hlos6 otros66M T&e' %l!'ed 7it&
e!& ot&er Nestnd!rOL 7it& one !not&er Nestnd!rOL one 7it& !not&er Nliter!rioO
No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO Hj(,!ron el (no on el otroL los (nos on
otros6M T&e' donZt 9no7 7&!t e!& ot&er Ns(.eto4 olo/(i!lO 7!nts HNo s!ben lo /(e
(no ' otro /(ieren61
*(!ndo +!n en ,eniti+o s!.3n se esriben Ue!& ot&erZsV Not&ersZ4 no %onerOL one
!not&erZs N!not&ersZ4 no %onerO1
No obst!nte$ en in,l0s olo/(i!l ! +ees no se %onen los %rono"bres reF%roos
%or/(e se sobrHe6entienden1 E.14 T&e' di+ored HSe di+ori!ron6M T&e' #i,&t HSe
%ele!n6M T&e' &(,,ed HSe !br!z!ron6M T&e' 9issed HSe bes!ron6M T&e' "!rried l!st
'e!r HSe !s!ron el !)o %!s!do6M >e "et t7o "ont&s !,o HNos onoi"osL +i"os
&!e dos "eses6M T&e' %!rted HSe se%!r!ron6M T&e' /(!rrelled NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL /(!rreled NUSAO HSe %ele!ron6M T&e' se%!r!ted HSe se%!r!ron61
En in,l0s liter!rio se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n Ue!&V de s(.eto ' Ut&e ot&erHs6V detrs
de (n +erbo1 E.14 E!& &(rtsL lo+es t&e ot&erL t&e ot&ers H*!d! (no &!e d!)oL !"!
!l otroL ! los otros6M E!& sent ! ,i#tL %resent to t&e ot&erL ot&ers H*!d! (no en+i3
(n re,!lo !l otroL ! los otros6M E!& is #ond o# t&e ot&erL ot&ers H*!d! (no tiene
!ri)o !l otroL ! los otros6M E!& &(rt t&e ot&erZs !r" H*!d! (no se &izo d!)o en el
br!zo6M E!& li9es t&e ot&erZs !r HA !d! (no le ,(st! el o&e del otro61
*on+iene +er l! di#ereni! entre (n +erbo re#le-i+o4 T&e' loo9ed !t t&e"sel+es HSe
"ir!ron ! ellos "i"os6M >e lo+e o(rsel+es HNos !"!"os ! nosotros "is"os6 ' (n
+erbo reF%roo4 T&e' loo9ed !t e!& ot&erL to one !not&er HSe "ir!ron el (no !l
otroL los (nos ! los otros6M >e lo+e e!& ot&erL one !not&er No"%le"ento diretoO
HNos !"!"os el (no !l otroL los (nos ! los otros61
<15<1I Los pronombres numerales +!n solos ' %(eden ser4
a+ CardinalesM son los /(e "s se (s!n1 b+ Crdinales1 c+ Kartitivos,
fraccionarios o 'uebrados1 d+ Kroporcionales, mBltiplos o mBltiples. e+
Qultiplicativos.
&os pronombres numerales cardinales son4 C Nse lee UoV Lo(L$ Uo&V Lo(L NoO
Qno(,&tQ NGB4 %!r! los n2"eros de tel0#ono$ de !(tob(ses$ de &!bit!iones de
&otel$ de re#ereni!$ de #e&!s$ de &or!s ' detrs de (n dei"!lO$ zero NUSA
%rini%!l"enteM en todos los sentidos %ero es%ei!l"ente %!r! l! te"%er!t(r! ' en
onte-tos ientF#ios$ "0dios ' eon3"iosM %!r! l!s #e&!s se (s! Uo&V$ no
UzeroVO$ nil NoO Qnot&in,Q NGB4 en #2tbol ' l! "!'or %!rte de los de%ortesO$ zero NoO
Qnot&in,Q N(O Qo&Q NUSA4 en #2tbol ' l! "!'or %!rte de los de%ortesO$ i%&er Nen
sentido #i,(r!do %rini%!l"enteO$ not&in, N"!te"ti!sO$ no(,&t NGB4 "s (s!doOL
n!(,&t NUSA4 "enos (s!doO N%!r! ont!r$ l! n("er!i3n$ el +!lor Hn("0rio6 ' el
si,noM del!nte de (n dei"!l en GBO$ zi% NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ lo+e Nen tenis$ s/(!s& '
!l,(nos otros de%ortesO$ d(9 Nen rF/(etO$ !(,&t Nliter!rioOL o(,&t Nliter!rioO$ zil&
NUSA4 +(l,!rO Hero6M C1<B: Nse lee Q%oint #i+e nine Rt&ree NoO no(,&t NGBOL zero
NUSA %rini%!l"enteO %oint #i+e nine Rt&reeVM el !ento re!e en el 2lti"o n2"ero
de l! i#r! on dei"!lesM no se lee U#i+e &(ndred !nd ninet'It&reeVO HC$<B:6$ 5 oneM
51CC? Nse lee Qone %oint o& Lo(L o& Lo(L NGBO Rse+enL one %oint no(,&t no(,&t NGBO
Rse+enL one %oint zero zero NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Rse+enO H5$CC?6$ 8 t7o$ : t&ree$ ;
#o(r$ < #i+e$ <1: Nse lee Q#i+e %oint t&reeQO H<$: ino o"! tres6$ = si-$ ? se+en$ @
ei,&t$ B nine$ 5C ten$ 55 ele+en$ 58 t7el+e$ 5: t&irRteen$ 5; #o(rRteen$ 5< #i#Rteen$ 5=
si-Rteen$ 5? se+enRteen$ 5@ ei,&Rteen$ 5B nineRteen$ 8C t7ent'$ :C Rt&irt'$ ;C R#ort'$ <C
R#i#t'$ =C Rsi-t'$ ?C Rse+ent'$ @C Rei,&t'$ BC Rninet'M de 8C ! BB se !)!de diret!"ente
el n2"ero ! l! deen! on ,(i3n N"s (s!doO o sin ,(i3n N"enos (s!doO4 85
t7ent'Ione N"s (s!doOL t7ent' one N"enos (s!doO$ :; t&irt'I#o(r N"s (s!doOL
t&irt' #o(r N"enos (s!doO$ BBL ninet'Inine N"s (s!doOL ninet' nine N"enos (s!doOM
en in,l0s liter!rio se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n %ri"ero l! (nid!d ' l(e,o l! deen!4
se+enHI6!ndHI6#ort' Nr!roO Hsiete ' (!rent!6M 5CC ! Nolo/(i!lOL one Nen
"!te"ti!sO &(ndredL one o& o& NGBOL one zero zero NUSA %rini%!l"enteOM !L
one &(ndred !nd t7ent'L one N!4 no %onerO &(ndred t7ent' NUSAO Hiento +einte6M
(!ndo 5CC +! detrs de otro n2"ero &!' /(e deir Qone &(ndredQ$ no Q! &(ndredQM
se die Qninet'Inine ti"es o(t o# ! N"s (s!doOL one N"enos (s!do ' "s en#tioO
&(ndredQ Hno+ent! ' n(e+e +ees de ien6M 8CCL t7o &(ndredL t7o o& o& Lo(L NGBOL
t7o zero zero NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ :CCL t&ree &(ndredL t&ree o& o& NGBOL t&ree
zero zero NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ ;CCL #o(r &(ndredL #o(r o& o& NGBOL #o(r zero
zero NUSA %rini%!l"enteOM BCCL nine &(ndredL nine o& o& NGBOL nine zero zero
NUSAOM detrs de (n! enten! se !)!de U!ndV ' el n2"ero /(e se desee en GB '
USA ' se %(ede$ o"o o(rre sie"%re en !stell!no$ no %oner Q!ndQ en USAM se
!ent2! el 2lti"o n2"ero de l! !ntid!d4 8C: t7o o& Lo(L NGBOL zero NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO Rt&reeL t7o &(ndred !nd Rt&reeL t7o &(ndred Nsin U!ndVO Rt&ree
NUSAOM <<CL #i+e R#i#t'L #i+e #i+e Ro& NGBOL Rzero NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL #i+e
&(ndred !nd R#i#t'L #i+e &(ndred Nsin U!ndVO R#i#t' NUSAOM @<BL ei,&t #i+e RnineL ei,&t
&(ndred !nd R#i#t'HI6nineL ei,&t &(ndred Nsin U!ndVO R#i#t'HI6nine NUSAOM 5$CCCL !L
one t&o(s!ndM de 5$CC5 ! 5$BBB se (s! "s ' es "e.or %oner Qone N"s en#tio '
%reisoO t&o(s!ndQ /(e Q! t&o(s!ndQ$ %ero se %(eden %oner los dos$ !(n/(e Q!Q se
(s! "(&o "enos de 5$5CC ! 5$BBB /(e de 5$CC5 ! 5$CBBM ! %!rtir de "il se %one
(n! o"! en in,l0s ' (n %(nto en !stell!no$ %ero t!"bi0n se %(ede de.!r (n
es%!io t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no donde est l! o"! sin %onerl!M en in,l0s
de 5$CCC ! B$BBB se %(ede s(%ri"ir l! o"! t!"bi0nM se %(eden deir de dos
"!ner!s l!s enten!s de 51CCC &!st! 81CCC %rini%!l"ente ' ! +ees &!st! B1BCC4
5$;CCL ! N"enos (s!doOL one N"s (s!doO t&o(s!ndH$6 #o(r &(ndredL #o(rteen
&(ndredM 5$58<L ! N"enos (s!doOL one N"s (s!doO Rt&o(s!ndH$6 one &(ndred !nd
Rt7ent'HI6#i+eL one &(ndred Nsin U!ndVO Rt7ent'HI6#i+e NUSAO N%!r! el n2"eroOM si l!s
enten!s lle+!n (nid!des o deen!s se s(ele s(%ri"ir U&(ndred !ndV %!r! l!s #e&!s4
558< Nsin o"! %!r! l! #e&!O ele+en Rt7ent'HI6#i+e None t&o(s!nd4 no %oner %!r! l!s
#e&!sOM 5$5C@L ! N"enos (s!doOL one N"s (s!doO Rt&o(s!ndH$6 one &(ndred !nd
Rei,&tL one N!4 no %onerO Rt&o(s!ndH$6 one &(ndred Nsin U!ndVO Rei,&t NUSAOM 5$<?:L !
N"enos (s!doOL one N"s (s!doO Rt&o(s!ndH$6 #i+e &(ndred !nd Rse+ent'HI6t&reeL one
N!4 no %onerO Rt&o(s!ndH$6 #i+e &(ndred Nsin U!ndVO Rse+ent'HI6t&ree NUSAOM 5$BB@ !
N"enos (s!doOL one N"s (s!doO Rt&o(s!nd nine &(ndred !nd Rninet'Iei,&tL one N!4
no %onerO Rt&o(s!nd nine &(ndred Nsin U!ndVO Rninet'Iei,&t NUSAOM ! %!rtir de "il se
%one (n %(nto en !stell!no ' (n! o"! en in,l0sM ?$CCCL se+en t&o(s!ndM ?=$CCCL
se+ent'HI6si- t&o(s!ndM 5CC$CCCL !L one &(ndred t&o(s!nd$ 5$CCC$CCCL !L one
"illionM 5$CCC$CC@L one "illion !nd Rei,&tL one "illion Nsin U!ndVO Rei,&t NUSAOM no
se %(ede %oner U!V (!ndo U"illionV$ et1$ +! se,(ido de enten!s$ "ilesM
5$CCC$;;<L one "illion #o(r &(ndred !nd R#ort'HI6#i+eL one "illion #o(r &(ndred Nsin
U!ndVO R#ort'HI6#i+e NUSAOM 5$CCC$CCC$CCCL one t&o(s!nd "illionL one "illi!rd NGB4
!ntesOL !L one billion NUSA ' !&or! en GBO H"il "illones6M 5$CCC$CCC$CCC$CCCL !L
one billion NGB4 !ntesO$ one t&o(s!nd billion NGB4 !&or!OL !L one trillion NUSAO
Hbill3n6M !L one /(!drillion N5< erosO NUSAO H"il billones6M !L one trillion NGBOL !L
one /(intillion NUSAO N5@ erosO Htrill3n6M !L one se-tillion N85 erosO NUSAO H"il
trillones6M !L one /(!drillion NGBOL ! se%tillion NUSAO N8; erosO H(!trill3n6M !nL
one otillion N8? erosO NUSAO H"il (!trillones6M !L one /(intillion NGBOL !L one
nonillion NUSAO N:C erosO H(n /(intill3n6M !L one deillion N:: erosO NUSAO H"il
/(intillones6M !L one se-tillion NGBOL !nL one (ndeillion NUSAO N:= erosO
Hse-till3n6M !L one d(odeillion N:B erosO NUSAO H"il se-tillones6M !L one se%tillion
NGBOL !L one tredeillion NUSAO N;8 erosO Hse%till3n6M !L one /(!tt(ordeillion N;<
erosO NUSAO H"il se%tillones6M !nL one otillion NGBOL !L one /(indeillion NUSAO
N;@ erosO Hotill3n6M !L one se-deillion N<5 erosO NUSAO H"il otillones6M !L one
nonillion NGBOL !L one se%tendeillion NUSAO N<; erosO Hnonill3n6M !nL one
otodeillion N<? erosO NUSAO H"il nonillones6M !L one deillion NGBOL !L one
no+e"deillion NUSAO N=C erosO Hdeill3n6M !L one +i,intillion N=: erosO NUSAO
H"il deillones6M !L one entillion N=CC erosO NGBO Hentill3n6M %(eden ir %reedidos
de UnotV1
El (so de Qtrillion$ /(!drillion$ /(intillion$ se-tillion$ se%tillion$ otillion$ nonillion$
deillionQ$ et1$ es o"o el de Q"illion$ billionQ1 D1 :1@155
Entre dos i#r!s de !)os o %,in!s ! %!rtir de 5CC %!r! si,ni#i!r UentreL de 111 !V no
se %onen l!s enten!s o "iles detrs del ,(i3n1 E.14 5BCIB?$ 8CC5I@1
A %!rtir de "il se %one (n %(nto en !stell!no ' (n! o"! en in,l0s %ero t!"bi0n se
%(ede de.!r (n es%!io en GB donde est l! o"! sin %onerl!M no se %one o"! en
los n2"eros /(e indi!n #e&!s$ &e/(es$ ontr!tos$ %,in!s$ %3liz!s de se,(ros$
&!bit!iones$ tel0#onos$ !lles1
Fre(ente"ente los n2"eros !rdin!les$ se!n !d.eti+os o %rono"bres$ se esriben
en #or"! de %!l!br!s on letr!s Hone$ t7o$ et16 (!ndo +!n !l %rini%io de (n!
or!i3n ' en "(&os otros !sosM sin e"b!r,o$ se esriben en #or"! de i#r!s H5$ 8$
et16 (!ndo se (s!n on direiones$ 3di,os %ost!les$ #e&!s$ dei"!les$
#r!iones$ !(to%ist!s$ e-%resiones ientF#i!s$ e-%resiones "!te"ti!s$
e-%resiones t0ni!s$ est!dFsti!s$ series$ t!bl!s$ sF"bolos o !bre+i!iones$ n2"eros
de tel0#ono$ et1M se %(eden esribir de l!s dos #or"!s$ !(n/(e "s en #or"! de
i#r!s$ (!ndo se (s!n on tie"%o$ te"%er!t(r!$ res(lt!dos de o"%etiiones
de%orti+!s$ l!tit(d$ lon,it(d$ %esos$ "edid!s$ !s(ntos "onet!rios$ %orent!.es$
%,in!s$ %ro%oriones$ s!l"os$ n2"eros ! %!rtir de BB si no +!n !l %rini%io de l!
or!i3n$ et1M (!ndo los n2"eros !rdin!les son no"bres de !lles se esriben on
letr!s &!st! 58 ' de l!s dos "!ner!s ! %!rtir de 5:M de 5C ! 5B se (s!n "s en i#r!s
/(e on letr!sM U&(ndred$ t&o(s!nd$ "illionV se (s!n "s on letr!s /(e en i#r!sM
(!ndo (n n2"ero se %(ede esribir on dos %!l!br!s es reo"end!ble esribirlo
on letr!s ' (!ndo se neesit!n tres o "s %!l!br!s es reo"end!ble esribirlo on
i#r!sM no obst!nte$ si &!' (n ontr!ste entre dos n2"eros$ se esriben los dos on
letr!s o en #or"! de i#r!s HEe &!s ; N#o(r4 no %onerO$ not ;CL #o(r N;4 no %onerO$ not
se+en6$ %ero si no &!' ontr!ste se %(eden esribir (no on letr!s ' el otro en #or"!
de i#r!s HS&e bo(,&t t&ree Hboo9s6 #or <C &ildren61 D1 ;15=15?$ ;1;51B
*(!ndo es (n! i#r! l!r,! se !ent2!n l!s %!l!br!s Qt&o(s!nd$ "illion$ billionQ$ et1$
!(n/(e no Q&(ndredQ$ ' el 2lti"o n("ero1 E.14 t7o R"illion$ se+en &(ndred
Rt&o(s!nd$ one &(ndred !nd Rse+enL one &(ndred Rse+en NUSAO1
En de%ortes se die QT&e' 7on #i+e not&in,L #i+e to not&in, Nolo/(i!lOL #i+e nil
NGB %rini%!l"ente4 estnd!rOL #i+e to nil NGB4 olo/(i!lOL !t #i+e to zeroL #i+e zero
NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 estnd!rOL #i+e to zero NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 estnd!rOL #i+e
o& NUSAOL #i+e zi% NUSA4 olo/(i!lOQ HG!n!ron ino ! ero6M t&irt'Ilo+e NtenisO
Htreint! ero6$ et1
QOneQ H(nHo$ !64 +! on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.eto o !trib(to %!r! %erson!s '
os!sM se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble '! "enion!do$ nor"!l"ente %reedido del
!rtF(lo indeter"in!doM +! !ent(!do ' se (s! %!r! en#!tiz!r /(e es Q(nHo$ !6Q ' no
QtresQ o QdiezQM se (s! en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ND1 =1:<OM %(ede
ir se,(ido de (n sint!,"! %re%osiion!l on Qo#Q ' (n no"bre en %l(r!l o en
sin,(l!r$ si es oleti+o$ %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de Qo#Q ' (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM Qone
o#Q del!nte de (n no"bre o %rono"bre en %l(r!l on +erbo en sin,(l!r en in,l0s
estnd!r o in,l0s liter!rio si &!e de s(.eto %ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l ! +ees on
+erbo en %l(r!lM (!ndo Qone o#Q +! del!nte de (n no"bre o %rono"bre en %l(r!l h
%rono"bre rel!ti+o$ el +erbo /(e +! detrs del %rono"bre rel!ti+o s(ele ir en %l(r!l
en in,l0s estnd!r o liter!rio$ %ero %(ede ir en sin,(l!r en in,l0s olo/(i!lM QoneQ
se,(ido de Uot&erV si,ni#i! otrHo$ !6M QoneQ H(nHo$ !66 %(ede ir en orrel!i3n on
Q!not&erQ HotrHo$ !66 o Qt&e ot&erHs6Q Hel otro$ los otrosL l! otr!$ l!s otr!s6M QoneQ H(nHo$
!66 %(ede ir se,(ido de Uor t&e ot&erV Ho el$ l! otrHo$ !6L ( otrHo$ !66M QoneQ %(ede ir en
%l(r!l$ %reedido de Ut&eV o sin Ut&eV$ %ero si +! sin Ut&eV se (s! "enos /(e Uso"eVM
en in,l0s liter!rio QoneQ %(ede ir se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o o (n! or!i3nM QoneQ$ no
!ent(!do$ en GB %(ede indi!r (n! %erson! (!l/(ier!$ %ero ! "en(do se re#iere !l
/(e est &!bl!ndo si +! !ent(!do$ !(n/(e es "s orriente (s!r U'o(L ! "!nL !
#ello7L ! &!% Nolo/(i!lOV en GB ' USA$ Q! blo9e Nolo/(i!lOQ en GB ' Q! ,('
Nolo/(i!lOQ en USA %rini%!l"enteM en este !so se tr!d(e %or el i"%erson!l UseV
o %or U(nHo$ !6VM t!nto QoneQ o"o Qone o#Q h no"bre %(eden &!er l!s #(niones
de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$ o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 I &!+e one No"%le"ento
diretoO HTen,o (nHo$ !66M one !#ter !not&erL t&e ot&er H(no tr!s otroL (no detrs de
otro6M One o# t&eL t&eseL t&ose s!tellite dis&es is Nestnd!rOL !re Nolo/(i!lO bi, HUn!
de l!sL est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s !nten!s %!r!b3li!s es ,r!nde6M one o# t&e &!irs H(n!
de l!s sill!s6M T&is is one o# t&e st(%idities N!trib(toO Hst! es (n! de l!s est(%idees6M
one o# t&eseL t&oseL (sL t&e" H(nHo$ !6 de 0stHos$ !s6L 0sHos$ !s6 NoO !/(0llHos$ !s6L
nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M Ee dressed 7it& one o# t&ose tro(sers No"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO Hl se +isti3 on (no de esos %!nt!lones6M one o# 'o(r
tr!ditions H(n! de +(estr!s tr!diiones6M T&ere is one ot&er N"s en#tio /(e
U!not&erVO %roble" HE!' otro %roble"!6M One !,reed b(t t&e ot&erL ot&ers didnZt
HUnHo$ !6 est!b! de !(erdo %ero el otro$ l! otr!L los otros$ l!s otr!s no6M T!9e one or
t&e ot&er] H\Lle+! (no o el otroL ( otro]6M ones N"enos (s!doOL so"e N"s (s!doO
7it& bi, e'es H(nHos$ !s6 on o.os ,r!ndes6M T&ere 7!s one 'ello7 N!trib(toO HE!bF!
(no !"!rilloL (n! !"!rill!6M T&ere is one %!inted in bl!9 !nd 7&ite N!trib(toO HE!'
(no %int!doL (n! %int!d! en bl!no ' ne,ro61 D1 <1:C18
QOneQ %(ede tr!d(irse %or UloV en !stell!no (!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre
ont!ble '! it!do en (n! or!i3n !nterior1 E.14 S&e is !n !strono"er !nd &er
d!(,&ter is st(d'in, to beo"e one too HEll! es !str3no"! ' s( &i.! est est(di!ndo
%!r! lle,!r ! serlo t!"bi0n61 P!r! s(Hb6stit(ir ! (n no"bre inont!ble no se (s!
QoneQ sino Qso"eQ1 E.14 S(,!r is ,ood1 >&' donZt 'o( t!9e so"eT HEl !z2!r es
b(enHo$ !61 WPor /(0 no to"!s !l,o Hde !z2!r6T61
*(!ndo se e"%iez! (n! or!i3n on UoneV se si,(e (s!ndo UoneV en GB ' no se
%(ede %!s!r ! U&eL s&eL t&e'VM (!ndo QoneQ +! se,(ido de (n +erbo re#le-i+o se
%(ede %oner Qonesel#QM QoneQ %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ o"%le"ento
direto ' %(ede ir en ,eniti+o s!.3n1 E.14 One &!s to 7or9 !nd$ i# one &!s %roble"s
!t 7or9$ one &!s to sol+e t&e" HUno tiene /(e tr!b!.!r '$ si (no tiene %roble"!s en
el tr!b!.o$ (no tiene /(e sol(ion!rlos6M I# one ,oes !bro!d$ one "(st s%e!9 !
#orei,n l!n,(!,e !nd be !re#(l !bo(t oneZs belon,in,s HSi (no +! !l e-tr!n.ero$
(no debe &!bl!r (n! len,(! e-tr!n.er! ' tener (id!do on l!s os!s /(e lle+!L s(s
%erteneni!s6M One s&o(ld tr' to en.o' onesel# HUno deberF! intent!r %!s!rlo bien61
QOneZsQ no %(ede ir solo$ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n sint!,"! no"in!l$ %ero QoneZs
o7nQ %(ede ir solo1 E.14 OneZs ide!s !re so"eti"es interestin, HL!s ide!s de (no
son ! +ees interes!ntes6M oneZs o7n sonL ! son o# oneZs o7n Hel &i.o de (no
"is"o6M Ot&er %eo%leZs ide!s !renZt !s #!sin!tin, !s oneZs o7n HL!s ide!s de otr!s
%erson!s no son t!n #!sin!ntes o"o l!s de (no "is"o61
En USA detrs de QoneQ se %one nor"!l"ente Q&eL s&eL &i"sel#L &ersel#Q en +ez de
QoneL onesel#Q1 E.14 I# one loses oneZs te"%er$ one s&o(ld !%olo,izeL !%olo,ise NGBO
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL I# one loses &is te"%er$ &e s&o(ld !%olo,ize NUSAO HSi (no se
en#!d!$ deberF! %edir dis(l%!s6M ROneL mo( Ns(.etoO "(st be !re#(l HSeL RUno debeL
RT2 debes tener (id!do6M One Ns(.etoO &!s oneZs NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &is NoO &er
NUSAO %ride HUnHo$ !6 tiene s(L ierto !"or %ro%io6M One &!s to loo9 !#ter onesel#
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &i"sel# NoO &ersel# NUSAO HUnHo$ !6 tiene /(e (id!rse61
E!' /(e tener (id!do on QoneQ e QitQM QoneQ es "enos onreto$ es%eF#io /(e
QitQM QoneQ %(ede re#erirse ! (n no"bre %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM QitQ
%(ede re#irirse ! (n no"bre %reedido de Ut&eV$ de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+o1 E.14 A4 *!n 'o( lend "e ! li,&terT HWP(edes %rest!r"e (n "e&eroT61 B4
Sorr'$ I donZt &!+e oneL !n' HLo siento$ no ten,o "e&eroL nin,(no6 %ero A4 *!n
'o( lend "e t&eL t&isL 'o(r li,&terT HWP(edes %rest!r"e elL esteL t( "e&eroT61 B4
Sorr'$ I need it HLo siento$ lo neesito61
Los n("eros !rdin!les ! %!rtir de Qt7oQ +!n on +erbo en %l(r!l$ si &!en de
s(.eto$ ' ! +ees on +erbo en sin,(l!r$ si indi!n %erFodos de tie"%o$ dist!ni!s$
"edid!s$ %eso$ !ntid!des de dineroM %(eden ir se,(idos de Uo#V h Ut&eV del!nte de
(n no"bre en %l(r!l o sin,(l!rL el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do del!nte de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!rL t&e onesL !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l o sin,(l!rL
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o en %l(r!lL !d.eti+o %osesi+o del!nte de (n no"bre en
%l(r!l o sin,(l!rL %rono"bre %osesi+oL !d.eti+o inde#inido del!nte de (n no"bre en
%l(r!lL %rono"bre inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM %(eden ir
%reedidos de Ut&eV$ de !l,(nos !d.eti+os inde#inidos o"o Uot&er$ so"eVM no
%(eden ir %reedidos del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do e-e%to Q&(ndred$ t&o(s!nd$
"illionQ ' QbillionQM t!nto Qt7o$ t&ree$ #o(rQ$ et1$ (!ndo +!n solos$ o"o Qt7o$
t&ree$ #o(rQ$ et1$ se,(idos de Qo#Q ' (n no"bre$ %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de
s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$ o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 I &!+e t&ree
No"%le"ento diretoO HTen,o tres6M Fo(r o# t&e" see it H*(!tro de ellHos$ !s6 lo
+en6M Fo(r o# t&eL t&eseL t&ose !ts 'o( &!+e !re o(t H*(!tro de losL estosL esos NoO
!/(ellos ,!tos /(e tienes estn #(er!6M T&ese !re #i+e o# t&e st(%idities N!trib(toO
Hst!s son ino de l!s est(%idees6M T&ere !re si- le#t Ho+er6 HJ(ed!nL Sobr!n seis6M
Ee le#t 7it& ei,&t o# t&ose tro(sers Hl se "!r&3 on o&o de esos %!nt!lones6M S&e
is #ond o# t7o o# 'o(r tr!ditions No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HA ell! le
,(st!n dos de +(estr!s tr!diiones6M Ee s!id it to se+en o# (s No"%le"ento
indiretoO Hl nos lo di.o ! siete de nosotrHos$ !s66M T&e t7el+e o# t&e" Ns(.etoO 7ere
7!itin, HLos doe est!b!n es%er!ndo6M t&e #i+e HlHos$ !s6 ino6M t&e ot&er se+en
HlHos$ !s otrHos$ !s6 siete61
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n del!nte de los %rono"bres n("er!les !rdin!les4
!bo(t$ !l"ost$ !not&er$ !%%ro-i"!tel'$ !ro(nd$ e-!tl'$ #e7er t&!n$ less t&!n$ !
"!-i"(" o#$ ! "ini"(" o#$ "ore li9e$ "ore or less$ "ore t&!n$ ne!rl'$ no "ore
t&!n$ o+er$ ro(,&l'$ so"e$ so"et&in, li9e$ (nder$ (% to H&!st!61
E!' !l,(nos !d+erbios /(e +!n detrs de los %rono"bres n("er!les !rdin!les4 !nd
so"et&in, Nolo/(i!lO H' !l,o6$ !t t&e "!-i"(" Ho"o "-i"o6$ !t t&e "ini"("
Ho"o "Fni"o6$ !t "ost Ho"o "-i"o6$ !t t&e "ost Ho"o "-i"o6$ "!-i"("
Ho"o "-i"o6$ "ini"(" Ho"o "Fni"o6$ "ore H"s6$ "ore or less H"s o
"enos6$ odd Nolo/(i!l4 detrs de l!s deen!s$ ! %!rtir de +einte$ de l!s enten!s '
"ill!res esritos on i#r!s o on letr!sM %(ede ir se%!r!do o (nido %or ,(i3nO H'
%io6$ or less Ho "enos6$ or "ore Ho "s6$ or so NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ho !l,o !sF6$ or
so"et&in, li9e t&!t Nolo/(i!lO Ho !l,o !sF6$ or t&ere!bo(ts H"s o "enos6$ or (nder
Ho "enos6$ %l(s H"s6$ so"et&in, Nolo/(i!lO H' t!ntos61 E.14 t7o &(ndred !nd
so"et&in, Nolo/(i!lO Hdosientos ' !l,o6$ t7o "illion "!-i"(" Hdos "illones
o"o "-i"o6M EeZs t7ent' odd NoO t7ent'Iodd Nolo/(i!lO Hl tiene +einte '
%ioL +eintit!ntos !)os6M t&ree &(ndred odd NoO &(ndredIodd Nolo/(i!lO
HtresientHos$ !s6 ' %io6$ #i+e t&o(s!nd odd NoO t&o(s!ndIodd Nolo/(i!lO Hino "il
' %io6M EeZs si-t'Iso"et&in, Nolo/(i!lO Hl tiene sesent! ' t!ntos H!)os66M in 5B@C
so"et&in, Nolo/(i!lO Hen 5B@C ' t!ntos61
QAt le!stQ %(ede ir del!nte o detrs de los %rono"bres n("er!les !rdin!les1
*(!ndo se indi! ed!d o tie"%o ronol3,io$ se %(ede en in,l0s olo/(i!l !)!dir l!
ter"in!i3n Iis& ! (n %rono"bre n("er!l !rdin!l ' si,ni#i! lo "is"o /(e Qor soQ
NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ Qor t&ere!bo(tsQ1 E.14 S&e is t&reeis& Nolo/(i!lOL t&ree or soL
t&ree or t&ere!bo(ts HEll! tiene tres !)os !%ro-i"!d!"enteL "s o "enos6M Ee
!rri+ed se+enis& Nolo/(i!lOL !bo(t se+enis& Nolo/(i!lOL !t se+enis& Nolo/(i!lOL !t
se+en or soL !t se+en or t&ere!bo(ts Hl lle,3 ! l!s siete !%ro-i"!d!"enteL "s o
"enos61
Los %rono"bres n("er!les !rdin!les$ /(e #or"!n el %l(r!l !)!diendo Is o Ies$
nor"!l"ente %(eden e.erer l! #(ni3n de4
!6 S(.eto1 E.14 One o# (s Ns(.etoO is l'in,L &!d %roble"s HUnHo$ !6 de nosotrHos$ !s6
est "intiendoL t(+o %roble"!s6M One o# t&e" didnZt t(rn (% HUno de ellHos$ !s6 no
!%!rei3L se %resent361
b6 Atrib(to1 E.14 T&ere is one o# t&e" HE!' (no de ellos6M T&ere 7ere #o(r o# (s
Hr!"os (!tro61
6 *o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 S&e s!7 t7o o# t&e &!irs HEll! +io dos de l!s sill!s61
d6 *o"%le"ento indireto1 E.14 S&e sent it to #o(r o# &er &ildren HEll! lo en+i3 !
(!tro de s(s &i.os61
e6 *o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l1 E.14 T&e' !re interested in #i+e o# t&ese
HEstn interes!dos en ino de 0stHos$ !s661
#6 *o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Ee 7ent 7it& ei,&t Hl #(e on o&o61
,6 A%osii3n1 E.14 t&e #i,(re si- Hl! i#r! seis6M mo( #o(r !re not ,oin, HDosotrHos$ !s6
(!tro no +!is ! ir6M >e se+en &!+e deided to ,o HNosotrHos$ !s6 siete &e"os
deidido ir6M t&e 'e!r 5B@C Nsin o"! detrs del 5 %!r! #e&!sM no se %(ede deir
Qone t&o(s!ndQ %!r! l!s #e&!sM se lee Qnineteen Rei,&t' N"s (s!doOL nineteen
&(ndred !nd Rei,&t' N"enos (s!doOQO Hel !)o 5B@C6M It 7!s t&e 'e!r5BB@ Nnineteen
ninet'IRei,&t N"s (s!doOL nineteen &(ndred !nd ninet'IRei,&t N"enos (s!doOO HEr!
el !)o 5BB@6M 5BC5 Hnineteen &(ndred !nd Rone N"enos (s!doOL nineteen &(ndred o&
Nzero4 no %onerO Rone N"enos (s!doOL nineteen !nd Rone N"s (s!doOL nineteen Rone
NUSAO N"s (s!doOL nineteen o& Rone N"s (s!doO6 Hel !)o 5BC56M 5BCB Nnineteen
&(ndred !nd Rnine N"enos (s!doOL nineteen &(ndred o& Nzero4 no %onerO Rnine
N"enos (s!doOL nineteen !nd Rnine N"s (s!doOL nineteen Rnine NUSA4 "s (s!doOL
nineteen o& Rnine N"s (s!doOO Hel !)o 5BCB6M in 8CC< Nt7o t&o(s!nd !nd #i+eL t7o
t&o(s!nd #i+e NUSAOO Hen el H!)o6 8CC<61
<15=1I &os pronombres numerales ordinales son i,(!les /(e los !d.eti+os
n("er!les ordin!les de ;1<5$ %ero no %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre1
T!"bi0n %(eden ir %reedidos de Q!Hn6L oneQ$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os ' %osesi+os$
!de"s de Qt&eQ4 !L one #o(rt& H(n (!rtoL (n! (!rt!6$ et1
Los %rono"bres n("er!les ordin!les %reedidos de Ut&eV %(eden ir se,(idos de
Uo#V h Ut&eV del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l o sin,(l!rL el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do
del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!rL t&e onesL !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o del!nte de (n
no"bre en %l(r!l o sin,(l!rL %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o en %l(r!lL !d.eti+o %osesi+o
del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l o sin,(l!rL %rono"bre %osesi+oL !d.eti+o inde#inido
del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!lL %rono"bre inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto
en %l(r!l1 E.14 t&e seond o# t&eL t&eseL t&ose t&ree sientists Hel se,(ndo de losL
estosL esos NoO !/(ellos tres ientF#ios6$ t&e #o(rt& o# t&e %olie"en Hel (!rto de los
%oliF!s61 Los %rono"bres n("er!les ordin!les se pueden usar"
*+ Kara indicar fec/as7 van abreviados4 58Ht&6 Ho#6 j(l'H$6 5BBB NoO ZBB NGBO NGB
%rini%!l"ente4 se lee Qt&e t7el#t& o# j(l'H$6 5BBBQOL j(l' 58Ht&6H$6 5BBB NoO ZBB
NGBO Nse lee Qj(l' t&e t7el#t& o Qj(l' t7el#t& NUSAOOL 58L?LBB NGBOL 58I?IBB NGBOL
58 ? BB NGBOL ?L58LBB NUSAOL ?I58IBB NUSAOL ?1581BB NUSAO Nen USA se %one
%ri"ero el "es ' l(e,o el dF!M l!s i#r!s %(eden ir se%!r!d!s %or %(ntos$ ,(iones o
b!rr!s t!nto en GB o"o en USAO H58I?IBB6M 55L :L ?= H55 de "!rzo NGBO de 5B?=L
: de no+ie"bre NUSAO de 5B?=6M in &is !rtile o# 5=Ht&6 Ho#6 j(ne NGB
%rini%!l"enteO$ 5BB@L j(ne 5=Ht&6H$6 5BB@ Hen s( !rtF(lo del 5= de .(nio de 5BB@61
2+ En aposicin detr!s de nombres de rees, de emperadores, de papas, de
guerras, de ve/(culos, de encabe)amientos importantes en escritos7 en @S=
tambin detr!s de un nombre apellido de una familia famosaM se (s!n
n2"eros ro"!nos en +ez de r!besM sin e"b!r,o$ en USA %!r! l!s n!+es es%!i!les
!ntes se (s!b!n n2"eros ro"!nos ' !&or! n2"eros r!bes 4 Geor,e III Nse lee Ut&e
t&irdVO Hjor,e III HTerero66$ jo&n KKIII Nse lee Qt7ent'It&irdV NUSAOL t&e t7ent'I
t&irdO Hj(!n KKIII HDeintitr0s66$ Eenr' Ford II Nse lee QseondQ NUSAOL t&e seondO1
2+ Kara referirse a un nombre a citado 'ue se refiera a una persona, animal o
cosa4 t&e nint& H%l!'er6 Hel no+eno H.(,!dor6L l! no+en! H.(,!dor!661
Fre(ente"ente los n2"eros ordin!les$ se!n !d.eti+os o %rono"bres$ ,ener!l"ente
se esriben en #or"! de %!l!br!s on letr!s H#irst$ seond$ et16 (!ndo indi!n orden
de tie"%o o de l(,!r1
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n del!nte de los %rono"bres n("er!les ordin!les4
!bo(t$ !l"ost$ !%%ro-i"!tel'$ !ro(nd$ "ore or less$ ne!rl'$ ro(,&l'$ so"et&in, li9e$
(% to H&!st!61 E.14 EeZs !bo(tL !%%ro-i"!tel'L !ro(ndL "ore or lessL ro(,&l'L
so"et&in, li9e t&e #i#t& Hl es !%ro-i"!d!"enteL "s o "enos el /(into6M S&eZs
!l"ostL ne!rl' t&e seond HEll! es !si l! se,(nd!6M S&e st!'ed (% to t&e 8Ct& o#
A(,(st NGB %rini%!l"enteO HEll! se /(ed3 &!st! el 8C de !,osto61
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n detrs de los %rono"bres n("er!les ordin!les4 !t
"ost$ !t t&e "ost$ "ore or less$ or so NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ or t&ere!bo(ts1 E.14 S&e
is t&e seond !t "ostL !t t&e "ostL "ore or lessL or t&ere!bo(ts HEll! es l! se,(nd!
o"o "-i"oL o"o "-i"oL "s o "enosL !%ro-i"!d!"ente6M S&e is t&e #i#t&
or so NGB %rini%!l"enteO HEll! es l! /(int! "s o "enos61
QAt le!stQ %(ede ir del!nte o detrs de los %rono"bres n("er!les ordin!les1 E.14
EeZs t&e #o(rt& !t le!stL !t le!st t&e #o(rt& Hl es el (!rto %or lo "enosL %or lo
"enos el (!rto61
Los %rono"bres n("er!les ordin!les %(eden nor"!l"ente e.erer l! #(ni3n de4
!6 S(.eto1 E.14 T&e #irst Nn2leoO o# t&e" 7!s +er' 'o(n, HEl %ri"ero de ellosL L!
%ri"er! de ell!s er! "(' .o+en6M T&e seond Nn2leoO o# t&eseL t&oseL (sL t&e" is
!bsent HEl se,(ndoL L! se,(nd! de 0stHos$ !s6L 0sHos$ !s6 NoO !/(0llHos$ !s6L
nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s6 est !(sente61
b6 Atrib(to1 E.14 Ee is Ht&e6 t&ird Nn2leoOL t&e seond Nn2leoO o# (s Hl es Hel6
tereroL el se,(ndo de nosotros6M T&is is &is t&ird Nse sobrHe6entiende (n no"breO
Hste es el terero s('o61
6 *o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 S&e s!7 t&e #o(rt& HEll! +io el (!rtoL l! (!rt!61
d6 *o"%le"ento indireto1 E.14 S&e sent it to t&e #i#t& HEll! lo en+i3 !l /(intoL ! l!
/(int!61
e6 *o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l1 E.14 T&e' !re interested in t&e tent&
HEstn interes!dos en el d0i"oL l! d0i"!61
#6 *o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Ee 7ent 7it& t&e ei,&t& Hl #(e on el ot!+oL
l! ot!+!61
Los !d.eti+os Q#ollo7in,$ #or"er Hel %ri"eroL !/(0lL l! %ri"er!L !/(0ll! Non +erbo
en sin,(l!rOM los %ri"erosL !/(0llosL l!s %ri"er!sL !/(0ll!s Non +erbo en %l(r!lM se
re#iere ! dosM se (s! "s Q#irstQ o QoneQ /(e Q#or"erQO6 l!st$ l!tter Nliter!rioO Hel
se,(ndoL esteL l! se,(nd!L est! Non +erbo en sin,(l!rOL los se,(ndosL estosL l!s
se,(nd!sL est!s Non +erbo en %l(r!lM se (s! "s QseondQ o Qot&erHs6Q /(e Ql!tterQM
se re#iere ! dosM %!r! tres o "s se (s! Ql!stIn!"edQ H2lti"oHs6O6$ ne-tQ$ %(eden
onsider!rse t!"bi0n o"o %rono"bres n("er!les ordin!les (!ndo +!n solos
%reedidos de Qt&eQ1 E.14 T&is is t&e #ollo7in,L l!stL ne-t Hste es el si,(ienteL
2lti"oL %r3-i"o6M T&e #or"erL T&e #irstL Ht&e6 One 7!s b!d b(t t&e l!tterL t&e
seondL t&e ot&er 7!s 7orse HEl %ri"eroL A/(0lL Uno er! "!lo %ero el se,(ndoL
0steL el otro er! %eorL L! %ri"er!L A/(0ll!L Un! er! "!l! %ero l! se,(nd!L 0st!L l!
otr! er! %eor6M T&e #or"er 7ere +er' /(iet b(t t&e l!tter Nliter!rioO 7ere nois' HLos
%ri"erosL A/(0llos er!n "(' !ll!dos %ero los se,(ndosL 0stos er!n r(idososL L!s
%ri"er!sL A/(0ll!s er!n "(' !ll!d!s %ero l!s se,(nd!sL 0st!s er!n r(idos!s61
<15?1I &os pronombres numerales partitivos$ fraccionarios o 'uebrados
indi!n si"%le"ente (n! !ntid!dM !t(!l"ente se onsider!n no"bres
,ener!l"enteM son4 5L8 H!L one6 &!l# H"ediHo$ !66 ( C1< Nse lee Q%oint #i+eQ NoO Q!
&!l#QO$ C1?< Nse lee Q%oint se+en #i+eQ NoO Qt&ree /(!rtersQO ' l(e,o son i,(!les /(e
los ordin!les45L: !L one t&ird H(n terioL (n! terer! %!rte6$ 5L; !L one /(!rterL one
#o(rt& NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H(n (!rtoL (n! (!rt! %!rte6 N(O C18< Nse lee Q%oint
t7o #i+eQ NoO Q! /(!rterQO$ 5L< !L one #i#t& H(n /(intoL (n! /(int! %!rte6$ 5L= !L one
si-t& H(n se-toL (n! se-t! %!rte6$ 5L? !L one se+ent& H(n s0%ti"oL (n! s0%ti"!
%!rte6$ 5L@ !nL one ei,&t& H(n ot!+oL (n! ot!+! %!rte6$ 5LB !L one nint& H(n
no+enoL (n! no+en! %!rte6$ 5L5C !L one tent& H(n d0i"oL (n! d0i"! %!rte6$ 5L55
!nL one ele+ent& H(n one!+oL (n! one!+! %!rte NoO (n! %!rte de one6$ 5L58 !L one
t7el#t& H(n doe!+oL doz!+oL (n! doe!+! %!rte NoO (n! %!rte de doe6$ 5L5: !L one
t&irteent& H(n tree!+o NoO trez!+oL (n! tree!+! %!rte NoO (n! %!rte de tree6$ 5L5; !L
one #o(rteent& H(n !tore!+o NoO !torz!+oL (n! !tore!+! %!rte NoO (n! %!rte de
!tore6$ 5L5< !L one #i#teent& H(n /(ine!+oL (n! /(ine!+! %!rte NoO (n! %!rte de
/(ine6$ 5L8C !L one t7entiet& H(n +einte!+oL (n! +einte!+! %!rt! NoO (n! %!rte de
+einte6$ 5L:C !L one t&irtiet& H(n treint!+oL (n! treint!+! %!rte NoO (n! %!rte de
treint!6$ 5L;C !L one #ortiet& H(n (!rent!+oL (n! %!rte de (!rent!6$ 5L<C t&e #i#tiet&L
!L one #i#tiet& HelL los in(ent!+oHs6L l! NoO (n! %!rte de in(ent!6$ 5L=C t&e
si-tiet&L !L one si-tiet& HelL los sesent!+oHs6L l! NoO (n! %!rte de sesent!6$ 5L?C t&e
se+entiet&L !L one se+entiet& HelL los setent!+oHs6L l! NoO (n! %!rte de setent!6$ 5L@C
t&e ei,&tiet&L !nL one ei,&tiet& Hel L los o&ent!+oHs6L l! NoO (n! %!rte de o&ent!6$
5LBC t&e ninetiet&L !L one ninetiet& HelL los no+ent!+oHs6L l! NoO (n! %!rte de
no+ent!6M 5L5CC t&e &(ndredt&L !L one &(ndredt& HelL los ent!+oHs6L l! NoO (n! %!rte
de ien6 NoO Q5PQ NoO Qone %er ent NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %erent NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOQ H(no %or iento6M 8L5CC Ht&e6 t7o &(ndredt&s HHlos6 dos ent!+osL
Hl!s6 dos %!rtes de ien6 NoO Q8PQ NoO Qt7o %er ent NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %erent
NUSA %rini%!l"enteOQ Hdos %or iento6$ :L5CC Ht&e6 t&ree &(ndredt&s Hlos tres
ent!+osL Hl!s6 tres %!rtes de ien6 NoO Q:PQ NoO Qt&ree %er ent NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
%erent NUSA %rini%!l"enteOQ Htres %or iento6$ ;L5CC Ht&e6 #o(r &(ndredt&s H(!tro
ent!+osL Hl!s6 (!tro %!rtes de ien6 NoO Q;PQ NoO Q#o(r %er ent NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL %erent NUSA %rini%!l"enteOQ H(!tro %or iento6$ ;1:P #o(r
%oint t&ree %er ent NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %erent NUSA %rini%!l"enteOQ H;$:P
(!tro o"! tres %or iento6$ ;1<P #o(r !nd ! &!l# %er ent NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
%erent NUSA %rini%!l"enteOQ H(!tro ' "edio %or iento6$ BL5CC Ht&e6 nine
&(ndredt&s Hn(e+e ent!+osL Hl!s6 n(e+e %!rtes de ien6 NoO QBPQ NoO Qnine %er ent
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %erent NUSA %rini%!l"enteOQ Hn(e+e %or iento6 ' !sF
s(esi+!"enteM 5L8CC t&eL ! t7oI&(ndredt& Hl!L (n! %!rte de dosient!s6M 8L8CC
Ht&e6 t7o t7oI&(ndredt&s HHl!s6 dos %!rtes de dosient!s6M :L8CC Ht&e6 t&ree t7oI
&(ndredt&s HHl!s6 tres %!rtes de dosient!s6M ;L8CC Ht&e6 #o(r %!rts o# t7oI&(ndredt&s
NoO #o(r o+er t7o &(ndred HHl!s6 (!tro %!rtes de dosient!s6M BL8CC Ht&e6 nine %!rts
o# t7oI&(ndredt&s NoO nine o+er t7o &(ndred HHl!s6 n(e+e %!rtes de dosient!s6 '
!sF s(esi+!"enteM %(eden ir %reedidos de UnotV1 D1 ;1<8
T!"bi0n %(eden ir %reedidos de !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+osL %osesi+os4 &er ele+ent&
Hs( one!+o6$ et1
*(!ndo +!n en %l(r!l s(elen ir %reedidos de (n !d.eti+o n("er!l !rdin!l1 E.14
t&reeI/(!rtersL t&reeI#o(rt&s$ t7oI#i#t&s$ et1
*(!ndo se (s! (n %rono"bre %!rtiti+o en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l se,(ido de Uo#V ' (n
no"bre en sin,(l!r e-%lFito o sobrHe6entendido re#erido ! (n! H%!rte de (n!6 os!L
(n ser +i+o$ se s(ele %oner el +erbo en sin,(l!r '$ si +! se,(ido de Uo#V ' (n no"bre
en %l(r!l e-%lFito o sobrHe6entendido re#erido ! dos o "s os!sL seres +i+os$ se
s(ele %oner el +erbo en %l(r!l %ero$ si +! se,(ido de Uo#V ' (n no"bre oleti+o
re#erido ! seres +i+os$ se %(ede %oner el +erbo en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l en GB '
,ener!l"ente en sin,(l!r en USA1 E.14 Abo(t t7oIt&irdsL t7o t&irds o# t&e #r(it is
b!d HA%ro-i"!d!"ente dos terios de l! #r(t! est "!l!6M Abo(t t&reeI/(!rtersL
t&ree /(!rters o# t&e #r(it is deliio(s HA%ro-i"!d!"ente tres (!rtos de l! #r(t! est
deliios!6M A /(!rter o# it is bl!9 HUn! (!rt! %!rte es ne,r!6M One t&irdL E!l# Ho#
t&e "il96 is ,one HUn terioL L! "it!d Hde l! le&e6 se &! ,!st!do6M T7o t&irds o#
"il9 is better HDos terios de le&e es "e.or6M T&reeI/(!rtersL T&ree /(!rtersL
T&reeI#o(rt&sL T&ree #o(rt&s o# t&e t!ble7!re is old HTres (!rt!s %!rtes de l! +!.ill!
es +ie.!L son +ie.!s6M T7oIt&irdsL T7o t&irdsL ==P o# Ht&e6 ons("er ,oods !re
&e!% HDos teriosL El ==P de los bienes de ons("o son b!r!tos6M One t&irdL
T7oIt&irdsL T7o t&irds Ho# t&e st(dents6 li+e in to7n HUn terioL Dos terios Hde los
est(di!ntes6 +i+en en l! i(d!d6M One t&irdL T7oIt&irdsL T7o t&irds o# t&e st(dents
donZt li9e it HA (n terioL dos terios de los est(di!ntes no les ,(st!6M One &!l#L
OneI&!l# o# t&e *&inese isL !re in #!+o(r NGBOL #!+or NUSAO o# t&e &!n,es HL!
"it!d de los &inos estHn6 ! #!+or de los !"bios6M One &!l#L OneI&!l# o# t&e
*&inese &!sL &!+e bi'les HL! "it!d de los &inos tieneHn6 biilet!s6M A /(!rter o#
t&e" !re &ere HUn (!rto de ellos estHn6 !/(F6M T&reeI/(!rters N"s (s!doOL T&ree
/(!rters N"s (s!doOL T&reeI#o(rt&s N"enos (s!doOL T&ree #o(rt&s N"enos (s!do4
USA %rini%!l"enteOL ?<P o# t&e %o%(l!tion is N"enos (s!doOL !re NGB
%rini%!l"enteO %oor HTres (!rtos de l! %obl!i3n es %obreL son %obresL El ?<P de
l! %obl!i3n es %obre6$ et1
Se %(ede %oner (n !d.eti+o entre el deter"in!nte ' el %rono"bre %!rtiti+o o
no"bre1 E.14 t&e seond &!l# o# t&e %l!' Hl! se,(nd! %!rte de l! obr! Hde te!tro66M
Gi+e "e t&e bi,H,er6 &!l#] H\D!"e l! "it!d "s ,r!nde]6$ et1
AsF "is"o %(eden ir se,(idos de Uo#V h Ut&eV del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l o
sin,(l!rL el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!rL Qt&e onesQL
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l o sin,(l!rL %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+o en %l(r!l o sin,(l!rL !d.eti+o %osesi+o del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l
o sin,(l!rL %rono"bre %osesi+oL !d.eti+o inde#inido del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!lL
%rono"bre inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l o sin,(l!rM Qo#Q %(ede
s(%ri"irse (!ndo +! se,(ido de otr! or!i3n1 E.14 ! t&ird o# ! ton H(n terio de (n!
tonel!d!6M It too9 t&e" oneIt&irdL one t&ird o# t&e ti"e HLes lle+3 (n! terer! %!rte
del tie"%o6M oneI#o(rt& NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL one #o(rt& NUSA %rini%!l"enteO o#
t&e %roble"s H(n! (!rt! %!rte de los %roble"!s6M ! #i#t& o# t&eseL t&oseL (sL t&e"
H(n /(intoL (n! /(int! %!rte de 0stHos$ !s6L 0sHos$ !s6 NoO !/(0llHos$ !s6L nosotrHos$
!s6L ellHos$ !s66M T&e' s%ent oneI#i#t&L one #i#t& Ho#6 t&e ti"e it too9 &er HG!st!ron
(n! /(int! %!rte del tie"%o /(e le lle+3 ! ell!61
QJ(!rterQ H(!rtHo$ !6 NQ!L one /(!rter o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble$
de (n no"bre ont!ble %reedido de (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do H%ero no de QoneQ6L
!rtF(lo deter"in!doL (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
%l(r!l o sin,(l!rM se %(ede (s!r (n n2"ero !rdin!l h Q/(!rters o#Q del!nte de (n
no"bre inont!ble$ de (n no"bre ont!ble %reedido de (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do
N%ero no de QoneQOL (n !rtF(lo deter"in!doL (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l o sin,(l!rM e/(i+!le ! 8<PL t7ent'I#i+eL t7ent' #i+e %er
ent NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %erent NUSA %rini%!l"enteOM se s(ele (s!r Q/(!rterQ en
+ez de Q#o(rt&Q on no"bres de %eso$ "edid! ' tie"%oO61 E.14 #o(r 9ilos !nd !L one
/(!rter NGBO H(!tro 9ilos ' (!rto6M !L one /(!rter o# s(,!r H(n (!rto de !z2!r6M !
/(!rter o# ! %o(nd H(n! (!rt! %!rte de (n! libr!6M ! /(!rter o# t&is ent(r' H(n
(!rto de este si,lo6M t&reeI/(!rtersL t&ree /(!rters o# s(,!r Htres (!rtos de !z2!r61
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n del!nte de los %rono"bres n("er!les %!rtiti+os4
!bo(t$ !%%ro-i"!tel'$ !l"ost$ !ro(nd$ e-!tl'$ less t&!n$ "ore or less$ "ore t&!n$
ne!rl'$ no "ore t&!n$ o+er$ ro(,&l'$ so"et&in, li9e$ (nder$ (% to H&!st!61 E.14 ItZs
!bo(tL !%%ro-i"!tel'L !l"ostL !ro(ndL less t&!nL "ore or lessL "ore t&!nL ne!rl'L
no "ore t&!nL o+erL ro(,&l'L so"et&in, li9eL (nder ! /(!rter o# ! 9ilo HEs
!%ro-i"!d!"enteL !%ro-i"!d!"enteL !siL !%ro-i"!d!"enteL "enos deL "s o
"enosL "s deL !siL no "s deL "s deL !%ro-i"!d!"enteL !l,o !sF o"oL
"enos de (n (!rto de 9ilo6M Gi+e "e (% to ! t&ird o# it] H\D!"e &!st! (n! terer!
%!rte Hde ello6]61
E!' !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n detrs de los %rono"bres n("er!les %!rtiti+os4 !t t&e
"!-i"("$ !t t&e "ini"("$ !t "ost$ !t t&e "ost$ "!-i"("$ "ini"("$ "ore or
less$ or less$ or "ore$ or so NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ or t&ere!bo(ts$ or (nder1 E.14 ItZs !
/(!rter o# ! 9ilo !t t&e "!-i"("L !t t&e "ini"("L !t "ostL !t t&e "ostL
"!-i"("L "ini"("L "ore or lessL or lessL or "oreL or soL or t&ere!bo(tsL or
(nder HEs (n (!rto de 9ilo o"o "-i"oL o"o "Fni"oL o"o "-i"oL o"o
"-i"oL o"o "-i"oL o"o "Fni"oL "s o "enosL o "enosL o "sL o !l,o
!sFL o !l,o !sFL o "enos61
QAt le!stQ %(ede ir del!nte o detrs de los %rono"bres n("er!les %!rtiti+os1 E.14 ItZs
! t&ird !t le!stL !t le!st ! t&ird HEs (n terio %or lo "enosL %or lo "enos (n terio61
Los %rono"bres n("er!les %!rtiti+os %(eden nor"!l"ente e.erer l! #(ni3n de4
!6 S(.eto1 E.14 A #i#t& is eno(,& HUn! /(int! %!rte es s(#iiente61
b6 Atrib(to1 E.14 T&ere is still t&e t&ird HJ(ed! !2nL tod!+F! el terioL l! terer!
%!rte61
6 *o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 S&e s!7 ! #o(rt& HEll! +io (n (!rtoL (n! (!rt!
%!rte61
d6 *o"%le"ento indireto si +! se,(ido de Uo#V ' (n no"bre o %rono"bre1 E.14 S&e
sent it to t&e #i#t& o# t&e !t&letes HEll! lo en+i3 ! l! /(int! %!rte de los !tlet!s61
e6 *o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l1 E.14 T&e' !re interested in t&e tent&
HEstn interes!dos en el d0i"oL l! d0i"! %!rte61
#6 *o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Ee 7ent 7it& t&e ei,&t& Hl #(e on el ot!+oL
l! ot!+! %!rte61
<15@1I &os pronombres demostrativos o !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os s(Hb6st!nti+!dos
son" t/is H0steL 0st! N%!r! os!sM t!"bi0n %!r! %erson!s on el +erbo UHto6 beVO6$ t/is
Hesto N%!r! os!sO6$ t/at LSYtL H0seL 0s!L !/(0lL !/(0ll! N%!r! os!sM t!"bi0n %!r!
%erson!s on el +erbo UHto6 beVO6$ t/at LSYtL HesoL !/(ello N%!r! os!sO6$ t/ese
H0stosL 0st!s N%!r! %erson!s ' os!sO6$ t/ose H0sosL 0s!sL !/(0llosL !/(0ll!s N%!r!
%erson!s ' os!sO6M %(eden ir %reedidos de QnotQM e-isten t!"bi0n Q'on N+(l,!rOL
'ond N+(l,!rOQ H0sHe$ !$ o6L !/(0lHl!$ o66$ %ero &!n /(ed!do !nti(!dos o se (s!n
sol!"ente en sentido di!let!l1 D1 ;1<:
En l!s res%(est!s ort!s ' oletill!s interro,!ti+!s (!ndo &!en l! #(ni3n de s(.eto
Ut&isL t&!tV se s(Hb6stit('en %or UitV ' Ut&eseL t&oseV %or Ut&e'V1 E.14 T&is Ns(.etoO is
! ,ood &!ir$ isnZt itT Hst! es (n! b(en! sill!$ WnoT61
QOneHs6Q no se %(ede %oner detrs de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o$ %ero detrs de (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o sF1
UT&!tV ' Ut&oseV %(eden ir se,(idos de (n no"bre %reedido de Qo#Q h (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+o$ %ero Ut&isV ' Ut&eseV no1 E.14 S&e ,!+e &i" &er s&oes !nd
t&ose o# &er "ot&erL &er "ot&erZs HEll! le dio ! 0l s(s z!%!tos ' los de s( "!dre61
Los %rono"bres de"ostr!ti+os se re#ieren ! os!s (!ndo +!n detrs de Q7&!tQ ' !
%erson!s (!ndo +!n detrs de Q7&oQ1 E.14 >&!tZs t&isL t&!tT HWJ(0 es estoL eso NoO
!/(elloT6M >&!t !re t&eseL t&oseT HWJ(0 son 0stosL 0sos NoO !/(0llosT61
QT&!tQ ' Qt&oseQ %(eden ir se,(idos de %rono"bre rel!ti+oM en +ez de Qt&!tQ$ /(e se
(s! "(' %oo !sF$ se (tiliz!n "s Q&eL s&e 7&oQ o Qt&e one 7&oQ1 E.14 T&!t 7&o
N"enos (s!doOL EeL S&e 7&o N"s (s!doOL T&e one 7&o N"s (s!doO 7ins 7ill be
"' ,(est HEl /(e ,!ne ser "i in+it!doL &(0s%ed6M T&ose 7&o o"e #irst 7ill &!+e
! se!t HLos /(e +en,!n %ri"ero tendrn !siento6$ et1
En l!s res%(est!s ort!s se (s! QitQ %!r! re#erirse ! los %rono"bres Qt&isQ ' Qt&!tQ
(!ndo indi!n (n! os! ' Q&eL s&eQ (!ndo indi!n (n! %erson! o ser +i+o ' se (s!
Qt&e'Q %!r! re#erirse ! Qt&eseQ ' Qt&oseQ1
<15B1I &os pronombres demostrativos %(eden &!er l!s "i"!s #(niones /(e (n
no"bre$ inl(so l! de !%osii3n$ %ero no se (s!n !%en!s on l! #(ni3n de
o"%le"ento indireto$ '! /(e 0ste s(ele re#erirse ! (n ser +i+o$ ' los %rono"bres
de"ostr!ti+os ,ener!l"ente se re#ieren ! os!s1
*+ Se pueden usar para describir a personas o cosas por primera ve)M sir+en
t!"bi0n %!r! %resent!r (n! %erson! ! otr!M se %(eden (s!r inl(so %!r! %resent!r !
+!ri!s %erson!sM este (so se ll!"! deFtio1 E.14 T&is is "' boo9 Hste es "i libroL el
libro "Fo6M T&is is "' #!t&er Hste es "i %!dre6M >&!t is t&!tT HWJ(0 es eso NoO
!/(elloT6M mo( %!inted t&!t o+er t&ere HPint!ste 0seL !/(0lL 0s!L !/(0ll! de !llF6M mo(
bro(,&t t&ese HHt26 Tr!.iste 0stHos$ !s66M Ee bo(,&t t&ose Hl o"%r3 0sHos$ !s6L
!/(0llHos$ !s66M A4 A(nt$ t&is is Miri!" HA4 TF!$ 0st! es Miri!"61 B4 Ple!sed to "eet
'o( HB4 En!nt!d! de onoerte6M ! terrible ide!$ t&is] H\(n! ide! terrible$ 0st!]6M
Eello$ t&is is Nen in,l0s no se die UI !"V (!ndo se &!bl! %or tel0#ono$ !(n/(e no
se! inorreto ,r!"!ti!l"enteO Lil'$ is t&!t NGBOL t&is NUSAO *elin!T N%or
tel0#onoO HEol!$ so' Lili!n!$ Weres *eli!T6M T&is is Peter 7it& Ne7s Eo(r HSo'
Pedro on l! Eor! de l!s Notii!s6M T&is is MrH16 *olt !nd t&is is MrsH16 E!re Hste
es el Sr1 *1 ' 0st! es l! Sr!1 E1L stos son el Sr1 *1 ' l! Sr!1 E161 D1 ;1<:15
2+ Se pueden usar para describir algo a mencionadoM este (so se ll!"!
!n!#3rio1 E.14 I &!+e t7o !tsM t&ese !re !l7!'s to,et&er HTen,o dos ,!tosM 0stos
estn sie"%re .(ntos6M mo( !n st(d' tod!' !nd ,o to London to"orro71 >&' donZt
'o( do t&!tT HP(edes est(di!r &o' ' "!)!n! +!s ! Londres1 WPor /(0 no &!es
esoT6M Eer #l!t is ne!r t&!t o# &er %!rents HEl %iso de ell! est er! del de s(s
%!dres6M T&ese %&r!ses !renZt !s e!s' !s t&ose Ht&!tL 7&i&6 7e s!7 'esterd!'
HEst!s #r!ses no son t!n #iles o"o l!s /(e +i"os !'er6M S&e %re#ers t&ese #il"s
r!t&er t&!n t&ose s&o7in, %orno,r!%&i senes HEll! %re#iere est!s %elF(l!s ! 0s!sL
l!s /(e "(estr!n esen!s %orno,r#i!s6M H!6 ,ood o(ntr'$ t&!t] H\(n b(en %!Fs$ 0se
NoO !/(0l]61 D1 ;1<:18
QSoQ se (s! on (n sentido %!reido ! Qt&!tQ %!r! re#erirse ! tod! (n! #r!se ( or!i3n
'! "enion!d!M se (s! detrs de (n +erbo1 D15C1;C1;=1!Ib
2+ Se pueden usar para expresar en ingls colo'uial alegr(a, aprecio, cariLo,
con Mt/isM Mt/eseM desprecio, insatisfaccin, antipat(a, con Mt/at, t/oseM
menos frecuentemente con Mt/isM Mt/eseMM ! "en(do se sobrHe6entienden
os!s /(e onoen sol!"ente el /(e &!bl! ' el interlo(tor1 E.14 T&is is "' brot&er
Hste es "i &er"!no6M Loo9 !t t&is] H\Mir! esto]6M Get o(t o# t&is$ %le!se] H\S!l de
esto$ %or #!+or]6M I re!d t&is HLeF esto6M Loo9 !t t&!t] H\Mir! eso NoO !/(ello]6M Ee &!s
t&!t o+er t&ere Hl tiene eso NoO !/(ello de !llF6M Do 'o( see t&oseT HWDes H!6 0sos NoO
!/(0llosT6M >&o !re t&eseL t&oseT HWJ(ienes son 0stosL 0sos NoO !/(0llosT6$ et1 D1
;1<:1:
-+ MT/atM puede tener sentido enf!tico con el mismo significado 'ue Msuc/M1
E.14 Ee "!' &!+e "!de ! "ist!9e b(t t&!tL s(& 7!s not &is %(r%ose Hl %(ede /(e
&!'! o"etido (n error %ero 0se no er! s( %ro%3sito61
3+ MT/atM puede usarse para cosas seguido de M,/ic/M Mt/oseM puede
usarse para cosas seguido de M,/ic/M o para personas seguido de M,/oM7 en
ve) de Mt/at ,/oM se usa Mt/e one ,/o# t/e person ,/oM en ingls colo'uial
M/e# s/e ,/oM 4el# la 'ue+# M/im# /er ,/oM 4al# a la 'ue+ en ingls literario7 Mall
t/ose t/at# all t/ose ,/o# all ,/oM Htodos los /(eL tod!s l!s /(e61 E.14 T!9e t&is
one !nd brin, b!9 t&!t 7&i& N7&!t4 no %onerO 'o( too9 'esterd!'] H\Ll0+!Hte6
0stHe$ !6 ' tr!e elL l! /(e lle+!ste !'er]6M T&!t 7&i& Nliter!rioOL >&!t Nolo/(i!lM
e/(i+!le ! Qt&!t 7&i&Q (!ndo no &!e re#ereni! ! !l,o '! "enion!doO s(r%rises
&er is ! "'ster' HLo /(e le sor%rende ! ell! es (n "isterio6M Ee li+ed in t&!t
Nliter!rioOL t&e one Nolo/(i!lO 7&i& 7!s o%%osite Hl +i+F! en l! /(e est!b!
en#renteL !l otro l!do6M T&e oneL T&e %ersonL EeL S&e 7&o !rri+ed #irst 7!s "'
brot&erL sister HEl /(eL L! %erson! /(eL El /(eL L! /(e lle,3 el %ri"eroL l! %ri"er!
er! "i &er"!nHo$ !66M All t&in,s o"e to &i" 7&o 7!its HTodo lle,! !l /(e es%er!6M
T&ose 7&i& 'o( bo(,&t 7ere "ore deliio(s HLos /(e o"%r!ste t2 est!b!n "s
deliiosos6M T&ose 7&o !"e 7ere "ore #ort(n!te HLos /(e +inieron #(eron "s
!#ort(n!dos6M All t&ose t&!tL All t&ose 7&oL All 7&o !re &ere "(st le!+e HTodos los
/(eL Tod!s l!s /(e estn !/(F deben "!r&!rHse661
6+ MT/isM puede indicar lo 'ue viene a continuacin o algo a mencionadoM
t!"bi0n %(ede indi!r l! %erson! /(e ll!"! %or tel0#onoM en USA t!"bi0n %(ede
indi!r l! %erson! /(e est !l otro l!do del tel0#ono1 E.14 Do t&is4 ,o t&ere !nd t&en
#ind o(t] H\E!z esto4 +ete !llF ' des%(0s !+erF,(!lo]6M T&is is Frederi9 Hs%e!9in,6
N%or tel0#onoM en in,l0s no se die UI !"V (!ndo se &!bl! %or tel0#ono$ !(n/(e no
se! inorreto ,r!"!ti!l"enteO HSo' FederioL Federio !l !%!r!to6M >&oZs t&is
NUSAOL t&!t NGBOT HW*on /(i0n &!bloTL WJ(i0n est !l !%!r!toT61
8+ MT/atM puede indicar lo 'ue viene a continuacin si es una personaM este (so
se ll!"! !t!#3rioM en GB t!"bi0n %(ede indi!r l! %erson! /(e est !l otro l!do
del tel0#onoM %(ede re#erirse ! (n! or!i3n !nterior ' se tr!d(e %or UesoVM (!ndo se
tr!d(e %or UesoV e/(i+!le ! UitV Hlo61 E.14 T&!t is "' !(nt Hs! es "i tF!6M >&oZs
t&!t NGBOL t&is NUSAOT N%or tel0#onoO HW*on /(i0n &!bloTL WJ(i0n est !l !%!r!toT6M
A4 DonZt b(' it] H\No lo o"%res]61 B4 >&' s&o(ldnZt I do t&!tT HWPor /(0 no
deberF! &!er esoT61
9+ MT/isM Mt/atM cuando no /acen la funcin de su%eto suelen ser neutros
se traducen por MestoM Meso# a'uelloM res%eti+!"ente1 E.14 Ee sold t&is Hl
+endi3 esto6M S&e didnZt li9e t&!t HA ell! no le ,(st3 eso NoO !/(ello61
0+ Cuando Mt/atM va delante de un pronombre relativo /ace de antecedente,
suele ser neutro no se refiere a personas1 E.14 S&e ritiizedL ritiised NGBO t&!t
7&i& &e s!id HEll! riti3 lo /(e di.o 0l61
*:+ Cuando Mt/oseM va delante de un pronombre relativo /ace de
antecedente, puede ser neutro se puede referir a personas tambin1 E.14 T&e'
bo(,&t t&ose t&!tL 7&i& 7ere better H*o"%r!ron los /(e er!n "e.ores6M T&e
%olie"!n 7!t&ed t&ose 7&o didnZt be&!+e %ro%erl' HEl %oliF! obser+3 ! los /(e
no se %ort!b!n o"o es debido61
**+ MT/eseM Mt/oseM pueden referirse a algo 'ue viene detr!s1 E.14 T&ose !re
"' #!t&er !nd "ot&er Hsos NoO A/(0llos son "i %!dre ' "i "!dre61
*2+ MT/isM puede su4b+stituir a una oracin, frase o verbo a mencionados1
E.14 S&e s!'s Ht&!t6 it is e!s' b(t &e doesnZt (nderst!nd t&is HEll! die /(e es #il
%ero 0l no entiende esto61
*2+ MT/atM puede ir seguido de un superlativo absoluto D MofM D nombre en
pluralM se (s! "(' %oo de est! #or"!1 E.14 Bet7een It!li!ns$ t&!t "ost +ol(ble
Nliter!rioO o# r!es$ "(& is (ns!id HEntre los it!li!nos$ es! r!z! "(' lo(!z$ "(&!s
os!s no se dien61
*-+ MT/ose ofM puede ir delante de un nombre contable en plural precedido de
;t/e< tambin de un pronombre personal ob%eto D M,/o ...M1 E.14 T&ose o#
t&e bo'sL T&ose o# 'o( 7&o 7ere (nder 5@ o(ldnZt drin9 !lo&ol HA/(ellos &ios
/(e tenF!n "enos de 5@ !)os no %odF!n beber !lo&olL Los /(e tenF!is "enos de 5@
!)os no %odF!is beber !lo&ol61
*3+ MT/isM Mt/atM pueden ser adverbios tambin1 E.14 T&isL T&!t is 7&ere s&e
7or9s HA/(FL A&F NoO !llF es donde tr!b!.! ell!6M T&isL T&!t is &o7 s&e 7or9s HDe
est! "!ner! NoO AsFL De es! NoO !/(ell! "!ner! NoO AsF es o"o tr!b!.! ell!61
*6+ Cuando se 'uiere dar nfasis al pronombre demostrativo, 'ue /aga la
funcin de complemento directo, se puede poner el pronombre demostrativo
al principio de la oracin seguido de un su%eto D verbo e'uivale a un su%eto D
verbo D pronombre demostrativo sin nfasis1 E.14 T&!t s&e s!id 7it&o(t t&in9in,
N"enos (s!doO HEso di.o ell! sin %ens!r6L S&e s!id t&!t 7it&o(t t&in9in, N"s
(s!doO H Ell! di.o eso sin %ens!r61
<18C1I &os pronombres demostrativos pueden ir precedidos de4
*+ @n nBmero cardinal D MofMM el %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o %(ede ir se,(ido de
(n n2"ero o no1 E.14 si- o# t&ese Ht7el+e6 Hseis de 0stos Hdoe661 D1 <15<
2+ @n nBmero ordinal D ;of< M el %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o %(ede ir del!nte del
no"bre %reedido de (n n2"ero o no1 E.14 t&e #irst o# t&ose Ht&ree6 Hel %ri"ero de
0sos Htres661 D1 <15=
2+ =lgunos ad%etivos indefinidos4 bot& o# ND1 ;1=51BO$ !ll o# ND1 ;1=515CO1
-+ =lgunos pronombres interrogativos" &o7 #e7 o#$ &o7 #e7 "ore o#$ &o7 little
o#$ &o7 little o#$ &o7 "!n' less N+(l,!rO o#$ &o7 "!n' "ore o#$ &o7 "!n' "ore
o#1 D1 <18:

3+ =lgunos pronombres exclamativos4 &o7 #e7 o#$ &o7 #e7 "ore o#$ &o7 little
o#$ &o7 "!n' o#$ &o7 "!n' less N+(l,!rO o#$ &o7 "!n' "ore o#$ &o7 "(& o#$ so
#e7 o#$ so little o#$ so "!n' o#$ so "(& o#$ s(& ! lot o#$ too #e7 o#$ too little o#$ too
"!n' o#$ too "(& o#$ 7&!t ! ,re!t de!l o#$ ! ,re!t Nestnd!rO n("ber N"s (s!doO
o#$ ! l!r,e Nestnd!rO n("ber N"s (s!doO o#$ ! ,re!t Nestnd!rO /(!ntit' N"enos
(s!doO o#$ ! l!r,e Nestnd!rO /(!ntit' N"enos (s!doO o#$ 7&!t ! lot o#1 D1 <18B
6+ Todos los pronombres indefinidos mencionados en 2.-*.
8+ @na serie de per(frasis partitivas /(e son (!nti#i!dores1 D1 :15B
<1851I &os pronombres posesivos o !d.eti+os %osesi+os s(Hb6st!nti+!dos son4
mine H"FoHs6$ !Hs6L el "FoL los "FosL l!Hs6 "F!Hs66$ ours Ht('oHs6$ !Hs6L el t('oL los
t('osL l!Hs6 t('!Hs6L +(estroHs6$ !Hs6L el +(estroL los +(estrosL l!Hs6 +(estr!Hs6L s('oHs6L
el s('oL los s('osL l!Hs6 s('!Hs6 Hde (sted66$ /is Hs('oHs6$ !Hs6L el s('oL los s('osL
l!Hs6 s('!Hs6 Hde 0l66$ /ers Hs('oHs6$ !Hs6L el s('oL los s('osL l!Hs6 s('!Hs6 Hde ell!66$
its N!r!ioO Hs('oL el s('oL s('!L l! s('!6$ ours Hn(estroHs6L el n(estroL los n(estrosL
n(estr!Hs6L l!Hs6 n(estr!Hs66$ t/eirs Hs('oHs6L el s('oL los s('os Hde ellos6L s('!Hs6L
l!Hs6 s('!Hs6 Hde ell!s66M %(eden ir %reedidos de UnotV1
L! #or"! Qt&ineQ N!r!ioO e/(i+!le ! Q'o(rsQ %ero se (s! %rini%!l"ente en %oesF!$
en %ro+erbios$ en l! +ersi3n !nti,(! de l! Bibli! ' en libros !nti,(osM los
%rono"bres %osesi+os e/(i+!len !l ,eniti+o s!.3n elF%tio ' %(eden &!er l!s
"is"!s #(niones /(e (n no"bre e-e%to l! de !%osii3nM no +!n n(n! %reedidos
de Ut&eV1 Se re#ieren$ ! di#ereni! del !stell!no$ !l %oseedor ' no ! l! os! %oseFd!M
tienen l! "is"! #or"! en sin,(l!r ' en %l(r!lM +!n !ent(!dos en in,l0s olo/(i!lM
se (s!n "s !l #in!l de l! or!i3n /(e !l %rini%ioM en in,l0s no se %one n(n! Ut&eV
del!nte de (n %rono"bre %osesi+o$ %ero en !stell!no se %(ede de l!s dos "!ner!s1
E.14 T&is &orse is R"ine HEste !b!llo es R"FoL el R"Fo6M T&!t .("%er is R'o(rs HEse
.erse' es t('oL el t('o6M T&ose b!lls !re R&is Ni j(stinZsO HEs!s %elot!s son Rs('!sL l!s
Rs('!s Ni de j(stinoO6M Ot&er n!tions &!+e !tt!ined t&eir ob.eti+e be#ore t&is n!tion
&!s !tt!ined Rits N!r!ioO HOtr!s n!iones &!n !l!nz!do s( ob.eti+o !ntes de /(e
est! n!i3n &!'! !l!nz!do el Rs('o6M RIts N!r!ioO is o+er t&ere HEl Rs('o est !&FL
!llF6M T&e %(llo+er is Ro(rs HEl .erse' es Rn(estroL el Rn(estro6M T&e 7!t&es !re Rt&eirs
HLos relo.es Hde %(lser!6 son Rs('osL los Rs('os61
E-iste t!"bi0n otr! #or"! %oniendo Uo#V del!nte de los %rono"bres %!r! (!nti#i!r
l! os! %oseFd! /(e s(ele ir %reedid! del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ de (n n2"ero
!rdin!l o de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL inde#inidoM es el e/(i+!lente del ,eniti+o
s!.3n doble1 E.14 t&is %&oto o# R"ine Hest! #oto R"F! Nde "i %ro%ied!d donde no
!%!rezo 'o !(n/(e %(edo !%!reer on otr!s %erson!sO6M t&!t .("%er o# R'o(rs Hese
.erse' Rt('o6M t&ose b!lls o# R&is Hes!s %elot!s Rs('!s6M t&ree %(llo+ers o# Ro(rs Htres
.erse's Rn(estros6M ! 7!t& o# Rt&eirs H(n relo. Hde %(lser!6 Rs('o6M so"e desri%tions
o# R&ers H!l,(n!s desri%iones R s('!sL de R ell!6M one o# Ro(rs H(nHo$ !6 Rn(estrHo$ !6L
(nHo$ !6 de lHos$ !s6 Rn(estrHos$ !s66M in t&is 7orld o# Ro(rs Hen este "(ndo Rn(estro61
*on+iene distin,(ir entre QEe &!s "ore e-%ensi+e boo9s t&!n o(rsQ Hl tiene libros
"s !ros /(e los n(estros6 ' QEe &!s "ore e-%ensi+e boo9s t&!n 7e &!+e
Nestnd!rOL (s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO Hl tiene "s libros
!ros /(e nosotros61
Si se die Q! &orse o# R"ineQ H(n !b!llo "FoL (no de "is !b!llos6$ se /(iere deir
(no de entre dos o "s %ero$ si se die Q"' &orseQ H"i !b!lloL el !b!llo "Fo6$ se
/(iere deir (no solo ' no &!' "s1
Nor"!l"ente se %(ede (s!r (n %rono"bre %osesi+o en el l(,!r de (n ,eniti+o s!.3n
!ntes de no"br!r H!6 l! %erson!$ !ni"!l o os! /(e re%resent!1 E.14 REers Ni S'l+i!ZsO
7!s ! bi, boo9 HEl Rs('o Ni el de Sil+i!O er! (n libro ,r!nde6M Rmo(rs is ! be!(ti#(l
s&irt HL! Rt('! es (n! !"is! &er"os!6M RO(rs is t&e best sol(tion HL! Rn(estr! es l!
"e.or sol(i3n61
El %rono"bre %osesi+o de se,(nd! %erson! s(ele (s!rse !l #in!l de (n! !rt!1 E.14
Rmo(rs$ S(s!n H*on !Rri)o$ S(s!n!61
Se %(ede %oner Qo7nQ H%ro%ioHs6L %ro%i!Hs66 detrs de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o o detrs
de QoneZsQ %!r! indi!r %osesi3n o ontr!ste on +!lor en#tioM Qo7nQ es
%rono"bre en este !soM detrs de Qo7nQ no se %(ede %oner QoneHs6Q en in,l0s
liter!rio %ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l sF ND1 <1:C18O1 E.14 I !" on "' o7nL b' "'sel#L
!lone HEsto' solHo$ !6 Ni no !o"%!)!dHo$ !6O6M Ee did it on &is o7n Hl lo &izo solo
Ni sin !'(d!O6M T&e deision is &is o7n HL! deisi3n es s('!L de 0l H' no Hde6 otro66M
S&e is on &er o7nL b' &ersel#L !lone HEll! est sol! Ni no !o"%!)!d!O6M >e !re on
o(r o7nL b' o(rsel+esL !lone HEst!"os solos Ni no !o"%!)!dosO6M T&e' !re on
t&eir o7nL b' t&e"sel+esL !lone HEstn solos Ni no !o"%!)!dosO6M S&e 7or9ed
o(t t&e !ns7ers Hb'6 &ersel#L on &er o7n HEll! enontr3 l!s res%(est!s sol!6M ! !r o#
&is o7n H(n o&e s('o61 D1 ;1<<
Es #re(ente "eter (n UloV !l tr!d(ir or!iones in,les!s en l!s /(e !%!ree (n
%rono"bre %osesi+o on el +erbo UbeV1 E.14 mo(r b(siness is ris9' b(t R"ine isnZt
HT( ne,oio es !rries,!do %ero el R"Fo no lo es61
<1881I &os pronombres posesivos pueden ir precedidos de4
*+ @n nBmero cardinal D ;of<1 E.14 si- o# R&ers Hseis de Rell!61 D1 <15<
2+ @n nBmero ordinal D ;of<1 E.14 t&e #irst o# R&is Hel %ri"ero Rs('oL de R0l61 D1 <15=
2+ =lgunos ad%etivos indefinidos4 bot& o# ND1 ;1=51BO$ !ll o# ND1 ;1=515CO1
-+ =lgunos pronombres interrogativos" &o7 #e7 o#$ &o7 #e7 "ore o#$ &o7 little
o#$ &o7 little o#$ &o7 "!n' less N+(l,!rO o#$ &o7 "!n' "ore o#$ &o7 "!n' "ore
o#1 D1 <18:

3+ =lgunos pronombres exclamativos4 &o7 #e7 o#$ &o7 #e7 "ore o#$ &o7 little
o#$ &o7 "!n' o#$ &o7 "!n' less N+(l,!rO o#$ &o7 "!n' "ore o#$ &o7 "(& o#$ so
#e7 o#$ so little o#$ so "!n' o#$ so "(& o#$ s(& ! lot o#$ too #e7 o#$ too little o#$ too
"!n' o#$ too "(& o#$ 7&!t ! ,re!t de!l o#$ ! ,re!t Nestnd!rO n("ber N"s (s!doO
o#$ ! l!r,e Nestnd!rO n("ber N"s (s!doO o#$ ! ,re!t Nestnd!rO /(!ntit' N"enos
(s!doO o#$ ! l!r,e Nestnd!rO /(!ntit' N"enos (s!doO o#$ 7&!t ! lot o#1 D1 <18B
6+ Todos los pronombres indefinidos mencionados en 2.-*.
8+ @na serie de per(frasis partitivas /(e son (!nti#i!dores1 D1 :15B
<18:1I &os pronombres interrogativos pueden ser" a+ Simples. b+ Compuestos.
&os pronombres interrogativos simples tanto en estilo directo con signo de
interrogacin como en estilo indirecto sin interrogacin son"
*+ W/oN L&(4L HW/(i0nT N"!s(lino ' #e"enino %!r! %erson!s o !ni"!les ! los /(e
se tiene !ri)o on +erbo intero,!ti+o en sin,(l!rOL /(i0nes N"!s(lino ' #e"enino
%!r! %erson!s o !ni"!les ! los /(e se tiene !ri)o on +erbo interro,!ti+o en %l(r!lM
&!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto ' en in,l0s olo/(i!l t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM
%(ede &!er otr!s #(niones on (n! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' detrs
de (n! %re%osii3n en in,l0s +(l,!rM on el +erbo Qsee"Q se (s! Q&o7Q ' no Q7&oQM
on Q7&oQ se (s! el +erbo Qloo9 li9eQ ' no Qsee"QM no obst!nte$ no %(ede &!er l!
#(ni3n de o"%le"ento indiretoM (!ndo Q7&oQ &!e de s(.eto$ s(ele ir se,(ido
de (n +erbo en sin,(l!r$ !(n/(e se es%ere (n! ontest!i3n en %l(r!l$ %ero$ si +!
se,(ido del +erbo QbeQ ' se re#iere ! (n %redi!do no"in!l en %l(r!l$ se %one
se,(ido del +erbo QbeQ en %l(r!lO61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 >&o Ns(.etoO !re t&e'T
HWJ(i0nes son ellosT6M >&oH"6 No"%le"ento diretoO did 'o( seeT HWA /(i0nHes6
+isteT6M >&o Ns(.etoO is 7&oT HWJ(i0n es /(i0nT6M A4 >&o is %rotestin,T HWJ(i0n
est %rotest!ndoT61 B4 Di-ie !nd Nettie !re HRi!rd! ' Enri/(et!6M A4 >&o Ns(.etoO
is t&!t "!n li9eT HWA /(i0n se %!ree ese &o"breT61 B4 Ee is li9e "' #!t&er be!(se
&e is R&!rdIR7or9in,L s&ort !nd #!t HSe %!ree ! "i %!dre %or/(e es tr!b!.!dorL b!.o
' ,ordo6M >&o isL 7!s$ et1$ &eL s&e$ et1$ li9eT Nindi! !%!rieni! ' %erson!lid!dO
HWA /(i0n se %!reeL %!reF!$ et1$ 0lL ell!$ et1T6M >&o does 'o(r brot&er loo9 li9eT
Nindi! sol!"ente !%!rieni!O HWA /(i0n se %!ree t( &er"!noT61
Se %one U7&oTV HW/(i0nT6 (!ndo +! soloM en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %one se,(ido de
l!s %re%osiiones Qb'$ 7it&Q$ et1$ ' en in,l0s olo/(i!l %reedido de l!s
%re%osiiones4 7&o b'T Nolo/(i!lOL b' 7&oT Nolo/(i!lOL b' 7&o"T Nliter!rioO
HW%or /(i0nT6$ 7&o 7it&T Nolo/(i!lOL 7it& 7&oT Nolo/(i!lOL 7it& 7&o"T
Nliter!rioO HWon /(i0nT61
*(!ndo el %rono"bre interro,!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto en (n! or!i3n
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! no lle+! nor"!l"ente el +erbo !(-ili!r QdoQ on (n +erbo
nor"!l$ %ero en interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! sF1 E.14 >&o Ns(.etoO !"eT N"s (s!do4 no
en#tioOL >&o Ns(.etoO did o"eT N"enos (s!do4 en#tioO HWJ(i0n +inoL J(i0nes
+inieronT6M >&o Ns(.etoO %&onedT N"s (s!do4 no en#tioOL >&o Ns(.etoO did
%&oneT N"enos (s!do4 en#tioO HWJ(i0n ll!"3 %or tel0#onoT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!sM no se %(ede %oner Q7&o"Q$ si
Q7&oQ &!e #(ni3n de s(.eto o !trib(toL %redi!do no"in!l1 E.14 Ee is !ble to
identi#' R7&o &!s done it Hl es !%!z de identi#i!r ! /(ien lo &!L &!'! &e&o6M Ee
doesnZt 9no7 R7&o N!trib(toO s&e is Hl no s!be R/(i0n es ell!6M Ee doesnZt 9no7
R7&o N!trib(toO t&e' !re Hl no s!be R/(i0nes son ellos6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 R7&o
!"e HEll! no s!be R/(i0n +ino6$ et1
En el estilo indireto libre Q7&oQ %(ede ir se,(ido de (n! or!i3n$ /(e es (n iniso o
!)!dido no nees!rio$ %ero no se %(ede %oner Q7&o"Q$ si Q7&oQ &!e #(ni3n de
s(.eto o !trib(toL %redi!do no"in!lM no se %(ede %oner Qt&!tQ detrs del iniso1 E.14
>&o Ns(.etoO do 'o( onsiderL i"!,ineL t&in9 is t&e !(t&orT HWJ(i0n onsider!sL
i"!,in!sL rees Ht26 /(e es el !(torT6M >&o Ns(.etoO did 'o( s!' &!d diedT HWJ(i0n
di.iste Ht26 /(e &!bF! "(ertoT6M >&o N!trib(toO do 'o( belie+eL t&in9 s&e isT
HWJ(i0n rees Ht26 /(e es ell!T61 D1 =188;15
2+ W/omN L&(4"L HW! /(i0nT N"!s(lino ' #e"enino %!r! %erson!s on +erbo
interro,!ti+o en sin,(l!rOL ! /(i0nes N"!s(lino ' #e"enino %!r! %erson!s on
+erbo interro,!ti+o en %l(r!lM &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento diretoM %(ede &!er
otr!s #(niones on (n! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' !l %rini%io en
in,l0s liter!rioM en in,l0s liter!rio &!' /(e %oner Q7&o"Q (!ndo +! detrs de (n!
%re%osii3n$ %ero en in,l0s +(l,!r se (s! U7&oV detrs de (n! %re%osii3nM no
obst!nte$ en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %(ede %oner sie"%re Q7&oQ !l #in!l de l! or!i3n en
+ez de Q7&o"QM Q7&o"Q no %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de s(.eto en estilo direto %ero
en estilo indireto sFO61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 >&oH"6 7ill &e o"e 7it&T
Nolo/(i!lOL >it& 7&o" Nliter!rioOL 7&o Nolo/(i!lO 7ill &e o"eT HW*on /(i0n
+endr 0lT6M >&oH"6 !re t&e' to belie+eT HWA /(i0nHes6 +!n ! reerT6$ et1
*(!ndo Q7&o"Q &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento indireto ' o"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!l en in,l0s liter!rio se %re#iere %oner l! %re%osii3n del!nte ' en in,l0s
olo/(i!l !l #in!l1 E.14 To 7&o" Nliter!rioOL 7&o N+(l,!rO No"%le"ento indiretoO
did s&e send itTL >&oH"6 did s&e send it toT Nolo/(i!lO HWA /(i0n se lo en+i3 ell!T6M
S&e sent it to 7&o" Nliter!rioOL 7&o Nolo/(i!lOT N%re,(nt! re!%it(l!ti+!O HWEll! se
lo en+i3 ! /(i0nT6M #or 7&o" Nliter!rioOL 7&o Nolo/(i!lOTL 7&o #orT Nolo/(i!lO
HW%!r! /(i0nT6M >it& 7&o" Nliter!rioOL 7&o N+(l,!rO did &e ,oTL >&oH"6 did &e ,o
7it&T Nolo/(i!lO HW*on /(i0n #(e 0lT6M Ee 7ent 7it& 7&o" Nliter!rioOL 7&o
Nolo/(i!lOT N%re,(nt! re!%it(l!ti+!O HWl #(e on /(i0nT61
En estilo indireto libre Q7&o"Q %(ede ir se,(ido en in,l0s liter!rio de (n! or!i3n$
/(e es (n iniso o !)!dido no nees!rio$ %ero se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n Q7&oQ en
in,l0s olo/(i!lM &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento direto ' no se %(ede s(%ri"irM
%(ede &!er otr!s #(niones %reedido de %re%osii3n en in,l0s liter!rio e inl(so en
in,l0s olo/(i!l ' se,(ido de l! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l e inl(so en
in,l0s liter!rioM (!ndo +! %reedido de (n %re%osii3n se %one nor"!l"ente
Q7&o"Q en in,l0s liter!rio ' Q7&oQ en in,l0s olo/(i!lM (!ndo l! %re%osii3n +! !l
#in!l se %(ede %oner Q7&oQ o Q7&o"Q1 E.14 >&o" Nliter!rioOL >&o Nolo/(i!lO
No"%le"ento diretoO do 'o( i"!,ineL t&in9 Ht&!t6 &e 7ill &ooseT HWA /(i0n
i"!,in!sL rees Ht26 /(e 0l eso,erT6M >&o" Nliter!rioOL >&o Nolo/(i!lO
No"%le"ento diretoO did 'o( s!' Ht&!t6 s&e &!d &el%edT HWA /(i0n di.iste Ht26 /(e
ell! &!bF! !'(d!doT6M >&o" Nliter!rioOL >&o Nolo/(i!lO do 'o( t&in9 t&is letter is
#orT HWP!r! /(i0n reeHs6 /(e es est! !rt!T6M >&o" Nliter!rioOL >&o Nolo/(i!lO$ do
'o( t&in9$ is t&is letter #orT HWP!r! /(i0n$ rees t2L ree Dd1$ es est! !rt!T61
J(izHs6 %!r! "(&!s %erson!s l! sol(i3n se! %oner sie"%re Q7&oQ (!ndo no +!
detrs de (n! %re%osii3n ' Q7&o"Q s3lo detrs de (n! %re%osii3n1
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 Ee doesnZt 9no7 7&o" s&e
lo+es Hl no s!be ! /(i0n !"! ell!6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&oH"6 t&is 7ord re#ers to
HEll! no s!be ! /(i0n se re#iere est! %!l!br!6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&oH"6 Ns(.etoO is
reR#erred to HEll! no s!be ! /(i0n se re#iere6M Tell "e 7&oH"6 'o( s!7] H\Di"e !
/(i0nHes6 +iste]6$ et1
2+ W/ic/N L7It[L NGBO o L&7It[L NUSAO HW(lT N"!s(lino ' #e"enino %!r!
%erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s on +erbo interro,!ti+o en sin,(l!rOL (les N"!s(lino
' #e"enino %!r! %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s on +erbo interro,!ti+o en %l(r!lM &!e
l! #(ni3n de s(.eto ' t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM (!ndo &!e l! #(ni3n
de s(.eto en (n! or!i3n interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! no lle+! nor"!l"ente el +erbo
!(-ili!r QdoQ on (n +erbo nor"!l$ %ero en interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! sFM %(ede ir
se,(ido de Uo#V ' (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n sint!,"! %re%osiion!l on
Uo#V ' (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM
(!ndo &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto ' se re#iere ! %erson!s tiene /(e ir se,(ido de Uo#VM
%(ede &!er otr!s #(niones on (n! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' !l
%rini%io o !l #in!l en in,l0s liter!rioM no obst!nte$ no %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de
o"%le"ento indiretoM (!ndo +! se,(ido de UoneHs6V es !d.eti+o$ no %rono"breM
U7&i&V tiene (n sentido deter"in!doL de#inido$ "ientr!s /(e U7&!tV tiene (n
si,ni#i!do indeter"in!doL inde#inidoO61 D1 ;1<?18
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 >&i& Hone6 o# (s Ns(.etoO is
oldestT HW*(l de nosotros es el "!'orT6M >&i& Hones6 No"%le"ento diretoO do
'o( s&!reT HW*(les o"%!rtesT6M >&i& Hone6 does s&e 7rite toTL To 7&i& Hone6
does s&e 7riteT HWA (l esribe ell!T61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&i& Hone6
o# (s is oldest HEll! no s!be (l de nosotros es el "!'or6M Ee doesnZt 9no7 7&i&
Hone6 is best Hl no s!be (l es el "e.or6$ et1
En el estilo indireto libre Q7&i&Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n! or!i3n$ /(e es (n iniso
o !)!dido no nees!rioM no se %(ede %oner Qt&!tQ detrs del iniso1 E.14 >&i&
Ns(.etoO do 'o( onsiderL i"!,ineL t&in9 is bi,,erT HW*2!l onsider!sL i"!,in!sL
rees Ht26 /(e es "!'orT61 D1 =188;15
Detrs del %rono"bre Q7&i&Q se %(ede %oner el +erbo en sin,(l!r si se re#iere !
(n! sol! os! ' en %l(r!l si se re#iere ! +!ri!s os!s4 >&i& Ho# t&e boo9s6 is t&e
"ost interestin,T HW*(l Hde los libros6 es el "s interes!nteT6M >&i& Ho# t&e
boo9s6 !re in En,lis&T HW*(les Hde los libros6 estn en in,l0sT61
-+ W/at ...N L7otL NGBO ' L&7!4tL NUSA o L&7AtLO HW/(0 111T N"!s(lino '
#e"enino %!r! %erson!s o os!s on +erbo interro,!ti+o en sin,(l!r '$ si lle+! (n
%redi!do en %l(r!l$ %(ede ir on l!s #or"!s +erb!les de %l(r!l Q!reQ ' Q7ereQM &!e
l! #(ni3n de s(.eto ' t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM no obst!nte$ no %(ede
&!er l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento indiretoM %(ede &!er otr!s #(niones on (n!
%re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' !l %rini%io o !l #in!l en in,l0s liter!rioM
on los +erbos Q!llQ ' Qs!'Q se (s! Q7&!tQ ' no Q&o7QM on el +erbo Qsee"Q se (s!
Q&o7Q ' no Q7&!tQM on Q7&!tQ se (s! el +erbo Qloo9 li9eQ ' no Qsee"QM (!ndo se
&!e (n! %re,(nt! on Q7&!tQ el !d.eti+o %(ede ser ,r!d(!ble o no ,r!d(!bleM
Q7&!tQ tiene (n sentido indeter"in!doL inde#inido$ "ientr!s /(e Q7&i&Q tiene (n
si,ni#i!do deter"in!doL de#inidoM Q7&!tQ no %(ede ir se,(ido de Qo#Q h no"breL
%rono"breO6$ ,/atN HW/(0TL W3"oT N%!r! indi!r en in,l0s olo/(i!l /(e no se &!
oFdo lo /(e se &! di&oOL W/(0TL W/(e /(0T N%!r! indi!r sor%res!$ nor"!l"ente
des!,r!d!bleO6$ ,/at ... forN HW%or/(0L %!r! /(0 111T6$ ,/at ... li1eN HW3"o 111T Nse
(s! %rini%!l"ente %!r! !%!rieni!$ %erson!lid!d$ i"%resionesO6$ ,/at about Ni
&o7 !bo(t 111ON HW/(0 te %!ree si 111T61 D1 ;1<?15$ ?18C1;
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 >&!tZs t&e "!tterL 7ron,L (%L
,oin, onL oo9in, HWJ(0 Ns(.etoO %!s!T6M >&!t No"%le"ento diretoO do 'o(
#!n'T HWJ(0 te !%eteeT6M Are 'o( sill'H$6 or 7&!tT HWEres tonto o /(0T6M >&!t
Ns(.etoO is 7&!tT HWJ(0 es /(0T6M A4 >&!t is 'o(r 7i#eT HA4 WJ(0 es t( "(.erTLWEn
/(0 tr!b!.! t( "(.erT61 B4 S&e is !n !ir &ostessL ! ste7!rdess HB4 Es !z!#!t!6M >&!tT
mo( &!+e #!iledT HWJ(0L J(e /(0T WE!s s(s%endidoT6M >&!t is t&e 7e!t&er li9eT
HWJ(0 tie"%o &!eT Nnor"!l"enteL !&or!O6M >&!t is t&e 7e!t&er li9e tod!'T HWJ(0
tie"%o &!e &o'T6M>&!t is 'o(r .ob li9eT HW*3"o es t( tr!b!.oT Nnor"!l"enteO6M
>&!t is t&e sit(!tion Hli9e6T HW*3"o est l! sit(!i3nT6M >&!tZs t&e sene Hli9e6 !t
t&e "o"entT HW*3"o est el esen!rioL l! sit(!i3n !&or!T6M A4 >&!t does 'o(r
brot&er loo9 li9eT Nsol!"ente !%!rieni!O HWJ(0 !s%eto tiene t( &er"!noT61 B4 Ee
is s&ort Hl es b!.o6L Ee loo9s li9e !n old "!n Hl %!ree (n +ie.o6M A4 >&!t isL 7!s
s&e li9eT N!%!rieni! ' %erson!lid!dO HW*3"o esL er! ell!T6M B4 S&eZs t!ll !nd
intelli,ent HEll! es !lt! e inteli,ente6M >&!t does it #eel li9eT HWJ(0 sens!i3n d!
Nnor"!l"enteL !&or!OT6M >&!t N>&i&4 no %onerO isL Zs &er %&one n("berT HW*(l
es s( n2"ero de tel0#ono6M >&!t NEo74 no %onerO do 'o( !ll t&is in En,lis&T
HW*3"o se ll!"! esto en in,l0sT6M >&!t do 'o( s!'T HWJ(0L *3"o diesT6M >&!t
do 'o( "!9e o# t&is ide!T HWJ(0 te %!ree est! ide!T6M >&!t 7ill 'o( st!rt 7it&TL
>it& 7&!t 7ill 'o( st!rtT HW*on /(0 e"%ez!rsT6M >&!t does 'o(r nei,&bo(r
NGBOL nei,&bor NUSAO do it #orT HWP!r! /(0L Por /(0 lo &!e t( +einoT6M >&!t
does s&e 7!nt t&!t #orT HWP!r! /(0 /(iere ell! esoL !/(elloT6M >&!t !reL 7ere &is
%ro.ets #or t&is 'e!rT HWJ(0 %ro'etos tieneL tenF! %!r! este !)oT6M H!nd6 So 7&!tT
HWm /(0T6M >&!t$ s&eL &er !n idiotT HWJ(0$ ell! (n! idiot!T6M >&!tL Eo7 !bo(t
sellin, t&e &o(seT HWJ(0 te %!ree si se +ende l! !s!T6M 7it& 7&!tT Nliter!rioOL 7&!t
7it&T Nolo/(i!lO HWon /(0T61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l el !d+erbio %(ede ir !l #in!l de l! or!i3n1 E.14 And t&e' o"e$
#or 7&!t Nliter!rioOL 7&!t #or Nolo/(i!lOT Hm +ienen$ W%!r! /(0T61
*(!ndo el %rono"bre interro,!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ (n! or!i3n
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! no lle+! nor"!l"ente el +erbo !(-ili!r QdoQ on (n +erbo
nor"!l$ %ero e interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! sF1 E.14 >&!t Ns(.etoO &!%%enedT N"s (s!do4
no en#tioOL >&!t Ns(.etoO did &!%%enT N"enos (s!do4 en#tioO HWJ(0 o(rri3T61
D1 <18<
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 *!n 'o( tell "e 7&!t t&e
7e!t&er is li9eT HWP(edes deir"e /(0 tie"%o &!eT6M Ee didnZt 9no7 7&!t Ns(.etoO
7!s "ore i"%ort!nt Hl no s!bF! /(0L lo /(e er! "s i"%ort!nte6M Ee doesnZt 9no7
7&!t Ns(.etoO is 7orse Hl no s!be /(0L lo /(e es %eor6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t it
!%%lies to HEll! no s!be ! /(0 se !%li!6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t it is !ll !bo(t HEll!
no s!be de /(0L lo /(e se tr!t!6M IZll tell 'o( 7&!t No"%le"ento diretoO to do HTe
dir0 /(0L lo /(e &!' /(e &!er6M IZll tell 'o( 7&!t HTe dir0 NoO di,o (n! os!L WS!bes
/(0L lo /(e te di,oT6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t No"%le"ento diretoO &e did HEll!
no s!be /(0L lo /(e &izo 0l6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t Ns(.etoO &!%%ened HEll! no
s!be /(0L lo /(e o(rri36M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t t&is 7ord re#ers to HEll! no s!be !
/(0L lo /(e se re#iere est! %!l!br!6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t Ns(.etoO is !R%%lied to
HEll! no s!be ! /(0L lo /(e se !%li!6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t t&is is !R%%lied to
HEll! no s!be ! /(0L lo /(e se !%li! esto6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t Ns(.etoO is
belie+ed to 7or9 HEll! no s!be /(0L lo /(e se ree /(e #(nion!6M S&e doesnZt 9no7
7&!t t&e' !re belie+edL s(%%osed to do HEll! no s!be lo /(e se reeL s(%one /(e
ellos &!rn6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t t&e &o(se is Rb(ilt 7it& HEll! no s!be on /(0L
lo /(e se onstr('e l! !s!6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t Ns(.etoO is Rdone HEll! no s!be
/(0L lo /(e se &!e6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t Ns(.etoO is Rdr(n9 #ro"L o(t o# HEll! no
s!be de d3nde se bebe6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t Ns(.etoO is Rloo9ed !t HEll! no s!be !
/(0L lo /(e se "ir!6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t Ns(.etoO is R"e!nt HEll! no s!be /(0L lo
/(e se /(iere deir6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t lo+eL t&is is "e!nt to be HEll! no s!be
lo /(e se es%er! /(e se! el !"orL esto6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t Ns(.etoO is reR#erred
to HEll! no s!be ! /(0L lo /(e se re#iere6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t Ns(.etoO is Rs!id
HEll! no s!be /(0L lo /(e se die6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t Ns(.etoO is s(%%osed to
&!%%en HEll! no s!be /(0L lo /(e se s(%one /(e o(rrir6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t
Ns(.etoO is Rt&o(,&t Ho# t&is6 HEll! no s!be /(0L lo /(e se %iens! Hde esto66M I 9no7
7&!t HWS!bes /(0T6$ et1
E!' +erbos o"o UHsb6 be !"!zedL deli,&tedV$ et1$ /(e %(eden ir se,(idos de (n!
%re%osii3n h U7&!tV h s(.eto h +erbo /(e no est0 en in#initi+o1 En estilo indireto
el orden nor"!l en l!s or!iones s(bordin!d!s es s(.eto se,(ido de +erbo %ero$ !
+ees$ se d! l! in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' el +erbo o"o o(rre en !stell!no %ero es
in,l0s +(l,!r1 E.14 >&o 9no7s 7&!t &e 7!ited #or Nliter!rioOL did &e 7!it #orT
N+(l,!rOT HWJ(i0n s!be %!r! /(0L %or /(0 es%er3 0lT61
En el estilo indireto libre Q7&!tQ %(ede ir se,(ido de (n! or!i3n$ /(e es (n iniso
o !)!dido no nees!rioM no se %(ede %oner Qt&!tQ detrs del iniso1 D1 <18:151b$
=188;15
3+ W/oseN L&(4zL HWde /(i0nT N"!s(lino ' #e"enino %!r! %erson!s on +erbo
interro,!ti+o en sin,(l!rM &!e l! #(ni3n de %osesi+o en ,eniti+oOL de /(i0nL
/(i0nes N"!s(lino ' #e"enino %!r! %erson!s on +erbo interro,!ti+o en %l(r!lM
&!e l! #(ni3n de %osesi+o en ,eniti+oO61 D1 ;1<?1:
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 >&ose is t&!tT HWDe /(i0n es
esoL !/(elloT6M >&ose !re t&oseT HWDe /(i0nHes6 son 0sos NoO !/(0llosT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 I donZt 9no7 7&ose t&ose !re
HNo s0 de /(i0nHes6 son 0sHos$ !s6 NoO !/(0llHos$ !s661
6+ Ao, fe,N H%oos %ero W(ntosTL %o!s %ero W(nt!sT Nen interro,!ti+! on
+erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM U&o7 #e7 o#V %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre o de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoM en
interro,!ti+! on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO61 D1 ;1<?1<
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 #e7 Ns(.etoO 7ere t&ereT
HPoHos$ !s6 %ero W(ntHos$ !s6 &!bF! !&FL !llFT6M Eo7 #e7 o# (s Ns(.etoO !re &ereT
HPoos de nosotrHos$ !s6 est!"os !/(F %ero W(ntHos$ !s6T6M Eo7 #e7 o# t&e onions
No"%le"ento diretoO did &e sellT HPo!s %ero W(nt!s eboll!s +endi3 0lT61
*(!ndo el %rono"bre interro,!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto (n! or!i3n
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! no lle+! nor"!l"ente el +erbo !(-ili!r UdoV on (n +erbo
nor"!l$ %ero en interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! sF1 E.14 Eo7 #e7 Ns(.etoO !"eT N"s (s!do4
no en#tioOL Eo7 #e7 did o"eT N"enos (s!do4 en#tioO HPoHos$ !s6 %ero
W(ntHos$ !s6 +inieronT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 I donZt re"e"ber &o7 #e7 o#
(s 7ere t&ere HNo re(erdo los %oos de nosotrHos$ !s6 /(e estb!"os !llF6$ et1
8+ Ao, fe, lessN N+(l,!rO HW(ntHos$ !s6 "enosTL %oHos$ !s6 "enos %ero
W(!ntHos$ !s6T Nen interro,!ti+! on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO61 D1 ;1<?1=
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 #e7 less Ns(.eto4 +(l,!rO
!"eT HW*(ntHos$ !s6 "enos +inieronTL PoHos$ !s6 +inieron %ero W(ntHos$ !s6T61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 Ee 7!nts to 9no7 &o7 #e7
less N+(l,!rO !"e Hl /(iere s!ber (ntHos$ !s6 "enos +inieron6$ et1
9+ Ao, fe, moreN H%oHos$ !s6 "s %ero W(ntHos$ !s6T6 Nen interro,!ti+! on
+erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM Q&o7 #e7 "ore o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre ont!ble o de (n %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.etoM en interro,!ti+! on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO1 D1 ;1<?1?
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 #e7 "ore Ns(.etoO 7ere
t&ereT HPoHos$ !s6 "s &!bF! !&FL !llF %ero W(ntHos$ !s6T6M Eo7 #e7 "ore o# t&ese
%&oto,r!%&ers No"%le"ento diretoO did 'o( seeT HA %oos "s de estos
#ot3,r!#os +iste %ero W! (ntosT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 S&e !s9ed &o7 #e7 "ore 7ere
t&ere HEll! %re,(nt3 (ntHos$ !s6 %oHos$ !s6 "s &!bF! !&FL !llF6$ et1
0+ Ao, littleN H%oHo$ !6 Hde6 111 %ero W(ntHo$ !6T Nse (s! en interro,!ti+! on
+erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoM U&o7 little o#V %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre inont!ble o de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoM
se (s! en interro,!ti+! on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoO61 D1 ;1<?1@
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 little is t&ereT HE!' %oHo$
!6 %ero W(ntHo$ !6T6M Eo7 little Ns(.etoO 7!s soldT HPoo %ero W(nto se +endi3T6M
Eo7 little No"%le"ento diretoO did 'o( e!tT HPoo %ero W(nto o"isteT6M Eo7
little o# t&e "il9 Ns(.etoO is &ereT HPo! %ero W(nt! le&e &!' !/(FT6M Eo7 little o#
t&e "one' No"%le"ento diretoO did &e reei+eT HPoo %ero W(nto dinero
reibi3 0lT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 >o(ld 'o( li9e to 9no7 &o7
little 7!s soldT HWJ(iere s!ber lo %oo /(e se +endi3T6$ et1
*:+ Ao, manN HW(ntHos$ !s6T Nse (s! en interro,!ti+! on +erbo en %l(r!l si es
s(.etoM U&o7 "!n' o#V %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+o ' (n no"bre en %l(r!l o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o o (n %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM se (s! en interro,!ti+! on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.eto6$
/o, ever manN Hdi!blosL de"onios$ WH!6 (ntHos$ !s6T61 D1 ;1<?1B
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 "!n' Ns(.etoO !re t&ereT
HW*(ntHos$ !s6 &!'T6M Eo7 "!n' o# t&e to(ristsL t&e %(r%le ones Ns(.etoO !re t&ereT
HW*(ntos de los t(rist!sL los de olor %2r%(r! &!'T6M Eo7 "!n' No"%le"ento
diretoO do 'o( e!tT HW*(ntHos$ !s6 o"esT6M Eo7 "!n' o# t&eseL t&ose to(rists
Ns(.etoO !re ,oin, t&ereT HW*(ntos de estosL esos N o O !/(ellos t(rist!s +!n H! ir6 !&FL
!llFT6M Eo7 "!n' o# t&e to(rists Ns(.etoO !re t&ereT HW*(ntos de los t(rist!s &!'T6M
Eo7 "!n' o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir o"%!nions Ns(.etoO &!+e ,oneT
HW*(ntos de "isL t(s NoO +(estros NoO s(sL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estrosL s(s Nde
ellosO o"%!)eros Hse6 &!n idoT6M Eo7 "!n' o# (sL t&e"T HW*(ntHos$ !s6 de
nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s6T6M To &o7 "!n' o# (s No"%le"ento indiretoO did &e
send t&e "ess!,eT HA (ntHos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6 en+i3 el "ens!.e 0lT61
*(!ndo el %rono"bre interro,!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto en (n! or!i3n en
#or"! interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! no lle+! nor"!l"ente el +erbo !(-ili!r QdoQ on (n
+erbo nor"!l$ %ero en #or"! interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! sF1 E.14 Eo7 "!n' Ns(.etoO
!"eT N"s (s!do4 no en#tioOL Eo7 "!n' did o"eT N"enos (s!do4 en#tioO
HW*(ntHos$ !s6 +inieronT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 Ee "!' 9no7 &o7 "!n' t&ere
!re HP(ede /(e 0l se%! (ntHos$ !s6 &!'6$ et1
**+ Ao, man lessN N+(l,!rO HW(ntHos$ !s6 "enosT Nse (s! en interro,!ti+! on
+erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM Q&o7 "!n' less o#Q N+(l,!rO %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$
(n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre o de (n %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.etoM se (s! en interro,!ti+! on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO61 D1 ;1<?15C
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 "!n' less Ns(.eto4 +(l,!rO
%!ssedT HW*(ntHos$ !s6 "enos !%rob!ronT6M Eo7 "!n' less No"%le"ento direto4
+(l,!rO did s&e &!+eT HW*(ntHos$ !s6 "enos tenF! ell!T6M Eo7 "!n' less o# t&e
!ni"!ls Ns(.eto4 +(l,!rO diedT HW*(ntos "enos de los !ni"!les "(rieronT6M Eo7
"!n' less o# t&ese "!&ines No"%le"ento direto4 +(l,!rO did t&e' re%!irT
HW*(nt!s "enos de est!s "/(in!s re%!r!ronT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 I 7onder &o7 "!n' less
Ns(.eto4 +(l,!rO %!ssed HMe %re,(nto (ntHos$ !s6 "enos !%rob!ron6$ et1
*2+ Ao, man moreN HW(ntHos$ !s6 "sT NQ&o7 "!n' "ore o#Q %(ede ir
se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre o de (n
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoM se (s! en interro,!ti+! on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO61
D1 ;1<?155
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 "!n' "ore Ns(.etoO !te
&ereT HW*(ntHos$ !s6 "s o"ieron !/(FT6M Eo7 "!n' "ore No"%le"ento
diretoO did t&e' !e%tT HW*(ntHos$ !s6 "s !e%t!ron ellosT6M Eo7 "!n' "ore o#
t&ose e"%lo'ers Ns(.etoO &el%ed 'o(T HW*(ntos "s de esosL !/(ellos e"%res!rios
te !'(d!ronT6M Eo7 "!n' "ore o# &er "!,!zines No"%le"ento diretoO did &e
re!dT HW*(nt!s "s de l!s re+ist!s de ell! le'3 0lT61
*(!ndo el %rono"bre interro,!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto (n! or!i3n
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! no lle+! nor"!l"ente el +erbo !(-ili!r UdoV on (n +erbo
nor"!l$ %ero en interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! sF1 E.14 Eo7 "!n' "ore Ns(.etoO !"eT N"s
(s!do4 no en#tioOL Eo7 "!n' "ore N"enos (s!do4 en#tioO did o"eT
HW*(ntHos$ !s6 "s +inieronT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 *o(ld I !s9 &o7 "!n' "ore
!te &ereT HWPodHr6F! 'o %re,(nt!r (ntHos$ !s6 "s o"ieron !/(FT61
*2+ Ao, muc/N HW(ntHo$ !6T Nse (s! en interro,!ti+! on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es
s(.etoM Q&o7 "(& o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+o ' (n no"bre inont!bleL ont!ble en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l$ de (n no"bre de
l(,!r$ de (n %rono"bre re#le-i+oM se (s! en interro,!ti+! on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es
s(.etoO61 D1 ;1<?158
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 "(& Ns(.etoO !rri+edT
HW*(ntHo$ !6 lle,3T6M Eo7 "(& No"%le"ento diretoO 7ill 'o( needT HW*(nto
neesit!rsT6M Eo7 "(& o# t&e ell Ns(.etoO is d!"!,edT HW*(nto de l! 0l(l! est
d!)!doT6M Eo7 "(& o# t&e %(bliit' No"%le"ento diretoO did 'o( &!+e to %!'
#orT HWH%or6 *(nt! de l! %(bliid!d t(+iste /(e %!,!rT6M Eo7 "(& o# o(rsel+es
&!+e 7e ,i+en to t&is o"%!n'T HW*(nto nos &e"os entre,!do ! est! o"%!)F!T61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 Ee .(st 7!nts to 9no7 &o7
"(& 'o( 7ill need Hl si"%le"ente /(iere s!ber (nto neesit!rs6$ et1
<18;1I &os pronombres interrogativos compuestos t!nto en estilo direto on el
si,no de interro,!i3n o"o en estilo indireto sin el si,no de interro,!i3n son"
*+ JW/oJeverN# JW/o JeverN HW/(i0n re!l"enteL di!blosL de"oniosT Non +erbo
en sin,(l!rOL W/(i0nes re!l"enteL di!blosL de"oniosT Non +erbo en %l(r!lM %!r!
%erson!s o !ni"!les t!nto en "!s(lino o"o en #e"eninoM es "s en#tio e
indi! "s inter0s o sor%res! /(e U7&oVM Qe+erQ no tiene /(e ir obli,!tori!"ente
detrs de Q7&oQM &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto en in,l0s estnd!r ' en in,l0s olo/(i!l e
inl(so en in,l0s liter!rio t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM %(ede &!er otr!s
#(niones se,(ido de l! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l e in,l0s liter!rioM no
obst!nte$ no %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento indiretoM se %(ede %oner on
(n si,ni#i!do %!reido Q7&o on e!rt&L in t&e 7orldL t&e &e9 Nolo/(i!lOL t&e &ell
Nolo/(i!lOL in Ht&e6 &ell Nolo/(i!lOL in GodZs n!"eL in &e!+enHZs n!"e6L t&e bl!zes
Nolo/(i!lO$ et1TQ HW/(i0nHes6 di!blosL de"oniosT6O61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 A4 >&o e+er does s&e loo9
li9eT HWA /(i0n re!l"enteL de"oniosL di!blos se %!ree ell!T6L >&o on e!rt&L in
t&e 7orldL t&e &ell Nolo/(i!lOL in GodZs n!"eL in &e!+enHZs n!"e6 does s&e loo9
li9eT HWA /(i0n de"oniosL di!blos se %!ree ell!T61 B4 S&e loo9s li9e Nsol!"ente
!%!rieni!O "' sister be!(se s&e is +er' t&in HSe %!ree ! "i &er"!n! %or/(e esHt6
"(' del,!d!6M >&oe+er Nliter!rioOL >&o e+er did s&e "eetT HWA /(i0n re!l"enteL
de"oniosL di!blos onoi3 ell!T6M >&o did s&e e+er Nliter!rioO "eet 7&en s&e
+isited London+T HWA /(i0n re!l"enteL de"oniosL di!blos onoF!L onoi3 ell!
(!ndo +isit!b!L +isit3 LondresT6M >&o did s&e Re+er "eet|T Nliter!rio4 %e'or!ti+oO
HWA /(i0n de"oniosL di!blos onoi3 ell!T Ni Ell! no onoi3 n(n! ! n!dieO61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 I donZt 9no7 7&o e+er !"e
HNo s0 /(i0n re!l"enteL de"oniosL di!blos +ino Nni "e i"%ort!O6M I donZt 9no7
7&o on e!rt&L in t&e 7orldL t&e &e9 Nolo/(i!lOL t&e &ell Nolo/(i!lOL in GodZs
n!"eL in &e!+enHZs n!"e6 !"e HNo s0 /(ien de"oniosL di!blos +ino6$ et1
2+ W/o else Ni 7&o ot&erL 7&o "ore4 estnd!r4 los :ON HW/(i0n "sTL W/(i0n si
noTL W/(0 otr! %erson!T61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 >&o else !"eT HWJ(i0n "sL
si no +inoT6M >&o else 9no7s itT HWJ(i0n "sL si no lo s!beT6M >&o elseZs !n it
beT HWDe /(i0n "sL si no %(ede serT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 Do 'o( 9no7 7&o elseZsL
7&ose else it !n be Nestnd!rOL !n it be N+(l,!rOT HWS!bes de /(i0n "sL si no
%(ede serT6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&o else !"e HEll! no s!be /(i0n "sL si no +ino61
2+ JW/omJeverN# J,/om JeverN HW! /(i0n re!l"enteL di!blosL de"oniosT Non
+erbo en sin,(l!rOL W! /(i0nes re!l"enteL di!blosL de"oniosT Non +erbo en %l(r!lM
se re#iere ! %erson!s o !ni"!les ! los /(e se tiene !ri)o t!nto en "!s(lino o"o
en #e"eninoM es "s en#tio e indi! "s inter0s o sor%res! /(e U7&o"VM &!e l!
#(ni3n de o"%le"ento diretoM %(ede &!er otr!s #(niones %reedido de
%re%osii3n en in,l0s liter!rio e inl(so en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' se,(ido de l!
%re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l e inl(so en in,l0s liter!rioM en in,l0s
olo/(i!l se %(ede (s!r Q7&oe+erL 7&o e+erQ en +ez de Q7&o"e+erL 7&o" e+erQ
e-e%to (!ndo +! detrs de (n! %re%osii3nM se %(ede %oner on (n si,ni#i!do
%!reido Q7&o" on e!rt&L in t&e 7orldL t&e &e9 Nolo/(i!lOL t&e &ell Nolo/(i!lOL in
Ht&e6 &ell Nolo/(i!lOL in GodZs n!"eL in &e!+enHZs n!"e6L t&e bl!zes Nolo/(i!lO$
et1TQ HW! /(i0nHes6 di!blos NoO de"oniosT6O61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 >&o"e+er No"%le"ento
diretoO did t&e' deno(neT HWA /(i0nHes6 re!l"enteL de"oniosL di!blos
den(ni!ronT6M >&o" No"%le"ento diretoO on e!rt&L in t&e 7orldL t&e &e9
Nolo/(i!lOL t&e &ell Nolo/(i!lOL in GodZs n!"eL in &e!+enHZs n!"e6 did t&e'
deno(neT HWA /(i0nHes6 de"oniosL di!blos den(ni!ronT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&o"e+erL
7&o" e+er &e ,!+e it to HEll! no s!be ! /(i0nHes6 re!l"enteL de"oniosL di!blos se
lHo$ !6 dio 0l6$ et1
-+ W/om elseN HW! /(i0nHes6 "sL si noT61 E.14 >&o" else did 'o( seeT HWA
/(i0nHes6 "sL si no +isteT61
3+ JW/ic/JeverN# J,/ic/ JeverN HW(l re!l"enteL de"oniosL di!blosT Non +erbo
en sin,(l!rOL W(!les re!l"enteL de"oniosL di!blosT Non +erbo en %l(r!lM %!r!
os!s t!nto en "!s(lino o"o en #e"eninoM es "s en#tio /(e sin Ue+erVM Qe+erQ
no tiene /(e ir obli,!tori!"ente detrs de Q7&i&QM &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto '
t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM %(ede &!er otr!s #(niones %reedido de l!
%re%osii3n en in,l0s liter!rio e inl(so in,l0s olo/(i!l ' se,(ido de l! %re%osii3n
!l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l e inl(so in,l0s liter!rioM no obst!nte$ no %(ede &!er l!
#(ni3n de o"%le"ento indiretoM se (tiliz!n "(' %oo !t(!l"enteM Q7&i&e+erQ
tiene (n sentido deter"in!doL de#inido$ "ientr!s /(e Q7&!te+erQ tiene (n
si,ni#i!do inde#inidoL indeter"in!doO61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 >&i&e+er No"%le"ento
diretoO did s&e s!'T HW*(lHes6 re!l"enteL de"oniosL di!blos di.o ell!T6$ et1
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&i&e+er it
7!s HEll! no s!be (l re!l"enteL de"oniosL di!blos er!6$ et1
6+ W/ic/ elseN HW(lHes6 "sL si noT61 E.14 >&i& else did &e &e!rT HW*2!lHes6
"sL si no o'3 0lT61
8+ W/atJeverN N"s (s!doO# J,/at JeverN N"s (s!doOL J,/atsoJeverN N"enos
(s!doO HW/(0 re!l"enteL de"oniosL di!blosT N%!r! os!sM on +erbo en sin,(l!rM es
"s en#tio /(e sin Ue+erVM Qe+erQ no tiene /(e ir obli,!tori!"ente detrs de
Q7&!tQM &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto ' t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM %(ede &!er
otr!s #(niones %reedido de l! %re%osii3n en in,l0s liter!rio e inl(so in,l0s
olo/(i!l ' se,(ido de l! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l e inl(so en in,l0s
liter!rioM no obst!nte$ no %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento indiretoM
Q7&!te+erQ tiene (n sentido indeter"in!doL inde#inido$ "ientr!s /(e Q7&i&e+erQ
tiene (n si,ni#i!do de#inidoL deter"in!doM se %(ede %oner on (n si,ni#i!do
%!reido Q7&!t on e!rt&L in t&e 7orldL in GodZs n!"eL in &e!+enHZs n!"e6L t&e
&e9 Nolo/(i!lOL t&e bl!zes Nolo/(i!lOL t&e &ell Nolo/(i!lOL in Ht&e6 &ell
Nolo/(i!lOT HW/(0 di!blosL de"oniosT6$ Q7&!t t&e blood' &ell N+(l,!rOL t&e
soddin, &ell N+(l,!rOL t&e #(9in, &ell N+(l,!rOL t&e #(9 N+(l,!rOTQ HW/(0
o.onesT6O6$ ,/at ever forN HW%!r! /(0 re!l"enteT6 Nse %(ede %oner on (n
si,ni#i!do %!reido U7&!t on e!rt&L in t&e 7orldL in GodZs n!"eL in &e!+enHZs
n!"e6L t&e &e9 Nolo/(i!lOL t&e bl!zes Nolo/(i!lOL t&e &ell Nolo/(i!lO #orTV HW%!r!
/(0 di!blosL de"oniosT6O61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 >&!te+er No"%le"ento
diretoO !re 'o( doin,T HWJ(0 estHi6s &!iendo re!l"enteTL WJ(0 de"onios NoO
di!blos estHi6s &!iendoT6M >&!t on e!rt&L in t&e 7orldL in GodZs n!"eL in
&e!+enHZs n!"e6L t&e &e9 Nolo/(i!lOL t&e &ell Nolo/(i!lO !re 'o( doin,T HWJ(0
de"oniosL di!blos estHi6s &!iendoT6M A4 >&!te+er is 'o(r sister li9eT HW*3"o es
t( &er"!n! re!l"enteTL W*3"o de"onios NoO di!blos es t( &er"!n!T6L >&!t on
e!rt&L in t&e 7orldL in GodZs n!"eL in &e!+enHZs n!"e6L t&e &e9 Nolo/(i!lOL t&e
&ell Nolo/(i!lO is 'o(r sister li9eT HW*3"o de"onios NoO di!blos es t( &er"!n!T61
B4 S&e is +er' nieL t!ll N!%!rieni! ' %erson!lid!dO HEs "(' si"%ti!L !lt!6M >&!t
e+er is N"s (s!doOL >&!t is e+er N"enos (s!doO t&e "!tter 7it& &er no7T HWJ(0
%!s! re!l"ente on ell! !&or!TL WJ(0 de"onios NoO di!blos %!s! on ell! !&or!T6M
>&!t is e+er t&e "!tter 7it& &erT HWPero /(0 le %!s! ! ell!T Ni A ell! n(n! le %!s!
n!d!O6M >&!t is t&!t #orT HWP!r! /(0 es eso NoO !/(elloT6M >&!t is s&e o"%l!inin,
#orT HWPor /(0 est ell! /(e.ndoseT6M >&!t on e!rt&L in t&e 7orldL in GodZs n!"eL
in &e!+enHZs n!"e6L t&e &e9 Nolo/(i!lOL t&e &ell Nolo/(i!lO is t&!t #orT HWP!r! /(0
de"onios NoO di!blos es eso NoO !/(elloT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!te+er
&!%%ened HEll! no s!be /(0 %!s3 re!l"enteL /(0 de"onios %!s36M Ee doesnZt 9no7
7&!t t&!t is #or Hl no s!be %!r! /(0 es eso NoO !/(ello6$ et1
9+ W/at elseN HW/(0 "sL si noT61 E.14 >&!t else did &e &e!rT HWJ(0 "sL si no
o'3 0lT61
0+ W/atever elseN HW/(0 "sL si no re!l"enteT61
*:+ W/ose everN HWde /(i0n re!l"enteT61 E.14 >&ose e+er !n it beT HWDe /(i0n
re!l"ente %(ede serT61
**+ W/ose elseN N7&ose elseZs4 no %onerO HWde /(i0n "sL si noT61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 >&ose else is itT N"enos
(s!doOL >&o elseZs is it N"s (s!doO HWDe /(i0n "sL si no esT6M >&ose else
N"e.orO !n it beTL >&o elseZs N%eorO !n it beT HWDe /(i0n "sL si no %(ede serT6$
et1
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&ose else it
!n be Nestnd!rOL !n it be N+(l,!rO HEll! no s!be de /(i0n "sL si no %(ede ser6$
et1
<18<1I Si los pronombres interrogativos &!en l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ los +erbos
nor"!les /(e se on.(,!n on el !(-ili!r QdoQ no se s(elen on.(,!r on el !(-ili!r
QdoQ sino /(e +!n o"o si est(+ier!n en (n! or!i3n !#ir"!ti+! ' no %(eden lle+!r
nin,2n otroM no obst!nte$ se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n el !(-ili!r QdoQ en#tio (!ndo se
insiste en obtener (n! ontest!i3n1 E.14 >&o Ns(.etoO !"eT N"s (s!do4 no
en#tioOL >&o Ns(.etoO did o"eT N"enos (s!do4 en#tioO HWJ(i0n +inoT6M >&!t
Ns(.etoO &!%%enedT N"s (s!do4 no en#tioOL >&!t Ns(.etoO did &!%%enT N"enos
(s!do4 en#tioO HWJ(0 o(rri3T6M Eo7 #e7 "ore Ns(.etoO !"e N"s (s!do4 no
en#tioOL did o"e N"enos (s!do4 en#tioOT HPoHos$ !s6 "s +inieron %ero
W(ntHos$ !s6T61
Los +erbos !(-ili!res "od!les$ /(e no se on.(,!n on el !(-ili!r QdoQ$ no
e-%eri"ent!n nin,(n! di#ereni!$ '! /(e se %onen o"o si est(+ier!n en (n!
or!i3n en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!1 E.14 Eo7 "!n' !n ,oT HW*(ntHos$ !s6 %(eden irT6M
>&o else "!' &!+e !rri+edT HWJ(i0n "sL si no %(ede &!ber lle,!doT61
El +erbo QbeQ %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre o %rono"bre /(e &!e l! #(ni3n de
!trib(toL %redi!do no"in!l1 E.14 >&o is t&!t ,irlL s&eT HWJ(i0n es es! NoO !/(ell!
&i!L ell!T61
*(!ndo los %rono"bres interro,!ti+os &!en otr! #(ni3n /(e no se! l! de s(.eto
los +erbos nor"!les /(e se on.(,!n on el !(-ili!r QdoQ lle+!n nees!ri!"ente el
+erbo !(-ili!r QdoQ del!nte del s(.eto$ es deir &!' in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' el +erbo
o"o o(rre norn!l"ente en interro,!ti+!1 E.14 >&oH"6 No"%le"ento diretoO did
'o( seeT HWA /(i0n +isteT6M Eo7 "!n' did &e ,i+eT HW*(ntHos$ !s6 dio 0lT61
Los %rono"bres interro,!ti+os se (s!n %!r! %erson!s ' %(eden (s!rse t!"bi0n en
otros !sos1
Los %rono"bres interro,!ti+os +!n sie"%re !ent(!dos t!nto en estilo direto o"o
indireto inl(so en #or"! e-l!"!ti+!$ "ientr!s /(e los rel!ti+os no1
Los %rono"bres interro,!ti+os no lle+!n !nteedente !(n/(e se sobrHe6entiend!$
"ientr!s /(e los %rono"bres rel!ti+os sF lle+!n !nteedente1
E!' (n! serie de +erbos /(e %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre interro,!ti+o1
D15C1:?1:1!
<18=1I &os pronombres relativos o rel!tores no +!n !ent(!dos$ "ientr!s /(e los
interro,!ti+os sFM todos los %rono"bres rel!ti+os /(e se (s!n %!r! %erson!s %(eden
(s!rse on !ni"!les ! los /(e se tiene !ri)o ' otr!s %!l!br!s ND1 :1::OM %(eden ser4
!6 Es%ei#i!ti+os b6 E-%li!ti+os1 D1<18@
Los %rono"bres rel!ti+os o rel!tores especificativos o deter"in!ti+os Hde#inin,L
restriti+eL identi#'in,6$ /(e +!n sin %!(s!s en el &!bl! ' sin o"!s en l! esrit(r!$
%(eden ser4 !6 Si"%les ' b6 *o"%(estos1 D1 <18?
Los simples %(eden (s!rse detrs de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV o
del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ detrs de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido o no de Ut&eV$
detrs de %rono"bres inde#inidos$ detrs del %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o Ut&oseVM en
in,l0s olo/(i!l se (s!n "s /(e los o"%(estos ' los rel!ti+os e-%li!ti+osM
on+iene %onerlos lo "s er! %osible del !nteedente on el #in de e+it!r
!"bi,Xed!des ' "!lentendidosM todos$ e-e%to Q7&!tQ$ introd(en (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o es%ei#i!ti+! ND15C1:@181!OM son los siguientes"
*+ W/o L&(4L H/(eL /(ienL el /(eL l! /(eL los /(eL l!s /(e N%!r! %erson!s$ seres
sobren!t(r!les$ !ni"!les ! los /(e se les tiene !ri)o t!nto en el "!s(lino o"o en
el #e"enino sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l$ or,!niz!iones o e"%res!s$ os!s$ (!ndo estn
%ersoni#i!d!s$ %!Fses$ b!rosM l!s %!l!br!s Qbod'$ &!r!ter$ %erson!lit'Q$ %(eden ir
on U7&oV (!ndo son e/(i+!lentes ! (n! %erson! %ero no (!ndo #or"!n %!rte de
l! %erson!M %(ede ir %reedido de (n no"bre o %rono"breM (!ndo &!e l! #(ni3n
de s(.eto nor"!l"ente no %(ede s(%ri"irse$ ! no ser /(e se s(%ri"! t!"bi0n el
+erbo QbeQ se,(ido o no de (n! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, ' (n o"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!lM se %(ede s(%ri"ir en in,l0s olo/(i!l (!ndo es s(.eto detrs de Qit
isL 7!s$ t&!t isL 7!s$ t&ere isL 7!sQ$ %ero no es reo"end!ble %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntesM Q7&oQ se re#iere ! l! %!l!br! /(e +! del!nte$ el !nteedente$ '
s(ele ir detrs del !nteedenteM detrs de (n no"bre %ro%io &!' /(e %oner U7&oV '
no se %(ede %oner Ut&!tVM detrs de U%eo%leL t&oseV ' los %rono"bres %erson!les es
"e.or %oner Q7&oQ /(e Qt&!tQM en in,l0s liter!rio s3lo %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de
s(.etoM en in,l0s olo/(i!l %(ede &!er t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento direto
en +ez de Q7&o"QM %(ede &!er t!"bi0n otr!s #(niones se,(ido de l! %re%osii3n
!l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l en +ez de Q7&o"QM ,ener!l"ente se %(ede s(%ri"ir en
in,l0s olo/(i!l (!ndo no es s(.eto %oniendo l! %re%osii3n !l #in!lM no %(ede ir
%reedido de (n! %re%osii3nM +! %reedido de !nteedenteO61 E.14 T&e bo' 7&oL
t&!t Ns(.etoO is sin,in, is "' o(sinL T&e bo' sin,in, is "' o(sin HEl "(&!&o
/(e est !nt!ndo es "i %ri"o6M S&e li9es t&e &!r!ter 7&o is dressed in bl!9 HA
ell! le ,(st! el %erson!.e /(e est +estido de ne,ro6M T&ere is ! "!n H7&o6 !"e
'esterd!' HE!' (n &o"bre /(e +ino !'er6M It is t&e "oon 7&o Nliter!rioO tries to
in#l(ene &er HEs l! l(n! l! /(e intent! in#l(ir en ell!6M It 7!s S!" Nestnd!rOL &e
Nliter!rioOL &i" Nolo/(i!lO 7&o Ns(.etoO %&oned HF(e S!"(elL 0l /(ien ll!"3 %or
tel0#ono6M T&ose N"s (s!doOL T&e' N"enos (s!doO 7&o Ns(.etoO +ol(nteered HLos
/(e se o#reieron +ol(nt!rios6M T&e one 7&o Ns(.etoO !"e HElL L! /(e +ino6M Ee
7&o st(dies !n %!ss Nr!ro detrs de Q&eL s&eQO HEl /(e est(di! %(ede !%rob!r6M T&e
bo' 7&o Ns(.etoO is sin,in, be&ind t&e doorL T&e bo' sin,in, be&ind t&e door HEl
&io /(e est !nt!ndo detrs de l! %(ert!6M T&e eletrii!n 7&o Ns(.etoO is 7or9in,
(%st!irsL T&e eletrii!n 7or9in, (%st!irs HEl eletriist! /(e est tr!b!.!ndo en el
%iso de !rrib!6M T&ere is ! "!n H7&o is6 in #ront o# (s HE!' (n &o"bre H/(e est6
del!nteL en#rente de nosotrHos$ !s66M T&e old "!n 7&o Ns(.etoO 7!s &el%ed
'esterd!' &!s ,oneL T&e old "!n &el%ed 'esterd!' &!s ,one HEl &o"bre "!'or !l
/(e se le !'(d3 !'er se &! ido6M T&ere !re "!n' o"%!niesL or,!niz!tionsL
or,!nis!tions NGBO in t&e 7orld 7&o Ns(.etoO !n do it HE!' "(&!s e"%res!sL
or,!niz!iones en el "(ndo /(e %(eden &!erlo6M It 7!s t&e I1R1A1 7&o Ns(.etoO
!(sed t&e !ident HF(e el I1R1A1 el /(e !(s3 el !idente6M Ee 9no7s ! o(%le
7&o is ,ood Hl onoe ! (n! %!re.! /(e es b(en!6M An'bod' 7&o 7is&es !n do
t&!t H*(!l/(ier! /(e lo desee %(ede &!erlo6M T&ose 7&oL t&!t s(##er "!' le!rn
"ore /(i9l' HLos /(e s(#ren %(eden !%render "s r%id!"ente6M T&e' re!te
&!r!ter !#ter &!r!ter 7&o not onl' !t b(t !lso s%e!9L !ts b(t !lso s%e!9s
H*re!n %erson!.e tr!s %erson!.e /(e no s3lo !t2!Hn6 sino /(e t!"bi0n &!bl!Hn661
Q>&oQ (!ndo no lle+! !nteedente %(ede introd(ir t!"bi0n (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! no"in!l de rel!ti+o ND15C1:?1;O1 E.14 >&o N"enos (s!doOL >&oe+er
N"s (s!doOL An'bod' 7&o N"s (s!doO doesnZt tr' !nZt #ind o(t HJ(ien no lo
intent! no %(ede !+eri,(!rlo61
*(!ndo &!' (n! or!i3n %rini%!l se,(id! de dos or!iones s(bordin!d!s
oordin!d!s$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir el %rono"bre rel!ti+o s(.eto en l! se,(nd! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no1 E.14 T&e "!n 7&o !"e !nd H7&o6
&el%ed (s 7!s 'o(r brot&er HEl &o"bre /(e +ino ' H/(e6 nos !'(d3 er! t( &er"!no61
*(!ndo (no &!bl! ! otr! %erson! ' se %one el %rono"bre rel!ti+o Q7&oQ o Qt&!tQ$
&!' /(e %oner el +erbo en terer! %erson!$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no se %(ede
%oner en se,(nd! o terer! %erson!1 E.14 mo( !re ! "!n 7&o 9no7s N9no74 no
%onerO &er HEres (n &o"bre /(e l! onoesL onoe61
A +ees$ %or lieni! %o0ti! se %(ede s(%ri"ir Q7&oQ (!ndo es s(.etoM no es
reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1 E.14 It 7!snZt e+er' %olitii!n H7&o6
!"e d!il' HNo er!n todos los %olFtios los /(e +enF!n di!ri!"ente61
En or!iones o"o QT&ere is ! %erson 7&o &e t&in9sL I belie+e is li+in, &ereQ HE!'
(n! %erson! /(e 0l reeL reo /(e est +i+iendo !/(F6 Q7&oQ es s(.eto %or/(e Q&e
t&in9sL I belie+eQ$ /(e se %(eden s(%ri"ir$ son (n! !l!r!i3nM no obst!nte$ en in,l0s
+(l,!r se %(ede %oner Q7&o"Q t!"bi0n$ %ero no es reo"end!ble1
2+ T/at LSetL N"s olo/(i!l /(e Q7&oQ ' Q7&i&QO H/(e N%!r! no"bres /(e se
re#ier!n ! %erson!s$ !ni"!les ' os!sM ! +ees$ %(ede tr!d(irse %or U(!ndoV en l!s
or!iones s(bordin!d!s te"%or!lesM no +! !ent(!doM sir+e t!nto %!r! el "!s(lino
o"o el #e"enino sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM (!ndo &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto no se %(ede
s(%ri"ir nor"!l"ente$ e-e%to en in,l0s olo/(i!l (!ndo +! detrs de Qit isL 7!s$
t&!t isL 7!s$ t&ere isL 7!sQM se (s! "enos /(e Q7&oQ o"o s(.etoM no obst!nte$ se
(s! "s /(e Q7&oL 7&i&Q detrs l!s %!l!br!s Q#irst$ l!st$ onl'$ seond$ +er'$ t&e 9ind
o#$ t&e sort o#$ t&e t'%e o#Q$ detrs de Qt&e s!"eQ (!ndo no &!' o"%!r!i3n$ detrs
de s(%erl!ti+os$ detrs de QitQ h +erbo QbeQ en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! h
no"bre re#erido ! os! o %erson!$ detrs de QitL t&ere h beQ del!nte de (n no"bre o
%rono"bre (!ndo Ut&!tV %(ede s(Hb6stit(irse %or U7&enV en l!s or!iones
s(bordin!d!s te"%or!les$ detrs de !d.eti+os ' %rono"bres inde#inidos o"o Q!ll
HtodHos$ !s66$ !n'$ !n't&in,$ e+er'$ e+er't&in,$ #e7$ ! #e7$ little$ "!n'$ "(&$ no$
none$ not&in,$ so"e$ so"eone$ so"et&in,Q$ detrs de (n !nteedente #or"!do %or
(n on.(nto de !l "enos dos no"bres /(e se re#ier!n ! %erson!s$ !ni"!les ' os!sM
se (s! Qt&!tQ (!ndo +! detrs de Q7&oQ ' Q7&!tQ interro,!ti+osM se %re#iere (s!r
Ut&!tV %!r! e+it!r l! d(d! de si (s!r U7&oV o U7&o"VM se tr!d(e %or Q/(ienHes6L
/(eQ %!r! %erson!s (!ndo &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento diretoM (!ndo &!e l!
#(ni3n de o"%le"ento direto se %(ede s(%ri"ir en in,l0s olo/(i!lM %(ede
s(%ri"irse t!"bi0n (!ndo &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l detrs
de (n! e-%resi3n de tie"%o o l(,!rM se %(ede s(%ri"ir en in,l0s olo/(i!l (!ndo
es s(.eto detrs de Qit isL 7!s$ t&!t isL 7!s$ t&ere isL 7!sQ$ %ero no es reo"end!ble
%!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntesM se %(ede s(%ri"ir si se s(%ri"e t!"bi0n el +erbo QbeQ
se,(ido o no de (n! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, ' (n o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM %(ede
&!er otr!s #(niones se,(ido de l! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l e in,l0s
liter!rio$ %ero no %(ede ir %reedido de %re%osii3nM no %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de
o"%le"ento indiretoM se %(ede s(%ri"ir en in,l0s olo/(i!l %oniendo l!
%re%osii3n !l #in!lM +! %reedido de !nteedenteM Q!ll Ht&!t6Q ND1 <1:C15:OM detrs de
Q!ll$ e+er't&in,$ not&in,$ so"et&in,Q$ no se %(ede %oner n(n! Q7&!tQ sino Qt&!tQ o
n!d!M "(&os !stell!no&!bl!ntes s(elen %oner Q7&!tQ detrs de Q!llQ '
Qe+er't&in,Q '! /(e Q7&!tQ s(ele si,ni#i!r Ulo /(eV$ %ero 0st! es l! 2ni! e-e%i3n
en l! /(e no se %(ede %oner Q7&!tQ$ ! %es!r de /(e Ut&!tV se tr!d(e %or Ulo /(eVM
detrs de Q"(&Q se (s! Qt&!tQ$ no Q7&i&QM Qt&!t isQ se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or Ues
deirVM Qt&ose t&!tQ e/(i+!le ! Qs(& !sQO61 E.14 All t&e #lo7ers Ht&!t !re6 &ere !re #or
'o( HTod!s l!s #lores /(e estn !/(F son %!r! ti6M An' %erson t&!t 7or9s &!rd "!'
s(eed H*(!l/(ier %erson! /(e tr!b!.e d(ro %(ede tri(n#!r6M S&e is t&e #irst
s%orts7o"!n t&!t +isits (s HEs l! %ri"er! "(.er de%ortist! /(e nos +isit!6M T&e' !re
t&e l!st %eo%le t&!t N7&i&4 no %onerO !"e &ere HSon l!s 2lti"!s %erson!s /(e
+inieron !/(F6M S&e is t&e onl' ,irl t&!t &!s ! s7e!ts&irt HEll! es l! 2ni! &i! /(e
tiene s(d!der!6M S&e is t&e +er' %erson Ht&!t6 &e 7!nted to see HEll! es .(sto l!
%erson! /(e 0l /(erF! +er6M T&ese !re t&e +er' 7ords Ht&!t6 &e (sed Hst!s son l!s
"is"!s %!l!br!s /(e 0l (s36M B(' t&e one t&!t is &e!%er] H\*o"%r! elL l! /(e esL
se! "s b!r!tHo$ !6]6M S&e is t&e "ost i"!,in!ti+e l!d' t&!tL 7&o Ns(.etoO &!s e+er
li+ed in t&is !re! HEll! es l! se)or! "s i"!,in!ti+! /(e &!'! +i+ido .!"s en est!
zon!6M It is !lo&ol t&!tL 7&i& !(ses !idents$ not b!d ro!ds NQ7&i&Q no es t!n
#re(ente (!ndo l! onstr(i3n es QitL t&ere h beQ del!nte de (n no"bre de os!O
HEs el !lo&ol elL lo /(e !(s! !identes$ no l!s "!l!s !rreter!s6M T&ere isnZt "(&
Ht&!t6 'o( !n do HNo &!' "(&o /(e %(ed!s &!er6M It isnZt 'o(r ne%&e7 Ht&!tL
7&oH"66 I 7!nt to see NQ7&oH"6Q se (s! %oo (!ndo l! onstr(i3n es QitL t&ere h
beQ del!nte de (n no"bre /(e se re#ier! ! (n ser +i+oO HNo es ! t( sobrino ! /(ien
/(iero +er6M It is &er !%%ro!& Ht&!tL 7&i&6 I donZt li9e HEs s( en#o/(e lo /(e no "e
,(st!6M >&!t is it Ht&!t6 No"%le"ento diretoO 'o( 7!nt to doT HWJ(0 es lo /(e
/(ieres &!erT6M Gi+e "e !ll t&e letters Ht&!t N"s (s!doOL 7&i& N"enos (s!doO6
No"%le"ento diretoO 'o( &!+e 7ritten] H\D!"e tod!s l!s !rt!s /(e &!s esrito]6M
S&e s%ent !ll t&e "one' t&!tL 7&i& &!d been ,i+en to &er HEll! ,!st3 todo el dinero
/(e se le &!bF! d!do6M It is t&e #irst ti"e Ht&!t6 I &!+e seen it HEs l! %ri"er! +ez /(e
lo +eoL &e +isto6M It 7!s on T(esd!' t&!tL 7&en s&e !"e HF(e el "!rtes (!ndo
+ino ell!6M S&e &!s ! %erson!lit' H7&i&L t&!t6 &e li9es HEll! tiene (n! %erson!lid!d
/(e le ,(st! ! 0l6M It 7!s t&e l!st ti"e Ht&!t N7&i&4 no %onerOL 7&en6 s&e !"e &ere
HEr! l! 2lti"! +ez /(e ell! +enF!L +ino !/(F6M T&ese !re t&oseL t&e ones Ht&!t6 'o(
s!7 'esterd!' HstHos$ !s6 son lHos$ !s6 /(e +iste !'er6M It is t&e s!"e %roble" Ht&!tL
7&i&L !s6 &e &!d l!st 'e!r HEs el "is"o %roble"! /(e 0l t(+o el !)o %!s!do6M
T&ere isnZt ! "!,!zine Ht&!t6 &e &!snZt re!d HNo &!' (n! re+ist! /(e 0l no &!'!
leFdo6M T&e te!&er Ht&!t6 &e &!s le!rned !ll t&!t #ro"L T&e te!&er #ro" 7&o" &e
&!s le!rned !ll t&!tL T&e te!&er 7&o" &e &!s le!rned !ll t&!t #ro"L T&e te!&er
7&o &e &!s le!rned !ll t&!t #ro" HEl %ro#esor del /(e 0l &! !%rendido todo eso6M An'
t&!t N"s (s!doOL 7&o N"enos (s!doO o"e !re 7elo"e H*(!l/(ier! /(e +en,! es
bien+enido6M A #e7 t&!t N"s (s!doOL 7&o N"enos (s!doO o"e !re 7elo"e
HUnos %oos /(e +ienen son bien+enidos6M Ee !"e t&e d!' Ht&!tL 7&en6 'o( ,ot
"!rried Hl +ino el dF! /(e te !s!ste6M T&e "!n Ht&!t6 I told 'o( o# Nolo/(i!lOL o#
7&o" I told 'o(L 7&oH"6 I told 'o( o# HEl &o"bre del /(e te &!bl06M T&is is t&e
s!"e %roble" t&!tL !s Ht&e one Ht&!t66 7e &!d l!st 7ee9 Hste es el "is"o %roble"!
/(eL /(e el /(e t(+i"os l! se"!n! %!s!d!6M T&e bo'$ t&e !t !nd t&e !r Ht&!t6 'o(
s!7 7ere dr!7n b' &er HEl "(&!&o$ el ,!to ' el o&e /(e +iste #(eron dib(.!dos
%or ell!6M S&e s!id not&in,$ t&!t is$ s&e !e%ted HEll! no di.o n!d!$ es deir$ !e%t36M
Ee 7ill re%!ir onl' t&ose t&!t NoO s(& !s !re li9el' to bre!9 do7n Hl re%!r!r s3lo
los /(e es %rob!ble /(e se estro%een6M Tod!'Zs eono"' is di##erent #ro" t&!t NoO
t&e one o# t7ent' 'e!rs !,o HL! eono"F! de &o' es di#erente de l! de &!e +einte
!)os6M It 7!s t&e 7!' Ht&!t Nolo/(i!lOL in 7&i& Nliter!rioO6 s&e tre!ted (s HEr! l!
#or"! en /(e nos tr!t!b! ell!6M S&e li9es it e+er'7&ere Ht&!t6 s&e ,oes N"s (s!doOL
,oes to N"enos (s!doOL S&e li9es e+er'7&ere Ht&!t6 s&e ,oes N"s (s!doOL ,oes to
N"enos (s!doO HA ell! le ,(st! (!l/(ier %!rte ! l! /(e +!61
Sin e"b!r,o$ sF se %(ede deir Q>e s&o(ld !ll do 7&!t 7e !nQ HDeberF!"os todos
&!er lo /(e %od!"os6$ %or/(e U!llV no +! on U7&!tV sino /(e es !%osii3n de
U7eV ' e/(i+!le ! QAll o# (s s&o(ld do 7&!t 7e !nQ1
Los %rono"bres rel!ti+os Qt&!tQ o Q7&i&Q ' Q7&oH"6Q$ (!ndo &!en l! #(ni3n de
o"%le"ento direto$ %(eden e-%res!r !%ro-i"!d!"ente lo "is"o /(e (n!
or!i3n s(bordin!d! o"%!r!ti+!1 E.14 It is t&e s!"e ide! Ht&!tL 7&i&6 'o(
"entioned 'esterd!' HEs l! "is"! ide! /(e "enion!ste !'er6 e UIt is t&e s!"e ide!
!s t&e one 'o( "entioned 'esterd!'V HEs l! "is"! ide! /(e l! /(e "enion!ste
!'er6L UEe &!s t&e s!"e ide! !s 'o( NoO t&e one t&!t 'o( &!+eV Hl tiene l! "is"!
ide! /(e Hl! /(e6 t2 Htienes661
A +ees$ en in,l0s liter!rio %or lieni! %o0ti! se %(ede s(%ri"ir Ut&!tV (!ndo es
s(.eto1 E.14 It is t&is %roble" Ht&!t6 7orries &er HEs este %roble"! el /(e le %reo(%!
! ell!61
*on+iene no on#(ndir QP!rtiles t&!t t&e' !renZt s(re Nt&e'4 no %oner detrs de
Us(reVO e-istQ HP!rtF(l!s /(e no estn se,(ros si e-istenL de /(e e-ist!n6 '
QP!rtiles t&!t$ t&e' !renZt s(re$ e-istQ HP!rtF(l!s /(e$ no estn se,(ros$ e-isten6M An
!ni"!l t&!t 7e !renZt s(re Nit4 no %oner detrs de Us(reVO e-ists HUn !ni"!l /(e no
est!"os se,(ros si e-isteL de /(e e-ist!6 ' UAn !ni"!l t&!t$ 7e !renZt s(re$ e-istsV
HUn !ni"!l /(e$ no est!"os se,(ros$ e-iste61
A +ees$ en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %(ede s(%ri"ir Ut&!tV ' l! %re%osii3n /(e +! !l
#in!l1 E.14 It 7!s t&e "o"ent Ht&!t6 t&e' !rri+ed H!t6 HEr! el "o"ento en /(e
lle,!ron61
*(!ndo Ut&!tV e-%res! !(s! o "odo no se %(ede %oner %re%osii3n !l #in!l1 E.14
T&is is t&e re!son Ht&!t NoO 7&' NoO #or 7&i&6 s&e #ell ill Hst! es l! r!z3n %or l! /(e
ell! !'3 en#er"!6M T&is is t&e 7!' H t&!t N"e.orO L in 7&i& N"e.orOL &o7 N%eorO6L
&o7 s&e !ted Hst! es l! #or"! en Hl!6 /(eL en Hl!6 /(eL o"oL en Hl!6 /(e NoO
o"o !t(3 ell!61
QT&!tQ %(ede ser t!"bi0n on.(ni3n s(bordin!d!1
2+ W/om L&(4"L H!l /(eL ! l! /(e Non +erbo en sin,(l!rOL ! los /(eL ! l!s /(e Non
+erbo en %l(r!lM se re#iere ! %erson!s$ seres sobren!t(r!les$ or,!niz!iones o
!ni"!les ! los /(e se tiene !ri)o t!nto en "!s(lino o"o en #e"enino sin,(l!r '
%l(r!lM l!s %!l!br!s Qbod'$ &!r!ter$ %erson!lit'Q$ %(eden ir on U7&o"V (!ndo
son e/(i+!lentes ! (n! %erson!$ %ero no (!ndo #or"!n %!rte de l! %erson!M %(ede
ir detrs de (n no"bre o %rono"breM &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento diretoM
%(ede &!er otr!s #(niones %reedido de %re%osii3n en in,l0s liter!rio ' se,(ido
de l! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l e inl(so en in,l0s liter!rioM no %(ede
&!er de s(.etoM (!ndo +! %reedido de (n! %re%osii3n se %one nor"!l"ente
Q7&o"Q ' no es %osible reHe6"%l!z!rlo %or Q7&oL t&!tQ ni s(%ri"irloM (!ndo l!
%re%osii3n +! !l #in!l se %(ede %oner Q7&o"Q Nliter!rioOL Q7&oQ Nolo/(i!lOL Qt&!tQM
se %(ede s(%ri"ir en in,l0s olo/(i!l %oniendo l! %re%osii3n !l #in!lM se %(ede
%oner Q7&oQ en +ez de Q7&o"Q en todos los !sos e-e%to (!ndo +! %reedido de
(n! %re%osii3nM +! %reedido de !nteedenteO61 E.14 T&e ,irl H7&o" NoO t&!t6
No"%le"ento diretoO 'o( s!7 'esterd!' is M!r' HL! "(&!&! ! l! /(eL /(e
+iste !'er es M!rF!6M S&e is ! %erson!lit' 7&o" e+er'bod' !d"ires HEll! es (n!
%erson!lid!d ! l! /(e todo el "(ndo !d"ir!6M ItZs &er H7&o"L t&!t6 I des%ise$ not
&i" HEs ! ell! ! l! /(e no so%orto$ no ! 0l6M T&e te!&er #ro" 7&o" &e &!s le!rned
!ll t&!t Nliter!rioOL T&e te!&er 7&o" &e &!s le!rned !ll t&!t #ro" Nliter!rio '
olo/(i!lOL T&e te!&er 7&o NoO t&!t &e &!s le!rned !ll t&!t #ro" Nolo/(i!l '
liter!rioOL T&e te!&er &e &!s le!rned !ll t&!t #ro" Nolo/(i!lO HEl %ro#esor del /(e 0l
&! !%rendido todo eso6M T&e #ello7 7it& 7&o" s&e &!s ,one Nliter!rioOL T&e #ello7
7&o" s&e &!s ,one 7it& Nliter!rio ' olo/(i!lOL T&e #ello7 7&o NoO t&!t s&e &!s
,one 7it& Nolo/(i!l ' liter!rioOL T&e #ello7 s&e &!s ,one 7it& Nolo/(i!lO HEl tFo
NoO ti%o on el /(e ell! &! ido6M Ee needs ! %erson 7it& 7&o" to ,o o(t Nliter!rioOL
Ee needs ! %erson to ,o o(t 7it& Nolo/(i!lO Hl neesit! (n! %erson! %!r! s!lir6M Ee
s!7 &er 7&o" 'o( &el%ed Hl +io ! l! /(e !'(d!ste6M >&oH"6 7!s it #orT HWP!r!
/(i0n er!T6M Ee "entioned or,!niz!tionsL or,!nis!tions NGBO !ll o# 7&o" !re +it!l
Hl "enion3 or,!niz!iones /(e son +it!les tod!s ell!s61
En or!iones o"o QT&ere is ! %erson 7&o" &e t&in9sL I belie+e s&e !d"iresQ
HE!' (n! %erson! ! l! /(e 0l reeL reo /(e ell! !d"ir!6 Q7&o"Q es o"%le"ento
direto %or/(e Q&e t&in9sL I belie+eQ$ /(e se %(eden s(%ri"ir$ son (n! !l!r!i3nM no
obst!nte$ en in,l0s +(l,!r se %(ede %oner Q7&oQ t!"bi0n$ %ero no es reo"end!ble1
-+ W/ic/ L7It[L NGBO o L&7It[L NUSAO H/(e N%!r! os!s t!nto en "!s(lino
o"o en #e"enino sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM (!ndo &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto no
se %(ede s(%ri"ir nor"!l"ente e-e%to en in,l0s olo/(i!l (!ndo +!
detrs de Qit isL 7!s$ t&!t isL 7!s$ t&ere isL 7!sQM t!"bi0n %(ede &!er l!
#(ni3n de o"%le"ento diretoM %(ede &!er otr!s #(niones %reedido de
l! %re%osii3n en in,l0s liter!rio e inl(so in,l0s olo/(i!l ' se,(ido de l!
%re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l e inl(so in,l0s liter!rioM (!ndo +!
detrs de (n %re%osii3n no se %(ede s(%ri"ir ni s(Hb6stit(ir %or Qt&!tQM no
%(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento indiretoM se %(ede s(%ri"ir en
in,l0s olo/(i!l (!ndo no es s(.eto %oniendo l! %re%osii3n !l #in!lM se
%(ede s(%ri"ir si se s(%ri"e t!"bi0n el +erbo QbeQ se,(ido o no de (n!
#or"! +erb!l en Iin, ' (n o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM +! %reedido de
!nteedenteM se (s! "enos /(e Ut&!tV detrs de !d.eti+osL !l,(nos
%rono"bres inde#inidosL s(%erl!ti+os ' (n !nteedente #or"!do %or
%erson!s ' os!sOM Q7&i&Q Hlo /(eL el /(eL l! /(e6 Nse %(ede %oner detrs
de QitL t&ere h beQ se,(ido de no"bres de os! %ero no es t!n #re(ente
o"o Qt&!tQM se (s! Q7&i&Q en +ez de Qt&!tQ detrs del %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+o Ut&!tV HesHe$ !6L !/(elHl!6 o (!ndo +! %reedido del !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+o Ut&!tV h no"breO6$ Qo# 7&i&Q HdelL de l! /(e N%!r! os!sM es
"e.or %onerlo detrs del no"bre %oseFdo %reedido de Ut&eV o (n !d.eti+o
inde#inidoM &!e l! #(ni3n de %osesi+oL ,eniti+oM es in,l0s liter!rioM no se
(s! "(&o en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' se %re#iere (tiliz!r U7it&V on (n! #r!se o
deirlo on dos or!iones si"%lesO61 E.14 T&e l(b H7&i& NoO t&!t Ns(.etoO
is6 t&ere is t&e best HEl l(b /(e est !&FL !llF es el "e.or6M T&e' sold t&oseL
t&e ones 7&i& !re ne7 HDendieron lHos$ !s6 /(e son n(e+Hos$ !s66M T&e
instr("ent H7&i& NoO t&!t6 No"%le"ento diretoO &e %l!'s is t&e ,(it!r HEl
instr("ento /(e 0l to! es l! ,(it!rr!6M S&e &!s ! %erson!lit' H7&i& NoO
t&!t6 &e li9es HEll! tiene (n! %erson!lid!d /(e le ,(st! ! 0l6M S!'in, 7&i&
Nliter!rioOL t&is Nestnd!rO s&e le#t HDiiendo esto ell! se "!r&36M T!9e t&!t
7&i& is t&e best]L T!9e t&e one 7&i& is best] H\Ll0+!Hte6 elL l! "e.or6M
S&e too9 t&!t %enil 7&i& is s&ort HEll! o,i3 NEs%!)!OL !,!rr3 ese l%iz
/(e es orto6M T&e s&ool to 7&i& s&e is ,oin,L 7&i& s&e is ,oin, toL
Ht&!t6 s&e is ,oin, to is %rett' ,ood HL! es(el! ! l! /(e +! ell! es b!st!nte
b(en!6M A %&eno"enon !bo(t 7&i& t&e' 9no7 not&in,L A %&eno"enon
H7&i&6 t&e' 9no7 not&in, !bo(t HUn #en3"eno del /(e no s!ben n!d!6M
T&e bo!t t&e 9eel o# 7&i& is bein, re%!iredL 7&ose 9eel is bein, re%!ired
is bi,,er t&!n "ine HEl b!ro ('! /(ill! est siendo re%!r!d! es "!'or
/(e el "Fo6L T&e bo!t 7it& t&e 9eel t&!t is bein, re%!ired is bi,,er t&!n
"ine HEl b!ro on l! /(ill! /(e est siendo re%!r!d! es "!'or /(e el
"Fo6M T&e onl' %it(re t&e desri%tion o# 7&i&L o# 7&i& t&e desri%tion
Nr!roO is e!s' is t&is Hone6 HEl 2nio (!dro ('! desri%i3n es #il es
0ste6M S&e doesnZt li9e t&e 7!' Hin 7&i&L t&!t6 &e t!l9s HA ell! no le ,(st!
l! #or"! en /(e 0l &!bl!6M T&is is t&e &o(se in 7&i& to li+e Nliter!rioOL to
li+e in Nolo/(i!lO Hst! es l! !s! en l! /(e &!' /(e +i+ir61 D1 ;1<B15
En +ez de Q!ll 7&i&Q$ /(e se (s! "(' %oo$ se %re#iere (tiliz!r Q!ll t&!tQ1
E.14 All 7&i& Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL All t&!t Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO is
ert!inl' tr(e HTodo lo (!l es iert!"ente +erd!d61
Q>&i&Q %(ede introd(ir t!"bi0n (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! no"in!lL
s(Hb6st!nti+!L en(ni!ti+!L deter"in!ti+!L o"%leti+! de rel!ti+o
ND15C1:?1;O1 E.14 *&oose 7&i& Nliter!rioOL t&e one Nestnd!rO 'o( li9e]
H\Eli,e elL l! /(e te ,(ste]6M A lot o# in#or"!tion$ "ost o# 7&i& is (seless
HM(&! in#or"!i3n$ l! "!'or %!rte de l! (!l no sir+e %!r! n!d!61
Q>&i&Q %(ede (s!rse %!r! %erson!s t!"bi0n (!ndo tiene (n "!tiz des%rei!ti+o$
"ientr!s /(e Q7&oQ tiene (n "!tiz %ositi+oM es o"o si el ser &("!no &(bier!
%erdido l! di,nid!d ' se on+irtier! en (n ob.eto o (n !ni"!lM no obst!nte$ Q7&i&Q
se (s! "(' %oo on este sentido ' no es reo"end!ble %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes1 E.14 T&!t terrorist 7&o NoO 7&i& N%e'or!ti+oO died 'esterd!'
HEse terrorist! /(e "(ri3 !'er61
3+ W/ose L&(4zL H('oHs6L ('!Hs6L del$ de l! (!lL de lHos$ !s6 (!les N%!r! %erson!s$
seres sobren!t(r!les$ or,!niz!iones$ %!Fses$ i(d!des$ !ni"!les ' os!s t!nto en
"!s(lino o"o en #e"enino sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM &!e l! #(ni3n de %osesi+oL
,eniti+oM e/(i+!le ! Uo# 7&i&V$ (!ndo no se re#iere ! %erson!s o seres
sobren!t(r!lesM se (s! es%ei!l"ente en in,l0s liter!rioM no se (s! "(&o en in,l0s
olo/(i!l ' se %re#iere (tiliz!r Q7it&Q on (n! #r!se$ Qo# 7&i&Q o deirlo on dos
or!iones si"%lesM +! %reedido de !nteedenteM se (s! del!nte de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM %(ede &!er otr!s #(niones %reedido de (n! %re%osii3nM %(ede
ir %reedido de %re%osii3n en in,l0s liter!rio ' se,(ido de l! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en
in,l0s olo/(i!lM si no &!' +erbo$ l! %re%osii3n +! del!nteO61 E.14 T&e "!n 7&ose
7i#e died is ! %oet HEl &o"bre ('! es%os! "(ri3 es %oet!6M A olle!,(e 7&ose
&ildren li9e t&is HUn ole,! ! ('os &i.os les ,(st! esto6M A #orei,ner 7&ose 7i#e
,!+e &i" .o' HUn e-tr!n.ero ! /(ien s( es%os! le d!b! !le,rF!6M T&e %erson 7&ose
.ob I too9 o+er HL! %erson! ('o %(esto o(%06M T&e %erson 7&ose .ob is !t ris9 HL!
%erson! ('o e"%leo est en %eli,ro6M A #riend 7&ose brot&ers !re t&ere HUn !"i,o
('os &er"!nos estn !&FL !llF6M T&ose 7&ose #(t(re is (nert!in !n tr' HEsos ('o
#(t(ro es inierto %(eden intent!rlo6M T&e bo!t 7&ose 9eel is bein, re%!ired is bi,,er
t&!n "ineL T&e bo!t t&e 9eel o# 7&i& N"enos (s!doOL o# 7&i& t&e 9eel N"s
(s!doO is bein, re%!ired is bi,,er t&!n "ineL T&e bo!t 7it& t&e 9eel t&!t is bein,
re%!ired is bi,,er t&!n "ine HEl b!ro ('! /(ill! est siendo re%!r!d! es "!'or
/(e el "FoL El b!ro on l! /(ill! /(e est siendo re%!r!d! es "!'or /(e el "Fo6 NoO
T&e bo!t is bi,,er t&!n "ine !nd its 9eel is bein, re%!ired HEl b!ro es "s ,r!nde
/(e el "Fo ' s( /(ill! est siendo re%!r!d!6M S&e bo(,&t ! &o(se 7&ose roo# is old
N"enos (s!doO HEll! o"%r3 (n! !s! ('o te.!do es +ie.o6L S&e bo(,&t ! &o(se
7it& ! roo# t&!t is old N"s (s!doO HEll! o"%r3 (n! !s! on (n te.!do /(e es
+ie.o6M Ee 7!s ! %erson!lit' 7&ose in#l(ene o(nted (% to ! %oint Hl er! (n!
%erson!lid!d ('! in#l(eni! ont!b! &!st! ierto %(nto61 D1 ;1<B1<
6+ W/at L7otL NGBO ' L&7!4tL NUSA o L&7AtLO Hlo /(e N%!r! os!s on +erbo en
sin,(l!rOL losL l!s /(e N%!r! %erson!s ' os!sM on +erbo en %l(r!l %ero se (s! "enos
#re(ente"enteM este rel!ti+o no lle+! !nteedente '$ si lo lle+!$ +! detrsM &!e l!
#(ni3n de s(.eto$ l! de !trib(to$ l! de o"%le"ento direto$ l! de o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!lM ! +ees$ se s(%ri"e lo /(e +! detrs de U7&!tVM Qtodo lo
/(eQ se tr!d(e %or Q!ll Ht&!t6Q %or/(e detrs de Q!llQ no se %(ede %oner Q7&!tQM en
+ez de Qt&!t 7&i&Q se %re#iere (s!r Q7&!tQ !t(!l"enteM no %(ede lle+!r
!nteedente e introd(e (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! no"in!l de rel!ti+o ND15C1:?1;OO61
E.14 T&!tZs 7&!t &e 7!nts HEso es lo /(e 0l /(iere6M >&!t o(nt !re t&e le!ders HLosL
L!s /(e (ent!n son losL l!s lFderes6M >&!t deides isL !re t&e %oints HLoHs6 /(e
deideHn6 son los %(ntos6M >&!t s&e needs is so"e rest HLo /(e ell! neesit! es !l,o
de des!nso6M Ee told "e 7&!t I 7!nted to &e!r Hl "e di.o lo /(e 'o /(erF! oFr6M
A#ter 7&!t I &!+e seen I &!+e eno(,& HDes%(0s de lo /(e &e +isto ten,o s(#iiente6M
A #oot is to ! le, 7&!t ! &!nd is to !n !r" HUn %ie es ! (n! %iern! o"o (n! "!no
es ! (n br!zo6M S&e is re+e!lin, 7&!t !re s(%%osed to be serets HEll! est re+el!ndo
loHs6 /(e se s(%one /(e son seretos6M T&!t 7!s 7&!t t&e sit(!tion 7!s Hli9e6 HAsF es
o"o est!b! l! sit(!i3n6M Ee is &!%%ier no7 t&!n H7&!t6 I s(%%ose &e 7!s t7o
'e!rs !,o Hl es "s #eliz !&or! de lo /(e s(%on,o /(e er! &!e dos !)os6M S&e is
!not&er %erson t&!n 7&!t &e 9ne7 HEll! es otr! %erson! /(e l! /(e 0l onoF!6M
>&!t &e s!7 t&ere 7!s ! *D !nd ! "o(se HLo /(e 0l +io !&FL !llF er! (n *DL diso
o"%!to ' (n r!t3n6M Ee e!ts "ore t&!n is Nliter!rioOL t&!n 7&!t is Nolo/(i!lO
e-%eted o# &i" Hl o"e "s de lo /(e se es%er! /(e o"!6M IZll tell 'o( 7&!t HTe
+o' ! deir (n! os!L lo /(e %ienso NoO %!s3L lo /(e &!' /(e &!er$ et6M >&!tL
Eo7 do I 9no7] H\J(0 s0 'o]6M No "!tter 7&!t HNo i"%ort! lo /(e o(rr!L %!se6M
Gi+e &er !ll Ht&!t6 s&e needs] H\D!le ! ell! todo lo /(e neesit!]61 D1 ;1<B1:
A +ees$ es %osible %oner (n! #r!se on (n in#initi+o en +ez de (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o4
!6 Detrs de los n("er!les ordin!les$ Ut&e onl'V$ Ut&e l!stV$ !l,(nos s(%erl!ti+os
(!ndo el rel!ti+o &!,! l! #(ni3n de s(.eto1 E.14 T&e #i#t& st(dent 7&oL t&!t %!ssed
t&e e-!"L T&e #i#t& st(dent to %!ss t&e e-!" HEl /(into est(di!nte /(e !%rob3 el
e-!"en6M T&e onl' sientist 7&oL t&!t ,!+e ! sol(tionL T&e onl' sientist to ,i+e !
sol(tion HEl 2nio ientF#io /(e dio (n! sol(i3n6M T&e l!st %olitii!n 7&oL t&!t
!ted in s(& ! 7!'L T&e l!st %olitii!n to !t in s(& ! 7!' HEl 2lti"o %olFtio /(e
!t(3 de es! "!ner!6M T&e /(i9est s%orts"!n 7&oL t&!t !"e &ereL T&e /(i9est
s%orts"!n to o"e &ere HEl de%ortist! "s r%ido /(e +ino !/(F61
b6 *(!ndo se indi! %er"iso o #in!lid!d1 E.14 S&e &!s so"e 7or9 7&i&L t&!t "(st
be doneL S&e &!s so"e 7or9 to do HEll! tiene !l,2nL !l,o de tr!b!.o %or &!er6M
T&e' &!+e ! &o(se in 7&i& t&e' !nL "!' li+eL T&e' &!+e ! &o(se to li+e in
HTienen (n! !s! en l! /(e %(eden +i+ir61
*(!ndo (n %rono"bre rel!ti+o +! %reedido de dos !nteedentes H!nteedents6
di#erentes en n2"ero o en ,0nero$ on(erd! on el "s er!noM sin e"b!r,o$
(!ndo los o"%onentes de los dos !nteedentes se +en o"o (n on.(nto$ el
%rono"bre +! en %l(r!l1 E.14 S&e s!7 one tree !nd t&ree be!rs t&!t 7ere %l!'in,
HEll! +io (n rbol ' tres osos /(e est!b!n .(,!ndo6M Ee s!7 #o(r &ildren !nd one
#o- t&!t 7!s &idden Hl +io ! (!tro ni)os ' H!6 (n zorro /(e est!b! esondido6M Ee
&el%ed t7o bo's !nd one ,irl 7&o 7!s loo9in, #or &er "ot&er Hl !'(d3 ! dos
&ios ' ! (n! &i! /(e est!b! b(s!ndo ! s( "!dre6M Ee &el%ed t7o bo's !nd one
,irl 7&o 7ere loo9in, #or t&eir "ot&er Hl !'(d3 ! dos &ios ' ! (n! &i! /(e
est!b!n b(s!ndo ! s( "!dre6M Ee s!7 t7o bo's !nd one ,irl 7&o 7ere %l!'in,
to,et&er Hl +io dos &ios ' ! (n! &i! /(e est!b!n .(,!ndo .(ntos61
<18?1I &os pronombres relativos o rel!tores especificativos Hde#inin,L restriti+eL
identi#'in,6 compuestos$ /(e introd(en (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! no"in!l de
rel!ti+o ND15C1:?1;O$ son4
*+ W/oRever N"s (s!doOL ,/osoRever N"enos (s!doO H/(ien/(ier! /(eL
(!l/(ier! /(eL se! /(ien se! elL l! /(eL se! el /(e se! el /(eL se! l! /(e se! l! /(eL
/(ien 111 se! elL l! /(e Non +erbo en sin,(l!rOL /(ienes/(ier! /(eL (!les/(ier! /(e
Nr!roOL se!n /(ienes se!n losL l!s /(eL se!n los /(e se!n los /(eL se! l!s /(e se!n l!s
/(e Non +erbo en %l(r!lM %!r! %erson!s o !ni"!les t!nto en "!s(lino o"o en
#e"enino sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto en in,l0s estnd!r ' en in,l0s
olo/(i!l e inl(so en in,l0s liter!rio t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM %(ede
&!er otr!s #(niones se,(ido de l! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l e in,l0s
liter!rioM %!r! re#erirse ! este %rono"bre se (s!n los %rono"bres Q&eL &isL &i"Q en
in,l0s liter!rio ' Qt&e'L t&eirL t&e"Q en in,l0s olo/(i!lM no +! %reedido de
!nteedenteM en in,l0s !r!io o "(' liter!rio se (s! U7&osoV en +ez de U7&oRe+erL
7&osoRe+erVO61 E.14 >&oe+er did it "(st 9no7 it HJ(ien/(ier! /(eL *(!l/(ier! /(e
lo &iier!L Se! el /(eL /(ien se! el /(e lo &izo 0l debe s!berloL J(ien lo &izo$ se! elL
l! /(e se!$ debe s!berloL J(ienes/(ier!L *(!les/(ier! /(e lo &iier!nL Se!n los
/(eL /(ienes se!n los /(e lo &iieron ellos deben s!berloL J(ienes lo &iieron$ se!n
losL l!s /(e se!n$ deben s!berlo6M Tell it to 7&oe+er Ns(.etoO doesnZt 9no7] H\DFselo
! /(ien no lo se%!]61
2+ W/omRever N"s (s!doOL ,/omsoRever N"enos (s!doO H!l /(eL ! l! /(e 111
se! /(ien se! Non +erbo en sin,(l!rOL ! los /(eL ! l!s /(e 111 se!n losL l!s /(eL
/(ienes se!n Non +erbo en %l(r!lM se re#iere ! %erson!s o !ni"!les ! los /(e se
tiene !ri)o t!nto el "!s(lino o"o el #e"eninoM &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento
diretoM %(ede &!er otr!s #(niones %reedido de %re%osii3n en in,l0s liter!rio e
inl(so en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' se,(ido de l! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l e
inl(so en in,l0s liter!rioM no %(ede &!er de s(.etoM no +! %reedido de
!nteedenteM se (s! "s U7&oe+erV (!ndo l! %re%osii3n +! !l #in!lM en in,l0s
!t(!l se (s! "(&o "s U7&oe+erV /(e U7&o"e+erL 7&o"soe+erVO61 E.14 Tell it to
7&o"e+er 'o( 7is&] H\DFselo ! /(ienHes6 /(ier!s$ se!Hn6 /(ienHes6 se!Hn6]6M S&e
&e!rd 7&o"e+er N"enos (s!doOL 7&oe+er N"s (s!doO s!n, HEll! o'3 !lL ! l!
/(e !nt3$ se! /(ien se!L Ell! o'3 ! losL l!s /(e !nt!ron$ se!n losL l!s /(eL /(ienes
se!n61
2+ W/ic/Rever 4one+ N"s (s!doOL ,/ic/soRever N!r!io4 "enos (s!doO
H(!l/(ier! /(eL se! (!l se! elL l! /(e Non +erbo en sin,(l!rOL (!les/(ier! /(eL
se!n (!les se!n losL l!s /(e Non +erbo en %l(r!lM %!r! os!s t!nto el "!s(lino
o"o el #e"enino sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM %(ede ir se,(ido de Uo#V ' (n no"bre o
%rono"bre on +erbo en sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto ' t!"bi0n l! de
o"%le"ento diretoM %(ede &!er otr!s #(niones %reedido de l! %re%osii3n en
in,l0s liter!rio e inl(so in,l0s olo/(i!l ' se,(ido de l! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en
in,l0s olo/(i!l e inl(so in,l0s liter!rioM no +! %reedido de !nteedenteO61 E.14
>&i&e+er 7ins 7ill be l(9' HSe! (!l se! elL l! /(e ,!ne ser !#ort(n!do6M
>&i&e+er Hone6 o# t&e s&oes Ht&!t6 &e b('s H*(!l/(ier! de los z!%!tos /(e 0l
o"%re61 D1 ;1<B18
-+ W/atRever N"s (s!doOL ,/atsoRever N"enos (s!doO Hse! lo /(e se!L
(!les/(ier! /(e N%!r! os!sM on +erbo en sin,(l!r (!ndo &!e de s(.etoM no +!
%reedido de !nteedenteO61 E.14 >&!te+er &!%%ened is not "' res%onsibilit' HSe! lo
/(e se! lo /(e %!s3 no es res%ons!bilid!d "F!6M >&!te+er 'o( s!' "!' be (sed
!,!inst 'o( HSe! lo /(e se! lo /(e di,!sL Lo /(e di,!s$ se! lo /(e se!$ %(ede ser
(tiliz!do en ontr! de ti6M S&e !n do 7&!te+er s&e %le!ses HEll! %(ede &!er lo /(e
le %l!z!$ se! lo /(e se!6M >&!te+er t&e ir("st!nes$ t&e' "(st ,o H*(!les/(ier!
/(e se!n l!s ir(nst!ni!s$ tienen /(e irse61
L! %!rtF(l! Ue+erV +! !ent(!d! en estos rel!ti+os H5I;6M &!' rel!ti+os /(e no lle+!n
!nteedente %ero l! "!'or %!rte sFM se %(ede %oner (n o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l
entre el !nteedente ' el %rono"bre rel!ti+o es%ei#i!ti+o1 D1 ;1<B1;
3+ W/ereb Nliter!rioO H%or H"edio de6 elL l! (!lL losL l!s (!les N+! %reedido de
!nteedenteO61 E.14 T&ere !re ot&er "e!ns 7&ereb' !,ree"ent !n be re!&ed HE!'
otros "edios %or H"edio de6 los (!les se %(ede lle,!r ! (n !(erdo61
6+ W/ereJof N!r!ioO Hde lo /(e Nno +! %reedido de !nteedenteO61 E.14 S&e 9no7s
7&ereo# s&e s%e!9s N!r!ioOL 7&!t s&e is t!l9in, !bo(t Nestnd!rO HEll! s!be de lo
/(e &!bl!61
<18@1I &os pronombres relativos explicativos$ !%ositi+os o inident!les HnonI
de#inin,L nonIrestriti+eL nonIidenti#'in,L %!rent&eti6$ +!n entre %!(s!s en el &!bl!
' entre o"!s en l! esrit(r!M introd(en (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o
e-%li!ti+! ND1 5C1:@181bOM se (s!n en in,l0s liter!rio %rini%!l"ente ' "enos /(e los
es%ei#i!ti+os en in,l0s olo/(i!l$ ! no ser /(e se (tilien detrs de (n !nteedente
/(e se! o"%le"ento direto o o"%le"ento indireto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!lM en in,l0s olo/(i!l se die lo "is"o on +!ri!s or!iones si"%les o
(n! or!i3n o"%(est! o%(l!ti+! o !d+ers!ti+!M no se %(eden s(%ri"ir ' son"
*+ W/o L&(4L H/(ienL /(eL el$ l! (!lL lHos$ !s6 (!les N%!r! %erson!s o !ni"!les ! los
/(e se tiene !ri)o t!nto en "!s(lino o"o en #e"enino sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM &!e l!
#(ni3n de s(.eto ' en in,l0s olo/(i!l t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM +!
%reedido de !nteedenteO6$ 7&oe+er H/(ien/(ier! /(eL (!l/(ier! /(eL se! /(ien
se! elL l! /(eL se! el /(e se! el /(eL se! l! /(e se! l! /(eL /(ien 111 se! elL l! /(e Non
+erbo en sin,(l!rOL /(ienes/(ier! /(eL (!les/(ier! /(e Nr!roOL se!n /(ienes se!n
losL l!s /(eL se!n los /(e se!n los /(eL se! l!s /(e se!n l!s /(e Non +erbo en %l(r!lM
%!r! %erson!s o !ni"!les t!nto en "!s(lino o"o en #e"enino sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM
&!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto ' en in,l0s olo/(i!l t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM
+! %reedido de !nteedenteO61 E.14 T&e &ero$ 7&o Ns(.etoO died &ere ! ent(r' !,o$
is ! rel!ti+e o# &ers HEl &0roe$ /(e "(ri3 !/(F &!e (n si,lo$ es (n %!riente de ell!6M
S%orts"en$ 7&o !re #it$ li9e doin, so"et&in, HA los de%ortist!s Nen ,ener!lO$ /(e
estn en #or"!$ les ,(st! &!er !l,o Nes distinto del Q7&oQ es%ei#i!ti+o$ '! /(e
!/(F se re#iere ! todos los de%ortist!s$ "ientr!s /(e en QS%orts"en 7&o !re 111Q no se
re#iere ! todos los de%ortist!s sino ! los /(e estn en #or"!O6M Ee re!d ! boo9 !bo(t
9in, j(!n *!rlosZ son$ %rine Feli%e N!%osii3nO$L !bo(t %rine Feli%e$ t&e son o#
9in, j(!n *!rlos N!%osii3nO$ 7&o is ,re!tl' !d"ired Hl le'3 (n libro sobre el &i.o
del re' j(!n *!rlos$ el %rFni%e Feli%e$L sobre el %rFni%e Feli%e$ el &i.o del re' j(!n
*!rlos$ /(e es "(' !d"ir!do6M T&e ne-t %!ssen,er$ 7&oe+er it is HEl %r3-i"o
%!s!.ero$ se! /(ien se!61
2+ W/om L&(4"L H! /(ienL !l /(eL ! l! /(eL !l (!lL ! l! (!l Non +erbo en
sin,(l!rOL ! los /(eL ! l!s /(eL ! lHos$ !s6 (!les Non +erbo en %l(r!lM se re#iere !
%erson!s o !ni"!les ! los /(e se tiene !ri)o t!nto en "!s(lino o"o en #e"eninoM
+! %reedido de !nteedenteM &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento direto ' en in,l0s
olo/(i!l ! +ees se die U7&oVM Q7&o"Q %(ede &!er otr!s #(niones %reedido de
%re%osii3n en in,l0s liter!rio ' Q7&oQ se,(ido de l! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s
olo/(i!l e in,l0s liter!rioM %(ede ir %reedido de %rono"bres inde#inidos o"o U!
#e7 o#$ !ll o#$ !n' o#$ eit&er o#$ "!n' o#$ "ost o#$ neit&er o#$ none o#$ se+er!l o#$
so"e o#V$ et1M t!"bi0n %(ede ir %reedido de %erF#r!sis %!rtiti+!s /(e son
(!nti#i!dores o"o Q! bi,L l!r,eL s"!llL ,ood ,ro(% o#$ &!l# o#$ t&e l!r,est o#$ t&e
"!.orit' o#$ ! "inorit' o#$ ! ,re!tL l!r,eL s"!llL ,ood n("ber o#$ t&e ,re!test
n("ber o#$ t&e oldest o#$ ! ,re!tL l!r,eL s"!llL ,ood /(!ntit' o#$ ! /(!rter o#$ t&e
rest o#$ t&e s"!llest o#$ t&e 'o(n,est o#Q$ et1O61 E.14 mo(r ,r!nd#!t&er$ 7&o" NoO
7&o No"%le"ento diretoO I 9no7$ is ! +er' si"%le "!n HT( !b(elo$ !l /(e
onozo$ es (n &o"bre "(' senillo6M T&e %erson$ !bo(t 7&o" s&e is s%e!9in,L
7&oH"6 s&e is s%e!9in, !bo(t$ is not ! "illionHn6!ire HL! %erson!$ de l! /(e ell! est
&!bl!ndo$ no es "illon!ri!6M T&e' s!7 t&e to(rists$ so"e o# 7&o" 7ere blind
HDieron ! los t(rist!s$ !l,(nos de los (!les er!nL est!b!n ie,os61
2+ W/ic/ H/(eL el$ l!$ lo (!lL os! /(eL lo /(eL lHos$ !s6 (!les N%!r! os!s t!nto en
"!s(lino o"o en #e"enino sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lOL lo (!l N%!r! %erson!s ' os!s
t!nto en "!s(lino o"o en #e"enino sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM +! %reedido de
!nteedenteM &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto ' t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM %(ede
&!er otr!s #(niones %reedido de l! %re%osii3n en in,l0s liter!rio ' se,(ido de l!
%re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l e in,l0s liter!rioM %(ede re#erirse ! tod! (n!
or!i3nM no +! !ent(!do %ero el %rono"bre interro,!ti+o sFM en in,l0s olo/(i!l se
die lo "is"o on dos or!iones si"%lesM Q#or 7&i&Q e/(i+!le ! Q7&'QO6$ of ,/ic/
Hdel$ de l! /(eL de lHos$ !s6 /(eL del$ de l! (!lL de lHos$ !s6 (!les N%!r! os!sM &!e l!
#(ni3n de %osesi+o ' est en ,eniti+oM +! %reedido de !nteedenteM %(ede ir
%reedido de %rono"bres inde#inidos o"o U! #e7 o#$ !ll o#$ !n' o#$ eit&er o#$ "!n'
o#$ "ost o#$ "(& o#$ neit&er o#$ none o#$ se+er!l o#$ so"e o#Q$ et1M t!"bi0n %(ede ir
%reedido de %erF#r!sis %!rtiti+!s /(e son (!nti#i!dores o"o Q! ert!inL #!irL
,oodL l!r,eL s"!ll !"o(nt o#$ ! bi,L l!r,eL s"!llL ,ood ,ro(% o#$ &!l# o#$ t&e l!r,est
o#$ t&e "!.orit' o#$ ! "inorit' o#$ ! ,re!tL l!r,eL s"!llL ,ood n("ber o#$ t&e ,re!test
n("ber o#$ t&e oldest o#$ ! ,re!tL l!r,eL s"!llL ,ood /(!ntit' o#$ ! /(!rter o#$ t&e
rest o#$ t&e s"!llest o#$ t&e 'o(n,est o#Q$ et1M se (s! "(' %oo en in,l0s olo/(i!lO61
E.14 T&!t +ill!,e$ 7&i& Ns(.etoO is be!(ti#(l$ &!s no r(nnin, 7!ter HEse %(eblo$ /(e
es &er"oso$ no tiene !,(! orriente6M T&e t!% NGBOL #!(et NUSAO$ 7&i& s&e is
t(rnin, on$ is o(t o# order HEl ,ri#o$ /(eL el (!l ell! est !briendo$ est estro%e!do6M
S&e is ri&$ 7&i& N7&!t4 no %onerO is /(ite ! di##erent t&in, HEll! es ri!$ /(eL lo
(!l es (n! os! b!st!nte di#erente6M T&e' sell$ 7&i& N7&!t4 no %onerO is i"%ort!nt$
t&e &o(se !s 7ell HDenden$ lo (!l es i"%ort!nte$ l! !s! t!"bi0n6M T&e' see"
Protest!nts$ 7&i& t&e' !re HEllHos$ !s6 %!reen %rotest!ntes$ lo (!l ellHos$ !s6 son6M
T&e #rid,e$ #ro" 7&i& 'o( too9 t&!t bottleL 7&i& 'o( too9 t&!t bottle #ro"$ is
nine 'e!rs old HEl #ri,orF#io$ del /(eL (!l s!!ste es! botell!$ tiene n(e+e !)os6M
S&e told &i" o# t&e ris9 o# #!llin,$ o# 7&i& &e &!d t&o(,&t #or ! s&ort ti"e HEll! le
&!bl3 del ries,o de !erHse6$ en el (!l &!bF! %ens!do d(r!nte bre+e tie"%o61
Al,(nos %rono"bres rel!ti+os e-%li!ti+os %(eden ir del!nte de s( !nteedente1 E.14
And$ 7&i& is "ore$ &e 7ill 7in Hm$ lo /(e es "s$ ,!n!r 0l61
-+ W/ic/Rever H(!l/(ier! /(eL se! (!l se! elL l! /(e Non +erbo en sin,(l!rOL
(!les/(ier! /(eL se!n (!les se!n losL l!s /(e Non +erbo en %l(r!lM %!r! os!s t!nto
el "!s(lino o"o el #e"enino sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto '
t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM +! %reedido de !nteedenteO61 E.14 EeZd li9e to
t!l9 to NoO 7it& 'o(r brot&er or sister$ 7&i&e+er is !t &o"e HA 0l le ,(st!rF! &!bl!r
on t( &er"!no o t( &er"!n!$ (!l/(ier! /(eL se! (!l se! el /(e est0 en !s!61
3+ W/at Hlo (!l N&!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto ' t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoM
%(ede &!er otr!s #(niones %reedido de l! %re%osii3n en in,l0s liter!rio ' se,(ido
de l! %re%osii3n !l #in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l e in,l0s liter!rioM s(ele re#erirse ! (n!
or!i3n !nterior %ero se (s! "(' %oo !t(!l"enteM e/(i+!le ! U7&i&V$ /(e se (s!
"(&oM no +! %reedido de !nteedenteO61 E.14 It s(,,ests$ 7&!t is %rob!bl' tr(e$
t&!t &eZs ,(ilt' HS(,iere$ lo (!l es %rob!ble"ente +erd!d$ /(e 0l es (l%!ble6M T&e'
!re #!r !7!' !nd$ 7&!t is "ore$ t&e' !re not o"in, b!9 HEstn "(' le.os '$ lo /(e
es "s$ no +!n ! +ol+er61
6+ T/at N!r!ioO H/(e N%!r! %erson!s$ !ni"!les ' os!sM sir+e t!nto %!r! el
"!s(lino o"o %!r! el #e"enino sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.eto '
t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento diretoO61 E.14 T&e'$ t&!t N!r!io4 r!roOL 7&o Nestnd!r4
"s (s!doO !re ri&$ s&o(ld %!' HEllHos$ !s6$ /(e son riHos$ !s6$ deberF!n %!,!r6M
S&e loo9ed !t t&e !stle$ t&!t N!r!io4 r!roOL 7&i& Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO s&e &!d
!l7!'s 9e%t in &er &e!rt HEll! "ir3 !l !stillo$ /(e ell! sie"%re &!bF! "!ntenido en
s( or!z3n6M T&e #o(nt!in$ t&!t N!r!io4 r!roOL 7&i& Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO 7e
s!7 'esterd!'$ is t7o &(ndred 'e!rs old HL! #(ente$ /(e +i"os !'er$ tiene
dosientos !)os61
P!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes no es reo"end!ble n(n! (s!r Qt&!tQ detrs de (n
no"bre o"o e-%li!ti+oM es "(&o "e.or (tiliz!rlo s3lo sin o"! o"o
es%ei#i!ti+o1
8+ W/ose L&(4zL H('oHs6L ('!Hs6L del$ de l! (!lL de lHos$ !s6 (!les N%!r! %erson!s$
seres sobren!t(r!les$ or,!niz!iones$ %!Fses$ i(d!des$ !ni"!les ' os!s t!nto en
"!s(lino o"o en #e"enino sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM &!e l! #(ni3n de %osesi+oL
,eniti+oM e/(i+!le ! Uo# 7&i&V$ (!ndo no se re#iere ! %erson!s o seres +i+osM se
(s! es%ei!l"ente en in,l0s liter!rioM no se (s! "(&o en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' se
%re#iere (tiliz!r Q7it&Q on (n! #r!se$ Qo# 7&i&Q o deirlo on dos or!iones
si"%lesM se (s! del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM %(ede &!er otr!s
#(niones %reedido de (n! %re%osii3nM +! %reedido de !nteedenteO61 E.14 MrsH16
Fer,(son$ 7&ose d!(,&ter is ill$ !"e t&e d!' be#ore 'esterd!' HL! Sr!1 F1$ ('! &i.!
est en#er"!$ +ino !nte!'er6M mo(r sister$ 7it& 7&ose &(sb!nd I s%o9e 'esterd!'$ is
! #riend o# &is HT( &er"!n!$ on ('o "!rido &!bl0 !'er$ es (n! !"i,! de 0l6M Eer
o"%(ter$ 7&ose sreen 'o( li9eL t&e sreen o# 7&i& 'o( li9eL o# 7&i& 'o( li9e
t&e sreen$ is /(ite old HS( orden!dor$ ('! %!nt!ll! te ,(st!$ es b!st!nte +ie.o6L Eer
o"%(ter is /(ite oldM 'o( li9e t&e sreen o# &er o"%(ter HS( orden!dor es b!st!nte
+ie.oM te ,(st! l! %!nt!ll! de s( orden!dor61
Los %rono"bres rel!ti+os e-%li!ti+os$ e-e%to Q7&ose$ %(eden tr!d(irse !l
!stell!no %or Qel$ l! (!lL lHos$ !s6 (!lesQ %ero los es%ei#i!ti+os no1
<18B1I &os pronombres exclamativos$ de los /(e estos son los "s i"%ort!ntes$
!(n/(e &!' "(&os otros %rono"bres /(e %(eden ir en #or"! e-l!"!ti+!$ +!n
sie"%re !ent(!dos t!nto en estilo direto o"o indireto ' dese"%e)!n (n!
#(ni3n e-%resi+!4
*+ Ao, fe,P H\/(0 %oHos$ !s6] NQ&o7 #e7 o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oL inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l h s(.eto h +erbo en
%l(r!l] H\/(0 %oHos$ !s6 h no"bre h +erbo]6OM en !#ir"!ti+! s3lo61 E.14 Eo7 #e7
#ellL 7ere &ere] H\J(0 %oHos$ !s6 !'eronL est!b!n !/(F]6M Eo7 #e7 t&ere !re]
H\J(0 %oHos$ !s6 &!']6M Eo7 #e7 t&ese !re] H\J(0 %oHos$ !s6 son estHos$ !s6]6M
Eo7 #e7 'o(L t&e'Z+e ,i+en "e] H\J(0 %oHos$ !s6 "e &!s d!do Ht26L &!n d!do
ellHos$ !s6]6M Eo7 #e7 o# (s !re &ere] H\J(0 %oHos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6 est!"os
!/(F]6M Eo7 #e7 o# t&ese !%%les &e &!s e!ten] H\J(0 %o!s de est!s "!nz!n!s &!
o"ido 0l]6M Eo7 #e7 o# t&eL t&eseL t&ose #orei,ners re"!ined] H\J(0 %oos de
losL estosL esos NoO !/(ellos e-tr!n.eros Hse6 /(ed!ron]6M Eo7 #e7 o# t&e %rett' ones
re"!ined] H\J(0 %oos de los bonitos /(ed!ron]6M Eo7 #e7 o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL
o(rL t&eir %l!ns re"!ined] H\J(0 %oos de "isL t(s NoO +(estros NoO s(s Nde Dd1OL
s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estrosL s(s Nde ellosO %l!nes %er"!neieron]6M Eo7 #e7
o# (s !re &ere] H\J(0 %oos de nosotrHos$ !s6 est!"os !/(F]6M Eo7 #e7 o# t&e" !re
&ere] H\J(0 %oHos$ !s6 de ellHos$ !s6 estn !/(F]61 D1 ;1=C1:
2+ Ao, fe, moreP H\/(0 %oHos$ !s6 "s]6$ &o7 #e7 "ore N(!ndo es s(.etoO h
+erbo en %l(r!l] H\(ntHos$ !s6 "s h +erbo]6$ &o7 #e7 "ore N(!ndo es !trib(toO h
s(.eto h +erbo en %l(r!l] H\/(0 %oHos$ !s6 "s h +erbo en %l(r!l h s(.eto]6$ &o7
#e7 "ore No"%le"ento diretoO h s(.eto h +erbo] H\/(0 %oHos$ !s6 "s h +erbo h
s(.eto]6 NQ&o7 #e7 "ore o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+o ' (n no"bre o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL inde#inidoL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l h s(.eto h +erbo] H\/(0 %oHos$ !s6 "s h
no"bre h +erbo]6OM en !#ir"!ti+! s3lo61 E.14 Eo7 #e7 "ore #ellL 7ere t&ere] H\J(0
%oHos$ !s6 "s !'eronL &!bF! !&F NoO !llF]6M Eo7 #e7 "ore t&ere 7ere] H\J(0
%oHos$ !s6 "s &!bF!L &(bo]6M Eo7 #e7 "ore t&ese !re] H\J(0 %oHos$ !s6 "s son
0stHos$ !s6]6M Eo7 #e7 "ore 'o(L t&e'Z+e ,i+en "e] H\J(0 %oHos$ !s6 "s "e &!s
d!do Ht26L &!n d!do ellHos$ !s6]6M Eo7 #e7 "ore o# (s !re &ere] H\J(0 %oos "s de
nosotrHos$ !s6 est!"os !/(F]6M Eo7 #e7 "ore o# t&ese !%%les &e &!s e!ten] H\J(0
%o!s "s de est!s "!nz!n!s &! o"ido 0l]61 D1 ;1=C1:
2+ Ao, littleP H\/(0 %oHo$ !6]6$ &o7 little N(!ndo es s(.etoO h +erbo en sin,(l!r]
H\/(0 %oHo$ !6 h +erbo en sin,(l!r]6$ &o7 little N(!ndo es !trib(toO h s(.eto h
+erbo en sin,(l!r] H\/(0 %oHo$ !6 h +erbo en sin,(l!r h s(.eto]6$ &o7 little
No"%le"ento diretoO h s(.eto h +erbo] H\/(0 %oHo$ !6 h +erbo h s(.eto]6 NU&o7
little o#V %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre
inont!ble o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL inde#inidoL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r h s(.eto h +erbo] H\/(0 %oHo$ !6 h no"bre h +erbo h
s(.eto]6OM en !#ir"!ti+! s3lo61 E.14 Eo7 little is &ere] H\J(0 %oHo$ !6 &!'L est
!/(F]6M Eo7 little #!lls] H\J(0 %oHo$ !6 !e]6M Eo7 little t&is is] H\J(0 %oo es
esto]6M Eo7 little s&e 9no7s] H\J(0 %oo s!be ell!]6M Eo7 little 'o(L t&e'Z+e ,i+en
"e] H\J(0 %oHo$ !6 "e &!s d!do Ht26L &!n d!do ellHos$ !s6]6M Eo7 little o# t&e bre!d
&e &!s e!ten] H\J(0 %oo %!n &! o"ido 0l]61 D1 ;1=C18
-+ Ao, manP H\(ntHos$ !s6]L \/(0 de ellHos$ !s6]6$ &o7 "!n' N(!ndo es s(.etoO
h +erbo en %l(r!l] H\(ntHos$ !s6 h +erbo]6$ &o7 "!n' N(!ndo es !trib(toO h s(.eto
h +erbo en %l(r!l] H\(ntHos$ !s6 h +erbo en %l(r!l h s(.eto]6$ &o7 "!n'
No"%le"ento diretoO h s(.eto h +erbo] H\(ntHos$ !s6 h +erbo h s(.eto]6$ &o7
"!n' o# N%(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n
no"bre o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL inde#inidoL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l h s(.eto h +erbo] H\(ntHos$ !s6 h no"bre h +erbo h
s(.eto]6OM en !#ir"!ti+! s3lo61 E.14 Eo7 "!n' !re in A#ri!] H\*(ntHos$ !s6 &!' en
n#ri!]6M Eo7 "!n' #ell] H\*(ntHos$ !s6 !'eron]6M Eo7 "!n' t&ere !re]
H\*(ntHos$ !s6 &!']6M Eo7 "!n' t&ese !re] H\*(ntHos$ !s6 son 0stHos$ !s6]6M Eo7
"!n' 'o(L t&e'Z+e ,i+en "e] H\*(ntHos$ !s6 "e &!s d!do Ht26L &!n d!do ellHos$
!s6]6M Eo7 "!n' o# t&e !%%les &e &!s e!ten] H\*(nt!s "!nz!n!s &! o"ido 0l]61 D1
;1=C1;
3+ Ao, man lessP N+(l,!rO H\(ntHos$ !s6 "enos]6$ &o7 "!n' less N(!ndo es
s(.etoO N+(l,!rO h +erbo en %l(r!l] H\(ntHos$ !s6 "enos h +erbo]6$ &o7 "!n' less
N(!ndo es !trib(toO N+(l,!rO h s(.eto h +erbo en %l(r!l] H\(ntHos$ !s6 "enos h
+erbo en %l(r!l h s(.eto]6$ &o7 "!n' less No"%le"ento diretoO N+(l,!rO h s(.eto
h +erbo] H\(ntHos$ !s6 "enos h +erbo h s(.eto]6$ &o7 "!n' less N+(l,!rO o# N%(ede
ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre o de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l
h s(.eto h +erbo] H\(ntHos$ !s6 h no"bre h "enos h +erbo h s(.eto]6OM en
!#ir"!ti+! s3lo61 E.14 Eo7 "!n' less N+(l,!rOL #e7er Nestnd!rO !re !li+e]
H\*(ntHos$ !s6 "enos &!' +i+Hos$ !s6]6M Eo7 "!n' less N+(l,!rOL #e7er Nestnd!rO
#ell] H\*(ntHos$ !s6 "enos !'eron]6M Eo7 "!n' less N+(l,!rOL #e7er Nestnd!rO
t&ere !re] H\*(ntHos$ !s6 "enos &!']6M Eo7 "!n' less N+(l,!rOL #e7er Nestnd!rO
t&ese !re] H\*(ntHos$ !s6 "enos son 0stHos$ !s6]6M Eo7 "!n' less N+(l,!rOL #e7er
Nestnd!rO 'o(L t&e'Z+e ,i+en "e] H\*(ntHos$ !s6 "enos "e &!s d!do Ht26L &!n
d!do ellHos$ !s6]6M Eo7 "!n' less N+(l,!rOL #e7er Nestnd!rO o# t&e !%%les t&e' &!+e
e!ten] H\*(nt!s "!nz!n!s "enos &!n o"ido ellHos$ !s6]61
6+ Ao, man moreP H\(ntHos$ !s6 "s]6$ &o7 "!n' "ore N(!ndo es s(.etoO h
+erbo en %l(r!l] H\(ntHos$ !s6 "s h +erbo en %l(r!l]6$ &o7 "!n' "ore N(!ndo es
!trib(toO h s(.eto h +erbo en %l(r!l] H\(ntHos$ !s6 "s h +erbo en %l(r!l h s(.eto]6$
&o7 "!n' "ore No"%le"ento diretoO h s(.eto h +erbo] H\(ntHos$ !s6 "s h
+erbo h s(.eto]6$ &o7 "!n' "ore o# N%(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l h s(.eto h +erbo] H\(ntHos$ !s6 h
no"bre h "s h +erbo h s(.eto]6OM en !#ir"!ti+! s3lo61 E.14 Eo7 "!n' "ore !re
!li+e] H\*(ntHos$ !s6 "s &!' +i+Hos$ !s6]6M Eo7 "!n' "ore #ell] H\*(ntHos$ !s6
"s !'eron]6M Eo7 "!n' "ore t&ere !re] H\*(ntHos$ !s6 "s &!']6M Eo7 "!n'
"ore t&ese !re] H\*(ntHos$ !s6 "s son 0stHos$ !s6]6M Eo7 "!n' "ore 'o(L t&e'Z+e
,i+en "e] H\*(ntHos$ !s6 "s "e &!s d!do Ht26L &!n d!do ellHos$ !s6]6M Eo7 "!n'
"ore o# t&e !%%les s&e &!s e!ten] H\*(nt!s "!nz!n!s "s &! o"ido ell!]61
8+ Ao, muc/P H\(ntHo$ !6]6$ &o7 "(& N(!ndo U&o7 "(&V es s(.etoO h +erbo
en sin,(l!r] H\(ntHo$ !6 h +erbo en sin,(l!r]6$ &o7 "(& N(!ndo es !trib(toO h
s(.eto h +erbo en sin,(l!r] H\(ntHo$ !6 h +erbo en sin,(l!r h s(.eto]6$ &o7 "(&
No"%le"ento diretoO h s(.eto h +erbo] H\(ntHo$ !6 h +erbo h s(.eto]6$ &o7
"(& o# N%(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n
no"bre inont!ble o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL inde#inidoL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r h s(.eto h +erbo] H\(ntHo$ !6 h no"bre h
+erbo h s(.eto]6OM en !#ir"!ti+! s3lo61 E.14 Eo7 "(& is lost] H\*(nto est
%erdido]6M Eo7 "(& #!lls] H\*(ntHo$ !6 !e]6M Eo7 "(& t&is is] H\*(nto es
esto]6M Eo7 "(& 'o(L t&e'Z+e ,i+en "e] H\*(ntHo$ !6 "e &!s d!do Ht26L &!n
d!do ellHos$ !s6]6M Eo7 "(& o# t&e bre!d 'o( &!+e e!ten] H\*(nto %!n &!s
o"ido t2]61 D1 ;1=C1<
9+ So fe,P H\t!n %oHos$ !s6]6 NUso #e7 o#V %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lOM en #ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+!61 E.14 Ee
,!+e "e so #e7] H\Me dio t!n %oHos$ !s6]6M T&e' &!+enZt so #e7 o# t&e %roble"s
'o( "entioned] H\No tienen t!n %oos de los %roble"!s /(e "enion!ste]6M T&e'
&!+enZt so #e7 o# t&e bi, ones] H\No tienen t!n %oos de los ,r!ndes]6M T&e' &!+enZt
so #e7 o# t&eseL t&ose %roble"s 'o( "entioned] H\No tienen t!n %oos de estosL
esos NoO !/(ellos %roble"!s /(e "enion!ste]6M T&e' &!+enZt so #e7 o# "'L 'o(rL
&isL &erL o(rL t&eir !%%les] H\No tienen t!n %o!s de l!s "!nz!n!s "F!sL t('!s NoO
+(estr!s NoO s('!s Nde Dd1OL s('!s Nde 0lOL s('!s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s('!s Nde ellHos$
!s6O]6M T&ere !renZt so #e7 o# (sL t&e"] H\No &!' t!n %oHos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6L
ellHos$ !s6]61 D1 ;1=C1?
0+ So littleP H\t!n %oHo$ !6] NQso little o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre inont!ble o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oL inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!rOM en !#ir"!ti+! '
ne,!ti+!61 E.14 T&e' &!+e so little] No"%le"ento diretoO H\Tienen t!n %oHo$ !6]61
D1 ;1=C1@
*:+ So muc/P H\ 111t!ntHo$ !6] NQso "(& o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!rOM en !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+!61 E.14
mo( &!+e so "(&] No"%le"ento diretoO H\Tienes t!ntHo$ !6]61 D1 ;1=C1B
**+ So manP H\t!ntHos$ !s6] NQso "!n' o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lOM en !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+!61 E.14
T&e' &!+e so "!n'] No"%le"ento diretoO H\Tienen t!ntHos$ !s6]6M T&ere !renZt so
"!n' o# t&e !ni"!lsL t&e ones 'o( li9ed] N!trib(toO H\No &!' t!ntos de los !ni"!lesL
los /(e te ,(st!b!n]6M T&ere !renZt so "!n' o# (sL t&e"] N!trib(toO H\No &!' t!ntHos$
!s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s6]61 D1 ;1=C15C
*2+ Suc/ a lot of h no"bre inont!ble Ht!ntFsi"Ho$ !6L no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l o
(n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!l en !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+! H\t!ntFsi"Hos$ !s6] NUs(&V +! !ent(!doM
se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o del!nte del
no"breOM en !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+!61 E.14 S&e &!s Rs(& ! lot o# ti"eL boo9s] H\Ell!
tiene t!ntFsi"o tie"%oL t!ntFsi"os libros]6M Ee s!7 Rs(& ! lot o# ,oldL t&e ,oldL t&is
,oldL "' ,old] H\l +io t!ntFsi"o oroL del oroL de este oroL de "i oro]6M Ee s!7
Rs(& ! lot o# boo9sL t&e boo9sL t&ese boo9sL "' boo9s] H\l +io t!ntFsi"os librosL
de los librosL de estos librosL de "is libros]61
*2+ Too fe,P Hde"!si!dHos$ !s6 %oHos$ !s6 NQtoo #e7 o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$
(n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oL inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lOM en !#ir"!ti+! '
ne,!ti+!61 E.14 Ee ,!+e "e too #e7] H\Me dio de"!si!dHos$ !s6 %oHos$ !s6]61 D1
;1=C158
*-+ Too littleP H\ 111de"!si!do %oHo$ !6] NQtoo little o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oL inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r h no"bre inont!bleL
no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lOM en !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+!61 E.14 T&e' &!+e too
little] H\Tienen de"!si!do %oHo$ !6]6M Ee s!7 too little o# t&eL t&eseL t&ose "o+ies]
H\l +io de"!si!do %oo de l!sL est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s %elF(l!s]61 D1 ;1=C15:
*3+ Too muc/P H\de"!si!dHo$ !6] NQtoo "(& o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre inont!ble o de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!rOM en
!#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+!61 E.14 mo( &!+e too "(&] H\Tienes de"!si!dHo$ !6]61 D1
;1=C15;
*6+ Too manP H\de"!si!dHos$ !s6] NQtoo "!n' o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre o de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oL inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lOM en !#ir"!ti+! '
ne,!ti+!61 E.14 T&e' &!+e too "!n'] H\Tienen de"!si!dHos$ !s6]61 D1 ;1=C15<
*8+ W/atP Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO H\lo /(e 111]61 E.14 >&!t &e &!s ried] H\Lo /(e &!
llor!do 0l]6M >&!t it is to be %oor !nd (,l'] H\Lo /(e es ser %obre ' #eo]61
Q>&!t ! ,re!t de!l o#Q Hh no"bre inont!ble6] H\/(0 ,r!n !ntid!d de 111]6M e/(i+!le
! Q7&!t ! bi, N"enos (s!doOL ,re!t N"s (s!doOL l!r,e N"s (s!doO /(!ntit'
o# 111QM en in,l0s +(l,!r Q! ,re!t de!l o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en
%l(r!lM e/(i+!le ! Q7&!t ! ,re!tL l!r,e n("ber o# 111Q o ! Q7&!t ! bi, N"enos
(s!doOL ,re!t N"s (s!doOL l!r,e N"s (s!doO /(!ntit' o# 111QM se !ent2! el
no"bre /(e +! detrs de Qo#Q1 E.14 >&!t ! ,re!t de!l o#L ! bi, N"enos (s!doOL
,re!t N"s (s!doOL l!r,e N"s (s!doO /(!ntit' o# R&one'] H\J(0 ,r!n !ntid!d de
"iel]6M >&!t ! ,re!t de!l o# N+(l,!rOL ! ,re!t Nestnd!rOL l!r,e Nestnd!rO n("ber
N"s (s!doO o#L ! ,re!t Nestnd!rOL l!r,e Nestnd!rO /(!ntit' N"enos (s!doO o#
Rto(rists] H\J(0 ,r!n !ntid!d de t(rist!s]61 D1 ;1=C15
*9+ W/at a lotP H\(ntHos$ !s6]L \(ntHo$ !6] NQ7&!t ! lot o#Q$ /(e se (s! "s /(e
Q&o7 "!n'L &o7 "(&Q$ %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l no
%reedido de n!d!$ de (n no"bre inont!ble no %reedido de n!d!$ de (n no"bre
%reedido de Ut&e$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o$ de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL inde#inidoL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l o en
sin,(l!rM se !ent2! el no"bre /(e +! detrs de Qo#QOM en !#ir"!ti+! s3lo61 E.14 >&!t
! lot o# Rboo9s] H\*(ntos libros]6M >&!t ! lot o# R"one'] H\*(nto dinero]61
*0+ W/o Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO] H\/(i0n]61 E.14 R>&o o(ld &!+e #or,otten it] H\J(i0n
%odrF! &!berlo ol+id!do]61
<1:C1I &os pronombres indefinidos Hinde#inite %rono(ns64 &!l#$ oneHs6$ !not&er$ t&e
ot&er$ t&e ot&ers$ ot&ers$ e!& ot&er$ !n' ot&erHs6$ no ot&er$ so"e ot&ers$ no ot&ers$
one ot&er$ none ot&er$ or Ht&e6 ot&erHs6$ e!&$ e+er'bod'$ e+er'bod' else$ e+er'one$
e+er'one else$ e+er't&in,$ e+er't&in, else$ e+er'7&ere$ e+er'7&ere else$ eit&er$
neit&er$ bot&$ !ll$ !ll else Nliter!rioO$ so"e$ so"e one else$ so"e 111 so"eL ot&ers$
so"ebod'$ so"eone$ so"ebod' else$ so"eone else$ so"et&in,$ so"et&in, else$
so"e7&ere$ so"e7&ere else$ !n'$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' !n'$ r!rel' !n'$ !n'bod'$
!n'bod' else$ !n'one$ !n'one else$ !n't&in,$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' !n't&in,$
r!rel' !n't&in,$ !n't&in, else$ !(,&tL o(,&t$ !n'7&ere$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel'
!n'7&ere$ r!rel' !n'7&ere$ !n'7&ere else$ nobod'$ Rno one$ RnoIone NGBO$ no Rone$
not Rone$ nobod' else$ Rno one else$ RnoIone else NGBO$ none$ none else$ not&in,$
not&in, else$ no7&ere$ no7&ere else$ "(&$ +er' "(&$ !s "(&$ so "(&$ e+er so
"(&$ &!l#L t7ieL #o(r ti"es !s "(&$ not&in, "(&$ not !sL so "(&$ %rett'
"(&$ t&is "(&$ t&!t "(&$ too "(&$ "(& too "(&L #!r too "(&$ r!t&er too
"(&$ ! bit "(&$ "(& else$ "!n'$ t&e "!n' Nliter!rioO$ /(ite "!n'$ ! ,ood "!n'
Nliter!rioO$ ! ,re!t "!n' Nliter!rioO$ ! +er' ,re!t "!n' Nliter!rioO$ !s "!n'$ &!l#L
t7ieL #i+e ti"es !s "!n'$ so "!n'$ e+er so "!n'$ not !sL so "!n'$ +er' "!n'
Nliter!rioO$ too "!n'$ #!r too "!n'$ "(& too "!n' Nolo/(i!lO$ r!t&er too "!n'$ !
#e7 too "!n' Nliter!rioO$ t&!t "!n'$ not t&isL t&!t "!n'$ &o7e+er "!n'$ ! bit$ !
#!ir bit o#$ ! little bit$ /(ite ! bit$ /(ite ! little bit$ ! tin' little bit$ ! to(& o#$ little$ !
little$ /(ite little$ /(ite ! little$ .(stL onl' ! little$ !s little$ so little$ not !sL so little$
+er'L e-tre"el'L rel!ti+el' little$ ! +er' little$ %reio(s little$ too little$ "(&L #!r too
little$ r!t&er Htoo6 little$ little else$ less$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' less$ !n' less$ no less$
#e7 less Nolo/(i!lO$ ! #e7 less Nolo/(i!lO$ +er' #e7 less Nolo/(i!lO$ /(ite !
#e7 less Nolo/(i!lO$ ! bitL to(&L little less$ ! little bit less$ ! ,oodL #!ir de!l less$ !
,re!t de!l less$ "!n' less Nolo/(i!lO$ ! ,oodL ,re!t "!n' less Nolo/(i!lO$ +er'
"!n' less Nolo/(i!lO$ too "(& less Nolo/(i!lO$ too "!n' less Nolo/(i!lO$
so"e less$ "ore or less$ ! lot less$ lots less Nolo/(i!lO$ "(&L #!r less$ +er' "(&
less$ &e!%s less Nolo/(i!lO$ e+en less$ not t&!t "(& less$ not t&!t "!n' less
Nolo/(i!lO$ se+er!l less Nolo/(i!lO$ %lent' less$ r!t&er less$ t&e le!st$ eno(,&$ #e7
eno(,&$ little eno(,&$ /(ite eno(,&$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' eno(,&$ s(##iient
Nliter!rioO$ ! ,oodL #!ir de!l$ ! ,ood de!l else$ ! ,re!t de!l$ ! ,re!t de!l else$ #e7$ !
#e7$ t&e #e7$ ! ,ood #e7$ so"e #e7$ #!irl' #e7$ /(ite #e7$ /(ite ! #e7$ .(st ! #e7$
onl' ! #e7$ !s #e7 !s$ so #e7$ ! +er' #e7$ +er'L e-tre"el'L o"%!r!ti+el' #e7$
%reio(s #e7$ too #e7$ #!rL "(& too #e7$ r!t&er Htoo6 #e7$ not t&isL t&!t #e7$ #e7er$
so"e #e7er Nliter!rioO$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' #e7er$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' !n'
#e7er$ !n' #e7er$ no #e7er$ ! ,ood de!l #e7er$ ! #!ir de!l #e7er$ ! ,re!t de!l #e7er$
"ore or #e7er$ ! lotL #!r #e7er$ "(& #e7er Nolo/(i!lO$ "!n' #e7er$ se+er!l
#e7er$ e+en #e7er$ %lent' #e7er$ t&e #e7est$ "ore$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' "ore$
so"e "ore$ !n' "ore$ b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' !n' "ore$ ! bitL to(& "ore$ ! little
"ore$ ! +er' little "ore$ little "ore$ +er' little "ore$ #e7 "ore$ ! #e7 "ore$ /(ite
#e7 "ore$ /(ite ! #e7 "ore$ +er' #e7 "ore$ ! ,ood "!n' "ore Nliter!rioO$ ! ,re!t
"!n' "ore Nliter!rioO$ ! lotL #!r "ore$ "!n' "ore$ "(& "ore$ +er' "!n' "ore
Nliter!rioO$ no "ore$ not t&!t "!n' "ore$ too "!n' "ore$ ! ,oodL #!ir de!l "ore$ !
,re!t de!l "ore$ &e!%s "ore Nolo/(i!lO$ %lent' "ore$ not&in, "ore$ r!t&er "ore$
! o(%le "ore$ se+er!l "ore$ dozensL &(ndredsL t&o(s!nds "ore$ one sin,le d!'
"ore$ "ost$ t&e "ost$ ! lot$ lots Nolo/(i!lO$ /(ite ! lot$ r!t&er ! lot$ s(& ! lot$ ! lot
else$ se+er!l$ %lent'$ ! &e!% o#$ &e!%s Nolo/(i!lO o#$ ! lo!d o# Nolo/(i!lO$ lo!ds o#
Nolo/(i!lO$ t&e 7&ole o#$ +!rio(s$ s(ndr'$ ert!in o# Nliter!rioO$ s(&$ s(&li9e$ s!"e
Nliter!rioO1
Los %rono"bres inde#inidos %(eden ser (!ntit!ti+os o ,r!d!ti+os e identi#i!ti+os
o de se"e.!nz!M los (!ntit!ti+os son del n2"ero 5 !l <C ' el resto identi#i!ti+osM !
los %rono"bres inde#inidos del 5 !l 58 inl(si+e se les ll!"! t!"bi0n %rono"bres
distrib(ti+os1
El !d.eti+o +! detrs de los %rono"bres$ ten,!n (n! o "s %!l!br!s ' no del!nte de
l! 2lti"! %!l!br! UelseL oneHs6V$ et1
*+ Aalf Hl! "it!d NQ&!l#Q %(ede ir solo %!r! re#erirse ! !l,o sobrHe6entendidoM Q&!l#
o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r
%reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o en
%l(r!lM U&!l# o#V +! on +erbo en sin,(l!r$ si +! se,(ido de (n no"breL %rono"bre
en sin,(l!r$ ' on +erbo en %l(r!l$ si +! se,(ido de (n no"breL %rono"bre en
%l(r!lM e/(i+!le ! U<CP NoO #i#t' %er ent NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %erent NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOVM (!ndo U&!l# o#V +! se,(ido de (n no"breL %rono"bre en %l(r!l
se re#iere ! "s de dosO61 E.14 Ee dr!n9 &!l# Hl bebi3 l! "it!d6M T!9e &!l#]
H\Ll0+!Hte6 l! "it!d]6M &!l# o# ! "illion e(ros Hl! "it!d de (n "ill3n de e(ros6M E!l#
o# t&e s!l!r' is 'o(rs HL! "it!d del s!l!rio es t('o6M &!l# o# t&is bottle Hl! "it!d de
est! botell!6M &!l# o# "' "one' Hl! "it!d de "i dinero6M E!l# o# t&e to(rists &!+e le#t
HL! "it!d de los t(rist!s se &!n ido6M E!l# o# t&ese !re old HL! "it!d de 0stHos$ !s6
son +ie.Hos$ !s661
Se %(ede$ %(es$ deir U&!l# N%rono"breO o# t&e ,irlsL s(,!rV ' U&!l# N!d.eti+oO t&e
,irlsL s(,!rV on (n si,ni#i!do b!st!nte %!reido Hl! "it!d de l!s &i!sL del
!z2!r6M si detrs de U&!l#V +! (n %rono"bre no se %(ede (s!r U&!l#V "s /(e o"o
%rono"bre se,(ido de Uo#V4 &!l# o# itL (sL 'o(L t&e"L t&isL t&eseL t&!tL t&ose Hl!
"it!d de elloL nosotrosL +osotrosL ellosL estoL 0stosL eso NoO !/(elloL 0sos NoO
!/(0llos61 D1 ;1<8
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo U&!l#V +! %reedido de Ut&eV o del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do es
no"bre o %rono"bre %!rtiti+o1 D1 <15?
QE!l#Q %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de !ntid!d1 D1 ?15?
2+ UCne4s+< s(Hb6stit('e ! (n no"bre ont!ble re#erido ! %erson!s$ !ni"!les o
os!sM no se (s! !%en!s QoneHs6Q %!r! no"bres !bstr!tos ont!blesM %(ede ir
nor"!l"ente detrs de (n no"bre /(e &!e de !d.eti+o %ero &!' e-e%iones1 E.14
t&e orner one HelL l! de l! es/(in!6M t&e orner ones HlosL l!s de l! es/(in!6M t&e
+er' one Hel "is"Fsi"oL l! "is"Fsi"!6M S&e sold &er #!"il' one No"%le"ento
diretoO HEll! +endi3 el de s( #!"ili!6M S&e %re#ers ! Rle!t&er R.!9et to ! %l!sti one
HEll! %re#iere (n! &!/(et! de (ero ! (n! de %lstio6$ %ero QS&e b('s o##ee H(%s
Nones4 no %onerO6 !nd te! (%s Nones4 no %onerOQ HEll! o"%r! t!z!s %!r! !#0 '
t!z!s %!r! t061
*(!ndo &!' (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l %reedido de dos !d.eti+os (nidos
%or Q!ndQ$ QorQ o Q7it&Q no se %one QoneHs6Q detrs del %ri"er !d.eti+oM los !d.eti+os
%(eden ser !li#i!ti+os$ l!si#i!ti+os o de olor1 E.14 >&i& do 'o( %re#er$ t&e
bl!9 or t&e 7&ite &!tT HW*(l %re#ieres$ el so"brero ne,ro o el bl!noT6M T&e'
9no7 Alb!ni!n !ndL or It!li!n "!n(#!t(rers H*onoen ! #!bri!ntes !lb!neses eL o
it!li!nos Nen ,ener!lO6M T&e' o"%!re Port(,(ese 7it& Br!zili!n s&ools
H*o"%!r!n l!s es(el!s %ort(,(es!s on l!s br!sile)!s Nen ,ener!lO61
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo &!' (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l %reedido de (n
!d.eti+o e in"edi!t!"ente detrs +! Q!ndQ$ Qb(tQ$ QorQ$ Qt&!nQ o Q7it&Q h otro
!d.eti+o$ se %one QoneHs6Q detrs del se,(ndo !d.eti+o$ en +ez de re%etir el no"breM
los !d.eti+os %(eden ser de olor o no1 E.14 T&e old &ild !te b(t t&e 'o(n, one
didnZt HNes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO El ni)o "!'or o"i3 %ero el
%e/(e)o no6M T&e older &ildren !te b(t t&e 'o(n,er ones didnZt HNes%ei!l"enteL
sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO Los ni)os "!'ores o"ieron %ero los %e/(e)os no6M T&e
S%!nis& &ild %l!'s o(tside b(t t&e En,lis& one doesnZt HEl ni)o es%!)ol
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO .(e,! #(er! %ero el in,l0s no6M S%!nis&
&ildren %l!' o(tside "ore t&!n En,lis& &ildren ones HLos ni)os es%!)oles Nen
,ener!lO .(e,!n #(er! "s /(e los ni)os in,leses6M T&e S%!nis& &ildren %l!'
o(tside "ore t&!n t&e En,lis& ones HNes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO Los
ni)os es%!)oles .(e,!n #(er! "s /(e los ni)os in,leses6M S%!nis& &ildren %l!'
o(tside b(t En,lis& ones donZt HLos ni)os es%!)oles Nen ,ener!lO .(e,!n #(er! %ero
los in,leses no6M t&e S%!nis& &ildren %l!' o(tside b(t t&e En,lis& ones donZt
HNes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO Los ni)os es%!)oles .(e,!n #(er! %ero
los in,leses no6M S&e &!s ! bl!9 &!t !nd ! 7&ite one HEll! tiene (n so"brero ne,ro
' (no bl!no6M T&e' 9no7 Alb!ni!n "!n(#!t(rers !nd It!li!n ones H*onoen !
#!bri!ntes !lb!neses e it!li!nos Nen ,ener!lO6M T&e 'o(n, %erson 7or9s &!rder t&!n
t&e older one HL! %erson! .o+en Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO tr!b!.!
"s intens!"ente /(e l! "!'or6M T&e 'o(n, to(rist %l!'ed b(t t&e older one didnZt
HNes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO El t(rist! "s .o+en .(,3 %ero el "!'or
no6M T&e 'o(n,er to(rists %l!'ed b(t t&e older ones didnZt HNes%ei!l"enteL sobre
todoL en %!rti(l!rO Los t(rist!s "s .3+enes .(,!ron %ero los "!'ores no6M T&e'
o"%!re Port(,(ese s&ools 7it& Br!zili!n ones H*o"%!r!n l!s es(el!s
%ort(,(es!s on l!s br!sile)!s Nen ,ener!lO6M mo(n, %eo%le 7or9 &!rder t&!n older
ones HL! ,ente .o+en Nen ,ener!lO tr!b!.! "s intens!"ente /(e l! ,ente "!'or6M
T&e 'o(n, %eo%le 7or9 &!rder t&!n t&e older ones HNes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO L! ,ente .o+en tr!b!.! "s intens!"ente /(e l! ,ente "!'or6M mo(n,
%eo%le 7or9 &!rd b(t older ones donZt HL! ,ente .o+en Nen ,ener!lO tr!b!.! "(&o
%ero l! ,ente "!'or no6M T&e 'o(n, %eo%le 7or9 &!rd b(t t&e older ones donZt HL!
,ente .o+en Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO tr!b!.! "(&o %ero l! ,ente
"!'or Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO no6M T&e 'o(n, st(dent 7or9s
&!rder t&!n t&e older one HEl est(di!nte .o+en Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO tr!b!.! "s intens!"ente /(e el "!'or6M mo(n, st(dents 7or9 &!rder
t&!n older ones HLos est(di!ntes .3+enes Nen ,ener!lO tr!b!.!n "s intens!"ente
/(e los "!'ores6$ et1
QOneHs6Q %(ede ir %reedido de Qt&eQ ' si,ni#i! Qel /(eL el deL l! /(eL l! deQ1 E.14 ItZs
t&e one Ht&!t6 I see N!trib(toO HEs elL l! /(e +eo6M T&e oneHs6 Ht&!tL 7&i&6
No"%le"ento diretoO 'o( ,!+e &er HElL LosL L!Hs6 /(e le diste6M T&e ones Ht&!tL
7&i&6 No"%le"ento diretoO 'o( %rotet HLos /(e %rote,es6M t&e one in red Hel$ l!
de ro.o6M T&e one t&!t is &ere is better t&!n t&e ot&erHs6 HEl /(e est !/(F es "e.or
/(e el otro Hlos otros66M t&e s"ilin, one HelL l! /(e sonrFe6M t&e 7ron, ones Hlos /(e
estn "!l61
*(!ndo QoneHs6Q +! %reedido de (n !d.eti+o no lle+! !ento1
No se %(ede (s!r QoneQ %!r! re#erirse ! no"bre inont!bleM no se %(ede %oner QoneQ
detrs de (n !d.eti+o /(e se re#ier! ! (n no"bre inont!ble '! it!doM se %(ede
re%etir el no"bre o s(%ri"irlo$ si /(ed! l!ro (!ndo +! ontr!st!do1 E.14 Do 'o(
%re#er 7&ole "il9 or s9i""ed "il9T HWPre#ieres le&e enter! o le&e desn!t!d!T6M I#
'o( donZt li9e 7&ite s(,!r$ 'o( !n t!9e bro7n Hs(,!r6 HSi no te ,(st! el !z2!r
bl!nHo$ !6$ %(edes to"!rloL l! "oreno6M Do 'o( %re#er &ot "il9 or oldT
HWPre#ieres le&e !liente o #rF!T61
Detrs de los %rono"bres %osesi+os no se %(ede %oner QoneHs6Q1 E.14 T&is dition!r'
is better t&!n &is HEste diion!rio es "e.or /(e el s('o61
Sin e"b!r,o$ detrs de los !d.eti+os %osesi+os no se %(ede s(%ri"ir QoneHs6Q1 E.14
T&is dition!r' is better t&!n &is 'ello7 one HEste diion!rio es "e.or /(e el
!"!rillo s('o61 Detrs de (n ,eniti+o s!.3n no se %(ede %oner QoneHs6Q$ %ero si &!'
(n !d.eti+o detrs del ,eniti+o s!.3n no se %(ede s(%ri"ir QoneHs6Q1 E.14 M!deleineZs
ide! is ,ood b(t Di!n!Zs Nolo/(i!lOL t&!t o# Di!n! Nliter!rioO is e+en better HL! ide!
de M!,d!len! es b(en! %ero l! de Di!n! es tod!+F!L inl(so "e.or6M T&is dition!r'
is better t&!n Art&(rZsL Art&(rZs 'ello7 one HEste diion!rio es "e.or /(e el de
Art(roL !"!rillo de Art(ro61
Detrs de Qo7nQ no se %(ede %oner QoneHs6Q en in,l0s liter!rio %ero en in,l0s
olo/(i!l sF1 E.14 mo( &!+e 'o(r %roble"s !nd s&e &!s &er o7n Nliter!rioO HT2 tienes
t(s %roble"!s ' ell! tiene los s('os6M >&' brin, 'o(r !r 7&en s&e &!s &er o7n
one Nolo/(i!lOT HWPor /(0 tr!er t( o&e (!ndo ell! tiene el s('oT61
QOneHs6Q %(ede o"itirse4
!6 Detrs de Ut&eV se,(ido de (n o"%!r!ti+o o s(%erl!ti+oM el o"%!r!ti+o o
s(%erl!ti+o %(ede ir se,(ido de (n sint!,"! %re%osiion!lM QoneHs6Q no se tr!d(e1
E.14 S&e is t&e elder Hone6 HEll! es l! "!'or6M Ee is t&e #!stest Hone6 Hl es el "s
r%ido6M T&e' !re t&e best Hones6 HSon losL l!s "e.ores6M It is t&e bi,,est Hone6 o#
t&e" !ll HEs elL l! "s ,r!nde de todHos$ !s6 ellHos$ !s66M It 7!s t&e bi,,er Hone6 o#
t&e t7o HEr! elL l! "!'or de lHos$ !s6 dos6M T&!t is t&e &e!%er Hone6 o# t&e t7o !rs
Hse es el "s b!r!to de los dos o&es6M T&ese !re t&e /(i9est Hones6 !nd t&ose !re
t&e slo7est N!trib(toO Hstos son los "s r%idos ' 0sosL !/(0llos son los "s
lentos6M T&is is t&e le+erer brot&er !nd t&!t is t&e elder Hone6 N!trib(toO Hste es el
&er"!no "s listo ' !/(0l es el "!'or61
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo Ut&eV o (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do +! se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o
!li#i!ti+o$ l!si#i!ti+o o de olor en ,r!do %ositi+o$ no en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o o
s(%erl!ti+o$ &!' /(e %oner QoneHs6Q detrs del !d.eti+oM QoneHs6Q %(ede ir %reedido
de Ut&eV se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o on el #in de &!er (n! o"%!r!i3n o selei3nM
QoneHs6Q no se tr!d(e1 E.14 ! &e!% one H(nHo$ !6 b!r!tHo$ !66M ! bi,L s"!ll one H(nHo$
!6 ,r!ndeL %e/(e)Ho$ !66M ! %in9 one H(no ros!doL (n! de olor ros!61
b6 Detrs de (n !d.eti+o n("er!l ordin!l %reedido de Ut&eVM QoneHs6Q no se tr!d(e1
E.14 S&e 7!s t&e se+ent& Hone6 HEll! er! l! s0%ti"!6M T&e' 7ere t&e seond Hones6
HEr!n lHos$ !s6 se,(ndHos$ !s661
6 Detrs del !d.eti+o interro,!ti+o Q7&i&QM QoneHs6Q no se tr!d(e1 E.14 >&i&
Hone6 Hdo 'o( li9e6T HW*(l Hte ,(st!6T6M >&i& Hones6 Hdo 'o( li9e6T HW*(les Hte
,(st!Hn66T61
d6 Detrs de los inde#inidos Q!not&er$ t&e ot&er$ no ot&er$ e!&$ eit&er$ neit&erQM si
+!n se,(idos de QoneHs6Q son !d.eti+os inde#inidos ' si no +!n se,(idos de QoneHs6Q
son %rono"bres inde#inidosM Qeit&erQ +! se,(ido de QoneHs6Q (!ndo +!
%osHt6"odi#i!doM QoneHs6Q no se tr!d(e1 E.14 Gi+e "e !not&er Hone6L t&e ot&er
Hone6] H\D!"e otrHo$ !6L el otroL l! otr!]6M S&e too9 no ot&er Hone6 HEll! no Hse6 lle+3
nin,2n otroL nin,(n! otr!6M Ee loo9ed !t e!& Hone6 Hl "ir3 ! !d! (no6M T!9e
eit&er Hone6] H\Ll0+!Hte6 (no de los dos]6$ %ero QT!9e eit&er one on t&e tr!']Q
H\Ll0+!Hte6 (no de los dos /(e estn sobre l! b!nde.!]61
Detrs de los %rono"bres inde#inidos Q!n' N(!ndo es inont!bleO$ bot&$ #e7$ "!n'$
se+er!l$ so"e N(!ndo es inont!bleOQ$ et1$ no se %(ede %oner QoneHs6Q$ %ero
(!ndo los !d.eti+os inde#inidos orres%ondientes +!n se,(idos de (n !d.eti+o &!'
/(e %oner QoneHs6Q detrsM QoneHs6Q no se tr!d(e1 E.14 S&e too9 "!n'L se+er!lL
so"e bl(e ones HEll! Hse6 lle+3 "(&Hos$ !s6L +!riHos$ !s6L !l,(nHos$ !s6 !z(les6M !
#e7 &e!% ones H(nHos$ !s6 %oHos$ !s6 b!r!tHos$ !s6$ et1
e6 Detrs de los de"ostr!ti+os Qt&isQ$ (!ndo si,ni#i! Q0stHe$ !6Q$ Qt&!tQ$ (!ndo
si,ni#i! Q0sHe$ !6L !/(0lHl!6Q$ Qt&eseQ ' Qt&oseQ e-e%to (!ndo +!n los (!tro
se,(idos de !d.eti+oM si +!n se,(idos de QoneHs6Q son !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os ' si
no +!n se,(idos de QoneHs6Q son %rono"bres de"ostr!ti+osM nor"!l"ente no se
%one QonesQ detrs de Qt&eseQ$ Qt&oseQ en USA ' en in,l0s liter!rio de GB$ si no +!n
se,(idos de (n !d.eti+o$ %ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l de GB se %one QonesQM QoneHs6Q no
se tr!d(e1 E.14 t&is Hone6 H0steL 0st!6M T&is e-erise is di##i(lt b(t t&!t Hone6 is !n
e!s' one HEste e.eriio es di#Fil %ero 0seL !/(0l es (no #il6M t&ese NUSA4
estnd!rOL t&ese NGB4 liter!rioOL t&ese ones NGB4 olo/(i!lO Hin t&e ri,&t orner6
H0stosL 0st!s Hde l! es/(in! dere&!66M t&ose NUSA4 estnd!rOL t&ose NGB4 liter!rioOL
t&ose ones NGB4 olo/(i!lO Hon t&e le#t6 H0sosL 0s!sL !/(0llosL !/(0ll!s Hde l!
iz/(ierd!661 D1 <15@
#6 Detrs de los !d.eti+os Q#ollo7in,$ ne-t$ l!stQM QoneHs6Q no se tr!d(e1 E.14 S&e is
t&e #ollo7in, Hone6 HEll! es l! si,(iente6M >e !re t&e ne-t Hones6 HSo"os los
si,(ientes61
,6 Detrs de los n("er!les !rdin!les Qt7o$ t&reeQ$ et1$ si +!n se,(idos de (n
!d.eti+oM si +!n se,(idos de QoneHs6Q son !d.eti+os ' si no +!n se,(idos de QoneHs6Q
son %rono"bresMQonesQ no se tr!d(eM no obst!nte$ si no +!n se,(idos de (n
!d.eti+o$ no %(ede %onerse QonesQ1 E.14 Ee &!s se+en 7&ite Hones6 Hl tiene siete
bl!nHos$ !s66M S&e &!s #o(r 7&ite !nd #i+e bl!9 N"s (s!doOL bl!9 ones N"enos
(s!doO HEll! tiene (!tro bl!nHos$ !s6 ' ino ne,rHos$ !s661
&6 Detrs del se,(ndo !d.eti+o ontr!st!do on otro !nterior del!nte de (n no"breM
QoneHs6Q no se tr!d(e1 E.14 Liz &!d ! l!r,e sod!$ !nd P!t &!d ! s"!ll Hone6 HElis!
to"3 (n! ,!seos! ,r!nde$ ' P!trii! (n! %e/(e)!6M t&e ri,&t &!nd !nd t&e le#t Hone6
Hl! "!no dere&! ' l! iz/(ierd!6M t&e Old Test!"ent !nd t&e Ne7 HOne6 Hel Die.o
Test!"ento ' el N(e+o6M ,ood %ersons !s 7ell !s b!d Nliter!rioOL b!d ones
Nolo/(i!lO H%erson!s b(en!s ' t!"bi0n "!l!s61
i6 QOneQ %(ede o"itirse detrs de Ut&eV se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o de olor (!ndo '!
se &! "enion!do el no"bre !l /(e se re#iere o detrs de (n !d.eti+o de olor
!nteriorM &!' (n ontr!ste1 E.14 T&ere !re #i+e &!irs b(t IZll t!9e t&e red one
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL t&e red Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doO HE!' ino sill!s %ero
o,er0 NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r0 l! ro.!6M S&e too9 t&e 'ello7 !r !nd &e too9 t&e red one
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL t&e red Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doO HEll! Hse6 lle+3 el o&e
!"!rillo ' 0l Hse6 lle+3 el ro.o6M S&e &!s #i+e "odels !nd I li9e t&e 'ello7 one
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL t&e 'ello7 Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doO HEll! tiene ino
"odelos ' ! "F "e ,(st! el !"!rillo6M >&i& do 'o( %re#er$ t&e bl!9 one or t&e
7&ite one N"s (s!doOL t&e 7&ite N"enos (s!doOT HW*(l %re#ieres$ el ne,ro o el
bl!noL l! ne,r! o l! bl!n!T61
Sin e"b!r,o$ QoneQ no %(ede o"itirse detrs del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ' QonesQ
t!"%oo detrs de Ut&eV1 E.14 Liz &!d ! ,reen &!ir$ !nd P!t &!d ! bl(e one Nno
s(%ri"irO HElis!betL Is!belL Elis!L Is! tenF! (n! sill! +erde ' P!triiHo$ !6 (n! !z(l6M
T&ere !re t7ent' &!irs b(t IZll t!9e t&e red ones Nno s(%ri"irO HE!' +einte sill!s
%ero o,er0 NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r0 l!s ro.!s61
.6 QOneHs6Q %(ede o"itirse detrs del %ri"er !d.eti+o de olor %reedido de Ut&eV
(!ndo se %one QoneQ detrs del se,(ndo !d.eti+o de olorM &!' (n ontr!ste1 E.14
>&i& do 'o( %re#er$ t&e bl!9 Hone6 or t&e 7&ite oneT HW*(l %re#ieres$ el ne,roL l!
ne,r! o el bl!noL l! bl!n!T6M >&i& do 'o( %re#er$ t&e bl!9 Hones6 or t&e 7&ite
onesT HW*(les %re#ieres$ los ne,rosL l!s ne,r!s o los bl!nosL l!s bl!n!sT61
Sin e"b!r,o$ on los !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os o l!si#i!ti+os es nees!rio %oner
QoneHs6Q1 E.1 S&e &!s ! bi, one !nd ! s"!ll oneM S&e &!s ! bi, one N"s (s!doO !nd
! s"!ll oneL ! bi, N"enos (s!doO !nd ! s"!ll one HEll! tiene (nHo$ !6 ,r!nde ' (nHo$
!6 %e/(e)Ho$ !6M S&e &!s bi, ones N"s (s!doOL bi, N"enos (s!doO !nd s"!ll ones
HEll! tiene ,r!ndes ' %e/(e)os61
2+ =not/er HotrHo$ !6 Non +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.eto o !trib(toM de%endiendo del
onte-to Q!not&erQ %(ede indi!r QotrHo$ !6 Nsi"il!rL !diion!lOQ ( QotrHo$ !6
Ndi#erenteOQM en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M %(ede ir se,(ido de
U#e7V o (n n2"eroM not !not&er Hno otrHo$ !6 Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO6M U!not&er o#V$ /(e
se (s! "s /(e el !d.eti+o inde#inido U!not&er one o#V$ %(ede ir del!nte de (n
no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM t!nto Q!not&erQ o"o
Q!not&er o#Q h no"bre %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento
direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO6$ one !not&er ND1 <15;OM QoneQ h no"bre Qor anot/erQ
H(nH!6 h no"bre ( otrHo$ !66$ UoneV h no"bre 111 anot/er H(nH!6 h no"bre 111 otrHo$
!661 E.14 Eere is !not&er o# t&eL t&ese obr!s HA/(F est otr! de l!sL est!s obr!s6M
Gi+e "e !not&er o# t&e bl!9 ones] H\D!"e otro de los ne,ros]6M T&is is !not&er o#
"' do,s Hste es otro de "is %erros6M !not&er ; &(ndred HotrHos$ !s6 (!troientHos$
!s66$ !not&er o# t&e" HotrHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s66M Anot&er o# t&e %&oto,r!%&s Ns(.etoO is
s"!ll HOtr! de l!s #oto,r!#F!s es %e/(e)!6M T&e' 9illed !not&er o# t&eir s&ee%
No"%le"ento diretoO HM!t!ron otr! de s(s o+e.!s6M T&e' 7ere 7!itin, #or !not&er
o# t&ese %ro,r!""es NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %ro,r!"s NUSAO No"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HEst!b!n es%er!ndo otro de estos %ro,r!"!s6M T&e' &!d !
on+ers!tion 7it& !not&er o# t&e" No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO HT(+ieron (n!
on+ers!i3n on otrHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s66M T!9e !not&er o# t&ese No"%le"ento
diretoO] H\Ll0+!Hte6 otrHo$ !6 de 0stHos$ !s6]6M Ee is !not&er o# (s N!trib(toO Hl es
otro de nosotros6M S&e 7!s ! ,re!t 7o"!n b(t 7ill t&ere be s(& !not&erT HEll! #(e
(n! ,r!n "(.er %ero$ W&!br otr! i,(!lT61
Si se %one (n n2"ero del!nte$ es "e.or /(e se! el "is"o n2"ero (!ndo se %one
detrs de U!not&erV$ !(n/(e se %(ed! (tiliz!r t!"bi0n (!l/(ier otro n2"ero1 E.14
S&e bo(,&t t&ree "!,!zines 'esterd!' !nd s&e &!s bo(,&t !not&er t&ree tod!'
N"e.orO HEll! o"%r3 tres re+ist!s Hil(str!d!s6 !'er ' &! o"%r!do otr!s tres &o'6M
S&e bo(,&t t&ree "!,!zines 'esterd!' !nd s&e &!s bo(,&t !not&er #i+e tod!' N%eorO
HEll! o"%r3 tres re+ist!s Hil(str!d!s6 !'er ' &! o"%r!do otr!s ino &o'61
-+ T/e ot/er Hel otroL l! otr! Non +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.eto o !trib(toM
en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M %(ede ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del
,eniti+o s!.3nM no se %(ede %oner Qt&e ot&er o#Q del!nte de (n no"bre en
%l(r!l %ero Q!n' o# t&e ot&erQ sFO6$ UoneV h no"bre 111 t/e ot/er H(nH!6 h
no"bre 111 el otroL l! otr!6$ t/e ot/ers Hlos otrosL l!s otr!s Non +erbo en
%l(r!l si es s(.eto o !trib(toM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M
%reedido de QnotQ +! s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! on
sentido ne,!ti+oM Qt&e ot&ersQ %(ede ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o
s!.3nO6$ UoneV h no"bre 111 t/e ot/ers H(nH!6 h no"bre 111 los otrosL l!s
otr!s6$ ot/ers HotrHos$ !s6 N%(ede ir %reedido de (n !d.eti+o n("er!l
!rdin!l ! %!rtir de dosM los !d.eti+os deter"in!ti+os Hde"ostr!ti+os Qt&eseL
t&oseQ$ %osesi+os$ e-l!"!ti+os e inde#inidos6 +!n del!nte de los !d.eti+os
n("er!les !rdin!lesM Qot&ersQ %(ede ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o
s!.3nO6$ eac/ ot/er ND1 <15;O$ an ot/er Nse %(ede deir UR!n' ot&erV$ si se
en#!tiz! Q!n'Q$ o U!n' Rot&erV$ si se en#!tiz! Qot&erQ en in,l0s olo/(i!l on
(n si,ni#i!do li,er!"ente distintoM en !#ir"!ti+! si,ni#i! U(!l/(ier otroL
(!l/(ier! otr!L !l,2n otroL !l,(n! otr! Hde "s de dos6V re#erido ! (n
no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!rM en interro,!ti+! ' !#ir"!ti+! en or!iones
/(e denot!n d(d!$ s(%osii3n o ne,!i3n ' en or!iones s(bordin!d!s
ondiion!lesL o"%!r!ti+!sL te"%or!les ND1 =1:=O si,ni#i! Q!l,2n otroL
!l,(n! otr!Q re#erido ! (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r$ Q!l,(nos otrosL
!l,(n!s otr!sQ re#erido ! (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM en ne,!ti+!
si,ni#i! Qn!d! "sQ re#erido ! (n no"bre inont!ble$ ! (n no"bre
ont!ble en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!lM Q!n' ot&erQ se re#iere ! tres o "s
%erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!sM Qnot !n' ot&erQ no %(ede ir !l %rini%io de (n!
or!i3n (!ndo si,ni#i! Qnin,2n otroL nin,(n! otr!QM en in,l0s liter!rio
Q!n' ot&er o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$
de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r
o %l(r!lM e/(i+!le ! Q!n' o# t&e ot&erQ h no"breL %rono"bre en in,l0s
estnd!rM (!ndo se &!e "eni3n ! Q!n' ot&erQ re#erido ! (n no"bre de
%erson! en sin,(l!r$ se s(ele %oner Q&eL &isL &i"L &i"sel#Q en in,l0s
liter!rio si no se onoe el se-o de l!s %erson!sM t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner
QHs6&eL &e or s&eL &is or &erL &is or &ersel#L &i" or &erL &is or &ersQ en
in,l0s estnd!rM si se re#iere ! "(.eres se (s!rF! Qs&eL &erL &ersel#L &ersQ en
in,l0s estnd!rM en in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r! e+it!r l! disri"in!i3n se-(!l se
(s! Qt&e'L t&eirL t&e"L t&e"sel+esL t&eirsQ %!r! &o"bres ' "(.eresO$ an
ot/ers Nse %(ede !ent(!r Q!n'Q o Qot&ersQ en in,l0s olo/(i!l on (n
si,ni#i!do li,er!"ente distintoM en !#ir"!ti+! si,ni#i! U!l,(nos otrosL
!l,(n!s otr!sV Hde "s de dos6 re#erido ! (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM en
interro,!ti+! ' !#ir"!ti+! en or!iones /(e denot!n d(d!$ s(%osii3n o
ne,!i3n ' en or!iones s(bordin!d!s ondiion!lesL o"%!r!ti+!sL
te"%or!les ND1 =1:=O si,ni#i! Q!l,(nos otrosL !l,(n!s otr!sQ re#erido ! (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM en ne,!ti+! si,ni#i! Qnin,2n otroL nin,(n!
otr!Q re#erido ! (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM Q!n' ot&ersQ se re#iere ! tres
o "s %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!sM en in,l0s liter!rio Q!n' ot&ers o#Q %(ede
ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ de (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM
e/(i+!le ! Q!n' o# t&e ot&erQ h no"breL %rono"bre en in,l0s estnd!rO$ no
ot/er Hnin,2n otroL nin,(n! otr! Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+!M Qno ot&er o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido en in,l0s olo/(i!l de (n
no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
%l(r!lO6$ no ot/ers Hnin,2n otroL nin,(n! otr! Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!O6$ some ot/ers H!l,(nos otrosL !l,(n!s otr!s
NQso"e ot&ers o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de
Ut&eV$ de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de
(n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
%l(r!lO6$ one ot/er H(no "sL (n! "s NQone ot&er o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de
(n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
%l(r!lO6$ none ot/er Hnin,2n otroL nin,(n! otr! NQnone ot&er o#Q %(ede ir
del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ or 4t/e+ ot/er4s+ Ho el$ los otroHs6L l!Hs6 otr!Hs6L
( otroHs6$ !Hs6M %(ede ir detrs de QoneL so"eQ h no"bre6M todos ellos
%(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$
o"%le"ento indireto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM somebod or ot/er H!l,(ien6$ someone or
ot/er H!l,(ien6$ somet/ing or ot/er H!l,o61 E.14 T&e ot&er Ns(.etoO isnZt
&ere HEl otroL L! otr! no est !/(F6M t&e ot&ers Hlos otrosL l!s otr!s6M S&e
,!+e it to t&e ot&er No"%le"ento indiretoO HEll! se lo dio !l otroL ! l! otr!6M
I 7!s !t one t!ble !nd s&e 7!s !t t&e ot&er Hmo est!b! en (n! "es! ' ell! en
l! otr!6M Ee %l!'ed 7it& ot&ers No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO Hl .(,3 on
otrHos$ !s66M Ee "(st res%et ot&ersZ ri,&ts Hl debe res%et!r los dere&os
!.enosL de los de"s6M se+en ot&ers Hotros siete6$ t&ese ot&ers Hestos otrosL
est!s otr!s6M T&ese #i+e ot&ers &ere Ns(.etoO !re bl(e Hstos otrosL st!s
otr!s ino son !z(les6M RAn' ot&erL An' Rot&er o(ld o"e H*(!l/(ier otroL
Al,2n otro %odrF! +enir6M Not R!n' ot&er N"enos (s!doOL !n' Rot&er N"s
(s!doO Ho# t&e"6 o(ld o"e H*(!l/(ier otro Hde ellos6 noL No (!l/(ier
otro Hde ellos6 %odrF! +enir6M A4 Is t&ere R!n' ot&er N"enos (s!doOL !n' Rot&er
N"s (s!doOT HWE!' !l,2nH!6 otrHo$ !6T6M B4 No$ t&ere isnZt R!n' ot&er
N"enos (s!doOL !n' Rot&er N"s (s!doO HNo &!' nin,2nH!6 otrHo$ !66M A4 Is
t&ere R!n' ot&erL !n' Rot&er o##eeT B4 No$ t&ere isnZt R!n' ot&er N"enos
(s!doOL !n' Rot&er N"s (s!doO HNo &!' nin,2n otro6M !n' ot&er o# t&eL t&eseL
&is !9es Nliter!rioO Ni !n' o# t&eL t&eseL &is ot&er !9es Nestnd!rOO
H(!l/(ier otroL !l,2n otro de losL estosL s(s %!steles6M I &!+enZt seen !n'
ot&er o# t&ese "en Nliter!rioO Ni !n' o# t&ese ot&er "en Nestnd!rOO HNo &e
+isto ! nin,2n otro de estos &o"bres6M I &!+enZt seen !n' ot&er o# t&e"
Nliter!rioO HNo &e +isto ! nin,2n otro de ellos6M I &!+enZt seen !n' ot&er o#
t&is 7!ter Nliter!rioO HNo &e +isto n!d! "s de estHe$ !6 !,(!6M Ee didnZt see
R!n' ot&erL !n' Rot&er o# t&eseL &ersL t&e" Nliter!rioO Hl no +io H!6 nin,2n
otro de 0stosL los s('osL ellos6M RAn' ot&ersL An' Rot&ers o(ld o"e
HAl,(nos otros %odHr6F!n +enir6M Are t&ere R!n' ot&ersL !n' Rot&ersT HWE!'
!l,(nHos$ !s6 otrHos$ !s6T6M T&ere !renZt R!n' ot&ersL !n' Rot&ers HNo &!'
nin,2nH!6 otrHo$ !66M Are t&e' 7it& !n' ot&ersT No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO
HWEstn on !l,2nHos6 otroHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 otr!Hs6T6M I &!+enZt seen !n' ot&ers
o# t&ese Nliter!rioO HNo &e +isto H!6 nin,2n otro de 0stos6M I &!+enZt seen
!n' ot&ers o# t&ese 7o"en Nliter!rioO Ni !n' o# t&ese ot&er 7o"en
Nestnd!rOO HNo &e +isto ! nin,(n! otr! de est!s "(.eres6M T&ere is no ot&er
N!trib(toO HNo &!' nin,2n otroL nin,(n! otr!6M S&e t&o(,&t o# no ot&ers
No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HEll! no %ens3 en nin,2n otroL
nin,(n! otr!6M So"e ot&ers didnZt !rri+e HAl,(nHos$ !s6 otrHos$ !s6 no lle,!ron6M
T&ese #o(r stre!"s !nd one ot&er HEstos (!tro ri!&(elos ' (no "s6M
None ot&er b(t &ersel# HNin,(n! otr! e-e%to ell! "is"!6M one 7!' or t&e
ot&er Hde (n! #or"! o de l! otr!6$ in one 7!' or ot&er Hde (n! #or"! (
otr!6M So"e e-(se or ot&er Nsin UoneVO HAl,(n! e-(s! ( otr!6M T&e' s!7
so"e soldier or ot&er HDieron !l,2n /(e otro sold!do61 D1 ;1=51;
3+ Eac/ NH!d! (nHo$ !66 Nse re#iere ! (n on.(nto %e/(e)o de %erson!s o
os!s +istos o"o indi+id(os o ele"entos sin,(l!res ' "enion!dos on
!nteriorid!dM el on.(nto %(ede est!r #or"!do %or dos ele"entos o "sM
on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoM no %(ede ir se,(ido de QoneQ (!ndo es
%rono"breM e/(i+!le ! Qe!& "!nL 7o"!nL %ersonQM (!ndo se &!e
"eni3n ! Qe!&Q$ se s(ele %oner U&eL &isL &i"V en in,l0s liter!rio si no se
onoe el se-o de l!s %erson!sM t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner UHs6&eL &e or s&eL
&is or &erL &i" or &erL &is or &ersV en in,l0s estnd!rM si se re#iere !
"(.eres se (s!rF! Us&eL &erL &ersV en in,l0s estnd!rM en in,l0s olo/(i!l
%!r! e+it!r l! disri"in!i3n se-(!l se (s! Ut&e'L t&eirL t&e"L t&eirsV %!r!
&o"bres ' "(.eresM se s(! en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M si
+! en !%osii3n se %(ede %oner detrs de (n %rono"bre /(e &!,! l!
#(ni3n de s(.eto$ o"%le"ento diretoM si +! en !%osii3n se %(ede %oner
del!nte de (n +erbo nor"!l ' t!"bi0n on +!lor en#tio detrs de (n
+erbo !(-ili!r o los +erbos UbeL &!+eVM en in,l0s liter!rio Qe!&Q %(ede ir
en !%osii3n detrs de (n no"breM Qe!&Q %(ede ir en !%osii3n sin QoneQ
!l #in!l de l! or!i3n %reedido de (n n("er!lM Qe!&Q %(ede re#erirse ! dos
ele"entos +istos se%!r!d!"ente$ "ientr!s /(e Qbot&Q se re#iere ! dos
ele"entos +istos on.(nt!"enteM Ue!& o#V H!d! (nHo$ !6 de6 se (s! "s
/(e el !d.eti+o inde#inido Qe!& one o#QM %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en
%l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o en %l(r!lM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM +! on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r en in,l0s estnd!r$
%ero ! +ees en in,l0s olo/(i!l %(ede ir on (n +erbo en %l(r!lM no es
nees!rio /(e l!s %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s ! los /(e se re#iere &!'!n sido
"enion!dosM si el +erbo es !n3"!lo +! detrs de 0steM no %(ede ir se,(ido
de QoneQ (!ndo es %rono"bre$ %ero se (s! "(&o "enos o"o !d.eti+o
on QoneQ (!ndo +! se,(ido de Uo#V h no"breM t!nto Ue!&V o"o Ue!&
o#V h no"breL %rono"bre %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$
o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO61 E.14 T&ere 7ere ! #e7 "en
!nd e!& Ns(.etoO t&o(,&t o# it HE!bF! (nos %oos &o"bros ' !d! (no
%ens3 en ello6M T&ere !re t7o #lo7ers !nd e!& Ne+er' one4 no %oner
%or/(e son sol!"ente dosO is ! s'"bol o# lo+e HE!' dos #lores ' !d! (n!
es (n sF"bolo de !"or6M I see t&ree bo's1 Is e!& Ns(.etoO re!din, ! boo9T
HDeo H!6 tres &ios1 WEst !d! (no le'endo (n libroT Nen +ez de Ue!&V se
%(ede %oner t!"bi0n Ue+er'oneL e+er'bod'V /(e se tr!d(irF!n %or
QtodosQO6M E!& o# t&eL t&ese 9!n,!roos st!rted r(nnin, H*!d! (no de losL
estos !n,(ros e"%ez3 ! orrer6M E!& Ne!& one4 no %oner %!r! e+it!r l!
!o#onF!O o# t&e ones on t&e ri,&t H*!d! (no de los de l! dere&!6M E!&
o# &is dre!"s &!s o"e tr(e H*!d! (no de s(s s(e)os se &! &e&o
re!lid!d6M e!& o# (s H!d! (nHo$ !6 de nosotrHos$ !s66M e!& o# t&e" H!d!
(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s66M T&e 7o"en e!& N!%osii3nO &!+e ! di##erent
!%%ro!& H*!d! (n! de l!s "(.eres tiene (n en#o/(e di#erente6M T&e' e!&
N!%osii3nO lo+e b!s9etb!ll HA !d! (no de ellos les en!nt! el b!lonesto6M
T&e old l!dies !re e!& N!%osii3nO e!tin, HL!s !ni!n!s estn !d! (n!
o"iendo6M >e 7ere e!& N!%osii3nO drin9in, o(r te! HEstb!"os !d!
(no de nosotros bebiendo el t06M T&ere 7ere #o(r !%riots !nd 7e !te one
e!& N!%osii3n4 %(ede onsider!rse !d+erbio t!"bi0nO HE!bF! (!tro
!lb!rio/(es ' o"i"os (no !d! (nHo$ !6 de nosotrHos$ !s66M E!& o# t&e
bo"bs Ns(.etoO 7!s bi, eno(,& H*!d! (n! de l!s bo"b!s er!
s(#iiente"ente ,r!nde6M E!& o# &er s(,,estions Ns(.etoO is %erson!l
H*!d! (n! de s(s s(,ereni!s es %erson!l6M E!& o# (s 7!s drin9in, &is
Nliter!rioOL &is or &erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO te! H*!d! (no de nosotros est!b!
bebiendo el t06M Ee 7rote ! letter to e!& o# t&ose Moz!"bi/(e!ns Hl
esribi3 (n! !rt! ! !d! (nHo$ !6 de esHos$ !s6 "oz!"bi/(e)Hos$ !s66M E!&
o# t&ese Ns(.etoO osts t7o %o(nds H*!d! (nHo$ !6 de 0stHos$ !s6 (est! dos
libr!s6M E!& o# t&ose Ns(.etoO is !li+e H*!d! (nHo$ !6 de 0sHos$ !s6L
!/(0llHos$ !s6 est +i+Ho$ !66M S&e is loo9in, !#ter e!& o# t&ose !ni"!ls
No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HEll! est (id!ndo todos esos
!ni"!les6M Ee !r,(ed 7it& e!& o# (s No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO Hl se
%ele3 on !d! (nHo$ !6 de nosotrHos$ !s661 D1 ;1=51<
*(!ndo Ue!&V +! detrs de (n no"bre en %l(r!l en !%osii3n el +erbo +!
en %l(r!l1 E.14 T&e ,irls e!& !rr' eno(,& #ood #or ! d!' H*!d! (n! de l!s
&i!s lle+! s(#iiente o"id! %!r! (n dF!61
Los %rono"bres /(e +!n detrs del +erbo tienen /(e ir en %l(r!l (!ndo
Ue!&V +! en !%osii3n detrs de (n no"bre en %l(r!l o dos no"bresL
%rono"bres (nidos %or U!ndV1 E.14 Ee !nd "' sister e!& N!%osii3nO b('
t&eir N&isL &er4 no %onerO ti9ets Hl ' "i &er"!n! o"%r!n !d! (no s(s
billetes61 Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo el s(.eto es U7eV on !%osii3n o sin ell!$
los %rono"bres /(e +!n detrs de (n +erbo s(elen ir en %l(r!l
nor"!l"ente ' "enos #re(ente"ente en sin,(l!r1 E.14 >e ,irls &!+e e!&
o(r N"s (s!doOL &er N"enos (s!doO toilet HNosotr!s$ l!s &i!s$ tene"os
!d! (n! n(estro !seoL ser+iio61
6+ Everbod HtodosL tod!sL todo el "(ndoL !d! (nHo$ !6 Nse re#iere
nor"!l"ente ! (n ,r(%o de %erson!s "!'or /(e el de Qe!&Q ' no se +en
o"o indi+id(os sino o"o (n on.(ntoM no es nees!rio /(e l!s %erson!s
! l!s /(e se re#iere &!'!n sido "enion!d!s on !nteriorid!dM el on.(nto
est #or"!do %or tres ele"entos o"o "Fni"oM on +erbo en sin,(l!r si
&!e de s(.eto o !trib(toM e/(i+!le ! Qe+er'oneL e+er' "!nL 7o"!nL
%ersonQM %(ede ir %reedido de U!l"ostL ne!rl'L notL %r!ti!ll'VM (!ndo se
&!e "eni3n de Qe+er'bod'Q se s(ele %oner Q&eL &isL &i"L &i"sel#Q en
in,l0s liter!rio si no se onoe el se-o de l!s %erson!sM t!"bi0n se %(ede
%oner QHs6&eL &e or s&eL &is or &erL &i" or &erL &i" or &ersel#L &is or &ersQ
en in,l0s estnd!rM si se re#iere ! "(.eres se (s!rF! Qs&eL &erL &ersel#L &ersQ
en in,l0s estnd!rM en in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r! e+it!r l! disri"in!i3n se-(!l
se (s! Qt&e'L t&eirL t&e"L t&e"sel+esL t&eirsQ %!r! &o"bres ' "(.eresM se
(s! nor"!l"ente en !#ir"!ti+!$ %ero t!"bi0n se %(ede (s!r en ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M Qe+er'bod'Q no %(ede ir se,(ido de Qo#Q h no"bre o
%rono"breM %(ede ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3nO6$ Reverbod
else Nsi se %one (n !d.eti+o$ tiene /(e ir detrs de UelseV ' no en "edio de
Ue1V ' UelseVO Htod!s l!s de"s %erson!sL todos los de"sL tod!s l!s de"s
Non +erbo en sin,(l!rM se re#iere ! %erson!sM se (s! en !#ir"!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! %rini%!l"ente %ero t!"bi0n se %(ede (tiliz!r en ne,!ti+!M
Unot Re+er'bod' elseV Hno tod!s l!s de"s %erson!sL no todos los de"sL
no tod!s l!s de"s Non +erbo en sin,(l!rM se re#iere ! %erson!sM s3lo en
!#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!6M los dos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones
de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l61 E.14
T&ere 7ere t&irt' 7o"en !nd e+er'bod' Ns(.etoO &e!rd &i" HE!bF! treint!
"(.eres ' tod!s leL lo o'eron6M E+er'bod' Ns(.eto4 l!s %erson!s ! l!s /(e se
re#iere Qe+er'bod'Q no se &!n "enion!do on !nteriorid!d %ero est bienO
7!s e!tin, &is Nliter!rioOL &is or &erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO l(n& HTodo el
"(ndo est!b! !l"orz!ndoL o"iendo ! "ediodF!6M E+er'bod' Ns(.etoO 7!s
e!tin, &er Nliter!rioOL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO l(n&$ 7erenZt t&e' Ns&e4 no %onerOT
HTod!s l!s "(.eres est!b!n !l"orz!ndoL o"iendo ! "ediodF!$ WnoT6M
E+er'bod' Ns(.etoO !,rees be!(se &e Nliter!rioOL &e or s&eL Hs6&eL li9es itL
t&e' Nolo/(i!lO li9e it HTodo el "(ndo est de !(erdo %or/(e les ,(st!6M
E+er'bod' Ns(.etoO !,rees be!(se s&e li9es itL t&e' Nolo/(i!lO li9e it
HTod!s l!s "(.eres estn de !(erdo %or/(e les ,(st!6M e+er'bod'Zs ide! Hl!
ide! de todosL !d! (no6M E+er'bod' e!t &is Nliter!rioOL &is or &erL t&eir
Nolo/(i!lO #ood !t one] H\J(e todo el "(ndo o"! l! o"id!
in"edi!t!"ente]6M E+er'bod' is loo9in, !#ter &i"sel# Nliter!rioOL &i"sel#
or &ersel#L t&e"sel+es Nolo/(i!lO HTodo el "(ndo se (id!6M E+er'bod'
else Ns(.etoO 7!s %resent HTod!s l!s de"s %erson!sL Todos los de"sL
Tod!s l!s de"s est!b!n %resentes6M E+er'bod' else Ns(.etoO 7!s not
%resentL Not e+er'bod' else 7!s %resent HTod!s l!s de"s %erson!sL Todos
los de"s NoO Tod!s l!s de"s no est!b!n %resentesL No tod!s l!s de"s
%erson!sL No todos los de"s NoO No tod!s l!s de"s est!b!n %resentes6M It
is e+er'bod' HSon todHos$ !s66M T&e' s!7 e+er'bod' No"%le"ento diretoO
HDieron ! !d! (nHo$ !6L todHos$ !s66M Ee s!id &ello to e+er'bod'
No"%le"ento indiretoO N!/(F se %(ede deir t!"bi0n Ue+er'oneV %ero no
Ue!&V %or/(e el %rono"bre inde#inido Ue!&V se re#iere ! %erson!s '!
"enion!d!sO Hl di.o &ol!L s!l(d3 ! todo el "(ndoL todos6M S&e is in lo+e
7it& e+er'bod' No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HEll! est en!"or!d!
de todos6M Ee !te 7it& e+er'bod' No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO Hl o"i3
on !d! (nHo$ !6L todHos$ !s661
E-iste t!"bi0n Qe+er'Q N!d.eti+o inde#inidoO bod' Nno"breO %ero si,ni#i!
U!d! (er%oV1
8+ REverone H!d! (nHo$ !6L todHos$ !s6 Nen ,ener!lO Nse re#iere
nor"!l"ente ! (n ,r(%o de %erson!s "!'or /(e el de Ue!&V ' no se +en
o"o indi+id(os sino o"o (n on.(ntoM no es nees!rio /(e l!s %erson!s
! l!s /(e se re#iere &!'!n sido "enion!d!s on !nteriorid!dM el on.(nto
est #or"!do %or tres ele"entos o"o "Fni"oM on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es
s(.eto o !trib(toM e/(i+!le ! Ue+er'bod'L e+er' "!nL 7o"!nL %ersonVM
(!ndo se &!e "eni3n de Ue+er'oneV$ se s(ele %oner U&eL &isL &i"L
&i"sel#V en in,l0s liter!rio si no se onoe el se-o de l!s %erson!sM
t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner UHs6&eL &e or s&eL &is or &erL &i" or &erL &i" or
&ersel#L &is or &ersV en in,l0s estnd!rM si se re#iere ! "(.eres se (s!rF!
Us&eL &erL &ersel#L &ersV en in,l0s estnd!rM en in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r! e+it!r
l! disri"in!i3n se-(!l se (s! Ut&e'L t&eirL t&e"L t&e"sel+esL t&eirsV %!r!
&o"bres ' "(.eresM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M %(ede ir en l!
%ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3nM Ue+er'oneV se re#iere !l on.(nto ' no !
!d! (no de (n n2"ero de %erson!s o"o Qe+er' oneQM %(ede ir %reedido
de QnotQM %(ede ir se,(ido de Qo#Q h no"bre o %rono"bre en %l(r!l on
+erbo en sin,(l!rO6$ everone else Nsi se %one (n !d.eti+o$ tiene /(e ir
detrs de UelseV ' no en "edio de Ue+er'oneV ' UelseVO H!d! (n! de l!s
de"s %erson!sL !d! (no de todos los de"sL tod!s l!s de"s %erson!sL
todos los de"sL tod!s l!s de"s Non +erbo en sin,(l!rM se re#iere !
%erson!sM se (s! nor"!l"ente en !#ir"!ti+!M %(ede ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte
del ,eniti+o s!.3nM Unot e+er'one elseV Hno !d! (n! de l!s de"s
%erson!sL !d! (no de todos los de"sL no tod!s l!s de"s %erson!sL no
todos los de"sL no tod!s l!s de"s Non +erbo en sin,(l!rM se re#iere !
%erson!sM en !#ir"!ti+! s3loO6M los dos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de
s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM
Ue+er'oneV no %(ede ir %re"odi#i!do %ero sF %(ede ir %osHt6"odi#i!do1
E.14 RE+er'one Ns(.eto4 l!s %erson!s ! l!s /(e se re#iere Ue+er'oneV no se
&!n "enion!do on !nteriorid!d %ero est bienO 7!s e!tin, &is or &erL
t&eir Nolo/(i!lO l(n&$ 7erenZt t&e' N&e4 no %onerOT H*!d! (nHo$ !6 Nen
,ener!lO est!b! !l"orz!ndoL o"iendo ! "ediodF!$ WnoT6M RE+er'one
Ns(.etoO !,rees be!(se &e or s&eL Hs6&e li9es itL t&e' Nolo/(i!lO li9e it
HTodos Nen ,ener!lO estn de !(erdo %or/(e les ,(st!6M It is Re+er'one HSon
todHos$ !s66M T&e' s!7 Re+er'one No"%le"ento diretoO HDieron ! !d! (nHo$
!6L todHos$ !s66M Re+er'one o# t&e l!dies H!d! (n! de l!s se)or!s6M Re+er'one
o# 'o( H!d! (no de +osotros6M Ee s!id &ello to Re+er'one No"%le"ento
indireto4 !/(F se %(ede deir t!"bi0n Qe+er'bod'Q %ero no Qe!&Q$ %or/(e
el %rono"bre inde#inido Qe!&Q se re#iere ! %erson!s '! "enion!d!sO Hl
di.o &ol!L s!l(d3 ! todo el "(ndoL todos6M Ee !te 7it& Re+er'one
No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO Hl o"i3 on !d! (nHo$ !6L todHos$ !s66M
Re+er'oneZs dre!" Hel s(e)o de !d! (noL (n! Nen ,ener!lO6M RE+er'one else
Ns(.etoO 7!s in M!d!,!s!r H*!d! (n! de l!s de"s %erson!sL *!d! (no de
todos los de"sL Tod!s l!s de"s %erson!sL Todos los de"sL Tod!s l!s
de"s est!b!n en M!d!,!s!r6M E+er'one else Ns(.etoO 7!s not %resentL
Not e+er'bod' else Ns(.etoO 7!s %resent HNo !d! (n! de l!s de"s
%erson!sL No !d! (no de todos los de"s est!b! %resenteL No tod!s l!s
de"s est!b!n %resentesL Tod!s l!s de"s %erson!sL Todos los de"sL
Tod!s l!s de"s no est!b!n %resentes61
QE+er'oneQ es s3lo %rono"bre inde#inido ' el !d.eti+o inde#inido
orres%ondiente es Qe+er'Q1 D1 ;1=51=
9+ Evert/ing HtodoL todo (!nto Non +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.eto o
!trib(toM (!ndo se &!e re#ereni! ! Ue+er't&in,V$ se (tiliz! el %rono"bre
UitVM se (s! en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente %ero t!"bi0n se %(ede (tiliz!r en
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M no %(ede ir se,(ido de Qo#Q h no"bre o
%rono"breO6$ evert/ing else Nsi se %one (n !d.eti+o$ tiene /(e ir detrs de
UelseV ' no en "edio de Ue+er't&in,V ' UelseVO Htodo lo de"s Non +erbo
en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoM se (s! en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente %ero t!"bi0n
se %(ede (tiliz!r en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M no %(ede ir se,(ido de Qo#Q h
no"bre o %rono"breO6M !"bos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$
!trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.4 E+er't&in, Ns(.etoO is #ine HTodo est
bien6M E+er't&in, is not in I+or' *o!st HTodo no est en *ost! de M!r#il6L
Not e+er't&in, is in I+or' *o!st HNo todo est en *ost! de M!r#il6M Is
e+er't&in, Ns(.etoO !ll ri,&tT HWEst todo bienT6M It is e+er't&in, N!trib(toO
HEs todo6M Ee !te e+er't&in, No"%le"ento diretoO Hl Hlo6 o"i3 todo6M
T&e' 7ere in #!+o(r NGBOL #!+or NUSAO o# e+er't&in, No"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HEst!b!n ! #!+or de todo6M S&e es!%ed 7it&
e+er't&in, No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO HEll! es!%3 on todo61
QE+er't&in,Q se +e o"o (n on.(nto %ero Qe+er' t&in,Q H!d! os!6 indi!
!d! os! %or se%!r!do1
0+ Ever,/ere Htodo Nse re#iere ! (n ,r(%o de l(,!res$ sitios$ est!blei"ientos$ et1M
el on.(nto est #or"!do %or tres ele"entos o"o "Fni"oM on +erbo en sin,(l!r si
&!e de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente ' "enos #re(ente"ente en ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M %(ede ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3nM Unot e+er'7&ereV Hno
todo6O6$ ever,/ere else Nsi se %one (n !d.eti+o$ tiene /(e ir detrs de UelseV ' no
en "edio de Ue+er'7&ereV ' UelseVO Hlos otros l(,!res6M los dos %(eden &!er l!s
#(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 E+er'7&ere Ns(.etoO loo9s
be!(ti#(l in A%ril HTodo %!ree &er"oso en !bril6M E+er'7&ere Ns(.etoO is si"il!r
HTodo es si"il!r Ni Todos los est!blei"ientos son si"il!resL En todos los sitios es
si"il!rO6M E+er'7&ere Ns(.etoO is o%en !lre!d' HEst todo !bierto '!6M E+er'7&ere
in t&e +ill!,e Ns(.etoO 7!s e"%t' HTodo en el %(eblo est!b! +!Fo Ni Todos los
est!blei"ientos est!b!n +!FosO6M Ee loo9ed e+er'7&ere No"%le"ento diretoO
in Eon, Aon, Hl lo "ir3 todo Ni en todos los l(,!resO en Eon, Aon,6M
Alb!ete is li9e e+er'7&ere else N!trib(toO HAlb!ete es o"o los otros l(,!res61
*:+ Eit/er H(nHo$ !6 de lHos$ !s6 dosL (!l/(ier! de lHos$ !s6 dosL (nHo$ !6 (
otrHo$ !6L el (no o el otroL l! (n! o l! otr! Nen !#ir"!ti+! ND1 =1:<I=OM s3lo
en !#ir"!ti+! %(ede Ueit&erV &!er l! #(ni3n de s(.etoOL (noL !l,(no de los
dosL (n!L !l,(n! de l!s dosL ni (nHo$ !6 ni otrHo$ !6L ni el (no ni el otroL ni l!
(n! ni l! otr! Nen interro,!ti+!OL nin,(no de los dosL nin,(n! de l!s dosL ni
(nHo$ !6 ni otrHo$ !6L ni el (no ni el otroL ni l! (n! ni l! otr! Nen ne,!ti+!
%reedido de QnotQM (!ndo +! on (n +erbo en ne,!ti+! si,ni#i!
Ut!"%ooVM en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! no %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de
s(.etoM +! on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoM eit&er o# H(nHo$ !6 de
lHos$ !s6 dosL (!l/(ier! de lHos$ !s6 dosL (nHo$ !6 ( otrHo$ !6 deL el (no o el
otro deL l! (n! o l! otr! de6$ /(e se (s! "s /(e el !d.eti+o inde#inido
Qeit&er one o#Q$ %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de
Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM +! on (n
+erbo en sin,(l!r en in,l0s estnd!r o in,l0s liter!rio ' en %l(r!l en in,l0s
olo/(i!l$ si &!e de s(.eto o !trib(toM se re#iere ! dos %erson!s$ !ni"!les o
os!s +istos %or se%!r!doO6M !"bos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$
!trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$ o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO61 E.14 Eit&er o# t&eL
t&ese #lo7ers 'o( ,!+e "e is Nestnd!rOL !re Nolo/(i!lO 7onder#(l
H*(!l/(ier! de l!sL est!s dos #lores /(e "e diste es "!r!+illos!6M eit&er o#
t&e be!(ti#(l ones H(no de los dos &er"osos6M E!s Nestnd!rOL E!+e
Nolo/(i!lO eit&er o# t&e" !rri+edT HWE! lle,!do (!l/(ier! de los dosT6M
eit&er o# (s H(!l/(ier! de nosotrHos$ !s66M T&ere isnZt Nestnd!rOL !renZt
Nolo/(i!lO eit&er o# t&e t7o o"%(ters N!trib(toO HNo &!' nin,(no de los
dos orden!doresL ni (n orden!dor ni el otro6M Eit&er o# t&eseL &is .erse's
Ns(.etoO is Nestnd!rOL !re Nolo/(i!lO "issin, HUno de estosL s(s Hdos6
.erse's #!lt!6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 eit&er o# &er sisters No"%le"ento diretoO
HEll! no onoe ! nin,(n! de s(s Hdos6 &er"!n!sL ni ! l! (n! ni ! l! otr!
&er"!n!6M E!s s&e %&oned eit&er o# t&e"T No"%le"ento diretoO HWE!
tele#one!do ell! ! (nHo$ !6L !l,(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s6 Hdos6T6M Eit&er o# t&e"
Ns(.etoO st!'s Nestnd!rOL st!' Nolo/(i!lO HUnHo$ !6L *(!l/(ier! de ellHos$
!s6 se /(ed!6M S&e 7!s s!tis#ied 7it& eit&er No"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!lO HEll! est!b! s!tis#e&! on (!l/(ier! de lHos$ !s6 dos61 D1
;1=51?
*(!ndo Ueit&erV es !d.eti+o o %rono"bre inde#inido se re#iere s3lo ! dos
%erson!s ( ob.etos$ %ero (!ndo es on.(ni3n ND B1<1<$ B15C$ B15<O %(ede
re#erirse ! dos o "s ele"entos de (n! serieM Qeit&erQ %(ede &!er t!"bi0n
l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio de !ntid!d ND1 ?15?O1
**+ Oeit/er Hnin,(no de los dosL nin,(n! de l!s dosL ni Hel6 (no ni Hel6
otroL ni Hl!6 (n! ni Hl!6 otr! Non +erbo en sin,(l!r en in,l0s estnd!r o
in,l0s liter!rio ' en %l(r!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l si &!e de s(.eto o !trib(toM
se re#iere s3lo ! dos seres +i+os o os!s ' se (s! UnoneV %!r! re#erirse !
tres o "s ND1 <1:C18;OM %(ede ser s(Hb6stit(ido %or Qnot eit&erQ e-e%to
(!ndo Qneit&erQ &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.etoM Uneit&er o#V Hnin,(nHo$ !6 de6$
/(e se (s! "s /(e el !d.eti+o inde#inido Qneit&er one o#Q$ %(ede ir del!nte
de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM +! on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r en in,l0s
estnd!r o in,l0s liter!rio ' en %l(r!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l$ si &!e de s(.eto
o !trib(toM (!ndo Qneit&er Ho#6Q se re#iere ! %erson!s$ se s(ele %oner Q&eL
&isL &i"L &i"sel#Q en in,l0s liter!rio si no se onoe el se-o de l!s
%erson!sM t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner QHs6&eL &e or s&eL &is or &erL &i" or &erL
&i" or &ersel#L &is or &ersQ en in,l0s estnd!rM si se re#iere ! "(.eres se
(s!rF! Qs&eL &erL &ersel#L &ersQ en in,l0s estnd!rM en in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r!
e+it!r l! disri"in!i3n se-(!l se (s! Qt&e'L t&eirL t&e"L t&e"sel+esL
t&eirsQ %!r! &o"bres ' "(.eresM !"bos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de
s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM +!n
en !#ir"!ti+! ' "enos #re(ente"ente en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! %ero no
en ne,!ti+!M (!ndo +!n en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! se es%er! (n!
res%(est! ne,!ti+!O61 E.14 Neit&er o# t&eL t&ese ities 7e 7ent to 7!s
Nestnd!rOL 7ere Nolo/(i!lO e-%ensi+e HNin,(n! de l!s H86L est!s H86
i(d!des ! l!s /(e #(i"os er! !r!6M neit&er o# t&e 'ello7 ones N"e.orO
Hnin,(n! de l!s H86 !"!rill!s6M Neit&er o# "' dition!ries 7!s Nestnd!rOL
7ere Nolo/(i!lO e-%ensi+e HNin,(no de "is H86 diion!rios er! !ro6M
Neit&er o# 'o( &!s Nestnd!rOL &!+e Nolo/(i!lO bro(,&t &is Nliter!rioOL &is
or &erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lOL 'o(r dition!r' HNin,(nHo$ !6 de +osotrHos$ !s6 &!L
&!b0is tr!Fdo el diion!rio6M Neit&er o# t&e" s%e!9s Nestnd!rOL s%e!9
Nolo/(i!lO *&inese HNin,(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s6 &!bl! &ino6M E!s s&e
bro(,&t neit&er o# t&e %&otosTL E!snZt s&e bro(,&t eit&er o# t&e %&otosT
No"%le"ento diretoO HWNo &! tr!Fdo ell! nin,(n! de l!s Hdos6 #otosT6M
Neit&er o# t&ese .erse's Ns(.etoO is Nestnd!rOL !re Nolo/(i!lO ne7
HNin,(no de estos Hdos6 .erse's es n(e+o6M S&e 9no7s neit&er o# &er
sistersL S&e doesnZt 9no7 eit&er o# &er sisters No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! no
onoe ! nin,(n! de s(s Hdos6 &er"!n!s6M T&ere is neit&erL T&ere isnZt
eit&er N!trib(toO HNo &!' nin,(nHo$ !6 de losL l!s dos6M I li9e neit&er
No"%le"ento diretoO HNo "e ,(st! nin,(nHo$ !6L ni Hel6 (no ni Hel6 otro6M
T&e' 7ent 7it& neit&erL T&e' didnZt ,o 7it& eit&er No"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!lO HNo #(eron on nin,(nHo$ !66M Neit&er o# (s Ns(.etoO is
Nestnd!rOL !re Nolo/(i!lO in tro(ble HNin,(nHo$ !6 de nosotrHos$ !s6 dos
est en (n lFoL .!leo6M E!s s&e %&oned neit&er o# t&e"TL E!snZt s&e %&oned
eit&er o# t&e"T No"%le"ento diretoO HWNo &! tele#one!do ell! ! nin,(nHo$
!6L (nHo$ !6 NoO !l,(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s6 Hdos6T6M E!s &e ,i+en it to neit&er
o# t&e"TL E!snZt &e ,i+en it to eit&er o# t&e"T No"%le"ento indiretoO HWNo
se lo &! d!do 0l ! nin,(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s6T6M I !" s!tis#ied 7it& neit&erL I
!" not s!tis#ied 7it& eit&er No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HNo
esto' s!tis#e&o on nin,(nHo$ !6 de lHos$ !s6 dos61 D1 ;1=51@
Se (s! UNeit&er o# t&e" Ns(.etoO is Nestnd!rOL !re Nolo/(i!lO in tro(bleV
HNin,(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s6 dos est en (n lFoL .!leo6 (!ndo es l!
ontest!i3n ! UAre t&e' bot& in tro(bleT HWEstn losL l!s dos en (n lFoL
.!leoT6$ %ero se (s! UBot& o# t&e" !re not in tro(ble HNo estn en (n lFoL
.!leo losL l!s dos6V (!ndo !l,(ien &! di&o UBot& o# t&e" !re in tro(bleV
HEstn en (n lFoL .!leo losL l!s dos61
QNeit&erQ %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de on.(ni3n ND1 B15<O ' !d+erbio ND1
?1B1?O t!"bi0n1
*2+ Iot/ H!"bHos$ !s6L los dosL l!s dos Non +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de
s(.etoM +! nor"!l"ente !ent(!doM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M
si +! en !%osii3n$ tiene +!lor en#tio ' se %(ede %oner en in,l0s liter!rio
detrs de (n no"bre /(e &!,! l! #(ni3n de s(.etoM si +! en !%osii3n$
tiene +!lor en#tio ' se %(ede %oner detrs de (n %rono"bre %erson!l
s(.eto ( ob.eto en %l(r!lM si +! en !%osii3n$ se %(ede %oner detrs de (n
+erbo nor"!l$ detrs de (n +erbo !(-ili!r e-e%to (!ndo el +erbo !(-ili!r
+! !l #in!lM Qbot&Q %(ede ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3nM Qbot& o#Q
%(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM (!ndo
Qbot&Q +! se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %osesi+o se %(ede s(%ri"ir Uo#V en
in,l0s liter!rioM se (s! %!r! %erson!s$ !ni"!les ' os!sM t!nto Qbot&Q o"o
Qbot& o#Q h no"bre %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$
o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO61 E.14 Bot& Ns(.etoO loo9
!e%t!ble HA"bosL A"b!sL Los dosL L!s dos %!reen !e%t!bles6M T&ere
!re bot& N!trib(toO HE!' !"bHos$ !s6L los dos$ l!s dos6M S&e told it to bot&
No"%le"ento indiretoO HEll! se lo di.o ! losL l!s dos6M S&e 7!nts bot&
No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! /(iere losL l!s dos6M Bot& o# (s Ns(.etoO !reL >e
!re bot& Nen !%osii3n on el s(.etoO in E!iti HA"bosL Los dos est!"os en
E!itF6M T&e !bbre+i!tions bot& N!%osii3nO loo9 !e%t!ble HL!s
!bre+i!iones %!reen l!s dos !e%t!bles6M Eis %!rents bot& N!%osii3nO
li9e tennis HA s(s %!dres les ,(st! el tenis ! los dos6M T&e' bot& N!%osii3nO
!te t&eir dinner HEllos en!ron los dos6 NoO Bot& o# t&e" !te t&eir dinner
HA"bos en!ron6M T&e' !n bot& Nen !%osii3n on el s(.etoO 7in HP(eden
,!n!r !"bHos$ !s6L losL l!s dos6M T&e' bot& R!n HLosL L!s dosL A"bHos$ !s6
R%(eden6M T&e boo9s !re bot& Nen !%osii3n on el s(.etoO too e-%ensi+e
HLos libros son de"!si!do !ros los dos6M S&e bo(,&t t&e" bot& Nen
!%osii3n on el o"%le"ento diretoOL S&e bo(,&t bot& o# t&e" HEll! los
o"%r3 los dos6M Ee ne+er too9 to bot& No"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!lO HA 0l n(n! lle,!ron ! ,(st!rle nin,(nHo$ !6 de losL l!s dos6M
bot&Zs #!(lt H(l%! de losL l!s dos6M Bot& o# t&e sisters !re in Geor,i!
HA"b!sL L!s dos &er"!n!s estn en Geor,i!6M bot& o# t&e &e!% ones HlHos$
!s6 dos b!r!tHos$ !s66M Bot& o# t&eseL t&ose sisters !re in Estoni! HEst!sL
Es!s NoO A/(ell!s &er"!n!s estn !"b!sL l!s dos en Estoni!6M Bot& o# "'L
'o(r %!rents !re in Greenl!nd HA"bosL Los dos$ "iL t( NoO +(estro NoO s(
Nde DdHs61O %!dre ' "iL t( NoO +(estr! NoO s( Nde DdHs61O "!dre$ estn en
Groenl!ndi!6M Bot& o# &isL &erL o(rL t&eir sisters !re in Iel!nd HS(s Nde 0lOL
S(s Nde ell!OL N(estr!sL S(s Nde ellHos$ !s6O &er"!n!s estn !"b!sL l!s dos
en Isl!ndi!6M Bot& &is !re &ere HLos dos de 0l estn !/(F6M bot& o# (s
HnosotrHos$ !s6 dos6$ bot& o# t&e" HellHos$ !s6 dos6M Bot& o# (s &!+e o"e
#ro" j!%!n HNosotros dos &e"os +enido de j!%3n6M Bot& o# t&e" !re &ereL
T&e' !re bot& Nen !%osii3n on el s(.etoO &ere HA"bosL Los dos estn
!/(F6M Ee .o9ed 7it& bot& o# (sL 7it& (s bot& No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO
Hl bro"e3L bro"e!b! on nosotrHos$ !s6 dos61
QBot&Q ' Qbot& o#Q h no"breL %rono"bre se re#ieren ! lo /(e dos
%erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s +istos en on.(nto tienen en o"2nM lo /(e se
di,! de (no se re#iere t!"bi0n !l otroM Qe!& o#Q h no"breL %rono"bre
%(ede re#erirse ! dos %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s +istos se%!r!d!"enteM lo
/(e se di,! de (no %(ede re#erirse t!"bi0n !l otro o noM Qt&e t7oQ se
re#iere ! dos %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s +istos se%!r!d!"enteM lo /(e se
di,! de (no %(ede re#erirse t!"bi0n !l otro o no1 E.14 Bot& !re di##erent
HA"bHos$ !s6 son di#erentes Nen rel!i3n ! (!l/(ier otrHo$ !6 %ero no el
(no del otroL l! (n! de l! otr!O6M E!& o# t&e" is Nestnd!rOL !re Nolo/(i!lO
di##erent H*!d! (no de ellHos$ !s6 es di#erente Nel (no del otroL l! (n! de l!
otr!O6M T&e t7o !re di##erent HLosL L!s dos son di#erentes Nel (no del otroL
l! (n! de l! otr!O61
Se %(ede$ %(es$ deir Qbot& N%rono"breO o# t&e ,irlsQ ' Qbot& N!d.eti+oO t&e
,irlsQ on (n si,ni#i!do b!st!nte %!reidoM si detrs de Qo#Q +! (n
%rono"bre no se %(ede (s!r "s /(e el %rono"bre Qbot&Q4 bot& o# (sL 'o(L
t&e"L t&eseL t&ose$ et1 D1 ;1=51B
*2+ =ll HtodoL (!nto Ninont!ble4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.eto o
!trib(toOL todHos$ !s6L (!ntHos$ !s6 Nont!ble4 on +erbo en %l(r!l si es
s(.etoM si +! en !%osii3n$ se %(ede %oner en in,l0s liter!rio detrs de (n
no"bre en %l(r!l o (n %rono"bre %erson!l s(.eto o %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en %l(r!lM si +! en !%osii3n$ se %(ede %oner del!nte de (n +erbo
nor"!l$ detrs de (n +erbo !(-ili!r e-e%to (!ndo el +erbo !(-ili!r +! !l
#in!l$ detrs del %ri"er +erbo !(-ili!r si &!' dosM si +! en !%osii3n on el
s(.eto no se %(ede %oner U!llV detrs de (n +erbo nor"!lM (!ndo se &!e
re#ereni! ! Q!llQ$ se (tiliz! el %rono"bre UitVM Q!ll o#Q %(ede ir$ en USA
%rini%!l"ente$ del!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleL ont!ble en sin,(l!r o en
%l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir t!nto en GB o"o en USA se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM se
%(ede (s!r %!r! %erson!s$ !ni"!les ' os!sM %(ede ir %reedido de U!l"ostL
ne!rl'L notL %r!ti!ll'VM si se /(it! Uo#V$ Q!llQ del!nte de (n no"bre de.!
de ser %rono"bre ' se on+ierte en !d.eti+o inde#inido$ %ero el si,ni#i!do
es el "is"oM en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M Qnot 111 !llQ Hno todoHs6$ tod!Hs66
Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO6$ all else Nliter!rioO Htodo lo de"s6M todos %(eden
&!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento
indireto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 All isL !re %roble"s HTodo son %roble"!s6M All Ns(.etoO
loo9 t&e s!"e HTodHos$ !s6 %!reen i,(!les6M All o# t&e !n-iet' Ns(.etoO is
,one HTod! l! !nsied!d Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO &!
des!%!reido6M All o# t&e #ood is rotten HTodo el !li"ento est %odridoL
Tod! l! o"id! est %odrid!6M All o# t&is 7ood Ns(.etoO is eno(,& HTod!
est! "!der! es s(#iiente6M All o# t&!t Ns(.etoO is #or 'o( HTodo esoL !/(ello
es %!r! ti6M All o# t&e !rro7s Ns(.etoO loo9 t&e s!"e HTod!s l!s #le&!s
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO %!reen i,(!les6M All o# t&ose
e-erises Ns(.etoO !re ri,&t HTodos esos e.eriios estn bien6M All o# t&eir
do("ents Ns(.etoO !re neess!r' HTodos s(s do("entos son nees!rios6M
Ee le#t !ll o# &is o"%!nions No"%le"ento diretoO Hl !b!ndon3 ! todos
s(s o"%!)eros6M All o# t&e !ni"!ls Ns(.etoO &!+e ,one HTodos los
!ni"!les se &!n ido6M All o# t&e red ones Ns(.etoO !re ,one HTodos los ro.osL
Tod!s l!s ro.!s &!n des!%!reido6M !ll o# t&is +ill!,e Htodo este %(eblo6M All
o# t&eseL t&ose !ni"!ls &!+e ,one HTodos estosL esos NoO !/(ellos !ni"!les
se &!n ido6M T&ere is sno7 in !ll o# t&eseL t&ose +ill!,es No"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!lO HE!' nie+e en todos estosL esos NoO !/(ellos %(eblos6M !ll o#
"'L 'o(rL &is +ill!,e Htodo el %(eblo "FoL t('oL s('o6M All o# "'L 'o(rL &is
!ni"!ls Ns(.etoO &!+e ,one HTodos los !ni"!les "FosL t('os NoO +(estros
NoO s('os Nde DdHs61OL s('os Nde 0lO se &!n ido6M All o# t&ose &!+e ,one
HTodos 0sos se &!n ido6M T&e' ,!+e so"e "one' to !ll o# (sL to (s !ll
No"%le"ento indiretoO HNos dieron !l,o de dinero ! todHos$ !s6 nosotrHos$
!s66M Ee st!'ed 7it& !ll o# t&e"L 7it& t&e" !ll No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO
Hl se /(ed3 on todHos$ !s6 ellHos$ !s66M !ll o# (s HtodHos$ !s6 nosotrHos$
!s66M All o# t&e" Ns(.etoO &!+e ,oneL T&e' &!+e !ll Nen !%osii3n on el
s(.etoO ,one HTodos ellosL Tod!s ell!s se &!n ido6M It !llL All o# it o"es to
t&e s!"e t&in, HTodo ello +iene ! ser lo "is"o6M T&e' !llL All o# t&e"
!,ree HTodos ellos estn de !(erdo6M T&e' !re !ll ,oneL All o# t&e" !re
,one HTodos ellosL Tod!s ell!s se &!n ido6M T&e "one' is !ll ,one HEl
dinero se &! ,!st!do todoL No /(ed! n!d! del dinero6M T&e st(dents !ll
7!nted to o"e HLos est(di!ntes /(erF!n todos +enir6M T&eir do("ents
!re !ll neess!r' HS(s do("entos son todos nees!rios6M T&e "en !ll
NtodosM detrs de U9no7V se tr!d(irF! %or UtodoVO 9no7 t&is HLos &o"bres
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO s!ben todos esto6M T&e
!o""od!tion is !ll e-%ensi+e HEl !lo.!"iento Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL
en %!rti(l!rO es todo !ro6M T&e' !re !llL All o# t&e" !re #riends HSon todos
!"i,osL tod!s !"i,!s6M T&e' !ll R!n HTod!s ell!s R%(eden6M #ort' !ll
H(!rent! todos6M S&e !te it !llL !ll o# it HEll! Hse6 lo o"i3 todo6M T&e' !n
!llL All o# t&e" !n 7in HP(eden ,!n!r todos6M S&e t&re7 t&e" !llL !ll o#
t&e" HEll! los tir3 todos6M S&e ,!+e it to (s !llL !ll o# (s HEll! nos lo dio !
todos nosotros6M >e s%o9e 7it& t&e" !llL !ll o# t&e" HE!bl!"os on todos
ellos6M S&eZs seen !ll else HEll! &! +isto todo lo de"s61 D1 ;1=515C
QAllQ %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio1 E.14 EeZs !ll !lone Hl est
o"%let!"ente solo61
At(!l"ente se %re#iere (s!r Qe+er'bod'L e+er'oneQ en +ez de Q!llQ %!r! re#erirse !
%erson!s$ e-e%to en !l,(n!s e-%resiones o (!ndo !ll +! se,(ido de (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o on (n si,ni#i!do %!reido ! Q!n'bod'L !n'oneQ o "enos
#re(ente"ente Qe+er'bod'L e+er'oneQ1 E.14 E+er'bod' is ,one N"s (s!doOL All
!re ,one N"enos (s!doO HTodos se &!n ido6M All Ht&ose6 7&o N"s (s!doOL t&!t
N"enos (s!doO o"e !re 7elo"e HTodos los /(e +ienen son bien+enidos6M
An'bod'L An'one 7&o N"s (s!doOL t&!t N"enos (s!doO o"es is 7elo"e
H*(!l/(ier %erson! /(e +iene es bien+enid!6M E+er'bod'L E+er'one 7&o N"s
(s!doOL t&!t N"enos (s!doO o"es is 7elo"e HTodos los /(e +ienen son
bien+enidos6M se die UE+er'bod'L E+er'one 7!nts to be &!%%'V HTodo el "(ndoL
Tod! l! ,enteL *!d! (no Nen ,ener!lO /(iere ser #eliz6$ %or/(e Ue+er'bod'L
e+er'oneV no +!n se,(idos de (n! #r!se /(e los es%ei#i/(e$ %ero se die UAll t&e
%eo%le in t&is roo" 7!nt to be &!%%'V HTodo el "(ndoL Tod! l! ,ente
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rO en est! s!l!L &!bit!i3n /(iere ser #eliz6$
%or/(e U!ll t&e %eo%leV +! es%ei#i!do %or (n! #r!se e inl('e ! tod!s ' !d! (n!
de es!s %erson!s1
At(!l"ente se %re#iere (s!r Qe+er't&in,Q en +ez de Q!llQ solo %!r! re#erirse ! os!s$
e-e%to en !l,(n!s e-%resionesM (!ndo Q!ll Ht&!t6Q Htodo lo /(e N!ll 7&i&4 no
%onerO6 +! se,(ido de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o ' no e/(i+!le ! Qt&e onl'
t&in, Ht&!t6Q Hlo 2nioL l! 2ni! os! /(e6$ se (s! "s /(e Qe+er't&in, Ht&!t6QM
(!ndo Q!ll Ht&!t6Q +! se,(ido de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o ' e/(i+!le !
Qt&e onl' t&in, Ht&!t6Q Hlo 2nioL l! 2ni! os! /(e6$ se (s! "s /(e Qe+er't&in,
Ht&!t6Q1 E.14 E+er't&in, Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL All Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO is 7et
HTodo est "o.!do6M E+er't&in, Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL All Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO
is re!d'V HTod!s l!s os!s Nen ,ener!lO estn list!sL Todo est listo6M T&!tZs !ll Hm! no
/(ed! "sL Eso es todo6M All N"s (s!doOL E+er't&in, N"enos (s!doO Ht&!t6 'o(
need is lo+e NAll 7&!t4 no %onerO HTodo lo /(e neesit!s es !"or6M All N"s (s!doOL
E+er't&in, N"enos (s!doO Ht&!t6 &e 9no7s is t&is NAll 7&!t4 no %onerO HTodo loL Lo
2nio /(e 0l s!be es esto61
Se %(ede$ %(es$ deir Q!ll N%rono"breO o# t&e !9eL ti"eL ,irlsQ ' Q!ll N!d.eti+oO t&e
!9eL ti"eL ,irlsQ on el "is"o si,ni#i!do Htodo el %!stelL el tie"%oL tod!s l!s
&i!s6M si detrs de Q!ll o#Q +! (n %rono"bre no se %(ede /(it!r Qo#Q ' Q!llQ es
%rono"bre$ no !d.eti+o4 !ll o# (sL 'o(L t&e"L t&eseL t&ose$ et1
En l!s res%(est!s ort!s o (!ndo Q!llQ &!e l! #(ni3n de !trib(to &!' /(e %oner
Q!ll o#Q h %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto ' no %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto h Q!llQ1 E.14
A4 >&o !rri+edT HWJ(i0n lle,3TL WJ(i0nes lle,!ronT61 B4 All o# t&e" HTodos ellos6M
It is !ll o# (s HSo"os todos nosotros61 *on+iene no on#(ndir QT&e' !re !ll
N%rono"breO re!d' HEstn todos listos6 ' QT&e' !re !lre!d' N!d+erbioO &ereQ HEstn
'! !/(F6M It is !ll N%rono"breO so dr!"!ti] H\Es todo t!n dr!"tio]6 e UIt is !lso
N!d+erbioO dr!"!tiV HEs t!"bi0n dr!"tio6M T&ose e-erises !re !ll N%rono"breO
ri,&t HEsos e.eriios estn todos %er#et!"enteL orretosL "(' bien6 ' US&e did !ll
N!d+erbio4 estnd!rO ri,&tL !lri,&t N!d+erbio4 GB %rini%!l"ente4 +(l,!rO in &er
e-!"sV HLe #(e bien ! ell! en los e-"enes6L ItZs serio(s !ll N!d+erbio4 estnd!rO
ri,&tL !lri,&t N!d+erbio4 +(l,!rO HEs bien serio6M T&e' !re !ll N%rono"breO to,et&er
HEstn todos .(ntos6 e UIt is !lto,et&er N!d+erbioO i"%ossibleV HEs tot!l"ente
i"%osible6L UIt is 7ron, !lto,et&er N!d+erbioOV HEst o"%let!"ente "!lL "!l del
todo6M !ll 7!'s Htod!s l!s #or"!sL todos los !"inos6 ' U!l7!'sV Hsie"%re61
Se die UItZs !ll one %ieeV HEs todo (n! %iez!6 ' UEeZs ! n!st' %iee o# 7or9V Hl es
tod! (n! %iez! Ni (n! "!l! %erson!O61
*-+ Some LsA"L H!l,oL (n %ooL (n %oo N(!ndo es inont!bleOL (nHos$
!s6L !l,(nHos$ !s6 N(!ndo es ont!ble e inl('e tres o "sM si +! !ent(!do
indi! ontr!steM (!ndo Uso"eV +! se,(ido de (n n("er!l /(e no se!
UoneV$ se tr!d(e %or U(nHos$ !s6VM Uso"e o#V %(ede ir del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l o ont!bleL inont!ble en sin,(l!r %reedido de
Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l o
sin,(l!rM se (s! "s Uso"e N%rono"breO o#V /(e Uso"e N!d.eti+oO one o#VM
Uso"eV ' Uso"e o#V se (s!n en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente$ %ero %(eden
(s!rse t!"bi0n en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+! si se es%er! (n!
ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+!$ si se d! (n! orden !ri)os!$ si se in+it! ! otr!
%erson! o se le o#ree !l,o$ si se &!e (n! s(,ereni! N=1:=OM se %(eden
(s!r t!"bi0n en ne,!ti+! ' se tr!d(en %or U%!rte de elloL todoV (!ndo es
interro,!ti+o ' U%!rte de ellHos$ !s6L !l,(nHos$ !s6L todHos$ !s6V (!ndo es
ont!ble %!r! indi!r /(e /(ed! !2n %!rte del %roeso$ "ientr!s /(e U!n'V
indi!rF! /(e no &! to"!do %!rte en el %roesoO6$ some Rone else Hotr!
%erson!L otrHo$ !6 NUso"e Rone else o#V %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en
%l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM se (s! en
!#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente$ %ero %(ede (s!rse t!"bi0n en interro,!ti+! si se
es%er! (n! ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+! o si se d! (n! orden !ri)os!M on +erbo
en sin,(l!rM %(ede ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3nO6$ some ...,
some# ot/ers H!l,(nosL (nos 111$ otros Non +erbo en %l(r!lO6M todos ellos
%(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$
o"%le"ento indireto (!ndo son ont!bles$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Ee t&in9s t&ere !re
so"e LsA"L t&irt' in !ll Hl ree /(e &!' (nos treint! en tot!l6M so"e o# t&e
%roble"s H!l,(nos de los %roble"!s6$ so"e o# t&e bi, ones N"e.orO
H!l,(nos de los ,r!ndes6$ so"e o# t&eseL t&oseL "'L &isL &er %roble"s
H!l,(nos de estosL esos NoO !/(ellosL "isL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!O
%roble"!s6$ so"e o# (s H!l,(nHos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s66M T&ere "(st be
so"e HDebe &!ber !l,oL (n %ooL (n! %o!6M I &!+e so"e No"%le"ento
diretoO HTen,o !l,(noHs6$ !Hs66M Eere !re so"e N!trib(toO HA/(F &!'
!l,(nHos$ !s66M A4 >o(ld 'o( li9e so"eT No"%le"ento diretoO HWJ(ieres
!l,oL (n %ooL (n! %o!T61 B4 mes$ %le!se HSF$ %or #!+or6M Ee &e!rd so"e o#
t&e noise Hl o'3 !l,o del r(ido6M S&e doesnZt (nderst!nd so"e o# t&e
/(estionsL biolo,' HEll! no entiende %!rte de l!s %re,(nt!sL l! biolo,F!6M
S&e 7!snZt &!%%' 7it& so"e o# it No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO HEll! no
est!b! ontent! on %!rte de ello6M T&e' bro(,&t ! o##ee to so"e HTr!.eron
(n !#0 ! !l,(nos6M so"e o# t&eL t&ese re#(,ees H!l,(nos de losL estos
re#(,i!dos6M Ee did 7it&o(t so"e o# "' rel!ti+es No"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!lO Hl se l!s !rre,l3 sin !l,(nos de "is %!rientes6M T&ere !re
so"e HE!' !l,(nos6M Ee 7or9ed 7it& so"e o# o(rsL (s No"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!lO Hl tr!b!.3 on !l,(nHoHs6$ !Hs66 de lHos$ !s6 n(estrHos$ !s6L
nosotrHos$ !s66M Ee s!7 so"e o# t&e" Hl +io ! !l,(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s66M
so"e o# t&e (n&!%%' &ildren H!l,(nos de los ni)os in#elies6M so"e o# t&eL
t&eseL t&ose +oies H!l,(n!s de l!sL est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s +oes6M S&e
!"e !ross so"e o# 'o(r s!+in,s No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO
HEll! enontr3 %or !s(!lid!d !l,(nos de t(sL +(estrosL s(s Nde DdHs61O
!&orros6M so"e o# (sL t&e" H!l,(nHos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M
So"e Ns(.etoO li9e it &ot$ so"eL ot&ers li9e it old HA !l,(nosL (nos les
,(st! !liente$ ! otros #rFo6M RSo"e Ns(.etoO 9illed %eo%le b(t Rot&ers didnZt
HAl,(nHos$ !s6 "!t!ron ! ,ente %ero otrHos$ !s6 no61 D1 ;1=5155
USo"eV se di#ereni! de U!n'V1 E.14 T&e' didnZt oHI6o%er!te 7it& so"e o# t&e
.o(rn!lists HNo ol!bor!ron on !l,(nos de los %eriodist!s6 %ero QT&e' didnZt
oHI6o%er!te 7it& !n' o# t&e .o(rn!listsQ HNo ol!bor!ron on nin,(no de los
%eriodist!s6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 so"e o# "' rel!ti+es HEll! no onoe ! !l,(nos de
"is #!"ili!res6 %ero US&e doesnZt 9no7 !n' o# "' rel!ti+esV HEll! no onoe !
nin,(no de "is #!"ili!res6M Ee &!s seen so"e o# t&ese #l!ts NGBOL !%!rt"ents
NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hl &! +isto !l,(nos de estos %isos NoO !%!rt!"entos6$ %ero
QEe &!snZt seen !n' o# t&ese #l!ts NGBOL !%!rt"ents NUSA %rini%!l"enteOQ Hl no
&! +isto nin,(no de estos %isos NoO !%!rt!"entos61
Si se &!e (n! %re,(nt! on Q&o7 "(&Q$ no se %(ede ontest!r on Qso"eQM &!'
/(e (s!r Q! little$ .(st ! little$ not "(&Q$ et1$ ' si se &!e (n! %re,(nt! on Q&o7
"!n'Q$ no se %(ede ontest!r on Qso"eQM &!' /(e (s!r Q! #e7$ .(st ! #e7$ not
"!n'Q$ et1
*3+ RSomebod# RSomeone H!l,(ienL !l,(nHo$ !6 Non +erbo en sin,(l!r si
son s(.eto o !trib(to ' re#eridos ! %erson!sM Uso"ebod'V nor"!l"ente se
re#iere ! (n ,r(%o$ %ero Uso"eoneV se re#iere ! (n! sol! %erson!M (!ndo
se &!e "eni3n ! Qso"ebod'L so"eoneQ$ se s(ele %oner Q&eL &isL &i"L
&i"sel#Q en in,l0s liter!rio si no se onoe el se-o de l!s %erson!sM t!"bi0n
se %(ede %oner QHs6&eL &e or s&eL &is or &erL &i" or &erL &i" or &ersel#L &is
or &ersQ en in,l0s estnd!rM si se re#ieren ! "(.eres se (s!rF! Qs&eL &erL
&ersel#L &ersQ en in,l0s estnd!rM en in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r! e+it!r l!
disri"in!i3n se-(!l se (s! Qt&e'L t&eirL t&e"L t&e"sel+esL t&eirsQ %!r!
&o"bres ' "(.eresM %(eden ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3nM
Qso"ebod'Q ' Qso"eoneQ no %(eden ir se,(idos de Qo#Q h no"bre o
%rono"bre$ %ero %(eden ir se,(idos de Q#ro"L inL 7it&$ et1$ h no"bre o
%rono"breM no"bre de %il! de (n! %erson! h Uso"ebod'V N(!ndo (no no
se !(erd! de (no o de los dos !%ellidosO Hno"bre h no s0 /(06O6$
somebod# someone else Nsi se %one (n !d.eti+o$ tiene /(e ir detrs de
UelseV ' no en "edio de Us1V ' UelseVO H!l,(n! %erson! "sL !l,(no "sL
!l,(n! "sL !l,(n! otr! %erson! N=1:=M %(eden ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del
,eniti+o s!.3n4 so"ebod' elseZs Nso"ebod'Zs else4 no %onerOL so"eone
elseZs Nso"eoneZs else4 no %onerO6M los ; %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de
s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM
todos en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente$ %ero %(eden (s!rse t!"bi0n en
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!$ si se es%er! (n! ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+! o si se d!
(n! orden !ri)os! N=1:=OM %(eden ir t!"bi0n en ne,!ti+! ' se tr!d(en %or
U!l,(ien H"s6L !l,(no H"s6L !l,(n! H"s6L todos Hlos de"s6L tod!s Hl!s
de"s6VM Qso"ebod'Q ' Qso"eoneQ no %(eden ir %re"odi#i!dos %ero sF
%(eden ir %osHt6"odi#i!dos1 E.14 T&ere "(st be Rso"ebod'L Rso"eone
N!trib(toO ill t&ere HDebe de &!ber !l,(ien en#er"oL !l,(no en#er"oL
!l,(n! en#er"! !llF6M RSo"ebod'L RSo"eone Ns(.etoO 7!s e!tin, &is or &erL
t&eir Nolo/(i!lO l(n&$ 7erenZt t&e' N&e4 no %onerOT HAl,(ienL Al,(nHo$ !6
est!b! !l"orz!ndoL o"iendo ! "ediodF!$ WnoT6M A4 Do 'o( 9no7
Rso"ebod'L Rso"eone No"%le"ento diretoM si se di.er! U!n'bod'L !n'oneV$
s(,erirF! d(d!O &ereT HW*onoes ! !l,(ienL !l,(nHo$ !6 !/(FTL *onoes !
!l,(ienL !l,(nHo$ !6 !/(F$ W+erd!dT61 B4 mes$ I do HSF6M *!nZt 'o( brin,
Rso"ebod'L Rso"eone betterT No"%le"ento diretoO HWNo %(edes tr!er !
!l,(ienL !l,(nHo$ !6 "e.orT6M RSo"ebod'L RSo"eone Ns(.etoO !,rees be!(se
Hs6&eL &e or s&eL li9es itL t&e' Nolo/(i!lO li9e it HAl,(ienL Al,(nHo$ !6 est
de !(erdo %or/(e le ,(st!6M Rso"ebod'L Rso"eone in to7n H!l,(n!
%erson!L !l,(nHo$ !6 en l! i(d!d6M mo( &!+enZt listened to Rso"ebod'L
Rso"eone No"%le"ento indiretoO HNo &!s es(&!do ! todHos$ !s66M Ee &!s
seen Rso"ebod' #ro" j!%!nL t&e UNL ! bi, it'L t&is or,!niz!tionL
or,!nis!tion NGBOL &is #!"il'L !not&er s&ool Hl &! +isto ! !l,(ien de
j!%3nL l! ONUL (n! ,r!n i(d!dL est! or,!niz!i3nL s( #!"ili!L otr!
es(el!6M Rso"ebod'ZsL Rso"eoneZs 7!llet Hl! !rter! de !l,(ien6M Miri!"
so"ebod' HMiri!" no s0 /(06M It 7!s Rso"ebod' elseL Rso"eone else
N!trib(toO HEr! otr! %erson!L otrHo$ !66M Rso"ebod' elseZsL Rso"eone elseZsL
!not&er %ersonZs 7!llet Hl! !rter! de otr! %erson!6M So"eone nie !rri+ed
HAl,(ien !,r!d!ble lle,361D1 ;1=5155
Sin e"b!r,o$ Qso"ebod'L so"eoneL !n'bod'L !n'oneQ %(eden si,ni#i!r
lo "is"o en iertos !sos1 E.14 E+er'bod' 7&o is so"ebod' N"s (s!doOL
so"eone N"enos (s!doOL !n'bod' N"s (s!doOL !n'one N"enos (s!doO in t&e
end does t&is HTodo el "(ndo /(e se! !l,(ien !l #in!l &!e esto6M I# 'o(
7!nt to be so"ebod' N"s (s!doOL so"eone N"enos (s!doOL !n'bod' N"s
(s!doOL !n'one N"enos (s!doO in t&is 7orld$ 'o( &!+e to 7or9 HSi /(ieres
ser !l,(ien Ni i"%ort!nteO en este "(ndo$ tienes /(e tr!b!.!r61
Se (s! "(&o "s URso"ebod'L Rso"eoneV /(e Qso"e %ersonQ1
*6+ RSomet/ing LRsA"uIL H!l,o Non +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.eto o
!trib(to ' re#erido ! os!sM URso"et&in, o#V %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre
en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!
%rini%!l"ente %ero %(ede (s!rse t!"bi0n en interro,!ti+! si se es%er! (n!
ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+! o si se d! (n! orden !ri)os! N=1:=OM %(ede ir
t!"bi0n en ne,!ti+! ' se tr!d(e %or Q!l,oL todoQM (!ndo +! en ne,!ti+!
no %(ede ir se,(ido de Qo#Q h no"bre o %rono"breM (!ndo se &!e
re#ereni! ! Uso"et&in,V se s(Hb6stit('e %or UitVO6$ somet/ing else Nsi se
%one (n !d.eti+o$ tiene /(e ir detrs de UelseV ' no en "edio de
Uso"et&in,V ' UelseVO Hotr! os!L !l,o distinto Non +erbo en sin,(l!r si es
s(.eto o !trib(to ' re#erido ! os!sM no %(ede ir se,(ido de Qt&!nQ %ero
Qso"et&in, ot&erQ sFM Qso"et&in, else o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre
en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente %ero %(ede (s!rse t!"bi0n
en interro,!ti+! si se es%er! (n! ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+! o si se d! (n!
orden !ri)os! N=1:=OO6M todos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$
!trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$ o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 T&ere "(st be
so"et&in, N!trib(toO HDebe de &!ber !l,o6M Ee t&in9s t&ere is so"et&in,
#!sin!tin, N!trib(toO Hl ree /(e &!' !l,o #!sin!nte6M Eere is so"et&in,
e-tr!ordin!r' N!trib(toO HA/(F &!' !l,o e-tr!ordin!rio6M A4 >o(ld 'o( li9e
so"et&in,T No"%le"ento diretoO HWJ(ieres !l,oT61 B4 mes$ %le!se HSF$ %or
#!+or6M *!nZt 'o( brin, so"et&in,T No"%le"ento diretoO HWNo %(edes tr!er
!l,oT6M I &!+enZt t&o(,&t o# so"et&in, No"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!lO HNo &e %ens!do en !l,oL todo6M so"et&in, o# t&e (n&!%%'
!##!ir H!l,o del des!,r!d!ble !s(nto6M so"et&in, o# t&ose +oies H!l,o de
es!sL !/(ell!s +oes6M So"et&in, o# 'o(r s!+in,s Ns(.etoO is #or 'o(r sister
HAl,o de t(s !&orros es %!r! t( &er"!n!6M so"et&in, o# t&is H!l,o de esto6M
It 7!s "i-ed 7it& so"et&in, o# t&eirsL t&e" No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO
HEst!b! "ezl!do on !l,o s('o Ni de s( %ro%ied!dOL de ellos Ni de s(
%ro%io (er%oO6M So"et&in, is 7ron,$ isnZt itT HAl,o est "!l$ WnoT6M T&ere
is so"et&in, else N!trib(toO HE!' !l,o "sL distinto6M A4 >o(ld 'o( li9e
so"et&in, elseT No"%le"ento diretoO HWJ(ieres !l,o "sT61 B4 mes$ %le!se
HSF$ %or #!+or61
QSo"et&in,Q se di#ereni! de Q!n't&in,Q ND1 <1:C18C$ <1:C15@O1 E.14
Nobod' does so"et&in, #or &er HN!die &!e !l,o %or ell!6$ %ero UNobod'
does !n't&in, #or &erV HN!die &!e n!d! %or ell!61
QSo"et&in,Q %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de !ntid!d1 D1 ?15?
*8+ RSome,/ere LRsAIL H(n o !l,2n l(,!r o sitio Non +erbo en sin,(l!r (!ndo &!e
l! #(ni3n de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente %ero %(ede (s!rse t!"bi0n en
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!$ si se es%er! (n! ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+! o si se
d! (n! orden !ri)os! N=1:=OM %(ede ir t!"bi0n en ne,!ti+!M Qso"e7&ereQ %(ede
&!er l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio t!"bi0n1 D1 ?15;O6$ some,/ere else Nsi se %one (n
!d.eti+o$ tiene /(e ir detrs de UelseV ' no en "edio de Uso"e7&ereV ' UelseVO
H!l,2nHos6 otroHs6 l(,!rHes6 N=1:=O6M los dos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$
!trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l1 E.14 ItZs not
so"e7&ere &e 9no7s 7ell N!trib(toO HNo es (n l(,!r /(e 0l onoz! bien6M T&e'
#o(nd so"e7&ere to oo9 No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HEnontr!ron
(nL !l,2n l(,!r %!r! oin!r6M >ill t&ere be so"e7&ere o%enT N!trib(toO HWE!br
!l,2n l(,!r !biertoT6M Ee o"es #ro" so"e7&ere not #!r #ro" B!d!.oz
No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO Hl es de (n l(,!r no le.os de B!d!.oz6M
Ter(el is li9e so"e7&ere else N"enos (s!doOL so"e ot&er %l!es N"s (s!doO
HTer(el es o"o !l,(nos otros l(,!res61
*9+ =n Nen !#ir"!ti+! UR!n'V N!ent(!doO si,ni#i! U(!l/(ier %erson!L
(!l/(ier!VM en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! en or!iones /(e
denot!n d(d!$ s(%osii3n o ne,!i3n$ en or!iones s(bordin!d!s
ondiion!lesL o"%!r!ti+!sL te"%or!les on l! on.(ni3n Ube#oreV ND1
=1:=O si,ni#i! U!l,oV$ si se re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!ble$ U!l,(noHs6L
!l,(n!Hs6V$ si se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!bleM l! ontest!i3n ! Q!n'Q
interro,!ti+o %(ede ser !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!M %reedido de QnotQ o en
or!iones /(e denot!n ne,!i3n4 nin,(nHo$ !6L ni (nHo$ !6L n!d!M Q!n'Q se
re#iere ! tres o "sM Q!n' o#Q$ /(e se (s! "s /(e el !d.eti+o inde#inido
Q!n' one o#Q$ %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleL del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM
U!n' o#V se,(ido de (n no"breL %rono"bre en %l(r!l +! on +erbo en
sin,(l!r en in,l0s liter!rio ' en %l(r!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l$ si &!e de s(.eto
o !trib(toM se (s! %!r! %erson!s$ !ni"!les ' os!s$ "ientr!s /(e UR!n'oneV
se re#iere s3lo ! %erson!sM Q!n'Q +! !ent(!do si no +! se,(ido de QoneHs6Q
%or/(e es %rono"bres inde#inido %ero$ (!ndo +! se,(ido de QoneHs6Q se
%(ede !ent(!r Q!n'Q o QoneHs6Q %or/(e es !d.eti+o inde#inidoO$ barel#
/ardl# scarcel an Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!O 4no 111
!%en!s nin,(nHo$ !6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!OL !%en!s !l,(nHo$ !6 Nen interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+!M Ub!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' !n' o#V %(eden ir se,(idos de (n
no"bre inont!bleL de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedidos
de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de
(n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!lO6$ %ust an
Hsi"%le"ente (!l/(ier! Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ rarel
an Hr!r!"ente !l,oL !l,(noHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO6M (!ndo se
&!e "eni3n ! Q!n'Q ' se re#iere ! %erson!s$ se s(ele %oner U&eL &isL &i"V
en in,l0s liter!rio si no se onoe el se-o de l!s %erson!sM t!"bi0n se
%(ede %oner QHs6&eL &e or s&eL &is or &erL &i" or &erL &is or &ersQ en in,l0s
estnd!rM si se re#iere ! "(.eres se (s!rF! Us&eL &erL &ersV en in,l0s
estnd!rM en in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r! e+it!r l! disri"in!i3n se-(!l se (s!
Ut&e'L t&eirL t&e"L t&eirsV %!r! &o"bres ' "(.eresM todos %(eden &!er l!s
#(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento
indireto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 RAn' Ns(.etoO !n 7rite ! no+el H*(!l/(ier %erson!L
*(!l/(ier! %(ede esribir (n! no+el!6M RAn' o# t&e 7o"en 9no7s &erL
t&eir Nolo/(i!lO ri,&ts H*(!l/(ier! de l!s "(.eres onoe s(s dere&os6M
RAn' o# t&eL t&ese "!,!zines 7ill do H*(!l/(ier! de l!sL est!s re+ist!s
Hil(str!d!s6 +!ldr6M R!n' o# t&e red ones H(!l/(ier! de lHos$ !s6 ro.Hos$ !s66M
RAn' o# t&ese "!,!zines ostsL ost ! lot H*(!l/(ier! de est!s re+ist!s
Hil(str!d!s6 (est! "(&o6M RAn' o# "' "!,!zines isL !re better t&!n 'o(rs
H*(!l/(ier! de "is re+ist!s Hil(str!d!s6 es "e.or /(e l!Hs6 t('!Hs66M R!n' o#
t&e sin,ers H(!l/(ier! de lHos$ !s6 !nt!ntes6M R!n' o# (s H(!l/(ier! de
nosotrHos$ !s66M T&ere !renZt !n' HNo &!' nin,(no6M T&ere isnZt N%eorOL
!renZt N"e.orO R!n' o# t&e 7or9ers HNo &!' nin,(no de los tr!b!.!dores6M
T&ere isnZt N%eorOL !renZt N"e.orO R!n' o# t&ose 7or9ers in Finl!ndL >estern
S!"o! HNo &!' nin,(no de esosL !/(ellos tr!b!.!dores en Finl!ndi!L
S!"o! Oident!l6M T&ere isnZt N%eorOL !renZt N"e.orO R!n' o# "'L 'o(r
rel!ti+es in D!n(!t(L B!&r!in HNo &!' nin,(no de "isL t(s NoO +(estros NoO
s(s Nde DdHs61O %!rientes en D!n(!t2L B!&r!in6M T&ere isnZt N%eorOL !renZt
N"e.orO R!n' o# (s HNo estL &!' nin,(nHo$ !6 de nosotrHos$ !s66M E!+e 'o(
%(blis&ed R!n' o# t&e bro&(res No"%le"ento diretoOT HWE!s %(bli!do
!l,(no de los #olletosT6M *!n 'o( te!& R!n' o# (s No"%le"ento diretoOT
HWP(edes ense)!rnos ! !l,(noHs6 de nosotrosT6M S&e o(ld brin, it to R!n'
o# 'o( No"%le"ento indiretoO HEll! %odHr6F! tr!erlo ! (!l/(ier! de
+osotrHos$ !s66M S&e didnZt !re #or R!n' o# "' rel!ti+es No"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HA ell! no le ,(st!b!Hn6 "(&o nin,(no de "is
%!rientes6M Ee didnZt o""ent on R!n' o# t&eseL t&ose re#(,ees
No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO Hl no &izo nin,2n o"ent!rio sobre nin,(no
de estosL esos NoO !/(ellos re#(,i!dos6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 i#L 7&et&er s&e
&!s (nlo!ded !n' o# t&e "!teri!l No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! no s!be si &!
des!r,!do !l,o del "!teri!l6M S&e doesnZt t&in9 Ht&!t6 s&e &!s !n'
No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! no ree /(e ten,! n!d!L nin,(nHo$ !6L ni (nHo$
!66M T&e' e-%et to #ind #e7$ i# !n' Ns(,iere d(d!4 so"e4 no %onerO
HEs%er!n enontr!r %oos$ si en(entr!n !l,(no6M S&e isnZt #ed (% 7it& R!n'
o# 'o( HEll! no est &!rt! de nin,(nHo$ !6 de +osotrHos$ !s66M T&is is t&e
"ost di##i(lt %roble" o# R!n' Ni !ll t&e %roble"sO t&!t 7eZ+e &!d to sol+e
Hste es el %roble"! "s di#Fil de todos los /(e &e"os tenido /(e
sol(ion!r6M Do 'o( (nderst!nd !n' o# t&e lo+e Ht&!t6 s&e #eels #or 'o(T
HW*o"%rendes !l,o del !"or /(e ell! siente %or tiT6M Ee &!snZt seen !n' o#
t&e !r&itet(re Hl no &! +isto n!d! de l! !r/(itet(r!6M T&ere is &!rdl'L
b!rel'L s!rel' !n' N!trib(toO HA%en!s &!' H!l,o661 D1 ;1=5155
QAn'Q se di#ereni! de Qso"eQ1 E.14 T&e' didnZt see R!n' o# t&e .o(rn!lists HNo
+ieron ! nin,(no de los %eriodist!s6$ %ero UT&e' didnZt see so"e o# t&e .o(rn!listsV
HNo +ieron ! !l,(nos de los %eriodist!s61
Se %(ede %oner el %rono"bre inde#inido Q!n'Q (!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre
inont!ble o ! (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l$ %ero no se %one Q!n'Q sino QoneQ
(!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r1 E.14 Is t&ere !n' le#t N!trib(toOT
HWJ(ed! !l,oT6M T&ere !re not !n' N!trib(toO HNo &!' nin,(nHo$ !6L ni (nHo$ !66M Are
t&ere !n' le#t N!trib(toOT HWJ(ed! !l,(nHo$ !6T6M T&ere !renZt !n' Ht&!t !re6 le#tL le#t
o+er HNo /(ed! nin,(nHo$ !66M S&e needed ! !r b(t &e didnZt &!+e one HEll!
neesit!b! (n o&e %ero 0l no tenF! nin,(no61
*(!ndo en !stell!no se %one Q!l,2nH!6 otrHo$ !6 deL (!l/(ier otrHo$ !6 deL nin,2nH!6
otrHo$ !6 deL !l,2nHos$ !s6 otrHos$ !s6 deQ h no"bre$ en in,l0s &!' /(e %oner Q!n' o#Q
h no"bre %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o h Uot&erV1 E.14
RAn' o# "' ot&er rel!ti+es in t&e Dir,in Isl!nds o(ld o"e HAl,2nL *(!l/(ier otro
de "is %!rientes de l!s Isl!s DFr,enes %odHr6F! +enirL Al,(noL *(!l/(ier! de "is
otros %!rientes de l!s Isl!s DFr,enes %odHr6F! +enirL Al,(nos otros de "is %!rientes
de l!s Isl!s DFr,enes %odHr6F!n +enirL Al,(nos de "is otros %!rientes de l!s Isl!s
DFr,enes %odHr6F!n +enir6M T&ere !renZt N"e.orOL isnZt N%eorO R!n' o# t&e ot&er
7or9ers HNo &!' nin,2n otro de los tr!b!.!doresL nin,(no de los otros
tr!b!.!dores6M Are N"e.orOL Is N%eorO t&ere R!n' o# t&ese ot&er 7or9ers in E!+!n!T
HWE!' !l,2n otro de estos tr!b!.!dores en L! E!b!n!TL WE!' !l,(no de estos otros
tr!b!.!dores en L! E!b!n!T6M T&ere !renZt N"e.orOL isnZt N%eorO R!n' o# "' ot&er
rel!ti+es in Andorr! HNo &!' nin,2n otro de "is %!rientes en Andorr!L No &!'
nin,(no de "is otros %!rientes en Andorr!6M Are N"e.orOL Is N%eorO t&ere R!n' o#
'o(r ot&er rel!ti+es in t&e B!&!"!sT HWE!' !l,(nos otros de t(sL +(estrosL s(s
%!rientes en l!s B!&!"!sTL WE!' !l,(no de t(sL +(estrosL s(s otros %!rientes en l!s
B!&!"!sT61 D1 ;1=5158
UNot !n'V no %(ede ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3nM U!n'V %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio
de !ntid!d1 D1?15?
*0+ J=nbod# Janone H(!l/(ier!L (!l/(ier %erson! Nen !#ir"!ti+!4 on
+erbo en sin,(l!r si &!en de s(.etoOL !l,(n! %erson!L !l,(nHo$ !6L !l,(ien
Nen !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! en or!iones s(bordin!d!s
ondiion!lesL o"%!r!ti+!sL te"%or!les on l! on.(ni3n Ube#oreV
N=1:=O4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!en de s(.etoM Q!n'bod'Q nor"!l"ente
se re#iere ! (n ,r(%o %ero Q!n'oneQ se re#iere ! (n! sol! %erson!M (!ndo
se &!e "eni3n ! Q!n'bod'L !n'oneQ$ se s(ele %oner Q&eL &isL &i"L
&i"sel#Q en in,l0s liter!rio si no se onoe el se-o de l!s %erson!sM t!"bi0n
se %(ede %oner QHs6&eL &e or s&eL &is or &erL &i" or &erL &i" or &ersel#L &is
or &ersQ en in,l0s estnd!rM si se re#iere ! "(.eres se (s!rF! Qs&eL &erL
&ersel#L &ersQ en in,l0s estnd!rM en in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r! e+it!r l!
disri"in!i3n se-(!l se (s! Qt&e'L t&eirL t&e"L t&e"sel+esL t&eirsQ %!r!
&o"bres ' "(.eresM %(eden ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3nM
e/(i+!len ! Q!n' "!nL 7o"!nQM Q!n'bod'Q ' Q!n'oneQ no %(eden ir
se,(idos de Qo#Q h no"breL %rono"breOM U!n'bod' #ro"V H!l,(ienL
!l,(nHo$ !6 de6 %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre %reedido de Ut&eV$ del
!rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL inde#inidoM
Unot !n'bod'L !n'oneV Hnin,(n! %erson!L nin,(nHo$ !6L n!die Ns3lo en
!#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!4 on +erbo en sin,(l!rOO6$ anbod#
anone else Nsi se %one (n !d.eti+o$ tiene /(e ir detrs de UelseV ' no en
"edio de U!1V ' UelseVO H(!l/(ier otr! %erson!L otr! %erson! (!l/(ier!
Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r si
&!en de s(.etoOL !l,(n! otr! %erson!L !l,(noL !l,(n!L !l,(ien "s Nen
!#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! en or!iones s(bordin!d!s
ondiion!lesL o"%!r!ti+!sL te"%or!les N=1:=OM on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es
s(.etoM %(eden ir en l! %ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3nO6M todos %(eden
&!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento
indireto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 RAn'bod'L RAn'one Ns(.etoO 7o(ld 9no7 t&!t$ 7o(ldnZt
t&e' N&e4 no %onerOT H*(!l/(ier %erson!L *(!l/(ier! s!brF! eso$ WnoT6M Is
t&ere R!n'bod'L R!n'one N!trib(toO sin,in,T HWE!' !l,(n! %erson!L !l,(nHo$
!6L !l,(ien !nt!ndoT6M P&one "e i# 'o( need R!n'bod'L R!n'one
No"%le"ento diretoO] H\Tele#on0!"e si neesit!s ! !l,(n! %erson!L
!l,(nHo$ !6L !l,(ien]6M T&ere isnZt R!n'bod'L R!n'one N!trib(toO e!tin, &is or
&erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO l(n& HNo &!' n!dieL nin,(nHo$ !6 !l"orz!ndoL
to"!ndo el !l"(erzo6M I# R!n'bod'L R!n'one Ns(.etoO !,rees it is be!(se
Hs6&eL &e or s&eL li9es itL t&e' Nolo/(i!lO li9e it HSi !l,(ienL !l,(nHo$ !6 est
de !(erdo es %or/(e le ,(st!6M Ee &!snZt seen R!n'bod'L R!n'one
No"%le"ento diretoO Hl no &! +isto ! nin,(n! %erson!L nin,(nHo$ !6L
n!die6M Ee &!snZt seen R!n'bod' #ro" j!%!nL t&e UNL ! bi, it'L t&is
or,!niz!tionL or,!nis!tion NGBOL &is #!"il'L !not&er s&ool Hl no &! +isto
! n!die de j!%3nL l! ONUL (n! ,r!n i(d!dL est! or,!niz!i3nL s( #!"ili!L
otr! es(el!6M S&e didnZt 9no7 7&et&er t&ere 7!s R!n'bod' t&ere HEll! no
s!bF! si &!bF! !l,(ien !&FL !llF6M Did 'o( tell !n'bod'L R!n'one in to7n
No"%le"ento indiretoOT HWSe lo di.iste ! !l,(n! %erson! de l! i(d!dT6M
R!n'bod'ZsL R!n'oneZs s%oon Hl! (&!r! de (!l/(ier!L (!l/(ier %erson!6M
R!n'bod'ZsL R!n'oneZs 7!llet Hl! !rter! de (!l/(ier!6M It 7!s R!n'bod'
elseL R!n'one else N!trib(toO HF(e (!l/(ier otr! %erson!L otrHo$ !661
URAn'bod'L R!n'oneV se di#ereni!n de URso"ebod'L Rso"eoneV1 E.14 T&e' didnZt see
R!n'bod'L R!n'one 7&o "!' be #!"o(s HNo +ieron ! nin,(noL n!die /(e %(ed! ser
#!"oso6$ %ero QT&e' didnZt see Rso"ebod'L Rso"eone 7&o "!' be #!"o(sQ HNo
+ieron ! !l,(ien /(e %(ed! ser #!"oso61
Sin e"b!r,o$ %(eden si,ni#i!r lo "is"o en iertos !sos1 E.14 RAn'bod' 7&o is
R!n'bod'L R!n'oneL Rso"ebod'L Rso"eone 7ill be !t t&e ,!t&erin,L "eetin,
H*(!l/(ier! /(e se! !l,(ien Ni i"%ort!nteO est!r en l! re(ni3n6M E+er'bod' 7&o is
so"ebod'L so"eoneL !n'bod'L !n'one in t&e end does t&is HTodo el "(ndo /(e
se! !l,(ien !l #in!l &!e esto61 QNot !n'bod'L not !n'oneQ se di#ereni!n de Qno
oneL noIone NGBOQ1 E.14 DoesnZt !n'bod'L !n'one e!t s!l!dT HWNo o"e n!die
ens!l!d!T Nse es%er! /(e !l,(ien sFO6 ' UDoes no oneL noIone NGBO e!t s!l!dTV
HN!die o"e ens!l!d!$ W+erd!dT Nno se es%er! /(e n!die l! o"!O61
Se (s! "(&o "s Q!n'bod'L !n'oneQ /(e Q!n' %ersonQ1 D1;1=5158
2:+ R=nt/ing H!l,o Nen interro,!ti+!OL !l,oL (!l/(ier os! Nen !#ir"!ti+!
ND1 =1:=O4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.eto o !trib(toM (!ndo se
&!e re#ereni! ! U!n't&in,V se s(Hb6stit('e %or el %rono"bre UitVM
Q!n't&in, o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido de
Ut&eV o (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de
(n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto s3lo en
sin,(l!rM Unot !n't&in,V Hn!d! Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+!4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.eto o !trib(toM no es
en#tio %ero Unot&in,V sFO6$ /ardl# barel# scarcel ant/ing H!%en!s
n!d! Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO6$ %ust ant/ing Hsi"%le"ente (!l/(ier os! Nen
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ rarel ant/ing Hr!r!"ente !l,o Nen
!#ir"!ti+! s3loO6$ ant/ing else Nsi se %one (n !d.eti+o$ tiene /(e ir detrs
de UelseV ' no en "edio de U!n't&in,V ' UelseVO H(!l/(ier otr! os!
N(!ndo +! en !#ir"!ti+!OL !l,o "s N(!ndo +! en interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+!OM on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.eto o !trib(toM Q!n't&in,
else o#Q H(!l/(ier otr! os! de N%(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en
sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o en
sin,(l!rL (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM Unot !n't&in,
elseV Hnin,(n! otr! os! Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3lo4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e
de s(.etoO6M todos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$
o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Is t&ere !n't&in, le#t N!trib(toOT HWJ(ed!
!l,oT6M I# t&ere is !n't&in, interestin, N!trib(toO HSi &!' !l,o interes!nte6M
I# t&ere is !n't&in, 7ron,$ tell "e !bo(t it] H\Si &!' !l,o "!l$ dF"elo]6M
An't&in, Ns(.etoO !n &!%%en H*(!l/(ier os! %(ede s(eder6M Did &e s!'
!n't&in,T No"%le"ento diretoO HWDi.o 0l !l,oT6M T&e' donZt ,o !,!inst
!n't&in,+ No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HNo +!n ontr! n!d!6M mo(
donZt ,o 7it& !n't&in,+| No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO HNo +!Hi6s on
(!l/(ier os!6M Did &e s!' !n't&in, !bo(tL o# t&e #il"T HWDi.o 0l !l,o
sobreL de l! %elF(l!T6M T&ere is &!rdl'L b!rel' !n't&in, N!trib(toO HA%en!s
&!' n!d!L No &!' n!d! !%en!s61
QAn't&in,Q se di#ereni! de Qso"et&in,Q ND1 <18B15=$ <18B15;O1 E.14 Ee
didnZt e!t !n't&in, deliio(s Hl no o"i3 n!d! deliioso6$ %ero QEe didnZt
e!t so"et&in, deliio(sQ Hl no o"i3 !l,o deliioso61
QAn't&in,Q %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de !ntid!d1 D1 ?15?
2*+ =ug/t Nliter!rio4 r!roOL Cug/t N!r!ioO H!l,o61 E.14 For !(,&t Nliter!rio4 r!roO I
9no7 HJ(e 'o se%!6$ et1
22+ J=n,/ere H!l,2n l(,!r Nen interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!OL !l,2nL (!l/(ier
l(,!r Nen !#ir"!ti+! ND1 =1:=O4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoM Unot
!n'7&ereV Hnin,2n l(,!r6O6$ barel# /ardl# scarcel an,/ere H!%en!s
nin,2n l(,!r Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO6$ rarel an,/ere Hr!r!"ente !l,2n
l(,!r Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO6$ an,/ere else Nsi se %one (n !d.eti+o$ tiene
/(e ir detrs de UelseV ' no en "edio de U!n'7&ereV ' UelseVO H!l,2nL
(!l/(ier otro l(,!r6M todos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$
o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l1 E.14 Is t&ere
!n'7&ere t&!t sells bre!d N!trib(toOT HWE!' !l,2n l(,!r donde +end!n
%!nT6M An'7&ere ne!r P!"%lon! Ns(.etoO is ,ood eno(,& H*(!l/(ier l(,!r
er! de P!"%lon! es s(#iiente"ente b(eno6M T&ere isnZt !n'7&ere o%en
N!trib(toO (ntil nine HNo &!' nin,2n l(,!rL n!d! !bierto &!st! l!s n(e+e6M
T&is is +er' #!r #ro" !n'7&ere No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO
HEsto est "(' le.os de (!l/(ier l(,!r6M T&e' &!+enZt !n'7&ere to e!t
No"%le"ento diretoO HNo tienen nin,2n l(,!r %!r! o"er61
QAn'7&ereQ se di#ereni! de Qso"e7&ereQ1 E.14 Ee didnZt ,o !n'7&ere
7ort& re"e"berin, Hl no #(e ! nin,2n l(,!r /(e "erez! l! %en!
reord!r6$ %ero UEe didnZt ,o so"e7&ere 7ort& re"e"berin,V Hl no #(e !
(n l(,!r /(e "ereeL "erez! l! %en! reord!r61 D1 ;1=5155
22+ JOobodL JOo oneL JOo5one NGBO Hnin,(n! %erson!L nin,(nHo$ !6L
n!die Nse re#ieren ! %erson!sO6$ no RoneL not Rone Hni (nHo$ !66 Nse re#ieren !
seres +i+os o os!sO6M +!n todos on +erbo en sin,(l!r si son s(.eto o
!trib(toM Unobod'V nor"!l"ente se re#iere ! (n ,r(%o$ %ero URno oneL RnoI
oneL no RoneL not RoneV se re#ieren ! (n! sol! %erson!M (!ndo se &!e
"eni3n ! Qnobod'L Rno oneL RnoIone NGBOL no RoneL not RoneQ$ se s(ele
%oner Q&eL &isL &i"L &i"sel#Q en in,l0s liter!rio si no se onoe el se-o de
l!s %erson!sM t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner QHs6&eL &e or s&eL &is or &erL &i" or
&erL &i" or &ersel#L &is or &ersQ en in,l0s estnd!rM si se re#iere ! "(.eres
se (s!rF! Qs&eL &erL &ersel#L &ersQ en in,l0s estnd!rM en in,l0s olo/(i!l
%!r! e+it!r l! disri"in!i3n se-(!l se (s! Qt&e'L t&eirL t&e"L t&e"sel+esL
t&eirsQ %!r! &o"bres ' "(.eresM Qnobod'$ Rno one$ RnoIone NGBO$ no RoneQ$
no %(eden ir se,(idos de Qo#Q h no"breL %rono"bre ! no ser /(e el
no"bre /(e +!'! detrs e/(i+!l,! ! (n !d.eti+o4 nobod'L Rno oneL RnoIone
NGBOL no Rone o# i"%ort!ne Hn!dieL ni (no i"%ort!nte6M Qnot Rone o#Q
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM Qnobod'L Rno oneL RnoIone NGBOQ$ %(eden ir en l!
%ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3nM Qnobod' #ro"L Rno one #ro"L RnoIone #ro"
NGBO Hn!die deL nin,(nHo$ !6 de Ndel!nte de (n no"bre %reedido de Ut&eV$
del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
inde#inidoO6$ nobod else# Rno one else# R no5one else NGBO Nsi se %one (n
!d.eti+o$ tiene /(e ir detrs de UelseV ' no en "edio de Unobod'V ' UelseVO
Hnin,(n! otr! %erson!L nin,2n otroL nin,(n! otr!L n!die Non +erbo en
sin,(l!r ' re#eridos ! %erson!sM Unobod' elseV nor"!l"ente se re#iere ! (n
,r(%o %ero URno one elseV se re#iere ! (n! sol! %erson!M %(eden ir en l!
%ri"er! %!rte del ,eniti+o s!.3nO6M URno oneL RnoIone NGBOL no RoneL not
RoneV e/(i+!len ! Qnot !n' oneQM todos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de
s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM
Unobod'$ Rno oneL RnoIone NGBOL no RoneL not RoneL noneV si,ni#i!n "s o
"enos lo "is"oM +!n todos en !#ir"!ti+! o "enos #re(ente"ente en
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! %ero no en ne,!ti+!M (!ndo +!n en interro,!ti+!
se es%er! (n! res%(est! ne,!ti+!1 E.14 T&ere "(st be nobod'L Rno oneL RnoI
one NGBOL no RoneL not Rone ill N!trib(toO t&ere HNo debe de &!ber nin,(n!
%erson!L nin,(nHo$ !6L n!dieL ni (nHo$ !6 en#er"Ho$ !6 !llF6M T&ere is
nobod'L Rno oneL RnoIone NGBOL no RoneL not Rone N!trib(toO e!tin, &is or
&erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO l(n& HNo &!' n!dieL nin,(nHo$ !6L ni (nHo$ !6
!l"orz!ndoL to"!ndo el !l"(erzo6M I# nobod'L Rno oneL RnoIone NGBOL no
RoneL not Rone Ns(.etoO !,rees it is be!(se Hs6&eL &e or s&eL doesnZt li9e itL
t&e' Nolo/(i!lO donZt li9e it HSi n!dieL nin,(nHo$ !6L ni (nHo$ !6 est de
!(erdo es %or/(e no le ,(st!6M T&ere is Rno oneL RnoIone NGBOL no RoneL not
RoneL T&ere isnZt !n' one N!trib(toO HNo &!' n!dieL nin,(nHo$ !6L ni (nHo$
!66M Do 'o( 9no7 nobod' Nliter!rio4 r!roOL Rno oneL RnoIone NGBOL no RoneL
not Rone in t&is o(ntr'T N"enos (s!doOL DonZt 'o( 9no7 !n'bod'
N o"%le"ento direto O in t&is o(ntr'T N"s (s!doO HWNo onoes ! nin,(n!
%erson!L nin,(nHo$ !6L n!dieL ni (nHo$ !6 en este %!FsT6M Not Rone N"enos
(s!doOL None N"s (s!doO o# t&e sin,ers &!s !rri+ed 'et$ &!+e t&e' N&e4 no
%onerOT HNin,(nHo$ !6L Ni (nHo$ !6 de lHos$ !s6 !nt!ntes &! lle,!do tod!+F!$
W+erd!dT6M T&e' sent it to Rno oneL RnoIone NGBO Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL
T&e' didnZt send it to !n'bod'L !n'one Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO HNo lo
en+i!ron ! nin,(n! %erson!L nin,(nHo$ !6L n!die6M T&e' sent it to no Rone
HNo lo en+i!ron ni ! (nHo$ !66M T&e' sent it to not Rone N "enos (s!do OL none
N "s (s!do O o# t&ese re#(,ees No"%le"ento indiretoO HNo lo en+i!ron !
nin,(nHo$ !6L ni (nHo$ !6 de estHos$ !s6 re#(,i!dHos$ !s66M S&e ,ot on 7ell
7it& not Rone N "enos (s!do OL none N "s (s!do O o# "' rel!ti+es
No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO HEll! no se lle+!b! bien on nin,(noL ni (no de
"is %!rientes6M Ee is !,!inst not Rone N "enos (s!do OL none N "s (s!do O o#
(s No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO Hl no est en ontr! de nin,(n!
%erson!L nin,(nHo$ !6L ni (nHo$ !6 de nosotrHos$ !s66M nobod'ZsL no oneZsL
noIoneZs NGBO 7!llet Hl! !rter! de nin,(n! %erson!L nin,(nHo$ !6L n!die6M
Ee &!s seen nobod'L Rno oneL RnoIone NGBO Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL Ee
&!snZt seen !n'bod' Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO #ro" j!%!nL t&e UNL ! bi, it'L
t&is or,!niz!tionL or,!nis!tion NGBOL &is #!"il'L !not&er s&ool Hl no &!
+isto ! n!die de j!%3nL l! ONUL (n! ,r!n i(d!dL est! or,!niz!i3nL s(
#!"ili!L otr! es(el!6M It 7!s nobod' elseL Rno one elseL RnoIone else NGBO
N!trib(toO HNo er! nin,(n! otr! %erson!L nin,2n otroL nin,(n! otr!61
QNobod'Q$ /(e es en#tio$ %(ede ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n$ %ero Qnot 111
!n'bod'Q$ /(e no es en#tio$ no %(ede ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3nM Qnot 111
!n'bod'Q se %(ede (s!r en +ez de Qnobod'Q s3lo (!ndo no es s(.etoM
Qnobod'Q es "s liter!rio /(e Qnot 111 !n'bod'QM se (s! "(&o "s
URnobod'L Rno oneL RnoIone NGBOV /(e Qno %ersonQ Nliter!rioO1
QNot 111 !n'oneQ se %(ede (s!r en +ez de Qno oneL noIone NGBOQ s3lo
(!ndo no es s(.etoM Qno oneL noIone NGBOQ son "s liter!rios /(e Qnot 111
!n'oneQ1
2-+ ROone Hn!dieL nin,(nHo$ !6 N%!r! tres o "s seres +i+osOL nin,(nHo$ !6
N%!r! tres o "s os!sM Uneit&erV se re#iere s3lo ! dos seres +i+os o os!s
ND1 <1:C155OM UnoneV es %!reido ! Qnobod'L Rno oneL RnoIone NGBOL no RoneL
not RoneQ$ %ero 0stos se %(eden (s!r sin &!ber "enion!do !ntes l! %erson!
! l! /(e se re#ieren$ "ientr!s /(e %!r! (tiliz!r QnoneQ &!' /(e &!ber
"enion!do !nterior"ente l! %erson! ! l! /(e se re#iere o tiene /(e ir
se,(ido de Qo#Q h no"breL %rono"breM %(ede ir on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r
en in,l0s liter!rio o (n +erbo en %l(r!l en in,l0s olo/(i!lM QnoneQ %(ede
si,ni#i!r t!"bi0n Un!d!V (!ndo se re#iere ! os!s on (n +erbo en
sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoM es %!reido ! Qnot&in,Q %ero 0ste se %(ede (s!r
sin &!ber "enion!do !ntes l! os! ! l! /(e se re#iere$ "ientr!s /(e %!r!
(tiliz!r QnoneQ &!' /(e &!ber "enion!do !nterior"ente l! os! ! l! /(e se
re#iere o tiene /(e ir se,(ido de Qo#Q h no"breL %rono"breM Qnone o#Q
%(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ de
(n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r
o %l(r!lM (!ndo es s(.eto +! on +erbo en sin,(l!r$ si lo /(e +! detrs de
Qo#Q est en sin,(l!rM si lo /(e +! detrs de Qo#Q est en %l(r!l$ +! on
+erbo en sin,(l!r en in,l0s liter!rio ' en %l(r!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l$ (!ndo
&!e de s(.eto o !trib(toM Qnone o#Q Nen#tioO %(ede ser s(Hb6stit(ido %or
Qnot !n' o#Q Nno en#tioO$ e-e%to (!ndo &!e l! #(ni3n de s(.etoM
(!ndo se &!e "eni3n ! QnoneQ$ se s(ele %oner U&eL &isL &i"V en in,l0s
liter!rio si no se onoe el se-o de l!s %erson!sM t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner
UHs6&eL &e or s&eL &is or &erL &i" or &erL &is or &ersV en in,l0s estnd!rM si
se re#iere ! "(.eres se (s!rF! Us&eL &erL &ersV en in,l0s estnd!rM en in,l0s
olo/(i!l %!r! e+it!r l! disri"in!i3n se-(!l se (s! Ut&e'L t&eirL t&e"L
t&eirsV %!r! &o"bres ' "(.eresO6$ none else Nsi se %one (n !d.eti+o$ tiene
/(e ir detrs de UelseV ' no en "edio de UnoneV ' UelseVO Hn!die "sL
nin,(n! otr! %erson!6M los dos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$
!trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$ o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM +!n los dos en
!#ir"!ti+! ' "enos #re(ente"ente en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! %ero no en
ne,!ti+!M (!ndo +!n en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! se es%er! (n! res%(est!
ne,!ti+!1 E.14 None N"enos (s!doO &!s Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL &!+e
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO %!idL Nobod' N"s (s!doO &!s %!id HN!dieL
Nin,(nHo$ !6 &! %!,!do6L None o# t&e" N"s (s!doO &!s Nliter!rioOL &!+e
Nolo/(i!lO %!id HNin,(nHo$ !6L N!die de ellHos$ !s6 &! %!,!do6M None
N"enos (s!doO is Nliter!rioOL !re Nolo/(i!lO &ereL Nobod' N"s (s!doO is
&ere HN!dieL Nin,(nHo$ !6 est !/(F6L None o# t&e" N"s (s!doO is
Nliter!rioOL !re Nolo/(i!lO &ere HNin,(nHo$ !6L N!die de ellHos$ !s6 est
!/(F6M A4 Is t&ere !n' "il9T HWJ(ed! !l,o de le&eT61 B4 T&ere is none le#t
HNo /(ed! n!d!6M None o# t&e s(b.ets Ns(.etoO is Nliter!rioOL !re Nolo/(i!lO
e!s' HNin,(no de los te"!s es #il6M None o# t&ese #l'in, s!(ers Ns(.etoO
is Nliter!rioOL !re Nolo/(i!lO +isible HNin,(no de estos %l!tillos +ol!ntes esL
son +isibleHs66M It is none o# 'o(r b(siness HNo es !s(nto t('o6M None o#
&er sisters Ns(.etoO is Nliter!rioOL !re Nolo/(i!lO &ere HNin,(n! de s(s
&er"!n!s estL estn !/(F6M None o# &er ser+ies Ns(.etoO osts Nliter!rioOL
ost Nolo/(i!lO "(& HNin,(no de s(s ser+iios (est! "(&o6M None o#
t&e do,s is Nliter!rioOL !re Nolo/(i!lO bl!9 HNin,(no de los %erros es
ne,ro6M none o# t&e t!ll ones Hnin,(nHo$ !6 de lHos$ !s6 !ltHos$ !s66M None o#
t&ese &ildrenL t&ose i""i,r!nts li+es Nliter!rioOL li+e Nolo/(i!lO in M!liL
M!l!7i HNin,(no de estos ni)osL esos NoO !/(ellos in"i,r!ntes +i+e en
M!liL M!l!7i6M None o# "' %rod(ts o"es Nliter!rioOL o"e Nolo/(i!lO
#ro" M!l!'si! HNin,(no de "is %rod(tos +iene de M!l!si! NoO M!l!isi!6M
None o# 'o(r %l!nts is Nliter!rioOL !re Nolo/(i!lO #o(nd in R7!nd!
HNin,(n! de t(sL +(estr!sL s(s Nde DdHs61O %l!nt!s se en(entr! en R(!nd!6M
None o# &is rel!ti+es ,oes Nliter!rioOL ,o Nolo/(i!lO to M!rtini/(e
HNin,(no de s(s %!rientes +! ! M!rtini!6M None o# &er do("ents o"es
Nliter!rioOL o"e Nolo/(i!lO #ro" Ro"!ni! Nel "s (s!doOL R("!ni!
N"enos (s!doOL Ro("!ni! Nel "enos (s!doO HNin,(no de s(s do("entos
+iene de R("!ni! NR1AOL R("!nF! N%eorO6M None o# o(r brot&ers &!s
Nliter!rioOL &!+e Nolo/(i!lO seen To,oL [i"b!b7e HNin,(no de n(estros
&er"!nos &! +isto To,oL [i"b!b7e6M none o# (s Hnin,(nHo$ !6 de
nosotrHos$ !s66$ !l"ost none o# t&e" H!si nin,(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s66M None
o# (s Ns(.etoO is Nliter!rioOL !re Nolo/(i!lO %er#et HNin,(nHo$ !6 de
nosotrHos$ !s6 es %er#etHo$ !66M None o# t&e" Ns(.etoO 9no7s Nliter!rioOL
9no7 Nolo/(i!lO &is or &erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO ri,&ts HNin,(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$
!s6 onoe s(s dere&os6M None e-e%t t&e s%orts"en li9es Nliter!rioOL li9e
Nolo/(i!lO it HA nin,(noL n!die le ,(st! e-e%to ! los de%ortist!s6M None
b(t &is &ildren belie+es Nliter!rioOL belie+e Nolo/(i!lO t&is HNin,(noL
N!die ree esto e-e%to s(s &i.osL los &i.os de 0l6M none o# t&!t Hn!d! de
eso6M S&e %!ssed t&e 7ord on to none o# t&e" No"%le"ento indireto4 "s
(s!do en USA /(e en GBO HEll! no !+is3 ! nin,(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s66M
T&!t in#or"!tion !"e #ro" none o# (s No"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!l4 "s (s!do en USA /(e en GBO HEs! in#or"!i3n no +ino de
nin,(nHo$ !6 de nosotrHos$ !s66M Ee 7ent 7it& none o# t&e" No"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!lO Hl no #(e on nin,(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s661
QNot 111 !n'oneQ se %(ede (s!r en +ez de QnoneQ s3lo (!ndo no es s(.etoM
QnoneQ es "s liter!rio /(e Qnot 111 !n'oneQM QnoneQ es %rono"bre
sol!"ente ' el !d.eti+o inde#inido orres%ondiente es QnoQ1 ;1=515:
23+ ROot/ing Hn!d! Non +erbo en sin,(l!r$ !(n/(e +!'! se,(ido de
Ue-e%t h no"bre en %l(r!lV$ ' se re#iere ! os!sM (!ndo se &!e
re#ereni! ! Qnot&in,Q se (tiliz! el %rono"bre UitVM Qnot&in, o#Q %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM
Unot&in, b(tL e-e%tV Hn!d! "s /(eL n!d! e-e%to Non +erbo en sin,(l!r$
!(n/(e detrs de Qb(tL e-e%tQ +!'! (n no"bre en %l(r!lO6$ not/ing else
Hnin,(n! otr! os!L n!d! "sL n!d! distinto Non +erbo en sin,(l!r si es
s(.eto o !trib(to ' re#erido ! os!sM Qnot&in, else o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de
(n no"bre inont!ble no %reedido de n!d!$ de (n no"bre ont!ble en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+! s3loM si se
%one (n !d.eti+o$ tiene /(e ir detrs de UelseV ' no en "edio de Unot&in,V
' UelseVO6M todos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$
o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM +!n todos en !#ir"!ti+! o "enos
#re(ente"ente en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! %ero no en ne,!ti+! ND1 =1:=OM
(!ndo +!n en interro,!ti+! se es%er! (n! res%(est! ne,!ti+!M Qnot&in,Q no
%(ede ir %re"odi#i!do %or Ut&eV$ el !rtF(lo indete"in!do o (n !d.eti+o
%ero sF %(ede ir %osHt6"odi#i!doM %(ede ir %reedido de (n! %re%osii3n4
in$ et1$ o (n !d+erbio4 !bsol(tel'$ !l"ost$ %r!ti!ll'$ r!t&er$ et1 E.14 T&ere
"(st be not&in, N!trib(toO HNo debe de &!ber n!d!6M Is t&ere not&in,T
N!trib(toO HWNo &!' n!d!T6M Not&in, is ri,&t$ is itT HN!d! est bien$
W+erd!dT6M Ee "entioned not&in, o# t&e (n&!%%' !##!ir No"%le"ento
diretoO Hl no "enion3 n!d! del des!,r!d!ble !s(nto6M mo( 9no7 not&in,
o# t&e ri"eL o# ri"e HNo s!bes n!d! del ri"en Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL
en %!rti(l!rOL n!d! del ri"en Nen ,ener!lO6M T&!t 7!s rel!ted to not&in, o#
t&eseL t&ose +oies No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HEsoL A/(ello no
est!b! rel!ion!do on n!d! de est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s +oes6M not&in, o#
'o(r s!+in,s Hn!d! de t(s !&orros6M It 7!s "i-ed 7it& not&in, o# t&eirs
No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO HNo est!b! "ezl!do on n!d! s('oL de ellos6M
T&ere is not&in, else N!trib(toO HNo &!' nin,(n! otr! os!L n!d! "s6M S&e
s!id not&in, b(tL e-e%t t&e tr(t& HEll! no di.o n!d! "s /(eL e-e%to l!
+erd!d6M Not&in, "(& is &!%%enin, HNo est s(ediendoL o(rriendo
"(&o6M Not&in, b(tL e-e%t #lo7ers %le!ses &er HA ell! no le !,r!d! n!d!
"s /(eL e-e%to l!s #lores61
QNot&in,Q$ /(e es en#tio$ %(ede ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n %ero Qnot 111
!n't&in,Q$ /(e no es en#tio$ no %(ede ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3nM Qnot 111
!n't&in,Q se %(ede (s!r en +ez de Qnot&in,Q s3lo (!ndo no es s(.etoM
Qnot&in,Q es "s liter!rio /(e Qnot 111 !n't&in,Q1
QNot&in,Q %(ede &!er t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio de !ntid!d1 D1 ?15?
26+ ROo,/ere Hn!d!L nin,2n l(,!r Non +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e l!
#(ni3n de s(.etoO6$ no,/ere else Hnin,2n otro l(,!r6M los dos %(eden
&!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento
de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lM +!n los dos en !#ir"!ti+! ' "enos
#re(ente"ente en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! %ero no en ne,!ti+!M (!ndo
+!n en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! se es%er! (n! res%(est! ne,!ti+!1 E.14
No7&ere Ns(.etoO is o%en HN!d!L Nin,2n l(,!r est !bierto6M S&e &!s
no7&ere to slee% No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! no tiene nin,2n l(,!r donde
dor"ir6M T&e r!bbit !"e #ro" no7&ere No"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!lO HEl one.o no +ino de nin,2n l(,!rL s!li3 de l! n!d!6M
E(el+! is li9e no7&ere else HE(el+! no es o"o nin,2n otro l(,!r61
QNo7&ereQ$ /(e es en#tio$ %(ede ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n %ero Qnot 111
!n'7&ereQ$ /(e no es en#tio$ no %(ede ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n1
QNo7&ereQ %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio t!"bi0n1 D1 ?15;
28+ Quc/ H"(&Ho$ !6 Nse (s! en ne,!ti+! %rini%!l"ente o interro,!ti+!
on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+! ND1 =1:=O se (s! s3lo en
in,l0s liter!rio$ (!ndo &!e de s(.eto$ %ero %oo ' nor"!l"ente se
s(Hb6stit('e %or U! lotL ! ,re!t de!lVM Q"(& o#Q$ /(e se (s! "(&o "s /(e
U"(&V en !#ir"!ti+!$ %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n
no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM %(ede ir
se,(ido t!"bi0n de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o en sin,(l!rL (n %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM Q"(& o#Q t!"bi0n %(ede ir del!nte de
(n no"bre de %erson! o de l(,!rM (!ndo se &!e re#ereni! ! U"(&V$ se
(tiliz! el %rono"bre UitVM Qnot "(&Q Hno "(&o6 se (s! en !#ir"!ti+! s3lo
o en res%(est!s ort!sO6$ ver muc/ H"(&HFsi"6Ho$ !6 Non +erbo en
sin,(l!rM Q+er' "(& o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o
%l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o$ se,(ido de
(n no"bre de l(,!r no %reedido de n!d!M t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o en sin,(l!rL (n %rono"bre %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!O6$ as muc/ 4as ...+ Ht!ntHo$ !6 Ho"o 1116 Non +erbo en
sin,(l!rM Q!s "(& o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o en sin,(l!rL (n %rono"bre
%osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ so muc/ 4as ...+ Ht!ntHo$ !6 Ho"o 1116 NQso "(&
o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$
(n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o en sin,(l!rL (n %rono"bre %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lO6$ ever so muc/ Ht!ntFsi"Ho$ !66$ /alf#
t,ice# four times as muc/ 4as ...+ Hl! "it!d H/(e6L dos +eesL (!tro +ees
"s H/(eL de lo /(e 1116 NQ&!l# !s "(& o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre
en sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r %ero los otros
dos noM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ not/ing muc/ Hno
"(&o6$ not as# so muc/ 4as ...+ Hno t!ntHo$ !6 Ho"o 1116 Non +erbo en
sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoM Qnot !sL so "(& o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+o$ se,(ido de (n no"bre de l(,!r no %reedido de n!d!M t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!O6$ prett
muc/ Hb!st!nte NQ%rett' "(& o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o$
se,(ido de (n no"bre de l(,!r no %reedido de n!d!M t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o en sin,(l!rL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!
on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoO6$ t/is# t/at muc/ Ht!ntHo$ !6 Non +erbo
en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoM Qt&isL t&!t "(& o#Q %(eden ir se,(idos de (n
no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+o$ se,(ido de (n no"bre de l(,!r no %reedido de n!d!M t!"bi0n
%(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o en sin,(l!rL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!O6$ too muc/ Hde"!si!doL de"!si!d! NQtoo "(& o# Nh
no"bre de os!sOL !bo(t Nh no"bre de os!s o de seres +i+osOQ %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o$ se,(ido de (n no"bre de l(,!r no %reedido de
n!d!M t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!
on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoO6$ muc/# far too muc/ Hde"!si!do on
"(&o6$ rat/er too muc/ Nen !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O H"s bien
de"!si!do6$ a bit muc/ H(n %oo "(&o NQ! bit "(& o#V %(ede ir se,(ido
de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o$ se,(ido de (n no"bre de l(,!r no %reedido de
n!d!M t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o en
sin,(l!rL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.eto6$ muc/ else Nen
ne,!ti+! o interro,!ti+!O H"(&o "s6M todos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones
de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 T&ere isnZt "(& N!trib(toO
HNo &!' "(&Ho$ !66M Ee does not 9no7 "(& No"%le"ento diretoO Hl no
s!be "(&o6M T&e' &!+e "(& to elebr!te HTienen "(&o /(e elebr!r6M
A4 Do 'o( &!+e !n' "one'T HWTienes !l,o de dineroT61 B4 I &!+e "(&
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL ! lot Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO No"%le"ento diretoO
HTen,o "(&o6M M(& Ns(.etoO still re"!ins to be done HJ(ed! tod!+F!
"(&o %or &!er6M Not "(& is &!%%enin, no7 HNo est o(rriendo "(&o
!&or!6M Der' "(& Ns(.etoO isnZt ,ood #or 'o(r &e!lt& HM(&Fsi"o no es
b(eno %!r! l! s!l(d6M EeZs +er' "(& o# ! s7indler Hl es (n ,r!n
est!#!dor6M T&e' donZt drin9 +er' "(& No"%le"ento diretoO HNo beben
"(&Fsi"o6M S&e &!s !s "(& !s 'o( No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! tiene
t!ntHo$ !6 o"o t26M IZ+e seen !s "(& o# t&e" !s I 7!nt to HLes &e +isto
t!nto o"o /(iero6M Ee &!snZt !sL so "(& !s t&e" No"%le"ento diretoO
Hl no tiene t!ntHo$ !6 o"o ellos6M Ee drin9s t7ie !s "(& No"%le"ento
diretoO !s s&e doesL &er Hl bebe dos +ees "s /(e ell!6M Not&in, "(&
&!%%ened HNo o(rri3 "(&o6M S&e &!s %rett' "(& No"%le"ento diretoO
HEll! tiene b!st!nte6M T&ere is too "(& N!trib(toO HE!' de"!si!dHo$ !66M Is
s&e interested in "(& o# t&e st(## No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lOT
HWEst ell! interes!d! en ,r!n %!rte del "!teri!lT6M Ee is "(& o# !
+!,!bond Hl es (n +!,!b(ndo en el #ondo6M IZ" not "(& o# ! "(sii!n
HNo entiendo "(&o de "2si!L No so' b(en "2sio6M S&e doesnZt 9no7
&o7 "(& t&ere is HEll! no s!be (ntHo$ !6 &!'6M Eo7 "(& do 'o( needT
HW*(ntHo$ !6 neesit!Hs6T6M Ee le#t 7it& too "(& o# t&!t No"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!lO Hl se "!r&3 on de"!si!do de eso6M T&e' !lre!d' 9no7
too "(& !bo(t (s HS!ben '! de"!si!do deL sobre nosotrHos$ !s66M >e s!7
t&!t "(& o# t&e" t&!t s(""er t&!t 7e !re si9 to de!t& o# t&e" HLes
+i"os t!nto eseL !/(el +er!no /(e est!"os &!rtos de ellos6M Eo7 "(& o#
(s &!+e 7e ,i+en to t&is o"%!n'T HW*(nto nos &e"os entre,!do ! est!
o"%!)F!6M T&ere 7!s not "(& else HNo &!bF! "(&o "s61 ;1=515;
*(!ndo se &!e (n! %re,(nt! on Q&o7 "(&Q$ no se %(ede ontest!r on
Qso"eQM &!' /(e (s!r Q! little$ .(st ! little$ not "(&Q$ et1
QM(&$ +er' "(&$ so "(&$ too "(&$ !sL so "(& Nse,(ido de Q!sQO$ !
bit "(&Q %(eden &!er t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de !d+erbios de !ntid!d1 D1
?15?
29+ Qan H"(&Hos$ !s6 N%rini%!l"ente en ne,!ti+! o interro,!ti+!M en
!#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio ND1 =1:=OM on +erbo en %l(r!l %ero %(ede ir
t!"bi0n on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r en !l,(n!s e-%resionesM U"!n' o#V
%(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM %(ede ir
%reedido de UnotV s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! o en
res%(est!s ort!sO6$ t/e man Nliter!rioO Hl! "!'orF!L HlHos$ !s6 "(&Hos$
!s6 N%(ede ir se,(ido de Qo#Q h no"bre en %l(r!lO6$ 'uite man Hb!st!ntes
Nen in,l0s +(l,!r %(ede ir se,(ido de Qo#Q h no"breL %ro"bre en %l(r!lO6$
a good man Nliter!rioOL a great man Nliter!rioO H"(&Hos$ !s6 Nno se
%(ede deir Uone ,oodL ,re!t "!n'VM U! ,oodL ,re!t "!n' o#V %(eden ir
se,(idos de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+!
e interro,!ti+!4 on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ a ver great man
Nliter!rioO H"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 Nno se %(ede deir Uone +er' ,re!t "!n'VM en
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ as
man 4as 111+ Ht!ntHos$ !s6 Ho"o 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!lM U!s "!n' o#V %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO$ /alf# t,ice# five times as man 4as 111+ Hl!
"it!d H/(e 1116L dos +eesL ino +ees "s Hde losL l!s /(e 1116 NQ&!l#L
t7ieL #i+e ti"es !s "!n' o#Q %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir
se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
%l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ so man Ht!ntHos$ !s6 Nen
#or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M Qso "!n' o#Q %(ede ir del!nte
de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ ever so man Ht!ntFsi"Hos$ !s6
Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!O6$ not as# so man Has 1116
Hno t!ntHos$ !s6 Ho"o 1116 Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!4
on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!en de s(.etoM Qnot !sL so "!n' o#Q %(eden ir
del!nte e (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO$ not 'uite as# so
man 4as 111+ Hno t!ntHos$ !s6 Ho"o 1116 Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+!4 on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!en de s(.etoO$ ver man
H"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 Nliter!rio4 en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! on
+erbo en %l(r!lM Q+er' "!n' o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
%l(r!lO6$ too man Hde"!si!dHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! on +erbo en %l(r!lM %(ede ir %reedido de (n n2"ero
!rdin!l UoneL #i+eV$ et1M Utoo "!n' o#V %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en
%l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto
en %l(r!lO6$ far Nestnd!rOL muc/ Nolo/(i!lO too man Hde"!si!dHos$ !s6
on "(&o Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! on +erbo en %l(r!lM
%(eden ir se,(idos de Uo#V h (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de Uo#V h (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ rat/er
too man Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!O H"s
bien de"!si!dHos$ !s66$ a fe, too man Nliter!rioO H(nos %oos
de"!si!dosL (n!s %o!s de"!si!d!s Nno se %(ede deir Uone #e7 too
"!n'VM s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!O6$ Rt/at man
Ht!ntHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!OM not t/is man
N"enos (s!doOL not t/at man N"s (s!doOV Hno t!ntosL t!nt!s Ns3lo en
!#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM Qnot
t&!t "!n' o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$
(n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ /o,ever
man H%or "(&Hos$ !s6 /(e Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+!O6M todos ellos %(eden
&!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento
indireto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 M!n' Nliter!rio4 r!ro4 s(.etoO donZt do(bt HM(&os no
d(d!n6M M!n' Nliter!rio4 r!roO is t&e ti"e s&e told t&e" HM(&!s son l!s
+ees /(e ell! se lo di.o ! ellHos$ !s66M "!n' o# (sL t&e" H"(&os de
nosotrosL ellosL "(&!s de nosotr!sL ell!s6M "!n' o# t&e %olitii!ns
H"(&os de los %olFtios6$ "!n' o# t&e %oor ones H"(&os de los %obres6$
"!n' o# t&eL t&eseL t&ose %olitii!ns H"(&os de losL estosL esos NoO
!/(ellos %olFtios6$ "!n' o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir 7orries H"(&!s
de "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL
n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellHos$ !s6O %reo(%!iones6$ "!n' o# (sL t&e" H"(&Hos$
!s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M Not&in, b(t onte"%t #or t&e "!n' HN!d!
sino des%reio %or l! "!'orF!6M Ee 9no7s t&e "!n' Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doOL "ost Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO o# t&e 7o"en 7&o li9e drin9in, Hl
onoe ! l! "!'orF! de l!s "(.eres ! l!s /(e les ,(st! beber6M T&ere !re
/(ite "!n' HE!' b!st!ntes6M /(ite "!n' N+(l,!rO o# t&ese %eo%leL t&e"
Hb!st!ntes de est!s %erson!sL ellos6M A ,oodL ,re!t "!n' Nliter!rio4 s(.etoO
!s9 !bo(t t&eir do(bts HM(&os %re,(nt!n Hsobre6 l!sL s(s d(d!s6M A ,oodL
,re!t "!n' Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL A ,ood n("ber N"s (s!doO o# t&eL
t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir %l!'ers HM(&os de losL estosL
esos NoO !/(ellosL "isL t(s NoO +(estros NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s
Nde ell!OL n(estrosL s(s Nde ellHos$ !s6O .(,!dores6M ! ,oodL ,re!t "!n'
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL ! ,ood n("ber N"s (s!doO o# t&e si9 ones
H"(&os de los /(e estn en#er"os6$ ! ,oodL ,re!t "!n' Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doOL ! ,ood n("ber N"s (s!doO o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir to's
H"(&os de "isL t(s NoO +(estros NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde
ell!OL n(estrosL s(s Nde ellHos$ !s6O .(,(etes6$ ! ,oodL ,re!t "!n' Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL ! ,ood n("ber N"s (s!doO o# (sL t&e" H"(&Hos$ !s6 de
nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66$ ! +er' ,re!t "!n' o# Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL !
lot o# Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO 'o( H"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 de +osotrHos$ !s66M
T&ere !re !s "!n' !s 'o( t&in9 N!trib(toO HE!' t!ntHos$ !s6 o"o %iens!s6M
T&ere !re !s "!n' o# t&eL t&eseL t&ose 7ords !s 'o( t&in9 N!trib(toO HE!'
t!nt!s de l!sL est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s %!l!br!s o"o %iens!s6M T&ere !re !s
"!n' o# t&e s"!ll ones !s 'o( t&in9 HE!' t!ntos de los %e/(e)os o"o
%iens!s6M T&ere !re !s "!n' o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir s(,,estions !s
'o( 7is& N!trib(toO HE!' t!nt!s de "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL
s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellHos$ !s6O s(,ereni!s o"o
dese!Hi6s6M T&e' &!+e so "!n' HTienen t!ntHos$ !s66M T&ere !renZt !sL so
"!n' !s s&e belie+ed N!trib(toO HNo &!' t!ntHos$ !s6 o"o reF! ell!6M
T&ere !renZt !sL so "!n' o# &isL &erL t&eir s(,,estions !s 'o( 7is& HNo &!'
t!nt!s de s(s s(,ereni!s o"o dese!sL deseis6M T&ere !renZt !sL so "!n'
o# (sL t&e" !s 'o( belie+e HNo &!' t!ntHos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s6
o"o rees6M not /(ite !s "!n' !s l!st 'e!r Hno t!ntos o"o el !)o
%!s!do6M T&ere !renZt so "!n' o# t&eL t&eseL t&ose !ni"!ls HNo &!' t!ntos
de losL estosL esos NoO !/(ellos !ni"!les6M T&ere !renZt so "!n' o# t&e ones
'o( li9ed HNo &!' t!ntos de los /(e te ,(st!b!n6M T&ere !renZt so "!n' o#
"'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir !ni"!ls HNo &!' t!ntos de los !ni"!les "FosL
t('os NoO +(estros NoO s('os Nde DdHs61OL s('os Nde 0lOL s('os Nde ell!OL
n(estrosL s('os Nde ellHos$ !s6O6M T&ere !renZt so "!n' o# (sL t&e" HNo &!'
t!ntHos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M S&e sells se+en ti"es !s "!n' !s
(sL 7e do No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! +ende siete +ees "s /(e nosotros6M
Ee &!s +er' "!n' No"%le"ento diretoO Hl tiene "(&Fsi"Hos$ !s66M Ee
&!s +er' "!n' o# t&e %in9 ones No"%le"ento diretoO Hl tiene
"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 de l!s de olor ros!6M Ee &!s +er' "!n' o# t&eL t&eseL
t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir !rds No"%le"ento diretoO Hl tiene
"(&Fsi"!s de l!sL est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!sL "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(s Nde
DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellHos$ !s6O t!r.et!s6M
+er' "!n' o# (sL t&e" H"(&Fsi"os de nosotrosL ellos NoO "(&Fsi"!s de
nosotr!sL ell!s6M T&ere !re too "!n' N!trib(toO HE!' de"!si!dHos$ !s66M too
"!n' o# t&eL t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir 7ords Hde"!si!d!s
de l!sL est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!sL "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s
Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellHos$ !s6O %!l!br!s6M too "!n' o#
t&e ones o+er t&ere Hde"!si!dos de los /(e &!'L estn !llF6M Ee is 7orried
!bo(t too "!n' o# t&eL t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir 7ords
No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO Hl est %reo(%!do %orL on
de"!si!d!s de l!sL est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s %!l!br!sL l!s %!l!br!s "F!sL
t('!s NoO +(estr!s NoO s('!s Nde DdHs61OL s('!s Nde 0lOL s('!s Nde ell!OL
n(estr!sL s('!s Nde ellHos$ !s6O6M T&ere !renZt too "!n' o# (s N!trib(toO HNo
&!' de"!si!dHos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s66M Ee &!d ! dis(ssion 7it& too "!n'
o# t&e" No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO Hl t(+o (n! dis(si3nL &!rl! on
de"!si!dHos$ !s6 de ellHos$ !s66M ItZs one too "!n' HEs (no "s de l!
(ent!6M O(r o%%onents !re #!r Nliter!rioOL "(& Nolo/(i!lO too "!n'
N"enos (s!dosO HN(estros !d+ers!rios son de"!si!dos on "(&o6L O(r
o%%onents !re #!r too n("ero(s N"s (s!doO HN(estros !d+ers!rios son
de"!si!do n("erosos6M #!r Nestnd!rOL "(& Nolo/(i!lO too "!n' o# o(r
7ords Hde"!si!d!s de l!s %!l!br!s n(estr!s on "(&o6M T&ere !renZt t&!t
"!n' HNo &!' t!ntHos$ !s66M Eo7e+er "!n' 'o( e!t$ 'o( 7onZt be s!tis#ied
HPor "(&Hos$ !s6 /(e o"!s$ no /(ed!rs s!tis#e&Ho$ !661 D1 ;1=515<
20+ = bit H(n %ooL (n! %o! N(!ndo se &!e re#ereni! ! Q! bitQ$ se (tiliz!
el %rono"bre UitVM Q! bit o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble no
%reedido de n!d!$ del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de
Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en
sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de
(n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!lO6$ a fair bit of Hb!st!nte N%(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!ble no %reedido de n!d!$ del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n
no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lO6$ a little bit H(n %o/(itoL (n! %o/(it!
NQ! little bit o#Q H(n %o/(ito de6 %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble
no %reedido de n!d!$ del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido
de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo
en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de
(n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!lOM e/(i+!le ! U! s"id,en Nolo/(i!lO o#V6$ 'uite a bit
Nin,l0s olo/(i!l4 si se !ent2! UbitV indi! (n! !ntid!d !l,o "!'or /(e si
se !ent2! Q/(iteQO Hb!st!nte NU/(ite ! bit o#V %(ede ir del!nte de (n
no"bre inont!ble no %reedido de n!d!$ del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r
o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte
de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lO6$ 'uite a little bit
Nolo/(i!lO Hb!st!nte NQ/(ite ! little bit o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!ble no %reedido de n!d!$ del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n
no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lO6$ a tin little bit H(n %o/(ititoL (n!
%o/(itit! NQ! tin' little bit o#Q H(n %o/(itito de6 %(ede ir del!nte de (n
no"bre inont!ble no %reedido de n!d!$ del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r
o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte
de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lO6M todos ellos %(eden &!er
l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Ee 7!nts ! bit
No"%le"ento diretoO Hl /(iere (n %ooL (n! %o!6M A bit o# &eeseL %e!e
Ns(.etoO is ,ood HUn %oo de /(esoL %!z es b(eno6M It is ! bit o# t&e
%l!stiine N!trib(toO HEs (n %oo de l! %l!stilin!6M ! bit o# t&is &eese H(n
%oo de este /(eso6M ! bit o# it H(n %oo6M ! #!ir bit o# 7or9 Hb!st!nte
tr!b!.o6M T&e' !re in need o# ! little bit o# l(9 HNeesit!n (n %o/(ito de
s(erte6M Ee 9no7s /(ite ! bit Hl s!be b!st!nte6M mo( &!+e st(died /(ite !
bit HE!Hs6 est(di!do b!st!nte6M /(ite ! bit o# 7or9 Hb!st!nte tr!b!.o6M Ee
9no7s /(ite ! bit o# %&'sis Hl s!be b!st!nte de #Fsi!6M It is oo9ed 7it& !
tin' little bit o# &eese No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO HEst oin!do on (n
%o/(itito de /(eso6M ! little bit o# Ht&e6 r(" H(n %o/(ito de Hel6 ron6$ ! tin'
little bit o# Ht&e6 7!ter H(n %o/(itito de Hel6 !,(!6$ ! tin' little bit o# Ht&e6
bi, !9es H(n %o/(itito de Hlos6 %!steles ,r!ndes61
QA bit$ ! little bit$ /(ite ! bit$ /(ite ! little bit$ ! tin' little bitQ %(eden &!er
t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de !d+erbios de !ntid!d1 D1 ?15?
2:+ = touc/ of H(n %oo deL (n! %o! deL !l,o de N%(ede ir del!nte de (n
no"bre inont!ble no %reedido de n!d!$ del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r
o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte
de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!rM +! on +erbo en sin,(l!rM Q! to(&
o#Q h no"bre en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l %(ede &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$
!trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO61 E.14 A to(& o# +ine,!r Ns(.etoO is neess!r'
HUn!s ,ot!s de +in!,re son nees!ri!s6M It is ! to(& o# s!ltL it N!trib(toO
HEs (n! %iz! de s!lL ello6M ! to(& o# t&ese !9es H(n %oo de estos
%!steles6M Ee is 7it& ! to(& o# #e+er No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lOL Ee &!s !
to(& o# #e+er No"%le"ento diretoO Hl est onL tiene (n %oo NoO !l,o de
#iebre6M ! to(& o# ! sore t&ro!t H(n %oo de dolor de ,!r,!nt!6$ ! to(& o#
t&e #l( H(n %oo de ,ri%e61
2*+ &ittle Nes %rono"bre ' no !d+erbio (!ndo &!e l! #(ni3n de
o"%le"ento direto ' !trib(to del +erbo QbeQO H%oHo$ !6 N+! on +erbo en
sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoM (!ndo se &!e re#ereni! ! QlittleQ$ se (tiliz! el
%rono"bre UitVM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M %(ede ir %reedido
de QnotQM Qlittle o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM Qlittle o#Q no %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!ble no %reedido de (n !rtF(lo deter"in!doL del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do o (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oO6$ a little H(n %oo N+!
on +erbo en sin,(l!rM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M U! little o#V
H(n %oo de6 %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido
de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo
en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de
(n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM Q! little o#Q$ (!ndo +! detrs de Qt&ere h beQ$ %(ede ir
del!nte de no"bres inont!bles onretos o"o los no"bres de "!teri!l$
"!s! o lF/(idos ' del!nte de no"bres inont!bles !bstr!tos o"o l!s
%ro#esiones$ l!s ieni!s ' l!s !rtes$ no %reedidos de Ut&eV$ del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do o (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM no obst!nte$ es
"(&o "s #re(ente (s!r Q! littleQ N!d.eti+oO h no"breM sin e"b!r,o$ Q!
little o#Q$ (!ndo +! detrs de los +erbos Q&!+e$ 9no7Q$ et1$ %(ede ir
del!nte de no"bres inont!bles !bstr!tos o"o l!s %ro#esiones$ l!s
ieni!s ' l!s !rtes$ no %reedidos de Ut&eV$ del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do o
(n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o$ %ero no del!nte de no"bres
inont!bles onretos o"o los no"bres de "!teri!l$ "!s! o lF/(idosM no
obst!nte$ es "(&o "s #re(ente (s!r U! littleV N!d.eti+oO h no"breO6$
'uite little Hb!st!nte %oHo$ !6 NQ/(ite little o#Q Hb!st!nte %oo de6 %(ede ir
del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido
del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM
Q/(ite little o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de no"bres inont!bles !bstr!tos o"o
l!s %ro#esiones$ l!s ieni!s ' l!s !rtes$ no %reedidos de Ut&eV$ del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do o (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o$ %ero no del!nte de
no"bres inont!bles onretos o"o los no"bres de "!teri!l$ "!s! o
lF/(idosO6$ 'uite a little Nsi se !ent2! UlittleV indi! (n! !ntid!d !l,o
"!'or /(e si se !ent2! U/(iteVO Hb!st!nte NQ/(ite ! little o#Q %(ede ir
del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido
del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bres %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM
Q/(ite ! little o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble no %reedido de
Ut&eV$ (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do o (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o$
%ero es "(&o "s #re(ente (s!r Q/(ite ! littleQ N!d.eti+oO h no"breO6$
%ust# onl a little Hs3lo (n %oo NQ.(stL onl' ! little o#Q Hs3lo (n %oo de6
%(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r
%reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r
o %l(r!lO6$ as little Has 1116 Ht!n %oHo$ !6 Ho"o 1116 NQ!s little o#Q Ht!n %oo
de6 %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$
(n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en
sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de
(n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM Q!s little o#Q no %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble
no %reedido de Ut&eVO6$ so little Ht!n %oHo$ !6 NQso little o#Q Ht!n %oo de6
%(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM
Qso little o#Q no %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble no %reedido de
Ut&eVO6$ not as# so little 4as ...+ Hno t!n %oHo$ !6 Ho"o 1116 NQnot !sL so little
o#Q %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$
(n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en
sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de
(n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM Qnot !sL so little o#Q no %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!ble no %reedido de Ut&eVO6$ ver# extremel# relativel little
H"('L e-tre"!d!"enteL rel!ti+!"ente %oHo$ !6 N+!n on +erbo en
sin,(l!rM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M Q+er'L e-tre"el'L
rel!ti+el' little o#Q H"('L e-tre"!d!"enteL rel!ti+!"ente %oo de6 %(eden
ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r
%reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r
o %l(r!lO6$ a ver little H(n %o/(itoL (n! %o/(it! Non +erbo en sin,(l!rO6$
precious little H"(' %oHo$ !6L %o/(Fsi"Ho$ !66$ too little Hde"!si!do
%oHo$ !6 Non +erbo en sin,(l!rM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M
Qtoo little o#Q Hde"!si!do %oo de6 %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o '
del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM Qtoo little o#Q
%(ede ir del!nte de no"bres inont!bles !bstr!tos o"o l!s %ro#esiones$
l!s ieni!s ' l!s !rtes$ no %reedidos de Ut&eV$ del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do
o (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o$ %ero no del!nte de no"bres
inont!bles onretos o"o los no"bres de "!teri!l$ "!s! o lF/(idos$ no
%reedidos de Ut&eV$ del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do o (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oO6$ muc/# far too little Hde"!si!do %oHo$ !6
NQ"(&L #!r too little o#Q Hde"!si!do %oo de6 %(eden ir del!nte de (n
no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM %(eden ir
del!nte de no"bres inont!bles !bstr!tos o"o l!s %ro#esiones$ l!s
ieni!s ' l!s !rtes$ no %reedidos de Ut&eV$ del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do o
(n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o$ %ero no del!nte de no"bres
inont!bles onretos o"o los no"bres de "!teri!l$ "!s! o lF/(idos$ no
%reedidos de Ut&eV$ del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do o (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oO6$ rat/er 4too+ little H"s bien Hde"!si!do6 %oHo$
!6 NQr!t&er Htoo6 little o#Q H"s bien Hde"!si!do6 %oo de6 %(ede ir del!nte
de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido
del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM
%(ede ir del!nte de no"bres inont!bles !bstr!tos o"o l!s %ro#esiones$
l!s ieni!s ' l!s !rtes$ no %reedidos de Ut&eV$ de (n !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do o (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o$ %ero no del!nte de
no"bres inont!bles onretos o"o los no"bres de "!teri!l$ "!s! o
lF/(idos$ no %reedidos de Ut&eV$ de (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do o (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oO6$ little else H%oo "s NQlittle else o#Q
H%oo "s de6 %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n
no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM %(ede ir del!nte de no"bres
inont!bles !bstr!tos o"o l!s %ro#esiones$ l!s ieni!s ' l!s !rtes$ no
%reedidos de Ut&eV$ de (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do o (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o$ %ero no del!nte de no"bres inont!bles onretos
o"o los no"bres de "!teri!l$ "!s! o lF/(idos$ no %reedidos de Ut&eV$ de
(n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do o (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oO6M todos
ellos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14
Ee didL "!de little No"%le"ento diretoO Hl &izo %oo6M S&e !n do 7it&
little No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO HEll! se l!s !rre,l! on %oo6M T&ere is
little o# t&eL t&isL t&eir "il9 N!trib(toO HE!' %oo de l!L est!L s( Nde ellHos$
!s6O le&e6M Ee &!s little o# t&e "one' 'o( ,!+e &i" Hl tiene %oo del
dinero /(e le diste6M S&e 9no7s ! little No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! s!be (n
%oo6M S&e 9no7s ! little o# N"enos (s!doOL !bo(t N"s (s!doO ,eo,r!%&'
HEll! s!be (n %oo deL sobre ,eo,r!#F!6M T&ereZs ! little o# N"enos (s!doOL !
little bit o# N"s (s!doO &eeseL 7!ter HE!' (n %ooL %o/(ito de /(esoL
!,(!6M Ee &!s ! little o# t&e "one' 'o( ,!+e &i" Hl tiene (n %oo del
dinero /(e le diste6M Gi+e "e ! little o# it No"%le"ento diretoO] H\D!"e (n
%oo Hde ello6]6M mo( &!+e st(died /(ite little No"%le"ento diretoO HE!s
est(di!do b!st!nte %oo6M Ee 9no7s /(ite little o# %&'sis Hl s!be
b!st!nte %oo de #Fsi!6M mo( &!+e st(died /(ite little o# bot!n' HE!s
est(di!do b!st!nte %oo de botni!6M Ee 9no7s /(ite ! little No"%le"ento
diretoO Hl s!be b!st!nte6M mo( &!+e st(died /(ite ! little HE!Hs6 est(di!do
b!st!nte6M Ee 9no7s /(ite ! little o# %&'sis Hl s!be b!st!nte de #Fsi!6M
Ee &!s !s little !s I &!+e Nestnd!rOL !s "e Nolo/(i!lO No"%le"ento diretoO
Hl tiene t!n %oHo$ !6 o"o 'o6M S&e &!snZt !sL so little !s 'o(
No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! no tiene t!n %oHo$ !6 o"o t26M T&ereZs +er'
little N!trib(toO HE!' "(' %oHo$ !66M T&e' !re s!tis#ied 7it& +er' little
HEstn s!tis#e&Hos$ !s6 on "(' %oo6M S&e 9no7s +er' little o# ,eo,r!%&'
HEll! s!be "(' %oo de ,eo,r!#F!6M T&ereZs still too little to s9i N!trib(toO
HE!' tod!+F!L !2n de"!si!do %o! %!r! es/(i!r6M S&e 9no7s little else
HEll! s!be %oo "s61 D1 ;1=515=
E!' /(e deir QEe &!s "!de little Re##ortQ Hl &! &e&o %oo es#(erzo6 ' no
se %(ede %oner Qo#Q entre QlittleQ ' Qe##ortQM T&ereZs little R"il9L R7!ter HE!'
%o! le&eL !,(!6 ' no se %(ede %oner Qo#Q entre QlittleQ ' Q"il9L 7!terQM
T&e' &!+e ! little "one' HTienen (n %oo de dinero6 ' no se %(ede %oner
Qo#Q entre QlittleQ ' Q"one'QM T&ere isnZt +er' little R"il9 HNo &!' "('
%o! le&e6 ' no se %(ede %oner Qo#Q entre QlittleQ ' Q"il9Q1
L! reo"end!i3n %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es (s!r sie"%re Qlittle$ !
littleQ$ et1$ o"o !d.eti+o inde#inido$ es deir$ no se,(ido de Qo#Q sino de
(n no"bre$ %!r! e+it!r o"%li!iones$ '! /(e sie"%re est bien ' se (s!
"(&o "s$ %ero o"o %rono"bre inde#inido se,(ido de Qo#Q %(ede est!r
"!l ! +ees1
QLittleQ %reedido de Ut&eV es (n no"bre1 E.14 T&e little t&!t &e &!s is #or
&er HLo %oo /(e 0l tiene es %!r! ell!6M S&e !n do t&e little t&!t is in &er
%o7er HEll! %(ede &!er lo %oo /(e est en s( %oder61
QLittleL ! littleL /(ite littleL +er' littleQ %(eden &!er t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de
!d+erbios de !ntid!d1 D1 ?15?
22+ &ess 4t/an ...+ H"enos H/(e 1116 Nse re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!bleL
ont!ble en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o en %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lOM en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M QlessQ +! ! "en(do se,(ido de Qt&!nQ h no"bre
inont!bleL ont!ble en sin,(l!rL %rono"bre en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o en
%l(r!l Nolo/(i!lOM en in,l0s olo/(i!l (!ndo se re#iere ! no"bres ont!bles en
%l(r!l indi! l! !ntid!d o "!s!$ no el n2"ero$ "ientr!s /(e U#e7erV indi! l!s
l!ses o ti%os ' s(,iere n2"eroM se (s! QlessQ en +ez de Q#e7erQ (!ndo +!
se,(ido de Qt&!nQ h no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l /(e se re#ier! ! tie"%o
ronol3,io$ !ntid!d$ dist!ni! o %reioM UlessV se re#iere ! !ntid!d '
U#e7erV se re#iere ! n2"ero ND1 <1:C1:BOM detrs de (n no"bre ont!ble o
%rono"bre en %l(r!l se %(ede (s!r Uor lessV N"s (s!doO o Uor #e7erV
N"enos (s!doOM Qless o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM %(ede ir %reedido de QnotQO6$ +erbo h barel
N"enos (s!doO# /ardl N"s (s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO less Ht/an 1116L
barel N"enos (s!doO# /ardl N"s (s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO D +erbo
D less Ht/an 1116 H!%en!s "enos H/(e 1116 Nestnd!r4 en !#ir"!ti+! s3lo4
re#eridos ! (n no"bre inont!bleO6$ +erbo h barel N"enos (s!doO# /ardl
N"s (s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO less Ht/an 1116L barel N"enos (s!doO#
/ardl N"s (s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO D +erbo D less Ht/an 1116 H!%en!s
"enos 111 H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3lo4 re#eridos ! (n no"bre ont!ble en
%l(r!l Nolo/(i!lOO6$ +erbo D barel N"enos (s!doO# /ardl N"s (s!doO#
scarcel N"s (s!doO h an less Ht/an ...6L barel N"enos (s!doO# /ardl
N"s (s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO h +erbo h an less Ht/an ...6 Nen
!#ir"!ti+! s3loO H!%en!s !l,o "s Nestnd!rO Nre#eridos ! (n no"bre
inont!bleOL !%en!s !l,(noHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 "s H/(e 1116 Nolo/(i!lO Nre#eridos
! (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ an less 4t/an ...+ H!l,o "enos H/(e 1116
Nestnd!r4 re#erido ! (n no"bre inont!bleOL !l,(noHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 "enos
H/(e 1116 Nolo/(i!l4 re#erido ! (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!
o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M Q!n' less o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre
s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto s3lo en sin,(l!rM Unot !n' less Ht&!n 1116V Hno
"enos H/(e 1116 Nestnd!r4 re#erido ! (n no"bre inont!bleOL nin,(nHo$ !6L
no "enos H/(e 1116 Nolo/(i!l4 re#erido ! (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM s3lo
en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M Qnot !n' less o#Q %(ede ir del!nte
de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lO %reedido de
Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r
Nestnd!rO o %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lO6$ no less 4t/an ...+ Hn!d! "enos H/(e 1116
Nre#erido ! (n no"bre inont!ble ' ont!ble en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o en
%l(r!l Nolo/(i!lOM Qno less o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r
Nestnd!rO o en %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lO %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO
o %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lOM s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!O6$ fe,
less 4t/an ...+ Nolo/(i!lO H%oHos$ !s6 "enos H/(e 11166$ a fe, less 4t/an ...+
Nolo/(i!lO H(nHos$ !s6 %oHos$ !s6 "enos6$ ver fe, less Nolo/(i!lO H"('
%oHos$ !s6 "enos6$ 'uite a fe, less 4t/an ...+ Nolo/(i!lO Hb!st!ntes "enos
Hde lHos$ !s6 /(e66$ a bit# touc/# little less 4t/an ...+ H(n %oo "enos
H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! on (n no"bre inont!ble
en sin,(l!rO6$ a little bit less 4t/an ...+ H(n %o/(ito "enos H/(e 1116 Nen
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! re#erido ! (n no"bre inont!ble en
sin,(l!rO6$ a good# fair deal less 4t/an ...+ Hb!st!nteL "(&Ho$ !6 "enos
H/(e 1116 Nin,l0s estnd!r4 on +erbo en sin,(l!rOL b!st!ntesL "(&Hos$ !s6
"enos H/(e 1116 Nin,l0s olo/(i!l4 on +erbo en %l(r!l si son s(.etosM Q!
,oodL #!ir de!l less o#Q %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en
sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lO %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO
o %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lOM los dos en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ a
great deal less 4t/an ...+ H"(&Fsi"Ho$ !6 "enos H/(e 1116 Nestnd!r4 on
+erbo en sin,(l!r$ si es s(.etoOL "(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 "enos H/(e 1116
Nolo/(i!l4 on +erbo en %l(r!l$ si es s(.etoM Q! ,re!t de!l less o#Q %(ede ir
del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lO %reedido
de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o en sin,(l!rL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto
en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lOM los dos en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!O6$ man less 4t/an ...+ Nolo/(i!lO H"(&Hos$ !s6 "enos
H/(e 1116 NQ"!n' less o#Q Nolo/(i!lO %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM los dos en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ a good# great
man less 4t/an ...+ Nolo/(i!lO Hb!st!ntes "(&Hos$ !s6 "enos H/(e 1116 NQ!
,oodL ,re!t "!n' less o#Q Nolo/(i!lO %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM los dos en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!4 on +erbo en %l(r!l si son s(.etosO6$ ver man
less Nolo/(i!l4 r!roO H"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 "enos6$ too muc/ less Nolo/(i!lO
Hde"!si!do "enos Non +erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoO6$ too man less
Nolo/(i!l4 r!roO Hde"!si!dHos$ !s6 "enos Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ some less 4t/an ...+ H!l,o
"enos H/(e 1116 Nestnd!r4 (!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!bleM
nor"!l"ente en !#ir"!ti+!$ %ero %(ede (s!rse t!"bi0n en interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+! si se es%er! (n! ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+! o si se d! (n! orden
!ri)os!M si +! !ent(!do indi! ontr!steM %(ede si,ni#i!r t!"bi0n
Q!l,(nHos$ !s6 "enosQ Nolo/(i!lOM Qso"e less o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n
no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto s3lo en sin,(l!rO6$ more or less 4t/an ...+ H"s
o "enos H/(e 1116 N(!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!ble ' ont!ble en
sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o en %l(r!l N+(l,!rOM Q"ore or less o#Q %(ede ir del!nte
de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o en %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lO %reedido de
Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r
Nestnd!rO o en %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lOM s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!O6$ a lot less Nestnd!rO# lots less Nolo/(i!lO# muc/
less# far less 4t/an ...+ H"(&Ho$ !6 "enos H/(e 1116 N(!ndo se re#ieren !
no"bres inont!blesM se,(idos de Uo#V %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n
%(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!rM Unot t&!t "(& less Ht&!n 1116V Hno "(&Ho$ !6
"enos H/(e 1116 Nse re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!bleO6$ a lot less Nolo/(i!lO#
far less Nolo/(i!lO 4t/an ...+ H"(&Hos$ !s6 "enos H/(e 1116 N(!ndo se
re#ieren ! (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM U! lot less o#V' U#!r less o#V
%(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lO
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir
se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lO6$ ver muc/ less
4t/an ...+ H"(&Fsi"Ho$ !6 "enos H/(e 1116 Nse re#iere ! (n no"bre
inont!bleO6$ /eaps less Nolo/(i!lO H(n "ont3n "enos Nse re#iere ! (n
no"bre inont!bleO6$ even less 4t/an ...+ Hinl(so "enos H/(e 1116 Non
+erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.eto o !trib(to ' se re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!ble
Nestnd!rOM on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.eto o !trib(to ' se re#iere ! (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lOO6$ not t/at muc/ less 4t/an ...+ Hno
"(&Ho$ !6 "enos H/(e 11166$ not t/at man less Nolo/(i!lO Hno t!ntHos$ !s6
"enos6$ several less 4t/an ...+ Nolo/(i!lO H+!riHos$ !s6 "enos Hde lHos$ !s6
/(e64 en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si es
s(.etoO6$ plent less 4t/an ...+ H"(&Ho$ !6 "enos Hde lHo$ !6 /(e 1116 Non
+erbo en sin,(l!r si es s(.eto o !trib(to ' se re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!ble
en in,l0s liter!rioOL "(&Hos$ !s6 "enos de los nees!riosL de l!s nees!ri!s
Hde lHos$ !s6 /(e 1116 Non +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.eto o !trib(to ' se re#iere
! (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lOM Q%lent' less o#Q H"(&o "enos
de6 %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o %l(r!l
Nolo/(i!lO %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r Nestnd!rO o %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lOO6$ rat/er less
Ht/an 1116 H"s bien "enos H/(e 1116 Nre#erido ! (n no"bre inont!ble
Nestnd!rO o (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l Nolo/(i!lM es "e.or (s!r Qr!t&er
#e7erQO6M todos ellos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$
o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 less N#e7er4 no %onerO t&!n si- 'e!rs
H"enos de seis !)os6M S&e &!d less t&!n #i#t' e(ros Nse re#iere ! l! !ntid!d
de dineroM %(eden ser billetes o "oned!s o !"bosO HEll! tenF! "enos de
in(ent! e(ros6$ %ero US&e &!d #e7er t&!n #i#t' dirt' e(rosV Nse re#iere !
in(ent! "oned!s s(i!s de (n e(ro !d! (n! +ist!s o"o (nid!des
di#erentes %ero no se re#iere ! l! !ntid!d de dineroO HEll! tenF! "enos de
in(ent! e(ros s(ios6M T&ere !re less Nolo/(i!lO HE!' "enos6M Ee drin9s
less o# t&e *(b!n o##ee Hl bebe "enos del !#0 (b!no6M less Nolo/(i!lO
o# t&e s"!ll noteboo9s H"enos de los (!dernos %e/(e)os6M T&ere !re #e7
less N!trib(to4 olo/(i!lO HE!' %oHos$ !s6 "enos6M S&e sells ! ,oodL #!ir
de!l less HEll! +ende b!st!nteL "(&Ho$ !6 "enos6M S&e e!ts ! ,oodL #!ir
de!l less o# #ood HEll! o"e b!st!nteL "(&! "enos o"id!6M T&ere is !
,re!t de!l less HE!' "(&Fsi"o "enos6M ! ,re!t de!l less o# t&ese !9es
Nolo/(i!lO H"(&Fsi"os "enos de estos %!steles6M T&ere is no less HNo &!'
n!d! "enos6M T&ere is ! lot less Nestnd!rOL lots less Nolo/(i!lO HE!'
"(&Ho$ !6 "enos6M T&ere !re ! lot less Nolo/(i!lO HE!' "(&Hos$ !s6
"enos6M T&ere is ! lot less o# t&!t HE!' "(&Ho$ !6 "enos de esHo$ !6L
!/(ellHo$ !66M T&ere !re ! lot less o# t&ose Nolo/(i!lO HE!' "(&Hos$ !s6
"enos de 0sHos$ !s6L !/(0llHos$ !s66M T&ere is %lent' less HE!' "(&Ho$ !6
"enos de lHo$ !6 nees!riHo$ !66M T&ere 7ere se+er!l less Nolo/(i!lO HE!bF!
+!riHos$ !s6 "enos6M T&ere !re %lent' less Nolo/(i!lO HE!' "(&Hos$ !s6
"enos de lHos$ !s6 nees!riHos$ !s661 D1 ;1=515?
UA lot lessL /(ite ! lot lessL ! little bit lessV %(eden &!er t!"bi0n l!
#(ni3n de !derbios de !ntid!d1 D1 ?15?
22+ T/e least Hlo "enosL lo "Fni"o Nse re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!bleM on +erbo
en sin,(l!r si es s(.etoM en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M %(ede ir
%reedido de UnotL +er'VM Ut&e le!st o#V %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o
%l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!lO61 E.14 T&!tZs t&e H+er'6 le!st s&e o(ld do HEso er! lo "enosL
"Fni"o /(e ell! %odF! &!er6M t&e le!st o# &er %roble"s Hel "s %e/(e)o de s(s
%roble"!s61 D1 ;1=515@
2-+ Enoug/ Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO Hs(#iiente Non +erbo en sin,(l!r si
&!e de s(.etoOL s(#iientes Non +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM (!ndo
se &!e re#ereni! ! Ueno(,&V$ se (tiliz! el %rono"bre UitVM en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M se %(ede re#erir ! %erson!s$ !ni"!les ' os!sM
%(ede ir %reedido de (n !d.eti+o o (n !d+erbio o"o Q!bo(t$ !l"ost$
#e7er t&!n$ .(st$ less t&!n$ "ore t&!n$ ne!rl'$ not ne!rl'Q$ et1M Qeno(,& o#Q
%(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM
Qeno(,& o#Q t!"bi0n %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre de %erson! o de l(,!rM
Qnot eno(,&Q Hno s(#iiente6 se (s! s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+!O6$ fe, enoug/ Hs(#iiente"ente %oHos$ !s66$ little enoug/
Hs(#iiente"ente %oHo$ !66$ 'uite enoug/ Hb!st!nteL "s /(e s(#iiente
Non +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.etoOL b!st!ntesL "s /(e s(#iientes
Non +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM Q/(ite eno(,& o#Q %(ede ir del!nte
de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM en
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ barel N"enos (s!doO# /ardl N"s
(s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO enoug/ H!%en!s s(#iiente N(!ndo se
re#ieren ! (n no"bre inont!bleOL !%en!s s(#iientes N(!ndo se re#ieren !
no"bres ont!bles en !#ir"!ti+! s3loM se,(idos de Uo#V %(eden ir del!nte
de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lO6M
todos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM
Qeno(,& o#Q ' Q/(ite eno(,& o#Q h no"bre t!"bi0n l! de o"%le"ento
indireto1 E.14 Eno(,& Ns(.etoO is eno(,& HS(#iiente es s(#iiente6M Ee &!s
bro(,&t eno(,& o# t&e bi, &!irsL t&e ,reen ones No"%le"ento diretoO Hl
&! tr!Fdo s(#iientes de l!s sill!s ,r!ndesL +erdes6M T&e' &!+e eno(,& o#
t&eseL t&ose ,l!sses No"%le"ento diretoO HTienen s(#iientes de estosL esos
NoO !/(ellos +!sosL s(#iientes +!sos de 0stosL 0sos NoO !/(0llos6M T&e'
&!+e eno(,& o# "' ,l!sses No"%le"ento diretoO HTienen s(#iientes de los
+!sos "Fos6M Ee &!s eno(,& No"%le"ento diretoO Hl tiene s(#iiente6M Ee
&!s dr(n9 eno(,& o# t&e "il9 'o( ,!+e &i" Hl &! bebido s(#iiente de l!
le&e /(e le diste6M S&e drin9s eno(,& o# t&eL t&!tL o(r 7!ter No"%le"ento
diretoO HEll! bebe s(#iiente delL de ese NoO !/(elL de n(estr! !,(!6M T&e'
&!+e eno(,& o# t&!t Hblood' NGB4 +(l,!rOL bloo"in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO6 beer
HTienen s(#iiente de es! H.odid!L "!ldit!6 er+ez!6M T&e' &!+e seen
eno(,& No"%le"ento diretoO HE!n +isto s(#iienteHs66M Ee &!s eno(,& o#
'o(r notes Hl tiene s(#iientes not!s t('!s6M Ee &!s eno(,& o# &isL &erL
o(rL t&eir %ills Hl tiene s(#iientes %!still!s s('!s Nde 0lOL s('!s Nde ell!OL
n(estr!sL s('!s Nde ellosO6M eno(,& o# (sL t&e" Hs(#iientes de nosotrHos$
!s6L ellHos$ !s66M S&e &!s seen eno(,& o# Fr!ne HEll! &! +isto s(#iiente de
Fr!ni!6M mo( drin9 /(ite eno(,& o# t&!t st(## HBebes b!st!nteL "s /(e
s(#iiente de eso6M Ee e!ts /(ite eno(,& No"%le"ento diretoO Hl o"e
b!st!nteL "s /(e s(#iiente6M T&ere !renZt /(ite eno(,& N!trib(toO HNo &!'
s(#iientesL b!st!ntes6M S&e &!s t!9en /(ite eno(,& o# t&e 7&ite &!irs
No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! &! o,ido NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!do b!st!ntesL "s /(e
s(#iientes de l!s sill!s bl!n!s6M S&e &!s t!9en /(ite eno(,& o# t&e ,reen
%ills No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! &! to"!do b!st!ntesL "s /(e s(#iientes
de l!s %!still!s +erdes6M S&e &!s t!9en /(ite eno(,& o# t&e ,reen ones
No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! Hse6 &! lle+!do b!st!ntesL "s /(e s(#iientes
de l!s +erdes6M S&e &!s t!9en /(ite eno(,& o# t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL
&erL o(rL t&eir &!irs No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! Hse6 &! lle+!do b!st!ntesL
"s /(e s(#iientes de est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s sill!sL de l!s sill!s "F!sL
t('!s NoO +(estr!s NoO s('!s Nde DdHs61OL s('!s Nde 0lOL s('!s Nde ell!OL
n(estr!sL s('!s Nde ellosO6M S&e &!snZt dr(n9 /(ite eno(,& o# t&e 7!ter
Ht&!t6 s&e &!s to drin9 HEll! no &! bebido b!st!nte del !,(! /(e tiene /(e
beber6M /(ite eno(,& o# (sL t&e" Hb!st!ntes de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M
S&e is eno(,& o# ! 7o"!n to ,et "!rried HEll! es s(#iiente "(.er %!r!
!s!rse6M Ee is eno(,& o# ! l!7'er to do it Hl es s(#iiente !bo,!do %!r!
&!erlo6M J(ite eno(,& o# (s Ns(.etoO !re &ere HB!st!ntes de nosotrHos$ !s6
est!"os !/(F6M Ee sent #ood to eno(,& o# 'o( No"%le"ento indiretoO Hl
en+i3 o"id! ! b!st!ntes de +osotrHos$ !s66M T&e' t&o(,&t o# /(ite eno(,&
o# 'o( No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HPens!ron en b!st!ntes de
+osotrHos$ !s66M S&e t!l9ed 7it& /(ite eno(,& o# t&e" No"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!lO HEll! &!bl3 on b!st!ntes de ellHos$ !s661 D1 ;1=515B
QEno(,&Q %(ede &!er t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio de !ntid!d1 D1 ?15?
23+ Sufficient of Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hs(#iientes de Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
ont!bleL %rono"bre en %l(r!lOL s(#iiente de Ndel!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble o
ont!bleL %rono"bre en sin,(l!rM "enos (s!do /(e Qeno(,&QO6$ b!rel' N"enos
(s!doO s(##iientL &!rdl' N"s (s!doO s(##iientL s!rel' N"s (s!doO s(##iient
H!%en!s s(#iiente N(!ndo se re#ieren ! no"bres inont!blesOL !%en!s s(#iientes
N(!ndo se re#ieren ! no"bres ont!blesM en !#ir"!ti+! s3loM se,(idos de Uo#V
%(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lO61 E.14 S(##iient Nr!roO o#
t&e" &!+e ,one HHse6 E!n ido s(#iientes de ellos6M S&e &!s s(##iient Nliter!rioO o#
t&is HEll! tiene s(#iiente de esto61 D1 ;1=515B
26+ = good# fair deal Hb!st!nteL "(&Ho$ !6 Nin,l0s estnd!r4 on +erbo en
sin,(l!rM e/(i+!le ! U! #!ir !"o(nt o#VM Q! ,oodL #!ir de!l o#Q %(ede ir
del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!doL (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido
de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en
sin,(l!rM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!OL b!st!ntesL "(&Hos$ !s6
N+(l,!r4 on +erbo en %l(r!lM Q! ,oodL #!ir de!l o#Q %(eden ir del!nte de (n
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l o de (n %rono"bre en %l(r!l ' e/(i+!len ! Q!
,oodL #!ir n("ber o#Q$ /(e es "s orretoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!O6$ a good deal else Hb!st!nteL "(&o "s NU! ,ood de!l else
o#V %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ del
!rtF(lo indeter"in!doL (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en sin,(l!rO6M todos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$
o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Ee &!s ! ,oodL #!ir de!l Hl tiene
b!st!nteL "(&Ho$ !66M Ee &!s ! ,oodL #!ir de!l N+(l,!rO Hl tiene b!st!ntesL
"(&Hos$ !s66M ! ,ood de!lL ! #!ir de!lL ! #!ir !"o(nt o# tr!##i Hb!st!nteL
"(&o tr#io6M S&e e!ts ! ,oodL #!ir de!l o# &eese HEll! o"e b!st!nteL
"(&o /(eso6M S&e e!ts ! ,oodL #!ir de!l o# t&e &eese t&!t 'o( ,i+e &er
HEll! o"e b!st!nteL "(&o del /(eso /(e le d!s6M S&e e!ts ! ,oodL #!ir
de!l o# N+(l,!rOL ! ,oodL #!ir n("ber o# or!n,esL t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL
&isL &erL o(rL t&eir or!n,es HEll! o"e b!st!ntes NoO "(&!s n!r!n.!sL de
est!sL de es!s NoO !/(ell!sL de "isL de t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL
de s(s Nde 0lOL de s(s Nde ell!OL de n(estr!sL de s(s Nde ellosO n!r!n.!s6M S&e
e!ts ! ,oodL #!ir de!l o# N+(l,!rOL ! ,oodL #!ir n("ber o# t&e or!n,es Ht&!tL
7&i&6 'o( ,i+e &erL t&e t!st' ones HEll! o"e b!st!ntesL "(&!s de l!s
n!r!n.!s /(e le d!sL s!bros!s6M S&e &!s ! ,oodL #!ir de!l o# t&isL t&!t HEll!
tiene b!st!nteL "(&o de estoL eso NoO !/(ello6M T&ere 7ere ! ,oodL #!ir
de!l o# N+(l,!rOL ! ,oodL #!ir n("ber o# (sL t&e" HE!bF! b!st!ntesL
"(&Hos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M T&ereZs ! ,ood de!l else HE!'
b!st!nteL "(&o "s61
28+ = great deal H"(&Fsi"Ho$ !6 Nestnd!r4 on +erbo en sin,(l!rM
e/(i+!le ! U! ,re!tL l!r,e !"o(nt o#VL U! bi,L ,re!tL l!r,e /(!ntit' o#VM Q!
,re!t de!l o#Q H"(&Fsi"o de6 %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en sin,(l!rM en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!OL
"(&Fsi"Hos$ !6s N+(l,!r4 on +erbo en %l(r!lM e/(i+!le ! U! ,re!tL l!r,e
n("ber o#V$ /(e es "s orreto$ o U! ,re!tL l!r,e !"o(nt o#V$ /(e es
"enos orretoM Q! ,re!t de!l o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M no s(ele ir se,(ido
de %!l!br!s /(e indi/(en (nid!des de "edid! o"o Udoll!rs$ "iles$
%eset!s$ %o(nds$ 'e!rsV$ et1O6$ a great deal else H"(&Fsi"o "s NQ! ,re!t
de!l else o#Q H"(&Fsi"o "s de6 %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doL (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!rO6M todos
ellos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14
T&ere is ! ,re!t de!l HE!' "(&Fsi"Ho$ !66M T&ere !re ! ,re!t de!l N+(l,!rO
HE!' "(&Fsi"Hos$ !s66M ! ,re!t de!l o# 7!ter H"(&! !,(!6M Ee drin9s !
,re!t de!lL l!r,e !"o(nt o# to"!to .(ie Hl bebe "(&Fsi"o z("o de
to"!te6M T&e' sold ! ,re!t de!l o# t&e "il9 Ht&!t6 'o( s!7 HDendieron
"(&Fsi"! de l! le&e /(e +iste6M Ee drin9s ! ,re!t de!l o# t&e to"!to
.(ie Ht&!t6 'o( "!9e Hl bebe "(&Fsi"o del z("o de to"!te /(e &!es6M
T&e' 9ill ! ,re!t de!l N+(l,!rOL ! l!r,e n("ber o# "ieL t&eseL t&ose "ie
HM!t!n "(&Fsi"os r!tonesL de estosL de esos NoO !/(ellos r!tones6M T&e'
9ill ! ,re!t de!l N+(l,!rOL ! l!r,e n("ber o# t&e "ie t&e' seeL t&e ones
7it& bi, e!rs HM!t!n "(&Fsi"os de los r!tones /(e +enL de los /(e tienen
ore.!s ,r!ndesL de los de ore.!s ,r!ndes6M T&e' 9ill ! ,re!t de!l N+(l,!rOL !
l!r,e n("ber o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir !ni"!ls HM!t!n "(&Fsi"os
de "isL t(s NoO +(estros NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL
n(estrosL s(s Nde ellosO !ni"!les6M HT&ere 7ere6 ! ,re!t de!l N+(l,!rOL !
l!r,e n("ber o# (s HHEstb!"os6 "(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s66M
T&ere 7!s ! ,re!t de!lL ! l!r,e !"o(nt o# #is& HE!bF! "(&Fsi"o %es!do6M
T&ereZs ! ,re!t de!l else Nliter!rio4 r!roO HE!' "(&Fsi"o "s61
29+ JFe, H%oHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ND1 =1:<OM se
re#iere ! l!s l!ses o ti%os ' s(,iere n2"ero "ientr!s /(e UlessV se re#iere ! l!
!ntid!d o "!s! ' no s(,iere n2"eroM on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM se
(s! %!r! %erson!s$ !ni"!les ' os!sM Q#e7 o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n
no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %erson!l
ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ a Jfe, H(nos %oosL (!ntos$ (n!s %o!sL (!nt!s Nen
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!lM no se %(ede deir
Qone #e7QM Q! #e7 o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido
de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir del!nte de
(n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM Q! #e7
Ho#6Q Nde : en !del!nteO indi! (n n2"ero "enor /(e Qse+er!l Ho#6Q Nde <
en !del!nteOO6$ not ! #e7 Hno %oHos$ !s6 Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+!M no se %(ede deir Qnot one #e7QO6$ t/e Jfe, HlHos$ !s6 %oHos$
!s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si es
s(.etoO6$ a good Jfe, Hb!st!ntesL (nos %oosL (nos (!ntosL (n!s %o!sL
(n!s (!nt!s Nen !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"enteM on +erbo en %l(r!lO6$ some
Jfe, H+!riHos$ !s6L (nHos$ !s6 %oHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"enteM on
+erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ fairl Jfe, Hb!st!ntes %oHos$ !s6 NQ#!irl' #e7
o#Q$ /(e s(en! "e.or /(e Q/(ite #e7 o#Q$ %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en
%l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %erson!l ob.eto
en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+! s3loM on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ 'uite Jfe,
Hb!st!ntes %oHos$ !s6 NQ/(ite #e7 o#Q$ /(e no se (tiliz! !%en!s ' /(e s(en!
%eor /(e Q#!irl' #e7 o#Q$ %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %erson!l ob.eto en
%l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si es
s(.etoO6$ 'uite a Jfe, Nsi se !ent2! Q#e7Q indi! (n! !ntid!d !l,o "!'or
/(e si se !ent2! Q/(iteQM e/(i+!le ! Q/(ite ! lotQO Hb!st!ntes NQ/(ite ! #e7
o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!lO6$ %ust# onl a fe, Hs3lo (nos %oosL
(n!s %o!s6$ as Jfe, as Ht!n %oHos$ !s6 o"o NU!s #e7 o#V %(ede ir del!nte
de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+!
!#ir"!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!lO6$ so Jfe, Ht!n %oHos$ !s6 NQso #e7 o#Q
%(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!lM Unot !sL so R#e7 H!s 1116V Hno t!n %oHos$
!s6 Ho"o 1116 NQnot !sL so #e7 o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o o %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en %l(r!lM s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M on +erbo
en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ a ver Jfe, H(nHos$ !s6 %o/(itHos$ !s6 NQ! +er' #e7
o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM en
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$
ver# extremel# comparativel Jfe, H"('L e-tre"!d!"enteL
o"%!r!ti+!"ente %oHos$ !s6 NQ+er'L e-tre"el'L o"%!r!ti+el' #e7 o#Q
%(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM en
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$
precious Jfe, H"(' %oHos$ !s6L %o/(Fsi"Hos$ !s66$ too Jfe, Hde"!si!dos
%oosL de"!si!d!s %o!s NQtoo #e7 o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en
%l(r!l %reedido deVt&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede
ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en
%l(r!l si es s(.etoO6$ far too Jfe,# muc/ too Jfe, Nolo/(i!lO Hsin l(,!r !
d(d! de"!si!dHos$ !s6 %oHos$ !s6 NQ#!r too #e7 o#L "(& too #e7 o#
Nolo/(i!lOQ %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$
(n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$
rat/er 4too+ Jfe, H"s bien Hde"!si!dHos$ !s66 %oHos$ !s66$ not Jt/is#
Jt/at fe, Hno t!n %oHos$ !s6 Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loM Qnot Rt&!t #e7 o#Q %(ede ir
del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6M todos ellos
%(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$ !trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14
T&ere !re R#e7 HE!' R%oHos$ !s66M #e7 o# t&e ide!sL t&e b!d ones H%o!s de
l!s ide!sL "!l!s6$ #e7 o# t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir ide!s
H%o!s de est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!sL "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL
s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellosO ide!s6$ #e7 o# (sL t&e"
H%oHos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M Fe7 o# t&eL t&eseL &is boo9s !re
e-%ensi+e HPoos de losL estosL s(s libros son !ros6M Fe7 o# (s !re &!%%'
HPoos de nosotros so"os #elies6M ! #e7 o# t&e %illsL t&e &e!% ones H(n!s
%o!s de l!s %!still!sL b!r!t!s6$ ! #e7 o# t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL
o(rL t&eir %ills H(n!s %o!s de est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!sL "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s
NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellosO
%!still!s6M T&ere !re ! R#e7 HE!' (nos %oosL (n!s %o!s6M A #e7 o# t&eL
t&eseL &is boo9s !re e-%ensi+e HUnos %oos de losL estosL s(s libros son
!ros6M ! #e7 o# (sL t&e" H(nos %oos de nosotrosL ellosL (n!s %o!s de
nosotr!sL ell!s6M A #e7 o# (s !re &!%%' HUnos %oos de nosotros so"os
#elies6M A ,ood R#e7 &!+e le#t HB!st!ntesL Unos %oosL Unos (!ntosL
Un!s %o!sL Un!s (!nt!s se &!n "!r&!do6M T&ere !re so"e R#e7 HE!'
R+!riHos$ !s6L (nHos$ !s6 R%oHos$ !s66M Ee &!s #!irl' #e7 o# t&eseL t&oseL 'o(r
%resents Hl tiene b!st!ntes %oos de estosL esos NoO !/(ellosL t(s NoO
+(estros NoO s(s Nde DdHs61O re,!los6M #!irl' #e7 o# (sL t&e" Hb!st!ntes
%oHos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M Ee &!s #!irl' R#e7 N"e.orOL /(ite
R#e7 N%eorO o# t&e %resents 'o( ,!+e &i" Hl tiene b!st!ntes %oos de los
re,!los /(e le diste6M Ee &!s /(ite #e7 o# t&e little ones Hl tiene b!st!ntes
%oos de los %e/(e)os6M Ee &!s /(ite #e7 o# t&ose %resents Hl tiene
b!st!ntes %oos de esosL !/(ellos re,!los6M Ee &!s /(ite #e7 o# "'L 'o(rL
&isL &erL o(rL t&eir boo9s Hl tiene b!st!ntes %oos de "isL t(s NoO +(estros
NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estrosL s(s Nde ellosO libros6M
/(ite #e7 o# (sL t&e" Hb!st!ntes %oHos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M
T&ere !re /(ite R#e7 HE!' b!st!ntes %oHos$ !s66M T&ere !re /(ite ! R#e7
HE!' b!st!ntes6M /(ite ! #e7 o# t&e 7&eelsL t&e n!rro7 ones Hb!st!ntes de
l!s r(ed!sL estre&!s6$ /(ite ! #e7 o# t&eseL t&ose 7&eels Hb!st!ntes de
est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!s r(ed!s6$ /(ite ! #e7 o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir
7&eels Hb!st!ntes de l!s r(ed!s "F!sL t('!s NoO +(estr!s NoO s('!s Nde
DdHs61OL s('!s Nde 0lOL s('!s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s('!s Nde ellosO6$ /(ite !
#e7 o# (sL t&e" Hb!st!ntes de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M T&e' e!t !s R#e7
!s 7e do Nestnd!rOL (s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO
H*o"en t!n %oHos$ !s6 o"o nosotros6M S&e &!s !s #e7 o# t&e bi, ones !s
'o( HEll! tiene t!n %oHos$ !s6 de losL l!s ,r!ndes o"o t26M S&e &!s !s #e7
o# t&ese oins t&!t 7ere #o(nd !s 'o( HEll! tiene t!n %o!s de est!s
"oned!s /(e #(eron enontr!d!s o"o t26M Ee didnZt "!9e !sL so R#e7 !s
'o( Hl no &izo t!n %oHos$ !s6 o"o t26M S&e &!snZt !sL so #e7 o# t&eir
oins !s &e &!s Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO HEll! no tiene t!n %o!s de s(s "oned!s o"o 0l6M S&e &!s
!s #e7 o# t&e oins t&!t 7ere #o(nd !s 'o( HEll! tiene t!n %o!s de l!s
"oned!s /(e #(eron enontr!d!s o"o t26M T&e' &!+enZt so #e7 o# t&e
%roble"s Ht&!tL 7&i&6 'o( "entioned HNo tienen t!n %oos de los
%roble"!s /(e "enion!ste6M S&e &!snZt !sL so #e7 o# t&ose oins t&!t
7ere #o(nd !s 'o( HEll! no tiene t!n %o!s de es!sL !/(ell!s "oned!s /(e
#(eron enontr!d!s o"o t26M S&e &!snZt !sL so #e7 o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL
o(rL t&eir oins !s t&e' &!+e Nestnd!rOL t&e" Nolo/(i!lOL t&e' Nliter!rio4
USA %rini%!l"enteO HEll! no tiene t!n %o!s de "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO
s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellosO "oned!s
o"o ellos6M T&ere !renZt !sL so #e7 o# (sL t&e" HNo &!' t!n %oHos$ !s6 de
nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M ! +er' selet R#e7 H(nos %oos "(' seletos6M
T&e' &!+e ! +er' #e7 o# t&e o""on 7orries HTienen (n!s %o/(it!s de l!s
%reo(%!iones orrientes6M ! +er' #e7 o# (sL t&e" H(nHos$ !s6 %o/(itHos$
!s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M T&ere !re +er'L e-tre"el'L o"%!r!ti+el'
R#e7 HE!' "('L e-tre"!d!"enteL o"%!r!ti+!"ente %oHos$ !s66M T&e'
&!+e +er' #e7 o# t&e o""on 7orriesL t&e o""on ones HTienen "('
%o!s de l!s %reo(%!iones orrientesL orrientes6M T&e' &!+e +er' #e7 o#
t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir &o%es HTienen "(' %o!s de
est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!sL "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde
0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellosO es%er!nz!s6M +er' #e7 o# (sL t&e"
H"(' %oHos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M T&ere !re too R#e7 HE!'
de"!si!dHos$ !s6 %oHos$ !s66M T&ere !re too #e7 o# t&e 7&ite (%sL t&e
7&ite ones HE!' de"!si!d!s %o!s de l!s t!z!s bl!n!sL bl!n!s6M T&ere
!re too #e7 o# t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir 7&ite (%s HE!'
de"!si!d!s %o!s de est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!sL "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(s
Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellosO t!z!s bl!n!s6M
too #e7 o# (sL t&e" Hde"!si!dos %oos de nosotrosL ellosL de"!si!d!s
%o!s de nosotr!sL ell!s6M T&ere !re #!r too R#e7L "(& too R#e7 Nolo/(i!lO
o# o(r 7&ite (%s HE!' sin l(,!r ! d(d! de"!si!d!s %o!s de n(estr!s
t!z!s bl!n!s61 D1 ;1=518C
20+ Fe,er 4t/an ...+ H"enos H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM es ont!bleM U#e7erV se
re#iere ! l!s l!ses o ti%os ' s(,iere n2"ero "ientr!s /(e UlessV se re#iere ! l!
!ntid!d o "!s! ' no s(,iere n2"ero ND1 <1:C1:8OM Q#e7er o#Q %(ede ir
del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %osesi+oL
%osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ some fe,er 4t/an ...+
Nliter!rio4 r!roM es "e.or (s!r Use+er!l #e7erVO H!l,(nHos$ !s6 "enos
H/(e 1116 Nes ont!bleM en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente %ero %(ede (s!rse
t!"bi0n en interro,!ti+!$ si se es%er! (n! ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+! o si se d!
(n! orden !ri)os!M si +! !ent(!do indi! ontr!steM Qso"e #e7er o#Q
%(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %osesi+oL
%osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ +erbo D barel N"enos
(s!doO# /ardl N"s (s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO D fe,er Ht/an 1116L
barel N"enos (s!doO# /ardl N"s (s!doO# scarcel N"s (s!doO D +erbo
D fe,er Ht/an 1116 Nin,l0s estnd!r4 en !#ir"!ti+! s3loO H!%en!s "enos
H/(e 11166$ +erbo D barel N"enos (s!doOL /ardl N"s (s!doOL scarcel
N"s (s!doO D an fe,er 4t/an ...+# barel N"enos (s!doOL /ardl N"s
(s!doOL scarcel N"s (s!doO D +erbo D an fe,er 4t/an ...+ Nen !#ir"!ti+!
s3loO H!%en!s !l,(noHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 "s H/(e 1116$ an fe,er 4t/an ...+
H!l,(noHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 "enos H/(e 1116 Nes ont!bleM se re#iere ! no"bres
ont!blesM Q!n' #e7er o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %osesi+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto
en %l(r!lO6$ no fe,er 4t/an ...+ Hno "enos H/(eL de 1116 Nse re#iere ! (n
no"bre en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+! s3loO6$ a good# fair deal fe,er 4t/an ...+
Hb!st!ntesL "(&Hos$ !s6 "enos 111 H/(e 1116 Nse re#ieren ! (n no"bre en
%l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ a great deal fe,er
4t/an ...+ H"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 "enos H/(e 1116 Nse re#iere ! (n no"bre en
%l(r!l en in,l0s +(l,!rM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ more or
fe,er 4t/an ...+ H"s o "enos H/(e 1116 N(!ndo se re#iere ! nonbres
ont!bles en %l(r!lM Q"ore or #e7er o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en
%l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %osesi+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ a lot fe,er# far fe,er# muc/ fe,er Nolo/(i!lOL man
fe,er 4t/an ...+ H"(&Hos$ !s6 "enos H/(e 1116 N(!ndo se re#ieren !
no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!lM Q! lot #e7er o#L #!r #e7er o#L "(& #e7er o#
Nolo/(i!lOL "!n' #e7er o#Q %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l
%reedidos de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir
se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ not t/at man fe,er 4no t!ntHos$ !s6 "enos6$ several
fe,er 4t/an ...+ H+!riHos$ !s6 "enos H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoO6$ even fe,er 4t/an ...+
Hinl(so "enos H/(e 1116 Nse re#iere ! (n no"bre en %l(r!lM on +erbo en
%l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoO6$ plent fe,er 4t/an ...+ H"(&Hos$ !s6 "enos H/(e
1116 Non +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.eto o !trib(toO6$ rat/er fe,er 4t/an ...+
H"s bien "enos H/(e 11166M todos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$
!trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto (!ndo son
ont!bles$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 #e7er o# t&e s"!ll noteboo9s H"enos de los (!dernos
%e/(e)os6$ #e7er o# t&eseL t&ose !tresses H"enos de est!sL es!s NoO
!/(ell!s !tries6$ #e7er o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir ide!s H"enos de
"isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL
s(s Nde ellosO ide!s6$ #e7er o# (sL t&e" H"enos de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$
!s66M T&ere !re #e7er HE!' "enos6M #e7er o# t&e s"!ll ones H"enos de los
%e/(e)os6M I &!+e so"e #e7er N"enos (s!doOL se+er!l #e7er N"s (s!doO
No"%le"ento diretoO HTen,o !l,(nHos$ !s6L +!riHos$ !s6 "enos6M E!s s&e
+isited !n' #e7er o# t&ese %eo%leT No"%le"ento diretoO HWE! +isit!do ell!
! !l,(n!s "enos de est!s %erson!sT6M T&e' 9ill ! ,re!t de!l #e7er N+(,!rO
o# t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir "ie HM!t!n "(&Fsi"os
"enos de estosL esos NoO !/(ellosL "isL t(s NoO +(estros NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL
s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estrosL s(s Nde ellosO r!tones6M mo( !n b('
"ore or #e7erL "ore or less N+(l,!rO$ b(t 'o( &!+e to b(' so"e HP(edeHs6
o"%r!r "s o "enos$ %ero tieneHs6 /(e o"%r!r !l,(nos6M T&ere !re ! lot
#e7erL #!r #e7er HE!' "(&Hos$ !s6 "enos6M T&ere 7ere se+er!l #e7er
HE!bF! +!riHos$ !s6 "enos6M T&ere !re %lent' #e7er HE!' "(&Hos$ !s6
"enos Hde lHos$ !s6 nees!riHos$ !s661
Todos estos %rono"bres inde#inidos se (s!n "(&o "enos /(e los
res%eti+os !d.eti+os inde#inidos1 D1 ;1=5185
*on+iene distin,(ir entre QFe7er t&!n 8CP NoO t7ent' %er ent NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL %erent NUSA %rini%!l"enteO o# t&e treesQ NQ#e7erQ se re#iere
! QtreesQO HMenos del 8CP NoO +einte %or ien de los rbolesL Menos rboles
del 8CP NoO +einte %or ien6 ' QLess t&!n 8CP NoO t7ent' %er ent NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL %erent NUSA %rini%!l"enteO o# t&e treesQ NQlessQ se re#iere !
Q8CPQO HMenos del 8CP NoO +einte %or ien de los rboles61
-:+ T/e fe,est HlHos$ !s6 "enos61 E.1 T&e' !re t&e #e7est HSon lHos$ !s6 "enos61 D1
;1=5188
-*+ Qore 4t/an ...+ H"s H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!t+!M
on +erbo en %l(r!l (!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l o on
+erbo en sin,(l!r (!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!bleM se (s! %!r!
%erson!s$ !ni"!les ' os!sM (!ndo se &!e re#ereni! ! U"oreV$ se (tiliz!
el %rono"bre UitVM Q"ore o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o en
%l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede
ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en %l(r!l (!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble ' en sin,(l!r
(!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!bleM Q"ore o#Q t!"bi0n %(ede ir
del!nte de (n no"bre de %erson! o de l(,!rM Qnot "ore Ht&!n 1116Q Hno "s
H/(e 1116 se di#ereni! de Qno "ore Ht&!n 1116Q Hnin,(nHo$ !6 "s H/(e 1116O6$
barel# /ardl# scarcel more 4t/an ...+ H!%en!s "s H/(e6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!
s3loM se re#ieren ! (n no"bre inont!ble ' (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM
Qb!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' "ore o#Q %(eden ir se,(idos de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l (!ndo se re#iere ! no"bres ont!bles
' en sin,(l!r (!ndo se re#ieren ! no"bres inont!blesO6$ some more
4t/an ...+ NU(nHos$ !s6L !l,(nHos$ !s6 111 "s H/(e 1116V (!ndo se re#iere ! (n
no"bre ont!ble ' U!l,o "s H/(e 1116V (!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre
inont!bleM se (s! en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente %ero %(ede (s!rse t!"bi0n
en interro,!ti+! si se es%er! (n! ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+! o si se d! (n!
orden !ri)os! N=1:=OM si +! !ent(!do indi! ontr!steM Uso"e "ore o#V
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l
(!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble ' en sin,(l!r (!ndo se re#iere !
(n no"bre inont!bleO$ an more 4t/an ...+ NU!l,(noHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 "s
H/(e 1116V (!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble ' U!l,o "s H/(e 1116V
(!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!bleM U!n' "ore o#V %(ede ir se,(ido
de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l (!ndo se
re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble ' en sin,(l!r (!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre
inont!bleM D1 =1:=O$ barel N"enos (s!doO# /ardl N"s (s!doO# scarcel
N"s (s!doO an more 4t/an ...+ NU!%en!s !l,(noHs6L !l,(n!Hs6 "s
H/(e 1116V (!ndo se re#ieren ! no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!l ' U!%en!s !l,o
"sV (!ndo se re#ieren ! no"bres inont!blesM Ub!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel'
!n' "ore o#V %(eden ir se,(idos de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir
se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en %l(r!l (!ndo se re#ieren ! no"bres ont!bles ' en sin,(l!r
(!ndo se re#ieren ! no"bres inont!blesM en !#ir"!ti+! s3loO$ a bit# touc/
more 4t/an ...+ H(n %ooL (n! %o! "s H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M re#eridos ! no"bres inont!blesM on +erbo en sin,(l!r si
&!en de s(.etoM U! bitL to(& "ore o#V %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o '
del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l6$ a little more
Ht/an 1116 H(n %ooL (n! %o! "s H/(e 11166 Nliter!rio4 s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M U! little "ore o#V H(n %oo "s de6 %(ede ir
del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido
del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lO$ a
ver little more Ht/an 1116 H(n %o/(itoL (n! %o/(it! "s H/(e 11166 Nliter!rio4
s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M U! +er' little "ore o#V H(n
%o/(ito "s de6 %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de (n
no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lO$ little more Ht/an 1116 H%oHo$ !6 "s
H/(e 11166 Nliter!rio4 s3lo en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!O$ ver
little more Ht/an 1116 H"(' %oHo$ !6 "s H/(e 11166 Nliter!rio4 s3lo en
!#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!O$ fe, more 4t/an ...+ H%oHos$ !s6 "s
H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si
&!e de s(.etoM U#e7 "ore o#V %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o
%l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ a fe, more 4t/an ...+ H(nos %oosL (n!s %o!s
"s H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si
&!e de s(.etoM U! #e7 "ore o#V %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r
o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ 'uite fe, more 4t/an ...+ Hb!st!ntes %oHos$
!s6 "s H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en
%l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM Q/(ite #e7 "ore o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ 'uite a fe, more
4t/an ...+ Hb!st!ntes "s H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M
on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM Q/(ite ! #e7 "ore o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de
(n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ ver fe,
more 4t/an ...+ H"(' %oHos$ !s6 "s H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM Q+er' #e7 "ore o#Q
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ a good# great man more 4t/an ...+ H"(&Hos$
!s6 "s H/(e 1116 Nliter!rio4 en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on
+erbo en %l(r!l si son s(.etosM U! ,oodL ,re!t "!n' "ore o#V %(eden ir
se,(idos de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ a lot# far
more 4t/an ...+ NU"(&Hos$ !s6 "s H/(e 1116V (!ndo se re#ieren ! no"bres
ont!bles en %l(r!lM on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!en de s(.etoM U"(&Ho$ !6
"s H/(e 1116V (!ndo se re#ieren ! no"bres inont!blesM on +erbo en
sin,(l!r si &!en de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M Q! lotL
#!r "ore o#Q H"(&o "s de6 %(eden ir se,(idos de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r
o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n
%(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l o sin,(l!rO6$ man more 4t/an ...+ H"(&Hos$ !s6
"s H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l
si &!e de s(.etoM Q"!n' "ore o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r o en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ muc/ more 4t/an ...+ H"(&Ho$ !6
"s H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en sin,(l!r
si &!e de s(.etoM U"(& "ore o#V H"(&o "s de6 %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!rM Unot t&!t "(& "ore
Ht&!n 1116V Hno "(&Ho$ !6 "s 111 H/(e 1116 Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!OO6$ ver man more H"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 "s
Nliter!rio4 en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si
&!e de s(.etoM U+er' "!n' "ore o#V %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ no more 4t/an ...+ Ns3lo en
!#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M Unin,(nHo$ !6 "s H/(e 1116V4 on
+erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de s(.eto ' se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble en
sin,(l!r ' +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.eto ' se re#iere ! (n no"bre
ont!ble en %l(r!l ' Un!d! "s H/(e 1116V4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r si &!e de
s(.eto ' se re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!bleM Uno "ore o#V %(ede ir se,(ido
de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l (!ndo se
re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble ' en sin,(l!r (!ndo se re#iere ! (n no"bre
inont!bleO$ not Jt/at man more Hno t!ntHos$ !s6 "s Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+!
o interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM Qnot t&!t
"!n' "ore o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ too man more Hde"!si!dHos$ !s6 "s Nen !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM Utoo "!n'
"ore o#V %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de
Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$
a good# fair deal more 4t/an ...+ NUb!st!nteL "(&Ho$ !6 "s H/(e 1116V en
in,l0s estnd!r on +erbo en sin,(l!r ' Ub!st!ntesL "(&Hos$ !s6 "sV en
in,l0s +(l,!r on +erbo en %l(r!lM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M
Q! ,oodL #!ir de!l "ore o#Q Hb!st!nteL "(&o "s de6 %(eden ir se,(idos
de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o$ en in,l0s +(l,!r$ de (n no"bre ont!ble en
%l(r!l$ %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de
(n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n
%(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o$ en in,l0s +(l,!r$ en %l(r!lO$ a great deal
more 4t/an ...+ NU"(&Fsi"Ho$ !6 "s H/(e 1116V en in,l0s estnd!r4 on
+erbo en sin,(l!rM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M Q! ,re!t de!l
"ore o#Q H"(&Fsi"o "s de6 %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o
%l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o ' del!nte de
(n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM en
in,l0s +(l,!r U"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 "s H/(e 1116V4 on +erbo en %l(r!lM en
in,l0s +(l,!r Q! ,re!t de!l "ore o# H"(&Fsi"Hos$ !s6 "s de6Q %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n no"bre en %l(r!l o sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO$ /eaps more
Nolo/(i!lO H"(&o "sL (n "ont3n "s Non +erbo en sin,(l!rO6$ plent
more NU"(&Ho$ !6 "s de lHo$ !6 nees!riHo$ !6V4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r si
es s(.eto o !trib(to ' se re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!bleM en in,l0s +(l,!r
U"(&Hos$ !s6 "s de lHos$ !s6 nees!riHos$ !s6V4 on +erbo en %l(r!l si es
s(.eto o !trib(to ' se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM Q%lent' "ore
o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre inont!ble o$ en in,l0s +(l,!r$ (n
no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o$ en in,l0s +(l,!r$ en %l(r!lO$
not/ing more 4t/an ...+ Hn!d! "s H/(e 1116 Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+! o
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!O6$ rat/er more 4t/an ...+ H"s bien "s H/(e 1116
Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M se re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!ble
en sin,(l!r o (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO6$ a couple more 4t/an ...+ H(n
%!r de ellHos$ !s6 "s H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M se
re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lM Q! o(%le "ore o#Q %(ede ir del!nte
de (n no"bre en %l(r!l o sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ several
more 4t/an ...+ H+!riHos$ !s6 "s H/(e 1116 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble ' +! on +erbo en %l(r!l si
&!e de s(.etoM Use+er!l "ore o#V %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$ do)ens# /undreds# t/ousands
more 4t/an ...+ Hdoen!sL enten!sL "iles "s H/(e 1116 Nse re#ieren !
no"bres ont!bles en %l(r!lM UdozensL &(ndredsL t&o(s!nds "ore o#V
%(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l o sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO6$
one single da more H(n soloL si"%le dF! "s N%(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio
de tie"%o inde#inidoO6M todos ellos %(eden &!er l!s #(niones de s(.eto$
!trib(to$ o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto (!ndo son
ont!bles$ o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ o"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 T&ere !re "ore HE!' "s Nos!sL %erson!sO6M T&ere is
"ore HE!' "s Nde !l,oO6M "ore o# t&e bl!9 &!irsL t&e bl!9 ones H"s
de l!s sill!s ne,r!sL ne,r!s6M "ore o# t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL
t&eir bl!9 &!irs H"s de est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!sL "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO
s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellosO sill!s
ne,r!s6M "ore o# (sL t&e" H"s de nosotros$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M S&e &!s seen
"ore o# An,ie HEll! &! +isto ! nn,el! "s6M T&e' donZt de"!nd !n' "ore
HNo e-i,en n!d! "s6M A4 >o(ld 'o( li9e so"e "oreT No"%le"ento
diretoO HWJ(ieres !l,o "sT61 B4 mes$ %le!se HSF$ %or #!+or6M T&ere !re no
"ore HNo &!' nin,(nHo$ !6 "s6M T&ere !re so"e "ore N!trib(toO HE!'
!l,(nos "s6M RSo"e "ore Ns(.etoO 9illed %eo%le b(t Rot&ers didnZt
HAl,(nHos$ !s6 "s "!t!ron ! ,ente %ero otrHos$ !s6 no6M E!s s&e +isited
!n' "ore o# t&ese %eo%leT No"%le"ento diretoO HWE! +isit!do ell! !
!l,(n!s "s de est!s %erson!sT6M Gi+e "e ! bitL littleL to(& "ore] H\D!"e
(n %oo "sL (n! %o! "s]6M T&ere is no "ore HNo &!' n!d! "s6M >!s
t&ere no "oreT HWNo &!bF! n!d! "sT6M T&ere !re no "ore o# "'L 'o(rL
&isL &erL o(rL t&eir bl!9 &!irs HNo &!' "s de l!s sill!s ne,r!s "F!sL t('!s
NoO +(estr!s NoO s('!s Nde DdHs61OL s('!s Nde 0lOL s('!s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL
s('!s Nde ellosO6M T&ere !re no "ore o# t&eseL t&ose HNo &!' "s de 0stHos$
!s6L 0sHos$ !s6 NoO !/(0llHos$ !s66M T&ere !re #e7 "ore HE!' %oHos$ !s6
"s6M T&ere !re ! #e7 "ore HE!' (nos %oosL (n!s %o!s "s6M T&ere !re
/(ite #e7 "ore HE!' b!st!ntes %oHos$ !s6 "s6M T&ere !re /(ite ! #e7
"ore HE!' b!st!ntes "s6M T&ere !re +er' #e7 "ore HE!' "(' %oHos$ !s6
"s6M T&ere !re ! lot "ore HE!' "(&Hos$ !s6 "s6M A lot "ore o# 'o(rL
&isL &erL o(rL t&eir ide!s !re #!sin!tin, HM(&!s "s de t(s NoO +(estr!s
NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellosO ide!s
son #!sin!ntes6M ! lot "ore o# t&e" H"(&os "s de ellosL "(&os de
ellos "s6M T&ere is ! lot "ore o# t&!t HE!' "(&Ho$ !6 "s de esHo$ !6L
!/(ellHo$ !66M T&ere 7ere se+er!l "ore HE!bF! +!riHos$ !s6 "s6M T&e' 9ill !
,re!t de!l "ore N+(l,!rO o# t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir
!ni"!ls HM!t!n "(&Fsi"os "s de estosL esos NoO !/(ellosL "isL t(s NoO
+(estros NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL n(estrosL s(s Nde
ellosO !ni"!les6M T&ere is ! ,re!t de!l "ore HE!' "(&Fsi"Ho$ !6 "s6M
T&ereZs &e!%s "ore HE!' "(&o "s6M T&ere is %lent' "ore HE!' "(&Ho$
!6 "s de lHo$ !6 nees!riHo$ !66M T&ere !re %lent' "ore N+(l,!rO HE!'
"(&Hos$ !s6 "s de lHos$ !s6 nees!riHos$ !s661 D1 ;1=518:
E!' di#ereni! entre U>o(ld 'o( li9e so"e "oreTV HWJ(ieres "s Nde (n! "is"!
os!OT6 ' U>o(ld 'o( li9e so"et&in, elseTV HWJ(ieres !l,o "s Nno de l! "is"!
os!OL !l,(n! otr! os! T61
UA lot "oreL /(ite ! lot "oreV %(eden &!er t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de !d+erbios de
!ntid!d1 D1 ?15?
-2+ Qost NUl! "!'orF!V4 on +erbo en %l(r!l si se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble en
%l(r!l ' Ul! "!'or %!rteV4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r si se re#iere ! (n no"bre
inont!bleM se (s! %!r! %erson!s$ !ni"!les ' os!sM Q"ost o#Q %(ede ir del!nte de (n
no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o
' del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo en sin,(l!r %reedido del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!doM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oL %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!lM Q"ost o#Q t!"bi0n %(ede ir
del!nte de (n no"bre de %erson! o de l(,!rM (!ndo +! del!nte de (n no"breL
%rono"bre en %l(r!l es %!reido ! l! e-%resi3n Ut&e "!.orit' o#VM en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O$ t/e most NUel$ l! /(e "sV se (s! %!r! re#erirse ! (n
no"bre ont!ble ' Ulo "-i"oV se (s! %!r! (n no"bre inont!bleO1 E.14 Most !re
(se#(l HL! "!'or %!rteL L! "!'orF! son 2tiles6M Most Ho# t&is 7ine6 is ,ood #or 'o(r
&e!lt& HL! "!'or %!rte Hde este +ino6 es b(eno %!r! l! s!l(d6M S&e dr!n9 "ost o# t&e
7ine HEll! bebi3 l! "!'or %!rte del +ino6M "ostL t&e "!.orit' o# t&e en,ineersL
o(ntries in t&e EU Hl! "!'orF! de los in,enierosL %!Fses de l! Uni3n E(ro%e!6$
"ostL t&e "!.orit' o# t&e ,reen ones Hl! "!'orF! de lHos$ !s6 +erdes6$ "ostL t&e
"!.orit' o# t&eseL t&ose en,ineers Hl! "!'orF! de estosL esos NoO !/(ellos
in,enieros6$ "ostL t&e "!.orit' o# "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir lies Hl! "!'orF!
de "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL
n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellosO "entir!s6$ "ostL t&e "!.orit' o# (sL t&e" Hl! "!'orF! de
nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M Most o# t&e" !re not &ere 'et HL! "!'orF! de ellos no
estn !/(F tod!+F!6M S&e &!s seen "ost o# Ne7 [e!l!nd HEll! &! +isto l! "!'or %!rte
de N(e+! [el!nd!6M Ee &!s t&e "ost Hl es el /(e tiene "s6M T&!t is t&e "ost s&e
!n do HEso es lo "-i"o /(e ell! %(ede &!er61 D1 ;1=518;
QHT&e6 "ostQ %(ede &!er t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio de !ntid!d1 D1 ?15?
-2+ = lot Nestnd!rOL lots Nolo/(i!lO NU"(&Hos$ !s6V si se re#ieren ! (n no"bre
ont!ble ' U"(&Ho$ !6V si se re#ieren ! (n no"bre inont!bleM s(elen (s!rse sobre
todo en !#ir"!ti+!M U! H&(,eL 7&ole6 lot o# Nestnd!rOL lots o# Nolo/(i!lOV se,(idos
de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r +!n on +erbo en sin,(l!r ' se,(idos de (n no"bre en
%l(r!l +!n on +erbo en %l(r!l$ %ero no s(elen ir se,(idos de %!l!br!s /(e indi/(en
(nid!des de "edid! o"o Udoll!rs$ "iles$ %eset!s$ %o(nds$ 'e!rsV$ et1M %(eden ir
del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l %reedido o no de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!l ' se tr!d(en %or U"(&Hos$ !s6 Hde6VM
e/(i+!len ! U! n("ber o#VM %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble$ t!"bi0n de
(n no"bre inont!bleL ont!ble en sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r ' se tr!d(en %or U"(&Ho$ !6 Hde6VM se (s!n
%!r! %erson!s$ !ni"!les ' os!s$ sobre todo en !#ir"!ti+!M si se %one Uone lotV H(n
lote6$ no es %rono"bre inde#inido sino /(e UlotV es no"breO$ 'uite a lot
NUb!st!ntesV si se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble ' Ub!st!nteV si se re#iere ! (n
no"bre inont!bleM si se !ent2! UlotV indi! (n! !ntid!d !l,o "!'or /(e si se
!ent2! Q/(iteQM no se %(ede %oner U/(ite one lotVM e/(i+!le ! Q/(ite ! #e7QM U/(ite !
lot o#V %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble en sin,(l!rL (n no"bre ont!ble en
%l(r!l no %reedido de n!d!$ del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l
%reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido
de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o
en %l(r!lO$ rat/er a lot NU"s bien "(&Hos$ !s6V si se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble
' U"(&Ho$ !6V si se re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!bleM Qr!t&er ! lot o#Q %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL
%osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM si se %one Ur!t&er one lotV
H"s bien (n lote6$ no es %rono"bre inde#inido sino /(e UlotV es no"breO$ suc/ a
lot NUt!ntHos$ !s6V si se re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!ble ' Ut!ntHo$ !6V si se re#iere ! (n
no"bre inont!bleM Us(& ! lot o#V %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble no
%reedido de n!d!$ del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM no se
%(ede %oner Us(& one lotVO$ a None4 no %onerO lot else H"(&o "s Nno de l!
"is"! os!OM ! lot "ore H"(&o "s Nde l! "is"! os!O6M todos ellos %(eden &!er
l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio de tie"%o ' de #re(eni! (!ndo no re!liz!n l! #(ni3n de
s(.eto o o"%le"ento direto1 E.4 A lot 7!s %!id #or it HSe %!,3 "(&o %or ello6M
T&e' &!+e ! lotL lots Nolo/(i!lO HTienen "(&Hos$ !s6L "(&Ho$ !66M ! lot o# !%%lesL
ide!s H"(&!s "!nz!n!sL ide!s6$ lots Nolo/(i!lO o# str!7berries H"(&!s #res!s6M
T&ere !re ! lotL lots Nolo/(i!lOL ! n("ber o# do,s HE!' "(&os %erros6M T&ere
7ere ! lot o#L lots Nolo/(i!lOL ! n("ber o# (s HEstb!"os "(&Hos$ !s6 de
nosotrHos$ !s6L r!"os "(&os6M T&ere 7ere ! lotL lots Nolo/(i!lOL ! n("ber o#
t&e" HE!bF! "(&Hos$ !s6 de ellHos$ !s66M A lotL Lots Nolo/(i!lOL A n("ber o# t&e
ide!s !re ori,in!l HM(&!s de l!s ide!s son ori,in!les6M A lotL Lots Nolo/(i!lOL A
n("ber o# t&e str!7berries !re ,reen HM(&!s de l!s #res!s estn +erdes6M ! lotL lots
Nolo/(i!lOL ! n("ber o# t&e bro7n onesL t&e ones 7it& %roble"s H"(&Hos$ !s6 de
lHos$ !s6 "!rronesL /(e tienen %roble"!s6M A lotL Lots Nolo/(i!lOL A n("ber o#
t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir ide!s !re #!sin!tin, HM(&!s de
est!sL es!s NoO !/(ell!sL "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL
s(s Nde ell!OL n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellosO ide!s son #!sin!ntes6M ! lotL lots
Nolo/(i!lOL ! n("ber o# (sL t&e" H"(&Hos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$ !s6L ellHos$ !s66M A
lotL Lots Nolo/(i!lOL A n("ber o# (s !renZt "!rried HM(&os de nosotrHos$ !s6 no
est!"os !s!dHos$ !s66M A lotL Lots Nolo/(i!lOL A n("ber o# t&e" !renZt "!rried
HM(&Hos$ !s6 de ellHos$ !s6 no estn !s!dHos$ !s66M It t!9es ! lot o# ti"eL ! lon, ti"e
HLle+! "(&o tie"%o6M T&ere is ! lotL lots Nolo/(i!lO o# "il9 HE!' "(&! le&e6M
T&!tZs ! lot o# #(nL "one' HEso es "(' di+ertidoL "(&o dinero6M I &!+e seen ! lotL
lots Nolo/(i!lO o# 7!ter HEe +isto "(&! !,(!6M T&e' &!+e ,i+en (s ! lot o# t&e
"il9 'o(Zre drin9in, HNos &!n d!do "(&! de l! le&e /(e ests bebiendo6M T&e'
&!+e ! lot o# t&in9in, to do HTienen /(e %ens!r "(&o6M S&e does ! lotL lots
Nolo/(i!lO o# !"%in, HEll! +! "(&o de !!"%!d!6M T&e' &!+e "!de ! lot o#
%ro,ress HE!n &e&o "(&o %ro,reso6M T&ere !re /(ite ! lot o# boo9s HE!'
b!st!ntes libros6M T&ereZs /(ite ! lot o# l(,,!,eL b!,,!,eL tr!##i HE!' b!st!nte
e/(i%!.eL e/(i%!.eL tr#io6M Is t&ere /(ite ! lot o# l(,,!,eL b!,,!,eL tr!##iT HWE!'
b!st!nte e/(i%!.eL e/(i%!.eL tr#ioT6M T&e' &!d Rs(& ! lot o# #(n HSe di+ertF!n
t!nto6M T&ere 7ere Rs(& ! lot o# to(rists HE!bF! t!ntos t(rist!s6M T&ereZs ! lot else
HE!' "(&o "s Nno de l! "is"! os!O61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l se (s! QlotsQ on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r si se re#iere ! (n! sol!
os!4 Lots Nolo/(i!lO o# s(,!r is needed HSe neesit! "(&Ho$ !6 !z2!r6 ' on (n
+erbo en %l(r!l si se re#iere ! +!ri!s1
E!' (n! iert! di#ereni! entre Q! lot o#Q ' Qnot "!n'Q1 E.14 A lot o# te!&ers donZt
9no7 t&is Nes (n! rFti! indiret!O HM(&os %ro#esores no s!ben esto N%ero serF!
b(eno /(e lo s(%ier!nO6 ' QNot "!n' te!&ers 9no7 t&isQ Nno es (n! rFti!
indiret!M indi! !l,o /(e no es #il de s!berO HNo "(&os %ro#esores s!ben esto61
--+ Several H+!riHos$ !s6 Nse re#iere ! "s de tres i,(!les o di#erentesM en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.etoM se (s! %!r! %erson!s$
!ni"!les ' os!sM Qse+er!lQ Nde ; en !del!nteO indi! (n n2"ero "!'or /(e Q! #e7Q
Nde : en !del!nteOM Qse+er!l o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido
de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO61 E.14
T&ere !re se+er!l HE!' +!riHos$ !s66M se+er!l o# (sL t&e" H+!riHos$ !s6 de nosotrHos$
!s6L ellHos$ !s661 D1 ;1=518<
-3+ Klent NU"(&Ho$ !6L "s de lHo$ !6 nees!riHo$ !6V4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r si es
s(.eto o !trib(to del +erbo UbeV ' se re#iere ! (n no"bre inont!bleM (!ndo se &!e
re#ereni! ! U%lent'V$ se (tiliz! el %rono"bre UitVM U"(&Hos$ !s6L "s de lHos$ !s6
nees!riHos$ !s6V4 on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.eto o !trib(to del +erbo UbeV ' se
re#iere ! (n no"bre ont!bleM se s(ele (s!r #re(ente"ente o"o ontest!i3n ! (n!
%re,(nt! on Ueno(,&VM U%lent' o#V %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleL
no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!l no %reedido de n!d!$ del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r
o %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!r o
%l(r!l$ %ero no s(ele ir se,(ido de %!l!br!s /(e indi/(en (nid!des de "edid! o"o
Udoll!rs$ "iles$ %eset!s$ %o(nds$ 'e!rsV$ et1O1 E.14 T&ere is %lent' HE!' "s de lo
nees!rioL "(&o6M T&e' &!+e %lent' HTienen "s de lo /(e neesit!nL "(&Ho$
!66M T&ere !re %lent' HE!' "s de los /(e neesit!"osL "(&Hos$ !s66M T&ere is
%lent' o# ble!& HE!' "s le.F! de l! nees!ri!L "(&! le.F!6M T&ereZs %lent' o# #is&L
,r!ss HE!' "(&o %es!doL "s %es!do de lo nees!rioL "(&! &ierb!L "s
&ierb! de l! nees!ri!6M %lent' o# %eo%le H"(&! ,enteL "s ,ente de l! nees!ri!6M
T&ereZs %lent' o# t&e ,r!ss t&!t o7s li9e HE!' "(&! de l! &ierb! /(e les ,(st! !
l!s +!!s6M %lent' o# %e!rs H"(&!s %er!s6M Plent' o# t&e %e!rs !re bi, HM(&!s de
l!s %er!s son ,r!ndes6M %lent' o# t&e ri%e ones H"(&!s de l!s "!d(r!s6$ %lent' o#
t&eseL t&oseL "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir %e!rs H"(&!s de est!sL es!s NoO
!/(ell!sL "isL t(s NoO +(estr!s NoO s(s Nde DdHs61OL s(s Nde 0lOL s(s Nde ell!OL
n(estr!sL s(s Nde ellosO %er!s6$ %lent' o# (sL t&e" H"(&os de nosotrosL ellosL
"(&!s de nosotr!sL ell!s6M T&ere !re %lent' o# (%bo!rds HE!' "s !r"!rios de
los /(e neesit!"osL "(&os !r"!rios61 D1 ;1=518=
-6+ = /eap Nestnd!rO# a load Nolo/(i!lO of H"(&Ho$ !6L (n "ont3n de N%(eden ir
del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble o ont!ble en %l(r!lM on +erbo en sin,(l!r (!ndo
son s(.etosM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O6$ /eaps Nolo/(i!lO# loads
Nolo/(i!lO of H"ontones de Non (n no"bre inont!ble o ont!ble en %l(r!lM en
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M se (s! U&e!%sV on (n +erbo en sin,(l!r si se
re#iere ! (n! sol! os!$ (n no"bre inont!ble$ ' on (n +erbo en %l(r!l si se re#iere
! +!ri!s$ (n no"bre ont!ble en %l(r!lO61 E.14 T&ere 7!s ! 7&ole &e!% o# boo9sL
s!nd HE!bF! "(&Fsi"os libros Hdesorden!dos6L "(&Fsi"! !ren!6M It is ! lo!d
Nolo/(i!lO o# nonsenseL r(bbis& HEs (n "ont3n de tonterF!sL b!s(r!6M Ee!%s
Nolo/(i!lO o# s(,!r is needed HSe neesit!n "ontones de !z2!r6M T&ere 7ere &e!%s
Nolo/(i!lO o# "!,!zinesL to's HE!bF! "ontones Hdesorden!dos6 de re+ist!sL
.(,(etes6M S&e &!s ,one lo!ds Nolo/(i!lO o# ti"es HEll! &! ido "ontones de +ees61
Si,ni#i!n lo "is"o /(e Ub!,s NGB4 olo/(i!l4 del!nte de (n no"bre inont!ble o
ont!ble en %l(r!lO o# H(n "ont3n de6$ oodles Nolo/(i!l4 del!nte de (n no"bre
inont!bleO o# H"ontones de6$ st!9s Nolo/(i!l4 del!nte de (n no"bre inont!bleO
o# H(n "ont3n de6V1
-8+ T/e ,/ole of HtodHo$ !6L enterHo$ !6 N%(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"bre ont!ble en
sin,(l!r %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL %erson!l ob.eto en sin,(l!rM
"enos (s!do /(e los !d.eti+os inde#inidos U7&oleV o U!llV$ sobre todo (!ndo es (n
no"bre re#erido ! tie"%o ronol3,ioO61 E.14 Ee re!d t&e 7&ole o# t&e ,r!""!r
N"enos (s!doOL t&e 7&ole ,r!""!r N"s (s!doO NoO !ll t&e ,r!""!r N"s (s!doO
Hl le'3 tod! l! ,r!"ti!L l! ,r!"ti! enter!6M t&e 7&ole o# t&e #il" N"enos
(s!doOL t&e 7&ole #il" N"s (s!doO N(O !ll t&e #il" N"s (s!doO Hl! %elF(l! enter!6$
t&e 7&ole o# t&isL t&!t #il" N"enos (s!doOL t&isL t&!t 7&ole #il" N"s (s!doO NoO !ll
t&isL t&!t #il" N"s (s!doO Hest!L es! NoO !/(ell! %elF(l! enter!6$ t&e 7&ole o# "' L
'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir #il" N"enos (s!doOL "' L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir
7&ole #il" N"s (s!doO NoO !ll "' L 'o(rL &isL &erL o(rL t&eir #il" N"s (s!doO
Htod! l! %elF(l! "F!L t('! NoO +(estr! NoO s('! Nde DdHs61OL s('! Nde 0lOL s('!
Nde ell!OL n(estr!L s('! Nde ellosOL l! %elF(l! "F!L t('! NoO +(estr! NoO s('!
Nde DdHs61OL s('! Nde 0lOL s('! Nde ell!OL n(estr!L s('! Nde ellosO enter!6$ t&e
7&ole o# to"orro7 Htodo el dF! de "!)!n!61 D1 ;1=518
Q>&oleQ o"o no"bre %reedido de Ut&eV o (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do si,ni#i!
Qon.(ntoQ1
-9+ Various H+!riHos$ !s6 Nse re#iere ! "s de tres %erson!s$ !ni"!les o os!s
di#erentes$ "ientr!s /(e Qse+er!lQ se re#iere ! "s de tres i,(!les o di#erentesM
Qso"eQ se re#iere ! tres o "s i,(!les o di#erentesM Q+!rio(s o#Q %(ede ir se,(ido de
(n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM
t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lM on +erbo en
%l(r!l si &!e de s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O61 E.14 D!rio(s
N%rono"bre4 "enos (s!doO o# 'o(r #riendsL t&e" &!+e !lre!d' ,one HD!riHos$ !s6 de
t(s !"i,osL ellHos$ !s6 se &!n ido6L D!rio(s N!d.eti+o4 "s (s!doO #riends o# 'o(rsL
t&eirs &!+e !lre!d' ,one HD!riHos$ !s6 !"i,os t('osL de ellHos$ !s6 se &!n ido61 D1
;1=518?
-0+ Sundr H+!riHos$ !s61 E.14 !ll !nd s(ndr' Htodos sin e-e%i3nL todo el "(ndo Ni
+!rios ' todosO61 D1 ;1=51:C
3:+ Certain of Nliter!rio4 del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l %reedido de Ut&eV$ (n
!d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oM t!"bi0n %(ede ir se,(ido de (n %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto en %l(r!lO HiertHos$ !s6L !l,(nHos$ !s6L deter"in!dHos$ !s661 E.14
ert!in Nliter!rioO o# &er #riends HiertHos$ !s6 !"i,Hos$ !s6 s('Hos$ !s6L !l,(nHos$ !s6
de s(s !"i,Hos$ !s66M ert!in Nliter!rioO o# &is rel!ti+es Hiertos %!rientes s('osL
!l,(nos de s(s %!rientes61 D1 ;1=51:5
3*+ Suc/ NUt!lV4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r$ Ut!lesV4 on +erbo en %l(r!l si es s(.eto$
U!sFV4 on +erbo en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l si es s(.etoM en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"enteM se
%(ede onsider!r t!"bi0n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+oM Unone s(&V Hnin,(nHo$ !6 !sF
Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO6M Unot 111 "!n' s(&V Hno 111 "(&os !sF Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO6M
Uone s(&V H(nHo$ !6 !sF6O1 E.4 T&e %!in is s(&L S(& is t&e %!in t&!t s&e is r'in,
HEl dolor es t!l /(e ell! est llor!ndo6M S(& !re &is l!st 7ords HT!les son s(s 2lti"!s
%!l!br!s6M S&e tells &i" t&!t &e &!s to do s(& !nd s(& HEll! le die /(e tiene /(e
&!er t!l ' t!l6M None s(& 7!s sold N"enos (s!doO HNo se +endi3 nin,(nHo$ !6 !sF6L
No s(& t&in, 7!s sold N"s (s!doO HNo se +endi3 n!d! !sF6M T&e' didnZt see "!n'
s(& N"enos (s!doOL "!n' li9e t&is N"s (s!doO HNo +ieron "(&os !sF61 D1 ;1=51:8
32+ JSuc/li1e NQos!s se"e.!ntesL si"il!resL %or el estiloL es!s os!sL os!s de 0s!sQ
(!ndo se re#iere ! ob.etos en %l(r!l ' Q,ente se"e.!nteL si"il!rL %or el estiloL ,ente
de 0s!L es!s %erson!sQ (!ndo se re#iere ! seres &("!nos ' seres +i+os en ,ener!l en
%l(r!lM no %(ede re#erirse ! no"bres en sin,(l!rM no %(ede ir %reedido de Ut&eVO1
E.14 boo9s !nd Rs(&li9e Hlibros ' os!s se"e.!ntesL si"il!resL %or el estiloL es!s
os!sL os!s de 0s!s6M ri"in!ls !nd Rs(&li9e Hri"in!les ' ,ente se"e.!nteL
si"il!rL %or el estiloL ,ente de 0s!6M !ts !nd Rs(&li9e H,!tos ' !ni"!les se"e.!ntesL
si"il!resL %or el estiloL !ni"!les de 0sos61 D1 ;1=51::
32+ Same Nliter!rioO Hel "is"o$ l! "is"!$ los "is"os$ l!s "is"!s Nsin ir %reedido
de Ut&eVO6$ Hnot6 t&e s!"e H!s 1116 Nestnd!rO HHno6 i,(!lL lo "is"oL i,(!les H/(e 1116
Non +erbo en sin,(l!r (!ndo es s(.etoM Qt&e s!"eQ %(ede ir %reedido de los
!d+erbios de !ntid!d Q!l"ost Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO$ e-!tl'$ .(st$ "ore or less$ "(&
Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO$ ne!rl' Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO$ /(ite$ +er' Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO$
+irt(!ll' Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loOQ %ero no de Qless$ "ore$ "ostQ$ et1M Qt&e s!"eQ %(ede
re#erirse ! (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM (!ndo Qt&e s!"eQ +! se,(ido de Q!sQ no
se %(ede %oner Q7it&QO6$ Hnot6 t&e s!"e Nestnd!rO 7it& 111 HHno6 i,(!lL lo "is"o on
111661 E.14 esti"!te #or re%!ir to !r !nd reI%!intin, o# s!"e Nliter!rioO4 <C doll!rs
H%res(%(esto %!r! re%!r!i3n del o&e ' %int!do del "is"o4 <C d3l!res6M It 7!s t&e
s!"e H!s be#ore6 HEr! lo "is"o H/(e !ntes66M It 7!s "(& t&e s!"e !s 'o(rs HEr!
"(' %!reido !l t('o6M A4 Are 'o( S(s!nT HWEres S(s!n!T6 B4 T&e H+er'6 s!"e HL!
"is"!6M ItZs not t&e s!"e 7it& t&ese %l!nts HNo es i,(!lL lo "is"o on est!s
%l!nt!s61 D1 ;1=51:;
<1:51I &os pronombres indefinidos 'ue terminan en 5bod, 5one, 5t/ing, 5,/ere
slo pueden modificarse por detr!s, no por delante7 se sobr4e+entiende
normalmente ;,/o# t/at D be< para seres vivos o ;,/ic/# t/at D be< para
cosas1 E.14 I s!7 so"ebod' H7&oL t&!t 7!s dressed6 in bl!9 NUin bl!9V "odi#i! !
Uso"ebod'V ' no se %(ede %oner del!nte de Uso"ebod'VO HDi ! !l,(ien de ne,ro6M
So"eone H7&oL t&!t is6 7orried NU7orriedV "odi#i! ! Uso"eoneV ' no se %(ede
%oner del!nteO !nZt be &!%%' HAl/(ien H/(e est6 %reo(%!do no %(ede ser #eliz6M
Ee ,!+e &er so"et&in, H7&i&L t&!t is6 better NUbetterV "odi#i! ! Uso"et&in,V '
no se %(ede %oner del!nteO Hl le dio ! ell! !l,o "e.or61
<1:81I Casi todos los pronombres indefinidos pueden /acer las funciones de
su%eto, complemento directo la funcin de complemento circunstancial
precedidos de una preposicin1 E.14 So"e 7ent 7it& so"et&in, HAl,(nHos$ !s6
#(eron on !l,o61
*(!ndo &!en l! #(ni3n de s(.etos %(eden ir se,(idos de oletill!s interro,!ti+!s1
E.14 E+er'one is &ere$ !renZt t&e'T HTodos estn !/(F$ W+erd!dT61
Al,(nos He!&$ one$ !not&er one$ t&e ot&er$ Ht&e6 ot&ers$ no ot&er one$ e+er'bod'$
e+er'bod' else$ e+er'one$ e+er'one else$ e+er' one$ bot& $ t&e #or"er $ t&e l!tter$
se+er!l$ so"e one$so"ebod'$ so"ebod' else$ so"eone$ so"eone else$ !n' Hone6$
!n'bod'$ !n'bod' else$ !n'one$ !n'one else$ nobod'$ nobod' else$ no one$ no one
else$ !ll$ none6 %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento indireto del!nte de (n
o"%le"ento direto o %reedidos de (n! %re%osii3n detrs del o"%le"ento
direto1 E.14 I ,!+e !ll so"et&in, to e!t HDi ! todos !l,o de o"er6 NoO I ,!+e
so"et&in, to !ll HDi !l,o ! todos61
UEit&er$ neit&er$ t7o$ so"e$ so"e #e7er$ !n' ones Nse,(ido de U7&oL t&!tV ' (n
+erboO$ !n' ot&er$ !n' ot&ers$ "!n'$ ! ,ood "!n'$ ! ,re!t "!n'$ +er' "!n'$ !s
"!n' Nse,(ido de U!sV ' (n! #r!seO$ so "!n'$ /(ite "!n'$ too "!n'$ #e7$ /(ite #e7$
/(ite ! #e7$ #e7er ones Nse,(ido de Ut&!nV ' (n! #r!seO$ t&e #e7est$ "ore$ lessV$
%(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento indireto %reedidos de (n! %re%osii3n '
detrs del o"%le"ento direto e-e%to U&o7 "!n'111T$ &o7 #e7111TV$ /(e +!n !l
%rini%io de l! or!i3n1 E.4 Ee sent it to #e7 Hl lo en+i3 ! %oHos$ !s66M To &o7
"!n' did &e send itT HWA (ntHos$ !s6 se lo en+i3 0lT61
Los %rono"bres$ ! di#ereni! de los no"bres$ no +!n nor"!l"ente %reedidos de
deter"in!ntes$ %ero &!' !l,(nos %rono"bres inde#inidos /(e +!n %reedidos de
!l,2n deter"in!nteM los %rono"bres$ i,(!l /(e los no"bres$ %(eden ir en
onstr(iones %!rtiti+!s se,(idos de Uo#V1 E.14 "!n' o# (s H"(&os de nosotros6$
so"e o# t&e or,!nis"s H!l,(nos de los or,!nis"os6$ et1
*APTULO SEKTO
El +erbo =15
Derbos !(-ili!res =15I=$ be =1?I@
E!+e =1BI55
Do =158I5;
P!l!br!s on l!s /(e se (s! el +erbo UdoV =15<
P!l!br!s on l!s /(e se (s! el +erbo U"!9eV =15=
P!l!br!s on l!s /(e se (s!n los +erbos UdoV ' U"!9eV
on distinto si,ni#i!do =15?
P!l!br!s on l!s /(e se (s!n los +erbos UdoV ' U"!9eV
on el "is"o si,ni#i!do =15@
*onstr(iones /(e lle+!n U&!erV en !stell!no
' en in,l0s no lle+!n ni UdoV ni U"!9eV =15B
*!n =18C
M!' =185
M(st =188
O(,&t =18:
D!re =18;
Need =18<
Used to =18=
Derbos se"i!(-ili!res =18?
Ti%os de +erbos =18@
Derbos irre,(l!res =18B
For"!s +erb!les =1:C
Ter"in!iones +erb!les en in,l0s !nti,(o =1:5
For"! ne,!ti+! de los +erbos =1:8
Tr!Hn6s#ereni! de l! ne,!i3n =1::
Sor%res!s +erb!les =1:;
P!l!br!s no !se+er!ti+!s =1:<
P!l!br!s !se+er!ti+!s =1:=
For"!s i"%erson!les =1:?
Mor#e"!s$ "odos ' #or"!s +erb!les =1:@
Tie"%os +erb!les =1:B
Presente de indi!ti+o =1;C
Presente de l! +oz %!si+! =1;5
Derbos esttios =1;8
Derbos din"ios =1;:
Presente ontin(oL %ro,resi+o =1;;
Presente ontin(oL %ro,resi+o de l! +oz %!si+! =1;<
Pret0rito i"%er#eto de indi!ti+o =1;=I;?
Pret0rito i"%er#eto de l! +oz %!si+! =1;@
Pret0rito i"%er#eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o =1;B
Pret0rito i"%er#eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o de l! +oz %!si+! =1<C
F(t(ro i"%er#eto =1<5I<B
F(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%le de l! +oz %!si+! =1=C
F(t(ro i"%er#eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o =1=5
F(t(ro i"%er#eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o de l! +oz %!si+! =1=8
*ondiion!l o %oteni!l si"%le =1=:I?5
*ondiion!lL %oteni!l si"%le de l! +oz %!si+! =1?8
*ondiion!l o %oteni!l si"%le ontin(oL %ro,resi+o =1?:
*ondiion!lL %oteni!l ontin(oL %ro,resi+o de l! +oz %!si+! =1?;
Pret0rito %er#eto de indi!ti+o =1?<
Pret0rito %er#eto de l! +oz %!si+! =1?=
Preterito %er#eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o =1??
Pret0rito %er#eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o de l! +oz %!si+! =1?@
Pret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto =1?B
Pret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto de l! +oz %!si+! =1@C
Pret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o =1@5
Pret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o de l! +oz %!si+! =1@8
F(t(ro %er#eto =1@:
F(t(ro %er#eto de l! +oz %!si+! =1@;
F(t(ro %er#eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o =1@<
F(t(ro %er#eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o de l! +oz %!si+! =1@=
*ondiion!l o %oteni!l o"%(esto =1@?
*ondiion!lL %oteni!l o"%(esto de l! +oz %!si+! =1@@
ondiion!l o %oteni!l o"%(esto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o =1@B
*ondiion!lL %oteni!l o"%(esto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o de l! +oz %!si+! =1BC
Presente de s(b.(nti+o =1B5I8
Presente de s(b.(nti+o de l! +oz %!si+! =1B:
Pret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o =1B;I<
Pret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o de l! +oz %!si+! =1B=
Pret0rito %er#eto de s(b.(nti+o =1B?
Pret0rito %er#eto de s(b.(nti+o de l! +oz %!si+! =1B@
Pret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o =1BB
Pret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o de l! %!si+! =15CC
El i"%er!ti+o =15C5I8
For"!s no %erson!les o i"%erson!les del +erbo =15C
In#initi+o si"%le =15C;
Derbos se,(idos de in#initi+o sin UtoV =15C<
F(niones del in#initi+o =15C=
P!l!br!s /(e %(eden ir del!nte de (n in#initi+o =15C?
P!l!br!s /(e %(eden ir detrs de (n in#initi+o =15C@
Derbos se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoV =15CBI5C
Un in#initi+o detrs de otro in#initi+o =1555
Derbos se,(idos de U!bo(tL !tL b'L #orL #ro"L inL intoL o#L onL to7!rdsL 7it&V h l!
#or"! +erb!l en Iin, o UtoV h in#initi+o =1558
In#initi+o on UtoV detrs de los n("er!les ordin!les =155:
UToV !n!#3rio =155;
Derbos se,(idos del in#initi+o on QtoQ o de U!ndV
se,(ido del in#initi+o sin QtoQ =155<
In#initi+o %!rtido =155=
Derbos %eri#rstios =155?
Derbos deri+!dos =155@IB
Derbos on !"bio de !ento =158C
Derbos on !"bio #on0tio =1585
Derbos %or on+ersi3n =1588
Derbos o"%(estos =158:
Derbos ono"!to%0'ios =158;
Derbos !ort!dos =158<
Derbos red(%li!ti+os =158=
Derbos #(sion!dos =158?
ItL sb h be h !d.eti+o h to h in#initi+o =158@
It h be h no"bre h UtoV h in#initi+o =158B
ItL sb h be h !d.eti+oL no"bre h #or h no"breL %rono"bre h in#initi+o =15:C
*onstr(i3n on (n in#initi+o =15:5
It h be h !d.eti+o h o# h no"breL %rono"bre h in#initi+o =15:8
In#initi+o si"%le de l! %!si+! =15::
In#initi+o si"%le ontin(oL %ro,resi+o de l! %!si+! =15:;
In#initi+o o"%(esto =15:<
In#initi+o o"%(esto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o =15:=
In#initi+o o"%(estoL %er#eto si"%le de l! %!si+! =15:?
In#initi+o o"%(esto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o de l! %!si+! =15:@
For"! +erb!l en Iin, o %!rtii%io de %resente =15:BI;@
For"! +erb!l en Iin, o ,er(ndio =15;BI<5
Derbos !ten!ti+os ' no !ten!ti+os =15<8
Derbos ' #r!ses +erb!les se,(idos de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,
' de (n in#initi+o =15<:
For"! +erb!l en Iin, ' el in#initi+o on UtoV detrs de iert!s e-%resiones =15<;
For"! +erb!l en Iin, detrs de l!s %re%osiiones =15<<
For"! +erb!l en Iin, detrs de iertos +erbos ' #r!ses +erb!les =15<=
For"! +erb!l en Iin, detrs de iert!s e-%resiones =15<?
P!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do =15<@I==
Di#i(lt!des en el (so de !l,(nos +erbos =15=?
Uso es%eF#io de iertos +erbos =15=@
Derbos de "o+i"iento on "!ties distintos =15=B
*ontr!iones o !bre+i!iones =15?C
Gr(%os de %!l!br!s /(e se !ort!n =15?5
L! +oz %!si+! =15?8I@@
El estilo indireto =15@BI88:
El estilo indireto libre =188;
=151I Aa varios tipos de verbos en in,l0s4
*+ &os verbos auxiliares o !n3"!los H!(-ili!r'L &el%in,L !no"!lo(s +erbs64
!6 Los +erbos !(-ili!res no "od!les H%ri"!r' +erbs64 be$ do$ &!+eM se (s!n "s /(e
los no "od!les o se"i"od!lesM se %(eden (s!r t!"bi0n o"o +erbos nor"!les1
b6 Los +erbos !(-ili!res "od!les H"od!l !(-ili!riesL "od!l +erbsL "od!ls6L +erbos
de#eti+osL +erbos es%ei!les4 !n$ o(ld$ "!'$ "i,&t$ "(st$ o(,&t Hto6$ s&!ll$
s&o(ld$ 7ill$ 7o(ldM no se %(eden (s!r o"o +erbos nor"!les$ e-e%to Qo(,&t toQ
en in,l0s +(l,!r1 D1 =1;$ =1<
6 Los +erbos !(-ili!res se"i"od!les H"!r,in!l !(-ili!ries64 d!re$ need$ (sed toM se
%(eden (s!r t!"bi0n o"o +erbos nor"!lesM en %re,(nt!s ort!s o res%(est!s
ort!s$ s(elen ser s(Hb6stit(idos %or l!s distint!s #or"!s del !(-ili!r QdoQ1 D1 =1;
2+ &os verbos semiauxiliares1 D1 =18?
2+ &os verbos normales# principales# lxicos# ordinarios# no anmalos Hle-i!lL
#(ll +erbs6 Ntodos los de"s$ es deir !si todosM de 0stos los "s (s!dos son4 s!'$
,et$ ,o$ 9no7$ t&in9$ see$ "!9e$ o"e$ t!9e$ 7!nt$ ,i+e$ "e!n$ et1O1 D1 =18@
=181I &os verbos auxiliares o !n3"!los se caracteri)an por4
*+ Formar la forma negativa aLadiendo MnotM /(e lle+! !ento si es en#tio '
sin !ento si no es en#tioM Q!nQ %(ede ser en#tio s3lo (!ndo +! .(nto on UnotV
ontr!FdoM no es en#tio (!ndo +! on UnotV no ontr!Fdo en (n! sol! %!l!br!M tienen el
"is"o si,ni#i!doM sin e"b!r,o$ en in,l0s liter!rio (!ndo QnotQ +! !ent(!do se%!r!do
de Q!nQ$ nie,! el +erbo %osterior ' el si,ni#i!do es di#erente1 E.4 S&e is Rnot HEll! no
esL est6M Ee "!' Rnot Hl %(ede /(e no6M Ee o(,&t Rnot Hl no deberF!6M S&e R!nZtL
!nnot N.(nto$ no se%!r!doO sin, HEll! no s!beL %(ede !nt!r6M S&e !n Rnot sin, HEll!
%(ede no !nt!r61
P(eden lle+!r UnotV ontr!Fdo o !bre+i!do sin !ento en in,l0s olo/(i!lM el !ento
+! sobre el +erbo !(-ili!rM los !(-ili!res /(e %(eden ontr!erse son4 !renZt N%!r!
tod!s l!s %erson!s e-e%to %!r! l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r ' %!r! l! %ri"er!
%erson! del sin,(l!r4 A" I notT Nliter!rioOL ArenZt IT Nolo/(i!lM A"nZt I4 no %onerO6$
isnZt$ 7!snZt$ 7erenZt$ doesnZt$ donZt$ didnZt$ &!snZt$ &!+enZt N"s (s!do /(e UZ+e
notVO$ &!dnZt N"s (s!do /(e UZd notVO$ !nZt$ o(ldnZt$ "!'nZt NGB4 !r!ioO$
"i,&tnZt N"enos (s!doOL "i,&t not N"s (s!doO$ "(stnZt$ o(,&tnZt$ s&!nZt NGBO$
s&o(ldnZt$ 7onZt$ 7o(ldnZtM se %(ede !ent(!r el +erbo !(-ili!r o "od!l (!ndo es
en#tio ' no se !ent2! (!ndo no es en#tio1 E.14 DonZt be e!tin, so lon,] H\No
est0s o"iendo t!nto tie"%o]6M Ee RdidnZtM I 7onZtM T&e' R"!'nZt NGB4 !r!ioOL
!nZt N"s (s!doO HNo %(eden6M S&e R"(stnZt HEll! no debe61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l se %(ede #or"!r l! #or"! ne,!ti+! ontr!'endo o !bre+i!ndo
los +erbos !(-ili!res QbeQ Ns3lo en %resenteO$ Q&!+eQ Ns3lo en %resente ' %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inido (!ndo +! se,(ido de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO ' "od!les
Qs&!ll$ s&o(ld$ 7ill$ 7o(ldQ$ o l! #or"! UnotV1 E.14 mo(Zre notL mo( !renZt ,oin, HNo
+!s ! ir6M S&eZs notL S&e isnZt o"in, HEll! no +! ! +enir6M T&e'Z+e notL T&e'
&!+enZt re!&ed t&e to% HNo &!n !l!nz!do l! i"!6M EeZs notL Ee &!snZt done it Hl
no lo &! &e&o6M >eZll notL >e s&!nZtL >e 7onZt ,o o(t HNo s!ldre"os6M T&e'Zll
notL T&e' 7onZt !,ree HNo est!rn de !(erdo6M IZd notL I s&o(ldnZtL I 7o(ldnZt s!'
it Hmo no lo dirF!6M S&eZd notL S&e 7o(ldnZt st(d' HEll! no est(di!rF!61
Sin e"b!r,o$ UI !"V tiene (n! sol! #or"! ne,!ti+! !bre+i!d! UIZ" notV1 E.14 A4 Are
'o( jo&nT HWEres j(!nT61 B4 No$ I !" notL IZ" not N!"nZt4 no %onerM es di!let!lO
HNo$ no lo so'61 UAinZtV LeIntL es in,l0s +(l,!r %!r! U!" notL !re notL is notL &!+e
notL &!s notV1
A +ees$ UnotV no +! ontr!Fdo o !bre+i!do %or/(e +! se,(ido de !l,(n! %!rtF(l!
o"o Qe+enQ$ et1 E.14 >ill not e+en ! sin,le !%%le be ,i+en to &i"T HWNo se le +! !
d!r ni si/(ier! (n! sol! "!nz!n!T61
*(!ndo UnotV +! ontr!Fdo en #or"! interro,!ti+! en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %one detrs
del +erbo !(-ili!r$ t!nto si el s(.eto es (n no"bre o"o (n %rono"bre1 E.14 IsnZt
'o(r ide! 7onder#(lT HWNo es "!r!+illos! t( ide!T6M >erenZt t&ereT HWNo &!bF!T6M
DidnZt 'o( 9no7 t&isT HWNo s!bF!s estoT6M DoesnZt &e 7or9T HWNo tr!b!.! 0lT61
*(!ndo el s(.eto es (n %rono"bre inde#inido (!ntit!ti+o !"bi! el si,ni#i!do
se,2n se %on,! UnotV del!nte o detrs1 E.14 DoesnZt so"eone 9no7 t&isT HWNo s!be
!l,(ien estoT6 ' UDoes so"eone not 9no7 t&isTV HWE!' !l,(ien /(e no s!beL se%!
estoT61
*(!ndo UnotV no +! ontr!Fdo en #or"! interro,!ti+!$ se %one ,ener!l"ente detrs
del s(.eto ' no detrs de (n +erbo !(-ili!r$ si el s(.eto es (n %rono"bre$ %ero$ si es
(n no"bre$ se %one detrs de +erbos !(-ili!res$ e-e%to UbeV ' U&!+eV /(e %(eden
lle+!r el no"bre del!nte o detrs de UnotVM se (s! en in,l0s liter!rio o (!ndo indi!
0n#!sis1 E.14 Is s&e not &ereT HWNo est ell! !/(FT6M >ere t&ere notT HWNo &!bF!T6M
Does &e not (nderst!ndT HWNo o"%rende 0lT6M Did 'o( not 9no7 t&isT Nliter!rioOL
Did Rnot 'o( 9no7 t&isT Nliter!rio4 r!ro ' en#!tiz!ndo UnotVO HWNo s!bF!s estoT6M
S&o(ld not 'o(r "ot&er do ot&er7iseT HWNo deberF! t( "!dre &!erlo de otr!
"!ner!T6M Is 'o(r "ot&er not &ereT HWNo est t( "!dre !/(F6M Is not &istor' ! soi!l
sieneT HWNo es l! &istori! (n! ieni! soi!lT6M Is t&!t s(,,estion not ! bit
e-!,,er!tedTL Is not t&!t s(,,estion ! bit e-!,,er!tedT HWNo est es! s(,ereni! (n
%oo e-!,er!d!T6M E!s 'o(r sister not !rri+edT HWNo &! lle,!do t( &er"!n!T6M E!d
not t&e o(ntr' s(##ered "(&T HWNo &!bF! s(#rido "(&o el %!FsT61
QBeQ %(ede lle+!r QnotQ ontr!Fdo t!"bi0n (!ndo no es !(-ili!r sino +erbo nor"!l1
Sin e"b!r,o$ los +erbos Q&!+e$ d!re$ need$ (sed toQ$ #or"!n l! ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! on el !(-ili!r QdoQ (!ndo son +erbos nor"!lesM QbeQ no (s! el
!(-ili!r QdoQ t!"%oo (!ndo es +erbo nor"!lM Q&!+eQ en GB %(ede no (s!r el
!(-ili!r QdoQ (!ndo es +erbo nor"!l1
*(!ndo estos +erbos +!n en !#ir"!ti+! %(eden ir !ent(!dos si lle+!n 0n#!sis o sin
!ento si no lle+!n 0n#!sisM si +!n en ne,!ti+!$ QnotQ %(ede ir !ent(!do si lle+!
0n#!sis o sin !ento si no lle+! 0n#!sis1 E.14 I !" Nno en#tioOL I R!" Nen#tioOM I !"
not Nno en#tioOL I !" Rnot Nen#tioOM S&e is Nno en#tioOL S&e Ris Nen#tioOM S&e is
not Nno en#tioOL S&e is Rnot Nen#tioOM I 7ill Nno en#tioO ,oL I R7ill Nen#tioO ,o
HIr06$ et1
En !#ir"!ti+! %(eden ontr!erse los +erbos !(-ili!res QbeQ Ns3lo en %resenteO$
Q&!+eQ Ns3lo en %resente ' %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido (!ndo +! se,(ido de (n
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO ' los "od!les Qs&!ll$ s&o(ld$ 7ill$ 7o(ldQ1
2+ Formar la forma interrogativa invirtiendo el su%eto el verbo auxiliarM el
s(.eto +! detrs del !(-ili!r !(n/(e se! l!r,o1 E.4 M(st 'o( ,oT HWDebeHi6s irT6M
>&' &!d &e 7!itedT HWPor /(0 &!bF! es%er!do 0lT6M Is &e ,oin,T HWD! ! ir 0lT61
QBeQ #or"! l! interro,!ti+! de l! "is"! "!ner! (!ndo no es !(-ili!r ' Q&!+eQ
%(ede &!erlo de l!s dos #or"!s1
En (n! or!i3n interro,!ti+! se %(ede %oner (n no"bre /(e &!,! de +o!ti+o %ero
no de !%osii3n del!nte de (n +erbo !(-ili!rM (n no"bre /(e &!,! de !%osii3n
tiene /(e ir detrs de (n +erbo !(-ili!r1 D15C18<18$ 5C18<1B1b
No se %(ede %oner (n no"bre del!nte del +erbo !(-ili!r /(e &!,! de !%osii3n del
%rono"bre /(e +! detrs de (n +erbo !(-ili!r ' /(e &!e de s(.eto en (n! or!i3n
interro,!ti+!1 D15C18<1B1b
2+ @sarse en coletillas interrogativas o preguntas confirmativas# cortas#
disuntivas 4'uestion tags# tag 'uestions+ excepto con Mused toMM en in,l0s se
s(ele %oner el s(.eto h +erbo !(-ili!r o (n! #r!se !de"s de QmesL NoQ en l!
ontest!i3n ! l!s or!iones se,(id!s de %re,(nt!s ort!s o oletill!s interro,!ti+!sM
en in,l0s es r!ro /(e se %on,! si"%le"ente UmesL NoV %or/(e %!ree desort0s o
br(soM ! +ees$ QmesL NoQ +!n se,(idos de (n !d+erbio ' no de (n +erbo !(-ili!rM
sin e"b!r,o$ en !stell!no se %one nor"!l"ente QSFL NoQM los +erbos se"i"od!les
Qd!reQ ' QneedQ es "e.or s(Hb6stit(irlos %or QdoQM el +erbo QbeQ t!nto en GB o"o
en USA ' Q&!+eQ en GB %(eden (s!rse en %re,(nt!s ort!s o"o +erbos nor"!les
t!"bi0nM el s(.eto de l!s %re,(nt!s ort!s s(ele ser (n %rono"bre o Ut&ereVM otr!
%osibilid!d "s senill! %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es %oner sie"%re UdonZt 'o(
!,reeTL donZt 'o( t&in9TL isnZt t&!t tr(eTL isnZt t&!t orretTV en in,l0s estnd!r o
in,l0s liter!rio ' Uri,&tTL orretTL o9!'TL OATL e&TV en in,l0s olo/(i!l1 E.14 A4 S&e
"!' s!' t&!t$ "!'nZt NGB4 !r!ioO s&eTL "!' s&e notT Nestnd!rOL !nZt s&eT
Nestnd!rOL OAT Nolo/(i!lOL ri,&t Nolo/(i!lOTL e&T Nolo/(i!lO HEll! %(ede /(e
di,! eso$ W+erd!dTL WnoTL We&T6M T&ere !renZt t&ree$ !re t&ereT Nestnd!rOL OAT
Nolo/(i!lOL ri,&tT Nolo/(i!lOL e&T Nolo/(i!lO HNo &!' tres$ W+erd!dTL We&T6M S&e
didnZt "ind$ did s&eT Nestnd!rOL OAT Nolo/(i!lOL ri,&tT Nolo/(i!lOL e&T
Nolo/(i!lO HNo le i"%ort3$ W+erd!dTL We&T6M A4 Ee &!snZt !rri+ed$ &!s &eT
Nestnd!rOL OAT Nolo/(i!lOL ri,&tT Nolo/(i!lOL e&T Nolo/(i!lO Hl no &! lle,!do$
W+erd!dTL We&T61 D151<C1=I?$ 51<C15=$ 51<51;I=$ 51 <515B
*(!ndo &!' (n! or!i3n !#ir"!ti+! on %!l!br!s ne,!ti+!s o"o Qb' no "e!ns$ in
no 7!'$ neit&er$ ne+er$ no$ no lon,er$ no "ore$ no one$ nobod'$ none$ nor$ notL nZt$
not ! Hsin,le6$ not one$ not&in,$ no7&ereL no%l!e NoO no %l!e NUSAOQ$ et1$ o
%!l!br!s se"ine,!ti+!s o"o Qb!rel'$ #e7$ &!rdl'$ &!rdl' e+er$ .(st$ little$ onl'$
r!rel'$ s!rel'$ s!rel' e+er$ seldo"Q$ et1$ l! oletill! interro,!ti+! tiene /(e est!r
en !#ir"!ti+!1 E.14 T&ere !re #e7 %eo%le$ !re t&ereT HE!' %o!s %erson!s$ W+erd!dT6M
Ee &!s little ti"e$ &!s &eT Hl tiene %oo tie"%o$ W+erd!dT61 D1 =1:<
-+ @sarse en coletillas o respuestas cortas afirmativas negativas 4s/ort
ans,ers# tag ans,ers# tags+ para evitar la repeticin de otro verbo
sobr4e+entendido al 'ue se refiere, 'ue es un infinitivo o un participio del 'ue
es auxiliarM en in,l0s se s(ele %oner el s(.eto h +erbo !(-ili!r o (n! #r!se !de"s de
QmesL NoQ en l! ontest!i3n ! l!s or!iones interro,!ti+!s en !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!M
en in,l0s es r!ro /(e se %on,! si"%le"ente UmesL NoV %or/(e %!ree desort0s o
br(soM ! +ees$ QmesL NoQ +!n se,(idos de (n !d+erbio ' no de (n +erbo !(-ili!rM
sin e"b!r,o$ en !stell!no se %one nor"!l"ente USFL NoVM no se s(ele re%etir tod!
l! or!i3n ni en in,l0s ni en !stell!no ! no ser /(e se! en#tioM el +erbo QbeQ t!nto
en GB o"o en USA ' Q&!+eQ en GB %(eden (s!rse en oletill!s o"o +erbo
nor"!l t!"bi0nM s(elen ir !ent(!dos ! no ser /(e +!'!n se,(idos de QnotQ
!ent(!doM no se %(eden ontr!er (!ndo +!n en !#ir"!ti+!M (n +erbo "od!l %(ede
ir se,(ido de (no de los tres !(-ili!res Qbe$ &!+e$ doQM t!"bi0n detrs de Qneit&er$
norQ$ on in+ersi3n de +erbo ' s(.eto /(e tiene /(e re#erirse ! (n! %erson! distint! !
l! '! "enion!d!M t!"bi0n detrs de QsoQ ND1?15:OM t!"bi0n detrs de Qb(tQ %!r!
ontr!deir lo /(e se &! di&o sin in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' +erbo$ %ero en este !so el
s(.eto %(ede re#erirse ! l! %erson! "enion!d! o noM del!nte de Qeit&er$ tooQM detrs
de Q7&i&Q (!ndo es %rono"bre rel!ti+o e-%li!ti+oM ! +ees$ no son oletill!s sino
or!iones oordin!d!s$ '(-t!%(est!s o s(bordin!d!sM el s(.eto de l!s res%(est!s
ort!s s(ele ser (n %rono"bre o Ut&ereV1 E.14 A4 >ill &e ,oT HWIr 0lT61 B4 Ee 7ill
Rnot Hl no ir6L No$ &e R!nZt HNo$ 0l no %(ede ir6L mes$ &e R"(st HSF$ 0l debe ir6M A4
>o(ld 'o( !e%tT HWAe%t!rF!sT61 B4 mes$ I R7o(ld HSF$ !e%t!rF!6M A4 Did &e
onsent to itT HW*onsinti3 0l en elloT61 B4 Ee Rdid H*onsinti36L Ee R"!' &!+e HP(ede
/(e &!'! onsentido6M A4 >&o !"eT HWJ(i0n +inoT61 B4 I Rdid Hmo6M A4 S&e is
ei,&t' HEll! tiene o&ent! !)os61 B4 RIs s&eT HWDe +erd!dTL WSFT6M A4 T&e' !re t&ere
HEstn !llF61 B4 T&e' R!nZt be HNo %(eden est!r !llF6M S&e &!s ne+er e!ten !+i!r$ b(t
&e R&!s HEll! no &! o"ido n(n! !+i!r %ero 0l sF6M A4 >ill &e o"eT HWDendr 0lT61
B4 mes$ &e R"!' HSF$ 0l %(ede /(e sF6M T&e' donZt bot&er !nd neit&erL nor Rdoes &e
NUt&e'V ' U&eV se re#ieren ! %erson!s distint!sO HNo les i"%ort! ' ! 0l t!"%oo6M A4
>ill t&e' ,oT HWIrn ellosT61 B4 T&e' R!n$ t&e' R7ill !nd t&e' Rs&o(ld HP(eden$
/(ieren ' deberF!n6M A4 >&' doesnZt &e 7or9T HWPor /(0 no tr!b!.! 0lT61 B4 B(t &e
Rdoes] H\Pero sF tr!b!.!L lo &!eL Pero si '! tr!b!.!L lo &!e]6M A4 >&' donZt 'o(
7or9T HWPor /(0 no tr!b!.!sT61 B4 B(t I Rdo] H\Pero sF tr!b!.oL lo &!,oL Pero si '!
tr!b!.oL lo &!,o]6M Ee doesnZt 7or9 !nd s&e doesnZt Reit&er Hl no tr!b!.! ' ell!
t!"%oo6M S&e 7ill ,o !nd &e 7ill Rtoo HEll! ir ' 0l t!"bi0n6M Ee t&o(,&t o# 7ritin,$
7&i& &e Rdid Hl %ens3 en esribir$ os! /(e &izo61 D1 51<C18C$ 51<518<
T!nto en l!s oletill!s !#ir"!ti+!s o ne,!ti+!s o"o en l!s oletill!s interro,!ti+!s el
+erbo !(-ili!r %(ede est!r en el "is"o tie"%o /(e el +erbo sobrHe6entendido %ero
%(ede est!r t!"bi0n en otro tie"%o$ !(n/(e nor"!l"ente +! (n +erbo !(-ili!r
"od!l o se"i"od!l se,(ido de UbeV o U&!+eVM otr! %osibilid!d es no %oner ni s(.eto
ni +erbo !(-ili!r "od!l o se"i"od!l1 E.14 A4 E!s s&e st(diedT HWE! est(di!do
ell!T61 B4 No$ b(t s&e 7ill Nno s(%ri"ir4 no se %(ede %oner si"%le"ente QNoQO HNo$
%ero lo &!r6L Per&!%s HJ(izHs66M EeZs Rnot ,oin, to %rotest &e ne+er R&!s Hl no
+! ! %rotest!r n(n! lo &! &e&o6M A4 E!s &e ,i+en (%T HWE! !b!ndon!doL tir!do
l! to!ll! 0lT61 B4 Ee "!' &!+e HP(ede /(e lo &!'! &e&o6L Ee s&o(ld &!+e HDeberF!
&!berlo &e&o6L Ee o(,&t to &!+e HDeberF! &!berlo &e&o6L Ee o(ld &!+e HPodHr6F!
&!berlo &e&o6$ et1L Not 'et HTod!+F! no6M A4 Is 'o(r #!t&er 7or9in,T HWEst
tr!b!.!ndo t( %!dreT61 B4 Not !t t&e "o"ent HA&or! no6L Ee "!' be HP(ede /(e
est06L Ee s&o(ld be HDeberF! est!r6L Ee o(,&t to be HDeberF! est!r6L Ee o(ld be
HPodHr6F! est!r6$ et1
*(!ndo &!' (n +erbo !(-ili!r en tie"%o o"%(esto se %(ede ontest!r (s!ndo todo
el tie"%o o"%(esto o s3lo (n! %!rteM se !ent2! el %ri"er +erbo !(-ili!r1 E.14 A4
E!s s&e been drin9in,T HWE! est!do bebiendo ell!T61 B4 S&e R&!s beenL R&!s HE!
est!do6M A4 E!+e t&ere been %rotestsT HWE! &!bido %rotest!sT61 B4 mes$ t&ere R&!+e
beenL R&!+e HSF$ l!s &! &!bido6M A4 Ee o(ld &!+e been 7or9in, Hl %odHr6F! &!ber
est!do tr!b!.!ndo61 B4 I s(%%ose &e o(ldL Ro(ld &!+eL Ro(ld &!+e been HS(%on,o
/(e %odHr6F! &!ber est!do6$ %ero UEe &el%ed ot&ers !nd s&e 7!nted &i" to be
&el%ed Nno s(%ri"irOV Hl !'(d!b! ! otros ' ell! /(erF! /(e le !'(d!r!n ! 0l61
*(!ndo &!' (n! or!i3n %rini%!l /(e lle+e de s(.eto el %rono"bre %erson!l s(.eto
UIV$ se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n de s(.eto en l! oletill! en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! o
interro,!ti+! el s(.eto de l! or!i3n s(bordin!d!1 E.14 I donZt belie+e s&e is %oor$ do
IL do 'o(L is s&eT HNo reo /(e ell! se! %obre$ W+erd!dTL W+erd!dTL Wlo esT NoO Wes
%obreT61
3+ Aacer de auxiliaresM se (s!n del!nte de +erbos nor"!les ' no %(eden (s!rse
solos ! no ser /(e se sobrHe6entiend! el +erbo nor"!l1 E.14 Ee doesnZt s"o9e Hl no
#("!6M Ee 7ill o"e Hl +endr6M Ee "(st ,o Hl debe irHse661
6+ &levar adverbios o"o Q!l7!'s$ ,ener!ll'$ o#ten$ ne+er$ so"eti"es$ (s(!ll'Q$
et1$ detrs %ero$ si no +!n se,(idos de n!d!$ %(eden ir del!nte1 E.14 >e "(st
so"eti"es do it HDebe"os ! +ees &!erlo6M Ee is !l7!'s drin9in, Hl est sie"%re
bebiendo61
QBeQ &!e lo "is"o (!ndo es +erbo nor"!l1
8+ Gr seguidos de infinitivos '! se! on QtoQ4 Qo(,&tQ ' Q(sedQ o sin QtoQ4 los
de"sM QbeQ ' Q&!+eQ no +!n se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoV (!ndo son !(-ili!res
%ero (!ndo son +erbos nor"!les %(eden ir se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoVM Qs&!ll$
7ill$ s&o(ldQ ' Q7o(ldQ s(elen ir ontr!Fdos (!ndo +!n se,(idos de (n in#initi+o
sin UtoV %ero no si +!n solos1 E.14 Ee "i,&t ,o Hl %odrF! ir6M Ee 7o(ld %!rtii%!te
Hl %!rtii%!rF!61
M(&os de los +erbos !(-ili!res "od!les no +!n se,(idos "s /(e de (n in#initi+o$
%ero los !(-ili!res QbeQ ' Q&!+eQ %(eden ir se,(idos t!"bi0n de +erbos en otr!s
#or"!s +erb!les o"o el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente ' %!s!do1
9+ @sarse en forma enf!tica sin el auxiliar Mdo# does# didMM %(eden indi!r
0n#!sis o ontr!steM (!ndo +!n en !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+! ontr!Fd! se !ent2! el
+erbo ' (!ndo +!n en ne,!ti+! no ontr!Fd! se !ent2! QnotQ1 E.14 A4 Ee RisnZtL Ee
is RnotL EeZs Rnot &ere Hl no est !/(F61 B4 mes$ &e Ris HSF$ l!ro /(e est 0l6M A4 S&e
R7onZtL 7ill Rnot ,o HEll! no ir61 B4 mes$ s&e R7ill HSF$ %or s(%(esto /(e ir6M T&e'
Rs&o(ld listen to 'o( HDeberF!n es(&!rte61
QBeQ lle+! el !(-ili!r QdoQ en el i"%er!ti+o !#ir"!ti+o ' ne,!ti+o (!ndo no es
!(-ili!rM es en#tio en !#ir"!ti+!M se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n sin QdoQ en !#ir"!ti+!
(!ndo no es en#tio1 E.14 RDo be nie] H\S0 b(eno$ %or #!+or]6M Be nie] H\S0
b(eno]6M RDonZt be sill'] H\No se!s tonto]61
En in,l0s ol/(i!l se %(eden (s!r en (n! oletill! !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+! %!r! re%etir
el s(.eto ' el +erbo !(-ili!r1 E.14 S&e is 7orried$ s&e is HEll! est %reo(%!d!$ lo
est61
0+ Tener formas fuertes dbiles en la pronunciacin excepto Mbeing #Jbi"I#,
/aving #J/$vI#, did #dId#, done #dAn#, dare #dee# >HI? #deHe6r# >@S=?,
mig/t #maIt#, oug/t #o"t#, need #ni"d#, used #%u"st#MM QbeQ %(ede tener #or"!s
#(ertes ' d0biles t!"bi0n o"o +erbo nor"!lM el +erbo Q&!+eQ tiene #or"!s #(ertes
o"o +erbo nor"!l ' #or"!s d0biles o"o !(-ili!rM !si todos s(elen %ron(ni!rse
d0bil"ente ! no ser /(e +!'!n !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n$ se o%on,!n !l deseo de l!Hs6
otr!Hs6 %erson!Hs6 %!r! e-%res!r ontr!ste o se les d0 0n#!sis$ nor"!l"ente on
iertos !d+erbios o"o Q!bsol(tel'$ .(stQ$ et1M Qs&!ll$ 7illQ ' Q7o(ldQ tienen #or"!s
#(ertes (!ndo e-%res!n intens! deter"in!i3nM todos ellos (!ndo +!n ontr!Fdos
detrs de (n no"bre o %rono"bre tienen l! #or"! d0bil "s ort! H&eZs LzL61 D1
51;@1<
*:+ Oo usarse en forma continua excepto MbeM1
**+ Oo tener tiempos compuestos, excepto MbeM 'ue tiene M/ave# /as beenM1
E.14 Ee &!s been 7ritin, Hl &! est!do esribiendo61
=1:1I &os verbos auxiliares no modales auxiliares modales .(nto on el
%redi!do +erb!l si,(iente se (s!n o"o i"%er#eti+os ' en #or"! si"%le (!ndo
indi!n &!bilid!d o %er"iso ' (!ndo Qs&!llQ ' Q7illQ indi!n +ol(nt!d$ %ero se
usan como perfectivos en forma continua cuando indican4
a+ Kosibilidad1 E.14 S&e "!' &!+e lost &er b!, HEll! %(ede /(e &!'! %erdido el
bolso6M Ee !nZt be st(d'in, !ll d!' Hl no %(ede est!r est(di!ndo todo el dF!61
b+ Suposicin1 E.14 T&e' "(st &!+e t!9en t&e 9e' HDeben de &!ber o,ido
NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!do l! ll!+e6M Ee 7ill &!+e e!ten b' no7 Hl &!br o"ido '!6M Ee
"(st be .o9in, Hl debe de est!r bro"e!ndo6M Ee 7ill still be 7or9in, t&ere Hl
est!r tod!+F! tr!b!.!ndo !llF61
Estos +erbos lle+!n el !d+erbio ,ener!l"ente detrs ! di#ereni! de los +erbos
se"i"od!les$ se"i!(-ili!res ' +erbos nor"!les /(e lo lle+!n ,ener!l"ente del!nte1
D1 ?15818
=1;1I A di#ereni! de los +erbos !(-ili!res no "od!les ' +erbos nor"!les$ los
verbos auxiliares modales semimodales Mcan, could, dare, ma, mig/t, must,
need, oug/t 4to+, s/all, s/ould, used to, ,ill, ,ouldM4
*+ Oo terminan en 5s en la tercera persona del singularM Ud!reV %(ede ter"in!r
t!"bi0n en Is1
2+ Oo tienen m!s 'ue una forma verbalM %or lo t!nto$ tienen sol!"ente (n
tie"%oM no tienen #or"! +erb!l en Iin,$ !sF /(e no %(eden ir en #or"! ontin(!M
t!"%oo tienen %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM no tienen #(t(ro i"%er#eto ni ondiion!l o
%oteni!l si"%leM Ud!reV %(ede ir %reedido de U"i,&t$ s&o(ld$ 7ill$ 7o(ldVM tiene
"s de (n tie"%o$ tiene %resente$ %ret0rito inde#inidoL i"%er#eto$ #(t(ro
i"%er#eto ' ondiion!l o %oteni!l si"%le1
2+ Oo se usan en imperativoM Ud!reV %(ede (s!rse t!"bi0n en i"%er!ti+o1
-+ Oo tienen infinitivoM !sF$ %(es$ es "e.or no (s!r l! %!rtF(l! UtoV !l &!bl!r de los
+erbos !(-ili!res$ e-e%to UbeV ' U&!+eVM los +erbos nor"!les (!ndo no +!n en
(n! #r!se ( or!i3n %(eden ir %reedidos de UtoV$ %ero &!' !(tores /(e no (s!n l!
%!rtF(l! UtoV on nin,2n +erbo (!ndo !%!reen en (n! list! de %!l!br!s$ et1M en
este libro no se %one QtoQ$ ! no ser /(e %(ed! &!ber on#(si3n on (n no"bre /(e se
esrib! i,(!l$ et1
3+ Van seguidos de un infinitivo e-%lFito o i"%lFito1 D1 =15C<15
6+ Oo utili)an el auxiliar MdoM para formar la forma negativa o interrogativaM
Ud!reV %(ede (tiliz!r t!"bi0n el !(-ili!r UdoV1
Los +erbos Qneed$ "(st$ o(,&tQ$ %(eden indi!r %!s!do$ es deir$ #(t(ro en el %!s!do
(!ndo +!n en estilo indireto1 E.14 S&e s!id Ht&!t6 &e "(st &el% &er HEll! di.o /(e 0l
debF!L debe !'(d!rl!61
Los +erbos Qo(ld$ "i,&t$ s&o(ld$ 7o(ldQ$ %(eden (s!rse t!"bi0n %!r! el %resente '
el #(t(ro$ "ientr!s /(e el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido de los +erbos nor"!les no
indi! nor"!l"ente %resente o #(t(ro e-e%to on Ui#V &i%ot0tioM est!s #or"!s son
"s di%lo"ti!s$ "enos diret!s /(e Q!n$ "!'$ s&!ll$ 7illQ1 E.14 Ee o(ldL "i,&tL
s&o(ldL 7o(ld o"e no7L to"orro7 Hl %odHr6F!L %odHr6F!L deberF! +enirL +endrF!
!&or!L "!)!n!61
Todos e-e%to Qd!reQ %(eden lle+!r (n s(.eto /(e se re#ier! ! (n! %erson!$ !ni"!l o
os!$ %(eden ir %reedidos de Ut&ereV e-%leti+oL introd(torio$ tienen l! "is"!
#or"! (!ndo +!n en %!si+!$ '! /(e es el +erbo nor"!l el /(e !"bi!1
=1<1I A di#ereni! de los +erbos nor"!les$ los verbos auxiliares modales4
*+ Ounca se construen con los auxiliares no modales Mbe, /aveM MdoM
delanteM es deir$ si se (s! (n +erbo "od!l$ '! no se %(ede %oner otro +erbo del!nte$
%ero detrs se %(ede %oner (!l/(ier +erbo %rini%!l en in#initi+o si"%le o en #or"!
ontin(! Ni QHnot6 beQ h %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente de (!l/(ier +erbo %rini%!lO en
!ti+!$ inl(idos los !(-ili!res no "od!les$ o en %!si+! Ni QHnot6 beQ h %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!do de (!l/(ier +erbo %rini%!lO o (n in#initi+o o"%(esto en !ti+! Ni
QHnot6 &!+eQ h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do de (!l/(ier +erbo %rini%!lO o en %!si+! Ni
QHnot6 &!+e beenQ h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO e-e%to otro "od!lM si +!n se,(idos de
UbeV$ indi!n %resente o #(t(ro '$ si +!n se,(idos de U&!+eV$ indi!n %!s!do$ ! no
ser /(e se re#ier! !l +erbo nor"!l U&!+eV en (n tie"%o no o"%(esto1 E.14 Ee !n
sin, Hl %(edeL s!be !nt!r6M Ee "!' be Hl %(ede serL est!r6M Ee "!' be e!tin, Hl
%(ede est!r o"iendo6M S&e o(,&t to be 7or9in, HEll! deberF! est!r tr!b!.!ndo6M
S&e "!' be !##eted HP(ede /(e le !#ete ! ell!6M Ee "!' &!+eL &!+e doneL &!+e
done itL &!+e done so Hl %(ede /(e lo &!'! &e&o6M Ee "!' doL do itL do so Hl
%(ede /(e lo &!,!6M S&e "!' be !bo(t to He!t6 HEll! %(ede /(e est0 ! %(nto de
o"er6M S&e "!' e!t HEll! %(ede /(e o"!6M Ee "i,&t &!+e been He!tin,6 Hl
%odHr6F! &!ber est!do o"iendo6M S&e "i,&t &!+e &!d so"et&in, HEll! %odHr6F!
&!ber to"!do !l,o6M S&e "i,&t &!+eL &!+e doneL done itL done so HEll! %odHr6F!
&!berlo &e&o6M T&e' "i,&t &!+e been !bo(t to H,o6 HPodHr6F!n &!ber est!do ! %(nto
de ir6M mo( "i,&t &!+e e!ten HPodHr6F!s &!ber o"ido6$ et1
2+ Oo tienen tiempos compuestosM no obst!nte$ %(eden e-%res!r !l,o %!reido
(tiliz!ndo detrs otro +erbo en in#initi+o %er#etoL o"%(esto1 E.14 T&e' "!' &!+e
lost t&eir 9e's HP(ede /(e &!'!n %erdido l!s ll!+es61
2+ Van normalmente seguidos de un infinitivo$ e-e%to (!ndo el in#initi+o se
sobrHe6entiende en %re,(nt!s o res%(est!s ort!sM si se &! "enion!do el +erbo QbeQ
!nterior"ente$ &!' /(e %onerlo detrs de (n +erbo "od!l1 E.14 A4 >!s s&e !n
!r&!eolo,ist NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !r&eolo,ist NUSA %rini%!l"enteOT HWEr! ell!
!r/(e3lo,!T61 B4 S&e o(ld be HEll! %odHr6F! serlo6L S&e o(ld &!+e been HEll!
%odHr6F! &!berlo sido61
UBeenV no se %(ede s(%ri"ir (!ndo +! detrs de (n +erbo "od!l h Q&!+eQ1 E.14 As
it s&o(ld &!+e been H*o"o deberF! &!ber sido61
=1=1I De los +erbos !(-ili!res4 56 S3lo QbeQ ' QdoQ tienen i"%er!ti+o4 Be &ere
7!t&in, TD] H\Est!te !/(F +iendo l! tele+isi3n]6M RDo o"e] H\Den$ %or #!+or]61 86
S3lo QbeQ tiene %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do4 Ee &!s been %ro"oted Hl &! sido
%ro"oion!do61 :6 S3lo QbeQ ' Q&!+eQ tienen in#initi+o ' l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,$
se! %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente o ,er(ndio4 S&e "!' &!+e done it HP(ede /(e ell! lo
&!'! &e&o6M S&e is bein, &el%ed HEll! est siendo !'(d!d!6M S&e is ,l!d !bo(t
&!+in, ,one HEll! est ontent! de &!ber ido6M E!+in, &el%ed (s$ &e is s!tis#ied
HE!bi0ndonos !'(d!do$ 0l est s!tis#e&o6M T&e' e-%et to be &el%in, (s #or !n &o(r
HEs%er!n est!r !'(dndonos d(r!nte (n! &or!61 ;6 S3lo QbeQ ' Q&!+eQ tienen #(t(ro
i"%er#eto HI s&!llL 7ill be dre!"in, HEst!r0 so)!ndo6M I s&!llL 7ill &!+e #inis&ed
HE!br0 ter"in!do66 ' ondiion!l o %oteni!l si"%le4 I s&o(ldL 7o(ld be ,l!d
HEst!rF! ontento6M I s&o(ldL 7o(ld &!+e #inis&ed HE!brF! ter"in!do61
No es reo"end!ble (s!r Qbein,Q h %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente %or/(e es in,l0s
!r!io$ red(nd!nte ' no se (s! !%en!s1 E.14 Bein, en.o'in, &ersel# N!r!ioOL
En.o'in, &ersel# Nestnd!rO$ s&e is &!%%' HEst!ndo dis#r(t!ndo$ ell! es #eliz61
Los +erbos !(-ili!res +!n nor"!l"ente solos$ se,(idos de (n +erbo nor"!l o
se,(idos de otro +erbo !(-ili!r$ "enos #re(ente"ente se,(idos de otros dos +erbos
!(-ili!res ' "(' %oo #re(ente"ente de otros tres +erbos !(-ili!res4 S&e "!' &!+e
been bein, &el%ed b' t&e" HP(ede /(e ell! &!'! est!do siendo !'(d!d! %or ellos61
=1?1I El verbo MbeM Hser o est!r6 %(ede ser !(-ili!r o +erbo nor"!lM (!ndo es
+erbo nor"!l +! se,(ido de !d.eti+os o no"bresM (!ndo es +erbo nor"!l no +!
se,(ido de otro +erbo ' no se (s! en res%(est!s ort!s o res%(est!s elF%ti!sM es el
2nio +erbo en in,l0s on o&o #or"!s distint!s Hbe$ !"$ !re$ is$ bein,$ 7!s$ 7ere$
been6 ' on (n! #or"! di#erente %!r! l! %ri"er! %erson! del %resente de indi!ti+o
H!"6M el +erbo QbeQ$ (!ndo es +erbo nor"!l ' no !(-ili!r$ %(ede desribir l! ed!d$
el t!"!)o o %eso$ l! dist!ni!$ el %reio$ el tie"%o !t"os#0rio$ el tie"%o
ronol3,io$ l!s #e&!s$ el est!do #Fsio o "ent!l ' se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n en
"odis"osM en iertos !sos se (s! s3lo el +erbo QbeQ en in,l0s$ "ientr!s /(e en
!stell!no se %(ede (s!r "enos ! "en(do el +erbo QserQ o "s ! "en(do el +erbo
QtenerQ1 E.14 A" I notL ArenZt N2ni! #or"! ontr!t!O I !n !ir &ostess NoO !
ste7!rdessT HWNo so' 'o !z!#!t!T6M S&e is t7ent'It&ree H'e!rs old6 HEll! tiene
+eintitr0s H!)os66M It is s"!ll HEs %e/(enHo$ !66M It is &e!+' HEs %es!dHo$ !66M It isnZtL
ItZs Rnot ne!r HNo est er!6M It is e-%ensi+e HEs !rHo$ !66M It is oldL 7ind'L s(nn'
HE!e #rFo NoO Est N(n ob.etoO #rFoL E!e +ientoL E!e sol6M It is se+en HoZlo96
HSon l!s siete Hen %(nto66M It is 8:Hrd6 A%ril NGB %rini%!l"enteOL A%ril 8:Hrd6 HEs el
8: de !bril6 ND1<1=OM Ee is stron, Hl esHt6 #(erte6M S&e is !#r!id HEll! est !s(st!d!L
tiene "iedo6M S&e is !n,r' HEll! est en#!d!d!6M Eis #eet !re old Hl tiene los %ies
#rFosL S(s %ies estn #rFos6M S&e is &(n,r'L t&irst' HEll! tiene &!"breL sedL est
&!"brient! NoO on &!"breL sedient! NoO on sed6M Ee is &e!lt&ierL "ore &e!lt&'
no7 t&!n l!st 'e!rL Ee en.o's better &e!lt& no7 t&!n l!st 'e!r NEe &!s "ore &e!lt&
no7 t&!n l!st 'e!r4 no %onerO Hl est "s s!noL tiene "s s!l(d !&or! /(e el !)o
%!s!do6M Ee is l(9' Hl es !#ort(n!doL tiene s(erte6M Ee is slee%' Hl tiene s(e)oL
est so"noliento NoO so)oliento6M Are 'o( in ! &(rr'T HWTienes %ris!T61
*(!ndo es +erbo nor"!l en i"%er!ti+o %(ede ir %reedido del !(-ili!r QdoQ en#tio
en !#ir"!ti+!M en i"%er!ti+o +! %reedido del !(-ili!r QdoQ en ne,!ti+!M en ne,!ti+!$
(!ndo no +! en i"%er!ti+o$ %(ede lle+!r el !(-ili!r QdoQ en or!iones s(bordin!d!s
/(e e"%ieen %or U7&'L i#V ' /(e ten,!n "s o "enos el "is"o si,ni#i!do /(e en
!#ir"!ti+!M el +erbo UbeV no s(ele ir en #or"! ontin(! %ero %(ede ir en #or"!
ontin(! (!ndo se tr!d(e ,ener!l"ente %or U&!erse el$ l!VM en los tres !sos el
+erbo QbeQ +! s3lo on !d.eti+os din"ios ND ;15C$ =1;81b18OM %(ede ir t!"bi0n on
iertos no"bres o"o U! b!b'$ ! bl!bber"o(t&$ ! bore$ ! br!t$ ! br(te$ ! b(ll'$ !
&ild$ ! o7!rd$ ! retin$ ! d!nd'$ ! d!rlin,$ ! des%ot$ ! de+il$ ! d(ll!rd$ ! d7!r#$ !n
ent&(si!st$ !n e-%ert$ ! #!t&er$ ! #ool$ ! Hb!dL ,ood6 #riend$ ! ,eni(s$ ! ,entle"!n$
&ell$ !n idiot$ ! l!d'$ ! li!r$ ! lo(d"o(t&$ ! "iser$ ! "ot&er$ ! n(is!ne$ ! %ed!nt$ !
%er#etionist$ ! sill' %erson$ ! %roble"$ ! %l!'bo'$ ! %rostit(te$ ! so(ndrel$ ! s&o7I
o##$ ! snob$ ! s(ess$ ! s(9er Nolo/(i!lO H(n bobo6$ ! t&re!t$ ! tr!itor$ ! +ill!in$ !
7orr'$ et1$ ' !si todos los no"bres /(e ter"in!n en Ier (!ndo indi! !l,(ien /(e
&!e !l,o &!bit(!l"ente4 ! bl(nderer$ !n e!ter$ ! #l!tterer$ ! "(rderer$ ! re!der$ !
t!l9er$ ! te!&er$ et1 E.14 HRdo6 Be %olite] H\S0 ort0s H%or #!+or6]6M DonZt be sill']
H\No se!s tontHo$ !6]6M >&' donZt 'o( be Nliter!rioOL !renZt 'o( Nestnd!rO ! !re#(l
%ersonT HWPor /(0 no eres (n! %erson! (id!dos!T Ni Be ! !re#(l %erson Nestnd!rO
HS0 (n! %erson! (id!dos!6O6M >&' donZt 'o( be Nliter!rioOL !renZt 'o( Nestnd!rO
9inder NoO "ore 9indT HWPor /(0 no eres "s !"!bleT Ni Be 9inder NoO "ore 9ind]
Nestnd!rO H\S0 "s !"!ble]6O6M I# 'o( donZt be Nliter!rioOL 'o( !renZt Nestnd!rO
res%onsibleH$6 'o(Zll &!+e %roble"s HSi no eres res%ons!bleH$6 tendrs %roble"!s Ni
Be Nestnd!rO res%onsible !nd 'o( 7onZt &!+e %roble"s] H\S0 res%ons!ble ' no
tendrs %roble"!s]6O6M I# 'o( be Nliter!rioOL !re Nestnd!rO toler!nt$ IZll o"eL 'o(Zll
o"eL &eZll o"eL s&eZll o"eL t&e'Zll o"e HSi eres toler!nte$ +endr0L +endrsL
+endr 0lL +endr ell!L +endrn ellos6M S&e is bein, "'sterio(s HEll! se est
&!iendo l! "isterios!61
*on+iene no on#(ndir US&eZs bein, ,enero(sV HEll! est siendo ,eneros!6 ' US&eZs
been ,enero(sV HEll! &! sido ,eneros!61
El +erbo QbeQ$ .(nto on los de"s +erbos o%(l!ti+os$ %(ede lle+!r de !trib(to (n
!d.eti+o$ (n no"bre$ (n %rono"bre$ (n in#initi+o$ (n !d+erbio$ (n o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!l ' (n! #r!se s(Hb6st!nti+!d!1 E.14 S&e is t!ll HEll! es !lt!6M Ee
is ! "!n Hl es (n &o"bre6M >&!t ! ,i!nt &e is] H\J(0 ,i,!nte es 0l]6M It is &er HEs
ell!6M It is t&e !rdi,!ns Ht&!t6 s&eZs 7orried !bo(t HEs de l!s rebe!sL &!/(et!s de
%(nto de lo /(e ell! est %reo(%!d!6M >&!t is &er n!"eT HW*(l es s( no"breT6M
To li+e is to le!rn HDi+ir es !%render6M It 7!s T&(rsd!' HEr! .(e+es6M Ee 7!s t&e
&!r!ter 7it&o(t %erson!lit' Hl er! el %erson!.e sin %erson!lid!d6M It 7!s t&e 7!r"
lot&es HEr! l! ro%! de in+ierno6M It is t&e "il9"!n o# t&e ot&er d!' HEs el le&ero
del otro dF!6M S&e is #ro" D!leni! HEll! es de D!leni!61
*on el +erbo QbeQ no s3lo el s(.eto &!e /(e el +erbo +!'! en sin,(l!r o %l(r!l sino
t!"bi0n el %redi!do no"in!l1 *(!ndo se (s! el +erbo QbeQ %!r! re#erirse ! (n!
or!i3n !nterior /(e lle+e el +erbo UbeV .(nto on (n !d.eti+o$ no se +(el+e ! %oner
el !d.eti+o %ero en !stell!no se %one UloV1 E.14 A4 Are 'o( tiredT HWEstHs6
!ns!doT61 B4 mes$ I !" HSF$ lo esto'6M S&e t&in9s Ht&!t6 &e is ri& b(t &e isnZt HEll!
ree /(e 0l es rio %ero no lo es61
*(!ndo se (s! el +erbo QbeQ .(nto on (n !d+erbio %!r! re#erirse ! (n! or!i3n
!nterior /(e lle+e el +erbo QbeQ .(nto on (n !d.eti+o$ no se +(el+e ! %oner el
!d.eti+o sino UsoV ' en !stell!no se %one UloV1 E.14 A4 Is &e &!ndso"eT HWEs
!%(estoL ,(!%o 0lT61 B4 Ee is "ore so t&!n s&e t&in9s HLo es "s de lo /(e ell!
ree6M A4 S&e is s(%%osed to be intelli,ent HSe s(%one /(e ell! es inteli,ente61 B4 S&e
is deidedl' so HEll! iert!"ente lo es6M A4 Is &e (,l'T HWEs #eo 0lT61 B4 Ee doesnZt
loo9 it b(t &e is intensel' so Hl no lo %!ree %ero lo es intens!"ente6M T&e' 7ere
ri& b(t t&e' !re so no lon,er HEr!n riHos$ !s6 %ero '! no lo son61
En in,l0s +(l,!r el +erbo QbeQ %(ede ir en sin,(l!r on (n %redi!do no"in!l en
%l(r!l1 E.14 Eo7 !re Nliter!rioOL Eo7Zre Nolo/(i!lOL Eo7Zs Hi is6 N+(l,!rO t&in,sT
HW*3"o estn l!s os!sT61 D1 5C18@
Se %(ede s(%ri"ir UbeV en iertos !sos1 D1 =15C<1;
=1@1I El verbo MbeM cuando es auxiliar tiene l!s !r!terFsti!s it!d!s en =18M
%(ede ir !ent(!do %or r!zones e"oti+!s ' %!r! "ostr!r des!(erdo on !l,o di&o
!nterior"enteM se usa4
*+ En la formacin de tiempos simples compuestos en forma continua tanto
en activa como en pasivaM el +erbo UbeV no s(ele ir en #or"! ontin(! %ero %(ede
ir en #or"! ontin(! (!ndo #or"! %!rte de (n +erbo en %!si+!1 E.14 Ee is dre!"in,
Hl est so)!ndo6M Ee &!s been dre!"in, Hl &! est!do so)!ndo6M Ee is bein,
disri"in!ted !,!inst Hl est siendo disri"in!do61 D1 =1;8$ =1<C$ =1=8
En iertos !sos indi! #(t(ro in"edi!to1 E.14 T&e' !re o"in, HD!n ! +enir6M T&e'
7ill be o"in, HDendrn6M S&e 7!s i"%!tient to be doin, t&!t HEll! est!b!
i"%!iente %or &!er esoL !/(ello6M I "(st be ,oin, HDebo ir"e6M T&e' 7!nted to be
#il"in, HJ(erF!n est!r #il"!ndo61
2+ En la formacin de los tiempos simples compuestos en forma simple de la
vo) pasiva1 E.14 It is s!id t&!t 'o( !re "!rried HSe die /(e ests !s!dHo$ !661
2+ Kara indicar resultado, estado o condicin, con un ad%etivo 'ue termine
como un participio 4de+ pasado1 E.14 T&e' !re ,one Nolo/(i!lO HSe &!n ido6M Ee is
s!tis#ied Hl est s!tis#e&o6M It is oo9ed HEst oin!do61
=1B1I El verbo M/aveM %(ede ser !(-ili!r o +erbo nor"!lM (!ndo es +erbo nor"!l
nor"!l"ente no se ontr!e en !#ir"!ti+! en los tie"%os si"%lesM (!ndo indi!
%osesi3n se %(ede ontr!er e-e%to en terer! %erson! del sin,(l!rM no +! se,(ido
de otro +erbo /(e est0 en %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM +! on el !(-ili!r QdoL doesQ en el
%resente ' QdidQ en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido en !#ir"!ti+! en#ti!$ en
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! (!ndo indi! %osesi3n$ !l,o &!bit(!l$ re%etiti+o o %!r! (n!
!i3n$ (!ndo U&!+eV si,ni#i! Qo,er NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r$ !e%t!r$ reibir$ in+it!r$
obtener$ e-%eri"ent!r$ %!s!r$ to"!r Ni o"erO$ d!r$ enontr!r$ (id!r de$ d!r ! l(z$
or,!niz!r$ &!er NoO "!nd!rQ ' en ,irosL "odis"osM (!ndo Q&!+eQ es +erbo nor"!l
es reo"end!ble (s!r QdoQ en l!s %re,(nt!s o res%(est!s ort!sM Q&!+eQ se %(ede
(s!r t!"bi0n en GB ' USA en ne,!ti+! on UnotV ontr!idoV sin el !(-ili!r QdoL
doesQ en %resente ' ! +ees en GB en interro,!ti+! sin el !(-ili!r QdoL doesQ en
%resente ' en in,l0s liter!rio s3lo en GB en ne,!ti+! ' ! +ees en interro,!ti+! sin
QdidQ en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido$ (!ndo indi! %osesi3n o es !l,o
%!rti(l!r$ onreto$ no ,ener!l$ %ero no (n! !i3nM (!ndo el +erbo Q&!+eQ est en
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resente o en %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do$ es sie"%re +erbo nor"!lM no se
(s! en %!si+! ! no ser /(e se tr!d(z! %or Qonse,(irQ o Qen,!)!rQM %(ede ir en
#or"! ontin(!$ %ero (!ndo Q&!+eQ si,ni#i! Qtener Hi %oseerL ser "ie"bro deL
sentir6Q no %(ede ir en #or"! ontin(!M %or eso$ se die QS&e &!s Nis &!+in,4 no
%onerO ! &e!d!&eL ! 7i, onQ HEll! tiene dolor de !bez!L (n! %el(! %(est!6M en
in,l0s liter!rio no se %(ede s(Hb6stit(ir el +erbo Q&!+eQ %or el !(-ili!r QdoQ %ero en
in,l0s olo/(i!l sFM en in,l0s liter!rio se (s! "s Q&!+eQ /(e Q&!+e ,otQ t!nto en GB
o"o en USA1 E.14 T&e' &!+e ! rest!(r!nt$ donZt t&e'T HTienen (n rest!(r!nte$
WnoT6M IZ+e no ide! HNo ten,o ni ide!6M IZ+e ! o(sin in Boston HTen,o (n %ri"o en
Boston6M Ee does &!+e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R&!s "one' HPor s(%(estoL *l!ro /(e
0l tiene dinero6M T&e' did &!+e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R&!d di##i(lties HPor
s(%(estoL *l!ro /(e t(+ieron di#i(lt!des6M Ee doesnZt &!+e Nestnd!rOL &!snZt NGB4
liter!rioO ! rest!(r!nt Hl no tiene (n rest!(r!nte6M S&e doesnZt &!+e Nestnd!rOL
&!snZt NGB4 liter!rioO !n' brot&ers HEll! no tiene &er"!nos H+!rones6L nin,2n
&er"!no6M Does s&e &!+e Nestnd!rOL E!s s&e NGB4 liter!rioO !n identi#i!tion !rdT
HWTiene ell! (n !rn0 de identid!dT6M Does s&e &!+e Nestnd!rOL E!s s&e NGB4
liter!rioO !n' o(r!,eT HWTiene ell! H!l,o de6 +!lorT6M Does &e &!+e Nestnd!rOL E!s
&e NGB4 liter!rioO bre!9#!st be#ore ei,&t HoZlo96T HWDes!'(n!L To"! el des!'(no
0l !ntes de l!s o&oT6M S&e didnZt &!+e Nestnd!rOL &!dnZt NGB4 liter!rioO H!n'6
"one' HEll! no tenF! dinero6M T&e' didnZt &!+e ! letter #ro" So%&ie HNo reibieron
(n! !rt! de So#F!6M Did s&e &!+e Nestnd!rOL E!d s&e NGB4 liter!rioO ! &o(seT
HWTenF! ell! (n! !s!T6M Did t&e' &!+e Nestnd!rOL E!d t&e' NGB4 liter!rioO ! redit
!rdT HWTenF!n (n! t!r.et! de r0ditoT6M Did 'o( &!+e ! nie &olid!' NGB
%rini%!l"enteOT HWLo %!s!ste bien en l!s +!!ionesT6M A4 Do 'o( &!+e H!n'6
"one'T HWTienes H!l,o de6 dineroT61 B4 mes$ I doL mes$ I &!+e NGBO HSF$ lo ten,o6L
No$ I donZtL No$ I &!+enZt NGB4 liter!rioO HNo$ no lo ten,o6M S&e is &!+in, dinnerL !
b!t& HEll! est to"!ndo l! en!L (n b!)o6M Do 'o( &!+e Nestnd!rOL E!+e 'o( NGB4
liter!rioO ! i,!retteT HWTienes (n i,!rrHill6oT6M I donZt &!+e Nestnd!rOL &!+enZt
NGB4 liter!rioO !n' i,!rettes HNo ten,o nin,2n i,!rrHill6o6M S&e &!d ! d!' b' t&e
se!side HEll! %!s3 (n dF! !l l!do de l! %l!'!6M S&e &!d ! b!b'L ! b!t&L ! elebr!tionL
! &!tL ! i,!retteL ! oldL ! #riendl' o""entL ! o(,&L ! r!s&L H! (% o#6 o##eeL
! d!' b' t&e se!sideL ! drin9L ! borin, e+enin,L #(nL ! ,oL ! &e!d!&eL &el% 7it&
s&o%%in,L !n in.etionL !n in+it!tionL it !7!' 7it& &er NoO it o## 7it& &er N+(l,!rOL it
#ro" &is 7i#eL ! 9ilo o# !%%lesL En,lis& lessonsL ! lieIdo7n NGB4 olo/(i!lOL ! loo9L
l(n&L ! "e!lL ! "eetin,L !n o%er!tionL %!inL ! %!rt'L ! /(!rrelL ! /(iet re!dL ! restL
! rideL s!(eL ! setb!9L ! s&!+eL ! s&o7erL ! ,ood slee%L ! s"o9eL ! soleL ! strollL
s(%%erL ! s7i"L ! t!l9L ! te"%er!t(reL ! t&in9L ! b!d ti"eL ! ,ood ti"eL ! tr'L !
7!l9L ! 7!s&L ! 7&is9'L !n K r!' Nse (s! QdoQ en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O HEll!
t(+o (n beb0L se dio (n b!)oL lo elebr3L t(+o (n! &!rl!L Hse6 #("3 (n i,!rrHill6oL
t(+o (n res#ri!doL reibi3 (n o"ent!rio %ositi+oL tenF! tosL se dio (n tro"%!zo NoO
t(+o (n !identeL to"3 H(n! t!z! de6 !#0L %!s3 (n dF! !l l!do de l! %l!'!L e&3 (n
tr!,o NoO bebi3 (n! o%!L %!s3 (n! t!rde !b(rrid!L lo %!s3 bien NoO se di+irti3L lo
intent3L t(+o (n dolor de !bez!L le e&!ron (n! "!no !l &!er l! o"%r!L le
%(sieron (n! in'ei3nL reibi3 (n! in+it!i3nL &izo el !"or on ell!L se enter3 %or
s( "(.erL tenF! NoO o"%r3 (n 9ilo de "!nz!n!sL le dieron l!ses de in,l0sL e&3 (n
+ist!zoL o"i3L to"3 (n! o"id!L t(+o (n! re(ni3nL A ell! l! o%er!ronL sentF!
dolorL elebr3 NoO &izo (n! #iest!L t(+o (n! dis%(t!L le'3 (n %oo tr!n/(il!"enteL
des!ns3L "ont3 ! !b!lloL se sir+i3 s!ls!L s(#ri3 (n re+0sL se !#eit3L se d(&3L
#("3 (n i,!rrHill6oL o"i3 (n len,(!doL dio NoO e&3 (n %!seoL en3
Hli,er!"ente6L se dio (n b!)oL t(+o (n! on+ers!i3n NoO &!bl3L tenF! #iebreL
re#le-ion3L lo %!s3 "!lL lo %!s3 bienL lo intent3L dio NoO e&3 (n %!seoL se l!+3L
to"3 (n ,Xis/(iL A ell! le &iieron (n! r!dio,r!#F!6M S&e &!s Nis &!+in,4 no %onerO !
&e!d!&e HEll! tiene dolor de !bez!6M I 7onZt &!+e it HNo lo onsentir06M A roo"
!n be &!d #or t&ree %o(nds HSe %(ede onse,(ir (n! &!bit!i3n %or tres libr!s6M
T&ere !re %rizes to be &!d HSe %(eden onse,(ir %re"ios6M A ,ood ti"e 7!s &!d b'
&er HEll! onsi,(i3 %!s!rlo bienL lo %!s3 bien6M EeZs been &!d] H\Le &!n
en,!)!do]6M S&e &!s ! better &o(se t&!n t&e' &!+e Nliter!rioOL do Nolo/(i!lO HEll!
tiene (n! !s! "e.or /(e ellos61
*on los si,(ientes no"bres$ nor"!l"ente %reedidos del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ se
%(eden (s!r los +erbos Q&!+eQ ' Qt!9eQ en GB ' USAM !ntes se (s!b! Ut!9eV s3lo en
USAM no obst!nte$ en GB se (s! "s U&!+eV ' en USA Ut!9eV4 b!t&$ bite$ bre!9
NGBO$ drin9$ #eel$ ,(ess$ &olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ .o,$ loo9$ n!%$ %!ddle$ %ee%$
rest$ r(n$ se!t$ s&o7er$ si%$ slee%$ s"ell$ s"o9e$ sni##$ stroll$ s7i"$ t!ste$ 7!l9$ 7!s&1
Se (s! Q&!+eQ on los no"bres de o"id!s en GB ' USA ' Qt!9eQ en USA
%rini%!l"ente1
*(!ndo se (s! Q&!+eQ o"o +erbo nor"!l en l!s %re,(nt!s ' res%(est!s ort!s se
(s! Q&!+eQ en GB ' QdoQ en USA ' GB1 E.14 S&e &!s to ,o$ &!snZt s&eT NGBOL
doesnZt s&e Nestnd!rOT HEll! tiene /(e irHse6$ WnoT61
L! reo"end!i3n %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es (s!r sie"%re el +erbo Q&!+eQ$
(!ndo es +erbo nor"!l$ sin U,otV ' on el !(-ili!r QdoQ en ne,!ti+!$ en
interro,!ti+!$ en l!s %re,(nt!s ort!s ' en l!s res%(est!s ort!s$ '! /(e en USA '
!d! +ez "s en GB se (tiliz! !sF ' se e+it!n "(&!s o"%li!iones1
*on+iene no on#(ndir Q111 !nd 7&!t 'o( &!+e+ H111 ' lo /(e tienes6Q on Q111 !nd
7&!t &!+e 'o(| H111 ' lo /(e se!6Q1
=15C1I El verbo M/aveM puede ir seguido de un complemento directo D
participio 4de+ pasado !ent(!doM en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! se #or"! on el
!(-ili!r QdoQM si +! en %!si+! %(ede ir %reedido de (n +erbo !(-ili!r "od!l o
se"i"od!lM /a dos clases"
*+ &os 'ue tienen sentido activoM %(eden (s!rse en #or"! si"%le o #or"!
ontin(!M el s(.eto no e.e(t! l! !i3n sino /(e otr! %erson! se lo &!e$ es deir$ es
!(s!ti+oM se (s! #re(ente"ente %!r! os!s on +erbos o"o Ub(ild$ le!n$ (t$
deor!te$ deli+er$ de+elo%$ do$ "end$ %&otoo%'$ %ress$ %rint$ re%!ir$ ser+ie$ 7!s&V$
et1$ ' %!r! seres +i+os on +erbos nor"!les o"o Uo!&$ instr(t$ %re%!re$ te!&$
tr!inV$ et1 E.14 T&e'Z+e &!d t&eir #rid,e reR%!ired HE!n "!nd!do re%!r!r el
#ri,orF#io6M S&e &!sL ,ets &er &!ir R(t HEll! "!nd!L %ide /(e le orten el %elo !
ell!6$ %ero QS&e (ts &er &!irQ HEll! se ort! el %elo6M S&e &!sL ,ets &er s&o% Rle!ned
e+er' d!' HEll! "!nd!L %ide /(e le li"%ien l! tiend! todos los dF!s6M Ee &!dL ,ot
&is !r R7!s&ed Hl "!nd3L %idi3 /(e le l!+!r!n el o&e6M S&eZs &!+in, t&e"
Rt!(,&t *&iRnese HEll! est %idiendo /(e les ense)en &ino61
*on+iene no on#(ndir UT&e' &!d re%!ired t&e R#rid,eV HE!bF!n re%!r!do el
#ri,orF#io6 ' UT&e' &!d t&e #rid,e reR%!iredV HM!nd!ron re%!r!r el #ri,orF#io61
A +ees U&!+eV e/(i+!le ! Q,etQ$ /(e es "s olo/(i!l$ "enos !"%lio$ "s
!(torit!rio ' /(e indi! "s es#(erzo1 D1 =15<:1;
QGetQ %(ede ir se,(ido de (n o"%le"ento direto h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do %ero
!"bi! el si,ni#i!do se,2n donde +!'! el !ento1 E.14 Ee ,ot N&!d4 no %onerO Nno
es !(s!ti+oO t&e R#rid,e re%!ired Hl re%!r3 el #ri,orF#io6 ' UEe ,otL &!d
N!(s!ti+osO t&e #rid,e reR%!iredV Hl "!nd3 re%!r!r el #ri,orF#io61
2+ &os 'ue tienen un sentido pasivoM no %(eden (s!rse en #or"! ontin(!M se (s!n
%!r! %erson!s ' os!s1 E.14 T&e'Z+e &!d t&eir %!ss%ort Rstolen HLes &!n rob!do el
%!s!%orte6M S&eZll &!+e &ersel# R9illed dri+in, li9e t&!t HEll! se +! ! "!t!r
ond(iendo de es! "!ner!61
No obst!nte$ &!' iertos !sos en /(e Q&!+eQ %(ede ir se,(ido de (n o"%le"ento
direto re#erido ! (n! os! h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' se tr!d(e %or U%er"itirV4 S&e
re#(ses to &!+eL ,et &er s&ool R(sed !s ! residene HEll! se nie,! ! %er"itir /(e se
(se s( es(el! o"o (n! resideni!6$ UtenerV4 Ee &!sL ,ets &is %roble" Rsol+ed Hl
tiene s( %roble"! res(elto NoO sol(ion!do6 o el +erbo (s!do en el %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do h o"%le"ento direto4 T&e' &!dL ,ot bottles Rt&ro7n !t Rt&e" HLes tir!ron
botell!s61
=1551I Como auxiliar el +erbo M/aveM tiene l!s !r!terFsti!s it!d!s en =18 ' se
(s! en l! #or"!i3n de todos los tie"%os o"%(estos Hel %ret0rito %er#eto$ %ret0rito
%l(s(!"%er#eto$ #(t(ro %er#eto$ ondiion!l o %oteni!l o"%(esto6 t!nto en
#or"! ontin(! o"o en #or"! si"%leM t!"bi0n se (s! en l! #or"!i3n del
in#initi+o o"%(esto ' del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do o"%(estoM sin e"b!r,o$ el
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do U&!dV no %(ede ser n(n! !(-ili!rM (!ndo +! se,(ido de otr!
#or"! +erb!l lle+! 0n#!sis si no +! ontr!FdoM %(ede ir !ent(!do %or r!zones
e"oti+!s ' %!r! "ostr!r des!(erdo on !l,o di&o !nterior"ente1 E.14 Ee R&!sL Zs
dr!7n ! &orse Hl &! %int!do (n !b!llo6M Ee R&!sL Zs been dr!7in, ! &orse Hl &!
est!do %int!ndo (n !b!llo6M Ee R&!s &!dL Zs &!d to !e%t NQ&!dQ es %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!doO Hl &! tenido /(e !e%t!r6M E!d Nno es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO s&e not done
so Nliter!rioO$ s&e 7o(ld be &ere tod!' HSi ell! no lo &(bier! &e&o !sF$ est!rF! !/(F
&o'6M >&!tZs Ni &!sO &e doneT HWJ(0 &! &e&o 0lT61
En GB se (s! el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do detrs de Q&!+eQ (!ndo se sobrHe6entiende
el +erbo '! it!do %ero en USA no1 E.14 T&e' didnZt sell so "(& !s t&e' "i,&t
&!+e done NGBOL "i,&t &!+e NUSAO HNo +endieron t!nto o"o %odF!n &!ber
+endido61
Es !(-ili!r t!"bi0n$ sobre todo en GB ' "enos #re(ente"ente en USA$ (!ndo +!
se,(ido de Q,otQ L,otL NGBOL ,!4tL NUSAO en in,l0s olo/(i!l e indi! %osesi3n %ero
no (n! !i3nM se tr!d(e %or Utener Ni %oseerL ser "ie"bro deL sentirO '$ (!ndo
Q&!+eQ no e-%res! %osesi3n en esos sentidos$ no !d"ite Q,otQ e-e%to se,(ido de
QtoQ %!r! e-%res!r obli,!i3n o !(seni! de obli,!i3nM Q&!+e ,otQ %(ede ir
ontr!Fdo en el %resente de indi!ti+o en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"enteM en ne,!ti+! se
s(ele ontr!er UnotV ' s3lo r!r!"ente se ontr!e U&!+eVen +ez de UnotVM se (s!
%rini%!l"ente en el %resente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! '$
r!r!"ente en %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!
%rini%!l"enteM no se (s! en otros tie"%os ni en %!si+!M Q&!+e ,otQ no (s! el
!(-ili!r QdoQ en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M en l!s res%(est!s ort!s se s(%ri"e Q,otQM
en USA se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n el !(-ili!r QdoQ en l!s res%(est!s ort!sM Q&!+e ,otQ$
(!ndo si,ni#i! tener Ni %oseerO$ se (s! "s /(e Q&!+eQ en in,l0s olo/(i!l en GB
%ero no en USAM Q&!+e ,otQ se (s! "s /(e Q&!+eQ (!ndo se &!bl! de os!s
rel!ion!d!s on l! s!l(dM Q&!+e ,otQ no %(ede ir en #or"! ontin(! ' no se (s!
t!"%oo on !d+erbios de #re(eni!M ! +ees se s(%ri"e U&!+eL Z+eV %ero no es
reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes on el #in de e+it!r !"bi,Xed!desM lo
"s #il ' reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es (s!r sie"%re U&!+eV ' no
Q&!+e ,otQ1 E.14 T&e'Z+e ,ot Nno en#tioOL T&e'Z+e R,ot Nen#tioOL &!+e Nno
en#tioO ,otL R&!+e Nen#tioO ,otL &!+e R,ot Nen#tioO ! #!"il'L rest!(r!nt$ &!+enZt
t&e'T HTienen (n! #!"ili!L (n rest!(r!nte$ WnoT6M IZ+e ,ot Nno en#tioOL IZ+e R,ot
Nen#tioO ! &e!d!&e HTen,o Ni sientoO dolor de !bez!6M EeZs ,ot ! b!t& Hl tiene
(n b!)o6M Ee &!snZt ,ot Nno en#tioM UZs not ,otV se (s! "(' %ooOL Ee &!snZt R,ot
Nen#tioM UZs not R,otV4 r!roO ! rest!(r!nt Hl no tiene (n rest!(r!nte6M E!s s&e ,ot !n
identi#i!tion !rdT HWTiene ell! (n !rn0 de identid!dT6M A4 E!s s&e ,ot ! !rT
HWTiene ell! o&eT61 B4 mes$ s&e &!sL does NUSAO HSF$ lo tiene6L No$ s&e &!snZtL
doesnZt NUSAO HNo$ no lo tiene61
El %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo Q,etQ es Q,otL ,otten NUSA4 olo/(i!lO '
si,ni#i! QobtenidoL !d/(iridoL onse,(idoQ en todos los tie"%os o"%(estos %ero$
(!ndo #or"! %!rte del !(-ili!r Q&!+e ,otQ si,ni#i! QtenerL %oseerQ en %resente '
r!r!"ente en %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido %rini%!l"ente en ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M on+iene no on#(ndirlos1 E.14 T&e' &!+e ,otL ,otten NUSA4
olo/(i!lO better HE!n "e.or!do6M mo(r oo9in, &!s ,otL ,otten NUSA4 olo/(i!lO
better HE!s "e.or!do en el !rte de oin!r6M T&e' &!+e ,otL Z+e ,ot ,re!t res(lts
NQ,otQ #or"! %!rte del !(-ili!r Q&!+e ,otQO HTienen ,r!ndes res(lt!dos6$ %ero UT&e'
&!+e ,ot NoO Z+e ,ot NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,otten NUSA4 olo/(i!lOL obt!ined ,re!t
res(ltsV HE!n obtenidoL onse,(ido ,r!ndes res(lt!dos6M T&e' &!+e ,otL Z+e ,ot !
boo9 NQ,otQ #or"! %!rte del !(-ili!r Q&!+e ,otQO HTienen (n libro6$ %ero UT&e' &!+e
,ot NoO Z+e ,ot NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,otten NUSA4 olo/(i!lO ! boo9 HE!n
obtenidoL onse,(ido (n libro6M S&e &!s ,ot ,!los&es !nd lo,s NQ,otQ #or"! %!rte
del !(-ili!r Q&!+e ,otQO HEll! tiene &!nlos ' z(eos6$ %ero QS&e &!s ,otL ,otten
NUSA4 olo/(i!lOL obt!ined ,!los&es !nd lo,sQ HEll! &! !d/(iridoL onse,(ido
&!nlos ' z(eos6M EeZs ,ot to o"e NQ,otQ #or"! %!rte del !(-ili!r Q&!+e ,otQO Hl
tiene /(e +enir6$ %ero QEeZs "!n!,edL ,otten NUSA4 olo/(i!lO to o"eQ Hl &!
onse,(ido +enir6M It o(ld &!+e been %(t Nestnd!rOL ,ot %(t Nolo/(i!lO &ere HSe
%odrF! &!ber %(esto !/(F61
=1581I El verbo MdoM %(ede ser !(-ili!r o +erbo nor"!lM o"o !(-ili!r el +erbo
QdoQ$ /(e tiene sol!"ente l!s #or"!s QdoL doesL didQ$ tiene l!s !r!terFsti!s it!d!s
en =18 ' se usa"
*+ Kara formar la negativa e interrogativa del presente simple, del pretrito
imperfecto# indefinido simple la negativa del imperativo de verbos normales
en estilo directo7 en estilo indirecto solamente cuando est! en negativa7
tambin para la forma enf!tica de verbos normales en estilo directoM si UdoL
doesL didV$ se,(idos de QnZtL notQ +!n !ent(!dos tienen +!lor en#tio$ %ero si no
+!n !ent(!dos no tienen +!lor en#tioM el !(-ili!r QdoL doesL didQ en ne,!ti+! s(ele
ir !ent(!do1 E.14 Ee doesnZt Nno en#tioOL does not Nno en#tioOL RdoesnZt
Nen#tioOL does Rnot Nen#tioO 7orr' Hl no se %reo(%!6M >e donZt Nno en#tioOL
do not Nno en#tioOL RdonZt Nen#tioOL do Rnot Nen#tioO e!t "(& #or bre!9#!st HNo
o"e"os "(&o en el des!'(noL des!'(n!"os "(&o6M Do t&e' 9no7T HWLo
s!benT6M Do 'o( 9no7 7&!t I "e!nT| HWS!bes lo /(e /(iero deirT6M EeZs to(,&$
do 'o( see|T Hl es d(ro$ Wlo +esT6M S&e didnZt Nno en#tioOL did not Nno en#tioOL
RdidnZt Nen#tioOL did Rnot Nen#tioO !ns7er HEll! no res%ondi36M T&e' s!id Ht&!t6
s&e didnZt Nno en#tioOL did not Nno en#tioOL RdidnZt Nen#tioOL did Rnot Nen#tioO
den' it HDi.eron /(e ell! no lo ne,!b!L ne,36M DonZt ,o] Nno en#tioOL Do not ,o]
Nno en#tioOL RDonZt ,o] Nen#tioOL Do Rnot ,o] Nen#tioO H\No +!'!s]6M DonZt 'o(
%l!'T Nno en#tioOL Do 'o( Rnot %l!'T Nen#tioOL Do not 'o( %l!'T N+(l,!rO HWNo
.(e,!sT61
*on iertos +erbos se,(idos de (n in#initi+o on UtoV !de"s de (s!r est! #or"!
%!r! l! ne,!ti+! se %(ede (tiliz!r otr! "s /(e onsiste en %oner el +erbo en
!#ir"!ti+! se,(id! de QnotQ h in#initi+o on UtoVM el si,ni#i!do es distinto1 D1 =1::
2+ Kara formar la afirmativa enf!tica del presente simple, pretrito
imperfecto# indefinido e imperativo de verbos normales en estilo directo7
tambin en el estilo indirecto en afirmativa excepto en el imperativo7 %!r!
#or"!r l! #or"! en#ti! del %resente de indi!ti+o se %one el !(-ili!r QdoL doesQ h
el in#initi+o sin QtoQ del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM !l #or"!r l! #or"! en#ti!
en %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido de indi!ti+o se %one el !(-ili!r QdidQ h el
in#initi+o sin QtoQ del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondiente$ no del +erbo nor"!l en
%ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inidoM on el i"%er!ti+o indi! (n r(e,o "s /(e (n
"!nd!toM s(ele ir #(erte"ente !ent(!doM e/(i+!le !l +erbo nor"!l !ent(!do sin el
!(-ili!r QdoQ1 E.14 I Rst(d'L Rdo st(d' HPor s(%(esto /(e est(dio6M S&e Ro"esL Rdoes
o"e No"es4 no %onerO HPor s(%(esto /(e ell! +iene6M Ee R9no7sL Rdoes 9no7
N9no7s4 no %onerO HPor s(%(esto /(e 0l lo s!be6M Ee R%!idL Rdid %!' N%!id4 no %onerO
H*l!ro /(e %!,3 0l6M S&e R"!de it le!rL S&e Rdid "!9e N"!de4 no %onerO it le!r
HEll! %or s(%(esto /(e lo !l!r36M S&e !R%%liedL Rdid !%%l' N!%%lied4 no %onerO H*l!ro
/(e ell! &izo l! soliit(d6M Ee s!id Ht&!t6 s&e R9ne7L Rdid 9no7 N9ne74 no %onerO Hl
di.o /(e ell! %or s(%(estoL l!ro /(e lo s!bF!6M T&!tZs e-!tl' 7&!t R&!%%enedL Rdid
&!%%en N&!%%ened4 no %onerO HEso es e-!t!"ente lo /(e re!l"ente o(rri36M RE!t]L
RDo e!t] H\*o"e$ %or #!+or]6M RSit do7n]L RDo sit do7n] H\Si0nt!te$ %or #!+or]6M
R>&istleL RDo 7&istle !t &er] H\SFlb!l!]61
L! 2ni! di#ereni! entre el %resente UEe Rdoes 9no7V ' el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido UEe Rdid 9no7V est en el +erbo !(-ili!r1
*(!ndo el !(-ili!r +! on (n i"%er!ti+o %(ede ir detrs si tiene (n "!tiz %o0tio o
liter!rio1 E.14 Lo+e "e$ Rdo] H\n"!"e$ %or #!+or]61
2+ Kara evitar la repeticin de un verbo sobr4e+entendido algunas de las
palabras 'ue vaan en la misma frase u oracinM en in,l0s se ll!"! U%roI+erbVM
%(ede ir se,(ido de l!s %!rtF(l!s UsoL itL t&!tV (!ndo se re#iere ! (n +erbo /(e
indi/(e (n! !i3n +ol(nt!ri! %ero no (!ndo indi/(e (n! !i3n in+ol(nt!ri! o
sens!iones or%or!les1 E.14 A4 S&!ll I b(' itT HWLo o"%roT61 B4 Do it]
H\*3"%r!lo]6L Ple!se$ do] H\*3"%r!lo$ %or #!+or]6L B' !ll "e!ns$ do] H\Por
s(%(esto /(e sF]6L DonZt do it] H\No lo o"%res]6L Ple!se$ donZt] H\Por #!+or$ no lo
o"%res]6L O& no$ donZt] H\O& no$ no lo o"%res]6M A4 Did 'o( ,o 'esterd!'T
HWF(iste !'erT61 B4 I did soL itL t&!t HSF /(e #(i6M A4 *!n s&e st!rt 7or9 on Mond!'T
HWP(ede ell! e"%ez!r ! tr!b!.!r el l(nesT61 B4 S&e !n do soL itL t&!t HSF /(e %(ede6L
mes$ b(t 7e !nZt do soL itL t&!t Nel s(.eto %(ede re#erirse ! l! %erson! "enion!d! o
noO HSF$ %ero nosotros no %ode"os6$ %ero A4 Do 'o( #eel betterT HWTe sientes
"e.orT61 B4 mes$ I do Nsin UsoL itL t&!tVO HSF$ "e siento "e.or6M A4 Does &e oo9T
HW*oin! 0lT61 B4 No$ does 'o(r &(sb!ndT HNo$ Woin! t( "!ridoT6M A4 Does &e do
t&e oo9in,T HW*oin! 0lT61 B4 No$ does 'o(r &(sb!nd do itL t&!tL soT HNo$ Wlo &!e
t( "!ridoT61
En GB %(ede ir %reedido o no de (n +erbo !(-ili!r %ero en USA no %(ede ir
%reedido de (n +erbo !(-ili!r1 E.14 T&e' ,o b(t not !s o#ten !s t&e' "i,&t do NGBOL
"i,&t HD!n %ero no t!n ! "en(do o"o %odrF!n Hir66M S&e 7ill o"e i# s&e &!snZt
done !lre!d' NGBOL &!snZt !lre!d' HEll! +endr si no lo &! &e&o '!61 D1 =181:I;
Si se re%ite el "is"o +erbo nor"!l es "s en#tio /(e si se (s! el !(-ili!r H%roI
+erb6 UdoL doesL didV$ %ero en !l,(nos !sos es "(&o "s !onse.!ble no re%etirlo1
E.14 A4 S&!ll I !ns7erT HW*ontestoT61 B4 mes$ do Nno en#tioOL !ns7er Nen#tioO it]
HSF$ \ontest!]6L DonZt do Nno en#tioOL !ns7er Nen#tioO it] H\No ontestes]61
*on l!s %!l!br!s de =15= /(e lle+!n el +erbo U"!9eV se (s! t!"bi0n UdoV %!r!
e+it!r l! re%etii3n del +erbo U"!9eV ' !l,(n!s de l!s %!l!br!s /(e +!'!n en l!
"is"! #r!se ( or!i3n1 E.14 A4 Did s&e "!9e !n interr(%tionT HWEizo ell! (n!
interr(%i3nT61 B4 mes$ s&e did HSF$ l! &izo6L No$ s&e didnZt HNo$ no l! &izo61
Sin e"b!r,o$ detrs de (n %rono"bre rel!ti+o se %(ede (s!r el +erbo U"!9eV$ /(e
es "s en#tio$ o UdoL doesL didV en in,l0s +(l,!r %!r! no re%etir U"!9eV1 E.14 In
"!9in, t&e &oies t&!t t&e' did N+(l,!r4 no en#tioOL "!de Nestnd!r1 en#tioO$
t&e' !re ri,&t HAl &!er l!s eleiones /(e &iieron$ tienen r!z3n61
-+ Tambin se usa el auxiliar Mdo# does# didM cuando /a inversin del su%eto
el verbo$ %or/(e e"%iez! l! or!i3n on (n !d+erbio ne,!ti+o o"o Qb!rel'$
&!rdl'$ ne+er$ r!rel'$ s!rel'$ seldo"Q$ et1$ o (n! %!l!br! en#ti!M se (s! s3lo %!r!
re!r (n e#eto dr!"tio en in,l0s liter!rio %ero$ si no$ nor"!l"ente no &!'
in+ersi3nM se #or"! de l! "is"! "!ner! /(e (!ndo tiene sentido en#tioM si no
&!' in+ersi3n no &!' /(e %oner el !(-ili!r QdoQM detrs de QdoL doesL didQ se (s! el
in#initi+o sin UtoV$ no l!s #or"!s +erb!les del %resente o %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido o"o en !#ir"!ti+!1 E.14 S&e &!rdl' 9no7s 7&!t &e %l!ns N"s (s!doO
HEll! !%en!s s!be lo /(e 0l %l!ne!6$ %ero QE!rdl' does s&e 9no7 7&!t &e %l!nsQ
Nen#tio4 "enos (s!doO HA%en!s s!be ell! lo /(e %l!ne! 0l6M Ee ne+er !"e N"s
(s!doO Hl n(n! +ino6 %ero UNe+er did &e o"eV Nen#tio4 "enos (s!doO HN(n!
+ino 0l6M T&e' s!id t&is !nd 111 N"s (s!doO HDi.eron esto ' 1116$ %ero QNot onl' did
t&e' s!' t&is b(t 111Q Nen#tio4 "enos (s!doO HNo s3lo di.eron esto sino /(e 1116M Not
#or ! "in(te did s&e ,i+e (% Nen#tio4 "enos (s!doO HNi H%or6 (n "o"ento lo
!b!ndon3 ell!6M *&e!% #ood do t&e' b(' Nen#tio4 "enos (s!doO HL! o"id! b!r!t!
sF /(e l! o"%r!n6M >ell do t&e' re"e"ber t&e 7&ole t&in, Nen#tio4 "enos
(s!doO HBien re(erd!n todo el !s(nto61 D1 5C1;:1:I;
=15:1I Oo se utili)a el verbo auxiliar MdoM4
*+ Cuando la forma interrogativa empie)a por un pronombre interrogativo
'ue sea su%eto, pero si es interrogativa negativa s( se utili)a1 E.14 >&o s!id itT
HWJ(i0n lo di.oT6M >&!t &!%%enedT H\J(0 o(rri3T6M >&i& Hone6 #ellT HW*(l Hse6
!'3T6M >&o didnZt o"eT HWJ(i0n no +inoT61
2+ En estilo indirecto en interrogativa1 E.14 Ee !s9ed t&e" 7&!t t&e' s!7 Hl les
%re,(nt3 /(0L lo /(e +ieron Hellos661
2+ En oraciones enunciativas interrogativas afirmativas o negativas sin su%eto
verbo invertidos7 implica 'ue la persona 'ue /ace la pregunta sabe la
respuesta pero es una forma de cerciorarseM si se (s! el +erbo !(-ili!r$ l! %erson!
/(e &!e l! %re,(nt! no s!be l! res%(est!1 E.14 S&e did it 7ron,|T HW*on/(eL O se!
/(eL J(e ell! lo &izo "!lT6M mo( "entioned t&is|T HW*on/(eL O se! /(eL J(e
"enion!ste estoT61 D1 51<515=$ 51<515
-+ Cuando se usa otro verbo auxiliar, modal o semimodal, en interrogativa a
no ser 'ue se utilice como verbo normal7 se exceptBa el verbo MbeM en
imperativo1 E.14 E!+e 'o( ,ot ! b!ll%oint H%en6L biro NGBOL b!ll %en NGBOT
HWTienes (n bolF,r!#oT6M E!s s&e o"eT HWE! +enido ell!T6$ et1
3+ Delante del participio 4de+ presente de los verbos normales en negativa1 E.14
Not bein, ! dotor$ s&e deided to 7!it #or t&e !"b(l!ne HAl no ser "0diH!
N"e.or4 "s (s!doOL o N%eorO6$ ell! deidi3 es%er!r H!6 l! !"b(l!ni!61
6+ En ciertas expresiones retricas, arcaicas o colo'uiales a las 'ue no se exige
respuesta7 se puede poner simplemente ;not< detr!s del verbo para formar la
negativa /acer la inversin del verbo del su%eto para la interrogativa1 E.14
Eo7 ,oes itT HWJ(0 t!lT6M Eo7 7ent itT HW*3"o #(eTL WJ(0 t!l s!li3T6M *o"e
!,!inT HWJ(0TL WJ(e /(0T Ni WP(edes re%etirloT O6M Eo7 o"eT HW*3"oT6M Eo7
o"e 'o( didnZt 9no7T HW*3"o es /(e no lo s!bF!sT6$ et1
8+ En ingls arcaico en poes(a7 se puede poner simplemente ;not< detr!s del
verbo para formar la negativa7 se usa mu poco, mientras 'ue la forma
normal con el auxiliar ;do< se usa muc/(simo1 E.14 T&e' !tL t!l9L t&in9 not
N!r!ioOL donZt !tL t!l9L t&in9 Nestnd!rO so Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL t&is 7!'
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO HNo !t2!nL &!bl!nL %iens!n !sF6M T&e' !r,(e not N!r!ioOL
donZt !r,(e Nestnd!rO so Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL li9e t&is Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO
HNo r!zon!nL dis(ten !sF6M S&e !"e not N!r!ioOL didnZt o"e Nestnd!rO HEll! no
+ino6M T&e (nde!'in, r!'s desist Rnot N!r!ioOL donZt desist Nestnd!rO HLos r!'os
/(e no se deterior!n no desisten6M I do(bt Rnot N!r!ioOL donZt do(bt Nestnd!rO 7&!t
&e s!'s HNo d(do lo /(e die 0l6M B(t siene &!s &eeded t&e" Rnot N!r!ioOL &!snZt
&eeded t&e" Nestnd!rO HPero l! ieni! no les &! &e&o !so6M I 9no7 Rnot
N!r!ioOL donZt 9no7 Nestnd!rO &o7 'o( "!n!,edL 7&!t is 7&!t HNo s0 3"o te
!rre,l!steL No s0 distin,(ir entre (n! os! ' otr!6M Ee 7!s !n,r'$ &e 9ne7 Rnot
N!r!ioOL didnZt 9no7 Nestnd!rO 7&' Hl est!b! en#!d!do$ no s!bF! %or /(06M S&e
lo+es "e$ s&e lo+es "e Rnot N!r!ioOL doesnZt lo+e "e Nestnd!rO HEll! "e /(iere
"(&o$ %o/(ito$ n!d!L no "e /(iere6M It "!tters Rnot N!r!ioOL doesnZt "!tter
Nestnd!rO t&!t s&e o"es HNo i"%ort! /(e +en,! ell!6M >!ste not$ 7!nt not
Nliter!rio4 %ro+erbioO HJ(ien ,(!rd!$ &!ll!6$ et1
En l! +ersi3n !nti,(! de l! Bibli!$ en S&!9es%e!re$ et1$ no se (s! el !(-ili!r QdoL
doesL didQ %!r! #or"!r l! ne,!ti+! de los +erbos sino /(e se %one UnotV detrs1
9+ En ciertas expresiones7 si no se pone el auxiliar MdoM, se espera una
contestacin afirmativa el tono es descendente7 si se pone el auxiliar MdoM, la
contestacin puede ser afirmativa o negativa el tono es ascendente7 /a
diferencia de significado entre una otra1 E.14 mo( 9no7 7&!t I "e!nT+ Hm!
s!bes lo /(e /(iero deir6$ %ero QDo 'o( 9no7 7&!t I "e!nT|Q HWS!bes lo /(e
/(iero deirT6M EeZs to(,&$ seeT+L 'o( seeT+ Hl es d(ro$ Ws!besTL W+esT6$ %ero
QEeZs to(,&$ do 'o( seeT|Q Hl es d(ro$ Wlo +esTL Wlo o"%rendesT6$ et1
0+ En ingls literario se puede poner cual'uier verbo en negativa sin el auxiliar
delante de expresiones como ;not ... but ...# not at all# not enoug/# not a ,ord,
etc.<1 E.14 T&e' did not t&is b(t t&!t Nliter!rioO HEiieron no esto sino esoL !/(ello6M
It on+ined &i" not !t !ll Nliter!rioO HNo le on+eni3 en !bsol(to6M Ee sle%t not !t
!ll Nliter!rioO Hl no d(r"i3 n!d! Hen !bsol(to66M T&e' s%o9e not ! 7ord Nliter!rioO
HNo di.eron ni (n! %!l!br!6$ et1
*:+ Cuando va con palabras o formas negativas excepto ;not<1 D1 =1:<
**+ En el presente de sub%untivo1 E.14 ItZs essenti!l t&!t t&e 7!ter not #!ll Nliter!rioO
HEs eseni!l /(e el !,(! no !i,!61
=15;1I Cuando MdoM es verbo normal no va seguido de otro verbo no se usa
en preguntas cortas o respuestas cortasM en !#ir"!ti+! en#ti!$ en ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! se on.(,! on el !(-ili!r QdoL doesL didQM (!ndo el +erbo QdoQ +! en
in#initi+o$ en %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente ' en %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do es sie"%re +erbo
nor"!lM o"o +erbo nor"!lL %rini%!lL l0-ioL ordin!rioL no !n3"!lo se tr!d(e
,ener!l"ente %or Q&!er Ni re!liz!r (n! !ti+id!dOQ1 E.14 T&e' did do 7&!t 'o( told
t&e" H*l!ro /(e &iieron lo /(e les di.iste6M Ee doesnZt do it 7ell Hl no lo &!e
bien6M Did s&e do it betterT HWLo &izo ell! "e.orT61
=15<1I Es di#Fil %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes (s!r orret!"ente los +erbos QdoQ '
Q"!9eQM el +erbo QdoQ s(ele tr!d(irse %or U&!erV lo "is"o /(e U"!9eVM en
%rini%io UdoV se re#iere nor"!l"ente ! os!s /(e no se %(eden "edir o %es!r o !
!iones "s !bstr!t!s$ "s indeter"in!d!s o "enos onret!s /(e Q"!9eQM
Q"!9eQ es nor"!l"ente &!er en el sentido de #!bri!r$ onstr(ir$ on#eion!r$
re!r$ %re%!r!r$ &!er on l!s "!nos$ os!s "!teri!les /(e se %(eden "edir$ %es!rM
no obst!nte$ &!' "(&!s e-e%ionesM %!r! e+it!r tod!s l!s d(d!s$ e/(i+o!iones '
"!lentendidos sobre este te"! t!n es%inoso &!' +!ri!s list!s de l!s %!l!br!s /(e se
(s!n s3lo on QdoQ$ s3lo on Q"!9eQ ' on QdoQ o Q"!9eQ1
Se usa slo el verbo normal MdoM con las siguientes palabras$ "s de <8C4 A Ni
!d+!nedO le+elsL oneZs A le+els Hest(di!r !l,(n!s !si,n!t(r!s ! ni+el de *OU N%!r!
ir ! l! (ni+ersid!dO6$ !n !bo"in!tionL !bo"in!tions H&1 (n! !bo"in!i3nL
!bo"in!iones6$ doL &!+eL %er#or" !n !bortionL !bortions H!bort!r NoO tener (n
!bortoL !bortos6$ !o(nt!n' H&1 ont!bilid!d6$ !rob!tis H&1 !rob!i!6$ so"e
!rob!tis H&1 !l,(n!s !rob!i!s6$ ! b!l!nin, !t Hbet7een 1116 H&1 "!l!b!ris"os
Hon 11166$ ! &orrible N( otro !d.eti+oO !tL &orrible N( otro !d.eti+oO !ts Hto sb6 H&1 (n
!to NoO (n! !i3n &orribleL !tos NoO !iones &orribles H! !l,(ien66$ Hsb6 doL
%er#or"L st!,e ! dis!%%e!rin,L +!nis&in, !t Nolo/(i!lO Hes#("!rse o"o %or !rte de
"!,i!6$ Hsb6 doL %er#or"L !rr' o(t !n !tion H&!er NoO re!liz!r (n! !i3n6$
!(%(nt(re H&1 !(%(nt(r!6$ !ddition H&!er s("!sL s("!r6$ Hso"eL oneZs6 !erobis
H&1 H!l,o deL s(6 !er3bi!L !erobis"oL !er3bi6$ !l,ebr! H&1 l,ebr!6$ !n !l,orit&"L
!l,orit&"s H&1 (n !l,orit"oL !l,orit"os6$ doL ,i+e !l"s N!r!ioO Hd!r li"osn!6$ !ll
t&e h (!l/(ier #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o"o Qoo9in,L ironin,Q$ et1 Hen!r,!rse de
oin!rL de %l!n&!r$ et16$ Q!Q h no"bre de %erson! #!"os! H&1 o"oL i"it!r ! h
no"bre de %erson! #!"os!4 Ee !n do ! T!rz!n Hl %(ede &!er o"oL i"it!r !
T!rzn66$ !n !%%endieto"' NGBOL !n !%%endeto"' NUSAO H&1 (n! o%er!i3n de
!%0ndieL (n! !%endieto"F!L (n! !%endeto"F!6$ !rit&"eti H&1 H(n6 l(loL
(ent!s6$ t&e !rit&"eti H&1 el l(loL l!s (ent!s6$ !s so"et&in, Hser+ir de !l,o4
T&is 7ill do !s H!6 &!ir6 HEsto ser+ir de "es!66$ !s h or!i3n H&!er o"oL lo /(e h
or!i3n4 Do !s s&e tells 'o(] H\E!z o"oL lo /(e ell! te di,!]66$ Asi! H+isit!r NoO
reorrer Asi!6$ !n !ss!ssin!tionL !ss!ssin!tions Ho"eter (n !sesin!to N%olFtioOL
!sesin!tos N%olFtiosO6$ !n !troit'L !troities H&1 (n! !troid!dL !troid!des6$ t&eL !n
!(dit H&1 l!L (n! !(ditorF!6$ Ht&e6 b!9stro9e Hn!d!r de es%!ld!s6$ b!dl' Hirle "!lL
%ort!rse NoO ond(irse "!l4 T&e' did b!dl' HLes #(e "!l6M T&e e(ro is doin, b!dl'
!,!inst t&e doll!r HEl e(ro se est %ort!ndo "!l on rel!i3n !l d3l!r66$ b!dl' o(t o#
so"et&in, Hs!lir "!l %!r!do de !l,o6$ do Nolo/(i!lO ! b!n!n!L b!n!n!s Hoin!r (n
%lt!no NoO (n! b!n!n!L %lt!nos NoO b!n!n!s6$ ! b!n9L t7o b!n9s NGBO Hrob!r Hen6
(n b!noL dos b!nos6$ B!relon! to P!ris in ten &o(rs Hir de B!relon! ! P!rFs en
diez &or!s6$ b!ttle Hl(&!rL %resent!r NoO libr!r b!t!ll!6$ b!ttle 7it&L !,!inst sb Ho+er
st&6 Hl(&!r NoO libr!r b!t!ll! onL ontr! !l,(ien H%or !l,o66$ ! be!ti#i!tionL
be!ti#i!tions H&1 (n! be!ti#i!i3nL be!ti#i!iones6$ ! be!(ti#i!tionL be!(ti#i!tions
H&1 (n e"bellei"ientoL e"bellei"ientos6$ t&e bedroo" in 7&ite H%int!r NoO
e"%!%el!r l! &!bit!i3n de bl!no6$ ! bell' #lo% Hd!rse (n %!nz!zo NoO %l!n&!zo6$
so"e bene#it to sb H&1 !l,o de bene#iio ! !l,(ien6$ better H&!erlo "e.orL "e.or!rL
irle "e.orL %ort!rse "e.or6$ ! bio,r!%&'L bio,r!%&ies o#L on sb H&1 (n! bio,r!#F!L
bio,r!#F!s deL sobre !l,(ien6$ ! bio%s'L bio%sies H&1 (n! bio%si!L bio%si!s6$ Ht&reeL
#i+e 'e!rs$ et16 bird NGB4 +(l,!rO Hest!r ! l! so"br! Ni en l! relO HtresL ino
!)os$ et16L %!s!r tresL ino !)os$ et1$ ! l! so"br! Ni en l! relO6$ ! H,ood6 Rblo7I
(%L H,ood6 Rblo7I(%s Ho# ! %&otoH,r!%&66 H&1 (n! Hb(en!6 !"%li!i3nL Hb(en!s6
!"%li!iones Hde (n! #otoH,r!#F!66$ t&e boo99ee%in, Hlle+!r Hlos libros de6 l!
ont!bilid!d6$ ! boo9 into S%!nis& Htr!d(ir (n libro !l !stell!no6$ doL 9ee% t&eL
oneZs boo9s Hlle+!r Hlos libros de6 l! ont!bilid!dL &!er b!l!ne4 >e did t&eL o(r
boo9s in t&e o"%!n' HLle+b!"os Hlos libros de6 l! ont!bilid!dL Eii"os b!l!ne
en l! e"%res!66$ bot!n' Hest(di!r botni!6$ t&e br!ss Hli"%i!r los dor!dosL el l!t3n6$
! Rbre!9do7n Ho# e-%endit(reL ! re%ort$ et16 H&1 (n des,loseL !nlisis %(nto %or
%(nto Hde ,!stosL (n in#or"e66$ ! Rbre!9Iin H&1 (n robo Nentr!ndo sin %er"iso en (n
edi#iioO6$ do Ht&e6L s7i" bre!ststro9e Hn!d!r ! br!z!6$ ! Rbr(s&I(% Ho# st&6 H&1 (n
re%!so Hde !l,o6 N%!r! re#res!r l! "e"ori!O6$ ! BH16SH16 NGBOL ! BH16SH16 NUSAO in
Biolo,'$ et1 H&1 (n! lieni!t(r! Hen ieni!s6 en Biolo,F!6$ n!tion b(ildin,
Honstr(ir l!L (n! n!i3n6$ ! b(n9 NGB4 +(l,!rO Hl!r,!rse6$ b(siness H7it& sb6 H&1
Hos!s de6 ne,oioHs6 Hon !l,(ien66$ t&e b(siness NGB4 +(l,!rO H&1 el !"or6$ do
Ht&e6L s7i" b(tter#l' Hn!d!r ! "!ri%os!6$ !b!ret H&1 (n! #(ni3n de !b!r06$ t&e
!lli,r!%&' H&1 l! !li,r!#F!6$ !llist&enis NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !list&enis NUSAO
H&1 !listeni!6$ t7o !%it!lsL ! #e7 !%it!ls H+isit!r Hlos "on("entos de6 dos
!%it!lesL (n!s %o!s !%it!les6$ !rrots Ns3lo en ne,!ti+!M t!"bi0n on otr!s
%!l!br!s /(e se %(ed!n (s!r on el +erbo Uli9eVO NUSA4 +(l,!rO Hno ,(st!r l!s
z!n!&ori!s4 I donZt do !rrots NUSA4 +(l,!rO HNo "e ,(st!n l!s z16$ t&e !rrots
H%el!rL %re%!r!rL oin!r l!s z!n!&ori!s6$ doL t(rn ! !rt7&eelL !rt7&eels H&!er l!
r(ed!L d!r (n! +olteret! l!ter!lL +olteret!s l!ter!les6$ Hstrit6 ensors&i% H&1 (n!
ens(r! Hestrit!64 T&e' doL &!+e strit ensors&i% HE!enL Tienen (n! ens(r!
estrit!66$ *er+!ntesL Lo%e de De,!L Lor!$ et1$ into En,lis& Htr!d(ir ! *1L L1L L1$
et1 !l in,l0s6$ *es!re!n NUSAOL ! *!es!re!n NGB %rini%!l"enteO H&1 (n! esre!6$
*&!%ter < N( otro n2"eroO Hest(di!rL !%render el !%Ft(lo <6$ ! &!r!ter Hi"it!r ! (n
%erson!.e6$ doL %l!' ! &!r!ter H&1 el %!%el de (n %erson!.e6$ ! &e9 H&1 (n
&e/(eo NoO (n! re+isi3n Nestnd!rOL (n reonoi"iento H"0dio6 N+(l,!rO6$ !
&e9(% H&1 (n reonoi"iento H"0dio6 Nestnd!rOL (n &e/(eo NoO (n! re+isi3n
N+(l,!rO6$ &e"istr' Hest(di!r /(F"i!6$ &iro%od' H&1 %odolo,F!6$ t&e H&o(se&old6
&ores H&1 los /(e&!eres do"0stios6$ oneZs &ores H&1 los /(e&!eres de (noL l!s
t!re!s Hdo"0sti!s6L l!s #!en!s de (no6$ ! *inderell!$ et1 H&!er o"oL i"it!r ! l!
*eniient!$ et16$ ! ir("ision H&1 (n! ir(nisi3n6$ ! it'L so"e itiesL ! lot o#
ities H+isit!r Hlos "on("entos de6 (n! i(d!dL !l,(n!s i(d!desL "(&!s
i(d!des6$ t&e le!nin, H&1 ! li"%iez!6$ t&e le!nHI6(% H&1 l! li"%iez!6$ !Hn intestin!l6
le!nsin, H&1 (n! li"%iez! Hintestin!l66$ lonin, H&1 lon!iones6$ ! lonin,L lonin,s
H&1 (n! lon!i3nL lon!iones6$ ! ol("n Hin ! Hne7s6%!%er6 Hesribir (n! ol("n!
Hen (n %eri3dio66$ o""ere Ho"eri!r6$ ! H"(si!lL liter!r'L s'nt!ti6
o"%osition Hon st&6 H&1 (n! o"%osii3n H"(si!lL liter!ri!L sintti!6 Hsobre
!l,o66$ ! Hli+e6 onertL Hso"e6 onerts Hd!r (n onierto Hen diretoL H!l,(nos6
oniertos66$ ! ons(lt!tion H&1 (n! ons(lt!6$ "ore ontrol Hontrol!rse "e.or4 More
ontrol &!s to be done HTiene /(e ontrol!rse "e.or66$ ! o(ntr'L so"e o(ntriesL !
lot o# o(ntries H+isit!r (n %!FsL !l,(nos %!FsesL "(&os %!Fses6$ ! Hde,ree6 o(rse
NGBO H&1 (n! lieni!t(r!L (n! !rrer! H(ni+ersit!ri!66$ do Ni r(nO ! o(rse Hd!r (n!
!rrer!6$ do NGBOL t!9e ! b(sinessL L!tinL Gree9$ et1$ o(rseL do NGBOL t!9e !
o(rse inL on b(sinessL L!tinL Gree9$ et1 H&1 (n (rso de ne,oiosL l!tFnL ,rie,o$
et16$ *PR Ni !rdio%(l"on!r' res(sit!tionO on sb H&1 res(it!i3n !rdio%(l"on!r
! !l,(ien6$ ,lob!l o+er!,e H&1 re%ort!.es ,lob!lesL in#or"!ti+os6$ ! r!b H&1 el
%(ente N,i"n!si!L l(&! ,reoIro"!n!O6$ do Ht&e6L s7i" r!7l Hn!d!r ! rol6$ redit
to sbL sb redit Hdeir "(&o enL ! #!+or de !l,(ien4 It did &i" Hso"e6 redit HDi.o
"(&o ! #!+or de 0l66$ doL o""it ! ri"eL ri"es H&1L o"eter (n ri"enL
rF"enes6$ ! rossIe-!"in!tion H&1 re%re,(nt!sL (n interro,!torio6$ ! (lt(re H&1 (n
(lti+o Nb!teriol3,ioOL est(di!r (n! (lt(r!6$ Hso"e6 d!"!,eL ! lot o# d!"!,e Hto
st&L sb6L sb d!"!,e H&1 H!l,o de6L "(&o d!)o H! !l,oL !l,(ien6L d!)o ! !l,(ien6$ t&e
d!"!,e H&1 el d!)o6$ ! d!neL t&is d!neL d!nesL so"e d!nes Hb!il!r (n b!ileL este
b!ileL b!ilesL !l,(nos b!iles6$ so"e de!lin,s H!l,(n!s tr!ns!iones Hb(rstiles66$ doL
t!9e ! de,ree Ho(rse6 Hin 1116 NGBO H&1 (n! lieni!t(r! NoO !rrer!L lieni!rse
Hen 11166$ ! &e"istr'L %&'sis de,ree NGBO H&1 (n! lieni!t(r! en /(F"i!L #Fsi!6$
de"or!' H&1 de"or!i!6$ destr(tion H&!er NoO !(s!r destr(i3n6$ ri"eL
OH%er!ti+e6SH'ste"6L size detetion Hdetet!r el ri"enL SHiste"!6OH%er!ti+o6L
t!"!)o6$ doL 7rite ! di!r' Hesribir (n di!rio6$ ! dit!tionL dit!tions H&1 (n dit!doL
dit!dos6$ t&e di,estion H&1 l! di,esti3n4 mo( &!+enZt done t&e di,estion 'etL
di,ested %ro%erl' 'et HNo &!s &e&o l! di,esti3n !2n66$ ! di%lo"! Hs!!r (n
di%lo"!6$ dirt to sb NUSAOL t&e dirt' on sb NGBO H&!er (n! .(,!rret!L "!l! .(,!d!
! !l,(ienL .(,!r (n! "!l! %!s!d! ! !l,(ien6$ ! dissert!tion H&1 (n! disert!i3nL tesis6$
! disser+ie to sbL sb ! disser+ie H%er.(di!r ! !l,(ienL &!er (n! in.(stii! !
!l,(ien6$ ! dist!ne H!nd!r NoO reorrer (n! dist!ni!6$ !L t&e distrib(tion H&1 (n!L l!
distrib(i3n6$ di+ision H&!er di+isionesL di+idir Nen "!te"ti!sO6$ lon, diR+ision H&1
(n! di+isi3n l!r,!L des!rroll!d! N"!te"ti!sO6$ ! dotor!te H&1 (n dotor!do6$ !
do(ble t!9e Htener (n! re!i3n t!rdF!L re!ion!r t!rdF!"enteL tener /(e "ir!r dos
+ees6$ drill H&1 instr(i3nL ed(!i3n #Fsi!6$ Ht&e6 d(stin, H/(it!rL li"%i!r el
%ol+o6$ d(t'L ! d(t'L oneZs d(t' H("%lir on el deberL (n deberL el deber de (no4
S&e did d(t'L ! d(t'L &er d(t' HEll! ("%li3 on el deberL (n deberL s( deber66$
d(t' !s st& H&1 l!s +eesL ser+ir de !l,o6$ ni,&t d(t' H&1 el t(rno de no&e6$
eono"is Hest(di!r Hieni!s6 eon3"i!sL eono"F!6$ "(si ed(!tion Hest(di!rL
o(%!rse de ed(!i3n "(si!l6$ !n eletro!rdio,r!"L E*G H&1 (n
eletro!rdio,r!"!6$ !n eHI6"!ilL eHI6"!ils Hesribir (n orreo eletr3nioL orreos
eletr3nios6$ !n endorse"entL endorse"ents H&1 (n! !%rob!i3n NoO (n re#rendoL
!%rob!iones NoO re#rendos6$ en,ineerin, Hest(di!r in,enierF!6$ doL ,o onL r(n !n
err!ndL err!nds H&1 (n re!doL re!dos6$ !n ess!' Hesribir (n ens!'o6$ e+il Hto sb6L
Hsb6 e+ilL t&is e+il Hto sb6L Hsb6 t&is e+il H&1 Hel6 "!lL este "!l H! !l,(ien66$ !n
et&no,r!%&' H&1 (n! etno,r!#F!6$ "iner!l N( otro no"breO e-%loit!tion He-%lot!r los
"iner!les6$ !n e-%ositionL e-%ositions H&1 (n! e-%osii3nL e-%osiiones6$ ! #!i!l H&1
(n! li"%iez! de (tis6$ ! silent #!rt N+(l,!rO Htir!r (n %edo silenioso6$ Hso"ebod'6 !
#!+o(r NGBOL ! #!+or NUSAOL Hso"e6 #!+o(rs NGBOL #!+ors NUSAOL ! #!+o(r NGBOL !
#!+or NUSAOL Hso"e6 #!+o(rs NGBOL #!+ors NUSAO H#or sb6 H&1 (n #!+orL H!l,(nos6
#!+ores6 H! !l,(ien64 Do "e ! #!+o(r NGBOL ! #!+or NUSAO] H\E!z"e (n #!+or]L
\D0.!te de &istori!s] NoO \E!z"e el #!+or] NGBO6$ #ield7or9 H&1 tr!b!.o deL en el
!"%o6$ #ilin, H!r&i+!r Horres%ondeni!66$ #ine Hest!rL !nd!rL irle ! (no bien6$ do
Nolo/(i!lOL oo9 Ht&e6 #is& Hin t&e o+en6 H&1 Hel6 %es!do Hen el &orno66$ ! R#li%I#lo%
Hd!r (n ,iroL +ir!.e de 5@C ,r!dos6$ ! H"oonli,&t6 #lit NGB4 olo/(i!lO Hirse en
sereto sin %!,!r l! rent!L l!s de(d!s6$ ! R#l!s&b!9 H"ostr!r (n! esen!
retros%eti+!6$ doL %olis& t&e #loor Hli"%i!r el s(elo6$ t&e #lo7ers H%re%!r!r l!s #loresL
&!er los !rre,los #lor!les6$ ! R#l'HI6%!st NGBO H&1 (n des#ile !0reo6$ t&e #ollo7in, H&1
lo si,(iente6$ ! R#ollo7I(% on st& H&1 (n se,(i"iento de !l,o6$ doL %l!' #ootb!ll
NGBO H.(,!r !l NoO %r!ti!r #2tbol6$ #or sb Hb!st!r NoO ser s(#iiente %!r! !l,(ienL
est!r %erdido Nen %!si+!OL est!r !,ot!do Nen %!si+!4 olo/(i!lOL &!er l! li"%iez! de
l! !s! ! !l,(ien NGB4 olo/(i!lO6$ Fren&L Eistor'L M!t&e"!tis$ et1 H&!er NoO
est(di!r #r!n0sL &istori!L "!te"ti!s$ et1 Nen l! (ni+ersid!dO6$ ! #(ntion H&1 (n!
#(ni3n6$ ! ,!,L ,!,s H!bo(t st&6 H&1L ,!st!r (n! bro"!L bro"!s Hsobre !l,o66$
,eo,r!%&' Hest(di!r ,eo,r!#F!6$ doL %l!' ! ,i,L ,i,s Hd!r (n oniertoL oniertos
Nde "2si! %o%L '!zO6$ Hso"e6 ,ood to sb H&1L sent!r bien ! !l,(ien6$ sb Hso"e6
,ood H&1L sent!r bien ! !l,(ien4 It 7ill do &er Hso"e6 ,ood HLe &!rL sent!r bien !
ell!66$ sb ! %o7er o# ,ood H&1 "(&o bienL sent!r "(' bien ! !l,(ien4 It &!s done
&er ! %o7er o# ,ood HLe &! &e&o ! ell! "(&o bien66$ sb ! 7orld o# ,ood Hsent!rle
! (no ! l!s "il "!r!+ill!sL &!erle ! !l,(ien l! "!r de bien6$ ,r!##iti H%onerL esribir
%int!d!s6$ ! ,r!#t H&1 (n in.erto6$ ! H"i-ed6 ,rill H&1 (n! %!rrill!d! H"i-t!66$
,ro(nd7or9 H&1 tr!b!.o %reli"in!rL de b!se6$ t&e ,ro(nd7or9 #or st& He&!r l!s
b!ses deL %!r! !l,o6$ Hso"e6 ,'"n!stisL ! lot o# ,'"n!stis H&1 H!l,o de6 ,i"n!si!L
"(&! ,16$ UE!"letV Hre%resent!r NoO %oner en esen! Hl! obr! de te!tro6 UE!"letV6$
! &!ndZs t(rn Hes#orz!rse lo "Fni"o6$ ! &!nds%rin, Hd!r (n! +olteret! Hsobre l!s
"!nos66$ ! &!ndst!nd H&1 el %inoL l! +erti!l6$ ! &!ndZs t(rn Nen ne,!ti+!O Hno "o+er
(n dedo6$ &!r"L so"e &!r"L ! lot o# &!r"L no &!r"L "ore &!r" Hto sbL st&6 H&1
d!)oL !l,o de d!)oL "(&o d!)oL nin,2n d!)oL "s d!)o H! !l,(ienL !l,o66$ sb
&!r"L so"e &!r"L ! lot o# &!r"L no &!r"L "ore &!r" H&1 d!)oL !l,o de d!)oL
"(&o d!)oL nin,2n d!)oL "s d!)o ! !l,(ien6$ ! &e!dst!nd H&1 el %ino6$ ! &it&
NUSA4 olo/(i!lO H%!s!r (n %erFodo de tie"%o4 Ee did ! t7oI'e!r &it& in t&e n!+'
Hl %!s3 H(n %erFodo de6 dos !)os Hen,!n&!do6 en l! "!rin!66$ doL %!' &o"!,e to
so"ebod' H&!erL trib(t!rL %rest!r &o"en!.e ! !l,(ien6$ t&eL oneZs &o"e7or9 H&1
los deberes6M T&e' do t&eir &o"e7or9 HE!en los deberes Hde l! es(el! NoO del
ole,io6M S&e did so"e &istor' &o"e7or9 HEll! &izo (nos deberes de &istori!66$
&ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onor NUSAO to sbL sb &ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
&onor NUSAO Hrendirle los &onores ! !l,(ien6$ t&e &ono(rs NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
&onors NUSAO H&1 los &onores Ni %resent!r ! l! ,enteL ser+ir bebid! o o"id!O6$
&ono(rs NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onors NUSAO in Eistor'L S%!nis&$ et1 Hlieni!rse
en &istori!L !stell!no$ et16$ sb t&e &ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onor NUSAO o# h
,er(ndio Nliter!rioO H&!erle NoO onederle ! !l,(ien el &onor de h in#initi+o4 Ee
did &er t&e &ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onor NUSAO o# !e%tin, Hl le &izo NoO
onedi3 ! ell! el &onor de !e%t!r66$ &o(se9ee%in,L t&e &o(se9ee%in,L so"e
&o(se9ee%in, Hlle+!r l! !s! Nen ,ener!lOL lle+!r l! !s! Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL
en %!rti(l!rOL lle+!r (n %oo l! !s!6$ t&eL so"eL ! lot o#L no &o(se7or9 H&1 l!sL
!l,(n!sL "(&!sL no &1 nin,(n! de l!s l!bores de l! !s!6$ &'%&en!tion H%oner (n
,(i3nL ,(iones6$ ! &'stereto"'L &'stereto"ies H&1 (n! &istereto"F!L
&istereto"F!s6$ do h !d+erbio h to h in#initi+o H&!er h !d+erbio h en h in#initi+o4
S&e did 7ell to ,o HEll! &izo bien en ir66$ ill H"!l6$ !n i"%erson!tionL
i"%erson!tions Ho# sb6 H&1 (n! i"it!i3nL i"it!iones Hde !l,(ien6L i"it!r ! !l,(ien6$
t&e i"%ossible H&1 lo i"%osible6$ !n i"%ro+is!tion H&1 (n! i"%ro+is!i3n6$ !n
inl(sion H&1 (n! inl(si3n6$ t&e ino"e t!- H&1 el i"%(esto sobre l! rent!6$ ini/(it'
H&1L o"eter (n! ini/(id!d6$ !ll "!nner o# ini/(it' H&1L o"eter tod! l!se de
ini/(id!des6$ in.(r' H&1 d!)o6$ Hso"ebod'6 !nL no in.(r' NoO !nL no in.(r' Hto
so"ebod'6 H&1 d!)oL no &1 d!)o H! !l,(ien66$ Hso"ebod'6 !nL no in.(stie NoO !nL no
in.(stie Hto so"ebod'6 H&1 (n! in.(stii!L no &1 (n! in.(stii! H! !l,(ien66$ be NoO
&!+e done Hh #or"! +erb!l en Iin,6 H&!ber ter"in!do Hde h in#initi+o64 AreL E!+e
'o( done He!tin,6T HWE!Hs6 ter"in!do Hde o"er6T66$ !nL t&e inter+ie7L inter+ie7s
H&1 (n!L l! entre+ist!L entre+ist!s6$ t&e ironin, H%l!n&!r6$ it H&!erloL lo,r!rloL
onse,(irloL &!erl! b(en! Nir3nio i estro%e!rlo todoOL &1 el !"or64 S&eZs done itM
s&e is t&e 7orld &!"%ion no7 HEll! lo &! lo,r!doL lo &! onse,(idoM ell! es l!
!"%eon! "(ndi!l !&or!6M No7 &eZs Rdone it] H\A&or! sF /(e l! &! &e&o b(en! 0l]6M
T&!t Rdoes it Nolo/(i!lO HNo "sL B!st! '!L E!st! !/(F &e"os lle,!do66$ ! .i,
Hb!il!r (n! ,i,!6$ t&eL ! .i,s!7 H%(zzle6 Hresol+er elL (n ro"%e!bez!s6$ !L t&eL t&isL
t&!t .obL ! b!d .obL ! ,ood .obL oneZs .obL Ht&eL t&eseL t&ose6 .obs H&1 (nL elL esteL
ese NoO !/(el tr!b!.oL (n "!l t1L (n b(en t1L s( t1L HlosL estosL esos NoO !/(ellos6
tr!b!.os6$ Hit6 do t&e .ob H#(nion!rL ser+ir6$ .o,,in,L to .o,L to ,o .o,,in, H&1 #(tin
NUdo #ootin,V Nr!roO serF! U&!er (n to/(eteo on los %ies Ni &!er el !"or
Nonnot!i3nOOV6$ .o(rn!lis" H&1L est(di!r %eriodis"o6$ .(stie Hobr!r on retit(d6$
.(stie to onesel#L onesel# .(stie Hrendir4 T&e' didnZt do t&e"sel+es .(stie in t&e
e-!" HNo rindieron "(&o en el e-!"en66$ sb .(stieL .(stie to sb H#!+oreer !
!l,(ien4 T&e %&otoL %ortr!it &!rdl' does &er .(stieL does .(stie to &er HL! #otoL El
retr!to no le #!+oree ! ell!66$ .(stie to st&L st& .(stie H&1 &onor ! !l,oL tr!t!r !l,o
o"o se "eree4 Ee o(ldnZt do .(stie to t&e "e!lL t&e "e!l .(stie Hl no %(do
&!er &onor ! l! o"id!6M T&e r!dio doesnZt do .(stie to t&e #(ll /(!lit' o# &er +oie
HL! r!dio no &!e &onor ! tod! l! !lid!d de s( +oz6M T&e' &!+enZt done t&e to%i
.(stieL .(stie to t&e to%i HNo &!n tr!t!do el te"! o"o se "eree66$ 9ilo"etres
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eters NUSAOL "iles HHsbL st&6 &!er Ni reorrerO NoO Hst&6
tener 9il3"etrosL "ill!s4 Ee did t7ent' t&o(s!nd 9ilo"etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
9ilo"eters NUSAOL "iles d(rin, &is to(r Hl &izo +einte "il 9il3"etrosL "ill!s
d(r!nte s( ,ir!6M Ee did t7ent' "iles 'esterd!' Hl &izoL reorri3 +einte "ill!s
!'er6M T&!t !r &!s done ten t&o(s!nd 9ilo"etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eters
NUSAOL "iles HEse NoO A/(el o&e &! &e&oL tiene diez "il 9il3"etrosL "ill!s6M
>eZll &!+e to do !t le!st ;C 9ilo"etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eters NUSAOL
"iles ! d!' i# 7e 7!nt to ,et t&ere in ti"e HTendre"os /(e &!er Ni reorrerO ;C
9il3"etrosL "ill!s !l dF! si /(ere"os lle,!r !llF ! tie"%o6M >e did #i+e 9ilo"etres
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eters NUSAO on o(r 7!l9 HReorri"osL And(+i"os
ino 9il3"etros en n(estro %!seo6M >e doL ,et NUSAO 5CC 9ilo"etres NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eters NUSAOL "iles to t&e ,!llon HAnd!"osL Reorre"os
ien 9il3"etrosL "ill!s on (!tro litros6M T&is !r doesL ,ets NUSAO 5CC 9ilo"etres
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eters NUSAOL "iles to t&e ,!llon HEste o&e !nd!L
reorre ien 9il3"etrosL "ill!s on (!tro litros66$ ! 9indness Hto sb6L Hso"ebod'6 !
9indness H&1 (n #!+or H! !l,(ien66$ so"e l!bo(r NGBOL l!bor NUSAO H&1 H!l,o de6
tr!b!.oL es#(erzo6$ l!nd distrib(tion H&1 distrib(i3n de l! tierr!6$ l!(ndr'L t&e Hdirt'6
l!(ndr'L oneZs l!(ndr' H&1 l! ol!d! Nen ,ener!lOL l!+!r l! ro%! Hs(i!6
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!rOL l!+!r l! ro%! de (no6$ L!7 H&1 dere&oL
!bo,!F!6$ t&e l!7n Hort!r el 0s%ed6$ t&e le,7or9 Nolo/(i!lO H&1 el tr!b!.o
%reli"in!rL los %re%!r!ti+os6$ ! lessonL so"e lessons Hd!r Ni i"%!rtirO Nel %ro#esorOL
!%render NoO &!er NoO %re%!r!r Nlos !l("nosO (n! lei3nL !l,(n!s leiones4 T&e
te!&er did so"e lessons HEl %ro#esor dio !l,(n!sL (n!s leiones6M T&e st(dent did
! lesson HEl est(di!nte !%rendi3L &izoL %re%!r3 (n! lei3n66$ doL 7rite ! letterL
se+er!lL so"e letters Hesribir (n! !rt!L +!ri!sL !l,(n!s !rt!s6$ doL &!+e ! li#tin,L
#!e li#t H&1 (n estir!"iento Nde l! %ielO6$ li9e7ise H&1 lo "is"oL otro t!nto6$ so"e
listenin, o"%re&ension H&1 (n! o"%rensi3n or!l6$ little h (!l/(ier #or"! +erb!l
en Iin,4 entert!inin,L ,!rdenin,L %!intin,L 7!s&in,$ et1 Hreibir %oos in+it!dosL
tr!b!.!r %oo en el .!rdFnL %int!r %ooL l!+!r %oo$ et16$ ! little h (!l/(ier #or"!
+erb!l en Iin, o"o Ule!nin,L n(rsin,L s&o%%in,L 7!s&in,V$ et1 Hli"%i!r !l,oL
(id!r (n %ooL &!er !l,(n!s o"%r!sL l!+!r (n %oo6$ ! lo!d o# 7!s&in, H&1 (n!
ol!d!L (n l!+!do6$ ! lot o# h (!l/(ier #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o"o QHt&e6 9nittin,L
re!din,Q$ et1 HoserL leer "(&o6$ ! l("b!r %(nt(re H&1 (n! %(ni3n l("b!r6$ t&e
l'ris Ho# ! son,$ et16 Ho"%oner l! letr! Hde (n! !ni3n$ et166$ "!,i H&1 "!,i!6$
one "!9e o# 111L t7o No (!l/(ier otro n2"eroO "!9es o# 111 Htener (n! "!r! deL dos
"!r!s de 1116$ ! Ho"%lete6 "!9eo+er H&1 (n! reno+!i3n Ho"%let!66$ "!ni(re H&1
"!ni(r!6$ "!rti!l !rts H&1 !rtes "!ri!les6$ "!r+els H&1 "!r!+ill!s6$ ! R"!ss!,e
NGBOL ! "!Rss!,e NUSAOL "!ss!,es H&!er (n "!s!.eL "!s!.es6$ ! "!ster o# ArtsL o#
SieneL !n MS in [oolo,'$ et1 H&1 (n "ster en Filoso#F! ' Letr!sL ieni!sL
zoolo,F!$ et16$ ! "!sterZs Hde,ree6 H&1 (n "ster6$ "!t&e"!tisL "!t&s NGBOL "!t&
NUSAO Hest(di!r "!te"ti!s6$ t&e "e!s(re"ents ri,&t Hto"!r l!s "edid!s
orret!"ente6$ "ediine Hest(di!r "ediin!6$ t&e "ess!,es H&1 l!Hs6 o"%r!Hs6L los
re!dos6$ "etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "eters NUSAO Hreorrer "etros4 S&e did !
#e7 "ore "etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "eters NUSAO be#ore t!9in, ! rest HEll!
reorri3 (nos %oos "etros "s !ntes de des!ns!r66$ "ilit!r' ser+ie H&1 el ser+iio
"ilit!r6$ ! "i- o# ! reordin, H&1 (n! n(e+! +ersi3n de (n! ,r!b!i3n6$ "o!nin,
H!!b!r de /(e.!rse6$ ! "o9HI6(% H&1 (n! "!/(et!6$ "(& h #or"! +erb!l en Iin,4
n(rsin,L +isitin,$ et1 Nen ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! %rini%!l"enteO H(id!rL +isit!r H!
!l,(ien6 "(&o6$ "(lti%li!tion H&1 "(lti%li!ionesL "(lti%li!r6$ doL o""it H!6
"(rderL so"e "(rdersL t&ree "(rders Ho"eter (n !sesin!toL !l,(nos !sesin!tosL
tres !sesin!tos6$ t&e neess!r' H&1 lo H/(e se!6 nees!rio6$ needle%oint H&1 bord!do
enL sobre !)!"!zoL %(nto de !,(.!L en!.e %(nto de !,(.!6$ needle7or9 H&1
ost(r!L oser6$ do NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL be onL 7or9 ni,&ts Htr!b!.!r de no&eL
%or l!s no&es6$ no h #or"! +erb!l en Iin,4 oo9in,L le!nin,L re!din,L 7!s&in,L
7ritin,$ et1 Nre#erido ! os!sO Hno oin!rL li"%i!rL leerL l!+!rL esribir n!d!$ et14
T&e' do no re!din, HNo leen n!d!66$ no n(rsin,L +isitin,$ et1 Nre#erido ! %erson!sO
Hno (id!rL +isit!r ! n!die$ et16$ doL %er#or" ! n("ber on sb NUSA4 +(l,!rO H&1 (n!
#!en!L &!0rsel! b(en! ! !l,(ien6$ ! n("ber one Nolo/(i!lO H&1 %is6$ ! n("ber t7o
Nolo/(i!lO H&1 !!6$ t&e n(rsin, H&1 de en#er"erHo$ !6L (id!r6$ O Ni ordin!r'O
le+elsL oneZs O le+els Hest(di!r !l,(n!s !si,n!t(r!s ! ni+el de b!&iller!to s(%erior
Non "ir!s ! no ir ! l! (ni+ersid!dO6$ !n ill o##ie Nliter!rioO H&1 (n "!l ser+iio6$
,oodL 9ind o##ies Nliter!rioO H&1 b(enos ser+iios6$ doL tr' oneZs Rbest Hto h
in#initi+o6 H&!erlo lo "e.or %osibleL &1 todo lo %osible H%!r! h in#initi+o64 I did "'
best HLo &ie lo "e.or %osibleL Eie todo lo /(e %(de66$ doL tr' oneZs le+el Rbest
Hre!liz!r el "-i"o es#(erzo6$ oneZs biddin, H("%lir l!s 3rdenes de !l,(ien6$ oneZs
bit NGBO H!%ort!r NoO %oner s( ,r!nito de !ren!L &!er lo s('o6$ oneZs d!"nedest Hto
h in#initi+o6 Nolo/(i!lO H&1 todo lo %osible H%or h in#initi+o66$ oneZs d!il' dozen
NGB4 %oo (s!doO H&1 s( ,i"n!si! di!ri!6$ oneZs ,ood deed #or t&e d!' H&1 l! b(en!
!i3n del dF!6$ oneZs dili,ene Nliter!rioO H&!er todo lo %osible6$ oneZs dotor!teL
oneZs P&1D1 H&1 el dotor!do6$ oneZs #!e H"!/(ill!rse6$ oneZs &!ir Hl!+!rse el %eloL
!rre,l!rse el %eloL %ein!rse4 S&e did &er &!irL &!d &er &!ir done HEll! se l!+3 el %eloL
se !rre,l3 el %eloL se %ein366$ oneZs &e!rt ,ood H!le,rrsele ! (no el or!z3n6$ oneZs
o7n l(9 Hre!r s( %ro%i! s(erte6$ !ll oneZs "!inten!ne Hon st&6 H&1 todo el
"!nteni"iento Hde !l,o66$ oneZs R"!9eHI6(% H"!/(ill!rse6$ oneZs n!ils H&!erseL
!rre,l!rseL ort!rse l!s ()!s4 S&e &!s &er n!ils done HEll! se &!eL se !rre,l!L se
ort! l!s ()!sL A ell! le &!enL !rre,l!nL ort!n l!s ()!s66$ oneZs n!n! NGB4
olo/(i!lO Hs!lirse de s(s !sill!sL en#!d!rse "(&o6$ oneZs n(t NGB4 olo/(i!lO
Hs!lirse de s(s !sill!sL en#!d!rse "(&o6$ oneZs %!rt H&1 l! %!rte de (noL ("%lir on
l! obli,!i3n de (no6$ oneZs %le!s(re Nliter!rioO H&!er lo /(e (no /(iere6$ oneZs
roo" H&1L li"%i!rL &!er li"%iez! enL !rre,l!rL deor!r s( &!bit!i3n NoO (!rto6$ oneZs
s&ool7or9 H&1 el tr!b!.o de l!se NoO esol!r6$ oneZs siene H%ens!r
ientF#i!"ente6$ oneZs st!t(tes H&1 s(s est!t(tos6$ oneZs teet& Hl!+!rseL e%ill!rseL
li"%i!rse los dientes4 EeZs done &is teet& Hl se &! l!+!doL e%ill!doL li"%i!do los
dientes66$ oneZs Ho7n6 t&in, Nolo/(i!lO H&1 lo /(e le %!ree ! (noL &1 lo /(e (no
/(iereL tr!b!.!r %or s( (ent!4 S&e did &er t&in, HEll! &izo lo /(e le %!rei3 H!
ell!666$ oneZs (t"ost h in#initi+o H&1 todo lo %osible %orL es#orz!rse !l "-i"o %!r!
h in#initi+o6$ oneZs dirt' 7or9 H#or sb6 H&1 el tr!b!.o s(io ! !l,(ien6$ oneZs 7orst
H&!erlo lo %eor %osible6$ onesel# &!r" H&!erse d!)o ! sF "is"o6$ onesel# H!n6
in.(r' H&!erse d!)o4 S&e did &ersel# in.(r' HEll! se &izo d!)o66$ onesel# !n in.(stie
Hser in.(sto on (no "is"o6$ onesel# .(stieL .(stie to onesel# Hrendir lo s(#iienteL
/(ed!r bien4 Ee didnZt do &i"sel# .(stie in t&e e-!"L Ee didnZt do .(stie to
&i"sel# in t&e e-!" Hl no rindi3 lo s(#iiente en el e-!"en66$ onesel# ! "is&ie#
NGB4 olo/(i!lO H&!erse d!)o6$ onesel#L sb %ro(d Hdeir "(&o ! #!+or de (no
"is"oL !l,(ien6$ onesel# 7ell Nliter!rioO Hest!r en (n! b(en! %osii3n6$ t&e o%%osite
Ho# st&6 H&1 lo ontr!rio Hde !l,o66$ or die H+enerL reno+!rse o "orir6$ t&e or!tor' H&1
l! or!tori!6$ o+erti"e H&1 &or!s e-tr!Hs66$ ! H,oodL b!d6 %!%er in Geo,r!%&' H&1 (n
Hb(enL "!l6 e-!"en en ,eo,r!#F!6$ ! %!%er H#or ! (ni+ersit' s(b.etL on ! s&ool
s(b.et6 H&1 (n tr!b!.o Hde (n! !si,n!t(r! (ni+ersit!ri!L de (n! !si,n!t(r! esol!r66$
t&e %!ss!,e H&1 l! tr!+esF!L el +i!.e6$ %en!ne H#or st&6 H&1 %eniteni! H%or !l,o66$ !
%enetr!tion H&1 (n! %enetr!i3n6$ doL %l!' ! %ersonL %erson!,e4 O%&eli!L Don j(!nL
j(li(s *!es!rL !n old l!d'L ! %olie"!nL t&e deteti+e$ et1 H&1 el %!%el de (n
%erson!.e4 O#eli!L Don j(!nL j(lio *0s!rL (n! se)or! "!'orL (n %oliF!L el deteti+e$
et16$ ! P&H16DH16 H&1 (n dotor!do6$ ! Hr!dioL tele+ision6 R%&oneIin H&1 (n %ro,r!"!
Hde r!dioL tele+isi3n6 on ll!"!d!s tele#3ni!s6$ P&oto,r!%&' H&!er Ni est(di!rO
#oto,r!#F!6$ %&'si!l ed(!tion H&1 ed(!i3n #Fsi!6$ ! %&'si!lL ! %&'si!l
e-!"in!tion H&1 (n reonoi"iento H"0dio6L &e/(eo6$ !L t&eL t&is %iee in 7ood
H&1 (n!L l!L est! %iez! en "!der!6$ %iee7or9 H&1 tr!b!.o ! dest!.o6$ ! R%l!'HI6b!9
Ho# st&6 H&1 (n! re%etii3nL re%rod(i3nL (n %re,r!b!doL ,r!b!do Hde !l,o66$ doL
!rr' o(tL ond(t ! %ollL %olls H&1 (n! en(est!L en(est!s6$ ! %oo& NGB4
olo/(i!lOL ! %oo Nolo/(i!lOL ! %oo% Nolo/(i!lO H&1 !!6$ doL !rr' o(tL %er#or" !
%osHI6t"orte" He-!"in!tion6 H&1 (n! !(to%si!6$ t&e %ot!toes Hoin!r NoO %el!r l!s
%!t!t!s6$ %r!tieL %r!tise NUSAO H&1 %rti!6$ ! %ress H&1 (n le+!nt!"iento de
%es!s6$ ! R%ressI(% NGBOL ! R%(s&I(% NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL R%ressI(%s NGBOL R%(s&I
(%s NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H&1 (n! #le-i3nL #le-iones Nde br!zos sobre (n! s(%er#iie
le+!nt!ndo ' b!.!ndo el (er%oO6$ ! %ro#ession H&1 (n! %ro#esi3n6$ ! Hne7s%!%er6
%ro#ileL Hne7s%!%er6 %ro#iles H&1 (n! rese)! H%eriodFsti!6L rese)!s H%eriodFsti!s66$
%(bli rel!tions H&1 rel!iones %2bli!s6$ ! R%(llI(%L ! R&inI(% NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOL R%(llI(%sL R&inI(%s NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H&1 (n! #le-i3nL
#le-iones Non los br!zos &!st! to!r on l! b!rbill! (n! b!rr! de "et!lO6$ ! re!din,
H&1 (n! let(r!6$ ! re!ssess"ent H&1 (n! re+!lor!i3nL (n n(e+o est(dio6$ %!ttern
reo,nition H&1 reonoi"iento de dise)os6$ ! redistrib(tion H&1 (n! redistrib(i3n6$
l!nd redistrib(tion H&1 redistrib(i3n de l! tierr!6$ ! re#r!tion NUSAO H&1 (n e-!"en
de los o.os6$ ! o"%lete re#res&er o# st& H&1 (n! !t(!liz!i3nL (n reil!.e de !l,o6$
t&e re&!bilit!tion H&1 l! re&!bilit!i3n6$ ! re"i- o# ! reordin, H&1 (n! n(e+! +ersi3n
de (n! ,r!b!i3n6$ ! little re%ose Nliter!rioO H&1 (n %e/(e)o re%ososo6$ t&e
re%rod(ti+e or,!ns Hest(di!r los 3r,!nos re%rod(ti+os6$ doL !rr' o(t Hso"e6
rese!r& H&!er NoO lle+!r ! !bo H(n!6 in+esti,!i3nL in+esti,!r6$ ! resit NGBO
H%resent!rse otr! +ez ! (n e-!"en6$ doL &!+e ! ret&in9 H%ens!rlo dos +eesL
reonsider!rlo6$ re+erene Hto sb6 H&1 re+ereni! H! !l,(ien66$ ri,&t Hto h in#initi+o6
H&!er N(O obr!r bienL orret!"ente4 S&e did ri,&t to tell 'o( HEll! &izo bien en
deFrtelo66$ ! ,re!t ri,&t H&1 (n! obr! "(' b(en!6$ ri,&t b' sb H%ort!rse bien onL
tr!t!r bien ! !l,(ien6$ sb ri,&t Hser .(sto on !l,(ien6$ ri,&teo(sness H&1 lo /(e es
.(stoL est .(sti#i!do6$ ro!d7or9 H&1 entren!"iento de%orti+o Norriendo ! lo l!r,o
de l! !rreter!O6$ t&e ro9 !nd roll Hb!il!r el ro!nrol6$ doL %l!'L inter%ret ! role N"s
(s!doOL ! rwle H&1 (n %!%el6$ ! rot! NGB %rini%!l"enteO H&1 (n! list! de t!re!sL
t(rnos6$ do t&e ro(nds Ho# 1116 NGBOL be on oneZs ro(nds Ho# 1116 NGBOL ,o on oneZs
ro(nds Ho# 1116 NGBO H&1 +isit!s ! do"iilio H! 11164 T&e dotor 7!s doin, t&e ro(nds
Ho# so"e %!tients6 NGBOL T&e dotor 7!s onL 7!s ,oin, on &is ro(nds Ho# so"e
%!tients6 NGBO HEl "0dio est!b! &!iendo +isit!s ! do"iilio H! !l,(nos
%!ientes66$ t&e ro(nd o# so"e %l!e NGBOL oneZs ro(nd o# so"e %l!e NUSAO H&1 l!
rond! de !l,2n l(,!r4 T&e dotor did t&eL &is ro(nd o# t&e &os%it!l HEl "0dio &izo
l! rond! del &os%it!l66$ !L t&e ro(te H&1 (n!L l! r(t!L (nL el tr!'eto6$ ! r(nner NGBO
Hs!lir orriendoL l!r,!rseL to"!rHse6 l!s de Dill!die,o6$ ! Rr(nIt&ro(,& Ho# st&6 H&1 (n
ens!'oL (n! %rti!L (n! let(r! r%id! Hde !l,o66$ ! s!l(te H&1 (n s!l(do6$ t&e
s!"b! Hb!il!r l! s!"b!6$ t&e s!"e H&1 lo "is"o6$ siene Hest(di!r ieni!s4 Ee did
siene !t s&ool Hl est(di3 ieni!s en l! es(el!66$ ! s9in sr!%in, H&1 (n!
r!s%!d(r! en l! %iel6$ ! sreenin, H&1 (n! %ro'ei3n NoO e"isi3nL (n! re+isi3n NoO
(n &e/(eo6$ ! #il" sri%t H&1 (n ,(i3n ine"!to,r#ioL de ine6$ ! se!r&I!ndI
re%l!e on st& H&1 (n! b2s/(ed! ' s(bstit(i3n de !l,o6$ t&e se!r&in,L t!l9in,
Hen!r,!rseL o(%!rse de b(s!rL &!bl!r6$ ! Hbrilli!ntL ,ood6 sendI(% o# sb NGBO H&1
(n! %!rodi! Hb(en!L brill!nte6 de !l,(ien6$ do #or ser+!nt N!r!ioO H&1 de sir+ient!L
lle+!r l! !s!6$ H!L oneZs6 ser+ie H&1 NoO %rest!r H(nL s(6 ser+iio6$ Hsb6 ! ,oodL b!d
ser+ie NoO ! ,oodL b!d ser+ie Hto sb6 H&1L %rest!r (n b(enL "!l ser+iio H!
!l,(ien66$ oneZs "ilit!r' ser+ie H&1 el ser+iio "ilit!r6$ HoneZs6 n!tion!l ser+ie H&1 el
ser+iio "ilit!r6$ S&!9es%e!reL *er+!ntesL Lo%e de De,!L Lor!$ et1 Hest(di!rL
re%resent!r NoO %oner en esen! ! S1L *1L L1L L1$ et16$ S&!9es%e!reL Milton$ et1$ into
S%!nis& Htr!d(ir S1L M1$ et1$ !l !stell!no6$ ! s&!re o# st& H&1 (n! %!rte de lo /(e le
orres%onde ! (no6$ oneZs H#!ir6 s&!re Ho# st&6 H&1 l! %!rte de (no Hde !l,o64 S&e did
&er s&!re HEll! &izo s( %!rteL lo /(e le orres%ondF!66$ ! s&o%L so"e s&o%s NGB4
+(l,!rO Hrob!r en (n! tiend!L !l,(n!s tiend!s6$ doL ,i+e ! H,ood6 s&rie9L s&rie9s Hd!r
(n Hb(en6 ,rito NoO &illidoL ,ritos NoO &illidos Nen (n! re%resent!i3n %!r! el
%2blioO6$ t&e sidestro9e Hn!d!r ! br!z! de ost!do NoO l!do6$ do NoO see t&eL so"e
si,&ts H+isit!r losL !l,(nos l(,!res t(rFstios NoO de inter0s6$ t&eL ,re!t si,ns H&1 l!sL
,r!ndes se)!les %rodi,ios!s NoO "il!,ros!s6$ do NoO see t&eL so"e sites H+isit!r losL
!l,(nos l(,!res &ist3rios6$ doL &!+e ! RsitIin H&1 (n! sent!d!6$ ! RsitI(%L RsitI(%s H&1
(n He.eriio6 !bdo"in!lL He.eriios6 !bdo"in!les Nle+!nt!ndo el torso del s(elo
&!st! /(ed!r sent!doO6$ ! s9it on st&L sb H&1 (n! stir! de !l,oL !l,(ien6$ ! slo7 b(rn
NUSA4 olo/(i!lO H"ont!r en 3ler!6$ doL %l!' soer H.(,!r !l NoO %r!ti!r #2tbol6$
soi!l ser+ieHs6 #or sb H&1 NoO %rest!r ser+iioHs6 soi!lHes6 ! !l,(ien6$ so"e h
(!l/(ier #or"! +erb!l ter"in!d! en Iin,4 i"!,eIb(ildin,L t&in9in,$ et1 Hre!r !l,o
de i"!,enL %ens!r !l,o6$ so"e !t&in,I(% H%onerse (n %ooL en %!rte !l dF!6$
so"e s%rin,Ile!nin,L ! s%rin,Ile!n NoO &!+e ! ,ener!l le!n(% H&1 li"%iez!
,ener!l6$ sb o(t o# so"et&in, Hest!#!r NoO ti"!r ! !l,(ien en !l,o Nolo/(i!lOL /(it!r
! !l,(ien !l,o N+(l,!rO6$ sb4 !n !torL %!rents$ et1H$ to %er#etion N( otro !d+erbioO6
Hi"it!r ! !l,(ien4 ! (n !torL los %!dres$ et1H$ ! l! %er#ei3n66$ sb ! %rod(t H! !rL !
#rid,e$ et16 !t ! ert!in %rie H;C$ @C$ et16 N+(l,!rO H+ender ! !l,(ien (n %rod(to
H(n o&eL #ri,orF#io$ et16 ! (n ierto %reio H;C$ @C$ et16$ so"ebod' #or
so"et&in, 7ron, NGB4 olo/(i!lM t!"bi0n en %!si+!O Ho,er NEs%!)!O NoO detener !
!l,(ien %or !l,o "!lo4 T&e' did &i" #or s%eedin, HLe o,ieron NEs%!)!OL
det(+ieron %or e-eso de +eloid!d66$ so"ebod' &(rtL &(rt to so"ebod' H&1 d!)o !
!l,(ien6$ sb to de!t& H!sesin!rL "!t!r ! !l,(ien6$ ! so"ers!(lt Hd!r (n! +(elt! de
!"%!n!L +olteret!6$ st& !bo(t h no"breL %rono"breL ,er(ndio H&1 !l,o en rel!i3n
on h no"breL %rono"bre NoO %!r! h in#initi+o4 >&!t is s&e doin, !bo(t &er
st(diesT HWJ(0 est ell! &!iendo en rel!i3n on s(s est(diosT6M >&!t is &e doin,
!bo(t #indin, ! .obT HWJ(0 est 0l &!iendo %!r! enontr!r (n e"%leoT66$ sb !
%ost!rd Hesribir (n! %ost!l ! !l,(ien6$ st& Ro(t NGBO Hli"%i!r bien !l,o6$ st& ri,&tL
st& 7ron, H&1 !l,o bienL !l,o "!l6$ st& #or so"ebod'L st& H&1 !l,o %orL onse,(irL
sent!r bien NoO ir ! (no4 S&e listened to &i" !nd loo9 7&!t itZs done #or &er HEll! le
es(&3 ' "ir! /(0 &! onse,(ido ell!6M T&!t blo(se does so"et&in, #or &er HEs!
bl(s! le /(ed! bien ! ell!6M T&is li#eHI6st'le doesnZt do !n't&in, #or &i" HEste estilo
de +id! no le +! ! 0l6M >&!t does s&e do #or ! li+in,T HWJ(0 &!e ell! %!r! ,!n!rse l!
+id!TL WEn /(0 tr!b!.! ell!T66$ st& %iee"e!l H&1 !l,o %oo ! %oo6$ st& to de!t&
Hre%etir !l,o &!st! l! s!ied!d6$ st& to sbL st& H&1 !l,o NoO i"%!t!r ! !l,(ienL &1 !l,o
! !l,o4 S&e &!s done so"et&in, to &i" HEll! le &! &e&o !l,o ! 0l6M >&!t &!s s&e
done to &er !rT HWJ(0 &! &e&o ell! ! s( o&eT66$ st& R(% H!t!rL !bro&!rL reno+!r
NGBO !l,o6$ ! sort H&1 (n! orden!i3n Nen el orden!dorO6$ t&e s%!de7or9 H&1 el
tr!b!.o %reli"in!r NoO %re%!r!torio6$ ! s%in!l t!% Hon sb6 H&1 (n! %(ni3n l("b!r H!
!l,(ien66$ t&e s%litHs6 H!brirse o"%let!"ente de %iern!s NoO Hd6es%!t!rr!rse NoO &1 el
es%!,!t6$ s%ortL ! %!rti(l!r s%ort H&1 NoO %r!ti!r de%orteL (n de%orte es%eF#io6$
doL %l!' Hso"e6 s%orts H&1 NoO %r!ti!r H!l,(nos6 de%ortes6$ doL &!+e ! s%rin, le!n
NGBOL s%rin,Ile!nin, NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H&1 (n! li"%iez! ,ener!l Nen l! !s!O6$
s/(!ts H&1 l! sent!dill! Ni &1 %iern! NoO #le-iones on l!s %iern!s !,!&ndose$
%oni0ndose en (lill!s ' le+!ntndoseO6$ s/(!t t&r(sts H&1 el %ino Ni s(bir el (er%o
&!i! !rrib! !%o'ndose sobre l!s "!nosO6$ ste% H!erobis6 H&1 e.eriios !er3bios6$
! stintL oneZs stint H&1 s( %!rte6$ doL ser+e ! stint H%!s!r (n %erFodo Nde ser+iioO6$ t&e
sto9t!9in, NGB %rini%!l"enteO H&1 el in+ent!rio6$ ! stret& Nolo/(i!lO Hest!r en
&iron! NoO ! l! so"br!6$ ! t7oI'e!r stret& in 111 H%!s!r NoO est!r (n %erFodo de dos
!)os en 1116$ ! stri% H&1 (n estri%tis NoO desn(d!rse6$ stri%te!seL ! stri%Hte!se6 H&1
estri%tisL (n estri%tis NoO desn(d!rse6$ ! st(nt H&1 (n! esen! %eli,ros!L (n e.eriio
NoO +(elo !robtio6$ s(.eto o !trib(to h be doin, Hs(.eto o !trib(to h est!r %!s!ndoL
ir o est!r 'endo4 Not&in, is doin, HNo est %!s!ndo n!d!6M >&!tZs doin,T HWJ(0
est %!s!ndoTL WJ(0 %!s!T6M Eo7 is s&e doin,T HWJ(0 t!lL *3"o le +!L est 'endo
! ell!T66$ s(.eto h Uto doV en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! Hser+irL ser
s(#iienteL b!st!r4 T&!t 7ill do HEsoL A/(ello ser+irL ser s(#iienteL b!st!rL '!
b!st!66$ s(.eto h Udo Nen ne,!ti+!OV Hno +!lerL no ser !onse.!bleL ser intoler!bleL
inonebible4 It 7o(ld ne+er do to h in#initi+o HSerF! intoler!ble /(e h s(b.(nti+oL
inonebible h in#initi+o66$ s(.eto h &!+e H,ot6 h to do 7it& so"ebod'L so"et&in,
Hs(.eto h tener /(e +er on !l,(ienL !l,o4 T&!t &!sL T&!tZs ,ot to do 7it& 'o(L
(ne"%lo'"ent HEso tiene /(e +er onti,oL on el dese"%leo66$ so"e s(r,er' H&1
!l,(n!s o%er!iones /(ir2r,i!s6$ #ootL %l!sti s(r,er' H&1 ir(,F! en el %ieL los %iesL
%lsti!6$ ! s7!' H&1 (n b!l!neo6$ tZ!i &i H&1 t!i&F6$ t&e t!n,o Hb!il!r el t!n,o6$ !
t!nnin, Hbrone!rse6$ t&e t!nnin, H&1 el (rtido6$ !L t&e t!s9 H&1 (n!L l! t!re!6$ t!-es
Ho(%!rse de los i"%(estosL &!er os!s rel!ion!d!s on los i"%(estos6$ !L t&e
te&ni/(e H%r!ti!r (n!L l! t0ni!6$ do N(!ndo #or"! %!rte de (n %ro,r!"! de
!ti+id!desOL %l!' tennis H%r!ti!rL .(,!r !l tenis4 >e do tennis on Frid!'
!#ternoons HPr!ti!"osL j(,!"os !l tenis los +iernes %or l! t!rde66$ ! blood test H&1
(n !nlisis de s!n,re6$ ! sreen test H&1 (n! %r(eb! ine"!to,r#i!6$ t&e h (n
,er(ndio o"o Q,!rdenin,L %l!nnin,L s&o%%in,L 7ritin,Q$ et1 Ho(%!rse del .!rdFnL
&1 l! %l!ni#i!i3nL &1 l!Hs6 o"%r!Hs6L esribir$ et16$ ! dotor!l t&esis H&1 (n! tesis
dotor!l6$ t&e ri,&t t&in, b' sb H%ort!rse bien on !l,(ien6$ to de!t& H"!t!r6$ !L t&e
ton NGB4 +(l,!r4 r!roO Hond(ir ! 5CC "ill!s %or &or!s6$ ! tonsilleto"' H&1 (n!
tonsileto"F!6$ ! to(r o# d(t' H&1 (n %erFodo de ser+iio N"ilit!rO6$ to(ris" H&1
t(ris"o6$ !L t&e to(rist tr!il H&1 (n!L l! r(t! t(rFsti!6$ ! to7nL so"e to7ns H+isit!r
Hlos "on("entos de6 (n! i(d!dL !l,(n!s i(d!des6$ tr!de H&1 ne,oioL o"eri!r4
T&e' do ! lot o# tr!de 7it& one !not&er H*o"eri!n "(&o el (no on el otroL los
(nos on los otros66$ ! ro!rin, tr!de H&1 s( !,osto6$ 7ei,&t tr!inin, H&1 %es!s6$ !
Hblood6 tr!ns#(sion H&1 (n tr!ns#(si3n Hde s!n,re66$ ! tr!nsliter!tion H&1 (n!
tr!nsliter!i3n6$ doL &!+e ! tr!ns%l!ntL tr!ns%l!nts H&1 (n tr!s%l!nteL tr!s%l!ntes6$
tr!+ellerZs &e/(es NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+elerZs &e9s NUSAO H!,eni!r N(O
o#reer NoO %ro+eer &e/(es de +i!.e6$ ! tre!tL tre!ts H&1 (n #estFn NoO (n on+iteL d!r
(n! sor%res!6$ ! tre9 H&1 (n! !"in!t!6$ ! tri9L tri9s H&1 (n tr(o Ni "!niobr!
en,!)os!OL tr(os Ni "!niobr!s en,!)os!sO6$ t&e tri9 Nolo/(i!lO H&1 el e#eto
dese!doL l! &!z!)!L b!st!rL ser s!tis#!torioL irle bien ! (noL resol+er el %roble"!L
s(rtir e#etoL #(nion!rL ser+ir6$ ! dirt'L "e!n tri9 H&1 (n! #!en!L (n! .(,!d! s(i!L
(n! "!l! %!s!d!6$ !L t&e &!t tri9 Heli"in!r ! tres .(,!dores onse(ti+os NrF/(etOL
"!r!r tres ,oles Nel "is"o .(,!dor en #2tbolL r(,b'O6$ tri9s H&1 ,r!i!sL reFr4
T&e'Z+e t!(,&t t&eir "on9e' to do tri9s HE!n ense)!do ! s( "ono ! &!er ,r!i!sL
reFr66$ ! t(neI(% Ho# !n en,ine6 H&1 (n! %(est! ! %(nto Hde (n "otor66$ Hsb6 ! ,oodL
e+il t(rnL ,oodL e+il t(rns NoO ! ,oodL e+il t(rnL ,oodL e+il t(rns to sb NoO ! ,oodL e+il
t(rnL ,oodL e+il t(rns H#or sb6 Nliter!rioO H&1 (n! b(en! !i3nL (n! "!l! %!s!d!L
b(en!s !ionesL "!l!s %!s!d!s H! !l,(ien66$ t&e t7ist Hb!il!r el t7ist Nb!ileO6$ !n
(%,r!de H&1 (n! "oderniz!i3nL re#or"!L "e.or!6$ doL !rr' o(t ! H"!ss6
+!in!tion H&1L e#et(!r NoO lle+!r ! !bo (n! +!(n!i3n H"!si+!66$ +!li!ntl'
H%ort!rse +!liente"ente6$ t&e +int!,e H&1 l! +endi"i!6$ Hno6 +iolene to sbL sb Hno6
+iolene HHno6 !,redir ! !l,(ien6$ Hno6 +iolene to st& HHno6 distorsion!r NoO Hno6
estro%e!r !l,o4 T&e' did +iolene to lo,iL o(r &("!nit' HDistorsion!ron l! l3,i!L
n(estr! !"!bilid!d66$ +is!s H&1 +is!dos6$ so"eL ! lot o# +isitin, H+isit!r !l,(nos
l(,!resL "(&os l(,!res6$ ! +oieL di##erent +oies Hi"it!r (n! +ozL +oes
di#erentes6$ doL &!+e ! R7!l9HI6o(t H&1 (n! &(el,!L (n %!ro6$ ! 7!ltz Hb!il!r (n +!ls6$
doL &!+e ! R7!r"I(% H&1 (n e.eriio de !lent!"iento6$ t&e 7!s&in,L t&e 7!s&
NUSAO H&1 l! ol!d!L l!+!r l! ro%!6$ t&e 7!s&in,I(% NGBO Hl!+!r los %l!tos6$ ! 7ee H&1
%i%F NoO %is6$ 7ell Nestnd!rOL ,ood NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO H!tL inL on 1116
H&1 bienL &1 (n b(en %!%elL /(ed!r bienL irle bien ! (noL %ort!rse NoO ond(irse bienL
est!r bienL !nd!r bien Hen 11164 >ell done HBien &e&o6M S&e is doin, 7ell HA ell! le
est 'endo bienL le +! bienL Ell! est %ros%er!ndoL est bien66$ sb 7ell NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Hd!r (n ser+iio b(enoL tr!t!r bien ! !l,(ien6$ 7ell o(t o#
so"et&in, Hs!lir bien %!r!do de !l,o6$ 7&!t is ri,&t H&1 lo H/(e es6 orreto6$
7i9edl' H!t(!r %er+ers!"ente6$ 7i9edness H&1 "!ld!des6$ 7it& so"et&in, H+enir
bien !l,o4 S&e o(ld do 7it& ! 7!s&in,I"!&ine HA ell! le +endrF! bien (n!
l!+!dor!66$ 7it& so"et&in, Nen interro,!ti+!O H&1 on !l,o4 >&!t &!s s&e done 7it&
t&e "one'T HWJ(0 &! &e&o ell! on el dineroT66$ 7it&o(t so"et&in,L so"ebod'L
,er(ndio H%!s!r sin !l,oL !l,(ien4 Ee !n do 7it&o(t beerL &erL s"o9in, Hl %(ede
%!s!r sin er+ez!L ell!L #("!r66$ doL 7or9 7onders H&1 "!r!+ill!s6$ so"eL ! lot o#L
no 7ood7or9L 7ood7or9in, H&1 !l,(nosL "(&osL nin,2n tr!b!.oHs6 en "!der!6$
H!ll6 t&e 7ords o# t&is l!7 Nliter!rioO H("%lir Htod!s6 l!s %!l!br!s de est! le'6$ t&eL
t&isL t&!tL oneZs 7or9 H&1 elL esteL ese NoO !/(el tr!b!.oL es#(erzoL el tr!b!.o de (no6$
! ,ood d!'Zs 7or9 H!%ro+e&!r bien el dF!6$ H!ll6 t&e don9e' 7or9 Nolo/(i!lO H&1 el
tr!b!.o d(ro6$ H,ood6 7or9s H&1 Hb(en!s6 obr!s6$ ,r!d(!te 7or9 H&1 tr!b!.o de
lieni!doL %osHt6,r!do6$ %(bli 7or9s H&1 obr!s %2bli!s6$ soi!l 7or9 H&1 !sisteni!
soi!l6$ ! R7or9o(t H&1 (n e.eriio de entren!"ientoL (n! sesi3n de e.eriios6$ !
7or9(% Hon 1116 NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H&1 (n! serie de tests Hsobre 11166$ 7orse Hirle
%eorL %ort!rse NoO ond(irse %eor6$ oneZs 7orst H&!erlo lo %eor %osibleL &!er lo
/(e le !%etez! ! (noL o"%li!r l!s os!s4 T&e ele"ents Ni t&e 7e!t&erO &!+e done
t&eir 7orst HLos ele"entos Ni el tie"%oO &!n o"%li!do l!s os!s6$ ! R7riteIin
NUSAO H&1 (n! inl(si3n en (n! %!%elet! de +oto de (n !ndid!to /(e no #i,(r! en
ell!6$ 7ron,L ! little 7ron,L ! lot o# 7ron,s H&1 N(O obr!r "!lL o"eter (n! %e/(e)!
e/(i+o!i3nL "(&!s e/(i+o!iones6$ no 7ron, Hto sb6L Hsb6 no 7ron, Hno &1
n!d! "!l H! n!die6L ser in!%!z de &!er "!l H! !l,(ien66$ sb 7ron,L 7ron, to sb
H%ort!rse "!l on !l,(ien6$ sb ! 7ron,L ! 7ron, to sb H&1 H(n6 "!l ! !l,(ien6$ -$ '$ z
H&1 esto$ lo otro ' lo de "s !ll6$ '!rd7or9 NUSAO Ho(%!rse del .!rdFn6$ #i+e 'e!rs
H!sL !tL in 1116 Hest!r destin!doL %!s!r ino !)os Ho"oL enL en 11166$ ten 'e!rs Hin
%rison6 H#or 1116 Hest!rL %!s!r diez !)os en l! relL ("%lir diez !)os de onden!
H%or 11161
*(!ndo se %one U!V o Ut&eV del!nte de (n no"bre$ ,ener!l"ente se %(ede %oner
t!"bi0n (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+o en =15<I5@1
*(!ndo UdoV si,ni#i! Uo(%!rse deL dedi!rse !V se %(eden %oner !si todos los
no"bres o"(nes4 !n !bortionL !bortions$ !/(isitions$ t&e o%enin, !ddressL !
tele+ision !ddressL t&e Union !ddress$ t&e !d"inistr!tion$ !ds$ Ht&e6 !terin, Hel
ser+iio de o"id! ' bebid!6$ t&e &e9 %oints$ ! ontr!tL ontr!ts$ Hso"e6
dedi!tions$ det!ils$ !n e-&ibition$ t&e birt&d!' #ile$ oneZs #in,ers$ d!t! in%(t Hl!
entr!d! de d!tos6$ !n ins%etionL ins%etions$ t&e !rt inst!ll!tionL %l!e"ent$ !n
interro,!tion$ in+est"ents$ ! "!n(sri%tL "!n(sri%ts$ "!rri!,es$ ! "obiliz!tionL !
"obilis!tion NGBO$ %e!e$ ! %it(reL %it(res$ t&e %r!'ers$ t&e %resri%tionL Ht&e6
%resri%tions$ t&e %(bliit'$ ! re#or"L re#or"s$ t&e %ress rele!se$ t&e re%ertoire$
&("!n ri,&ts$ s&!res$ Ht&e Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!r ' sin Ut&eV4 en
,ener!lO6 s"!ll t!l9$ tele+ision$ tr!ns!tions$ t&e tre!t"ent$ ! >eb %!,e$ ! 7ebsite$
t&e "'ster' +oie$ et1
*(!ndo se (s! el +erbo QdoQ on (n! %!l!br!$ se (s! t!"bi0n QdoQ$ si di&! %!l!br!
+! %reedid! de (n !d.eti+o$ (n %rono"bre inde#inido$ (n! %erF#r!sis %!rtiti+! o
(!nti#i!dor1 E.14 Do t&is 7or9] H\E!z este tr!b!.o]6M S&e did ! bitL ! lotL "!sses o#
7or9 HEll! tr!b!.3 (n %ooL "(&oL &izo !ntid!d de tr!b!.o6M S&e doesnZt do !
sr!% o# 7or9 HEll! no tr!b!.! n!d!6$ et1
A +ees$ e-isten e-%resiones idio"ti!s4 ItZs t&e t&in, to do HEs lo /(e &!' /(e
&!er6M I donZt t&in9 I !n do NUdoV tiene /(e ir %reedido de U!nV
obli,!tori!"enteO t&e #irst 7ee9end in A(,(st be!(se "' #riend &!s ! %!rt' H*reo
/(e no +o' ! %oder l! %ri"er! se"!n! de !,osto %or/(e "i !"i,Ho$ !6 tiene (n!
#iest!6$ et1$ %ero no se %(ede %oner (n s(.eto h Qdo t&e t&in,Q on ese si,ni#i!do1
D1 =1581:
=15=1I Se usa slo el el verbo normal Mma1eM con las siguientes palabras$ "s
de 5=8C4 !n !bbre+i!tionL !bbre+i!tions H&1 (n! !bre+i!i3nL !bre+i!iones6$ !n
!bstentionL !bstentions H&1 (n! !bsteni3nL !bsteniones6$ !e%t!ne o# st&L sb
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL !n !e%t!ne o# st&L sb Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO H!e%t!r
!l,oL ! !l,(ien6$ !o""od!tion #or sb H&1 sitio %!r! !l,(ien6$ !n !o""od!tionL
!o""od!tions H&1 (n !.(steL (n! !d!%t!i3nL !.(stesL (n! !d!%t!iones6$ !n
!("(l!tion H&1 (n! !("(l!i3n6$ !n !(s!tionL !(s!tions H!,!inst sb6 H&1 (n!
!(s!i3nL !(s!iones Hontr! !l,(ien66$ !n !&ie+e"entL !&ie+e"ents Honse,(ir
(n lo,roL lo,ros6$ !n !9no7led,He6"ent HreonoerloL !d"itirlo6$ !n
!9no7led,He6"ent o# st& Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO HreonoerL !d"itir !l,o6$ t!it N(
otro !d.eti+oO !9no7led,He6"ent o# st& Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hreonoer NoO
!d"itir tit!"ente !l,o6$ t&e !/(!int!ne o# so"ebod'L oneZs !/(!int!ne
Honoer ! NoO tr!b!r rel!iones on !l,(ien6$ t&e !/(!int!ne o# so"et&in,
Honoer !l,o6$ !/(!int!ne 7it& so"ebod' H&1 NoO ent!bl!r !"ist!d on !l,(ien6$
so"eL ! #e7 !/(!int!nes Honoer ! !l,(n!sL (n!s %o!s %erson!s6$ !n
!/(isitionL !/(isitions H&1 (n! !d/(isii3nL !d/(isiiones6$ ! re!ti+e !t o# sel#I
deni!l H&1 (n !to re!ti+o NoO (n! !i3n re!ti+! de l! !bne,!i3n6$ !n !d!%t!tionL
!d!%t!tions H&1 (n! !d!%t!i3nL !d!%t!iones6$ !n !dditionL !dditions H&1 (n! s("!L
!dii3nL s("!sL !diiones6$ !n !dditionL !dditions to st& H!("ent!r !l,o6$ t&e
o%enin, !ddressL ! tele+ision !ddress Hd!r el dis(rso de !%ert(r!L (n dis(rso %or
tele+isi3n6$ !n !d.(di!tionL !d.(di!tions H&1 (n! !d.(di!i3nL !d.(di!iones6$ !nL
oneZs !d"ission Ho# st&6 H&1 (n!L s( !d"isi3n Hde !l,o66$ !d+!nes H&1 !+!nes6$ !n
H! se-(!l6 !d+!neL !d+!nes to sb H&1 (n! insin(!i3n Hse-(!l6L insin(!iones !
!l,(ienL /(erer li,!r ! !l,(ien6$ !n !##ir"!tionL !##ir"!tions H&1 (n! !#ir"!i3nL
!#ir"!iones6$ sole"n !##ir"!tion H&1 (n! del!r!i3n sole"ne Nno .(r!d!O6$ !n
!,,r!+!tion H&1 (n !,r!+!"ientoL (n! %ro+o!i3n6$ !n !,ree"entL !,ree"ents
7it& so"ebod' H&1 (n !(erdo NoO on+enioL !(erdos NoO on+enios on !l,(ien6$
t&e !ir#ield Hlle,!r !l !"%o de !+i!i3n6$ !lo&ol H&1 !lo&ol6$ !n !li!s H&1L re!r (n
!li!s6$ !n !lle,!tionL !lle,!tions H&1 (n! !le,!i3nL !le,!iones6$ !n !lli!neL
!lli!nes H&1 (n! !li!nz!L !li!nz!s6$ !n !llo!tionL !llo!tions H&1 (n re%!rto NoO (n!
distrib(i3nL re%!rtos NoO distrib(iones6$ !llot"entL !llot"ents Hto sb6 H&1 (n!
!d.(di!i3nL !d.(di!iones H! !l,(ien66$ !n !llo7!neL !llo7!nes H&1 (n!
e-e%i3nL onesi3nL e-e%ionesL onesiones6$ !llo7!neHs6 #or so"ebod' Hser
ind(l,ente NoO tener onsider!i3n on !l,(ien6$ !llo7!neHs6 #or so"et&in, Htener
en (ent!L tr!t!r de .(sti#i!r !l,o6$ !n !ll(sionL !ll(sions to st&L sb H&1 (n! !l(si3nL
!l(siones ! !l,oL !l,(ien6$ !n !ll'L !llies H&1 (n !li!doL !li!dos6$ !n !lt!rL !lt!rs H&1 (n
!lt!rL !lt!res6$ !n !lter!tionL !lter!tions H&1 (n! !lter!i3nL "odi#i!i3nL (n !"bioL
!lter!ionesL "odi#i!i3nesL !"bios6$ !n !"b(s&L !"b(s&es H&1 (n! e"bos!d!L
e"bos!d!s6$ !n !"end"entL !"end"ents H&1 (n! orrei3nL en"iend!s6$ !"ends
N!nL one !"end4 no %onerO H#or st&L to sb #or st&6 Hintent!r re%!r!r el d!)o Hde !l,o6L
des!,r!+i!rL d!r ("%lid! s!tis#!i3n H! !l,(ien %or !l,o66$ !n !n!lo,'L !n!lo,ies
H&1 (n! !n!lo,F!L !n!lo,F!s6$ !n !n&orL !n&ors H&1 (n !nl!L !nl!s6$ !n !n&or to
t&e so(ls o# "en H%ro%orion!r (n !nl! ! l!s !l"!s de los &o"bres6$ !n
!ni"!d+ersion on st& H&1 (n o"ent!rio !er! deL (n! re%rob!i3n de !l,o6$ !n
!ni"!tion H#il"6 H&1 (n! H%elF(l! de6 !ni"!i3n6$ !n !nnot!tionL !nnot!tions H&1 (n!
!not!i3nL not!L !not!ionesL not!s6$ !nL t&eL oneZs !nno(ne"ent H&1 (n!L l!L s(
del!r!i3nL !n(ni!r !l,o6$ ! di##erent !ns7erL di##erent !ns7ers Hd!r (n res(lt!do
di#erenteL res(lt!dos di#erentes Nen (n l(loO6$ !nL no !ns7er Hontest!rL no
ontest!r4 S&e "!de !nL no !ns7er HEll! ontest3L no ontest366$ !ns7er to sb
Hontest!rL d!r (n! ontest!i3n ! !l,(ien6$ t&e !ns7er h (n n2"ero Hd!r Hde
res(lt!do6 h (n n2"ero4 I "!9e t&e !ns7er ? HMe d! Hde res(lt!do6 ?66$ !n !nt&e"L
!nt&e"s H&1 (n &i"noL &i"nos6$ !n !%olo,'L no !%olo,ies H%edir dis(l%!Hs6 NoO
!rre%entirseL no %edir dis(l%!s6$ !n !%%e!lL !%%e!lsL oneZs !%%e!l H&1 (n
ll!"!"ientoL ll!"!"ientosL s( ll!"!"iento6$ !n !%%e!r!neL oneZs !%%e!r!ne
H!%!reerL o"%!reer6$ !n !%%e!se"ent H&1 (n !%!i,(!"iento6$ !n !%%li!tion
Hto 1116 H&1 (n! soliit(d H! 11166$ ! %r!ti!l !%%li!tionL %r!ti!l !%%li!tions o# !
t&eor'$ et1 H&1 (n! !%li!i3n %rti! NoO (n (so %rtioL !%li!iones %rti!s de
(n! teorF!$ et16$ !n !%%oint"ent Hit!rseL d!rse (n! it!L onert!r (n! it!L %edir
&or!L %edir it!6$ !n !%%r!is!l o# st&L sb H&1 (n! e+!l(!i3nL +!lor!i3n de !l,oL
!l,(ien6$ !n !%%rei!tion H&1 (n! !%rei!i3n6$ !n !%%ro!&L !%%ro!&es Hto sb6 H&1
(n! %ro%(est!L soliit(dL ,esti3n H! !l,(ien66$ oneZs !%%ro!& H&1 l!s "!niobr!s de
!%ro-i"!i3n6$ !n !%%ro%ri!tion #or st& H&1 (n! !si,n!i3n %!r! !l,o6$ ! ro(,&
!%%ro-i"!tion H&1 (n l(lo !%ro-i"!do6$ so"e !rbitr!,eL !rbitr!tion H&1 !l,o de
!rbitr!.e6$ !n !r&i+eL !r&i+es H&1 (n #i&eroL #i&eros6$ !n !r,("ent H&1 (n
r!zon!"iento4 ItZs &!rd to "!9e !n !r,("ent #or #o-I&(ntin, HEs di#Fil &!er (n
r!zon!"iento ! #!+or de l! !z! del zorro66$ t&e !r,("ent t&!t 111 H&1 el r!zon!"iento
de /(e 1116$ !n !r9L !r9s H&1 (n !r!L !r!s6$ ! lon, !r" #or st& H!l!nz!r !l,o on l!
"!no6$ !n !r"b!ndL !r"b!nds H&1 (n br!z!leteL br!z!letes6$ !r"s H&1L #!bri!r
!r"!s6$ !n !rr!n,e"entL !rr!n,e"ents H&1 %re%!r!ti+osL !ord!r6$ !n !rrestL !rrests
H&1 (n! deteni3nL (n !rresto NoO detenerL !rrest!r N! !l,(ienOL detenionesL !rrestos6$
!n !rro7L !rro7s H&1 (n! #le&!L #le&!s6$ !n !rti#!tL !n !rte#!t NGBOL !rti#!tsL
!rte#!ts NGBO H&1 (n !rte#!toL !rte#!tos6$ !s i# toL !s t&o(,& toL to h in#initi+o H&1
o"o si h s(b.(nti+oL !de"n de h in#initi+o4 S&e "!de !s i#L !s t&o(,& to ,o HEll!
&izo o"o si se #(er!L &izo !de"n de irse66$ !sbestos H&1 !sbestoL !"i!nto6$ t&e
!sension Hl! !sensi3n6$ !n !sent Ho# ! "o(nt!in6 H&1 (n! !sensi3nL es!l!d! Hde
(n! "ont!)!66$ !n !sert!in"ent H&1 (n! !+eri,X!i3nL o"%rob!i3n6$ !n !ss o#
onesel#L sb Nolo/(i!lO H/(ed!r en ridF(lo NoO o"o (n i"b0ilL ridi(liz!r !
!l,(ien6$ "!9eL "o(nt !n !ss!(lt Hon 1116 H!s!lt!r H11166$ !n !ssertionL !ssertions H&1
(n! !#ir"!i3nL !#ir"!iones6$ !n !sse+er!tionL !sse+er!tions Nliter!rioO H&1 (n!
!se+er!i3nL !se+er!iones6$ !n !ssi,n!tion Honert!r (n! it!6$ !n !ssi"il!tion H&1
(n! !si"il!i3n6$ !n !ssoi!tion H&1 (n! !soi!i3n6$ !n !ssort"ent H&1 (n!
olei3n6$ !nL t&e !ss("%tionL !ss("%tions H&1 (n!L l! s(%osii3nL s(%osiiones6$
H!n6 !tone"ent H#or st&L sb6 H&1 H(n!6 e-%i!i3n H%or !l,oL !l,(ien66$ !n !tt!9L
!tt!9s Hon 1116 Hl!nz!r (n !t!/(eL !t!/(es Hsobre 1116$ t&eL !n !tte"%tL t&eL !n !tte"%t
Hto h in#initi+o NoO !t h ,er(ndio6L Ht&e6 !tte"%ts Hto h in#initi+o NoO !t h ,er(ndio6
Hintent!rlo Hintent!r h in#initi+o64 T&e' "!de t&e !tte"%t HLo intent!ron6M S&e "!de
t&e !tte"%tL !tte"%ts to %!int HEll! intent3 %int!r66$ !n !tte"%tL !tte"%ts Hon st&6
Hintent!rlo Hen rel!i3n on !l,o64 S&e "!de ! #res& !tte"%t HEll! lo intent3 de
n(e+o66$ !n !tte"%t !t so"et&in, Hintent!r &!er !l,o4 S&e "!de !n !tte"%t !t ! .o9e
HEll! intent3 &!er (n &iste66$ !n !tte"%t on so"ebod'Zs li#e H!tent!r ontr! l! +id!
de !l,(ien4 Ee "!de !n !tte"%t on &er li#e Hl !tent3 ontr! l! +id! de ell!66$ t&eL !n
!+o7!l H&1 elL (n reonoi"iento NoO l!L (n! on#esi3n6$ !n !7!rdL !7!rds H&1 (n!
!si,n!i3nL inde"niz!i3nL !si,n!ionesL inde"niz!ionesL re!r (n %re"ioL
%re"ios6$ !7!reness o# st&4 ! %roble"$ et1 Hre!r onieni! de !l,o4 (n %roble"!$
et16$ ! Rb!9l!s&L Rb!9l!s&es Htener (n! re!i3n ne,!ti+! NoO +iolent!L re!iones
ne,!ti+!s NoO +iolent!s6$ ! b!llL b!lls H&1 (n! %elot!L (n b!l3nL (n! bol!L (n o+illoL
%elot!sL b!lonesL bol!sL o+illos6$ ! tennis b!llL tennis b!lls H&1 (n! %elot! de tenisL
%elot!s de tenis6$ ! Ho"%lete6 Rb!llsI(% N+(l,!rO o# st& H!,!rl! Htot!l"ente6 on
!l,o4 Ee "!de ! Ho"%lete6 Rb!llsI(% N+(l,!rO o# t&e !rr!n,e"ents Hl l! !,3
Htot!l"ente6 onL .odi3 los %re%!r!ti+os66$ ! b!nnerL b!nners H&1 (n! %!n!rt!L
%!n!rt!s6$ ! b!r,!in H#orL 7it& so"ebod'6 H&1 (n tr!to NoO %!to H%!r!L on
!l,(ien66$ "!9eL b(ild ! b!r,eL b!r,es H&1L onstr(ir (n! b!r!z!L b!r!z!s6$ !
b!rrelL b!rrels H&1 (n b!rrilL b!rriles6$ ! b!sinL b!sins H&1 (n (eno NoO l!+!boL
(enos NoO l!+!bos6$ ! b!s9etL b!s9ets H&1 (n! est!L est!s6$ ! Hsil+er$ et16 be!dL
be!ds H&1 (n! (ent!L (ent!s Hde %l!t!$ et16$ not to "!9e ! be!n on t&e de!l Hno
s!!r ni (n 0nti"o del ne,oio6$ ! beeline #or ! sbL %l!e Nolo/(i!lO HirHse6 en lFne!
ret! NoO dere&ito !L &!i! !l,(ienL (n l(,!r6$ beer H&1 er+ez!6$ ! H,oodL b!d6
be,innin, Hser (n Hb(enL "!l6 o"ienzoL e"%ez!r NoO o"enz!r HbienL "!l66$
belie+e Hreer6$ ! bendL bends H&1 (n! (r+!L (r+!s6$ bene#!tionL ! bene#!tionL
bene#!tions Nliter!rioO H&1 b(en!s obr!sL (n! obr! de bene#ieni!L obr!s de
bene#ieni!6$ ! bene#itL bene#its H&1 (n bene#iioL bene#iios6$ ! be/(e!t&!l H&1 (n!
le,!F!6$ ! be/(estL be/(ests H&1 (n le,!doL le,!dos6$ t&e best o# so"et&in,
H!rre,l!rse on !l,oL &!erlo lo "e.or %osible4 Ee is ,oin, to "!9e t&e best Ht&in,6
o# ! b!d .ob Hl +! ! &!erlo lo "e.or %osible Hd!d!s l!s ir(nst!ni!s en s(
ontr!6L +! ! s!!r el "!'or %!rtido %osible6$ t&e best o# bot& 7orlds Ho,er
NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r lo "e.or de !"bos l!dosL los dos "(ndos6$ "!9eL &!+e ! betL
bets H7it& sb6 H&1 (n! !%(est!L !%(est!s Hon !l,(ien66$ "!9eL l!'L %(t ! bet on sbL
st& H!%ost!r sobre !l,(ienL !l,o6$ ! bidL bids H&1 (n! o#ert!L o#ert!s6$ ! t!9eo+er bid
H&1 (n! o#ert! %2bli! de !d/(isii3nL OPA6$ ! billL bills H&1 (n! #!t(r!L #!t(r!s6$ !
billbo!rdL billbo!rds H&1 (n! !rteler!L !rteler!s6$ bis(its H&1 ,!llet!s NGBOL
"!,d!len!s NUSAO6$ ! bitL ! little bit on t&e side Nolo/(i!lO H,!n!r (n %ooL
%o/(ito de dinero e-tr!6$ ! biteL bites Hd!r (n "ordisoL "ordisos6$ ! bi+o(!L
bi+o(!s H&1 (n +i+!/(e NoO !"%!"entoL +i+!/(es NoO !"%!"entos6$ ! blessin,L
blessin,s H&1 (n! bendii3n NoO ons!,r!i3nL bendiiones NoO ons!,r!iones6$ !
blo9L blo9s H&1 (n blo/(eL blo/(es6$ ! blo9b(sterL blo9b(sters H&1 (n!
s(%er%rod(i3nL s(%er%rod(iones6$ ! bloo"er NGB4 olo/(i!lO H"eter l! %!t!6$ !
bloo%er NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO H"eter l! %!t!6$ ! blotL blots H&1 (n borr3nL
borrones6$ ! bl(e%rintL bl(e%rints H&1 (n %l!no NoO %ro'eto NoO %ro,r!"!L %l!nos NoO
%ro'etos NoO %ro,r!"!s6$ ! bl(nderL bl(nders H&1 (n error ,!rr!#!lL errores
,!rr!#!les6$ ! bl(rL bl(rs H&1 (n borr3nL borronesL %onerse borroso6$ ! bo!rdL bo!rds
H&1 (n t!bleroL t!bleros6$ ! H,re!t6 bo!stL H,re!t6 bo!sts H&1 (n H,r!n6 !l!rdeL H,r!ndes6
!l!rdes6$ "!9eL b(ild ! bo!tL bo!ts H&1L onstr(ir (n b!ro H%e/(e)o6 NoO (n! b!ls!L
b!ros H%e/(e)os6 NoO b!ls!s6$ ! bolt #or H#reedo"L t&e door$ et16 Hl!nz!rse NoO e&!r
! orrer H&!i! l! libert!dL %(ert!$ et16$ no bones !bo(t st& Hno !nd!rse on rodeos
NoO t!%(.os on !l,oL no o(lt!r !l,o6$ ! bon#ireL bon#ires H&1 (n! &o,(er! NoO
#o,!t!L &o,(er!s NoO #o,!t!s6$ ! boob Nolo/(i!lO H"eter l! %!t!6$ ! RbooIboo
Nolo/(i!lOL RbooIboos H&1L o"eter (n errorL errores6$ boo9 NUSAOL ! boo9 NGBO
Hon st&6 H&1 !%(est!sL !%ost!rse l! !bez! Hsobre !l,o66$ t&e boo9 into ! %l!'
Htr!ns#or"!r el libro en obr! de te!tro6$ ! boo9!seL boo9!ses H&1 (n! est!nterF!L
est!nterF!s6$ ! boot&L boot&s H&1 (n %(esto NoO (n! tiend! Nde !"%!)!O N!r!ioO NoO
(n! !bin!L %(estos NoO tiend!s Nde !"%!)!O N!r!ioO NoO !bin!s6$ ! bot&L Rbot&I
(% o# st& H&1 (n! &!%(z! HenL de !l,o66$ ! bottleL bottles H&1 (n! botell!L botell!s6$ !
bo7L bo7s Lb!(Hz6L H&1 (n! re+ereni!L re+ereni!s6$ oneZs bo7 Lb!(L H%resent!rseL
deb(t!r6$ ! bo7L bo7s Lbo(Hz6L H&1 (n !roL !ros N%!r! #le&!sO6$ ! bo7lL bo7ls H&1
(n t!z3nL t!zones6$ br!ss H&1L #!bri!r l!t3n6$ ! bre!& Hin t&e de#enes NGBOL
de#enses NUSAO6 H&1L !brir (n! bre&! Hen l!s de#ens!s66$ bre!d H&1 %!n6$ ! Hle!n6
bre!9 Hort!r H%or lo s!no66$ ! bre!9 #or Ho+erL t&e door6 Horrer H! re#(,i!rseL &!i!
l! %(ert!66$ ! bre!9 #or it Nolo/(i!lO Htr!t!r de es!%!rse Nde l! relO6$ ! bre!9 #ro"
H%rison$ et16 Hes!%!rse de Hl! %risi3n$ et166$ ! bre!9 7it& sb Hro"%er rel!iones on
!l,(ien6$ ! Rbre!9!7!' H&1 (n! r(%t(r!L esisi3n6$ ! Rbre!9o(t H&1 (n! #(,!L s!lid!6$ !
Rbre!9t&ro(,&L Rbre!9t&ro(,&s H&1 (n ,r!n !+!ne NoO !del!ntoL ,r!ndes !+!nes NoO
!del!ntos6$ ! le!n bre!st Ho# st&6 Hon#es!r Hon #r!n/(ez!6 H!l,o66$ ! Rbre7I(%
NGBO H&1 (n! in#(si3nL (n t06$ ! bribe H&1 (n soborno6$ ! bri9L bri9s H&1 (n l!drilloL
l!drillos6$ bri9s 7it&o(t str!7 Htr!b!.!r sin "!teri! %ri"!6$ ! brid,eL brid,es H&1 (n
%(enteL %(entes6$ ! Rbro!d!st H&!bl!r %or l! r!dioL tele+isi3n6$ bronze H&1L #!bri!r
brone6$ brot& H&1 !ldo6$ ! brot&L brot&s H&1 (n !ldoL !ldos6$ ! br(ise H&1 (n
"or!t3nL !rden!l N! (n! %erson!OL (n! "!,(ll!d(r!L (n "!&(3nL (n!
"!&(!d(r! N! (n ob.etoO6$ ! b(9 H&1 dinero6$ ! #!stL /(i9 b(9 H&1 dinero #il
NoO r%ido6$ ! b(9leL b(9les H&1 (n! &ebill!L &ebill!s6$ t&e entr!l b(lletin Hlle,!r !lL
ser %(bli!do en el boletFn entr!l6$ ! b(ndle H&1 (n b(ltoL (n %!/(eteL #orr!rse de
dinero NoO %!st!6$ ! b(r% Her(t!rL solt!r (n er(to6$ t&e #irst b(s Hlle,!r ! tie"%o %!r!
o,er NEs%!)!OL to"!r el %ri"er !(tob2s6$ ! b(st H&1 (n b(sto Nestnd!rOL (n! red!d!
N+(l,!rO6$ b(tter H#ro" 1116 H&1 "!nte/(ill! Hde 1116$ ! b'7ord o# re%ro!& H&1 (n
sin3ni"o de re%ro&eL tener o"o %rototi%o de es!rnio6$ ! !binetL !binets H&1 (n
!r"!rioL (n! +itrin!L !r"!riosL +itrin!s6$ ! !,eL !,es H&1 (n! .!(l!L .!(l!s6$ "!9eL
b!9e ! !9eL !9es H&1 (n %!stelL %!steles6$ ! !ll #or %e!e H&1 (n ll!"!"iento ! l!
%!z6$ ! HHtele6%&one6 !llL HHtele6%&one6 !lls H&1 (n! ll!"!d! Htele#3ni!6L ll!"!d!s
Htele#3ni!s66$ &o(se !lls H&1 +isit!s ! do"iilio6$ oneZs !ll Hdel!r!r Nen bri&He6O4
S&e "!de &er !ll HEll! del!r366$ "!9eL %it& !"% H!!"%!rL %oner l!s tiend!s de
!"%!)!6$ oneZs !"% H&1 el !"%!"entoL !!"%!r6$ ! !n!lL &!nnel H&1 (n !n!l6$
! !nell!tion H&1 (n! !nel!i3n6$ ! !ndleL !ndles H&1 (n! +el!L +el!s6$ !n+!s H&1
lon!6$ ! !%L !%s H&1 (n ,orroL ,orros6$ !%it!l Ho(t6 o#L #ro" so"et&in, Hs!!r
%ro+e&o NoO %!rtido de !l,o4 T&e' "!9e %oliti!l !%it!l Ho(t6 o# it HS!!n
%ro+e&o NoO %!rtido de ello %olFti!"ente66$ ! !%t(re H&1 (n! !%t(r!6$ t&e !rds
Hb!r!.!r l!s !rt!s6$ ! !ri!t(reL !ri!t(res H&1 (n! !ri!t(r!L !ri!t(r!s6$ !ro(se
Nliter!rioO Hi r de .(er,!L .!r!n!6$ ! #eder!l !se o(t o# st& NUSA4 olo/(i!lO H&1 (n
dr!"! de !l,o6$ !s& N+(l,!rO H&1 bene#iios6$ ! !ssette H&1 Ni #!bri!rL ,r!b!r
H!niones (n !nt!nte6O (n! !sete NoO int!6$ ! !st H&1 (n! %iez! #(ndid! Nde
es(lt(r!O6$ !L t&e !t!lo,(e H&1 (nL el !tlo,o6$ "!9eL t!9e ! r(nnin, !t& H!t!.!r
orriendo Nen de%orteO6$ ! !te,oriz!tionL !te,oris!tion NGBO H&1 (n!
!te,oriz!i3n6$ ! !te,or' H&1 (n! !te,orF!6$ ! !t&edr!lL !t&edr!ls H&1 (n!
!tedr!lL !tedr!les6$ ! !t&eterL !t&eters H&1 (n !t0terL !t0teres6$ o""on !(se
7it& sb Nliter!rioO H&1 !(s! o"2n on !l,(ien6$ ! !+eL !+es H&1 (n! (e+!L
(e+!s6$ !+ils H%oner re%!ros6$ t&e eilin, H&1 el te&o6$ e"ent H&1 e"ento6$ !
ent(r' H&1 (n si,lo6$ ere!l H&1L %re%!r!r ere!les6$ Hit6 He-ellent N( otro !d.eti+oO6
ere!ls N( otro no"breO Hser+ir o"o e-elentes ere!les4 O!ts !nd "illet "!9e
e-ellent ere!ls HL! !+en! ' el "i.o sir+en o"o e-elentes ere!les66$ "!9eL &!+e
! ere"on' H&1 (n! ere"oni!6$ ert!in Ho# st&6 H!se,(r!rse Hde !l,o66$ ! &!inL
&!ins H&1 (n! !den!L !den!s6$ ! &!irL Hso"e6 &!irs H&1 (n! sill!L H!l,(n!s6 sill!s6$
! &!llen,eL &!llen,es H&1 (n des!#FoL des!#Fos6$ !n eletrode &!"berL eletrode
&!"bers H&1 (n! "!r! de eletrodoL "!r!s de eletrodos6$ ! &!n,eL &!n,es
H&1 NsbO NoO ser Nst&O (n !"bioL !"bios6$ ! R&!n,eHI6o+erL R&!n,eHI6o+ers H&1 (n
!"bio NoO rele+oL !"bios NoO rele+os6$ ! &!r,eL no &!r,e #or so"et&in, Hobr!r
(n! !ntid!dL no obr!r n!d! %or !l,o6$ "!9eL brin,L l!' ! &!r,eL &!r,es H!,!inst
sb6 H&1 (n! !(s!i3nL #or"(l!rL %resent!r !r,os Hontr! !l,(ien66$ &e!t H&1 b(rl!6$
! s%ellin, &e9er H&1 (n orretor orto,r#io6$ ! R&e9Iin H&1 (n! #!t(r!i3n de
e/(i%!.es6$ ! R&e9list H&1 (n! list! de +eri#i!i3n6$ &eese H&1 /(eso6$ ! &estL
&ests H&1 (n o#re NoO !r!L o#res NoO !r!s6$ ! &in9L &in9s H&1 (n tintineoL
tintineos NoO tintine!r6$ &ool!te H&1 &ool!te6$ &oie Nliter!rioO Hele,ir6$ ! &oieL
&!rd &oies H&1 (n! elei3nL eleiones di#Files6$ oneZs &oie Hele,irL eso,er4 Ee
"!de &is &oie Hl eso,i366$ &olesterol H%rod(irL #!bri!r olesterol6$ ! &o%L
&o%s Hd!r (n ,ol%eL "!not!zoL &!&!zoL ,ol%esL "!not!zosL &!&!zos6$ ider H&1
sidr!6$ ! i,!retteL i,!rettes H&1 (n i,!rrHill6oL i,!rrHill6os6$ ! irleL irles H&1 (n
Fr(loL Fr(los6$ ! ir(it o# H! %l!e6 Hd!r (n! +(elt! ! H(n l(,!r66$ ! ir("+ention
Ho# st&6 H&1 H(n!6 b(rl! Hde !l,o66$ !L t&e l!i"L l!i"s H&1 (n!L l! !#ir"!i3nL
de"!nd!L rel!"!i3nL !#ir"!ionesL de"!nd!sL rel!"!ionesL soliit!r (n!L l!
!'(d!L !'(d!s6$ ! l!i" to so"et&in, Hrel!"!r !l,o6M T&!t is ! bi, l!i" to "!9e
HEso es "(&o deir6M Ee "!9es enor"o(s l!i"s on "' ti"e Hl "e /(it!
"(&Fsi"o tie"%o6M ! l!"o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ! l!"or NUSAO H&1 (n
l!"orL (n! !l,!r!d!6$ ! l!ri#i!tionL l!ri#i!tions H&1 (n! !l!r!i3nL
!l!r!iones 6$ ! l!s% Ho# st&6 H&1 (n bro&e Hde !l,o66$ ! l!ssi#i!tionL
l!ssi#i!tions H&1 (n! l!si#i!i3nL l!si#i!iones6$ ! l!tter H&1 (n tr!/(eteoL
re%i/(eteo6$ ! l!(seL l!(ses H&1 (n! or!i3nL or!iones6$ l!' Ho# 1116 H&1 !rill!L
b!rroL lodo Hde 11166$ ! le!r!ne H&1 (n! li/(id!i3nL o"%ens!i3n6$ ! li9 H&1 (n
&!s/(idoL li6$ ! li%L li%s H&1 (n bro&e NoO (n! &or/(ill! NoO (n ,!n&o NoO (n
s(.et!%!%eles NoO (n li%L bro&es N(O &or/(ill!s NoO ,!n&os NoO s(.et!%!%eles NoO
li%s6$ lot&esL lot&in, H&1 NoO on#eion!r ro%!6$ ! lo7n o# onesel# H&1 el %!'!so
NoO el ridF(lo4 Ee "!de ! lo7n o# &i"sel# Hl &izo el %!'!so NoO el ridF(lo Ni
!t(3 on need!d inonsiente"enteO6$ %ero UEe is lo7nin, !ro(nd N"s (s!doO
NoO !bo(t Nolo/(i!lOV Hl est &!iendo el %!'!so N!dredeO66$ o!l H&1 !rb3n6$
b(rnin, o!ls H&1 br!s!s !rdientes6$ ! o!tL o!ts H&1 (n !bri,oL !bri,os6$ ! Ho"%leteL
ri,&t6 Ro9I(% NGB4 olo/(i!lO Ho#L 7it& st&6 H&1 (n lFo Htot!l6 HdeL on !l,o6L
#!stidi!r H!l,o66$ ! ooonL ooons H&1 (n !%(lloL !%(llos6$ ! ode H&1 (n 3di,o6$
! oerionL oerions H&1 (n! o!i3nL o!iones6$ o##eeL ! o##eeL t&e o##ee H&1
!#0L (n !#0L el !#04 S&e is "!9in, ! (% o# o##ee HEll! Hse6 est &!iendo (n!
t!z! de !#066$ ! oinL oins H!()!r (n! "oned!L "oned!s6$ ! olle!,(eL olle!,(es
H&1 (n ole,! NoO o"%!)ero de tr!b!.o Nen (n! o#iin!OL ole,!s NoO o"%!)eros de
tr!b!.o6$ olonel H&!erseL lle,!r ! oronel6$ ! olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ! olor
NUSAO H&1 (n olor6$ ! o"bin!tionL o"bin!tions H&1 (n! o"bin!i3nL
o"bin!iones6$ ! o"eHI6b!9 H+ol+er ! l! esen!L retorn!r ! l! #!"!L re(%er!rseL
+ol+er4 Ee "!de ! o"eb!9 !t ?C Hl +ol+i3 ! l! esen!L retorn3 ! l! #!"! ! los
?C6M S&e "!de ! dr!"!ti o"eb!9 in t&e seond set HEll! se re(%er3
es%et!(l!r"ente en el se,(ndo set6M T&e #!s&ion o# t&e ?CsL ?CZs is "!9in, !
o"eb!9 HD(el+e l! "od! de los !)os ?C66$ ! o""e"or!tion H&1 (n!
on"e"or!i3n6$ "!9eL s&oot Htele+isionL TD6 o""eri!ls H&1 !n(nios H%orL en
Hl!6 tele+isi3n66$ ! o""issionL o""issions H&1 (n! o"isi3nL o"isiones6$ ! Hli#e6
o""it"entL o""it"ents H!e%t!r (n o"%ro"iso NoO (n! res%ons!bilid!dL
o"%ro"isos NoO res%ons!bilid!desL to"!r (n! deisi3nL deisiones H%!r! tod! l!
+id!66$ ! o""itteeL o""ittees H&1 (n! o"isi3n NoO (n o"it0L o"isiones NoO
o"it0s6$ ! o""otion H!r"!r H(n6 !lborotoL .!leo6$ ! o""otion !bo(t st& H!r"!r
(n esnd!lo %orL sobre !l,o6$ ! o"%!t Nliter!rioO H&1 (n %!to NoO !(erdo6$ !
o"%!t dis9L ! *D H&1 (n diso o"%!to6$ ! o"%!t 7it& sb H&1 (n !(erdo on
!l,(ien6$ ! o"%!n'L o"%!nies Hre!r (n! e"%res!L e"%res!s6$ ! o"%!rt"entL
o"%!rt"ents H&1 (n o"%!rti"ientoL o"%!rti"ientos6$ ! o"%ens!tionL
o"%ens!tions H&1 (n! o"%ens!ni3nL retrib(ionesL o"%ens!iones6$ !
o"%l!intL o"%l!ints H#or"(l!r NoO %resent!r (n! /(e.!L /(e.!s6$ ! o"%li!tion
H&1 (n! o"%li!i3n6$ ! o"%li"ent H&1 (n ("%lido6$ ! o"%o(nd H&1 (n
o"%(estoL (n! "ezl!L #or"!r (n! %!l!br! o"%(est!6$ ! o"%ro"iseL
o"%ro"ises Hlle,!r ! (n !(erdoL !rre,loL !(erdosL !rre,los6$ ! o"%(terL
o"%(ters H&1 (n orden!dorL orden!dores6$ ! one!l"ent H&1 (n! o(lt!i3nL
o(lt!r !l,o6$ ! onessionL onessions H&1 (n! onesi3nL onesiones6$ !
onili!tion H&1 (n! onili!i3n6$ ! onl(sionL onl(sions Hs!!r (n! onl(si3nL
onl(siones6$ ! onotionL onotions H&1 (n "e.(n.e NoO (n! in+eni3nL
"e.(n.es NoO in+eniones6$ ! onord!ne Ho# st&6 H&1 (n! onord!ni! Hde !l,o66$ !
onditionL onditions H%oner (n! ondii3nL ondiiones6$ ! on#etion H&1 (n!
on#ei3n6$ on#ession Hon#es!rL &1 (n! on#esi3n Nde ti%o reli,iosoO6$ !
on#essionL on#essions H&1 (n! on#esi3nL on#esiones Nno de ti%o reli,iosoO6$ oneZs
on#ession Hon#es!rse Nde ti%o reli,iosoL no reli,iosoO6$ ! on#(t!tionL on#(t!tions
H&1 (n! re#(t!i3nL re#(t!iones6$ ! on.et(reL on.et(res H&1 (n! on.et(r!L
on.et(r!s6$ onnetionL onne-ion NGBO Nliter!rios4 "enos (s!dosO H&1 one-i3n6$ !
onnetionL onne-ion NGBOL onnetionsL onne-ions NGBO Nestnd!r4 "s
(s!dosO H&1 (n! one-i3nL one-iones NoO rel!ion!rse6$ t&e onnetionL onne-ion
NGBO Hrel!ion!rlo6$ ! on/(est H&1 (n! on/(ist!6$ ! onsri%tion H&1 (n!
onsri%i3n6$ ! onsider!tion H&1 (n! onsider!i3n6$ ! onsi,n"ent H&1 (n en+Fo6$
! onsoleL onsoles H&1 (n! onsol!L onsol!s6$ ! ons%ir!' H&1 (n! ons%ir!i3n6$
!n !bsol(te onstr(tion H&1 (n! onstr(i3n !bsol(t! ND1 =15;:O6$ ont!t H&1
ont!to Nel0trioO6$ ont!tL ont!ts H7it& 1116 Hont!t!rL %onerse en ont!toL
est!bleer ont!toHs6 Hon 11166$ e'e ont!t 7it& sb H"ir!r ! los o.os ! !l,(ien6$ !
ont!inerL ont!iners H&1 (n ontenedorL ontenedores6$ ! ontention Hd!rL sostener
(n! o%ini3nL (n %(nto de +ist!6$ ! ontortionL ontortions H&1 (n! ontorsi3nL
ontorsiones6$ ! ontr!t H&1 (n ontr!to N7it& sb Hon !l,(ien6OL ("%lir (n ontr!to
N!l bri&e4 .(e,o de !rt!sO6$ ! ontr!stL ontr!sts H&1 (n ontr!steL ontr!stes6$ !
ontrib(tion NoO !n !t o# ontrib(tionL oneZs ontrib(tionL ontrib(tionsL oneZs
ontrib(tions Hto st&6 H&1 (n! ontrib(i3nL s( ontrib(i3nL ontrib(iones H! !l,o66$
so"e ontrib(tion Hontrib(ir !l,o6$ ! on+eniene o# 111 H!%ro+e&!rse de 1116$
H%olite6 on+ers!tion Hent!bl!r (n! on+ers!i3n H!"!ble6L on+ers!r
H!"!ble"ente66$ ! on+ersion H&1 (n! on+ersi3n6$ ! on+ition H&1 (n! onden!6$ !
on+ol(tion H&1 (n! ir(n+ol(i3nL (n re%lie,(e6$ ,ood o%' H+enderse bienL ser
(n! notii! de inter0s6$ ! orner in st& H!!%!r!r el "er!doL &!erse on el
"ono%olio de !l,o4 Ee "!de ! orner in +ideos Hl !!%!r3 el "er!doL se &izo
on el "ono%olio de +Fdeos66$ ! oroll!r' H&1 (n orol!rio6$ ! or%or!tion H&1 (n!
or%or!i3n6$ ! or%(s H&1 (n or%(s Ni olei3nO6$ t&eL ! orretion H&1 l!L (n!
orrei3n6$ t&eL ! orrobor!tion H&1 l!L (n! orrobor!i3n6$ ! os"etiL os"etis
H&1 (n os"0tioL os"0tios6$ otton H&1 !l,od3n6$ ! o(&L o(&es H(n so#L (n!
!"ill!L so#sL !"ill!s6$ ! Ro(nter!tt!9 H!,!inst 1116 H&1 (n ontr!!t!/(e H! 11166$ !
Ro(nter&!r,e H&1 (n! reon+eni3nL (n ontr!!t!/(e6$ ! Ro(nterl!i"L
Ro(nterl!i"s H&1 (n! reon+eni3n NoO ontr!de"!nd!L reon+eniones NoO
ontr!de"!nd!s6$ t&eL ! Ro(ntdo7n H&1 l!L (n! (ent! !trs6$ ! Ro(nter#eitL
Ro(nter#eits H&1 (n! #!lsi#i!i3nL #!lsi#i!iones6$ ! Ro(nter"o+e H!,!inst 1116 H&1 (n
ontr!!t!/(e H! 11166$ ! Ro(ntero##erL Ro(ntero##ers H&1 (n! ontr!o#ert!L
ontr!o#ert!s6$ ! Ro(nter%ro%os!lL Ro(nter%ro%os!ls H&1 (n! ontr!%ro%(est! NoO
ontr!o#ert!L ontr!%ro%(est!s NoO ontr!o#ert!s6$ "!9eL st!,e ! o(% dZ0t!t Hd!r (n
,ol%e de est!do6$ ! ,oodL lo+el' o(%le H&1 (n! b(en! %!re.!L %!re.! en!nt!dor!
NoO "(' b(en!6$ !L oneZs o+en!nt H7it& sb6 H&1 (nL s( %!toL (n!L s( !li!nz! Hon
!l,(ien66$ ! "!ttressL %illo7 o+er H&1 (n! #(nd! de ol&3nL !l"o&!d!6$ o+er Ho#
&(ndreds o# 9ilo"etresL 9ilo"eters H(brir Hientos de 9il3"etros66$ ! o+erin,L
o+erin,s H&1 (n! en+olt(r! NoO (n obertorL en+olt(r!s NoO obertores6$ ! r!9 H&1
(n! ,riet!6$ ! r!9 H!bo(t st&6 H&1 (n o"ent!rio so!rr3n Hsobre !l,o66$ "!9eL
&!+e ! Rr!9do7n Hon st&L sb6 H&1 (n! !"%!)!L o#ensi+! Hontr! !l,oL !l,(ien66$ !
r!ter H&1 (n rter6$ ! re!seL re!ses H&1 (n %lie,(e NoO (n! !rr(,!L %lie,(es NoO
!rr(,!s6$ ritiis"L ! ritiis"L t&e ritiis" H&1 rFti!L (n! rFti!L l! rFti!6$ !L t&e
riRti/(e Ho# st&L sb6 H&1 (n!L l! e+!l(!i3n Hde !l,oL !l,(ien66$ ! ro&et H&1
,!n&illo6$ !L t&e ro% H&1 (n!L l! ose&!6$ ! rossL rosses H&1 (n! r(zL r(es6$
oneZs ross H&1 (n! r(z N(n! %erson! en +ez de s( #ir"!O6$ ! rossin,L rossin,s H&1
(n! tr!+esF!L tr!+esF!s6$ ! RrossIRre#erene H&1 (n! re#ereni! r(z!d!L re"isi3n6$ !
ro7nL ro7ns H&1 (n! oron!L oron!s6$ "!9eL ,o on ! r(ise H&1 (n r(ero6$ !
r(s!deL r(s!des H&1 (n! r(z!d!L r(z!d!s6$ ! r'L ries Ho# o"%l!int6 Hd!r (n
,ritoL ,ritos Hde /(e.!66$ ! (lt o# st& Hrendir (lto ! !l,o6$ ! (%L (%s H&1 (n! t!z!L
t!z!s6$ ! (re H&1 (n! (r!6$ ! (rr' H&1 (n (rr'6$ ! (rt!inL (rt!ins H&1 (n! ortin!L
ortin!s6$ ! (rts' N"s (s!doOL (rtse' LR94tsiL NGBO ' LR94rtsiL NUSAO H&1 (n!
re+ereni!6$ ! (rR+etL (rR+ets H&1 (n! or+et!L or+et!s6$ (tler'L #l!t7!re NUSAO H&1
(biertos Ni tenedores$ (&!r!s ' (&illosO6$ so"e R(tIo##s H&1 (nos %!nt!lones
+!/(eros Nreort!dos %or eni"! de l!s rodill!sO6$ ! d!b Hto!r on (n! bro&!6$ !
d!"L d!"s H&1 (n di/(eL e"b!lseL di/(esL e"b!lses6$ ! d!rt #or st& H!b!l!nz!rse
sobre !l,o6$ ! d!s& H&1 (n! r!'!6$ ! d!s& !tL to7!rds st&L sbL #or sb H%rei%it!rse
&!i! !l,oL !l,(ien6$ ! d!s& #or #reedo"L itL s!#et'$ et1 Hintent!r es!%!rseL s!lir
orriendoL %onerse ! s!l+o$ et16$ ! d!s& #or ! %l!e Hintent!r es!%!rseL s!lir
orriendoL e"%render (n! !rrer! en direi3n &!i! (n l(,!r6$ ! d!te Honert!r (n!
it!6$ ! d!'L !n e+enin,L ! ni,&tL ! 7ee9end o# it H/(ed!rse todo el dF!L tod! l!
t!rdeL tod! l! no&eL todo el #in de se"!n! NoO %!s!r el dF!L l! t!rdeL l! no&eL el #in
de se"!n! di+irti0ndose4 S&e "!de ! d!' o# it HEll! se /(ed3 todo el dF!66$ ! d!' o#
it H(n dF! es (n dF!4 Ee deided to "!9e ! d!' o# it$ !nd b(' ! ,old rin, Hl deidi3
/(e (n dF! es (n dF! ' o"%r3 (n !nillo de oro66$ ! bi,L ,re!t de!l Ho(t6 o# st&L sb
Nolo/(i!lO Hd!r "(&! i"%ort!ni! ! !l,oL !l,(ien6$ "!9eL t!9e NGBO !L t&e
deision Hto"!r (n!L l! deisi3n6$ ! del!r!tion Ho# 1116 H&1 (n! del!r!i3n Hde 11164
S&e is "!9in, ! del!r!tion o# &er lo+e #or &i" HEll! est &!iendo (n! del!r!i3n
de !"or %or 0l66$ ! dereeL derees H&1 (n deretoL deretos6$ ! ded(tionL ded(tions
H&1 (n! ded(i3nL ded(iones6$ ! de#etion H&1 (n! de#ei3nL deseri3n6$ !Hn
e"otion!l6 de#ene NGBOL de#ense NUSAO H&1 (n! de#ens! He"oti+!66$ ! de#iit
Hre!rL %ro+o!r (n d0#iit6$ ! de#or"it' H&1 (n! de#or"!i3n6$ "!9eL !(se ! del!'L
no del!' Hretr!s!rseL no retr!s!rse6$ ! dele,!tionL dele,!tions H&1 (n! dele,!i3nL
dele,!iones6$ ! deletionL deletions H&1 (n! s(%resi3nL eli"in!iones6$ H!6 deli+er'L
deli+eries Ho# st&6 Hto sb6 H&1 H(n6 re%!rtoL re%!rtosL H(n!6 entre,!L entre,!s Hde !l,o6
H! !l,(ien66$ !L t&e de"!nd H&1 (n!L l! %etii3n NoO rel!"!i3n6$ de"!nds Ho#L
on 1116 He-i,ir "(&o HdeL ! 11166$ ,re!tL &e!+'L "!n' de"!nds on so"ebod'L
so"et&in, He-i,ir "(&o ! !l,(ienL en !l,o6$ enor"o(s de"!nds on oneZs &e!lt&
H%oner ! %r(eb! l! s!l(d de (no6$ ! deni!l H&1 (n des"entido6$ ! deni!l o# sel#&ood
Hne,!rse ! sF "is"o6$ ! dent Hin 1116 H&1 "ell!L red(ir l! !ntid!d Hen 11166$ !
den(ni!tion H&1 (n! den(ni!6$ ! de%!rt"entL de%!rt"ents H&1 (n de%!rt!"entoL
de%!rt!"entos6$ ! de%ort!tionL de%ort!tions H&1 (n! de%ort!i3nL de%ort!iones6$ !
de%osit H&1 (n de%3sito6$ ! de%osition H&1 (n! del!r!i3n4 T&e 7itness "!de !
de%osition HEl testi,o &izo (n! del!r!i3n66$ ! de%osition o# sb H&1 (n! destit(i3n
de !l,(ien4 T&e' "!de ! de%osition o# t&e %resident HEiieron (n! destit(i3n del
%residente66$ ! desent Hdesender6$ ! desri%tionL desri%tions H&1 (n! deri%i3nL
desri%iones6$ ! desertion H&1 (n! deseri3n6$ ! desi,nL desi,ns H&1 (n dise)oL
dise)os6$ ! desi,n!tion H&1 (n! desi,n!i3n6$ ! des9L des9s H&1 (n esritorio NoO (n!
"es! de tr!b!.oL esritorios NoO "es!s de tr!b!.o6$ ! desol!tion H&1 (n! desol!i3nL
de+!st!i3n6$ t&e dessert H&1 el %ostre6$ ! Ho"%lete$ et16 destr(tion o# st& Hdestr(ir
!l,o Ho"%let!"ente$ et16$ ! detentionL detentions H&1 (n! deteni3nL deteniones6$
! deter"in!tion Hto"!r (n! deter"in!i3n6$ ! deter"in!tionL deter"in!tions o# st&4
t&e +olt!,e ,r!dient$ et1 Nliter!rioO H&1 (n! deter"in!i3nL deter"in!iones de !l,o4
l! %endiente de +olt!.e$ et16$ ! deto(rL deto(rs Hd!r (n rodeo NoO (n! +(elt!L rodeos
NoO +(elt!s6$ ! de+ieL de+ies H&1 (n !rte#!toL !rte#!tos6$ Hit6 "!9e ! de+ilL &ell o# !
ro7 Lr!(L H!r"!r (n .!leoL r(ido de todos los de"onios6$ ! de+ol(tion H&1 (n!
de+ol(i3n6$ !L t&e di!,nosisL di!,noses H&1L d!r (nL el di!,n3stioL di!,n3stios6$
!L t&e di!,r!"L di!,r!"s H&1 (nL el di!,r!"!L di!,r!"!s6$ ! di!lo,(e NGB ' USA4
"s (s!doOL di!lo, NUSA4 "enos (s!doOL di!lo,(es NGB ' USA4 "s (s!doOL
di!lo,s NUSA4 "enos (s!doO H&1 (n dilo,oL dilo,os6$ ! dition!r'L dition!ries H&1L
el!bor!r (n diion!rioL diion!rios6$ ! di##ereneL no di##erene Hser di#erenteL
not!rse l! di#ereni!L !"bi!r l!s os!sL no ser di#erenteL no not!rse l! di#ereni!L no
!"bi!r n!d!4 It didnZt "!9e !n' di##erene to t&e" HNo !"bi!b! l!s os!s %!r!
ellosL No not!b!n l! di#ereni!6M It "!9es !ll t&e di##erene Hin t&e 7orld6 H*!"bi!
"(&Fsi"o6M It !n "!9e ! H+er' ,re!t de!l o#6 di##erene to NGBOL in NUSAO t&e
res(lt HP(ede in#l(ir H"(&Fsi"o6 en el res(lt!do66$ di##erenti!tion H&1
di#ereni!i3n6$ ! di##erenti!tionL di##erenti!tions H&1 (n! di#ereni!i3nL
di#ereni!iones6$ "!9eL r!ise ! di##i(lt'L di##i(lties Hre!r (n! di#i(lt!dL
di#i(lt!des NoO %roble"!sL %oner di#i(lt!des NoO %roble"!s ! !l,(ien6$ ! dil(tionL
t&e dil(tions H&1 (n! dil(i3nL l!s dil(iones6$ ! din H!r"!r b(ll!L (n b!r(llo6$ dinnerL
t&e dinner H&1 l! en! Nen ,ener!lOL l! en! Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en
%!rti(l!rO6$ ! di% H&1 (n! &ondon!d!4 T&e ro!d "!9es ! di% HL! !rreter! &!e (n!
&ondon!d!66$ ! diretor'L diretories H&1L re!r (n diretorioL diretorios6$ t&eL !
dis!+o7!l Hdes"entir6$ ! disi%leL disRi%les H&1 (n disF%(loL disF%(los6$ !
disRlos(re Hto 1116 H&1 (n! re+el!i3n H! 11166$ ! disRo+er'L disRo+eries H&1 (n
des(bri"ientoL des(bri"ientos6$ ! disri"iRn!tion H&1 (n! disri"in!i3n6$ ! dis9L
dis9s H&1L re!r (n disoL disos N%ero no de "2si!O6$ ! disR"iss!l H&1 (n des%idoL
(n! destit(i3n6$ ! dis%enRs!tion H&1 (n! e-eni3n6$ H!6 disR%l!' o# st& H&1 !l!rdeL
H(n!6 e-&ibii3n de !l,o6$ dis%oRsition o# HoneZs %ro%ert'6 H&1 dis%osii3n de Hs(s
bienes66$ oneZs dis%ositions Hd!r s(s 3rdenesL &1 %re%!r!ti+os6$ ! Rtest!"ent!r'
dis%oRsition H&1 (n! dis%osii3n test!"ent!ri!6$ ! dis/(!li#iR!tion H&1 (n!
des!li#i!i3n6$ ! dissi"iRl!rit' H&1 (n! di#ereni!6$ ! dissi"(Rl!tion H&1 (n disi"(lo6$
! disRtintionL disRtintions H&1 (n! distini3nL distiniones6$ disRtintion bet7een 111 H&1
distini3n entre 1116$ ! disRtortionL disRtortions H&1 (n! distorsi3nL distorsiones6$ "!9eL
re!teL !(se ! disRt(rb!ne Hre!rL !r"!r (n !lboroto6$ ! di+e #or st&L ! %l!eL !t sbV
H!b!l!nz!rse sobre !l,oL %rei%it!rse &!i! (n l(,!rL !b!l!nz!rse sobre !l,(ien6$ !
%le!s!nt di+ersion Nliter!rioO Hser (n! di+ersi3n !,r!d!ble6$ !L t&e di+ision H&1 (n!L
l! di+isi3n N"!te"ti!OL se%!r!i3n6$ do H!rre,lrsel!s H%or s( (ent!66$ do 7it&
so"et&in,L so"et&in, do H!rre,lrsel!sL !%!)rsel!s on !l,o64 Ee &!s to "!9e do
7it& t&!t "one'L t&!t "one' do Hl tiene /(e !rre,lrsel!s on ese dinero6M S&e &!s
to "!9e do on ! lo7 s!l!r' HEll! tiene /(e !rre,lrsel!s on (n s!l!rio b!.o66$ do
!nd "end NGBO H!rre,lrsel!s Non lo /(e (no tieneO6$ ! #l(##' do,L #l(##' do,s H&1
(n %erro de %el(&eL %erros de %el(&e6$ ! doll!r N( otr! (nid!d "onet!ri!O H&1L ser
(n d3l!r4 A &(ndred ents "!9e one doll!r H*ien ent!+os &!enL son (n d3l!r66$
t&ree &(ndred doll!rsL e(rosL %o(nds ! 7ee9 H,!n!r tresientos d3l!resL e(rosL
libr!s ! l! se"!n!6$ ! don!tionL don!tions H&1 (n! don!i3nL don!iones6$ no do(bt
o# st& Hno tener d(d! de !l,o6$ ! do(,&n(tL do(,&n(ts H&1 (n d3n(tL d3n(ts6$ ! dozen
H&1 (n! doen!4 T7el+e e,,s "!9e ! dozen HDoe &(e+os &!en (n! doen!66$ !
dr!#t NGB ' USAO H&1 (n borr!dor6$ ! dre!"L dre!"s o#L #ro" st& H&1 (n s(e)oL
s(e)os de !l,o6$ ! dress Ho(t o#L #ro"L o# !n old bl!n9et6 H&1 (n +estido HonL de
(n! "!nt! +ie.!66$ ! dressin, Ni s!l!d dressin,O 7it& st& H&1 (n !li)oL (n! ens!l!d!
on !l,o6$ ! s!l!d dressin, H!li)!r (n! ens!l!d!6$ ! drillL drills H&1 (n t!l!dro NoO (n!
sond!L t!l!dros NoO sond!s6$ ! d(9 H&1 (n ero NrF/(etO6$ ! Rd(,HI6o(tL Rd(,HI6o(ts H&1
(n! trin&er! NoO (n re#(,io s(bterrneoL trin&er!s NoO re#(,ios s(bterrneos6$ !
d(%li!teL d(%li!tes H&1 (n! o%i! NoO (n d(%li!doL o%i!s NoO d(%li!dos6$ !
d(%li!tionL d(%li!tions H&1 (n! o%i! NoO d(%li!i3nL o%i!s NoO d(%li!iones6$
d(stin, H/(it!rL li"%i!r el %ol+o6$ !n e&o H&1 (n eo6$ "!9e or bre!9 t&e Fren&L
S%!nis& eono"'$ et1 H!(%!rL rest!bleerL des!rroll!r o e&!r !b!.o l! eono"F!
#r!nes!L es%!)ol!$ et16$ Hstrin,ent$ et16 eono"ies H!&orr!r H!l "-i"o$ et166$ !n
edit H&1 (n edito6$ !nL t&e e##et H&1 e#etoL el e#eto6$ !n e##ortL ! serio(s e##ort H&1
(n es#(erzoL (n es#(erzo serio6$ !n e.etion H&1 (n! e'ei3n6$ eletri!l ,oods H&1
eletrodo"0stios6$ !n eRletrodeL eRletrodes H&1 (n eletrodoL eletrodos6$ !n
eli"in!tion H&1 (n! eli"in!i3n6$ !n elisionL elisions H&1 (n! elisi3nL elisiones6$ !n
e"bitter"ent H!(s!r (n! !"!r,(r!6$ !n e"bodi"ent H&1 (n! %ersoni#i!i3n6$ !
H,r!d(!l6 e"er,ene He"er,erL !%!reer H,r!d(!l"ente66$ "!9eL %l!eL %(t
e"%&!sis Hon st&6 H&1L %oner 0n#!sis Hen !l,o66$ !n end o# so"et&in,L sb H%oner #in !
NoO !!b!r on !l,oL !!b!r on !l,(ien6$ !n ende!+o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !n
ende!+or NUSAO H&1 (n es#(erzoL intento6$ ! ,oodL b!d endin, Hto 1116 Hser (n b(enL
"!l #in!l H%!r! 11166$ Hbot&6 ends "eet Hlle,!r ! #in de "esL ir tir!ndoL !rre,l!rse on
lo /(e (no tiene6$ !n ene"'L ene"ies Hre!r (n ene"i,oL ene"i,os6$ !n en,ineL
en,ines H&1 (n "otorL "otores6$ !n en&!ne"entL en&!ne"ents H&1 (n! !"%li!i3n
NoO "e.or!L !"%li!iones NoO "e.or!s6$ !n enter%riseL enter%rises H&1 (n! e"%res!L
e"%res!s6$ !nL oneZs entr!ne H&1 (n!L s( entr!d!L entr!r6$ entre!t' N"enos (s!doOL
!n entre!t' N"s (s!doO H&1 (n! s2%li!6$ !nL oneZs entr'L entries H&1 (n!L s( entr!d!L
entr!d!sL entr!r6$ !n enz'"eL enz'"es H&1 (nH!6 enzi"!L enzi"!s6$ !n e%iL e%is H&1
(n! e%o%e'!L (n! %elF(l! 0%i!L e%o%e'!sL %elF(l!s 0%i!s6$ !n errorL errors
Ho"eter (n errorL errores6$ !nL oneZs es!%e Hes!%!rse4 S&e "!de !nL &er es!%e
HEll! se es!%366$ !n esti"!teL esti"!tes H&1 (n l(lo !%ro-i"!do NoO %res(%(estoL
l(los !%ro-i"!dos NoO %res(%(estos6$ !n esti"!tion H&1 (n! +!lor!i3n6$ t&e
E(&!rist Helebr!r l! E(!ristF!6$ !n e+!(!tion H&1 (n! e+!(!i3n6$ !n e+!sion H&1
(n! e+!si3n6$ !n e-!erb!tionL e-!erb!tions H!(s!r irrit!i3nL irrit!iones6$ !n
e-!,,er!tionL e-!,,er!tions H&1 (n! e-!,er!i3nL e-!,er!iones6$ !n e-!"in!tionL
e-!"in!tions H&1 (n reonoi"ientoL reonoi"ientos6$ !n e-!"%le Ho# st&6 Hd!r (n
e.e"%lo Hde !l,o66$ !n e-!"%le o# sb Hd!rle (n !sti,o e.e"%l!r ! !l,(ien6$ !n
e-e%tionL e-e%tions H#or 1116 H&1 (n! e-e%i3nL e-e%iones Hde 11166$ !n
e-l!"!tionL e-l!"!tions H&1 (n! e-l!"!i3nL e-l!"!iones6$ !n
e-o""(ni!tion He-o"(l,!rL d!r (n! e-o"(ni3n6$ !n e-(seL e-(sesL oneZs
e-(ses Hd!r NoO %oner (n! e-(s!L e-(s!sL s(s e-(s!sL b(s!r (n %rete-toL
%rete-tosL s(s %rete-tos6$ e-(ses #or sb Htr!t!r de .(sti#i!r ! !l,(ien NoO %resent!r
e-(s!s %or !l,(ien6$ !n e-e"%tionL e-e"%tions H&1 (n! e-eni3nL e-eniones6$ !n
e-&ibitL e-&ibits H&1 (n! e-&ibii3nL e-&ibiiones6$ !n e-&ibitionL e-&ibitions H&1 (n!
e-&ibii3nL e-&ibiiones6$ !n e-&ibition o# onesel# H&1 el ridF(loL /(ed!r en
ridF(lo6$ !nL oneZs e-it H&1 (n!L s( s!lid!6$ !n e-%!tri!tion H&1 (n! e-%!tri!i3n6$ !n
e-%editionL e-%editions H&1 (n! e-%edii3nL e-%ediiones6$ Hno6 e-%i!tion H#or st&6
HHno6 &1 (n! e-%i!i3n H%or !l,o66$ "!9e N"enos (s!doOL ,i+e N"s (s!doO !n initi!l
N( otro !d.eti+oO e-%l!n!tion Hd!r (n! e-%li!i3n inii!l6$ !n e-%loitL e-%loits H&1
(n! &!z!)!L &!z!)!s6$ !n e-%lor!tionL e-%lor!tions H&1 (n! e-%lor!i3nL
e-%lor!iones6$ !n e-%ression Ho# st&6 H&1 (n! e-%resi3n Hde !l,o66$ !n e-%(lsion H&1
(n! e-%(lsi3n6$ e-tension H&1 %(ente6$ !n e-tensionL e-tensions H&1 (n! e-tensi3nL
e-tensiones6$ !n e-tr!tL e-tr!ts H&1 (n e-tr!toL e-tr!tos6$ !n e-tr!tionL
e-tr!tions H&1 (n! e-tr!i3nL e-tr!iones6$ !n !rti#ii!l e'eL !rti#ii!l e'es H&1 (n
o.o !rti#ii!lL o.os !rti#ii!les6$ Hs&ee%Zs6 e'es !t so"ebod' He&!r (n! "ir!d!
init!nte ! !l,(ienL o"erse ! !l,(ien on l! "ir!d!L &1 o.itos ! !l,(ien6$ ! #!bri H&1
(n! tel!L estr(t(r!6$ "!9eL %(ll NGBO ! R#!e H!t sbL st&6 H%oner "!l! !r!L &1 (n!
"(e! NoO (n ,esto de des!,r!do H! !l,(ienL debido ! !l,o66$ ! #!e o# s'"%!t&' H&1
(n ,esto de si"%!tF!6$ "!9eL %(ll ! lon, #!e H!t so"ebod'L "' s(,,estion6 H%oner
Hl!6 !r! l!r,! H! !l,(ienL debido ! "i s(,ereni!66$ ! 7r' #!e H&1 (n! "(e! NoO (n
,esto de des!,r!doL %oner "!l ,estoL torer el ,esto6$ R#!es H!t sbL st&6 H&1 "(e!s
Hde b(rl!L des!,r!do6 H! !l,(ienL debido ! !l,o66$ #!es H!t e!& ot&er6 H&!erHse6
"(e!s de b(rl!L des!,r!do6$ "!9eL b(ild ! #!tor'L #!tories H&1L onstr(ir (n!
#bri!L #bri!s6$ ! R#!deIin H&1 (n #(ndidoL (n! entr!d! dis(elt!6$ ! R#!deHI6o(tL
R#!deHI6o(ts H&1 (n #(ndido NoO (n! s!lid! dis(elt!L #(ndidos NoO s!lid!s dis(elt!s6$ !
#!9eL #!9es H&1 (n! #!lsi#i!i3n NoO i"it!i3nL #!lsi#i!iones NoO i"it!iones6$ ! #!llL
#!lls H&1 (n! b!.!d! NoO (n desensoL b!.!d!s NoO desensos6$ ! #!lsi#i!tionL
#!lsi#i!tions H&1 (n! #!lsi#i!i3nL #!lsi#i!iones6$ so"e #!n#!re H&1 (n! #!n#!rri!6$ !
#!re H&1 (n! #!rs!6$ ! #!st H&1 (n !'(no6$ ! #!(ltL #!(lts H&1 (n! #!lt!L #!lt!s6$ #e!lt' to
sb Hrendir +!s!ll!.e ! !l,(ien6$ "!9e Hsb6 ! #e!stL ! #e!st H#or sb6 H&1 (n b!n/(eteL
(n! #iest! Nreli,ios!O H!L %!r! !l,(ien66$ ! #e!tL #e!ts H&1 (n! %roez! NoO &!z!)!L
%roez!s NoO &!z!)!s6$ ! #e(nd!tion Hin +itro6L #e(nd!tions Hin +itro6 H&1 (n!
#e(nd!i3n Hin +itro6L #e(nd!iones Hin +itro66$ ! #eint H&1 (n !"!,oL !"!,!r6$ !
#err'L #erries H&1 (n tr!nsbord!dorL tr!nsbord!dores6$ ! #etis& o# st& Hobsesion!rse
%orL d!r de"!si!d! i"%ort!ni! ! !l,o4 Ee "!9es ! #etis& o# &is 7or9 Hl se
obsesion! %orL d! de"!si!d! i"%ort!ni! ! s( tr!b!.o66$ ! #ibre NGBOL ! #iber
NUSAO H&1 (n! #ibr!6$ ! R#i,&tb!9 H&1 (n! l(&! N%!r! de#enderseO6$ ! #i,(rineL
#i,(rines H&1 (n! est!t(ill! NoO #i,(rill!L est!t(ill!s NoO #i,(rill!s6$ ! #ileL #iles H&1 (n
#i&eroL #i&eros6$ t&e #in!ls Hlle,!r !l #in!lL ! l!s #in!les6$ ! #ind H&1 (n &!ll!z,oL
des(bri"iento6$ ! #indin, H#!ll!r Ni deidir (n liti,ioO6$ #ireL ! #ire H&1 #(e,o NoO
l("breL (n #(e,o NoO (n! &o,(er! NoO (n! #o,!t!6$ ! #ir"L #ir"s H&1 (n! e"%res!L
e"%res!s6$ ! #iss(reL #iss(res H&1 (n! #is(r!L #is(r!s6$ ! #ist Herr!r el %()o6$ ! HbetterL
,oodL %oorL re!son!ble6 #ist o# st& NGB4 olo/(i!lO H&1 (n es#(erzo H"e.orL b(enoL
%obreL r!zon!ble6 %or !l,o4 Ee "!de ! re!son!ble #ist o# re%!irin, t&e !r NGBO Hl
!rre,l3 el o&e b!st!nte bien66$ ! #l!,onL #l!,ons H&1 (n .!rroL .!rros6$ ! #l!s9L #l!s9s
H&1 (n #r!soL (n! redo"!L (n! %et!!L (n ter"o NGBOL #r!sosL redo"!sL %et!!sL
ter"os NGBO6$ ! #l!7L #l!7s H&1L o"eter (n error NoO #!lloL errores NoO #!llos6$ #lo(r
H&1 &!rin!6$ ! #oilL #oils H&1 (n #loreteL #loretes6$ ! #oldL #olds H&1 (n %lie,(eL doblezL
%lie,(esL doblees6$ ! #ontL #onts H&1L re!r (n! #(enteL #(entes6$ ! #ool o# onesel# H&1
el tonto NoO el ridF(lo4 Ee "!de ! #ool o# &i"sel# Hl &izo el tontoL ridF(loL %!'!so
Ni !t(3 on need!d inonsiente"enteO6$ %ero UEe is %l!'in, NoO !tin, t&e #oolL
is #oolin, !bo(t NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO !ro(ndV Hl est &!iendo el tonto Ni
&!iendo %!'!s!d!s !dredeO66$ ! #ool o# so"ebod'L sb ! #ool H%oner en ridF(lo !
!l,(ien4 S&e "!de ! #ool o# "e HEll! "e %(so en ridF(lo66$ be "!de #or li#e
H!se,(r!rse (n b(en %or+enir4 S&e 7!s "!de #or li#e HEll! se !se,(r3 (n b(en
%or+enir6$ ! #or!'L #or!'s H&1 (n! in(rsi3nL in(rsiones4 T&e' "!de ! R#or!' into
ene"' territor' HEiieron (n! in(rsi3n en territorio ene"i,o66$ ! #or,er'L #or,eries
H&1 (n #r!(de NoO (n! #!lsi#i!i3nL #r!(des NoO #!lsi#i!iones6$ ! #or9L #or9s H&1 (n
tenedorL tenedores6$ ! ne,!ti+e #or" Ho# !n !d.eti+e$ et16 H%oner H(n !d.eti+o$ et16
en #or"! ne,!ti+!6$ ! #or"!tion o# s&i%s H&1 (n! #or"!i3n de b!ros6$ ! #or"(l!L
#or"(l!s H&1 (n! #3r"(l!L #3r"(l!s6$ !L oneZs #ort(ne H&1 (n!L s( #ort(n!6$ !
#o(nd!tion H&1 (n i"iento6$ ! #r!,"ent!tion H&1 (n! #r!,"ent!i3n6$ ! #r!"eL
#r!"es H&1 (nH!6 !r"!z3nL (n "!roL !r"!zonesL "!ros6$ #ree 7it& st&L sb
Hto"!rHse6 libert!des onL (s!r ' !b(s!r de !l,oL !l,(ien6$ ! #rid,e Ni re#ri,er!torOL
#rid,es Ni re#ri,er!torsO H&1 (n #ri,orF#ioL #ri,orF#ios6$ #riends&i% H7it& sb6 H&1
!"ist!d Hon !l,(ien66$ ! #riends&i% H&1 (n! !"ist!d6$ ! R#(9I(% o# st& N+(l,!rO
Hestro%e!rL !,!rl! on !l,o6$ "!9e ! #("ble N"enos (s!do /(e Qto #("bleQO H&1
(n! tor%ez!L "eter l! %!t!6$ #(n o# st&L sb HreFrseL &1 b(rl! de !l,oL !l,(ien6$
#(rnit(reL ! %iee o# #(rnit(re H&1 "(eblesL (n "(eble4 Eol" o!9 "!9es stron,
#(rnit(re H*on l! enin! se &!en "(ebles #(ertes66$ ! #(rro7L #(rro7s H&1 (n s(roL
s(ros6$ "!9eL r!ise NUSAO ! #(ss H!bo(tL o+er st&6 H!r"!r H(n6 esnd!loL .!leoL
!lborotoL &!er te!tro H%or !l,o66$ ! #(ss o# sb H&1 "i"osL #iest!s ! !l,(ien4 T&e'
"!9e ! #(ss o#L o+er NUSAO &i" HLe "i"!nL &!en #iest!s66$ "!9eL o""it !
,!##eL ,!##es H&1 (n! %i#i!L "eter l! %!t!L tir!rse (n! %l!n&!L &1 %i#i!s6$ ,!in
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL ,!ins Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO He-%eri"ent!r (n !("ento NoO
!+!neL !+!nz!r6$ "!9eL t!9e ! ,!"bleL ,!"bles H&1 (n! !%(est!L !%(est!s6$ ,!"e
o# sbL st& Hb(rl!rse de !l,(ienL !l,o6$ ! ,!"eL ,!"es H&1 (n .(e,oL .(e,os6$ ! ,!% H&1
(n inter+!loL (n! interr(%i3nL (n! bre&!L (n &(eo6$ ! ,ood ,!r!,e Hser+ir bien
%!r! ,!r!.e6$ t&e ,!r!,e into ! 9it&en Htr!ns#or"!r l! o&er! en oin!6$ ! ,!r"entL
,!r"ents H&1 (n! %rend!L %rend!s Nde ro%!O6$ ! ,!s&L ,!s&es H&1 (n! r!.!L (n orte
%ro#(ndoL r!.!sL ortes %ro#(ndos6$ ! ,!teL ,!tes H&1 (n! %(ert! NoO +er.!L %(ert!s NoO
+er.!s6$ ! ,ene!lo,' H&1 (n! ,ene!lo,F!6$ "!9e ,ener!l NUSA %rini%!l"enteM en
GB se (s! "s Qbeo"e ,ener!lQO H&!erseL lle,!r ! ,ener!l6$ ! ,ener!liz!tionL !
,ener!lis!tion NGBOL ,ener!liz!tionsL ,ener!lis!tions NGBO H&1 (n! ,ener!liz!i3nL
,ener!liz!iones6$ ! ,est(re Ho# 1116 H&1 (n ,esto Hde 11166$ ! ,est(reL ,est(res Hto sb6 H&1
(n ,estoL ,estos H! !l,(ien66$ !L oneZs ,et!7!' Hes!%!rseL #(,!rseL &(ir4 T&e t&ie#
"!de !L &is /(i9 ,et!7!' HEl l!dr3n se es!%3 r%id!"ente66$ ! ,&ettoL ,&ettoHe6s
H&1 (n ,(etoL ,(etos6$ ! ,ibe H!bo(t sbL st&6 H&1 H(n!6 b(rl! H! !l,(ienL de !l,o66$
"!9eL ,i+e ! H,ood6 ,i#t H&1L ser H!l,o !%ro%i!do %!r!6 (n Hb(en6 re,!lo4 S&e "!deL
,!+e ! ,i#t HEll! &izo (n re,!lo6M T&!t "!9es ! ,ood ,i#t HEsoL A/(ello es H!l,o
!%ro%i!do %!r!6 (n b(en re,!lo66$ ! ,i#t o# st& Hre,!l!r !l,o6$ ! ,irdleL ,irdles H&1 (n!
#!.!L #!.!s6$ ,l!ss H&1 rist!l6$ ,l(e H&1 ol!L %e,!"ento6$ ! ,o o# st& Nolo/(i!lO Htener
0-ito en !l,oL tri(n#!r en !l,oL s!!r !l,o !del!nteL &!er /(e !l,o #(nione6$ !
,lo+eL ,lo+es H&1 (n ,(!nteL ,(!ntes6$ "!9eL re!& ! ,o!l H!l!nz!r (n ob.eti+o6$ !
,o!l o# st& Htener o"o ob.eti+o !l,o6$ ! ,odL ,ods Ho# st&6 H&1 (n diosL dioses Hde
!l,o66$ ,old H&1L #!bri!r oro6$ ,ood so"et&in, Horre,ir !l,oL &!erse !r,o de !l,oL
o"%ens!r !l,oL lle+!r ! !bo !l,o on 0-itoL %rob!r !l,oL .(sti#i!r !l,oL ("%lir
!l,o4 S&e "!de ,ood t&e d!"!,e HEll! orri,i3 el d!)o6M Ee "!de ,ood &is !reer
%l!ns Hl lle+3 ! !bo s(s %l!nes de tr!b!.o on 0-ito6M T&e t&ie# "!de ,ood &is
,et!7!' HEl l!dr3n lle+3 ! !bo s( es!%!d!L se es!%3 on 0-ito66$ ,ood t&e!tre
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO Hser todo (n es%et(loL de lo "s te!tr!l4
T&e deb!te "!de ,ood t&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter NUSAO HEl deb!te #(e
todo (n es%et(loL de lo "s te!tr!l66$ ,oods H&1L #!bri!r %rod(tos6$ ! ,oo#
NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H%i#i!rl!6$ ! ,r!b #or st&L !t sbL st& Hintent!r !,!rr!r !l,oL !
!l,(ienL !l,o4 S&e "!de ! ,r!b #or t&e ,(nL 9ni#e$ et1 HEll! intent3 !,!rr!r l!
%istol!L el (&illo$ et16M Ee "!de ! ,r!b !t (sL &is !r" Hl intent3 !,!rr!rse !
nosotrosL s( br!zo66$ t&e ,r!de Htri(n#!rL d!r l! t!ll!L onse,(ir el ob.eti+oL !l!nz!r
el ni+elL lle,!r6$ ! ,r!nt Hd!r (n! be!L s(b+eni3n6$ ! ,r!tin,L ,r!tin,s H&1 (n! re.!L
re.!s6$ ! ,reetin, H&1 (n s!l(do6$ ! ,ri"!eL ,ri"!es H&1 (n! "(e!L "(e!s6$
,ro(nd H!ort!r dist!ni!s Nen de%orteO6$ ! ,ro(%L ,ro(%s H&1 (n ,r(%oL ,r(%os6$ !
,ro7lL ,ro7ls H&1 (n ,r()idoL ,r()idos6$ ! ,r("ble H/(e.!rseL re#(n#()!r6$ ! ,r(ntL
,r(nts H&1 (n ,r()idoL ,r()idos6$ ! ,(!r!nteeL ,(!r!ntees Hd!r (n! ,!r!ntF!L
,!r!ntF!s6$ "!9eL t!9e NUSAO ! ,(essL ,(esses H&1 (n! on.et(r!L on.et(r!s4 S&e
"!de ! l(9' ,(ess HEll! !ert3 %orL de !s(!lid!d66$ ! ,(it!rL ,(it!rs H&1 (n!
,(it!rr!L ,(it!rr!s6$ ,(n%o7der H&1 %3l+or!6$ ! &!bit o# h st&L ,er(ndio H!do%t!r l!
ost("bre deL !#iion!rse ! h in#initi+o6$ ! H&!"6b(r,erL ! bee#b(r,er NGB
%rini%!l"enteO H&1 (n! &!"b(r,(es!6$ ! &!""erL &!""ers H&1 (n "!rtilloL
"!rtillos6$ ! &!ndb!,L &!ndb!,s H&1 (n bolsoL bolsos Hde "!no6 NGBOL "!letFnL
"!letines6$ ! R&!ndo(t H&1 (n #olleto Nde in#or"!i3n %!r! entre,!r ! otr!s %erson!sOL
d!r (n! li"osn!6$ ! R&!ndHI6o+er H&1 (n! entre,!6$ &!rd7!re H&1 el so%orte #Fsio NoO
l! %!rte d(r! NoO el (er%o del orden!dor6$ ! &!r%L &!r%s H&1 (n !r%!L !r%!s6$ t&e
&!r+est H&1 l! reolei3nL ose&!6$ ! &!s& o# st& Nolo/(i!lO H&1 !l,o "(' "!l6$ !
R&!s&I(% H&1 (n enredoL e"brollo6$ &!steL !ll &!ste Hd!rse %ris!L "(&! %ris! NoO
!%res(r!rseL !%res(r!rse "(&o6$ &!' Hse,!r ' se!r el &enoL &!er el !,osto NoO
s!!r t!.!d! NUSAO6$ &!' o# Hst&6 H!lborot!rL desb!r!t!r H!l,o66$ &!' 7&ile t&e s(n
s&ines H&1 el !,ostoL !%ro+e&!r l! o!si3n6$ &e!d or t!il o# st&L sbL &e!ds or t!ils o#
st&L sb NUSAO Hentender !l,oL ! !l,(ien6$ &e!dline ne7s Hs!lir en %ri"er! %,in! NoO
%l!n!6$ Ht&e6 &e!dlines Hser notii!L s!lir en %ri"er! %,in!6$ H,re!tL so"e6 &e!d7!'
H!+!nz!rL %ro,res!r H"(&oL !l,o66$ &e!d7!' 7it& sb H&1 !rrer! deL on !l,(ien6$ !
&e!%L &e!%s H&1 (n "ont3nL "ontones6$ &e!+' 7e!t&er o# so"et&in,L ,er(ndio
Ho"%li!rse l! +id! onL %or !l,oL ,er(ndio NoO %!r! h in#initi+o6$ ! &eres'L
&eresies Hre!r (n! &ere.F!L &ere.F!s6$ ! R&ide!7!' H&1 (n esonditeL esondri.oL
re#(,io6$ H!6 R&i,&b!ll NUSAO H&1 H(n6 ,Xis/(i on ,!seos!6$ ! &it Htener 0-ito6$ ! &it
!t sb H&1 (n !t!/(e ontr! !l,(ien6$ !L one &itL t7o N( otro n("ero s(%eriorO &its on
t&e t!r,et Hd!r (n! +ezL dos +ees en el bl!no6$ ! Hbi,6 &itL /(ite ! &it 7it& sb H!erle
H"('6 bienL !erle "(' bien ! !l,(ien6$ ! &oldin, H&1 (n ,r(%o e"%res!ri!lL
onsorio6$ ! &oleL &oles Hin Non4 no %onerO st&6 H&1 (n !,(.eroL !,(.eros Hen !l,o66$ !
&olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO H!se,(r!r el 0-ito de (n!s +!!iones6$ ! &o"e #or sb
Hser o"o (n! "!dre %!r! !l,(ien6$ &one' H&1 "iel6$ ! &or"oneL &or"ones H&1 (n!
&or"on!L &or"on!s6$ ! &ornL &orns H&1 (n (ernoL (ernos6$ &ostilities Hre!r
&ostilid!des6$ ! &o(se&old Hre!r NoO #or"!r (n! #!"ili! NoO (n &o,!r6$ ! &o7lL
&o7ls H&1 (n !(llidoL !(llidos6$ ! &o7ler Nolo/(i!lO H&1 (n dis%!r!teL (n! b!rb!rid!dL
(n error ,!rr!#!l6$ ! &("!n bein, Hre!r H!6 (n ser &("!no6$ ! &(ndred Nri9etO H&1L
!not!rse ien !rrer!s6$ ! &'bridL &'brids H&1 (n &FbridoL &Fbridos6$ ! &'%ot&esis H&1
(n! &i%3tesis6$ ie H&1 &ielo6$ H!n6 ie re!"L ie NGBO H&1 H(n6 &el!do6$ !n
ide!liz!tion NoO !n ide!lis!tion NGBO H&1 (n! ide!liz!i3n6$ !n identi#i!tionL
identi#i!tions H&1 (n! identi#i!i3nL identi#i!iones6$ identi#i!tion o# st& H&1 (n!
identi#i!i3n de !l,o6$ !n idolL idols Ho# sbL st&6 H&1 (n FdoloL Fdolos Hde !l,(ienL
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in#(sionL in#(sions H&1 (n! in#(si3n Ni tis!n!OL in#(siones6$ Hh #or"! +erb!l en6 Iin,
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tierr!66$ !n inro!dL inro!ds Hinto t&!t "!r9et6 N#i,(r!doO H&1 !+!nes Hen eseL !/(el
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inst!ll!tion H&1 (n! inst!l!i3n6$ !n instr("entL instr("ents H&1L #!bri!r (n
instr("entoL instr("entos6$ interessionL interessions Hto sb6 #or sb HinterederL &1
(n! interesi3nL interesiones H!nte !l,(ien6 %or !l,(ien6$ !n inter&!n,eL
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in&!bilit!i3n6$ !n inter%ret!tion H&1 (n! inter%ret!i3n6$ !n interro,!tion H&1 (n!
interro,!i3n6$ !n interr(%tionL interr(%tions H&1 (n! interr(%i3nL interr(%iones6$ !n
inter+ention H&1 (n! inter+eni3n6$ !n introd(tion H&1 (n! %resent!i3nL
introd(i3n6$ !n intr(sion H&1 (n! intr(si3nL intro"isi3n6$ !n in+!lid!tion H&1 (n!
in+!lid!i3n6$ !n in+entionL in+entions H&1 (n in+ento NoO (n! in+eni3nL in+entos
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!l,o66$ it Honse,(irloL !l!nz!r el 0-itoL tri(n#!rL sobre+i+ir4 S&e &!s (ntil S!t(rd!'
!nd 7onZt "!9e it HEll! tiene &!st! el sb!do ' no lo +! ! onse,(ir6M S&e "!de it
H!s !n o%er! sin,er6 !t si-t' HEll! !l!nz3 el 0-itoL tri(n#3 Ho"o !nt!nte de 3%er!6
! los sesent!6M Ee !nZt "!9e it HA 0l no le +! bienL l no %(ede onse,(irlo6M S&e
"!de it to t&e to% HEll! !l!nz3 l! ("bre Hdel 0-ito66M EeZs ,ot it "!de Hl tiene el
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t&e l(b6 Hl no %(do ir H!l l(b66M Ee o(ldnZt "!9e Hit to6 'o(r %!rt' l!st 7ee9 Hl
no %(do ir ! t( #iest! l! se"!n! %!s!d!6M T&e' "!de it &o"e be#ore t&e stor"
HLle,!ron ! !s! !ntes de l! tor"ent!6M I# it is too e!rl'$ 7e !n "!9e it l!ter HSi es
de"!si!do %ronto$ %ode"os re(nirnos des%(0s6M LetZs "!9e it se+en HoZlo96]
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&!erlo h !d.eti+o H!L %!r! !l,(ien64 Ee "!de it e!s' Hl lo %(so #il6M S&e "!de it
%(bli HEll! lo &izo %2blio66$ it ! d!te Honert!r (n! it!6$ it h ! n("ber H8$ et16
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res(lt!do6 ?L Ten,o l!s ? N%or "i relo.O6$ it oneZs d(t' to h in#initi+o Hi"%onerse l!
obli,!i3n de h in#initi+o6$ it ! r(le to h in#initi+o Htener %or nor"! h in#initi+o6$ it !
s(ess Hon+ertirlo en (n 0-ito6$ it (% to sb Ho"%ens!r ! !l,(ien %or los errores del
%!s!do6$ it 7it& so"ebod' N+(l,!rO H&1 el !"or on !l,(ien6$ !n ite"L !rtile o#
lot&in,L ite"sL !rtiles o# lot&in, H&1L on#eion!r (n! %rend! de +estirL %rend!s
de +estir6$ ! .!9etL .!9ets H&1 (n! &!/(et!L &!/(et!s6$ "!9eL &it t&e .!9%ot H&1 s(
!,ostoL s!!r el ,ordo6$ ! R.!ilbre!9 H#(,!rse de l! rel6$ .!" H&1 "er"el!d! Nde
(!l/(ier %rod(to "enos de los FtriosO6$ ! .erse' NGBO NoO ! .("%er NGBO NoO !
%(llo+er NoO ! s7e!ter NoO ! %(llo+er s7e!ter NUSAOL .erse's NGBO NoO .("%ers
NGBO NoO %(llo+ers NoO s7e!ters NoO %(llo+er s7e!ters NUSAO H&1 (n .erse'L .erse's6$
! .est o# sb Hto"!r ! ,(!s! ! !l,(ien6$ .e7eller' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL .e7eler'
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.in,les H&1 (n estribilloL estribillos6$ ! .oin H&1 (n! .(nt(r!L (ni3n6$ "!9eL r!9 !
.o9eL .o9es H,!st!r (n! bro"!L bro"!sL &!er (n &isteL &istes6$ ! .(bil!tion
H"ostr!r .2bilo6$ !L t&eL oneZs .(d,He6"entL .(d,He6"ents Hd!r (nL elL s( +ereditoL
+ereditos6$ "!9eL ,i+e ! .("% Hd!r (n s!lto6$ ! %!r!&(te .("% H&1 (n s!lto enL on
%!r!!Fd!s6$ ! .(sti#i!tionL .(sti#i!tions H&1 (n! .(sti#i!i3nL .(sti#i!iones6$ 9e#ir
H&1 90#ir6$ ! 9e'L 9e's H&1 (n! ll!+eL ll!+es6$ ! sissors 9i9 H&1 (n! ti.eret!6$ ! 9illL
9ills H"!t!r ! (n! %res!L %res!s4 T&e !ni"!l "!de ! 9ill HEl !ni"!l "!t3 ! (n!
%res!6M T&e lionessesL #e"!le lions "!9e t&e "!.orit' o# 9ills HL!s leon!s "!t!n ! l!
"!'orF! de l!s %res!s66$ ! 9ni#eL 9ni+es H&1 (n (&illoL (&illos6$ ! 9notL 9nots H&1
(n n(doL n(dos6$ ! l!bor!tor'L l!bor!tories H&1 (n l!bor!torioL l!bor!torios6$ ! l!bo(r
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ! l!bor NUSAO o# lo+e H&1 (n! l!bor re!liz!d! on !"or6$ l!"b
H&1 ordero6$ l!"ent!tion H#or sb6 Hl!"ent!rse Hl!"ent!r ! !l,(ien66$ !L t&e l!"%L
l!"%s H&1 (n!L l! l"%!r!L l"%!r!s6$ !L t&e l!"%s&!deL l!"%s&!des H&1 (n!L l!
%!nt!ll!L %!nt!ll!s Nde l"%!r!O6$ l!nd Hlle,!r ! tierr! N(n b!roOL to"!r tierr! N(n
!+i3nL (n b!roO6$ l!nd#!ll Nliter!rioO H!+ist!r NoO di+is!r tierr! Hdesde elL l! "!r66$ !
l!nd#!ll Nliter!rioO H&1 (n !+ist!"iento de tierr! NoO l! lFne! de ost! Hdesde elL l!
"!r66$ !Hn e"er,en'6 l!ndin, H&1 (n !terriz!.e Hde e"er,eni!66$ ! l!nternL l!nterns
H&1 (n #!rolL #!roles6$ ! l!s!,n!L ! l!s!,ne NGBO H& (n! l!s!)!6$ ! l!ttieL l!tties H&1
(n! elosF!L elosF!s6$ ! l!(,&in,sto9 o# onesel# H/(ed!rL %onerse en ridF(lo6$ !
l!(,&in,sto9 o# sb Hde.!rL %oner ! !l,(ien en ridF(lo6$ ! l!7L l!7s H&1 (n! le'L
le'es6$ ! l!'er o# st& H&1 (n! !%! de !l,o6$ ! le!,(e H7it& sb6 H&1 (n! li,! Hon
!l,(ien66$ ! le!9L le!9s H&1 (n !,(.eroL !,(.eros6$ ! le!%L le!%s Hd!r (n s!ltoL s!ltos6$
lee7!' H!+!nz!rL %ro,res!r N(n! e"b!r!i3nO6$ ! le#t NUSAO H,ir!r NoO torer ! l!
iz/(ierd!6$ ! le!seL le!ses H&1 (n ontr!to de !rrend!"ientoL ontr!tos de
!rrend!"iento6$ ! le+' H%oner (n i"%(estoL (n! e-!i3n6$ lie(ten!nt H&!erseL
lle,!r ! tenienteL !l#0rez de n!+Fo6$ ! ne7 li#e H#or onesel#6 H&1L o"enz!r (n! +id!
n(e+!6$ Rli,&t o# st& H/(it!rle i"%ort!ni!L no &!er !so ! !l,o6$ li,&t R7or9 o# st&
H&1 !l,o en (n s!nti!"0n6$ li9e ! #riendL "essen,er$ et1 H%!reer (n !"i,oL
"ens!.ero$ et6$ ! li"it!tionL li"it!tions H&1 (n! li"it!i3nL li"it!iones6$ ! lineL
lines H&1 (n! #il!L #il!s6$ !n !sse"bl' lineL !sse"bl' lines H&1 (n! !den! de "ont!.eL
!den!s de "ont!.e6$ !L t&e lin9L lin9s H&1 (n!L l! one-i3nL one-iones6$ !
Rlin9HI6(% H&1 (n! one-i3n6$ ! li/(idL li/(ids H&1 (n lF/(idoL lF/(idos6$ "!9e Ho(t6L
dr!7 (% ! listL lists H&1 (n! list!L list!s6$ t&e bestIseller listHs6 Hest!r en l!Hs6 list!Hs6 de
los libros "s +endidos4 T&is boo9 &!s "!de t&e bestIseller lists HEste libro &!
est!do en l!s list!s de los libros "s +endidos66$ little o# st&L Iin, H/(it!rle
i"%ort!ni! !L no &1 !so !L &1 !so o"iso deL &1 on #!ilid!d NoO o"o si n!d!L
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(n litro6$ "!9eL e!rn !L oneZs li+in, H,!n!rse l! +id!6$ ! ,oodL ri& li+in, H,!n!rse
bien l! +id!L tener (n b(en s(eldoL +i+ir bienL o"o Hlos6 rios6$ ! lo!nL lo!ns H&1 (n
%r0st!"oL %r0st!"os6$ !n ide!l$ et1$ lo!tion Honstit(ir (n e"%l!z!"iento ide!l$
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! loo%&oleL loo%&oles Hd!r (n! e-(s!L e-(s!s6$ ! lossL losses H%erder dineroL s!lir
%erdiendoL s(#rir %0rdid!s6$ lo+e HtoL 7it& sb6 H&1 el !"or Hon !l,(ien66$ ! lo7 Nr!roM
to lo74 "s (s!doO H&1 (n "(,ido6$ ! l(n,e !t HsbL st&6 H!rre"eter ontr! H!l,(ienL
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l!2des6$ ! l'reL l'res H&1 (n! lir!L lir!s6$ ! "!&ineL "!&ines H&1 (n! "/(in!L
"/(in!s6$ ! "!ro Ni "!ro instr(tionOL "!ros H&1 (nH!6 "!roL "!ros
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"!lt!6$ Hsb6 "!9e ! "!n o#L o(t o# sb H&1 (n &o"bre de !l,(ien4 T&e !r"' 7ill
"!9e ! "!n o#L o(t o# &i" HEl e.0rito le &!r (n &o"breL &!r (n &o"bre de 0l66$
t&e "!n H&1 !l &o"bre4 *lot&es "!9e t&e "!n HL! ro%! &!e !l &o"bre66$ !
"!ni#est!tion H&1 (n! "!ni#est!i3n Nno de %rotest!O6$ ! "!nsionL "!nsions H&1 (n!
"!nsi3nL "!nsiones6$ ! "!n(#!t(reL "!n(#!t(res H&1 (n! "!n(#!t(r!L
"!n(#!t(r!s6$ ! "!relL "!rels H&1 (n! ond(l!i3n NoO (n rizoL ond(l!iones NoO
rizos Hen el %elo66$ ! "!r&L "!r&es H&1 (n! "!r&!L "!r&!s6$ "!r,!rine H&1
"!r,!rin!6$ ! "!r9L "!r9s H&1 (n! "!r!L "!r!s6$ HsbL it6 "!9e oneZs R"!r9 Hde.!r
s( i"%ront!L #ir"!r on (n! r(z4 Ee "!de &is "!r9 Hl de.3 s( i"%ront!66$ !
"!r9et #or st& Hre!r (n "er!do %!r! !l,o6$ ! "!r9et o# st& H"!l+ender !l,o6$
"!r"!l!de H&1 "er"el!d! Nde FtriosO6$ ! H,ood6 "!rri!,e H&1 (n! b(en! bod!L
!s!rse bien6$ "!rri!,es H7it& sb6 H!s!rse Hon !l,(ien66$ ! "!rtini H&1 (n "!rtini6$
! "!rt'r o# sbL sb ! "!rt'r H&1 "rtir ! !l,(ien6$ ! "!s9L "!s9s H&1 (n! "s!r!L
"s!r!s6$ ! "!ss H&1 (n! "!s!6$ !L oneZs "!ster%iee H&1 (n!L s( obr! "!estr!L de
!rte6$ ! "!tL "!ts H&1 (n! esterHill6!L (n #el%(doL (n s!l+!"!ntelesL esterHill6!sL
#el%(dosL s!l+!"!nteles6$ ! "!t&L "!t&es H&1L #!bri!r (n! erill!L erill!s6$ !
"!t& o# it H.(,!r on l! inteni3n de ,!n!r4 LetZs "!9e ! "!t& o# it] H\j(,(e"os
on l! inteni3n de ,!n!r]66$ ! "!t& H!rre,l!r (n! bod!6$ ! ,ood "!t& H&1 (n!
b(en! %!re.!L (n! b(en! bod!L !s!rse bien6$ t&is "!teri!l into ! b!, H&1 (n! bols!
on este "!teri!l6$ ! "!ttressL "!ttresses H&1 (n ol&3nL ol&ones6$ ! "e!l Ho(t6 o#
so"et&in, NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ho"%li!rse l! +id! onL e-!,er!rL s!!rle %!rtido
! !l,o4 S&e "!de ! "e!l o# &is 7ords HEll! e-!,er3 s(s %!l!br!s6M S&e "!de ! "e!l
o# it HEll! e-!,er3 "(&oL se &!rt3 de o"er66$ ! #ine "e!l H&1 (n! b(en! o"id!4
Fis& !nd s!l!d "!9es ! #ine "e!l HEl %es!do on ens!l!d! &!e (n! b(en!
o"id!66$ ! ,oodL &e!rt' "e!l Nliter!rio4 r!roO Ho"er bien4 Ee "!de ! ,oodL &e!rt'
"e!l Hl o"i3 bien66$ ! %ositi+e$ et1$ "e!nin,L %ositi+e "e!nin,s He-%res!r (n
si,ni#i!do %ositi+oL si,ni#i!dos %ositi+os$ et16$ "e!nin, o# st& Hd!r sentido NoO
si,ni#i!do ! !l,o6$ ! "e!s(re"entL t&e "e!s(re"ents H&1 (n! "edid!L l!s
"edid!s6$ ! "ed!lL "ed!ls H&1 (n "ed!ll!L "ed!ll!s6$ H%le!s!ntL s7eet6 "elod' H&1
(n! "elodF! H!,r!d!bleL d(le66$ ! "elod' #or sb H&1 (n! "elodF! %!r! !l,(ien6$ !
"e"ori!lL "e"ori!ls H&1 (n "on("ento on"e"or!ti+oL "on("entos
on"e"or!ti+os6$ H!L littleL no6 "ention o# st&L sb H&1 H(n!L %o!L nin,(n!6
"eni3n de !l,oL !l,(ien6$ ! "erit Ho# st&6 Hont!r o"o "0rito H!l,o66$ "err'
H!le,r!rse6$ ! "ess Ho# so"et&in,L Iin,6 H&1 (n lFoL ens(i!r !l,oL estro%e!r !l,oL &1
!l,o "(' "!l4 S&e "!9es s(& ! "ess o#L in t&e b!t&roo" HEll! de.! el (!rto de
b!)o &e&o (n !soL des!stre66$ ! R"essI(% NGBO H&1 (n lFoL #oll3n6$ ! "i9le4 M!n'
! little "!9es ! "i9le N!r!ioO HM(&os %oos &!en "(&o6$ ! "iroor,!nis"L
"iroor,!nis"s H&1 (n "iroor,!nis"oL "iroor,!nis"os6$ ! "iro%&oneL
"iro%&ones H&1 (n "ir3#onoL "ir3#onos6$ ! "iroso%eL "iroso%es H&1 (n
"iroso%ioL "iroso%ios6$ ! "i,r!tion H&1 (n! "i,r!i3n6$ "illions H&1 NoO ,!n!r
"illones6$ "ine"e!t Ho(t6 o# sbL st& Nolo/(i!lO H&1 %(r0 NoO %i!dillo ! !l,(ienL
des%elle.!r ! !l,(ienL &!er %ed!zos !l,o6$ "ine %ies NGBO H&1 %!stelillos de R#r(tos
seos H' es%ei!s %i!d!s66$ "irt& Nliter!rioO Hre,oi.!rse6$ ! "iso(nt H&1 (n error en
l! (ent!L e/(i+o!rse en l! (ent!6$ ! "is(e H&1 (n! %i#i! H!l bill!r66$ !
"is.(d,He6"ent H&1 (n "!l l(loL .(iio err3neo6$ ! "isre%resent!tion H&1 (n!
ter,i+ers!i3nL re%resent!i3n "!l!6$ ! "isst!te"entL "isst!te"ents H&1 (n!
!#ir"!i3n #!ls!L !#ir"!iones #!ls!s6$ ! "isste% Ho"eter (n error6$ ! "ist!9eL
"ist!9es Ho"eter (n errorL errores6$ no "ist!9e !bo(t it Hno en,!)!rse (noL no
&!erse il(siones (no6$ "is(se o# so"et&in, H&1 "!l (so de !l,o6$ ! "i-t(reL
"i-t(res H&1 (n! "ezl!L "ezl!s6$ ! "obiliz!tionL ! "obilis!tion NGBO H&1 (n!
"o+iliz!i3n6$ ! "odel LR"odHe6lL NGBO ' LR"!4dHe6lL NUSAOL "odels o# so"et&in,
H&1 (n! "!/(et!L "!/(et!s de !l,o6$ ! "odi#i!tionL "odi#i!tions H&1 (n!
"odi#i!i3nL "odi#i!iones6$ "!9eL "int "one' H!()!r "oned!6$ H! lot o#L lessL
"ore6 "one' H&1L ,!n!r H"(&oL "enosL "s6 dinero6$ ,ood "one' H&1L ,!n!r
b!st!nte dineroL (n b(en s(eldo6$ ! "on9e' Ho(t6 o# sb Hde.!r NoO %oner ! !l,(ien en
ridF(lo6$ ! "ono%ol' H&1 (n "ono%olio6$ ! "onstrosit' H&1 (n! "onstr(osid!d6$ !n
i"!,e "ont!,e H&1 (n "ont!.e de i",enes6$ ! "on("entL "on("ents H&1 (n
"on("entoL "on("entos6$ t&e "ost o# st& Hs!!r el "-i"o %ro+e&o de !l,oL
%!s!rlo lo "e.or %osible4 Ee "!de t&e "ost o# it Hl s!3 el "-i"o %ro+e&o de
elloL lo %!s3 lo "e.or %osible66$ t&e "ost o# sb Hintent!r &!erlo lo "e.or %osible4 Ee
tried to "!9e t&e "ost o# &i"sel# Hl intent3 &!erlo lo "e.or %osible66$ ! "otionL
"otions H%resent!r (n! "oi3nL "oionesL &1 (n "o+i"ientoL "o+i"ientos6$ !
"o(ld NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ! "old NUSAO H&1 (n "olde6$ ! "o(ldin, NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL ! "oldin, NUSAO H&1 (n! "old(r!6$ ! "o(nt!in o(t o# ! "ole&ill
H&1 (n! "ont!)! de (n ,r!no de !ren!L !&o,!rse en (n +!so de !,(!6$ "o(rnin,
H,(!rd!r l(to6$ ! "o+e N"s (s!doOL "o+es N"enos (s!doO H&1 (n "o+i"ientoL
"o+i"ientosL irseL %onerse en !"inoL "o+erse6$ t&e #irstL ne-t "o+e Hd!r el
%ri"erL si,(iente %!so6$ oneZs "o+eL oneZs ne-t "o+e Hd!r (n %!soL el si,(iente
%!so6$ ! "o+e to h in#initi+oL ! "o+e #or h no"bre H&1 (n "o+i"ientoL d!r (n %!so
%!r! h in#initi+oL &!i! h no"bre4 S&e "!de ! "o+e to ,et o(t o#L #or t&e
s7i""in, %ool HEll! &izo (n "o+i"ientoL dio (n %!so %!r! s!lir NoO &izo !de"n
de s!lirL Ell! dio (n %!so NoO &izo !de"n de ir &!i! l! %isin!66$ "(& !do !bo(t
st& H&1 "(&o r(ido sobre !l,o6$ R"(& o# st&L sb Hd!r "(&! i"%ort!ni! !L !%rei!r
"(&o !l,oL ! !l,(ien6$ R"(& o# st&L sb Nen ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O Hentender !l,o
bien4 S&e o(ldnZt "!9e R"(& o# 7&!t t&e' s!id HEll! no entendi3 bien lo /(e
di.eron66$ ! "(9 o# st& NGB %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO H"eter l! %!t! en !l,o6$ !
"(ddle o# st& H&1 (n lFoL #oll3n on !l,o6$ ! "(lti%li!tion H&1 (n! "(lti%li!i3n6$ !
"(""' H&1 (n! "o"i!6$ ! "(r"(r H&1 (n "(r"(lloL s(s(rro6$ "(si H&1L
o"%oner "2si!6$ ! ,ood "(sii!n Hser (n b(en "2sio6$ ! "'t&L "'t&s H&1 (n
"itoL "itos6$ ! n!"e #or onesel# H&!erse #!"oso4 S&e "!de ! n!"e #or &ersel#
HEll! se &izo #!"os!6M ! n!rr!ti+e H&1 (n! n!rr!i3n6$ ! n!tion H&1L #or"!r (n!
n!i3n6$ ! ne9l!eL ne9l!es H&1 (n oll!rL oll!res6$ ! ne,!ti+eL ne,!ti+es Ni
ne,!ti+e #or"sO H&1 (n! H#r!se6 ne,!ti+!L l! H#or"!6 ne,!ti+!6$ Hre6ne,oti!tion H&1 (n!
Hre6ne,oi!i3n6$ ! nei,& LneIL H&1 (n relin&o H(n !b!llo66$ ! nestL nests H&1 (n
nidoL nidos6$ netL nets H&1 (n! redL redes6$ t&e ne7s%!%ers Hlle,!r ! Ni ser %(bli!do
enO los %eri3dios6$ ! ni,&t o# it H%!s!r l! no&e di+irti0ndoseL elebr!rlo %or l!
no&e6$ H!6 noiseL noises H&1 H(n6 r(idoL r(idos6$ ! &ell o# ! noise H&1 (n r(ido de "il
de"onios6$ nonsense Hno tener sentido6$ nonsense N"s (s!doOL ! nonsense N"enos
(s!doO o# st& H&1 /(e !l,o res(lte !bs(rdoL no tener sentido !l,o6$ ! lon, nose H&1
b(rl! on l! n!riz N%oniendo l! "!no e-tendid! del!nte de l! n!rizO6$ ! not&L
not&es H&1 (n! "(es!L (n orteL (n !,(.ero Nen (n intoL int(r3nOL "(es!sL
ortesL !,(.eros6$ noteL ! noteL notes Ho# so"et&in,6 H!not!r !l,oL to"!r not!L &1
!not!iones Hde !l,o66$ ! "ent!l note Ho# so"et&in,6 Hto"!r not! "ent!l"ente Hde
!l,o66$ not&in, o# so"et&in,L #or"! +erb!l en Iin, Hno entender n!d! de !l,oL no
s!!r n!d! en l!ro de !l,oL no d!r i"%ort!ni! ! !l,o6$ no(,!t H&1 t(rr3n6$ !
Ho"%o(nd$ et16 no(nL !n !d+erb H#ro" !not&er 7ord6 Hre!r (n no"bre
Ho"%(esto$ et16L (n !d+erbio Hde otr! %!l!br!66$ Hsb6 "!9e ! h !d.eti+o Hb!dL ,ood$
et16 h no"bre Nre#erido ! (n ser +i+o en sin,(l!r4 dotorL &(sb!ndL %etL s%orts"!nL
te!&erL 7i#e$ et1O6 Hlle,!r ! serL res(lt!r h !d.eti+o Hb(enL "!l$ et16L ser+ir %!r! Nno
se,(ido de !d.eti+oO h no"bre H"0dioL "!ridoL "!sot!L de%ortist!L %ro#esorL es%o
s!$ et16$ Hsb6 "!9e h !d.eti+o Hb!dL ,ood$ et16 h no"bre Nre#erido ! (n ser +i+o en
%l(r!l4 dotorsL s%orts"enL te!&ers$ et1O Hlle,!r ! serL res(lt!r h !d.eti+o Hb(enosL
"!los$ et16L ser+ir %!r! Nno se,(ido de !d.eti+oO h no"bre H"0diosL de%ortist!sL
%ro#esores$ et164 T&e' "!9e o"%!ssion!te !"%!i,ners HLle,!n ! ser de#ensores
o"%!si+os66$ Hsb6 "!9e ! h no"bre Nre#erido ! (n ser +i+o en sin,(l!r4 ! dotorL
s%orts"!nL te!&er$ et1OL "!9e h no"bre Nre#erido ! (n ser +i+o en %l(r!l4 dotorsL
s%orts"enL te!&ers$ et1O o# sb H&!erleHs6 "0dioHs6L de%ortist!Hs6L %ro#esorHes6$
et16$ Hit6 "!9e ! h !d.eti+o Hb!dL ,ood$ et16 h no"bre Nre#erido ! (n ser +i+o en
sin,(l!r4 !rtistL dotorL s%orts"!nL te!&er$ et1O6 Hser lo #(nd!"ent!l en (n h
!d.eti+o Hb(enL "!l6 h no"bre H!rtist!L "0dioL de%ortist!L %ro#esor64 Intelli,ene
"!9es ! ,ood !rtist HL! inteli,eni! es lo #(nd!"ent!l en (n b(en !rtist!66$ Hit6 "!9e
h !d.eti+o Hb!dL ,ood$ et16 h no"bre Nre#erido ! (n ser +i+o en %l(r!l4 !rtistsL
dotorsL s%orts"enL te!&ers$ et1O6 Hser lo #(nd!"ent!l en lHos$ !s6 h !d.eti+o
Hb(enHos$ !s6L "!lHos$ !s6$ et16 h no"bre H!rtist!sL "0diosL de%ortist!sL
%ro#esores66$ Hit6 "!9e ! h !d.eti+o ,r!d(!ble %osisiti+o ( ob.eti+o H,ood$ et16 h
no"bre Nre#erido ! (n ob.eto en sin,(l!r4 &o(seL t&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
t&e!ter NUSAO$ et1O6 Hser lo #(nd!"ent!l en (n h !d.eti+o ,r!d(!ble %ositi+o (
ob.eti+o Hb(en$ et16L ser+ir Hbien$ et16 o"o h no"bre H!s!L te!tro$ et16$ Hit6 "!9e
h !d.eti+o ,r!d(!ble %ositi+o ( ob.eti+o H,ood$ et16 h no"bre Nre#erido ! (n ob.eto
en %l(r!l4 &o(sesL t&e!tres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ters NUSAO$ et1O6 Hser lo
#(nd!"ent!l en lHos$ !s6 h !d.eti+o ,r!d(!ble %ositi+o ( ob.eti+o Hb(enHos$ !s6$ et16L
ser+ir Hbien$ et16 o"o h no"bre H!s!sL te!tros$ et16$ "!9eL %l!' "(si!l notes
Hto!r not!s "(si!les6$ ! noteboo9L noteboo9s H&1 (n (!dernoL (n! libret!L
(!dernosL libret!s6$ ! no+el o# 111 H&1 (n! no+el! de 1116$ ! no+el into ! #il" H&1 (n!
%elF(l! de (n! no+el!6$ ! n(is!ne o# onesel# Hd!r l! l!t!4 S&e is !l7!'s "!9in, !
n(is!ne o# &ersel# HEll! est sie"%re d!ndo l! l!t!66$ Hst&6 "!9e ! n("ber H&1L
s("!rL ser h (n n2"ero4 < !nd ; "!9e B H< ' ; &!enL s("!nL son B6M T&is one
"!9es @ H*on 0ste &!enL s("!nL son @66$ "!9eL s7e!rL t!9e !n o!t& H&1 (n
.(r!"ento6$ o!t"e!l H&1 &!rin! de !+en!L o%os de !+en! NUSAO6$ !n ob.etL ob.ets
H&1 (n ob.etoL ob.etos6$ !n ob.eti#i!tion H&1 (n! ob.eti+iz!i3n6$ "!9eL r!ise !n
ob.etionL ob.etions H&1L %oner (n! ob.ei3nL ob.eiones6$ obser+!tion Hobser+!r6$
!n obser+!tionL obser+!tions H&1 (n! obser+!i3nL obser+!iones6$ !n obser+!tor'L
obser+!tories H&1 (n obser+!torioL obser+!torios6$ no odds Hto sb6 NGBO Hd!r lo
"is"oL no i"%ort!r H! !l,(ien66$ o# st& Nen #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3loO Hinter%ret!rL
%ens!r de !l,o4 Ee doesnZt 9no7 7&!t to "!9e o# &er %l!n Hl no s!be /(0 %ens!r
de s( %l!n6M >&!t do 'o( "!9e o# de"or!'T HW*3"o inter%ret!sL J(0 %iens!s de
l! de"or!i!T6M LetZs see 7&!t t&e' "!9e o# it HDe!"os 3"o lo inter%ret!nL
entienden66$ t&eL !n o##erL o##ers Hl!L (n! o#ert!L o#ert!s6$ Hsb6 !n o##er H#or st&6 H&1
(n! o#ert! H! !l,(ien6 H%or !l,o66$ ,ood o##ies H&1 de "edi!dor6$ oil H&1 !eite6$ !n
o##setL o##sets H&1 (n ret!lloL ret!llos N!r/(itet(r!O6$ oli+e oil H&1 !eite de oli+!6$ !n
o"issionL o"issions H&1 (n! o"isi3nL o"isiones6$ oneZs !bode Hest!bleerseL #i.!r s(
do"iilio6$ oneZs o7n !"(se"ents Hre!rse s(s %ro%i!s di+ersionesL distr!iones6$
oneZs !ns7er Hd!r s( ontest!i3n6$ oneZs !%%renties&i% in Hst&6 H&1 el !%rendiz!.e
en H!l,o66$ oneZs bo!st H+!n!,lori!rse6$ oneZs bo7 Lb!(L H%resent!rseL deb(t!r6$ oneZs
deb(t N"s (s!doOL d0b(t Hon st!,e6L Hin soiet'6 Hdeb(t!rL &1 s( deb(tL
%resent!i3nL estreno Nen el esen!rioOL ser %resent!do Nen soied!dO6$ oneZs de#ene
NGBOL de#ense NUSAO H&1 s( de#ens!6$ oneZs e%i%&!n' H&1 s( e%i#!nF!6$ "!9e N"enos
(s!doOL s!' N"s (s!doO oneZs #!re7ells Hdes%edirse6$ oneZs o7n #!te Hre!r s(
%ro%io destino6$ oneZs &!ir st!nd on end H%onerle ! (no los %elos de %(nt!6$ oneZs
&o"e H!tL in 1116 Hre!r (n &o,!rL est!bleerseL #i.!r s( resideni! Hen 11166$ oneZs li#e h
!d.eti+o NoO no"bre Hl! +id! h !d.eti+o4 S&e "!9es &is li#e Rdi##i(ltL R&ellL
R"iser!ble HEll! le &!e l! +id! di#FilL i"%osibleL !"!r,! Ni le !"!r,! l! +id!O6$
oneZs "o(t& 7!ter H&!0rsele ! (no l! bo! !,(!6$ oneZs n!"e !s 111 H&!erse #!"oso
o"o 1114 S&e "!de &er n!"e !s ! dotor HEll! se &izo #!"os! o"o dotor!66$ oneZs
+ie7%ointHs6 H%l!s"!r s( %(nto de +ist!6$ oneZs +o7s H&1 s(s +otosL %ro"es!s6$ oneZs
7illL test!"ent Nliter!rioO H&1 Hel6 test!"ento4 T&e' "!de t&eir 7illL test!"ent
Nliter!rioO HEiieron Hel6 test!"ento66$ onesel# !t &o"e H%onerse ! ,(stoL sentirse
o"o en s( !s!6$ onesel# 9no7n Hd!rse ! onoer6$ onesel# le!rL ons%i(o(sL
"iser!bleL (nderstoodL (se#(l$ et1 He-%li!rse l!r!"enteL ll!"!r l! !teni3n NoO
d!r /(e &!bl!rL !#li,irseL &!erse o"%renderL &!erse 2til$ et16$ onesel# s!re
Nolo/(i!lO Hl!r,!rseL to"!r l!s de Dill!die,oL brill!r %or s( !(seni!L des!%!reer
del "!%!L es#("!rse6$ onesel# ! ser+!nt o# st& H&!erse ser+idor deL de#ender !l,o6$
!n onsl!(,&t on st&L sb H&1 (n !t!/(e ontr! !l,oL !l,(ien6$ !n o%enin,L o%enin,s H&1
(n! bre&!L bre&!s6$ !n o%t!ti+e H+erb6 H#or"!r (n H+erbo6 o%t!ti+o6$ "!9e or bre!9
sb4 ! 7riter$ et1L st&4 ! rel!tions&i%$ et1 H&1 tri(n#!r o #r!!s!r ! !l,(ien4 (n esritor$
et1L !l,o4 (n! rel!i3n$ et16$ !n or!tion Hto sb6 H&1 (n dis(rsoL (n! !ren,! H!
!l,(ien66$ !n orbit !ro(nd st&L !n orbit ro(nd NGBO st&L !n orbit o# st& H&1 (n! 3rbit!
!lrededor de !l,o6$ !n or&estr!tion H&1 (n! or/(est!i3n6$ !n or,!niz!tionL !n
or,!nis!tion NGBO H&1 (n! or,!niz!i3n6$ !n orn!"entL orn!"ents H&1 (n !dornoL
orn!"entoL !dornosL orn!"entos6$ !n orn!"ent!tionL orn!"ent!tions H&1 (n!
orn!"ent!i3nL orn!"ent!iones6$ !nL so"e ostent!tion H&1 (n!L H!l,o de6
ostent!i3n6$ !n o(t H%oner ! (n .(,!dor #(er! de .(e,o Nen b0isbolO6$ o(t so"et&in,
Hdesi#r!rL o"%render !l,o6$ !n o(tr' H#or"!r (n !lboroto6$ !n Ro(t#it H&1 (n
on.(nto6$ !n Ro(tl!'L Ro(tl!'s H&1 (n ,!stoL (n dese"bolsoL (n! in+ersi3nL ,!stosL
dese"bolsosL in+ersiones6$ !n o(tlineL o(tlines H&1 (n res("enL es/(e"!L
res2"enesL es/(e"!s6$ o(t%(t #or sb Hi"%ri"ir %!r! !l,(ien6$ !n o+!tionL o+!tions
H&1 (n! o+!i3nL o+!iones6$ "!9eL b(ild !n Ro+er%!ss H&1 (n %!so ! ni+el6$ !n
Ro+ert(re N"enos (s!doOL Ro+ert(res N"s (s!doO o# st& H&1 (n! o#ert!L o#ert!s de
!l,o6$ !n Ro+ert(re N"enos (s!doOL Ro+ert(res N"s (s!doO to sb H&1 (n intento de
!er!"ientoL intentos de !er!"iento !L insin(!iones ! !l,(ien6$ ! %!9!,eL
%!9!,es H&1 (n %!/(eteL %!/(etes Nin#or"ti!O6$ ! %!9et H&1 (n %!/(eteL diner!l6$
! %!9s!ddle H&1 (n! !lb!rd!6$ ! %!tL %!ts H&1 (n %!toL %!tos6$ ! %!ell! H&1 (n!
%!ell!6$ t&e #ront %!,e o# ! ne7s%!%er H!%!reer en l! %ri"er! %,in! de (n
%eri3dio6$ %!int H&1 %int(r!6$ Hsb6 "!9e !Hn (nli9el'$ et16 %!ir H#or"!r (n! %!re.!
Hins3lit!$ et166$ ! %!n!9e H&1 (n! &o.(el!L tortit!6$ ! %!nto"i"e H&1 (n!
%!nto"i"!6$ Hso"e6 %!%er H&1 H!l,o de6 %!%el6$ H!ll6 t&eL t&e n!tion!l %!%ers
Nolo/(i!lO H!%!reer en Htodos6 los %eri3diosL en los %1 n!ion!les6$ "!9eL &!+e !
%!r!de Ho# st&6 H&1 (n des#ileL !l!rde Hde !l,o66$ ! %!r!%etL %!r!%ets H&1 (n %!r!%etoL
%retil NoO !nte%e&oL %!r!%etosL %retiles NoO !nte%e&os6$ ! %!r9L %!r9s H&1 (n %!r/(eL
%!r/(es6$ %!rod' H&1 (n! %!rodi!6$ ! %!rt in oneZs &!ir NUSAO H&1 (n! r!'! en el
%elo6$ ! %!rtin, Hdes%edirse6$ ! %!rtitionL %!rtitions H&1 (n! %!rtii3nL %!rtiiones6$
,ood %!rtners H&1 (n! b(en! %!re.!L ser b(enos o"%!)eros6$ ! %!rtners&i% H&1 (n!
soied!d oleti+!6$ t&eseL essenti!l %!rts H&1 est!s %iez!sL %iez!s eseni!les6$ ! %!rt'
H&1 (n %!rtido6$ t&e %!rt'$ et1$ ,o H!ni"!r l! #iest!$ et16$ ! %!ss H&1 (n %!se Nen
de%orteO6$ ! %!ssL %!sses !t sb Nolo/(i!lO Hintent!r li,!rseL &1 insin(!ionesL tir!r los
te.os ! !l,(ien6$ ! #irst %!ss !t t&e o%' He&!r (n %ri"er +ist!zo ! l! o%i!6$ %!ssi+es
Ni %!ssi+e #or"sO H#or"!r l! %!si+!6$ ! %!ste H&1 (n! %!st!6$ %!str' H&1 %!st!L %!st!sL
%!steles6$ ! %!t& H&1 (n !.(ste Nin#or"ti!O6$ ! %!t&L %!t&s H&1 (n senderoL
senderos6$ ! %!tri"on' H&1 (n %!tri"onio6$ ! %!tternL %!tterns H&1 (n dise)oL "odeloL
dise)osL "odelos6$ ! %!(seL %!(ses H&1 (n! %!(s!L %!(s!s6$ %!'"ent H%!,!r6$ !L t&e
%!'"entL Hse+er!l6 %!'"ents H&1L e#et(!r (nL el %!,oL H+!rios6 %!,os6$ ! do7n
%!'"ent on st& Hd!r l! entr!d!L (ot! inii!l %!r! o"%r!r !l,o6$ ! %!'HI6o## H&1 (n!
li/(id!i3nL retrib(i3n6$ ! %!'o(t Ho# "one'6 H&1 (n %!,o Hde dinero66$ ! PDF H&1
(n PDF6$ ! Hl!stin,$ et16 %e!e 7it& 111 H&1 (n! %!z Hd(r!der!$ et16 on 1116$ %e!eL
oneZs %e!e 7it& 111 H&1 l! %!z NoO l!s %!es on1114 Ee "!de %e!eL &is %e!e 7it&
God Hl &izo l!s %!es on Dios66$ ! %edest!lL %edest!ls H&1 (n %edest!lL %edest!les6$
! %elletL %ellets H&1 (n! %elotill! NoO bolit!L %elotill!s NoO bolit!s6$ ! %enn' Hon st&6
H,!n!r !l,o Hen !l,o66$ %er#("e H&1 %er#("e6$ ! %ers(!sion H&1 (n! %ers(!si3n6$ !
%er+ersion H&1 (n! %er+ersi3n6$ %etition N"enos (s!doOL ! %etition N"s (s!doO H&1
(n! %etii3n6$ %etrole(" o(t o# o!l H&1 %etr3leo de !rb3n6$ %ets N( otro no"breO o#
e+er'bod' N( otro %rono"breL no"breO H&1 "!sot!s de l! ,ente6$ ! %&r!seL %&r!ses
H&1 (n! #r!seL #r!ses6$ ! %i!noL %i!nos H&1 (n %i!noL %i!nos6$ %i9les NGBO H#ro"
+e,et!bles6 H&1 en(rtidos Hde +erd(r!66$ ! %iniL %inis H&1 (n! ,ir!L .ir!L ,ir!sL
.ir!s6$ ! %it(reL %it(res H&1 (n dib(.oL dib(.os6$ ! %ieL %ies H&1 (n %!stelL (n! t!rt!L
%!stelesL t!rt!s6$ ! %i, o# onesel# H%onerse "or!doL d!rse (n !tr!3nL %onerse l!s
bot!s6$ %i,"ent Hse,re,!r %i,"ento6$ ! Hri,&t6 %i,Zs e!r Ho(t6 o# st& NGB4 olo/(i!lO
H&1 !l,o "(' "!lL s!lirle ! (no (n +erd!dero &(rro6$ ! %ile H&1 (n "ont3nL (n!
#ort(n!6$ oneZs %ile Hin st&6 H&1 s( #ort(n! HenL on !l,o66$ ! %ile Hon st&6 H&1 H(n!6
#ort(n!L ,!n!r (n diner!lL &!erse de oro en !l,o6$ ! %ill!rL %ill!rs H&1 (n %il!rL
%il!res6$ ! %in& N+(l,!rO H&1 (n !rresto6$ ! %inn!leL %inn!les H&1 (n %in(loL
%in(los6$ ! %i%eL %i%es H&1 (n! %i%!L %i%!s6$ ! %it& #or st&L #or sbL to sb NUSA
%rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO H&!bl!r ! #!+or de NoO %ro(r!r !!%!r!r !l,oL &!bl!r !
#!+or de !l,(ien N%!r! intent!r onse,(ir !l,oO6$ oneZs %it& Nolo/(i!lO Hsolt!r elL s(
rollo6$ ! %l!e H#or sbL st&6 H&1 (n sitio l(,!r H%!r! !l,(ienL !l,o66$ ! %l!nL %l!ns H&1 (n
%l!nL %l!nes6M t&e < oZlo9 %l!ne Hlle,!r ! tie"%o %!r! o,er el !+i3n de l!s ino4
>e didnZt "!9e t&e < oZlo9 %l!ne HNo lle,!"os ! tie"%o %!r! o,er NEs%!)!OL
to"!r el !+i3n de l!s ino66$ %l!sti H&1 %lstio6$ ! %l!teL %l!tes H&1 (n %l!toL %l!tos6$
! %l!t#or"L %l!t#or"s H&1L onstr(ir (n! %l!t!#or"!L %l!t!#or"!s6$ ! %l!'L oneZs %l!'
#or sb Htr!t!r de on/(ist!rL li,!r ! !l,(ien6$ ! %l!'L oneZs %l!' #or st& Nolo/(i!lO
Hintent!r onse,(irL &!erse on !l,o6$ H!6 ,re!t Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!O R%l!' !bo(tL o# st& H&1 ,r!n &in!%i0L %oner ,r!n 0n#!sis en !l,o6$ ! lot
o# Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!OL "(& Nen ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O R%l!'
!bo(tL o# st& H%oner "(&o 0n#!sis en !l,o6$ ! bi, %l!'HI6o(t H&1 (n! ,r!n
re%resent!i3nL inter%ret!i3n6$ ! %le! H&1 (n r(e,oL (n! %etii3nL (n! s2%li!6$ !L
oneZs %led,eL %led,es H&1 (n!L s( %ro"es! NoO %ro"eterL %ro"es!s6$ ! %lotL %lots
H(rdir (n o"%lotL (n! tr!"!L o"%lotsL tr!"!s6$ !L t&e %l(r!lL %l(r!ls H#or"!r (nL
el %l(r!lL Hlos6 %l(r!les6$ ! %oe"L %oe"s H&1 (n %oe"!L %oe"!s6$ !L t&eL t&is %ointL
se+er!lL so"e %oints H&1 (n!L l! obser+!i3nL il(str!r este %(ntoL &1 +!ri!sL !l,(n!s
obser+!iones NoO il(str!r +!riosL !l,(nos %(ntos6$ ! %oint H&1L onse,(ir (n %(nto
Nen de%orteO4 T&e' "!de ! %oint !#ter ! to(&do7n H*onsi,(ieron (n %(nto des%(0s
de (n ens!'o66$ ! %oint o# so"et&in,L ,er(ndio H%reo(%!rse deL es"er!rse enL
tener %or nor"! !l,oL in#initi+o6$ oneZs %oint H&1 (n! obser+!i3nL &!erse
o"%renderL on+ener6$ %oints 7it& so"ebod' NUSAOL "!9e Bro7nie %oints 7it&
sb NGBOL e!rn Bro7nie %oints 7it& sb NGBO H&1 "0ritos on !l,(ien6$ ! %oleL %oles
H&1 (n %oste NoO %!loL %ostes NoO %!los6$ %oli'L #orei,n %oli' Hdit!r l! %olFti!L l!
%olFti! de !s(ntos e-teriores6$ ! %o%(l!rL !n (n%o%(l!r %oli' H&1 (n! %olFti!
%o%(l!rL i"%o%(l!r6$ ! %ollin!tion H&1 (n! %oliniz!i3n6$ ! %ondL %onds H&1 (n
est!n/(eL est!n/(es6$ ! %oolL %ools H&1 (n &!roL (n! &!r!L &!rosL &!r!s6$ !
%o%(l!riz!tionL ! %o%(l!ris!tion NGBO Ho# st&6 H&1 (n! %o%(l!riz!i3n Hde !l,o66$
%or9 loin H&1 lo"o de erdo6$ %ort Hlle,!r !L to"!r %(erto N(n b!roO6$ ! %ortr!'!l o#
Hst&6 H&1 (n! desri%i3nL inter%ret!i3n Hde !l,o66$ ! bod' %ost(reL bod' %ost(res
H&1 (n! %ost(r! or%or!lL %ost(r!s or%or!les6$ ! %otL %ots H&1 (n! !z(el!L !z(el!s$
et16$ ! %ot o# Ro##ee H&1 el !#06$ ! %ot o# R"one' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %ots o#
R"one' NGB %rini%!l"enteO H&1 (n "ont3n de dineroL #orr!rse de dinero6$ ! %ot o#
Rte! H&1 el t06$ "!s&ed %ot!toHes6 H&1 %(r0 de %!t!t!Hs66$ ! %o(ltie H&1 (n! !t!%l!s"!L
(n e"%l!sto6$ H%rotein6 %o7derL %o7ders H&1 %roteFn!Hs6 en %ol+o6$ ! %o7er o#
"one' H&1 "(&Fsi"o dinero6$ ! %r!tie N"s (s!doOL ! %r!tise NUSA4 "enos
(s!doO o# st& Htener o"o nor"!L est!r !ost("br!do ! !l,o6$ "!9e ! %r!iseL sin,
t&e %r!ises o# sbL st& Nolo/(i!lO H&1 (n elo,io de !l,(ienL !l,o6$ ! %r!t o# onesel#
NGB4 +(l,!rO H&1 el i"b0il6$ ! %r!'erL %r!'ersL oneZs %r!'erHs6 Hrez!r (n! or!i3nL
or!ionesL s(Hs6 or!i3nHes66$ %r!'er #or sb Hrez!r %or !l,(ien6$ ! %reisL %r0is H&1
(n res("en6$ ! %rel(sion H&1 (n! %re+eni3n6$ ! %reditionL %reditions H&1 (n!
%redii3nL (n %ron3stioL (n! %ro#eF!L %rediionesL %ron3stiosL %ro#eF!s6$ !
%re#ereneL %re#erenes H%re#erir !l,oL iert!s os!s6$ ! %re"iseL %re"ises H&1 (n!
%re"is!L %re"is!s6$ Hso"e6 %re%!r!tionL t&e %re%!r!tionL %re%!r!tions #or so"et&in,
H&1 !l,2n %re%!r!ti+oL los %re%!r!ti+osL %re%!r!ti+os %!r! !l,o6$ ! %re%!r!tion o# st&
H&1 (n! %re%!r!i3n de !l,o6$ ! H,ood6 %resent H&1L ser (n Hb(en6 re,!lo64 S&e "!deL
,!+e ! %resent HEll! &izo (n re,!lo6M T&!t "!9es ! ,ood %resent HEsoL A/(ello es (n
b(en re,!lo66$ so"ebod' ! %resent o# st& Hre,!l!r ! !l,(ien !l,oL d!r ! !l,(ien !l,o
o"o re,!lo6$ ! %retene NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ! %retense NUSAO o# st& H#in,ir
!l,o6$ Ht&e6 %retensionsL no %retensions H#in,irL no tener !s%ir!iones !6$ !
%re+ention H&1 (n! %re+eni3n6$ ! %rie H%oner (n %reio6$ ! %rintL %rints H&1 (n!
&(ell!L (n ,r!b!doL (n! o%i!L &(ell!sL ,r!b!dosL o%i!s6$ "!9eL ,i+e ! %riorit' Hd!r
%riorid!d6$ ! %robe H&1 (n! in+esti,!i3nL (n sondeoL (n! e-%lor!i3n6$ ! %roess H&1
(n %roeso6$ ! %roessionL %roessions H&1 (n! %roesi3nL %roesiones6$ H!6
%rol!"!tion H&1 (n! %rol!"!i3n NoO %rol!"!6$ ! %rod(tL %rod(ts H&1 (n
%rod(toL %rod(tos6$ ! ine"! %rod(tion H&1 (n! %rod(i3n ine"!to,r#i!6$ !
Hbi,6 %rod(tion o(t o# st& Nolo/(i!lO H!r"!r H(n6 esnd!loL .!leoL !lboroto %orL
on !l,o6$ %ro#ession o# oneZs #!it& H&1 %ro#esi3n de s( #e6$ %ro#ession o# st&
Hdedi!rse ! !l,o ! ni+el %ro#esion!l6$ ! %ro#ession o# *&rist Hdedi!rse !Hl "ens!.e
del e+!n,elio de6 *risto6$ %ro#iien' H&1 destrez!6$ %ro#itL ! %ro#it Htener N(O obtener
,!n!ni!Hs6L bene#iioHs6L ,!n!r dinero4 T&e' "!9e %ro#it HTienen N(O Obtienen
,!n!ni!Hs6L bene#iioHs6L G!n!n dinero6M Ee "!de ! %ro#it o# <CC Hl ,!n3 <CC
libr!s66$ ! %ro,nosis H&1 (n %ron3stio6$ Hso"e6 %ro,ressL little %ro,ressL ! lot o#
%ro,ress H!+!nz!r NoO &1 !+!nes NoO ir bienL !+!nz!r %ooL !+!nz!r "(&o6$ !
%ro&ibition H&1 (n! %ro&ibii3n6$ ! %ro.etion H&1 (n! %ro'ei3n6$ ! %ro"en!deL
%ro"en!des H&1 (n! !"in!t! Hli,er!6L +(elt!L !"in!t!sL +(elt!s6$ Hsb6 ! %ro"iseL
%ro"ises NoO ! %ro"iseL %ro"ises Hto sb6 H&1 (n! %ro"es!L %ro"es!s H! !l,(ien66$ !
%ro"oL %ro"os Nolo/(i!lO H&1 (n +Fdeo de %ro"oi3nL +Fdeos de %ro"oi3n6$ !
%ronosti!tion H&1 (n %ron3stio6$ ! %rono(ne"entL %rono(ne"ents H&1 (n
%ron(ni!"ientoL %ron(ni!"ientos6$ ! %ron(ni!"iento N%e'or!ti+oO H&1 (n
%ron(ni!"iento6$ ! %ro%&e'L %ro%&eies H&1 (n! %ro#eF!L %ro#eF!s6$ %roo# Ho# st&4
"!n' t&in,s$ et16 H&1 (n! %r(eb! deL %rob!r !l,o4 "(&!s os!s$ et16$ "!9eL %(t !
%ro%os!l Hto so"ebod'6 H&1 (n! %ro%(est! H! !l,(ien66$ Hsb6 ! %ro%ositionL !
%ro%osition Hto sb6 H&1 (n! o#ert! NoO %ro%osii3n H! !l,(ien66$ ! %rosel'teL
%rosel'tes H&1 (n %ros0litoL %ros0litos6$ ! %roteinL %roteins H&1 (n! %roteFn!L
%roteFn!s6$ ! %rotestL %rotests !,!inst so"ebod'L so"et&in, H&1 (n! %rotest!L
%rotest!s ontr! !l,(ienL !l,o6$ %ro+isionL %ro+isions #or sbL st& H&1 %re+isiones de
!l,oL !se,(r!r el %or+enir de !l,(ienL (brir !l,oL to"!r "edid!s en %re+isi3n de
!l,o6$ t&e %ro+isionL %ro+isions t&!t 111 H&1 l! %re+isi3nL l!s %re+isiones de /(e 1116$ !
%(ddin, H&1 (n b(dFnL %(dFn6$ ! %(nL %(ns H&1 (n .(e,o de %!l!br!s NoO retr(0!noL
.(e,os de %!l!br!s NoO retr(0!nos6$ %(n& H&1 %on&e6$ ! %(%%etL %(%%ets H&1 (n
"()eoL "()eos6$ ! %(r&!seL %(r&!ses H&1L e#et(!r (n! o"%r! NoO
!d/(isii3nL o"%r!s NoO !d/(isiiones6$ %(ree H&1 %(r06$ %(ri#i!tion #or st&
H%(ri#i!rse %or !l,o6$ ! %(rseL %(rses H(n "onederoL "onederos NGBOL (n bolso Ni
&!ndb!,OL bolsos NUSAO4 mo( !nZt "!9e ! sil9 %(rse o(t o# ! so7Zs e!r HA(n/(e l!
"on! se +ist! de sed!$ "on! se /(ed!6$ %(s& H&1 (n es#(erzoL (n! !"%!)! "ilit!r6$
! %'r!"idL %'r!"ids H&1 (n! %ir"ideL %ir"ides6$ /(!9s H&1 ,r!znidos6$ !
/(!r!ntine H&1 (n! (!renten!6$ ! /(!rrel H%ro+o!r (n! %ele!6$ ! /(!rtetL /(!rtets
H#or"!r (n (!rtetoL (!rtetos6$ ! /(er'L /(eries H&1 (n! %re,(nt!L %re,(nt!s6$ !
/(est H&1 (n! b2s/(ed!6$ "!9eL !s9 ! /(estionL /(estions H&1 (n! %re,(nt!L
%re,(nt!s6$ ! /(i% H!bo(t 1116 Htener (n! o(rreni! Hsobre 11166$ "!9eL "!9e (% !
/(or(" H&1 /(3r("6$ ! r!9et H!r"!r .!leoL b!r(lloL b(ll!6$ r!diosL r!dio sets H&1
r!diosL !%!r!tos de r!dio6$ ! r!#tL r!#ts H&1 (n! b!ls!L b!ls!s6$ ! r!id H&1 (n !tr!oL
re!liz!r (n !s!lto6$ r!in H%rod(ir ll(+i!6$ ! r!%%ro&e"ent H!er!rse6$ !
r!tion!liz!tionL ! r!tion!lis!tion NGBO H&1 (n! r!ion!liz!i3n6$ ! r!zorL r!zors H&1
(n! "!/(inill! de !#eit!rL "!/(inill!s de !#eit!r6$ ! re!& #or st& Htr!t!r de o,er
NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r !l,o6$ ! ,ood re!d Hser di,no de leerse6$ !n interestin,N$ et1$ O re!d
Hleerse on inter0sN$ et1O6$ "!9eL be e!s'L ,oodL ,ri"L interestin,L %le!s!nt re!din,
Hleerse #il"enteL bienL ser (n! let(r! de%ri"enteL interes!nteL !"en!6$ !
re!d.(st"entL re!d.(st"ents Hto 1116 H&1 (n re!.(steL re!.(stes H! 11166$ Hsb6 "!9e re!d'
H%re%!r!rse6$ ! re!ni"!tion H&1 (n! re!ni"!i3n6$ "!9eL ,i+e ! H,ood6 re!son H#or h
Iin,6 Hd!r (n! Hb(en!6 r!z3n H%!r! h in#initi+o64 S&e "!deL ,!+e ! H,ood6 re!son
H#or ,oin, e!rl'6 HEll! dio (n! Hb(en!6 r!z3n H%!r! ir te"%r!no66$ rebellion
Hrebel!rse6$ ! rebellion H&1 (n! rebeli3n6$ ! reb(tt!l H&1 (n! re#(t!i3n6$ !L t&e
re!%it(l!tion H&1 (n!L l! re!%it(l!i3n6$ ! reei%tL reei%ts H&1 (n reiboL reibos6$ !
ree%tion H&1 (n! ree%i3n6$ ! reess Hin 1116 H&1 (n &(eo Hen 11166$ ! re9onin, 7it&
sb H&1 (n !rre,lo de (ent!s on !l,(ien6$ ! reo,nition H&1 (n reonoi"iento6$ !
reo""end!tionL reo""end!tions H&1 (n! reo"end!i3nL reo"end!iones6$
reo"%ense Hreo"%ens!r6$ ! reonile"ent H&1 (n! reonili!i3n6$ !
reonstr(tionL reonstr(tions H&1 (n! reonstr(i3nL reonstr(iones6$ "!9eL (t
! reordL reords H,r!b!r (n disoL disos6$ t&is reord H&1L %re%!r!r estos !n!les6$
"!9eL 9ee% ! reord o# so"et&in, Hto"!r not! de !l,o6$ ! H/(i96 reo+er'
Hre(%er!rse Hr%id!"ente66$ no rede"%tion Hno &!er nin,(n! redeni3n6$
red(nd!nies H&1L re!r des%idos6$ re#ereneL ! re#erene to st& H&1 re#ereni!L (n!
re#ereni! ! !l,o6$ "!9eL &old ! re#erend(" H&1L elebr!r (n re#er0nd("6$ ! re#err!l
H&1 (n! re#ereni!L re"isi3n6$ re#letionsL re#le-ions NGB4 "enos (s!doO H&1
re#le-iones6$ ! re#(t!tion H&1 (n! re#(t!i3n6$ ! re,ener!tion H&1 (n! re,ener!i3n6$ !
re,(l!tion H&1 (n re,l!"entoL (n! re,l!L (n! re,(l!i3n6$ ,re!t re.oiin, H&1 ,r!ndes
elebr!iones6$ t&e re.oiin, H&1 l! elebr!i3n6$ ! rel!tionL rel!tions 7it& 111
Hest!bleer (n! rel!i3nL rel!iones on 1116$ ! rele!se H&1 (n! esi3nL (n!
%(bli!i3nL (n estreno6$ ! %ress rele!se H&1 (n o"(ni!do de %rens!6$ ! re"!r9L H!
#e76 re"!r9sL %erson!l re"!r9sL r(de re"!r9s H&1 (n! obser+!i3n NoO (n
o"ent!rioL H(n!s %o!s6 obser+!iones NoO H(nos %oos6 o"ent!riosL o"ent!rios
insolentesL deir ,roserF!s6$ ! re"itt!ne H&1 (n %!,o6$ ! re"o+!lL re"o+!ls H&1 (n!
"(d!nz!L "(d!nz!s6$ ! re"(ner!tion H&1 (n! re"(ner!i3n6$ ! rendez+o(s H7it& 1116
He#et(!r (n enl!e Hon 11166$ ! ren(ni!tion H&1 (n! ren(ni!6$ re%!r!tion H&1 (n!
restit(i3n6$ re%!'"ent #or st& H&1 (n %!,o de !l,o6$ ! re%etition H&1 (n! re%etii3n6$ !
re%l!e"ent H&1 (n! s(Hb6stit(i3n6$ Hstr(t(r!l$ et16 re%l!e"ent H&1 (n!
s(Hb6stit(i3n Hestr(t(r!l$ et166$ ! re%li!L re%li!s H&1 (n! r0%li!L re%rod(i3nL
r0%li!sL re%rod(iones6$ ! re%l'L no re%l' Hontest!r NoO d!r (n! ontest!i3nL no
ontest!r6$ ! re%orRt!,e H&1 (n re%ort!.e6$ ! re%resent!tionL #!lse re%resent!tions H&1
(n! re%resent!i3nL desribir !l,o #!ls!"ente6$ re%resent!tions !bo(t st&L to sb
H/(e.!rse de !l,oL ele+!r (n! %rotest! ! !l,(ien6$ ! re%ro!& H&1 (n re%ro&e6$ !
re%resent!tion to sb Hele+!r (n! %rotest! ! !l,(ien6$ ! re%(t!tionL onesel# !
re%(t!tionL oneZs re%(t!tion H!d/(irir re%(t!i3nL #!"!6$ ! re/(est H#or st&L sb6 H&1L
%resent!r (n! %etii3nL (n! soliit(d H%!r! !l,oL %!r! NoO %or !l,(ien66$ "!9eL "!9e
o(t ! re/(isition H&1 (n! re/(isii3nL re/(is!L soliit(d6$ re/(it!l Nliter!rioO H&1 (n!
reo"%ens!6$ res(e Hres!t!r6$ ! reser+!tionL reser+!tions NUSA %rini%!l"enteO
H!tL in ! &otel$ et16 H&1 (n! reser+!L reser+!s Hen (n &otel$ et16$ ! reser+!tionL
reser+!tions H&1 (n! reser+!L reser+!s6$ ! reser+!tionL Hso"e6 reser+!tions He-%res!r
s( reser+!L ob.eiones6$ oneZs reser+!tions He-%res!r NoO tener reser+!s4 Ee "!de &is
reser+!tions Hl e-%res3L t(+o reser+!s66$ ! &eroi resist!ne Hresistir &eroi!"ente6$
!L t&e resol(tionL resol(tions Hto"!r (n!L l! deter"in!i3n NoO resol(i3nL
deter"in!iones NoO resol(iones6$ ! resol+e Hto"!r (n! deisi3nL deter"in!i3n4
Ee "!de ! #ir" resol+e Hl to"3 (n! deisi3n #ir"eL &izo (n #ir"e %ro%3sito66$ !L
t&eL no res%onse Hto 1116 Hd!r (n!L l! ontest!i3nL no d!r ontest!i3n NoO no
ontest!r H! 11166$ res%onse Hbe#ore t&e Lord6 Nliter!rioO Hd!r (n! ontest!i3n H!nte
Dios66$ ! restit(tion H&1 (n! restit(i3n6$ restit(tion o# st& to sb Hrestit(ir !l,o !
!l,(ien6$ restit(tion to sb #or st& Hinde"niz!r ! !l,(ien %or !l,o6$ ! restritionL
restritions H&1 (n! restrii3nL restriiones6$ ! res(r,ene H&1 (n res(r,i"iento6$ !
retort Nliter!rioO H(n! r0%li!6$ ! retre!t Hretir!rse6$ ! retrib(tion H#or 1116 Hd!r (n !sti,o
H%or 11166$ ! retrie+!l H&1 (n! re(%er!i3n6$ ret(rn H!ordin, to st&6 Nliter!rioO H&1 (n!
restit(i3n Hde !(erdo on !l,o66$ !Hn !+er!,e6 ret(rnL ret(rns o# 5CP Hd!r H(n
%ro"edio de6 (n! ,!n!ni! NoO (n rendi"ientoL ,!n!ni!s NoO rendi"ientos del
5CP6$ ! ret(rn Hto ! s%ort6 H+ol+er ! (n de%orte6$ ! re+el!tionL re+el!tions H&1 (n!
re+el!i3nL re+el!iones6$ ! re+ers!l H&1 (n !"bio tot!lL de r("bo6$ ! re+i+!l H&1 (n
reestreno6$ re+ol(tion N"enos (s!doO H!(s!r re+ol(i3n6$ ! re+ol(tion N"s (s!doO
H&1L !(s!r (n! re+ol(i3n6$ rie H&!er Ni oin!rO !rroz6$ ! ri#leL ri#les H&1 (n ri#leL
ri#les6$ ! ri#t H&1 (n! ,riet!L #is(r!6$ "!9eL t!9e ! ri,&t Htorer NoO ,ir!r ! l! dere&!$
%ero UT7o 7ron,s donZt "!9e ! ri,&tV HNo se s(bs!n! (n error o"etiendo otroL
*on (n error no se s(bs!n! otro66$ ! rin,L rin,s H&1 (n !nilloL !nillos6$ ! riR%oste
Nliter!rioO H&1 (n! r0%li! H%ront!"ente ' on !,(dez!66$ ! ri%%leL ri%%les H&1 (n!
ond!L ond!s6$ !L t&e riseL rises H&1 (nL el !sensoL (n!L l! s(bid!L !sensos NoO
s(bid!s6$ ! ro!dL ro!ds H&1 (n! !rreter!L !rreter!s6$ ! robeL robes H&1 (n! t2ni! NoO
to,!L t2ni!s NoO to,!s6$ ! robotL robots H&1 (n robotL robots6$ ! rod #or oneZs o7n
Rb!9 Hre!rse %roble"!s6$ roo" H#or sbL st&6 H&1 sitio H%!r! !l,(ienL !l,o66$ H!6 ro%e
H&1 H(n!6 (erd!6$ "!9eL "!9e (% ! roster H&1 (n! list!6$ ! rot!tion H&1 (n! rot!i3n6$
t&eL oneZs ro(nds H!tL o# 1116 H&1 +isit!s ! do"iilio H! 1116L +isit!r H! h (n! %erson!L (n
l(,!r64 T&e dotor 7!s "!9in, t&eL &is ro(nds HEl "0dio est!b! &!iendo +isit!s !
do"iilio6M T&e dotor "!de &is ro(nds !t t&e &os%it!l HEl "0dio est!b! +isit!ndo
el &os%it!l6M t&eL oneZs ro(nd o# so"e %l!e NGBO H&1 l! rond! de !l,2n l(,!r4 T&e
dotor "!de t&eL &is ro(nd o# t&e &os%it!l NGBO HEl "0dio &izo l! rond! del
&os%it!l66$ ! ro7 Lr!(L H%ele!rse6$ HitL sb6 "!9e ! de+ilL &ell o# ! ro7 Lr!(L H!r"!r (n
.!leoL r(ido de todos los de"onios6$ ! ro7 Lro(L H&1 (n! &iler!L #or"!r (n! #il!6$
r(bber H&1 !(&oL ,o"!6$ ! r(bber din,&'L r(bber din,&ies H&1 (n! b!ls!
ne("ti!L b!ls!s ne("ti!s6$ ! r(9(s NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL r(tions Ns3lo en
%l(r!l4 olo/(i!lO H!r"!r (n #oll3nL .!leo6$ ! r(,L r(,s H&1 (n! !l#o"br!L !l#o"br!s6$
! Hle!rL ri,id$ et16 r(le Hd!r (n! re,l! Hl!r!L rF,id!$ et166$ r(lesL t&e r(les H&1L
est!bleer re,l!s NoO nor"!sL l!s re,l!s NoO nor"!s6$ oneZs o7n r(les H&1 s(s %ro%i!s
nor"!s6$ "!9eL ,i+e ! #in!l r(lin, Hd!r (n! resol(i3n #in!l6$ "!9eL ,i+e ! r(lin,
t&!t 111 H#!ll!rL resol+er /(e 1116$ "!9eL 9i9 (% ! r("%(s H!bo(t st&6 H!r"!r (n lFo NoO
esnd!lo Hsobre !l,o66$ ! r(n #or it Hes!%!rse orriendoL &(ir %rei%it!d!"enteL
e&!r ! orrerL to"!rHse6 l!s de Dill!die,o4 Ee tried to "!9e ! r(n #or it Hl intent3
es!%!rse orriendo66$ ! r(n #or ,o+ernorL %resident$ et1 H%resent!rse o"o
!ndid!to %!r! ,obern!dorL %residente$ et14 Ee "!de !n (ns(ess#(l r(n #or
%resident Hl se %resent3 sin 0-ito o"o !ndid!to %!r! %residente66$ H!ll6 t&e
r(nnin, Hir ! l!L en !bez!L ir del!nte Nen de%ortesO6$ ten N( otro n2"eroO r(ns Hd!r
diez %!seosL +(elt!sL !rrer!sL s!lid!s en (n bo"b!rdero6$ ! r(s& H#or t&e door6
H%rei%it!rseL e"%render (n! !rrer! H&!i! l! %(ert!66$ ! s!ri#ieL s!ri#ies H&1 (n
s!ri#iioL s!ri#iios6$ ! s!ddleL s!ddles H&1 (n! sill! de "ont!rL sill!s de "ont!r6$
s!il H!lz!r +el!sL &!erse ! l! "!r6$ ! s!intL s!ints H!noniz!r ! !l,(ienL &1 (n s!ntoL
s!ntos6$ ! s!l!!" H&1 (n! z!le"!6$ ! deent s!l!r' H,!n!r (n s!l!rio NoO s(eldo
deente6$ ! s!leL s!les H&1 (n! +ent!L +ent!s6$ "!9eL !rr' o(t ! s!ll' H!,!inst 1116 H&1
(n! s!lid! "ilit!rL in(rsi3n Hontr! 1116$ ! s!"%le Ho# st&6 H&1 (n! "(estr! Hde !l,o66$
Hsb6 ! s!nt(!r' H&1 (n s!nt(!rio H! !l,(ien66$ Hs!nd6!stles H&1 !stillos Hde !ren!66$ !
s!nd7i&L s!nd7i&es Ho(t o# 1116 H&1 (n bo!dilloL e"%!red!doL sn,Xi&eL
bo!dillosL e"%!red!dosL sn,Xi&es Hde 11166$ ! s!tire H&1 (n! stir!6$ !%%le s!(e H&1
%(r0 de "!nz!n!6$ s!(eL t&e s!(eL ! s!(e H&1 s!ls!L l! s!ls!L (n! s!ls!6$
s!(er9r!(t H &1 &(r2L &(r(t6$ ! s!(s!,eL s!(s!,es H&1 (n! s!l&i&!L s!l&i&!s6$ !
s!+e H&1 (n! %!r!d! Nde%orteO6$ ! s!+in, Hon st&6 H&1 (n !&orro Hen !l,o66$ s!+in,s
H!&orr!r6$ ! s!%e,o!t o# sbL sb ! s!%e,o!t H#or 1116 Hon+ertir en &i+o e-%i!torio !
!l,(ien H%or 11166$ ! s!r# Hon ! %iee o# ti"ber6 H&1 (n reb!.o NoO (n! es%er! Hen (n
trozo de "!der!6 N!r%interF!O6$ ! s&e"eL s&e"es H&1 (n %l!n NoO %ro'etoL %l!nes
NoO %ro'etos6$ ! ,ood s&ool$ et1 H&1 /(e (n! es(el!$ et1$ se! b(en!6$ ! sientist o#
sbL sb ! sientist H&1 (n ientF#io ! (n! %erson!6$ ! soneL sones NGBO H&1 (n bolloL
bollos6$ ! soo% Hd!r (n! e-l(si+! NoO enontr!r (n! &istoriet! N%rens!OL d!r el
%elot!zo NoO ,!n!r (n diner!l de ,ol%e ' %orr!zo6$ ! ,oodL better sore H&1 (n!
b(en! %(nt(!i3nL "e.or %(nt(!i3n6$ ! sr!"ble #or st& H&1 (n es#(erzo %or
onse,(ir !l,o6$ ! sr!t&L sr!t&es H&1 (n r!s,()o NoO r!'3nL r!s,()os NoO
r!'ones6$ ! sreenL sreens H&1 (n! "!"%!r!L "!"%!r!s6$ ! ,ood se!t Hser+irL ir
"(' bien de !siento6$ ! seession H&1 (n! seesi3n6$ ! seret o# st& H&1 (n sereto de
!l,o6$ no seret N"s diretoOL little seret N"enos diretoO o#L !bo(t st& Hno &1
nin,2n sereto de NoO no o(lt!r "(&o !l,o6$ ! seretion H&1 (n! serei3n6$
sedition H&1 (n! sedii3n6$ ! sedition H&1 (n! sedii3n6$ ! se,re,!tion H&1 (n!
se,re,!i3n6$ ! seletion H&1 (n! selei3n6$ ! RsellHI6o(t H&1 (n 0-ito de t!/(ill!6$
se"bl!ne Nliter!rioO o# st& Hd!r !%!rieni! de !l,o6$ "!9eL !(seL re!te ! sens!tion
H!(s!r sens!i3n6$ senseL no sense Htener sentido NoO ser on+enienteL no tener
sentido6$ sense o# st& Hentender !l,o6$ ! senteneL sentenes H&1L onstr(ir (n!
or!i3nL or!iones6$ ! se%!r!tion bet7een sb !nd sb Hse%!r!r ! NoO re!r (n !bis"o
entre dos %erson!s6$ se%!r!tion bet7een 111 Hse%!r!r ! 1116$ ser,e!nt NUSA
%rini%!l"enteM beo"e ser,e!nt4 GB %rini%!l"enteO H&!erseL lle,!r ! s!r,ento6$
! ser+er H&1L re!r (n ser+idor Nin#or"ti!O6$ "!9eL "!9e (% ! set Ho"%let!r (n
.(e,o Hentero6L (n! serieL (n! olei3n6$ ! set 7it& st& H&1 .(e,o on !l,o6$ ! de!d
set !t sbL st& Htr!t!r de on/(ist!r ! !l,(ienL %ro%onerse riti!r ! !l,(ienL tr!t!r de
obtener !l,o6$ ! settin,L settin,s Ho# st&6 H&1 (n! !r"!d(r!L !r"!d(r!s Hde !l,o66$ !
settle"entL settle"ents H&1 (n !(erdoL !(erdosL #or"!r (n! oloni!L oloni!s6$
s&!de Hd!r so"br!6$ ! li,&t$ et1$ s&!de Hd!r (n tono Nde olorO l!ro$ et1 N! l!
%int(r!$ et1O6$ ! s&!"bles o# st& Hde.!r !l,o &e&o (n lFo NoO (n! %en!6$ ! s&!%eL
s&!%es H&1 (n "oldeL (n! on#i,(r!i3nL "oldesL on#i,(r!iones6$ ! s&elterL
s&elters H&1 (n re#(,ioL re#(,ios6$ ! s&ieldL s&ields H&1 (n es(doL es(dos6$ ! s&i#tL
s&i#ts H&1 (n !"bio NoO (n! "(t!i3nL !"bios NoO "(t!iones6$ s&i#t 7it&L 7it&o(t
st& H!rre,lrsel!s onL sin !l,o6$ "!9eL b(ild ! s&i%L s&i%s H&1L onstr(ir (n b!ro
H,r!nde6L b!ros H,r!ndes66$ ! s&i%"entL s&i%"ents H&1 (n en+Fo %or b!roL en+Fos
%or b!ro6$ ! s&irtL s&irts H&1 (n! !"is!L !"is!s6$ t&e s&ore Hlle,!r ! l! ost!L
orill!6$ ! s&ot H!t t&e b!s9et$ et16 Htir!r (n tiro H! est!L ! l! !n!st!6 Nen b!lonestoO$
et16$ "!9eL &it ! dro% s&ot H&1 (n! de.!d!6$ ! s&o+elL s&o+els H&1 (n! %!l!L %!l!s6$ !
s&o7 o# st& H#in,irL !%!rent!r !l,o4 T&e' "!de ! s&o7 o# ent&(si!s"L resist!ne
HFin,ieronL A%!rent!ron est!r ent(si!s"!dosL resistirse66$ ! ,re!t s&o7 o#
so"et&in, H&1 ,r!n !l!rde de4 T&e' "!9e ! ,re!t s&o7 o# s'"%!t&'L t&eir 9indness
HE!en ,r!n !l!rde de o"%!si3nL s( !"!bilid!d66$ ! olo(r#(l NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL ! olor#(l NUSAOL #ine s&o7 Hser (n es%et(lo de olorL
es%l0ndido4 In S%rin, t&is #ield "!9es ! olo(r#(l NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ! olor#(l
NUSAO s&o7 HEn %ri"!+er! este !"%o es (n es%et(lo de olor6M T&e roses
"!9e ! #ine s&o7 HL!s ros!s son (n es%et(lo es%l0ndido66$ ! s&o7er #or sb H&1
(n! #iest! de obse/(io %!r! !l,(ien N(n! "(.er /(e se +! ! !s!rL +! ! tener (n
ni)oO6$ ! ,oodL %oor s&o7in, H&1 (n b(enL "!l %!%el6$ s&ort Rs&ri#t o# st& Hdese&!rL
desesti"!r !l,o de %l!no6$ ! be!(ti#(lL %iti#(l si,&t Htener (n !s%eto &er"osoL
l!"ent!ble6$ ! si,&t o# onesel# H+estirse de "!ner! e-tr!+!,!nteL ir &e&o (n!
#!&!6$ ! si,nL si,ns Hto sb6 H&1 (n! se)!l NoO se)!L se)!les NoO se)!s H! !l,(ien66$ t&e
si,n o# t&e ross L9rosL NGBO ' L9ro4sL NUSAO H&1 l! se)!l de l! r(z NoO s!nti,(!rse
NoO %ersi,n!rse6$ ! si,n!lL si,n!ls H&1 (n! se)!lL se)!les6$ !n eI"!il si,n!t(re H&1L
re!r (n! #ir"! eletr3ni!6$ sil+er H&1L #!bri!r %l!t!6$ ! si"il!rit'L si"il!rities H&1
(n! si"ilit(dL si"ilit(des6$ ! si"%li#i!tion H&1 (n! si"%li#i!i3n6$ ! si"(l!r(" H&1
(n si"(l!ro6$ Hsb6 "!9eL re!te !n !n-io(s N( otro !d.eti+oO sit(!tion Hre!r (n!
sit(!i3n de %reo(%!i3n6$ ! s9irt H&1 (n! #!ld!6$ ! sl!(,&ter H&1 (n! "!t!nz!6$ !
slideL slides H&1 (n! di!%ositi+!L di!%ositi+!s6$ sli,&t o# st& Nliter!rioO Hdes%rei!r
!l,o6$ ! sli% Ho"eter (n H%e/(e)o6 error6$ ! sli%o+er NUSAOL ! loose o+er NGBOL
sli%o+ers NUSAOL loose o+ers NGBO H&1 (n! #(nd!L #(nd!s6$ ! Rsli%I(%L Rsli%I(%s
Ho"eter (n H%e/(e)o6 errorL H%e/(e)os6 erroresL tener (n des(ido6$ Ht&e
Nes%ei!l"enteL sobre todoL en %!rti(l!r ' sin Ut&e4 en ,ener!lO6 s"!ll t!l9
H&!rlHote6!r6$ ! s"o9e H&1 &("o N!l tr!t!r de /(e"!r !l,o /(e no e&! ll!"!O6$ !
sn!9L sn!9s H(n bo!dilloL bo!dillos6$ ! sn!% !t st& Hl!nz!rse sobre !l,o6$ ! sn!t&
!t st& Hintent!r !,!rr!r NoO !rreb!t!r !l,o6$ ! sno7"!nL sno7"en H&1 (n "()eo de
nie+eL "()eos de nie+e6$ so!% H&1 .!b3n6$ so#t7!re H&1 %ro,r!"!s Nin#or"tiosO6$ !
sole"nit' o# st& H&1 (n! sole"nid!d de !l,o6$ sb h !d.eti+o H&1L %oner ! !l,(ien h
!d.eti+oL sent!r ! !l,(ien h !d+erbio64 S&e "!de &i" !n,r'L bitterL &!%%'L "!d
HEll! le irrit3L !"!r,3L le &izo #elizL le %(so #(rioso NoO le s!3 de /(iio ! 0l6M T&e
#ood "!de &er ill HL! o"id! le sent3 "!l ! ell!66$ sb ! desol!tion H!(s!r
desol!i3n ! !l,(ien6$ sb h no"bre H&1 ! !l,(ien h no"breL ser h no"bre h %!r!
!l,(ien4 T&e' "!de &i" &!ir"!nL ! &!ir"!nL ! 9ni,&t HLe &iieron %residente
NoO "oder!dorL !b!llero6M T&e' "!de &er ! d!"e HL! &iieron d!"!6M mo( "!de
&er ! ,ood &(sb!nd HF(iste (n b(en "!rido %!r! ell!6M S&e 7o(ld "!9e &i" ! ,ood
7i#e HEll! serF! (n! b(en! es%os! %!r! 0l66$ sb illL si9 Hsent!r "!lL %oner en#er"o !
!l,(ien6$ sb into st& Hon+ertir ! !l,(ien en !l,o6$ sb h in#initi+o sin QtoQ H&1L obli,!rL
#orz!rL ind(ir ! !l,(ien h in#initi+o64 T&e' "!9e 'o( l!(,& HTe &!en reFr6M S&e
"!9es &i" do it HEll! le obli,! !L &!e &!erlo66$ sbZs d!' H!le,r!rle l! +id! !
!l,(ien4 Ee "!de &er d!' Hl le !le,r3 l! +id! ! ell!66$ sb oneZs h no"bre H&1 ! (n!
%erson! s( h no"bre4 Ee "!de &er &is 7i#e Hl l! &izo s( "(.erL se !s3 on ell!66$
sb 7elo"e H&1 /(e !l,(ien se sient! !o,idoL d!r l! bien+enid! ! !l,(ien6$ st& h
in#initi+o sin QtoQ4 ,oL 7or9$ et1 H&1 /(e !l,o #(nione$ et16$ st&L #or"! +erb!l en
Iin, h !d.eti+o H#or sb6 H&1 !l,o h !d.eti+o H!L %!r! !l,(ien64 S&e "!9es En,lis&
e!s' HEll! &!e el in,l0s #il66M M!9e 'o(r +ie7s le!r] H\Al!r! t(s %(ntos de
+ist!]6M Ee "!de t&e !r re!d' Hl %(so el o&e ! %(nto6M It "!9es tr!+ellin, NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL tr!+elin, NUSAO +er' d!n,ero(s HE!e "(' %eli,roso el +i!.!r66$
st& into st&4 T&e' "!de t&e roo" into ! libr!r' H*on+irtieron l! &!bit!i3n en
bibliote!66$ st& 9no7n to sb H&!erle s!ber !l,o ! !l,(ien6$ st& o# sbL st& H%!reerL
entender4 >&!t did s&e "!9e o# &i"T HWJ(0 le %!rei3 0l ! ell!T6M S&e o(ld "!9e
not&in, o# t&is HEll! no entendF! esto66$ st& o# onesel# Hlo,r!r tri(n#!r en l! +id!6$ st&
h in#initi+o h !d.eti+o H&1 /(e !l,o h s(b.(nti+o h !d.eti+o4 T&is "!9es t&e &o(se
loo9 bi,,er HEsto &!e /(e l! !s! %!rez! "s ,r!nde66$ st& t&e b!sis o# st&4 Ee
"!de t&e eono"' t&e b!sis o# t&e o(ntr' Hl &izo de l! eono"F! l! b!se del
%!Fs66$ so"e7&ere4 oneZs &o"e$ et1 Hlle,!r ! !l,2n l(,!r4 !s!$ et14 Ee &!rdl' "!de
&is &o"e Hl di#Fil"ente lle,3 ! !s!66$ ! H,re!t$ et16 son, H!nd d!ne6 !bo(t
so"et&in,L ,er(ndio H!r"!r H"(&o6 lFoL #oll3nL re+(elo %or !l,o4 Ee "!de !
H,re!t6 son, H!nd d!ne6 !bo(tL o+er t&is Hl !r"3 H"(&o6 lFoL #oll3nL re+(elo %or
0sto66$ "!9e N!r!ioOL #eel Nestnd!rO sorro7 Hsentir %en!L !%en!rse6$ ! sortieL
sorties H&1 (n! s!lid!L s!lid!s6$ ! so(nd H&1 r(ido4 S&e doesnZt "!9e ! so(nd HEll! no
&!e ni el "enor r(ido66$ "!9eL t!9e ! so(ndin,L so(ndin,s H&1L lle+!r ! !bo (n
sondeoL sondeos6$ so(% H&1 so%!6$ s%!e H#or st&L sb6 H&1 sitio H%!r! !l,oL !l,(ien66$ !
s%ei#i!tion H&1 (n! es%ei#i!i3n6$ ! s%et!le o# onesel# H&1 el ridF(loL d!r (n
es%et(lo6$ ! s%et!le o(t o# st& H&!er (n es%et(lo de !l,o6$ "!9eL ,i+e !
s%ee&L oneZs s%ee& Hd!r NoO %ron(ni!r (nL s( dis(rso6$ s%er" H%rod(ir
es%er"!6$ ! Rs%inIo##L Rs%inIo##s H&1 (n %rod(to deri+!doL %rod(tos deri+!dos6$ !
s%itb!ll NUSAO H&1 (n! bol! de %!%el N(s!d! o"o %ro'etilO6$ ! Rs%l!s&do7n H&1 (n
!"!riz!.eL !"eriz!.e6$ ! s%lintL s%lints H&1 (n! t!blill!L t!blill!s6$ ! s%l(r,e H&1 (n
derro&e6$ ! s%oil o# st& H&1 (n botFn de !l,o6$ ! s%oonL s%oons H&1 (n! (&!r!L
(&!r!s6$ s%ort o# so"ebod' Hridi(liz!r !L b(rl!rse de !l,(ien6$ s%ort #or
so"ebod' H&1 de%orte %or NoO %!r! !l,(ien6$ ! s%ot H(n! "!n&!6$ "!9eL dr!7 !
s/(!reL s/(!res H&1L dib(.!r (n (!dr!doL (!dr!dos6$ "!9eL t!9e ! st!b !t sb
Hintent!r !%()!l!r ! !l,(ien6$ "!9eL &!+eL t!9e ! st!b !t st& Hintent!r !l,o6$ ! st!9
H&1 (n "ont3nL (n! est!nterF!6$ ! st!in on t&e !r%et H"!n&!r l! !l#o"br!6$ ! st!"%L
st!"%s H&1 (n selloL sellos6$ ! st!ndL st!nds H&1 (n! b!s!L b!s!s N!r/(itet(r!O6$ "!9eL
t!9e ! st!ndL oneZs o7n st!nd H%l!nt!rse N(O o%oner resisteni!6$ ! st!rt Hon st&L
#or"! +erb!l en Iin,6 H&1 !l,o Hen rel!i3n ! !l,o6L e"%ez!r H! h in#initi+o66$ "!9e
NGBOL ,et NUSAO !n e!rl' st!rt He"%ez!r te"%r!noL s!lir te"%r!no6$ ! #!lse st!rt H&1
(n! s!lid! n(l!L en #!lso6$ ! #res& st!rtL ! ne7 st!rt He"%ez!rL o"enz!r de n(e+o6$ !
,ood st!rt He"%ez!rL o"enz!r bien6$ ! %ro"isin, st!rt H&1 (n o"ienzo
%ro"etedor6$ ! st!rtin, %oint #or st& Honstit(ir (n %(nto de !rr!n/(e NoO %!rtid!
%!r! !l,o6$ ! st!te"entL st!te"ents H&1 (n! del!r!i3nL del!r!ionesL %rest!r
del!r!i3n N!nte (n .(ezO6$ so"e sort o# st!te"ent 7it& 111 He-%res!r !l,o on 1116$ Hit
to6 t&e st!tion Hlle,!r ! l! est!i3n4 Ee "!de Hit to6 t&e st!tion Hl lle,3 ! l!
est!i3n66$ steel H&1L #!bri!r !ero6$ ! stenilL stenils H&1 (n li&0L li&0s6$ ! Hlon,6
ste% Hd!r (n H,r!nL l!r,o6 %!so6$ ste%s H#or st&6 H&1L onstr(ir %eld!)os H%!r! !l,o66$ !
ste%%in,IstoneL ste%%in,Istones H&1 (n tr!"%olFnL tr!"%olines6$ ! ste7 H&1 (n ,(isoL
esto#!do6$ "!9eL !(seL r!iseL 9i9 (% ! stin9 H!r"!r (n lFo NoO esnd!lo6$ !
sti%(l!tionL sti%(l!tions H&1 (n! esti%(l!i3nL esti%(l!iones6$ "!9eL !(seL re!te !
stir H!(s!r re+(elo6$ ! Hse7in,6 stit& Hd!r (n! %(nt!d! Hde ost(r!66$ H+e,et!ble6
sto9 H&1 !ldo Hde +erd(r!66$ ! sto9in, #iller NGBOL ! sto9in, st(##er NUSAO H&1 (n
H%e/(e)o6 re,!lo de N!+id!d6$ ! sto% H&1 (n! %!r!d!6$ ! sto% !tL in 111 H&1 es!l! en6$ !
sto%o+er H#orL !t NoO in 1116 H&1 es!l! H%!r!L en 1116L (n! %!r!d! te"%or!l H%!r!L en 1116L
%!s!r %or H11166$ ! strit(reL strit(res H&1 (n! restrii3nL restriiones6$ ! strideL
H,re!tL &(,eL enor"o(s6 strides H&1 (n !+!neL H,r!ndesL enor"esL enor"es6
!+!nes6$ stri#e Nliter!rioO H!r"!r on#litos6$ stri#e !nd deb!te Nliter!rioO H!r"!r
on#litos ' deb!tes6$ ! stri9eL stri9es H&1 (n! &(el,!L (n des(bri"ientoL &(el,!sL
des(bri"ientos6$ !n !ir stri9eL !ir stri9es H&1 (n !t!/(e !0reoL !t!/(es !0reos6$ ! #irst
stri9e H!t!!r el %ri"ero6$ ! %reIe"%ti+e stri9e H&1 (n !t!/(e %re+enti+oL !t!!r
%ri"ero N%!r! destr(ir el !rsen!l del ene"i,oO6$ ! stro9e H&1 (n! re"!d! NoO %!l!d!6$
! str(t(reL str(t(res H&1 (n! estr(t(r!L estr(t(r!s6$ !Hn intellet(!l6 str(,,le H(n
es#(erzo Hintelet(!l66$ ! s(bdiretor' H&1L re!r (n s(bdiretorio6$ ! s(bdi+isionL
s(bdi+isions H&1 (n! s(bdi+isi3nL s(bdi+isiones6$ ! s(b"issionL s(b"issions Hto sb6
H%resent!r (n! %ro%(est! NoO (n in#or"eL %ro%(est!s NoO in#or"es H! !l,(ien66$ !
s(bsri%tion H&1 (n! s(Hb6sri%i3n6$ ! s(bst!neL s(bst!nes H&1 (n! s(Hb6st!ni!L
s(Hb6st!ni!s6$ Hit6 "!9e ! H,ood6 s(bstit(te #or st& Hs(bstit(irse Hbien6 %or !l,o6$ !
s(bstit(tionL s(bstit(tions H&1 (n! s(Hb6stit(i3nL s(Hb6stit(iones6$ ! s(b+ersion H&1
(n! s(b+ersi3n6$ ! s(ess o# st& Htener 0-ito on !l,oL s!!r !del!nte !l,o6$ ! s(9er
o(t o# sb Hen,!)!r ! !l,(ien o"o ! (n tonto6$ s(,!r H&1 !z2!r6$ ! s(,,estionL
s(,,estions H&1 (n! s(,ereni!L s(,ereni!s6$ s(.eto h "!9e h no"bre Hs(.eto h
ser+ir de h no"bre4 T&!t "!9es ! "e!l HEsoL A/(ello sir+e de o"id!66$
(n#!t&o"!ble s("s o# "one' H&1L ,!n!r s("!s insond!bles de dinero6$ ! s(""!r'L
s(""!ries H&1 (n res("enL res2"enes6$ ! s(""er4 One s7!llo7 doesnZt "!9e !
s(""er HUn ,r!no no &!e ,r!nero6$ s(%%erL t&e s(%%er H&1 l! en!6$ s(%%li!tion
N"enos (s!doOL ! s(%%li!tion N"s (s!doOL s(%%li!tions N"s (s!doO Hto sb6
Hs(%li!rL &1 (n! s2%li!L s2%li!s H! !l,(ien66$ ! s(%%ositionL s(%%ositions H&1 (n!
s(%osii3nL s(%osiiones6$ s(re Ho# st&L sb6 H!se,(r!rse Hde !l,oL de ont!r on el
!%o'o de !l,(ien66$ s(rloin H&1 solo"illo6$ "!9eL be ! Hnie6 s(r%rise Hser (n!
sor%res! H!,r!d!ble66$ ! le!n s7ee% H,!n!r todos los %(ntos Nen de%orteOL ,!n!r
tod!s l!s b!z!s N! l!s !rt!sO6$ ! le!n s7ee% o# so"et&in, Hdes&!erse deL li/(id!rL
&!er t!bl! r!s! de !l,o4 S&e "!de ! le!n s7ee% o# !ll &er debts HEll! li/(id3L se
des&izo de tod!s s(s de(d!s66$ ! s7in, H&1 (n! +ole! N"s l!r,o /(e el ro&04
bo-eoO6$ ! s'll!b(s H&1 (n %l!n de est(dios6$ ! s'n!%se NoO ! s'n!%sis Nsin,(l!rOL
s'n!%ses N%l(r!lO H&1 (n! sin!%sisL sin!%sis6$ ! s'no%sis Nsin,(l!rOL s'no%ses N%l(r!lO
H&1 (n! sino%sisL sino%sis6$ ! s'nt&esis Nsin,(l!rOL oneZs o7n s'nt&esis Nsin,(l!rOL
s'nt&eses N%l(r!lOL oneZs o7n s'nt&eses N%l(r!lO H&1 (n! sFntesisL s( %ro%i! sFntesisL
sFntesisL s(s %ro%i!s sFntesis6$ ! t!bern!le H&1 (n t!bern(lo6$ ! t!boo H&1 (n t!b26$
t!##' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H&1 !r!"elo "!sti!bleL "elo&!6$ ! t!ll' H!not!r6$ !
t!%eL t!%es H&1 (n! int!L int!s6$ so"ebod' ! t!%e o# st& H,r!b!r ! !l,(ien !l,o en
int!6$ ! t!rb!llL t!rb!lls H&1 (n on.(nto de !r&i+osL on.(ntos de !r&i+os
Ho"%ri"idos ' e"%!/(et!dos66$ ! t!r,etL Ht&e6 t!r,ets H&1 bl!noL los bl!nos6$ !n
e!s' t!r,et Hres(lt!r (n bl!no #il4 T&e to7n "!de !n e!s' t!r,et HL! i(d!d
res(lt!b! (n bl!no #il66$ te! H&1 Hel6 t0L l! "eriend!6$ ! H,ood6 te!"L t&e te!"
H#or"!rL lle,!r ! (n Hb(en6 e/(i%oL el e/(i%o6$ t&e #ootb!ll NUSAOL soer te!"
NUSAO Hlle,!r ! entr!r en el e/(i%o de #2tbol !"eri!noL #2tbol6$ ! te!r H&1 (n
r!s,3nL des,!rr3n6$ i"%ressi+e te&nolo,' H#!bri!r tenolo,F! i"%resion!nte6$ !
tele+ision NoO ! tele+ision setL tele+isions NoO tele+ision sets H&1 (n! tele+isi3n NoO (n
tele+isorL tele+isiones NoO tele+isores6$ ! tender H#or 1116 NGB %rini%!l"enteO
H%resent!rse ! on(rso NoO ! (n! liit!i3n H%!r! 11166$ "!9e ter"sL o"e to ter"s
7it& sb H%onerse deL lle,!r ! (n !(erdo on !l,(ien6$ terror Hre!r terror6$ ! te-t H&1
(n te-to6$ ! t&!n9s,i+in,L t&!n9s,i+in,s H&1 (n! !i3n de ,r!i!sL !iones de
,r!i!s6$ t&!t t7o$ t&ree$ et1 Htr!er dos$ tres$ et14 Anot&er "!rtini$ no$ "!9e t&!t
t7o] H\Otro "!rtini$ no$ /(e se!n dos]6$ ,ood t&e!tre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&e!ter
NUSAO Hser de lo "s te!tr!lL todo (n es%et(lo6$ ! Hne76 t&eor' Hre!r (n!
Hn(e+!6 teorF!6$ t&eseL t&ose h !d.eti+o h no"bre H&1 /(e 0stHos$ !s6L 0sHos$ !s6 NoO
!/(0llHos$ !s6 h no"bre h s(b.(nti+o h !d.eti+o6$ ! Hbi,6 t&in, Ho(t6 o#L !bo(t st&
Nolo/(i!lO He-!,er!r "(&o !l,oL !r"!r (n esnd!lo %or !l,o6$ t&in,s &("
H!ni"!r l! os!L &1 #(nion!r l!s os!s6$ t&isL t&!t ! h !d.eti+o h no"bre H&1 /(e
0stHe$ !6L 0sHe$ !6 NoO !/(0lHl!6 h no"bre h s(b.(nti+o h !d.eti+o4 Ee "!de t&is !
&e!% boo9 Hl &izo /(e este libro #(er! b!r!to66$ t&is 'o(r st!rtin, %oint #or st& Nt&is
h !d.eti+o %osesi+o h no"breO H&1 de esto t( %(nto de !rr!n/(e NoO %!rtid! %!r!
!l,o6$ t&re!d H&1 &ilo6$ ! t&re!tL t&re!ts H!"en!z!r6$ ! #ree t&ro7 H&1 (n tiro libre Nen
b!lonestoO6$ ! t&r(st H&1 (n !+!neL (n !t!/(eL (n! es,ri"!6$ "!9eL %(t ! ti9 H&1
NoO %oner (n! se)!lL %oner (n +isto6$ ! tilt H&1 (n! inlin!i3n6$ ! tilt !t 111 H!rre"eter
ontr! 1116$ t&e bi, ti"e Htri(n#!rL !l!nz!r el 0-ito6$ b!dL %oor ti"e Hir ! (n rit"o
lento6$ ,ood ti"e Hir ! b(en rit"oL lle+!r b(en! "!r&!L d!rse b!st!nte %ris!6$ Ht&e6
ti"e #or so"et&in,L to h in#initi+o Hs!!r Hel6 tie"%o %!r! !l,oL in#initi+o6$ ti"e 7it&
sb Nolo/(i!lO H&1 l! orte ! !l,(ien6$ t&e ti"e Htener &or! ND1 <1=151&O6$ t&e #irstL
seond ti"e t&!t 111 Hser l! %ri"er!L se,(nd! +ez /(e 1114 T&is "!9es t&e t&ird ti"e
t&!t 'o(Z+e &e!ted Hst! es l! terer! +ez /(e &!s &e&o tr!"%!s66$ ! tis!neL tis!nes
H&1 (n! tis!n!L tis!n!s6$ ! tiss(e H&1 (n te.ido6$ to!stL ! %ieeL ! slieL ! ro(nd NGBO o#
to!stL t&e to!stL t7o %ieesL sliesL ro(nds NGBO o# to!st H&1 tost!d!sL (n! tost!d!L l!s
tost!d!sL dos tost!d!s6$ Fren& to!stL ! %ieeL ! slie o# Fren& to!stL t7o %ieesL
slies o# Fren& to!st H&1 torri.!sL bisotesL (n! torri.!L (n bisoteL dos torri.!sL
bisotes6$ ! toIdo H!bo(tL o+er st&6 H(n lFo H%or !l,o66$ ! Hsorin,6 to9en H&1 (n! #i&!
Hde %(nt(!i3n66$ to"!to %(reeL %!ste H&1 %(r0 de to"!te6$ t&e Hdistinti+e6 toneHs6
Ho# st&6 Hd!r el tono Hlos tonos6 Hdistinti+oHs6 Hde !l,o66$ ! toolL tools H&1 (n!
&err!"ient!L &err!"ient!s6$ ! tor& NGBOL ! #l!s&li,&t NUSAOL tor&es NGBOL !
#l!s&li,&ts NUSAO H&1 (n! lintern!L lintern!s6$ t&e tot!l H!l(l!r el tot!l6$ ! tot!l o# 111
H&1 (n tot!l de 1116$ t&e tot!l h ! n("ber N<$ et1O H&1 h (n n2"ero N<$ et1O h en tot!l6$ !
to7erL to7ers H&1 (n! torreL torres6$ ! ,r!nd tot!l o# h ! n("ber N<C e(ros$ et1O H(n
tot!l de h (n n2"ero N<C e(rosO6$ ! to'L to's H&1 (n .(,(eteL .(,(etes6$ ! tr!9L tr!9s
H&1 (n !"ino NoO senderoL (n! %ist!L !"inos NoO senderosL %ist!s6$ tr!9s
Nolo/(i!lO H#or 1116 HirseL "!r&!rseL %onerse en !"ino H!L &!i! 11166$ ! tr!de (nionL
tr!de (nions H&1 (n sindi!toL sindi!tos6$ t&eL ! tr!in Honse,(ir o,er NEs%!)!OL
to"!r elL (n tren6$ ! tr!ns#er N"s (s!doOL ! tr!ns#ereneL tr!ns#ers N"s (s!doOL
tr!ns#erenes H&1 (n! tr!Hn6s#ereni!L tr!Hn6s#ereni!s6$ ! tr!ns#or"!tionL
tr!ns#or"!tions H&1 (n! tr!ns#or"!i3nL tr!ns#or"!iones6$ ! tr!nsit H!tr!+es!rL
%!s!r6$ !L t&e tr!nsition #ro" 111 to 111 H&1 (n!L l! tr!nsii3n de 111 ! 1116$ ! tr!ns"ission
H&1 (n! tr!ns"isi3n6$ ! tr!ns%!ren'L tr!ns%!renies H&1 (n! tr!ns%!reni!L
tr!ns%!reni!s6$ tr!+els H&1 +i!.es6$ ! tr!+erse H&1 (n ,iro NoO "o+i"iento l!ter!l6$ !
tr!+est' o# st& H&1 (n! %!rodi!L #!rs! de !l,o6$ ! tre!t H&1 (n #estFn NoO on+ite6$ !
tre!t"ent H&1 (n tr!t!"iento6$ ! diretor' tree H&1 (n rbol de diretorios6$ ! tre9
H#ro"L to 1116 H&1 (n! !"in!t! Hl!r,!6 HdeL ! 11166$ ! tre!s(re H&1 (n tesoro6$ ! tre!s(r'L
tre!s(ries H&1 (n! seret!rF! de &!iend!L seret!rF!s de &!iend!6$ ! tre!t'L tre!ties
H&1L #ir"!r (n tr!t!doL tr!t!dos6$ ! tren&L tren&es H&1 (n! z!n.! NoO trin&er!L z!n.!s
NoO trin&er!s6$ tri!l o# sb Htent!r ! !l,(ien6$ ! tri!n,leL tri!n,les H&1 (n trin,(loL
trin,(los6$ ! trib(te H&1 (n trib(to6$ tro(ble H!r"!r .!leo6$ tro(ble #or onesel# Hre!rse
%roble"!s4 Ee "!de tro(ble #or &i"sel# Hl se re3 %roble"!s66$ ! tr(e H&1 (n!
tre,(!6$ ! tr("%etL tr("%ets H&1 (n! tro"%et!L tro"%et!s6$ ! tr' !t h #or"! +erb!l en
Iin, Hintent!r h in#initi+o6$ ! t("(lt H&1 (n t("(lto6$ ! t(ne H&1 (n! "elodF!6$ !
t(rb!nL t(rb!ns H&1 (n t(rb!nteL t(rb!ntes6$ ! t(rn Hin t&e !ir6 Hd!r (n! +(elt! Hen el
!ire66$ ! t7e!9L t7e!9s H&1 (n %e/(e)o reto/(eL %e/(e)os reto/(es6$ so"e ("%ir!,e
H&1 !l,o de !rbitr!.e6$ !n R(nder%!ss H&1 (n %!so in#erior6$ !n (nderst!te"ent H&1 (n!
s(besti"!i3n6$ !n (ndert!9in, H&1 (n! %ro"es!L t!re!6$ !n (%d!te H&1 (n! %(est! !l
dF!6$ !n (%risin, H&1 (n !lz!"ientoL (n le+!nt!"ientoL (n! s(ble+!i3n6$ "!9eL
!(se !n R(%ro!r H&1 (n t("(ltoL (n! %rotest! !ir!d!6$ (s!,e H&1 (so6$ (seL ,ood (seL
better (seL b!d (se NoO "is(seL %oor (se o# so"et&in, H&1 (soL b(en (soL "e.or (soL
"!l (soL no b(en (so de !l,o6$ ! (tensilL (tensils H&1 (n (tensilioL (tensilios6$ !n
(tter!neL (tter!nes He"itir (n sonidoL sonidos6$ ! +!ineL +!ines H&1 (n!
+!(n!L +!(n!s6$ t&e +!rsit' Hser ele,ido %!r! l! (ni+ersid!d6$ H! dotor6 "!9e !
+!seto"' N! %!tient &!s ! +!seto"'O H&1 (n! +!seto"F!6$ ! +eilL +eils H&1 (n +eloL
+elos6$ t&e DIsi,n H&1 l! D de l! +itori!L el si,no de l! +itori!6$ ! DIsi,n NGBO H&1 (n
orte de "!n,!s6$ ! +erb H#ro" !not&er 7ord6 H&1L re!r (n +erbo Hde otr! %!l!br!66$
! +erdit H&1 (n +eredito6$ ! +eri#i!tionL +eri#i!tions H&1 (n! +eri#i!i3nL
+eri#i!iones6$ ! +er"o(t& H&1 (n +er"26$ +erses H&1L esribir +ersos6$ "!9eL b(ild
! +esselL +essels Nliter!rioO H&1L onstr(ir (n b!ro H,r!nde6L b!ros H,r!ndes66$ !
+ideoL +ideos H&1 (n +FdeoL +Fdeos6$ ! +ideo li%L +ideo li%s H&1 (n +Fdeo "(si!lL
+Fdeos "(si!les6$ ! +ideo sni%%et H&1 (n trozo NoO #r!,"ento de +Fdeo6$ +i,o(r
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL +i,or NUSAO Hd!r +i,or6$ ! +ill!L +ill!s H&1 (n &!l0L &!l0s6$ !
+in!i,retteL oneZs o7n +in!i,rette H&1 (n! +in!,ret!L s( %ro%i! +in!,ret!6$ !
+indi!tion H&1 (n! rei+indi!i3n6$ +ine,!r H&1 +in!,re6$ ! +iol!tion o# st& H&1 (n!
+iol!i3n de !l,o6$ ! +iolinL +iolins H&1 (n +iolFnL +iolines6$ ! +irt(e Ho(t6 o# neessit'
H&1 de l! neesid!d +irt(d6$ "!9eL %!' ! +isitL +isits Hto sbL ! %l!e6 H&1 (n! +isit!L
+isit!s H! !l,(ienL (n l(,!r64 "!9e so"eone ! +isit NoO %!' so"eone ! +isitL %!' !
+isit to so"eone H&1 (n! +isit! ! !l,(ien66$ ! +is(!liz!tionL ! +is(!lis!tion NGBOL
+is(!liz!tionsL +is(!lis!tions NGBO H&1 (n! +is(!liz!i3nL +is(!liz!iones6$ !
+it!"inL +it!"ins H&1 (n! +it!"in!L +it!"in!s6$ ! +ol("eL +ol("es H&1 (n +ol("enL
+ol2"enes6$ ! +o7 Ho#L to 1116 H&1 (n +otoL (n! %ro"es! HdeL ! 11166$ ! +o'!,e H&1 (n
+i!.e H%or "!r o !ire66$ "!9eL l!' ! 7!,erL 7!,ers H&1 (n! !%(est!L !%(est!s6$ !
&istori 7!l9 H&1L d!r (n %!seo &ist3rio6$ 7!r Hon sb6 H&1 l! ,(err! H! !l,(ien66$
7!r#!re H&1 l! ,(err!6$ ! H%(bli6 7!rnin,L H%(bli6 7!rnin,s H&1 (n! !d+erteni!
H%2bli!6L !d+erteni!s H%2bli!s66$ no 7!rr!nt'L 7!rr!nties Hno d!r ,!r!ntF!L
,!r!ntF!s6$ "!9eL b(ild ! 7!rs&i%L 7!rs&i%s H&1L onstr(ir (n b!ro de ,(err!L
b!ros de ,(err!6M E!ste "!9es 7!ste NUSAOL More R&!ste$ less Rs%eed NGBO
HDFste"e des%!io$ /(e ten,o %ris!6M ! 7!t&L 7!t&es H&1L #!bri!r (n relo.L relo.es
Nde %(lser!O6$ 7!ter H&1 !,(! N(n b!roOL orin!r N(n ser +i+oO6$ R7!+es Nolo/(i!lO
H!(s!r %roble"!s6$ 7!' H#or so"ebod'L so"et&in,6 Nliter!rioO H!brirL de.!r %!so H!
!l,(ienL !l,o66$ ! 7!' Hin st&6 H!brirse !"ino Hen !l,o66$ oneZs 7!' to so"e %l!e
Hdiri,irseL irse ! !l,(n! %!rte4 T&e' "!de t&eir 7!' &o"eL to Berlin HSe diri,ieronL
#(eron ! !s!L BerlFn66$ oneZs 7!' o(tL t&ro(,& ! ro7d H!brirse !"ino %!r! s!lirL
entre l! "(ltit(d6$ oneZs 7!' in t&e 7orld H+!lerse %or sF "is"oL &1 %ro,resos en s(
%ro#esi3nL !brirse !"ino en l! +id!6$ oneZs o7n 7!' so"e7&ere Hir %or s( (ent! !
!l,(n! %!rte4 S&e "!de &er o7n 7!' t&ere HEll! se #(e %or s( (ent! !llF66M S&e
"!de &er 7!' b!9 HEll! &izo el !"ino de +(elt!L re,res3L dio l! +(elt!66$ 7e!l
Nliter!rioO Hd!r l! di&!6$ 7e!lt& H&1 ri/(ez!6$ ! 7e!%onL 7e!%ons H&1L #!bri!r (n
!r"!L !r"!s6$ ! >eb %!,e H&1 (n! %,in! 7eb6$ "!9eL re!te ! 7ebsiteL 7ebsites H&1
(n! %,in! 7ebL %,in!s 7eb6$ ! 7elo"e to sb Hd!r l! bien+enid! ! !l,(ien6$ !
lon, 7ee9end o# it H&1 %(ente6$ 7&e!t ,er" H&1 ,er"en de tri,o6$ ! 7&eelL 7&eels H&1
(n! r(ed!L r(ed!s6$ ! le#t 7&eel NGBO H&1 Nlos sold!dosO (n ,iro NoO (n! on+ersi3n
! l! iz/(ierd!6$ ! 7&ineL 7&ines H&1 (n ,e"ido N(n! %erson!OL (n !(llido N(n %erroOL
,e"idos N(n! %erson!OL (n !(llidos N(n %erroO6$ 7&is9' LRH&67Is9iL H&1 ,Xis/(i NGBM
en USA se (s! es%ei!l"ente %!r! el eso0sO6L 7&is9e' LRH&67Is9iL H,Xis/(i NUSA
e Irl!nd!4 es%ei!l"ente %!r! el !"eri!no o irl!nd0sO6$ ! 7&istleL 7&istles H&1 (n
silb!toL silb!tos6$ "!9eL "!9e (% ! Hsin,le6 7&ole H&1 (n on.(ntoL todo H2nioL
(nit!rio64 T7o &!l+es "!9e ! 7&ole HDos "it!des #or"!n (n on.(ntoL (n!
(nid!d66$ 7&oo%ee Nolo/(i!lO Hdi+ertirse (n! b!rb!rid!dL %!s!rlo bo"b!L &1 el
!"or6$ 7ine H&1 +ino6$ so"e 7innin,s H&1 !l,(n!s ,!n!ni!s6$ ! 7iser!9L
7iser!9s Nolo/(i!lO H&1 (n o"ent!rio s!rstio ' b(rl3nL ,!st!r (n! bro"!L
tener (n! s!lid! ,r!ios!L o"ent!rios s!rstios ' b(rlonesL ,!st!r bro"!sL tener
s!lid!s ,r!ios!s6$ 7is&L so"e 7is&es H%edirL #or"(l!rL e-%res!rL %ens!r en (n
deseoL !l,(nos deseos6$ ! 7it&dr!7!l Hs!!r dinero NoO #ondosL &1 (n! retir!d!6$ !n
&onest 7o"!n o# sb Nolo/(i!lO H!s!rse on !l,(ien Hdel se-o #e"enino66$ 7ood
H&1 le)!6$ ! Hne76 7ordL Hne76 7ords H&1L #or"!r (n! %!l!br! Hn(e+!6L %!l!br!s
Hn(e+!s66$ "!9e Hsb6 7or9 H&1 tr!b!.!r H! !l,(ien64 *&ildren "!9e 7or9 in t&e &o(se
HLos ni)os d!n tr!b!.o en l! !s!6L S&e "!9es t&e" 7or9 HEll! les &!e tr!b!.!r H!
ellos66$ ! 7or9 o# !rtL 7or9s o# !rt H&1 (n! obr! de !rteL obr!s de !rte6$ ! 7or9 o#
"(si H&1L o"%oner (n tr!b!.o de "2si!6$ &!rd 7or9 o# st& Hdedi!r "s tie"%o
de lo nees!rio ! !l,oL &!er !l,o "s di#Fil de l! (ent!6$ /(i9 7or9 o# st&L sb
Hdes%!&!r !l,oL ! !l,(ien on r!%idez6$ s&ort R7or9 o# so"ebod' H&1 triz!s !
!l,(ien4 T&e' "!de s&ort R7or9 o# &i" in t&e !r,("ent HLe &iieron triz!s en l!
%ele!L dis(si3n66$ s&ort R7or9 o# so"et&in, Hter"in!r !l,o r%id!"ente4 S&e "!de
s&ort R7or9 o# t&e !9eL ironin, HEll! ter"in3 r%id!"ente el %!stelL de %l!n&!r66$
! 7orld o# di##erene H!"bi!r "(&o l!s os!s6$ t&e 7orst o# st& Honsider!r NoO
re+el!r el %eor !s%eto de !l,o6$ t&e 7orst o# bot& 7orlds Ho,er NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r
lo %eor de !"bos l!dosL los dos "(ndos6$ ! 7o(nd H&1 (n! &erid!L ll!,!6$ ! 7re!t&L
7re!t&s H&1 (n! oron! NoO ,(irn!ld!L oron!s NoO ,(irn!ld!s6$ ! 7rin9leL 7rin9les
H&1 (n! !rr(,!L !rr(,!s6$ ! 7riterL dotorL .o(rn!list$ et1 Htener (!lid!des %!r!
esritorL "0dioL %eriodist!$ et16$ !n K H&1L %oner (n! r(z6$ 'o,&(rtL 'o,(rtL
'o,&o(rt H&1 'o,(r6$ 'o(r %&iloso%&' N( otro no"breO 'o(r st!rtin, %oint #or st& H&1
de t( #iloso#F! t( %(nto de !rr!n/(e NoO %!rtid! %!r! !l,o6$ "!9eL !t&L ,et so"eL !
#e7 RzZs NUSA4 olo/(i!lO Hdor"ir6$ ! zi,z!, H&1 (n zi,z!,6$ et1 E.14 A4 >&!t !re
'o( "!9in,T HWJ(0 ests &!iendoT61 B4 A %!intin, HUn (!dro61
*(!ndo se (s! el +erbo Q"!9eQ on (n! %!l!br!$ se (s! t!"bi0n Q"!9e$ si di&!
%!l!br! +! %reedid! de (n !d.eti+o$ (n %rono"bre inde#inido$ (n! %erF#r!sis
%!rtiti+! o (!nti#i!dor1 E.14 Does it "!9e !n' di##ereneT HW*!"bi! !l,oL l!s
os!sT6M It "!9es ! ,re!t de!l o# di##erene HS(%one (n! ,r!n di#ereni!6M It doesnZt
"!9e ! sr!% o# di##erene Non Udi##ereneV se %one U"!9eVO HNo !"bi! n!d!6$
et1
*(!ndo el s(.eto es QGodQ se %(ede (s!r Q"!9eQ se,(ido de "(&!s %!l!br!s4 "!n$
"!9eL re!te t&e 7orld H&1L re!r el "(ndo4 God "!de t&e 7orld HDios &izo el
"(ndo66$ et1
=15?1I Se pueden usar tanto el verbo normal MdoM como el verbo normal
Mma1eM con distinto significado con las siguientes palabras$ "s de 5CC4
!6 Do H!ll6 t&e !o(nts H&1 l!s (ent!sL l! ont!d(rF!L en!r,!rse de NoO lle+!r Htod!6
l! ont!bilid!d6 ' U"!9e !n !o(ntL Ht&e6 !o(ntsL H!ll6 t&e !o(ntsV H&1 (n
in#or"eL Hlos6 in#or"esL Htodos6 los in#or"es6M do ! #!"o(s !torL !tress Hi"it!r !
(n !tor #!"osoL (n! !triz #!"os! N%!r! &!er reFrO6 ' U"!9e ! ,ood !torL
!tressV$ et1 No (!l/(ier otr! %ro#esi3n ( o#iioO Hlle,!r ! ser (n b(en !torL (n!
b(en! !trizL tener "!der! de !torL !triz$ et16M do !n !dH+ertHise"ent66L
!dH+ertHise"ents66 Hto"!r %!rte en (n !n(nioL !n(nios6 ' U"!9e !n
!dH+ertHise"ent66L !dH+ertHise"ents66V H&1 (n !n(nioL !n(nios6M do Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!doO !n !lb(" Hto!r (n lb("6 ' U"!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO !n !lb("V
H&1 (n lb("6M do ! ,ood !"o(nt o# st& Nre#erido ! no"bres /(e +!n on UdoVO H&1
b!st!nte6 ' U"!9e ! ,ood !"o(nt o# st&V Nre#erido ! no"bres /(e +!n on U"!9eVO
H&1 b!st!nte6M do N(n %ro#esion!l del o#iioOL do (% N(n! %erson! no %ro#esion!lO !n
!%!rt"ent Hdeor!r (n !%!rt!"ento6 ' U"!9e !n !%!rt"entV H&1L onstr(ir (n
!%!rt!"ento6M do Art H&1L est(di!r !rte6$ do !rt Ns3lo en ne,!ti+!M t!"bi0n on otr!s
%!l!br!s /(e se %(ed!n (s!r on el +erbo Uli9eVO NUSA4 +(l,!rO Hno ,(st!r el !rte4 I
donZt do !rt NUSA4 +(l,!rO HNo "e ,(st! el !rte66 ' U"!9e !rtV Hre!r !rte6M do
Ar&itet(re H&1 Ni est(di!rO !r/(itet(r!6 ' U"!9e !r&itet(re o(t o# not&in,V H&1
Ni dise)!rO !r/(itet(r! de n!d!6M do !n !rtile HesribirL red!t!r (n !rtF(lo Nde
%eri3dioO4 Did 'o( ,et 'o(r !rtile done in ti"eT HW*onse,(iste esribir el !rtF(lo
! tie"%oT66 ' U"!9e !n !rtileV H&1 Ni "!n(#!t(r!rO (n !rtF(lo Ni %rod(to (
ob.etoO6M do !n !ssess"entL !ssess"ents H&1 (n! +!lor!i3nL +!lor!iones6 ' U"!9e
!nL t&eL t&is !ssess"entL t&eL t&ese !ssess"entsV H&1 (nL elL este l(loL losL estos
l(los6M do !n !ssi,n"entL !ssi,n"ents H&1 (n! t!re!L (n! "isi3nL (n tr!b!.o
Hesol!rL (ni+ersit!rio6L t!re!sL "isionesL tr!b!.os Hesol!resL (ni+ersit!rios64 S&e did
! &o"e7or9 !ssi,n"ent HEll! &izo deberes %!r! l! es(el!6M S&e did ! &istor'
!ssi,n"ent HEll! &izo (nos deberes de &istori!66 ' U"!9e !n !ssi,n"entL
!ssi,n"entsV H&1 (n! esi3nL esiones6M do s(iide !tte"%ts Ho(%!rse deL est(di!r
los intentos de s(iidio6 ' U"!9e s(iide !tte"%tsV Hintent!r s(iid!rse6M do t&eL !n
!(dition H&1 l!L (n! !(dii3n N%!r! o"%rob!r si se o'e bienO6 ' U"!9e t&eL !n
!(ditionV H&1 l!L (n! !(dii3n Nel %ro#esion!l /(e lo dise)!O6M do t&e bedroo"Hs6
Hli"%i!r l!Hs6 &!bit!i3nHes66 ' U"!9e t&e bedroo"Hs6V H&1 Ni onstr(irO l!Hs6
&!bit!i3nHes66M do Ni #i-L !rr!n,eL le!nO t&e bedHs6L oneZs bedHs6 H!rre,l!r Ni
re%!r!rL li"%i!rO l!Hs6 !"!Hs66 ' U"!9e t&e bedHs6L oneZs bedHs6V H&1 Ni orden!rOL
#!bri!r NoO onstr(ir l!Hs6 !"!Hs64 T&e' 9no7 &o7 to "!9e t&eir beds HS!ben &!er
l!s !"!s66M se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n QdoQ (!ndo se re#iere ! l!s t!re!s de l! !s!4
S&e is le!nin, !nd doin, t&e bedHs6 HEll! est &!iendo l! li"%iez! ' l!Hs6 !"!Hs66
N%!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "e.or (s!r sie"%re Q"!9eQ on QbedQ (!ndo
si,ni#i! Q&!erQ$ %or/(e sie"%re est bien %ero QdoQ %(ede est!r "!lO6M do !L t&e
bi'leL bi'les Hre+is!r NoO !rre,l!r (n!L l! bilet!L bilet!s6 ' U"!9e !L t&e
bi'leL bi'lesV H&1 NoO #!bri!r (n!L l! bilet!L bilet!s6M do ! billion N( otr!
!ntid!dO NUSAO H,!n!r "il "illones4 Ee does o+er 5< billion ! 'e!r NUSAO Hl
,!n! "s de 5< "il "illones de d3l!res !l !)o66 ' U"!9e ! billionV N( otr!
!ntid!dO H,!n!r "il "illones4 Ee "!9es o+er 5< billion ! 'e!r Hl ,!n! "s de
5< "il de "illones de d3l!res !l !)o66M do ! bitL ! little bit Nre#erido ! no"bres /(e
+!n on UdoVO H&1 (n %ooL %o/(ito6 ' U"!9e ! bitL ! little bitV Nre#erido ! no"bres
/(e +!n on U"!9eVO H&1 (n %ooL %o/(ito6M doL "!9e ! bo"b NGB4 olo/(i!l4 s3lo
en sin,(l!rO H&!er NoO ,!n!r (n diner!lL (n! #ort(n!L (n %!st3n6 ' U"!9e ! bo"bL
bo"bsV H&!er Ni #!bri!rO (n! bo"b!L bo"b!s6M do ! boo9L boo9s Hesribir (n
libroL libros4 EeZs doin, ! boo9 on t&is Hl est esribiendo (n libro sobre esto66 '
U"!9e ! boo9L boo9sV H&1 Ni on#eion!rL #!bri!rO (n libroL libros6M do ! boo9letL
boo9lets Hesribir (n #olletoL #olletos6 ' U"!9e ! boo9letL boo9letsV H&1 Ni
on#eion!rL #!bri!rO (n #olletoL #olletos6M do Ht&e6 bre!9#!stL l(n&L l(n&esL
dinnerL s(%%er NGBO Hser+ir el des!'(noL l! o"id!L o"id!sL l! en!4 Rest!(r!nts
do S(nd!' l(n&es HLos rest!(r!ntes sir+en o"id!s los do"in,os66M do bre!9#!stL
l(n&L dinnerL s(%%er NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hre(nirse en el des!'(noL l! o"id!L l!
en!4 LetZs do l(n& so"e ti"e HA +er si nos re(ni"os en l! o"id! !l,(n! +ez6 '
U"!9e Ht&e6 bre!9#!stL l(n&L dinnerL l(n&esL s(%%erV Nt!"bi0n se %(ede (s!r QdoQ
on este si,ni#i!doO H&1 el des!'(noL l! o"id!L el !l"(erzoL o"id!sL l! en!M
S&e "!de ! ,ood l(n& HEll! &izo (n! b(en! o"id!66M do t&e Britis& M(se("
H+isit!r el M(seo Britnio6 ' U"!9e t&e Britis& M(se("V H&1L onstr(ir el M(seo
Britnio6M do ! b(tton H!bro&!r (n bot3n6 ' U"!9e ! b(ttonV H&!er (n bot3n6M do
!L t&e bird !llL t&e bird !lls H&!er (n! i"it!i3n de (n !nto de !+eL del !nto del
!+eL de los !ntos de l!s !+es6 ' UBirds "!9e t&e !llsV HLos %.!ros &!en los
rel!"osL !ntos6M do !L t&e !rL !rs Hre+is!r NoO !rre,l!rL l!+!rL %int!r (nL el o&eL
o&es6 ' U"!9e !L t&e !rL !rsV H&1 NoO #!bri!r (nL el o&eL o&es6M do !L t&eL
oneZs !seL t&eL oneZs !ses Ho(%!rse de (nL delL de s( !soL de los !sosL de s(s
!sos6 ' U"!9e !L t&eL oneZs !seL t&eL oneZs !sesV H%re%!r!r (nL elL s( !soL los
!sosL s(s !sos6L U"!9e Ho(t6 !L t&eL oneZs !seL t&eL oneZs !ses #or st&V He-%oner
(nosL losL s(s !r,("entos ! #!+or deL d!r (n!sL l!sL s(s r!zones %!r! !l,o6M do !L
t&e !sserole Nt!"bi0n se %(ede (s!r Q"!9eQ on este si,ni#i!doO H&1 (nL el ,(isoL
,(is!do6 ' U"!9e !L t&e !sseroleV H&1 Ni "!n(#!t(r!rO (n! !erol!6M do !
elebr!tionL elebr!tions Hse)!l!r (n! elebr!i3nL elebr!iones6 ' U"!9eL &!+e !
elebr!tionL elebr!tionsV H&1 (n! elebr!i3nL elebr!iones6M do St1 P!(lZs
!t&edr!l H+isit!r l! !tedr!l de S1 P!blo6 ' U"!9eL b(ild St1 P!(lZs !t&edr!lV
H&!erL onstr(ir l! !tedr!l de S1 P!blo6M do H!strolo,i!l6 &!rts Ho(%!rse de l!s
!rt!s H!strol3,i!s66 ' U"!9e &!rtsV H&1 ,r#iosL !rt!s6M do *&i!,oL Me-io
*it'L T(r9e'L E(ro%eL >estern A#ri!L Nort& A"eri! No (!l/(ier i(d!d$ %!Fs o
ontinenteO H+isit!r Nlos "on("entos deO NoO reorrer *&i!,oL l! i(d!d de
M0-ioL T(r/(F!L E(ro%!L el oeste de n#ri!L A"0ri! del Norte6 ' U"!9e *&i!,oL
Me-io *it'L T(r9e'L E(ro%eL >estern A#ri!L Nort& A"eri! No (!l/(ier i(d!d$
%!Fs o ontinenteO b' "idd!'V Hlle,!r ! *&i!,oL l! i(d!d de M0-ioL T(r/(F!L
E(ro%!L el oeste de n#ri!L A"0ri! del Norte %!r! "ediodF!6M do ! &i%L &i%s H&1
(n! +!selin! NoO bo"bit!L +!selin!s NoO bo"bit!s N#2tbolO6 ' U"!9e ! &i%L &i%sV
H&1L #!bri!r (n &i%L &i%s6M do ! l!ssL l!sses Hon st&6 Hd!r Ni i"%!rtirO (n! l!seL
l!ses Hsobre !l,o6 Nel %ro#esorO6 ' U"!9e ! l!ssV H&1 (n! l!se6M do t&eL !
ross7ordL ross7ord %(zzleL Ht&e6 ross7ordsL ross7ord %(zzles H&1 elL (n
r(i,r!"!L Hlos6 r(i,r!"!s6 ' U"!9e N+(l,!rOL "!9e (% Nestnd!rO t&eL !
ross7ordL ross7ord %(zzleL Ht&e6 ross7ordsL ross7ord %(zzlesV Hdise)!r elL (n
r(i,r!"!L Hlos6 r(i,r!"!s6M do ! (r+e Hd!r (n! (r+!6 ' U"!9e ! (r+eV H&1
(r+!4 T&e ro!d "!9es ! (r+e to t&e ri,&t HL! !rreter! &!e (r+! ! l! dere&!66M
do ! ,oodL b!d deedL ,oodL b!d deeds H&1 (n! b(en! !i3n N(O obr!L b(en!sL
"!l!s !iones N(O obr!s6 ' U"!9e ! deed o# !ssi,n"entL tr!ns#erV H&1 (n! esrit(r!
de esi3nL (n! tr!ns#ereni! NoO (n tr!s%!so6M doL &oldL st!,e ! de"onstr!tion H&1
(n! "!ni#est!i3n6 ' U"!9e ! de"onstr!tionV H&1 (n! de"ostr!i3n6M do t&e dis&es
Hl!+!r NoO #re,!r los %l!tos6$ do Nolo/(i!lOL "!9e Nestnd!rO ! H+e,et!ri!n6 dis&L
deliio(s dis&es H&1 (n %l!to H+e,et!ri!no6L %l!tos deliiosos6 ' U"!9e ! dis&L Ht&e6
dis&esV H&1 N#!bri!rO (n! #(enteL Hl!s6 #(entes6M do ! dr!"! H&1 NoO re%resent!r Ni
to"!r %!rte en l! re%resent!i3n deO (n dr!"!6 ' U"!9e ! dr!"!V Hesribir (n
dr!"!6M do ! Hs%ellin,6 drill H&1 (n e.eriio Hde deletreo de %!l!br!s Nrellen!rlo el
!l("no o !%rendiz %!r! o"%rob!r si &! !si"il!do !l,oO66 ' U"!9e ! Hs%ellin,6
drillV H&1 (n e.eriio Hde deletreo de %!l!br!s6 Ndise)!rlo el %ro#esion!l %!r! +er si se
&! !si"il!do !l,o te3rioO6M Hsb6 do ! drin9L drin9s Ho(%!rse de (n! bebid!L
bebid!s6L Hsb6 do drin9s Hser+ir bebid!s6 ' UHsb6 "!9e ! drin9L drin9sV Hser+irse (no
(n! o%!L (n!s o%!s4 I !" ,oin, to "!9e ! drin9 HDo' ! ser+ir"e (n! o%!66M do
Nolo/(i!lOL be onL s"o9eL t!9e dr(,s Hdro,!rseL ons("irL to"!r dro,!s6 ' U"!9e
dr(,sV H&1 dro,!sL "edi!"entosL #r"!os6M do NGBOL t!9eL sit NGBO !n
e-!"Hin!tion6 H&1 (n e-!"en Nel !l("no %!r! o"%rob!r si &! !si"il!do !l,oO6 '
U"!9e !n e-!"Hin!tion6V H&1 (n e-!"en Nel %ro#esion!l /(e lo dise)!O6M doL t!9e !n
e-eriseL Hso"e6 e-eriseL Hso"e6 e-erises H&1 (n e.eriioL !l,o de e.eriio NoO
de%orte N%!r! est!r en #or"!OL e.eriios N%!r! o"%rob!r si (no &! !si"il!do !l,o
te3rio o %rtio4 %!r! !%render !l,o$ %!r! to!r (n instr("ento$ et1O4 St(dents do
e-erises HLos est(di!ntes &!en e.eriios6L Ee did so"e 7!r"I(% e-erises Hl
&izo !l,(nos e.eriios de H%re6!lent!"iento66 ' U"!9e N+(l,!rOL "!9e (%
Nestnd!rO !n e-eriseL e-erisesV H&1 (n e.eriioL e.eriios Nel %ro#esion!l /(e los
dise)! %!r! +er si otros &!n !si"il!do !l,oO64 A te!&er "!9es H(%6 e-erises #or &is
%(%ils HUn %ro#esor &!e e.eriios %!r! s(s !l("nos66M do t&e #e!t(reL Ht&ese6
#e!t(res H&1 el re%ort!.e es%ei!lL Hestos6 re%ort!.es es%ei!les6 ' U"!9e ! #e!t(re o#
so"et&in,V Hdest!!r !l,oL &1 res!lt!r !l,o6M do t&e #i,(res H&1 l!s (ent!s6 ' U"!9e !
#i,(reL #i,(resV H&1 (n! #i,(r!L #i,(r!s6M do Nestnd!rO ! #il" NoO ! "o+ie NoO !
%it(reL Hso"e6 #il"s NoO "o+ies NoO %it(resL se+er!l NoO ! lot o# #il"s NoO "o+ies
NoO %it(res NoO ine"! H!t(!r No"o !tor o !trizO en (n! %elF(l!L H!l,(n!s6 %1L
+!ri!s NoO "(&!s %1L &!er ine6 ' Udo Nolo/(i!lOL "!9e Nestnd!rO ! #il" NoO !
"o+ie NoO ! %it(reL Hso"e6 #il"s NoO "o+ies NoO %it(resL se+er!l NoO ! lot o# #il"s
NoO "o+ies NoO %it(res NoO ine"!V H&1L rod!r NoO re!liz!r No"o %rod(torO (n!
%elF(l!L H!l,(n!s6 %elF(l!sL +!ri!s %1L "(&!s %1L &!er ine6M do Ht&e6 #ood Hser+irL
en!r,!rse de NoO %re%!r!r NoO oin!r Hl!6 o"id!4 S&eZs doin, t&e #ood !t t&e %!rt'
HEll! se est en!r,!ndo deL est %re%!r!ndoL est oin!ndo l! o"id! en l!
#iest!66 ' U"!9e #oodV H&1 Ni el!bor!rL %roes!rO o"id!6M do #or st& Hser+ir de !l,oL
onse,(ir obtenerL !rr(in!r !l,o4 T&is 7ill do #or ! &!t HEsto ser+ir de so"brero66 '
U"!9e #or st&V Hdiri,irse !L &!i!L !t!!rL ontrib(ir ! !l,o6M do ! #riendL &is #riends
Hi"it!r ! (n !"i,oL ! los !"i,os N%!r! &!er reFrO6 ' U"!9e ! #riendL #riendsV H&1
(nH!6 !"i,Ho$ !6L !"i,Hos$ !s66$ U"!9e ! #riendL #riends Ho#L 7it& sb6V H&!erHse6
!"i,Ho$ !6L !"i,Hos$ !s6 Hde !l,(ien66M do t&e ,!rdenL ,!rdenin, H!rre,l!r NoO
%re%!r!r N(O orden!r el .!rdFn6 ' U"!9e t&e ,!rdenV H&1L onstr(ir el .!rdFnL &(erto6M
do t&e ,oldL sil+erL bronze N( otro "et!lO Hli"%i!rL %(lir el oroL l! %l!t!L el brone N(
otro "et!lO6 ' U"!9e t&e ,oldL sil+erL bronze N( otro "et!lO H&1L #!bri!r el oroL l!
%l!t!L el brone N( otro "et!lO6M do ,oodL ! lot o#L no ,oodL ,ood !nd e+il H&1 Hel6
bienL "(&o bienL no &!er n!d! de bienL el bien ' el "!l6 ' U"!9e ,oodV Htener
0-itoL irle bien ! (noL re%!r!r (n d!)o6M do Nolo/(i!lOL be onL s"o9eL t!9e &eroin
Hdro,!rseL ons("irL to"!r &eroFn!6 ' U"!9e &eroinV H&1L #!bri!r &eroFn!6M do
&istor' Hest(di!r &istori!6 ' U"!9e &istor'V H&1 &istori!L 0%o!L "!r!r (n &ito6M do
le,!l &istor' Hest(di!r &istori! del dere&o6 ' U"!9e le,!l &istor'V H&1 &istori! en el
dere&oL %!s!r ! inte,r!r los !n!les del dere&o6M do N(n %ro#esion!l del o#iioOL do
(% N(n! %erson! no %ro#esion!lM se %(ede deir t!"bi0n QredoQO ! &o(se Hdeor!rL
%int!rL e"%!%el!r (n! !s!6L do ! &o(se NGB4 olo/(i!lO Hrob!r en (n! !s!6 '
U"!9eL b(ild ! &o(seV H&1L onstr(ir (n! !s!6M do !n i"it!tionL i"it!tions Ho# sb6
H&1 (n! i"it!i3nL i"it!iones Hde !l,(ien6 Ni #in,ir ser otr! %erson!O6 ' U"!9e !n
i"it!tionL i"it!tions Ho# sbL o# st&6V H&1 (n! i"it!i3nL i"it!iones Hde !l,(ienL de
!l,o6 Ni &1 (n! est!t(! o (n! re%resent!i3n de otr! %erson!$ (n !ni"!l o !l,2n
ob.etoO6M do !n i"%ressionL i"%ressionsL oneZs i"%ressionHs6 o# sb Hi"it!r ! !l,(ien6
' U"!9eL re!te !n i"%ressionL ! b!d i"%ressionL ! ,ood i"%ression on Nin4 no
%onerO so"ebod'V H!(s!rL %rod(ir i"%resi3nL (n! "!l! i"%resi3nL (n! b(en!
i"%resi3n ! !l,(ien6L "!9e !n i"%ression o# ! 9e'$ et1 H&1 (n! o%i! de (n! ll!+e$
et16L "!9e !n i"%ressionL so"e i"%ression Hon sb6 Hi"%resion!rL i"%resion!r H!
!l,(ien66M do !n iss(e o# st& H%(bli!r (n te"! de ontro+ersi! de !l,o6 ' U"!9e !n
iss(e o# st&L sbV H&1 (n te"! de ontro+ersi! de !l,oL sobre !l,(ien6M doL !rr' o(t !L
t&e 9illin,L t&e 9illin,s H&1 (n!L l! "!t!nz!L l!s "!t!nz!s6 ' U"!9e ! 9illin,L
9illin,sV Nolo/(i!lO H&1 s( !,ostoL #orr!rse de dinero6M do 5CC 9ilo"etres NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eters NUSAO !nL %er &o(r H&1L reorrerL ir ! ien 9il3"etros
%or &or!6 ' U"!9e 5CC 9ilo"etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eters NUSAO !nL %er
&o(rV H!l!nz!r l! +eloid!d de 5CC 9il3"etros %or &or!6M do t&e 9it&en Hli"%i!r l!
oin!6L do NoO redo t&e 9it&en H%int!r NoO e"%!%el!r l! oin!6 ' U"!9e t&e
9it&enV H&1 Ni onstr(irO l! oin!6M do li#eL ! li#e sentene H("%lir (n! onden!
de %or +id!L d(r!nte tod! l! +id!L de !den! %er%et(!6 ' U"!9e li#eV Hre!r Hl!6
+id!6M doL redo t&e li+in, roo" H%int!r NoO e"%!%el!r NoO li"%i!rL %int!r NoO e"%!%el!r
el (!rto de est!r NoO s!l3n6 ' U"!9e t&e li+in, roo"V H&1 Ni onstr(irO el (!rto de
est!r NoO s!l3n6M do ! "!t& 7it& t&e reords H&1 (n! b2s/(ed! %!r! (n re,istro
id0ntio !l ori,in!l6 ' U"!9e ! "!t& 7it& t&e reordsV Hb(s!r el id0ntio !l
ori,in!l en el re,istro6M do NGBO !L !not&erL t&e "e!lL H,ood6 "e!ls Hser+ir (n!L
otr!L l! o"id!L Hb(en!s6 o"id!s Nen !s! o en (n est!blei"ientoO$ %ero t!"bi0n
%(ede si,ni#i!r lo "is"o /(e Q"!9eQ4 T&e' did ! set "e!l #or t&ree %o(nds
HSer+F!nL TenF!n (n "en2 %or tres libr!s66 ' U"!9e !L !not&erL t&e "e!lL "e!lsV H&1
(n!L otr!L l! o"id!L o"id!s6M do !L t&e "otor'le Nestnd!rO NoO "otorbi9e
Nolo/(i!lOL "otor'les Nestnd!rO NoO "otorbi9es Nolo/(i!lO Hre+is!r NoO !rre,l!r
(n!L l! "otoL "otos6 ' U"!9e !L t&e "otor'le Nestnd!rO NoO "otorbi9e
Nolo/(i!lOL "otor'les Nestnd!rO NoO "otorbi9es Nolo/(i!lOV H&1 NoO #!bri!r
(n!L l! "otoL "otos6M do ! "(se("L so"e "(se("sL ! lot o# "(se("s H+isit!r (n
"(seoL !l,(nos "(seosL "(&os "(seos6 ' U"!9eL b(ild ! "(se("L so"e
"(se("sL ! lot o# "(se("sV H&1L onstr(ir (n "(seoL !l,(nos "(seosL "(&os
"(seos6M do st(##ed "(s&roo"s H&!er Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doO NoO !li)!r
Nestnd!rO &!"%i)ones rellenos NoO set!s rellen!s6 ' U"!9e st(##ed "(s&roo"sV
H&!er Nno U!li)!rVO Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO &!"%i)ones rellenos NoO set!s rellen!s6M
do "(si Hto!rL dedi!rse ! l! "2si!6$ do M(si Hest(di!r "2si! No"o
!si,n!t(r!O6 ' U"!9e "(siV H&1L o"%oner "2si!6M do Ht&e6 ne7s Hd!r l!s
notii!s6 ' U"!9e Ht&e6 ne7sV Hser notii! Ni tener i"%!toL re!r sens!i3nO6M do !n
o%er! Hto"!r %!rte en l! re%resent!i3n de (n! 3%er!6 ' U"!9e !n o%er!V H&1 Ni
esribirO (n! 3%er!6M do !n orderL Hs"!ll6 orders H&1 (n %edidoL %edidos H%e/(e)os66
' U"!9eL ,i+eL iss(e !n orderL ordersV Hd!r (n! ordenL 3rdenes4 T&e order to
e+!(!te 7!s "!de HSe dio l! orden de &!er l! e+!(!i3nL el des!lo.o66M do !L one
%!,eL si-L se+er!l %!,es H&1 Ni est(di!rL re+is!rO (n! %,in!L seisL +!ri!s %,in!s6 '
U"!9e !L one %!,eL si-L se+er!l %!,es on t&e 7ebV Hon#eion!r (n! %,in!L seisL
+!ri!s %,in!s en internet6M do ! %l!' H&1 NoO re%resent!r Ni to"!r %!rte en l!
re%resent!i3n deO (n! obr!6 ' U"!9e ! %l!'V Hesribir (n! obr!6M do %orrid,e NGB4
+(l,!rO Hest!r en l! relL ! l! so"br!4 Ee did : 'e!rsZ %orrid,e NGB4 +(l,!rO Hl
%!s3 : !)os en l! relL ! l! so"br!66 ' U"!9e %orrid,eV H&1 ,!&!s Hde !+en!6L
!+en!6M do %resri%tions H&1 Ni o(%!rse de l!sO reet!s6 ' U"!9e NoO "!9e (% !
%resri%tionL %resri%tionsV H&!er Ni %re%!r!rO (n! reet!L reet!s6M do !L t&eL t&is
%roble"L %roble"s Hresol+er (nL elL este %roble"!L %roble"!s6 ' U"!9e !L t&eL t&is
%roble"L %roble"s H#or sb6 H!(s!r (nL elL este %roble"!L %roble"!s H! !l,(ien66M
do ! Hr!dioL tele+ision6 %ro,r!""e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %ro,r!" NUSAOL
%ro,r!""es NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %ro,r!"s NUSAO Hto"!r %!rte enL e&!r NoO
%oner (n %ro,r!"!L %ro,r!"!s Hde r!dio o tele+isi3n66 ' UdoL "!9e ! Hr!dioL
tele+ision6 %ro,r!""e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %ro,r!" NUSAOL %ro,r!""es NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL %ro,r!"s NUSAOV H&1 No"o %rod(torO (n %ro,r!"!L %ro,r!"!s
Hde r!dio o tele+isi3n66M do ! %ro.et H&1 (n %ro'eto %rtio6 ' U"!9e ! %ro.etV H&1
(n %ro'eto te3rio6M do !L t&e /(iz N%!r! o"%rob!r si (no &! !si"il!do !l,o
te3rio o %rtioO H&1 (nL el on(rso NoO (n!L l! en(est!L (nL el test NUSAO6 '
U"!9e NoO "!9e (% !L t&e /(izV Nel %ro#esion!l /(e los dise)! %!r! +er si otros &!n
!si"il!do !l,oO H&1 (nL el on(rso NoO (n!L l! en(est!L (nL el test NUSAO6M do t&eL
! %(zzle Hresol+erL sol(ion!r elL (n !erti.oL eni,"!6 ' U"!9e t&eL ! %(zzleV H&1L
re!r elL (n !erti.oL eni,"!6M do t&eL ! 7ord se!r& %(zzle Hresol+erL sol(ion!r
elL (n !erti.oL eni,"! de b2s/(ed! de %!l!br!s6 ' U"!9e t&eL ! 7ord se!r&
%(zzleV H&1L re!r elL (n !erti.oL eni,"! de b2s/(ed! de %!l!br!s6M do t&e /(ot!
Ho# st&6 H&1 s( %!rte Hde !l,o66 ' U"!9e t&e /(ot!V H!l!nz!r l! (ot!L el (%o6M do !
rit(!l Hb(rnin, st&6 H&1 Ni re!liz!rO (n rit(!l H/(e"!ndo !l,o66 ' U"!9e ! rit(!lV Ho(t
o# st&6 H&1 (n rit(!l Ni &bitoO Hde !l,o66M do !L t&e roo#L roo#s H!rre,l!r (nL el te.!doL
te.!dos6 ' U"!9e !L t&e roo#L roo#sV H&1L onstr(ir (nL el te.!doL te.!dos6M do !L t&eL
t&is roo" H&1L li"%i!rL &!er li"%iez! enL !rre,l!rL deor!r (nL elL este (!rto NoO
(n!L l!L est! &!bit!i3n6 ' U"!9e !L t&eL t&is roo"V Honstr(irL d!r +id! NoO !lor !
(nL !lL ! este (!rto NoO (n!L l!L est! &!bit!i3n4 ItZs t&e #(rnit(re 7&i& re!ll'
"!9es t&e roo" HEs el "obili!rio el /(e d! re!l"ente +id! NoO !lor ! l!
&!bit!i3n66M doL ,o on ! t7oI"ile N( otro n2"ero4 #i+eI"ile$ et1O r(n H&1 (n!
!rrer! de dos Nino$ et1O "ill!s6 ' U"!9eL sore ! r(nV H&1L !not!rHse6 (n! !rrer!
Nen b0isbolL rF/(etO6M do ! s!l!d H&1 NoO !li)!r (n! ens!l!d!6 ' U"!9e ! s!l!dV H&1
Nno U!li)!rVO (n! ens!l!d!6M do ! sene H&!erL re%resent!r (n! esen! Nde te!tro$
et1O6 ' U"!9eL re!te ! seneL t&e seneL senes Nolo/(i!lOV Hd!r (n es%et(loL el
es%et(loL es%et(los NoO "ont!r (n n2"eroL el n2"eroL n2"eros NoO !r"!r (n
esnd!loL el esnd!loL esnd!los6M do ! H*L *!es!re!n NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
*es!re!n NUSA4 "s (s!doOL *es!ri!n NUSA4 "enos (s!doO6 setion H&1 (n!
Ho%er!i3n de6 esre!6 ' U"!9e ! setionV H&1 (n! sei3n6M do ! series o# #e!t(res
NoO i"%ro+is!tions N( otr!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n s3lo on UdoVOL boo9s NoO s&oes NoO
t!bles N( otr!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n on UdoV on (n si,ni#i!do distintoOL !rtoons NoO
do("ents NoO reordin,s N( otr!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n on UdoV on el "is"o
si,ni#i!do /(e on U"!9eVO H&1 (n! serie de re%ort!.es es%ei!les NoO
i"%ro+is!ionesL esribir (n! serie de librosL li"%i!r (n! serie de z!%!tos NoO "es!sL
&1 (n! serie de !ri!t(r!s NoO do("entos NoO ,r!b!iones6 ' U"!9e ! series o#
!ssertions NoO resol(tions N( otr!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n s3lo on U"!9eVOL boo9s NoO
s&oes NoO t!bles N( otr!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n on U"!9eV on distinto si,ni#i!do /(e
on UdoVOL !rtoons NoO do("ents NoO reordin,sV N( otr!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n on
U"!9eV on el "is"o si,ni#i!do /(e on UdoVO H&1 (n! serie de !#ir"!ionesL
deter"in!ionesL librosL z!%!tosL "es!sL !ri!t(r!sL do("entosL ,r!b!iones6M
do ! s&eetL s&eets H&1L rellen!r (n! &o.!L &o.!s Non e.eriios de ,r!"ti!$ et1O6 '
U"!9e ! s&eetL s&eetsV H&1 (n! sb!n!L sb!n!s6M doL le!n t&eL t&eseL oneZs s&oes
Hli"%i!r losL estosL s(s z!%!tos6 ' U"!9e t&eL t&eseL oneZs s&oesV H&1 losL estosL s(s
z!%!tos6M do ! s9et& Hre%resent!r (n! obr! ort!6 ' UdoL "!9eL dr!7 ! s9et&V H&1
(n esbozoL boetoL ro/(is6M do sb Hser s(#iiente %!r! !l,(ienL !l!nz!rL ser+ir !
!l,(ien4 T&!t 7ill do "e HEsoL A/(ello ser s(#iiente %!r! "FL "e !l!nz!r66$ do
sb NGB %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO H!sti,!rL d!r (n! %!liz!4 EeZll do 'o( NGB
%rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO$ i# 'o( donZt obe' Hl te +! ! !sti,!rL d!r (n! %!liz!$ si
no obedees66$ do sb NGB4 olo/(i!lO Hest!#!rL ti"!r4 EeZs been done NGB4
olo/(i!lO HLe &!n est!#!doL ti"!do66$ do sb NGB4 olo/(i!l4 %eor %or/(e %(ede
tener otr!s onnot!ionesOL be 7it& sb Nestnd!r4 "e.orO H!tender ! !l,(ien4 S&eZll
do 'o( NGB4 olo/(i!lO in #i+e "in(tes HEll! te !tender dentro de ino "in(tos66 '
U"!9e sbV Hons!,r!r ! !l,(ienL ser el %rini%io del 0-ito de !l,(ien4 T&is #il"
"!de &i" HEst! %elF(l! le ons!,r366M do Nolo/(i!lO ! son,L son,s H!nt!r (n!
!ni3nL !niones6 ' U"!9e NoO "!9e (% Nestnd!rO ! son,L son,sV H&1L o"%oner
(n! !ni3nL !niones6M do ! ert!in s%eed Hir ! (n! iert! +eloid!d4 >&!t s%eed
7!s &e doin,T HA /(0 +eloid!d ib! 0lT66 ' U"!9e s%eed NUSAOV Hir +eloz"ente6M
do ! #rontI%!,e s%l!s&4 T&e'Z+e done ! #rontI%!,e s%l!s& on it HLo &!n %(esto ! tod!
%l!n! en l! %ri"er! %,in!6 ' U"!9e ! Hbi,6 s%l!s&V Nolo/(i!lO H!(s!r H"(&!6
sens!i3nL (n H,r!n6 re+(elo6M do ! stor'L stories H!bo(t 1116 Hre%resent!r (n!
&istoriHet6!L &istoriHet6!s Hsobre 11166 ' U"!9e NoO "!9e (% ! stor'L stories H!bo(t 1116V
Hin+ent!r (n! &istoriHet6!L &istoriHet6!s Hsobre 11166M doL "!9e ! st(d'L st(dies Ho# st&6
H&1 (n est(dioL est(dios Ni !nlisisO Hde !l,o6L in+esti,!r H!l,o6L est(di!r H!l,o64 S&e
didL "!de En,lis& st(diesL en+iron"ent ont!"in!tion st(dies !t t&e (ni+ersit'
HEll! est(di3 in,l0s Ni S&e st(died En,lis&OL ont!"in!i3n del "edio !"biente en
l! (ni+ersid!d66 ' U"!9e ! st(d' Ni ! roo"OV H&1 (n est(dio Ni (n! &!bit!i3nO6M do
!d"ir!ble st(## H&1 !l,o !d"ir!ble NoO os!s !d"ir!bles6 ' U"!9e !d"ir!ble st(##V
H&1L el!bor!r "!teri!l !d"ir!ble6M do oneZs st(## N"s (s!doO H&1 lo s('o4 Do 'o(r
st(##] H\E!z lo t('o]66 ' U"!9e oneZs st(##V N"enos (s!doO H&1L el!bor!r s( "!teri!l
Nen !ti+!OL +!ler Nen %!si+!O4 I "!de "' st(## HEieL El!bor0 el "!teri!l "Fo6M
S&o7 &er 7&!t 9ind o# st(## 'o(Zre "!de o#] H\De"(0str!le lo /(e +!les]L \Ens0)!le
lo /(e es b(eno]6M do t&e st(## t&!t 111 H&1 lo /(e 1116 ' U"!9e t&e st(## t&!t 111V H&1L
el!bor!r el "!teri!l /(e 1116M do ! s(%er"!r9et$ et1 N+(l,!rO Hrob!r H! "!no !r"!d!6
en (n s(%er"er!do$ et16 ' U"!9e ! s(%er"!r9etV H&1 (n s(%er"er!do6M doL
ond(tL !rr' o(t ! s(r+e' H&1 (n! en(est!L (n sondeo Nentre+ist!ndo ! l! ,enteO6
' U"!9e ! s(r+e'V H&1 Ni on#i,(r!rL dise)!rL el!bor!rO (n! en(est!L (n sondeo
N!ntes de entre+ist!r ! l! ,enteO6M do Nolo/(i!lO t&eL ! t!bleL t!bles H%re%!r!r l!L (n!
"es!L "es!s6 ' U"!9e Nestnd!rO t&eL ! t!bleL t!blesV H&1 l!L (n! "es!L list!L "es!sL
list!s6M do ! Rt!9eHI6o## Ho# NGB %rini%!l"enteOL on NUSA %rini%!l"enteO 1116 H&1
(n! %!rodi!L i"it!i3n Hde 11166 ' U"!9e ! Rt!9eHI6o##V H&1 (n des%e,(e6M do ! test H&1
(n! %r(eb!L (n test Nel /(e e-%eri"ent! en (n! "in!$ et1OL (n e-!"en Nel /(e se
e-!"in! en l! (ni+ersid!d$ en l! ense)!nz! "edi!$ et1 Ni t!9e ! testO6 ' U"!9e NoO
"!9e (% ! testV H&1 (n! %r(eb!L (n testL (n e-!"en Nel %ro#esion!l /(e lo dise)!O6M
do T&eolo,' H&1 Ni est(di!rO teolo,F!6 ' U"!9e t&eolo,'V H&1 Ni re!rO teolo,F!6M do
N&1 !iones$ !ti+id!des$ no on l!s "!nosOL "!9e N&1L #!bri!r os!s on l!s
"!nosO ! H,oodL &orrible$ et16 t&in,L t&e HbestL ri,&tL 7ron,$ et16 t&in,L H,oodL
&orrible$ et16 t&in,sL t&e Hbest$ et16 t&in,s H&1 (n! os! Hb(en!L &orrible$ et16L lo
"e.orL lo orreto NoO lo /(e tenF! /(e &!erL lo /(e no tenF! /(e &!er$ et16L os!s
Hb(en!sL &orribles$ et1L l!s H"e.ores6 os!s4 T&e best t&in, to do is to st!' &ere HLo
"e.or /(e se %(ede &!er es /(ed!rse !/(F6M It 7!s t&e best t&in, to do HEr! lo "e.or
/(e se %odF! &!er6M T&e best t&in, to do is Hto6 o"e in ne-t 7ee9 HLo "e.or /(e se
%(ede &!er es entr!r !/(F l! %r3-i"! se"!n!6 ' UT&e best t&in, to "!9e is !rsV
HLo "e.or /(e se %(ede &!erL #!bri!r es o&es6M do ! bo7 tieL bo7 ties H&!er
(n! %!.!rit!L %!.!rit!s6 ' U"!9e ! bo7 tieL bo7 tiesV H&!er Ni on#eion!rL
#!bri!rO (n! %!.!rit!L %!.!rit!s6M do Nolo/(i!lOL ser+e Nestnd!rO ti"e Hest!r ! l!
so"br! Ni est!r en l! relL ("%lir H(n!6 onden!O64 S&e is doin, Nolo/(i!lOL
ser+in, Nestnd!rO ti"e HEll! est en l! relL ("%liendo H(n!6 onden! Nen l!
relO6 ' U"!9e ti"eV Nolo/(i!lO Hd!rse %ris!L ,!n!r tie"%oL !%res(r!rse6M do t&e
toilet Hli"%i!r el +ter NoO ser+iio6 ' U"!9e t&e toiletV H&1 Ni onstr(irO el +ter NoO
ser+iio6M do ! tri!lL tri!ls H&1 (n! %r(eb!L %r(eb!s6 ' U"!9e tri!l o# st&V Nliter!rioO
H%oner ! %r(eb! !l,o6M do ! H!rd6 tri9L H!rd6 tri9s H&1 (n tr(o Nde !rt!sOL tr(os
Non l!s !rt!sO6 ' U"!9e ! H!rd6 tri9L H!rd6 tri9sV H&1L ,!n!r (n! b!z!L b!z!s N!
l!s !rt!sO6M do t7o N( otro n2"eroO #or t&e %rie o# one Hser+irL +ender dos %or el
%reio de (no6 ' U"!9e t7o N( otro n2"eroO #or t&e %rie o# oneV H&1L #!bri!r dos
%or el %reio de (no6M do Ni #i-O !L t&e H,!rden6 7!llL t&e H,!rden6 7!lls H!rre,l!r
(n!L l! %!red NoO (nL el "(roL l!s %!redes NoO los "(ros Hdel .!rdFn66 ' U"!9e !L t&e
H,!rden6 7!llL t&e H,!rden6 7!llsV H&1L onstr(ir (n!L l! %!red NoO (nL el "(roL l!s
%!redes NoO los "(ros Hdel .!rdFn66M do !L t&eL oneZs 7ill H&1 (nL elL s( deseo6 NoO do
t&e 7ill o# sbL sbZs 7ill H&1 el deseoL l! +ol(nt!d de !l,(ien4 do t&e 7ill o# GodL
GodZs 7ill H&1 l! +ol(nt!d de Dios6$ ' U"!9e !L oneZs 7illV H&1 H(n6L el test!"ento6M
do ! 7indo7L t&e 7indo7Hs6 Hli"%i!r (n! +ent!n!L l!Hs6 +ent!n!Hs66 ' U"!9e !
7indo7L t&e 7indo7Hs6V H&1 (n! +ent!n!L l!Hs6 +ent!n!Hs66M S&e Rdoes 7or9 HEll!
l!ro /(e tr!b!.!6L S&e does so"eL ! lot o# 7or9 HEll! tr!b!.! !l,oL "(&o6L S&e
does H"ore6 7or9 #or t&e" HEll! &!e H"s6 tr!b!.o %!r! ellos6L T&e #l!t needs ! lot
o# 7or9 doin, to it NGBOL done NUSAO HEl %iso neesit! "(&os !rre,los6 ' US&e
"!9es so"eL ! lot o# 7or9 HEll! d! !l,o deL "(&o tr!b!.o6L S&e "!9es H"ore6
7or9 #or t&e" HEll! re! H"s6 tr!b!.o %!r! ellos6L mo( !re "!9in, H"ore6 7or9 #or
'o(rsel# HTe ests re!ndo H"s6 tr!b!.o6V1
b6 *on l! "!'or %!rte de los %rono"bres inde#inidos o"o Q!n't&in,$ !n't&in,
else$ bot&$ e+er't&in,$ not&in, else$ se+er!l$ so"et&in,$ so"et&in, else$ +er' "(&$
!s "(&$ so "(&$ &o7 "(&$ too "(&$ !ll$ "!n'$ ! ,ood "!n'$ ! ,re!t "!n'$
+er' "!n'$ !s "!n'$ so "!n'$ &o7 "!n'$ /(ite "!n'$ too "!n'$ eno(,&$ /(ite
eno(,&$ #e7$ /(ite #e7$ /(ite ! #e7$ #e7er Hones6$ t&e #e7est$ less$ ! bitL ! to(&L !
little less$ le!st$ "ore$ ! bitL to(&L little "ore$ "(&$ %lent'$ little$ ! little$ /(ite little$
/(ite ! little$ ! ,ood de!l$ ! lot$ noneQ$ et1M se %(ede (s!r QdoQ o Q"!9eQ en #(ni3n
de los no"bres ! los /(e s(Hb6stit('!nM si el no"bre +! on QdoQ$ el %rono"bre
inde#inido t!"bi0n '$ si el no"bre +! on Q"!9eQ$ el %rono"bre inde#inido
t!"bi0nM no obst!nte$ si se (tiliz! QdoQ se re#iere nor"!l"ente ! t!re!s o !ti+id!des
' Q"!9eQ s(ele indi!r !l,o /(e se &!e "!n(!l"enteM se (s!n "(&o "s on
QdoQ /(e on Q"!9eQ1 E.14 Ee doesL "!9es lessL littleL ! little H7it& so"et&in,6L !
lot H7it& so"et&in,6L "oreL "ost o# itL so"et&in,L not&in, Hl &!e "enosL %ooL
(n %oo Hon !l,o6L "(&o Hon !l,o6L "sL !si todo NoO l! "!'or %!rteOL !l,oL no
&!e n!d!6M S&e does ! lot Ho# 7or96 HEll! tr!b!.! "(&o6 ' US&e "!9es ! lot Ho#
%!intin,s6V HEll! &!e "(&os H(!dros66L S&e "!de one lotL t7o lots HEll! &izo (n
"ont3n NoO (n! %!rteL dos "ontones NoO dos %!rtes6M do H&16L "!9e H&1L #!bri!r6 st&
in ! %l!e H!l,o en (n l(,!r4 "!de in T&!il!nd H#!bri!do NoO &e&o en T!il!ndi!661
No obst!nte$ (!ndo no s(Hb6stit('en ! (n no"bre %(eden si,ni#i!r os!s distint!s1
E.14 >&!t does &e doT HWJ(0 &!e 0lTL WA /(0 se dedi! 0lT N%ro#esion!l"enteO6 '
U>&!t does &e "!9eTV HWJ(0 &!e Ni el!bor!L "!n(#!t(r!O 0lT6M Ee did
so"et&in, ille,!l Hl &izo !l,o ile,!l6 ' UEe "!de so"et&in, ille,!lV Hl %ro&ibi3
!l,o61
=15@1I Se pueden usar tanto el verbo normal MdoM como el verbo normal
Mma1eM con el mismo significado con las siguientes palabras$ "s de 5CC4 do
N"s (s!doOL "!9e N"enos (s!doO !n !bl(tionL !bl(tions H&1 (n! !bl(i3nL
!bl(iones6$ do N"s (s!doOL "!9e N"enos (s!doO oneZs !bl(tions Hl!+!rse6$ !n
!bo(tIRt(rn NGBOL !n !bo(tHI6R#!e NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hd!r "edi! +(elt!L
!"bi!r r!di!l"ente de %ost(r!6$ !n !ti+it'L !ti+ities H&1 (n! !ti+id!dL
!ti+id!des6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO !n
!d.(st"entL so"e !d.(st"entL !d.(st"ents H&1 (n !.(steL (n ierto !.(steL !.(stes6$
do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO !n !n!l'sis H&1 (n
!nlisis6$ !n !sse"bl!,e H&1 (n "ont!.eL (n! reo%il!i3n6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos
(s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO !n !(to%s' H&1 (n! !(to%si!6$ !7!' 7it& sb
Heli"in!rL "!t!r ! !l,(ien6$ ! Rb!9HI6(% H#ile6L Rb!9HI6(%s H&1 (n! o%i! de
se,(rid!dL o%i!s de se,(rid!d6$ ! boo9in,L boo9in,s H&1 (n! reser+!L reser+!s4 S&e
didL "!de &otel boo9in,s HEll! &izo reser+!s de &otel66$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos
(s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! Hb!dL ,oodL r!%id6 !l(l!tionL Hb!dL ,oodL
r!%id6 !l(l!tionsL oneZs Ho7n6 !l(l!tions H&1 (n l(lo H"!loL b(enoL r%ido6L
l(los H"!losL b(enosL r%idos6L s(s H%ro%ios6 l(los6$ ! !"%!i,n H&1 (n!
!"%!)!6$ doL "!9eL %(rs(eL !r+e o(t ! !reerL oneZs !reer Hin st&6 H&1 (n o#iioL
&!erse (n! !rrer! %ro#esion!l Nno (ni+ersit!ri!OL !brirse !"ino Hen !l,o66$ !
!rtoon H&1 (n! !ri!t(r!L tir! 3"i!L dib(.os !ni"!dos6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos
(s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! &e9 o#L on st&L on sb H&1 (n ontrolL (n!
+eri#i!i3n deL sobre !l,oL (n! in+esti,!i3n sobre !l,(ien6$ ! s%ot &e9 H&1 (n!
o"%rob!i3n en el !toL (n reonoi"iento r%ido6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL
"!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! olletionL olletions H&1 (n! olei3nL
oleiones6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! olletion
#or sbL st& H&1 (n! olet! %!r! !l,(ienL !l,o6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! o""entH!r'6L no o""entH!rie6s H&1 (n o"ent!rioL no
&!er o"ent!rios6$ ! o""(te H&!er (n +i!.e di!rio !l tr!b!.o6$ do Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! o"%!risonL o"%!risons H&1 (n!
o"%!r!i3nL o"%!r!iones6$ ! o"%il!tion H&1 (n! reo%il!i3nL o"%il!i3n6$ !
o%'L o%ies o# so"et&in, H&1 (n! o%i!L o%i!s de !l,o4 Ee didL "!de #i+e o%ies
o# t&e !,end! Hl &izo ino o%i!s del orden del dF!6$ %ero QGood ne7s doesnZt
"!9e Ndo4 no %onerO ,ood o%'Q N"enos (s!doOL Good ne7s doesnZt sell N"s
(s!doO HL!s notii!s b(en!s no se +enden bien6M do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! o(nt H&1 (n re(ento6$ ! #(ll o(rse H&1 (n! serie o"%let!L
(n! !si,n!t(r! o"%let!6$ do N"s (s!doOL "!9e N"enos (s!doO ! Ro+erI(% H&1 (n
en(bri"iento Hde !l,o ilFito6L (n! "!niobr! %!r! en(brir !l,o6$ do Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! (% o# o##eeL te! H&1 (n! t!z! de !#0L
t06$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! (tL (ts H&1 (n
orteL reortes NoO s(%ri"ir (n #r!,"entoL #r!,"entos4 S&e didL "!de !n !bsol(tel'
e-%ert (t HEll! &izo (n orte !bsol(t!"ente e-%erto66$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos
(s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! R(tb!9L R(tb!9s H&1 (n reorteL (n!
red(i3nL reortesL red(iones6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4
"s (s!doO ! R(tIo(t H&1 (n reort!bleL reorte Ni (n! #i,(r! reort!bleL %!r!
reort!rO6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! R(tI(%L R(tI
(%s H&1 (n orte en %ed!zosL ortes en %ed!zos6$ do NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "!9e !
de!lL de!ls H7it& sbL to h in#initi+o6 H&1 (n tr!toL tr!tos Hon !l,(ienL %!r! h
in#initi+o66$ do N"s (s!doOL "!9e N"enos (s!doOL ,i+e Hso"ebod'6 ! diso(ntL
diso(nts Hon st&6 H&1 H! !l,(ien6 (n des(entoL des(entos Hen !l,o66$ do N"s
(s!doOL "!9e ! di+e H&1 (n! in"ersi3n Nen el !,(!OL d!r (n s!lto de !bez! N!l
!,(!O6$ ! .!99ni#e di+e Hd!r (n s!lto de !r%! N!l !,(!O6$ ! do("entL so"e
do("ents H&1L %re%!r!r (n do("entoL !l,(nos do("entos6$ do Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! do("ent!r'L do("ent!ries H&1 (n
do("ent!lL do("ent!les6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s
(s!doO ! doodle H&1 (n dib(.ito6$ ! dr!7in, Ho# so"ebod'L so"et&in,6 H&1 (n dib(.o
Hde !l,(ienL !l,o66$ ! d(o H(n d2o6$ t&e #irst editionL !n editionL ! ne7 editionL
!not&er editionL t7o editions Ho# ! boo96 H&1 l! %ri"er! edii3nL (n! edii3nL (n!
n(e+! edii3nL otr! edii3nL dos ediiones Hde (n libro66$ !nL t&e e/(!tionL e/(!tions
H&1 (n!L l! e(!i3nL e(!iones6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4
"s (s!doO !n e+!l(!tion H&1 (n! e+!l(!i3n6$ !n e-!+!tion H&1 (n! e-!+!i3n6$
do NGBOL "!9e !n e-&!n,e H&1 (n inter!"bio6$ do N"s (s!doOL "!9e N"enos
(s!doO !n e-%eri"entL e-%eri"ents H&1 (n e-%eri"entoL e-%eri"entos6$ do N"s
(s!doOL "!9e N"(&o "enos (s!doO Hso"eL ! lot o#6 e-%eri"ent!tion H&1 H!l,o deL
"(&!6 e-%eri"ent!i3n6$ !n e-tr!%ol!tionL e-tr!%ol!tions H&1 (n! e-tr!%ol!i3nL
e-tr!%ol!iones6$ ! #ertiliz!tion NoO ! #ertilis!tion NGBOL H!n6 in +itro #ertiliz!tion NoO
#ertilis!tion NGBO H&1 (n! #ertiliz!i3nL H(n!6 #ertiliz!i3n in +itro6$ do Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! #li,&t H&1 (n +(eloL +i!.e en !+i3n6$ do
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "enos (s!doO ! test #li,&t H&1 (n +(eloL
+i!.e de %r(eb! en !+i3n6$ do NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL "!9e ! #ore!st H&1 (n
%ron3stioL (n! %re+isi3n6$ ! R#r'I(% NGB4 olo/(i!lO H&1 (n! #rit!d!L !l,o #rito6$ do
Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO H!6 &e!d o(nt H&1 H(n6
re(ento Nde %erson!sO6$ !n inde- H&1 (n Fndie6$ in/(ir' N"s (s!doO NoO en/(ir'
H!+eri,(!rL ind!,!r6$ !n in/(ir' N"s (s!doO NoO !n en/(ir'L in/(iries N"s (s!doO
NoO en/(iries H!bo(tL intoL o# 1116 H&1 (n! !+eri,(!i3n NoO ind!,!i3nL !+eri,(!iones
NoO ind!,!iones HsobreL enL en 11166$ !n ins%etionL ins%etions H&1 (n! ins%ei3n NoO
re+isi3nL ins%eiones NoO re+isiones6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL dr!7 (% !n in+entor' Ho# st&6 H&1 (n in+ent!rio Hde !l,o66$ !n
in+esti,!tionL ! ,re!t de!l o# in+esti,!tion H&1 (n!L "(&Fsi"! in+esti,!i3n6$ ! b!dL
,oodL dre!d#(lL e-ellentL %oorL s!tis#!tor' .ob o# so"et&in, H&1 (n "!lL b(enL
&orribleL e-elenteL de#iienteL s!tis#!torio tr!b!.o en h l(,!rL on h ob.eto4 S&e &!s
doneL "!de ! ,ood .ob o# t&e 9it&en HEll! &! &e&o (n b(en tr!b!.o en l! oin!66$
!n e-ellent NoO ,re!t .ob on &er !r NoO on &i"L &is &e!lt& H&1 (n tr!b!.o e-elente
NoO (n ,r!n tr!b!.o en s( o&e NoO on 0lL on s( s!l(d6$ ! ,ood .ob o# h ,er(ndio
H&1 (n b(en tr!b!.o h ,er(ndio6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s
(s!doO !L t&e .o(rne' H&1 (nL el +i!.eL tr!'eto H%or tierr!$ "!r o !ire64 T&e' &!+e
doneL "!de t&e .o(rne' 7it&o(t sto%%in, HE!n &e&o el +i!.e sin %!r!r66$ do N"s
(s!doOL "!9e N"enos (s!doO .(stie H&1 .(stii!6 %ero en %!si+! s3lo se (s! QdoQ4
j(stie 7!s done HSe &izo .(stii!6$ do N"s (s!doOL "!9e N"enos (s!doO .(stie to
sb NoO sb .(stie H&1 .(stii! ! !l,(ien6$ !L one l!%L t7o l!%s Ho# st&6 Hd!r (n! +(elt!L
dos +(elt!s H!lrededor de !l,o66$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s
(s!doO ! "!noe(+re NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ! "!ne(+er NUSAO H&1 (n! "!niobr!6$
do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! "!n(sri%tL
"!n(sri%ts H&1 (n "!n(sritoL "!n(sritos6$ doL "!9eL dr!7 ! "!%L "!%s H&1 (n
"!%!L "!%!s6$ doL "!9eL oo9 Ht&e6 "e!t H&!er NoO oin!r Hl!6 !rne6$ "edit!tion
H&1 "edit!i3n6$ doL "!9eL 7or9L %er#or" "ir!les H&1 "il!,ros6$ do Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! "is!l(l!tionL "is!l(l!tions
Ho"eter (n! e/(i+o!i3nL e/(i+o!iones6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL !(se Hsb6 "is&ie# NoO "is&ie# Hto sb6 H&1L !(s!r d!)o H!
!l,(ien66$ do N"s (s!doOL "!9e N"enos (s!doO !L one "issionL t7o "issions H&1
(n! "isi3nL dos "isiones6$ do Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO
! "o9 NoO ! "o9er' o# st&L sb H&1 b(rl! de NoO b(rl!rse de !l,oL !l,(ienL ridi(liz!r
NoO %oner en ridF(lo !l,oL ! !l,(ien6$ "odels H&1 "odelos6$ do ! "o+e"ent N%(ede
ir solo o se,(ido de (n in#initi+o on UtoV$ (n o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l$ et1O H&1
(n "o+i"iento6L "!9e ! "o+e"ent Nno %(ede ir soloM tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n
in#initi+o on UtoV e-%lFito o sobrHe6entendido$ de (n o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l$
et1O H&1 (n "o+i"iento6$ ! %iee o# needle7or9 H&1 (n! ost(r!L (n bord!do6$ do
N"enos (s!doOL "!9e N"s (s!doOL %!' obeis!ne Hto sbL st&6 HrendirL trib(t!r
&o"en!.e H! !l,(ienL !l,o66$ do N"enos (s!doOL "!9e N"s (s!doOL %!' !n
obeis!ne Hto sb6 H&1 (n! re+ereni! H! !l,(ien66$ !n o##erin,L o##erin,s Ho# st&6 H&1
(n! o#rend!L o#rend!s Hde !l,o66$ do !n o"eletteL o"elet NUSAO Nolo/(i!lOL "!9e
!n o"eletteL o"elet NUSAO Nliter!rioO H&1 (n! tortill!6$ do N"s (s!doOL "!9e
N"enos (s!doO !n o%er!tion H&1 (n! o%er!i3n6$ do N"s (s!doOL "!9e N"enos
(s!doO ! *L *!es!re!n NGB %rini%!l"enteOL *es!re!n NUSA4 "s (s!doOL
*es!ri!n NUSA4 "enos (s!doO o%er!tion H&1 (n! Ho%er!i3n de6 esre!6$ !nL oneZs
ordin!neL ordin!nes H&1 (n!L s( orden!nz!L (n! ere"oni!L orden!nz!sL
ere"oni!s6$ ! %!intin,L %!intin,s H&1L %int!r (n (!droL (!dros6$ doL "!9eL "!9e
(% ! %!rel H&1 (n %!/(ete Ni en+ol+erlo ' !t!rloO6$ ! %!t& H&1 (n re"iendoL
%!r&e6$ do N"s (s!doOL "!9e N"enos (s!doOL ,i+e ! H,oodL b!d6 %er#or"!ne
H&!erL d!r (n! #(ni3nL re%resent!i3n6$ ! %&otoo%'L %&otoo%ies H&1 (n!
#otoo%i!L #otoo%i!s6$ do H!6 %il,ri"!,e Hto 1116 H&1 H(n!6 %ere,rin!i3n H! 11166L "!9e
! %il,ri"!,e Hto 1116 H&1 (n! %ere,rin!i3n H! 11166$ ! H%oliti!l$ et16 %iro(ette H(n!
%ir(et! H%olFti!$ et166$ ! %ortr!it H&1 (n retr!to6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO !L t&eL oneZs %resent!tionL %resent!tions H&1 (n!L l!L s(
%resent!i3nL %resent!iones6$ ! R%rintHI6o(t H&1 (n list!do6$ doL "!9e NUSAO H!6
%ro"otion H&1 H(n!6 %ro"oi3n6$ %(bliit' H&1 %(bliid!d6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos
(s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO Hsb6 ! /(i&eL ! /(i&e H#or sb6 H&1 (n /(i&e
H%!r! !l,(ien66$ do N"s (s!doOL "!9e N"enos (s!doO ! re!tion H&1L !(s!r (n!
re!i3n6$ ! re!%%r!is!l H&1 (n! re+!l(!i3n6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO #r(it rei%es H&1 reet!s de #r(t!s6$ !L t&e Hne7$ et16 reordin,
H&1 (n!L l! Hn(e+!$ et16 ,r!b!i3n6$ t&eL t&ese reordin,s H&1 l!sL est!s ,r!b!iones6$
oneZs reordin,s H&1 s(s ,r!b!iones6$ ! reo(nt Ho# 1116 H&1 (n re(ento Hde 11166$ do !
red(tionL red(tions NGBO H&1 (n des(entoL des(entoHs6L (n! reb!.!L reb!.!Hs6L
(n! red(i3nL red(i3nHes64 I t&in9 Ht&!t6 t&e' do st(dent red(tions NGBO H*reo
/(e &!en des(entoHs6 !L %!r! Hlos6 est(di!ntes66 ' U"!9e ! red(tionL red(tionsV
H&1 (n des(entoL des(entoHs6L (n! reb!.!L reb!.!Hs6L (n! red(i3nL red(i3nHes664
T&e' "!9e ! red(tionL red(tions #orL to st(dents HE!en des(entoHs6 !L %!r!
Hlos6 est(di!ntes6M >eZre ,oin, to &!+e to "!9e red(tions HD!"os ! tener /(e &!er
des(entos66$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! re#or"L
re#or"s H&1 (n! re#or"!L re#or"!s6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4
"s (s!doO ! reno+!tionL Hso"e6 reno+!tions H&1 (n! reno+!i3nL H!l,(n!s6
reno+!iones6$ ! re%!irL re%!irs H&1 (n! re%!r!i3nL re%!r!iones6$ do Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL "!9e o(tL 7rite o(t ! re%ortL re%orts
Hon st&6 H&1 (n in#or"e NoO re%ort!.eL in#or"es NoO re%ort!.es Hsobre !l,o66$ !
re%roHd(tion6L re%roHd(tion6s H&1 (n! re%rod(i3nL re%rod(iones6$ do N"s
(s!doOL "!9e N"enos (s!doO ! rer(n H&1 (n reestrenoL (n! re%osii3n6$ !L t&e
restor!tion H&1 (n!L l! rest!(r!i3n6$ ! r0s("0 H&1 (n res("en6$ ! re+ie7L re+ie7s H&1
(n re%!so NoO (n! re+isi3nL (n! reensi3nL re+isionesL reensiones6$ !L t&e re+ision
N"s (s!doOL t&e re+isions N"enos (s!doOL so"e re+isions N"enos (s!doO HinL #orL
o#L to st&6 H&1 (n!L l! re+isi3nL l! re+isi3nL !l,(n! re+isi3n HenL %!r!L deL de !l,o66$
re+ision N"enos (s!doO HinL #orL o#L to st&6 H&1 re+isi3n HenL %!r!L deL de !l,o66$ !
ro!st H&1 (n !s!do6$ do NGB %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO t&eL oneZs ro(nds o# 111 H+isit!rL ir(l!r %or 1114 T&is no+el &!s
"!deL done NGB %rini%!l"enteO t&e ro(nds o# so"e %(blis&ers HEst! no+el! &!
ir(l!do %or !l,(n!s editori!les N%!r! %(bli!rl!O6M Ee &!s "!deL done NGB
%rini%!l"enteO t&e ro(nds o# !ll t&e tr!+el !,ents Hl &! +isit!do tod!s l!s !,eni!s
de +i!.es6$ oneZs %!%erL "il9$ et1$ ro(nd H&1 el re%!rto de %eri3diosL le&eL et14
S&e is doin,L "!9in, &er %!%er ro(nd HEll! est &!iendo el re%!rto de %eri3dios66$
doL "!9e NGB %rini%!l"enteO H!ll6 t&e Rr(nnin, H&!erlo todoL to"!r tod!s l!s
inii!ti+!s6$ doL "!9e NGB %rini%!l"enteO "ost o# t&e Rr(nnin, H&!erlo !si todoL
to"!r "(&!s de l!s inii!ti+!s6$ do N"enos (s!doOL "!9e N"s (s!doO ! s!n H&1
(n esnerL es!no,r!"!L (n! eo,r!#F!6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! s(l%t(re H&1 (n! es(lt(r!6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL
"!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO se!r& !#ter st& Hb(s!r !l,o6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos
(s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO NoO ond(t ! se!r& o# so"et&in, Hb(s!r NoO
re,istr!r !l,o H&!iendo (n! ins%ei3n66$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! se!r& #or st&L sb Hb(s!r !l,oL ! !l,(ien6$ do Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! se!r& in ! %l!e H&1L %r!ti!r (n
re,istro en (n l(,!r6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO !
se!r& Hon t&e o"%(terL on st&6L eletroni se!r&es H&1 (n! b2s/(ed! Hen el
orden!dorL sobre !l,o6L b2s/(ed!s eletr3ni!s6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL
"!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! sedi"ent se%!r!tionL ! se%!r!tion bet7een st& !nd st&
H&1 (n! se%!r!i3n del sedi"entoL se%!r!r !l,o de !l,o6$ do N"s (s!doOL "!9e
N"enos (s!doO ! sel#Ie-!"in!tion H&1 (n !(toe-!"enL (n e-!"en de onieni!6$ !
sel#I%ortr!it H&1 (n !(torretr!to6$ !L t&e s&o7L s&o7s H"ont!r (nL el es%et(loL
es%et(los6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO !
si"(l!tion H&1 (n si"(l!roL (n! si"(l!i3n6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO s%!e #li,&t si"(l!tion H&1 (n si"(l!roL (n! si"(l!i3n de
+(elos es%!i!les6$ ! st!,e %rod(tionL st!,e %rod(tions H&1 (n! re%resent!i3n
te!tr!lL re%resent!iones te!tr!les6$ do H!6 s(btr!tionL "!9e ! s(btr!tion H&1 (n!
rest!6$ do NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL "!9e ! s(itL s(its H&1 (n tr!.eL tr!.es4 S&e didL
"!de ! o"%lete s(it in one d!' HEll! &izo (n tr!.e entero en (n dF!66$ ! s("L s("sL
oneZs s("s H&1 (n! s("! NoO (n l(loL l(los NoO (ent!s6$ ! s7!% Nolo/(i!lO
H#or st&L 7it& sb6 H&1 (n !"bioL tr(e/(e H%or !l,oL on !l,(ien66$ ! s7ee% H&1 (n!
red!d!L (n r!streoL d!r (n! b!tid!4 T&e %olie didL "!de ! Hse(rit'6 s7ee% HL!
%oliF! &izo (n! red!d! HdeL %!r! se,(rid!d66$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! t!ttoo H&1 (n t!t(!.e6$ ! 7orld to(rL ! to(r o# t&!t o(ntr'L !
to(r o# So(t& A"eri! H&1 (n! ,ir! NoO (n +i!.e !lrededor del "(ndoL %or ese NoO
!/(el %!FsL %or S(d!"0ri! NoO S(r!"0ri!6$ doL "!9e ! to(r o# t&e &os%it!l H+isit!r
el &os%it!l6$ do Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO ! tr!de 7it&
sb H!"bi!r !l,o ! !l,(ien4 IZll "!9eL do ! tr!de 7it& 'o( HTe lo !"bio66$ ! Rtr!deI
o## H&1 (n !"bioL tr(e/(eL !rre,lo6$ doL "!9eL !rr' o(t ! tr!ns!tionL tr!ns!tions
H&1 (n! tr!ns!i3nL tr!ns!iones6$ ! tr!nsri%tionL tr!nsri%tions H&1 (n!
tr!nsri%i3nL tr!nsri%iones6$ ! tr!nsl!tionL t&e tr!nsl!tionL Hso"e6 tr!nsl!tions H&1
(n! tr!d(i3nL l! tr!d(i3nL H!l,(n!s6 tr!d(iones6$ ! trio H(n trFo6$ ! tri% H&1 (n
+i!.e H%or tierr!L "!rL !ire N%ero "s orto /(e U.o(rne'L +o'!,eVO66$ t&e t(rn Hto t&e
le#tL ri,&t6 H,ir!r H&!i! l! iz/(ierd!L dere&!6 Non (n +e&F(lo o en %olFti!O6$ ! le#tL
ri,&t t(rnL le#tL ri,&t t(rns H&1 (n ,iro ! l! iz/(ierd!L (n ,iro ! l! dere&!L ,iros ! l!
iz/(ierd!L ,iros ! l! dere&! Non (n +e&F(lo o en %olFti!O6$ ! 7ron, t(rn H&1 (n
,iro e/(i+o!do6$ ! t(rn!bo(tL t(rn!ro(nd H&1 (n !"bio de r("boL (n ,iro r!di!l6$
! RUIt(rn H&1 (n !"bio r!di!lL d!r +(elt!L !"bi!r de sentidoL d!r (n ,iro de 5@C6$
! +ersion o# st& H&1 (n! +ersi3nL (n "odelo de !l,o6$ do N"s (s!doOL "!9e N"enos
(s!doO ! R7riteI(% H&1 (n! rFti!L (n! rese)!L (n !rtF(loL (n re%ort!.e6$ do
Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL "!9e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO !n KIr!' H&1 (n!
r!dio,r!#F!6$ do N"s (s!doOL "!9e N"enos (s!doO 'o,! H&1 'o,!6$ et1
A +ees$ se %(ede (s!r UdoV t!"bi0n en in,l0s +(l,!r (!ndo +! !l #in!l de l!
or!i3n en +ez de re%etir U"!9eV$ o"o se %(ede &!er on l! "!'or %!rte de los
+erbos$ %ero nor"!l"ente se (tiliz! U"!9eV %or/(e es!s %!l!br!s +!n s3lo on el
+erbo U"!9eV1 E.14 T&e' 7ere ri,&t in "!9in, t&e &oiesL l!i"sL o""ents t&e'
"!de Nestnd!r4 en#tioOL did N+(l,!r4 no en#tioO HEst(+ieron !ert!dos !l &!er
l!s eleionesL l!s !#ir"!ionesL los o"ent!rios /(e &iieron61
=15B1I Aa construcciones 'ue llevan ;/acer< en castellano, pero en ingls no
llevan ni MdoM ni Mma1eM4 Ee !tsL %l!'s t&e "!rt'r Hl se &!e el "rtir6M S&e
!ts !sL !tsL %l!'s t&e n(n HEll! &!e deL inter%ret! ! l! "on.!6M Ee bl!9"!ils (s
Hl nos &!e (n &!nt!.eL &!nt!.e!6M T&e' blo7 b(bbles HE!en %o"%!s6M T&e'
bo'ott #orei,n ,oods HE!en (n boiot !L Boiote!n los %rod(tos e-tr!n.eros6M
S&e !s&es (% HEll! &!e !.!6M S&e ,!+e ! !ress toL !ressedL stro9ed t&e !t HEll!
&izo (n! !rii! !l ,!to6M T&e' !rried o(t #r!(dL ! #r!(d HEiieron1 #r!(deL (n
#r!(de6M S&e entered ! on+ent HEll! se &izo "on.!6M Ee entered ! "on!ster' Hl se
&izo "on.e6M T&e o7 ,!+e ! "oo HL! +!! &izoL dio (n "(,ido6M Ee ,!+e !
7&istle Hl &izo (n silbido6M Do,s ,o 7o7 7o7L bo7I7o7L 7oo# 7oo# HLos
%erros &!en ,(!(I,(!(6M T&e lo9 ,oes ti9 to9 HEl relo. &!e ti t!6M T&e' &!+e
! deb!teL deb!tes HE!en (n deb!teL deb!tes6M T&e' &!d !n or,' HEiieron (n!
or,F!6M T&e' &!dL ,!+eL t&re7 Nolo/(i!lO ! %!rt' HEiieronL T(+ieron (n! #iest!6M
Ee &otI7ired Nolo/(i!lO t&e !r Hl &izo (n %(ente !l o&e6M Ee &(rt &er Hl le
&izo d!)o ! ell!6M Ee 9e%t (s o"%!n' Hl nos &izo o"%!)F!6M S&e le#t ! le,!'
HEll! &izo (n le,!do6M T&e' "!r9ed ! ne7 er!L 7ere NoO re%resented ! l!nd"!r9L
7ere e%o&I"!9in, HEiieron 0%o!6M S&e %!9ed H&er s(it!se6 HEll! &izo l!
"!let!6M Ee %er#or"ed ! "!rri!,e ere"on'L !n o%er!tion Hl &izo (n! ere"oni!
"!tri"oni!lL (n! o%er!i3n6M S&e %l!'ed t&e o"ed'L %l!'I!ted HEll! &!F! l!
o"edi!6M T&e' %l!'ed ! .o9eL tri9 on (s HNos &iieronL ,!st!ron (n! bro"!6M
T&e' %l!' %olitis HE!en %olFti!6M Ee %(t ! dot Hl &izoL %(so (n %(nto Ni se)!lL
tr!zoO6M D(9s /(!9 HLos %!tos &!en (! (!L ,r!zn!n6M Ee sored ! ,o!l Hl &izo
NoO "eti3 NoO "!r3 (n ,ol6M S&e s&o7ed "er' HEll! &izoL "ostr3 "iseriordi!6M
Ee sn(bs (s Hl nos &!e (n des%reio6M T&e tre!t"ent too9 e##et HEl tr!t!"iento
&izoL s(rti3 e#eto6M T&e' too9 &ost!,es HEiieron re&enes6M T&e' too9 (s &ost!,e
HNos to"!ron o"oL &iieron re&enes6M T&e' too9 ! %&otoH,r!%&6L %it(re
HEiieronL S!!ron (n! #oto6M T&e' too9 ! lon, 7ee9end HEiieron %(ente6$ et1
E!' onstr(iones /(e lle+!n QdoQ o Q"!9eQ en in,l0sH$6 %ero no se tr!d(en %or
Q&!erQ en !stell!no1 E.14 S&e isnZt t&e #ool &e "!9es &er HEll! no es l! tont! /(e 0l
%iens!6$ et1
A +ees no se %(ede %oner Q"!9eQ sol!"ente sino Q"!9e (%Q4 "!9e (% !
olletionL ! de#iitL ! #ireL ! lossL oneZs di##erenesL t&e di##ereneL !n e-(seL
oneZs #!eL oneZs "indL t&e n("bersL oneZs /(!rrelL ! stor' NoO ! t!leL Hlost6 ti"eL !
ti"et!bleL t&e 7&ole Hre(nir (n! olei3nL (brir NoO !rro.!r (n d0#iitL %re%!r!r el
#(e,o NoO l! l("breL o"%ens!r (n! %0rdid!L &!er l!s %!esL %oner l! di#ereni!L
in+ent!r (n! e-(s!L "!/(ill!rseL deidirseL &!er b(ltoL reonili!rseL in+ent!r (n
(entoL re(%er!r el tie"%o %erdidoL el!bor!r NoO &!er (n &or!rio NoO %ro,r!"!L
#or"!r el todo6$ et1
A +ees en +ez de Q"!9eQ se %one on (n si,ni#i!do li,er!"ente distinto Q"!9e
(%Q t&eL !4 !t!lo,(eL &e9listL odeL #ileL #or"(l!L .in,leL listL s&ed(leL ! senteneL
! s'll!b(s Hel!bor!r elL (n !tlo,oL l!L (n! list! de +eri#i!i3nL elL (n 3di,oL elL (n
#i&eroL l!L (n! #3r"(l!L l!L (n! list!L elL (n estribilloL elL (n %ro,r!"! N(O &or!rioL
el!bor!r NoO o"%oner l!L (n! or!i3nL el!bor!r (n %l!n de est(dios61
A +ees no se %(ede %oner Q"!9eQ sol!"ente sino Q"!9e o(tQ4 "!9e o(tL 7rite o(t
! &e/(e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &e9 NUSAO H&!er NoO e-tender NoO e"itir (n
&e/(e6$ "!9e o(tL #ill in NGB %rini%!l"enteOL #ill o(t NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL
o"%lete !n !%%li!tionL !Hn !%%li!tion6 #or"L ! l!i" Hrellen!r (n! soliit(dL (n
i"%resoL (n! de"!nd!6$ "!9e o(t !n in+oieL ! %resri%tionL ! reei%tL ! t!- ret(rn
H&!er (n! #!t(r!L (n! reet!L (n reiboL (n! del!r!i3n de l! rent!6$ "!9e o(t
o(tlinesL s&!%es Hdistin,(ir es/(e"!sL "oldes NoO on#i,(r!iones6$ "!9e o(t !
s&ed(le H%re%!r!r (n %ro,r!"! N(O &or!rio6$ "!9e o(t ! ti"et!ble Hesribir (n
&or!rio NoO %ro,r!"!6$ et1
=18C1I El verbo McanM puede expresar4
*+ Kermiso en !#ir"!ti+!M %er"iso$ %etii3n$ s(,ereni! o onse.o en interro,!ti+!M
%ro&ibii3n$ s(,ereni! o onse.o en ne,!ti+! en in,l0s olo/(i!lM e/(i+!le ! Q"!'Q
en in,l0s "s liter!rio t!nto en !#ir"!ti+! o"o en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M l!
#or"! Q!nQ se (s! %!r! el %resente ' %!r! el #(t(roM l! #or"! Qo(ldQ en !#ir"!ti+!
se tr!d(e %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de indi!ti+o o el ondiion!l ' en
interro,!ti+! se tr!d(e %or el ondiion!lM Qo(ldQ en interro,!ti+! %(ede indi!r
ondiion!l de ortesF! on si,ni#i!do de %resente %ero es "s di%lo"tio '
"enos diretoM (!ndo indi! /(e l! !i3n se re!liz3 &!' /(e (s!r Q7!sL 7ere
!llo7ed toQ en +ez de Qo(ldQ ' se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or el %ret0rito inde#inido$
%ero no se %(ede (tiliz!r Qo(ldQ %or/(e no se re!liz3 l! !i3n ' se tr!d(e !l
!stell!no %or el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido de indi!ti+oM Qo(ldQ no indi!
%!s!do %ero %(ede indi!r #(t(ro en el %!s!do si +! en estilo indireto en (n!
or!i3n s(bordin!d!M en los de"s tie"%os$ es deir$ el in#initi+o$ el #(t(ro
i"%er#eto ' los tie"%os o"%(estos$ &!' /(e (s!r Qbe !llo7ed toL %er"itQM en +ez
de !ent(!r Q!nL o(ldQ nor"!l"ente se !ent2! el +erbo /(e +! detrs ! no ser
/(e se /(ier! en#!tiz!r Q!nL o(ldQ1 E.14 *!n I R&!+e !not&er te!T HWP(edo to"!r
otro t0T6M To"orro7 'o( !n Rdo 7&!te+er 'o( li9e HM!)!n! %(edes &!er lo /(e
/(ier!s6M mo( !nZtL !nnot Rs"o9e R&ere HNo %(edes #("!r !/(F6M *!n I R&el% 'o(T
HWP(edo !'(d!rHte$ le6T6M S&e o(ld Ro"e l!ter HEll! %odHr6F! +enir l(e,oL "s
t!rde6M Ee s!id Ht&!t6 s&e o(ld Rborro7 t&e boo9 Hl di.o /(e ell! %odHr6F! %edir el
libro %rest!do6M Ee 7!s !llo7ed to ,o in be!(se it 7!s r!inin, HSe le %er"iti3L de.3
entr!r %or/(e est!b! llo+iendo6M S&e o(ldnZt Rloo9 !t t&e "!n HEll! no %odF!L %(do
"ir!r !l &o"bre61
*(!ndo se &!e (n! %re,(nt! on Q!nQ %!r! %edir %er"iso se ontest! on Q!nQ$
%ero (!ndo se &!e (n! %re,(nt! on Qo(ldQ %!r! %edir %er"iso nor"!l"ente se
ontest! on Q!nQ$ no Qo(ldQ1 E.14 A4 *o(ld I R&el% 'o(T HWPodrF! !'(d!rteL leT61
B4 mes$ 'o( !n N"s (s!doOL o(ld N"enos (s!doO HSF$ %(edeHs6L %odrF!Hs66M A4
*o(ld I R+isit 'o(r #!"il'T HWPodrF! +isit!r ! t( #!"ili!T61 B4 O# o(rse 'o( !n N"s
(s!doOL o(ld N"enos (s!doO HPor s(%(esto /(e %(edeHs6L %odrF!Hs66L No$ 'o( !nZt
Nindi! .er!r/(F!4 de (n s(%erior ! (n! %erson! ! s( !r,oO HNo$ no %(edes6L I !"
!#r!id it is not %ossible Nentre %erson!s sin .er!r/(F!O HMe te"o /(e no es %osible61
*on+iene no on#(ndir4 Ee !nZtL !nnot Rdo it Hl no %(ede &!erlo6 ' UEe !n
Hsi"%l'6 Rnot do itV Hl %(ede Hsi"%le"ente6 no &!erlo6M S&e o(ldnZtL o(ld not
!Rttend !n' o# t&e let(res HEll! no %odF! !sistir ! nin,(n! de l!s on#ereni!s6 '
US&e o(ld Rnot !ttend !n' o# t&e let(resV HEll! %odF! no !sistir ! nin,(n! de l!s
on#ereni!s61
*(!ndo se &!bl! de re,l!s$ le'es$ ,r!do de libert!d$ se (s! ,ener!l"ente Q!nL
o(ldL be !llo7ed toQ ' no Q"!'L "i,&tQ1 E.14 Tod!'$ st(dents !nL !re !llo7ed to
Rdo 7&!t t&e' li9e HEo' Hen dF!6 los est(di!ntes %(eden &!er lo /(e /(ieren6M S&e
o(ldL 7!s !llo7ed to Roo9 7&!t s&e li9ed HEll! %odF! oin!r lo /(e /(isier!L
/(erF!61
2+ Kosibilidad en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! e i"%osibilid!d en ne,!ti+! en in,l0s
olo/(i!lM Q!nQ se,(ido de in#initi+o se tr!d(e %or Q%oderQ N%osibilid!d &i%ot0ti!
"s %rob!bleO h in#initi+o$ %ero Q"!'Q h in#initi+o se tr!d(e %or Q%(ede /(eQ
N%osibilid!d &i%ot0ti! "enos %rob!bleO h s(b.(nti+o ' no si,ni#i!n lo "is"oM en
el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido se (s! Qo(ldQ en !#ir"!ti+! (!ndo se tr!d(e !l
!stell!no %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de indi!ti+o o %or el ondiion!l ' %or el
%ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o$ si +! en (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! ondiion!l$
%ero (!ndo +! en !#ir"!ti+! e indi! /(e l! !i3n se re!liz3 se tr!d(e !l
!stell!no %or el %ret0rito inde#inido ' &!' /(e (s!r Q7!sL 7ere !ble to NoO "!n!,ed
toL s(eeded inQ en +ez de Qo(ldQ$ e-e%to4
!6 *(!ndo Qo(ldQ +! en ne,!ti+! '! /(e l! !i3n no se re!liz! ' en interro,!ti+!
'! /(e no se s!be si se re!liz! o no1
b6 *on +erbos de los sentidos1
6 *(!ndo +! %reedido de l! !i3n /(e se re!liz3 o si se sobrHe6entiende di&!
!ionM Qo(ldQ %(ede ser ondiion!l de ortesF! on si,ni#i!do de %resente %ero
"s di%lo"tio ' "enos diretoM en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! Qo(ldQ se %(ede
tr!d(ir %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de indi!ti+o$ %or el ondiion!l$ %or el %ret0rito
i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o$ si +! en (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! ondiion!l$ o %ret0rito
inde#inido '! /(e no se re!liz! l! !i3nM en este sentido Q!nQ %(ede indi!r (n
!s%eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o se,(ido de QbeQ h %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente ' (n !s%eto
%er#eti+o se,(ido de in#initi+o o"%(esto4 &!+e h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n +erbo en %!si+!M %!r! los de"s tie"%os$ es deir$ el in#initi+o$ el
#(t(ro i"%er#eto ' los tie"%os o"%(estos$ se (s! QHto6 be !bleL %ossibleQM (!ndo
Qo(ldQ +! en !#ir"!ti+! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto indi! /(e l! !i3n no
se re!liz3M en +ez de !ent2!r Q!nL o(ldQ se !ent2! el +erbo /(e +! detrs1 E.4 S&e
!n R&el% R'o( Hno7L to"orro76 HEll! %(ede !'(Rd!rteL le H!&or!L "!)!n!66M *!n
'o( R&el% "e Rno7T HWP(edes !'(Rd!r"e !R&or!T6M *!n &e Rdo itL do Rt&!tT HWP(ede 0l
&!RerloL &!er ResoT6M S&e !nZt Rnot !dR"ire R&i" HEll! Rno %(ede de.!r de
!d"iRr!rleL lo6M T&e' o(ld Ni "i,&tO R,o e!rlier i# 'o( 7!nted to HPodHr6F!n Rir "s
te"%r!no si /(isier!sL /(isieses6M *o(ld &e R,o to re%!ir t&e "!R&ineT HWPodHr6F! Rir
0l ! re%!r!r l! R"/(in!T6M T&e' 7o(ld ,o$ i# t&e' o(ld N"i,&t4 no %onerO HIrF!n si
%(dier!nL %(diesen6M S&e o(ld N"s %rob!bleOL R"i,&t N"enos %rob!ble i PodrF!
d!rse el !so de /(e ell! lo &iier!O Rdo it HEll! %oRdHr6F! &!Rerlo6M S&e 7!s !bleL
"!n!,ed to do it HEll! %(doL onsi,(i3 &!erlo6M Ee did !ll &e o(ld N"i,&t4 no
%onerO Hl &!F! todo lo /(e %odF!L &izo todo lo /(e %(do6M B(t &o7 o(ld N"i,&t4
no %onerO 'o(T HPero W3"o %(diste &!er NoO deir (n! os! !sFT6M T&e' o(ldnZtL
7erenZt !ble to R!ns7er R7ell HNo %odF!n NoO er!n !%!es deL %(dieron NoO #(eron
!%!es de ontesRt!r Rbien6M Ee !n N"s %rob!bleOL R"!' N"enos %rob!ble i l
R%(ede /(e est0 tr!b!R.!ndoO be R7or9in, Hl %(ede est!r tr!b!.!ndo6M *!n it Rbe
re%!iredT HWP(ede re%!Rr!rseT6M T&e' 7onZt be !ble to t!l9 HNo %odrn &!bl!r6M Ee
o(ld N"s %rob!bleOL "i,&t N"enos %rob!bleM tiene /(e ir %reedido o se,(ido de
(n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! ondiion!l /(e e"%iee %or Ui#VO &!+e Ro"e Hl %odHr6F!
&!ber +eRnidoL &!brF! %odido +eRnir N%ero no +inoO6M S&e is s(re Ht&!t6 t&e' o(ldnZt
&!+e Rlied HEll! est se,(r! de /(e no %odHr6F!n &!ber "enRtidoL &!bHr6F!n %odido
"enRtir61
Se %(ede (s!r Uo(ld H!t le!st6V %ero no U!nV %!r! e-%res!r /(e.! %idiendo /(e se
&!,! !l,oM el tono !l #in!l es desendenteI!sendente1 E.14 S&e Ro(ld H!t le!st6 R+isit
R(s+| HPoRdHr6F! H%or lo "enos6 +isiRt!rnos ell! Ni serF! b(eno /(e lo &iier!O6M S&e
Ro(ld H!t le!st6 &!+e R+isited R(s+| HPoRdHr6F! H%or lo "enos6 &!bernos +isiRt!do ell!
Ni no nos +isit3 %ero serF! b(eno /(e lo &(bier! &e&oO1
E!' di#ereni! entre QT&e' !nZt Ro"eQ HNo %(eden +eRnir6 ' QT&e' R"!' not
o"eQ HRP(ede /(e no +en,!n6M UT&e' o(ldnZt Ro"eV HNo %odF!n R+enir6 ' QT&e'
R"i,&t not o"eQ HPoRdF!n no +enirL PoRdF! ser /(e no +inier!n61
L!s dos or!iones si,(ientes si,ni#i!n "s o "enos lo "is"o4 UI !nnot b(t be
,r!ti#ied b' t&e !ss(r!neV' UI !n b(t be ,r!ti#ied b' t&e !ss(r!neV HNo %(edo
sino sentir"e ,r!ti#i!do %or l! ,!r!ntF!61
2+ Aabilidad, capacidad o poderM e/(i+!le ! Qbe !bleQ %ero se (s! "s U!nV /(e
Qbe !bleQM t!nto Q!nQ o"o Qo(ldQ en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! %(eden
ir se,(idos de iertos +erbos en in#initi+o /(e no indi!n es#(erzo o"o Q#eel$
,(ess$ &e!r$ i"!,ine$ notie$ re"e"ber$ see$ s"ell$ so(nd$ t!ste$ (nderst!nd$Q et1M
en !#ir"!ti+! Uo(ldV se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or el %ret0rito inde#inido s3lo on los
+erbos /(e no indi/(en es#(erzoM t!nto Q!nQ o"o Qo(ldQ en !#ir"!ti+! %(eden ir
on los !d+erbios Q&!rdl'$ onl'Q ' t!"bi0n en !l,(n!s or!iones s(bordin!d!s '
,ener!l"ente si,ni#i!n lo "is"o /(e el %resente de indi!ti+o o el %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inido res%eti+!"ente del +erbo en in#initi+o$ %ero es
i"%resindible (s!r U!nL o(ldV h el in#initi+o (!ndo si,(e (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! ondiion!lM en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido se (s! Qo(ldQ ' se
tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto o %or el %ret0rito inde#inido de
indi!ti+o (!ndo no se re!liz! l! !i3n$ %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o
en (n! or!i3n ondiion!lM (!ndo indi! /(e l! !i3n se re!liz3 &!' /(e (s!r
Q7!sL 7ere !ble toQ o Q"!n!,ed toL s(eeded inQ en !#ir"!ti+! on +erbos /(e
indi/(en es#(erzo en +ez de Qo(ldQ ' sol!"ente se %(ede tr!d(ir !l !stell!no %or
el %ret0rito inde#inidoM (!ndo se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto o
inde#inido se %one Qo(ldQ o Q7!sL 7ere !ble toQ en ne,!ti+! '! /(e l! !i3n no se
re!liz! ' en interro,!ti+! '! /(e no se s!be si se re!liz! o noM Uo(ldV %(ede
re#erirse !l %!s!do$ !l %resente ' !l #(t(roM (!ndo se tr!d(e %or Qs!berQ se re#iere !
s!ber &!er !l,oM en los tie"%os en /(e no se %(ede (s!r Q!nL o(ldQ$ es deir$ el
in#initi+o$ el #(t(ro i"%er#eto ' los tie"%os o"%(estos$ se (tiliz! el +erbo Qbe
!bleQ o Qbe (n!bleQ h in#initi+o on UtoV %ero$ en los tie"%os en /(e se %(ede (s!r
Q!nL o(ldQ$ es %re#erible (s!rlo '! /(e se (tiliz! "s /(e Qbe !bleQM es
reo"end!ble (s!r sie"%re U!nV en %resente ' no U!"L isL !re !ble toV (!ndo se
est desribiendo !l,o /(e est o(rriendo en el "o"ento de &!bl!rM U!nV %(ede
indi!r #(t(ro en or!iones s(bordin!d!s te"%or!les detrs de U7&enV '
ondiion!les detrs de Ui#VM U!nL o(ldV %(eden ir se,(idos de (n +erbo en %!si+!
%ero no sie"%reM Q!nQ no %(ede indi!r (n !s%eto %er#eti+o se,(ido de in#initi+o
o"%(esto4 U&!+eV h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM Qo(ldQ se,(ido de (n in#initi+o si"%le
de l! %!si+! HUbeV h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do6 o (n in#initi+o o"%(esto HU&!+eV h
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do6 indi! /(e l! !i3n no lle,3 ! re!liz!rse !(n/(e e-istier! l!
%osibilid!dM en +ez de !ent2!r Q!nL o(ldQ se !ent2! el in#initi+o /(e +! detrs1
E.14 S&e !n Rs%e!9 REn,lis& Ni S&e 9no7s &o7 to s%e!9 En,lis&O HEll! s!be &!Rbl!r
inR,l0s6M *!n 'o( Roo9T HWS!bes oiRn!rT6M I !nZtL donZt (nderRst!nd HNo
enRtiendoL No o"R%rendoL No %(edo entenRderlo6M I !nZt R7!it HNo %(edo esR%er!r6
' UI donZt 7!itV HNo es%ero6M I !nZt Rto(& "' Rtoes HNo !l!nzo ! toR!r"e los R%ies6
' UI donZt to(& "' toes !s ! &obb'V HNo too Ni ten,o %or ost("bre to!rO los
%ies o"o %!s!tie"%o6M S&e o(ldnZtL 7!snZt !ble to iR"!,ine it HEll! no %odF!L er!
!%!z de i"!,iRn!rHse6lo6M S&e o(ld R#eel t&e %!in beR#ore HEll! %odF!L %(do senRtir
el dolor R!ntes6M S&e o(ld R,(ess 7&!t &e &!d Rdone HEll! se i"!,iRn!b! NoO
i"!,iRn3L %odF! NoO %(do i"!,iRn!rse lo /(e 0l &!bF! R&e&o6M T&e' o(ld R&e!r R(s
H#i+e "in(tes !,o6 HPodF!n NoO P(dieron oRFrnos H&!e ino "in(tos66M Ee o(ld
reR"e"ber 'o(r n!"e in t&e Rend Hl %(do reorRd!r t( no"bre !l #iRn!l6M Ee o(ld
Rsee 'o( in t&e Rend Hl %(do R+erte !l #iRn!l6M Ee o(ld Rs"ell t&e odo(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL odor NUSAO in t&e Rend Hl %(do oRler el olor !l #iRn!l6M Ee o(ld
Rt!ste t&e !+i!r in t&e Rend Hl %(do %roRb!r el !+i!r !l #iRn!l6M Ee o(ld (nderRst!nd
&er in t&e Rend Hl %(do o"%renRderl! !l #iRn!l6M S&e o(ld R!rr' t&e Rb!, HEll! %odF!
NU%(doV4 no %oner %or/(e U!rr'V indi! es#(erzoO lleR+!r l! Rbols!6M I# s&e o(ld Rdo
it$ s&e 7o(ld tell (s HSi ell! %(dier! &!Rerlo$ nos lo dirF!6M S&e o(ld be R&(rt HEll!
%odHr6F! &!Rerse d!)o6M Ee o(ld &!+e R&(rt Rt&e" Hl %(doL %odHr6F! &!berles
&e&o Rd!)oL &!brF! %odido &!erles Rd!)o N%ero no se lo &izoO6M Ee o(ld Rs%e!9
RS%!nis&L Ee 9ne7 &o7 to s%e!9 S%!nis& Hl s!bF! Ns(%o4 no %onerO &!Rbl!r
!steRll!no6M S&e #ell !nd o(ldnZtL 7!snZt !ble to R,et R(% HEll! se !'3 ' no %odF!L
%(doL er! !%!z deL #(e !%!z de le+!nRt!rse6M *o(ld 'o( R7in in t&e RendTL >ere
'o( !ble to 7in in t&e endT HWP(disteL F(iste !%!z de ,!Rn!r !l #iRn!lT6$ %ero US&e
#ell !nd 7!s !ble No(ld4 no %oner %or/(e el +erbo indi! es#(erzoO to ,et (%V HEll!
se !'3 ' %(doL #(e !%!z de le+!nt!rse6 ' UEe &!snZt been !bleL &!s been (n!ble
to o"eV No(ld4 no %oner en tie"%os o"%(estosO Hl no &! %odido +enir6M EeZs
,l!d to be !ble to &el% 'o( Hl est ontento de %oder !'(d!rte6M It !nZt be Rdone
HNo se %(ede &!Rer61
En GB se %(ede (s!r Q!nQ se,(ido de +erbos de los sentidos o"o Q#eel$ &e!r$ see$
s"ell$ t!steQ$ %ero en USA se s(ele (s!r el +erbo en (esti3n1 E.14 Ee !n Rsee NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL sees NUSA %rini%!l"enteO better t&!n 7e do Nestnd!rOL (s
Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO Hl %(ede +erL +e "e.or /(e
nosotros6M S&e !n R&e!r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &e!rs NUSA %rini%!l"enteO
so"et&in, HEll! o'eL est o'endo !l,o61
Q*!nQ ' Qo(ldQ %(eden ir se,(idos de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o ' !d.eti+os din"ios '
t!"bi0n esttios ND1 ;15COM indi!n (n! %osibilid!d "enos re!list! /(e Q"!'L
"i,&tQ1 E.14 Ee !nL o(ld Rbe !R##etion!teL Rde!dL enRo(r!,in,L R9indL Rl(9'L RoldL
R(,l'L (nderRst!ndin,L (nR9indL R'o(n, Hl %(edeL %odHr6F! Rser !#eRt(osoL est!r
R"(ertoL ser !lent!RdorL !R"!bleL !#ort(Rn!doL "!R'orL R#eoL o"%renRsi+oL %oo
!R"!bleL R.o+en61 D1 =18518
Q*!nQ ' Qo(ldQ %(eden ir se,(idos de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o h (n !d.eti+o /(e ten,!
l! "is"! #or"! /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 E.14 Ee !n Rbe disRo(r!,ed Hl
%(ede esRt!r des!niR"!do NQdiso(r!,edQ es !d.eti+o$ no %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOL Se
le %(ede des!ni"!r NQdiso(r!,edQ es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do$ no !d.eti+oO6M Ee !n
Rloo9L Rsee" disRo(r!,ed N!d.eti+oO Hl %(ede %!reRer des!niR"!do61 D1=18518$
=15<B$ =15=5
El #(t(ro se #or"! on Qbe !ble toQ4 Ee 7onZt be !ble to !ttend t&e "eetin, Hl no
%odr !sistir ! l! re(ni3n6$ %ero si +! en (n! or!i3nL %ro%osii3n s(bordin!d! !
+ees se %(ede (s!r el +erbo !n en %resente de indi!ti+o o Ube !bleV en #(t(ro
i"%er#eto %!r! re#erirse ! (n! !i3n en el #(t(ro4 Ee is +er' sorr' t&!t &e !nZtL
7onZt be !ble to o"e l!ter Hl siente "(&o /(e no %(ed! +enir des%(0s61
-+ Suposicin o deduccin en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! %!r! el %resenteM t!"bi0n en
!#ir"!ti+! (!ndo +! on los !d+erbios Q&!rdl'$ ne+er$ onl'QM es %!reido ! Q"(stQM
en este sentido Q!nQ %(ede indi!r (n !s%eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o se,(ido de QbeQ
h %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente ' (n !s%eto %er#eti+o se,(ido de in#initi+o o"%(esto4
&!+e h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM no se %(eden (s!r Q"!'L "i,&tQ on este si,ni#i!doM
en el %ret0rito i"%er#eto ' el %ret0rito inde#inido se (s! Qo(ldQ en ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M (!ndo Qo(ldQ +! en !#ir"!ti+! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto
indi! /(e l! !i3n no lle,3 ! re!liz!rse ' (!ndo +! en ne,!ti+! se,(ido de (n
in#initi+o o"%(esto se s(%one l! !i3n no se re!liz3$ !(n/(e &!'! e+ideni! de
/(e %(ed! &!berse re!liz!doM se !ent2! nor"!l"ente Q!nL o(ldQ ' el +erbo /(e
+! detrs1 E.14 It R!nZtL !nRnot Rbe so Rl!te HNo R%(ede Rser t!n Rt!rde6M T&e' R!nZt Rbe
e!tin, Rno7 HNo R%(eden esRt!r o"iendo !R&or!6M Ee R!nZtL "(stnZt Rbe H!t6 R&o"e
Hl no R%(edeL debe de esRt!r en R!s!6M mo( R!nZt &!+e been Rslee%in, !ll Rd!' HNo
R%(edes &!ber est!do d(rR"iendo todo el RdF!6M S&e R!nZt &!+e R,one HEll! no R%(ede
&!ber Rido6M S&e Ro(ldnZt Rbe #i#t' l!st R'e!r HEll! no %oRdF! teRner in(ent! !)os el
!)o %!Rs!do6M It o(ld ne+er RbeL It ne+er o(ld Rbe NRo(ld4 no %onerO HN(n!
%odHr6F! Rserlo6M It R!nZtL !nRnot be Rdone HNo R%(ede &!Rerse6M S&e didnZt 7in !nd
s&e o(ldnZtL o(ldnZt &!+eL Ro(ldnZt &!+e R7on HEll! no ,!n3 ' no %odF! ,!n!rL no
%odF! &!ber ,!n!doL no %oRdF! &!ber ,!n!do6M Ee Ro(ldnZt &!+e Ro"e R'esterd!'
Hl no R%(do &!ber +eRnido !R'er N!(n/(e lo &!'! di&o !l,(ienO6M T&e' Ro(ldnZt
&!+e been Rst(d'in, (ntil Rten HNo %(Rdieron &!ber est!do est(Rdi!ndo &!st! l!s Rdiez
N!(n/(e lo &!'! di&o !l,(ienO61
Detrs de los +erbos "od!les ' !l,(nos otros +erbos se (s! Qbe !bleQ en +ez de
Q!nQ$ /(e no %(ede ir en in#initi+o$ %ero no se %(ede (tiliz!r Qbe !bleQ detrs del
+erbo Q!nQ1 E.14 T&e' "i,&t be !ble to o"e HPodrF!n ser !%!es de +enir6M S&e
7!nted to be !ble to do it &ersel# HEll! /(erF! ser !%!z de &!erlo ell! "is"!61
Se (s! Q!nQ en +ez de Qbe !bleQ (!ndo +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto1 E.14
S&e R!nZt &!+e !rri+ed HEll! no R%(ede &!ber lle,!do61
Q*!nQ indi! "enos inertid("bre /(e Qo(ldQ ' es "s direto$ "enos
di%lo"tio1 U*o(ldV en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! %(ede re#erirse !l %!s!do$ !l
%resente o !l #(t(ro$ %ero en ne,!ti+! se re#iere s3lo !l %!s!do1
*on+iene no on#(ndir el +erbo "od!l Q!nQ on el +erbo nor"!l Q!n Henl!t!r
Nestnd!rOL des%edir NUSA4 olo/(i!lO64 !ns$ !nned$ !nnedQ1
=1851I El verbo MmaM puede expresar4
*+ Kermiso en !#ir"!ti+!M %er"iso o %etii3n$ s(,ereni! en interro,!ti+! en
%ri"er! %erson! s3lo Nen !#ir"!ti+! %or/(e en ne,!ti+! se s(ele (s!r !si sie"%re
U!nVOM %ro&ibii3n en ne,!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rioM en ne,!ti+! %(ede indi!r
%er"iso t!"bi0n %ero se !ent2! QnotQM e/(i+!le ! Q!n Nolo/(i!lOL be !llo7ed
Nestnd!rOL &!+e %er"ission Nestnd!rOQM "(stnZtQ es lo ontr!rio de Q"!'L be
!llo7edQM el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido es Q"i,&tQ /(e se tr!d(e %or el
ondiion!lM (!ndo indi! %er"iso U"i,&tV s3lo se (s! %!r! el %resente o el #(t(ro
%ero no %!r! el %!s!doM &!' /(e (s!r Uo(ldV ' no U"i,&tV (!ndo indi! %!s!doM
nor"!l"ente no se !ent2! el +erbo Q"!'Q sino el in#initi+o /(e +! detrsM en #or"!
interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! U"!'L "i,&tV se (s!n en in,l0s liter!rio ' U!nL o(ldV en
in,l0s estnd!r1 E.14 M!' N"enos (s!do4 "s ort0s en interro,!ti+!O I R7rite R&ereTL
*!n Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!do4 "enos di%lo"tioO I R7rite R&ereTL A" I !llo7ed
Nestnd!rO to R7rite R&ereT HWP(edo esriRbir !R/(FT6M >e "!' N"enos (s!do4 "s
ort0sOL !n N"s (s!do4 "enos di%lo"tioO R,o !#ter ! #e7 R"in(tes HPode"os
RirHnos6 dentro de (nos "iRn(tos6M mo( "!' N"enos (s!doOL !n N"s (s!doO R+isit (s
7&en 'o( o"e to Rto7n HP(edes +isiRt!rnos (!ndo +en,!s ! l! i(Rd!d6M mo( "!'
not Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL !nnot Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL "(st not Rdo t&!t R&ere
HNo %(edesL %(edesL debes &!Rer esoL !/(ello !R/(F6M T&e' "!' Rnot Rst(d' N"enos
(s!doO HP(eden no est(di!r Ni Tienen %er"iso %!r! no est(di!rO6L T&e' donZt &!+e
to st(d' N"s (s!doO HNo tienen /(e est(di!r61
En ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! el %ret0rito es Q7!s !llo7edL %er"ittedQ en el estilo
direto ' Q"i,&tQ en el estilo indiretoM en interro,!ti+! %(ede ser Q"i,&tQ Ns3lo
(!ndo indi! %resente o #(t(roO o Q7!s !llo7edL %er"ittedQ1 E.14 Ee 7!s !llo7edL
%er"itted to s%e!9 to t&e President Hl %(do &!bl!r on el Presidente6M T&e dotor
s!id Ht&!t6 7e "i,&tL o(ld R,o HEl "0dio di.o /(e %odF!"os Rir61
*(!ndo se &!e (n! %re,(nt! on Q"!'Q %!r! %edir %er"iso se ontest! on Q"!'Q$
%ero (!ndo se &!e (n! %re,(nt! on Q"i,&tQ %!r! %edir %er"iso nor"!l"ente se
ontest! on Q"!'Q$ no Q"i,&tQ1 E.14 A4 Mi,&t I inR/(ire N"s (s!doOL enR/(ire i#
'o( !re ! %oRlie"!nT HWPodrF! %re,(nRt!r si es (sted %oliRF!T61 B4 mes$ 'o( "!'L
"!' Rdo NGBO HSF$ %(edeHs661
2+ Kosibilidad en !#ir"!ti+! ' d(d! en ne,!ti+!M e/(i+!le ! Q!nQ en in,l0s
olo/(i!l (!ndo indi! %osibilid!dM Q"!'Q en !#ir"!ti+! %(ede indi!r t!"bi0n
%rob!bilid!d d(dos! en el %resente o en el #(t(ro on (n si,ni#i!do %!reido !
Qo(ldQM en ne,!ti+! se %(ede %oner Q"!' notQ Nno se %(ede ontr!erO H%(ede /(e
no6 %!r! indi!r %osibilid!d &i%ot0ti! %rob!ble ' d(dos!$ no i"%osibilid!d$ '
Q!nnotL !nZtQ Hno h %oder6 en in,l0s olo/(i!l (!ndo indi! i"%osibilid!dM en
interro,!ti+! se (s! Q!nL o(ldQ en +ez de Q"!'L "i,&tQ$ %ero Q"!'Q se %(ede (s!r
en interro,!ti+! (!ndo e-%res! s(%eriorid!d o ondesendeni!M t!"bi0n se %(ede
(s!r en interro,!ti+! detrs de Qdo 'o( t&in9 111TQ o se %(eden (s!r los +erbos Qdo
'o( t&in9 111TL Hto6 be li9el'Q sin Q"!'QM Q"!'Q %(ede indi!r (n !s%eto ontin(oL
%ro,resi+o se,(ido de QbeQ h %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente ' (n !s%eto %er#eti+o
se,(ido de in#initi+o o"%(estoM el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido es Q"i,&tQ /(e
se %(ede tr!d(ir %or Q%odF!L %odrF!QM Q"i,&tQ %(ede tener$ ! +ees$ el "is"o
si,ni#i!do /(e Q"!'QM en ne,!ti+! se %(ede %oner Q"i,&t notQ N"i,&tnZt4 no
%onerO %!r! indi!r %osibilid!d &i%ot0ti! %rob!ble ' d(dos!$ no i"%osibilid!d$ '
Qo(ldnZtQ en in,l0s olo/(i!l (!ndo indi! i"%osibilid!dM el %!s!do se indi! on
Q"!'L "i,&tQ se,(ido del in#initi+o o"%(estoL %er#etoM %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
+erbo en %!si+!M nor"!l"ente se !ent2! el +erbo Q"!'L "i,&tQ ' el +erbo /(e +!
detrsM (!ndo Q"i,&tQ +! en !#ir"!ti+! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto indi!
/(e l! !i3n no lle,3 ! re!liz!rse ' (!ndo +! en ne,!ti+! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o
o"%(esto indi! /(e l! !i3n se re!liz3M si se (s! UR"!'L R"i,&t !s 7ellV en
!#ir"!ti+!$ si,ni#i! Qno %ierdeL %erderF!Q '$ si se (s! UR"!'L R"i,&t !s 7ellV en
ne,!ti+!$ si,ni#i! Q"s +!leL +!ldrF!Q1 E.14 T&is R"!' N"enos %rob!bleOL !n N"s
%rob!bleO indeed Rbe t&e !se$ b(t 111 Hste R%(ede /(izHs6L se,(r!"ente ser el !so$
%ero 1116M mo( R"!' N"enos %rob!bleO Rtr' to #ind o(t t&e Rdet!ils HRP(ede /(e intentes
!+eri,(!r los det!lles6L mo( !n N"s %rob!bleO Rtr' to #ind o(t t&e Rdet!ils HP(edes
intenRt!r !+eri,(!r los deRt!lles6M S&e R"!'L R"i,&t !s 7ell R%&one t&e Rdotor HEll! no
R%ierdeL %erdeRrF! n!d! tele#oneR!ndo !l R"0dio NoO Ms R+!leL +!lRdrF! /(e ell!
tele#oneR!r! !l R"0dio6M S&e too R"!' N"enos %rob!bleO R%&one t&e Rdotor Nliter!rioO
HEll! t!"bi0n R%(ede /(e tele#oRn0e !l R"0dio6L S&e too !n N"s %rob!bleO R%&one
t&e Rdotor HEll! t!"bi0n %(ede tele#oneR!r !l R"0dio6M S&e R"!' !lso R%&one t&e
RdotorL S&e R"!' R%&one t&e dotor R!lso N"enos %rob!bleO HEll! R%(ede /(e
tele#oRn0e !l R"0dio t!"bi0n6L S&e !n N"s %rob!bleO !lso R%&one t&e RdotorL S&e
!n N"s %rob!bleO R%&one t&e dotor R!lso N"enos %rob!bleO HEll! %(ede tele#oneR!r
!l R"0dio t!"bi0n6M S&e R"!' N"enos %rob!bleO R%&one t&e dotor !s R7ell HEll!
R%(ede /(e tele#oRn0e !l "0dio t!"Rbi0n6L S&e !n N"s %rob!bleO R%&one t&e dotor
!s R7ell HEll! %(ede tele#oneR!r !l "0dio t!"Rbi0n6M Ee R"!' H.(st6 !s 7ell not
Rbot&er HMs R+!le /(e 0l no se "oRlesteL Si"%le"ente no +!le l! R%en! /(e 0l se
"oRleste6M Ee R"i,&t H.(st6 !s 7ell not Rbot&er HMs +!lRdrF! /(e 0l no se "olesRt!r!L
Si"%le"ente no +!ldrF! l! R%en! /(e 0l se "olesRt!r!6M mo( R"!'L Ro(ld Rbe Rri,&t
HRP(ede /(e Rten,!sL PoRdHr6F!s teRner r!Rz3n6M A4 *!n N"!'4 no %onerO t&is be tr(eT
HWP(ede ser +erd!d estoT61 B1 It R"!' N!n4 no %onerO or R"!' N!n4 no %onerO not Rbe
Rtr(e HRP(ede /(e Rse! +erRd!d o Rno6M T&e' R"!' not Ro"e HRP(ede /(e no R+en,!n6M
And 7&o R"!' 'o( RbeT HWm se %(ede s!Rber /(i0n ReresT6M Ee R"i,&t Rtell 'o( t&!t$
b(t &e doesnZt do it HPoRdHr6F! ser /(e te diR.er! esoL PodHr6F! deirte eso %ero 0l no lo
&!e6M Do 'o( t&in9 Ht&!t6 s&e R"!' RbeL Ris R&ereT HW*rees /(e ell! R%(ede esRt!rL esRt
!R/(FT6L Is s&e li9el' to be &ereT HWEs %rob!ble /(e ell! est0 !/(FT6M T&e' R"!' &!+e
been R7or9in, HRP(ede /(e &!'!n est!do tr!b!R.!ndo6M T&e' R"!' not &!+e Ro"e
HRP(ede /(e no &!'!n +eRnido6M S&e R"!' &!+e R,one HEll! R%(ede &!ber RidoL /(e se
&!'! Rido6M Ee R"!' be R%(nis&ed HRP(ede /(e le !sRti,(en ! 0l6M S&e R"i,&t not &!+e
Re!ten N%osibilid!dO HEll! %oRdHr6F! no &!ber oR"ido N%ero o"i3O6$ %ero QS&e o(ld
not &!+e Re!tenQ Ns(%osii3nL ded(i3nO HEll! no %(do &!ber oR"ido Ni no
o"i3O6M Ee R"i,&t &!+e R,one Hl %oRdHr6F! &!ber RidoL &!brF! %oRdido Rir N%ero no
#(eO6M S&e R"i,&t &!+e been onRsidered ! Rtr!itor HSe l! %oRdF! &!ber onsideRr!do
(n! tr!iRdor! N%ero no se &izoO6M Ee s!id Ht&!t6 &e R"i,&t not Ro"e Rb!9
N%osibilid!dO Hl di.o /(e %oRdHr6F! no reR,res!rL %(Rdier! ser /(e no re,reRs!r!6$ %ero
QEe s!id Ht&!t6 &e o(ldnZt Ro"e Rb!9Q Ni"%osibilid!dO Hl di.o /(e no %odHr6F!
re,reRs!r6M S&e R"i,&t H.(st6 !s 7ell R%&one t&e Rdotor HMs +!lRdrF! /(e ell!
tele#oneR!r! !l R"0dioL HSi"%le"ente6 ell! no %erdeRrF! n!d! tele#oneR!ndo !l
R"0dio6M S&e too R"i,&t R%&one t&e Rdotor HEll! t!"bi0n %oRdrF! tele#oneR!r !l
R"0dio6M S&e R"i,&t N"enos %rob!ble i PodHr6F! d!rse el !so de /(e ell!
tele#one!r! !l "0dio t!"bi0nOL Ro(ld N"s %rob!bleO R%&one t&e dotor R!lsoL !s
R7ell HEll! %oRdHr6F! tele#oneR!r !l "0dio t!"Rbi0n61
No se %(ede (s!r Q"!'Q sino Q"i,&tQ (!ndo &!' (n! ondii3n e-%lFit! o
i"%lFit!1 E.14 DonZt ,o too #!rM 'o( R"i,&t R,et Rlost HNo +!'!s de"!si!do le.osM
R%(edesL %oRdHr6F!s %erRderteL %(Rdier! ser /(e te %erRdier!s61
Se %(ede (s!r U"i,&tL "i,&t !t le!stL "i,&t !s 7ellV %ero no U"!'V %!r! e-%res!r
/(e.! %idiendo /(e se &!,! !l,oM el tono !l #in!l es desendenteI!sendente1 E.14 S&e
R"i,&t R+isit R(s+| HPoRdHr6F! +isiRt!rnos ell!L P(Rdier! ser /(e nos +isiRt!r! ell! Ni
serF! b(eno /(e lo &iier!O6M S&e R"i,&t &!+e R+isited R(s+| HPoRdHr6F! &!bernos
+isiRt!do ell! Ni no nos +isit3 %ero serF! b(eno /(e lo &(bier! &e&oO61
QM!'Q ' Q"i,&tQ %(eden ir se,(idos del +erbo QbeQ h !d.eti+os esttiosL din"ios
ND1 ;15COM indi!n (n! %osibilid!d "s re!list! /(e Q!nL o(ldQ1 E.14 Ee R"!' Rbe
Rde!dL Rri,&tL R7ron,L RoldL R'o(n,L !R##etion!teL enRo(r!,in,L R9indL
(nderRst!ndin,L (nR9ind Hl R%(ede /(e esRt0 R"(ertoL Rten,! r!Rz3nL no Rten,! r!Rz3nL
Rse! "!R'orL R.o+enL !#eRt(osoL !lent!RdorL !R"!bleL o"%renRsi+oL %oo !R"!ble6M
Ee R"i,&t Rbe Rde!dL Rri,&tL R7ron,L RoldL R'o(n,L !R##etion!teL enRo(r!,in,L R9indL
(nderRst!ndin,L (nR9ind Hl %oRdHr6F! esRt!r R"(ertoL teRner r!Rz3nL no teRner r!Rz3nL Rser
"!R'orL R.o+enL !#eRt(osoL !lent!RdorL !R"!bleL o"%renRsi+oL %oo !R"!ble61
D1=18C1:
QM!'Q ' Q"i,&tQ %(eden ir se,(idos de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o h (n !d.eti+o /(e
ten,! l! "is"! #or"! /(e (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 E.14 Ee R"!' Rbe diso(r!,ed
Nes !d.eti+o$ no %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO Hl R%(ede /(e esRt0 des!ni"!do61 D1=18C1:$
=15<B$ =15=5
2+ Deseo on el s(.eto nor"!l"ente detrs del +erboM t!"bi0n #in!lid!d o
%ro%3sitoM se !ent2! el +erbo Q"!'Q ' el +erbo /(e +! detrs1 E.14 RM!' 'o( Rbe
&!%%'] H\J(e Rse!sL R%(ed!s Rser #eliz]6M RM!' I R&!+e 'o(r o%inionT HWPoRdHr6F!s
Rd!r"e t( o%ini3nT6M S&e lends &i" t&e boo9 so t&!t &e R"!' Rre!d it HEll! le de.! el
libro %!r!L de #or"! /(e 0l lo Rle!6M S&e &o%es Ht&!t6 s&e R"!' R,o to (ni+ersit' NGBO
HEll! es%er! /(e R%(ed! Rir ! l! (ni+ersid!d6M Gi+e "e 'o(r %&one n("ber so t&!t I
R"!' Rlet 'o( 9no7] H\D!"e t( n2"ero de tel0#ono %!r!L de #or"! /(e R%(ed!
!+iRs!rte]61
El %ret0rito es Q"i,&tQM no se tr!d(e Q"i,&tQ ' el +erbo en in#initi+o se tr!d(e !l
!stell!no en s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 Let (s %r!'$ t&!t o(r +oies R"i,&t be R&e!rd]
H\Ree"os %!r! /(e n(estros r(e,os Rse!n oRFdos]6M I 7!s !#r!id Ht&!t6 &e R"i,&t not
Ro"e b!9 HTenF! "iedo de /(e 0l no re,reRs!r!6M S&e lent &i" t&e boo9 so t&!t &e
R"i,&t Rre!d it HEll! le de.3 el libro %!r!L de #or"! /(e 0l lo leR'er!61
-+ =lgo en una oracin subordinada concesivaM el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido es Q"i,&tQM ! +ees$ el +erbo /(e de%ende de Q"!'L "i,&tQ se %one
del!nte de Q"!'L "i,&tQM se !ent2! el +erbo Q"!'L "i,&tQ ' el in#initi+o /(e +!
detrs o "enos #re(ente"ente del!nte1 E.14 S&e R"!' Rbe strit$ b(t s&e is ! ,ood
"ot&er HEll! R%(ede /(e Rse! estrit! %ero es b(en! "!dre6M Ee R"i,&t not Rbe 9ind$
b(t &e is &!rdI7or9in, HRP(ede /(e 0l no Rse! !"!ble %ero es "(' tr!b!.!dor6M RBe
t&!t !s it R"!' HRSe! o"o Rse!61
3+ =lgo naturalM +! se,(ido o %reedido de Q7ellQ ' se tr!d(e %or Qno "e e-tr!)!
/(eQM el %ret0rito es Q"i,&tQM no se !ent2! el +erbo Q"!'L "i,&tQ1 E.14 mo( "!'
7ell R!s9] H\No "e e-tr!)! /(e %reR,(ntes]6M mo( "!' 7ell R#eel e"b!rr!ssed] H\No
"e e-tr!)! /(e te Rsient!s !+er,onz!do]6M A4 S&e t&!n9ed (s HEll! nos dio l!s
,r!i!s61 B4 And 7ell s&e "i,&tL As 7ell s&e "i,&t] H\No "e e-tr!)! /(e lo
&iier!]61
QM!'Q indi! "enos inertid("bre$ d(d! o irre!lid!d /(e Q"i,&tQ ' es "s direto$
"enos di%lo"tio1
=1881I El verbo MmustM puede expresar4
*+ Oecesidad, obligacin, mandato, conse%o en afirmativa e interrogativa
pro/ibicin en negativaM (!ndo indi! neesid!d se (s! %oo Q"(stQ en
interro,!ti+! ' s3lo en GB$ "ientr!s /(e en USA se (s! Q&!+e toQ$ /(e se (tiliz!
t!"bi0n en GB "s /(e Q"(stQM Q"(stQ$ /(e se %ron(ni! nor"!l"ente L"He6sHt6L
del!nte de +o!l ' onson!ntes no ol(si+!s o L"He6sL del!nte de l!s onson!ntes
ol(si+!s Lb$ %$ d$ t$ ,$ 9L$ ,ener!l"ente no +! !ent(!do ' se !ent2! el +erbo /(e
+! detrsM o"o el +erbo Qo(,&t toQ$ se (s! %!r! indi!r %resente$ #(t(ro$ on (n
!d+erbio o #r!se !d+erbi!l de tie"%o o sin 0lM Q"(stQ es "s !(torit!rio /(e Qo(,&t
toQ o Qs&o(ldQM Q"(stQ es lo ontr!rio de QneednZtQM en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido ' de"s tie"%os del estilo direto se (s!n Q&!+e toL be neess!r' toL be
obli,ed toL be o"%elled toL be bo(nd toQ ' no Q"(stQM en los do("entos ' not!s
%2blios /(e e-%res!n "!nd!to en el %resente se (s! U"(stV ' no U&!+e toL &!+e ,ot
toVM en el estilo direto en !#ir"!ti+! &!' di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do entre Q"(stQ en
%ri"er! %erson! del sin,(l!r o %l(r!l Nobli,!i3n s(b.eti+!O Hdeber6 ' Q&!+e toL &!+e
,ot toQ Nobli,!i3n ob.eti+! debid! ! ir(nst!ni!s e-tern!sO Htener /(e6M en
ne,!ti+! &!' di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do entre Q"(stQ N%ro&ibii3nO ' Q&!+e H,ot6 toQ
N!(seni! de neesid!dL obli,!i3nOL Qbe obli,edQ N!(seni! de obli,!i3nOM
Q"(stnZtQ es lo ontr!rio de Q"!'L be !llo7edL &!+e %er"issionQM %(ede ir se,(ido
de (n +erbo en %!si+!M en l!s %re,(nt!s ort!s se re%ite Q"(stQM no se (s! %reedido
de los !(-ili!res Qdoes$ did$ &!+e$ &!dQ1 E.14 mo( "(stL &!+e to Rle!rn to dri+e better
N%resente o #(t(roO HDebesL Tienes /(e !%renRder ! ond(ir "e.or6M mo( "(stL
&!+e to R,o to"orro7 N#(t(roO HDebesL Tienes /(e Rir "!)!n!6M T&is "ornin, I &!d
to N"(st4 no %onerO ,o to t&e dotorL dotorZs HEst! "!)!n! t(+e /(e ir !l "0dio6M
Ee &!d to N"(st4 no %onerO le!rn to dri+e better Hl tenF!L t(+o /(e !%render !
ond(ir "e.or6M S&e &!d to N"(st4 no %onerO ,o t&e d!' !#ter HEll! tenF!L t(+o /(e
ir !l dF! si,(iente6M Ee "(stnZt N%ro&ibii3nOL doesnZt &!+e to N!(seni! de
neesid!dL obli,!i3nO R7or9 tod!' Hl no debeL tiene /(e tr!b!R.!r &o'6M Ee "(stnZt
Ni o(,&t not toO Rbe &ere Hl no debe Ni no deberF!O esRt!r !/(F6M It "(st be !R+oided$
"(stnZt itT HDebe ser e+iRt!do$ WnoT61
En el estilo indireto %(ede indi!r %resente o #(t(ro on (n !d+erbio o #r!se
!d+erbi!l de tie"%o detrs de (n +erbo en (no de los tie"%os de =15B5M se %(ede
s(Hb6stit(ir el +erbo Q"(stQ Nobli,!i3n s(b.eti+! en l! %ri"er! ' se,(nd! %erson!$
%ero en l! terer! %erson! no est l!r! l! di#ereni! entre obli,!i3n s(b.eti+! (
ob.eti+!O Hdeber6 en !#ir"!ti+! o interro,!ti+! %or Q&!+e toL &!+e ,ot toQ
Nobli,!i3n ob.eti+! debid! ! ir(nst!ni!s e-tern!sO Htener /(e6$ /(e se (s! "s
/(e Q"(stQ t!nto en GB o"o en USA$ o Ube obli,edV Nobli,!i3n ob.eti+! debid!
! ir(nst!ni!s e-tern!sO Hest!r obli,!do6M se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n QtellQ se,(ido de
in#initi+o1 E.14 Ee s!'s Ht&!t6 s&e "(stL &!s to Rle!rn to dri+e Hl die /(e ell! debeL
tiene /(e !%renRder ! ond(ir6M Ee s!'s Ht&!t6 'o( "(stnZt Rs"o9e &ere Hl die /(e
no debes N%ro&ibii3nO #(R"!r !/(F6M Umo( "(st Rbe %olite$V &er "ot&er s!'sL s!'s
&er "ot&er HUDebes Rser ort0sV$ die s( "!dre6 ' UEer "ot&er s!'s Ht&!t6 s&e "(st
Rbe %oliteL Eer "ot&er tells &er to Rbe %oliteV HS( "!dre die /(e ell! debe Rser ort0sL
S( "!dre le die /(e Rse! !"!ble61
En el estilo indireto %!r! indi!r #(t(ro en el %!s!do detrs de (n +erbo en (no de
los tie"%os de =15B8 ,ener!l"ente se (s! Q"(stQ en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s olo/(i!l '
Q&!s toL &!d toQ en in,l0s estnd!r$ Q"(stnZtQ en ne,!ti+! en in,l0s olo/(i!l '
Q7!sL 7ere not toQ o Qs&o(ld notL o(,&t not toQ$ /(e son (n %oo di#erentes$ en
in,l0s estnd!rM se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n QtellQ se,(ido de in#initi+oM lo "s se,(ro
es (s!r sie"%re Q&!d toQ en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido en +ez de Q"(stQM en
los rest!ntes tie"%os se (s! el +erbo Q&!+e toQ en +ez de Q"(stQ1 E.14 Ee told &er
Ht&!t6 s&e "(st Nolo/(i!lOL &!s to Nestnd!rOL &!d to Nestnd!rO Rle!rn to dri+e Hl le
di.o ! ell! /(e debe NoO debF!L tiene /(eL tenF! /(e !%renRder ! ond(ir6M Ee s!id
Ht&!t6 t&ese r(les "(st Nolo/(i!lOL &!+e to Nestnd!rOL &!d to Nestnd!rO be oRbe'ed
Hl di.o /(e se deben NoO debF!nL tienen /(eL tenF!n /(e obedeer est!s re,l!s6M
Umo( "(st Rbe %olite$V &er "ot&er s!idL s!id &er "ot&er HUDebes Rser ort0sV$ di.o s(
"!dre6 ' UEer "ot&er s!id Ht&!t6 s&e "(st Nolo/(i!lOL &!s to Nestnd!rOL &!d to
Nestnd!rO Rbe %oliteL Eer "ot&er told &er to be %oliteV HS( "!dre di.o /(e ell! debe
NoO debF!L tiene /(eL tenF! /(e Rser ort0sL S( "!dre le di.o /(e R#(er! ort0s6M Ee
s!id Ht&!t6 'o( "(stnZt Rs"o9e &ere Hl di.o /(e no debes NoO debF!s N%ro&ibii3nO
#(R"!r !/(F6M Umo( "(st notL "(stnZt Rbe n!(,&t'$V Lind! s!idL s!id Lind! HUNo
debes Rser tr!+iesoV$ di.o Lind!6 ' ULind! s!id Ht&!t6 &e "(st notL "(stnZt Rbe
n!(,&t'V HLind! di.o /(e 0l no debe NoO debF! Rser tr!+ieso6M Eenr' DIII %!ssed !
l!7 s!'in, t&!t "en "(stnZt R%l!' #ootb!ll HEnri/(e DIII !%rob3 (n! le' /(e deF!
/(e los &o"bres no deben NoO debF!n .(R,!r !l #2tbol6M S&e s!id Ht&!t6 &e "(stnZt
Nolo/(i!lOL &!snZt to NGB4 liter!rioOL doesnZt &!+e to Nestnd!rOL &!dnZt to NGB4
liter!rioOL didnZt &!+e to Nestnd!rO Rtr!in so "(& HEll! di.o /(e 0l no debe NoO
debF!L tiene /(eL tenF! /(e entreRn!r t!nto6M Ee !s9ed &er i# &e "(st 7or9 o+erti"e
Hl le %re,(nt3 ! ell! si 0l debe NoO debF! tr!b!.!r &or!s e-tr!6M S&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e
"(st Nolo/(i!lOL &!d to Nestnd!rO ,o t&e d!' !#ter HEll! di.o /(e debF!L tenF! /(e ir
!l dF! si,(iente6M UI "(st R,o no7$V M!deleine s!idL s!id M!deleine HUDebo Rir"e
!&or!V$ di.o M!,d!len!6 ' UM!deleine s!id Ht&!t6 s&e "(st Nolo/(i!lOL &!d to
Nestnd!rO ,o t&enL !t t&!t %!rti(l!r "o"entL He!rl'6 t&e ne-t d!'V HM!,d!len! di.o
/(e debF!L tenF! /(e irse entones NoO en !/(el "o"entoL en !/(el "is"o
"o"entoL Hte"%r!no6 !l dF! si,(iente6M Umo( "(st notL "(stnZt$V &er sister s!idL
s!id &er sister$ UR,o ne-t "ont&V HUNo debesV$ di.o s( &er"!n!$ URir el "es /(e
+ieneV6 ' UEer sister s!id Ht&!t6 s&e "(stnZt Nolo/(i!lOL 7!s not to NoO 7!snZt to
Nestnd!rOL s&o(ld not Nestnd!rOL o(,&t not to Nestnd!rO ,o t&e #ollo7in, "ont&L
Eer sister told &er not to ,o t&e #ollo7in, "ont&V HS( &er"!n! di.o /(e no debF!L
debF!L deberF!L deberF! ir el "es si,(ienteL S( &er"!n! le di.o ! ell! /(e no #(er!
NoO #(ese el NoO !l "es si,(iente6M S&e s!id Ht&!t6 &e "(stnZt Nolo/(i!lOL 7!snZt to
Nestnd!rOL s&o(ldnZt Nestnd!rOL o(,&t not to Nestnd!rO tr!in t&e d!' !#ter HEll! di.o
/(e 0l no debF!L debF!L deberF!L deberF! entren!r !l dF! si,(iente61
2+ Suposicin, deduccin o probabilidad en el %resente se,(ido de (n in#initi+o
si"%le '$ si +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto$ en el %!s!do t!"bi0nM se (s! en
!#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente e interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! %rini%!l"ente sobre todo en
GB$ "ientr!s /(e en USA se (s! Q&!+e H,ot6 toQ ' en GB t!"bi0nM Q"(stQ$ /(e se
%ron(ni! nor"!l"ente L"AstL del!nte de +o!l ' onson!ntes no ol(si+!s
o L"AsL del!nte de l!s onson!ntes ol(si+!s Lb$ %$ d$ t$ ,$ 9L$ +! !ent(!do '
t!"bi0n el +erbo /(e +! detrsM en ne,!ti+! se (s! "(&o "s en USA /(e en GB$
%ero es "e.or (s!r el +erbo Q!nQ en ne,!ti+!M en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! no se (s!
Q"(stQ sino el +erbo Q!nQM Q"(stQ %(ede indi!r (n !s%eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o
se,(ido de QbeQ h %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente ' (n !s%eto %er#eti+o se,(ido de
in#initi+o o"%(estoM se,(ido de (n in#initi+o %er#eto se (s! en !#ir"!ti+!$ %ero en
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! se (s! Q!nQM o"o el +erbo Qo(,&t toQ$ se,(ido de (n
in#initi+o o"%(esto indi! %!s!doM %(ede ir se,(ido de (n +erbo en %!si+!M en l!s
%re,(nt!s ort!s (!ndo Q"(stQ +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto lo "e.or es
re%etir Q"(stQM en estilo direto el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ' todos los de"s
tie"%os de Q"(stQ e-e%to el %resente se #or"!n on el +erbo Q&!+e toQ1 E.4 S&e
R"(st NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &!s to Rbe H!bo(t6 t&irt' N%resenteO HEll! Rdebe de teRner
H(nos6 treint! !)os6M Ee R"(stnZt N"enos (s!do4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL !nZt N"s
(s!doO Rbe &ere Hl no Rdebe deL %(ede esRt!r !/(F6M S&e R"(stnZt N"enos (s!do4
USA %rini%!l"enteOL !nZt N"s (s!doO Rbe #ort' H'e!rs old6 N%resenteO HEll! no
Rdebe deL %(ede teRner (!rent! H!)os66M B' t&e ti"e 'o( !rri+ed &e R"(st &!+e R,one
&o"e N%!s!doO H*(!ndo lle,!ste 0l deRbF! de &!berHse6 Rido ! !s!6M S&e s!'s Ht&!t6
&e R"(st NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &!s to Rbe H!bo(t6 t&irt' no7 N%resenteOL ne-t 'e!r
N#(t(roO HEll! die /(e 0l Rdebe de teRner H(nos6 treint! !)os !&or!L tenRdr H(nos6
treint! !)os el !)o %r3-i"o6M T&e' R"(st NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &!+e to Rbe .o9in,
N%resenteO HRDeben de esRt!r bro"e!ndo6M It R"(st &!+e been Rt!9en N%!s!doO HRDeben
de &!berlo oR,ido NEs%!)!OL !,!Rrr!do6M Ee R"(st &!+e Rdone so"et&in, N%!s!doO
Hl Rdebe de &!ber R&e&o !l,o6M T&e %ro%ert' R"(st &!+e been Rsold N%!s!doO HSe
Rdebe de &!ber +enRdido l! %ro%ied!d6M mo( R"(st &!+e been Rt&in9in, !bo(t it$
R"(stnZt 'o(TL &!+enZt 'o(T N+(l,!rOL didnZt 'o(T N+(l,!rO HRDebes de &!ber est!do
%enRs!ndo enL sobre ello$ WRnoT6M mo( R"(st &!+e R#inis&ed$ R"(stnZt 'o(TL &!+enZt
'o(T N+(l,!rOL didnZt 'o(T N+(l,!rO HRDebes de &!ber ter"iRn!do$ WRnoT61
En el estilo indireto no !"bi!1 E.14 Umo( R"(st NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &!+e to Rbe
tired$V &is #!t&er s!idL s!id &is #!t&er HURDebes de esRt!r !ns!doV$ di.o s( %!dre6 '
UEis #!t&er s!id Ht&!t6 &e R"(st NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &!d to Rbe tiredV HS( %!dre di.o
/(e 0l deRbF! de esRt!r !ns!do6M UEe R"(st NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &!s to Ro"e
soonV$ s&e t&o(,&t Hl Rdebe de +eRnir %ronto6 ' US&e t&o(,&t Ht&!t6 &e R"(st NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL &!d to Ro"e soonV HEll! %ens!b!L %ens3 /(e 0l deRbF! de +eRnir
%ronto61
P!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes lo "!s senillo ' se,(ro es (s!r el +erbo Q"(stQ
sol!"ente %!r! el %resente ' Q&!+e toQ %!r! los de"s tie"%os t!nto en estilo
direto o"o indireto1
=18:1I El verbo Moug/t toM$ /(e se %ron(ni! Lo4t t(4L del!nte de onson!nte o
+o!l (!ndo indi! ontr!ste$ Lt(L del!nte de +o!l o onson!nte (!ndo lle+!
0n#!sis ' LteL (!ndo se %ron(ni! r%id!"ente$ puede expresar4
*+ Cbligacin moral, un conse%o, un deseo o una accin sensataM e/(i+!le !
Qs&o(ldQ ' Q"(stQM Qo(,&t toQ denot! obli,!i3n ob.eti+!M Qs&o(ldQ denot! t!nto
obli,!i3n ob.eti+! o"o obli,!i3n s(b.eti+!M Q"(stQ denot! obli,!i3n s(b.eti+!M
en el estilo direto %(ede indi!r %resente$ #(t(ro ' %!s!do o"o el +erbo Q"(stQM
o"o el +erbo Q"(stQ$ en el estilo indireto %(ede indi!r %resente$ #(t(ro on (n
!d+erbio o #r!se !d+erbi!l de tie"%o o sin 0l ' #(t(ro del %!s!do on (n !d+erbio o
lo(i3n !d+erbi!l de tie"%o o sin 0lM Qo(,&t toQ %(ede indi!r (n !s%eto ontin(oL
%ro,resi+o se,(ido de QbeQ h %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente ' (n !s%eto %er#eti+o
se,(ido de in#initi+o o"%(estoM (!ndo +! en !#ir"!ti+! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o
o"%(esto indi! /(e l! !i3n no lle,3 ! re!liz!rse ' (!ndo +! en ne,!ti+!
se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto indi! /(e l! !i3n se re!liz3M %(ede ir se,(ido
de (n +erbo en %!si+!M no se (s! %reedido de los !(-ili!res Qdoes$ did$ &!+e$ &!d$
s&o(ldQ$ %ero en in,l0s +(l,!r se (tiliz!n en ne,!ti+!1 E.14 mo( o(,&t to obe' 'o(r
%!rents N%resente o #(t(roO HDeberF!s obedeer ! t(s %!dres6M Ee o(,&t to be !re#(l
N%resente o #(t(roO Hl deberF! tener (id!do6M T&e' o(,&tnZt to Nestnd!rO drin9 so
&e!+il'L T&e' didnZt o(,&t to N+(l,!rO drin9 so &e!+il' N%resente o #(t(roO HNo
deberF!n beber t!nto6M O(,&t &e to ,oT NGBO HWDeberF! ir 0lT Nes "e.or UDo 'o(
t&in9 t&!t &e o(,&t to ,oTO6M Ee o(,&t to be st(d'in, N%resente o #(t(roO Hl deberF!
est!r est(di!ndo6M S&e s!'s Ht&!t6 'o( o(,&t to obe' 'o(r %!rents no7 N%resenteOL
#ro" no7 on N#(t(roO HEll! die /(e deberF!s obedeer ! t(s %!dres !&or!L de !&or!
en !del!nte6M Ee s!id Ht&!t6 s&e o(,&t to be res%onsible N#(t(ro del %!s!doO Hl di.o
/(e ell! deberF! ser res%ons!ble6M S&e o(,&t not to Nestnd!rO &!+e e!tenL S&e didnZt
o(,&t to N+(l,!rO &!+e e!ten N%!s!doO HEll! no deberF! &!ber o"idoL &!brF! debido
o"er N%ero o"i3O6M Ee o(,&t to &!+e &el%ed &er N%!s!doO Hl deberF! &!berl!
!'(d!doL &!brF! debido !'(d!rl!6M >e o(,&t to be &el%ed HDeberF!n !'(d!rnos61
El +erbo Qo(,&t toQ nor"!l"ente e/(i+!le ! Qs&o(ldQ$ %ero Qo(,&t toQ es "s
en#tioM en !n(nios o#ii!les$ en &o.!s in#or"!ti+!s$ et1$ se (s! Qs&o(ldQ$ /(e es
"s s(!+e$ o Q"(stQ$ /(e es "s #(erte$ ' no Qo(,&tQ1
El +erbo Qo(,&t toQ no se (tiliz! !%en!s en interro,!ti+! ' s3lo en GBM se (tiliz!
Qs&o(ldQ "s ! "en(do en interro,!ti+!M en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %re#iere (s!r
Qs&o(ldQ en +ez de Qo(,&t toQ en ne,!ti+!1
Este +erbo %(ede ir sin UtoV en l! #or"! ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!$ sobre todo en
in,l0s olo/(i!l1 E.14 T&e' Ro(,&t not Hto6 Ro"e so Rl!te HNo debeRrF!n +eRnir t!n
Rt!rde61
Este +erbo %(ede %onerse on QtoQ en in,l0s estnd!r o sin QtoQ en in,l0s liter!rio
(!ndo +! !l #in!l de l! or!i3n ' se sobrHe6entiende (n in#initi+o '! "enion!doM
QtoQ se %(ede %ron(ni!r Lt(4L o Lt(L1 D1 =155;
Este +erbo no +! se,(ido de QtoQ en l!s oletill!s interro,!ti+!s H/(estion t!,s6M en
l!s oletill!s interro,!ti+!s se %(ede (s!r Qo(,&tQ de n(e+o en GB o Qs&o(ldQ en
GB ' USAM %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "e.or (s!r sie"%reQs&o(ldQ1 E.14 T&e'
Ro(,&t to ,o$ Ro(,&tnZt t&e'T NGBOL Rs&o(ldnZt t&e'T HDebeRrF!n ir$ WRnoT61
2+ Suposicin o deduccin en !#ir"!ti+!M +! !ent(!do .(nto on el in#initi+o /(e
+! detrsM e/(i+!le ! Qs&o(ldQM el +erbo Qo(,&tQ$ o"o el +erbo Q"(stQ$ en el estilo
direto %(ede indi!r %resente$ #(t(roM o"o el +erbo Q"(stQ$ en el estilo indireto
%(ede indi!r %resente$ #(t(ro$ on (n !d+erbio o #r!se !d+erbi!l de tie"%o o sin 0l
' #(t(ro en el %!s!do on (n !d+erbio o #r!se !d+erbi!l de tie"%o o sin 0l1 E.14 Ee
Ro(,&t to R7in N%resente o #(t(roO Hl debeRrF! de ,!Rn!r6M S&e Ro(,&t to Rbe in D!leni!
b' Rno7 N%resenteO HEll! debeRrF! de esRt!r en D!leni! R'!6M S&e s!'s Ht&!t6 &e Ro(,&t
to R7in N%resente o #(t(roO HEll! die /(e 0l debeRrF! de ,!Rn!r6M S&e s!id Ht&!t6 &e
Ro(,&t to R7in N#(t(ro del %!s!doO HEll! deF!L di.o /(e 0l debeRrF! de ,!Rn!r61
No e-%res! %rob!bilid!d %ero Qs&o(ldQ sF1 D1 =1==18M %!r! Qs&!llQ D1 =1<8I<M %!r!
Q7illQ D1 =1<=IBM %!r! Qs&o(ldQ D1 =1=;I=M %!r! Q7o(ldQ D1 =1=?I?5
=18;1I QDareQ se (s! o"o +erbo se"i"od!l se,(ido de in#initi+o e-%lFito o
sobrHe6entendido sin UtoVM se (s! %oo en GB ' "enos !2n en USAM en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! en el %resente s3lo tiene (n! #or"! ' no lle+! Is en l! terer!
%erson! del sin,(l!rM en !#ir"!ti+! %(ede lle+!r Is en l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r
o"o se"i"od!lM en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! o"o se"i"od!l %(ede on.(,!rse
sin el !(-ili!r UdoL doesL didV o on 0lM en !#ir"!ti+! en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido se (s! Qd!reQ (!ndo est l!ro %or el onte-to /(e +! en %ret0rito o
Qd!redQM en ne,!ti+! en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido se (s! Qd!re notL d!renZtQ
(!ndo est l!ro %or el onte-to /(e +! en %ret0rito o Qd!red not N"enos (s!doOL
didnZt d!re N"s (s!doOQM en interro,!ti+! en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido se
(s! Qd!redQ N"enos (s!doO o UdidnZt d!reV N"s (s!doOM se (s! %oo en !#ir"!ti+!$
s3lo on e-%resiones de d(d! o en or!iones s(bordin!d!s ondiion!les on
%!l!br!s no !se+er!ti+!sL !serti+!s ND1 =1:<OM se (s! "(&o "s en ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! ' +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o sin QtoQM e-iste t!"bi0n en in,l0s !r!io
Qd(rstQ %!r! el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido en !#ir"!ti+!M o"o se"i"od!l
si,ni#i! nor"!l"ente Q!tre+erseQM en l!s or!iones interro,!ti+!s /(e e"%iez!n %or
Q&o7Q se (s! el +erbo Qd!reQ o"o se"i"od!l ' no o"o +erbo nor"!lM Ud!reV
%(ede ir se,(ido de U&!+eV h (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do$ %ero no %(ede ir se,(ido de
UbeV h %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteM se %(ede (s!r en oletill!s H!#ir"!ti+!s o ne,!ti+!s6
Ht!,s6 o oletill!s interro,!ti+!s H/(estion t!,s6$ %ero es "e.or s(Hb6stit(irlo %or el
!(-ili!r QdoQM e/(i+!le !l +erbo nor"!l U&!+e t&e o(r!,e toQ ' en ne,!ti+! !l +erbo
nor"!l Qbe !#r!id toV1 E.14 I d!re s!' N"s (s!doOL d!res!' Nse (s! s3lo en l! %ri"er!
%erson! del %resente de indi!ti+oO HJ(izHs6L S(%on,o6M I d!re s!'L d!res!' &eZll be
,l!d HS(%on,o /(e 0l est!r ontento6M No oneL NoIone NGBO d!re %redit t&e
res(lts HN!die se !tre+e ! %redeir los res(lt!dos6M Eo7 d!re 'o( s!' t&!t]
Nse"i"od!l4 indi! indi,n!i3nO H\*3"o te !tre+es ! deir eso]6L Eo7 do 'o( d!re
to s!' t&!tT N+erbo nor"!l4 no indi! indi,n!i3nM es si"%le"ente (n! %re,(nt!O
HW*3"o te !tre+es ! deir esoT6M Ee d!re not Hl no se !tre+e6M T&e' d!renZtL donZt
d!re s!' !n't&in, HNo se !tre+en ! deir n!d!6M D!renZt s&eL DoesnZt s&e d!re !ll
&i" ! #oolT HWNo se !tre+e ell! ! ll!"!rle tonto ! 0lT6M Ee 7o(ld &!+e li9ed to 7rite
it do7n$ b(t &e d!re notL d!red not HLe &!brF! ,(st!do !not!rlo %ero no se !tre+F!6M
D!red &eL Did &e d!re !ll &er ! #oolT HWSe !tre+F! 0l ! ll!"!rl! tont!T6M S&e d!re
notL doesnZt d!re inter#ere 7it& (s$ does s&eT HEll! no se !tre+e ! "eterse on
nosotros$ W+erd!dT6M A4 D!re &eL Does &e d!re o"e 7it&o(t %er"issionT HWSe
!tre+e 0l ! +enir sin %er"isoT61 B4 mes$ &e does HSF$ se !tre+e61
El +erbo Qd!reQ$ (!ndo es +erbo nor"!l$ %(ede (s!rse en todos los tie"%os '
si,ni#i! Q!tre+erseQ ' Qdes!#i!rQM se (s! "s /(e el +erbo se"i"od!lM lle+! Is en l!
terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r del %resente de indi!ti+o en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!M en
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! se (s! on el !(-ili!r UdoVM %(ede lle+!r (n o"%le"ento
diretoM el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente Ud!rin,V ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do Ud!redV no
son n(n! se"i"od!lesM (!ndo si,ni#i! U!tre+erseV en !#ir"!ti+! s(ele ir se,(ido
de (n in#initi+o on UtoV$ %ero en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
in#initi+o sin UtoV en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' on UtoV en in,l0s estnd!rM (!ndo si,ni#i!
Udes!#i!rV +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o on UtoV1 E.14 >e d!red not do Nse"i"od!lOL
didnZt d!re Hto6 do N+erbo nor"!lO it HNo nos !tre+i"os ! &!erlo6M DonZt 'o( d!re
Hto6 s%e!9 to &er li9e t&!t] H\No te !tre+!s ! &!bl!rle ! ell! !sF]6M S&e doesnZt d!re Hto6
!s9 #or "ore HEll! no se !tre+e ! %edir "s6M Did t&e' d!re Hto6 !s9 #or "one'T HWSe
!tre+F!nL !tre+ieron ! %edir dineroT61
Es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes no (s!rlo o"o se"i"od!l sino
o"o +erbo nor"!l %!r! e+it!r o"%li!iones1
=18<1I QOeedQ o"o +erbo se"i"od!l %(ede (s!rse en GB ' "(' %oo en USA
%!r! el %resente$ %!r! el %!s!do on el in#initi+o %er#eto ' %!r! el #(t(ro$ sobre todo
en estilo indireto ' del!nte de (n in#initi+o si"%le o o"%(estoM se (s! en ne,!ti+!
e interro,!ti+! %rini%!l"enteM no se on.(,! on UdoVM +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o
sin UtoVM en ne,!ti+! indi! !(seni! de obli,!i3n s(b.eti+!$ es deir$ (n! %erson!
on !(torid!d o on res%ons!bilid!d %(ede (s!rlo !l &!bl!r on otr! %erson! /(e se
siente obli,!d! ! obedeerM QneednZtQ es lo ontr!rio de Q"(stQM %(ede indi!r (n
!s%eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o se,(ido de QbeQ h %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente ' (n !s%eto
%er#eti+o se,(ido de Q&!+eQ h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM %(ede ir se,(ido de QbeQ h
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM s3lo tiene (n! #or"!M se (s! %!r! (n! neesid!d in"edi!t!$
%ero no %!r! (n! neesid!d &!bit(!lM se %(ede (s!r en oletill!s H!#ir"!ti+!s o
ne,!ti+!s6 Ht!,s6 o oletill!s interro,!ti+!s H/(estion t!,s6$ %ero es "e.or
s(Hb6stit(irlo %or el !(-ili!r QdoQ1 E.14 Ee neednZt ,o 7it& 'o( to"orro7 Hl no
neesit! ir onti,o "!)!n! Nlo die l! %erson! /(e tiene !(torid!dL
res%ons!bilid!dO6M >&' need &e o"eT HWPor /(0 neesit! 0l +enirT6M Ee neednZt be
s(##erin, Hl no neesit! est!r s(#riendo Nlo die l! %erson! /(e tiene !(torid!dL
res%ons!bilid!dO6M T&e' neednZt &!+e %!id$ do t&e'L need t&e'T HNo neesit!b!n
&!ber %!,!do$ W+erd!dT Nlo die l! %erson! /(e tiene !(torid!dL res%ons!bilid!dM
%ero %!,!ronO6M T&e' neednZt be &!n,ed HNo se neesit! !"bi!rlos Nlo die l!
%erson! /(e tiene !(torid!dL res%ons!bilid!dO61
En el %resente del!nte de (n in#initi+o no lle+! Is en l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r$
+! se,(ido del in#initi+o sin QtoQ$ no (tiliz! el !(-ili!r QdoQ en ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!M en ne,!ti+! se,(ido de Q&!+eQ h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do indi! (n!
!i3n innees!ri! en el %!s!do %ero re!liz!d!1 E.14 S&e need not ,o$ does s&eL need
s&eT HEll! no neesit! ir Nlo %ienso 'oO$ W+erd!dT6M T&e' need not &!+e o"e NGB
%rini%!l"enteO HNo neesit!b!n &!ber +enido N%ero +inieronM lo die l! %erson! /(e
tiene !(torid!dL res%ons!bilid!dM en USA se (s! "s UT&e' didnZt need to o"eV
HNo neesit!b!n +enir N' no +inieronL %ero +inieron NUSAOO61
En !#ir"!ti+! o"o se"i"od!l se (s! sol!"ente on or!iones s(bordin!d!s
ondiion!les o e-%resiones de d(d!4 %reedido de Qi#L 7&et&erQ$ en (n onte-to
ne,!ti+o$ on (n! %!l!br! se"ine,!ti+! /(e i"%li/(e ne,!i3n ND1 =1:<I=O$ et1$
detrs de (n +erbo en ne,!ti+! ' en estilo indiretoM sin e"b!r,o$ o"o +erbo
nor"!l se %(ede (s!r en !#ir"!ti+! sin restriiones1 E.4 I 7onder 7&et&er &e need
"ore or not HMe %re,(nto si 0l neesit! "s o no6M Le+els !re lo7er t&!n t&e' need
be HLos ni+eles estn "s b!.os de lo /(e deberF!n est!r6M T&e' donZt i"!,ine Ht&!t6
&e need "one' HNo se i"!,in!n /(e 0l neesite dinero6M Ee told "e Ht&!t6 I need
not 7orr' Hl "e di.o /(e no neesit!b! %reo(%!r"e61
QNeedQ (!ndo es +erbo nor"!l se on.(,! en todos los tie"%osM se (s! t!nto o"o
+erbo nor"!l /(e o"o se"i"od!l en GBM en USA se (s! "s o"o +erbo
nor"!lM QneedQ en ne,!ti+! o"o +erbo nor"!l indi! obli,!i3n s(b.eti+! en
%ri"er! %erson! o !(seni! de obli,!i3n ob.eti+! en se,(nd! o terer! %erson!$ es
deir$ no &!' (n! %erson! /(e ten,! !(torid!dL res%ons!bilid!d sino /(e es (n!
o%ini3n ,ener!l o r!zon!bleM %(ede lle+!r (n o"%le"ento diretoM (!ndo se (s!
el +erbo UneedV o"o +erbo nor"!l en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido en
ne,!ti+! no se s!be si se re!liz3 l! !i3n o noM ! +ees$ se (s! se,(ido de (n
in#initi+o sin UtoV %ero no es reo"end!ble1 E.14 Ee needs not&in, Hl no neesit!
n!d!6M S&e needs to 7or9 !nd so do I Nestnd!rOL "e too Nolo/(i!lO HEll! neesit!
tr!b!.!r ' 'o t!"bi0n6M S&e doesnZt need to ,o HEll! no neesit! ir Nno lo %ienso 'o
sino /(e lo dien otr!s %erson!sO6M Ee 7!s too ner+o(s to re%l'$ b(t #ort(n!tel' &e
didnZt need to s!' !n't&in, Hl est!b! de"!si!do ner+ioso %!r! res%onder$ %ero
!#ort(n!d!"ente no neesit!b! deir n!d! Nno lo %ienso 'o sino /(e lo dien otr!s
%erson!sM no se s!be si di.o !l,o o noO6M T&e' didnZt need to o"e HNo neesit!b!n
+enir N' no +inieronL %ero +inieron NUSAOM no lo %ienso 'o sino /(e lo dien otr!s
%erson!sO61
Es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes no (s!rlo o"o se"i"od!l sino
o"o +erbo nor"!l %!r! e+it!r o"%li!iones '! /(e l! di#ereni! es "(' s(til1
=18=1I Q@sed toQ %(ede %ron(ni!rse LR.(4st(4L del!nte de +o!l o onson!nte (!ndo
indi! ontr!ste$ LR.(4st(L del!nte de +o!l o onson!nte (!ndo lle+! 0n#!sis
' LR.(4steL (!ndo se %ron(ni! r%id!"enteM (!ndo detrs de QtoQ se
sobrHe6entiende (n in#initi+o se %(ede %ron(ni!r LR.(4st(4L o LR.(4st(LM o"o +erbo
se"i"od!l %(ede e-%res!r (n &bito$ ost("bre$ sit(!i3n$ !i3n$ est!do$ destrez!
en el %!s!do /(e no ontin2! en el %resenteM Q(sedQ %(ede ir se%!r!do de QtoQ en
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M se (s! en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"enteM en ne,!ti+! se %(ede
ontr!er en GB en in,l0s !r!io$ %ero en USA no se %(ede ontr!erM en
interro,!ti+! es in,l0s !r!io ' se (s! "(' %ooM %(ede ir se,(ido de (n +erbo en
%!si+!M se %(ede (s!r en oletill!s H!#ir"!ti+!s o ne,!ti+!s6 Ht!,s6 %ero no se (s! en
oletill!s interro,!ti+!s H/(estion t!,s6 sino /(e se s(Hb6stit('e %or el !(-ili!r QdoQM
%!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes lo "s reo"end!ble ' #il es (s!r sie"%re el !(-ili!r
QdidQ en +ez de Q(sed toQ en l!s oletill!s en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M no
se %(ede (s!r U(sed toV on (n !d+erbio de tie"%o /(e e"%iee %or U#or Hh #i+e
"ont&s$ et16L sine Hh 5B@C$ et16V1 E.14 A4 T&e' (sed to ,o +er' o#ten to t&e
o(ntr'side$ didnZt t&e'T HSolF!n ir "(' ! "en(do !l !"%o$ WnoTL W+erd!dT61 B4
mes$ t&e' didL (sed to HSF$ solF!n Hir "(' ! "en(do !l !"%o66M T&ere (sed to be
little di##erene bet7een t&ese !%%les HSolF! &!ber %o! di#ereni! entre est!s
"!nz!n!s6M T&e' (seHd6nZt to N!r!ioOL (sed not to Nliter!rio4 "s (s!doOL (sed to
not Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL didnZt (se to Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO do t&!t HNo solF!n
&!er eso6M Ee ne+er (sed to do it Hl n(n! solF! &!erlo6M Used s&e o#ten to ,o o(t
!t ni,&tT N!r!io4 "enos (s!doOL Did s&e o#ten (se to ,o o(t !t ni,&tT Nolo/(i!l4
"s (s!doO HWSolF! ell! s!lir ! "en(do %or l! no&eT6M >e (sed to be &e!ted b'
t&e"L T&e' (sed to &e!t (s HSolF!n en,!)!rnos61 D1=15<:1;
Este +erbo %(ede %onerse on QtoQ en in,l0s estnd!r o sin QtoQ en in,l0s liter!rio
(!ndo +! !l #in!l de l! or!i3n ' se sobrHe6entiende (n in#initi+o '! "enion!doM
QtoQ se %(ede %ron(ni!r Lt(4L o Lt(L1 D1 =155;
No obst!nte$ !t(!l"ente se (s! "(' #re(ente"ente en GB ' USA en in,l0s
olo/(i!l el +erbo Q(seQ L.(4sL o"o +erbo nor"!l en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! on el
!(-ili!r QdidQ en +ez de Q(sed toQM %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes lo "s
reo"end!ble ' #il es (s!r sie"%re el +erbo Q(seQ o"o si #(er! +erbo nor"!lM
t!"bi0n se %(ede (tiliz!r Qbe (sed toQ h ,er(ndio E.14 T&e' didnZt (se Nolo/(i!lOL
didnZt (sed N+(l,!rO L.(4stL to do t&!tL 7erenZt (sed Nestnd!rO to doin, t&!t HNo
solF!n &!er esoL No est!b!n !ost("br!dos ! &!er eso6M Did s&e o#ten (se
Nolo/(i!lOL (sed N+(l,!rO to ,o o(t !t ni,&tT HWSolF! ell! s!lir ! "en(do %or l!
no&eT6M >!s s&e (sed Nestnd!rO to ,oin, o(t !t ni,&tT HWEst!b! ell! !ost("br!d!
! s!lir %or l! no&eT61
En in,l0s &!bl!do UDid s&e (se to 111TV Nolo/(i!lO ' UDid s&e (sed to 111TV N+(l,!rO
se %ron(ni!n i,(!l1
QUse toQ ' Q(senZt toQ se %odF!n (s!r !ntes %!r! el %resente '$ ! +ees$ %!r! el %!s!do
t!"bi0n %ero !d! +ez se (tiliz!n "enos %or/(e %!r! el %resente se s(ele (tiliz!r el
+erbo l0-io Qbe (sed L.(4stL toQ h #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o el %resente de indi!ti+o
del +erbo /(e +! en in#initi+o on Q(s(!ll'Q1 E.4 Ee (se N!r!ioOL (sed Nestnd!rO to
s!' Ht&!t6 li#e 7!s interestin, Hl solF! deir /(e l! +id! er! interes!nte6M I (senZt
N!r!ioOL didnZt (se Nolo/(i!lO to do t&!t b(t no7 I do it HNo solF! &!er eso %ero
!&or! lo &!,o6M Ee is (sed to Nestnd!rO drin9in, 7ine Hl est !ost("br!do !
beber +ino6M Ee (s(!ll' drin9s Nestnd!rO 7ine Hl nor"!l"ente bebeL s(ele beber
+ino61
Q>o(ldQ h in#initi+o indi! "s o "enos lo "is"o %ero l! !i3n %(ede /(e
ontin2e o no en el %resenteM Q7o(ldQ no indi! est!do$ !%!id!dL destrez!M Q(sed
toQ %(ede ir !l o"ienzo de (n &istoriHet6! %ero Q7o(ldQ no$ %or/(e &!' /(e &!er
(n! %resent!i3n de los %erson!.es !nterior"enteM Q(sed toQ se re#iere nor"!l"ente
! (n %erFodo "s l!r,o /(e Q7o(ldQ ' es "s ob.eti+o t!"bi0nM Q7o(ldQ %(ede
re#erirse ! (n %erFodo "s orto /(e Q(sed toQ o ! (n "o"ento n!d! "s ' es !l,o
s(b.eti+oM Q(sed toQ se (s! "s %or/(e es "enos liter!rioM Q7o(ldQ se (s! "enos
%or/(e es "s liter!rioM se (s! U(sed toV se,(ido de +erbos esttios ND1 =1;8O en +ez
de U7o(ldVM U7o(ldV en este sentido se re#iere ! (n %erFodo de tie"%o %!s!do '
s(ele ir on (n !d+erbio$ ! no ser /(e est0 l!ro %or el onte-toM U(sedV no neesit!
lle+!r (n !d+erbio$ !(n/(e no est0 l!ro el onte-to1 E.14 E+er' 7inter t&e' (sed toL
7o(ld toil li9e sl!+es H*!d! in+ierno solF!n tr!b!.!r o"o esl!+os6M T&en s&e (sed
toL 7o(ld ,i+e be,,!rs !ll t&e "one' s&e &!d HEntones ell! solF! d!r ! los
"endi,os todo el dinero /(e tenF!6M No7 !nd t&en !n !ni"!l (sed toL 7o(ld "!9e
! noise HDe +ez en (!ndo (n !ni"!l solF! &!er r(ido6M T&ere (sed to Nest!do4
7o(ld4 no %onerO be ! &otel &ere HE!bF! (n &otel !/(F6M S&e (sed to Nest!do4 7o(ld4
no %onerO be sli" !nd so did N(sed4 no %onerO IL b(t I didnZt N(sed to4 no %onerO
HEll! solF! est!r del,!d! ' 'o t!"bi0nL %ero 'o no6M T&e' (sed to Nest!do4 7o(ld4
no %onerO &!+e "one' HSolF!n tener dinero6M Ee (sed to Nest!do4 7o(ld4 no %onerO
7or9 !s ! #!r"er b(t no7 &e 7or9s !s ! %ost"!n Hl solF! tr!b!.!r de ,r!n.ero %ero
!&or! tr!b!.! de !rtero6M S&e (sed to N!%!id!dL destrez!4 7o(ld4 no %onerO s%e!9
Ar!bi HEll! solF! &!bl!r r!be61
Ade"s$ Q7o(ldQ indi! +ol(nt!ried!d o deseo$ "ientr!s /(e U(sed toV noM en l!
or!i3n UT&e' (sed to be !##eted b' so"e dise!sesV HLes solF!n !#et!r iert!s
en#er"ed!des6 no se %(ede (tiliz!r Q7o(ldQ %or/(e no indi! deseo1 D1=1?51=
P!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "(&o "s senillo ' "e.or (s!r U(sed toV en +ez
de U7o(ldV '! /(e sie"%re est bien1
=18?1I &os verbos semiauxiliares son4 be !ble to$ be !bo(t to HUest!r ! %(nto deV
Nsin "oti+os ob.eti+os o e+ideni!O %ero en ne,!ti+! %(ede si,ni#i!r t!"bi0n Uno
tener ,!n!s deV6$ be !llo7ed to$ be !%t to$ be to$ be bo(nd to$ be ert!in to$ be
destined to$ be d(e to$ be ,oin, to Non "oti+os ob.eti+os o e+ideni!O$ be li!ble to$
be li9el' to$ be "e!nt to$ be obli,ed to$ be %er"itted to$ be s(%%osed to$ be s(re to$
be H(n67illin, to$ #!il$ &!%%en$ H&!d6 better$ &!+e to$ &!+e ,ot to$ et1
L! onstr(i3n Qbe !bo(tQ se (s! %!r! e-%res!r (n #(t(ro in"edi!to ' Qbe .(st
!bo(tQ %!r! e-%res!r (n #(t(ro "s in"edi!to1 E.14 Ee is !bo(t to #inis&L ,o Hl est
! %(nto de ter"in!rL irHse66M S&e is .(st !bo(t to ,o HEll! est %reis!"ente ! %(nto
de irHse661
L! onstr(i3n Qbe toQ h in#initi+o$ /(e se (s! s3lo en %resente ' %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inido$ %(ede indi!r4
!6 Un! !i3n #(t(r!$ ! "en(do %l!ne!d!1 E.4 I# ! sol(tion is to be #o(nd HSi se
/(iere enontr!r (n! sol(i3n6M T&e' 7ere to die in %o+ert' HIb!n ! "orir en l!
%obrez!6M T&e' !re to be "!rried HTienen %ens!do !s!rse6M Ee 7!snZt interested
t&en b(t it 7!s to be +er' i"%ort!nt ! bit l!ter Hl no est!b! interes!do entones %ero
ib! ! ser "(' i"%ort!nte (n %oo "s t!rde61
En los tit(l!res de los %eri3dios s(ele o"itirse1 E.14 T&e Pri"e Minister to "!9e
st!te"ent ne-t 7ee9 HEl %ri"er "inistroL %residente del Gobierno +! &!er (n!
del!r!i3n l! se"!n! /(e +iene61
b6 Posibilid!d o i"%osibilid!d1 E.14 >&!t is s&e to doT HWJ(0 %(ede &!er ell!T6M
T&e' !re ne+er to 9no7 it HNo +!n ! s!berlo n(n!61
6 Obli,!i3n en #or"! de "!nd!tos o instr(ionesM se (s! nor"!l"ente en l!
terer! %erson! de #or"! i"%erson!lM si se (s! en l! se,(nd! %erson!$ i"%li! /(e el
&!bl!nte est o"(ni!ndo (n! orden o "!nd!to de otr! %erson!$ %ero est!
di#ereni! des!%!ree en el estilo indireto1 E.14 S&e is to %!' #or t&!t HEll! tiene /(eL
debe %!,!r H%or6 eso6M T&e' !re to st!' &ere HE!n deL Deben /(ed!rse !/(F61
d6 Un! !i3n &i%ot0ti! o (n! ondii3nM %(ede indi!r sor%res! en interro,!ti+!1
E.14 >&!t 7o(ld &!%%en i# t&e' 7ere to o"e to"orro7T HWJ(0 %!s!rF! si +inier!n
"!)!n!T6M >ere s&e to ,o Nliter!rioOL I# s&e 7ere to ,o$ 7&!t 7o(ld 'o( s!'T HSi
ell! Hse6 #(er!$ W/(0 dirF!sT61
QE!+e toQ Htener /(e6 %(ede e-%res!r obli,!i3n o neesid!d en !#ir"!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! ' #!lt! de obli,!i3n o neesid!d en ne,!ti+!M se on.(,! nor"!l"ente
on el !(-ili!r UdoV$ %ero en GB en in,l0s liter!rio %(ede on.(,!rse t!"bi0n sin
UdoV en el %resente ' %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inidoM se %(ede (s!r t!nto en #or"!
ontin(! o"o en #or"! si"%leM se %(ede (s!r en todos los tie"%os %!r! s(Hb6stit(ir
!l +erbo U"(stV$ /(e se (s! s3lo en %resente ' "(' %oo en %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inidoM se re#iere ! !iones &!bit(!les ' no &!bit(!lesM %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes es reo"end!ble on.(,!rlo sie"%re on UdoV1 E.14 I &!+e to Ni
"(stO ,o HTen,o /(e Ni deboO ir6M Ee &!d to ,o Hl tenF! /(e Ni debF!OL t(+o /(e
irHse66M T&e' &!+e to "eet t&e de!dline HTienen /(e ter"in!rlo en el %l!zo %re+isto6M
T&e' donZt &!+e to %!' HNo tienen /(e %!,!r6M Ee didnZt &!+e to do it HNo tenF!
obli,!i3n NoO neesid!d de &!erlo6M Do t&e' &!+e to si,nT HWTienen /(e #ir"!rT6M
Do 7e &!+e to do itT HWTene"os /(e &!erloT61
UE!+e toV Htener /(e6 %(ede e-%res!r t!"bi0n s(%osii3n o ded(i3n en
!#ir"!ti+!M no se (s! en #or"! ontin(!M se %(ede (s!r en todos los tie"%os %!r!
s(Hb6stit(ir !l +erbo U"(stV$ /(e se (s! s3lo en %resente ' "(' %oo en %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inidoM se re#iere ! !iones &!bit(!les ' no &!bit(!les1 E.14 T&ere
&!s to be ! re!son #or t&!t HTiene /(e &!ber (n! r!z3n %!r! eso6M So"eone &!s to
lose HAl,(ien tiene /(e %erder61
UE!+e ,ot L,otL NGBOL ,!4tL NUSAO toV Htener /(e6 %(ede e-%res!r
obli,!i3n o neesid!d en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' #!lt! de obli,!i3n o
neesid!d en ne,!ti+!M no se (s! en #or"! ontin(!M en GB se %(ede (s!r
en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! %ero en USA se (s! en !#ir"!ti+!
s3loM se re#iere ! !iones &!bit(!les ' no &!bit(!lesM U&!+eV %(ede ir
ontr!FdoM en GB se %(ede (s!r U&!dnZt ,ot toV %!r! !iones no &!bit(!les
%ero !d! +ez se (s! "s UdidnZt &!+e toV %!r! !iones &!bit(!les ' no
&!bit(!les t!nto en USA o"o en GBM se (s! %rini%!l"ente en %resente '
en los de"s tie"%os es "e.or (s!r U&!+e toV1 E.14 IZ+e ,ot toL I &!+e ,ot
toL I ,ot to N+(l,!rO ,o HTen,o /(e ir6M EeZd ,otL &!d ,ot to ,o Hl tenF! Ni
debF!OL t(+o /(e irHse66M I Z+e ,ot toL I &!+e ,ot toL I ,ot to N+(l,!rO ,et (%
!t se+en e+er' d!' HTen,o /(e le+!nt!r"e ! l!s siete todos los dF!s6M T&e'
&!+enZt ,ot NGBOL Z+e not ,ot NGBOL donZt &!+e to %!' HNo tienen /(e
%!,!r6M E!+e t&e' ,ot NGBO to si,nT HWTienen /(e #ir"!rT6M T&e' &!dnZt
,ot NGBOL didnZt &!+e to %!' HNo tenF!n /(e %!,!r61
UE!+e ,ot L,otL NGBO NoO L,!4tL NUSAO toV Htener /(e6 %(ede e-%res!r
t!"bi0n s(%osii3n o ded(i3n en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!M no se (s! en #or"!
ontin(!M se (s! %rini%!l"ente en %resente1 E.14 So"eoneZs ,ot to lose
HAl,(ien tiene /(e %erder6M mo(Z+e ,ot to be 9iddin,] H\Tienes /(e est!r
bro"e!ndo]61
Los +erbos Q&!+e toQ Nestnd!rO ' Q&!+e ,ot toQ Nolo/(i!lO si,ni#i!n "s
o "enos lo "is"o %ero no sie"%re /(e se (tilie Q&!+e toQ %(ede (s!rse el
otro$ !sF /(e es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes (s!r sie"%re
Q&!+e toQ '! /(e si"%re est bien %ero Q&!+e ,ot toQ tiene +!ri!s
li"it!ionesM se (s! s3lo U&!+e toV ' no U&!+e ,ot toV (!ndo +! %reedido
de los +erbos UbeL &!+eL "!'V ' (!ndo +! en #or"! ontin(!M on los
!d+erbios de #re(eni! ND1 ?15=O se s(ele (s!r U&!+e toV ' no U&!+e ,ot
toV1 E.14 EeZs &!+in, to N&!+in, ,ot to4 no %onerO %!' no7 Hl tiene /(e
%!,!r !&or!6$ et1
=18@1I Los +erbos %(eden ser4
56 Intensi+os Hintensi+e +erbs64 lle+!n !trib(toM son +erbos o%(l!ti+os '
se"io%(l!ti+osL (!sio%(l!ti+osL (!siI!trib(ti+os ND1 ;15@15O1
86 E-tensi+os4
!6 Tr!nsiti+os on o"%le"ento direto o "onotr!nsiti+os1 D1 <1=18$ <15C15$ =15?=
b6 Tr!nsiti+os on o"%le"ento direto ' o"%le"ento indireto o ditr!nsiti+os1 D1
<15C18I:$ =15??
6 Intr!nsiti+os ND1=15?;18I:$ ?1;<15OM son %oos los +erbos /(e son s3lo
intr!nsiti+osM l! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos Hbelie+e$ !ll$ o"%!re$ e!t$ #eel$ #ollo7$
,ro7$ le!+e$ lose$ "eet$ %!'$ sit$ s"ile$ st!re$ st!rt$ s(%%ose$ t&in9$ t(rn$ sto%$ 7rite$
et16 %(eden ser tr!nsiti+os e intr!nsiti+os$ !(n/(e se (s!n !si todos "s o"o
intr!nsiti+os /(e o"o tr!nsiti+os1
Los +erbos e-tensi+os %(eden ser4 56 Desri%ti+os ' 86 E#eti+os1
Los +erbos e-tensi+os desri%ti+os no lle+!n !trib(to ' %(eden ser4
!6 O%er!ti+os$ /(e e.e(t!n l! !i3n4 T&e ser,e!nt "!r&ed t&e soldiers HEl
s!r,ento &izo des#il!r ! los sold!dos61
b6 Medios$ /(e inii!n ' e.e(t!n l! !i3n4 T&e soldiers "!r&edL s&!+edL dressed
HLos sold!dos des#il!ronL se !#eit!ronL se +istieron61
6 Ree%ti+os$ /(e s(#ren l! !i3n4 Ten soldiers 7ere "!r&ed HEiieron des#il!r !
diez sold!dos61
Los +erbos e-tensi+os e#eti+os %(eden ser4
!6 O%er!ti+os$ /(e e.e(t!n l! !i3n$ en !ti+! on o"%le"ento direto o sin 0l4
T&e b!rber s&!+es t7o "en HEl b!rbero !#eit! ! dos &o"bres6M T&e b!rber s&!+es
Ht&e (sto"ers6 H7ell6 HEl b!rbero !#eit! H! los lientes6 Hbien661
b6 Medios$ /(e inii!n ' e.e(t!n l! !i3n4 Ee #l(n, &i"sel# o(t o# t&e o##ie Hl
s!li3 %rei%it!d!"ente de l! o#iin!6M Ee de"!nds t&in,s !ll t&e ti"e Hl e-i,e os!s
todo el tie"%o6M Be&!+e H'o(rsel#6] H\P3rt!te bien]6M S&e 7!s&es Ht&e t&in,s6 on
S!t(rd!'s HEll! l!+! Hl!s os!s6 los sb!dos61
6 Ree%ti+os$ /(e s(#ren l! !i3n$ sin o"%le"ento direto4
56 En#o!dos &!i! el s(.eto H!,ent oriented6M +!n en %!si+!4 T7o "en 7ere s&!+ed
HSe !#eit3 ! dos &o"bres61
86 En#o!dos &!i! el !d+erbio H%roessIoriented64 T&e' le!nL 7!s& e!sil' HSe
li"%i!nL l!+!n #il"ente6M T&ese boo9s sell 7ell HEstos libros se +enden bien6M
T&is "!teri!l 7e!rs 7ell HEste "!teri!l se lle+! bien6M T&e' eno(r!,e too e!sil'
HSe !ni"!n de"!si!do #il"ente6M T&is o!t b(ttons e!sil' HEste !bri,o se !boton!
#il"ente6M T&is %oe" reites be!(ti#(ll' HEste %oe"! se reit! &er"os!"ente61
Los +erbos nor"!lesL %rini%!lesL l0-iosL ordin!riosL no !n3"!los %(eden ser4
!6 Re,(l!res o d0biles4 (!ndo !)!den en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ' en el
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do4
56 Ied si el in#initi+o ter"in! en onson!nte ' si el in#initi+o ter"in! en I' %reedid!
de onson!nteM l! I' se tr!ns#or"! en Ii1
86 Id si el in#initi+o ter"in! en Ie1
b6 Irre,(l!res o #(ertes4 tienen (n! #or"! irre,(l!r en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido$ en el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do o en !"bosM (n!s +ees !"bi!n l! +o!l del
in#initi+o "edi!nte l! !%o#onF! ' otr!s +ees tienen l! "is"! #or"! /(e el
in#initi+oM en l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r del %resente de indi!ti+o !)!den (n! Is
o"o los +erbos re,(l!res1
=18B1I &os verbos irregulares pueden tener4
*+ @na misma forma para los tres tiempos1 El n2"ero de +erbos /(e tienen l!
"is"! #or"! ' %ron(ni!i3n %!r! distintos tie"%os +erb!les es li"it!do '
s!biendo 2!les son no es di#Fil s(%er!r el %roble"!M ! ontin(!i3n &!' (n! list!
de #or"!s de %resente$ %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ' %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do
i,(!les en l! esrit(r!$ es deir$ &o"3,r!#!s$ %ero no sie"%re &o"3#on!s$ es deir$
on l! "is"! %ron(ni!i3n4 bet LbetL H!%ost!r6$ bet N"s (s!doO LbetL NoO
betted LRbetI d$ edL H!%ostH3L !b!66$ bet N"s (s!doO LbetL NoO betted LRbetI d$ edL
H!%ost!do6M bid LbIdL Ho#reerL %(.!rL del!r!r Nbri&He6O6$ bid LbIdL Nb!de4 !r!io4
LbYdL o LbeIdLO Ho#rei3L %(.!b!6$ bid LbIdL Nbidden4 !r!io4 LRbIdHe6nLO Ho#reidoL
%(.!do6 ND1 bid4 =18B18OM bro!d!st LRbro4d9!4stL NGBO ' LRbro4d9YstL NUSAO
Htr!ns"itirL e"itirL r!di!rL dise"in!r6$ bro!d!st LRbro4d9!4stL NGBO ' LRbro4d9YstL
NUSAO NoO bro!d!sted LRbro4d9!4stI d$ edL NGBO ' LRbro4d9Ysted$ I dL NUSAO
Htr!ns"iti3L e"itF!L r!di3L dise"in36$ bro!d!st LRbro4d9!4stL NGBO ' LRbro4d9YstL
NUSAO NoO bro!d!sted LRbro4d9!4stI d$ edL NGBO ' LRbro4d9Ysted$ I dL NUSAO
Htr!ns"itidoL e"itidoL r!di!doL dise"in!do6M b(rst Lb4stL NGBO ' Lb4rstL NUSAO
Hre+ent!rHse6L e-%lot!r6$ b(rst Lb4stL NGBO ' Lb4rstL NUSAO HHse6 re+ent3L
e-%lot!b!6$ b(rst Lb4stL NGBO ' Lb4rstL NUSAO Hre+ent!doL e-%lot!do6M !st L9!4stL
NGBO ' L9YstL NUSAO Hl!nz!rL "olde!rL #(ndirse6$ !st L9!4stL NGBO ' L9YstL NUSAO
Hl!nz3L "olde!b!L se #(ndi36$ !st L9!4stL NGBO ' L9YstL NUSAO Hl!nz!doL "olde!doL
#(ndido6M Q"is!st$ tele!st$ t'%e!stQ se on.(,!n o"o Q!stQM ost L9ostL NGB '
L9o4stL NUSAO Host!r Nirre,(l!rOL !l(l!r el osto NoO oste de NoO !+eri,(!r el
%reio de Nre,(l!rO6$ ost Nirre,(l!rO L9ostL NGBO ' L9o4stL NUSAO Host3L ost!b!6 NoO
osted Nre,(l!rO LR9ostI d$ edL NGBO ' LR9o4sted$ I dL NUSAO H!l(l3 el osto NoO
oste de NoO !+eri,(!b! el %reio de6$ ost Nirre,(l!rO L9ostL NGB ' L9o4stL NUSAO
Host!do6 NoO osted Nre,(l!rO LR9ostI d$ edL NGBO ' LR9o4sted$ I dL NUSAO H!l(l!do
el osto NoO oste de NoO !+eri,(!do el %reio de6M (t L9AtL Hort!r6$ (t L9AtL
HortH3L !b!66$ (t L9AtL Hort!do6M Uross(t$ inter(t$ (nder(t$ (%%er(tV se
on.(,!n o"o U(tVM #ore!st LR#o49!4stL NGBO ' LR#o4r9YstL NUSAO H%ronosti!rL
%re+er6$ #ore!st LR#o49!4stL NGBO ' LR#o4r9YstL NUSAO NoO #ore!sted LR#o49!4stI d$ edL
NGBO ' LR#o4r9Ysted$ I dL NUSAO H%ronosti3L %re+eF!6$ #ore!st LR#o49!4stL NGBO
' LR#o4r9YstL NUSAO NoO #ore!sted LR#o49!4stI d$ edL NGBO ' LR#o4r9Ysted$ I dL NUSAO
H%ronosti!doL %re+isto6M &it L&ItL H,ol%e!rL &o!r on6$ &it L&ItL H,ol%e3L &o!b!
on6$ &it L&ItL H,ol%e!doL &o!do on6M Q"isR&itQ se on.(,! o"o Q&itQM &(rt L&4tL
NGBO ' L&4rtL NUSAO HdolerL &!er d!)oL &erir6$ &(rt L&4tL NGBO ' L&4rtL NUSAO
Hdoli3L &!F! d!)oL &iri36$ &(rt L&4tL NGBO ' L&4rtL NUSAO HdolidoL &e&o d!)oL
&erido6M inset LInRsetL Hinsert!rL en!rt!rL !)!dir6$ inset LInRsetL NoO insetted
NUSAO LInRseted$ I dL Hinsert3L en!rt!b!L !)!di36$ inset LInRsetL NoO insetted
NUSAO LInRseted$ I dL Hinsert!doL en!rt!doL !)!dido6M let LletL Hde.!rL !l/(il!rHse66$ let
LletL Hde.3L Hse6 !l/(il!b!6$ let LletL Hde.!doL !l/(il!do6M Qs(bletQ se on.(,! o"o
QletQM o(tbid L!(tRbIdL Hsobre%(.!rL %(.!r N(O o#reer "s /(e !l,(ien6$ o(tbid
L!(tRbIdL Hsobre%(.3L %(.!b! N(O o#reF! "s /(e !l,(ien6$ o(tbid L!(tRbIdL NoO
o(tbidden L!(tRbIdHe6nL Hsobre%(.!doL %(.!do N(O o#reido "s /(e !l,(ien6M
o(ts%re!d L!(tRs%redL He-tenderL des%le,!rL di#(ndir6$ o(ts%re!d L!(tRs%redL He-tendi3L
des%le,!b!L di#(ndi36$ o(ts%re!d L!(tRs%redL He-tendidoL des%le,!doL di#(ndido6M
o+erbid Lo(+eRbIdL NGBO ' Lo(+erRbIdL NUSAO Hdel!r!r %or eni"! de s(s
%osibilid!des6$ o+erbid Lo(+eRbIdL NGBO ' Lo(+erRbIdL NUSAO Hdel!rH3L !b!6 %or
eni"! de s(s %osibilid!des6$ o+erbid Lo(+eRbIdL NGBO ' Lo(+erRbIdL NUSAO N(O
o+erbidden Lo(+eRbIdHe6nL NGBO ' Lo(+erRbIdHe6nL NUSAO Hdel!r!do %or eni"!
de s(s %osibilid!des6M o+er!st Lo(+eR9!4stL NGBO ' Lo(+erR9YstL NUSAO Heli%s!rL
obs(reer6$ o+er!st Lo(+eR9!4stL NGBO ' Lo(+erR9YstL NUSAO Heli%s3L obs(reF!6$
Lo(+eR9!4stL NGBO ' Lo(+erR9YstL NUSAO Heli%s!doL obs(reido6M o+erset
Lo(+eRsetL NGBO ' Lo(+erRsetL NUSAO Htr!storn!rL +ol!rL #r(str!r6$ o+erset Lo(+eRsetL
NGBO ' Lo(+erRsetL NUSAO Htr!storn3L +ol!b!L #r(str36$ o+erset Lo(+eRsetL NGBO '
Lo(+erRsetL NUSAO Htr!storn!doL +ol!doL #r(str!do6M %(tL %(tL H%oner6$ %(tL %(tL
H%(soL %onF!6$ %(tL %(tL H%(esto6M Uin%(t$ o(t%(tV se on.(,!n o"o U%(tVM /(it
L97ItL Hde.!rL !b!ndon!r6$ /(it NUSA %rini%!l"enteO L97ItL NoO /(itted LR97ItI d$
edL Hde.3L !b!ndon!b!6$ /(it NUSA %rini%!l"enteO L97ItL NoO /(itted LR97ItI d$ edL
Hde.!doL !b!ndon!do6M re!d Lri4dL Hleer6$ re!d LredL Hle'3L leF!6$ re!d LredL HleFdo6M Qli%I
re!d$ "isre!d$ %roo#Ire!d$ reHI6re!d$ si,&tIre!dQ se on.(,!n o"o Qre!dQM
re!st LrIR9!4stL NGBO ' LrIR9YstL NUSAO Hre"odel!r6$ re!st LrIR9!4stL NGBO ' LrIR9YstL
NUSAO Hre"odelH3L !b!66$ re!st LrIR9!4stL NGBO ' LrIR9YstL NUSAO Hre"odel!do6M
rid LrIdL Hlibr!r6$ rid LrIdL NoO ridded NGB4 "enos (s!doO LRrIdI d$ edL HlibrH3L !b!66$
rid LrIdL NoO ridded NGB4 "enos (s!doO LRrIdI d$ edL Hlibr!do6M set LsetL H%onerL
%onerseL olo!rL %re%!r!r6$ set LsetL H%(soL se %onF!6$ set LsetL H%(esto6M Qbeset$ o##set$
reset$ t'%eset$ (nderset$ (%setQ se on.(,!n o"o QsetQ4 Hsb6 be beset b'L 7it& #e!rs
H!os!r ! (no los "iedos6M s&ed L[edL Hderr!"!rL /(it!rse6$ s&ed L[edL Hderr!"3L se
/(it36$ s&ed L[edL Hderr!"!doL /(it!do6M s&it L[ItL N+(l,!rO Hde#e!rL !,!r6$ s&it L[ItL$
s&itted LR[ItI d$ edL NoO s&!t L[YtL Hde#e3L !,!b!6$ s&it L[ItL$ s&itted LR[ItI d$ edL NoO
s&!t L[YtL Hde#e!doL !,!do6M s&red L[redL Hdes,!rr!rL r!ll!rL des"en(z!r6$
s&red L[redL NoO s&redded LR[redI d$ edL Hdes,!rr3L r!ll!b!L des"en(z36$ s&red L[redL
NoO s&redded LR[redI d$ edL Hdes,!rr!doL r!ll!doL des"en(z!do6M s&(t L[AtL Herr!r6$
s&(t L[AtL HerrH3L !b!66$ s&(t L[AtL Herr!do6M slit LslItL Hr!.!r6$ slit LslItL Hr!.H3L !b!66$
slit LslItL Hr!.!do6M s%lit Ls%lItL H%!rtirL r!.!rse6$ s%lit Ls%lItL H%!rti3L se r!.!b!6$ s%lit
Ls%lItL H%!rtidoL r!.!do6M s%otli,&t LRs%otl!ItL NGBO ' LRs%!4tl!ItL NUSAO Hil("in!r on
re#letores NoO l(es direion!lesL %oner de relie+eL dest!!r6$ s%otlit LRs%otlItL NGBO
' LRs%!4tlItL NUSAO Hil("in3 on re#letores NoO l(es direion!les6 '
Us%otli,&ted LRs%otl!ItI d$ edL NGBO ' LRs%!4tl!Ited$ I dL NUSAOV H%(so de relie+eL
dest!!b!6$ s%otlit LRs%otlItL NGBO ' LRs%!4tlItL NUSAO Hil("in!do on re#letores NoO
l(es direion!les6 ' Us%otli,&ted LRs%otl!ItI d$ edL NGBO ' LRs%!4tl!Ited$ I dL
NUSAOV H%(esto de relie+eL dest!!do6M s%re!d Ls%redL He-tenderL e-tenderse6$ s%re!d
Ls%redL He-tendi3L se e-tendF!6$ s%re!d Ls%redL He-tendido6M t&r(st Nliter!rioO LurAstL
He"%(.!rL l!+!rL s!!rL d!r esto!d!s6$ t&r(st LurAstL He"%(.3L l!+!b!L s!3L d!b!
esto!d!s6$ t&r(st LurAstL He"%(.!doL l!+!doL s!!doL d!do esto!d!s6M
(nderbid LAndeRbIdL NGBO ' LAnderRbIdL NUSAO H&!er (n! o#ert! "s b!.!6$
(nderbid LAndeRbIdL NGBO ' LAnderRbIdL NUSAO H&izo (n! o#ert! "s b!.!6$
(nderbid LAndeRbIdL NGBO ' LAnderRbIdL NUSAO H&e&o (n! o#ert! "s b!.!6M 7ed
Nliter!rioO L7edL H!s!rse6$ 7ed N"s (s!doO L7edL NoO 7edded N"enos
(s!doO LR7edI d$ edL Hse !sH3L !b!66$ 7ed N"s (s!doO L7edL NoO 7edded N"enos
(s!doO LR7edI d$ edL H!s!do6M 7et L7etL H"o.!rL &("edeer6$ 7et L7etL NoO
7etted LR7etI d$ edL H"o.3L &("edeF!6$ 7et L7etL NoO 7etted LR7etI d$ edL H"o.!doL
&("edeido6M 7ont N!r!ioO L7o(ntL NGBO ' L7o4ntL NUSA o L7o(ntL o L7AntLO
H!ost("br!rHse6L &!bit(!rHse66$ 7ont L7o(ntL NGBO ' L7o4ntL NUSA o L7o(ntL
o L7AntLO NoO 7onted LR7o(ntI d$ edL NGBO ' LR7o4nted$ I dL NUSA o LR7Anted$ I dLO
HHse6 !ost("br3L se &!bit(!b!6$ 7ont L7o(ntL NGBO ' L7o4ntL NUSA o L7o(ntL
o L7AntLO NoO 7onted LR7o(ntI d$ edL NGBO ' LR7o4nt ed$ I dL NUSA o LR7Anted$ I dLO
H!ost("br!doL &!bit(!do61
2+ Dos formas distintas para los tres tiemposM l!s dos #or"!s i,(!les %(eden ser
l!s del in#initi+oL %resente ' %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do o l!s del %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido ' %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM se inl('en t!"bi0n +erbos /(e tienen dos
#or"!s$ (n! re,(l!r ' otr! irre,(l!r o l!s dos irre,(l!res$ en el %ret0rito o en el
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do4 !bide Nliter!rioO LeRb!IdL H%er"!neer NoO "or!r
Nintr!nsiti+oOL so%ort!r NoO toler!r Ntr!nsiti+oO6$ !bode L eRbo(dL NoO !bided L eRb! I d I d$
edL Nintr!nsiti+oO H%er"!neHi3L F!6L "orH3L !b!66$ !bided Ntr!nsiti+oO LeRb!IdI d$ edL
Hso%ort3L toler!b!6$ !bode L eRbo(dL NoO !bided L eRb! I d I d$ edL Nintr!nsiti+oO
H%er"!neidoL "or!do6$ !bided Ntr!nsiti+oO LeRb!IdI d$ edL Hso%ort!doL toler!do6M
U!bide b'V si,ni#i! U!tenerse !L ("%lir onVM !li,&t Nliter!rio4 intr!nsiti+oO LeRl!ItL
H!%e!rseL desender6$ !li,&ted LeRl!ItI d$ edL Hse !%eH3L !b!66 ' U!litV LeRlItL
Hdesendi36$ !li,&ted LeRl!ItI d$ edL H!%e!do6 ' U!litV LeRlItL Hdesendido6M be!t Lbi4tL
H,ol%e!rL b!tirL derrot!r6$ be!t Lbi4tL H,ol%e3L b!tF!L derrot36$ be!ten LRbi4tHe6nL
H,ol%e!doL b!tidoL derrot!do6M Ubro7be!tV se on.(,! o"o Ube!tVM
beo"e LbIR9A"L Hlle,!r ! serL tr!ns#or"!rse6$ be!"e LbIR9eI"L Hlle,3 ! serL se
tr!ns#or"!b!6$ beo"e LbIR9A"L Hlle,!do ! serL tr!ns#or"!do6M bend LbendL HtorerL
dobl!r6$ bent LbentL Htori3L dobl!b!6$ bent LbentL HtoridoL dobl!do6M U(nbendV se
on.(,! o"o UbendVM bere!+e Nliter!rioO LbIRri4+L H%erder H%or !(s! de l! "(erte6
N"s (s!doOL des%o.!r N"enos (s!doO6$ bere!+ed N"s (s!doO LbIRri4+dL H%erdHi3L F!6
H%or !(s! de l! "(erte66 NoO bere#t N"enos (s!doO LbIRre#tL Hdes%o.H3L !b!66$
bere!+ed N"s (s!doO LbIRri4+dL H%erdido H%or !(s! de l! "(erte66 NoO bere#t N"enos
(s!doO LbIRre#tL Hdes%o.!do6M Ubere!+edV se (s! t!"bi0n o"o !d.eti+o del!nte de (n
no"bre4 t&e bere!+ed 7ido7 Hl! !#li,id!L desonsol!d! +i(d!6 o detrs de (n
no"bre ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o se,(ido de Uo#V h no"bre o %rono"bre1
E.14 Ee is bere!+ed o# &is 7i#e Hl &! %erdido ! s( es%os!L S( es%os! &! #!lleido6M
Ubere#tV se (s! t!"bi0n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o o"o !d.eti+o se,(ido de
Uo#V h no"bre o %rono"bre1 E.14 It is bere#t o# olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor
NUSAO HEst des%ro+isto de olor6M Ee is bere#t o# #reedo" Hl se +e %ri+!do de
libert!d6M besee& Nliter!rioO LbIRsi4t[L Hs(%li!rL i"%lor!r6$ beso(,&t LbIRso4tL NoO
besee&ed LbIRsi4t[tL Hs(%li3L i"%lor!b!6$ beso(,&t LbIRso4tL NoO besee&ed LbIRsi4t[tL
Hs(%li!doL i"%lor!do6M bet&in9 Nliter!rioO LbIRuI9L onesel# Hre#le-ion!r6$ bet&o(,&t
LbIRuo4tL Hre#le-ionH3L !b!66$ bet&o(,&t LbIRuo4tL Hre#le-ion!do6M bid LbIdL so"ebod'
Hd!r Ni dese!rOL %edirL orden!r ! !l,(ien6$ b!de LbYdL o LbeIdL$ bid LbIdL NoO b!d
N%oo (s!doO LbYdL HdioL %edF!L orden3 ! !l,(ien6$ bidden LRbIdHe6nL NoO bid LbIdL
Hd!doL %edidoL orden!do ! !l,(ien6 ND1 bid4 =18B15OM bind Lb!IndL H!t!rL en+ol+erL
en(!dern!r6$ bo(nd Lb!(ndL H!t3L en+ol+i3L en(!dern36$ bo(nd Lb!(ndL H!t!doL
en+(eltoL en(!dern!do6M Qrebind$ (nbindQ se on.(,!n o"o QbindQM bleed Lbli4dL
Hs!n,r!r6$ bled LbledL Hs!n,rH3L !b!66$ bled LbledL Hs!n,r!do6M blend LblendL H"ezl!r6$
blended LRblendI d$ edL H"ezlH3L !b!66$ blended LRblendI d$ edL NoO blent Nr!roO
LblentL H"ezl!do6M bless LblesL Hbendeir6$ blessed N"s (s!doO LblestL NoO blest
N"enos (s!doO LblestL Hbendi.oL bendeF!6$ blessed N"s (s!doO LblestL NoO blest
N"enos (s!doO LblestL HbendeidoL bendito6M breed Lbri4dL Hri!rL re%rod(irse6$
bred LbredL Hri3L se re%rod(F!6$ bred LbredL Hri!doL re%rod(ido6M brin, LbrIL
Htr!er6$ bro(,&t Lbro4tL Htr!.oL tr!F!6$ bro(,&t Lbro4tL Htr!Fdo6M b(ild LbIldL Honstr(irL
edi#i!r6$ b(ilt LbIltL Honstr('3L edi#i!b!6$ b(ilt LbIltL Honstr(idoL edi#i!do6M
Qreb(ildQ se on.(,! o"o Qb(ildQM b(rn Lb4nL NGBO ' Lb4rnL NUSAO H/(e"!rHse6L
!rder6$ b(rned Lb4ndL NGB o Lb4ntLO ' Lb4rndL NUSA o Lb4rntLO NoO b(rnt NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Lb4ntL NGBO ' Lb4rntL NUSAO HHse6 /(e"3L !rdF!6$ b(rned Lb4ndL
NGB o Lb4ntLO ' Lb4rndL NUSA o Lb4rntLO NoO b(rnt NGB %rini%!l"enteO Lb4ntL
NGBO ' Lb4rntL NUSAO H/(e"!doL !rdido6M Qb(rntQ NoO Ub(rnedV %(ede ser t!"bi0n
!d.eti+o ND1 ;1@OM Qs(nb(rnQ es re,(l!rM Us(nb(rnedV NoO Us(nb(rnt NGB
%rini%!l"enteOV Hbrone!doL /(e"!do %or el sol6 %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d.eti+o
ND1=15=81!OM b(st Nolo/(i!lO LbAstL Hro"%er6$ b(sted LRbAstI d$ edL NoO b(st
NGBO LbAstL Hro"%Hi3L F!66$ b(sted LRbAstI d$ edL NoO b(st NGBO LbAstL Hroto6M b('
Lb!IL Ho"%r!r6$ bo(,&t Lbo4tL Ho"%rH3L !b!66$ bo(,&t Lbo4tL Ho"%r!do6M !t&
L9Yt[L Ho,er NEs%!)!OL !%t(r!r6$ !(,&t L9o4tL Ho,i3 NEs%!)!OL !%t(r!b!6$ !(,&t
L9o4tL Ho,ido NEs%!)!OL !%t(r!do6M &ide Nliter!rioO Lt[!IdL Hre%renderL re)ir6$ &id
N"enos (s!doO Lt[IdL NoO &ided N"s (s!doO LRt[!IdI d$ edL Hre%rendi3L re)F!6$ &id
N"enos (s!doO Lt[IdL NoO &ided N"s (s!doO LRt[!IdI d$ edL NoO &idden LRt[IdHe6nL
N"enos (s!doO Hre%rendidoL re)ido6M le!+e Nliter!rioO L9li4+L H%!rtir NoO &endir
Ntr!nsiti+oOL s(r!r NoO !brirse !"ino NoO ser #iel NoO %!rtirse NoO !#err!rse ! NoO
%e,!rse ! Nintr!nsiti+oO6$ le#t N"s (s!doO L9le#tL$ le!+ed N"s (s!doO L9li4+dL NoO
lo+e N"enos (s!doO L9lo(+L H%!rtHi3L tF!6 NoO &endHi3L F!6 Ntr!nsiti+oO6 N'O le!+ed
L9li4+dL Hs(r3 NoO se !bri3 !"ino NoO er! #iel NoO se %!rtF! NoO se !#err3 ! NoO se
%e,!b! ! Nintr!nsiti+oO6$ le#t N"s (s!doO L9le#tL$ le!+ed N"s (s!doO L9li4+dL NoO
lo+en N"enos (s!do4 detrs de (n +erbo$ %ero !d.eti+o del!nte de (n
no"breO LR9lo(+He6nL H%!rtido NoO &endido Ntr!nsiti+oO6 N'O le!+ed L9li4+dL Hs(r!do
NoO !bierto !"ino NoO sido #iel NoO %!rtido NoO !#err!do ! NoO %e,!do ! Nintr!nsiti+oO6M
lin, Nliter!rioO L9lIL H!#err!rseL !,!rr!rseL %er"!neer #iel6$ l(n, L9lAL Hse
!#err3L se !,!rr!b!L %er"!nei3 #iel6$ l(n, L9lAL H!#err!doL !,!rr!doL
%er"!neido #iel6M lot&e Nliter!rioO L9lo(SL H+estirL dis#r!z!rse6$ lot&ed LR9lo(SI d$
edL NoO l!d L9lYdL H+isti3L se dis#r!z!b!6$ lot&ed LR9lo(SI d$ edL NoO l!d L9lYdL
H+estidoL dis#r!z!do6M o"e L9A"L H+enir6$ !"e L9eI"L H+inoL +enF!6$ o"e L9A"L
H+enido6M ree% L9ri4%L H!rr!str!rse6$ re%t L9re%tL Hse !rr!strH3L !b!66$ re%t L9re%tL
H!rr!str!do6M de!l Ldi4lL Hd!rL re%!rtir6$ de!lt LdeltL HdioL re%!rtF!6$ de!lt LdeltL Hd!doL
re%!rtido6M U"isde!lV se on.(,! o"o Ude!lVM di, LdI,L H!+!r6$ d(, LdA,L H!+H3L
!b!66$ d(, LdA,L H!+!do6M di+e Ld!I+L Hz!"b(llirseL !er en %i!do6$ di+ed Ld!I+dL
NoO do+e NUSAO Ldo(+L Hse z!"b(ll3L !F! en %i!do6$ di+ed Ld!I+dL Hz!"b(llidoL
!Fdo en %i!do6M dre!" Ldri4"L Hso)!r6$ dre!"ed Ldri4"dL ' Ldre"tL NoO dre!"t NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Ldre"tL Hso)H3L !b!66$ dre!"ed Ldri4"dL ' Ldre"tL NoO dre!"t NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Ldre"tL Hso)!do6M d7ell Nliter!rioO Ld7elL H+i+irL "or!r6$ d7elled
Ld7eldL NoO d7elt NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ld7eltL H+i+i3L "or!b!6$ d7elled Ld7eldL NoO
d7elt NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ld7eltL H+i+idoL "or!do6M #eed L#i4dL H!li"ent!r6$ #ed
L#edL H!li"entH3L !b!66$ #ed L#edL H!li"ent!do6M UbottleI#eed$ bre!stI#eed$ #oreI#eed$
o+er#eed$ s%oonI#eed$ (nder#eedV se on.(,!n o"o U#eedVM #eel L#i4lL HsentirL to!r6$
#elt L#eltL Hsinti3L to!b!6$ #elt L#eltL HsentidoL to!do6M #i,&t L#!ItL Hl(&!r6$ #o(,&t L#o4tL
Hl(&H3L !b!66$ #o(,&t L#o4tL Hl(&!do6M Uo(t#i,&tV se on.(,! o"o U#i,&tVM #ind
L#!IndL Henontr!r6$ #o(nd L#!(ndL HenontrH3L !b!66$ #o(nd L#!(ndL Henontr!do6M
#it L#ItL H/(ed!r bien6$ #itted LR#ItI d$ edL NoO #it NUSAO L#ItL H/(ed!b! bien6$
#itted LR#ItI d$ edL NoO #it NUSAO L#ItL H/(ed!do bien6$ %ero U(n#it LAnR#ItL Hin&!bilit!r6$
(n#itted LAnR#ItI d$ edL Hin&!bilitH3L !b!66$ (n#itted LAnR#ItI d$ edL Hin&!bilit!do6VM
#lee L#li4L H&(ir6$ #led L#ledL H&('3L &(F!6$ #led L#ledL H&(ido6M #lin, Nliter!rioO L#lIL
Hl!nz!rL !rro.!r6$ #l(n, L#lAL Hl!nz3L !rro.!b!6$ #l(n, L#lAL Hl!nz!do6M
#loodli,&t LR#lAdl!ItL Hil("in!r Non #oosO6$ #loodlit LR#lAdlItL Hil("in3 Non #oosO6$
#loodlit LR#lAdlItL Hil("in!do Non #oosO6M ,eld L,eldL H!str!rL !%!r6$
,elded LR,eldI d$ edL NoO ,elt L,eltL H!str3L !%!b!6$ ,elded LR,eldI d$ ed6L NoO ,elt
L,eltL H!str!doL !%!do6M ,et L,etL Honse,(irL obtener6$ ,ot L,otL NGBO ' L,!4tL NUSAO
Honsi,(i3L obtenF!6$ ,ot L,otL NGBO ' L,!4tL NUSAO ' U,ottenV NUSA4
olo/(i!lO LR,!4tHe6nL Honse,(idoL obtenido6M ,ild L,IldL Hdor!rL !dorn!r6$
,ilded LR,IldI d$ edL NoO ,ilt NGBO L,ItL Hdor3L !dorn!b!6$ ,ilded LR,IldI d$ edL NoO ,ilt
NGB4 t!"bi0n !d.eti+oO L,IltL Hdor!doL !dorn!do6M ,ird L,4dL NGBO ' L,4rdL NUSAO
He)irL rode!r6$ ,irt L,4tL NGBO ' L,4rtL NUSAO NoO ,irded LR,4dI d$ edL NGBO
' LR,4rded$ I dL NUSAO Hi)3L rode!b!6$ ,irt L,4tL NGBO ' L,4rtL NUSAO NoO
,irded LR,4dI d$ edL NGBO ' LR,4rded$ I dL NUSAO He)idoL rode!do6M ,r!+e
Nliter!rioO L,reI+L H,r!b!rL es(l%ir6$ ,r!+ed L,reI+dL H,r!b3L es(l%F!6$ ,r!+ed
L,reI+dL NoO ,r!+en LR,reI+He6nL H,r!b!doL es(l%ido6M ,rind L,r!IndL H"olerL
re&in!rL %(lirseL !#il!rse6$ ,ro(nd L,r!(ndL H"oli3L re&in!b!L Hse6 %(li3L Hse6
!#il!b!6$ ,ro(nd L,r!(ndL H"olidoL re&in!doL %(lidoL !#il!do6M
&!"strin, LR&Y"strIL H!t!r de %ies ' "!nos6$ &!"str(n, LR&Y"strAL H!t3 de %ies '
"!nos6$ &!"str(n, LR&Y"strAL H!t!do de %ies ' "!nos6M &!n, L&YL Hol,!r6$
&(n, L&AL NoO &!n,ed L&YdL Hol,H3L !b!66$ &(n, L&AL NoO &!n,ed L&YdL
Hol,!do6M Q&!n,Q %(ede ser re,(l!r on l! #or"! U&!n,edV %!r! el %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inido ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do t!nto tr!nsiti+o o"o intr!nsiti+o
(!ndo si,ni#i! Q!&or!rL ol,!rL ser !&or!doQ re#erido ! %erson!sM es irre,(l!r
(!ndo es intr!nsiti+o ' se (s! Q&(n,Q %!r! el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ' el
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do on el si,ni#i!do de Qol,!rQM %(ede ser re,(l!r on l! #or"!
Q&!n,edQ %!r! el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do e
irre,(l!r on Q&(n,Q %!r! el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ' el %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do (!ndo es tr!nsiti+o ' si,ni#i! Qol,!r !l,oQ1 E.14 Ee &!n,ed &i"sel# Hl se
!&or36M S&e t&in9s Ht&!t6 t&e' 7ill &!n, #or it HEll! ree /(e los !&or!rnL sern
!&or!dos %or ello6M T&e %it(re &(n, #ro" t&e eilin, HEl (!dro ol,!b! del
te&o6M Ee &!n,edL &(n, t&e o!t Hl ol,3 l! &!/(et!6M &!+e L&Y+L Htener6$ &!d
L&YdL Ht(+oL tenF!6$ &!d L&YdL Htenido6M &e!r L&IeL NGBO ' L&IrL NUSAO Hoir6$
&e!rd L&4dL NGBO ' L&4rdL NUSAO Ho'3L oF!6$ &e!rd L&4dL NGBO ' L&4rdL NUSAO
HoFdo6M Q"is&e!r$ o+er&e!r$ re&e!rQ se on.(,!n o"o Q&e!rQM &e!+e L&i4+L H+ir!rL
%onerse !l %!iro NoO ! l! !%!6L le+!nt!r Non es#(erzoOL iz!rL tir!r Non es#(erzoO6$
&o+e L&o(+L NoO &e!+ed L&i4+dL H+ir3L se %onF! !l %!iro NoO ! l! !%!6L le+!nt3 Non
es#(erzoOL iz!b!L tir3 Non es#(erzoO6$ &o+e L&o(+L NoO &e!+ed L&i4+dL H+ir!doL %(esto
!l %!iro NoO ! l! !%!L le+!nt!do Non es#(erzoOL iz!doL tir!do Non es#(erzoO6M &e7
L&.(4L He-tr!erL t!ll!r6$ &e7ed L&.(4dL He-tr!.oL t!ll!b!6$ &e7ed Ndetrs del +erbo UbeV
' U&!+eVO L&.(4dL NoO &e7n Ndel!nte de (n no"bre en GB o detrs de (n +erbo o"o
Qbe$ &!+eQO L&.(4nL He-tr!FdoL t!ll!do6M &ide L&!IdL Hesonder6$ &id L&IdL HesondHi3L
F!66$ &idden Nt!"bi0n !d.eti+oO LR&IdHe6nL NoO &id L&IdL Hesondido6M &old L&o(ldL
H"!ntenerL sostenerL ontenerL detenerL %residir6$ &eld L&eldL H"!nt(+oL sostenF!L
ont(+oL detenF!L %residi36$ &eld L&eldL H"!ntenidoL sostenidoL ontenidoL detenidoL
%residido6M Qbe&old$ (%&old$ 7it&&old L7iuR&o(ldL o L7iSR&o(ldLQ se on.(,!n o"o
Q&oldQM Qbe&oldenQ Nliter!rioO H!,r!deidoL en de(d!6 es !d.eti+o ' +! detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+o$ %ero se die Q"(& N+er'4 no %onerO be&oldenQ H"(' !,r!deido6M
in%(t LRIn%(tL H"eter6$ in%(t LRIn%(tL NoO Rin%(tted LRIn%(tI d$ edL H"etHi3L F!66$
in%(t LRIn%(tL NoO Rin%(tted LRIn%(tI d$ edL H"etido6M 9ee% L9i4%L H"!ntenerL ,(!rd!rL
onser+!r6$ 9e%t L9e%tL H"!nt(+oL ,(!rd!b!L onser+!b!6$ 9e%t L9e%tL H"!ntenidoL
,(!rd!doL onser+!do6M 9neel Lni4lL H!rrodill!rse6$ 9neeled Lni4ldL NoO 9nelt NGB
%rini%!l"enteO LneltL Hse !rrodillH3L !b!66$ 9neeled Lni4ldL NoO 9nelt NGB
%rini%!l"enteO LneltL H!rrodill!do6M 9nit LnItL Hte.er NoO &!er %(ntoL sold!r6$
9nitted LRnItI d$ edL NoO 9nit NGB %rini%!l"enteO LnItL Hte.i3 NoO &!F! %(nto Nen GB
se (s! "s Q9nittedQOL sold3 Nen GB se (s! "s Q9nitQO6$ 9nitted LRnItI d$ edL NoO 9nit
NGB %rini%!l"enteO LnItL Hte.ido NoO &e&o %(nto Nen GB se (s! "s Q9nittedQOL
sold!do Nen GB se (s! "s Q9nitQO6M l!de Nliter!rioO LleIdL H!r,!r6$ l!ded LRleIdI d$
edL H!r,H3L !b!66$ l!ded LRleIdI d$ edL NoO l!den LRleIdHe6nL H!r,!do6M l!' Ntr!nsiti+oO
LleIL H%onerL %re%!r!r6$ l!id LleIdL H%(soL %re%!r!b!6$ l!id LleIdL H%(estoL %re%!r!do6M
Qinl!'$ "isl!'$ o(tl!'$ o+erl!'$ rel!'$ 7!'l!'Q se on.(,!n o"o Ql!'QM le!d Lli4dL
H,(i!r6$ led LledL H,(i3L diri,F!6$ led LledL H,(i!doL diri,ido6M Q"isle!dQ se on.(,!
o"o Qle!dQM le!n Lli4nL H!%o'!rse6$ le!ned LlentL o Lli4ndL NoO le!nt NGB
%rini%!l"enteO LlentL Hse !%o'H3L !b!66$ le!ned LlentL o Lli4ndL NoO le!nt NGB
%rini%!l"enteO LlentL H!%o'!do6M le!% Lli4%L Hs!lt!r6$ le!%ed Lle%tL o Lli4%tL NoO le!%t
NGB %rini%!l"enteO Lle%tL Hs!ltH3L !b!66$ le!%ed Lle%tL o Lli4%tL NoO le!%t NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Lle%tL Hs!lt!do6M le!rn Ll4nL NGBO ' Ll4rnL NUSAO H!%render6$ le!rned
Ll4ntL NGBO ' Ll4rntL NUSAO o Ll4ndL NGBO ' Ll4rndL NUSAO NoO le!rnt NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Ll4ntL NGBO ' Ll4rntL NUSAO H!%rendHi3L F!66$ le!rned Ll4ntL NGBO
' Ll4rntL NUSAO o Ll4ndL NGBO ' Ll4rndL NUSAO NoO le!rnt NGB
%rini%!l"enteO Ll4ntL NGBO ' Ll4rntL NUSAO H!%rendido6M Q(nle!rnQ se on.(,!
o"o Qle!rnQM le!+e Lli4+L H"!r&!rHse6L de.!r6$ le#t Lle#tL HHse6 "!r&3L de.!b!6$ le#t
Lle#tL H"!r&!doL de.!do6M lend LlendL H%rest!r6$ lent LlentL H%restH3L !b!66$ lent LlentL
H%rest!do6M li,&t Ll!ItL Hil("in!r Ntr!nsiti+oOL enender Ntr!nsiti+o e intr!nsiti+oO6$
li,&ted LRl!ItI d$ edL Ntr!nsiti+o e intr!nsiti+oO Henendi3L se inendi!b!6 NoO lit NGB
%rini%!l"ente4 tr!nsiti+oO LlItL Hil("inH3L !b!66$ li,&ted LRl!ItI d$ edL Ntr!nsiti+o e
intr!nsiti+oO Henendido6 NoO lit NGB %rini%!l"ente4 tr!nsiti+o4 detrs del +erbo
QbeQ ' Q&!+eQM t!"bi0n !d.eti+oO LlItL Hil("in!do6M Qli,&tedQ o"o !d.eti+o %(ede ir
del!nte o detrs de (n no"bre ' detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o ' (!ndo es
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do detrs de (n +erbo o"o Qbe$ &!+eQ$ %ero QlitQ$ /(e es s3lo
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do$ +! s3lo detrs de (n no"bre o +erbo o"o Qbe$ &!+eQ1 E.14 !
li,&ted "!t& H(n! erill! enendid!6M Ee s!7 t&e roo" lit Hl +io l! &!bit!i3n
enendid!6M UR#loodli,&tV se on.(,! o"o Uli,&tV$ %ero UR&i,&li,&t$ "oonli,&tV son
re,(l!resM U"oonlitV es !d.eti+o$ no %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM lose Ll(4zL H%erder6$ lost
LlostL NGBO ' Llo4stL NUSA o Ll!4stLO H%erdHi3L F!66$ lost LlostL NGBO ' Llo4stL NUSA o
Ll!4stLO H%erdido6M "!9e L"eI9L H&!er6$ "!de L"eIdL H&izoL &!F!6$ "!de L"eIdL
H&e&o6M Qre"!9e$ (n"!9eQ se on.(,!n o"o Q"!9eQM "e!n L"i4nL H/(erer deirL
si,ni#i!r6$ "e!nt L"entL H/(iso deirL si,ni#i!b!6$ "e!nt L"entL H/(erido deirL
si,ni#i!do6M "eet L"i4tL HonoerL s!tis#!erL enontr!rse6$ "et L"etL Honoi3L
s!tis#!F!L se enontr!b!6$ "et L"etL HonoidoL s!tis#e&oL enontr!do6M "elt L"eltL
Hderretirse6$ "elted LR"eltI d$ edL Hse derriti3L se derretF!6$ "elted LR"eltI d$ edL NoO
"olten LR"o(ltenL Hderretido6M Q"eltedQ N%!r! "!teri!les /(e se #(nden #il"ente$ !
(n! te"%er!t(r! b!.!4 b(tter$ et1O Hderretido6 %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs
de (n no"bre o"o !d.eti+o ' o"o %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do detrs de (n +erbo
o"o QbeL &!+eQM Q"oltenQ LR"o(ltenL Ndel!nte de "!teri!les /(e se #(nden on
di#i(lt!d$ s3lo ! (n! te"%er!t(r! "(' !lt!4 ,l!ss$ "et!ls$ ro9sO Hderretido6 %(ede ir
del!nte de (n no"bre o"o !d.eti+o o "enos #re(ente"ente o"o !d.eti+o detrs
de (n +erboM "is#it L"IsR#ItL Hno sent!r bienL des!.(st!r6$ "is#itted L"IsR#ItI d$ edL
Hno sent3 bienL des!.(st!b!6$ "is#itted L"IsR#ItI d$ edL Hno sent!do bienL
des!.(st!do6M "o7 L"o(L Hse,!r6$ "o7ed L"o(dL Hse,H3L !b!66$ "o7ed N%!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!do detrs de (n no"bre4 Ee s!7 t&e l!7n "o7ed Hl +io el 0s%ed
se,!do6 o detrs de los +erbos QbeQ ' Q&!+eQO L"o(dL NoO "o7n L"o(nL Ndel!nte de
(n no"bre en GB o"o !d.eti+o Nr!roO o detrs de Qbe$ &!+eQ o"o %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do4 GB ' USAO Hse,!do6M o+ero"e Lo(+eR9A"L NGBO ' Lo(+erR9A"L NUSAO
H+enerL s(%er!r6$ o+er!"e Lo(+eR9eI"L NGBO ' Lo(+erR9eI"L NUSAO H+eni3L
s(%er!b!6$ o+ero"e Lo(+eR9A"L NGBO ' Lo(+erR9A"L NUSAO H+enidoL
s(%er!do6M o+erR&!n, Lo(+eR&YL NGBO ' Lo(+erR&YL NUSAO Hsobres!lir
Nintr!nsiti+oOL sobres!lir %or eni"! de Ntr!nsiti+oO6$ o+erR&(n, Lo(+eR&AL NGBO
' Lo(+erR&AL NUSAO Hsobres!li3 Nintr!nsiti+oOL sobres!lF! %or eni"! de
Ntr!nsiti+oO6$ o+erR&(n, Lo(+eR&AL NGBO ' Lo(+erR&AL NUSAO Hsobres!lido
Nintr!nsiti+oOL sobres!lido %or eni"! de Ntr!nsiti+oO6M %!' L%eIL H%!,!rL %resent!r6$
%!id Nirre,(l!rO L%eIdL H%!,3L %resent!b!6$ %!id Nirre,(l!rO L%eIdL H%!,!doL
%resent!do6 %ero Q%!'ed Nre,(l!rO L%eIdLQ H!l!#!te3L e"bre!do6M Qo+er%!'$ re%!'$
(nder%!'Q se on.(,!n o"o Q%!'QM %en L%enL Henerr!r6$ %enned L%endL NoO %ent
NGBO L%entL HenerrH3L !b!66$ %enned L%endL NoO %ent NGBO L%entL Henerr!do6$ %ero
Q%enQ HesribirL red!t!rL o"%oner6 es re,(l!rM %le!d L%li4dL H!le,!rL del!r!rse6$
%le!ded LR%li4dI d$ edL$ %le!d NGBO L%ledL NoO %led NUSA4 olo/(i!lO L%ledL H!le,3L se
del!r!b!6$ %le!ded LR%li4dI d$ edL$ %le!d NGBO L%ledL NoO %led NUSA4 olo/(i!lO
L%ledL H!le,!doL del!r!do6M Q"isR%le!dQ se on.(,! o"o Q%le!dQM %ro+e L%r(4+L
H%rob!rL de"ostr!r6$ %ro+ed L%r(4+dL H%rob3L de"ostr!b!6$ %ro+ed L%r(4+dL NoO
%ro+en LR%r(4+enL H%rob!doL de"ostr!do6M Q%ro+edQ o"o !d.eti+o +! del!nte de (n
no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o ' o"o %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do +! s3lo
detrs de (n +erbo o"o Qbe$ &!+eQM Q%ro+enQ H%rob!doL o"%rob!do6 o"o
!d.eti+o +! ,ener!l"ente del!nte de (n no"bre o "enos #re(ente"ente detrs de
(n no"bre ' o"o %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do +! s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o"o QbeL
&!+eQM ree+e Lri4+L H%!s!r %or (n! %ole! NoO (n o.!l6$ ree+ed Lri4+dL NoO ro+e Lro(+L
H%!s3 %or (n! %ole! NoO (n o.!l6$ ree+ed Lri4+dL NoO ro+e Lro(+L H%!s!do %or (n! %ole!
NoO (n o.!l6M Q(nree+eQ se on.(,! o"o Qree+eQM rend Nliter!rioO LrendL Hdes,!rr!rL
r!s,!r6$ rent LrentL Hdes,!rr3L r!s,!b!6$ rent LrentL Hdes,!rr!doL r!s,!do6M ri+e
Nliter!rioO Lr!I+L Hr!.!rHse6L %!rtirHse66$ ri+ed Lr!I+dL HHse6 r!.3L Hse6 %!rti36$ ri+ed
Lr!I+dL NoO ri+en LRrI+He6nL H%!rtidoL &endido6M r(n LrAnL Horrer6$ r!n LrYnL HorrHi3L
F!66$ r(n LrAnL Horrido6M Qo+err(n$ o(tr(n$ reHI6r(n$ (nderr(nQ se on.(,!n o"o
Qr(nQM s!7 Lso4L Hserr!r6 ND1 see4 =18B1:O4 s!7ed Lso4dL HserrH3L !b!66$ s!7ed Lso4dL NoO
s!7n Lso4nL Nt!"bi0n !d.eti+o en GBO Hserr!do6M s!' LseIL Hdeir6$ s!id LsedL Hdi.oL
deF!6$ s!id LsedL Hdi&o6M see9 Lsi49L Hb(s!r6$ so(,&t Lso4tL Hb(sH3L !b!66$ so(,&t
Lso4tL Hb(s!do6M sell LselL H+ender6$ sold Lso(ldL H+endHi3L F!66$ sold Lso(ldL H+endido6M
Qo(tsell$ resell$ (ndersellQ se on.(,!n o"o QsellQM send LsendL Hen+i!r6$ sent LsentL
Hen+iH3L !b!66$ sent LsentL Hen+i!do6M se7 Lso(L Hoser6$ se7ed Lso(dL HosHi3L F!66$
se7ed N"enos (s!doO Lso(dL NoO se7n N"s (s!do4 t!"bi0n !d.eti+o en GBO Lso(nL
Hosido6M s&!+e L[eI+L H!#eit!rseL reort!r6$ s&!+ed L[eI+dL Hse !#eit3L reort!b!6$
s&!+ed L[eI+dL NoO s&!+en LR[eI+He6nL H!#eit!doL reort!do6M Qs&!+edQ %(ede ir o"o
!d.eti+o s3lo del!nte de (n no"bre ' o"o %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do s3lo detrs de (n
+erbo o"o QbeL &!+eQ4 S&e s!7 &i" s&!+ed HEll! le &izo !#eit!rse6$ ' Qs&!+enQ
%(ede ir o"o !d.eti+o del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n no"bre ' o"o
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o"o QbeL &!+eQ1 E.14 S&e s!7 &i"
s&!+en HEll! le +io !#eit!do6M Eis &!ir 7!s s&ort !nd &is ne9 s&!+en Hl tenF! el
%elo orto ' el (ello !#eit!do6M s&e!r L[IeLNGBO ' L[IrL NUSAO Hes/(il!rL ort!rL
ro"%erL !tr!+es!r6$ s&e!red L[IedL NGBO ' L[IrdL NUSAO Hes/(il3L ort!b!L ro"%i3L
!tr!+es!b!6$ s&e!red Ndetrs del +erbo U&!+eVO L[IedL NGBO ' L[IrdL NUSAO NoO s&orn
Ndel!nte de (n no"bre en GB o detrs del +erbo QbeQ o"o !d.eti+o ' detrs del
+erbo Q&!+eQ o"o %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO L[o4nL NGBO ' L[o4rnL NUSAO Hes/(il!doL
ort!doL rotoL !tr!+es!do6M s&ine L[!InL Hbrill!r NoO !l("br!r Ntr!nsiti+o e
intr!nsiti+oOL li"%i!r NoO d!r brillo Ntr!nsiti+oO6$ s&one Ntr!nsiti+o e intr!nsiti+oO L[onL
NGBO ' L[o(nL NUSA o L[!4nLO Hbrill3L !l("br!b!6 N'O s&ined Ntr!nsiti+oO L[!IndL
Hli"%i3L d!b! brillo6$ s&one Ntr!nsiti+o e intr!nsiti+oO L[onL NGBO ' L[o(nL NUSA
o L[!4nLO Hbrill!doL !l("br!do6 N'O s&ined Ntr!nsiti+oO L[!IndL Hli"%i!doL d!do brillo6M
Qo(ts&ineQ se on.(,! o"o Qs&ineQM s&oe L[(4L H&err!r6$ s&od L[odL NGBO ' L[!4dL
NUSAO H&errH3L !b!66$ s&od L[odL NGBO ' L[!4dL NUSAO H&err!do6M s&oot L[(4tL
Hdis%!r!rL "!t!r de (n tiroL #(sil!rL #il"!r6$ s&ot L[otL NGBO ' L[!4tL NUSAO Hdis%!r3L
"!t!b! de (n tiroL #(sil3L #il"!b!6$ s&ot L[otL NGBO ' L[!4tL NUSAO Hdis%!r!doL
"!t!do de (n tiroL #(sil!doL #il"!do6M Qo+ers&ootQ se on.(,! o"o Qs&ootQM s&o7
Nestnd!rOL s&e7 N!r!ioO L[o(L H"ostr!rL e-%res!r6$ s&o7ed Nestnd!rOL s&e7ed
N!r!ioO L[o(dL H"ostr3L e-%res!b!6$ s&o7ed Nestnd!rOL s&e7ed N!r!ioO L[o(dL
N"enos (s!doO NoO s&o7n N"s (s!doO L[o(nL H"ostr!doL e-%res!do6M s&rin9 L[rI9L
Heno,erL ontr!erL reort!r6$ s&r!n9 N"s (s!doO L[rY9L NoO s&r(n9 N"enos (s!doO
L[rA9L Heno,i3L ontr!F!L reort36$ s&r(n9 N"s (s!do4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do
detrs de Qbe$ &!+eQ$ ' !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o s3lo del!nte de (n no"breO L[rA9L NoO
s&r(n9en N"enos (s!do4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do detrs de Qbe$ &!+eQ$ ' !d.eti+o
!li#i!ti+o del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erboO LR [rA9enL Heno,idoL
ontr!FdoL reort!do6M s&ri+e L[r!I+L Hon#es!r6$ s&ro+e L[ro(+L NoO s&ri+ed L[r!I+dL
Hon#esH3L !b!66$ s&ri+en LR[rI+He6nL NoO s&ri+ed L[r!I+dL Hon#es!do6M sit LsItL
Hsent!rseL est!r sent!doL e"%oll!r Nl! ,!llin!O6$ s!t LsYtL Hse sent3L est!b! sent!doL
e"%oll!b! Nl! ,!llin!O6$ s!t LsYtL Hsent!doL est!do sent!doL e"%oll!do6M Qb!b'Isit$
resitQ se on.(,!n o"o QsitQM slee% Lsli4%L Hdor"ir6$ sle%t Lsle%tL Hd(r"i3L dor"F!6$
sle%t Lsle%tL Hdor"ido6M Qo+erslee%Q se on.(,! o"o Qslee%QM slide Lsl!IdL
Hdesliz!rseL resb!l!rse6$ slid LslIdL Hse desliz3L Hse6 resb!l!b!6$ slid LslIdL Hdesliz!doL
resb!l!do6M slin, LslIL Htir!rL !rro.!r Hon &ond!66$ sl(n, LslAL Htir3L !rro.!b! Hon
&ond!66$ sl(n, LslAL Htir!doL !rro.!do Hon &ond!66M slin9 LslI9L Hs(bir
si,ilos!"ente NoO !+er,onz!doHs6$ !Hs6L es!b(llirse6$ sl(n9 LslA9L Hs(bi3
si,ilos!"ente NoO !+er,onz!dHo$ !6L se es!b(llF!6$ sl(n9 LslA9L Hs(bido
si,ilos!"ente NoO !+er,onz!doHs6$ !Hs6L es!b(llido6M s"ell Ls"elL Holer6$ s"elled
Ls"eltL o Ls"eldL NoO s"elt NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ls"eltL Holi3L olF!6$ s"elled Ls"eltL
o Ls"eldL NoO s"elt NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ls"eltL Holido6M sne!9 Lsni49L Hentr!r !
&(rt!dill!s6$ sne!9ed Lsni49tL NoO sn(9 Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO LsnA9L
HentrH3L !b!6 ! &(rt!dill!s6$ sne!9ed Lsni49tL NoO sn(9 Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO LsnA9L Hentr!do ! &(rt!dill!s6M so7 Lso(L Hse"br!r6$ so7ed Lso(dL
Hse"brH3L !b!66$ so7ed N"enos (s!doO Lso(dL NoO so7n N"s (s!do4 t!"bi0n
!d.eti+o en GBO Lso(nL Hse"br!do6M s%eed Ls%i4dL Hir r%id!"ente Nintr!nsiti+oOL ir !
e-eso de +eloid!d Nintr!nsiti+oOL !eler!r NoO des%edir N! !l,(ienO Ntr!nsiti+oO6$
s%ed Ls%edL Nintr!nsiti+oO H#(eL ib! r%id!"ente6 N'O s%eeded LRs%i4dI d$ edL Hib! !
e-eso de +eloid!d Nintr!nsiti+oOL !eler3 NoO des%edF! N! !l,(ienO Ntr!nsiti+oO6$
s%ed Nintr!nsiti+oO Ls%edL Hido r%id!"ente6 N'O s%eeded LRs%i4dI d$ edL Hido ! e-eso
de +eloid!d Nintr!nsiti+oOL !eler!do NoO des%edido N! !l,(ienO Ntr!nsiti+oO6M s%ell
Ls%elL Hdeletre!r6$ s%elled Ls%eltL o Ls%eldL NoO s%elt NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ls%eltL
HdeletreH3L !b!66$ s%elled Ls%eltL o Ls%eldL NoO s%elt NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ls%eltL
Hdeletre!do6M Q"iss%ellQ se on.(,! o"o Qs%ellQM s%end Ls%endL H,!st!rL %!s!r Hel
tie"%o66$ s%ent Ls%entL H,!st3L %!s!b! Hel tie"%o66$ s%ent Ls%entL H,!st!doL %!s!do Hel
tie"%o66M Q"iss%end$ o+ers%end$ (nders%endQ se on.(,!n o"o Qs%endQM s%ill
Ls%IlL Hderr!"!r6$ s%illed Ls%IltL ' Ls%IldL NoO s%ilt NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ls%IltL
Hderr!"H3L !b!66$ s%illed Ls%IltL ' Ls%IldL NoO s%ilt NGB %rini%!l"ente4 t!"bi0n
!d.eti+oO Ls%IltL Hderr!"!do6M s%in Ls%InL H,ir!rL &!er ,ir!rL &il!r6$ s%(n Ls%AnL NoO
s%!n N!r!ioO Ls%YnL H,ir3L &!F! ,ir!rL &il36$ s%(n Ls%AnL H,ir!doL &e&o ,ir!rL
&il!do6M s%it Ls%ItL Hes(%irL ens!rt!r en el !s!dor6$ s%!t Ls%YtL Ntr!nsiti+oO Hes(%Hi3L
F!66 N'O s%!t Ls%YtL NoO s%it NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Ls%ItL Nintr!nsiti+oO Hes(%Hi3L F!66
N'O s%itted LRs%ItI d$ edL Hens!rtH3L !b!6 en el !s!dor6$ s%!t Ls%YtL Ntr!nsiti+oO
Hes(%ido6 N'O s%!t Ls%YtL NoO s%it NUSA4 "enos (s!doO Ls%ItL Nintr!nsiti+oO
Hes(%ido6$ s%itted LRs%ItI d$ edL Hens!rt!do en el !s!dor6M s%oil Ls%oIlL Hestro%e!r6$
s%oiled Ls%oIltL o Ls%oIldL NoO s%oilt NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ls%oIltL Hestro%eH3L !b!66$
s%oiled Nt!"bi0n !d.eti+oO Ls%oIltL ' Ls%oIldL NoO s%oilt NGBM t!"bi0n !d.eti+o en
GBO Ls%oIltL Hestro%e!do6M s%rin, Ls%rIL Hs!lt!rL s(r,ir6$ s%r!n, N"s (s!doO Ls%rYL
NoO s%r(n, N"enos (s!doO Ls%rAL Hs!lt3L s(r,F!6$ s%r(n, Ls%rAL Hs!lt!doL s(r,ido6M
st!nd LstYndL H%onerse de %ieL %oner6$ stood Lst(dL Hse %(so de %ieL %onF!6$ stood
Lst(dL H%(esto de %ieL %(esto6M Q7it&st!ndQ se on.(,! o"o Qst!ndQM st!+e Nliter!rioO
LsteI+L Hro"%erL ro"%erseL e+it!r6$ sto+e Lsto(+L NoO st!+ed LsteI+dL HHse6 ro"%Hi3L
F!66 N'O st!+ed LsteI+dL He+itH3L !b!66$ sto+e Lsto(+L NoO st!+ed LsteI+dL Hroto6 N'O
st!+ed LsteI+dL He+it!do6M sti9 LstI9L H%e,!rL %e,!rseL %onerL l!+!r6$ st(9 LstA9L
H%e,3L se %e,!b!L %(soL l!+!b!6$ st(9 LstA9L H%e,!doL %(estoL l!+!do6M Q(nsti9Q
se on.(,! o"o Qsti9QM stin, LstIL H%i!rL &!er esoer6$ st(n, LstAL H%i3L &!F!
esoer6$ st(n, LstAL H%i!doL &e&o esoer6M stin9 LstI9L H!%est!r6$ st(n9 LstA9L
NoO st!n9 LstY9L H!%estH3L !b!66$ st(n9 LstA9L H!%est!do6M stre7 Nliter!rioO Lstr(4L
Hderr!"!rL se"br!rL es%!rirL di+(l,!rL s!l%i!r6$ stre7ed Lstr(4dL Hderr!"3L
se"br!b!6$ stre7ed Lstr(4dL NoO stre7n Lstr(4nL Hderr!"!doL se"br!do6M Qbestre7Q se
on.(,! o"o Qstre7QM stri9e Lstr!I9L H,ol%e!rL !t!!r6$ str(9 LstrA9L H,ol%e3L
!t!!b!6$ str(9 LstrA9L NoO stri9en NUSA %rini%!l"enteO LRstrI9enL H,ol%e!doL
!t!!do6M Qstri9enV H!#li,idoL d!)!do6 (!ndo es !d.eti+o %(ede ir del!nte de (n
no"bre ' detrs de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o ' (!ndo es
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do +! detrs del +erbo Q&!+eQM Qstr(9Q (!ndo es !d.eti+o %(ede
ir del!nte de (n no"bre en USA ' si,ni#i! Qen &(el,!Q o detrs de (n no"bre o
(n +erbo o%(l!ti+o en GB ' USA ' si,ni#i! Qent(si!s"!doQ ' (!ndo es
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do %(ede ir detrs de (n +erbo o"o Qbe$ &!+eQ1 E.14 Ee s!7 t&e
roo" stri9en b' H! stre!9L bolt o#6 li,&tnin, Hl +io el (!rto !#et!do %or (n r!'o6M
Ee s!7 t&e "!n stri9en 7it& ! "ent!l %!r!l'sis Hl +io !l &o"bre !#et!do %or (n!
%!rlisis "ent!l6M Ee s!7 t&e roo"L "!n str(9 do7n b' H! stre!9L bolt o#6
li,&tnin, Hl +io el (!rtoL !l &o"bre derrib!do %or (n r!'o6M strin, LstrIL H!t!rL
ol,!rL tender6$ str(n, LstrAL H!t!b!L ol,3L tendF!6$ str(n, LstrAL H!t!doL ol,!doL
tendido6M Q&!"strin,$ restrin,Q se on.(,!n o"o Qstrin,QM s7e!t Ls7etL Hs(d!r6$
s7e!ted LRs7etI d$ edL NoO s7e!t Ls7etL Hs(dH3L !b!66$ s7e!ted LRs7etI d$ edL N(!ndo
es !d.eti+o +! del!nte de (n no"bre ' (!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do +! detrs de
(n +erbo o"o Qbe$ &!+eQO NoO s7e!t Ls7etL Hs(d!do6M s7ee% Ls7i4%L Hb!rrerL
des&ollin!rL roz!rL e-tenderseL reorrer6$ s7e%t Ls7e%tL Hb!rri3L des&ollin!b!L roz3L
se e-tendF!L reorri36$ s7e%t Ls7e%tL N(!ndo es !d.eti+o +! del!nte de (n no"bre '
(!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do +! detrs de (n +erboO Hb!rridoL des&ollin!doL
roz!doL e-tendidoL reorrido6M s7ell Ls7elL H&in&!rseL reer6$ s7elled Ls7eldL Hse
&in&3L reF!6$ s7ollen LRs7olenL NoO s7elled Ls7eldL H&in&!doL reido6M
Qs7ollenQ (!ndo es !d.eti+o %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo '
(!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do detrs de (n +erbo o"o Qbe$ &!+eQ %ero
Qs7elledQ$ /(e es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do$ s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o"o Qbe$ &!+eQM
s7in, Ls7IL Hb!l!ne!rHse6L !"bi!r6$ s7(n, Ls7AL Hb!l!ne3L se b!l!ne!b!L
!"bi36$ s7(n, Ls7AL Hb!l!ne!doL !"bi!do6M te!& Lti4t[L Hense)!r6$ t!(,&t Lto4tL
Hense)H3L !b!66$ t!(,&t Lto4tL Hense)!do6M tell LtelL Hont!rL deir6$ told Lto(ldL Hont3L
deF!6$ told Lto(ldL Hont!doL di&o6M Q#oretell$ retellQ se on.(,!n o"o QtellQM
t&in9 LuI9L H%ens!r6$ t&o(,&t Luo4tL H%ensH3L !b!66$ t&o(,&t Luo4tL H%ens!do6M
Qret&in9Q se on.(,! o"o Qt&in9QM t&ri+e Lur!I+L H%ros%er!rL des!rroll!rse6$
t&ro+e Luro(+L NoO t&ri+ed Lur!I+dL H%ros%er3L se des!rroll!b!6$ t&ri+en LRurI+He6nL
NoO t&ri+ed Lur!I+dL H%ros%er!doL des!rroll!do6M tre!d LtredL H%is!r6$ trod LtrodL NGBO
' Ltr!4dL NUSAO H%isH3L !b!66$ trod LtrodL NGBO ' Ltr!4dL NUSAO NoO trodden LRtrodenL
NGBO ' LRtr!4denL NUSAO H%is!do6M Uretre!dV se on.(,! o"o Utre!dVM
(nderst!nd LAndeRstYndL NGBO ' LAnderRstYndL NUSAO Ho"%renderL entender6$
(nderstood LAndeRst(dL NGBO ' LAnderRst(dL NUSAO Ho"%rendi3L entendF!6$
(nderstood LAndeRst(dL NGBO ' LAnderRst(dL NUSAO Ho"%rendidoL entendido6M
Q"is(nderst!ndQ se on.(,! o"o Q(nderst!ndQM 7ee% L7i4%L Hllor!r6$ 7e%t L7e%tL
HllorH3L !b!66$ 7e%t L7e%tL Hllor!do6M 7e!+e L7i4+L Hte.erL ser%ente!rL zi,z!,(e!rL
zi,z!,(e!r ' t!"b!le!rse6$ 7o+e L7o(+L Hte.i3L ser%ente!b!L zi,z!,(e36 N'O
7e!+ed L7i4+dL Hte.i3L ser%ente!b!L zi,z!,(e3 H' se t!"b!le36L zi,z!,(e!b! H' se
t!"b!le!b!66$ 7o+en LR7o(+He6nL Hte.idoL ser%ente!doL zi,z!,(e!do H'
t!"b!le!do66 N'O 7e!+ed L7i4+dL Hte.idoL ser%ente!doL zi,z!,(e!do H' t!"b!le!do66M
Qinter7e!+eQ se on.(,! o"o Q7e!+eQM 7in L7InL H,!n!rL onse,(ir6$ 7on L7AnL
H,!n3L onse,(F!6$ 7on L7AnL H,!n!doL onse,(ido6M 7ind L7!IndL Hde+!n!rL &!er
,ir!rL d!r (erd!L ser%ente!r6$ 7o(nd L7!(ndL Hde+!n!b!L &izo ,ir!rL d!b! (erd!L
ser%ente!b!6$ 7o(nd L7!(ndL Hde+!n!doL &e&o ,ir!rL ser%ente!do6M Qre7ind$
(n7indQ se on.(,!n o"o Q7indQ %ero Q7indQ L7IndL Hde.!r sin !liento6 es
re,(l!r4 7indedL 7indedM el +erbo U7o(ndV L7(4ndL H&erir6 es re,(l!r4 7o(ndedL
7o(ndedM 7or9 L749L NGBO ' L74r9L NUSAO H!(s!rL &!erL !rre,l!rL #or.!r6$
7ro(,&t Lro4tL H!(s3L &!F!L !rre,l3L #or.!b!6$ 7ro(,&t Lro4tL H!(s!doL &e&oL
!rre,l!doL #or.!do6M sin e"b!r,o$ el +erbo U7or9V L749L NGBO ' L74r9L NUSAO
Htr!b!.!r6 es re,(l!r4 7or9edL 7or9edM 7rin, LrIL Hes(rrirL retorer6$ 7r(n, LrAL
Hes(rri3L retorF!6$ 7r(n, LrAL Hes(rridoL retorido6M 7rit&e Lr!ISL HretorerseL
ontorsion!rse6$ 7rit&ed Lr!ISdL Hse retori3L se ontorsion!b!6$ 7rit&ed Lr!ISdL NoO
7rit&en N!r!ioO LRrISenL HretoridoL ontorsion!do61
2+ Tres formas distintas para los tres tiempos4 !rise Nintr!nsiti+oO LeRr!IzL Hs(r,irL
%resent!rseL le+!nt!rse Nliter!rioO6$ !rose LeRro(zL Hs(r,i3L se %resent3L se le+!nt!b!6$
!risen LeRrIzHe6nL Hs(r,idoL %resent!doL le+!nt!do6M !7!9e LeR7eI9L Hdes%ert!rHse6L
d!rse (ent!6$ !7o9e LeR7o(9L NoO !7!9ed NUSA4 "enos (s!doO LeR7eI9tL HHse6
des%ert!b!L se dio (ent!6$ !7o9en LeR7o(9He6nL NoO !7!9ed NUSA4 "enos
(s!doO LeR7eI9tL Hdes%ert!doL d!do (ent!6M be Lbi4L N! e-e%i3n de los de"s
+erbos$ /(e tienen s3lo 8 #or"!s di#erentes o (n! en el %resente$ UbeV tiene : #or"!s
distint!s4 !"$ !re$ isO HserL est!r6$ 7!s N%!r! l! %ri"er! ' terer! %erson! del sin,(l!rO
L7ozL N#or"! #(erteO NGBO ' L7!4zL N#or"! #(erteO NUSAO o L7ezL N#or"! d0bilO$
7ere N%!r! l!s de"s %erson!sO L74L N#or"! #(erteO NGBO ' L74rL N#or"! #(erteO
NUSAO o L7eL N#or"! d0bilO NGBO ' L7erL N#or"! debilO NUSAO H#(eL est(+oL er!L
est!b!6$ been LbInL o Lbi4nL NGB %rini%!l"enteO HsidoL est!do6M be!r LbeeL NGBO '
LbeHe6rL NUSAO Hso%ort!rL !,(!nt!rL resistirL d!r ! l(z6$ bore Lbo4L NGBO ' Lbo4rL
NUSAO Hso%ort3L !,(!nt!b!L resisti3L d!b! ! l(z6$ bornHe6 Lbo4nL NGBO ' Lbo4rnL
NUSAO Hso%ort!doL !,(!nt!doL resistidoL d!do ! l(z6M Qbe!rQ es irre,(l!r ' tiene dos
%!rtii%ios de %!s!do4 borne ' UbornVM QborneQ se (s! o"o tr!nsiti+o ' en %!si+!
on s(.eto %!iente o o"%le"ento !,ente4 S&e &!s borne t&ree &ildren HEll! &!
d!do ! l(z tres &i.os6M T&ree &ildren &!+e been borne b' &er HTres &i.os &!n sido
d!dos ! l(z %or ell!6M QbornQ se (s! o"o intr!nsiti+o ' en %!si+! sin s(.eto %!iente
o o"%le"ento !,ente4 A &ild is born HN!e (n &i.o6M S&e 7!s born in 5B?C HEll!
n!i3 en 5B?C6M A &ild &!s been born HE! n!ido (n &i.o6M be#!ll Nliter!rioO LbIR#o4lL$
be#ell LbIR#elL Hs(edi3L o(rrF! N! !l,(ienO6$ be#!llen LbIR#o4lHe6nL Hs(edidoL
o(rrido N! !l,(ienO6M be,et LbIR,etL Hen,endr!rL %ro+o!r6$ be,ot LbIR,otL NGBO
' LbIR,!4tL NUSAO NoO be,!t N!r!ioO LbIR,YtL Hen,endr3L %ro+o!b!6$
be,otten LbIR,otHe6nL NGBO ' LbIR,!4tHe6nL NUSAO NoO be,ot N!r!ioO LbIR,otL NGBO '
LbIR,!4tL NUSAO Hen,endr!doL %ro+o!do6M be,in LbIR,InL Ho"enz!rL e"%ez!r6$
be,!n LbIR,YnL Ho"enz3L e"%ez!b!6$ be,(n LbIR,AnL Ho"enz!doL e"%ez!do6M
bes%e!9 Nliter!rioO LbIRs%i49L Hderrot!rL indi!rL en!r,!r6$ bes%o9e LbIRs%o(9L
Hderrot3L indi!b!L en!r,36$ bes%o9en LbIRs%o(9He6nL NoO bes%o9e Nr!roO LbIRs%o(9L
Hderrot!doL indi!doL en!r,!do6M bestride Nliter!rioO LbIRstr!IdL Hr(z!r de (n s!ltoL
"ont!r ! &or!.!d!s6$ bestrode LbIRstro(dL Hr(z!b! de (n s!ltoL "ont3 !
&or!.!d!s6$ bestridden LbIRstrIdHe6nL Hr(z!do de (n s!ltoL "ont!do ! &or!.!d!s6M
bite Lb!ItL H"order6$ bit LbItL H"ordHi3L F!66$ bitten LRbItHe6nL H"ordido6M blo7 Lblo(L
Hso%l!rL +ol!rL tir!r6$ ble7 Lbl(4L Hso%l3L +ol!b!L tir36$ blo7n Lblo(nL Hso%l!doL
+ol!doL tir!do6 N'O blo7ed NGBO Lblo(dL H"!ldeido6M bre!9 LbreI9L Hro"%er6$
bro9e Lbro(9L Hro"%Hi3L F!66$ bro9en LRbro(9He6nL Hroto6M ro7 L9ro(L H!!re!rL
,or.e!rL !l!rde!rL !nt!r Nel ,!lloO6$ ro7ed Ntr!nsiti+o e intr!nsiti+oO L9ro(dL NoO
re7 Nintr!nsiti+oO L9r(4L H!!re3L ,or.e!b!L !l!rde3L !nt!b! Nel ,!lloO6$ ro7ed
L9ro(dL H!!re!doL ,or.e!doL !l!rde!doL !nt!do Nel ,!lloO6M &oose Lt[(4zL Heso,erL
ele,ir6$ &ose Lt[o(zL Heso,i3L ele,F!6$ &osen LRt[o(zHe6nL Heso,idoL ele,ido6M
d!re LdeeL NGBO ' LdeHe6rL NUSAO H!tre+erse6$ d!red N"s (s!doO LdeedL NGBO '
LdeHe6rdL NUSAO NoO d(rst N"enos (s!do ' s3lo o"o se"i"od!lO Ld4stL NGBO
' Ld4rstL NUSAO Hse !tre+Hi3L F!66$ d!red LdeedL NGBO ' LdeHe6rdL NUSAO H!tre+ido6M
do Ld(4L H&!er6$ did LdIdL H&izoL &!F!6$ done LdAnL H&e&o6M Q#orHe6do N!r!ioO$
o(tdo$ o+erdo$ redo$ (ndo$ (nderdoQ se on.(,!n o"o QdoQM dr!7 Ldro4L Hdib(.!rL
e"%!t!rL obtenerL %eribirL s!!rL !tr!erL orrer6$ dre7 Ldr(4L Hdib(.3L e"%!t!b!L
obtenF!L %eribi3L s!!b!L !tr!.oL orrF!6$ dr!7n Ldro4nL Hdib(.!doL e"%!t!doL
obtenidoL %eribidoL s!!doL !tr!FdoL orrido6M Qo+erdr!7$ 7it&dr!7Q se on.(,!n
o"o Qdr!7QM drin9 LdrI9L Hbeber6$ dr!n9 LdrY9L HbebHi3L F!66$ dr(n9 LdrA9L
Hbebido6M Qdr(n9enQ Hborr!&oL bebido6 es !d.eti+o ' +! s3lo del!nte de (n no"breM
Qdr(n9Q (!ndo es !d.eti+o +! del!nte de (n no"bre o "s #re(ente"ente detrs
de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o ' (!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do +! s3lo detrs de (n
+erbo o"o Qbe$ &!+eQM dri+e Ldr!I+L Hond(ir6$ dro+e Ldro(+L Hond(.oL ond(F!6$
dri+en LRdrI+He6nL Hond(ido6M e!t Li4tL Ho"er6$ !te LeItL o LetL NGBO Ho"i3L o"F!6$
e!ten LRi4tHe6nLL Ho"ido6M Qo+ere!tQ se on.(,! o"o Qe!tQM #!ll L#o4lL H!er6$ #ell L#elL
H!'3L !F!6$ #!llen LR#o4lenL H!Fdo6M #l' L#l!IL H+ol!r6$ #le7 L#l(4L H+olH3L !b!66$
#lo7n L#lo(nL H+ol!do6M Qo+er#l'Q se on.(,! o"o Q#l'Q$ %ero Q#l'Q Hl!nz!r (n ,lobo
Nen b0isbolO6$ #lied L#l!IdL Hl!nz3 (n ,lobo6$ #lied L#l!IdL Hl!nz!do (n ,lobo6M #orbe!r
Nliter!rioO L#o4RbeeL NGBO ' L#o4rRbeHe6rL NUSAO Htener %!ieni!L ontenerse6$ #orbore
L#o4Rbo4L NGBO ' L#o4rRbo4rL NUSAO Ht(+o %!ieni!L se ontenF!6$ #orborne L#o4Rbo4nL
NGBO ' L#o4rRbo4rnL NUSAO Htenido %!ieni!L ontenido6M #orbid L#eRbIdL NGBO
' L#erRbIdL NUSAO H%ro&ibir6$ #orb!de L#eRbYdL NGBO ' L#erRbYdL NUSAO o L#eRbeIdL
NGBO ' L#erRbeIdL NUSAO NoO #orb!d L#eRbYdL NGBO ' L#erRbYdL NUSAO H%ro&ibHi3L
F!66$ #orbidden L#eRbIdHe6nL NGBO ' L#erRbIdHe6nL NUSAO H%ro&ibido6M #orHe6,o
Nliter!rioO L#o4R,o(L NGBO ' L#o4rR,o(L NUSAO H%reederL ren(ni!r !L %ri+!rse de6$
#orHe67ent L#o4R7entL NGBO ' L#o4rR7entL NUSAO H%reedi3L ren(ni!b! !L se %ri+3 de6$
#orHe6,one L#o4R,onL NGBO ' L#o4rR,o4nL NUSA o L#o4rR,!4nLO H%reedidoL ren(ni!do !L
%ri+!do de6M #or,et L#eR,etL NGBO ' L#erR,etL NUSAO Hol+id!r6$ #or,ot L#eR,otL NGBO
' L#erR,!4tL NUSAO Hol+idH3L !b!66$ #or,otten L#eR,otHe6nL NGBO ' L#erR,!4tHe6nL
NUSAO NoO #or,ot N!r!ioO Hol+id!do6M #or,i+e L#eR,I+L NGBO ' L#erR,I+L NUSAO
H%erdon!r6$ #or,!+e L#eR,eI+L NGBO ' L#erR,eI+L NUSAO H%erdonH3L !b!66$
#or,i+en L#eR,I+He6nL NGBO ' L#erR,I+He6nL NUSAO H%erdon!do6M #ors!9e
Nliter!rioO L#eRseI9L NGBO ' L#erRseI9L NUSAO H!b!ndon!rL ren(ni!r !6$
#orsoo9 L#eRs(9L NGBO ' L#erRs(9L NUSAO H!b!ndon3L ren(ni!b! !6$
#ors!9en L#eRseI9He6nL NGBO ' L#erRseI9He6nL NUSAO H!b!ndon!doL ren(ni!do !6M
#ors7e!r L#o4Rs7eerL NGBO ' L#o4rRs7erL NUSAO Hren(ni!r !L .(r!r en #!lsoL re%(di!r6$
#ors7ore L#o4Rs7o4L NGBO ' L#o4rRs7o4rL NUSAO Hren(ni3 !L .(r!b! en #!lsoL re%(di36$
#ors7orn L#o4Rs7o4nL NGBO ' L#o4rRs7o4rnL NUSAO Hren(ni!do !L .(r!do en #!lsoL
re%(di!do6M #reeze L#ri4zL H&el!rHse6L on,el!rHse66$ #roze L#ro(zL HHse6 &el3L Hse6
on,el!b!6$ #rozen L#ro(zHe6nL H&el!doL on,el!do6M Qdee%#reeze$ (n#reezeQ se
on.(,!n o"o Q#reezeQM ,i+e L,I+L Hd!r6$ ,!+e L,eI+L HdioL d!b!6$ ,i+en LR,I+enL
Hd!do6M Q"is,i+eQ se on.(,! o"o Q,i+eQM ,o L,o(L Hir6$ 7ent L7entL H#(eL ib!6$
,one L,onL NGBO ' L,o4nL NUSAO Hido6$ been ND1 @1@188COM Q(nder,oQ se on.(,!
o"o Q,oQM ,ro7 L,ro(L HreerL (lti+!rL "!d(r!rL des!rroll!r6$ ,re7 L,r(4L Hrei3L
(lti+!b!L "!d(r3L des!rroll!b!6$ ,ro7n L,ro(nL HreidoL (lti+!doL "!d(r!doL
des!rroll!do6M Qo(t,ro7$ o+er,ro7Q se on.(,!n o"o Q,ro7QM 9no7 Lno(L
HonoerL s!ber6$ 9ne7 Ln.(4L NGB %rini%!l"enteO ' Ln(4L NUSA %rini%!l"enteO
Honoi3L s!bF!6$ 9no7n Lno(nL HonoidoL s!bido6M lie Nintr!nsiti+oO Ll!IL H'!erL
est!r t("b!do6$ l!' LleIL H'!i3L est!b! t("b!do6$ l!in LleInL H'!idoL t("b!do6M
Qo+erlie$ (nderlieQ se on.(,!n o"o QlieQM o+erbe!r Lo(+eRbeeL NGBO ' Lo(+erRberL
NUSAO H!+!s!ll!rL do"in!rL o%ri"ir6$ o+erbore Lo(+eRbo4L NGBO ' Lo(+erRbo4rL
NUSAO H!+!s!ll3L do"in!b!L o%ri"i36$ o+erborne Lo(+eRbo4nL NGBO ' Lo(+erRbo4rnL
NUSAO H!+!s!ll!doL do"in!doL o%ri"ido6M ride Lr!IdL H!b!l,!r6$ rode Lro(dL
H!b!l,H3L !b!66$ ridden LRrIdHe6nL H!b!l,!do6M Qo+errideQ se on.(,! o"o QrideQM
rin, LrIL Hson!rL to!r Hel ti"bre6L reson!rL ll!"!r %or tel0#onoL z("b!r6$ r!n, LrYL
NoO r(n, Nolo/(i!lO LrAL Hson3L to!b! Nel ti"breOL reson3L ll!"!b! %or tel0#onoL
z("b36 N'O rin,ed Nre,(l!rO LrIdL Her3L rode!b!L "!r!b! on (n Fr(loL !nill36$
r(n, LrAL Hson!doL to!do Nel ti"breOL reson!doL ll!"!do %or tel0#onoL z("b!do6
N'O rin,ed Nre,(l!rO LrIdL Her!doL rode!doL "!r!do on (n Fr(loL !nill!do6M
rise Lr!IzL Hs(birL s!lirL reerL n!er Nliter!rioOL le+!nt!rse Nliter!rioO6$ rose Lro(zL
Hs(bi3L s!lF!L rei3L n!i3 Nliter!rioOL se le+!nt!b! Nliter!rioO6$ risen LRrIzHe6nL
Hs(bidoL s!lidoL reidoL n!ido Nliter!rioOL le+!nt!do Nliter!rioO6M see Lsi4L H+er6$
s!7 Lso4L H+ioL +eF!6 ND1 s!74 =18B18O$ seen Lsi4nL H+isto6M Q#oresee$ o+erseeQ se
on.(,!n o"o QseeQM s&!9e L[eI9L H!,it!rL b!tirL s!(dirL te"bl!r6$ s&oo9 L[(9L
H!,it3L b!tF!L s!(di3L te"bl!b!6$ s&!9en LR[eI9enL H!,it!doL b!tidoL s!(didoL
te"bl!do6M sin, LsIL H!nt!r6$ s!n, LsYL NoO s(n, Nolo/(i!lO LsAL H!ntH3L !b!66$
s(n, LsAL H!nt!do6M sin9 LsI9L H&(ndirse6$ s!n9 LsY9L Hse &(ndHi3L F!66$
s(n9 LsA9L NoO s(n9en LRsA9enL H&(ndido6M Qs(n9enQ %(ede ir o"o !d.eti+o
del!nte de (n no"bre ' detrs de (n no"bre o (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o$ %ero Qs(n9Q$
/(e es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do$ +! s3lo detrs de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo1 E.14
Ee s!7 t&e s&i%L "!n s(n9en Hl +io el b!roL !l &o"bre &(ndido6M sl!'
Nliter!rioO LsleIL H!sesin!r6$ sle7 Lsl(4L H!sesinH3L !b!66$ sl!in LsleInL H!sesin!do6M s"ite
Nliter!rioO Ls"!ItL H,ol%e!rL !sti,!rL &erir6$ s"ote Ls"o(tL H,ol%e3L !sti,!b!L &iri36$
s"itten LRs"ItHe6nL H,ol%e!doL !sti,!doL &erido6M s%e!9 Ls%i49L H&!bl!r6$ s%o9e
Ls%o(9L H&!blH3L !b!66$ s%o9en LRs%o(9He6nL H&!bl!do6M ste!l Lsti4lL Hrob!r6$ stole
Lsto(lL HrobH3L !b!66$ stolen LRsto(lHe6nL Hrob!do6M stride Lstr!IdL H!nd!r ! %!so l!r,oL
"ont!r ! &or!.!d!s6$ strode Lstro(dL H!nd!b! ! %!so l!r,oL "ont3 ! &or!.!d!s6$
stridden LRstrIdenL N"s (s!doO$ strid N"enos (s!doO LstrIdL NoO strode N"enos
(s!doO Lstro(dL H!nd!do ! %!so l!r,oL "ont!do ! &or!.!d!s6M stri+e Nliter!rioO
Lstr!I+L Hl(&!rL es#orz!rse6$ stro+e N"s (s!doO Lstro(+L NoO stri+ed N"enos (s!doO
Lstr!I+dL Hl(&3L se es#orz!b!6$ stri+en LRstrI+enL Hl(&!doL es#orz!do6M s7e!r Ls7eeL
NGBO ' Ls7eHe6rL NUSAO H.(r!r6$ s7ore Ls7o4L NGBO ' Ls7o4rL NUSAO NoO s7!re
N!r!ioO Ls7eeL NGBO ' Ls7eHe6rL NUSAO H.(rH3L !b!66$ s7orn Ls7o4nL NGBO '
Ls7o4rnL NUSAO H.(r!do6M s7i" Ls7I"L Hn!d!r6$ s7!" Ls7Y"L Hn!dH3L !b!66$
s7(" Ls7A"L Hn!d!do6M t!9e LteI9L Ho,er NEs%!)!OL to"!r NoO !,!rr!r6$ too9 Lt(9L
Ho,i3 NEs%!)!OL to"!b! NoO !,!rr!b!6$ t!9en LRteI9He6nL Ho,ido NEs%!)!OL to"!do
NoO !,!rr!do6M Qbet!9e Nliter!rioO$ "ist!9e$ o+ert!9e$ %!rt!9e$ ret!9e$ (ndert!9eQ se
on.(,!n o"o Qt!9eQM te!r LteeL NGBO ' LteHe6rL NUSAO Hro"%erHse6L r!s,!rHse66$
tore Lto4L NGBO ' Lto4rL NUSAO HHse6 ro"%i3L Hse6 r!s,!b!6$ torn Lto4nL NGBO ' Lto4rnL
NUSAO HrotoL r!s,!do6M t&ro7 Luro(L Htir!r6$ t&re7 Lur(4L HtirH3L !b!66$ t&ro7n Luro(nL
Htir!do6M Qo+ert&ro7Q se on.(,! o"o Qt&ro7QM 7!9e H(%6 L7eI9L Hdes%ert!rHse66$
7o9e N"s (s!doO L7o(9L NoO 7!9ed N"enos (s!doO L7eI9tL HHse6 des%ertH3L !b!66$
7o9en N"s (s!doO LR7o(9enL NoO 7!9ed N"enos (s!doO L7eI9tL Hdes%ert!do6M
7e!r L7eeL NGBO ' L7eHe6rL NUSAO Hlle+!r %(estoL en,endr!rse6$ 7ore L7o4L NGBO '
L7o4rL NUSAO Hlle+3 %(estoL Hse6 en,endr!b!6$ 7orn L7o4nL NGBO ' L7o4rnL NUSAO
Hlle+!do %(estoL en,endr!do6M 7rite Lr!ItL Hesribir6$ 7rote Lro(tL HesribHi3L F!66$
7ritten LRrItHe6nL Hesrito6M Q,&ostI7rite$ re7rite$ t'%e7rite$ (nder7riteQ se on.(,!n
o"o Q7riteQ1
E!' !l,(nos +erbos /(e %(eden ser t!nto en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido
o"o en el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do irre,(l!res "(&o "s #re(ente"ente en GB
/(e en USA on l! ter"in!i3n It ' re,(l!res "s #re(ente"ente en USA /(e en
GB4
!6 L! #or"! re,(l!r se %(ede %ron(ni!r o"o l! re,(l!r on LdL !l #in!l ' t!"bi0n
o"o l! irre,(l!r on LtL !l #in!lM l! irre,(l!r se %ron(ni! s3lo on LtL !l #in!l4 b(rn
H/(e"!r6$ dre!" Hso)!r6$ d7ell H"or!rL +i+ir6$ le!n H!%o'!rse6$ le!% Hs!lt!r6$ le!rn
H!%render6$ s"ell Holer6$ s%ell Hdeletre!r6$ s%ill Hderr!"!r6$ s%oil Hestro%e!r61
b6 L! #or"! re,(l!r tiene di#erente %ron(ni!i3n de l! irre,(l!r4 9neel
H!rrodill!rse6$ 9nit Hte.er6$ li,&t$ Hil("in!rL enender6$ s7e!t Hs(d!r61
El +erbo Qe!rnQ es re,(l!r %ero en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ' %!rtii%io de
%!s!do Qe!rnedQ %(ede %ron(ni!rse L4ndL NGB o L4ntLO ' L4rndL NUSA o L4rntLO1
Al,(nos +erbos irre,(l!res %(eden tener (n! #or"! "s %!r! el %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inido o el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do en USA /(e no se (s! en GB4
di+e4 di+edL do+e NUSAO Hse z!"b(ll3L se tir!b!L !'3 en %i!do6$ di+ed
Hz!"b(llidoL tir!doL !Fdo en %i!do6M ,et4 ,ot Honsi,(i3L obtenF!L reibi3$ et16$ ,otL
,otten NUSAO Honse,(idoL obtenidoL reibido$ et161
QA7!9enQ Nliter!rioO H!brir los o.os6 es re,(l!r ' se (s! o"o tr!nsiti+o en (n
sentido #i,(r!do1 E.14 S&e !7!9ened Nliter!rioO &i" to t&e re!lit' HEll! le !bri3 los
o.os sobre l! re!lid!d61
QA7!9eQ Nliter!rioO es irre,(l!r ' se (s! o"o tr!nsiti+o Hdes%ert!r6 e intr!nsiti+o
Hdes%ert!rHse6L d!rse (ent!6 en (n sentido #i,(r!doM el %ret0rito es Q!7o9eL !7!9ed
NUSA4 "enos (s!doOQM el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do es U!7o9enV o U!7!9ed NUSA4
"enos (s!doOV1 E.14 It !7o9e Nliter!rioO "' (riosit'L interest HDes%ert3 "i
(riosid!dL inter0s6M Ee !7o9e Nliter!rioO to t&e d!n,er Hl se dio (ent! del
%eli,ro61
Q>!9enQ Nliter!rioO es re,(l!r ' se (s! o"o tr!nsiti+o Hdes%ert!r6 e intr!nsiti+o
Hdes%ert!rse6 en (n sentido liter!l1 E.14 S&e 7!9ened Nliter!rioO &i" HEll! le
des%ert36M S&e 7!9ened Nliter!rioO HEll! se des%ert361
Q>!9e H(%6Q es irre,(l!r ' se (s! o"o tr!nsiti+o Hdes%ert!r6 e intr!nsiti+o
Hdes%ert!rse6 en (n sentido liter!lM el %ret0rito es Q7o9eL 7!9ed NUSA4 "enos
(s!doOQM el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do es Q7o9enL 7!9ed NUSA4 "enos (s!doOQM se (s!
"s /(e Q!7!9eL !7!9enL 7!9enQ1 E.14 S&e 7o9e &i" H(%6 HEll! le des%ert36M S&e
7o9e H(%6 HEll! se des%ert361
QRo!stQ +! s3lo del!nte de (n no"bre o"o !d.eti+o ' Qro!stedQ s3lo detrs de (n
no"bre o +erbo o"o Qbe$ &!+eQ$ o"o %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1
QRottenQ H%odrido6$ /(e es !d.eti+o$ +! detrs de UbeV ' del!nte de (n no"bre '
QrottedQ es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do (!ndo +! detrs de QbeL &!+eQ ' !d.eti+o (!ndo
+! del!nte de (n no"bre1
*(!ndo &!' !l,o %ro,r!"!do on !ntel!i3n se (s! el +erbo Qt!9e %l!eQ ' no
Q&!%%enQ ( Qo(rQ1 E.14 T&e 7eddin, too9 %l!e in t&e e+enin, HL! bod! t(+o l(,!r
%or l! t!rde61
E-isten !l,(nos +erbos re,(l!res o"o Qbo(nd Hs!lt!rL rebot!r6$ #ell Ht!l!r6$ #o(nd
H#(nd!r6$ s!7 ND1 =18B18O Hserr!r6Q$ /(e tienen l! "is"! #or"! ' %ron(ni!i3n /(e
otro +erbo irre,(l!r Qbo(nd ND1 =18B18O H!t3L en+ol+F!L en(!dern36$ #ell H!'3L !F!6$
#o(nd HenontrH3L !b!66$ s!7 ND1 =18B1:O H+ioL +eF!6Q1
*on+iene no on#(ndir QlieQ Ll!IL Nre,(l!r e intr!nsiti+oO H"entir64 l'in, LRl!IIL
H"intiendo6$ lied H"inti3L "entF!6$ lied H"entido6 on Ql!'Q Nirre,(l!r ' tr!nsiti+o
,ener!l"enteO H%onerL %re%!r!r6 e Nirre,(l!r e intr!nsiti+oO H%oner H&(e+os6 N(n
!+eO64 l!'in, H%oniendoL %re%!r!ndo6$ l!id LleIdL H%(soL %re%!r!b!6$ l!id LleIdL
H%(estoL %re%!r!do6 ' QlieQ Nirre,(l!r e intr!nsiti+oO H'!erL est!r t("b!do64
l'in, LRl!IIL H'!iendoL est!ndo t("b!do6$ l!' LleIL H'!i3L est!b! t("b!do6$ l!in
LleInL H'!idoL t("b!do6M Ql!'Q %(ede ser in#initi+o H%oner6 ' %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido H'!i3L est!b! t("b!do61 D1 ;1@
=1:C1I El +erbo en in,l0s !t(!l tiene l! "is"! #or"! %!r! el sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l
e-e%to en l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r del %resente de indi!ti+o$ %ero esto no
o(rre on el +erbo !(-ili!r UbeV ' los +erbos "od!les ' se"i"od!les1 D1 =1;15
=1:51I El +erbo en in,l0s !nti,(o ' !t(!l"ente en %oesF!$ en l! +ersi3n !nti,(! de
l! Bibli!$ en ere"oni!s reli,ios!s ' de otros ti%os$ en l! "!,istr!t(r!$ en di!letos$
et1$ se di#ereni! del +erbo en in,l0s !t(!l en el %resente de indi!ti+o en l!
se,(nd! %erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l ' en l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r ' en el
%ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido en l! se,(nd! %erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l4
8G %erson! del %resente /(e ter"in! en Ist e-e%to en !l,(nos +erbos4 T&o( !rt
HeresL ests6L brin,est Htr!es6L !llest Hll!"!s6L !nst H%(edes6L d!rest Hte !tre+es6L
dost N!(-ili!rO NoO doest N+erbo nor"!lO H&!es6L &!st HtienesL &!s6L &el%est H!'(d!s6L
9no7est Hs!bes6L lo+est H!"!s6L "!'He6st H%(edes6L needest Hneesit!s6L %!ssest
H%!s!s6L %l!'est H.(e,!s6L r(nnest Horres6L s!'He6st NoO s!ist Hdies6L seest H+es6L
7!itest Hes%er!s6$ et1
:G %erson! del %resente /(e ter"in! en It& e-e%to en !l,(nos +erbos4 Ee is HesL
est6L brin,et& Htr!e6L !llet& Hll!"!6L !nt H%(ede6L d!ret& Hse !tre+e6L dot&
N!(-ili!rO NoO doet& N+erbo nor"!lO H&!e6L &!t& HtieneL &!6L &el%et& H!'(d!6L
9no7et& Hs!be6L lo+et& H!"!6L "!'et& H%(ede6L needet& Hneesit!6L %!sset& H%!s!6L
%l!'et& H.(e,!6L r(nnet& Horre6L s!'et& NoO s!it& Hdie6L seet& H+e6L 7!itet& Hes%er!6$
et1
8G %erson! del %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido4 T&o( 7ert NoO 7!st Her!sL #(isteL
est!b!sL est(+iste6L bro(,&tHe6st Htr!F!sL tr!.iste6L !lledst Hll!"!b!sL ll!"!ste6L
o(ldHe6st H%odF!sL %(diste6L d!redst Hte !tre+F!sL !tre+iste6L didHde6st H&!F!sL
&iiste6L &!dst HtenF!sL t(+isteL &!bF!sL &(biste6L &el%edst H!'(d!b!sL !'(d!ste6L
9ne7est Hs!bF!sL s(%iste6L lo+edst H!"!b!sL !"!ste6L "i,&He6st H%odF!sL %(diste6L
neededst Hneesit!b!sL neesit!ste6L %!ssedst H%!s!b!sL %!s!te6L %l!'edst H.(,!b!sL
.(,!ste6L r!nest HorrF!sL orriste6L s!idHe6st HdeF!sL di.iste6L s!7He6st H+eF!sL +iste6L
s!'est NoO s!'st HdeF!sL di.iste6L 7!itedst Hes%er!b!sL es%er!ste6$ et1
L! :G %erson! del %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido es i,(!l /(e en l! !t(!lid!d1
El +erbo Us&!llV en 8G %erson! es Us&!ltVM el +erbo U7illV en 8G %erson! es U7iltVM el
+erbo Us&o(ldV en 8G %erson! es Us&o(ldHe6stVM el +erbo U7o(ldV en 8G %erson! es
U7o(ldHe6stV1
=1:81I En ingls est!ndar no se puede formar la negativa negando dos veces en
una oracin simple en negativa o"o en !stell!no$ en #r!n0s o en otros idio"!s$
'! /(e el si,ni#i!do serF! distinto1
En !stell!no Ul no /(iere n!d!V nie,! !2n "s /(e si no lle+! l! %!l!br!Un!d!V$
%ero en in,l0s estnd!r !#ir"!$ !(n/(e se (se "(' %oo4 UEe doesnZt 7!nt not&in,V
Hl /(iere !l,o Nno n!d!O Nestnd!rOL l no /(iere n!d! N+(l,!rO6M Ee didnZt &!+e no
"one' Hl tenF! dinero Nestnd!rOL l no tenF! dinero N+(l,!rO61
AsF$ %(es$ l! ne,!i3n doble no se onsider! orret! en in,l0s estnd!r$ si se indi!
ne,!i3n$ !(n/(e se (se "(&o en in,l0s +(l,!r4 I donZt t!9e no orders N+(l,!rO
HNo !e%to 3rdenes6$ et1
&o 'ue s( puede ocurrir en ingls est!ndar es 'ue /aa"
*+ @na oracin afirmativa con dos palabras negativasM esto no o(rre ! "en(doM
es "(&o "s #il %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes (s!r l! #or"! !#ir"!ti+! en "(&os
!sos$ !(n/(e el si,ni#i!do se! li,er!"ente di#erente1 E.14 mo( s&o(ld ne+er s!'
ne+erL no HN(n! deberF!s deir n(n!L no6M Not&in, is not %oliti!l N"enos (s!doO
HNo &!' n!d! /(e no ten,! /(e +er on l! %olFti!6L E+er't&in, is %oliti!l N"s
(s!doO HTodo tiene /(e +er on l! %olFti!61
2+ @na oracin afirmativa con una palabra negativa seguida de un infinitivo
con<to< en negativa tambin1 E.14 Ee &!s no re!son not to belie+e t&e" Hl no
tiene nin,(n! r!z3nL nin,2n "oti+o %!r! no reerles61
2+ @na oracin negativa seguida de un infinitivo negativo tambinM esto no
o(rre ! "en(doM es "(&o "s #il %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes (s!r l! #or"!
!#ir"!ti+! en "(&os !sos$ !(n/(e el si,ni#i!do se! li,er!"ente di#erente1 E.14
mo( "(stnZt not o"e N"enos (s!doO HNo debes de.!r de +enir6L mo( "(st o"e
N"s (s!doO HDebes +enir6M T&e' si"%l' !nZt not !ns7er t&is 7!' HSi"%le"ente
no %(eden de.!r de ontest!r de est! "!ner!6L T&e' si"%l' !n !ns7er t&is 7!'
HSi"%le"ente %(eden ontest!r de est! "!ner!6M S&e did not deide not to o"e
HEll! no deidi3 no +enir6M T&e' &!+e not deliber!tel' not s!id !n't&in, HNo &!n
di&o n!d! %ero no deliber!d!"ente6M S&e !nZt %ro"ise not to be l!te N"enos
(s!doO HEll! no %(ede %ro"eter no lle,!r t!rde6L S&e !nZt %ro"ise to be on ti"e
N"s (s!doO HEll! no %(ede %ro"eter lle,!r %(nt(!l"ente6M Ee 7o(ldnZt not tr' to
,o Hl no de.!rF! de intent!r ir6L Ee 7o(ld tr' to ,o Hl intent!rF! ir61
-+ @na oracin negativa seguida de coma una frase con una palabra
negativa1 E.14 T&e' didnZt s!' !n't&in,$ not e+en U,ood "ornin,V HNo di.eron
n!d!$ ni si/(ier! Ub(enos dF!sV61
3+ Dos oraciones coordinadas negativas o afirmativas con una palabra
negativa1 E.14 S&e &!snZt seen !nd s&e &!snZt s%o9en toL 7it& &i" HEll! no le &!
+isto ' no &! &!bl!do on 0l6M S&e &!s ne+er seen !nd s&e &!s ne+er s%o9en toL 7it&
&i" HEll! no le &! +isto n(n! ' no &! &!bl!do on 0l n(n!61
6+ @na oracin principal negativa o con una palabra negativa# seminegativa
en afirmativa seguida de una oracin negativa o con una palabra negativa#
seminegativa en afirmativa. E.14 Ee doesnZt s!' Ht&!t6 'o( &!+enZt e!ten Hl no
die /(e no &!'!s o"ido6M Ee does not see9 "one'$ Nl! o"! es nees!ri!M sin
o"! es inorretoO no "ore t&!n &e see9s #!"eL Ee does not see9 "one' Nsin
o"!M on o"! es inorretoO !n' "ore t&!n &e see9s #!"e Hl no b(s! dinero
"s /(e #!"!61
T!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no se %(ede (s!r (n! %re,(nt! ne,!ti+! %!r! %edir
/(e !l,(ien &!,! !l,o$ %!r! e-%res!r (n! rFti! o /(e.!$ %!r! "ostr!r sor%res!$ %!r!
%edir on#ir"!i3n de !l,o1 E.14 *!nZt 'o( oo9L &el% "e no7T N%etii3nL rFti!
NoO /(e.!O HWNo %(edes oin!rL !'(d!r"e !&or!T6M *!nZt 'o( ,et (% !t #i+eT
N%etii3nL rFti! NoO /(e.!O HWNo %(edes le+!nt!rte ! l!s inoT6M >!snZt it r!inin,T
N%etii3n de on#ir"!i3nO HWNo est!b! llo+iendoT61
=1::1I *on !l,(nos +erbos nor"!les de %ere%i3n ' de o%ini3n o"o QHsb6
!ntii%!te$ HsbL it6 !%%e!r$ Hsb6 be s(%%osed to$ Hsb6 belie+e$ Hit6 !l(l!te$ Hsb6 e-&ort
sb$ Hsb6 e-%et$ Hsb6 #eel !s i# Nestnd!rOL li9e Nolo/(i!lO$ Hsb6 #i,(re NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO$ Hsb6 ,(ess NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hs(%onerL !l(l!r6$ Hsb6 &!%%en$
Hsb6 i"!,ine$ Hsb6 intend$ HsbL it6 loo9 !s i# Nestnd!rOL li9e Nolo/(i!lO$ Hsb6 %l!n$
Hsb6 re9on$ HsbL it6 see"$ HsbL it6 so(nd !s i# Nestnd!rOL li9e Nolo/(i!lO$ Hsb6
s(%%ose$ Hsb6 t!9e !re$ Hsb6 tend$ Hsb6 t&in9$ Hit6 t(rn o(t$ Hsb6 7!nt$ Hsb6 7is&Q$ et1$
se %(ede &!er (n! tr!Hn6s#ereni! del sentido ne,!ti+o H! tr!ns#erred ne,!ti+e6 de l!
or!i3n s(bordin!d! no"in!l$ /(e %(ede ir on Qt&!tQ o on (n in#initi+o$ ! l!
or!i3n %rini%!l t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!noM en in,l0s se (s! "(&o "s l!
%ri"er! #or"! !t(!l"ente en in,l0s olo/(i!lM el si,ni#i!do es el "is"oM sin
e"b!r,o$ (!ndo se (s! el +erbo Qt&in9Q en %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido %!r!
indi!r sor%res! se (s! "s l! se,(nd! #or"!M on el +erbo Qt&in9Q %(ede &!ber
di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do ! +ees1 E.14 Ee doesnZt !%%e!r to bot&er Nolo/(i!lO HNo
%!ree /(e le "oleste ! 0l6L Ee !%%e!rs not to bot&er Nliter!rioO HP!ree /(e no le
"olest! ! 0l6M Ee doesnZt belie+e Ht&!t6 itZll &!%%en Nolo/(i!lO Hl no ree /(e
o(rr!6L Ee belie+es Ht&!t6 it 7ill not &!%%en Nliter!rioO Hl ree /(e no o(rrir6M
S&e doesnZt %l!n to ,o Nolo/(i!lO HEll! no tiene %ens!do ir6L S&e %l!ns not to ,o
Nliter!rioO HEll! tiene %ens!do no ir6M S&e doesnZt see" to !re Nolo/(i!lO HNo
%!ree /(e le i"%orte ! ell!6L S&e see"s not to !re Nliter!rioO HA ell! %!ree /(e no
le i"%ort!6M T&e' donZt see" to li9e it Nolo/(i!lO HNo %!ree /(e les ,(ste6L T&e'
see" not to li9e it Nliter!rioO HP!ree /(e no les ,(st!6M Ee !nZt see" to do it
%ro%erl' Nolo/(i!lO Hl no %!ree /(e %(ed! &!erlo !de(!d!"ente6L Ee see"s
not to be !ble to do it %ro%erl' Nliter!rioO HP!ree /(e 0l no %(ede &!erlo
!de(!d!"ente6M So I donZt s(%%ose 'o(Zll &!+e !n' %roble"s Nolo/(i!lO HAsF /(e
no s(%on,o /(e ten,!s %roble"!s6L So I s(%%ose 'o( 7ill not &!+e !n' %roble"s
HAsF /(e s(%on,o /(e no tendrs %roble"!s6M I donZt t&in9 Ht&!t6 t&e'Zll be o"in,
Nolo/(i!lO HNo reo /(e +en,!n6L I t&in9 Ht&!t6 t&e' 7ill not be o"in, Nliter!rioO
H*reo /(e no +endrn6M I donZt t&in9 Ht&!t6 itZll r!in t&is !#ternoon Nolo/(i!lO HNo
reo /(e ll(e+! est! t!rde6L I t&in9 it 7ill not r!in t&is !#ternoon Nliter!rioO H*reo /(e
no +! ! llo+er est! t!rde6M I donZt t&in9 Ht&!t6 t&e' s!id t&!t Nolo/(i!lO HNo reo /(e
di.er!n esoL !/(ello6L I t&in9 Ht&!t6 t&e' did not s!' t&!t Nolo/(i!lO H*reo /(e no
di.eron esoL !/(ello6M I didnZt t&in9 t&!t 'o( &!d ,one Nolo/(i!lO HNo %ens0 /(e Hte6
&(bier!s ido6L I t&o(,&t 'o( &!dnZt ,one Nliter!rioO HPens0 /(e no Hte6 &!bF!s ido6M I
didnZt t&in9 t&!t 'o( li9e N"enos (s!doOL li9ed N"s (s!doO s(,!r Nolo/(i!lO HNo
%ens0 /(e te ,(st!r! el !z2!r N%ero est!b! e/(i+o!doO6L I t&o(,&t 'o( didnZt li9e
s(,!r Nliter!rioO HPens0 /(e no te ,(st!b! el !z2!r N%or/(e "e lo di.iste t2O6M S&e
didnZt t&in9 to tell (s !bo(t it Nolo/(i!lO HA ell! no se le o(rri3 deFrnosloL A ell! se
le ol+id3 deFrnoslo6L S&e t&o(,&t not to tell (sL to not tell (s !bo(t it Nliter!rioO HEll!
%ens3 no deFrnoslo6M S&e didnZt 7!nt to o"e on Mond!' HEll! no /(erF! +enir el
l(nes6M S&e 7!nted not to o"e on Mond!' HEll! /(erF! no +enir el l(nes61
El +erbo Q7is&Q %er"ite l! tr!Hn6s#ereni! (!ndo +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o on
UtoV1
El +erbo QHsb6 s!'Q %er"ite l! tr!Hn6s#ereni! (!ndo +! se,(ido de !l,(nos +erbos
!(-ili!res "od!les$ sobre todo Qo(ldnZtQ ' Q7o(ldnZtQ1
*on los +erbos nor"!les QHsb6 !d+ise$ Hsb6 !##ord$ Hsb6 !,ree$ Hsb6 !llo7$ Hsb6
!rr!n,e$ Hsb6 !s9$ Hsb6 !ss("e$ Hsb6 !tte"%t$ Hsb6 be deter"inedL #reeL inlinedL sorr'
N' "(&os otros !d.eti+osO$ Hit6 be #(nL ! ,ood ide!L ! s(r%rise N' "(&os otros
no"bresO$ Hit6 be li9el'L %rob!ble$ Hsb6 be!r$ Hsb6 be,$ Hsb6 be,in$ Hsb6 besee&$ Hsb6
bot&er$ Hsb6 bribe$ Hsb6 &!llen,e$ Hsb6 &oose$ Hsb6 l!i"$ Hsb6 o"e$ Hsb6 o""!nd$
Hsb6 o""ene$ Hsb6 o"%el$ Hsb6 ontin(e$ Hsb6 ontri+e$ Hsb6 d!re$ Hsb6 deide$ Hsb6
deline$ Hsb6 deser+e$ Hsb6 deter"ine$ Hsb6 dri+e$ Hsb6 e"%o7er$ Hsb6 en!ble$ Hsb6
eno(r!,e$ Hsb6 ende!+o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ende!+or NUSAO$ Hsb6 entie$ Hsb6
entre!t$ Hsb6 #orbid$ Hsb6 #ore$ Hsb6 #or,et$ Hsb6 &!te$ Hsb6 &el%$ Hsb6 &esit!te$ Hsb6
i"%el$ Hsb6 i"%lore$ Hsb6 inite$ Hsb6 ind(e$ Hsb6 instr(t$ Hsb6 in+ite$ Hsb6 le!d$ Hsb6
le!rn$ Hsb6 li9e$ Hsb6 lon,$ Hsb6 lo+e$ Hsb6 "!n!,e$ Hsb6 "e!n$ Hsb6 o"it$ Hsb6 %er"it$
Hsb6 %ers(!de$ Hsb6 %re#er$ Hsb6 %ress$ Hsb6 %res("e$ Hsb6 %retend$ Hsb6 %ro"ise$ Hsb6
%ro%ose$ HsbL it6 %ro+e$ Hsb6 re#(se$ Hsb6 re,ret$ Hsb6 re"e"ber$ Hsb6 re"ind$ Hsb6
re/(est$ Hsb6 re/(ire$ Hsb6 resol+e$ Hsb6 s!'$ Hsb6 see9$ Hsb6 st!rt$ Hsb6 s(r"ise$ Hsb6
s7e!r$ Hsb6 te!&$ Hsb6 tell$ Hsb6 te"%t$ Hsb6 t&re!ten$ Hsb6 tr'$ Hsb6 (ndert!9e$ Hsb6
(r,e$ Hsb6 7!rnQ$ se %(ede #or"!r l! ne,!ti+! t!nto on el !(-ili!r QdoQ o"o on el
!d+erbio UnotV (!ndo +!n se,(idos de (n in#initi+o on UtoV$ %ero el si,ni#i!do no
es el "is"o1 E.14 I !nZt !##ord to ,o HNo %(edo %er"itir"e el l(.o de ir6 ' UI !n
!##ord not to ,oV HP(edo %er"itir"e el l(.o de no ir6M Ee didnZt !s9 &er to ,o Hl no
le %idi3 ! ell! /(e #(er!6 ' UEe !s9ed &er not to ,oV Hl le %idi3 ! ell! /(e no #(er!6M
Ee doesnZt !ss("eL %res("eL s(r"ise t&!t s&e is ri& Hl no s(%one /(e ell! se!
ri!6 ' UEe !ss("esL %res("esL s(r"ises t&!t s&e isnZt ri&V Hl s(%one /(e ell! no
es ri!6M It isnZt +er' li9el'L %rob!ble t&!t s&e 7ill o"e HNo es "(' %rob!ble /(e
ell! +en,!6 e UIt is +er' li9el'L %rob!ble t&!t s&e 7onZt o"eV HEs "(' %rob!ble
/(e ell! no +en,!6M It isnZt ! s(r%rise to be told t&e o%%osite HNo es (n! sor%res! /(e
le di,!n ! (no lo ontr!rio6 e UIt is ! s(r%rise not to be told t&e o%%ositeV HEs (n!
sor%res! /(e no le di,!n ! (no lo ontr!rio6M S&e !nZt be!r &i" to o"e so l!te
HEll! no %(ede so%ort!r /(e 0l +en,! t!n t!rde6 ' US&e !n be!r &i" not to o"e so
l!teV HEll! %(ede so%ort!r /(e 0l no +en,! t!n t!rde6M Ee doesnZt l!i" to 9no7 it
Hl no %retende s!berlo6 ' UEe l!i"s not to 9no7 itV Hl sostiene /(e no lo s!be6M
Ee doesnZt o"e to t!l9 to NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7it& NUSA %rini%!l"enteO &er
b(t toL 7it& (s Hl no +iene ! &!bl!r on ell! sino on nosotros6 ' UEe o"es not to
t!l9 toL 7it& &er b(t toL 7it& (sV Hl +iene no ! &!bl!r on ell! sino on nosotros6M
Ee doesnZt ontri+e to o"bine t&is Hl no lo,r!L se l!s !rre,l! %!r! o"bin!r esto6
' UEe ontri+es not to o"bine t&isV Hl lo,r!L se l!s !rre,l! %!r! no o"bin!r
esto6M T&e' didnZt deide to st!'L t!9e %!rt HNo deidieron /(ed!rseL to"!r %!rte6 '
UT&e' deided not to st!'L t!9e %!rtV HDeidieron no /(ed!rseL to"!r %!rte6M S&e
didnZt en!ble (s to ,o HEll! no nos %er"iti3 ir6 ' US&e en!bled (s not to ,oV HEll!
nos %er"iti3 no ir6M T&e' donZt #orbid (s to e!t HNo nos %ro&Fben o"er6 ' UT&e'
#orbid (s not to e!tV HNos %ro&Fben no o"er6M T&e' didnZt o"it to tell t&e tr(t& HNo
o"itieron deir l! +erd!d6 ' UT&e' o"itted not to tell t&e tr(t&V HO"itieron no deir
l! +erd!d6M Ee %re#ers not to o"e Hl %re#iere no +enir6 ' UEe doesnZt %re#er to
o"eV Hl no %re#iere +enir6M S&e doesnZt %ro"ise to do it HEll! no %ro"ete &!erlo6
' US&e %ro"ises not to do itV HEll! %ro"ete no &!erlo6M Ee doesnZt re,ret ,oin,
e!rlier Hl no se !rre%iente deL l!"ent! &!ber ido "s te"%r!no6 ' UEe re,rets not
,oin, e!rlierV Hl se !rre%iente deL l!"ent! no &!ber ido "s te"%r!no6M S&e didnZt
s!' t&!t to %le!se &i" b(t t&e" HEll! no di.o esoL !/(ello %!r! !,r!d!rle ! 0l sino !
ellos6 ' US&e s!id t&!t not to %le!se &i" b(t t&e"V HEll! di.o esoL !/(ello no %!r!
!,r!d!rle ! 0l sino ! ellos6M Ee told "e not to o"e !t ei,&t Hl "e di.o /(e no
+inier! ! l!s o&o6 ' UEe didnZt tell "e to o"e !t ei,&tV Hl no "e di.o /(e +inier!
! l!s o&o6M Ee didnZt tr' to onentr!te Hl no intent3 onentr!rse6 ' UEe tried not
to onentr!te N"s (s!doOL Ee tried to not onentr!te N"enos (s!doOV Hl intent3
no onentr!rse6M Ee 7!rned (s not to ,o Hl nos !d+irti3 /(e no #(0r!"os6 ' UEe
didnZt 7!rn (s to ,oV Hl no nos !onse.3 /(e #(0r!"os61
En in,l0s !r!io ' en %oesF! se %(eden %oner "(&os +erbos se,(idos de UnotV sin
el !(-ili!r en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!1 E.14 S&e !"e not N!r!ioOL S&e didnZt o"e
Nestnd!rO HEll! no +ino6M I 9no7 Rnot N!r!ioOL I donZt 9no7 Nestnd!rO HNo s061 D1
=15:1?
Al,(nos +erbos nor"!les o"o Qdeter"ineQ$ et1$ no #or"!n l! ne,!ti+! on el
!(-ili!r QdoQ sino on el !d+erbio UnotV$ (!ndo +!n se,(idos de (n in#initi+o on
UtoV1 E.14 S&e deter"ined not to ,o HEll! deidi3 no ir61
El +erbo nor"!l Q&o%eQ %(ede #or"!r l! ne,!ti+! t!nto on el !(-ili!r UdoV o"o el
!d+erbio UnotV on distinto si,ni#i!do en iertos !sos ' de (n! sol! #or"! en
otros1 E.14 S&e doesnZt &o%e to 7in N"s (s!doO HEll! no es%er! ,!n!r6 ' US&e &o%es
not to 7in N"enos (s!doOV HEll! es%er! no ,!n!r6M I &o%ed not to dist(rb 'o( Ns3lo
se %(ede %oner de est! #or"!O HEs%er!b! no "olest!rte6M S&e &o%es t&!t it 7onZt
r!in N"s (s!doO HEll! es%er! /(e no ll(e+!6 ' US&e doesnZt &o%e t&!t it 7ill r!in
N"enos (s!doOV HEll! no es%er! /(e ll(e+!61
Al,(nos +erbos s3lo se %(eden %oner en ne,!ti+! %oniendo el !(-ili!r UdoV en
ne,!ti+!$ (!ndo +!n se,(idos de (n in#initi+o on UtoV1 E.14 Ee didnZt #!il to do it
Hl no de.3 de &!erlo6$ et1
*on el +erbo nor"!l Uen.o'V se %(ede #or"!r l! ne,!ti+! t!nto on el !(-ili!r QdoQ
o"o on el !d+erbio UnotV (!ndo +! se,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,$ %ero el
si,ni#i!do no es el "is"o1 E.14 S&e doesnZt en.o' dri+in, HEll! no dis#r(t!
ond(iendo6 ' US&e en.o's not &!+in, to dri+eV HEll! dis#r(t! no teniendo /(e
ond(ir61
=1:;1I E-isten$ no obst!nte$ algunos casos en ingls colo'uial en 'ue el
significado no es el 'ue se puede esperar un castellano/ablante1 E.14 I s&o(ldnZt
7onder i# it didnZt r!in tod!' Nolo/(i!lO HNo "e sor%renderF! /(e llo+ier! &o'6$
"ientr!s /(e el !stell!no&!bl!nte tenderF! ! tr!d(irlo %or HNo "e sor%renderF!
/(e no llo+ier! &o'6M sin e"b!r,o en in,l0s liter!rio se die UI s&o(ldnZt 7onder i#
it r!ined tod!'V Nliter!rioO HNo "e sor%renderF! /(e llo+ier! &o'6 ' UI s&o(ldnZt
7onder i# it didnZt r!in tod!'V Nliter!rioO HNo "e sor%renderF! /(e no llo+ier! &o'6M I
s&o(ldnZt NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7o(ldnZt be s(r%rised i# t&e' didnZt ,et "!rried
Nolo/(i!lOL i# t&e' ,ot "!rried Nliter!rioO ne-t 'e!r HNo "e sor%renderF! /(e se
!s!r!n el %r3-i"o !)o6M I s&o(ldnZt NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7o(ldnZt be s(r%rised i#
it r!ined Nliter!rioOL didnZt r!in Nolo/(i!lO HNo "e sor%renderF! si llo+ier!61
No obst!nte$ se (s! "(&o "s l! ne,!i3n en !stell!no /(e en in,l0s$ sobre todo
detrs de U&!st! /(e$ %or %ooV$ !(n/(e en !stell!no liter!rio se (se ,ener!l"ente
l! !#ir"!ti+!1 E.14 Ee didnZt s!' !n't&in, till Nolo/(i!lOL (ntil Nliter!rioO 7e le#t N7e
didZnt le!+e4 no %onerO Hl no di.o n!d! &!st! /(e nos #(i"os Nliter!rioOL no nos
#(i"os Nolo/(i!lO6M I 7!s !l"ost NoO ne!rl' #o(nd o(t HPor %oo "e des(bren
Nliter!rioOL no "e des(bren Nolo/(i!lO6$ et1
En otros !sos oinide en in,l0s ' en !stell!no$ !(n/(e el si,ni#i!do no es el /(e
se %(ede es%er!r l3,i!"ente1 E.14 Ee "isses not seein, &er Hl e&! de "enos no
+erl! N%ero lo /(e e&! de "enos es +erl!O61
=1:<1I E!' (n! serie de palabras locuciones no aseverativas# no asertivas /(e
se (s!n en or!iones ne,!ti+!s %rini%!l"ente detrs de UnotL nZtV4 !n' Hnin,2nH!66
h no"bre$ !n' lon,er$ !n' "ore$ !n' one Hn!dieL nin,(nHo$ !66$ !n' ot&er Hnin,2n
otroL nin,(n! otr!6$ !n'bod'L !n'one Hn!die6$ !n't&in, Hn!d!6$ !n'7&ereL !n'%l!e
NoO !n' %l!e NUSAO Hen nin,(n! %!rteL ! nin,(n! %!rte6$ b' !n' "e!ns Hde
nin,(n! "!ner!6$ eit&er N!d+erbio4 D1 ?15?O Ht!"%oo6$ eit&er Hone6 Hnin,(no de los
dos6$ eit&er o# t&e" Hnin,(no de ellHos$ !s6 dos6$ e+er Hn(n!6$ #!r$ in !n' 7!'$ in t&e
le!st$ in t&e sli,&test$ lon,$ one o# t&e" Hnin,(nHo$ !6 de ellHos$ !s66$ 'et Htod!+F!L
'!6$ et1 E.14 It is not b' !n' "e!ns t&e %er#et sol(tion HNo es de nin,(n! "!ner! l!
sol(i3n %er#et!6M T&e' &!+enZt s!id !n't&in, eit&er HNo &!n di&o n!d! t!"%oo6M
T&e' donZt 9no7 t&!t !n'one is on &olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO HNo s!ben de
n!die /(e est0 de +!!iones6M S&e &!s ne+er done s(& ! t&in, 'et HEll! no &!
&e&o n(n! t!l os! tod!+F!61 D1 ?15<I?
P(eden (s!rse t!"bi0n en or!iones !#ir"!ti+!s (!ndo +!n en or!iones
inde%endientes$ en or!i3n s(bordin!d! no"in!l$ et1$ si +!n detrs de (n! %!l!br!
ne,!ti+! o"o Qb' no "e!ns$ in no 7!'$ neit&er$ ne+er$ no$ nobod'$ no lon,er$ no
"ore$ none$ no one$ nor$ not ! Hsin,le6$ not one$ not&in,$ no7&ereL no%l!e NoO no
%l!e NUSAOQ$ et1$ o (n! %!l!br! se"ine,!ti+! /(e i"%li/(e ne,!i3n o"o
Qb!rel'$ #e7$ &!rdl'$ &!rdl' e+er$ .(st$ little$ onl'$ r!rel'$ s!rel'$ s!rel' e+er$
seldo"Q$ et1M indi!n d(d! o (n b!.o Fndie de %rob!bilid!dM nor"!l"ente l!
tr!d(i3n es di#erente1 E.14 Ee didnZt s!' Ht&!t6 s&e 7!s !n'7&ere Hl no di.o /(e
ell! est(+ier! en nin,(n! %!rte6M It is b' no "e!ns t&e %er#et #il" 'et HNo es de
nin,(n! "!ner! l! %elF(l! %er#et! tod!+F!6M S&e &!s ne+er done !n't&in, li9e t&!t
eit&erL 'et HEll! no &! &e&o n!d! !sF t!"%ooL tod!+F!6M S&e seldo" sells !n'
,old$ does s&eT HEll! !%en!s +ende oro$ W+erd!dT6M T&e' &!+e ,one 7it& &!rdl'
!n'bod' 7&o doesnZt 9no7 !bo(t it HNo &!n ido !%en!s on n!die /(e no lo se%!61
D1 =1:=
L!s %!l!br!s ne,!ti+!s ' se"ine,!ti+!s tienen /(e ir se,(id!s de %re,(nt!s ort!s o
oletill!s interro,!ti+!s en !#ir"!ti+!1 E.14 T&e' &!rdl' e!t "e!t$ do t&e'T HA%en!s
o"en !rne$ W+erd!dT6M Ee r!rel' e!ts #is&$ does &eT HR!r!"ente o"e 0l %es!do$
W+erd!dT61
Al,(n!s %!l!br!s ne,!ti+!s se %(eden intensi#i!r on iert!s %!l!br!s o lo(iones
o"o U!t !ll$ 7&!te+erV1
UNe+erV se %(ede intensi#i!r on Uin H!ll6 "'L 'o(rL &isL &erL itsL o(rL t&eir li#eV1
UNo7&ereV ' !l,(n!s otr!s se %(eden intensi#i!r on Uin H!ll6 t&e 7orldV1
En in,l0s olo/(i!l UnotV se %(ede intensi#i!r on lo(iones o"o U! br!ss
#!rt&in,V$ U! d!"nV$ Ut7o%eneV$ U! 7in9V$ et14 T&e'Zre not 7ort& ! br!ss #!rt&in,
HNo +!len ni (n ent!+o6M Ee doesnZt ,i+e ! d!"n 7&et&er it is &e!% or e-%ensi+e
HLe i"%ort! (n rb!noL bledoL %i"ientoL %e%inoL o"ino si es b!r!to o !ro6M I
donZt !re ! .ot Nolo/(i!lOL ! #i, Nolo/(i!lOL t7o%ene Nolo/(i!lOL t(%%ene NGB4
olo/(i!lO 7&!t t&e' t&in9 HMe i"%ort! (n rb!noL bledoL %i"ientoL %e%inoL
o"ino lo /(e %iensen6M S&e doesnZt slee% ! 7in9 HEll! no d(er"e n!d!61
L! doble ne,!i3n on %!l!br!s o #or"!s ne,!ti+!s se (s! sol!"ente en in,l0s
+(l,!r1
E!' (n! serie de +erbos nor"!les o"o Q!+oid$ b!n$ den'$ #!il Nliter!rioO$ #orbid$
#or,et$ %re+ent$ %ro&ibit$ re#(seQ$ et1$ no"bres o"o U!+oid!ne$ b!n$ deni!l$
#!il(re$ #orbidd!ne$ #or,et#(lness$ %re+ention$ %ro&ibition$ re#(s!lV$ et1$ !d.eti+os
o"o Qdi##i(lt$ &!rd$ i"%rob!ble$ rel(t!nt$ (n!7!re$ (nonsio(s$ (nli9el'$
(n7illin,Q$ et1$ %re%osiiones o"o Q!,!inst$ be#ore$ 7it&o(tQ$ et1$ !d+erbios
o"o Q&!rdl'$ o"%!r!iones on QtooQ se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o$ /(e %(eden ir en
!#ir"!ti+! on (n! %!l!br!L #or"! no !se+er!ti+! %ero '! no se %(ede %oner otr!
%!l!br! ne,!ti+! en in,l0s estnd!rM sin e"b!r,o$ en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %(ede %oner
(n! %!l!br! ne,!ti+!M indi!n (n b!.o Fndie de %rob!bilid!d ' %(eden indi!r d(d!
t!"bi0n$ si +!n on %!l!br!s no !se+er!ti+!s$ %ero indi!n (n !lto Fndie de
%rob!bilid!d$ si +!n on %!l!br!s !se+er!ti+!sM si +!n en ne,!ti+! no indi!n
%rob!bilid!d o d(d! !l,(n!1 E.14 S&e denied Ht&!t6 s&e &!d e+er stolen Nestnd!rO
HEll! ne,3 /(e &(bier! rob!do !l,(n! +ez6M T&e' den' ne+er &!+in, done it
Nolo/(i!lO HNie,!n &!berlo &e&o !l,(n! +ez6M S&e #!iled Nliter!rioO to brin, !n'L
so"e #ood HEll! no tr!.o Hn!d! de6 o"id!L !l,o de NoO n!d! de o"id!6M S&e #or,ot
to b(' !n' "il9L so"e "il9L to send !n' lettersL so"e lettersL to t!9e !n' #oodL
so"e #ood HEll! se ol+id3 de o"%r!r le&eL !l,o de le&eL en+i!r !rt!sL !l,(n!s
!rt!sL o,er NEs%!)!O NoO !,!rr!r o"id!L !l,o de o"id!6M T&e' %re+ented (s
#ro" sellin, !n'L so"e s&!res HE+it!ron /(e +endi0r!"os !ionesL !l,(n!s
!iones6M Ee is !,!inst !n'L so"e de!lHs6 Hl est en ontr! de (!l/(ier tr!toL
!l,2nHos6 tr!toHs66M T&e' !re too %oor to b(' !n'L so"e 7&eelb!rro7s HSon
de"!si!do %obres %!r! o"%r!r !rretill!sL !l,(n!s !rretill!s6M S&e is (n!7!re o#
!n'L so"e %roble"Hs6 HEll! es inonsiente de (!l/(ier %roble"!L !l,2nHos6
%roble"!Hs66M (nonsio(s o# !n'L so"e tro(ble Hinonsiente de (!l/(ier
%roble"!L !l,2n %roble"!6M It is ! %ossibilit' !,!inst !n'L so"e !tte"%t to rob (s
HEs (n! %osibilid!d ontr! (!l/(ier intentoL !l,2n intento de /(e nos roben6M T&e'
!re 7it&o(t !n'L so"e 7ood HEstn sin Hn!d! de6 le)!L !l,o de le)!6M Ee s!id it
7it&o(t !n'L so"e &esit!tion Hl lo di.o sin nin,(n!L !l,(n! +!il!i3n6M Ee did it
7it&o(t !n'L so"e &el% Hl lo &izo sin Hn!d! de6 !'(d!L !l,o de !'(d!61
*(!ndo se %one el +erbo nor"!l Q#!ilQ en ne,!ti+! el si,ni#i!do es !#ir"!ti+o1 E.14
Ee doesnZt #!il to o"e e+er' 7ee9 Nestnd!rO Hl no de.! de +enir tod!s l!s
se"!n!s61
L!s #or"!s no !se+er!ti+!s se (s!n ! "en(do en %re,(nt!s /(e &!' /(e ontest!r
on sF o no$ %ero no &!' "(estr! e-%lFit! de !"!bilid!d1 E.14 Did !n'bod' !ll "eT
HWMe ll!"3 !l,(ienT61
*(!ndo (n! or!i3n interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! lle+! (n! %!l!br! no !se+er!ti+! se
es%er! nor"!l"ente (n! ontest!i3n ne,!ti+!1 E.14 A4 DidnZt 'o( see t&is eit&erT
HWNo +iste esto t!"%ooT61 B4 No$ I didnZt HNo$ no lo +i61
Est!s %!l!br!s ' lo(iones no !se+er!ti+!s no %(eden e.erer l! #(ni3n de s(.eto
(!ndo +!n en (n! or!i3n ne,!ti+!1 D1 5C1;:15C
=1:=1I Kalabras o formas aseverativas# asertivas4 ! #e7$ ! #e7 "ore$ ! lon, 7!'$
!lre!d'$ !l7!'s$ !n' H(!l/(ier6 h no"bre$ !n'bod'L !n'one H(!l/(ier!6$ !n't&in,
H(!l/(ier os!6$ !n'7&ereL !n'%l!e NoO !n' %l!e NUSAO Hen (!l/(ier %!rte6$ !s
7ell$ b!rel'$ b' !n' "e!ns Hde (!l/(ier "!ner!6$ b' no "e!ns$ b' no7$ eit&er
Hone6 H(!l/(ierH!6 de los dos6$ eit&er o# t&e" H(!l/(ier! de ellHos$ !s6 dos6$ e+er
H!l,(n! +ez6$ e+er' h no"bre$ e+er'bod'$ e+er'one$ e+er't&in,$ &!rdl'$ &!rdl' e+er$
in no 7!'$ "ost$ neit&er$ ne+er$ nobod'$ no lon,er$ no "ore$ no one$ no ot&er$ none$
nor$ not&in,$ not&in, else$ no7&ereL no%l!e NoO no %l!e NUSAO$ one$ one$ one or
t&e ot&er$ /(ite #e7$ /(ite ! #e7$ /(ite #e7 "ore$ r!rel'$ s!rel'$ s!rel' e+er$
seldo"$ so"e$ so"ebod'$ so"e&o7$ so"eone$ so"et&in,$ so"eti"eHs6$ so"e7&!t$
so"e7&ereL so"e%l!e NoO so"e %l!e NUSAO$ to so"e e-tent$ too$ 'et H&!st!
!&or!L tod!+F!6$ et1 ND1 ?15<I?OM l!s #or"!s !se+er!ti+!sL !serti+!s se pueden usar
en"
a+ Craciones afirmativas1 E.14 Ee &!s #e7$ #e7 Nen#tioO Hl tiene %oHos$ !s6$
%oHos$ !s66M HT&e' donZt 9no7 t&!t6 so"eone is on &olid!' HHNo s!ben /(e6 !l,(ien
est de +!!iones6M HEe didnZt s!' Ht&!t66 s&e 7!s so"e7&ere HHl no di.o /(e6 ell!
est!b! en !l,(n! %!rte6M S&e &!s 'et to 7rite ! no+el HEll! tiene /(e esribir (n!
no+el! tod!+F!6M T&ere 7!s %lent' o# ti"e 'et HE!bF! "(&o tie"%o tod!+F!61
b+ Kreguntas afirmativas 'ue /a 'ue contestar con s( o no cuando se espera
una respuesta afirmativa tambin en invitaciones ofrecimientosM &!'
"(estr! e-%lFit! de !"!bilid!d1
*(!ndo (n! or!i3n interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! lle+! (n! %!l!br! !se+er!ti+! se es%er!
nor"!l"ente (n! ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+!1 E.14 A4 DidnZt 'o( see &i" tooT HWNo leL
lo +iste ! 0l t!"bi0nT61 B4 mes$ I did HSF$ leL lo +i61
*(!ndo se (s!n U!n' H!l,o6$ !n' "ore H!l,o "s6$ !n' ot&er H!l,2n otroL !l,(n!
otr!6$ !n'bod'L !n'one H!l,(ien6$ !n'bod' elseL !n'one else H!l,(ien "s6$
!n't&in, H!l,o6$ !n't&in, else H!l,o "s6$ !n'7&ereL !n'%l!e NoO !n' %l!e NUSAO
HenL ! !l,(n! %!rte6$ !n'7&ere HenL ! !l,(n! otr! %!rte6$ in !n' 7!' Hde !l,(n!
#or"!6V$ en or!iones s(bordin!d!s ondiion!les$ indi!n (n b!.o Fndie de
%rob!bilid!d de /(e se! iert! l! ondii3n1 E.14 P&one "e i# 'o( need !n' Nindi!
d(d!O "one'] H\Tele#on0!"e si neesit!s !l,o de dinero]6M I 7onder i# !n'one
Nindi! d(d!O is ,oin, HMe %re,(nto si +! ! ir !l,(ien6$ et1
*(!ndo se (s!n Uso"e H!l,o6$ so"e "ore H!l,o "s6$ so"e ot&er H!l,2n otroL
!l,(n! otr!6$ so"e ot&ers H!l,(nos otrosL !l,(n!s otr!s6$ so"ebod'L so"eone
H!l,(ien6$ so"ebod' elseL so"eone else H!l,(ien "s6$ so"et&in, H!l,o6$
so"et&in, else H!l,o "s6$ so"e7&ereL so"e%l!e NoO so"e %l!e NUSAO HenL !
!l,(n! %!rte6$ so"e7&ere else HenL ! !l,(n! otr! %!rte6$ in so"e 7!' Hde !l,(n!
#or"!6V$ en or!iones s(bordin!d!s ondiion!les$ indi!n (n !lto Fndie de
%rob!bilid!d de /(e se! iert! l! ondii3n1 E.14 P&one "e i# 'o( need so"e Nno
indi! d(d!O "one'] H\Tele#on0!"e si neesit!s !l,o de dinero]6M I# 'o( ,i+e "e
so"e "one'$ IZll b(' 'o( so"e #ood HSi "e d!s H!l,o de6 dinero$ te o"%roL
o"%r!r0 H!l,o de6 o"id!6$ et1
*(!ndo se (s!n U!n' H(!l/(ierH!66$ !n' "ore H!l,o "s6$ !n' ot&er H(!l/(ier
otrHo$ !66$ !n' ot&ers H(!l/(ier otrHo$ !66$ !n'bod'L !n'one H(!l/(ier otr! %erson!6$
!n't&in, Htodo6$ !n'7&ereL !n'%l!e NoO !n' %l!e NUSAO HenL ! (!l/(ier %!rte6$
in !n' 7!' Hde (!l/(ier #or"!6V$ en or!iones s(bordin!d!s te"%or!les on l!
on.(ni3n Ube#oreV o o"%!r!ti+!s indi!n !l,o ,ener!l1 E.14 No "!n !n %retend
t&!t de!t& is better t&!n !n' ot&er sol(tion HNin,2n &o"bre %(ede #in,ir /(e l!
"(erte se! "e.or /(e (!l/(ier otr! sol(i3n6M T&e' sneeze "ore t&!n !n'bod' else
HEstorn(d!n "s /(e (!l/(ier otr! %erson!6M S&e is "ore !t&leti t&!n !n'bod' I
9no7 HEll! es "s !tl0ti! /(e (!l/(ier otr! %erson! /(e onoz!61
*(!ndo se (s!n Uso"e H!l,o6$ so"e "ore H!l,o "s6$ so"e ot&er H!l,2n otroL
!l,(n! otr!6$ so"ebod'L so"eone H!l,(ien6$ so"ebod' elseL so"eone else H!l,(n!
otr! %erson!6$ so"et&in, H!l,o6$ so"e7&ereL so"e%l!e NoO so"e %l!e NUSAO HenL
! !l,(n! %!rte6$ in so"e 7!' Hde !l,(n! #or"!6V$ en or!iones s(bordin!d!s
te"%or!les on l! on.(ni3n Ube#oreV o o"%!r!ti+!s indi!n !l,o onreto$
es%eF#io1 E.14 No "!n !n %retend t&!t de!t& is better t&!n so"e ot&er sol(tion
HNin,2n &o"bre %(ede #in,ir /(e l! "(erte se! "e.or /(e !l,(n! otr! sol(i3n6M
T&e' sneeze "ore t&!n so"ebod' else HEstorn(d!n "s /(e !l,(n! otr! %erson!6M
S&e is "ore !t&leti t&!n so"ebod' I 9no7 HEll! es "s !tl0ti! /(e !l,(ien /(e
onozo61
El !d+erbio U"(&V es !se+er!ti+o en l!s o"%!r!iones4 S&e is "(& better t&!n
'o( H!re6 HEll! es "(&o "e.or /(e t2 Hde lo /(e t2 eres66$ (!ndo +!
%re"odi#i!do4 S&e is +er' "(& in lo+e HEll! est "(' en!"or!d!6$ (!ndo +! !
"it!d de l! or!i3n on +erbos de !tit(d4 Ee 7o(ld &!+e "(& !%%rei!tedL
%re#erred &er ,oin, Hl &(bier! !%rei!doL %re#erido on "(&o /(e ell! #(er!6M
T&e' 7o(ld "(& !d"ireL re,ret t&e onse/(enes HSe #i.!rF!n "(&o enL
SentirF!n "(&o l!s onse(eni!s61
E!' !l,(n!s otr!s %!l!br!s /(e %(eden ser !se+er!ti+!s ' no !se+er!ti+!s$ !(n/(e
se (sen "s de (n! #or"! o de otr!M no se distin,(en ,ener!l"ente %or l!
tr!d(i3n4 ! bit$ ! bitL to(& "ore$ ! lot$ ! lot "ore$ !7#(ll' #!r$ eno(,&$ e+en$ #e7$
#e7 "ore$ ! #e7 "ore$ .(st$ le!st$ less$ H!6 little$ lots o#$ "!n'$ "(&$ onl'$ /(ite #!r$
still$ too #!r$ +er' #!r$ +er' "!n'$ +er' "(&$ et1
Al,(n!s %!l!br!s !se+er!ti+!s ' no !se+er!ti+!s o"o Q!n'$ !n'bod'$ e+er$ 'etQ$
%(eden ir en or!iones !#ir"!ti+!s detrs de s(%erl!ti+os1 E.14 ItZs t&e r!rest %l!n9ton
IZ+e e+er seen HEs el %l!nton "s r!ro /(e .!"s &!'! +isto6$ et1
=1:?1I E-iste (n! #or"! i"%erson!l en in,l0s liter!rio /(e se onstr('e on el
%rono"bre introd(torioL e-%leti+o H%re%!r!tor'L %re(rsor'6 Qt/ereQ h el tie"%o
del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM Qt&ereQ$ /(e no +! !ent(!do ' se %ron(ni! LSeL
NGB o LSeeLO ' LSerL NUSA o LSeHe6rLO$ puede ir seguido en ingls literario de los
verbos normales Q!%%e!r$ !rise$ !rri+e$ !7!9e$ be$ be,in$ lin,$ o"e Ho(t6$
orres%ond$ (rl (%$ de+elo%$ diso+er$ d7ell$ e"er,e$ enter$ e-ist$ #!il$ #!ll$ #eel$
#lo7$ #ollo7$ ,o$ ,o do7nL o(tL (%$ ,ro7$ &!%%en$ lie$ li+e$ l(r9$ o(r$ %!ss$ %!ss
t&ro(,&$ %ro+e$ r!,e$ re!&$ re"!in$ res(lt$ rise$ see"$ s&ine in$ sit$ s%rin, Hs(r,irL
brot!r6$ s%rin, (%$ st!nd$ s(r+i+e$ t!9e %l!e$ 7!ntQ$ et1$ D el su%etoM se %(eden (s!r
los !d+erbios Q!n'7&ere$ no7&ere$ so"e7&ereQ en est!s or!ionesM no se %(ede
%oner Qt&ereQ se,(ido de Q!"Q1 E.14 T&ere !%%e!rs so"et&in, interestin, HA%!ree
!l,o interes!nte6M T&ere !rose ! t!l9 !bo(t %olitis HS(r,i3 (n! &!rl! sobre %olFti!6M
T&ere &!d been little &!n,e HE!bF! &!bido %oo !"bio6M T&ere s&o(ldnZt be !n'
di##i(lties HNo deberF! &!ber nin,(n! di#i(lt!d6M T&ere !rose t&en !n !rdent desire
to ,o HS(r,i3 entones (n deseo !rdiente de ir6M T&ere &!+e been diso+ered
&'dro,en$ sodi("$ !li(" HSe &!n des(bierto el &idr3,eno$ el sodio$ el !lio6M
T&ere e-ists ! %ossibilit' HE-iste (n! %osibilid!d6M T&ere #ollo7s t&en ! %&r!se 7it&
! no(n HSi,(e l(e,o (n! #r!se on (n no"bre6M T&ere li+es ! ,irl in t&!t !stle HDi+e
(n! &i! en eseL !/(el !stillo6M T&ere li+ed in ! to7n ! ,irl 111 HDi+F! en (n! i(d!d
(n! &i! 1116M T&ere l(r9s HEst !l !e&o6M T&ere r!,es ! 7!r !bo(t ter"s HR(,eL
Br!"! (n! ,(err! sobre los t0r"inos6M T&ere re"!ins ! %ossibilit' HJ(ed! (n!
%osibilid!d6M T&ere t!9es %l!e one ! 'e!r HTiene l(,!r (n! +ez !l !)o61 D1 5C1;:15;
Se %(ede (s!r Qt&ereQ introd(torioL e-%leti+o h los +erbos nor"!les Q!%%e!r$ be
bo(ndL ert!inL li9el'L s(reL (nli9el'$ !n$ o"e H!bo(t6$ o(ld$ &!ne$ de+elo%$
&!%%en$ "!'$ "i,&t$ "(st$ o(,&t to$ %ro+e$ re"!in$ see"$ s&o(ld$ tend$ t(rn o(t$
(sed to$ 7o(ldQ$ et1$ h +erbo QbeQM ! +ees$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir el +erbo QbeQ
%reedido de QtoQ detrs de Qsee"Q$ sobre todo (!ndo +! se,(ido de Qlittle$ noQ1 E.14
T&ere !re li9el'L (nli9el' to be so"e %roble"s HEs %rob!bleL i"%rob!ble /(e &!'!
!l,(nos %roble"!s6M T&ere !n be !tion HP(ede &!ber !i3n6M T&ere !nnot be
s!id to be %e!e HNo se %(ede deir /(e &!'! %!z6M T&ere "!' be so"e &!n,es
HP(ede &!ber !l,(nos !"bios6M To le!rn t&ere "(st be o"%lete #reedo" HP!r!
!%render debe &!ber libert!d tot!l6M T&ere "(st be so"ebod' HDebe de &!ber
!l,(ien6M T&ere "(st &!+e been too "!n' %eo%le HDebe de &!ber &!bido de"!si!d!
,ente61
E!' t!"bi0n !l,(nos +erbos nor"!les o"o Qbelie+e$ #eel$ %res("e$ re%ort$ s!'$
t&in9$ (nderst!ndQ$ et1$ /(e %(eden ir en %!si+! %reedidos de Qt&ereQ1 E.14 T&ere
!re t&o(,&t to be t7ent' HSe ree /(e &!' +einte61
Se %(ede %oner Ut&ere h beV h sint!,"! no"in!lL %rono"in!l h %!rtii%io Hde6
%resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM se sobrHe6entiende U7&oL 7&i&L t&!t h beV
del!nte del %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 E.14 T&ere !re t&ree
"otorbi9es H7&i&L t&!t !reL &!+e been6 re%!ired HE!' tres "otos H/(e estnL &!n
sido6 !rre,l!d!s61 D1 =15=;
Al,(nos +erbos nor"!les o"o U!d+o!te$ !,ree$ !s9$ be$ Hit6 be !bs(rd$ Hsb6 be
!d!"!nt Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 be !n-io(s$ Hit6 be best$ Hit6 be better$ Hit6 be o"%(lsor'$ Hit6
be r(i!l$ Hit6 be desir!ble$ Hsb6 be desiro(s$ Hsb6 be deter"ined$ Hit6 be essenti!l$ Hit6
be e-%eted$ Hit6 be #!ir$ Hit6 be #ittin,$ Hit6 be i"%er!ti+e Nliter!rioO$ Hit6 be i"%ort!nt$
Hit6 be i"%ossible$ Hit6 be i"%rob!ble$ Hit6 be i"%ro%er$ Hit6 be in!%%ro%ri!te$ Hit6 be
indis%ens!ble$ Hsb6 be insistent$ Hsb6 be 9een$ Hit6 be l(diro(s$ Hit6 be neess!r'$ Hit6
be obli,!tor'$ Hit6 %it'$ Hit6 be %re#er!ble$ Hit6 be %reord!ined$ Hit6 be %ro%er$ Hit6 be
re!son!ble$ Hit6 be re,rett!ble$ Hit6 be ! re,(l!tion Hit6 be ridi(lo(s$ Hit6 be ri,&t$ Hit6
be ! r(le$ Hit6 be terrible$ Hit6 be (nneess!r'$ Hit6 be (nt&in9!ble$ Hit6 be (r,ent$ Hit6 be
+it!l$ Hsb6 be 7illin,$ be,$ o""!nd$ onede$ deide$ deree$ de"!nd$ desire$
ens(re$ en+is!,e$ i"%lore$ insist$ instr(t$ intend$ iss(e ! direti+eL !n in.(ntionL t&e
instr(tionL !n orderL !n ordin!ne$ le!+e ! direti+eL !n in.(ntionL t&e instr(tionL
!n orderL !n ordin!ne$ "!9e ! "otion$ "o+e$ ord!in$ order$ %le!d$ %led,e$ %r!'$
%re#er$ %resent ! %ro%os!l$ %rono(ne$ %ro%ose$ reo""end$ re.et t&e ide!L
%ro%os!l$ re"ind sb$ re/(est$ resol+e$ r(le$ sti%(l!te$ s(,,est$ (r,e$ +ote$ 7!rnQ$ et1$
%(eden ir del!nte de Qt&ere beQM s(ele tr!d(irse %or (n s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 T&e onl'
t&in, t&!t "!tters is t&!t t&ere be lo+e HLo 2nio /(e i"%ort! es /(e &!'! !"or61
Los +erbos nor"!les Ubelie+e$ e-%et$ intend$ li9e$ lo+e$ "e!n$ %re#er$ (nderst!nd$
7!nt$ 7is&V$ et1$ %(eden ir del!nte de Qt&ere to beQM s(ele tr!d(irse %or (n
s(b.(nti+o1
El +erbo Ube h !d.eti+oL !d+erbioV %(ede ir del!nte de Qt&ere to beQM s(ele tr!d(irse
%or (n s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 It is essenti!l #or t&ere to be ! %olie"!n HEs eseni!l /(e
&!'! (n %oliF!6M S&e 7!s 9een #or t&ere to be ! bi, %!rt' HEll! tenF! ,!n!s de /(e
&(bier! (n! ,r!n #iest!6M It 7!s too e!rl' #or t&ere to be ! rest!(r!nt o%en HEr!
de"!si!do te"%r!no %!r! /(e &(bier! (n rest!(r!nte !bierto61
Detrs de iert!s %re%osiiones o"o U!t$ o#$ 7it&o(tV$ et1$ se %one Qt&ere bein,V
H&!'!6 o Uit bein,V Hest06M s(ele tr!d(irse %or (n s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 T&e' !re
dis!%%ointed !t t&ere bein, so little to do HEstn dee%ion!dos de /(e &!'! t!n
%oo /(e &!er6M 7it&o(t t&ere bein, %roble"s Hsin /(e &!'! %roble"!s6M T&ere
isnZt !n' &!ne o# it bein, &ot no7 HNo e-iste nin,(n! %osibilid!d de /(e est0
!liente !&or!61
For"!s i"%erson!les del +erbo Q&!berQ4
56 T&ere is H&!'6$ t&ere 7!s H&!bF!6$ t&ere 7ill be H&!br6$ t&ere &!s been H&!
&!bido6$ t&ere &!d been H&!bF! &!bido6$ t&ere 7ill &!+e been H&!br &!bido64 del!nte
de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r %ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l %(eden ir t!"bi0n del!nte de (n
no"breL %rono"bre en %l(r!lM se (s!n en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! en
#or"! si"%le %ero no en #or"! ontin(!1 E.14 T&ere is ! #i, treeL 7!' HE!' (n!
&i,(er!L "!ner!6M T&ere !re Nestnd!rOL T&ereZs Nolo/(i!lO t7o !s%ets !bo(t
"one' HE!' dos !s%etos sobre el dinero6M T&ere isnZt !n' #ire HNo &!' #(e,o6M Is
t&ere ! li,&terT HWE!' (n "e&eroT6M T&ere 7!s ! bi, root HE!bF! (n! r!Fz ,r!nde6M
T&ere &!s been ! dis!ster HE! &!bido (n des!stre6M T&ere &!+e been stor"s HE!
&!bido tor"ent!s6M T&ere see"s to be ! &(rri!ne HP!ree /(e &!' (n &(r!n6M
T&ereZs to be NT&ereZs bein,4 no %onerO ! "eetin, !t t&e &otel to"orro7 HD! ! &!ber
(n! re(ni3n en el &otel "!)!n!61
86 T&ere !re H&!'6$ t&ere 7ere H&!bF!6$ t&ere 7ill be H&!br6$ t&ere &!+e been H&!
&!bido6$ t&ere &!d been H&!bF! &!bido6$ t&ere 7ill &!+e been H&!br &!bido64 del!nte
de (n no"bre o %rono"bre en %l(r!lM en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!
en #or"! si"%le %ero no en #or"! ontin(!1 E.14 T&ere !renZt lots o# 'o(r
str!7berries HNo &!' "(&!s de t(sL +(estr!sL s(s #res!s6M Are t&ere #!sin!tin,
ide!sT HWE!' ide!s #!sin!ntesT6M T&ere 7ere "!n' b(r,l!ries HE!bF! "(&os
robos6M T&ere &!+enZt been !n' !idents HNo &! &!bido nin,2n !idente61
QT&ere !reQ +! del!nte de (n no"bre en %l(r!l o dos no"bres en sin,(l!r (nidos
%or (n! on.(ni3n o"o U!ndV$ et1M se %(ede %oner Qt&ere !re Nestnd!rOQ o Qt&ere
is Nolo/(i!lOQ del!nte de (n no"bre o %rono"bre en %l(r!l1 E.14 T&ere !re
Nestnd!rOL T&ereZs Nolo/(i!lO no t7o 7!'s !bo(t it HNo &!' "s re"edio61
En l!s %re,(nt!s o res%(est!s ort!s detrs de l! #or"! i"%erson!l Ut&ere h +erboV
se re%ite Ut&ereV h el +erbo !(-ili!r1 E.14 T&ere &!+e been %roble"s$ &!+enZt t&ereT
HE! &!bido %roble"!s$ WnoTL W+erd!dT61
A +ees$ Qt&ereQ %(ede ser %rono"bre e-%leti+oL introd(torio$ si no +!
!ent(!do LSeL NGB o LSeeLOL ' LSerL NUSA o LSeHe6rLO$ ' no se tr!d(eM introd(e
(n s(.eto %osterior ' sir+e %!r! onser+!r l! estr(t(r! nor"!l de l! or!i3n en
in,l0s4 s(.eto h +erbo h o"%le"entoM sir+e %!r! #or"!r +erbos i"%erson!lesM otr!s
+ees$ %(ede ser !d+erbio de l(,!r$ +! !ent(!do$ se %ron(ni! LSeeL NGBOL o
LSeHe6rL NUSAO ' se tr!d(e %or U!&FL !llFV1 E.14 T&ere !"e in ! ,irl HH!llF6 Entr3 (n!
&i!6M T&ere #le7 se+er!l %l!nes HH!llF6 Dol!ron +!rios !+iones6M In 5B@< t&ere died
&er "ot&er HH!llF6 M(ri3 s( "!dre en 5B@<61
Se %(ede s(%ri"ir Ut&ereV (!ndo +! %reedido de (n !d+erbio de l(,!r ' se,(ido
de iertos +erbos nor"!les o"o Qbe$ o"e$ lie$ ride$ st!ndQ$ et1 E.14 Eere Ht&ere6 is
! r!ne HA/(F &!' (n! ,r(ll!L ,r2!6M On t&e br!n& Ht&ere6 is ! &(""in,bird HSobre
l! r!"! &!' (n olibrF6M At T&ebes Ht&ere6 !re "!n' serets HEn Teb!s &!' "(&os
seretos6M Follo7in, Ht&ere6 is ! list o# boo9s HA ontin(!i3n &!' (n! list! de
libros6M In #ront o# t&e bi'le Ht&ere6 rode t7o 'o(n, 7o"en HDel!nteL En#rente de
l! biilet! !b!l,!b!n dos "(.eres .3+enes61
=1:@1I El +erbo en in,l0s tiene le-e"! '$ ! +ees$ "or#e"!s de %erson!$ n2"ero$
tie"%o$ !s%eto ' "odo1 El +erbo t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!no tiene (!tro
"odos4 el in#initi+o$ el indi!ti+o$ el s(b.(nti+o ' el i"%er!ti+oM l! "!'or %!rte de
los +erbos nor"!les re,(l!res ' los irre,(l!res de =18B18 tienen (!tro #or"!s
distint!s o"o Ulo+e$ lo+es$ lo+in,$ lo+edV %ero los irre,(l!res de =18B15 tienen tres
#or"!s distint!s o"o Ub(rst$ b(rsts$ b(rstin,V ' los irre,(l!res de =18B1: tienen
ino #or"!s distint!s o"o Ue!t$ e!ts$ e!tin,$ !te$ e!tenVM nor"!l"ente s!biendo el
in#initi+o$ el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do se %(eden
on.(,!r todos los tie"%os e-e%to el +erbo UbeV$ /(e es el /(e "s #or"!s tiene
H@64 be$ !"$ !re$ is$ bein,$ 7!s$ 7ere$ been1 Sin e"b!r,o$ en !stell!no todos los
+erbos tienen "s de <C #or"!s di#erentes1
=1:B1I Los +erbos nor"!lesL %rini%!lesL l0-iosL ordin!riosL no !n3"!los t!nto
re,(l!res o"o irre,(l!res tienen nor"!l"ente los si,(ientes tiempos4
a+ Formas personales H#inites64 %resente de indi!ti+o si"%le Hsi"%le %resent
indi!ti+e6$ %resente ontin(oL %ro,resi+o H%resent ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e6$
%ret0rito i"%er#eto ' %ret0rito inde#inido de indi!ti+o Hsi"%le %!st NoO %!st si"%leL
i"%er#et indi!ti+e6$ %ret0rito i"%er#eto ' %ret0rito inde#inido ontin(osL
%ro,resi+os H%!st ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e6$ #(t(ro i"%er#eto Hsi"%le #(t(re6$ #(t(ro
i"%er#eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o H#(t(re ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e6$ ondiion!l o
%oteni!l si"%le H%resentL si"%le ondition!l6$ ondiion!l o %oteni!l si"%le
ontin(oL %ro,resi+o H%resentL si"%le ondition!l ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e6$ %reterito
%er#eto de indi!ti+o Hsi"%le %resent %er#etL %resent %er#et indi!ti+e6$ %reterito
%er#eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o H%resent %er#et ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e6$ %ret0rito
%l(s(!"%er#eto de indi!ti+o ' %ret0rito !nterior Hsi"%le %!st %er#etL %l(%er#et6$
%ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto ontin(oL %ro,resi+o H%!st %er#et NoO %l(%er#et
ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e6$ #(t(ro %er#eto Hsi"%le #(t(re %er#et6$ #(t(ro %er#eto
ontin(oL %ro,resi+o H#(t(re %er#et ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e6$ ondiion!l o
%oteni!l o"%(esto H%!stL %er#et ondition!l6$ ondiion!l o %oteni!l o"%(esto
ontin(oL %ro,resi+o H%er#et ondition!l ontin(o(s6$ %resente de s(b.(nti+o
H%resent s(b.(nti+e6$ %ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o Hsi"%le %!st s(b.(nti+e6$
%reterito %er#eto de s(b.(nti+o H%resent %er#et s(b.(nti+e6$ %ret0rito
%l(s(!"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o H%!st %er#et s(b.(nti+e6$ i"%er!ti+o Hi"%er!ti+e6M
el s(b.(nti+o de los +erbos in,leses e-e%to el +erbo UbeV tiene l!s "is"!s #or"!s
+erb!les /(e el indi!ti+o %ero se di#ereni! en l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r del
%resente de s(b.(nti+o '! /(e no tiene l! ter"in!i3n Is o"o en el %resente de
indi!ti+oM el +erbo UbeV (tiliz! l! #or"! UbeV %!r! todo el %resente de s(b.(nti+o$ l!
#or"! U7ereV %!r! todo el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o o t!"bi0n U7!sV %!r!
l! %ri"er! ' terer! %erson! del sin,(l!rM se (s! "(&o "enos el s(b.(nti+o en
in,l0s /(e en !stell!no1
b+ Formas no personales HnonI#initesL +erb!ls64
*+ Gnfinitivo si"%le H%resent in#initi+e6 e in#initi+o o"%(esto H%er#et in#initi+e61
2+ El participio 4de+ presente H%resent %!rtii%le6 %ero no el ,er(ndio H,er(nd6 /(e
se onsider! (n no"bre en in,l0sM l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, %(ede ser el %!rtii%io
Hde6 %resente o el ,er(ndioM !l no e-istir el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente en !stell!no$ no
e-iste (n! orres%ondeni! e-!t!M el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente in,l0s e/(i+!le
nor"!l"ente en !stell!no ! (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o ' ! +ees !l
,er(ndioM el ,er(ndio es "enos !"%lio /(e el ,er(ndio !stell!noM en iertos !sos
es "(' di#Fil s!ber si es (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente o (n ,er(ndio '$ %or eso$ l!
,r!"ti! !t(!l %re#iere &!bl!r de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,M no obst!nte$ es "(' 2til
distin,(irlos1
2+ Karticipio 4de+ pasado H%!st %!rtii%le61
=1;C1I Kresente de indicativo simple Hsi"%le %resentL %resent si"%le indi!ti+e64 l!
#or"! !#ir"!ti+! tiene l! "is"! #or"! /(e el in#initi+o en tod!s l!s %erson!s
e-e%to en l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r /(e !)!de Is o Ies1 D1 51:;1;I<$ 5C15<15I
5;$ 5C15<18CI8$ 5C15<18?I:5M &!' !l,(n! e-e%i3n o"o l! del +erbo QbeQ /(e es el
"s irre,(l!r de los dosientos ' %io +erbos irre,(l!res ' l!s terer!s %erson!s del
sin,(l!r Qdoes$ ,oes$ &!sQM %!r! l! %ron(ni!i3n de l! Is o Ies D1:1=5M l!s #or"!s
ne,!ti+!$ interro,!ti+! ' !#ir"!ti+! en#ti! (tiliz!n el %resente del +erbo !(-ili!r
QdoQ ' el in#initi+o sin QtoQ1 D1 =15815I8
E!' +erbos nor"!les /(e se (s!n %rini%!l"ente en %resente4 bet$ !re$ di##er$
do(bt$ #!n'$ i"%l'$ 9no7$ "!tter$ "e!n$ "ind$ re9on$ s(%%ose$ tend$ t&!n9$ 7!nt$
et1
Se usa el presente simple para"
*+ Gndicar tiempo indefinido, no provisional, aun'ue sea a intervalos, con
ciertos adverbios o siempre 'ue se dan una serie de circunstancias o
condiciones1 E.14 S&e #inds &er 7or9 interestin, HEll! en(entr! interes!nte s(
tr!b!.o6M Ee s!'s 7&!t &e 7is&es Hl die lo /(e le !%etee6M S&e sin,s #ro" ti"e to
ti"e HEll! !nt! de +ez en (!ndo6M I t!l9 7&en I &!+e to HH'o6 E!blo (!ndo ten,o
/(e &!bl!r6M S&e 7!s&es 7&en s&e ,ets (% HEll! se l!+! (!ndo se le+!nt!6M >&!t
does &e doT HWJ(0 &!e 0lTL WEn /(0 tr!b!.! 0lT6M T&e' ,o "ore !nd "ore /(i9l'L
/(i9er !nd /(i9er$ i# t&e' onsider it neess!r' HD!n !d! +ez "s r%idoHs6$ si lo
onsider!n nees!rio6M >&ere do t&e' o"e #ro"TL >&ere !re t&e' #ro"T HWDe
d3nde sonT6M >&' donZt 'o( e!t "oreT HWPor /(0 no o"eHs6 "sT6M Stron, !s t&e'
!re$ t&e' !nZt do it HA(n/(e son #(ertes$ no lo %(eden &!er6M I# s&e doesnZt o"e$
7&!t do 7e doT HSi ell! no +iene$ W/(0 &!e"osT6M I# 'o( ,o to Fr!ne$ brin, "e !
so(+enir] H\Si +!s ! Fr!ni!$ tre"e (n re(erdo]6M T&e sto9s !re !t t&eir lo7est #or
8; 'e!rsL sine 8; 'e!rs !,o N!,o4 no s(%ri"irO Nliter!rioO HL!s !iones &!e 8;
!)os /(e no estn t!n b!r!t!sL en s( %(nto "s b!.o desde &!e 8; !)os6M I# &e #!ils
to &el% t&e Go+ern"ent$ it #!lls HSi 0l de.! de !'(d!r !l Gobierno$ !e Hel
Gobierno661
Sin e"b!r,o$ el %resente ontin(o indi! /(e l! !i3n est teniendo l(,!r !&or!$ en
este "o"ento o en (n %erFodo de tie"%o l!r,o %ero +isto o"o (n %roeso
ininterr("%ido sin inter+!los ' sin ir(nst!ni!s o ondiiones /(e lo deli"iten1
2+ Kara indicar algo bien /abitual, bien repetitivo o iterativo, no una accin
limitadaM se ll!"! %resente &!bit(!lL re%etiti+o o iter!ti+oM ! +ees$ es di#Fil
distin,(ir entre &!bit(!l ' re%etiti+o o iter!ti+o on iertos !d+erbios4 !t nine No !
(!l/(ier otr! &or!O$ et1M s(ele (s!rse on !d+erbios de tie"%o o de #re(eni!4
!,!in$ !l7!'s$ !t ni,&t$ !t nine No ! (!l/(ier otr! &or!O$ onst!ntl'$ d(rin, t&e d!'$
e+er$ e+er' "in(teL &o(rL d!'L ti"eL 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r$ #ro" ti"e to ti"e$
#re/(entl'$ ,ener!ll'$ in Eon, Aon, No (!l/(ier otro l(,!rO$ in No+e"ber No
(!l/(ier otro "es del !)oO$ ne+er$ nor"!ll'$ o!sion!ll'$ o#ten$ on Mond!'Hs6 No
(!l/(ier otro dF! de l! se"!n!O$ one ! d!'L ! 7ee9L ! "ont&L in ! 7&ile$ r!rel'$
re,(l!rl'$ seldo"$ #i+e No (!l/(ier otro n2"ero !rdin!l e-e%to QoneQO ti"es$
se+er!l ti"es$ t7ie !n &o(rL ! d!'L ! 7ee9L ! "ont&L ! 'e!r$ (s(!ll'$ 7&ene+er$
et1 E.14 Ee st!rts &is 7or9 !,!inL Ee res("es &is 7or9 Hl o"ienz! de n(e+oL
re!n(d! s( tr!b!.o6M Ee slee%s !t ni,&t Hl d(er"e %or l! no&e6M T&e s(n rises !t
nine HEl sol s!le ! l!s n(e+e6M Ee li+es in Orense Hl +i+e en Orense61 D1 =1;;15I;
2+ Kara expresar en el presente algo caracter(stico de forma ob%etiva, no con
un mati) sub%etivoM s(ele ir on (n !d+erbio o"o Q!l7!'s$ onst!ntl'$ !ll t&e
ti"e$ ontin(!ll'$ t&e 7&ole d!'Q$ et1M no es %e'or!ti+oM es (n en#o/(e
o"%rensi+o de lo /(e o(rreM indi! &bito ' !l,o deliber!do1 E.14 S&e !l7!'s e!ts
!t l(n& ti"e HEll! sie"%re o"e ! "ediodF! Nno es %e'or!ti+oO6M S&e o"%l!ins !ll
t&e ti"e HEll! se /(e.! todo el tie"%o N%or/(e est en#er"!$ et1M no es %e'or!ti+oO61
D1 =1;;1=
-+ Kara describir algo 'ue est! ocurriendo en el momento de /ablarM se ll!"!
%resente inst!ntneoM ,ener!l"ente e/(i+!le ! (n %resente ontin(o %ero no se s(ele
(s!r el %resente ontin(o en estos !sos '! /(e$ en (nos !sos o"o l!s
tr!ns"isiones$ res(lt!rF! %es!do$ lento$ de"!si!do en#tio (s!r diez$ treint! o (n
n2"ero ele+!do de +ees el %resente ontin(o '$ en otros !sos$ &!' +erbos /(e no
%(eden ir en %resente ontin(o$ "ientr!s /(e !si todos los +erbos %(eden ir en
%resente si"%leM de tod!s #or"!s s(elen ser !iones o s(esos %er#eti+os /(e
ter"in!n !ntes de /(e se di,! l! #r!se %ero$ si son !iones o s(esos /(e d(r!n
"(&o "s tie"%o$ se s(ele (s!r el %resente ontin(o1 D1 =1;;1<M se (tiliz! on
re!lis"o en4
!6 Re%ort!.es de r!dio ' tele+isi3n$ en tFt(los de !rtF(los de %eri3dios$ en %elF(l!s1
E.14 Ee t!9es !n ob.et !nd ,i+es it to one %erson in N"s (s!doOL o# N"enos (s!doO
t&e !(diene$ t&en 111 Hl o,e NEs%!)!OL !,!rr! (n ob.eto ' se lo d! ! (n! %erson!
entre los o'entesL del !(ditorio NoO de los o'entes$ l(e,o 1116M Ind(r!in %!sses
j!l!bert$ &e 9ee%s ,oin, !nd tries to !t& Ol!no HInd(rin %!s! ! j!l!bert$ ontin2!
e intent! o,er NEs%!)!OL !l!nz!r ! Ol!no61
b6 Indi!iones ' desri%iones en #(niones te!tr!les$ obr!s liter!ri!s$ et1M en
reensiones de libros$ %elF(l!s$ obr!s de te!tro$ et1 E.14 Don j(!n o"es o(t !nd
Do)! In0s is silent HDon j(!n s!le ' Do)! In0s no die n!d!61
6 En de"ostr!iones de 3"o #(nion! (n! "/(in!$ (n !%!r!to ' en reet!s de
oin!1 E.4 mo( %(s& t&e b(tton$ t&e ,!d,et st!rts 7or9in,$ t&en 'o( %(t so"e
or!n,es in !nd o(t o"es t&e .(ie HA%riet!sL Se !%riet! el bot3n$ el !%!r!to
e"%iez! ! #(nion!r$ l(e,o "etesL se "eten (n!s n!r!n.!s ' s!le el z("o61
d6 P!r! indi!r ! otr! %erson! d3nde se en(entr! (n edi#iio$ %!r! in+it!iones !
(n! bod!$ et1$ ' l!s ontest!iones1 E.14 mo( t(rn le#t$ t&en 'o( t(rn ri,&t$ !#ter7!rds
'o( ,o str!i,&t !&e!dL str!i,&t on !nd it is on 'o(r ri,&t] H\Gir!s ! l! iz/(ierd!$
l(e,o ,ir!s ! l! dere&!$ %osterior"ente si,(es todo dere&o ' est ! l! dere&!]6M
MrH16 !nd MrsH16 S(lli+!n in+ite 'o( to t&eir sonZs birt&d!' HEl Sr1 ' l! Sr!1 S(lli+!n
te in+it!n !l ("%le!)os de s( &i.o6M MissH16 Pin9 &!s "(& %le!s(re to !e%t t&e
in+it!tion o# MrH16 !nd MrsH16 S(lli+!n HL! Srt!1 Pin9 tiene "(&o ,(sto en !e%t!r
l! in+it!i3n del Sr1 ' l! Sr!1 S(lli+!n61
e6 En or!iones on +erbos !se+er!ti+os o"o Q!e%t$ !d"it$ n!"e$ %rono(ne$
re9onQ$ et1 E.14 I !d"it Ht&!t6 itZs 7ron, HAd"ito /(e es (n! e/(i+o!i3n6M S&e
n!"es t&e b!b' jo&n HEll! le d! !l beb0 el no"bre de j(!n6M Ee %rono(nes t&e"
"!n !nd 7i#e Hl les del!r! "!rido ' "(.er6M T&e' re9on t&e tot!l to be #i#t'
doll!rs H*!l(l!n /(e sern in(ent! d3l!res en tot!l61
#6 En e-l!"!iones (!ndo se %one !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n (n !d+erbio1 E.14
B!9 s&e o"es] H\Re,res! ell!]6M Eere t&e' !re] H\A/(F estn]6M In &e ,oes] H\Entr!
0l]6M O(t o"es t&e "ot&er] H\S!le l! "!dre]61
,6 En tit(l!res de %eri3dios %!r! desribir !l,oM %(ede (s!rse en +ez del %resente
ontin(o o del %ret0rito %er#eto1 E.14 Ht&e6 Po%e +isits &os%it!l in A#ri! HEl %!%!
+isit! &os%it!l en n#ri!61
&6 En or!iones on +erbos esttios1 D1 =1;8
3+ Kara describir algo 'ue /a tenido lugar en el pasadoM es el %resente &ist3rio
H&istoriL dr!"!ti %resent6M se (s! en in,l0s liter!rio e in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r! &!er
"s !t(!l$ "s re!l$ lo /(e se (ent! o n!rr! del %!s!doM se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n el
%ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido %ero se tr!d(e de distint! #or"!1 E.14 St1 P!(l
!rri+esL !rri+ed in Ro"e so"e ti"e be#ore &is de!t& HS1 P!blo lle,!L lle,3 ! Ro"!
(n ierto tie"%o !ntes de s( "(erte6M Ee entersL entered t&e l!ss$ s!'sL s!id ,ood
"ornin, !nd le!+esL le#t Hl entr!L entr3 en l! l!se$ dieL di.o b(enos dF!s ' Hse6
"!r&!L "!r&361
6+ Kara decir cosas 'ue son permanentes o cient(ficamente verdad o lo siguen
siendo en el momento de /ablarM se ll!"! %resente ne(tr!l en in,l0sM en estilo
indireto se %one t!"bi0n en %resente1 E.14 Flo7ers !re %l!nts HL!s #lores son
%l!nt!s6M Lions !re stron,er t&!n do,s HLos leones son "s #(ertes /(e los %erros6M
Ee s!id t&!t &e is interested in "(si Hl di.o /(e est interes!do %or l! "2si!6M S&e
l!i"s Ht&!t6 t&e do, bit &er HEll! !#ir"! /(e el %erro l! "ordi361
8+ Kara indicar algo 'ue ocurri en el pasado con ciertos verbos4 #or,et$ &e!r$
le!rn$ tell$ 7rite$ et1M se tr!d(e nor"!l"ente %or el %ret0rito %er#eto en !stell!no1
E.14 I &e!r NoO &!+e &e!rd Ht&!t6 'o( !re t&e 7inner HEe oFdoL Me &!n di&o /(e
eres el ,!n!dor6M I #or,et NoO &!+e #or,otten 7&!t t&e' ,!+e &i" HEe ol+id!do lo
/(e le dieron ! 0l61
9+ Kara indicar una accin futura en oraciones subordinadas adverbiales
temporales, condicionales, comparativas, modales, 'ue empie)an por las
siguientes con%unciones" !#ter$ !s Ho"oL se,2n N%ero no (!ndo si,ni#i!
U%or/(eVO6$ !s lon, !s$ !s "(& !s$ !s e!rl'L soon !s$ !ss("in, Ht&!t6$ be#ore$ b' t&e
ti"e t&!t$ diretl' NGBO$ e+en i#$ ,i+en Ht&!t6$ i#$ i""edi!tel' Ht&!t6 NGB4 olo/(i!lO$
i""edi!tel' !#ter$ i""edi!tel' be#ore$ in !se$ one$ %res("in, Ht&!t6$ %ro+ided
Ht&!t6$ %ro+idin, Ht&!t6$ so lon, !s$ t&e "o"ent$ (nless$ (ntil Nliter!rioOL till
Nolo/(i!lO$ 7&enHe+er6$ 7&ere+er$ 7&ile$ et1M t!"bi0n detrs de Qt&eQ h !d.eti+o o
!d+erbio en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o h Qt&eQ h !d.eti+o o !d+erbio en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o
' t!"bi0n detrs de Q7&!t$ !ll t&!t$ !n'bod' 7&o$ &e 7&o$ t&ose 7&o$ 7&oe+erQM
tod!s$ e-e%to Qi#Q$ se s(elen tr!d(ir !l !stell!no %or el %resente de s(b.(nti+o1 E.14
>rite to (s !#ter 'o( ,o to Ali!nte] H\EsrFbenos des%(0s de /(e +!'!s !
Ali!nte]6M Do it !s soon !s 'o( !n] H\E!zlo t!n %ronto o"o %(ed!s]6M Tell 'o(r
"ot&er be#ore 'o( b(' it] H\DFselo ! t( "!dre !ntes de /(e lo o"%res]6M Re!d it$ i#
'o( 7is&] H\L0elo si /(ieres]6M Ee doesnZt !re i# s&e 7ins or loses HNo le i"%ort!
/(e ,!ne o %ierd! ell!6M >&!t do 7e doL s&!ll NoO 7ill 7e do$ i# &e doesnZt o"eT
HWJ(0 &!e"osL &!re"os si 0l no +ieneT6M I# 'o( tell t&e tr(t&$ t&e'Zll belie+e 'o(
HSi dies l! +erd!d$ te reern6M I# s&e o"es$ tell &er !ll t&is] H\Si +iene ell!$ dile
todo esto]6M I# 'o( t!9e e-erise$ 'o(Zll li+e lon,er HSi &!es e.eriio$ +i+irs "s
Htie"%o66M >rite it do7n in !se 'o( #or,et] H\An3t!lo %or si se te ol+id!]6M Ee
7onZt onsent to it (nless s&e si,ns Hl no lo onsentir ! no ser /(e ell! #ir"e6M Ee
7ill 9ee% doin, it (ntil Nliter!rioOL till Nolo/(i!lO &e s(eeds Hl se,(ir &!i0ndolo
&!st! /(e lo onsi,!6M P&one &er 7&en 'o( ,et to G!lii!] H\Ll"!l! %or tel0#ono
(!ndo lle,(es ! G!lii!]6M I ne+er s!7 t&e #il" b(t 7&en I 7!t& it$ IZll let 'o(
9no7 HN(n! +i l! %elF(l! %ero (!ndo l! +e!$ te lo dir06M T&e #!ster N"s (s!doOL
/(i9er N"enos (s!doO &e ,oes$ t&e better H*(!nto "s r%ido +!'! 0l$ "e.or6M EeZll
9ill !n'bod' 7&o ,oes o(t Hl "!t!r ! (!l/(ier! /(e s!l,!61 D1 B15?1<$ B15?1?IB
Detrs de Qi#Q se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n el #(t(ro$ (!ndo tiene (n "!tiz de ortesF!L
b(en! +ol(nt!dL b(en! dis%osii3nM s(ele ir ontr!Fdo ' se tr!d(e nor"!l"ente !l
!stell!no %or Utener l! !"!bilid!dL %!reer bienL /(ererV en %resente de indi!ti+o
h in#initi+o ND1 =1<B18O1 E.14 T&e' 7ill ,o i# 'o( 7ill &el% t&e" HIrn si tienes l!
!"!bilid!d deL te %!ree bienL /(ieres !'(d!rHles$ los66M S&e 7ill be %le!sed i# 'o(
7ill listen to &er HEll! est!r ontent! si tienes l! !"!bilid!d deL te %!ree bienL
/(ieres es(&!rl!6M I# 'o(Zll ,i+e "e 'o(r %&one n("ber$ IZll %&one 'o( to"orro7
HSi tienes l! !"!bilid!d deL te %!ree bienL /(ieres d!r"e el n2"ero de tel0#ono$ te
ll!"oL ll!"!r0 %or tel0#ono "!)!n!61
*(!ndo se indi! ontin,eni! o %rob!bilid!d$ se %(ede %oner nor"!l"ente el
%resente o "enos #re(ente"ente el #(t(ro detrs de Ui#VM el %resente %(ede re#erirse
!l %resente o !l #(t(ro %ero el #(t(ro se re#iere s3lo !l #(t(ro1 E.14 I# s&e doesnZt N"s
(s!do4 "enos insistenteOL 7onZt N"enos (s!do4 "s insistenteO !rri+e to"orro7$ itZs
better to do t&e s&o%%in, no7 HSi ell! no lle,!L se nie,! ! lle,!r "!)!n!$ es "e.or
&!er l! o"%r! !&or!6M I# it "!9es N"s (s!do4 "enos insistenteL ort0sOL 7ill
"!9e N"enos (s!do4 "s ort0sO !n' di##erene$ IZll ,l!dl' ,i+e 'o( ! li#t HSi sir+eL
+! ! ser+ir %!r! !l,o$ te lle+!r0 en o&e de b(en ,(sto6M I# 'o( let N"s (s!do4
"enos insistenteL ort0sOL 'o(Zll let N"enos (s!do4 "s ort0sO "e ,i+e 'o( ! %iee
o# !d+ie HSi "e %er"ite d!rle (n onse.o6M I# t&e ro%s !re Nestnd!rOL 7ill be
N!r!ioO r(ined b' t&e dro(,&t$ 7eZll &!+e to b(' #ood HSi se !rr(in!n l!s ose&!s
%or l! se/(F!$ tendre"os /(e o"%r!r o"id!61
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo l!s or!iones s(bordin!d!s te"%or!les ' ondiion!les no son
!d+erbi!les sino or!iones s(bordin!d!s no"in!les$ se %(ede (s!r el %resente$ si se
indi! &bito$ o el #(t(ro$ si se indi! #(t(ro$ (!ndo l! or!i3n %rini%!l est en
%resenteM son or!iones interro,!ti+!s en estilo indireto1 E.14 S&e doesnZt 9no7
7&en &e !rri+esL 7ill !rri+e HEll! no s!be (ndo lle,!L lle,!r 0l6M *!n 'o( tell "e
i# s&e doesL 7ill do itT HWP(edes deir"e si ell! lo &!eL &!rT61 D1 5C1:?1:
0+ Kara indicar una accin futura o futuro inmediato, normalmente con un
adverbio de tiempo frecuentemente como resultado de un plan o programa7
tambin con el verbo MbeM cuando va en pasivaM en este sentido #re(ente"ente
e/(i+!le !l %resente ontin(o on +erbos de "o+i"iento$ %ero el %resente si"%le
s(,iere "s ertid("breM se (s! "(&o en &or!rios de lle,!d! ' s!lid! de trenes$
!(tob(ses$ et1$ ' en %ro,r!"!s de (rsos$ +i!.es$ et1M el interes!do tiene "enor
!%!id!d de deisi3n en el %resente si"%le /(e en el %resente ontin(oM se %(ede
(s!r #re(ente"ente el #(t(ro i"%er#eto on (n si,ni#i!do %!reido %ero l!
deisi3n es inst!ntne! o s(,iere "enos ertid("bre1 E.14 S&e !rri+esL 7ill !rri+e
ne-t S(nd!' HEll! lle,!L lle,!r el %r3-i"o do"in,o6M I bet H'o(6 Ht&!t6 s&e
doesnZtL 7onZt 7in tod!' HHte6 A%(esto /(e ell! no ,!n!L ,!n!r6M >e ,o Ndeidido
' no s(.eto re!l"ente ! !"bioOL s&!ll NoO 7ill ,o t&e d!' !#ter to"orro7 HD!"osL
Ire"os %!s!do "!)!n!6M As &e 9no7sL 7ill 9no7$ 111 H*o"o 0l s!beL s!br$ 1116M Ee
st!rtsL 7ill st!rt on Mond!' Hl e"%iez!L e"%ez!r el l(nes6M >&en doL 7ill t&e'
o"eL ,oT HW*(ndo +ienenL +!nL +endrnL irnT6M T&e %!rt' isL 7ill be ,i+en !#ter
! o(%le o# 7ee9s HSe +! ! d!rL d!r l! #iest! dentro de (n %!r de se"!n!s6M LetZs do
t&!t$ t&en 'o( o"eL 7ill o"e to "' &o(se] H\J(ed!"os en eso$ +ienes t2 ! "i
!s! l(e,o]6M President *linton "eetsL is d(e to "eetL 7ill "eet President meltsin
tod!' HEl %residente *linton +! ! +erL se es%er! /(e +e! !l %residente meltsin &o'6M
T&e' le!+eL 7ill le!+e on S!t(rd!' HSe +!nL irn el sb!do6M T&e o(rse #inis&esL
endsL 7ill #inis&L 7ill end in t7o 7ee9s ti"e HEl (rso ter"in!L +! ! ter"in!rL
ter"in!r dentro de dos se"!n!s6M >&!t &!%%ensL 7ill &!%%en no7T HWJ(0 %!s!L
+! ! %!s!r NoO %!s!r !&or!T6M T&e' re#(seL 7ill re#(se to ,o t&is !#ternoon HSe
nie,!nL ne,!rn ! ir est! t!rde6M T&e' 7is&L desireL 7ill 7is&L 7ill desire to +isit
t&!t %!r9 ne-t "ont& HDese!nL Dese!rn +isit!r eseL !/(el %!r/(e el %r3-i"o "es6M
S&e re#(sesL 7ill re#(se to %l!' to"orro7 HEll! se nie,!L ne,!r ! .(,!r "!)!n!6M
Ee &oosesL 7ill &oose l!ter Hl eso,eL ele,ir "s t!rde6M I intendL s&!ll NoO 7ill
intend to %le!se &er 7&en s&e o"es HTen,o inteni3nL Intent!r0 !,r!d!rle ! ell!
(!ndo +en,!6M S&e &o%esL e-%etsL 7ill &o%eL 7ill e-%et to see 'o( t&ere HEll!
es%er!L es%er! on se,(rid!dL es%er!rL es%er!r on se,(rid!d +erte !llF6M T&e'
%l!nL 7ill %l!n to ,o to M!rs HPl!ne!nL Pl!ne!rn ir ! M!rte6M T&e' %ro"iseL 7ill
%ro"ise to do it HPro"etenL Pro"etern &!erlo6M EeZs 7!itin, #or 7&!t t&e
Go+ern"ent does ne-t Hl est es%er!ndo ! +er /(0 &!e el Gobierno !
ontin(!i3n6M I# onl' &e %!ssesL 7ill %!ss t&is ti"e] H\O.!l !%r(ebe est! +ez]6M S&e
,oesL is ,oin, N%ro,r!"!doOL 7ill ,o Ndeisi3n "o"entne!OL 7ill be ,oin, Nno
%ro,r!"!doOL is to ,o to Menor! ne-t "ont& HEll! +!L +! ! irL ir ! Menor! el
%r3-i"o "es6M Eit&er s&e le!+es or I le!+eL IZll le!+e HO se "!r&! ell! o "e
"!r&o 'o6M I# t&e' do t&!t !,!in$ t&e' ,oL t&e'Zll ,o to %rison HSi &!en eso otr!
+ez$ +!nL irn ! l! rel61
E!' !sos en /(e no es %osible (s!r el %resente ontin(o1 E.14 Eo7 doL s&!ll I sol+e
t&is %roble" no7T HW*3"o sol(iono este %roble"! !&or!T6M >&!t ti"e doesL 7ill
t&e s&o7 be,inT HWA /(0 &or! o"ienz!L o"enz!r el es%et(loT6M Ee doesnZt
"e!n to be (n9ind !#ter t&e "eetin, Hl no tiene inteni3n de ser desort0s des%(0s
de l! re(ni3n6M >&!t ti"e doesL 7ill t&e onert st!rtT HWA /(0 &or! o"ienz!L
o"enz!r el oniertoT6M Go no7 so t&!t 'o( !rri+eL Zll !rri+e to"orro7] H\Dete
!&or! %!r! /(e lle,(es "!)!n!]6M P!' in !d+!ne in order t&!t 'o( donZtL 7onZt
&!+e to 7!it] H\P!,! %or !del!nt!do %!r! /(e no ten,!s /(e es%er!r]61
*:+ Kara indicar una accin futura con los verbos Mbe to >en activa el su%eto
tiene 'ue ser un ser vivo, pero en pasiva puede ser tambin un ob%eto?, be 4%ust+
about to, be near to, be on t/e point ofM7 pueden indicar mandato o algo
planeado7 otros indican futuro probable o posible" be bound to 4estar seguro
de+, be due to 4esperarse+, be liable to 4ser probable 'ue# estar expuesto a# ser
propenso a+, be li1el to 4ser probable 'ue+, be sc/eduled #J[ed%u"ld# >HI?
#Js1ed%u"ld# >@S=? 4estar planeando+, be sure to 4estar seguro de 'ue+, etc1 E.14
S&e is to ,o l!ter HEll! &! deL tiene /(e ir "s t!rde N%l!ne!do %or otr! %erson!$ no
%or ell!O6M T&e' !re to "eet !t #i+e HoZlo96 HD!n ! +erse ! l!s inoL E!n /(ed!do
%!r! l!s ino6M T&e' !re !bo(t to !rri+e HEstn ! %(nto de lle,!r6M S&e is ne!r to
r'in, HEll! est ! %(nto de llor!r6M S&e is on t&e %oint o# !rri+in,L .(st !bo(t to
!rri+e HEll! est ! %(nto de lle,!r6M T&e' !re bo(ndL s(re to 7in HEstn se,(ros de
,!n!rL de /(e +!n ! ,!n!r6M S&e is d(e to !rri+e soon HSe es%er! /(e ell! lle,(e
%ronto6M Ee is li!ble to re"e"ber HEs %rob!ble /(e 0l re(erdeL se !(erde6M T&e'
!re li9el' to b(' it HEs %rob!ble /(e lo o"%ren61
**+ Kara indicar una accin futura detr!s de los verbos Mcare, matter, mindM
en negativa e interrogativa, et1M en !stell!no se (s! #re(ente"ente el %resente
de s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 S&e doesnZt !re 7&et&er 'o( ,o or not HA ell! le d! i,(!l /(e
+!'!s o no6M It doesnZt "!tter 7&!t 'o( do HNo i"%ort! lo /(e &!,!s6M Do 'o( "ind
i# s&e o%ens t&e 7indo7T HWTe i"%ort! /(e ell! !br! l! +ent!n!T6$ et1
*2+ Kara indicar una accin futura en una oracin subordinada, cuando la
oracin principal va en futuro imperfecto7 en castellano se suele utili)ar el
presente de sub%untivo. E.14 T&e %erson 7&o !rri+es #irst 7ill ,et ! %rize HL!
%erson! /(e lle,(e %ri"ero se lle+!r (n %re"io6M S&eZll %rob!bl' o"e on t&e
s!"e b(s t&!t 'o( !t& to"orro7 HProb!ble"ente +en,! en el "is"o !(tob2s /(e
t2 o.!s NEs%!)!OL to"es "!)!n!6M T&e'Zll do 7&!t 'o( s!' HE!rn lo /(e di,!s6$
et1
*2+ Kara contrastar una accin en el pasado otra en el presente1 E.14 S&e
%ro"ised to ,i+e &i" so"e "one' !nd no7 s&e doesnZt 7!nt to HEll! %ro"eti3
d!rle H!l,o de6 dinero ' !&or! no /(iere drselo61
*-+ Cuando los adverbios M/ereM Mt/ereM se ponen al principio de una
oracin el verbo se pone en presente simple, no presente continuo1 E.14 Eere
o"es 'o(r "ot&erL t&e %ost"!n HA/(F +iene t( "!dreL el !rtero6M T&ere ,oes t&e
tr!in HA&FL AllF +! el tren61
*(!ndo (n +erbo en l! or!i3n %rini%!l +! en %resente el +erbo de l! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! s(ele ir nor"!l"ente en %resente si"%le o ontin(o$ #(t(ro i"%er#eto
si"%le o ontin(o$ %ret0rito Hi"%er#etoL inde#inido6 si"%le o ontin(o ' %ret0rito
%er#eto si"%le o ontin(o1 E.14 S&e 9no7s Ht&!t6 &e e!tsL is e!tin, &ere HEll! s!be
/(e 0l o"eL est o"iendo !/(F6M Ee s!'s Ht&!t6 &e 7ill ,o to"orro7 Hl die /(e
ir "!)!n!6M T&e' 9no7 Ht&!t6 s&e %!ssedL &!s %!ssed HS!ben /(e ell! !%rob3L &!
!%rob!do61
=1;51I El %resente de l! +oz %!si+! se #or"! on el %resente del +erbo UbeV se,(ido
del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 E.4 Ee is &el%ed Hl es !'(d!doL Se le !'(d!6M A
diso+er' is !lle,edL re%ortedL s!id to &!+e been "!de HSe die /(e se &! &e&o (n
des(bri"iento6M It is told to e+er'bod' HSe die ! todo el "(ndo6M En,lis& is not
t!(,&t &ere HNo se ense)! in,l0s !/(F61
=1;81I E!' (n ,r(%o red(ido de verbos$ ll!"!dos est!ticos$ /(e no s(elen (s!rse
en #or"! ontin(!M los +erbos esttios e-%res!n (n "odo de ser o de est!r "s o
"enos d(r!dero /(e &!e !l(si3n !l s(.eto ' /(e no tiene rel!i3n on otr! os!M
%(eden ser +erbos de est!do$ %ere%i3n$ o%iniones$ senti"ientos$ o,nii3n$
inteni3n$ rel!i3n$ %erteneni!$ "edid!M !l,(nos +erbos de est!do no se (s!n en
%!si+!1 Se pueden /acer dos grupos entre los 'ue no cambian de significado si
se ponen en forma continua"
a+ &os 'ue menos se usan en forma continua7 algunos no pueden usarse nunca
en forma continua4 !b&or$ !bo"in!te Nliter!rioO$ !dore$ H!n6 !##ord$ !,ree$ !"o(nt
to$ !%%l' to He+er'one6$ !%%ro+e o#$ !stonis&$ be #ond o#$ be !slee%$ be born Hn!er6$
belie+e$ belon, Hto6$ !n$ !re #or$ o"e !bo(t$ H!nZt6 o"%re&end$ o"%rise$
H!nZt6 onei+e o#$ Hit6 onern$ onsist o# Nestnd!rOL in Nliter!rioO$ onstit(te$
o+et$ H!nZt6 redit$ de%end on$ deser+e$ desire$ des%ise$ detest$ di##er #ro" Hdi#erir
de6$ dis!,ree$ dis!%%ro+e$ disbelie+e$ disli9e$ dis%le!se$ en+'$ e/(!l$ estee"
Nliter!rioO$ e-el !tL !sL in$ #!n' Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO$ #e!r$ #i,(re$ ,et it
Nolo/(i!lO Ho"%render6$ &!%%en to$ &!+e ,ot$ &!+e ,ot to$ &e!r !bo(tL o#$ i"%l'$
Hsb6 inl(de$ Hsb6 in+ol+e$ 9ee% onL Iin,$ 9no7$ l!st$ lo!t&e$ loo9 li9e$ "!tter$ "!'$
"erit Nliter!rioO$ "i,&t$ need Nen el %resente ' en el %ret0rito %ero no en el #(t(roO$
notie$ o(,&t$ o7n$ %erei+e$ %it'$ Hit6 %le!se$ %ossess$ %res(%%ose$ %rize$ %ro"ise$
re!&$ re/(ire$ res%et$ Hit6 res(lt #ro"$ s!tis#'$ Hit6 s!'$ see st& o(tL o(t st& Hsobre+i+ir
!L /(ed!rse &!st! el #in!l de !l,o6$ see t&ro(,& st&L sb H!l!r !l,oL ! !l,(ien6$ see sb
t&ro(,& H!'(d!r ! !l,(ien6$ see sb t&ro(,& st& Hb!st!r ! !l,(ien %!r! !l,o6$ see"$
s&o(ld$ si,ni#'$ H!nZt6 st!nd Nse,(ido de (n o"%le"ento direto no %reedido de
Q#orQO$ s(##ie$ s(it$ (nderst!nd$ 7ed$ 7ill$ et1 E.14 S&e !dores &i" HEll! le !dor! !
0l6M T&e' detest 7&!t &!%%ened HDetest!n lo /(e s(edi36M Ee re!lizesL re!lises
NGBO Ht&!t6 itZs di##i(ltL i"%ossible Hl !d"iteL reonoeL se d! (ent! de /(e es
di#FilL i"%osible6M >e reo,nizeL reo,nise NGBO t&is !s ! ,en(ine need
HReonoe"os 0sto o"o (n! +erd!der! neesid!d61
Al,(nos de estos +erbos %(eden (s!rse en in,l0s olo/(i!l en #or"! ontin(! %ero
"(' %oo #re(ente"ente4 !,ree$ et1
En iertos !sos !l,(nos de estos +erbos %(eden (s!rse en #(t(ro i"%er#eto
ontin(o %!r! indi!r !l,o /(e +! ! o(rrir sin %re"edit!i3n1 E.14 EeZll be o7nin,
&is &o(se 7&en &is %!rents die Hl ser el %ro%iet!rio de l! !s! (!ndo "(er!n s(s
%!dres61
Al,(nos de estos +erbos %(eden (s!rse en l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, (!ndo son
%!rtii%ios de %resente$ (!ndo +!n detrs de (n +erbo !ten!ti+o o detrs de (n!
%re%osii3n1 E.14 Ano7in, &er$ itZs &!rd to tell H*onoi0ndol!$ es di#Fil de deir6M Ee
doesnZt "ind 'o(r 9no7in, t&is HA 0l no le i"%ort! /(e se%!s esto6M T&ereZs no
9no7in, &o7 to do it HNo se s!be 3"o &!erlo61
b+ &os 'ue m!s se usan en forma continua7 /a dos subgrupos4
*+ &os 'ue no cambian de significadoM en #or"! ontin(!$ /(e se (s! %oo$
indi!n !"bio$ 0n#!sis o !l,o %ro+ision!lL ,r!d(!lL re%etiti+o$ !ti+id!d$ no est!do4
!"!ze$ !"(se$ !%%e!l$ !%%re&end$ !ttr!t$ bet$ bind Ntr!nsiti+o o"o esttio e
intr!nsiti+o ' en %!si+! en #or"! ontin(!O$ !re !bo(t$ !t& Ho"%render6$ &!ne$
o"%!re$ Hsb6 onern$ ont!in$ oo9 Ntr!nsiti+o o"o esttio e intr!nsiti+o ' en
%!si+! en #or"! ontin(!O$ orres%ond toL 7it&$ ost$ o(nt$ de%end Nno se,(ido de
QonQO$ deter"ine$ di##er 7it& Hdisre%!r de6$ H!n6 distin,(is&$ distr(st$ do Ntr!nsiti+o
o"o esttio e intr!nsiti+o ' en %!si+! en #or"! ontin(!O$ do(bt$ esti"!te$ e-eed$
e-er!te Nliter!rioO$ e-ist$ #ind #!(lt Nen #or"! ontin(! indi! !l,o %ro+ision!l on
(n !d+erbio o"o Q!l7!'sQ$ et1O$ #oresee$ #or,et$ #or,i+e$ #ri,&ten$ ,(ess$ &!te$
&o%e Nen #or"! ontin(! indi! !l,o %ro+ision!lL "enos se,(ro o onlle+! (n!
!tit(d "s !"!ble on el #in de onse,(ir !l,oM se %(eden (s!r !"b!s #or"!s
(!ndo si,(e (n! or!i3n /(e e"%iee %or Qt&!tQ o (n in#initi+oO$ idolizeL idolise
NGBO$ i"%ress$ Hit6 inl(de$ intend No"o esttio si,ni#i! Qintent!rL %ens!rQ ' en
#or"! ontin(! indi! !l,o %ro+ision!lL "enos se,(ro on el si,ni#i!do de Qest!r
%ens!ndoQO$ HitL sb6 interest$ Hit6 in+ol+e$ l!9 Hst&6 No"o esttio ' Qbe l!9in, in
st&Q en #or"! ontin(!O$ listen Nin+ol(nt!rio o"o esttio ' +ol(nt!rio en #or"!
ontin(!O$ li+e$ loo9 H%!reer Nnor"!l"ente se,(ido de Q!tQ si,ni#i! Q"ir!r no
intenion!d!"enteQ o"o esttio ' Q"ir!r intenion!d!"enteQ en #or"!
ontin(!O6$ "iss$ o7e Ntr!nsiti+o o"o esttio e intr!nsiti+o ' en %!si+! en #or"!
ontin(!O$ Hsb6 %le!se$ %re#er$ %res("e$ %rint Nesttio (!ndo es tr!nsiti+o ' en
#or"! ontin(! (!ndo es intr!nsiti+o$ +! en %!si+! o indi! !l,o %ro+ision!lO$
%ro+e$ re!lizeL re!lise NGBO$ reo,nizeL reo,nise NGBO$ reollet$ re#(se$ re,!rd$
re,ret$ re"!in$ re"e"ber$ re%resent$ rese"ble$ resent$ res%et$ re+ere Nliter!rioO$ see
st& t&ro(,& Hlle+!r ! !bo !l,o6$ s&!%e Nesttio (!ndo es intr!nsiti+o ' en #or"!
ontin(! (!ndo es tr!nsiti+o$ +! en %!si+! o indi! !l,o %ro+ision!lO$ s&o9$ s"ell
N(!ndo es intr!nsiti+o4 in+ol(nt!rio o +ol(nt!rioM en #or"! ontin(! (!ndo es
tr!nsiti+o ' no +! %reedido de (n +erbo !(-ili!r "od!l4 +ol(nt!rioM esttio (!ndo
es tr!nsiti+o ' +! %reedido de (n +erbo !(-ili!r "od!l4 +ol(nt!rioO$ so(nd H%!reerL
son!r6$ st!nd H#or6$ s(,,est$ s(r%rise$ s(s%et$ s7e!r b'$ H!nZt6 tell$ tend$ tr(st
Hon#i!r6$ +!l(e$ 7!nt Nen #or"! ontin(! indi! !l,o %ro+ision!l o onlle+! (n!
!tit(d "s !"!bleO$ 7!t& Nesttio (!ndo es in+ol(nt!rio ' en #or"! ontin(!
(!ndo es +ol(nt!rioO$ 7is& Nen #or"! ontin(! indi! !l,o %ro+ision!l o onlle+!
(n! !tit(d "s !"!bleO$ 7onder Nen #or"! ontin(! indi! !l,o %ro+ision!l o
onlle+! (n! !tit(d "s !"!bleO1 E.14 Eo7 "(& is it ont!inin,T HW*(nto
ontieneT6M It osts ! lot H*(est! "(&o6M Eer di+ore is ostin, &er +er' "(& HEl
di+orio le est ost!ndo ! ell! "(&Fsi"o6M >&!t doL s&!ll I do no7T HWJ(0 &!,o
H'o6 !&or!T6M S&e is !l7!'s #oreseein, %roble"s HEll! sie"%re est %re+iendo
%roble"!s6M S&e is #or,ettin, &er En,lis&L t&e "one' HEll! est ol+id!ndo el in,l0sL
dinero6M Ee &!tes t&is Hl odi! esto6M Ee is &!tin, li#e no7 Hl odi! l! +id! !&or!6M I
&o%eL !" &o%in, Ht&!t6 s&e doesnZt "ind HEs%ero /(e no le i"%orte6M I &o%eL !"
&o%in, to %!ss HEs%eroL Esto' es%er!ndo Ni ten,o l! inteni3n deO !%rob!r6M Ee
&o%esL is &o%in, to ,o ne-t 7ee9 Hl es%er!L est es%er!ndo ir l! se"!n! /(e
+iene6M S&e is loo9in, %le!sed 7it& &ersel# HEll! %!ree ontent! onsi,o "is"!6M
S&e loo9sL is loo9in, %!le HEll! tiene l! !r! %lid!6M No7!d!'s$ "ore !nd "ore
%eo%le %re#erL !re %re#errin, to retire e!rl' HEo' en dF! !d! +ez &!' "s ,ente /(e
%re#iere .(bil!rse %ronto6M Ee re#(ses to ,o Hl se nie,! ! ir6M S&e is re#(sin, to %!'
HEll! se est ne,!ndo ! %!,!r6M T&ere !re #e7er Nestnd!rOL less Nolo/(i!lO t&!n ten
"in(tes re"!inin, HJ(ed!n "enos de diez "in(tos6M Ee re"e"bers no7 Hl lo
re(erd! !&or!6M S&e is re"e"berin, &er Fren& HEll! est reord!ndo s( #r!n0s6M
Ee is rese"blin, &is #!t&er "ore !nd "ore Hl se %!ree ! s( %!dre !d! +ez "s6M
T&is is no lon,er s"ellin, o# s"o9e HEsto '! no &(eleL est oliendo ! &("o6M T&e
!ni"!l is s"ellin, it HEl !ni"!l est ol#!tendoloL oli0ndolo6M I !n s"ell &!"
HSiento olor ! .!"3n6M S&e is so(ndin, #oolis&L %o"%o(s HEll! s(en! Ho"o si
#(er!6 tont!L %o"%os!6M T&e' 7ere 7!ntin, to s%e!9 toL 7it& &er HJ(erF!n &!bl!r
on ell!6M T&e' sold t&eir &o(se !nd no7 t&e' !re 7is&in, Ht&!t6 t&e' &!dnZt sold it
HDendieron l! !s! ' !&or! estn dese!ndo no &!berl! +endido6M T&e' 7!ntL 7ill
7!nt to +isit t&!t %!r9 ne-t "ont& HJ(ierenL J(errn +isit!r eseL !/(el %!r/(e el
%r3-i"o "es6M I !" 7onderin, 7&et&er it is so Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL li9e t&is
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO HMe esto' %re,(nt!ndo si es !sF61
En los tie"%os o"%(estos los +erbos Qli+e$ st!ndQ en #or"! ontin(! %(eden
indi!r !l,o %ro+ision!l ' t!"bi0n (n tie"%o l!r,o$ no %ro+ision!l1
2+ &os 'ue cambian de significado4
a+ Tienen un significado como est!ticos4 !dd (% Hs("!rL !l(l!rL tener sentido6$
!d"ire H!d"ir!r Ni sentir res%etoM indi! est!do$ no !ti+id!dO6$ !%%e!r H%!reer
Nindi! est!do$ no !ti+id!dO6$ !%%rei!te H!%rei!rL +!lor!rL !,r!deerL d!rse (ent!
de Nindi! est!do$ no !ti+id!dO6$ !ss("e N(!ndo si,ni#i! Q!d/(irirL obr!rL
!do%t!rQO$ be HserL est!r Nindi! !l,o d(r!deroO6$ o"e #ro" H+enir deL ser Hn!t(r!l6
de Ni &!ber n!ido enO6$ onsider Honsider!r Ni +er o"oO6$ d!re H!tre+erse N%(ede
ser se"i"od!l o +erbo nor"!l4 D1 =18;OL des!#i!r Nes +erbo nor"!l$ no
se"i"od!lO6$ den' Hne,!rL dene,!rL rene,!r de Nindi! est!do$ no !ti+id!dO6$
e-%et Hi"!,in!rse Nse (s! s3lo est! #or"! (!ndo +! se,(ido de (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! /(e e"%iee %or Qt&!tQO6$ #eel N(!ndo es intr!nsiti+o ' si,ni#i!
Q%!reerL reerL o%in!rL onsider!rL d!r l! i"%resi3nQ ' t!"bi0n QsentirseQ (!ndo se
re#iere ! l! s!l(dM ' (!ndo es tr!nsiti+o si,ni#i! QsentirL d!rse (ent! deL %!l%!rL
to!rQO$ #ind Henontr!r Ni %eribirM indi! est!do$ no !ti+id!dO6$ #it Nintr!nsiti+o4
Q/(ed!r bienQM indi! est!do$ no !ti+id!dO$ ,!t&er Hded(irL re(nirL re(nirse6$ &!+e
N(!ndo indi! %osesi3n o sens!i3n$ no se,(ido de QtoQ$ QtenerQ Ni %oseerL ser
"ie"bro deL sentirO ( obli,!i3n$ se,(ido de QtoQ4 Qtener /(eQM e/(i+!le ! Q&!+e
,otQ en !"bos !sos4 D1 =1B$ =155O$ &e!r HoFr Nin+ol(nt!rioM indi! est!do$ no
!ti+id!dO6$ &old Hontener Nindi! est!do$ no !ti+id!dO6$ i"!,ine Hi"!,in!rse N!l,o
%osibleO6$ 9ee% Hontin(!r Nindi! est!do$ no !ti+id!dO6$ lie H'!er6$ li9e H,(st!r6$
lo+e H!"!rL en!nt!rM Nindi! est!do$ no !ti+id!dO6$ "e!n Hsi,ni#i!r Nindi! est!do$
no !ti+id!dO6$ "e!s(re H"edir Ni tener l! lon,it(d deOM indi! est!do$ no !ti+id!d6$
"ind Hi"%ort!r Nintr!nsiti+oOM indi! est!do$ no !ti+id!d6$ n("ber Hn("er!rL
ont!rL !sender ! Ni serL &!berOL #i,(r!r6$ obser+e Hon otros sentidos "enos
U"ir!rVM indi! est!do$ no !ti+id!d6$ %l!n Htener inteni3n deL %ens!r6$ re!& Hlle,!r
! Ntr!nsiti+oO Nre#erido ! ob.etos %or/(e no tienen +ol(nt!d4OL %onerse en ont!to
Ntr!nsiti+oOL e-tenderse Nintr!nsiti+oO6$ re!ll Hreord!rL reord!r ! Ni %!reerse !O6$
see Nin+ol(nt!rio4 indi! est!do$ no !ti+id!d o !"bioO HentenderL +er6$ s(%%ose
Hs(%onerL reer6$ t!ste Nse,(ido de (n !trib(to$ se,(ido de Qo#L li9eQ h no"bre o
tr!nsiti+oM indi! est!do$ no !ti+id!dO Hs!ber Nbien$ et1O6$ no si,ni#i! U%rob!rV66$
t&in9 HQreerQ '$ ! +ees$ Q%ens!rL o%in!rQ Nindi! est!do$ no !ti+id!dO6$ 7ei,&
Nin+ol(nt!rioO H%es!r Ni tener el %eso de4 indi! est!do$ no !ti+id!dO61 E.14 T&e
#!tor !ss("es inre!sin, i"%ort!ne HEl #!tor !s("e i"%ort!ni! reiente6M
T&ere isL 7ill be ! ,ood #il" on TD to"orro7 HE!'L D! ! &!berL E!br (n! b(en!
%elF(l! en l! tele+isi3n "!)!n!6M Eis #!t&er is %olite Nest!doO HS( %!dre es N%or
n!t(r!lez!O ort0s6M S&e onsiders &i" ! ,ood #riend HEll! le onsider! Ni +e o"oO
(n b(en !"i,o6M S&e #eels t&!t &e is 7ron, HEll! reeL onsider!L o%in! /(e 0l est
e/(i+o!do6M T&e' #elt it "o+e HLo sintieron "o+erse6M mo(r "ot&er &!s !
dis&7!s&er HT( "!dre tiene Ni %oseeO (n l!+!%l!tos6M Ee &!s ! #!"il'L roo" Hl
tiene (n! #!"ili!L (n sitio6M S&e !n &e!r 7ell HEll! o'eL %(ede oFr bien6M Do 'o(
li9e t&isT HWTe ,(st! estoT6M Ee %l!ns to ,o to"orro7 Hl tiene inteni3n de ir
"!)!n!6M Eis #eet donZt re!& t&e #loor HS(s %ies no lle,!n !l s(elo6M Ee re!&ed
'o( !t 'o(r &otel Hl se %(so en ont!to onti,o en el &otel t('o6M Eis in#l(ene
re!&ed do7n t&ro(,& t&e ent(ries HS( in#l(eni! se e-tendi3 ! lo l!r,o de los
si,los6M Ee s!7 &er Hl l! +io6M I !nZt see !n't&in, HNo +eoL %(edo +er n!d!6M It
t!stes ,oodL o# !rrot HS!be bienL ! z!n!&ori!6M Ee t&in9s o# 'o( e+er' d!' Hl
%iens! en ti todos los dF!s61
Al,(nos +erbos de est!do %(eden indi!r (!lid!d !de"s de est!do1 E.14 S&e is
S%!nis& N(!lid!dO HEll! es es%!)ol!6M S&e is interested Nest!doO HEll! est
interes!d!61
b+ Tienen otro significado cuando se usan en forma continua como verbos
din!micos4 !dd (% Hs("!rL !l(l!r Nno Qtener sentidoQO6$ !d"ire H!d"ir!r Ni
deleit!rse !l +er !l,o !tr!ti+o o i"%resion!nteM indi! !ti+id!d$ no est!doO6$ !%%e!r
H!%!reer Nindi! !ti+id!d$ no est!doO6$ !%%rei!te Hre+!loriz!rse Nindi! !ti+id!d$
no est!doO6$ !ss("e N(!ndo si,ni#i! Qs(%onerL &!erse onL &!erse !r,o deL
to"!rL !s("irQO$ be N(!ndo est en %!si+! e indi! !l,o %ro+ision!lM t!"bi0n
(!ndo indi! intenion!lid!d en !iones ' ond(t! ' se tr!d(e %or Q&!erse el$
l!QM no se %(ede (s!r on est!dos de ni"o %or/(e no de%enden de l! +ol(nt!dO$
o"e #ro" H+enir de Nno Qser Hn!t(r!l6 de Hi &!ber n!ido en6O6$ onsider
Honsider!r Ni %ens!rO6$ d!re H!tre+erse Ns3lo o"o +erbo nor"!l$ no o"o
se"i"od!l4 D1 =18;OL des!#i!r Ns3lo es +erbo nor"!l$ no se"i"od!lO6$ den' Hne,!r
Nindi! !ti+id!d$ no est!doO6$ e-%et Hes%er!r Nse %(eden (s!r !"b!s #or"!s (!ndo
+! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o$ %ero en #or"! ontin(! indi! !l,o %ro+ision!l o
onlle+! (n! !tit(d "s !"!bleO6$ #eel N(!ndo es intr!nsiti+o si,ni#i! QsentirseL
enontr!rseQ ' se %(ede (s!r en !"b!s #or"!s %ero en #or"! ontin(! indi! !l,o
%ro+ision!l o onlle+! (n! !tit(d "s !"!bleM (!ndo es tr!nsiti+o si,ni#i!
Q%!l%!rL to!rQ N+ol(nt!rioO ' se %(ede (s!r en !"b!s #or"!s$ %ero en #or"!
ontin(! indi! !l,o %ro+ision!l o onlle+! (n! !tit(d "s !"!bleM (!ndo lle+!
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l %reedido de QH!bo(tL !ro(nd6 #orQ si,ni#i!
Qb(s!rQO$ #indL #ind o(t Hdes(brir Nindi! !ti+id!d$ no est!doO6$ #it N%oner
Ntr!nsiti+o4 indi! !ti+id!d$ no est!doO6$ ,!t&er Hre(nirL re(nirse6$ &!+e Ne-e%to
(!ndo indi! %osesi3n$ no se,(ido de QtoQ$ ' obli,!i3n$ se,(ido de QtoQM no
e/(i+!le ! Q&!+e ,otQO$ &e!r HoFr N+ol(nt!rioOL reibir notii!sL +erL !n!liz!r Nindi!
!ti+id!d$ no est!doO6$ &old N%ro+ision!l"ente o on otros sentidos di#erentes de
UontenerVM indi! !ti+id!d$ no est!doO$ i"!,ine Hi"!,in!rse Nos!s #!ls!sO6$ 9ee%
H"!ntener Nindi! !ti+id!d$ no est!doO6$ lie Hest!r t("b!do N%ro+ision!l"enteO6$
li9e Hdis#r(t!rL ,(st!r6$ loo9 N(!ndo si,ni#i! Q%!reerQ ' lle+! de !trib(to (n
!d.eti+o /(e indi/(e !%!rieni! %!s!.er!M (!ndo si,ni#i! Q"ir!r
intenion!d!"enteQ$ nor"!l"ente se,(ido de Q!tQM indi! !ti+id!d$ no est!doO$
lo+e Hdis#r(t!rL en!nt!r ! Nindi! !ti+id!d$ no est!doO6$ "e!n Hintent!r Nindi!
!ti+id!d$ no est!doO6$ "e!s(re H"edir Nen otros sentidos di#erentes de Qtener l!
lon,it(d deQM indi! !ti+id!d$ no est!doO6$ "ind H(id!r Ntr!nsiti+o4 indi! !ti+id!d$
no est!doO6$ n("ber Ns3lo (!ndo si,ni#i! Q!sender !Q Ni serL &!berO Hi !"o(nt
to6O$ obser+e H"ir!r Nindi! !ti+id!d$ no est!doO6$ %l!n H&!er %re%!r!ti+os %!r!
Nindi! !l,o %ro+ision!lL "enos se,(roO6$ re!& Hlle,!r ! Ntr!nsiti+oO Nre#erido !
%erson!s %or/(e tienen +ol(nt!dOL !l!nz!r Ntr!nsiti+oOL !l!nz!r Nintr!nsiti+oOL
"eter l! "!no Nintr!nsiti+oOL soborn!r NUSA4 tr!nsiti+oO6$ re!ll H+ol+er ! ll!"!rL
on+o!r en sesi3n e-tr!ordin!ri!L retir!rL rel!"!rL destit(ir NUSAO6$ see N(!ndo
se (s! %!r! (n! !i3n deliber!d! ' (!ndo indi! !"bioM indi! !ti+id!d$ no
est!doM si,ni#i! Q/(ed!r on !l,(ienL +isit!rL entre+ist!rL s!lir on Ni tener
rel!iones onOL +er Nos!s re!les o #!ls!sOL o(%!rse deQ ' en !l,(nos "odis"osO$
s(%%ose Hs(%oner6$ t!ste Ntr!nsiti+o ' si,ni#i! U%rob!rV ' en !l,(nos !sos t!"bi0n
Us!berV on !trib(to si se en#!tiz! l! ide! %ro+ision!lO$ t&in9 N(!ndo si,ni#i!
Q%ens!rL onsider!rQM indi! !ti+id!d$ no est!doO$ t!ste N+ol(nt!rioM indi! !ti+id!d$
no est!doO H%rob!r6$ t&in9 H%ens!r Nonlle+! (n! !tit(d "s !"!ble o !l,o
%ro+ision!lO6$ 7ei,& N+ol(nt!rioO H%es!r Ni !+eri,(!r el %eso4 indi! !ti+id!d$ no
est!doO61 E.14 S&e is !ss("in, Ht&!t6 'o( !re ,oin, to o"e HEll! est s(%oniendo
/(e +!s ! +enir6M Ee is !ss("in, %o7er Hl est &!i0ndose onL &!i0ndose !r,o
deL to"!ndo el %oder6M T&e &o(se is bein, b(ilt HSe est onstr('endo l! !s!6M S&e
is bein, n!(,&t' tod!' HEll! se est &!iendo l! "!l!L %ort!ndo "!l &o'6M Eis
#!t&er is bein, #(nn' tod!' HS( %!dre se est &!iendo el ,r!ioso &o'6M T&e' 7ere
e-%etin, ,(estsL +isitors HEst!b!n es%er!ndo in+it!dos6M S&e e-%etsL is e-%etin,
to ,o HEll! es%er! ir6M S&e #eelsL is #eelin, tired HEll! se sienteL se en(entr!
!ns!d!6M Ee is #eelin, &is !r" Hl se est to!ndoL %!l%!ndo el br!zo6M S&e is
#eelin, H!bo(tL !ro(nd6 #or &er 9e' HEll! est b(s!ndo l! ll!+e6M mo(r sister is
&!+in, #(n HT( &er"!n! lo est %!s!ndo bien N(n! e-%erieni!O6M T&e' !re &e!rin,
"!ssL ! let(reL 'o(r +ie7sL ! bro!d!stL ! &!r,eL ! !se HEstn o'endo "is!L (n!
on#ereni!L t(s %(ntos de +ist!L (n %ro,r!"!L (n! !(s!i3nL +iendo (n !so Nlos
.(eesO6M Ee is still onsiderin, t&e "!tter Hl est tod!+F! onsider!ndo Ni
%ens!ndo sobreO el te"!6M Is &e &e!rin, t&e onert to"orro7T HWD! 0l ! !sistir !lL
oFr el onierto "!)!n!T6M Are 'o( &e!rin, "eT HWMe ests o'endoT6M EeZs &e!rin,
t&e !se Hl est .(z,!ndo el !so6M S&e is &e!rin, !bo(t t&e 7!r HEll! est teniendo
notii!s sobre l! ,(err!6M Eo7 !re 'o( li9in, 'o(r ne7 .obT HWJ(0$ ests
dis#r(t!ndo deL te est ,(st!ndo el n(e+o tr!b!.oT6M Ee is lo+in, e+er' "in(te o#
t&is e-%eriene HA 0l le est en!nt!ndo !d! "in(to de est! e-%erieni!6M Ee is
%l!nnin, to ,o to"orro7 Hl est &!iendo %re%!r!ti+os %!r! ir "!)!n!6M Ee is
re!&in, t&e s(""it Hl est lle,!ndo ! l! i"!6$ %ero no se %(ede deir UEe &!s
be,(n to re!& t&e s(""itVM S&e 7!s re!&in, S%!in !t noon HEll! lle,!b! ! Es%!)!
! "ediodF!6M T&e %!rt' 7!s re!&in, t&e !(diene HEl %!rtido lle,!b! !l %2blio6M
T&e' 7ere re!&in, t&!t onl(sion HLle,!b!n ! es! NoO !/(ell! onl(si3n6M Ee
7!s re!&in, t&e bo- Hl est!b! !l!nz!ndo l! !.!6M S&e 7!s re!&in, "e t&e boo9
HEll! "e est!b! !l!nz!ndo el libro6M S&e 7!s re!&in, Ntr!nsiti+oO t&e seond s&el#L
S&e 7!s re!&in, to t&e seond s&el# NUSAO HEll! !l!nz!b! el se,(ndo est!nte6M
T&e 7!ter 7!s re!&in, toL re!&in, (% toL re!&in, o(r 9nees HEl !,(! lle,!b! !
n(estr!s rodill!s6M Ee 7!s re!&in, into &is %o9et Hl est!b! "etiendo l! "!no en
s( bolsillo6M T&e %!rt' 7!s re!&in, (s NUSAO HEl %!rtido nos est!b! soborn!ndo6M
Ee is seein, &er to"orro7 Hl +! ! +erl!L +isit!rl!L re(nirse on ell! "!)!n!6M
>eZ+e been seein, e!& ot&er #or ! 7ee9 HEe"os est!do s!liendo .(ntosL Nos
&e"os +isto (n! se"!n!6M Ee is seein, it "ore le!rl' no7 Hl lo est +iendo "s
l!r!"ente !&or!6M >&!t 7eZre seein, is t&e re!tion o# ot&er o(ntries HLo /(e
est!"os +iendo es l! re!i3n de otros %!Fses6M >&' is s&e seein, t&e dotorT HWPor
/(0 +! ell! ! +er !l "0dioT6M S&eZs seein, st!rs HEll! est +iendo l!s estrell!s6M T&e'
!re seein, so"e &!n,es no7 HEstn +iendo !l,(nos !"bios !&or!6M S&e needs !
%!ir o# ,l!sses be!(se s&e is not seein, e+er't&in, !s le!rl' no7 HEll! neesit! (n
%!r de ,!#!s %or/(e no +e todo t!n l!r!"ente !&or!6M I t&o(,&t Ht&!t6 I 7!s seein,
t&in,s HPens0 /(e est!b! +iendo +isionesL i"!,inndo"e os!s6M HIZll6 be seein,
'o(] H\E!st! %ronto]6M S&e is s(%%osin, &i" to be #!it&#(l HEll! est s(%oniendo /(e
0l es #iel6M S&eZs t!stin, t&e so(% HEll! est %rob!ndo l! so%!6M ItZs t!stin, n!stier !nd
n!stier H*!d! +ez s!be %eor6M Ee is t!stin, t&e #oodL 7ineL o##eeL "e!t Hl est
%rob!ndo NoO de,(st!ndo l! o"id!L %rob!ndo NoO !t!ndo el +inoL %rob!ndo el
!#0L l! !rne6M Eer "e!ls t!steL !re t!stin, better !ll t&e ti"e HS(s o"id!s s!ben
!d! +ez "e.or6M >&!te+er 7!s s&e t&in9in, o# 7&en s&e bo(,&t itT HWHen6 J(0
de"onios est!b! %ens!ndo ell! (!ndo lo o"%r361
=1;:1I Los verbos ll!"!dos din!micos$ /(e se %(eden %oner en #or"! si"%le ' en
#or"! ontin(! on (n si,ni#i!do %!reido %ero on "!ties distintos$ son "('
n("erosos4
*+ Verbos 'ue indican actividad, proceso, cambio, transicin condicin4
!b!ndon$ !%%ro!&$ !rri+e$ !s9$ be,$ bre!t&e$ !ll$ &!n,e$ le!n$ deterior!te$ die$
drin9$ e!t$ e-%eriene$ #!ll$ #i,&t$ ,!ze$ ,o$ ,o t&ro(,&$ ,ro7$ &el%$ l!nd$ le!rn$ le!+e$
lose$ "!t(re$ "o+e$ %!int$ %!'$ %l!'$ r!in$ re!& o(t He-tender l! "!no6$ re"ind$
re!d$ rise$ s!' N' otros +erbos de len,(!O$ sit$ slee%$ slie$ slo7 do7n$ s%e!9$ st!re$
sto%$ st(d'$ s(r%rise$ s(r+i+e$ t!9e$ t&ro7$ t(rn$ 7!it$ 7!l9$ 7&is%er$ 7iden$ 7or9$
7rite$ et1 E.14 S&e &!n,es &er &!irst'le e+er' 'e!r Nre%etiti+oO HEll! !"bi! s(
%ein!do todos los !)os6 ' US&e is &!n,in, no7V N%ro+ision!lO HEll! est
!"bi!ndo !&or!6M Ee %!inted !ll t&ese %it(res Hl %int3 todos estos (!dros6 '
UT&e' !re %!intin,V HEstn %int!ndo61
2+ Verbos moment!neos4 b!r9$ l!%$ &it$ .("%$ 9i9$ 9no9$ nod$ t!%$ et1 E.14 S&e
9i9ed &i" 'esterd!' HEll! le dio (n! %!t!d! ! 0l !'er6 ' UT&e' !re 9i9in, (sV
HNos estn d!ndo %!t!d!s61
2+ Verbos de sensacin corporal4 !&e Ne-iste %o! di#ereni! entre l! #or"!
si"%le ' l! #or"! ontin(!O$ en.o'$ &(rt Ne-iste %o! di#ereni! entre l! #or"!
si"%le ' l! #or"! ontin(!O$ it& Ne-iste %o! di#ereni! entre l! #or"! si"%le ' l!
#or"! ontin(!O$ see !bo(t Hen!r,!rse de6$ see o(t H!o"%!)!r &!st! l! %(ert!6$ see
o## Hdes%edir6$ see sb &o"e H!o"%!)!r ! !l,(ien ! s( !s!6$ see to Ho(%!rse de6$
s(##er Ne-iste %o! di#ereni! entre l! #or"! si"%le ' l! #or"! ontin(!O$ ti9le
Ne-iste %o! di#ereni! entre l! #or"! si"%le ' l! #or"! ontin(!O$ et1 E.14 >e !re
en.o'in, t&e #il" HNos est ,(st!ndo l! %elF(l!6 ' U>e en.o'ed t&e %!rt'V HLo
%!s!"os bien en l! #iest!61
El n2"ero de +erbos /(e %(eden %onerse en #or"! ontin(! es ele+!dFsi"o en
in,l0s1
=1;;1I Kresente continuo# progresivo H%resent ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e Htense664 se
#or"! on el %resente del +erbo UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente del +erbo
nor"!l orres%ondienteM si,ni#i! lo "is"o /(e el tie"%o no ontin(o$ %ero
en#!tiz! l! d(r!i3n o des!rrollo de l! !i3nM es i"%er#eti+o en todos s(s sentidos$
%or/(e indi! /(e l! !i3n no &! ter"in!doM &!' +erbos nor"!les /(e se (s!n
%rini%!l"ente en este tie"%o4 bleed$ &!se$ &!t$ .o9e$ 9id$ "o!n$ s&o%$ st!r+e$ et1M
se usa el presente continuo"
*+ Kara indicar algo provisional, no indefinido, 'ue est! teniendo lugar en el
momento de /ablar o en el presente, aun'ue no sea en el momento mismo en
'ue se /abla a 'ue se ve como una continuacin del presenteM ! +ees$ %(ede
!b!r!r (n tie"%o rel!ti+!"ente l!r,o on iertos !d+erbios /(e indi!n (n
!("ento o desenso %!(l!tino$ %ero se +e o"o (n %roeso ininterr("%ido sin
ondiiiones$ !(n/(e %(ede &!ber inter+!los4 "ore !nd "ore$ "ore !nd "ore
%olitel'$ less !nd less$ less !nd less 9indl'$ %oorer !nd %oorer$ /(i9er !nd /(i9er$
ri&er !nd ri&er$ et1 E.4 I !" 7ritin, to 'o( be!(se o# 'o(r "ot&erZs de!t& HTe
esribo %or l! "(erte de t( "!dre6M S&e is sin,in, Hno76 HEll! est !nt!ndo
H!&or!66M S&e is #indin, &er 7or9 interestin, HEll! se est e"%ez!ndo ! interes!r %or
s( tr!b!.o6M IZ" #or,ettin, t&!t it &!s to do 7it& t&e 7e!t&erL ti"e HEsto' ol+id!ndoL
*!si ol+ido /(e tiene /(e +er on el tie"%o N!t"os#0rioOL tie"%o Nronol3,ioO6M
mo(Zre #or,ettin, t&e b!ll%ointL b!ll%oint %enL b!ll %en NGBOL biro NGBO HEsts
ol+id!ndo el bolF,r!#o6M T&e' !re !r,(in,L &!sslin, Nolo/(i!lO HEstn dis(tiendo6M
S&e is 7or9in, !t ! libr!r' HEll! est tr!b!.!ndo en (n! bibliote! N%(ede de.!r de
tr!b!.!r (n! te"%or!d! %or en#er"ed!d o +!!iones ' ontin(!r des%(0sO6M Ee is
beo"in, %oorer !nd %oorer HSe est &!iendoL /(ed!ndo !d! +ez "s %obre6M
>&!t is &!%%enin, no7T HWJ(0 est o(rriendoL %!s!ndo !&or!T61
Sin e"b!r,o$ el %resente si"%le indi! /(e l! !i3n tiene l(,!r inde#inid!"ente
se,2n los !d+erbios o sie"%re /(e se den (n! serie de ir(nst!ni!s o ondiiones1
Se di#ereni! del %ret0rito ontin(o (!ndo no +! on (n !d+erbio de tie"%o$
%or/(e el %resente ontin(o tiene l(,!r en el "o"ento de &!bl!r o en el %resente$
!(n/(e no se! en el "o"ento "is"o en /(e se &!bl!$ ' el %ret0rito ontin(o tiene
l(,!r en (n %erFodo de tie"%o en el %!s!do1 E.14 S&e is %l!'in, 7ell HEll! est
.(,!ndo bien N!&or!O6 ' US&e 7!s %l!'in, 7ellV HEll! est!b! .(,!ndo bien Nen !/(el
%erFodo de tie"%oO61
2+ Kara indicar una duracin limitada, no /abitual, 'ue est! teniendo lugar en
el momento de /ablar o en el presenteM %(ede ser &!bit(!l d(r!nte (n tie"%o
deter"in!do ' rel!ti+!"ente ortoM es !l,o tr!nsitorio$ te"%or!l1 E.4 S&e is slee%in,
Hno76 HEll! est d(r"iendo H!&or!6 N! l!s ; de l! t!rde %or e.e"%lo o ! (n! &or! en
l! /(e no se d(er"e &!bit(!l"enteO6M Ee is loo9in, !#ter t&e b!b' t&is "ont&
be!(se &is 7i#e is !7!' Hl est (id!ndo !l beb0 este "es %or/(e s( es%os! no
est !/(F6M T&e' !re e!tin, o(t t&is 7ee9 be!(se t&e 9it&en is bein, re%!ired
HEstn o"iendo #(er! est! se"!n! %or/(e les estn re%!r!ndo l! oin!6M S&e is
li+in, in t&e B!s/(e o(ntr' HEll! est +i+iendo en el %!Fs +!so61
Sin e"b!r,o$ el %resente si"%le indi! /(e l! !i3n tiene l(,!r on re,(l!rid!d1
2+ Kara indicar simultaneidad7 el presente simple tiene lugar en un momento
4x+ del per(odo 'ue abarca el presente continuo" G555555x5555555G1 E.4 S&e is t'%in,
7&ene+er &e o"es HEll! est esribiendo ! "/(in! sie"%re /(e +iene 0l6M I H!n6
see t7o bo'sM t&e'Zre %l!'in, HDeo ! dos "(&!&osM estn .(,!ndo61
-+ Kara indicar el comien)o de una accin con verbos incoativos tambin
una accin iterativa 'ue se repite en el presente pero no de ve) en cuando1 E.14
Ee is ,ettin,L ,ro7in, old Hl est en+e.eiendo6M T&e d!' is d!7nin, HEst
!"!neiendo el dF!6M It is ,ettin, li,&t HEst !"!neiendoL !lbore!ndo6M T&e le!+es
!re ,oin,L t(rnin, 'ello7 HL!s &o.!s estn !"!rille!ndoL %oni0ndose !"!rill!s6M
S&e is ,oin,L t(rnin, red HEll! se est enro.eiendoL r(boriz!ndoL %oniendo ro.!6M
T&e bird is #l(tterin, H!ro(nd6 HEl %.!ro est re+olote!ndo6M T&e %!%ers !re #l'in,
!ro(ndL s7irlin, !ro(nd HLos %!%eles estn re+olote!ndo6M S&e is "o+in, !,!in
HEll! se est "o+iendo de n(e+o61 D1 =1;C18
3+ Kara dar realismo nfasis a una descripcinM s(elen ser !iones o s(esos
no %er#eti+os /(e d(r!n "(&o "s tie"%o de lo /(e se t!rd! en deir l! #r!se
%ero$ si son !iones o s(esos /(e ter"in!n !ntes de /(e se di,! l! #r!se$ se s(ele
(s!r el %resente si"%le4 D1 =1;C1;1 E.4 T&e' !re t!l9in, !nd s&e is listenin, HEllos
estn &!bl!ndo ' ell! est es(&!ndo61
6+ Kara indicar en el presente una actividad /abitual caracter(stica con un
mati) sub%etivo o emotivo, no con un mati) ob%etivoM s(ele ir on (n !d+erbio
o"o Q!l7!'s$ onst!ntl'$ !ll t&e ti"e$ ontin(!ll'$ t&e 7&ole d!'$ #orRe+erL #or e+er
NGBO$ %er%et(!ll'Q$ et1M %(ede indi!r 0n#!sis de #re(eni! o en#!do$ desontento$
ins!tis#!i3n$ sor%res! ( otr! e"oi3nM ! +ees$ es %e'or!ti+o$ sobre todo on
Q!l7!'sQM indi! !l,o no deliber!do$ no %l!ne!do1 E.4 S&e is !l7!'s e!tin, HEll! est
sie"%re o"iendo N%e'or!ti+oO6M S&e is o"%l!inin, !ll t&e ti"e HEll! se est
/(e.!ndo todo el tie"%o6M >&ene+er &e o"es$ s&e is %l!'in, t&e %i!no HSie"%re
/(e +iene 0l$ est to!ndo el %i!no ell!6$ et1 D1 =1;C1:
8+ Kara indicar una accin futura o futuro inmediato, normalmente con un
adverbio de tiempoM si no &!' !d+erbio se sobrHe6entiende UsoonVM el s(.eto tiene
/(e re#erirse ! (n ser +i+oM se (s! ! +ees en tit(l!res de %eri3dios$ il(str!iones$
et1$ %!r! desribir !l,oM "(&os de los +erbos son +erbos de "o+i"ientoM on los
+erbos nor"!les Qo"eQ ' Q,oQ no es nees!rio %oner (n !d+erbio de tie"%oM on
el +erbo QbeQ (!ndo +! en %!si+!M se %(ede (s!r el #(t(ro i"%er#eto ontin(o o
%ro,resi+o on (n si,ni#i!do b!st!nte %!reido$ %ero se di#ereni!n en /(e el
%resente ontin(o indi! (n #(t(ro in"edi!to o no re"oto$ %re"edit!i3n o !l,o
%l!ne!do$ !ord!do de !nte"!no N%or eso$ se %(ede (s!r Ut&e s(n is settin, no7V
%ero no se %(ede (s!r %!r! indi!r #(t(roO$ %(ede e-%res!r !l,o de inteni3n en
iert!s o!siones ' neesit! lle+!r nor"!l"ente (n !d+erbio de tie"%o /(e
es%ei#i/(e el "o"ento onreto$ deter"in!do$ ! no ser /(e se sobrHe6entiend!$
"ientr!s /(e el #(t(ro i"%er#eto ontin(o %(ede indi!r (n #(t(ro in"edi!to o
re"oto$ %(ede indi!r !l,o %re"edit!doL %l!ne!doL !ord!do o no$ no e-%res!
n(n! inteni3n ' no neesit! lle+!r (n !d+erbio de tie"%o /(e es%ei#i/(e el
"o"ento onreto ND1=1=515OM se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n el %resente si"%le de Qbe toQ
/(e no neesit! lle+!r !d+erbioM el %resente ontin(o se %(ede di#ereni!r del
%resente si"%le$ %or/(e se re#iere ! (n %l!n /(e si,(e teniendo +i,eni! '$ en !so
de /(e se &!'! !"bi!do (n %l!n$ se (s!rF! el %resente ontin(o1 E.4 >e !re ,oin,
Ndeidido %ero s(.eto ! !"bioOL s&!ll NoO 7ill be ,oin,L !re to ,o t&e d!' !#ter
to"orro7 HD!"os ! irL Ire"os %!s!do "!)!n!6M Are 7e "eetin,L S&!ll 7e "eetL
Are 7e to "eet to"orro7 or notT HWNos +e"os "!)!n! o noT6M Ee is st!rtin,L 7ill
be st!rtin,L is to st!rt on Mond!' Hl +! ! e"%ez!rL e"%ez!r el l(nes6M T&e'Zre
%l!ntin, ! "illion trees o+er t&e ne-t t&irt' 'e!rs HD!n ! %l!nt!r (n "ill3n de rboles
en los %r3-i"os treint! !)os6M >&en !re t&e' o"in,L ,oin,L to o"eL to ,oT
HW*(ndo +!n ! +enirL irT6 NoO >&en 7ill t&e' be o"in,L ,oin,T HW*(ndo
+endrnL irnT6M So t&!tZs !,reed$ 'o(Zre o"in,L Zll be o"in,L !re to o"e to "'
&o(se HAsF /(e /(ed!"os en eso$ +ienesL +endrs t2 ! "i !s!6M T&e %!rt' is bein,
,i+en NoO &eldL 7ill be ,i+en NoO &eldL is to be ,i+en NoO &eld in ! o(%le o# 7ee9sZ
ti"eL in ! o(%le o# 7ee9sL !#ter ! o(%le o# 7ee9s HSe +! ! d!rL d!r l! #iest!
dentro deL des%(0s de (n %!r de se"!n!s6M S&e is le!+in,L 7ill be le!+in,L is to
le!+e Hsoon6 HEll! se +! ! irL ir H%ronto66M T&e' !re le!+in,L 7ill be le!+in,L !re to
le!+e on S!t(rd!' HSe +!nL irn el sb!do6M T&e o(rse is #inis&in,L is endin,L 7ill
be #inis&in,L 7ill be endin,L is to #inis&L is to end in t7o 7ee9s ti"e HEl (rso
ter"in!L +! ! ter"in!rL ter"in!r dentro de dos se"!n!s6M S&e is !rri+in,L 7ill be
!rri+in,L is to !rri+e ne-t S(nd!' HEll! lle,!L +! ! lle,!rL lle,!r el %r3-i"o
do"in,o6M >&!t !re 7e doin,L s&!ll NoO 7ill 7e be doin,L !re 7e to do l!terT HWJ(0
&!e"osL &!re"os "s t!rdeT6M >&!t ti"e is t&e s&o7 be,innin,L to be,inT HWA
/(0 &or! o"ienz!L o"enz!r el es%et(loT6M T&e s(n is settin, no7L !#ter !n
&o(rL !#ter t&ree &o(rs N(n #(t(ro %r3-i"o en el "is"o dF! %ero no se %(ede (s!r
%!r! indi!r #(t(ro le.!no4 to"orro7$ !#ter t7o d!'s$ et1O HEl sol se est %oniendo
!&or!L se %one dentro de (n! &or!L se %one dentro de tres &or!s6M T&e' !re 7is&in,L
!re desirin,L 7ill be 7is&in,L 7ill be desirin, to +isit t&!t %!r9 ne-t "ont& HEstnL
Est!rn dese!ndo +isit!r ese NoO !/(el %!r/(e el %r3-i"o "es6M S&e is re#(sin,L 7ill
be re#(sin, to %l!' to"orro7 HEll! se estL est!r ne,!ndo ! .(,!r "!)!n!6M I !"
intendin,L s&!ll NoO 7ill be intendin, to %le!se &er 7&en s&e o"es HEsto'L Est!r0
%ens!ndo !,r!d!rle ! ell! (!ndo +en,!6M T&is is t&e l!st ti"e &eZs o"in,L &eZll
o"e l!te Hst! es l! 2lti"! +ez /(e 0l +! ! lle,!r t!rde6M S&e is &o%in,L is
e-%etin,L 7ill be &o%in,L 7ill be e-%etin, to see 'o( t&ere HEll! est es%er!ndoL
est es%er!ndo on se,(rid!dL est!r es%er!ndoL est!r es%er!ndo on se,(rid!d
+erte !llF6M T&e' !re %l!nnin,L 7ill be %l!nnin, to ,o to M!rs HEstnL Est!rn
%l!ne!ndo ir ! M!rte6M Are 'o( oo9in,L Are 'o( ,oin, to oo9L >ill 'o( be
oo9in,L Are 'o( to oo9 tod!'T HWD!s ! oin!r &o'T61
En este sentido e/(i+!le #re(ente"ente !l %resente si"%le$ %ero &!' !sos en /(e
no es %osibleM el %resente ontin(o es "s di%lo"tio$ s(!+e$ /(e el %resente
si"%leM el interes!do tiene "!'or !%!id!d de deisi3n en el %resente ontin(o /(e
en el %resente si"%le1 E.14 S&e is %l!'in,L 7ill be %l!'in,L %l!'s b!d"inton t&is
e+enin, HEll! +! .(,!r !l bd"inton est! t!rde6M T&e' !re ,oin,L 7ill be ,oin,L ,o
to to7n ne-t 7ee9 HD!n ! ir ! l! i(d!d l! se"!n! /(e +iene6M >e !re &!+in,L 7ill
be &!+in,L &!+e &i9en !nd %ot!toes #or dinner HD!"os ! en!r %ollo on %!t!t!s6M
Ee is ,oin,L 7ill be ,oin,L ,oes to j!en soon Hl +! ! ir ! j!0n %ronto6M T&e' !re
"eetin,L 7ill be "eetin,L "eet (s on Mond!' HNos +!n ! +er el l(nes6M I !"
r(nnin,L s&!ll NoO 7ill be r(nnin, NI r(n4 no %onerO ! "!r!t&on in ! #ortni,&tZs ti"eL
!#ter ! #ortni,&t HDo' ! orrer (n "!r!t3n dentro de dos se"!n!sL des%(0s de dos
se"!n!s6M Are 'o( %!'in,L >ill 'o( be %!'in, l!terT HWD!s ! %!,!rL P!,!s
des%(0sT61
9+ Kara una accin futura con la construccin Mbe going toM en presente D
infinitivoM Q,oin, toQ (!ndo no +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o %(ede
%ron(ni!rse LR,o(It(L o LR,o(InteL ' tiene (n sentido liter!l rel!ion!do on el
+erbo Q,oQM Q,oin, toQ (!ndo +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o tiene (n sentido #i,(r!do
' %(ede %ron(ni!rse LR,o(It(L o LR,o(InteL en in,l0s estnd!r ' L,eneL en in,l0s
olo/(i!l ND1 =15C<1<OM el s(.eto tiene /(e ser (n ser +i+o (!ndo indi! (n deseo
%re"edit!do o (n! inteni3nM sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo indi! si"%le"ente s(%osii3n
%(ede ser (n ser +i+o o noM se (s! on los sentidos si,(ientes4
!6 *on (n !d+erbio de tie"%o e-%lFito o sobrHe6entendido /(e e-%rese #(t(ro
in"edi!to o no re"oto$ no "(' dist!nte %!r! indi!r (n deseo %re"edit!do o (n!
inteni3n .(nto on (n %l!n$ /(e %(ede ("%lirse o noM tiene (n si,ni#i!do
%!reido !l del %resente ontin(o en tod!s l!s %erson!s ' !l del #(t(ro i"%er#eto
si"%leM el #(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%le se (s! nor"!l"ente on Q7illQ en l! %ri"er!
%erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l en !#ir"!ti+! ' on Q7onZtQ %!r! tod!s l!s %erson!s en
ne,!ti+!$ (!ndo e-%res! deseo$ +ol(nt!d o inteni3n ND1=1<5I<;OM !sF$ %(es$ en l!
se,(nd! ' terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l en +ez de (s!r el #(t(ro si"%le on
Q7illQ en !#ir"!ti+! se s(ele (s!r Qbe ,oin, toQ en %resente o el %resente ontin(o$
'! /(e el #(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%le no s(ele e-%res!r deseo$ +ol(nt!d o inteni3n$
%ero si Q7illQ +! !ent(!do indi! deter"in!i3n$ resol(i3n$ "!nd!to sin
%re"edit!i3nM no obst!nte$ Qbe ,oin, toQ se di#ereni! del %resente ontin(o$ '!
/(e el %resente ontin(o indi! !l,o !ord!do o %l!ne!do de !nte"!no ' Qbe ,oin,
toQ es si"%le"ente (n! inteni3n$ %ero no es t!n #ir"e$ t!n se,(ro o"o el %resente
ontin(oM !de"s$ Qbe ,oin, toQ %(ede indi!r s(%osii3n %ero el %resente ontin(o
noM Qbe ,oin, toQ se di#ereni! del #(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%le$ %or/(e el #(t(ro
e-%res! (n! deisi3n %!r! el #(t(ro in"edi!to o re"oto /(e se to"! en el "o"ento
de &!bl!r ' no es %re"edit!doM los "oti+os %!r! deir !l,o on Qbe ,oin, toQ son
ob.eti+os H&!' si,nos ob+ios o lo die (n e-%ertoL (n! %erson! /(e s!be6$ "ientr!s
/(e en #(t(ro i"%er#eto los "oti+os son s(b.eti+osM Qbe ,oin, toQ se %(ede (s!r
on l! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos$ %ero el %resente ontin(o noM on los +erbos
esttios es "e.or (s!r sie"%re el #(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%leM el #(t(ro i"%er#eto
si"%le es "s liter!rio /(e Qbe ,oin, toQ ' (!ndo se &!e re#ereni! !l #(t(ro es
"enos !"bi,(o '! /(e Qbe ,oin, toQ %(ede re#erirse !l #(t(ro ' t!"bi0n !l
%resenteM (!ndo Qbe ,oin, toQ &!e re#ereni! !l #(t(ro s(ele lle+!r (n !d+erbio o
(n! or!i3n /(e lo !l!r!1 E.14 I !" ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO %l!'L !" %l!'in,L
7ill %l!' !t ei,&t HDo' ! .(,!rL j(,!r0 ! l!s o&o6M IZ" ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO
b('L IZll b(' ! ne7 !r ne-t 'e!r HDo' ! o"%r!r (n o&e n(e+o el !)o /(e +iene6M
I !" ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO sell "' &o(se HDo' ! +ender l! !s! Nes (n!
inteni3n %ero no &e enontr!do nin,2n o"%r!dor tod!+F!O6$ %ero QI !" sellin, "'
&o(seQ HDo' ! +ender l! !s! N'! &e enontr!do (n o"%r!dor ' &e"os !ord!do el
%reio$ et1O6M T&e' !renZt ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO %l!'L !renZt %l!'in,L 7onZt
%l!' !t ei,&t HNo +!n ! .(,!rL .(,!rn ! l!s o&o6M S&e isnZt ,oin, to LR, en eL
Nolo/(i!lO e!t HEll! no +! ! o"er Ni no tiene inteni3n de o"erO6 ' US&e 7onZt
e!tV HEll! no +! ! o"er Ni se nie,! ! o"erO6M S&e is ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO
,i+e 'o( so"e "one'L S&e 7ill ,i+e 'o( so"e "one' HEll! te +! ! d!rL d!r !l,o
de dinero6M S&e isnZt ,oin, to L,o(It(L o LR,o(InteL Eonol(l( HEll! no +! !
Eonol(l261
*(!ndo el !d+erbio o lo(i3n !d+erbi!l de tie"%o no indi! (n #(t(ro in"edi!to
sino re"oto$ no se %(ede (s!r el %resente ontin(oM en este !so Qbe ,oin, toQ es
b!st!nte %!reido !l #(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%leM l! di#ereni! est en /(e Qbe ,oin,
toQ indi! deseo$ +ol(nt!d o inteni3n %re"edit!d! ' el #(t(ro %(ede indi!r deseo$
+ol(nt!d o inteni3n sin %re"edit!i3n o si"%le"ente no indi!r deseo$ +ol(nt!d o
inteni3n en (n #(t(ro in"edi!to o b!st!nte re"oto1 E.14 S&e isnZt ,oin, to LR, en eL
Nolo/(i!lOL 7onZt beo"e ! l!7'er 7&en s&e is older HEll! no +! ! &!erseL se &!r
!bo,!d! (!ndo se! "!'or61
No obst!nte$ (!ndo !de"s del deseo %re"edit!do &!' (n %l!n e-%(esto en otr!
or!i3n !nterior$ &!' /(e (tiliz!r Qbe ,oin, toQ en %resente h in#initi+o o el %resente
ontin(o en +ez del #(t(ro on Q7illQ1 E.4 EeZs re!d t&ree !rtiles !nd no7 H&e6 is
,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO "!9e ! res("0L r0s("0 Hl &! leFdo tres !rtF(los '
!&or! +! ! &!er (n res("en61
Si el deseo no es %re"edit!do &!' /(e (s!r Q7illQ ' no Q,oin, toQ1 E.14 A4 T&e
%&one is rin,in, HS(en!L Est son!ndo el tel0#ono61 B4 I 7illL Zll !ns7er Hit6
Ndeisi3n "o"entne! /(e indi! (n deseo o inteni3n$ nor"!l"ente no
%re"edit!doO H*ontest!r0L *ontesto 'o61
Si no est l!ro si el deseo es %re"edit!do o no se %(eden (s!r Q7illQ ' Q,oin, toQ1
E.14 I !" ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO b('L 7ill NoO Zll b(' !not&er s!tellite dis&
HDo' ! o"%r!rL *o"%r!r0 otr! !nten! %!r!b3li!6M I !" not ,oin, to LR, en eL
Nolo/(i!lOL 7onZt tell &i" t&e re!son HNo +o' ! deirle ! 0l el "oti+o61
Gener!l"ente %or "oti+os !o#3nios$ on los +erbos Qo"eQ ' Q,oQ es "e.or no
(s!r Q,oin, toQ sino el %resente ontin(o1 E.14 S&e is o"in, N"e.or /(e Qis ,oin, to
o"eQO to"orro7 HEll! +! ! +enir "!)!n!6M S&e is ,oin, N"e.or /(e Qis ,oin, to
,oQO l!ter HEll! +! ! ir "s t!rde61
Se s(ele (s!r el %resente si"%le de (n +erbo en +ez de Qbe ,oin, toQ en %resente h
in#initi+o$ (!ndo se indi! #(t(ro de os!s /(e tienen /(e +er on el !lend!rio o
(n &or!rioM !l,(n!s +ees se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n U,oin, toV en %resente h in#initi+o
o el %resente ontin(o %ero indi!n insisteni!1 E.14 T&e d!' !#ter to"orro7 is
S!t(rd!' HP!s!do "!)!n! es sb!do6M T&e b(s le!+es !t ?L se+en HEl !(tob2s s!le !
l!s ?L siete6M T&e b(s is ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO le!+eL is le!+in, !t ?$ &(rr' (%]
HEl !(tob2s +! ! s!lir ! l!s ? \d!te %ris!]6$ et1
E!' !l,(nos +erbos nor"!les o"o Q&o%e to$ intend to$ %l!n to$ %ro%ose to$ tr' toQ$
et1$ /(e indi!n t!"bi0n inteni3n$ %ero Qbe ,oin, toQ es "(&o "s ,ener!l1 E.14
Ee is &o%in, to ,o Hl tiene es%er!nz!s de ir61
b6 *on (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! te"%or!l$ ondiion!l$ %!r! indi!r (n deseo
%re"edit!do on (n si,ni#i!do b!st!nte %!reido !l del #(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%le
on Q7illQ (!ndo indi! deseo$ +ol(nt!d o inteni3nM Qbe ,oin, toQ %(ede ir
t!"bi0n en l! or!i3n s(bordin!d!$ si es ondiion!l1 E.14 >&!t !re 'o( ,oin, to
LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lOL 7ill 'o( do 7&en s&e o"esT HWJ(0 +!s ! &!erL &!rs (!ndo
+en,! ell!T61
6 *on (n !d+erbio de tie"%o e-%lFito o sobrHe6entendido ' on (n +erbo %erson!l
o i"%erson!l %!r! %redeir !l,o /(e$ !l /(e &!bl!$ le %!ree /(e +! ! o(rrir en el
#(t(ro in"edi!to o no re"oto on (n si,ni#i!do b!st!nte %!reido !l del #(t(ro
i"%er#eto si"%le (!ndo no e-%res! deseo$ +ol(nt!d o inteni3nM es (n!
s(%osii3n b!st!nte %rob!ble$ /(e %(ede ("%lirse o noM Qbe ,oin, toQ %(ede
indi!r s(%osii3n o est!dos %er"!nentes$ %ero el %resente ontin(o noM %(ede ir
on otr! or!i3n /(e es%ei#i! l! r!z3n ' ! "en(do detrs de +erbos o"o Qbe
!#r!id$ be s(re$ belie+e$ t&in9Q$ et1 E.14 T&!t %olitii!n is ,oin, to LR, en eL
Nolo/(i!lOL 7ill &!+e %roble"s soonM &e is in+ol+ed in t&!t s!nd!l HEseL A/(el
%olFtio +! ! tenerL tendr %roble"!s %rontoM est in+ol(r!do en ese esnd!lo6M ItZs
+er' oldM I !" !#r!id Ht&!t6 it is ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lOL 7ill sno7 HE!e
"(&o #rFoM "e te"o /(e +! ! ne+!rL ne+!r6M T&is !,ree"ent is not ,oin, to
LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lOL 7ill not l!st HEste !(erdo no +! ! d(r!rL d(r!r "(&o6M T&ere
is ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lOL 7ill be tro(ble 7&en s&e #inds o(t HSe +! ! !r"!rL
!r"!r (n lFo (!ndo ell! se entere61
L! onstr(i3n Ube ,oin, toV en %resente %(ede ir se,(id! de (n in#initi+o en
#or"! ontin(! ' "(' r!r!"ente de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto1 E.14 T&e'Zre ,oin, to
LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO be 7or9in, !ll d!' N"s (s!doO HD!n ! est!r tr!b!.!ndo todo el
dF!6M EeZs ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO &!+e 7on N"enos (s!doO Hl +! ! &!ber
,!n!do61
El +erbo Qbe ,oin, toQ se (s! %rini%!l"ente en los tie"%os si"%les$ %ero ! +ees se
(s! t!"bi0n en los tie"%os o"%(estos1
El %resente ontin(o es i"%er#eti+o en todos s(s sentidos$ %or/(e indi! /(e l!
!i3n no &! ter"in!do1
=1;<1I El presente continuo# progresivo de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on el %resente
ontin(o del +erbo QbeQ se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 E.14 Ee is bein, &el%ed
Hl est siendo !'(d!doL Se le est !'(d!ndo6M It is bein, told to e+er'bod' HSe est
diiendo ! todo el "(ndo6M So"et&in, is bein, !s9ed HSe est %re,(nt!ndo !l,o61
=1;=1I Kretrito imperfectoL o%ret0rito pretrito indefinidoL !nte%ret0rito de
indicativo simple Hsi"%le %!stL %!st si"%leL %reterite indi!ti+e64 en !#ir"!ti+! de
los +erbos re,(l!res se !)!de l! ter"in!i3n Ied$ si ter"in! en onson!nte o I'$ /(e
!"bi! ! Ii$ o l! ter"in!i3n Id$ si el +erbo ter"in! en Ie$ !l in#initi+o en tod!s l!s
%erson!sM %!r! l! %ron(ni!i3n de l! IHe6d D1 =1;?M &!' +erbos nor"!les /(e se
(s!n %rini%!l"ente en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido4 be9on$ bend$ bl(s&$
bo7$ &(9le$ o(,&$ d(9$ e-l!i"$ e'e$ #old$ #ro7n$ ,!s%$ ,est(re$ ,i,,le$ ,l!ne$
,rin$ ,ro!n$ ,ro7l$ ,r(nt$ &e!+e$ le!n$ li,&t$ li"%$ "("ble$ "(r"(r$ "(tter$ nod$
%!r9$ %!(se$ re"!r9$ re%l'$ sr!"ble$ se!t$ s&!9e$ s&r(,$ si,&$ sit$ s"ile$ st!,,er$
st!re$ 7!+e$ 7&is%er$ 7&istle$ 7in9$ 7r!%$ et1M el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do se #or"! de
l! "is"! "!ner!M on los +erbos irre,(l!res ND1 =18BO en !#ir"!ti+! se %one el
%ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido$ /(e s(ele +!ri!r del in#initi+o s3lo en l! +o!l$ %!r!
tod!s l!s %erson!sM l!s #or"!s ne,!ti+!$ interro,!ti+! ' !#ir"!ti+! en#ti! de los
+erbos re,(l!res e irre,(l!res (tiliz!n el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido del +erbo
!(-ili!r QdoQ ' el in#initi+o ND1 =158OM se di#ereni! de l! #or"! ontin(! %or/(e l!
!i3n del +erbo est !!b!d! (!ndo se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or el %ret0rito
inde#inidoM si se tr!d(e %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto l! !i3n del +erbo no est
!!b!d!M el tie"%o interes! "(&o "s en este tie"%o /(e en el %ret0rito %er#eto1
E.14 It &!%%ened HO(rri36M T&e' !"e HHellos6 DinieronL DenF!n6M >e didnZt %!'L
,o HNo %!,!"osL #(i"os6M Did 'o( 7!s&L o"eT HWTe l!+!steTL WDinisteT61
Se s(ele (s!r este tie"%o on iertos +erbos esttios$ en +ez del %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inido ontin(o1 D1 =1;B
En USA se (s! "(&o "s en in,l0s olo/(i!l el %ret0rito inde#inido /(e en GB
donde se (s! en !"bio el %ret0rito %er#eto1 E.14 I !" s(re I &!+e re!dL I re!d
NUSAO t&!t boo9 HEsto' se,(ro de /(e &e leFdoL leF ese NoO !/(el libro6$ et1
Se usa este tiempo para"
*+ Gndicar en el pasado tiempo indefinido, no provisional, aun'ue sea a
intervalos, con ciertos adverbios# locuciones adverbiales o siempre 'ue se da4n+
una serie de circunstancias o condicionesM (!ndo e/(i+!le !l %ret0rito
i"%er#eto de indi!ti+o !stell!no l! !i3n del +erbo no est !!b!d! '$ (!ndo
e/(i+!le !l %ret0rito inde#inido l! !i3n del +erbo est !!b!d!M se (s! "(&o en l!
n!rr!ti+! ' en los (entos in#!ntiles %!r! !l,o i"!,in!doM t!"bi0n en los libros de
&istori!1 E.4 S&e s!n, #ro" ti"e to ti"e HEll! !nt!b!L !nt3 de +ez en (!ndo6M Ee
s!id 7&!t &e 7is&ed Hl deF! lo /(e le !%eteF!L di.o lo /(e le !%etei36M I t!l9ed
7&en I &!d to HH'o6 E!bl!b! (!ndo tenF! /(e &!bl!rL E!bl0 (!ndo t(+e /(e
&!bl!r6M S&e 7!s&ed 7&en s&e ,ot (% HEll! se l!+!b! (!ndo se le+!nt!b!L se l!+3
(!ndo se le+!nt36M Ee didnZt &!l# r(n NGB4 olo/(i!lO Hl orri3 "(&Fsi"o6M Eis
o(ntr' be!"e "ore !(t&orit!ri!n !s &e ,re7 (% HS( %!Fs se &!F! t!nto "s
!(torit!rio (!nto "s reF! 0l6M T&e' 7ent #!ster !nd #!sterL /(i9er !nd /(i9er$
i# t&e' onsidered it neess!r' HIb!n !d! +ez "s r%idoHs6 si lo onsider!b!n
nees!rio6M Ee e!rned ! de,ree o+er ! %eriod o# #o(r 'e!rs Hl s!3 (n! !rrer!L
obt(+o (n! lieni!t(r! en (n %erFodo de (!tro !)os6M One (%on Non4 no %onerO !
ti"e t&ere 7!s ! 9in, !lled 111 Hr!se (n! +ez (n re' ll!"!do 11161
Sin e"b!r,o$ el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ontin(o indi! /(e l! !i3n en el
%!s!do est teniendo l(,!r en (n "o"ento$ en ese "o"ento o en (n %erFodo de
tie"%o l!r,o$ %ero +isto o"o (n %roeso ininterr("%ido sin inter+!los ' sin
ir(nst!ni!s o ondiiones /(e lo deli"iten1
2+ Gndicar algo 'ue ocurri en el pasado, en un momento determinado de un
per(odo de tiempo o en un per(odo de tiempo a terminado 'ue no tiene
relacin con el presente, por'ue lo 'ue importa es el motivo o causaM ! +ees$ se
die (ndo t(+o l(,!r l! !i3n on !d+erbios o"o Q!t #i+eL !t nine oZlo9L !t
t&!t "o"ent$ ! #e7 "in(tesL &o(rsL d!'sL 7ee9sL 'e!rs !,o$ t&e ot&er d!'$ e!rlier
t&is 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r$ in t&e "ornin,L !#ternoonL e+enin,$ .(st no7 H&!e (n
"o"ento6$ .(st t&en$ l!st$ l!st Frid!'L 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r$ on T&(rsd!'$ on &er
t7entiet& birt&d!'$ %re+io(sl'$ 7&en 111T$ 7&!t ti"e111T$ 7&ere 111T$ 7&' 111T$
'esterd!'Q$ et1$ ' otr!s +ees no se die$ %ero se sobrHe6entiende %or/(e est en l!
"ente del /(e &!bl! o esribeM e/(i+!le !l %ret0rito inde#inido del !stell!noM l!
!i3n del +erbo est !!b!d!M %(ede indi!r (n %!s!do reiente on los !d+erbios
Q.(st$ no7$ no7 t&!t N!l %rini%io de l! or!i3nO$ reentl'$ t&is 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r$
till no7Q$ et1M en estilo indireto e/(i+!le !l %resente de indi!ti+o si"%le del estilo
direto1 E.14 >&o let t&!t do, inT HWJ(i0n de.3 entr!r ! ese %erroT6M Eo7 did 'o( ,et
t&!t s!rT HW*3"o te &iiste es! i!trizT6M Eo7 lon, is it sine 'o( !rri+edT
HW*(nto tie"%o &!e desde /(e lle,!steT6M It is !n &o(r sine I !rri+ed HE!e (n!
&or! /(e lle,(06M S&e !"e 'esterd!' HEll! +ino !'er6M S&e lost &er identi#i!tion
!rd 'esterd!' HEll! %erdi3 el !rn0 de identid!d !'er6M T&e' st(died #or t&ree &o(rs
HEst(di!ron Hd(r!nte6 tres &or!s6M >&en did s&e o"eT Nno se %(ede (s!r el
%ret0rito %er#eto on Q7&enQ interro,!ti+oO HW*(ndo +ino ell!T6M >&en did 'o(
see &i" l!stT HW*(ndo leL lo +iste %or 2lti"! +ezT6M Ee s!id 7&!t &e 7is&ed Hl
di.o lo /(e le !%etei36M Eo7 "!n' %l!'s did *!lderon 7riteT HW*(nt!s obr!s de
te!tro esribi3 *!lder3nT6M I t!l9ed 7&en I &!d to HH'o6 E!bl0 (!ndo t(+e /(e
&!bl!r6M As 7e s!id .(st no7 H*o"o !!b!"os de deir6M It 7!s ne7L ne7s to "e
(ntil ! "ont& !,o HEr! n(e+oL (n! notii! %!r! "F &!st! &!e (n "es61
*on !l,(nos !d+erbios /(e se re#ieren !l %!s!do o"o Qin t&e %!st$ in t&e %!st 'e!rQ$
et1$ se (s! el %ret0rito inde#inido en GB ' USA %!r! indi!r !l,o re"oto$ %ero en
USA se %(ede (s!r el %ret0rito %er#eto t!"bi0n %!r! indi!r !l,o "s reiente1 E.14
In t&e %!st 'e!r$ e##orts 7ere "!deL &!+e been "!de NUSAO to inte,r!te
&!ndi!%%ed st(dents HEl !)o %!s!do se &iieron es#(erzos %!r! inte,r!r ! los
est(di!ntes "in(s+lidos61
A +ees$ se die !l,o en %ret0rito %er#eto ' l(e,o se si,(e &!bl!ndo en %ret0rito
inde#inido1 A4 IZ+e bro9en "' !r" HMe &e roto el br!zo61 B4 Eo7 did 'o( do itT
HW*3"o te lo ro"%isteT61 A4 I #ell in t&e b!t&roo" HHMe6 !F en el (!rto de b!)o61
A +ees$ (n! on+ers!i3n %(ede e"%ez!r on (n! %re,(nt! ' (n! res%(est! en
%ret0rito %er#eto ' l(e,o si,(e en %ret0rito inde#inido$ %or/(e l! !i3n se &! &e&o
es%eF#i!1 E.14 A4 >&!t &!+e 'o( doneT HWJ(0 &!s &e&oT61 B4 I &!+e 7ritten !n
ess!' HEe esrito (n ens!'o61 A4 >&en did 'o( st!rt itT HW*(ndo lo e"%ez!steT6M
>&ere &!+e 'o( beenT HWD3nde &!s est!doT61 B4 IZ+e been in t&e s(%er"!r9et HEe
est!do en el s(%er"er!do61 A4 >&!t did 'o( b('T HWJ(0 o"%r!steT61 B4 I bo(,&t
so"e #r(it H*o"%r0 !l,o de #r(t!61
En %eri3dios ' %ro,r!"!s de r!dio o tele+isi3n se (s! #re(ente"ente el %ret0rito
%er#eto %!r! %resent!r !l,o ' l(e,o se si,(e on el %ret0rito inde#inido1 E.14 T7ent'
%eo%le &!+e diedM t&e' !te ! %oisono(s s(bst!ne HE!n "(erto +einte %erson!sM
o"ieron (n! s(Hb6st!ni! +enenos!61
A(n/(e no se (se (n !d+erbio on el %ret0rito inde#inido se sobrHe6entiende %or/(e$
si (n! %erson! die QI "et 'o(r "ot&erQ$ l! otr! %re,(nt!r Q7&enTL 7&ereTQ %ero$
si (n! %erson! die QIZ+e "et 'o(r "ot&erQ$ l! otr! no %re,(nt!r Q7&enTL 7&ereTQ
sino /(e dir QT&!tZs ,ood]L >!s s&e &!%%'TQ$ et1
E-isten !l,(nos !sos en /(e se (s! el %ret0rito inde#inido en in,l0s ' el %resente de
indi!ti+o en !stell!no1 E.14 I !l"ost NoO ne!rl' 9illed "'sel# H'esterd!'6 HPor %oo
Hno6L *!si "e "!to H!'er66$ et1
2+ Kara expresar algBn deseo en el presente, cuando se traduce al castellano
por el pretrito imperfecto# indefinidoM %(ede ser4
!6 El %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido de ortesF!L "odesti! /(e es "s di%lo"tio$
"enos direto$ /(e el %resente %ero "enos di%lo"tio !2n /(e el %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inido ontin(o1 E.14 I !"eL o"e #or t&e bre!d HDenF!L Den,o %or
el %!n6M I 7!ntedL 7!nt to b(' t&is HJ(erF!L J(iero o"%r!r 0sto6M I 7onderedL
7onder i# 'o( o(ld ,i+e "e ! &!nd HMe %re,(nt!b!L %re,(nto si %odrF! e&!r"e
(n! "!no61
b6 El %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido de ontr!ried!d /(e sir+e %!r! s(!+iz!r l!
ont(ndeni! del %resente /(e se (s! en l! or!i3n de !l l!do1 E.4 No7 t&!t I 7!s
&!%%'$ t&e' tell "e t&!t "' "ot&er &!s died HA&or! /(e er! #eliz$ "e dien /(e "i
"!dre &! "(erto6M T&e 'e!r t&!t e+er't&in, 7!s !ll ri,&t$ &e &!s !n !ident !nd
dies HEl !)o /(e todo est!b! %er#et!"ente$ tiene 0l (n !idente ' Hse6 "(ere61
-+ Kara indicar algo bien /abitual, bien repetitivo o iterativo, no una accin
limitadaM ! +ees$ es di#Fil distin,(ir entre &!bit(!l ' re%etiti+o o iter!ti+o on
iertos !d+erbios4 !t nine No ! (!l/(ier otr! &or!O$ et1M %(ede tr!d(irse !l
!stell!no %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto '$ "enos #re(ente"ente$ %or el %ret0rito
inde#inidoM s(ele (s!rse on !d+erbios de tie"%o o de #re(eni!4 !,!in$ !l7!'s$ !t
ni,&t$ !t nine No ! (!l/(ier otr! &or!O$ onst!ntl'$ d(rin, t&e d!'$ e+er$ e+er'
"in(teL &o(rL d!'L ti"eL 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r$ #ro" ti"e to ti"e$ #re/(entl'$
,ener!ll'$ in Eon, Aon, No (!l/(ier otro l(,!rO$ in No+e"ber No (!l/(ier otro
"es del !)oO$ ne+er$ nor"!ll'$ o!sion!ll'$ o#ten$ on Mond!'Hs6 No (!l/(ier otro
dF! de l! se"!n!O$ one ! d!'L ! 7ee9L ! "ont&L in ! 7&ile$ r!rel'$ re,(l!rl'$
seldo"$ #i+e No (!l/(ier otro n2"ero !rdin!l e-e%to QoneQO ti"es$ se+er!l ti"es$
t7ie !n &o(rL ! d!'L ! 7ee9L ! "ont&L ! 'e!r$ (s(!ll'$ 7&ene+er$ et1 E.14 S&e set
o## !,!in HEll! ontin(3L re!n(d3 el +i!.e6M Ee le#t !t ten e+er' d!' Hl se ib!L #(e !
l!s diez todos los dF!s6M S&e s!n, #ro" ti"e to ti"e HEll! !nt!b!L !nt3 de +ez en
(!ndo6M T&e' ne+er !"e on S(nd!'s HN(n! +enF!nL +inieron los do"in,os6M
T&e' o#ten 7ent !bro!d HIb!nL F(eron ! "en(do !l e-tr!n.ero6M S&e 7ent t7ie !
7ee9 HEll! ib!L #(e dos +ees ! l! se"!n!61 D1=1;B18
3+ Kara indicar simultaneidad durante un tiempo mu breve, muc/o m!s
corto 'ue en el pretrito imperfecto# indefinido continuoM en "(&os !sos
(!ndo los +erbos estn en %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido si"%le indi!n /(e (n!
!i3n tiene l(,!r !ntes ' l! otr! des%(0s "ientr!s /(e en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido ontin(o s(ele indi!r si"(lt!neid!d1 E.14 >&en &e !"e o(t$ &e s!7 "e
H*(!ndo 0l s!li3$ "e +io61
Este tie"%o se distin,(e del %ret0rito %er#eto %or/(e el %ret0rito inde#inido indi!
/(e l! !i3n ter"in3 !ntes del "o"ento de &!bl!r$ "ientr!s /(e el %ret0rito
%er#eto indi! /(e l! !i3n no &! ter"in!do o ter"in! en el "o"ento de &!bl!r1
E.14 Ee st(died &ere #or Nsine4 no %onerO t&ree 'e!rs Hl est(di3 !/(F d(r!nte tres
!)os N'! no est(di!O6 ' UEe &!s st(died &ere #or Nsine4 no %onerO t&ree 'e!rsV Hl
&! est(di!do !/(F d(r!nte tres !)os Nsi,(e est(di!ndoO6M S&e 7!s ! te!&er HEll! er!L
#(e %ro#esor! N'! no lo esO6 ' US&e &!s been ! te!&erV HEll! &! sido %ro#esor! N'
si,(e si0ndoloO6M I didnZt see 'o( #or Nsine4 no %onerO ! "ont& HNo te +i d(r!nte (n
"es Nen (n! 0%o! del %!s!do %or/(e &!bF!s ido !l e-tr!n.ero$ et1O6 ' UI &!+enZt
seen 'o( #or Nsine4 no %onerO ! "ont&V HNo te &e +isto desde &!e (n "esL E!e
(n "es /(e no te +eo N%ero te +eo !&or!O6M S&e li+ed in A(str!li! HEll! +i+i3 en
A(str!li! N'! no +i+eO6 ' US&e &!s li+ed in A(str!li! #or Nsine4 no %onerO ten 'e!rsV
HEll! +i+eL &! +i+ido en A(str!li! desde &!e diez !)os N' si,(e +i+iendo !llFO61
Por eso$ se die /(e el %ret0rito inde#inido es %er#eti+o ' el %ret0rito %er#eto es
i"%er#eti+oM no obst!nte$ !l,(nos !d+erbios o"o Q!ll d!'L ni,&tL 7inter$ et1$
!lre!d'$ !l7!'s$ be#ore$ e+er$ &o7 lon,$ .(st$ lon, !,o$ ne+er$ one$ reentl'$ sine$
still$ tod!'$ t&is "ornin,L 7ee9L "ont&L j(l'L 'e!r$ t7ieL t&ree ti"esL ten ti"esQ$
et1$ ' #r!ses on Q#orQ ' QsineQ$ se %(eden (s!r t!nto on el %ret0rito inde#inido
si"%le o"o on el %ret0rito %er#eto1 E.14 I Hl!st6 s!7 'o( ei,&t "ont&s !,o HTe +i
H%or 2lti"! +ez6 &!e o&o "eses6L ItZs ei,&t "ont&s sine I Hl!st6 s!7 'o( HE!e
o&o "eses /(e te +i H%or 2lti"! +ez661
L! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos nor"!les4 !r,(e$ b(' st&$ o"e$ oo9$ r'$ deide
!bo(t st&$ drin9$ e!t$ #!il$ #l'$ ,o$ &el% Hsb6$ l!(,&$ "o+e$ %!int$ %l!n st&$ %le!d ,(ilt'$
re!d$ rebel$ r(n$ see sb$ s%e!9$ s"ile$ s(##er H! stro9e6$ t!l9$ Htele6%&one$ t&in9 !bo(t
st&$ 7!t& TD$ 7or9$ 7rite H! letter to sb6$ et1$ !d"iten l!s si,(ientes tres
estr(t(r!s4
56 ItZs ei,&t "ont&s sine I Hl!st6 s!7 'o( HE!e o&o "eses /(e te +i H%or 2lti"!
+ez661
86 I Hl!st6 s!7 'o( ei,&t "ont&s !,o HTe +i H%or 2lti"! +ez6 &!e o&o "eses61
:6 I didnZt seeL &!+enZt seen 'o( #or ei,&t "ont&s HNo te +i d(r!nte o&o "esesL No
te &e +isto desde &!e o&o "eses NoO E!e o&o "eses /(e no te +eo N%ero te +eo
!&or!O61
Sin e"b!r,o$ &!' (nos %oos +erbos nor"!les o"o Q!rri+e$ dieQ$ et1$ /(e !d"iten
s3lo dos4
56 ItZs ei,&t "ont&s sine I !rri+ed HE!e o&o "eses /(e lle,(061
86 I !rri+ed ei,&t "ont&s !,o HLle,(0 &!e o&o "eses6$ %ero no se %(ede deir QI
didnZt !rri+e #or ei,&t "ont&sL I &!+enZt !rri+ed #or ei,&t "ont&sQ1
En in,l0s olo/(i!l se %(eden (s!r los !d+erbios Q!l7!'s$ e+er$ ne+erQ$ en este
tie"%o (!ndo se re#ieren !l %!s!doM en in,l0s estnd!r ,ener!l"ente se (s! el
%ret0rito %er#eto (!ndo se re#ieren !l %!s!do /(e lle,(e &!st! el "o"ento
%resente1 E.14 Ee !l7!'s 9ne7 Nolo/(i!lOL &!s !l7!'s 9no7n Nestnd!rO Ht&!t6 'o(
o(ld &el% &i" Hl sie"%re s!bF! NoO s(%oL &! s!bido /(e %odF!s !'(d!rle6M T&e
tr!in ne+er !rri+ed Nolo/(i!lOL didnZt !rri+e Nestnd!rO so l!te HEl tren n(n! lle,3L
no lle,3 t!n t!rde6$ %ero QT&e tr!in &!s ne+er !rri+ed Nestnd!rO so l!te HEl tren no
&! lle,!do n(n! t!n t!rde61
El !d+erbio Qnot lon, !,oQ se (s! s3lo en este tie"%o en !#ir"!ti+!1 E.14 S&e !"e
not lon, !,o HEll! +ino no &!e "(&o61
*(!ndo (n +erbo en l! or!i3n %rini%!l +! en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido
si"%le el +erbo de l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! s(ele ir nor"!l"ente en %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inido ontin(o$ ondiion!l si"%le$ %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido si"%le o %ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto1 E.14 S&e 9ne7 Ht&!t6 &e 7!s tellin,
! lie HEll! s!bF! /(e 0l est!b! diiendo (n! "entir!6M Ee s!id Ht&!t6 &e 7o(ld ,o
to"orro7 Hl di.o /(e irF! "!)!n!6M T&e' 9ne7 Ht&!t6 s&e %!ssedL &!d %!ssed
HS!bF!n /(e ell! !%rob3L &!bF! !%rob!do61
6+ Kara indicar lo mismo 'ue el pretrito pluscuamperfecto en oraciones
subordinadas 'ue empiecen por Mafter, as soon as , a veces, ,/enM7 tambin
cuando no se reali)a la accin verbal1 E.14 Ee 7ent to bed !#ter &e 7!t&edL &!d
7!t&ed tele+ision Hl se !ost3 des%(0s de +erL &!ber +isto l! tele+isi3n6M As soon
!s &e !teL &!d e!ten &e 7ent b!9 HUn! +ez /(e NoO En (!nto 0l o"i3L &!bF!
o"ido re,res36M >&en s&e #inis&edL &!d #inis&ed oo9in, s&e &el%ed (s H*(!ndo
ell! ter"in3L &!bF! ter"in!do de oin!r nos !'(d36M T&e' &o%edL &!d &o%ed to
7in HEs%er!b!nL E!bF!n es%er!do ,!n!r N%ero no ,!n!ronO61
*(!ndo !l,(nos +erbos o"o Qbe to$ e-%et$ &o%e$ intend$ "e!n$ s(%%ose$ t&in9$
7!ntQ$ +!n en %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido se,(idos de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto$
indi!n /(e l! !i3n no lle,3 ! re!liz!rse1
8+ Kara indicar una accin futura con los verbos Mbe to >en activa el su%eto
tiene 'ue ser un ser vivo, pero en pasiva puede ser tambin un ob%eto?, be 4%ust+
about to, be near to, be on t/e point ofM7 pueden indicar mandato o algo
planeado7 otros indican futuro probable o posible" be bound to 4estar seguro
de+, be due to 4esperarse+, be liable to 4ser probable 'ue# estar expuesto a# ser
propenso a+, be li1el to 4ser probable 'ue+, be sc/eduled #J[ed%u"ld# >HI?
#Js1ed%u"ld# >@S=? 4estar planeando+, be sure to 4estar seguro de 'ue+, et1 E.14
S&e 7!s to ,o l!ter HEll! &!bF! deL tenF! /(e ir "s t!rde N%ero no #(eM %l!ne!do %or
otr! %erson!$ no %or ell!O61
9+ Cuando los adverbios M/ereM Mt/ereM se ponen al principio de una
oracin el verbo se pone en pretrito imperfecto# indefinido simple, no
pretrito imperfecto# indefinido continuo1 E.14 Eere !"e 'o(r "ot&er HA/(F
+enF! t( "!dre6M T&ere 7ent t&e tr!in HAllF ib! el tren61 D15C1;:15;1!
*(!ndo (n +erbo en l! or!i3n %rini%!l +! en %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido el
+erbo de l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! s(ele ir nor"!l"ente en %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido si"%le o ontin(o$ ondiion!l si"%le o ontin(o$ %ret0rito %er#eto
si"%le o ontin(o ' %ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto si"%le o ontin(o1 E.14 S&e 9ne7
Ht&!t6 &e !teL 7!s e!tin, &ere HEll! s!bF! /(e 0l o"F!L est!b! o"iendo !/(F6M Ee
s!id Ht&!t6 &e 7o(ld ,o to"orro7 Hl deF!L di.o /(e irF! "!)!n!6M T&e' 9ne7
Ht&!t6 s&e %!ssedL &!d %!ssed HS!bF!n /(e ell! !%rob3L &!bF! !%rob!do61
=1;?1I &a terminacin o s(#i.o I4e+d del pretrito imperfecto# indefinido del
participio 4de+ pasado puede pronunciarse de tres maneras4
*+ Como #d# cuando va precedida de una vocal, un diptongo, un triptongo, una
semivocal o una consonante sonora como #b, 6, d, g, l, m, n, , r, v, ), #
excepto la #d#M lo /(e (ent! del!nte de l! IHe6d es l! %ron(ni!i3n$ no l! esrit(r!1
E.14 b(ried LRberidL Henterr3L %(esto #in6$ %l!'ed L%leIdL H.(,3L re%resent!do6$
bo7ed Lb!(dL H&izo (n! re+ereni!L inlin!do6$ si,&ed Ls!IdL Nl! Q,&Q es "(d!O
Hs(s%irH3L !do66$ #lo7ered LR#l!(edL NGBO ' LR#l!(He6rdL NUSAO H#loreiH3L do661 D1
51:;18
2+ Como #t# cuando va precedida de una consonante sorda #t[, u, f, /, 1, p, s, [#
excepto la #t#1 D1 51:;1:
2+ Como #Id# o #ed# cuando la 5ed va precedida de las consonantes #t, d#M tienen
/(e ser +erbos on dos o "s sFl!b!s ' no %(ede &!ber (n! UiV entre l! LtL o LdL ' l!
Ied %or/(e l! Iied se %ron(ni! LIidL1 D1 5158
=1;@1I El pretrito imperfecto de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on el %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inido del +erbo UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 E.14 Ee
7!s &el%ed Hl er!L #(e !'(d!doL Se le !'(d!b!L !'(d361
=1;B1I Kretrito imperfecto# indefinido continuo o progresivo H%!st ontin(o(sL
%ro,ressi+e Htense664 se #or"! on el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido si"%le del
+erbo UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM
si,ni#i! lo "is"o /(e el tie"%o no ontin(o$ %ero en#!tiz! l! d(r!i3n o des!rrollo
de l! !i3n ' !de"s es "s di%lo"tio$ s(!+e /(e el %reterito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido si"%le1 E.14 Ee 7!s e!tin, Hl est!b!L est(+o o"iendo61
M(estr! t!"bi0n /(e l! !i3n del +erbo no est !!b!d! (!ndo se tr!d(e en
!stell!no %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto1 E.14 Ee 7!s e!tin, Hl est!b! o"iendo61
*(!ndo &!' dos o "s +erbos se,(idos se %(ede s(%ri"ir el !(-ili!r U7!s$ 7ereV1
E.14 T&e' 7ere t!l9in, !nd 7ritin, HEst!b!n &!bl!ndo ' esribiendo61
No se s(ele (s!r este tie"%o on iertos +erbos esttios1 D1 =1;=
Se usa este tiempo"
*+ Kara indicar algo provisional, no indefinido, 'ue tiene lugar en un momento
determinado del pasado 'ue puede sobr4e+entenderse en una situacin
determinadaM ! +ees$ %(ede !b!r!r (n tie"%o rel!ti+!"ente l!r,o on iertos
!d+erbios /(e indi!n (n !("ento o desenso %!(l!tino$ %ero se +e o"o (n
%roeso ininterr("%ido sin inter+!los o ondiiones4 "ore !nd "ore$ "ore !nd
"ore %olitel'$ less !nd less$ less !nd less 9indl'$ %oorer !nd %oorer$ /(i9er !nd
/(i9er$ ri&er !nd ri&er$ et1M (!ndo se tr!d(e %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto l!
!i3n del +erbo no est !!b!d! ' (!ndo se tr!d(e %or el %ret0rito inde#inido l!
!i3n del +erbo est !!b!d!1 E.4 Ee 7!s ,!rdenin, 'esterd!' Hl est!b!L est(+o
tr!b!.!ndo en el .!rdFn !'er6M S&e 7!s sin,in, H!n &o(r !,o6 HEll! est!b! !nt!ndo
H&!e (n! &or!66M S&e 7!s be&!+in, less !nd less 9indl' HEll! est!b! %ortndose
!d! +ez "enos !"!ble"ente61
Sin e"b!r,o$ el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido si"%le indi! (n! !i3n no
%ro+ision!l en tie"%o de#inidoL inde#inido en el %!s!do$ !(n/(e se! ! inter+!los$
on iertos !d+erbios o sie"%re /(e se d!n (n! serie de ir(nst!ni!s o
ondiiones1
*(!ndo e-%res! !l,o %ro+ision!l se di#ereni! del %resente ontin(o %or/(e$
(!ndo no lle+! (n !d+erbio de tie"%o$ indi! /(e l! !i3n del +erbo !b!r! (n
%erFodo de tie"%o$ "ientr!s /(e el %resente ontin(o indi! /(e l! !i3n o(rre en
(n "o"ento1 E.14 S&e 7!s e!tin, HEll! est!b! o"iendo NentonesO6 ' US&e is
e!tin,V HEll! est o"iendo N!&or!O61
2+ Kara indicar una duracin limitada, no /abitual, en el pasado1 E.14 S&e 7!s
slee%in, Ht&ree &o(rs !,o6 HEll! est!b! d(r"iendo H&!e tres &or!s661 D1 =1;=1;
2+ Kara indicar 'ue la accin no /a terminado7 la accin del verbo no est!
acabada cuando se traduce al castellano por el pretrito imperfecto, pero la
accin del verbo est! acabada cuando se traduce por el pretrito indefinido1
E.14 T&e' 7ere #inis&in, HEst!b!n ter"in!ndo N%ero no &!bF!n ter"in!doOL
Est(+ieron ter"in!ndo N' ter"in!ronO61
-+ Kara indicar simultaneidad" una accin no interrumpe la otraM nor"!l"ente
s3lo (n! !i3n +! en #or"! ontin(!$ %ero %(eden ir l!s dos en #or"! ontin(! ' se
tr!d(en !l !stell!no %or el %ret0rito i"%er#etoM si se (s! el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido si"%le indi! nor"!l"ente s3lo (n "o"ento dentro del %erFodo
indi!do %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto en #or"! ontin(!1 E.14 S&e 7!s t'%in,
7&ene+er &e !"e HEll! est!b! esribiendo ! "/(in! sie"%re /(e +enF! 0l6M Ee
7!s listenin, to t&e r!dio 7&ile s&e 7!s ironin, Hl est!b! es(&!ndo l! r!dio
"ientr!s ell! est!b! %l!n&!ndo6M S&e 7!s oo9in, 7&en &e !rri+ed HEll! est!b!
oin!ndo (!ndo lle,3 0l61
3+ Kara dar realismo nfasis a una descripcin1 E.14 T&e' 7ere t!l9in, !nd s&e
7!s listenin, HEllos est!b!nL est(+ieron &!bl!ndo ' ell! est!b!L est(+o
es(&!ndo61
6+ Kara expresar algBn deseo en el presente, cuando se traduce al castellano
por el pretrito imperfectoM e/(i+!le ! (n %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido si"%le
o ! (n %resente$ %ero es "s di%lo"tio$ "enos diretoM se ll!"! i"%er#eto
ontin(o de ortesF!1 E.14 I 7!s 7onderin,L 7onderedL !" 7onderin, i#L 7&et&er
'o( o(ld ,i+e "e ! &!nd HMe est!b! %re,(nt!ndoL %re,(nt!b!L esto' %re,(nt!ndo
si %odHr6F!Hs6 e&!r"e (n! "!no61
8+ Kara indicar en el pasado una actividad /abitual caracter(stica con un
mati) sub%etivo o emotivo, no con un mati) ob%etivoM no indi! !i3n
deliber!d!M s(ele ir on !d+erbios o"o Q!l7!'s$ onst!ntl'$ !ll t&e ti"e$
ontin(!ll'$ t&e 7&ole d!'$ #or e+er$ %er%et(!ll'Q$ et1 E.14 S&e 7!s !l7!'s e!tin,
HEll! est!b! sie"%re o"iendo N%e'or!ti+oO61
9+ Kara indicar contraste o paralelismo" una accin corta en pretrito
indefinido simple interrumpe la otra en pretrito imperfecto continuo1 E.14 Ee
7!s slee%in, 7&en t&e ell(l!r tele%&oneL Rell%&oneL "obile %&one r!n, Hl est!b!
d(r"iendo (!ndo son3 el tel0#ono el(l!rL "3+il61
0+ Kara indicar intencin 'ue normalmente no se lleva a efectoM se (s!
sol!"ente on !l,(nos +erbos nor"!les4 e-%et$ ,o$ &o%e$ intend$ %l!n$ t&in9$ tr'$
et1 E.14 Ee 7!s &o%in, to ,o b(t &e o(ldnZt Hl tenF! es%er!nz!s de ir %ero no
%(do61
*:+ Kara indicar algo repetitivo o iterativo, sobre todo cuando se usa un
pretrito imperfecto# indefinido simple 'ue se refiere a un momento del
per(odo cubierto por el pretrito imperfecto continuoM se s(ele (s!r (n !d+erbio
o"o Qe+er' "in(teL &o(rL d!'L 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!rQ$ et1M no se (s! "(&oM se (s!
"s el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido si"%le on (n !d+erbio1 E.14 Ee 7!s
s&ootin, !t t&e ro7d H7&en it &!%%ened6 Hl est!b! dis%!r!ndo ! l! "(ltit(d
H(!ndo s(edi3661
**+ Kara poner en estilo indirecto el presente continuo del estilo directo1 E.14 Ee
s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7!s e!tin, Hl di.o /(e ell! est!b! o"iendo61
*2+ Kara indicar una accin futura generalmente con un adverbio de tiempo ,
si no lleva adverbio, lleva acento el verbo auxiliarM ,ener!l"ente indi! !l,o
!ord!do on !nteriorid!dM si +! on los +erbos Qo"e$ ,o$ be to$ be !bo(t toQ es
"s #re(ente /(e on otros +erbos no %oner (n !d+erbio de tie"%oM on el +erbo
UbeV (!ndo +! en %!si+!M nor"!l"ente se %(ede (s!r en in,l0s liter!rio el
ondiion!l si"%le ontin(o on (n si,ni#i!do b!st!nte %!reido ND1=1?:OM e/(i+!le
!l %ret0rito si"%le de Ube toV1 E.14 S&e 7!s ,ettin,L 7o(ld be ,ettin,L 7!s to ,et
"!rried ! #e7 d!'s l!ter HEll! se ib! ! !s!rL !s!rF! (nos dF!s des%(0s6M S&e R7!s
,ettin, "!rried HEll! se ib! ! !s!r Nir3nio i %ero no se !s3O6M >e 7ere ,oin,L
s&o(ld NoO 7o(ld be ,oin,L 7ere to ,o t&e d!' !#ter Hb!"os ! irL IrF!"os !l dF!
si,(iente6M Ee 7!s st!rtin,L 7o(ld be st!rtin,L 7!s to st!rt on Mond!' Hl ib! !
e"%ez!rL e"%ez!rF! el l(nes6M >&en 7ere t&e' o"in,L ,oin,T HW*(ndo ib!n !
+enirL irT6 NoO >&en 7o(ld t&e' be o"in,L ,oin,T NoO >&en 7ere t&e' to o"eL
,oT HW*(ndo +endrF!nL irF!nT6M S&e 7!s to ,o Hl!ter6 N%re"edit!i3n o !l,o
ine+it!bleO HEll! &!bF! deL tenF! /(e ir H"s t!rde66M Ee 7!s !bo(t to o"e H7&en
s&e #ell ill6 Hl est!b! ! %(nto de +enir H(!ndo ell! !'3 en#er"!66M T&e %!rt' 7!s
bein,L 7o(ld beL 7!s to be ,i+en !#ter ! o(%le o# 7ee9s HSe ib! ! d!rL d!rF! l!
#iest! (n %!r de se"!n!s des%(0s61
*2+ Kara una accin futura con la construccin M,as# ,ere going toMM Q,oin,
toQ (!ndo no +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o %(ede %ron(ni!rse LR,o(It(L
o LR,o(InteL ' tiene (n sentido liter!l rel!ion!do on el +erbo Q,oQM Q,oin, toQ
(!ndo +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o tiene (n sentido #i,(r!do ' %(ede
%ron(ni!rse LR,o(It(L o LR,o(InteL en in,l0s estnd!r ' LR,eneL en in,l0s
olo/(i!lM se (s! on los sentidos si,(ientes4
!6 *on (n !d+erbio de tie"%o e-%lFito o sobrHe6entendido /(e e-%rese #(t(ro
in"edi!to o no re"oto$ no "(' dist!nte %!r! indi!r (n deseo %re"edit!do o (n!
inteni3n .(nto on (n %l!n$ /(e %(ede ("%lirse o no$ on (n si,ni#i!do %!reido
!l del %ret0rito i"%er#eto ontin(o en tod!s l!s %erson!s ' !l del ondiion!l
si"%leM no obst!nte$ Q7!sL 7ere ,oin, toQ se di#ereni! del %ret0rito i"%er#eto
ontin(o$ '! /(e el %ret0rito i"%er#eto ontin(o indi! !l,o !ord!do o %l!ne!do
de !nte"!no ' Q7!sL 7ere ,oin, toQ es si"%le"ente (n! inteni3n$ %ero no es t!n
#ir"e$ t!n se,(ro o"o el %ret0rito i"%er#eto ontin(oM Q7!sL 7ere ,oin, toQ se
di#ereni! del ondiion!l si"%le$ %or/(e el ondiion!l si"%le e-%res! (n!
deisi3n %!r! el #(t(ro in"edi!to o re"oto /(e se to"! en el "o"ento de &!bl!r '
no es %re"edit!do ND1=1=:I=OM los "oti+os %!r! deir !l,o on Q7!sL 7ere ,oin, toQ
son ob.eti+os Hlo die (n e-%erto o &!' si,nos ob+ios6$ "ientr!s /(e en ondiion!l
si"%le los "oti+os son s(b.eti+osM Q7!sL 7ere ,oin, toQ se %(ede (s!r on l!
"!'or %!rte de los +erbos %ero el %ret0rito i"%er#eto ontin(o noM on los +erbos
esttios es "e.or (s!r sie"%re el ondiion!l si"%le1 E.14 T&e' 7ere ,oin, to
LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO %l!' (ntil ei,&t HIb!n ! .(,!r &!st! l!s o&o6M Ee 7!s ,oin, to
LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO st!rtL 7!s st!rtin,L 7o(ld st!rt on Mond!' Hl ib! ! e"%ez!rL
e"%ez!b!L e"%ez!rF! el l(nes6M S&e 7!snZt ,oin, to LR,o(It(L NoO LR,o(InteL
Eonol(l( HEll! no ib! ! Eonol(l261
b6 *on (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! te"%or!l %!r! indi!r (n deseo %re"edit!do no
("%lido on (n si,ni#i!do b!st!nte %!reido !l del ondiion!l si"%le1 E.14 >&!t
7ere 'o( ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO do 7&en s&e !"eT HWJ(0 ib!s ! &!er
(!ndo +inoL +inier! ell!T6M >&!t 7o(ld 'o( do 7&en s&e !"eT HWJ(0 &!rF!s
(!ndo +inier! ell!T61
6 *on (n !d+erbio de tie"%o e-%lFito o sobrHe6entendido ' on (n +erbo %erson!l
o i"%erson!l %!r! indi!r !l,o /(e ib! ! o(rrir$ ,ener!l"ente en el #(t(ro
in"edi!to$ %ero /(e no o(rri3M tiene (n si,ni#i!do b!st!nte %!reido !l del
ondiion!l si"%le1 E.14 T&!t %olitii!n 7!s ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO &!+e
%roble"s HEseL A/(el %olFtio ib! ! tener %roble"!s6M It 7!s ,oin, to LR, en eL
Nolo/(i!lO sno7 HIb! ! ne+!r6M S&e 7!s ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO in+ite (s HEll!
ib! ! in+it!rnos6M I 7!snZt ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO HNo ib! ! &!erlo N( otro
+erboO61
L! onstr(i3n Q7!sL 7ere ,oin, to h in#initi+oQ %(ede ir se,(id! de (n in#initi+o
en #or"! ontin(! ' "(' %oo #re(ente"ente de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto1 E.14
T&e' 7ere ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO be 7or9in, !ll d!' HIb!n ! est!r tr!b!.!ndo
todo el dF!6M Ee 7!s ,oin, to LR, en eL Nolo/(i!lO &!+e 7or9ed Nr!roO Hl ib! ! &!ber
tr!b!.!do61
=1<C1I El pretrito imperfecto# indefinido continuo# progresivo de la vo) pasiva
se #or"! on el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ontin(o del +erbo UbeV se,(ido
del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 E.14 Ee 7!s bein, &el%ed Hl est!b!L est(+o siendo
!'(d!doL Se le est!b!L est(+o !'(d!ndo61
=1<51I Futuro imperfecto simple Hsi"%le #(t(reL #(t(re si"%le64 se #or"! on
Qs&!llL 7illQ se,(idos del in#initi+o del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM se (s! "(&o
este tie"%o %!r! s(%osiionesM se (s! UZllV t!nto %!r! Qs&!llQ o"o %!r! Q7illQ$ si
+!n se,(idos del in#initi+o ' no lle+!n 0n#!sis$ %ero no %(eden ontr!erse (!ndo
+!n solos$ no se,(idos de (n in#initi+oM en ne,!ti+! se %one QnotQ detrs de Qs&!llQ o
Q7illQM Qs&!ll notQ %(ede ontr!erse ! Qs&!nZtQ %ero se (s! %oo en GB ' "(' %oo
en USAM Q7ill notQ %(ede ontr!erse ! Q7onZtQ en GB ' USAM en interro,!ti+! se
%one el !(-ili!r Qs&!llQ o Q7illQ se,(ido del s(.eto ' del in#initi+o sin QtoQM en
interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! se %(ede %oner el !(-ili!r se,(ido del s(.eto h QnotQ se,(ido
del in#initi+o sin UtoV o el !(-ili!r ontr!Fdo se,(ido del s(.eto ' del in#initi+o sin
UtoVM ! +ees$ (!ndo se indi! te"or$ d(d!$ es%er!nz!$ deseo$ s(%osii3n$
i"!,in!i3n se (s! el #(t(ro en in,l0s ' el %resente de s(b.(nti+o !si sie"%re en
!stell!noM el #(t(ro i"%er#eto %(ede re#erirse t!nto !l #(t(ro in"edi!to o"o !l
#(t(ro re"oto o dist!nte1 E.14 A4 >illL S&!ll 'o( ,o to *(en!T HWIrs ! *(en!T61
B4 mes$ I s&!llL 7ill Nno se %(eden ontr!er %or/(e no +!n se,(idos de Q,oQO HSF$
ir06M S&!ll I notL S&!nZt NGBO I o"%eteT HWNo o"%etir0T6M >ill 'o( notL >onZt
'o( %rotestT HWNo %rotest!rsT6M Ee #e!rs Ht&!t6 s&e 7ill &!+e !n !ident Hl te"e
/(e ell! ten,! (n !idente6M It is %ossible Ht&!t6 s&e 7ill sell t&e &o(se HEs %osible
/(e ell! +end! l! !s!6M I t&in9 Ht&!t6 nobod' 7ill ,o H*reo /(e no irL +!'! n!die6M
I donZt t&in9 Ht&!t6 !n'bod' 7ill ,o HNo reo /(e irL +!'! n!die6M I &o%e Ht&!t6 'o(
7ill %!ss HEs%ero /(e !%r(ebes6M S&e s(%%oses Ht&!t6 t&e 7e!t&er 7ill i"%ro+e HEll!
s(%one /(e "e.or!r el tie"%o6M T&e' i"!,ine Ht&!t6 t&in,s 7ill &!n,e #or t&e
better HI"!,in!n /(e l!s os!s !"bi!rn ! "e.or61
Se %(ede (s!r el #(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%le en (n! or!i3n %rini%!l$ (!ndo l!
or!i3n s(bordin!d! es ondiion!l ' e"%iez! %or l!s on.(niones s(bordin!d!s
ondiion!les Q!s #!r !s$ !s lon, !s$ !ss("in, Ht&!t6$ e+en i#$ ,i+en Ht&!t6$ ,r!nted
Ht&!t6$ ,r!ntin, Ht&!t6$ i#$ i# onl'$ in !se$ in t&e e+ent t&!t$ inso#!r !s Nliter!rioOL in so
#!r !s NGB4 liter!rioO$ on Ht&e6 ondition Ht&!t6$ %ro+ided Ht&!t6$ %ro+idin, Ht&!t6$ so
lon, !s$ s(%%osin,$ (nless$ 7&et&er 111 orQ$ et1 E.14 Gr!ntedL Gr!ntin, t&!t &e
o"es$ e+er't&in, 7ill be !ll ri,&t HS(%oniendo /(e 0l +en,!$ todo est!r bien6M Ee
7ill tr' so lon, !s t&e' &el% &i" Hl lo intent!r on t!l de /(e le !'(den6$ et1
Se %(ede (s!r el #(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%le en (n! or!i3n %rini%!l$ (!ndo l!
or!i3n s(bordin!d! es te"%or!l ' e"%iez! %or l!s on.(niones s(bordin!d!s
te"%or!les Q!s$ !#ter$ !s lon, !s$ !s soon !s$ be#ore$ b' t&e ti"e Ht&!t6$ diretl' NGB4
olo/(i!lO$ e+er' ti"e Ht&!t6$ i""edi!tel' Ht&!t6 NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ i""edi!tel' !#ter$
i""edi!tel' be#ore$ no7 Ht&!t6$ one$ so lon, !s$ t&e "o"ent Ht&!t6$ till Nolo/(i!lOL
(ntil Nliter!rioO$ 7&en$ 7&ene+er$ 7&ile Nestnd!rOL 7&ilst Nliter!rio4 GB
%rini%!l"enteOQ$ et1 E.14 As soon !s t&e' %&one$ t&e' 7ill le!+e HT!n %ronto o"o
ll!"en %or tel0#ono$ se irn6M Ee 7ill tell &er diretl' NGB4 olo/(i!lO &e !rri+es Hl
l! !+is!r en (!nto lle,(e6$ et1
A %es!r de l!s di#ereni!s te3ri!s entre el #(t(ro ' el %resente ontin(o$ se (s!
nor"!l"ente el %resente ontin(o en (n! or!i3n inde%endiente4 S&eZs tr!+ellin,
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+elin, NUSAO to"orro7 HEll! +! ! +i!.!r "!)!n!6 ' el
#(t(ro en (n! or!i3n o"%(est!1
Q>illQ en %ri"er! %erson! en !#ir"!ti+! ' Q7onZtQ en tod!s l!s %erson!s indi!
deseo no %re"edit!do %!r! el #(t(ro in"edi!to o re"oto$ (n! deisi3n /(e se to"!
en el "o"ento de &!bl!r ' no !ord!do o"o en el %resente ontin(oM se di#ereni!
de Qbe ,oin, toQ en %resente h in#initi+o sin UtoV$ /(e indi! deseo %re"edit!do %!r!
el #(t(ro in"edi!to1 E.14 A4 >e !re ,oin, to"orro7 N%re"edit!do !ntes de deirloO
HD!"os ! ir "!)!n!61 B1 T&en IL 7e 7ill N!re ,oin, to4 no %onerO st(d' no7 Nno
%re"edit!do !ntes de deirloO HEntones H'o6 est(di!r0 NoO +o' ! est(di!rL
Hnosotros6 est(di!re"os NoO +!"os ! est(di!r !&or!6M A4 I !nZt ,o tod!' HNo %(edo
ir &o'61 B4 mo( 7ill N!re ,oin, to4 no %onerO ,o to"orro7 Nno %re"edit!do !ntes de
deirloO HIrsL Ir0is "!)!n!6M A4 M!'be 'o( donZt li9e it HP(ede /(e no te ,(ste61 B4
I 7ill notL 7onZt N!" not ,oin, to4 no %onerO ob.et Nno %re"edit!do !ntes de
deirloO HNo %ondr0 ob.eiones6M A4 Ee "!' not %!ss t&e e-!" HP(ede /(e 0l no
!%r(ebe el e-!"en61 B4 Ee 7ill notL 7onZt Nis not ,oin, to4 no %onerO #!il t&e e-!"
Nno %re"edit!do !ntes de deirloO Hl no s(s%ender el e-!"en6M A4 T&ere isnZt !n'
&eese HNo &!' Hn!d! de6 /(eso61 B4 I 7illL Zll b(' so"e tod!' Ndeseo sin
%re"edit!i3n4 deide o"%r!rlo en ese "is"o "o"entoO H*o"%r!r0L Do' !
o"%r!r H!l,o de6 /(eso &o'6L I !" ,oin, to b(' so"e tod!' Ndeseo %re"edit!do4
'! &!bF! %ens!do o"%r!rlo !ntes de /(e lo di.er! AO HDo' ! o"%r!r H!l,o de6
/(eso &o'6M A4 >&!t i# 7e borro7 so"e "one'T HWJ(0 t!l si %edi"os %rest!do
H!l,o de6 dinero61 B4 T&e' 7onZt lend (s !n' Nsin %re"edit!i3n4 no lo &!bF!
%ens!do !nterior"enteO HNo nos %rest!rn Hn!d! de6 dinero6L T&e' !renZt ,oin, to
lend (s !n' Non %re"edit!i3n4 &!n deidido '! no %rest!rles dineroO HNo nos +!n !
%rest!r Hn!d! de6 dinero61
Q>illQ en terer! %erson! en !#ir"!ti+! se %(ede (s!r en in,l0s liter!rio on el
"is"o si,ni#i!do "s o "enos /(e el %resente ontin(o o Qbe ,oin, toQ en
%resente ND1 =1;;1@15O$ /(e se (s!n "s en in,l0s olo/(i!l1 E.14 MrH16 Bl!ir 7ill
tr!+elL is tr!+ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+elin, NUSAOL is ,oin, to tr!+el to
Moso7 ne-t "ont& HEl Sr1 Bl!ir irL +! ! ir ! Mos2 el "es /(e +iene61
Se %(ede (s!r el #(t(ro detrs de (n +erbo nor"!l o"o Q!ss("e$ be !#r!idL ert!inL
s(re$ belie+e$ HI6 d!res!'$ do(bt$ e-%et$ #eel s(re$ &o%e$ i"!,ine$ 9no7$ s(%%ose$
t&ere h be littleL e+er' li9eli&ood Hser %ooL "(' %rob!ble6$ t&in9$ 7onderQ$ et1M se
%(ede (s!r el #(t(ro on !d+erbios o"o Q%er&!%s$ %rob!bl'Q$ et1 E.14 T&ere is
littleL e+er' li9eli&ood t&!t s&eZll %!ss HEs %ooL "(' %rob!ble /(e ell! !%r(ebe6$
et1
A +ees$ no se %(ede (s!r el #(t(ro1 E.14 >&!t !re 'o( doin, N%l!ne!doOL ,oin, to
do Ninteni3n %re"edit!d! on %l!n o sin 0lO t&is !#ternoonT HWJ(0 +!s ! &!erL
&!rs est! t!rdeT6M M' brot&er is ,ettin, "!rried N%l!ne!doOL ,oin, to ,et "!rried
Ninteni3nO to"orro7 HMi &er"!no se +! ! !s!r "!)!n!61
*(!ndo (n +erbo +! en #(t(ro en l! or!i3n %rini%!l se,(ido de (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! /(e e"%iee %or Q!sQ o Qt&!nQ$ el +erbo de l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! se
%(ede %oner en #(t(ro o en %resente1 E.14 S&eZll o"e l!ter t&!n 'o( 7illL do HEll!
lle,!r "!s t!rde /(e t261
*on el #in de si"%li#i!r el te"!$ se %(ede deir /(e t!nto en GB o"o en USA '
otros %!Fses de &!bl! in,les! &!' /(e (s!r Qs&!llQ ' no Q7illQ %!r! l! %ri"er!
%erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l en interro,!ti+! o"o se "(estr! en =1<815M no se (s!
Qs&!llQ en or!iones ondiion!lesM se (s! Q7illQ %!r! l! se,(nd! ' terer! %erson!
en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M t!"bi0n se (s! Q7illQ %!r! l! %ri"er!
%erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l (!ndo l! or!i3n est en !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!1
*(!ndo se !ent2! el in#initi+o indi! inteni3n ' (!ndo se !ent2! Q7illQ indi!
deter"in!i3n$ es deir$ (n! inteni3n "s %ro#(nd!1 E.14 I t&in9 Ht&!t6 I R7ill b('L
Zll Rb(' so"e "e!t H*reo /(e +o' ! o"%r!r !l,o de !rne61
En !#ir"!ti+! se %(ede (s!r UZllV %!r! tod!s l!s %erson!s en in,l0s olo/(i!l$ si no
+! !ent(!do1
Q>illQ ' Qs&!llQ no se %(eden s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV en !#ir"!ti+! si +!n !ent(!dos1
*on+iene no on#(ndir el +erbo "od!l Q7illQ on el +erbo nor"!l Q7ill4 7illsL
7illedL 7illedQ Hde.!r en el test!"ento Nestnd!rOL dese!r +e&e"ente"ente NoO lo,r!r
! #(erz! de +ol(nt!d Nestnd!rOL dis%oner Nliter!rioO61
=1<81I Los +erbos Qs&!llQ ' Q7illQ se (s!n %!r! #or"!r el #(t(ro i"%er#eto ' el
#(t(ro %er#eto1 QS&!llQ s(ele %ron(ni!rse d0bil"ente L[elL ! no ser /(e +!'! !l
#in!l de (n! or!i3n o se o%on,! !l deseo de l!Hs6 otr!Hs6 %erson!Hs6 ' entones se
%ron(ni! #(erte"ente L[YlLM l! #or"! ne,!ti+! ontr!Fd! Qs&!nZtQ L[!4ntL se (s! %oo
en GB ' "(' %oo en USAM en USA ' otros %!Fses$ inl(id! GB$ se s(ele (s!r
Q7onZtQ1
MS/allM puede usarse para la primera persona del singular plural4
*+ Cuando se pide un conse%o o instrucciones para tomar una decisin7 cuando
se /ace un ofrecimiento, una invitacin, una sugerencia o propuestaM l! or!i3n
tiene /(e est!r en interro,!ti+!$ nor"!l"ente !#ir"!ti+!M no se %(ede s(Hb6stit(ir
%or Q7illQ ni %or UZllV1 E.14 S&!ll I ,oT HWDo'T6M S&!ll I o%en t&e 7indo7T HWAbro l!
+ent!n!T6M S&!ll 7e !d"it e+er'bod'T HWAd"iti"os ! todo el "(ndoT6M IZll do it$
s&!ll IT HLo &!,o$ WnoT6M S&!ll 7e .oin t&e d!neT HWHNos6 +!"os ! b!il!rT61
Si l! ontest!i3n ! l! %ri"er! %erson! del sin,(l!r es !#ir"!ti+! se die Umes$
%le!seL Ple!se$ do]L All ri,&tL T&!t is +er' 9ind Ho# 'o(6L I# 'o( li9eV ' si es ne,!ti+!
se die UNo$ t&!n9sL No$ donZt]L Not .(st no7VM si l! ontest!i3n ! l! %ri"er!
%erson! del %l(r!l es !#ir"!ti+! se die Umes$ letZs H$ s&!ll 7eT6V ' si es ne,!ti+! se
die UNo$ IZd r!t&er 7e didnZtL No$ IZd r!t&er notV1
2+ Cuando se pide informacin o se busca confirmacin o asentimientoM l!
or!i3n tiene /(e est!r en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M se (s! en GB %rini%!l"enteM en
USA ' en otros %!Fses de &!bl! in,les! se (s! ,ener!l"ente Q7illQ ' en GB en
in,l0s olo/(i!l se %(ede s(Hb6stit(ir %or Q7illQ %ero no %or UZllVM %(ede ir se,(ido
de (n +erbo en %!si+!M en "(&os !sos e/(i+!le ! (n #(t(ro de ortesF! on
si,ni#i!do de %resente1 E.14 >&!te+er s&!ll NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7ill 7e doT
HWJ(0 &!e"osL %ode"os &!er re!l"enteT6M S&!ll NGB %rini%!l"enteOL >ill 7e
be &el%edT HWSe nos !'(d!rT61
2+ Cuando se indica intencin referida al futuro en afirmativa, negativa e
interrogativa en estilo directo e indirectoM se (s! en GB %rini%!l"enteM s(ele ir
on !d+erbios de tie"%oM sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo se (nen dos no"bres o %rono"bres
on l! on.(ni3n Q!ndQ no se (s! Qs&!llQ %!r! l! %ri"er! %erson! del %l(r!l sino
Q7illQM en USA ' en otros %!Fses de &!bl! in,les! se (s! ,ener!l"ente Q7illQM en GB
t!"bi0n se %(ede (s!r Q7illQM Qs&!llQ ' Q7illQ en !#ir"!ti+! se %(eden s(Hb6stit(ir
%or UZllV detrs de (n %rono"bre$ (!ndo +!n se,(idos del in#initi+o sin UtoV de (n
+erbo1 E.14 I s&!ll NGB %rini%!l"ente4 deisi3n "F!OL 7ill Ndeisi3n teniendo en
(ent! lo /(e dese!n otr!s %erson!sOL Zll ,o no "!tter 7&!t HIr0 %!se lo /(e %!se6M
>e s&!nZt NGB4 deisi3n n(estr!OL 7ill not Ndeisi3n teniendo en (ent! lo /(e
dese!n otr!s %erson!sOL 7onZt Ndeisi3n teniendo en (ent! lo /(e dese!n otr!s
%erson!sO ,o HNo ire"os6M mo(r #!t&er !nd I 7ill tr' to sol+e it HIntent!re"os
!rre,l!rlo t( %!dre ' 'o6M Rose"!r' !nd I 7ill +isit &er HL! +isit!re"os Ros! M!rF!
' 'o61
-+ Cuando expresa voluntad o determinacin con un mati) de promesaM se (s!
en GB %rini%!l"enteM se (s! "(&o "s Q7illQ en este sentido t!nto en GB o"o
en USA ' en otros %!Fses de &!bl! in,les!M en !so de d(d! es %re#erible (s!r Q7illQM
Qs&!llQ ' Q7illQ no se %(eden s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV1 E.14 I s&!ll NGB %rini%!l"ente4
deisi3n "F!OL 7ill Ndeisi3n teniendo en (ent! lo /(e dese!s t2O b(' it #or 'o( HTe
lo +o' ! o"%r!r61
3+ Kara indicar suposicin con verbos 'ue indi'uen sentimientos acciones
involuntariasM se (s! en GB %rini%!l"enteM se %(ede (s!r Q7illQ t!"bi0n o"o en
USA ' en otros %!Fses de &!bl! in,les!M Qs&!llQ ' Q7illQ en !#ir"!ti+! se %(eden
s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV detrs de (n %rono"bre$ (!ndo +!n se,(idos del in#initi+o de
(n +erbo1 E.14 I s&!ll NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7ill &!+e no %roble"s$ I !" s(re HNo
tendr0 %roble"!s$ esto' se,(ro de ello6M I s&!ll NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7ill be &!+in,
l(n& !t t7o HEst!r0 o"iendo ! l!s dos61
El +erbo Q7!ntQ no es i,(!l /(e Qs&!llQM Q7!ntQ indi! (n deseo si"%le"ente1
=1<:1I MS/allM se usa en ingls literario con la segunda tercera persona del
singular plural4
*+ Kara expresar un deseo, una determinacin o intencin, una certe)a, una
promesa, permiso, una amena)a, algo inevitable, en afirmativaM %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n +erbo en %!si+!M se %(ede (s!r Q7illQ t!"bi0nM Qs&!llQ ' Q7illQ +!n
!ent(!dos ' no se %(eden s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV1 E.14 mo( Rs&!ll Nliter!rioOL R7ill st(d'
tod!' HEst(di!Rrs &o'6M mo( Rs&!ll Nliter!rioOL R7ill &!+e t&e "one' HTenRdrs el
dinero6M S&e %ro"ises Ht&!t6 s&e Rs&!ll Nliter!rioOL R7ill 9ee% &er 7ord HEll! %ro"ete
/(e "!ntenRdr s( %!l!br!61
2+ Kara expresar una orden u obligacin en afirmativa para expresar
pro/ibicin o rec/a)o en negativaM +! !ent(!do ' se (s! nor"!l"ente en l!
Bibli!$ do("entos le,!les o instit(iones$ (!ndo en in,l0s estnd!r se (s! Q7illL
"(stL &!+e toL be toQM Qs&!llQ es "s en#tio /(e Q7illQ en este sentidoM Qs&!llQ '
Q7illQ no se %(eden s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllVM %(ede ir se,(ido de (n +erbo en %!si+!1
E.14 mo( Rs&!ll Nliter!rioOL R7ill ,o to"orro7 HIRrs "!)!n!6M E+er'one Rs&!ll
Nliter!rioOL R7illL "(stL &!s toL is to 7rite &is Nliter!rioOL &is or &erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO
n!"e be#ore t&e end o# t&e 'e!r HTodos debeRrnL tenRdrn /(e esribir s(s no"bres
!ntes de #in de !)o6M Dotors Rs&!ll Nliter!rioOL R7ill tre!t %!tients 7it& res%et HLos
"0dios tr!t!Rrn ! los %!ientes on res%eto6M mo( Rs&!ll Nliter!rioOL R7ill not 9ill HNo
"!t!Rrs6M mo( s&!ll Rnot Nliter!rioOL Rs&!nZt NGBOL 7ill RnotL R7onZt do t&!t HNo &!Rr0is
Ni deb0is &!erO esoL !/(ello61
En estilo indireto se (s!n Q"(stL &!+e toL be toQ1
2+ Kara su4b+stituir en estilo indirecto en ingls literario a Ms/allM, primera
persona del estilo directoM indi! (n! !i3n en el #(t(roM se (s! "s Q7illQ en
USAM en GB se (s! Q7illQ t!"bi0n en in,l0s no liter!rioM Qs&!llQ ' Q7illQ en
!#ir"!ti+! se %(eden s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV detrs de (n %rono"bre$ (!ndo +!n
se,(idos del in#initi+o de (n +erbo1 E.14 S&e s!'s Ht&!t6 s&e s&!ll Nliter!rioOL 7ill
ne+er s(eed HEll! die /(e no lo onse,(ir n(n!61
-+ Kara pedir informacin de forma diplom!tica en interrogativa en ingls
literario en HIM es (n (so !nti(!doM en in,l0s no liter!rio se (s! Q7illQ en GBM en
USA se (s! Q7illQM Qs&!llQ ' Q7illQ$ si no +!n !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n$ se %(eden
s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV detrs de (n %rono"bre (!ndo +!n se,(idos del in#initi+o de
(n +erbo1 E.14 S&!ll NGB4 liter!rioOL >ill 'o( o"e$ do 'o( t&in9T HW*rees /(e
+endrsL +!s ! +enirT6M >&o s&!ll NGB4 liter!rioOL 7ill s!' 7&et&er &e did &is bestT
HWJ(i0n dirL %(ede deir si 0l lo &izo lo "e.or H/(e %(do6T6M S&!ll 'o( e!t NGB4
liter!rioOL >ill 'o( be e!tin, !t &o"e tod!'T HW*o"ers en !s! &o'T6M S&!ll NGB4
liter!rioOL >ill 'o( be ,oin, to &(r&T Nsin %re"edit!i3nL +ol(nt!d o deseoO HWD!s
! ir ! l! i,lesi!T61
El +erbo Q7!ntQ no es i,(!l /(e Qs&!llQM Q7!ntQ indi! (n deseo si"%le"ente1
=1<;1I MS/allM se usa tambin en HI en ingls literario con la segunda persona
del singular plural4
*+ Kara su4b+stituir en ingls literario al futuro continuo del ingls no literarioM
se (s! s3lo en interro,!ti+!M en USA se (s! Q7illQM Qs&!llQ ' Q7illQ no se %(eden
s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV1 E.4 S&!ll NGB4 liter!rioOL >ill 'o( ,oTL >ill 'o( be ,oin,T
HWD!s ! irT61
2+ Kara indicar una experiencia /ipottica en ingls literarioM en in,l0s no
liter!rio se (s! Q7illQ o Q"!'QM en USA se (s! nor"!l"ente Q7illQM Qs&!llQ ' Q7illQ
en !#ir"!ti+! se %(eden s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV detrs de (n %rono"bre (!ndo +!n
se,(idos del in#initi+o de (n +erbo1 E.14 In t7o 'e!rsZ ti"e 'o( s&!ll NGB4 liter!rioOL
7illL "!' #ind Ht&!t6 s&e isnZt o%%ort(nistHi6 HDentro de dos !)os des(brirsL i,(!l
des(bresL %(ede /(e des(br!s /(e ell! no es o%ort(nist!61
=1<<1I MS/allM se usa tambin con la tercera persona en HI en ingls literario4
*+ Kara preguntar lo 'ue desea la persona a la 'ue se /ablaM nor"!l"ente se
(tiliz! Q7illQM %(ede ir se,(ido de (n +erbo en %!si+!M en USA se (s! Q7illQM Qs&!llQ
' Q7illQ no se %(eden s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV1 E.14 >&!t s&!ll NGB4 liter!rioOL 7ill it
beT HWJ(0 +!s ! to"!rT6M >&en s&!ll NGB4 liter!rioOL 7ill t&e %!rt' t!9e %l!eT
HW*(ndo tendr l(,!r l! #iest!T61
2+ Cuando se pide un conse%o, se /ace un ofrecimiento o sugerencia o cuando
se pregunta algo buscando confirmacin o asentimientoM Qs&!llQ no se %(ede
s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllVM %(ede ir se,(ido de (n +erbo en %!si+!M en GB se %(ede %oner
t!"bi0n (n! onstr(i3n on Q7o(ldQ$ o"o en USA1 E.14 S&!ll &e ,oT NGB4
liter!rioOL >o(ld 'o( li9e &i" to ,oT HWJ(ieres /(e 0l se +!'!T6M S&!ll &e o%en t&e
7indo7T NGB4 liter!rioOL >o(ld 'o( li9e &i" to o%en t&e 7indo7T HWJ(ieres /(e
0l !br! l! +ent!n!T6M S&!ll s&e !d"it e+er'bod'T NGB4 liter!rioOL >o(ld 'o( li9e &er
to !d"it e+er'bod'T HWJ(ieres /(e ell! !d"it! ! todo el "(ndoT61
El +erbo Q7!ntQ no es i,(!l /(e Qs&!llQM Q7!ntQ indi! (n deseo si"%le"ente1
=1<=1I MWillM se usa con la segunda tercera persona del singular plural4
*+ Kara dar una orden o mandato en afirmativa, negativa e interrogativaM
e/(i+!le ! Q"(stQM ! "en(do lle+! (n !d+erbio o"o Q%le!seQ o Q9indl'Q %!r!
s(!+iz!r l! ordenM (!ndo +! en interro,!ti+! s(ele tr!d(irse !l !stell!no %or
U/(ererV en %resente de indi!ti+o h in#initi+oM (!ndo no +! en interro,!ti+!
e/(i+!le ! Qs&!llQ$ %ero Qs&!llQ es "s en#tioM Q7illQ ' Qs&!llQ no se %(eden
s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV1 E.14 mo( 7ill %le!se ,o to bed HH"e6 E!rsL E!es el #!+or de
irHte6 ! l! !"!6L mo( "(st ,o to bed HDebes irHte6 ! l! !"!6M >ill 'o( H%le!se6 sto%
interr(%tin,T HWJ(ieres H%or #!+or6 de.!r de interr("%irT6L mo( "(st sto%
interr(%tin, HDebes de.!r de interr("%ir6M M' son 7ill do 7&!t &e is told HMi &i.o
&!r lo /(e se le di,!L "!nde6L M' son "(st do 7&!t &e is told HMi &i.o debe &!er
lo /(e se le di,!61
2+ Kara indicar una destre)a o /abilidad7 en afirmativa, negativa e
interrogativaM se %(ede %oner el %resente de indi!ti+o o el +erbo U!nV on (n
si,ni#i!do %!reidoM U7illV en !#ir"!ti+! se %(ede #re(ente"ente s(Hb6stit(ir %or
UZllV detrs de (n %rono"bre (!ndo +! se,(ido del in#initi+o de (n +erbo1 E.4 I
do(bt i#L 7&et&er 'o( 7ill !t(!ll' "!9e it #(ntion HD(do de /(e lo &!,!s
#(nion!r re!l"ente61
Q>illQ no es e-!t!"ente lo "is"o /(e Q7!ntQM Q7!ntQ indi! (n deseo$ no (n
"!nd!to ni ortesF! o"o en 56$ no indi! destrez! o"o en 861 E.14 Do 'o( 7!nt to
sto% t!l9in,T HWJ(ieres de.!r de &!bl!rT Ni,(!l ests !ns!dHo$ !6O61
2+ Kara /acer en interrogativa afirmativa o negativa una invitacin o peticin
a otra persona con el fin de 'ue tome una decisin7 puede ir seguido de una
oracin subordinada condicionalM Q7illQ no se %(ede s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllVM (!ndo
se ontest! en ne,!ti+! no se s(ele re%etir el !(-ili!r U7illV %or/(e %(ede res(lt!r
desort0s1 E.14 A4 >ill 'o( e!t so"e "ore &eeseT HWJ(ieres o"er !l,o "s de
/(esoT61 B4 No$ t&!n9sL No$ t&!n9 'o( HNo$ ,r!i!s6L HNo$6 IZd %re#er not to HHNo$6
Pre#erirF! no o"er "s6M >onZt 'o( &!n,e 'o(r "indT HWNo /(ieres !"bi!r de
o%ini3nT6M >ill 'o( &el% "e no7T HWJ(ieres !'(d!r"e !&or!T6M >ill 'o( %(t t&is
o+er t&ereT HWTienes l! !"!bilid!d deL Te %!ree bienL J(ieres %oner esto !llFT6M
>onZt 'o( ,i+e "e ! 9issT HWNo tienes l! !"!bilid!d deL te %!ree bienL /(ieres
d!r"e (n besoT6M >ill 'o( do "e ! #!+o(r NGBOL #!+or NUSAOT HWJ(ieres &!er"e
(n #!+orT6M >ill 'o( ,o no7 or l!terT HWD!s ! ir !&or! o des%(0sT6M >&!t 7ill 'o(
do i# s&e doesnZt o"eT HWJ(0 +!s ! &!er si ell! no +ieneT61
Q>illQ no es e-!t!"ente lo "is"o /(e Q7!ntQM Q7!ntQ es (n! %re,(nt! /(e indi!
deseo$ no es (n! in+it!i3n1
-+ En preguntas cortas o coletillas interrogativas detr!s de una oracin en
imperativo 'ue es una orden o mandatoM l! %re,(nt! ort! +! en !#ir"!ti+!$ +!'!
el i"%er!ti+o en !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!M el s(.eto de l!s %re,(nt!s ort!s s(ele ser (n
%rono"bre o Ut&ereVM e/(i+!le ! Q"(stQM Q7illQ no se %(ede s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV1
E.14 Sto% t!l9in,$ 7ill 'o(T HWJ(ieres de.!r de &!bl!rT6L mo( "(st sto% t!l9in,
HDebes de.!r de &!bl!r6M *lose t&e 7indo7$ 7ill 'o(T HWJ(ieresL Te i"%ort! err!r
l! +ent!n!T6L mo( "(st lose t&e 7indo7 HDebes err!r l! +ent!n!61
=1<?1I MWillM se usa con la tercera persona del singular plural4
*+ Kara indicar algo /abitual o caracter(stico referido a personas o seres vivosM
tiene #re(ente"ente (n "!tiz ne,!ti+o o %e'or!ti+oM se %(ede %oner el %resente de
indi!ti+o on (n si,ni#i!do %!reidoM Q7illQ %(ede ir$ ! +ees$ !ent(!doM Q7illQ en
!#ir"!ti+! se %(ede s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV detrs de (n %rono"bre (!ndo +! se,(ido
del in#initi+o sin UtoV de (n +erbo$ si no +! !ent(!doM en USA t!"bi0n on l!
%ri"er! %erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM %(ede ir se,(ido de (n +erbo en %!si+!1 E.14
S&e 7ill .("% to onl(sions HEll! sie"%reL en se,(id! s!! onl(siones6M S&e
7ill not sto% (ntil I ,i+e &er 7&!t s&e &!s !s9ed #or HEll! no %!r! &!st! /(e le do' lo
/(e &! %edido6M S&e 7ill le!+e t&e li,&ts on !nd &er %!rents ,et !n,r' HEll! de.! l!s
l(es enendid!s ' s(s %!dres se en#!d!n6M Ee 7ill o"e in !nd sit do7n 7it&o(t
s%e!9in, Hl entr! ' se sient! sin &!bl!r6M S&e st(died !ll ni,&t !s so"e 'o(n,
%eo%le 7ill HEll! est(di3 tod! l! no&e o"o !l,(nos .3+enes &!en6M A do, 7ill
(s(!ll' %re#er "e!t to +e,et!bles HUn %erro s(ele %re#erirL %re#iere nor"!l"ente l!
!rne ! l! +erd(r!61
2+ Kara indicar algo 'ue se puede demostrar como verdadero referido a cosasM
se (s! en !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!M se %(ede %oner el %resente de indi!ti+o o el +erbo
!n on (n si,ni#i!do %!reidoM Q7illQ en !#ir"!ti+! se %(ede #re(ente"ente
s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV detrs de (n %rono"bre$ si +! se,(ido del in#initi+o de (n
+erbo1 E.14 T&is !r 7ill doL Zll doL doesL !n do 8CC 9ilo"etres NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eters NUSAO !n &o(r HEste o&e +!L %(ede ir ! 8CC
9il3"etros %or &or!6M T&ese t&in,s 7illL Zll &!%%en HEst!s os!s s(elen o(rrir6M Oil
7ill #lo!tL #lo!ts on 7!ter HEl !eite #lot! en el !,(!6M Oil 7ill notL 7onZtL doesnZtL
!nZt "i- 7it& 7!ter HEl !eite no se "ezl!L %(ede "ezl!r on el !,(!61
=1<@1I MWillM se usa para la primera persona del singular plural4
*+ Kara indicar una promesa, certe)a, finalidad, deseo, voluntad, intencin,
ofrecimiento, determinacin o resolucin, sin premeditacin 'ue se toma
repentinamente en ese mismo momento, pero si uno vuelve a /ablar del tema
a no puede usar M,illM sino 'ue /a 'ue utili)ar el presente de Mbe going toM
o el presente continuo del verbo en cuestin por'ue indica premeditacinM
Q7illQ no se %(ede s(Hb6stit(ir %or QZllQ1 E.14 DonZt 7orr'$ I 7onZt let 'o( do7n]
H\No te %reo(%es$ no te #!ll!r0L dee%ion!r0]6M OH16AH16$ I 7ill tell &er to"orro7
"ornin, HDe !(erdo$ se lo dir0 ! ell! "!)!n! %or l! "!)!n!6M T&e %&one is
rin,in,M I 7ill !ns7er HEst son!ndo el tel0#onoM lo o.o NEs%!)!OL ontesto 'oL +o'
! o,erlo NEs%!)!OL ontest!rlo 'o61
En USA %(ede indi!r &bito t!"bi0n1 E.14 I 7ill 7!t& TD !ll d!' NUSAO HDeo l!
teleH+isi3n6 todo el dF!61
2+ Kara indicar un futuro de cortes(a en afirmativa o negativa 'ue e'uivale a
un presente, pero es m!s diplom!ticoM Q7illQ en !#ir"!ti+! se %(ede s(Hb6stit(ir
%or QZllQ detrs de (n %rono"bre (!ndo +! se,(ido del in#initi+o sin UtoV de (n
+erbo1 E.14 I 7onZt s!' t&!t it is e-%ensi+e HNo dir0L di,o /(e se! !ro61
2+ Kara pedir informacin para expresar perple%idad o 'ue no se puede
/acer nada en una determinada situacinM en GB t!"bi0n se %(ede (s!r Qs&!llQM
Q7illQ o Qs&!llQ no se %(eden s(Hb6stit(ir %or QZllQM se %(ede (s!r Qbe ,oin, toQ en
%resente de indi!ti+o on (n si,ni#i!do %!reido1 E.14 >&en 7ill NoO s&!ll NGBO
7e 9no7L !re 7e ,oin, to 9no7 t&e res(ltsT HW*(ndo s!bre"osL +!"os ! s!ber
los res(lt!dosT6M >&!te+er 7ill I 7riteL s&!ll NGBO I 7riteL !" I ,oin, to 7riteT
HWJ(0 de"onios esribir0L %(edo esribirL +o' ! esribirT6M >&!t 7ill I doL s&!ll
NGBO I doL !" I ,oin, to do$ i# t&e' donZt %!' "eT HWJ(0 &!,oL &!r0L +o' ! &!er$
si no "e %!,!nT61
El +erbo Q7!ntQ indi! deseo ' no es i,(!l /(e Q7illQ en nin,(no de los tres !sos
"enion!dos1
=1<B1I MWillM se usa con todas las personas4
*+ Kara indicar determinacin o resolucin sin premeditacinM se %(ede (s!r en
!#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+!M en ne,!ti+! indi! deter"in!i3n o resol(i3n en #or"! de
re%(lsi3n$ re&!zoM Q7illQ ' Q7onZtQ +!n !ent(!dosM Q7illQ no se %(ede s(Hb6stit(ir
%or UZllVM se (s! "(&o "s #re(ente"ente en l! %ri"er! %erson! /(e en l! terer!M
en l! se,(nd! %erson! se (s! "(' %oo en este sentido1 E.14 I R7illL R7onZt tell 'o(
t&e tr(t& HTe diRr0L No te diRr0 l! +erd!d6M I# 'o( R7ill le!+e$ 'o( "(st !e%t t&e
res%onsibilit' HSi R/(ieres "!r&!rte$ debes !e%t!r l! res%ons!bilid!d6M Ee R7ill ,o
ri,&t no7 Hl iRr !&or! "is"o6M mo( R7onZt ,o o(t (ntil Nliter!rioOL till Nolo/(i!lO
'o( tell "e t&e tr(t& HNo s!lRdrs &!st! /(e "e di,!s l! +erd!d6M S&e R7onZt listen to
(s HEll! no R/(iere es(&!rnos Nes (n! !i3nM no es %or/(e %re#ier! &!er otr! os!
sino %or/(e est en#!d!d!O6M Ee R7onZt tell (s 7&!t &!%%ened Hl no R/(iere deirnos
lo /(e %!s36M S&e R7ill resi,n no "!tter 7&!t &!%%ens HEll! di"itiRrL R/(iere di"itir
%!se lo /(e %!se6M S&e R7onZt %(t (% 7it& it HEll! no lo onsentiRr6M S&e R7onZt
!e%t o(r !d+ie HEll! no R/(iere !e%t!r n(estro onse.o6M I# 'o( R7ill be&!+e li9e
t&is$ %eo%le 7onZt li9e it HSi te R%ort!s !sF$ ! l! ,ente no le ,(st!r6M I# s&e R7onZt
listen to (s$ &o7 !n 7e &el% &erT HSi ell! no nos esR(&!L no R/(iere es(&!rnos$
W3"o %ode"os !'(d!rl!T61
Q>illQ on este sentido no se %(ede %oner en %!si+!$ !(n/(e en in,l0s %!rez!
%!si+!1 E.14 Ee R7onZt &el% &er Hl no R/(iere !'(d!rl!6M S&e R7onZt be &el%ed b'
&i" HEll! no R/(iere ser !'(d!d! %or 0l Nno se %(ede tr!d(ir %or UEll! no ser
!'(d!d! %or 0lVO61
Q>illQ no es e-!t!"ente lo "is"o /(e Q7!ntQM Q7!ntQ indi! deseo$ no re%(lsi3n1
E.14 S&e doesnZt 7!nt to listen to (s HEll! no /(iere es(&!rnos Nes (n deseoM
%re#iere &!er otr! os!O61
2+ Kara indicar cortes(a# buena voluntad# buena disposicin en oraciones
subordinadas condicionales7 suele ir contra(do se traduce normalmente al
castellano por ;tener la amabilidad de# parecer bien# 'uerer< en presente de
indicativo D infinitivoM Q7illQ en !#ir"!ti+! se %(ede s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV detrs de
(n %rono"bre (!ndo +! se,(ido del in#initi+o de (n +erbo1 E.14 I# t&e' 7illL Zll
o"e$ 7e 7illL Zll st!' &ere HSi tienen l! !"!bilid!d deL les %!ree bienL /(ieren
+enir$ nos /(ed!"osL /(ed!re"os !/(F6M I# 'o( 7illL Zll ,o$ IZll t!9e 'o( t&ere HSi te
%!ree bienL /(ieres ir$ te lle+o H'o6 !llF6M I# 'o(Zll ,i+e "e 'o(r %&one n("ber$ I
!n !ll 'o( ne-t 7ee9 HSi /(iereHs6L tieneHs6 l! !"!bilid!d de d!r"e el n2"ero de
tel0#ono$ %(edo ll!"!rHte$ le6 l! se"!n! /(e +iene61 D1 B15?1<15
2+ Kara indicar una accin en el futuro en afirmativa, negativa e
interrogativaM on l! %ri"er! %erson! se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n Qs&!llQ en GB
%rini%!l"enteM (!ndo el s(.eto es Q'o( !nd IQ no se s(ele (s!r Qs&!llQ sino Q7illQM
los "oti+os %!r! deir !l,o son s(b.eti+os$ "ientr!s /(e el %resente de Qbe ,oin, toQ
indi! "oti+os ob.eti+osM s(ele ir on !d+erbios de tie"%oM %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
+erbo en %!si+!M Q7illQ en !#ir"!ti+! se %(ede s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV detrs de (n
%rono"bre (!ndo +! se,(ido del in#initi+o sin UtoV de (n +erbo1 E.14 It &!snZt
!rri+ed b(t I 7illL Zll send it to 'o( HNo &! lle,!do %ero te lo en+i!r06M T&e' !re s(re
t&!t s&e 7ill o"e HEstn se,(ros de /(e ell! +endr6M I donZt e!rn eno(,& "one'M
IZll sell "' !r to sol+e t&e sit(!tion HNo ,!no s(#iiente dineroM +ender0 el o&e
%!r! sol(ion!r l! sit(!i3n6M >&ere 7ill 'o( ,oT HWH!6D3nde irsT6M >ill &e o"eT
HWDendr 0lT61
-+ Kara indicar suposicin en afirmativa o negativa7 no va acentuadoM Q7illQ en
!#ir"!ti+! se %(ede s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllV detrs de (n %rono"bre (!ndo +! se,(ido
del in#initi+o sin UtoV de (n +erbo1 E.14 I 7illL Zll be (n&!%%' 7&en 'o( ,o !7!'
HNo est!r0 ontento (!ndo te +!'!s6M mo( 7illL Zll &!+e no %roble"s no7$ I !"
s(re HNo tendrs %roble"!s !&or!$ esto' se,(ro de ello6M >&!t ti"e 7ill it beT
HWJ(0 &or! serT6M T&e'Zll o"e ne-t 7ee9 HDendrn l! se"!n! %r3-i"!6M mo(r
#!t&er 7ill 9no7 &er HT( %!dre l! onoer6M I# 'o( st(d'$ 'o( 7illL Zll %!ss HSi
est(di!s$ !%rob!rs61
3+ En preguntas cortas o coletillas interrogativas detr!s de una oracin
interrogativa en futuro para confirmar lo 'ue se acaba de decirM Q7illQ no se
%(ede s(Hb6stit(ir %or UZllVM si l! or!i3n !nterior +! en !#ir"!ti+!$ l! %re,(nt! ort!
s(ele ir en ne,!ti+! '$ si l! or!i3n !nterior +! en ne,!ti+!$ l! %re,(nt! ort! s(ele ir
en !#ir"!ti+!M el s(.eto de l!s %re,(nt!s ort!s s(ele ser (n %rono"bre o Ut&ereV1
E.14 >e 7illL Zll ,o to"orro7$ 7onZt 7eT HIre"os "!)!n!$ W+erd!dTL WnoT6M mo(
7onZt tell &er t&e tr(t&$ 7ill 'o(T HNo le dirs l! +erd!d ! ell!$ W+erd!dT6M T&e' 7illL
Zll %&one$ 7onZt t&e'T HLl!"!rn %or tel0#ono$ W+erd!dTL WnoT61
=1=C1I El futuro imperfecto simple de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on el #(t(ro
i"%er#eto del +erbo UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l
orres%ondiente1 E.14 I s&!llL IZll be eleted HSer0 ele,ido6M Ee 7ill be &el%ed Hl
ser !'(d!doL Se le !'(d!r61
=1=51I Futuro imperfecto continuo# progresivo H#(t(re ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e
Htense664 nor"!l"ente se #or"! en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! %oniendo el
!(-ili!r Us&!llV %!r! l! %ri"er! %erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l ' Q7illQ %!r! l!s de"s
%erson!s se,(idos de UbeV ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente del +erbo nor"!l
orres%ondienteM en !#ir"!ti+! Qs&!llQ ' Q7illQ %(eden ontr!erse ! QZllQM en ne,!ti+!
Qs&!ll notQ ' Q7ill notQ %(eden ontr!erse ! Qs&!nZtQ en GB %rini%!l"ente$ ' !
Q7onZtQ res%eti+!"enteM si,ni#i! lo "is"o /(e el #(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%le on
Qs&!llQM no si,ni#i! lo "is"o /(e el #(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%le on Q7illQ$ '! /(e el
#(t(ro i"%er#eto ontin(o on Qs&!llQ o Q7illQ no e-%res! deseo$ inteni3n$
resol(i3n$ ertid("bre$ deter"in!i3n o +ol(nt!ried!d ' el #(t(ro i"%er#eto on
Q7illQ %(ede indi!r deseo$ inteni3n$ resol(i3n$ ertid("bre$ deter"in!i3n o
+ol(nt!ried!dM es b!st!nte %!reido !l %resente ontin(o (!ndo indi! #(t(roM se
di#ereni!n en /(e el %resente ontin(o indi! (n #(t(ro in"edi!to o no re"oto '
neesit! lle+!r (n !d+erbio de tie"%o e-%lFito o sobrHe6entendido /(e es%ei#i/(e
el "o"ento onreto$ deter"in!do$ "ientr!s /(e el #(t(ro i"%er#eto ontin(o
%(ede indi!r (n #(t(ro in"edi!to o re"oto ' no neesit! lle+!r (n !d+erbio de
tie"%o /(e es%ei#i/(e el "o"ento onretoM #re(ente"ente no tiene (n "!tiz
%ro,resi+oM %(ede (s!rse %!r! el #(t(ro in"edi!to ' %!r! el #(t(ro le.!no o re"oto
on (n !d+erbio de tie"%o /(e es%ei#i/(e el "o"ento onreto o no o
si"%le"ente sin !d+erbio o lo(i3n te"%or!l$ si se sobrHe6entiendeM en#!tiz! l!
d(r!i3n o des!rrollo de l! !i3nM indi! /(e l! !i3n es %ro+ision!l ' de d(r!i3n
li"it!d!$ /(e l! !i3n no &! ter"in!doM d! re!lis"o ' 0n#!sis ! (n! desri%i3nM
%(ede indi!r si"(lt!neid!d$ ontr!ste ' (n! !ti+id!d !r!terFsti! on (n "!tiz
s(b.eti+o o e"oti+oM detrs de (n +erbo o (n! e-%resi3n /(e indi/(e d(d! se %(ede
(s!r este tie"%o ' en !stell!no se tr!d(e %or el %resente de s(b.(nti+oM el #(t(ro
i"%er#eto ontin(o se (s! "(&o "s ! "en(do en in,l0s /(e en !stell!no '$ !
+ees$ se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or el #(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%le1 E.14 T&e' 7ill be
7ritin, !t ten HEst!rn esribiendoL Esribirn ! l!s diez6M Ee 7ill be t&in9in, o#
'o( 7&en 'o( ,et t&ere Hl est!r %ens!ndoL %ens!r en ti (!ndo lle,(es !llF6M
T&e' 7ill be slee%in, 7&en 'o( %&one t&e" HEst!rn d(r"iendoL Dor"irn
(!ndo les ll!"es %or tel0#ono6M S&e 7ill be !ll d!' tr'in, to #or,et it HEll! +! ! est!r
todo el dF! tr!t!ndoL tr!t!r todo el dF! de ol+id!rlo6M I s&!llL 7illL Zll be %&onin, &er
to"orro7 Nsin deseo$ on %re"edit!i3n o noOL I s&!ll %&one &er to"orro7 Nsin
deseo ni %re"edit!i3nO HL! ll!"!r0 %or tel0#ono "!)!n!6M S&e 7ill be %&onin, 'o(
l!ter Nsin deseo$ on %re"edit!i3n o noO HEll! te ll!"!r %or tel0#ono des%(0s6$
%ero QS&e 7illL s&!ll Nliter!rioO %&one 'o( l!terQ Ndeseo sin %re"edit!i3nO HEll! te
ll!"!r des%(0s Ni tiene inteni3n deL /(iere ll!"!rte des%(0sO6M S!ndr! 7ill notL
7onZt be ,oin, to s&ool to"orro7 Nsin deseo$ on %re"edit!i3n o noO HS!ndr! no
ir ! l! es(el! "!)!n! N%or/(e est en#er"! o %or otr! r!z3nO6$ %ero QS!ndr! 7ill
notL 7onZt ,o to s&ool to"orro7Q Ndeseo sin %re"edit!i3nO HS!ndr! no ir ! l!
es(el! "!)!n! Ni no /(iere ir !l es(el! "!)!n!O6M I do(bt i#L t&!t s&e 7ill be
o"in, ne-t 7ee9 HD(do de /(e ell! +en,! l! se"!n! /(e +iene61
A +ees$ es %re#erible (s!r el #(t(ro i"%er#eto en #or"! ontin(! en +ez del #(t(ro
i"%er#eto en #or"! si"%le o l! onstr(i3n Qbe ,oin, toQ$ si se /(iere !t(!r
di%lo"ti!"ente$ '! /(e es "s s(!+e !l no i"%li!r deseo1
No se s(ele (s!r este tie"%o on iertos +erbos esttios1 D1 =1;8
Se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n l! onstr(i3n Us&!llL 7ill h be ,oin, toV h in#initi+o
si"%leL in#initi+o en #or"! ontin(!L in#initi+o o"%(esto1
Kuede usarse para indicar"
*+ =lgo 'ue tendr! lugar con certe)a en el futuro pero sin idea de
determinacin, voluntad o deseoM %(ede indi!r !l,o %re"edit!do$ %l!ne!do$
!ord!do o no ND1 =1;;1?O1 E.14 S&e 7illL Zll be ,oin, to t&e libr!r' H!t #i+e oZlo96
Nsin deter"in!i3n$ +ol(nt!d o deseoM %(ede est!r %re"edit!doL !ord!do o noO
HEll! ir ! l! bibliote! H! l!s ino66 ' US&e 7illL Zll ,o to t&e libr!r' H!t #i+e
oZlo96V Non deter"in!i3n$ +ol(nt!d NoO deseoO HEll! ir ! l! bibliote! H! l!s
ino66 ' US&e is ,oin, to t&e libr!r' !t #i+e oZlo9V N%re"edit!do NoO !ord!doO
HEll! +! ! irL ir ! l! bibliote! ! l!s ino6M >e s&!ll NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7ill be
7or9in, !t ten Nsin deter"in!i3n$ +ol(nt!d o deseoO HEst!re"os tr!b!.!ndo ! l!s
diez6M I s&!ll NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7illL Zll be t!l9in, to 'o(r brot&er Hto"orro7
"ornin,L ne-t 'e!rL so"e ti"e in t&e #(t(reL 7&ene+er 7e "eet$ et16 Nsin +ol(nt!d
NoO deseoO HE!bl!r0 on t( &er"!no H"!)!n! %or l! "!)!n!L el !)o /(e +ieneL
!l,(n! +ez en el #(t(roL (!ndo se d0 l! !s(!lid!d de /(e nos +e!"os$ et16$ I 7illL
Zll t!l9 to 'o(r brot&er Hto"orro7 "ornin,L ne-t 'e!rL so"e ti"e in t&e #(t(reL
7&ene+er 7e "eet$ et16 Nsin %re"edit!i3n %ero on +ol(nt!d NoO deseoO HE!bl!r0
Ni /(iero &!bl!rO on t( &er"!no H"!)!n! %or l! "!)!n!L el !)o /(e +ieneL !l,(n!
+ez en el #(t(roL (!ndo se d0 l! !s(!lid!d de /(e nos +e!"os$ et16 ' UI !"
t!l9in, to 'o(r brot&er to"orro7 "ornin,L on S(nd!'L ne-t 7ee9L ne-t "ont&V
N%re"edit!do o !ord!doO HDo' ! &!bl!r on t( &er"!no "!)!n! %or l! "!)!n!L el
do"in,oL l! %r3-i"! se"!n!L el "es /(e +iene N%ero no el !)o /(e +ieneL !l,(n!
+ez en el #(t(roL (!ndo se d0 l! !s(!lid!d de /(e nos +e!"os$ et1O6M T&e' 7ill be
st!rtin, on t&e %ro.et in t7ent' 'e!rsZ ti"e N%re"edit!do NoO !ord!doO
HE"%ez!rn on el %ro'eto dentro de +einte !)os6M I# 'o( R7ill 9ee% be&!+in, li9e
t&is$ %eo%le 7onZt li9e it HSi te si,(es %ort!ndo !sF$ ! l! ,ente no le ,(st!r61
Es %re#erible on iertos +erbos (s!r el #(t(ro i"%er#eto ontin(o en se,(nd!
%erson! on U7illV en interro,!ti+! %!r! %edir in#or"!i3n en +ez del #(t(ro
i"%er#eto si"%le %or/(e es "s di%lo"tio1 E.14 >&en 7ill 'o( be %!'in, t&e
rentT HW*(ndo te to! %!,!r l! rent!T6M >&en 7ill 'o( %!' t&e rentT HW*(ndo +!s
! %!,!r l! rent!T Nse %(ede inter%ret!r o"o (n! %etii3n in"edi!t! del dineroO6M
>ill 'o( be ,oin, to &(r&T Nsin %re"edit!i3nL +ol(nt!d o deseoO HWD!s ! ir ! l!
i,lesi!T6M >ill 'o( ,o to &(r&T N+ol(nt!d o deseoO HWJ(ieres ir ! l! i,lesi!T6M Are
'o( ,oin, to &(r& to"orro7T N%re"edit!do o !ord!doO HWD!s ! ir ! l! i,lesi!
"!)!n!T6M >ill 'o( be t!9in, t&e &ildren to s&ool t&is 7ee9 Hor 7ill I &!+e to do it
!,!in6T Nsin %re"edit!i3nL +ol(nt!d o deseoO HWD!s ! lle+!r ! los ni)os ! l! es(el!
est! se"!n! Ho tendr0 /(e &!erlo de n(e+o6T61
2+ Suposicin, deduccin, probabilidad, por'ue forma parte de las costumbres
o ritmo de vida conocidos1 E.14 Ee 7illL Zll be st(d'in, Hno76 Hl est!r
est(di!ndo H!&or!66M S&e 7illL Zll be !%%e!rin, on tele+ision Hne-t 7ee96 HEll!
s!ldrL !%!reer en l! tele+isi3n Hl! se"!n! /(e +iene66M T&e' 7ill be &!+in, l(n&
no7$ 7onZt t&e'T HEst!rn o"iendo !&or!$ WnoT6M T&e'Zll be 7!itin, #or 'o( no7
HEst!rn es%erndote !&or!61
*on iertos +erbos nor"!les o"o Q!rri+eQ &!' %o! di#ereni! entre el #(t(ro
i"%er#eto si"%le ' el ontin(o$ %ero el ontin(o es "s olo/(i!l1 E.14 T&e b(s
7ill !rri+eL be !rri+in, soon HEl !(tob2s lle,!r %ronto61
=1=81I El futuro imperfecto continuo# progresivo de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on
el #(t(ro i"%er#eto ontin(o del +erbo QbeQ se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM se
(s! "(' %oo ' es "e.or %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes no (s!rlo1 E.14 Ee 7ill NoO Zll
be bein, &el%ed Hl est!r siendo !'(d!doL Se le est!r !'(d!ndo61
=1=:1I Condicional o potencial simpleM t!"bi0n se ll!"! #(t(ro del %!s!do '
%os%ret0rito H%resentL si"%le ondition!l64 ,ener!l"ente se #or"! en !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! %oniendo el !(-ili!r Us&o(ldV %!r! l! %ri"er! %erson! del
sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l ' U7o(ldV %!r! l!s de"s %erson!s se,(idos del in#initi+o sin UtoV
del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM %(ede e-%res!r (n! !i3n %osible o irre!l en el
%resente o en el #(t(ro se,2n se! el !d+erbio de tie"%oM Us&o(ldV ' U7o(ldV %(eden
ontr!erse o"o UZdV$ %ero (!ndo Us&o(ldV si,ni#i! UdeberF!V no %(ede
ontr!erse1 E.14 I s&o(ld st(d' no7$ i# I &!d ti"e HH'o6 Est(di!rF! !&or!$ si t(+ier!
NoO t(+iese tie"%o6M mo( 7o(ld st(d' l!ter$ i# 'o( &!d to 7or9 no7 HHt26
Est(di!rF!sL H+osotros6 Est(di!rF!is "s t!rde$ si Ht26 t(+ier!s NoO t(+iesesL
H+osotros6 t(+ier!is NoO t(+ieseis /(e tr!b!.!r !&or!6M I# s&e 7ere Nliter!rioOL 7!s
Nolo/(i!lO ,oin,$ s&e 7o(ld t!9e so"e #ood HSi ell! #(er! ! ir$ Hse6 lle+!rF! !l,o de
o"id!6M Alt&o(,&L T&o(,& Nolo/(i!lO s&e 7ere %oor$ &e 7o(ld "!rr' &er
HA(n/(e ell! #(er! %obre$ 0l se !s!rF!L !s!b! on ell!6M I 7is& 'o( 7o(ld o"e]
H\O.!l +en,!sL +inier!s]6M I 7o(ldL Zd r!t&er ,o N"s (s!doOL I &!dL Zd r!t&er ,o
N"enos (s!doO HPre#erirF! irH"e66M >e &!d betterL >eZd better ,o HSerF! "e.or /(e
nos #(0r!"osL #(0se"os61
QS&o(ldQ h in#initi+o si"%le sin UtoV indi! %resente o #(t(ro %ero no %!s!do en
estilo direto ' %(ede indi!r #(t(ro en el %!s!do en estilo indiretoM %!r! indi!r
%!s!do en estilo direto &!' /(e (s!r el +erbo Qbe s(%%osed toQM %!r! indi!r %!s!do
se (s! Qs&o(ldQ h in#initi+o o"%(esto1 E.14 I s&o(ld be on "' 7!' no7 HDeberF!
ir"e !&or!6M Ee !s9ed i#L 7&et&er s&e s&o(ld ,o Hl %re,(nt3 si ell! deberF! irseL
/(erF! /(e ell! Hse6 #(er!6M S&e !s9ed i#L 7&et&er &e s&o(ld o%en t&e 7indo7 HEll!
%re,(nt3 si 0l deberF! !brirL /(erF! /(e 0l !brier! l! +ent!n!6M Ee s&o(ld &!+e s!id
to"orro7 inste!d o# ne-t 7ee9 Hl deberF! &!ber di&o "!)!n! N%ero no lo di.oO en
+ez de l! se"!n! /(e +iene61
A +ees$ el ondiion!l se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or el %resente de indi!ti+o en
or!iones de ortesF!1 E.14 I s&o(ld t&in9 so H*reo /(e sF6M I s&o(ld i"!,ine Ht&!t6 &e
7ill !e%t HMe i"!,ino /(e 0l !e%t!r6$ et1
A +ees$ el ondiion!l se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or el ondiion!l o %ret0rito
i"%er#eto de indi!ti+o1 E.14 I 7o(ld be ! ,ood dotor Hmo ser+irF!L ser+F! %!r!
"0dio6M mo( 7o(ld be ! ,ood 7!iter HT2 +!ldrF!sL +!lF!s %!r! !"!rero6M I# 'o(
7ent$ I 7o(ld !e%t HSi #(er!s t2$ 'o !e%t!rF!L !e%t!b!61
A "en(do se (s! el ondiion!l si"%le en +ez del %resente o %ret0rito i"%er#eto de
s(b.(nti+o$ sobre todo en GB1 E.14 Eer %!rents &!+e deided Ht&!t6 s&e s&o(ld ,o to
M(ri! HS(s %!dres &!n deidido /(e ell! +!'! ! M(ri!6M Ee %ro%oses Ht&!t6 t&e'
s&o(ld be &ere Hl %ro%one /(e ellos est0n !/(F6M M' brot&er s(,,ested Ht&!t6 s&e
s&o(ld sell t&e #l!t NGBOL !%!rt"ent NUSA %rini%!l"enteO HMi &er"!no s(,iri3
/(e ell! +endier! el %iso NoO !%!rt!"ento6M It is better Ht&!t6 &e s&o(ld ,o no7L #or
&i" to ,o no7 HEs "e.or /(e 0l +!'! !&or!6M Ee ordered Ht&!t6 &e s&o(ld ,o !7!'L
&i" to ,o !7!' Hl orden3 /(e se #(er!6M T&e Gener!l o""!nded Ht&!t6 t&e
soldiers s&o(ld rest HEl ,ener!l "!nd3 /(e los sold!dos des!ns!r!n6M Ee intended
Ht&!t6 t&ere s&o(ld be eno(,& #or e+er'bod' HS( inteni3n er! /(e &(bier!
s(#iiente %!r! todos6M I# s&e s&o(ld do it$ t&e' 7o(ld be +er' ,l!d HSi lo &iier! ell!$
est!rF!n "(' ontentos6M I &o%ed Ht&!t6 s&e 7o(ld be 7ell HEs%er!b! /(e ell!
est(+ier!L est(+iese bien61
A +ees$ este tie"%o se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or U%re#erirV h in#initi+o1 E.14 T&e
!,en' 7o(ld 9ee% o## t&e !,end! HL! !,eni! %re#erirF! "!ntenerse !l "!r,en del
orden del dF!61
Si el ondiion!l si"%le +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto on UtoV es "s o
"enos e/(i+!lente ! (n ondiion!l o"%(esto1 E.14 I s&o(ldL 7o(ld li9e to &!+e
,one HMe ,(st!rF! &!ber ido6 ' UI s&o(ldL 7o(ld &!+e li9ed to ,oV HMe &!brF!L
&(bier! ,(st!do ir61
=1=;1I Los +erbos Qs&o(ldQ ' Q7o(ldQ se (s!n %!r! #or"!r el ondiion!l si"%le '
o"%(esto1
MS/ouldM puede usarse para la primera persona del singular plural4
*+ Cuando se pide un conse%o, se /ace un ofrecimiento o sugerencia, cuando se
pregunta algo buscando permiso, confirmacin o asentimiento o cuando se
/ace una pregunta retricaM en #or"! interro,!ti+! s3loM %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
+erbo en %!si+!1 E.4 S&o(ld I ,oT HWDeberF! ir"eTL WJ(errF!s /(e "e #(er!T6M
S&o(ld I o%en t&e 7indo7T HWDeberF! !brir l! +ent!n!T6M S&o(ld 7e !d"it
e+er'bod'T HWDeberF!"os !d"itir ! todo el "(ndoT61
2+ Cuando se busca confirmacin o asentimientoM ! +ees$ se %(ede %oner
t!"bi0n Q7o(ldQM %(ede ir se,(ido de (n +erbo en %!si+!M en "(&os !sos
e/(i+!le ! (n #(t(ro de ortesF! on si,ni#i!do de %resente1 E.14 >&!te+er s&o(ld
7e doT HWJ(0 de"onios NoO di!blos deberF!"osL %odrF!"os &!erT6M S&o(ldL
>o(ld 7e be &el%edT HWSe nos !'(d!rF!T61
2+ Kara indicar deseo o preferencia seguido de Mbe glad# grateful# inclined,
care, despise, /ate, /ope, imagine, li1e, loat/e, love, manage, prefer, rat/er,
sooner, t/in1, ,elcomeM, etc., en oraciones principales 'ue van con una
oracin subordinada condicionalM en GB se %(ede (s!r Q7o(ldQ t!"bi0nM en
USA se (s! Q7o(ldQ ,ener!l"ente ' Qs&o(ldQ s3lo en in,l0s liter!rio "(&o "enos
#re(ente"ente1 E.14 I s&o(ld NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7o(ld be ,r!te#(l i# 'o( 7o(ld
&el% &er HTe est!rF! !,r!deido si /(isier!s !'(d!rl!6M I s&o(ld NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
7o(ld li9e to ,o HMe ,(st!rF! ir6M I s&o(ld NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7o(ld r!t&er
%&one HPre#erirF! ll!"!r %or tel0#ono6M I s&o(ldnZt NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7o(ldnZt
be s(r%rised i# s&e didnZt o"e HNo "e sor%renderF! si ell! +inier! Nolo/(i!lOL no
+inier! Nliter!rioO6M I s&o(ld NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7o(ld be %le!sed i# 'o( o(ld
re%l' HMe !le,r!rF! si %(dier!s ontest!r6M I s&o(ld NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7o(ld do
it$ i# 'o( &el%ed "e HLo &!rF!$ si "e !'(d!r!sL !'(d!ses61
-+ Kara expresar indignacin tanto en HI como en @S=1 E.4 A4 Is it #!rT HWEst
le.osT61 B4 Eo7 s&o(ldL 7o(ld NUSAO I 9no7T HW*3"o /(ieres /(e lo se%! 'oTL
Wm 'o /(e s0T6M A4 S&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7!s sorr' HEll! di.o /(e lo sentF!61 B4 I s&o(ld
t&in9 so too] H\No #!lt!rF! "s]L \Es lo "enos /(e %odF! &!er]6M A4 S&e 7onZt be
!s9in, (s #or !n' "one' HEll! no nos +! ! %edir Hn!d! de6 dinero61 B4 I s&o(ldnZt
t&in9 so] H\No #!lt!rF! "s]L \SerF! el ol"o]61
3+ Kara indicar una suposicin en HI principalmenteM se %ron(ni! L[(dLM en
USA se (s! Q7o(ldQ ,ener!l"ente ' en in,l0s liter!rio Qs&o(ldQ "(&o "enos
#re(ente"enteM en GB se %(ede (s!r Q7o(ldQ t!"bi0n1 E.14 I s&o(ldnZt NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL 7o(ldnZt t&in9 Ht&!t6 &e is o+er t&irt' H'e!rs old6 Hmo no dirF! /(e
0l tiene "s de treint! H!)os66M A4 I s&o(ld NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7o(ld s!' Ht&!t6
s&e "(st be &!%%' HH'o6 DirF! /(e ell! debe de ser #eliz61 B4 I s&o(ldnZt NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL 7o(ldnZt t&in9 so H*reo /(e no6M I s&o(ld NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
7o(ld t&in9 Ht&!t6 it 7!s t7o 'e!rs !,o HDirF! /(e #(e &!e dos !)os6M EeZs "!rried
b' no7$ I s&o(ldnZt NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7o(ldnZt 7onder HNo "e e-tr!)!rF! /(e
0l est0 !s!do '!61
6+ Kara dar un conse%o en ingls colo'uial en HIM en USA se (s! Q7o(ldQ
,ener!l"ente ' Qs&o(ldQ "(&o "enos #re(ente"ente$ en in,l0s liter!rioM en GB
se %(ede (s!r Q7o(ldQ t!"bi0n1 E.14 I s&o(ldnZt NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7o(ldnZt
bot&er to tell &er !bo(t it HNo "e to"!rF! l! "olesti! de deFrselo ! ell!61
=1=<1I MS/ouldM se usa con la segunda tercera persona del singular plural
en exclamaciones irnicas t!nto en GB o"o en USA1 E.14 Ee s!'s Ht&!t6 s&e
7or9s too little1 Ee s&o(ld t!l9] Hl die /(e ell! tr!b!.! de"!si!do %oo1 \Mir!
/(ien &!bl!]6M S&e s&o(ld o"%l!in] I 7or9 t7el+e &o(rs ! d!' H\Ell! no %ero 'o sF
/(e "e %(edo /(e.!r de tr!b!.!r doe &or!s di!ri!s]61
=1==1I MS/ouldM se usa tambin con todas las personas4
*+ Cuando e'uivale al presente, pretrito imperfecto, pretrito perfecto
pretrito pluscuamperfecto de sub%untivo en castellanoM #re(ente"ente se
%(ede o"itir Qs&o(ldQ$ /(e se (s! en GB %rini%!l"ente$ sin !"bio de si,ni#i!doM
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n +erbo en %!si+!1 E.14 It is essenti!l Ht&!t6 'o( Hs&o(ld NGBO6
be %resent HEs eseni!l /(e est0s %resente6M ItZs n!t(r!l Ht&!t6 t&e' Hs&o(ld NGBO6
7!nt to ,o HEs n!t(r!l /(e /(ier!n ir6M It is str!n,e Ht&!t6 'o( Hs&o(ld NGBO6 o"e
no7 HEs e-tr!)o /(e +en,!s !&or!6M Ee 7ent so t&!t s&e s&o(ldnZt be lonel' Hl #(e
%!r! /(e ell! no se sintier! sol!6M EeZs s(r%rised Ht&!t6 t&e' Hs&o(ld NGBO6 &!+e
o"e so e!rl' HEll! est sor%rendid! de /(e &!'!n +enido t!n te"%r!no6M Ee &!s
!,reed Ht&!t6 s&e s&o(ld ,o Hl &! deididoL !ord!do /(e +!'! ell!6M S&e 7!s
s(r%rised Ht&!t6 &e s&o(ld &!+e NGBOL &!d s!id so HEll! est!b! sor%rendid! de /(e 0l
&(bier!L &(biese di&o eso6M S&e #e!rs lest &e Hs&o(ld NGBO6 #ind o(t t&e tr(t& HEll!
te"e /(e 0l des(br! l! +erd!d6M Ee didnZt ,o lest s&e Hs&o(ld NGBO6 ,et !n,r' Hl
no #(e %or "iedo ! /(e ell! se en#!d!r!6M It 7!s i"%ossible Ht&!t6 &e s&o(ld tell 'o(
t&!t HEr! i"%osible /(e 0l te di.er! eso6M S&e %ro"ised to 7rite !s soon !s s&e
s&o(ld !rri+e NGBOL !rri+ed in A+il! HEll! %ro"eti3 esribir t!n %ronto o"o lle,!r!
! n+il!6M S&e &!d eno(,& "one' to b(' 7&!te+er s&e s&o(ld 7is& NGBOL 7is&ed
HEll! tenF! s(#iiente dinero %!r! o"%r!r lo /(e dese!r!6M It see"ed inredible t&!t
I s&o(ld "!9e s(& ! "ist!9e HP!reF! inreFble /(e %(dier! o"eter t!l error61
2+ Kara expresar probabilidad en oraciones subordinadas condicionales detr!s
de MifM en oraciones subordinadas causales detr!s de Min caseM >HI? 4por si
4acaso+# no vaa a ser 'ue# no sea 'ue >detr!s de una oracin principal?+M se
(s! en GB en in,l0s liter!rioM e/(i+!le !l s(b.(nti+oM se (s! %oo Qs&o(ldQ en este
sentidoM en USA es r!ro este (so1 E.14 I# 7e s&o(ld be Nliter!rioOL 7ere Nestnd!rM
U7!sV4 no %onerO %(nis&ed$ t&e' 7o(ld l!(,& !t (s HSi #(0r!"os !sti,!dos$ se
reirF!n de nosotros6M I# s&e s&o(ld deide Nliter!rioOL deided Nestnd!rO to 9ee% on$
let "e 9no7] H\Si ell! deidier! ontin(!r$ !+Fs!"e]6M I# 'o( s&o(ld ,o Nliter!rioOL
S&o(ld 'o( ,o N"s liter!rio !2nOL I# 'o( 7ent Nestnd!rO to *ordob!$ +isit t&e
"os/(e] H\Si #(er!s ! *3rdob!$ +isit! l! "ez/(it!]6M I# t&e onert s&o(ld Nliter!rioOL
S&o(ld t&e onert N"s liter!rio !2nO be !nelled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !neled
NUSAO$ t&e'Zll ,i+e (s t&e "one' b!9 HSi se s(s%ende el onierto$ nos de+ol+ern
el dinero61 B15?1<151!$ B15?1<181b
2+ En oraciones finales en HI detr!s de Mfor fear t/atM 4por miedo a 'ue+, lest
>literario? 4no sea 'ue# para 'ue no+, M4so+ t/atM >va sin una coma delante de
;so< pero cuando es consecutiva lleva coma delante de ;so<? 4para 'ue+, Min
order t/atM 4para 4'ue+# con ob%eto de 'ue# a fin de 'ue+7 normalmente se
puede poner tambin M,ouldM o McouldM tanto en HI como en @S=M %(ede ir
se,(ido de (n +erbo en %!si+!1 E.14 Ee 7ent Hso6 t&!t s&e s&o(ld NGBOL 7o(ldL
o(ld be s!tis#ied Hl #(e %!r! /(eL de #or"! /(e ell! est(+ier!L %(dier! est!r
s!tis#e&!6M Go 7it& &er$ lest Nliter!rioO s&e Hs&o(ld NGBO6 ,et lost] H\Dete on ell!$
no se! /(e se %ierd!]61
-+ Kara expresar tanto en HI como en @S= una obligacin, un conse%o, una
recomendacin o algo convenienteM en se,(nd! ' terer! %erson! %(ede indi!r
(n! orden t!"bi0nM s(ele ir !ent(!doM e/(i+!le ! Qo(,&t toQ ' es "s s(!+e /(e
Q"(stQ o Q&!+e toQM %(ede ir se,(ido de (n +erbo en %!si+! ' de (n in#initi+o
o"%(estoM si +! en !#ir"!ti+! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto indi! /(e no se
re!liz3 l! !i3n '$ si +! en ne,!ti+! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto$ indi! /(e
se re!liz3 l! !i3n1 E.14 T&!t is t&e 9ind o# .ob 7e s&o(ld be doin, HseL A/(0l es el
ti%o de tr!b!.o /(e deberF!"os est!r &!iendo6M S&o(ld 7e re"!in in t&e E(ro%e!n
UnionT HWDeberF!"os %er"!neer en l! Uni3n E(ro%e!T6M mo( s&o(ld ,o
i""edi!tel' HDeberF!s ir in"edi!t!"ente6M T&!t toot& s&o(ld be e-tr!ted !s soon
!s %ossible HEse diente se deberF! e-tr!er lo !ntes %osible6M mo( s&o(ld be slee%in,
HDeberF!s est!r d(r"iendo6M S&o(ldnZt 'o( %l(, it inL s7it& it on #irstT HWNo
deberF!s en&(#!rlo Non el !bleOL enenderlo Ni %onerlo en #(nion!"iento Hd!ndo
! (n bot3n$ et1$ sin el !ble %or/(e se s(%one /(e '! est en&(#!do6O %ri"eroT6M
E+er'one s&o(ld 7rite &is Nliter!rioOL &is or &erL t&eir Nolo/(i!lO n!"e be#ore t&e
end o# t&e 'e!r HTodos deberF!n esribir s(s no"bres !ntes de #in de !)o6M Ee !s9ed
i#L 7&et&er s&e s&o(ld !d"it e+er'bod' Hl %re,(nt3 si ell! deberF! !d"itirL /(erF!
/(e ell! !d"itier! ! todo el "(ndo6M Ee t&in9s Ht&!t6 s&e s&o(ld notL o(,&t not to
s!' t&!t Hl %iens! /(e ell! no deberF! deir eso6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&' t&e'
s&o(ldL o(,&t to %(nis& t&e %risoner HEll! no s!be %or /(0 deberF!n !sti,!r !l
%risionero6M S&e s&o(ld &!+e told 'o( HEll! deberF! &!b0rtelo di&o N%ero no lo
di.oO6M Ee s&o(ldnZt &!+e s!id to"orro7 b(t ne-t 7ee9 Hl no deberF! &!ber di&o
"!)!n! N%ero lo di.oO sino l! se"!n! /(e +iene61
3+ Kara indicar una sorpresa divertida tanto en HI como en @S=, sobre todo
detr!s de M,/o, ,/atM1 E.14 And 7&o s&o(ld I "eet !t t&e %(b b(t 'o(r o(sin]
HWm ! /(i0n rees /(e +i en el b!rT \! t( %ri"o]6M And 7&o s&o(ld t(rn (% b(t t&e
t&ie#] HWm /(i0n rees /(e !%!rei3T \el l!dr3n]61
En GB se %(ede (s!r %!r! indi!r si"%le"ente sor%res! %ero en USA se (s!
Q7o(ldQ1 E.14 I 7onder 7&' &e s&o(ld NGBOL 7o(ld NUSAO 7!nt to o"e HMe
%re,(nto %or/(0 /(errF! +enir 0l61
6+ Kara indicar deduccin, suposicin o algo lgicoM se %ron(ni! L[(dLM si,ni#i!
"s o "enos lo "is"o /(e Qo(,&t toQM (!ndo +! en !#ir"!ti+! se,(ido de (n
in#initi+o o"%(esto indi! /(e l! !i3n no lle,3 ! re!liz!rse ' (!ndo +! en
ne,!ti+! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto indi! /(e l! !i3n se re!liz3M es
"enos se,(ro /(e Q7illQ ' no se (s! %!r! os!s des!,r!d!bles o no reo"end!blesM
son !iones no deliber!d!s$ sin deter"in!i3n o +ol(nt!ried!d1 E.14 mo(r "ot&er
s&o(ld 9no7 it HT( "!dre deberF! de s!berlo6M T&e' s&o(ld be t&ere b' no7
HDeberF!n de est!r !llF '!6M S!lt 7it& iodine s&o(ldnZt ost too "(& no7!d!'s HS!l
on 'odo no deberF! de ost!r de"!si!do &o' en dF!6M Ee s&o(ld &!+e #inis&ed b'
no7 Hl deberF! de &!ber ter"in!do '! N%ero no &! ter"in!doO6M Ee s&o(ldnZt &!+e
,one Hl no deberF! de &!berHse6 ido N%ero Hse6 #(eO6M S&e s&o(ldnZt &!+e !n'
%roble"s to on+ine &er HEll! no deberF! de tener nin,2n %roble"! %!r!
on+enerl!6M I# 'o( ,o to t&!t &olid!' resort$ it s&o(ld be ! 7onder#(l tri% HSi +!s !
ese l(,!r de +!!ionesL entro t(rFstio$ deberF! de ser (n +i!.e "!r!+illoso6M T&e
tr!in s&o(ld be !rri+in, in ten "in(tes HEl tren deberF! de lle,!r dentro de diez
"in(tos61
8+ Cuando se indica algo referido al futuro para su4b+stituir en el estilo
indirecto en ingls literario a Ms/allM del estilo directo en primera persona
M,illM del estilo directo en la segunda tercera persona del singular pluralM
en in,l0s no liter!rio se (s! Q7o(ldQ en GBM en USA se (s! Q7o(ldQ1 E.14 I s!id
Ht&!t6 I s&o(ld NGB4 liter!rioOL 7o(ld st(d' HDi.e /(e est(di!rF!6M A"!zed$ s&e s!'s
Ht&!t6 7e s&o(ldnZt NGB4 liter!rioOL 7o(ldnZt 7onder i# so"e o# t&e" 7ere &idden
HSor%rendid!$ ell! die /(e no nos "!r!+ill!rF!"os si !l,(nos de ellos est(+ier!n
esondidos6M A4 mo( 7ill 7in] H\G!n!rs]61 B4 EeL S&e told "e Ht&!t6 I s&o(ld NGB4
liter!rioOL 7o(ld 7in HlL Ell! "e di.o /(e ,!n!rF! H'o66M >e s!id Ht&!t6 7e s&o(ld
NGB4 liter!rioOL 7o(ld be 7or9in, !t ten HDi.i"os /(e est!rF!"os tr!b!.!ndo ! l!s
diez6M Ee s!id Ht&!t6 s&e s&o(ld NGB4 liter!rioOL 7o(ld ne+er s(eed Hl di.o /(e
ell! no lo onse,(irF!L tri(n#!rF! n(n!61
=1=?1I MWouldM se usa con la segunda tercera persona del singular plural4
*+ Kara indicar una orden o mandato1 E.14 >o(ld 'o( sto% interr(%tin,T
HWJ(errF!s de.!r de interr("%irT61
2+ Kara el condicional de rumor 'ue se traduce al castellano por el futuro o
condicional1 E.14 It is s!id Ht&!t6 'o(L &e 7o(ld &el% (s HSe die /(e nos !'(d!rs
NoO !'(d!rF!sL !'(d!r NoO !'(d!rF! 0l61
2+ Kara indicar algo 'ue podr(a ocurrir1 E.14 I# 'o( 7!nted$ t&e' 7o(ld o"e
ne-t 7ee9 HSi /(isier!sL /(isieses$ +endrF!n l! se"!n! %r3-i"!61
-+ Kara indicar cortes(a# buena voluntad# buena disposicin en oraciones
subordinadas condicionales principalmenteM s(ele ir ontr!Fdo ' se tr!d(e
nor"!l"ente !l !stell!no %or Qtener l! !"!bilid!d deL %!reer bienL /(ererQ h
in#initi+oM (!ndo no indi! ortesF!$ se (s! el %ret0rito de s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 I# 'o(
7o(ldL Zd 7!it ! "in(te$ IZll tr' to #ind t&e sol(tion HSi tienes l! !"!bilid!d deL
/(ieresH$ %or #!+or$6 es%er!r (n "in(to$ intent!r0 enontr!r l! sol(i3n6M I# s&e
7o(ld tell "e &er n!"e$ I o(ld sort it o(t HSi ell! t(+ier! l! !"!bilid!d deL
/(isieseH$ %or #!+or$6 deir"e s( no"bre$ Hse6 lo !rre,l!rF!6M I# 'o( 7o(ld 9indl'
7!it in t&e roo"$ t&e dotor 7onZt be lon, HSi /(ieres NoO /(er0is$ %or #!+or$L tienes
NoO ten0is l! !"!bilid!d de es%er!r en l! s!l!$ el dotor no t!rd!r "(&o6M I# 'o(Zd
si,n &ere$ %le!se HWJ(errF!Hs6$ %or #!+or$L TendrF!Hs6 l! bond!d de #ir"!r !/(FT6M I#
'o( 7o(ld be so ,ood !s to &el% "e HSi t(+ier!Hs6 l! !"!bilid!d deL /(isier!Hs6H$ %or
#!+or$6 !'(d!r"e6M I s&o(ldL 7o(ld be +er' ,r!te#(l i# 'o( 7o(ld send "e t&is boo9
HLe est!rF! "(' !,r!deido si t(+ier! l! !"!bilid!d de en+i!r"e este libro6M >o(ld
'o( ,o no7$ %le!seT HWTendrF!Hs6 l! !"!bilid!d deL J(errF!Hs6 ir !&or!$ %or #!+orT61
D1 B15?1<151bI81b$ B15?1<181!
3+ Kara su4b+stituir en estilo indirecto a Ms/allM en primera persona a M,illM
en segunda tercera persona del estilo directo1 E.4 S&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7o(ld
+ote HEll! di.o /(e +ot!rF!6M Ee s!id Ht&!t6 'o( 7o(ld 7!nt to 9no7 Hl di.o /(e
/(errF!s s!berlo61
6+ Cuando expresa obligacinM se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or UdeberF!V1 E.14 I#
!n'one 7o(ld &!+e redibilit'$ t&en &e s&o(ld HSi !l,(ien deberF! tener redibilid!d$
entones 0l deberF! tenerl!61
8+ Kara expresar intencin o voluntariedad en oraciones principales o
independientes 'ue indican pasado en oraciones subordinadas
condicionalesM en ne,!ti+! indi! re%(lsi3n o re&!zoM se tr!d(e %or Q/(ererQ h
in#initi+o1 E.14 mo( 7o(ldnZt listen to "e HNo /(erF!s es(&!r"e6M S&e 7o(ldnZt ,o
7it& (s HEll! no /(erF!L /(iso ir on nosotros6M I# t&e' 7o(ld &el% 'o($ 'o( o(ld
do it HSi te /(isier!nL /(isiesen !'(d!r$ %odrF!s &!erlo61
9+ Kara expresar cr(tica, insatisfaccin, despec/oM U7o(ldV +! !ent(!doV ' no
%(ede ontr!erseM e/(i+!le ! Q7o(ld &!+e toQ1 E.14 S&e R7o(ldL 7o(ld &!+e to s%oil
t&e %!rt' HEll! teRnF! /(e estro%e!r l! #iest!6M mo( R7o(ldL 7o(ld &!+e to bre!9 it
HTeRnF!s /(e ro"%erlo61
=1=@1I MWouldM se usa con la segunda persona del singular plural para /acer
una invitacin o peticinM se %(ede ontest!r on Q7illQ1 E.14 >o(ld 'o( be 9ind
eno(,& to &el% "eT HWTendrF!Hs6 l! !"!bilid!d de !'(d!r"eT6M A4 >o(ld 'o( do
"e ! #!+o(r NGBOL #!+or NUSAOT HWJ(errF!sL PodrF!s &!er"e (n #!+orT61 B4 mes$ I
7ill HSF$ te lo &!r06M >o(ld 'o( li9e to e!t no7T HWTe ,(st!rF!L J(errF!s o"er
!&or!T6M S7it& o## t&e li,&t$ 7o(ld 'o(T HWPodrF!s &!er el #!+or de !%!,!r l! l(zT61
=1=B1I MWouldM se usa con la tercera persona del singular plural4
*+ Kara describir algo1 E.14 T&e door 7o(ldnZt o%en HL! %(ert! no se !brF!61
2+ Kara indicar una destre)a o /abilidad en afirmativa, negativa e
interrogativa1 E.14 T&is !r 7o(ld do 8CC 9ilo"etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
9ilo"eters NUSAO !n &o(r HEste o&e irF!L %odrF! ir ! 8CC 9il3"etros %or &or!61
2+ En negativa para indicar repulsin, rec/a)o, determinacin o resolucin1
E.14 S&e 7o(ldnZt listen to (s HEll! no /(erF! es(&!rnos Nes (n! !i3nM no es
%or/(e %re#irier! &!er otr! os! sino %or/(e est!b! en#!d!d!O61
=1?C1I MWouldM se usa con la primera persona del singular plural4
*+ Kara expresar intencin o voluntad en oraciones principales 'ue van con
oraciones subordinadas condicionales1 E.14 I 7o(ld$ i# I o(ld HLo &!rF!$ si
%(dier!L %(diese6M I# I &!d 9no7n$ I 7o(ldnZt &!+e told 'o( HSi lo &(bier!L &(biese
s!bido$ no te lo &!brF! di&o6M I# 'o( &el%ed "e$ I 7o(ld be +er' ,r!te#(l HSi "e
!'(d!r!sL !'(d!ses$ Hte6 est!rF! "(' !,r!deido61
2+ Kara dar un conse%o o /acer una sugerencia1 E.14 I 7o(ldnZt 7orr' Hmo /(e t2
no "e %reo(%!rF!6M I 7o(ld ,o i""edi!tel' Hmo /(e t2 irF! in"edi!t!"ente61
2+ Kara indicar un deseo o una intencin, certe)a, determinacin o resolucin1
E.14 I 7o(ld !s9 'o( to &el% &er Hmo te %edirF! /(e l! !'(d!r!s61
=1?51I MWouldM se usa con todas las personas4
*+ Kara expresar un deseo, una preferencia o simplemente opiniones, seguido
de Magree, be glad# sure# surprised, care >en negativa e interrogativa?, li1e >en
afirmativa slo?, love, rat/er, sa, soonerM, et1 E.14 I 7o(ld !,ree 7it& &i"
No%ini3nO HDirF! /(e 0l tiene r!z3n6M I !" s(re Ht&!t6 'o( 7o(ldnZt li9e it No%ini3nO
HEsto' se,(rHo$ !6 de /(e no te ,(st!rF!6M >o(ld 'o( !re Nliter!rioOL li9e to drin9
so"e 7ineT HWTe ,(st!rF! beber !l,o de +inoT6L Do 'o( 7!nt to drin9 so"e 7ineT
Nolo/(i!lO NdeseoO HWJ(ieres beber !l,o de +inoT6M S&e 7o(ld &!+e s!id so
No%ini3nO HEll! lo &!brF! di&o !sFL &!brF! di&o /(e sF6M I 7o(ld li9e to ,o NdeseoO
HMe ,(st!rF! ir6L I 7!nt to ,o Nolo/(i!lO HJ(iero ir6M I 7o(ld r!t&er %&one
N%re#ereni!O HPre#erirF! ll!"!r %or tel0#ono6M I 7o(ld &!+e it (nderstood t&!t t&e'
!re o"in, Nno es ondiion!l o %oteni!l o"%(esto '! /(e Q&!dQ no es +erbo
!(-ili!r sino nor"!lL %rini%!lL l0-ioM si #(er! !(-ili!r se tr!d(irF! %or Qlo &!brF!
o"%rendidoQO HMe ,(st!rF! /(e se o"%rendier! /(e +!n ! +enir6M Ee 7o(ldL Zd
"(& sooner st!' !t &o"e N%re#ereni!O Hl %re#erirF! re!l"ente /(ed!rse en !s!6M I
7o(ld sooner not ,o N%re#ereni!O HPre#erirF! no ir61
L! #or"! ne,!ti+! de U7o(ld li9eV es UdonZt 7!ntV$ %or/(e U7o(ldnZt li9eV
si,ni#i! Udes!,r!d!rF!V1 E.14 A4 >o(ld 'o( li9e to ,oT HWJ(errF!s irT6L Do 'o( 7!nt
to ,oT Nolo/(i!lO HWJ(ieres irT61 B4 No$ I donZt 7!nt to H,o6 HNo$ no /(iero ir61
2+ Kara su4b+stituir en estilo indirecto a M,illM usado en estilo directo en
primera persona con sentido de determinacin o resolucin1 E.14 S&e s!id Ht&!t6
s&e 7o(ld ,o HEll! di.o /(e irF!61
2+ Kara decir, preguntar o pedir algo corts o /umildemente1 E.4 I 7o(ld (r,e
'o( to &el% &er HTe ro,!rF! /(e l! !'(d!r!s6M >o(ld 'o( "ind o%enin, t&e doorT
HWTe i"%ort!rF! !brir l! %(ert!T6M S&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7o(ld be ,r!te#(l i# 'o( 7o(ld
do t&is #or &er HEll! di.o /(e est!rF!L se sentirF! !,r!deid! si /(isier!s &!er esto
%or ell!61
-+ Kara indicar suposicin o probabilidad7 no va acentuadoM (!ndo +! en
!#ir"!ti+! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto indi! /(e l! !i3n no lle,3 !
re!liz!rse ' (!ndo +! en ne,!ti+! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto indi! /(e l!
!i3n se re!liz31 E.14 I 7o(ld be slee%in, 7&en 'o( %&oned HEst!rF! d(r"iendo
(!ndo ll!"!ste %or tel0#ono6M mo( 7o(ld be &!+in, l(n& no7 HEst!rF!s
!l"orz!ndoL to"!ndo el !l"(erzo !&or!6M T&!t 7o(ld be &i" HseL A/(0l serF! 0l6M
It 7o(ld be in j(ne 7&en &e 7ent to Teneri#e HSerF! en .(nio (!ndo #(e 0l !
Teneri#e61
3+ Detr!s de M,is/M o Mif onlM para expresar un deseo o una decepcinM en
in,l0s liter!rio se %(ede (s!r Q7o(ldQ sin el s(.etoM %(ede ir se,(ido de (n +erbo en
%!si+!1 E.4 I 7is&L I# onl' 'o( 7o(ldnZt ,o] H\O.!l no #(er!s]6M I 7is&L I# onl' it
7o(ld be s(nn'] N"enos (s!doOL I 7is&L I# onl' it 7ereL 7!s NGB4 olo/(i!lO
s(nn'] N"s (s!doO H\O.!l &iier! sol]6M I 7is&L I# onl' &e 7o(ld listen] H\O.!l
es(&!r! 0l] N%ero no es(&!O6M >o(ld Ht&!t6 &e 7ere 7it& 'o(] H\O.!l est(+ier!L
est(+iese 0l onti,o]61
6+ Kara indicar algo /abitual, caracter(stico, insistente o una inclinacin
natural en el pasadoM indi! !iones %ero no est!dos o destrez!sM Q7o(ldQ %(ede
ir$ ! +ees$ !ent(!do ' tiene (n "!tiz %e'or!ti+oM nor"!l"ente (!ndo indi!
&bito$ e/(i+!le ! Q(sed toQM Q(sed toQ %(ede indi!r t!"bi0n est!dos ' destrez!s
%ero U7o(ldV no1 E.14 >e 7o(ld sitL (sed to sit b' t&e #ire in t&e e+enin, HSolF!"os
sent!rnos .(nto !l #(e,o %or l! t!rde6M S&e 7o(ldL (sed to .("% to onl(sions
N%e'or!ti+oO HEll! solF! s!!r onl(siones6M T&e' R7o(ld tr' !lt&o(,&L t&o(,&
Nolo/(i!lO I told t&e" not to N%e'or!ti+oO HInsisRtF!n en %rob!r !(n/(e les di.e /(e
no intent!r!nL intent!sen6M O# o(rse 'o( R7o(ldnZt &el% (s N%e'or!ti+oO HPor
s(%(esto /(e no nos !'(d!RrF!s6M T&e 7o(nd 7o(ldnZt &e!l HL! &erid! no se
(r!b!6M Ee 7o(ldL ZdL (sed to sit (% !ll ni,&t re!din, Hl solF! /(ed!rse le+!nt!do
tod! l! no&e le'endo6M A4 S&e s!id no HEll! di.o /(e no61 B4 >ell$ s&e 7o(ld$
7o(ldnZt s&eT HB(eno$ no %odF! deir otr! os!$ W+erd!dT6M A4 I donZt (nderst!nd
t&is "!&ine HNo entiendo est! "/(in!61 B4 mo( 7o(ldnZt HS!bF! /(e no l!
entenderF!sL No %odF! ser de otr! "!ner!6M A4 Ee 7ent !7!' Hl Hse6 "!r&3L se
#(e61 B4 Ee 7o(ld HS!bF! /(e Hse6 "!r&!rF!L se irF!6M S&e (sed to N7o(ld4 no
%onerO &!+e ! !t HEll! solF! tenerL tenF! nor"!l"ente (n ,!to61 D1 =18=
8+ En oraciones principales 'ue van con una oracin subordinada condicional1
D1 B15?1<181!1 En USA$ Esoi!$ Irl!nd!$ et1$ en !si todos los !sos ' on tod!s l!s
%erson!s se %(ede (s!r U7o(ldV$ ontr!Fdo o no$ en +ez de Us&o(ldVM est!
!r!terFsti! est ,!n!ndo in#l(eni! en GB t!"bi0n$ sobre todo (!ndo est
ontr!Fdo$ '! /(e no se s!be si es Us&o(ldV o U7o(ldVM se tiende ! de.!r Us&o(ldV
%!r! UdeberF!V1
=1?81I El condicional# potencial simple de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on el
ondiion!l si"%le del +erbo UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 E.14 Ee
7o(ld NoO Zd be &el%ed Hl serF! !'(d!doL Se le !'(d!rF!61
=1?:1I Condicional o potencial simple continuo# progresivo H%resentL si"%le
ondition!l ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e Htense664 se #or"! en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! %oniendo el !(-ili!r Qs&o(ldQ %!r! l! %ri"er! %erson! del sin,(l!r '
%l(r!l ' Q7o(ldQ %!r! l!s de"s %erson!s se,(ido de UbeV ' el %!rtii%io Hde6
%resente del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM si,ni#i! lo "is"o /(e el tie"%o no
ontin(o %ero en#!tiz! l! d(r!i3n$ indi! /(e l! !i3n es %ro+ision!l ' de d(r!i3n
li"it!d!$ /(e l! !i3n no &! ter"in!do$ d! re!lis"o ' 0n#!sis ! (n! desri%i3n$
%(ede indi!r si"(lt!neid!d o (n! !ti+id!d !r!terFsti! on (n "!tiz s(b.eti+o o
e"oti+o1 E.14 >e s&o(ld be st(d'in,$ i# 7e o(ld !##ord it HHnosotros6 Est!rF!"os
est(di!ndo$ si %(di0r!"os NoO %(di0se"os %er"itFrnoslo6M mo( 7o(ld be st(d'in,$
i# &e &!dnZt o"e HHt26 Est!rF!s est(di!ndoL H+osotros6 Est!rF!is est(di!ndo$ si 0l no
&(bier! NoO &(biese +enido61
*(!ndo &!' dos o "s +erbos se,(idos no se %(ede s(%ri"ir el !(-ili!r Us&o(ldV o
U7o(ldV1 E.14 S&e s&o(ld st(d'$ oo9 !nd &el% 'o( ! little HEll! deberF! est(di!r$
oin!r ' !'(d!rte (n %oo6M T&e' 7o(ld o"e$ e!t !nd ,o &o"e !,!in HSolF!n
+enir$ o"er ' re,res!r ! !s!61
No se s(ele (s!r este tie"%o on iertos +erbos esttios1 D1 =1;8
=1?;1I El condicional# potencial continuo# progresivo de la vo) pasiva se #or"!
on el ondiion!l ontin(o del +erbo UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM se
(s! "(' %oo ' es "e.or %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes no (tiliz!rlo1 E.14 Ee 7o(ld
beL Zd be bein, &el%ed Hl est!rF! siendo !'(d!doL Se le est!rF! !'(d!ndo61
=1?<1I Kretrito perfecto simple de indicativo Hsi"%le %resent %er#et indi!ti+e6M
t!"bi0n se ll!"! !nte%resenteM se #or"! %oniendo el %resente de indi!ti+o del
!(-ili!r Q&!+eQ se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l
orres%ondienteM se %(ede !ent(!r el !(-ili!r Q&!+eQ$ si se indi! 0n#!sisM el tie"%o
no interes! t!nto o"o en el %ret0rito inde#inidoM se (s! "(&o en l!
orres%ondeni!M &!' +erbos nor"!les /(e se (s!n %rini%!l"ente en este tie"%o4
be$ beo"e$ !ll$ o"e$ do$ ,et$ ,i+e$ ,o$ &!+e$ lose$ "!9e$ %(t$ s!'$ see$ s&o7$ t!9e$
t&in9$ 7in$ et1M sin e"b!r,o$ &!' +erbos nor"!les /(e no se (s!n !%en!s en este
tie"%o4 !o""od!te$ !##ord$ !i"$ !7!it$ b!se$ belie+e$ bet$ boil$ o"%ete$
o"%rise$ onnet$ onsist$ onstit(te$ ont!in$ orres%ond$ ost$ denote$ de%end$
di##er$ distin,(is&$ do(bt$ ens(re$ entitle$ e-(se$ ,l!ne$ ill(str!te$ ind(e$ in&ibit$
9iss$ le!n$ let$ "!tter$ "ind$ need$ nod$ %rotet$ /(it$ re9on$ re#let$ re,(l!te$ rel!te$
re"e"ber$ re%resent$ re/(ire$ rese"ble$ sre!"$ s"ell$ s"ile$ st!re$ s(%%ose$ t&!n9$
7!nt$ 7!+e$ et1M (!ndo se (s! sin !d+erbio tiene (n sentido indeter"in!doL
inde#inidoM es %!reido !l %ret0rito %er#eto ontin(o$ %ero %rest! "s !teni3n !l
res(lt!do de l! !i3n$ ! l!s os!s /(e se &!n &e&o /(e !l des!rrollo o d(r!i3n de
l! !i3n o l!s os!s /(e se &!n est!do &!iendoM se (tiliz! "(&o detrs de (n
s(%erl!ti+o$ detrs de Qonl'Q ' de (n n("ero !rdin!l ordin!lM s(ele (s!rse en estilo
indireto %!r! el %resente si"%le del estilo diretoM &!' "(&os +erbos nor"!les
/(e se (s!n #re(ente"ente en este tie"%o4 ollet$ orret$ do$ #is&$ &el%$ le!rn$ lie$
listen$ li+e$ %!int$ %l!'$ r!in$ re!d$ sit$ slee%$ st!nd$ st(d'$ t!l9$ t&in9$ t'%e$ 7!it$ 7or9$
et1 E.14 Ee &!s !rri+ed Hl &! lle,!do6M S&e &!s been inL to Benidor" HEll! &!
est!do en B1 N' &! +(elto '!O61
Cuando se usa el pretrito perfecto con una expresin de tiempo puede
indicar"
*+ Rue la accin 'ue comen) en el pasado sigue todav(a, aun'ue no con tanta
seguridad o certe)a como cuando se usa el pretrito perfecto continuoM se
re#iere ! os!s "enos %ro+ision!les$ "s %er"!nentes /(e el %ret0rito %er#eto
ontin(oM en !stell!no ! +ees se %(ede (s!r es! onstr(i3n o el %resente de
indi!ti+oM l! !i3n del +erbo %(ede est!r !!b!d! o no1 E.4 T&e' &!+e li+ed &ere
#or Nsine4 no %onerO ten 'e!rs HE!n +i+idoL Di+en !/(F desde &!e diez !)os N'
si,(en +i+iendoM es s( resideni! %er"!nenteO6M S&e &!s 7or9ed &ere sine A%ril
HEll! &! tr!b!.!doL lle+! tr!b!.!ndo !/(F desde !bril6M Ee &!s o"e t&is !#ternoon
Hl &! +enido est! t!rde N%ero no &! ter"in!do l! t!rde tod!+F!O6M D(rin, t&e %!st
ent(r' t&e t&eor' o# e+ol(tion &!s beo"e t&e (ni+ers!l one%t HD(r!nte los
2lti"os ien !)os l! teorF! de l! e+ol(i3n se &! tr!ns#or"!doL on+ertido en el
one%to (ni+ers!l N%ero no &!n ter"in!do los ien !)osO6 ' UD(rin, t&e %!st
ent(r' t&e t&eor' o# e+ol(tion be!"e NUSA %rini%!l"enteO t&e (ni+ers!l
one%tV HD(r!nte el si,lo %!s!do l! teorF! de l! e+ol(i3n se tr!ns#or"3L on+irti3
en el one%to (ni+ers!l6M Ee &!s olleted Nollets4 no %onerO "ed!ls sine &e 7!s
! bo' Hl &! oleion!doL oleion! "ed!ll!s desde /(e er! (n &io6M T&e' &!+e
done it (% to no7 HLo &!n &e&o &!st! !&or!6M S&e &!s ,one to Ar!n.(ez HEll! &!
ido ! Ar!n.(ez Nest en Ar!n.(ez o de !"ino &!i! Ar!n.(ezOL &! est!do enL ido !
Ar!n.(ez N' '! &! +(eltoO NUSA %ero no reo"end!bleO6M T&e'Z+e 9no7n N9no74
no %onerO e!& ot&er sine 5B?C HSe onoen desde 5B?C6M >&!t &e &!s done
Ndoes4 no %onerO e+er' d!' sine M!'$ 5BB5$ is t&is HLo /(e 0l &!eL &! &e&o todos
los dF!s desde "!'o$ 5BB5$ es esto61
Este tie"%o s(ele (s!rse on !d+erbios o"o Q!ll "ornin,L !#ternoonL d!'L 7ee9L
"' li#e N(!ndo no &! ter"in!do ese %erFodo de tie"%o6$ !s 'et$ #or ! d!'L 7ee9L
"ont&L 'e!r$ &it&erto$ l!tel'$ one$ reentl'$ sine l!st T(esd!'L l!st 7ee9L l!st
"ont&L l!st 'e!rL &e !"e$ so #!r$ t&is "ornin,L 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r N(!ndo no &!
ter"in!do ese %erFodo de tie"%oO$ tod!' N(!ndo no &! ter"in!do ese %erFodo de
tie"%oO$ (ntil no7$ (ntil reentl' H&!st! &!e %oo6$ (% to no7$ (% to t&e %resent$
&o7 lon, 111TQ$ et1 E.14 Ee &!snZt ,one #or Nsine4 no %onerO ! "ont& Hl no &! ido
desde &!e (n "es6M Ee &!s done t&is tod!' Hl &! &e&o esto &o' Nno &! ter"in!do
el dF!O6M Ee &!s &!ted &er #or Nsine4 no %onerO ten 'e!rs Hl l! &! odi!do ! ell!
d(r!nte diez !)os61
Se di#ereni! del %ret0rito inde#inido (!ndo se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or el %ret0rito
inde#inido$ '! /(e l! !i3n del +erbo est !!b!d! ' no si,(e '!$ ni lle,! &!st! el
%resente ni tiene rel!i3n on el %resente1 E.14 T&e' li+ed &ere #or Nsine4 no %onerO
ten 'e!rs HDi+ieron !/(F Hd(r!nte6 diez !)os N%ero '! no +i+enO6M Ee !"e t&is
!#ternoon Hl +ino est! t!rde N%ero '! &! ter"in!do l! t!rdeO6M D(rin, t&e %!st
ent(r' t&e t&eor' o# e+ol(tion be!"e t&e (ni+ers!l one%t HD(r!nte el si,lo
%!s!do l! teorF! de l! e+ol(i3n se on+irti3 en el one%to (ni+ers!l N'! %!s3 el
si,loO61
Se (s! el %ret0rito %er#eto detrs de QitL t&isL t&!t is t&e #irstL seondL t&irdL bestL
onl'L 7orstQ h no"bre$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no se %(ede (s!r el %ret0rito
%er#eto o el %resente si"%le de indi!ti+o1 E.14 ItZs t&e #irst ti"e Ht&!t6 s&e &!s done
it HEs l! %ri"er! +ez /(e lo &! &e&oL &!e61
No obst!nte$ !l,(nos !d+erbios o"o Q!ll d!'L ni,&tL 7inter$ et1$ !l7!'s$ be#ore$
e+er$ &o7 lon,$ .(st$ ne+er$ one$ reentl'$ sine$ so"eti"es$ still$ tod!'$ t&is
"ornin,L 7ee9L "ont&L j(l'L 'e!r$ t7ieL t&ree ti"esL ten ti"esQ$ et1$ ' #r!ses on
Q#orQ ' QsineQ$ se %(eden (s!r t!nto on el %ret0rito %er#eto o"o on el %ret0rito
inde#inido si"%le1 E.14 I &!+enZt seen 'o( #or Nsine4 no %onerO ei,&t "ont&s HNo te
&e +isto desde &!e o&o "eses6L ItZs ei,&t "ont&s sine I &!+e seen 'o( HE!e
o&o "eses /(e no te +eoL &e +isto6M S&e &!s li+ed &ere #or Nsine4 no %onerO t7ent'
'e!rs HEll! &! +i+idoL lle+! +i+iendo !/(F desde &!e +einte !)os61
Si,ni#i!n lo "is"o4 I &!+enZt seen &er #or Nsine4 no %onerO ! lon, ti"eL ItZs ! lon,
ti"e sine I s!7 &er HE!e "(&o Htie"%o6 /(e no l! +eo61
En GB se (s! "s el %reterito %er#eto on Qe+er$ ne+erQ ' en USA$ en in,l0s
olo/(i!l$ el %ret0rito inde#inido$ %ero e-iste t!"bi0n l! otr! %osibilid!d en !"bos
%!Fses !(n/(e no se! t!n #re(ente1
Los !d+erbios Q!lre!d'$ .(st$ 'etQ$ +!n nor"!l"ente on el %ret0rito %er#eto en GB
%ero en USA %(eden ir on el %ret0rito %er#eto '$ en in,l0s olo/(i!l$ on el
%ret0rito inde#inido$ o"o en !stell!noM !(n/(e "(&o "enos #re(ente"ente$ en
in,l0s olo/(i!l en GB se %(eden (s!r t!"bi0n on el %ret0rito inde#inido$ sobre
todo U.(stV1
Se s(ele (s!r el %ret0rito inde#inido en in,l0s estnd!r on Q! o(%le o# d!'s !,o$ !
#e7 "in(tes !,o$ ! lon, ti"e !,o$ l!st 7ee9endL 'e!r$ lon, !,o$ not lon, !,o$ on
&er t7entiet& birt&d!'$ 'esterd!'Q$ et1$ %ero ! +ees se (s!n t!"bi0n on el %ret0rito
%er#eto en in,l0s +(l,!rM no obst!nte$ es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes
(s!r el %ret0rito inde#inido1 E.14 Ee did Nestnd!rOL &!s done N+(l,!rO it ! lon, ti"e
!,o Hl lo &izoL &! &e&o &!e "(&o tie"%o6M T&e' !lre!d' !nno(ned Nestnd!rOL
&!+e !lre!d' !nno(ned N+(l,!rO 'esterd!' t&!t 111 HAn(ni!ronL E!n !n(ni!do '!
!'er /(e 11161
E!' /(e (s!r el %ret0rito %er#eto si"%le o ontin(o on Usine 111 !,oVM se (s! "('
%oo ' no es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntesM se %(eden (s!r Q! o(%le
o# d!'s !,o$ ! #e7 "in(tes !,o$ ! lon, ti"e !,o$ l!st 7ee9endL 'e!r$ lon, !,o$
'esterd!'Q$ on est! onstr(i3n1 E.14 I &!+enZt seen 'o( sine ei,&t "ont&s !,o
Nr!roOL #or ei,&t "ont&s Nestnd!rO HNo te &e +isto desde &!e o&o "esesL E!e
o&o "eses /(e no te +eo6M Ee &!snZt ,one sine ! "ont& !,o Nr!roOL #or ! NoO one
"ont& Nestnd!rO Hl no &! ido desde &!e (n "esL E!e (n "es /(e no +!6M S&e
&!s been li+in, &ere sine t7ent' 'e!rs !,o Nr!roOL #or t7ent' 'e!rs Nestnd!rO HEll!
&! est!doL lle+! +i+iendo N%ro+ision!l"enteO !/(F desde &!e +einte !)os6M S&e &!s
li+ed &ere sine t7ent' 'e!rs !,o Nr!roOL #or t7ent' 'e!rs Nestnd!rO HEll! &! +i+idoL
+i+e N' es s( resideni! %er"!nenteO !/(F desde &!e +einte !)os61
L! onstr(i3n Ube ,oin, toV en %ret0rito %er#eto %(ede ir se,(id! de (n
in#initi+o1 E.14 T&e' &!+e been ,oin, to 7or9 #or ! "ont& HE!n est!doL Lle+!n
'endo ! tr!b!.!r Hd(r!nte6 (n "es61
2+ Rue la accin 'ue comen) en el pasado termine en el momento de /ablarM
s(elen est!r en ne,!ti+!M l! !i3n del +erbo est !!b!d!1 E.14 Ee &!snZt dr(n9 beer
#or Nsine4 no %onerO t7o "ont&s Hl no &! bebidoL lle+! sin beber er+ez! d(r!nte
dos "eses6M S&e &!s done e+er't&in, &ersel# b(t no7 s&e !nZt HE! &e&o todo ell!
"is"! %ero !&or! no %(ede6M S&e &!snZt o"e sine S!t(rd!' HEll! no &! +enidoL
lle+! sin +enir desde el sb!do6M S&e &!snZt ,one 'et HEll! no &! ido tod!+F!61
Este tie"%o %(ede desribir !l,o bien &!bit(!l$ bien re%etiti+o o iter!ti+o$ no (n!
!i3n li"it!d!M ! +ees$ es di#Fil distin,(ir entre &!bit(!l ' re%etiti+o o iter!ti+o
on iertos !d+erbios4 !t nine No ! (!l/(ier otr! &or!O$ et1M s(ele (s!rse on
!d+erbios de tie"%o o de #re(eni!4 !,!in$ !l7!'s$ !t ni,&t$ onst!ntl'$ d(rin, t&e
d!'$ e+er$ e+er' "in(teL &o(rL d!'L ti"eL 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r$ #ro" ti"e to ti"e$
#re/(entl'$ ,ener!ll'$ in Eon, Aon, No (!l/(ier otro l(,!rO$ in No+e"ber No
(!l/(ier otro "es del !)oO$ ne+er$ nor"!ll'$ o!sion!ll'$ o#ten$ on Mond!'Hs6 No
(!l/(ier otro dF! de l! se"!n!O$ one ! d!'L ! 7ee9L ! "ont&L in ! 7&ile$ r!rel'$
re,(l!rl'$ seldo"$ #i+e No (!l/(ier otro n2"ero !rdin!l e-e%to QoneQO ti"es$
se+er!l ti"es$ t7ie !n &o(rL ! d!'L ! 7ee9L ! "ont&L ! 'e!r$ (s(!ll'$ 7&ene+er$
et1 E.14 Ee &!s le#t !t ten e+er' d!' Hl se &! ido ! l!s diez todos los dF!s61
2+ @n pasado recienteM s(ele lle+!r los !d+erbios Q!ll d!'$ !ll t&is ti"e$ .(st$ no7$
no7 t&!t N!l %rini%io de l! or!i3nO$ reentl'$ so #!r$ t&is 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r$ till
no7Q$ et1M si +! on Q.(stQ se %(ede tr!d(ir !l !stell!no %or el %resente de
indi!ti+o de Q!!b!r deQM l! !i3n del +erbo est !!b!d!1 E.14 T&e'Z+e .(st !rri+ed
HA!b!n de lle,!rL E!n lle,!do !&or! "is"o6M T&e' &!+e .(st le#t HSe !!b!n de irL
Se &!n ido !&or! "is"o6M No7 t&!t s&e &!s !rri+ed$ &eZs &!%%' HA&or! /(e &!
lle,!do ell!$ 0l es #elizL est ontento6M EeZs done it reentl' Hl lo &! &e&o
reiente"ente61
-+ Rue la accin est! terminada tuvo lugar en un momento concreto pero
indeterminado, vago, difuso del pasado G555555x5555555G, si va con un adverbio de
tiempo 'ue lo especifi'ue como Malread, ever, for nearl an /our# a da# a
,ee1# a mont/# a ear, fre'uentl, in t/e last fe, das# ,ee1s# mont/s# ears,
never, often, one da, seldom, since, so far, sometimes, etM, etc., en un
momento indeterminado, desconocido, 'ue tiene relevancia en el presente
G555555555555G, si no lleva un adverbio de tiempo 'ue lo especifi'ue claramenteM se
%iens! en el res(lt!do de l! !i3n ' el tie"%o no es t!n i"%ort!nteM #re(ente"ente
es (n! !i3n /(e se %(ede +ol+er ! &!er en el #(t(roM l! !i3n del +erbo est
!!b!d! %ero tiene rel!i3n on el %resente1 E.14 Ee &!s #re/(entl' +isited &is #!"il'
Hl &! +isit!do #re(ente"ente ! s( #!"ili!6M >e &!+e been l(9' one d!' !nd t&e
ne-t 7e &!+e been (nl(9' HEe"os tenido s(erte (n dF! ' el si,(iente no &e"os
tenido s(erte6M It is t&e seond ti"e s&e &!s dr(n9 t&is beer HEs l! se,(nd! +ez /(e
ell! &! bebido est! er+ez!6M It is t&e "ost e-%ensi+e dress s&e &!s e+er bo(,&t HEs
el +estido "s !ro /(e .!"s &!'! o"%r!do ell!6M T&e' &!+e o#ten e!ten t&!t
HE!n o"ido ! "en(do esoL !/(ello6M T&e' &!+e !lre!d' re!d t&e boo9 HE!n leFdo
'! el libro6M S&e &!s ne+er o"e &ere HEll! no &! +enido n(n! !/(F6M E!+e 'o(
e+er +isited &i"T HWLe &!s +isit!do ! 0l !l,(n! +ezT6M T&e' &!+enZt sle%t #or Nsine4
no %onerO ne!rl' t&ree d!'s HNo &!n dor"ido d(r!nte !si tres dF!s6M E!s s&e +isited
t&e Pr!do M(se("T HWE! +isit!do ell! el M(seo del Pr!doT6M E!s s&e done it 'etT
HWLo &! &e&o ell! '!T6M T&e' &!+enZt 7ritten sine A%ril HNo &!n esrito desde
!bril6M S&e &!s e!ten t&!t st(## "!n' ti"es HEll! &! o"ido esoL !/(ello "(&!s
+ees6M >e &!+e b(ilt ! 7!ll HEe"os onstr(ido (n! %!redL (n "(ro61
Si l! #r!se "enion! (n "o"ento deter"in!do en el %!s!do o se sobrHe6entiende$ se
%one el %ret0rito inde#inido si"%le1 E.14 Did s&e +isit t&e Pr!do M(se(" H7&en s&e
7ent to M!drid l!st 7ee96T HWDisit3 ell! el M(seo del Pr!do H(!ndo #(e ! M!drid
l! se"!n! %!s!d!6T6M No7 &e li+es &ere b(t &e (sed to li+e in P!ris HA&or! 0l +i+e
!/(F %ero solF! +i+ir en P!rFsL +i+F! en P!rFs !ntes6M S%!in is not 7&!t it 7!s H'e!rs
!,o6 HEs%!)! no es lo /(e er! H&!e !)os661
En USA ' "s en L!tino!"0ri! /(e en Es%!)! se %(ede (s!r en estilo olo/(i!l el
%ret0rito inde#inido sin !d+erbios o on los !d+erbios Q!lre!d'$ .(st$ 'etQ$ (!ndo en
GB$ en USA Hen in,l0s estnd!r6 ' "s en Es%!)! /(e en L!tino!"0ri! se (s! el
%ret0rito %er#etoM no obst!nte$ en GB se %(eden (s!r !"b!s #or"!s on l! 2ni!
di#ereni! de /(e el %ret0rito %er#eto onsider! l! !i3n er!n!
H%6siol3,i!"ente %or/(e tiene i"%ort!ni!$ !(n/(e s3lo se! s(b.eti+!"ente$ '
rel!i3n on el %resenteM el e#eto de l!s !iones se %(ede +er o sentir tod!+F!
%or/(e se d! "s i"%ort!ni! !l res(lt!do de l!s !ionesM el %ret0rito inde#inido
onsider! l! !i3n le.!n! %siol3,i!"ente$ %or/(e no tiene i"%ort!ni!$ ob.eti+!
o s(b.eti+!"enteM l!s !iones no tienen rel!i3n on el %resente ' el e#eto de l!s
!iones no se %(ede +er o sentir '!$ %or/(e se d! "s i"%ort!ni! ! l!s !iones
/(e !l res(lt!do de ell!sM es (n! di#ereni! s(til ' no sie"%re #il de +erM ! +ees$
no se die el !d+erbio %or/(e se sobrHe6entiendeM !t(!l"ente en los %eri3dios en
GB se (s! ! +ees el %ret0rito inde#inido o"o en USA$ en +ez del %ret0rito
%er#eto %!r! d!r notii!s on el #in de !&orr!r es%!io1 E.14 Ple!se$ o"e &ere$ &!+e
'o( &e!rdL did 'o( &e!r NUSAO "eT HPor #!+or$ +en !/(F$ W"e &!s oFdo N!&or!OL "e
oFste N(!ndo te lo di.e &!e (nos se,(ndosOT6M EeZs not t&irst'$ &eZs .(st dr(n9L &e
.(st dr!n9 NUSAO so"e le"on!de Hl no tiene sed$ !!b! de beber N!&or!OL !!b3
de beber N&!e %ooO li"on!d!6M >eZ+e !lre!d' e!tenL >e !lre!d' !te NUSAO Hm!
&e"os o"idoL m! o"i"os6M T&e' &!+enZt done it 'etL T&e' didnZt do it 'et
NUSAO HNo lo &!n &e&o N!&or!OL &iieron Nen (n "o"ento del %!s!doO tod!+F!6M
Ee &!s diedL Ee died NUSAO o# !ner Hl &! "(erto Nreiente"ente ronol3,i! o
H%6siol3,i!"enteOL "(ri3 Nen (n "o"ento del %!s!doO de ner6M S&e &!s
7ritten %l!'s HEll! &! esrito obr!s de te!tro N' %(ede /(e esrib! "sO6$ %ero QS&e
7rote %l!'sQ HEll! esribi3 obr!s de te!tro N' se,(r!"ente no esrib! "s bien
%or/(e &!'! "(erto o bien %or otr!s r!zonesO61
Se s(ele (s!r el %ret0rito %er#eto (!ndo se d! in#or"!i3n n(e+! ' l(e,o se s(ele
se,(ir en %ret0rito inde#inido si"%le %!r! o"%let!r det!lles1 E.14 A4 IZ+e #o(nd "'
"one' HEe enontr!do el dinero61 B4 >&ere did 'o( #ind itT HWD3nde lo
enontr!steT61
*(!ndo (n +erbo en l! or!i3n %rini%!l +! en %ret0rito %er#eto el +erbo de l!
or!i3n s(bordin!d! s(ele ir nor"!l"ente en %resente$ %ret0rito inde#inido o
%ret0rito %er#eto1 E.14 S&e &!s s!id Ht&!t6 &e is &ere HEll! &! di&o /(e 0l est !/(F6M
Ee &!s s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7entL &!s ,one Hl &! di&o /(e ell! Hse6 #(eL &! ido61
3+ Rue la accin tendr! lugar en el futuro7 suele ocurrir en oraciones
subordinadas temporales condicionales 'ue empie)an por las con%unciones"
after 4despus de 'ue+, as long as 4con tal de 'ue# mientras+, as soon as 4tan
pronto como# una ve) 'ue+, before 4antes de 'ue+, directl >HI? 4en cuanto+, if
4si+, immediatel 4t/at+ >HI" colo'uial? 4en cuanto 'ue# una ve) 'ue# en el
momento 'ue+, immediatel after 4inmediatamente despus de 'ue+,
immediatel before 4inmediatamente antes de 'ue+, in case 4por si >detr!s de
una oracin# proposicin principal?# en caso de 'ue >@S=? >delante de una
oracin principal?+, once 4una ve) 'ue+, so long as 4con tal de 'ue# mientras+,
unless 4a no ser 'ue+, until >literario?# till >colo'uial? 4/asta 'ue+, ,/en
4cuando+, ,/ile 4mientras 4'ue++, etc., o Mt/eM D ad%etivo o adverbio en grado
comparativo D Mt/eM D ad%etivo o adverbio en grado comparativoM tod!s$
e-e%to Qi#Q$ se tr!d(en nor"!l"ente !l !stell!no %or el %ret0rito %er#eto de
s(b.(nti+oM #re(ente"ente tienen (n sentido b!st!nte %!reido !l %resente si"%le
de indi!ti+oM nor"!l"ente no se %(ede (s!r el #(t(ro %er#etoM es %er#eti+o1 E.4
DonZt %&one (ntil 'o( &!+e #inis&edL #inis&] H\No tele#oneeHs6 &!st! /(e &!'!Hs6
ter"in!doL ter"ineHs6]6M DonZt %&one (ntil IZ+e &!d NI &!+ed4 no %onerO dinner]
H\No tele#oneeHs6 &!st! /(e &!'! en!doL ene]6M EeZll e!t !s soon !s &e &!s
7!s&edL 7!s&es t&e !r Hl o"er (n! +ez /(e &!'! l!+!doL l!+e el o&e61
=1?=1I El pretrito perfecto de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on el %ret0rito %er#eto del
!(-ili!r UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondiente1
E.14 I &!+e been eleted HEe sido ele,idoL Se "e &! ele,ido61
=1??1I Kreterito perfecto continuo# progresivo H%resent %er#et ontin(o(sL
%ro,ressi+e64 se #or"! %oniendo el %resente de indi!ti+o del !(-ili!r U&!+eV
se,(ido de UbeenV ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM
en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"enteM si,ni#i! "s o "enos lo "is"o /(e el tie"%o no
ontin(oM l! di#ereni! est en /(e el tie"%o ontin(o en#!tiz! l! d(r!i3n o
des!rrollo de l! !i3n ' no se d! i"%ort!ni! !l &e&o de /(e l! !i3n &!'!
ter"in!do o noM no se s!be nor"!l"ente si l! !i3n est ter"in!d! o noM l! !i3n
%(ede ser ininterr("%id! o interr("%id!M nor"!l"ente el %erFodo de tie"%o s(ele
ser "s orto /(e el del %ret0rito %er#eto si"%leM s(ele (s!rse en estilo indireto
%!r! el %resente ontin(o del estilo diretoM &!' "(&os +erbos nor"!les /(e se
(s!n #re(ente"ente en este tie"%o4 ollet$ orret$ do$ #is&$ &el%$ le!rn$ lie$ listen$
li+e$ %!int$ %l!'$ r!in$ re!d$ sit$ slee%$ st!nd$ st(d'$ t!l9$ t&in9$ t'%e$ 7!it$ 7or9$ et1
E.14 Ee &!s been 7or9in, H!ll d!'6 Hl &! est!do tr!b!.!ndo Htodo el dF!66M Ee &!s
been re!din, t&is boo9 Hl &! est!do le'endo este libro61
Cuando se usa el pretrito perfecto continuo con una expresin de tiempo
puede indicar"
*+ Rue la accin 'ue comen) en el pasado sigue todav(a provisionalmente, no
de forma indefinida, en el momento de /ablar, pero /a maor certe)a o
seguridad en 'ue la accin continuar! 'ue cuando se utili)a el tiempo no
continuoM %(ede ir on !d+erbios o"o Q!ll d!'$ e+er Nen ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O$
#or Hne!rl'6 !n &o(rL ! d!'L ! 7ee9L ! "ont&L ! 'e!r$ &o7 lon, 111T$ in t&e l!st #e7
d!'sL 7ee9sL "ont&sL 'e!rs$ sineQ$ et1M ! +ees$ +! on iertos otros !d+erbios /(e
indi!n (n !("ento o desenso %!(l!tino4 "ore !nd "ore$ "ore !nd "ore %olitel'$
less !nd less$ less !nd less 9indl'$ %oorer !nd %oorer$ /(i9er !nd /(i9er$ ri&er !nd
ri&er$ et1M es i"%er#eti+oM %(ede ! +ees (s!rse %!r! (n %erFodo de tie"%o "('
l!r,o$ %ero nor"!l"ente se %re#iere (s!r el %ret0rito %er#eto si"%le en ese sentidoM
no se %(ede (s!r este tie"%o on !d+erbios /(e &!en re#ereni! !l %!s!do ' /(e no
lle,!n &!st! el "o"ento %resenteM se re#iere ! os!s "s %ro+ision!les$ "enos
%er"!nentes /(e el %ret0rito %er#eto si"%le$ ' /(e nor"!l"ente tienen
onse(eni!s en el %resenteM %(ede indi!r !d"ir!i3n$ i"%!ieni!$ "olesti!$ et1
E.14 T&e' &!+e been li+in, &ere #or t7ent' 'e!rs HE!n est!do +i+iendoL Lle+!n
+i+iendo !/(F desde &!e +einte !)os N' +!n ! se,(ir +i+iendo %ro+ision!l"ente
on !si tod! se,(rid!dO6M S&e &!s been ,oin, to t&!t s&ool #or #o(r 'e!rs HEll! &!
est!doL lle+! 'endo ! es!L !/(ell! es(el! d(r!nte (!tro !)os N' se,(ir 'endo
%ro+ision!l"ente !si on tod! se,(rid!dO6M Eo7 lon, &!s s&e been st(d'in,T
HWD(r!nte (nto tie"%o &! est!doL lle+! est(di!ndo ell!T6M Ee &!snZt been doin,
!n't&in, reentl' Hl no &! est!do &!iendo n!d! reiente"enteL 2lti"!"ente6M
T&e' &!+e been re!din, sine se+en oZlo9 HE!n est!doL Lle+!n le'endo desde l!s
siete6M S&e &!s been olletin, b(tter#lies sine s&e 7!s #i+e HEll! &! est!doL lle+!
oleion!ndo "!ri%os!s desde /(e tenF! ino !)os6M It &!s been ,ro7in, "ore
!nd "ore HE! est!doL Lle+! reiendo "s ' "s NoO !d! +ez "s N' +! ! se,(ir
reiendo on !si tod! se,(rid!dO6M S&e &!s been li+in,L &!s li+ed !bro!d H#or6 !ll
&er li#e HEll! &! est!do +i+iendoL &! +i+ido en el e-tr!n.ero Hd(r!nte6 tod! s( +id!61
2+ Rue la accin 'ue comen) en el pasado termine en el momento de /ablar o
algo antesM es %er#eti+oM l! !i3n %(ede &!ber ter"in!do %ero se si,(e sintiendo
l! i"%ort!ni! de l! !i3nM l! !i3n tiene (n! d(r!i3n li"it!d! ' no es &!bit(!lM
se %(eden +er iertos res(lt!dos de l! !i3n !(n/(e no se "enionen$ es deir$ l!s
!iones tienen onse(eni!s en el %resenteM %(eden indi!r s(%osii3n1 E.14 Ee is
l!te be!(se &eZs been &el%in, &is "ot&er Hl lle,! t!rde %or/(e &! est!do !'(d!ndo
! s( "!dre6M >&!t &!+e t&e' been doin,T HWJ(0 &!n est!do &!iendoT6M It &!s been
r!inin, Hbe!(se t&e e!rt& is 7et6 HE! est!do llo+iendo H%or/(e l! tierr! est
"o.!d!66M S&e 9no7s it be!(se s&e &!s been st(d'in, &!rd HEll! lo s!be %or/(e &!
est!do est(di!ndo "(&oL d(ro61
2+ Kara indicar simultaneidad1 E.14 S&e &!s been t'%in, 7&ene+er &e &!s o"e
HEll! &! est!do esribiendo ! "/(in! sie"%re /(e &! +enido 0l61
-+ Kara dar realismo nfasis a una descripcin1 E.14 T&e' &!+e been t!l9in,
!nd s&e &!s been listenin, HEllos &!n est!do &!bl!ndo ' ell! &! est!do es(&!ndo61
3+ Kara expresar algBn deseo en el presente7 e'uivale a un presente pero es
m!s diplom!tico, menos directo1 E.14 I &!+e beenL !" 7onderin, i# 'o( o(ld
,i+e "e ! &!nd HMe &e est!doL esto' %re,(nt!ndo si %odrF!Hs6 e&!r"e (n! "!no61
6+ Kara indicar algo repetitivo o iterativo con algunos adverbios4 !,!in$ !t ni,&t$
d(rin, t&e d!'$ e+er' "in(teL &o(rL d!'L ti"eL 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r$ #re/(entl'$ #ro"
ti"e to ti"e$ ,ener!ll'$ in No+e"ber$ ne+er$ nor"!ll'$ o!sion!ll'$ o#ten$ on
Mond!'Hs6$ one ! d!'L ! 7ee9L ! "ont&L in ! 7&ile$ r!rel'$ re,(l!rl'$ seldo"$
t7ie !n &o(rL ! d!'L ! 7ee9L ! "ont&L ! 'e!r$ (s(!ll'M sin e"b!r,o$ no on otros
!d+erbios o"o Ue+er$ #i+e ti"es$ se+er!l ti"esV$ et1 E.14 T&e' &!+e been ,oin,
!bro!d e+er' 'e!r HE!n est!doL Lle+!n 'endo !l e-tr!n.ero todos los !)os61
8+ Kara indicar una actividad /abitual caracter(stica con un mati) sub%etivo o
emotivo, no con un mati) ob%etivo en el pasadoM s(ele ir on (n !d+erbio o"o
Q!l7!'s$ onst!ntl'$ !ll t&e ti"e$ ontin(!ll'$ t&e 7&ole d!'Q$ et1M on Q!l7!'sQ
s(ele tener (n sentido %e'or!ti+o1 E.14 Ee &!s onst!ntl' been #is&in, in t&is !re! Hl
&! est!do %es!ndo onst!nte"ente en est! zon!6M S&e &!s !l7!'s been e!tin, HEll!
&! est!do sie"%re o"iendo N%e'or!ti+oO61
9+ Rue la accin tendr! lugar en el futuro7 suele ocurrir en oraciones
subordinadas temporales1
L! onstr(i3n Ube ,oin, to h in#initi+oV se (s! %!r! (n! !i3n /(e d(r! &!st! el
%resente on (n !d+erbio de tie"%o %!r! indi!r (n deseo %re"edit!do /(e no se &!
("%lido1 E.14 >eZ+e been ,oin, to b(' ! !r #or 'e!rs HLle+!"osL Ee"os est!do
!)os diiendo /(e nos +!"os ! o"%r!r (n o&e61
*(!ndo &!' dos o "s +erbos se,(idos se %(ede s(%ri"ir el !(-ili!r Q&!+e$ &!sQ$ en
el %ret0rito %er#eto si"%le ' ontin(o1 E.14 T&e' &!+e %!inted !nd N&!+eO deor!ted
t&e &o(se HE!n %int!do ' deor!do l! !s!6M T&e' &!+e been %!intin, !nd N&!+e
beenO deor!tin, t&e &o(se HE!n est!do %int!ndo ' deor!ndo l! !s!61
No se s(ele (s!r este tie"%o on iertos +erbos esttios1 D1 =1;8
=1?@1I El pretrito perfecto continuo# progresivo de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on
el %ret0rito %er#eto ontin(o del !(-ili!r QbeQ se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del
+erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM es r!roM se %re#iere (s!r el %ret0rito %er#eto si"%le o
ontin(o1 E.14 T&e' &!+eL Z+e been bein, ritiizedL ritiised NGBO reentl' Nr!roO
HE!n est!do siendo riti!dosL Se les &! est!do riti!ndo reiente"ente6L T&e'
&!+e o"e (nder &e!+' ritiis" reentl' N"s (s!doO HSe les &! est!do riti!ndo
"(&o reiente"ente6M Ee &!s been bein, disri"in!ted !,!inst Nr!roO Hl &! est!do
siendo disri"in!do6L T&e' T&e %o7ers t&!t be &!+e been disri"in!tin, !,!inst
&i" N"s (s!doO HLos %oderes #tios le &!n est!do disri"in!ndo61
Se (s! "s ! "en(do el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente en %!si+! detrs de (n +erbo
se,(ido de (n !d+erbio1 E.14 S&eZs been o(t bein, "e!s(red #or ! s(it HEll! &! s!lido
' le &!n est!do to"!ndo "edid! %!r! (n tr!.e61
=1?B1I Kretrito pluscuamperfecto o !nteo%ret0rito de indicativo ' %ret0rito
!nterior H%!st %er#etL %l(%er#et64 se #or"! %oniendo el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido de indi!ti+o del !(-ili!r U&!+eV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del
+erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM nor"!l"ente indi! (n tie"%o !nterior !l del
%ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido o %ret0rito %er#etoM es el %!s!do del %ret0rito
%er#eto de indi!ti+oM &!' +erbos nor"!les /(e se (s!n %rini%!l"ente en este
tie"%o4 be$ beo"e$ be,in$ brin,$ o"e$ do$ #ind$ ,et$ ,i+e$ ,o$ &!%%en$ &!+e$ &e!r$
9no7$ le!+e$ "!9e$ s!'$ see$ t!9e$ tell$ t(rn$ et1M %(ede indi!r /(e l! !i3n /(e
&!bF! o"enz!do en el %!s!do se,(F! tod!+F! inde#inid!"ente$ /(e l! !i3n /(e
&!bF! o"enz!do en el %!s!do ter"in!b! en el "o"ento de &!bl!r$ /(e l! !i3n
&!bF! tenido l(,!r en (n "o"ento onreto %ero indeter"in!do$ +!,o$ di#(so$ del
%!s!do IIIII-IIIII$ si +! on (n !d+erbioL #r!se !d+erbi!l de tie"%o /(e lo
es%ei#i/(e$ ' en (n "o"ento indeter"in!do$ desonoido$ no onreto$ del %!s!do
IIIIIIIIII$ si no lle+! (n !d+erbio de tie"%o /(e lo es%ei#i/(e l!r!"enteM l! !i3n
no lle,! n(n! &!st! el %resenteM se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n %!r! indi!r !l,o &!bit(!l$
%!r! e-%res!r (n deseo de #or"! di%lo"ti! /(e e/(i+!le ! (n %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inido si"%leM (!ndo indi! !i3n ' res(lt!do e/(i+!le ! (n
%ret0rito Hinde#inido6$ sobre todo des%(0s de on.(niones te"%or!les o"o U!#terL
!s soon !sV$ et1$ si l!s !iones no son si"(ltne!sM se %(ede (s!r en or!iones
s(bordin!d!s detrs de l!s on.(niones Q!#ter$ !s "(& !s$ !s lon, !s$ !s soon !s$
!ss("in, Ht&!t6$ be#ore$ b' t&e ti"e t&!t$ diretl' NGBO$ e+en t&o(,&$ ,i+en Ht&!t6$
b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' 111 7&en$ &o7e+er$ in !se H%or si Ndetrs de (n! or!i3n
%rini%!lOL en !so de /(e NUSAO Ndel!nte de (n! or!i3n %rini%!lO6$ i""edi!tel'
Ht&!t6 NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ i""edi!tel' !#ter$ i""edi!tel' be#ore$ in !se$ no sooner 111
t&!n$ one$ %res("in, Ht&!t6$ %ro+ided Ht&!t6$ %ro+idin, Ht&!t6$ t&e "o"ent$ (ntil
Nliter!rioOL till Nolo/(i!lO$ 7&enHe+er6$ 7&ere+er$ 7&ile$ 7&oe+erQ$ et1M se (s!n
"(&o iertos !d+erbios on este tie"%o4 !ll d!'$ !lre!d'$ b' t&!t ti"e$ e+er$ #or
ne!rl' !n &o(rL ! d!'L ! 7ee9L ! "ont&L ! 'e!r$ #re/(entl'$ in t&e l!st #e7 d!'sL
7ee9sL "ont&sL 'e!rs$ &o7 lon,T$ ne+er$ ne+er 111 be#ore$ o#ten$ one d!'$ seldo"$
sine$ (ntil t&en$ et1M %(ede indi!r si"(lt!neid!d o (n! !ti+id!d !r!terFsti! on
(n "!tiz ob.eti+o$ no e"oti+oM %(ede indi!r t!"bi0n ontr!ste$ s(%osii3n$ et1M se
re#iere ! os!s "enos %ro+ision!les$ "s %er"!nentes /(e el %ret0rito
%l(s(!"%er#eto ontin(oM %(ede indi!r t!"bi0n (l de dos o "s !iones
&!bF! tenido l(,!r %ri"eroM s(ele (s!rse en estilo indireto %!r! el %ret0rito %er#eto
' %!r! el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido del estilo diretoM &!' "(&os +erbos
nor"!les /(e se (s!n #re(ente"ente en este tie"%o4 ollet$ orret$ do$ #is&$ &el%$
le!rn$ lie$ listen$ li+e$ %!int$ %l!'$ r!in$ re!d$ sit$ slee%$ st!nd$ st(d'$ t!l9$ t&in9$ t'%e$
7!it$ 7or9$ et1 E.4 T&e' &!d li+ed t&ere #or ten 'e!rs HE!bF!n +i+idoL Di+F!n !llF
desde &!F! diez !)os N' se,(F!n +i+iendoO6M S&e &!dnZt seen &er "ot&er #or !,es
HEll! no &!bF! +istoL lle+!b! sin +er ! s( "!dre d(r!nte l!r,o tie"%o6M S&e 7ent
&o"e !#ter s&e &!d doneL did t&e s&o%%in, HEll! Hse6 #(e ! !s! des%(0s de /(e
&!bF! &e&oL &izo l! o"%r!6M T&e' &!d !lre!d' re!d t&e boo9 HE!bF!n leFdo '! el
libro6M I &!d 7onderedL 7ondered i# 'o( o(ld ,i+e "e ! &!nd HMe &!bF!
%re,(nt!doL %re,(nt!b! si %odHr6F!Hs6 e&!r"e (n! "!no6M I &!dnZt seen &er #or t7o
"ont&s HNo l! &!bF! +isto d(r!nte dos "eses6L It 7!s t7o "ont&s sine I &!d seen
&er HE!F! dos "eses /(e no l! &!bF! +isto6M S&e &!d e!ten 7&ile &e &!d %&oned
HEll! &!bF! o"ido "ientr!s /(e 0l &!bF! ll!"!do %or tel0#ono6M T&e' &!d sle%t #or
!n &o(r 7&en t&e tele%&one r!n, HE!bF!n dor"ido Hd(r!nte6 (n! &or! (!ndo son3
el tel0#ono61
Este tie"%o %(ede desribir !l,o bien &!bit(!l$ bien re%etiti+o o iter!ti+o$ no (n!
!i3n li"it!d!M ! +ees$ es di#Fil distin,(ir entre &!bit(!l ' re%etiti+o o iter!ti+o
on iertos !d+erbios4 !t nine No ! (!l/(ier otr! &or!O$ et1M s(ele (s!rse on
!d+erbios de tie"%o o de #re(eni!4 !,!in$ !l7!'s$ !t ni,&t$ onst!ntl'$ d(rin, t&e
d!'$ e+er$ e+er' "in(teL &o(rL d!'L ti"eL 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r$ #ro" ti"e to ti"e$
#re/(entl'$ ,ener!ll'$ in Eon, Aon, No (!l/(ier otro l(,!rO$ in No+e"ber No
(!l/(ier otro "es del !)oO$ ne+er$ nor"!ll'$ o!sion!ll'$ o#ten$ on Mond!'Hs6 No
(!l/(ier otro dF! de l! se"!n!O$ one ! d!'L ! 7ee9L ! "ont&L in ! 7&ile$ r!rel'$
re,(l!rl'$ seldo"$ #i+e No (!l/(ier otro n2"ero !rdin!l e-e%to QoneQO ti"es$
se+er!l ti"es$ t7ie !n &o(rL ! d!'L ! 7ee9L ! "ont&L ! 'e!r$ (s(!ll'$ 7&ene+er$
et1 E.14 T&e' &!d onst!ntl' told t&e tr(t& HE!bF!n di&o onst!nte"ente l!
+erd!d6M Ee &!d #re/(entl' +isited &is #!"il' Hl &!bF! +isit!do #re(ente"ente ! s(
#!"ili!6M T&e' &!d o#ten ,one !bro!d HE!bF!n ido ! "en(do !l e-tr!n.ero61
Detrs de +erbos nor"!les o"o Q&o%e$ "e!n$ t&in9Q$ et1$ se %(ede (s!r el %ret0rito
%l(s(!"%er#eto o el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido h in#initi+o o"%(esto1 E.14
S&e &!d &o%ed to !rri+e e!rlier HEll! &!bF! es%er!do lle,!r !ntes6 NoO S&e &o%ed to
&!+e !rri+ed e!rlier HEll! es%er!b! &!ber lle,!do !ntes61
Es %er#eti+o (!ndo l! !i3n no ontin2! des%(0s del "o"ento ! /(e se &!e
!l(si3n1 *(!ndo (n +erbo en l! or!i3n %rini%!l +! en %ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto$
el +erbo de l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! s(ele ir nor"!l"ente en %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido si"%le o ontin(o1 E.14 S&e &!d s!id Ht&!t6 &e %!intedL 7!s %!intin, t&is
%it(re HEll! &!bF! di&o /(e 0l %int3L est!b! %int!ndo este (!dro61
En in,l0s$ ! +ees$ en +ez del %ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto se %(ede (s!r el %ret0rito
inde#inido1 E.14 Ee s!7 ! bo' 7&o !teL &!d e!ten so"et&in, Hl +io ! (n "(&!&o
/(e o"i3L &!bF! o"ido !l,o6M Ee !"eL &!d o"e be#ore 'o( 7ent o(t Hl +inoL
&!bF! +enido !ntes de /(e s!lier!s61
*on+iene distin,(ir entre Q>&en s&e !"e$ 7e &!d l(n&Q H*(!ndo ell! +ino$
o"i"os6 ' Q>&en s&e !"e$ 7e &!d &!d l(n&Q H*(!ndo ell! +ino$ &!bF!"os
o"ido61
*(!ndo los +erbos nor"!les Qdre!"$ e-%et$ &o%e$ intend$ "e!n$ s(%%ose$ t&in9$
7!it$ 7!nt$ 7is&$ 7onderQ$ et1$ se (tiliz!n en este tie"%o indi!n /(e l! !i3n no
lle,3 ! re!liz!rse1
Se s(ele (tiliz!r el %ret0rito inde#inido on (n! lo(i3n !d+erbi!l /(e lle+e Q!,oQ !l
#in!l$ %ero se (tiliz! el %ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto on (n! lo(i3n !d+erbi!l /(e
lle+e Qbe#oreQ !l #in!lM el !d+erbio Qbe#oreQ$ (!ndo +! solo$ se %(ede (s!r on el
%ret0rito %er#eto ' %l(s(!"%er#etoM Q!,oQ se re#iere !l %!s!do en rel!i3n on el
%resente ' Qbe#oreQ se re#iere !l %!s!do en rel!i3n on (n "o"ento del %!s!do$ no
del %resente1 E.14 S&e 7!s &ere t7o 7ee9s !,o HEll! est(+o !/(F &!e dos se"!n!s
N!ntes de !&or!O6 ' US&e &!d been &ere t7o 7ee9s be#oreV HEll! &!bF! est!do !/(F
dos se"!n!s !ntes Nde (n "o"ento del %!s!doO61
Se (s! el %ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto o el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido detrs de
QitL t&isL t&!t 7!s t&e #irstL seondL t&irdL bestL onl'L 7orstQ h no"bre1 E.14 It 7!s
t&e #irst ti"e Ht&!t6 s&e &!d doneL did it HEr!L F(e l! %ri"er! +ez /(e ell! lo &!bF!
&e&oL &!F!L &izo61
=1@C1I El pretrito pluscuamperfecto de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on el %ret0rito
%l(s(!"%er#eto del !(-ili!r UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo
nor"!l orres%ondienteM se (s! "(' %oo este tie"%o1 E.14 I &!d been eleted
HE!bF! sido ele,ido 'oL Se "e &!bF! ele,ido61
=1@51I Kretrito pluscuamperfecto continuo# progresivo H%!st %er#et NoO
%l(%er#et ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e64 se #or"! %oniendo el %ret0rito
%l((!"%er#eto de indi!ti+o del !(-ili!r UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente
del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM si,ni#i! lo "is"o /(e el tie"%o no ontin(o$
%ero en#!tiz! l! d(r!i3n o des!rrollo de l! !i3nM indi! /(e l! !i3n es
%ro+ision!l ' de d(r!i3n li"it!d!$ /(e l! !i3n no &!bF! ter"in!do o /(e &!bF!
ter"in!do en el "o"ento de &!bl!r o !ntes de &!bl!rM d! re!lis"o ' 0n#!sis ! (n!
desri%i3nM e-%res! (n deseo "s di%lo"ti!"ente /(e si se (s!r! el %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inido ontin(oM %(ede indi!r si"(lt!neid!d o (n! !ti+id!d
!r!terFsti! on (n "!tiz s(b.eti+o o e"oti+oM %(ede indi!r ontr!steM %(ede
indi!r !l,o re%etiti+o o iter!ti+oM %(ede indi!r t!"bi0n (l de dos o "s !iones
&!bF! tenido l(,!r %ri"ero de #or"! ontin(!M es el %!s!do del %ret0rito %er#eto
ontin(oM se re#iere ! os!s "s %ro+ision!les$ "enos %er"!nentes /(e el %ret0rito
%l(s(!"%er#eto si"%leM s(ele (s!rse en estilo indireto %!r! el %ret0rito %er#eto
ontin(o ' %!r! el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ontin(o del estilo diretoM &!'
"(&os +erbos nor"!les /(e se (s!n #re(ente"ente en este tie"%o4 ollet$
orret$ do$ #is&$ &el%$ le!rn$ lie$ listen$ li+e$ %!int$ %l!'$ r!in$ re!d$ sit$ slee%$ st!nd$
st(d'$ t!l9$ t&in9$ t'%e$ 7!it$ 7or9$ et1M se (s!n "(&o iertos !d+erbios on este
tie"%o4 !ll d!'$ !lre!d'$ b' t&!t ti"e$ e+er$ #or ne!rl' !n &o(rL ! d!'L ! 7ee9L !
"ont&L ! 'e!r$ #re/(entl'$ &o7 lon,T$ in t&e l!st #e7 d!'sL 7ee9sL "ont&sL 'e!rs$
ne+er$ ne+er 111 be#ore$ o#ten$ one d!'$ seldo"$ sine$ (ntil t&en$ et1 E.14 T&e' &!d
been li+in, &ere #or ten 'e!rs HE!bF!n est!doL Lle+!b!n +i+iendo !/(F Hd(r!nte6
diez !)os6M Ee &!d been %l!'in, #or !n &o(r Hl &!bF! est!doL lle+!b! .(,!ndo
d(r!nte (n! &or!6M T&e' &!d been t!l9in, !nd s&e &!d been listenin, HEllos &!bF!n
est!do &!bl!ndo ' ell! &!bF! est!do es(&!ndo6M I &!d beenL 7!s 7onderin, i# 'o(
o(ld ,i+e "e ! &!nd HMe &!bF! est!doL est!b! %re,(nt!ndo si %odHr6F!Hs6 e&!r"e
(n! "!no6M S&e &!d been t'%in, 7&ene+er &e &!d o"e HEll! &!bF! est!do
esribiendo ! "/(in! sie"%re /(e &!bF! +enido 0l6M Ee &!d onst!ntl' been
#is&in, in t&is !re! Hl &!bF! est!do %es!ndo onst!nte"ente en est! zon!6M T&e'
&!d been slee%in, 7&en t&e tele%&one r!n, HE!bF!n est!do d(r"iendo (!ndo son3
el tel0#ono6M T&e' &!d been ,oin, !bro!d e+er' 'e!r HE!bF!n est!do 'endo !l
e-tr!n.ero todos los !)os6M S&e &!d been orretin, t&is t&ree d!'s !,o HEll! &!bF!
est!do orri,iendo esto &!e tres dF!s61
*(!ndo !l,(nos +erbos nor"!les o"o Qdre!"$ e-%et$ &o%e$ intend$ "e!n$
s(%%ose$ t&in9$ 7!it$ 7!nt$ 7is&$ 7onderQ$ et1$ se (tiliz!n en este tie"%o indi!n
/(e l! !i3n no t(+o l(,!r1 E.4 Ee &!d t&o(,&tL &!d been t&in9in, o# ,oin, t&ere
t&e d!' be#ore 'esterd!' Hl &!bF! %ens!doL &!bF! est!do %ens!ndo en ir !llF
!nte!'er N%ero no #(eO61
No se s(ele (s!r este tie"%o on iertos +erbos esttios1 D1 =1;8
*(!ndo &!' dos o "s +erbos se,(idos$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir el !(-ili!r U&!dV en el
%ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto si"%le ' ontin(o1 E.14 Ee &!d s!id it !nd done it Hl lo
&!bF! di&o ' &e&o6M Ee &!d been s!'in, it !nd doin, it Hl lo &!bF! est!do
diiendo ' &!iendo61
=1@81I El pretrito pluscuamperfecto continuo# progresivo de la vo) pasiva se
#or"! on el %ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto ontin(o del !(-ili!r UbeV se,(ido del
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM se (s! "(' %oo ' es
"e.or %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes no (tiliz!rlo1 E.14 >e &!d been bein, ritiizedL
ritiised NGBO HE!bF!"os est!do siendo riti!dosL Se nos &!bF! est!do riti!ndo6M
%!r! e+it!rlo se %(ede deir4 >e &!d been (nder &e!+' ritiis" HSe nos &!bF!
est!do riti!ndo "(&o61
L! onstr(i3n Ube ,oin, toV en %ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto %(ede ir se,(id! de (n
in#initi+o1 E.14 T&e' &!d been ,oin, to 7or9 #or ! "ont& HE!bF!n est!do 'endo !
tr!b!.!r d(r!nte (n "es61
=1@:1I Futuro perfectoL #(t(ro o"%(estoL !nte#(t(ro H#(t(re %er#et64
nor"!l"ente se #or"! en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! %oniendo el !(-ili!r
Qs&!llQ %!r! l! %ri"er! %erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l ' Q7illQ %!r! l!s de"s
%erson!s se,(ido de U&!+eV ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l
orres%ondienteM ,ener!l"ente se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n Q7illQ on l! %ri"er! %erson!
en l! "!'or %!rte de los !sosM se (s! ! "en(do %!r! e-%res!r s(%osii3n o
ded(i3n$ %rob!bilid!d$ et1M indi! /(e l! !i3n tendr l(,!r !ntes de (n ierto
tie"%o en el #(t(roM es (n tie"%o /(e %(ede ser %er#eti+o$ si ter"in! l! !i3n en
(n "o"ento d!do o se re#iere !l %!s!do$ e i"%er#eti+o$ si ontin2! l! !i3nM s(ele
(s!rse en estilo indireto %!r! el #(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%le del estilo diretoM se (s!
"(&o on +erbos nor"!les o"o Qbelie+e$ b(ild$ o"%lete$ e-%et$ #inis&$ &e!r$
&o%e$ st(d'$ s(%%ose$ t&in9 H!bo(t6Q$ et1M s(ele ir se,(ido o %reedido de Qbe#ore$
b'$ not 111tillL (ntilQ1 E.4 IL >e s&!ll &!+e st(died #or t7o &o(rs be#ore 'o( !rri+e
&o"e HH'o6 E!br0L Hnosotros6 E!bre"os est(di!do d(r!nte dos &or!s !ntes de /(e
lle,(es ! !s!6M mo( 7ill &!+e st(died #or t&ree 'e!rs b' t&e ti"eL 7&en 'o( !re
ei,&t H'e!rs old6 HHt26 E!brsL H+osotros6 E!br0is est(di!do d(r!nte tres !)os
(!ndo ten,!sL ten,is o&o H!)os6L E!r tres !)os /(e est(di!sL est(diis (!ndo
ten,!sL ten,is o&o !)os6M T&e' 7ill &!+e t&o(,&t !bo(t it HE!brn %ens!do sobreL
en ello6M S&e 7onZt &!+e &e!rd it HEll! no lo &!br oFdo6M EeZll &!+e #inis&ed b' no7
Hl &!br ter"in!do '!61
*(!ndo el #(t(ro %er#eto en in,l0s e-%res! %rob!bilid!d %(ede tr!d(irse !l
!stell!no %or el #(t(ro %er#eto ' el %ret0rito %er#eto de indi!ti+o1 E.14 I !" doin,
7ell$ b' ? I s&!llL 7ill &!+e #inis&ed HMe +! bien$ %!r! l!s ? &!br0L &e ter"in!do61
=1@;1I El futuro perfecto de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on el #(t(ro %er#eto del
!(-ili!r UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondiente1
E.14 I s&!llL IZll &!+e been eleted HE!br0 sido ele,ido 'oL Se "e &!br ele,ido61
=1@<1I Futuro perfecto continuo# progresivo H#(t(re %er#et ontin(o(sL
%ro,ressi+e64 nor"!l"ente se #or"! en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!
%oniendo el !(-ili!r Us&!llV %!r! l! %ri"er! %erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l ' U7illV
%!r! l!s de"s %erson!s se,(ido de U&!+e beenV ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente del
+erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM indi! /(e l! !i3n &!br est!do teniendo l(,!r
!ntes de (n ierto tie"%o en el #(t(ro$ %ero en#!tiz! l! d(r!i3n o des!rrollo de l!
!i3n "s /(e l! !i3n en sFM d! re!lis"o ' 0n#!sis ! (n! desri%i3nM %(ede
indi!r si"(lt!neid!d$ ontr!ste ' (n! !ti+id!d !r!terFsti! on (n "!tiz
s(b.eti+o o e"oti+oM es (n tie"%o /(e %(ede ser %er#eti+o$ si l! !i3n es
%ro+ision!l ' de d(r!i3n li"it!d!$ e i"%er#eti+o$ si ontin2! l! !i3nM s(ele
(s!rse en estilo indireto %!r! el #(t(ro i"%er#eto si"%le ontin(o del estilo
direto1 E.14 IL >e s&!ll &!+e been st(d'in, #or !n &o(r b' ten HH'o6 E!br0L
Hnosotros6 E!bre"os est!do est(di!ndo d(r!nte (n! &or! H%!r6! l!s diez61
*(!ndo &!' dos o "s +erbos se,(idos se %(eden s(%ri"ir los !(-ili!res Us&!llV '
U7illV t!nto en el #(t(ro %er#eto si"%le o"o %ro,resi+oL ontin(o1 E.14 S&e 7ill
&!+e !rri+ed !nd %&oned &er "ot&er HEll! &!br lle,!do ' tele#one!do ! s( "!dre6M
S&e 7ill &!+e been t&in9in, !bo(t it !nd %&onin, &er "ot&er HEll! &!br est!do
%ensndolo ' tele#one!ndo ! s( "!dre61
No se s(ele (s!r este tie"%o on iertos +erbos esttios1 D1 =1;8
L! onstr(i3n Ube ,oin, toV en #(t(ro %er#eto %(ede ir se,(id! de (n in#initi+o1
E.14 T&e' 7ill &!+e been ,oin, to 7or9 #or ! "ont& HE!brn est!do 'endo ! tr!b!.!r
d(r!nte (n "es61
=1@=1I El futuro perfecto continuo# progresivo de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on el
#(t(ro %er#eto ontin(o del !(-ili!r UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del
+erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM se (s! "(' %oo ' es "e.or %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes no (tiliz!rlo1 E.4 Ee 7ill &!+e NoO Zll &!+e NoO Zll Z+e been bein,
ritiizedL ritiised NGBO Hl &!br est!do siendo riti!doL Se le &!br est!do
riti!ndo6M %!r! e+it!rlo se %(ede deir4 Ee 7ill &!+e been (nder &e!+' ritiis"
HSe le &!br est!do riti!ndo "(&o61
=1@?1I Condicional o potencial compuesto H%er#et ondition!l64 se #or"! en
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne!,ti+! e interro,!ti+! %oniendo el !(-ili!r Us&o(ldV %!r! l! %ri"er!
%erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!l ' U7o(ldV %!r! l!s de"s %erson!s se,(ido de U&!+eV
' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM !d! +ez se (s! "s
U7o(ldV %!r! tod!s l!s %erson!sM indi! (n! %osibilid!d o s(%osii3n en l! or!i3n
%rini%!l o inde%endiente /(e %odrF! &!berse ("%lido o no de !(erdo ! lo /(e se
die en l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! te"%or!l$ ondiion!l$ onse(ti+!$ et1M s(ele (s!rse
en estilo indireto %!r! el ondiion!l si"%le del estilo diretoM en l!s or!iones
s(bordin!d!s ondiion!les se %(ede %oner Ui# &!dV o U7o(ld &!+eV en l! or!i3n
s(bordin!d!M %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "e.or (s!r s3lo Ui# &!dV$ /(e es "s
orreto ' "s #il$ ' e+it!r U7o(ld &!+eV$ /(e es "enos orreto ' "s di#Fil1 E.14
T&e' told "e Ht&!t6 t&e' 7o(ld &!+e #inis&ed 7&en 'o( !rri+ed HMe di.eron /(e
&!brF!n ter"in!do (!ndo t2 lle,!r!s6M IL >e s&o(ld NoO 7o(ld &!+e st(died$ i# IL
7e &!d 9no7n N"e.orOL 7o(ld &!+e 9no7n N%eorO it HH'o6 E!brF!L Hnosotros6
E!brF!"os est(di!do$ si lo &(bier!H"os6 s!bido6M Ee 7o(ld not &!l# &!+e li9ed to
,o HA 0l le &!brF! ,(st!do re!l"ente ir6M mo( 7o(ld &!+e st(died$ i# t&e' &!d ,i+enL
7o(ld &!+e ,i+en 'o( t&e &!ne HHt26 E!brF!sL H+osotros6 E!brF!is est(di!do$ si
teL os &(bier!n d!do l! o%ort(nid!d61
Se die UEe 7o(ld &!+e li9ed to ,oV HA 0l le &!brF! ,(st!do ir6 NoO UEe 7o(ld li9e
to &!+e ,oneV HA 0l le ,(st!rF! &!ber ido6$ %ero no es reo"end!ble deir UEe
7o(ld &!+e li9ed to &!+e ,oneV HA 0l le &!brF! ,(st!do &!ber ir61
A +ees$ este tie"%o se tr!d(e %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto en !stell!no1 E.14 Food
7o(ld &!+e been +er' e-%ensi+e t&en HPor lo /(e s!be"os$ l! o"id! er! "(' !r!
entones61
=1@@1I El condicional# potencial compuesto de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on el
ondiion!l o"%(esto del !(-ili!r UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del
+erbo nor"!l orres%ondiente1 E.14 I s&o(ld &!+e been eleted HHmo6 E!brF! sido
ele,idoL Se "e &!brF! ele,ido61
*(!ndo &!' dos +erbos se,(idos$ se %(eden s(%ri"ir los !(-ili!res Us&o(ldV '
U7o(ldV1 E.14 mo( 7o(ld &!+e onsidered !nd !%%ro+ed t&is HE!brF!s onsider!do '
!%rob!do esto61
=1@B1I Condicional o potencial compuesto continuo# progresivo H%er#et
ondition!l ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e64 se #or"! en !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! %oniendo el !(-ili!r Us&o(ldV %!r! l! %ri"er! %erson! del sin,(l!r '
%l(r!l ' U7o(ldV %!r! l!s de"s %erson!s se,(ido de Q&!+e beenQ ' el %!rtii%io
Hde6 %resente del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM si,ni#i! lo "is"o /(e el tie"%o
no ontin(o %ero en#!tiz! l! d(r!i3n o des!rrollo de l! !i3n$ indi! /(e l! !i3n
es %ro+ision!l ' de d(r!i3n li"it!d!$ /(e l! !i3n no &! ter"in!do$ d! re!lis"o '
0n#!sis ! (n! desri%i3n$ %(ede indi!r si"(lt!neid!d o (n! !ti+id!d !r!terFsti!
on (n "!tiz s(b.eti+o o e"oti+oM s(ele (s!rse en estilo indireto %!r! el
ondiion!l si"%le ontin(o del estilo direto1 E.14 IL >e s&o(ld &!+e been
st(d'in,$ i# IL 7e &!d 9no7n HH'o6 E!brF!L Hnosotros6 E!brF!"os est!do
est(di!ndo$ si lo &(bier!L &(bi0r!"os s!bido6M mo( 7o(ld &!+e been st(d'in,$ i#
s&e &!d o"e HHt26 E!brF!sL H+osotros6 E!brF!is est!do est(di!ndo$ si &(bier!
+enido ell!61
=1BC1I El condicional o potencial compuesto continuo# progresivo de la vo)
pasiva se #or"! on el ondiion!l o"%(esto ontFn(o del !(-ili!r UbeV se,(ido
del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM se (s! "(' %oo este
tie"%o ' es "e.or %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes no (tiliz!rlo1 E.14 S&e 7o(ld &!+e
been bein, destro'ed HEll! &!brF! est!do siendo destr(id!L Se le &!brF! est!do
destr('endo ! ell!61

=1B51I Kresente de sub%untivo H%resent s(b.(nti+e64 tiene l! "is"! #or"! /(e el
in#initi+o sin UtoVM t!"bi0n se %(ede deir /(e en el tie"%o si"%le es i,(!l /(e el
%resente de indi!ti+o$ %ero no !)!de l! ter"in!i3n Is en l! terer! %erson! del
sin,(l!r Ht&!t &e o"e6M en #or"! ontin(! se %one UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6
%resente del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondiente Ht&!t &e be 7or9in,6M el +erbo UbeV tiene
UbeV %!r! tod!s l!s %erson!s del %resente de s(b.(nti+oM en ne,!ti+! no lle+! el
!(-ili!r UdoVM si"%le"ente se %one UnotV del!nte del in#initi+o sin UtoVM en GB
%rini%!l"ente se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n Qs&o(ldQ se,(ido del in#initi+o del +erboM se
(s! "(' %oo el H"odo6 s(b.(nti+o en in,l0s$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no se (s!
"(&oM se (s! "(&o "enos /(e en !stell!no$ '! /(e ! "en(do se (s! el %resente
de indi!ti+o (!ndo en !stell!no se (tiliz! el %resente de s(b.(nti+oM o"o en
in,l0s se (s! %oo el s(b.(nti+o$ ! +ees se re(rre ! l! enton!i3n %!r! distin,(ir (n
"!tiz de otro en l!s or!iones s(bordin!d!s ND15C1;?OM se (s! %!r! %rod(ir (n
e#eto dr!"tio$ ir3nio o &("orFstioM se (s! "s en USA /(e en GB$ %ero se
est e-tendiendo l! #or"! est!do(nidense ' Us&o(ldV se (s! !d! +ez "enos en GBM
l! di#ereni! entre el %resente ' el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o t!nto en in,l0s
o"o en !stell!no es "od!l$ no te"%or!lM el #(t(ro i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o
!stell!no s(ele %onerse en %resente de s(b.(nti+o o en %resente de indi!ti+o en
in,l0sM es (n si,no del %r!,"!tis"o !n,los!.3n1
Se usa el presente de sub%untivo"
*+ En ciertas oraciones independientes, al menos aparentemente a 'ue en el
fondo son oraciones subordinadas con las oraciones principales
sobr4e+entendidas, para expresar un deseo, una esperan)a tambin en
algunas frases tradicionales1 E.14 HM!'6 God bless &er] H\J(e Dios l! bendi,!]6M
God #or,i+e 'o(] H\J(e Dios te %erdone]6$ %ero UGod #or,i+es 'o(V HDios te
%erdon!6M God &el% t&ose 7&o &el% t&e"sel+es] H\J(e Dios !'(de ! los /(e se
!'(d!n ! sF "is"os]6$ %ero UGod &el%s t&ose 7&o &el% t&e"sel+esV HDios !'(d! !
los /(e se !'(d!n ! sF "is"os6M God s!+e t&e J(een] H\Dios s!l+eL ,(!rde ! l!
rein!]6M Lon, li+e t&e Ain,] H\Di+! el re']6M M!' 'o( 7in] H\O.!l ,!nes]6M Ee!+en
#orbid] H\No lo /(ier! Dios]6M F!r be it #ro" &er to rob ! b!n9] H\J(e no se le o(rr!
! ell! !s!lt!r (n b!no]6M *ost 7&!t it "!'$ 7eZll b(' it] H\*(este lo /(e (este$ lo
+!"os ! o"%r!r]6M >e 7ill die 7&!te+er 7e be Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL !re
Nestnd!rO HMorire"os se!"os lo /(e se!"os6M Be t&!t !s it "!'$ s&e 7ill &el% 'o(
HSe! o"o se!L lo /(e #(ere$ ell! te !'(d!r6M Stron, !s t&e' "!' be$ t&e' !nZt do it
HPor "(' #(ertes /(e se!n$ no lo %(eden &!er6M S(##ie it to s!' Ht&!t6 7e 7ere ri,&t
HB!ste deir /(e tenF!"os r!z3n6M *o"e 7&!t "!'$ t&e' 7ill &el% 'o( HP!se lo /(e
%!se$ te !'(d!rn6M Lon, li+e &!%%iness] H\Di+! l! #eliid!d]6M EeZll be &ere o"e
S!t(rd!' Hl est!r !/(F (!ndo lle,(e el sb!doL %!r! el sb!do6M So be it HH/(e6
AsF se!L A"0n6M I# it be Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL is Nestnd!rO so e!s'$ IZll !e%t
HEn !so de /(e se!L Si es t!n #il$ !e%to6M Ee &!s %roble"s 7it& t&e %o7ers t&!t
be Hl tiene %roble"!s on los %oderes #tios6M 111 i# need be Hsi &!e #!lt!L es
nees!rio61
2+ Detr!s de M,ould t/atM seguido de segunda o tercera personaM se (s! "('
%oo ' s3lo en in,l0s liter!rioM t!"bi0n detrs de U7o(ld r!t&er Nestnd!rOL Zd r!t&er
Nestnd!rOL s&o(ld r!t&er Nliter!rioOV1 E.14 >o(ld N "s (s!do OL I 7o(ld N "enos
(s!do O t&!t &e do it no7 Nliter!rioO HDeseo /(eL O.!l 0l lo &!,! !&or!61 D1=1B;1;
2+ En oraciones subordinadas para expresar posibilidad, algo irreal, algo
/ipottico, necesidad, concesin, mandato, resolucin, recomendacin,
peticin, exigencia, autori)acin, sugerencia, sorpresa, acuerdo, esfuer)o,
intencin, deseo o voluntad, sobre todo en ingls literario, con verbos como
QHsb6 !d+ise H!onse.!rL reo"end!r6$ Hsb6 !d+o!te Hreo"end!r6$ Hsb6 !,ree$ Hsb6
!,ree 7it& t&e de"!nds$ Hsb6 !llo7 H!(toriz!rL %er"itir6$ Hsb6 !rr!n,e$ Hsb6 !s9
H%edir6$ t&e h o""!ndL dereeL de"!ndL desireL deter"in!tionL direti+eL ide!L
"or!l i"%er!ti+eL in.(ntionL insisteneL instr(tionL "otionL orderL ordin!neL
%led,eL %ro%os!lL reo""end!tionL re/(estL re/(ire"entL resol(tionL r(leL
sti%(l!tionL s(,,estionL (r,e h be$ Hit6 be !d+isedL !d+o!tedL !,reedL !llo7edL
!rr!n,edL onededL deidedL dereedL de"!ndedL desiredL deter"inedL en.oinedL
ens(redL e-%etedL ,r!ntedL insistedL intendedL ord!inedL %led,edL %re#erredL
%rono(nedL %ro%osedL reo""endedL re.etedL re/(estedL re/(iredL resol+edL
r(ledL sti%(l!tedL s(,,estedL +oted$ Hsb6 be !d+isedL !s9edL o""!ndedL
deter"inedL diretedL entre!tedL i"%loredL instr(tedL orderedL %le!dedL
reo""endedL re/(estedL re/(iredL (r,edL 7!rned$ Hit6 be ! o""!ndL !
o""it"entL ! dereeL ! de"!ndL ! desireL ! deter"in!tionL ! direti+eL !n ide!L !
"or!l i"%er!ti+eL !n in.(ntionL !n insisteneL !n instr(tionL ! "otionL !n orderL !n
ordin!neL ! %it'L ! %led,eL ! %ro%os!lL ! reo""end!tionL ! re,(l!tionL ! re/(estL !
re/(ire"entL ! resol(tionL ! r(leL ! sti%(l!tionL ! s(,,estionL !n (r,e$ Hit6 be oneZs
desire$ Hit6 be ! "or!l i"%er!ti+e$ Hit6 be oneZs %r!'er$ Hit6 be o(t o# t&e /(estion$ Hit6
be oneZs res%onsibilit'$ Hsb6 be, Hro,!rL s(%li!r6$ Hsb6 o""!nd Horden!r6$ Hsb6
o"%l' 7it& t&e o""!ndL ! o""it"entL ! dereeL t&e de"!ndL ! desireL t&e
deter"in!tionL ! direti+eL ! "or!l i"%er!ti+eL !n in.(ntionL t&e insisteneL t&e
instr(tionL ! "otionL !n orderL !n ordin!neL t&e %led,eL t&e %ro%os!lL t&e
reo""end!tionL ! re,(l!tionL t&e re/(estL t&e re/(ire"entL t&e resol(tionL ! r(leL
t&e sti%(l!tionL t&e s(,,estionL t&e (r,e$ Hsb6 onede$ Hsb6 deide$ Hsb6 deree$ Hsb6
de"!nd$ Hsb6 desire$ Hsb6 deter"ine$ Hsb6 diret$ Hsb6 en.oin$ Hsb6 ens(re$ Hsb6 entre!t$
Hsb6 ,r!nt$ Hsb6 i"%lore$ Hsb6 insist$ Hsb6 instr(t$ Hsb6 intend$ Hsb6 iss(e ! o""!ndL !
dereeL ! de"!ndL ! direti+eL ! "or!l i"%er!ti+eL !n in.(ntionL t&e instr(tionL !
"otionL !n orderL !n ordin!neL t&e %ro%os!lL t&e reo""end!tionL ! re,(l!tionL t&e
re/(estL t&e re/(ire"entL t&e resol(tionL ! r(leL t&e sti%(l!tionL t&e s(,,estion$ Hsb6
le!+e ! o""!ndL ! dereeL ! de"!ndL ! direti+eL t&e ide!L ! "or!l i"%er!ti+eL !n
in.(ntionL t&e instr(tionL ! "otionL !n orderL !n ordin!neL t&e %ro%os!lL t&e
reo""end!tionL ! re,(l!tionL t&e re/(estL t&e re/(ire"entL t&e resol(tionL ! r(leL
t&e sti%(l!tionL t&e s(,,estion$ Hsb6 "!9e ! o""!ndL ! o""it"entL ! dereeL !
de"!ndL ! "or!l i"%er!ti+eL ! "otionL t&e %led,eL t&e %ro%os!lL t&e
reo""end!tionL ! re,(l!tionL t&e re/(estL t&e re/(ire"entL t&e resol(tionL ! r(leL
t&e sti%(l!tionL t&e s(,,estion$ Hsb6 "eet t&e re/(estL t&e re/(ire"ent$ Hsb6 "o+e
H%ro%oner6$ Hsb6 ord!in$ Hsb6 order Horden!rL "!nd!r6$ Hsb6 %le!d$ Hsb6 %led,e$ Hsb6
%r!'$ Hsb6 %re#er$ Hsb6 %resent ! o""!ndL ! dereeL ! de"!ndL ! direti+eL t&e ide!L
! "or!l i"%er!ti+eL !n in.(ntionL t&e instr(tionL ! "otionL !n orderL !n ordin!neL
! %ro%os!lL t&e reo""end!tionL ! re,(l!tionL t&e re/(estL t&e re/(ire"entL t&e
resol(tionL ! r(leL t&e sti%(l!tionL t&e s(,,estion$ Hsb6 %rono(ne$ Hsb6 %ro%ose$ Hsb6
reo""end$ Hsb6 re.et ! o""!ndL ! o""it"entL ! dereeL ! de"!ndL ! desireL
t&e deter"in!tionL ! direti+eL t&e ide!L ! "or!l i"%er!ti+eL !n in.(ntionL t&e
insisteneL t&e instr(tionL ! "otionL !n orderL !n ordin!neL t&e %led,eL t&e
%ro%os!lL t&e reo""end!tionL ! re,(l!tionL t&e re/(estL t&e re/(ire"entL t&e
resol(tionL ! r(leL t&e sti%(l!tionL t&e s(,,estionL t&e (r,e$ Hsb6 re"ind sb$ Hsb6
re/(est H%edirL ro,!rL re/(erir6$ Hsb6 re/(ire Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 resol+e$ Hsb6 r(le$ Hsb6
sti%(l!te$ Hsb6 send Hsb6 t&e o""!ndL ! dereeL t&e de"!ndL ! direti+eL ! "or!l
i"%er!ti+eL !n in.(ntionL t&e instr(tionL ! "otionL !n orderL !n ordin!neL t&e
%ro%os!lL t&e reo""end!tionL ! re,(l!tionL t&e re/(estL t&e re/(ire"entL t&e
resol(tionL ! r(leL t&e sti%(l!tionL t&e s(,,estion$ Hsb6 s(,,est$ t&ere h be t&e
o""!ndL ! o""it"entL ! dereeL t&e de"!ndL ! desireL t&e deter"in!tionL !
direti+eL ! "or!l i"%er!ti+eL !n in.(ntionL insisteneL t&e instr(tionL ! "otionL !n
orderL !n ordin!neL t&e %led,eL t&e %ro%os!lL t&e reo""end!tionL ! re,(l!tionL t&e
re/(estL t&e re/(ire"entL t&e resol(tionL t&e res%onsibilit'L ! r(leL t&e sti%(l!tionL t&e
s(,,estionL t&e (r,e$ Hsb6 (r,e H!ni"!rL in+it!rL inst!r6$ Hsb6 +ote$ Hsb6 7!rn
H!d+ertir6Q$ et1M ! +ees$ se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n el %resente de indi!ti+o$ sobre
todo en GB1 E.14 It is ! %it' Ht&!t6 &e s(##erL s&o(ld s(##er NGB %rini%!l"enteO so
"(& HEs (n! %en! /(e 0l s(#r! t!nto6M It is ! r(le Ht&!t6 e+er'bod' brin,L s&o(ld
brin, NGB %rini%!l"enteO so"et&in, HEs (n! re,l! /(e todo el "(ndo tr!i,! !l,o6M
T&e' !s9 t&!t 'o( beL s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !re NGBO ,enero(s HTe %iden
/(e se!s ,eneroso6M T&e re,(l!tion is Ht&!t6 nobod' ,o o(tL s&o(ld ,o o(t NGB
%rini%!l"enteO HL! nor"! es /(e n!die s!l,!6M Eer %!rents &!+e deided Ht&!t6
Deroni! ,oL s&o(ld ,o NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ,oes NGBO to M(ri! HS(s %!dres &!n
deidido /(e Der3ni! +!'! ! M(ri!6M S&e de"!nds Ht&!t6 &e not sellL s&o(ldnZt
sell NGB %rini%!l"enteO t&e b(siness HEll! %ide /(e 0l no +end! el ne,oio6M I
do(bt Ht&!t6 t&e' beL s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !re NGBO t&ere HD(do de /(e
est0n !llF6M Ee %ro%oses Ht&!t6 t&e' beL s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !re NGBO
&ere Hl %ro%one /(e ellos est0n !/(F6M T&e' re/(est Ht&!t6 ! tie beL s&o(ld be NGB
%rini%!l"enteO 7orn HPiden /(e se lle+e orb!t!6M S&e s(,,ests Ht&!t6 &e seeL
s&o(ld see NGB %rini%!l"enteOL sees NGBO ! dotor HEll! s(,iere /(e 0l +!'! ! +er
! (n "0dio6M S&e s(,,ested Ht&!t6 &e seeL s&o(ld see NGB %rini%!l"enteO ! dotor
HEll! s(,iri3 /(e 0l #(er! ! +er ! (n "0dio61
*on !l,(nos +erbos nor"!les o"o Q%ro%ose$ s(,,estQ$ se (s! "s el s(b.(nti+o en
USA /(e en GB1
A +ees s3lo se %(ede %oner Qs&o(ldQ t!nto en GB o"o en USA1 E.14 T&ere is no
re!son 7&' s&e s&o(ld ,o HNo &!' "oti+o %or el /(e ell! deb! irHse661
En USA se (s! "s el s(b.(nti+o /(e en GB1 E.14 T&e' 7!nt t&!t R(ssi! de!l
NUSAO 7it& t&e %roble" HJ(ieren /(e R(si! se o(%e del %roble"!61
-+ En las oraciones subordinadas introducidas por las con%unciones
Malt/oug/, as t/oug/, even if, even t/oug/, for fear 4t/at+, /o,ever, if, in order
4t/at+# so 4t/at+, lest, on condition t/at, provided 4t/at+, so long as, supposing,
t/oug/ Nolo/(i!lO, unless, ,/erever, ,/et/erM, etc.$ se %(ede %oner el %resente
de s(b.(nti+o en in,l0s liter!rio o indi!ti+o en in,l0s estnd!rM (!ndo se %one el
indi!ti+o es "enos &i%ot0tio ' "s re!lM %(ede &!ber (n! iert! di#ereni! entre el
s(b.(nti+o ' el indi!ti+o t!nto en in,l0s o"o en !stell!noM no obst!nte$ (!ndo se
(s! el indi!ti+o en in,l0s estnd!r$ e/(i+!le nor"!l"ente t!"bi0n !l s(b.(nti+o en
!stell!noM se (s! "(&o "enos el s(b.(nti+o /(e el indi!ti+o ' es "s
reo"end!ble ' "s #il %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes (tiliz!r sie"%re el indi!ti+o
on est!s on.(niones1 E.14 Alt&o(,&L T&o(,& Nolo/(i!lO s&e !tt!9 Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL !tt!9s Nestnd!rO &i"$ I !" ,oin, to de#end &i" HA(n/(e ell! le
!t!/(eL !t!!$ 'o +o' ! de#enderleL lo6M E+en t&o(,& &e be Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO
&ere to"orro7$ s&e 7onZt !e%t t&e "one' HA(n/(e 0l est0 !/(F "!)!n!$ ell! no
!e%t!r el dinero6M E+en t&o(,& &e o"es Nestnd!rO o#ten$ &e doesnZt do eno(,&
HA(n/(e 0l +iene ! "en(do$ 0l no &!e lo s(#iiente6M Eo7e+er e!s' it is Nestnd!rOL
be Nliter!rio4 r!roOL "!' be$ &e 7onZt tr' HPor "(' #il /(e se!L %(ed! ser$ 0l no lo
intent!rL /(iere intent!r6M >e "(st do so"et&in,$ i# t&e re%ort be Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doOL is Nestnd!rO ,en(ine HDebe"os &!er !l,o si el in#or"eL re%ort!.e #(er!L es
+erd!dero6M S&e o"es in order Ht&!t6 &er "ot&er see Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL sees
Nestnd!rOL s&o(ld seeL "!' seeL "i,&t seeL !n see &er HEll! +iene %!r! /(e s(
"!dre l! +e!L %(ed! +er6M T&e' ,i+e &er t&e "one' in order Ht&!t6L so t&!t s&e b('
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL b('s Nestnd!rOL 7ill b(' Nestnd!rO it HLe d!n el dinero !
ell! %!r! /(e lo o"%re6M Go 7it& &er$ lest s&e ,et Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL s&o(ld
,et lost] H\Dete on ell!$ no se! /(e se %ierd!]6M S&e #e!rs lest &e #ind o(t Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL s&o(ld #ind o(t t&e tr(t& HEll! te"e /(e 0l des(br! l! +erd!d6M So
lon, !s &e %!' Nliter!rio4 r!roOL %!'s Nestnd!rO$ t&e' !re not 7orried !bo(t &is
%roble"s H*on t!l de /(e 0l %!,(e$ no estn %reo(%!dos %or s(s %roble"!s6M S&e
o"es so Ht&!t6 &er "ot&er see Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL s&o(ld seeL sees Nestnd!rO
&er HEll! +iene de #or"! /(e s( "!dre l! +e!L +e6M T&e' s&o(ld 7or9 so t&!t t&e'
be Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL !re Nestnd!rO inde%endent HDeberF!n tr!b!.!r %!r! /(e
se!n inde%endientes6M T&o(,& Nolo/(i!lO e+er'one desert Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO
'o($ &e 7ill not HA(n/(e todos te !b!ndonen$ 0l no lo &!r6M T&o(,& Nolo/(i!lO Ee
le!d Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO (s t&ro(,& t&e dee%est 7!ters$ Ee 7ill be 7it& (s
HA(n/(e l nos ,(Fe ! tr!+0s de l!s !,(!s "s %ro#(nd!s$ l est!r on nosotros6M
IZll t!9e t&e ("brell! lest it r!inL s&o(ld r!in HH"e6 Lle+!r0 el %!r!,(!s no se! /(e
ll(e+!6M Unless &e do Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL does Nestnd!rO it$ s&e 7onZt %!' HA
no ser /(e 0l lo &!,!$ ell! no +! ! %!,!r6M I !" interested in "en$ 7&ere+er t&e' be
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO HMe interes!n los &o"bres$ est0n donde est0n6M EeZll #ind
&er$ 7&ere+er s&e ,oes Nestnd!rO Hl l! enontr!r$ +!'! ell! donde +!'!6M >&et&er
&e is Nestnd!rOL be Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO ri& or %oor HSe! 0l rio o %obre6M
>&et&er &e o"es Nestnd!rOL o"e Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO or not HDen,! 0l o no61
3+ En oraciones subordinadas precedido de algunos ad%etivos en la oracin
principalM los !d.eti+os QHit6 !bs(rd$ Hsb6 !d!"!nt Nliter!rioO$ Hit6 !d+is!ble$ Hsb6
!n-io(s$ Hit6 !7#(l$ Hit6 best$ Hit6 better$ Hit6 o"%(lsor'$ Hit6 r(i!l$ Hit6 desir!ble$ Hsb6
desiro(s$ Hsb6 deter"ined$ Hit6 essenti!l$ Hit6 #!ir$ Hit6 #ittin,$ Hit6 i"%er!ti+e Nliter!rioO$
Hit6 i"%ort!nt$ Hit6 i"%ossible$ Hit6 i"%rob!ble$ Hit6 i"%ro%er$ Hit6 in!%%ro%ri!te$ Hit6
indis%ens!ble$ Hsb6 insistent$ Hit6 .(st$ Hsb6 9een$ Hit6 l(diro(s$ Hit6 neess!r'$ Hit6
obli,!tor'$ Hit6 %re#er!ble$ Hit6 %reord!ined$ Hit6 %ro%er$ Hit6 re!son!ble$ Hit6 re,rett!ble$
Hit6 ridi(lo(s$ Hit6 ri,&t$ Hit6 terrible$ Hit6 (nneess!r'$ Hit6 (nt&in9!ble$ Hit6 (r,ent$ Hit6
+it!l$ Hsb6 7illin,Q$ et1$ solos o del!nte de (n no"bre %(eden ir %reedidos de UitL
sbV h el +erbo QbeQ en %resente en l! or!i3n %rini%!l ' se,(idos del %resente de
s(b.(nti+o en l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! no"in!l o de Qs&o(ldQ h in#initi+o sin QtoQM
Qs&o(ldQ se (s! "(&o "s en GB /(e en USAM se %(ede %oner !si sie"%re
t!"bi0n el %resente de indi!ti+o$ sobre todo en GB$ on (n! li,er! di#ereni! de
si,ni#i!do %ero es "s olo/(i!l$ "ientr!s /(e el s(b.(nti+o es "s liter!rio ' se
(s! "enos en GB /(e en USAM no obst!nte$ (!ndo se (s! el indi!ti+o en in,l0s
olo/(i!l$ e/(i+!le nor"!l"ente t!"bi0n !l s(b.(nti+o en !stell!noM on !l,(nos
se %(ede (s!r el #(t(ro i"%er#eto t!"bi0nM los !d.eti+os +!n nor"!l"ente
!ent(!dos si +!n solos1 E.14 It is !bRs(rd t&!t &e deno(ne Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld
deno(ne NGB %rini%!l"enteO &er HEs !bs(rdo /(e 0l l! den(nie6M It is !bRs(rd t&!t
&e deno(nes &er HEs !bs(rdo el &e&o de /(e 0l l! den(ni!L den(nie6M It is R!7#(l
t&!t t&ere be Nliter!rioOL t&ere s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteO 7!rs HEs &orrible /(e
&!'! ,(err!s6M It is R!7#(l t&!t t&ere !re Nestnd!rO 7!rsL t&!t &e o"es Nestnd!rO
l!te HEs &orrible el &e&o de /(e &!'L &!'! ,(err!sL 0l lle,!L lle,(e t!rde6M T&e best
t&in, isL It is Rbest t&!t MrsH16 Eo, !d"it t&e tr(t& HLo "e.or es /(e l! Sr!1 E1 !d"it!
l! +erd!d6M T&e best t&in, isL It is Rbest t&!t MrsH16 Eo, !d"its t&e tr(t& HLo "e.or es
Hel &e&o de6 /(e l! Sr!1 E1 !d"iteL !d"it! l! +erd!d6M ItZs Rr(i!l t&!t s&e do
Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld do NGB %rini%!l"enteO so"et&in, HEs r(i!l /(e ell! &!,!
!l,o6M ItZs Rr(i!l t&!t s&e does so"et&in, HEs r(i!l el &e&o de /(e ell! &!eL
&!,! !l,o6M It is eRssenti!l Ht&!t6 'o( be Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteO
%resent HEs eseni!l /(e est0s %resente6M It is eRssenti!l Ht&!t6 &e not &!+e !n' !(se
#or o"%l!int HEs eseni!l /(e 0l no ten,! Hnin,(n!6 !(s! %!r! /(e.!rse6M It is R#!ir
t&!t &e reo,nize Nliter!rioO NoO reo,nise N liter!rio4 GBOL s&o(ld reo,nize NGB
%rini%!l"enteO NoO s&o(ld reo,nise NGBO 'o(r t!lent HEs .(sto /(e 0l reonoz! t(
t!lento6M It is R#!ir t&!t &e reo,nizes 'o(r t!lent HEs .(sto el &e&o de /(e 0l
reonoeL reonoz! t( t!lento6M It is R#ittin, t&!t s&e o"e Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld o"e
NGB %rini%!l"enteO HEs !de(!do /(e +en,! ell!6M It is R#ittin, t&!t s&e o"es HEs
!de(!do el &e&o de /(e ell! +ieneL +en,!6M It is i"R%ort!nt t&!t s&e (nderst!nd
Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld (nderst!nd NGB %rini%!l"enteO it HEs i"%ort!nte /(e ell! lo
o"%rend!6M It is i"R%ort!nt t&!t s&e (nderst!nds it HEs i"%ort!nte el &e&o de /(e
ell! lo o"%rendeL o"%rend!6M It is i"R%ossible t&!t s&e o"e Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld
o"e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7ill o"e HEs i"%osible /(e +en,! ell!6M ItZs
i"R%rob!ble t&!t s&e o"e Nliter!rio4 r!roOL s&o(ld o"e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7ill
o"e HEs i"%rob!ble /(e ell! +en,!6M It is i"R%ro%er t&!t s&e o"e Nliter!rioOL
s&o(ld o"e NGB %rini%!l"enteO HEs inorretoL err3neo /(e +en,! ell!6M It is
i"R%ro%er t&!t s&e o"es HEs inorretoL err3neo el &e&o de /(e ell! +ieneL +en,!
ell!6M It is Rl(diro(sL riRdi(lo(s t&!t s&e s!' Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld s!' NGB
%rini%!l"enteO t&ose t&in,s HEs ridF(lo /(e ell! di,! es!s os!s6M It is Rl(diro(sL
riRdi(lo(s t&!t s&e s!'s t&ose t&in,s HEs ridF(lo el &e&o de /(e ell! dieL di,!
es!s os!s6M It is Rneess!r' Ht&!t6 s&e o"e Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld o"e NGB
%rini%!l"enteO no7 HEs nees!rio /(e ell! +en,! !&or!6M It is Rneess!r' Ht&!t6 s&e
o"es no7 HEs nees!rio el &e&o de /(e ell! +ieneL +en,! !&or!6M It is oRbli,!tor'
t&!t s&e %!' Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld %!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO HEs obli,!torio /(e %!,(e
ell!6M It is oRbli,!tor' t&!t s&e %!'s HEs obli,!torio el &e&o de /(e ell! %!,!L
%!,(e6M It is R%re#er!ble t&!t s&e 7or9 Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld 7or9 NGB %rini%!l"enteO
HEs %re#erible /(e tr!b!.e ell!6M It is R%re#er!ble t&!t s&e 7or9s HEs %re#erible el
&e&o de /(e ell! tr!b!.!L tr!b!.e6M It is R%ro%er t&!t s&e ,o Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld ,o
NGB %rini%!l"enteO HEs !de(!do /(e Hse6 +!'! ell!6M It is R%ro%er t&!t s&e ,oes HEs
!de(!do el &e&o de /(e ell! Hse6 +!L +!'!6M It is reR,rett!ble Ht&!t6 &e le!+e
Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld le!+e NGB %rini%!l"enteO to7n HEs (n! %en! /(e 0l se "!r&e
de l! i(d!d6M It is reR,rett!ble Ht&!t6 &e le!+es to7n HEs (n! %en! el &e&o de /(e 0l
se "!r&!L "!r&e de l! i(d!d6M It is Rterrible t&!t s&e o""it Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld
o""it NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7ill o""it s(iide HEs terrible /(e ell! se s(iide6M
It is R+it!l t&!t &e do Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld do NGB %rini%!l"enteO t&is HEs eseni!l /(e
0l &!,! esto6M It is R+it!l t&!t &e does t&is HEs eseni!l el &e&o de /(e 0l &!eL &!,!
esto61
I,(!l"ente l!s si,(ientes e-%resiones4 t&e "otionL re/(ire"ent is$ 7it& t&e %ro+iso
Hondii3n6$ et1
=1B81I Ctras formas del ingls 'ue e'uivalen al presente de sub%untivo
castellano son4
*+ M&etM D complemento directo seguido de infinitivo sin MtoM1 E.14 Let &i"
o"e] H\J(e +en,! 0l]61 D1 =15C5181b
2+ Detr!s de MG ,is/# Gf onlM tambin se puede poner ;,ould< D infinitivo sin
;to<1 D1=1B<1;
2+ En oraciones subordinadas detr!s de las con%unciones Mafter, as long as, as
muc/ as, as soon as, assuming 4t/at+, before, b t/e time t/at, directl >HI?,
given 4t/at+, immediatel 4t/at+ >HI" colo'uial?, immediatel after,
immediatel before, in case >a veces se puede usar el sub%untivo tambin en
ingls literario?, once, presuming 4t/at+, providing 4t/at+, t/e moment, till
>colo'uial?# until >literario? >se puede usar el sub%untivo tambin en ingls
arcaico?, ,/en4ever+, ,/ile, ,/oeverM, etc., se usa el presente de indicativo en
ingls, mientras 'ue en castellano se suele usar el presente de sub%untivo1 E.14
As lon, !s &e %!'s$ t&e' !re not 7orried !bo(t &is %roble"s H*on t!l de H/(e6 0l
%!,(e$ no estn %reo(%!dos %or los %roble"!s de 0l6M As lon, !s &e is Nestnd!rOL
be Nliter!rio4 r!roO &ere to"orro7$ it 7ill be %ossible H*on t!l de H/(e6 0l est0 !/(F
"!)!n!$ ser %osible6M T!9e 'o(r ("brell! in !se it r!insL s&o(ld r!in] H\Ll0+!Hte6
el %!r!,(!s no +!'! ! ser /(e NoO no se! /(e ll(e+!L %or si ll(e+e]6M S&e ,oes in
!se &e is Nestnd!rOL be Nliter!rio4 r!roO t&ere HEll! +! no +!'! ! ser /(e NoO no
se! /(e 0l est0 !llFL %or si H!!so6 0l est !llF6M >&oe+er tells 'o( t&!t "(st be ! li!r
HJ(ien/(ier!L Se! el /(e se! el /(e te di,! eso debe de ser (n "entiroso61 D1 =1;C1@
Detrs de l! on.(ni3n s(bordin!d! te"%or!l Q7&enQ$ se %one el indi!ti+o en
in,l0s$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no se %(ede %oner el indi!ti+o o el s(b.(nti+o1 E.14
EeZll "ention t&e S&!9es%e!ri!n! 7&en 'o( t!l9 !bo(t t&e A"eri!n! Hl
"enion!r los di&os 0lebresL l!s !n0dot!sL l!s %(bli!iones sobre S&!9es%e!re
(!ndo &!bles de los di&os 0lebresL l!s !n0dot!sL l!s %(bli!iones sobre
Est!dos Unidos61
-+ Con los verbos de 6.0*.2, excepto MinsistM, de 6.**:.* seguidos de un
complemento directo D infinitivo con MtoM en ve) de una oracin subordinada
nominal precedida de ;t/at<M est! onstr(i3n ,ener!l"ente se (s! "s en
in,l0s olo/(i!l /(e el s(b.(nti+o %ero no sie"%re1 E.14 T&e' !d+ise (s to tr' HNos
!onse.!nL reo"iend!n /(e lo intente"os6M Ee doesnZt !llo7 &er to ,o Hl no
!(toriz!L %er"ite /(e ell! +!'!6M T&e' !s9 'o( to be ,enero(s HTe %iden /(e se!s
,eneroso6M Ee !s9s t&e" to %l!' 7ell Hl les %ide /(e .(e,(en bien6M S&e !s9s &i"
to sell t&e b(siness HEll! %ide /(e 0l +end! el ne,oio6M It is ! r(le #or e+er'bod' to
brin, so"et&in, HEs (n! re,l! /(e todo el "(ndo tr!i,! !l,o6M Eer %!rents &!+e
deided #or Deroni! to ,o to M(ri! Nliter!rioO HS(s %!dres &!n deidido /(e
Der3ni! +!'! ! M(ri!6M Ee %ro%oses to t&e" to be &ere Hl %ro%one /(e ellos
est0n !/(F6M T&e' re/(est ! tie to be 7orn NGB %rini%!l"enteO HPiden /(e se lle+e
orb!t!6M Ee s(,,ested to &er to ,o Hl le s(,iri3 ! ell! /(e #(er!6M I 7!nt &i" to
st(d'L to be st(d'in, HJ(iero /(e 0l est(dieL est0 est(di!ndo6M I dinZt 7!nt &er to
oo9L to be oo9in, HNo /(erF! /(e ell! oin!r!L est(+ier! oin!ndo6M T&ere is no
re!son to ,o HNo &!' "oti+o %!r! irHse66$ et1
3+ Con los verbos de 6.0*.2 muc/os de 6.**:.* seguidos de 4un complemento
directo 'ue puede ser un nombre en genitivo sa%n o no# un ad%etivo posesivo#
pronombre personal ob%eto D+ la forma verbal en 5ingM est! onstr(i3n
,ener!l"ente se (s! "s en in,l0s olo/(i!l /(e el s(b.(nti+o %ero no sie"%re1 E.14
Eer %!rents &!+e deided Deroni!Zs Nliter!rioOL Deroni! Nolo/(i!lO ,oin, to
M(ri! HS(s %!dres &!n deidido /(e Der3ni! +!'! ! M(ri!6M Ee %ro%oses t&eirL
t&e" bein, &ere Nliter!rioO Hl %ro%one /(e ellos est0n !/(F6M T&e' s(,,est b('in,
t&e "!teri!l HS(,ieren o"%r!r el "!teri!l6M S&e 7!rns &i" !bo(t dri+in, !t ni,&t
HEll! le !d+ierte sobre ond(ir de no&e61
6+ Heneralmente cuando la maor parte de los verbos de 6.**:.* algunos
otros van en presente de indicativo en negativa tanto en ingls como en
castellano en oraciones principales, en las oraciones subordinadas nominales
'ue van detr!s se suele usar en ingls el presente de indicativo, si indica
presente, el futuro imperfecto, si indica futuroM en !stell!no se s(ele (s!r el
%resente de s(b.(nti+o$ ' el de indi!ti+o en !l,(n!s o!siones$ si indi! %resente$ '
el %resente de s(b.(nti+o$ o el #(t(ro i"%er#eto$ si indi! #(t(roM no se %(ede %oner
el in#initi+o %!r! l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r en l!s or!iones s(bordin!d!s en
in,l0s1 D1 =1;C1@$ =1;C155I581 E.14 S&e doesnZt belie+e Ht&!t6 &e is ! l!7'er HEll! no
ree /(e 0l se!L es !bo,!do6M S&e doesnZt belie+e Ht&!t6 &e 7ill beo"e ! l!7'er
HEll! no ree /(e 0l se &!,!L &!r !bo,!do6M T&e' donZt t&in9 Ht&!t6 s&e 7ill ,i+e it
to &i" HNo %iens!n /(e ell! se lo d0L d!r ! 0l61
8+ Quc/os ad%etivos precedidos del verbo MbeM como todos los 'ue aparecen
en 6.*29 6.*2: pueden ir seguidos de infinitivo con ;to<M e/(i+!len !l
s(b.(nti+oM los de =15:C t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o h
,er(ndioM los !d.eti+os +!n nor"!l"ente !ent(!dosM en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %re#iere
(s!r est!s #or"!s en +ez del s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 ItZs !bRs(rdL !n !bs(rd Rt&in, #or &i" to
,o HEs !bs(rdo /(e 0l +!'!6M Ee is Re!,er #or &er to o"e no7 Hl tiene "(&!s
,!n!s de /(e ell! +en,! !&or!6M It is i"R%ossible #or &i" to o"e HEs i"%osible /(e
0l +en,!6M It is (nRt&in9!ble #or 'o( to s!'L 'o(r s!'in, so little HEs i"%ens!ble /(e
di,!s t!n %oo61
L! e-%resi3n Uit h be H&i,&6 ti"eL it h be !bo(t ti"e H#or h sb6V en %resente %(ede ir
se,(id! del in#initi+oM l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! se tr!d(e !l !stell!no en %resente de
s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 ItZs ti"e to ,oL #or &i" to ,o HEs &or! de irseL Hde6 /(e 0l se +!'!61
9+ Todos los ad%etivos de 6.*22 precedidos del verbo MbeM e'uivalen al
sub%untivo en castellano cuando van seguidos de un infinitivo con ;to<1 E.14 E.14
ItZs /(ite Rb!d o# "e to ,o t&ere HEst b!st!nte R"!l /(e 'o +!'! !&FL !llF6$ et1
0+ &os verbos normales Mregret, marvel, ob%ect, re%oice, ,ant, ,onderM, en
presente en la oracin principal pueden ir seguidos del presente de indicativo o
de Ms/ouldM D infinitivo, pero no del sub%untivo1 E.14 Ee re,rets t&!t s&e o"esL
s&o(ld o"e so l!te Hl siente /(e ell! +en,! t!n t!rde6M S&e 7!nts to 7rite ! boo9
t&!t sellsL s&o(ld sellL 7ill sellL 7o(ld sell 7ell HEll! /(iere esribir (n libro /(e se
+end! bien6$ et1
*:+ &os ad%etivos Mafraid, alarmed, ama)ed, amused, angr, annoed,
appre/ensive, as/amed, astonis/ed, careful, concerned, content, delig/ted,
depressed, disappointed, discouraged, disgusted, dismaed, distressed,
disturbed, doubtful, eager, embarrassed, encouraged, excited, fearful,
frig/tened, furious, glad, grateful, /app, /opeful, /orrified, impatient,
indignant, irritated, optimistic, pleased, proud, relieved, sad, sanguine,
s/oc1ed, sorr, sure, surprised, t/an1ful, terrified, una,are, upset, ,illing,
,orriedM, etc., pueden ir precedidos de un su%eto referido a persona D el verbo
MbeM en presente en la oracin principal seguidos del presente de indicativo,
si indica presente, el futuro imperfecto, si indica futuro, o de Ms/ouldM D
infinitivo sin MtoM en la oracin subordinada nominalM Qs&o(ldQ se (s! "(&o
"s en GB /(e en USAM %(eden ir t!"bi0n se,(idos del s(b.(nti+o en in,l0s
liter!rio$ '! /(e se %(ede %oner Q7ereQ %!r! l! %ri"er! ' terer! %erson! del
sin,(l!r del +erbo QbeQ ' el in#initi+o %!r! tod!s l!s %erson!sM no obst!nte$ se (s!
"(' %oo el s(b.(nti+o on estos !d.eti+os sobre todo en GBM en USA se (s! "s
el s(b.(nti+o en este !so /(e en GBM los !d.eti+os +!n nor"!l"ente !ent(!dos1
E.14 Ee is !R"!zed t&!t s&e isL s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteO onl' ten 'e!rs old Hl
est !so"Rbr!do de /(e ell! ten,! s3lo diez !)os6M Ee is R!n,r' t&!t s&e o"es l!te
HA 0l le d! Rr!bi!L s!! de R/(iio /(e ell! +en,! t!rde6M Ee is onRtent t&!t s&e
o"esL s&o(ld o"e NGB %rini%!l"enteO l!te Hl se onRtent!L onR#or"! on /(e
ell! lle,(e t!rde6M Ee is Rdo(bt#(l t&!t s&e 7ill o"e Hl est d(Rdoso de /(e +en,!
ell!6M Ee is Re!,er t&!t s&e o"esL s&o(ld o"e NGB %rini%!l"enteO no7 Hl tiene
"(&!s R,!n!s de /(e ell! +en,! !&or!6M Ee is R,l!d t&!t s&e isL s&o(ld be NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL be Nliter!rio4 r!roO &ere Hl est onRtento de /(e ell! est0 !/(F61
O(rre lo "is"o on Q!7!re$ on#ident$ onsio(s$ on+ined$ %ositi+eQ$ et1$ %ero
(!ndo se %one Qs&o(ldQ h in#initi+o !"bi! el si,ni#i!do ' se tr!d(e %or
QdeberF!Q h in#initi+o1 E.14 Ee is Ron#ident t&!t s&e s&o(ld be &!%%' Hl est seR,(ro
de /(e ell! deberF! ser #eliz6M Ee is Ronsio(s t&!t s&e s&o(ld !t i""edi!tel' Hl es
onsRiente de /(e ell! deberF! !t(!r in"edi!t!"ente6M Ee is onR+ined t&!t s&e
s&o(ld o"e Hl est on+enRido de /(e ell! deberF! +enir61
**+ &os ad%etivos Madmirable, agreeable, alarming, ama)ing, amusing,
annoing, appropriate, astonis/ing, a,1,ard, bad, bitter, commendable,
critical, cruel, curious, delig/tful, deplorable, depressing, despicable,
disappointing, disastrous, discouraging, disgraceful, disgusting, doubtful,
dreadful, embarrassing, encouraging, enoug/, exciting, extraordinar, foolis/,
fortunate, frig/tening, funn, good, /ard 4in%usto+, /elpful, /orrible,
/orrifing, idiotic, inadvisable, incompre/ensible, inconceivable, incredible,
indisputable, inevitable, inexcusable, intelligent of sb, interesting, intolerable,
ir1some, ironic4al+, irrational, irrelevant, irritating, %ustifiable, 1no,n,
lamentable, li1el, logical, lovel, luc1, marvellous >HI principalmente?#
marvelous >@S=?, natural, nice, odd, peculiar, perplexing, pleasant, pleasing,
pointless, positive, possible, probable, 'ueer, rare, recommended, remar1able,
sad, s/oc1ing, sill, sorr, splendid, strange, surprising, terrifing, tragic,
tpical, unbelievable, understandable, unfair, unfortunate, un%ustifiable,
unli1el, unluc1, unnatural, unreasonable, useful, useless, ,onderful,
,rongM, etc., solos o delante de un nombre pueden ir precedidos de ;it< D el
verbo MbeM en presente en la oracin principal seguidos del presente de
indicativo en la oracin subordinada nominal o de Ms/ould >no acentuado?M D
infinitivo sin MtoM7 Ms/ouldM se usa muc/o m!s en HI 'ue en @S=7 pueden ir
tambin seguidos del sub%untivo en ingls literario$ '! /(e se %(ede %oner
Q7ereQ %!r! l! %ri"er! ' terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r del +erbo QbeQ ' el in#initi+o
sin UtoV %!r! tod!s l!s %erson!sM no obst!nte$ se (s! "(' %oo el s(b.(nti+o on
estos !d.eti+os$ sobre todo en GBM en este !so se (s! "s el s(b.(nti+o en USA
/(e en GBM los !d.eti+os +!n nor"!l"ente !ent(!dos1 E.14 It is Rb!dL ! b!d Rt&in,
t&!t s&e deno(nes N"s (s!doO &i" HEs R"!lo el &e&o de /(e ell! le den(ni! ! 0l6
e UIt is Rb!d t&!t s&e deno(ne Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL s&o(ld deno(ne NGB
%rini%!l"enteO &i"V HEs R"!lo /(e ell! le den(nie ! 0l6M It is Rr(el t&!t &e does
t&is HEs Rr(el /(e 0l &!,!L el &e&o de /(e 0l &!e esto6M E"b!rr!ssin, !s it isL "!'
be$ 'o( "(st ,o HA(n/(e esL %(ed! ser in3"odo$ debes ir6M It is eRno(,& t&!t &e
does t&is HEs s(#iRiente el &e&o de /(e 0l &!,!L &!e esto6M It is e-Rtr!ordin!r' t&!t
s&e isL s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteO l!te HEs e-tr!ordiRn!rio el &e&o de /(e ell!
lle,!L /(e ell! lle,(e t!rde6M It is R,ood t&!t it r!ins HEs Rb(eno el &e&o de /(e
ll(e+e6 e UIt is R,ood t&!t it r!in Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld r!in NGB %rini%!l"enteOV HEs
Rb(eno /(e ll(e+!6M It is R,oodL ! R,ood ide! t&!t s&e doesnZt ,o HEs R b(enoL (n!
R b(en! ide! el &e&o de /(e ell! no Hse6 +!6 e UIt is R,oodL ! R,ood ide! t&!t s&e not
,o Nliter!rioOL s&o(ldnZt ,o NGB %rini%!l"enteOV HEs R b(enoL (n! R b(en! ide! /(e
ell! no Hse6 +!'!6M It is iRdioti t&!t s&e i,nores it HEs (n! idioRtez el &e&o de /(e ell!
lo i,nor!6 e UIt is iRdioti t&!t s&e i,nore Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld i,nore NGB
%rini%!l"enteO itV HEs (n! idioRtez /(e ell! lo i,nore6M It is R"!r+ello(s NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL R"!r+elo(s NUSAO t&!t 'o( !re on &olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
on +!!tion NUSAO HEs "!r!+iRlloso el &e&o de /(e ests de +!!iones6 e UIt is
R"!r+ello(s NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R"!r+elo(s NUSAO t&!t 'o( be Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld
be NGB %rini%!l"enteO on &olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL on +!!tion NUSAOV HEs
"!r!+iRlloso /(e est0s de +!!iones6M It is R%le!s!nt t&!t s&e does t&is HEs !,r!Rd!ble
/(e ell! &!,!L el &e&o de /(e ell! &!e esto6M It is R%ossible t&!t 'o( !reL s&o(ld be
NGB %rini%!l"enteO ri,&t HEs R%osible /(e ten,!s r!z3n6M ItZs R%rob!ble t&!t &e
o"esL o"e N liter!rio4 r!roOL s&o(ld o"e NGB %rini%!l"enteO HEs %roRb!ble /(e
0l +en,!6M It is Rt'%i!l t&!t s&e sin,s HEs RtF%io el &e&o de /(e !nt! ell!6 e UIt is
Rt'%i!l t&!t s&e sin, Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld sin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOV HEs RtF%io /(e
!nte ell!6M Un#ort(n!te !s it so(ndsL "!' so(nd$ it did !t(!ll' &!%%en HA(n/(e
s(en!L s(ene des!#ort(n!do$ o(rri3 re!l"ente6M ItZs R7onder#(l t&!t t&e' !re &!%%'
HEs "!r!+iRlloso el &e&o de /(e son #elies6 e UItZs R7onder#(l t&!t t&e' be
Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteO &!%%'V HEs "!r!+iRlloso /(e se!n
#elies6M It is R7ron, t&!t &e does &!r" HEst R"!l /(e 0l &!,!L el &e&o de /(e 0l
&!e d!)o6$ et1
I,(!l"ente on l!s si,(ientes e-%resiones4 Hit6 ! dis,r!eL ! #!ll!'L !n iron'L ! %it'L
! s&!"eL ! 7onder$ et1
Los !d.eti+os Q!%%!rent$ ert!in$ le!r$ de#inite$ e+ident$ i"%liit$ ind(bit!ble$
9no7n$ ob+io(s$ %l!in$ tr(e$ (ntr(e$ 7ellI9no7nQ$ et1$ solos o del!nte de (n
no"bre %(eden ir %reedidos de UitV h el +erbo QbeQ en %resente en l! or!i3n
%rini%!l ' se,(idos del %resente de indi!ti+o ' no de s(b.(nti+o en l! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! no"in!lM en !stell!no se (s! t!"bi0n el indi!ti+o ' no el s(b.(nti+oM
si se %(sier! URs&o(ld N!ent(!doOV h in#initi+o sin QtoQ !"bi!rF! el si,ni#i!do ' se
tr!d(irF! %or QdeberF!Q h in#initi+oM los !d.eti+os +!n nor"!l"ente !ent(!dos si
+!n solos1 E.14 ItZs Re+identL !n e+ident Rt&in, t&!t 'o( !re ri,&t HEs e+iRdente /(e
tienes r!z3n6$ %ero QItZs Re+identL !n e+ident Rt&in, t&!t 'o( Rs&o(ld be ri,&tQ HEs
e+iRdente /(e debeRrF!s tener r!z3n61
*on !l,(nos de estos !d.eti+os se %(ede %oner Us&o(ldV no !ent(!do ' Us&o(ldV
!ent(!do$ %ero !"bi! el si,ni#i!do1 E.14 ItZs i"R%liit t&!t s&e s&o(ld Nno
!ent(!do4 GB %rini%!l"enteO o"eQ HEst i"R%lFito /(e ell! +en,!6$ %ero QItZs
i"R%liit t&!t s&e Rs&o(ld N!ent(!doO o"eQ HEst i"R%lFito /(e ell! debeRrF! +enir6M
ItZs (nbelie+!ble t&!t s&e s&o(ld Nno !ent(!do4 GB %rini%!l"enteO o"e HEs
inreFble /(e ell! +en,!6$ %ero QItZs (nbelie+!ble t&!t s&e Rs&o(ld N!ent(!doO o"eQ
HEs inreFble Hel &e&o de6 /(e ell! debeRrF! +enir6M ItZs (nre!son!ble t&!t s&e s&o(ld
Nno !ent(!do4 GB %rini%!l"enteO o"e HNo es r!zon!ble /(e ell! +en,!6$ %ero
QItZs (nre!son!ble t&!t s&e Rs&o(ld N!ent(!doO o"eQ HNo es r!zon!ble el &e&o de
/(e ell! debeRrF! +enir6$ et1
*on !l,(nos !d.eti+os o"o UHsbL it6 do(bt#(l$ Hit6 ,ood$ Hit6 i"%liit$ Hit6 li9el'$ Hit6
%rob!ble$ Hit6 (nli9el'V$ et$ se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n el #(t(roM en !stell!no se (s!
,ener!l"ente el s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 It is do(bt#(l t&!t s&e 7ill o"e HEst d(doso /(e
+en,! ell!6M It is R,oodL ! R,ood ide! t&!t s&e 7onZt ,o HEs Rb(enoL (n! Rb(en! ide!
/(e ell! no Hse6 +!'!6M It is %rob!bleL T&ere is little %rob!bilit' t&!t s&e 7ill o"e
to"orro7 HEs %rob!bleL E!' %o! %rob!bilid!d de /(e ell! +en,! "!)!n!6$ et1
*2+ Cuando los verbos M/ope# trustM, etc., van en presente de indicativo en una
oracin principal, en la oracin subordinada nominal 'ue va detr!s se pone el
presente de indicativo, si indica presente, o el futuro imperfecto, si indica
futuroM en !stell!no se (s! el %resente de s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 I &o%e Ht&!t6 s&e isL 7ill
be #ineL 7ell HEs%ero /(e ell! est0 bien6M I &o%e t&ereZs so"e s(,!r Nno Q7is& h
7o(ldQO HEs%ero /(e &!'! !l,o de !z2!r6M I &o%e &e doesnZt lose t&e "one' Nno
Q7is& h 7o(ldQO HEs%ero /(e 0l no %ierd! el dinero6M I tr(st Ht&!t6 o(r n!"es !%%e!rL
7ill !%%e!r in t&e list H*on#Fo en /(e n(estros no"bres !%!rez!n en l! list!6M I &o%e
Ht&!t6 s&e "!'L "i,&tL !n Nliter!rio4 r!roO %&oneL be 7ell HEs%ero /(e ell! %(ed!
ll!"!r %or tel0#onoL est!r bien61
Detrs de (n! serie de +erbos se,(idos de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! interro,!ti+!
indiret! %reedid! de Ui#L 7&et&erV se (s! si"%re el indi!ti+o t!nto en in,l0s
o"o en !stell!no1 D1 5C1:?1:1b15
=1B:1I El presente de sub%untivo de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on el %resente de
s(b.(nti+o del !(-ili!r UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l
orres%ondiente1 E.14 M' brot&er s(,,ested Ht&!t6 t&e #l!t NGBOL !%!rt"ent NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO be sold HMi &er"!no s(,iri3 /(e el %isoL !%!rt!"ento #(er!L se!
+endido6M I# !n' "e"ber be #o(nd ,(ilt'$ 7eZll %!' ! l!7'er to le!r it (% HEn !so
de /(e !l,2n "ie"bro se! del!r!do (l%!ble$ %!,!re"os ! (n !bo,!do %!r! /(e lo
!l!re6M Ee dereed t&!t t&is not be N"s (s!doOL be not N"enos (s!doO &!n,ed
no7 Hl deret3 /(e esto no #(er!L se! !"bi!do !&or!61
=1B;1I Kretrito imperfecto de sub%untivo Hsi"%le %!st s(b.(nti+e64 se %(ede
%oner U7ereV %!r! l! %ri"er! ' terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r del +erbo UbeV en #or"!
si"%le Hi# IL &e 7ere6 ' se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente de otros +erbos en
#or"! ontin(! Hi# IL s&e 7ere drin9in,6M se %one U7ereV t!"bi0n %!r! l!s de"s
%erson!sM se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n el in#initi+o sin UtoV %!r! tod!s l!s %erson!s !l,o
"s en USA /(e en GB Hi# IL &eL t&e' beL drin96M se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n Us&o(ldV
se,(ido del in#initi+o sin UtoV del +erbo$ sobre todo en GBM en in,l0s olo/(i!l en
GB se %(ede (s!r U7!sV t!"bi0n %!r! l! %ri"er! ' terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r$
e-e%to (!ndo U7ereV +! !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n on el si,ni#i!do de Ui# 111
7ereV ' e-e%to en !l,(n!s e-%resiones o"o U!s it 7ere H%or deirlo !sF6$ et1M
(!ndo se (s! el tie"%o si"%le es i,(!l /(e el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido
si"%le de indi!ti+o on todos los +erbos e-e%to QbeQ$ !sF /(e no es #il s!ber si
es (n s(b.(nti+o o (n indi!ti+oM s(ele indi!r #(t(ro %ero %(ede indi!r t!"bi0n
%!s!do res%eto !l %resente$ es deir$ #(t(ro del %!s!doM %(ede indi!r (n deseo o
!l,o &i%ot0tio o irre!lM s(ele tr!d(irse %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o '$
%oo #re(ente"ente$ %or el %resente de s(b.(nti+o en !stell!noM l! di#ereni! entre
el %ret0rito i"%er#eto ' el %resente de s(b.(nti+o t!nto en in,l0s o"o en
!stell!no es "od!l$ no te"%or!lM el #(t(ro i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o en !stell!no
se tr!d(e !l in,l0s %or el %resente o %ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o1
Se usa el pretrito imperfecto de sub%untivo en"
*+ Ciertas oraciones tradicionales1 E.14 Ee 7!s re!d' to st!' t&ere$ o"e 7&!t
"!' Hl est!b! dis%(esto ! /(ed!rse !&iL !llF$ %!s!r! lo /(e %!s!r!6M As it 7ere HPor
deirlo !sFL *o"o si di.0r!"os6$ et1
2+ Se puede poner detr!s de los verbos de 6.0*.21 E.14 S&e de"!nded Ht&!t6 &e
sellL soldL s&o(ld sell NGB %rini%!l"enteO t&e b(siness HEll! %idi3 /(e 0l +endier!
el ne,oio6M T&e' reo""ended Ht&!t6 &e b('L bo(,&tL s&o(ld b(' NGB
%rini%!l"enteO t&e o"%(ter HReo"end!b!n /(e 0l o"%r!r! el orden!dor6M T&e'
re/(ested Ht&!t6 ! tie beL 7ereL s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteO 7orn HPidieron /(e
se lle+!r! orb!t!6M M' brot&er s(,,ested Ht&!t6 s&e sellL soldL s&o(ld sell NGB
%rini%!l"enteO t&e !r HMi &er"!no s(,iri3 /(e ell! +endier! el o&e6M S(%%ose
Ht&!t6 &e 7ere Nliter!rioOL 7!s Nolo/(i!lO &ere] Nirre!lO H\S(%3nHte6 /(e 0l est(+ier!
!/(F]6 ' US(%%ose Ht&!t6 &e o"es no7] Nre!lO H\S(%3nHte6 /(e 0l +iene !&or!]6L
S(%%ose Ht&!t6 &e 7!s &ere !nd 111] Nre!lO H\S(%3nHte6 /(e 0l est(+oL est!b! !/(F
' 111]6V1 D1 =1B<15
En USA se (s! "s el s(b.(nti+o /(e en GB1 E.14 >&!t 7o(ld 'o( li9e t&!t t&e
s&ool doT NUSA %rini%!l"enteO HWJ(0 te ,(st!rF! Ni %re#erirF!sO /(e &iier! l!
es(el!T6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld li9e Ht&!t6 t&e boo9 s&o(ld be Nestnd!r4 GB
%rini%!l"enteOL 7ere Nliter!rioOL be Nliter!rioO bo(,&t t&ereL Ee 7o(ld li9e t&e
boo9 bo(,&t t&ereQ Hl %re#erirF! /(e se o"%r!r! el libro !&FL !llF61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l se %re#iere (s!r el in#initi+o$ l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o
si"%le"ente el indi!ti+o en +ez del s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 T&e' s(,,ested b('in, t&e
"!teri!l HS(,irieron o"%r!r el "!teri!l61
2+ Con algunas oraciones subordinadas introducidas por las con%unciones Mas
if, as t/oug/, even if, even t/oug/, for fear 4t/at+, /o,ever, if >va siempre
seguido de sub%untivo cuando la oracin principal est! en condicional" V.
0.*8.3.2?, in case, in order 4t/at+, lest, on condition t/at, provided 4t/at+, so long
as 4con tal de 'ue# mientras+, so 4t/at+, supposing, unless 4a no ser 'ue+M, etc.,
se puede poner el pretrito imperfecto de sub%untivo en ingls literario o
indicativo en ingls colo'uialM (!ndo se %one el indi!ti+o es "enos &i%ot0tio '
"s re!lM %(ede &!ber (n! iert! di#ereni! entre el s(b.(nti+o ' el indi!ti+o t!nto
en in,l0s o"o en !stell!noM no obst!nte$ (!ndo se (s! el indi!ti+o en in,l0s
olo/(i!l$ e/(i+!le nor"!l"ente t!"bi0n !l s(b.(nti+o en !stell!no1 E.14 S&e
s%e!9sL t!l9s !s i# Nolo/(i!lOL !s t&o(,& Nliter!rioO s&e 7ere t&e J(een HEll! &!bl!
o"o si #(er! l! rein!6M S&e s%o9eL t!l9ed !s i# Nolo/(i!lOL !s t&o(,& Nliter!rioO s&e
7ere ill HEll! &!bl!b! o"o si est(+ier! en#er"!6M E+en t&o(,& &e 7ereL be &ere
to"orro7$ 'o( s&o(ld tell t&e %olie HA(n/(e 0l est(+ier! !/(F "!)!n!$ deberF!Hs6
deFrselo ! l! %oliF!6M E+en t&o(,& s&e 7!s &ere 'esterd!'$ I didnZt see &er
HA(n/(e ell! est(+oL est!b! !/(F !'er$ no l! +i6M >ere s&e to o"e Nliter!rioOL I# s&e
7ere to o"e$ I 7o(ld %&one &i" HSi ell! +inier!L +iniese le ll!"!rF! %or tel0#ono !
0l6M I# I 7ere Nestnd!rOL 7!s NGB4 olo/(i!lO 'o($ I 7o(ld !e%t t&e %l!n Nirre!lO
HSi 'o #(er! t2$ !e%t!rF! el %l!n6M >ere s&e to tell 'o( Nliter!rioOL I# s&e told 'o(
Nestnd!rO$ 7&!t 7o(ld &!%%enT HSi ell! te lo di.er!L di.ese$ W/(0 %!s!rF!T6M S&o(ld
&e o"e Nliter!rioO$ &e s&o(ldL 7o(ld brin, &is son HSi +inier! 0l$ deberF! tr!erL
tr!erF! ! s( &i.o6M S&e 7ent in !se &e 7ereL s&o(ld beL 7!s t&ere HEll! #(e %or si 0l
est(+ier!L est!b! !llF6M Ee bro(,&t &is ("brell! in !se it 7ere N"enos (s!doO
r!inin,L 7!s N"s (s!doO r!inin,L r!ined N"s (s!doOL s&o(ld r!in N"s (s!doOL
7ere to r!in N"s (s!doO Hl tr!.o el %!r!,(!s %or si est(+ier! llo+iendoL llo+ier! NoO
llo+F!L llo+ier!6M S&e bo(,&t ! +ideo reorder in !se s&e neededL s&o(ld needL
"i,&t need it HEll! o"%r3 (n +Fdeo %or si lo neesit!b! NoO neesit!r!L %(dier!
neesit!r6M Ee !"e in order Ht&!t6L Rso Ht&!t6 t&e dotor see Nliter!rioOL s!7
Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld see NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7o(ld seeL "i,&t see Nliter!rioOL o(ld
see Nestnd!rO &i" Hl +ino %!r! /(eL de #or"! /(e el "0dio le +ier!L +ier!L +ier!L
+ier!L %(dier! +erL %(dier! +er6M Ee !"e in order Ht&!t6L so Ht&!t6 t&e dotor 7ere
s!tis#ied Hl +ino %!r! /(eL de #or"! /(e el "0dio est(+ier! s!tis#e&o6M Ee
%&oned #irst lest s&e 7ere o(t Hl ll!"3 %or tel0#ono %ri"ero %or te"or ! /(e ell!
est(+ier! #(er!L %or si !!so ell! est!b! #(er!6M Ee didnZt ,o lest s&e ,etL s&o(ld ,et
NGB %rini%!l"enteO !n,r' Hl no #(e %or "iedo ! /(e ell! se en#!d!r!6M Ee 7ent
so t&!t s&e be N!r!ioO not lonel' Hl #(e %!r! /(e ell! no se sient! sol!6L Ee 7ent
so t&!t s&e 7o(ldnZt be Nestnd!rOL s&o(ldnZt be NGB4 liter!rioO lonel' Hl #(e %!r!
/(e ell! no se sintier! sol!6M S(%%osin, &e 7ereL 7!s &ere$ 7&en 7o(ld 7e st!rtT
HS(%oniendo /(e 0l est(+ier! !/(F$ W(ndo e"%ez!rF!"osT61 D1 B15?
Si l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! es oordin!d!$ los +erbos tienen /(e ir en el "is"o
tie"%o1 E.14 I# s&e 7ere to o"e !nd &e 7ere to ,o$ I 7o(ld %&one &i" HSi ell!
+inier!L +iniese ' 0l Hse6 #(er!L #(ese$ le ll!"!rF! %or tel0#ono ! 0l61
-+ Detr!s de MG ,is/# Gf onlM se puede poner el pretrito imperfecto de
sub%untivo para expresar un deseo irrealM Uonl'V %(ede %onerse t!"bi0n detrs
de (n +erbo !(-ili!r se,(ido de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do$ de (n in#initi+o h
o"%le"ento diretoL o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l$ o de los +erbos UbeL &!+eV$
(!ndo son +erbos nor"!les$ se,(idos de (n o"%le"ento diretoL o"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!lM %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes lo "s #il ' se,(ro es %oner si"%re
Ui#V se,(ido de Uonl'V$ en +ez de se%!r!doM ! +ees$ se %(ede %oner el %ret0rito
i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o$ si (n! %erson! no &!e lo /(e dese!"os ' no !be l!
%osibilid!d de /(e !"bie !l,2n dF!$ o el ondiion!l on U7o(ldV si (n! %erson!
no &!e lo /(e dese!"os$ %ero !be l! %osibilid!d de /(e !"bie !l,2n dF! ND1
=1B<1;O$ ' se %(ede tr!d(ir %or el %resente o el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o
on Uo.!lV ' %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o on Udese!rF!VM t!"bi0n
detrs de U7o(ld t&!t Nliter!rio4 r!roOL 7o(ld r!t&erL Zd r!t&erL s&o(ld r!t&er
Nliter!rioOL 7o(ld soonerL Zd soonerV1 E.14 I 7is& it 7ere Nestnd!rOL 7!s Nolo/(i!l4
GBO t&is 7!' Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL t&!t 7!' Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL so Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doO] Nirre!lO H\O.!l #(er! de est! "!ner!L de es! NoO !/(ell! "!ner!L !sF]
N%ero no es !sFO6M I# onl'L I 7is& &e 7rote] Nirre!lO H\O.!l esribier! 0l]L \Dese!rF!
/(e esribiese N%ero no esribe n(n!O]6M I# onl'L I 7is& s&e !"e] Nirre!lO H\O.!l
+inier! ell!]L \Dese!rF! /(e +iniese ell! N%ero no +iene n(n!O]6M I# onl'L I 7is& &e
7ere Nestnd!rOL 7!s Nolo/(i!l4 GBO "ore %olite] Nirre!lO H\O.!l #(er! 0l "s
ed(!doL ort0s]L \Dese!rF! /(e 0l #(ese "s ed(!doL ort0s N%ero no lo esO]6M I#
onl'L S&e 7is&es s&e o(ld &el% 'o(] H\O.!l %(dier! !'(d!rte ell!]L \Ell! dese!rF!
%oder !'(d!rte]6M I 7is& I 7ere N7o(ld be4 no %onerO stron,er] H\O.!l #(er! 'o "s
#(erte] N%ero no lo so'O6M Ee 7is&es t&!t t&e e+ent 7ere Nestnd!rOL 7!s Nolo/(i!l4
GBO t!9in, %l!e] H\l dese! /(e el !ontei"iento ten,! l(,!r]L \l dese!rF! /(e el
!ontei"iento t(+ier! l(,!r]6M >o(ld N"s (s!doOL I 7o(ld N"enos (s!doO t&!t
s&e 7ere 7it& (s] Nliter!rioO H\O.!l est(+ier! ell! on nosotros]6M >o(ld N "s
(s!do OL I 7o(ld N "enos (s!do O t&!t "' "ot&er 7ere &ere] Nliter!rioO H\O.!l
est(+ier! !/(F "i "!dre]6M >o(ld 'o( r!t&er &e 7ent 7it& "eT HWPre#erirF!s /(e 0l
#(er! on"i,oT6M S&eZd r!t&erL Zd sooner 'o( didnZtL 7o(ldnZt t!9e %!rt HEll!
%re#erirF! /(e no %!rtii%!r!s6M IZd r!t&er 'o( didnZtL 7o(ldnZt ritiizeL ritiise
NGBO &er HPre#erirF! /(e no l! riti!r!sL riti!ses61
No se s(ele (s!r Q7is& h 7o(ldQ (!ndo U7o(ldV +! en %ri"er! %erson! %reedido
de UIL 7eV$ (!ndo U7o(ldV +! %reedido de (n s(.eto no %erson!l o"o Qit$ t&ereQ$
et1$ (!ndo Q7o(ldQ no indi! +ol(nt!ried!d$ insisteni! o re&!zo1 E.14 I 7is& I
7ere stron,er] H\O.!l #(er! 'o "s #(erte]6M I 7is& I o(ld ,o no7] H\O.!l %(dier!
'o ir !&or!]61
3+ En oraciones subordinadas precedido de algunos ad%etivos en la oracin
principalM los !d.eti+os QHit6 !bs(rd$ Hsb6 !d!"!nt$ Hit6 !d+is!ble$ Hsb6 !n-io(s$ Hit6
!7#(l$ Hit6 best$ Hit6 better$ Hit6 o"%(lsor'$ Hit6 r(i!l$ Hit6 desir!ble$ Hsb6 desiro(s$
Hsb6 deter"ined$ Hsb6 e!,er$ Hit6 essenti!l$ Hit6 #!ir$ Hit6 #ittin,$ Hit6 i"%er!ti+e
Hliter!rio6$ Hit6 i"%ort!nt$ Hit6 i"%ossible$ Hit6 i"%ro%er$ Hit6 in!%%ro%ri!te$ Hit6
indis%ens!ble$ Hsb6 insistent$ Hit6 .(st$ Hsb6 9een$ Hit6 l(diro(s$ Hit6 neess!r'$ Hit6
obli,!tor'$ Hit6 %re#er!ble$ Hit6 %reord!ined$ Hit6 %ro%er$ Hit6 re!son!ble$ Hit6 re,rett!ble$
Hit6 ridi(lo(s$ Hit6 ri,&t$ Hit6 terrible$ Hit6 (nneess!r'$ Hit6 (nt&in9!ble$ Hit6 (r,ent$ Hit6
+it!l$ Hsb6 7illin,Q$ et1$ solos o del!nte de (n no"bre %(eden ir %reedidos del
+erbo QHto6 beQ en %ret0rito Hi"%er#etoL inde#inido6 en l! or!i3n %rini%!l '
se,(idos del %ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o en l! or!iones s(bordin!d!s
no"in!lesM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de Qs&o(ldQ h in#initi+o sin QtoQM Qs&o(ldQ se
(s! "s en GB /(e en USAM t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos del %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido de indi!ti+o$ sobre todo en GB$ on (n! li,er! di#ereni! de si,ni#i!doM
lo /(e "s se (s! es el indi!ti+o$ l(e,o Qs&o(ldQ ' lo /(e "enos se (tiliz! es el
s(b.(nti+o %or/(e es liter!rioM si +!n %reedidos de QHit6Q no se %(ede %oner de
s(.eto (n! %erson! '$ si +!n %reedidos de QHsb6Q$ no se %(ede %oner de s(.eto QHit6QM
los !d.eti+os +!n nor"!l"ente !ent(!dos si +!n solos1 E.14 It 7!s !bRs(rdL !n
!bs(rd Rt&in, t&!t &e Hnot6 deno(ne Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld Hnot6 deno(ne NGB
%rini%!l"enteO &er HEr! !bRs(rdo /(e 0l Hno6 l! den(ni!r!L den(ni!se6M It 7!s
!bRs(rd t&!t &e deno(ned &er HF(e !bRs(rdo el &e&o de /(e 0l l! den(ni36M It 7!s
eRssenti!l t&!t &e 7ere Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteO dili,ent HEr!
esenRi!l /(e 0l #(er! dili,ente6M It 7!s eRssenti!l t&!t &e 7!s dili,ent HEr!L F(e
esenRi!l el &e&o de /(e 0l er!L #(e dili,ente6M It 7!s R#!ir t&!t t&e' reo,nize
Nliter!rioO NoO reo,nise Nliter!rio4 GBOL s&o(ld reo,nize NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO
s&o(ld reo,nise NGBO 'o(r t!lent HEr! R.(sto /(e reonoier!nL reonoiesen t(
t!lento6M It 7!s R#!ir t&!t t&e' reo,nized NoO reo,nised NGBO 'o(r t!lent HF(eL Er!
R.(sto el &e&o de /(e reonoieron t( t!lento6M It 7!s Rl(diro(sL riRdi(lo(s t&!t s&e
s!' Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld s!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO t&ose t&in,s HEr! riRdF(lo /(e ell!
di.er!L di.ese es!s os!s6M It 7!s Rl(diro(sL riRdi(lo(s t&!t s&e s!id t&ose t&in,s
HF(eL Er! riRdF(lo el &e&o de /(e ell! di.o es!s os!s6M It 7!s (nt&in9!ble Ht&!t6 &e
7ere Nliter!rioOL be Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteO t&ere HEr! i"%ens!ble
/(e 0l est(+ier! !&FL !llF6M It 7!s (nt&in9!ble Ht&!t6 &e 7!s t&ere HF(eL Er!
i"%ens!ble el &e&o de /(e 0l est!b! !&FL !llF61
I,(!l"ente l!s si,(ientes e-%resiones4 t&e "otionL re/(ire"ent is$ 7it& t&e %ro+iso
Hondii3n6$ et1
En in,l0s olo/(i!l se %re#iere (s!r el in#initi+o$ l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o
si"%le"ente el indi!ti+o en +ez del s(b.(nti+o1 D1 =1B<1=
6+ Quc/os ad%etivos solos o delante de un nombre pueden ir precedidos de
MitM D el verbo MbeM en condicional en la oracin principal seguidos del
pretrito imperfecto de sub%untivo en la oracin subordinada nominal4
!d"ir!ble$ !,ree!ble$ !l!r"in,$ !"!zin,$ !"(sin,$ !nno'in,$ !%%ro%ri!te$
!stonis&in,$ !797!rd$ b!d$ bitter$ o""end!ble$ (rio(s$ deli,&t#(l$ de%lor!ble$
de%ressin,$ desir!ble$ des%i!ble$ dis!%%ointin,$ dis!stro(s$ diso(r!,in,$
dis,(stin,$ do(bt#(l$ dre!d#(l$ e"b!rr!ssin,$ eno(r!,in,$ e-itin,$ e-tr!ordin!r'$
#oolis&$ #ort(n!te$ #ri,&tenin,$ #(nn'$ &!rd$ &el%#(l$ &orrible$ &orri#'in,$ in!d+is!ble$
ino"%re&ensible$ inonei+!ble$ inredible$ ine+it!ble$ intelli,ent o# sb$ interestin,$
irr!tion!l$ irrit!tin,$ .(st$ l!"ent!ble$ li9el'$ lo,i!l$ lo+el'$ l(9'$ n!t(r!l$ nie$ odd$
%e(li!r$ %er%le-in,$ %le!sin,$ %ointless$ %ositi+e$ %ossible$ %rob!ble$ /(eer$ r!re$
re"!r9!ble$ ri,&t$ s!d$ s&o9in,$ sill'$ sorr'$ s%lendid$ str!n,e$ s(r%risin,$ terri#'in,$
tr!,i$ (nbelie+!ble$ (nderst!nd!ble$ (n#!ir$ (n#ort(n!te$ (n.(sti#i!ble$ (nli9el'$
(nl(9'$ (nneess!r'$ (nre!son!ble$ (se#(l$ (seless$ et1M los !d.eti+os +!n
nor"!l"ente !ent(!dos si +!n solos1 E.14 It 7o(ld be e-Ritin, i# Nt&!t4 no %onerO
s&e 7ere N"s (s!doOL be Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO &ere HSerF! e"oioRn!nte siL /(e
ell! est(+ier! !/(F6M It 7o(ld be e-Ritin, i# Nt&!t4 no %onerO s&e !"e Nestnd!rOL
s&o(ld o"e NGB %rini%!l"enteO &ere HSerF! e"oioRn!nte siL /(e ell! +inier!
!/(F6M It 7o(ld be Rinterestin,L !n interestin, Rt&in, i# Nt&!t4 no %onerO s&e o"e
Nliter!rioOL s&o(ld o"e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !"e Nestnd!rO HSerF! intereRs!nte siL
/(e ell! +inier!61
8+ =lgunos ad%etivos pueden ir precedidos de MsbM D el verbo MbeM en
condicional en la oracin principal seguidos del pretrito imperfecto de
sub%untivo en la oracin subordinada condicional4 !#r!id$ !l!r"ed$ !"!zed$
!"(sed$ !n,r'$ !nno'ed$ !%%re&ensi+e$ !s&!"ed$ !stonis&ed$ !7!re$ !re#(l$
onerned$ on#ident$ onsio(s$ on+ined$ deli,&ted$ de%ressed$ dis!%%ointed$
diso(r!,ed$ dis,(sted$ dis"!'ed$ distressed$ dist(rbed$ do(bt#(l$ eno(r!,ed$
e-ited$ #e!r#(l$ #ri,&tened$ #(rio(s$ ,l!d$ ,r!te#(l$ &!%%'$ &o%e#(l$ &orri#ied$
i"%!tient$ irrit!ted$ o%ti"isti$ %le!sed$ %ositi+e$ %ro(d$ relie+ed$ s!d$ s!n,(ine$
s&o9ed$ sorr'$ s(re$ s(r%rised$ t&!n9#(l$ terri#ied$ (n!7!re$ (%set$ 7illin,$ 7orried$
et1 E.14 I 7o(ld be ,r!te#(l i# Nt&!t4 no %onerO s&e 7ere Nestnd!rOL 7!s Nolo/(i!l4
GBOL be Nliter!rio4 r!roO &ere to"orro7 HLe est!rF! !,r!deido siL de /(e ell!
est(+ier! !/(F "!)!n!61
9+ &a expresin ;it D be 4/ig/+ time# it D be about time< en la oracin principal
puede ir seguida del pretrito imperfecto de sub%untivo en la oracin
subordinada nominal en inglsM si l! or!i3n %rini%!l +! en %resente$ l! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! se tr!d(e !l !stell!no en %resente de s(b.(nti+o '$ si l! or!i3n
%rini%!l +! en %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido$ l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! se tr!d(e !l
!stell!no en %ret0rito de s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 ItZs H&i,&6 ti"eL !bo(t ti"e &e 7ere
Nestnd!rOL 7!s Nolo/(i!l4 GBO &ereL in bedL &e 7ent Nestnd!rO HHE!e "(&o
/(e6 es &or!L Es "s o "enos &or! de /(e 0l est0 !/(FL en l! !"!L 0l se +!'!6M It
7!s H&i,&6 ti"e &e 7ere Nestnd!rOL 7!s Nolo/(i!l4 GBO in bedL 7ent Nestnd!rO
HHE!F! "(&o /(e6 er! &or! de /(e 0l est(+ier! en l! !"!L 0l se #(er!61
0+ En las oraciones subordinadas condicionales del tipo GG1 D1 B15?1<18
=1B<1I Ctras formas del ingls 'ue e'uivalen al pretrito imperfecto de
sub%untivo en castellano son"
*+ Con los verbos de 6.0*.2, excepto MinsistM, 6.**:.* seguidos de un
complemento directo# complemento indirecto D infinitivo con ;to< en ve) de
una oracin subordinada nominal precedida de ;t/at<M est! onstr(i3n
,ener!l"ente se (s! "s en in,l0s olo/(i!l /(e el s(b.(nti+o %ero no sie"%re1 E.14
T&e' !d+ised (s to tr' HNos !onse.!ron NoO !onse.!b!nL reo"end!b!n NoO
reo"end!ron /(e lo intentr!"os NoO intentse"os6M Ee didnZt !llo7 &er to ,o Hl
no !(toriz3L %er"iti3 /(e ell! #(er!6M S&e !s9ed &i" to sell t&e b(siness HEll! %idi3
/(e 0l +endier! el ne,oio6M Ee !s9ed t&e" to sin,L to be sin,in, #or (s Hl les %idi3
/(e !nt!r!nL est(+ier!n !nt!ndo %!r! nosotros6M Ee on+ined &er to ,oL t&!t s&e
s&o(ld ,o Hl l! on+eni3 %!r! /(e se #(er!6M >&!t on+ined 'o( to do itT HWJ(0
te on+eni3 %!r! &!erloT6M I 7o(ld li9e 'o( to be ! "!n HMe ,(st!rF! /(e #(er!sL
#(eses (n &o"bre6M Ee 7o(ld li9e &er to be ! l!d' HA 0l le ,(st!rF! /(e ell! #(er!L
#(ese (n! se)or!6M T&e' 7o(ld %re#er "e to ,o no7L t&e boo9 to be bo(,&t t&ere
HPre#erirF!n /(e #(er! 'o !&or!L /(e se o"%r!r! el libro !&FL !llF6M T&e'
reo""ended &i" to b(' t&e o"%(ter HLe reo"end!b!n ! 0l /(e o"%r!r! el
orden!dor6M T&e' re/(ested ! tie to be 7orn HPidieron /(e se lle+!r! orb!t!6M M'
brot&er s(,,ested to &er No"%le"ento indiretoO to sell t&e !r HMi &er"!no le
s(,iri3 ! ell! /(e +endier! el o&e6M I 7!nted &er not to oo9L to be oo9in, Hmo
/(erF! /(e ell! no oin!seL est(+iese oin!ndo61 D1 =1B;18
2+ Con los verbos de 6.0*.2 muc/os de 6.**:.* seguidos de 4un complemento
directo 'ue puede ser un nombre en genitivo sa%n o no# un ad%etivo posesivo#
pronombre personal ob%eto principalmente D+ la forma verbal en 5ingM est!
onstr(i3n ,ener!l"ente se (s! "s en in,l0s olo/(i!l /(e el s(b.(nti+o %ero no
sie"%re1 E.14 T&e' reo""ended &isL &i" b('in, t&e o"%(ter HReo"end!b!n
/(e 0l o"%r!r! el orden!dor6M M' brot&er s(,,ested &er sellin, t&e !r HMi
&er"!no s(,iri3 /(e ell! +endier! el o&e61
2+ Heneralmente cuando la maor parte de los verbos de 6.**:.* algunos
otros van en pretrito imperfecto# indefinido de indicativo en negativa tanto
en ingls como en castellano en oraciones principales, en las oraciones
subordinadas nominales 'ue van detr!s se suele usar en ingls el pretrito
imperfecto# indefinido de indicativo si se refiere a ese mismo momento, 'ue se
traduce por el pretrito imperfecto de sub%untivo o indicativo en castellano,
el condicional si se refiere a una accin posterior, 'ue se traduce por el
pretrito imperfecto de sub%untivo o el condicional en castellanoM no se %(ede
%oner U7ereV %!r! l! %ri"er! ' terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r del +erbo UbeV ni el
in#initi+o %!r! l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r en l!s or!iones s(bordin!d!s en
in,l0s1 E.14 S&e didnZt belie+e Ht&!t6 &e 7!s ! l!7'er HEll! no reF! /(e 0l #(er!L er!
!bo,!do6M S&e didnZt belie+e Ht&!t6 &e 7o(ld beo"e ! l!7'er HEll! no reF! /(e 0l
se &iier!L &!rF! !bo,!do61
-+ Detr!s de MG ,is/# Gf onlM tambin se puede poner ;,ould< D infinitivo sin
;to< en segunda o tercera persona para expresar un deseo posible 'ue puede
reali)arse o no en el futuroM se tr!d(e %or el %resente o %ret0rito i"%er#eto de
s(b.(nti+o on Uo.!lV ' %or el %resente de s(b.(nti+o detrs de QdeseoQ o %or el
%ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o detrs de Udese!rF!VM Qi# onl'Q es "s en#tio
/(e UI 7is&VM &!' "s %osibilid!des de /(e se ("%l! el deseo on UI 7is&V /(e
on UI# onl'VM no se %one Ut&!tV detrs de QI 7is&L i# onl'Q1 E.14 I# onl'L I 7is& &e
7o(ld 7rite] N%osibilid!dO H\O.!l esrib!L esribier! 0l]L \Deseo /(e esrib! 0l]L
\Dese!rF! /(e esribiese 0l N%(ede /(e esrib! !2nO]6M I# onl' itZd r!in to"orro7]
H\O.!l ll(e+!L llo+ier! "!)!n!]6M I# onl'L I 7is& t&e' 7o(ld !rri+e s!#e]
N%osibilid!dO H\O.!l lle,(enL lle,!r!n s!nos ' s!l+os]L \Deseo /(e lle,(en s!nos '
s!l+os]L \Dese!rF! /(e lle,!r!n s!nos ' s!l+os]66M I# onl'L I 7is& s&e 7o(ld o"e
ne-t "ont&] N%osibilid!dO H\O.!l +en,!L +inier! ell! el "es /(e +iene]L \Deseo /(e
+en,! ell!]L \Dese!rF! /(e +iniese ell! N%(ede /(e +en,! !2nO]6M I# onl'L I 7is& &e
7o(ld be "ore %olite] N%osibilid!dO H\O.!l se!L #(er! "s ed(!doL ort0s 0l]L
\Deseo /(e se! "s ed(!doL ort0s 0l]L \Dese!rF! /(e #(ese "s ed(!doL ort0s
0l]6M I# onl'L I 7is& 'o( 7o(ldnZt le!+e 'o(r 9e's on t&e t!ble] H\O.!lL Dese!rF!
/(eL Si !l "enos no de.!r!Hs6 l!s ll!+es eni"! de l! "es!]61 D1 =1B;1;
3+ Detr!s de las con%unciones Mafter, as muc/ as, as long as, as muc/ as, as
soon as, assuming 4t/at+, before, b t/e time t/at, directl >HI?, given 4t/at+,
immediatel, immediatel after, immediatel before, once, presuming 4t/at+,
providing 4t/at+, t/e moment, until >literario?# till >colo'uial?, ,/en4ever+,
,/erever, ,/ile, ,/oeverM, se pone el pretrito de indicativo no de
sub%untivoM no se %(ede %oner nor"!l"ente Q7ereQ %!r! l! %ri"er! ' terer!
%erson! del sin,(l!r del +erbo QbeQ ni el in#initi+o sin UtoV %!r! l! terer! %erson!
del sin,(l!r1 E.14 >&oe+er told 'o( t&!t "(st be ! li!r HJ(ien/(ier!L Se! el /(e se!
el /(e te di.er! eso debe de ser (n "entiroso61
6+ Quc/os ad%etivos, solos o delante de un nombre, como todos los 'ue
aparecen en los apartado 6.*29 6.*2: pueden ir seguidos de infinitivoM se
tr!d(en %or el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o en !stell!noM los de =15:C
t!"bi0n %(eden ir se,(idos de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o h l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,M los
!d.eti+os +!n nor"!l"ente !ent(!dos1 E.14 It 7!s i"R%ossible #or &i" to o"e HEr!
i"%oRsible /(e 0l +inier!6M It 7!s (nRt&in9!ble #or 'o( to s!'L 'o(r s!'in, so little
HEr! i"%enRs!ble /(e di.er!Hs6 t!n %oo61
L! e-%resi3n Uit h be H&i,&6 ti"eL it h be !bo(t ti"e H#or h sb6V en %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inido %(ede ir se,(id! del in#initi+oM l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! se
tr!d(e !l !stell!no en %ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 It 7!s ti"e to ,oL
#or &i" to ,o HEr! &or! de irseL de /(e 0l se #(er!61
8+ Todos los ad%etivos de 6.*22 precedidos del verbo MbeM e'uivalen al
sub%untivo en castellano cuando van seguidos de un infinitivo con ;to<1 E.14 E.14
It 7!s /(ite Rb!d o# "e to ,o t&ere HEst(+o b!st!nte R"!l /(e 'o #(er! !&FL !llF6$ et1
9+ &os verbos normales Mregret, marvel, re%oice, ,ant, ,onderM, en pretrito
imperfecto en la oracin principal pueden ir seguidos del pretrito imperfecto
de indicativo o de Ms/ouldM D infinitivo sin MtoMM no se %(ede %oner Q7ereQ %!r!
l! %ri"er! ' terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r del +erbo QbeQ ni el in#initi+o QbeQ sin UtoV
%!r! l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!rM en !stell!no se (s! el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de
s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 Ee re,retted t&!t s&e 7!sL s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteO N7ereL
be4 no %onerO l!te Hl sentF! /(e ell! lle,!r! t!rde6M S&e 7!nted to 7rite ! boo9 t&!t
soldL s&o(ld sell NGB %rini%!l"enteO 7ell HEll! /(erF! esribir (n libro /(e se
+endier! bien6$ et1
0+ &os ad%etivos Mafraid, alarmed, ama)ed, amused, angr, annoed,
appre/ensive, as/amed, astonis/ed, careful, concerned, delig/ted, depressed,
disappointed, discouraged, disgusted, dismaed, distressed, disturbed,
doubtful, embarrassed, encouraged, excited, fearful, frig/tened, furious, glad,
grateful, /app, /opeful, /orrified, impatient, indignant, irritated, optimistic,
pleased, proud, relieved, sad, sanguine, s/oc1ed, sorr, sure, surprised,
t/an1ful, terrified, una,are, upset, ,illing, ,orriedM, etc., pueden ir
precedidos de un su%eto referido a persona D el verbo MbeM en la oracin
principal seguidos del pretrito imperfecto# indefinido de indicativo o de
Ms/ouldM D infinitivo sin MtoM en la oracin subordinada nominalM %(eden ir
t!"bi0n se,(idos del s(b.(nti+o en in,l0s liter!rio$ '! /(e se %(ede %oner Q7ereQ
%!r! l! %ri"er! ' terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r del +erbo QbeQ ' el in#initi+o QbeQ sin
UtoV %!r! tod!s l!s %erson!sM no obst!nte$ se (s! "(' %oo el s(b.(nti+o on estos
!d.eti+os sobre todo en GBM en USA se (s! "s el s(b.(nti+o en este !so /(e en
GBM los !d.eti+os +!n nor"!l"ente !ent(!dosM en !stell!no se (s! el %ret0rito
i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 Ee is !Rnno'ed t&!t t&e' didnZt in#or"L s&o(ldnZt
in#or" NGB %rini%!l"enteO &i" Hl est "oRlesto de /(e no le in#or"!r!n6M Ee
7!s R,l!d t&!t s&e 7!s Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL s&o(ld be Nestnd!r4 "enos (s!do4
GB %rini%!l"enteO &ere Hl est!b! onRtento de /(e ell! est(+ier! !/(F6M Ee 7!snZt
,l!d t&!t s&e 7ere Nliter!rio4 "s (s!doOL be Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO &ere Hl no
est!b! onRtento de /(e ell! est(+ier! !/(F61
O(rre lo "is"o on Q!7!re$ on#ident$ onsio(s$ on+ined$ %ositi+eQ$ et1$ %ero
(!ndo se %one URs&o(ldV N!ent(!doO h in#initi+o sin QtoQ !"bi! el si,ni#i!do '
se tr!d(e %or QdeberF!Q h in#initi+oM no se %(ede %oner Qs&o(ldQ no !ent(!do1 E.14
Ee 7!s Ronsio(s t&!t s&e Rs&o(ld !t i""edi!tel' Hl er! onsRiente de /(e ell!
deberF! !t(!r in"edi!t!"ente6M Ee 7!s onR+ined t&!t s&e Rs&o(ld o"e Hl
est!b! on+enRido de /(e ell! deberF! +enir61
*:+ &os ad%etivos Madmirable, agreeable, alarming, ama)ing, amusing,
annoing, appropriate, astonis/ing, a,1,ard, bad, bitter, commendable,
curious, delig/tful, deplorable, depressing, despicable, disappointing,
disastrous, discouraging, disgusting, doubtful, dreadful, embarrassing,
encouraging, exciting, extraordinar, foolis/, fortunate, frig/tening, funn,
good, /ard, /elpful, /orrible, /orrifing, idiotic, inadvisable,
incompre/ensible, inconceivable, incredible, indisputable, inevitable,
inexcusable, intelligent of sb, interesting, intolerable, ir1some, ironic4al+,
irrational, irrelevant, irritating, %ust, lamentable, li1el, logical, lovel, luc1,
marvellous >HI principalmente?# marvelous >@S=?, natural, nice, odd,
peculiar, perplexing, pleasing, pointless, possible, probable, 'ueer, rare,
remar1able, rig/t, sad, s/oc1ing, sill, sorr, splendid, strange, surprising,
terrifing, tragic, tpical, unbelievable, understandable, unfair, unfortunate,
un%ustifiable, unli1el, unluc1, unnecessar, unreasonable, useful, useless,
,onderfulM, etc., solos o delante de un nombre pueden ir precedidos de MitM D
el verbo MbeM en pretrito imperfecto# indefinido en la oracin principal
seguidos del pretrito imperfecto# indefinido de indicativo en la oracin
subordinada nominal, o de Ms/ould >no acentuado?M D infinitivo sin MtoM7
Ms/ouldM se usa muc/o m!s en HI 'ue en @S=7 pueden ir tambin seguidos
del sub%untivo en ingls literario$ '! /(e se %(ede %oner U7ereV %!r! l! %ri"er! '
terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r del +erbo QbeQ ' el in#initi+o sin UtoV %!r! tod!s l!s
%erson!sM no obst!nte$ se (s! "(' %oo el s(b.(nti+o on estos !d.eti+os sobre todo
en GBM en este !so se (s! "s el s(b.(nti+o en USA /(e en GBM los !d.eti+os +!n
nor"!l"ente !ent(!dos si +!n solosM en !stell!no se (s! el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de
s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 It 7!s !R,ree!ble t&!t s&e !"eL s&o(ld o"e NGB %rini%!l"enteO
HEr!L F(e !,r!Rd!ble /(e ell! +inier!6M It 7!s !R"!zin, t&!t &e 7entL s&o(ld ,o NGB
%rini%!l"enteO HEr!L F(e inreRFble /(e 0l #(er!6M It 7!s Rb!d t&!t s&e deno(ned
N"s (s!doOL s&o(ld deno(ne N"s (s!do4 GB %rini%!l"enteOL deno(ne
Nliter!rio4 el "enos (s!doO &i" HF(e R"!lo /(e ell! le den(ni!r! ! 0l6M It 7!s
e-Rtr!ordin!r' t&!t s&e 7!sL s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteO l!te HEr! e-tr!ordin!rio
/(e ell! lle,!r! t!rde6M It 7!snZt e-Rtr!ordin!r' t&!t s&e 7ere Nliter!rio4 "s (s!doOL
be Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO l!te HNo #(e e-tr!ordiRn!rio /(e ell! lle,!r! t!rde6M It 7!s
R,ood t&!t it r!inedL s&o(ld r!in NGB %rini%!l"enteO HF(e Rb(eno /(e llo+ier!6M It
7!s iRdioti t&!t 7e i,noredL s&o(ld i,nore NGB %rini%!l"enteO it HEr! (n! idioRtez
/(e lo i,norr!"osL i,norse"os6M It 7!s Rnie t&!t s&e &el%edL s&o(ld &el% NGB
%rini%!l"enteO "e HEr!L F(e !,r!Rd!ble /(e ell! "e !'(d!r!6M It 7!s R%ossible t&!t
&e 7!sL s&o(ld be NGB %rini%!l"enteO ri,&t HEr! %oRsible /(e 0l t(+ier! r!z3n6M It
7!snZt R%ossible t&!t &e 7ere Nliter!rio4 "s (s!doOL be Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO ri,&t
HNo er! R%osible /(e 0l t(+ier! r!z3n6$ et1
I,(!l"ente o(rre on l!s si,(ientes e-%resiones4 Hit6 be ! #!ll!'L !n iron'$ et1
Los !d.eti+os Q!%%!rent$ ert!in$ le!r$ de#inite$ e+ident$ i"%liit$ ind(bit!ble$
9no7n$ ob+io(s$ %l!in$ tr(e$ (ntr(e$ R7ellIR9no7nQ$ et1$ solos o del!nte de (n
no"bre %(eden ir %reedidos de QitQ h el +erbo QbeQ en %ret0rito i"%er#eto en l!
or!i3n %rini%!l ' se,(idos del %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido de indi!ti+o en l!
or!i3n s(bordin!d! no"in!lM en !stell!no se (s! t!"bi0n el indi!ti+o ' no el
s(b.(nti+oM si se %(sier! URs&o(ldV N!ent(!doO h in#initi+o sin QtoQ !"bi!rF! el
si,ni#i!do ' se tr!d(irF! %or QdeberF!Q h in#initi+oM los !d.eti+os +!n nor"!l"ente
!ent(!dos si +!n solos1 E.14 It 7!s Rle!rL ! le!r Rt&in, t&!t 'o( 7ere ri,&t HEst!b!
Rl!ro /(e tenF!s r!z3n6$ %ero QIt 7!s Rle!r t&!t 'o( Rs&o(ld be ri,&tQ HEst!b! Rl!ro
/(e debeRrF!s tener r!z3n61
*on !l,(nos de estos !d.eti+os se %(ede %oner Us&o(ldV no !ent(!do ' Us&o(ldV
!ent(!do$ %ero !"bi! el si,ni#i!do1 E.14 It 7!s i"R%liit t&!t s&e s&o(ld Nno
!ent(!do4 GB %rini%!l"enteO o"e HEst!b! i"R%lFito /(e ell! +inier!6$ %ero QIt
7!s i"R%liit t&!t s&e Rs&o(ld N!ent(!doO o"eQ HEst!b! i"R%lFito /(e ell! debeRrF!
+enir6M It 7!s (nbelie+!ble t&!t s&e s&o(ld Nno !ent(!do4 GB %rini%!l"enteO
o"e HEr! inreFble /(e ell! +inier!6$ %ero QIt 7!s (nbelie+!ble t&!t s&e Rs&o(ld
N!ent(!doO o"eQ HEr! inreFble Hel &e&o de6 /(e ell! debeRrF! +enir6M It 7!s
(nre!son!ble t&!t s&e s&o(ld Nno !ent(!do4 GB %rini%!l"enteO o"e HNo er!
r!zon!ble /(e ell! +inier!6$ %ero QIt 7!s (nre!son!ble t&!t s&e Rs&o(ld N!ent(!doO
o"eQ HNo er! r!zon!ble el &e&o de /(e ell! debeRrF! +enir6$ et1
*on !l,(nos o"o QHsbL it6 do(bt#(l$ Hit6 ,ood$ Hit6 i"%liit$ Hit6 ine+it!ble$ Hit6
%rob!bleQ$ et$ se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n el ondiion!l1 E.14 It 7!s Rdo(bt#(l t&!t s&e
7o(ld o"e HEst!b! d(Rdoso /(e +inier! ell!6M It 7!s R,oodL ! R,ood ide! t&!t s&e
7o(ldnZt ,o HEr! R b(enoL (n! R b(en! ide! /(e ell! no Hse6 #(er!6M It 7!s R%rob!bleL
T&ere 7!s little %rob!bilit' t&!t s&e 7o(ld o"e to"orro7 HEr! %ro R b!bleL E!bF!
%o! %rob!bilid!d de /(e ell! +inier! "!)!n!6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ !l,(nos !d.eti+os$ solos o del!nte de (n no"bre$ (!ndo +!n
%reedidos de QitQ h el +erbo QbeQ en ondiion!l en l! or!i3n %rini%!l +!n
se,(idos del %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido de indi!ti+o en l! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! no"in!lM en !stell!no se (s! t!"bi0n el indi!ti+o ' no el s(b.(nti+o4
!%%!rent$ ert!in$ le!r$ de#inite$ e+ident$ i"%liit$ ind(bit!ble$ ob+io(s$ %l!in$ tr(e$
(ntr(e$ 7ellI9no7n$ et1M los !d.eti+os +!n nor"!l"ente !ent(!dos si +!n solos
E.14 It 7o(ld be Re+identL !n e+ident Rt&in, t&!t s&e 7!s ,(ilt' HSerF! e+iRdente /(e
ell! er! (l%!ble61
**+ =lgunos ad%etivos pueden ir precedidos de MsbM D el verbo MbeM en
condicional en la oracin principal seguidos del condicional en la oracin
subordinada condicionalM en !stell!no se (s! el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de
s(b.(nti+o4 !#r!id$ !l!r"ed$ !"!zed$ !"(sed$ !n,r'$ !nno'ed$ !%%re&ensi+e$
!s&!"ed$ !stonis&ed$ !7!re$ !re#(l$ onerned$ on#ident$ onsio(s$ on+ined$
deli,&ted$ de%ressed$ dis!%%ointed$ diso(r!,ed$ dis,(sted$ dis"!'ed$ distressed$
dist(rbed$ do(bt#(l$ eno(r!,ed$ e-ited$ #e!r#(l$ #ri,&tened$ #(rio(s$ ,l!d$ ,r!te#(l$
&!%%'$ &o%e#(l$ &orri#ied$ i"%!tient$ irrit!ted$ o%ti"isti$ %le!sed$ %ositi+e$ %ro(d$
relie+ed$ s!d$ s!n,(ine$ s&o9ed$ sorr'$ s(re$ s(r%rised$ t&!n9#(l$ terri#ied$ (n!7!re$
(%set$ 7illin,$ 7orried$ et1 E.14 I 7o(ld be ,r!te#(l i# s&e 7o(ld o"e to"orro7
HLe est!rF! !,r!deido si +inier!L %(dier! +enir ell! "!)!n!61
*2+ Cuando los verbos M/ope# trustM, etc., van en pretrito imperfecto de
indicativo en una oracin principal, 'ue se traduce por el pretrito imperfecto
de indicativo en castellano, en la oracin subordinada nominal 'ue va detr!s
se pone el pretrito imperfecto de indicativo si se refiere a ese mismo
momento, 'ue se traduce por el pretrito imperfecto de sub%untivo en
castellano, o el condicional si se refiere a una accin posterior, 'ue se traduce
por el condicional en castellano1 E.14 I &o%ed Ht&!t6 s&e 7!sL 7o(ld be #ineL 7ell
HEs%er!b! /(e ell! est(+ier!L est!rF! bien6M I &o%ed Ht&!t6 o(r n!"es !%%e!redL
7o(ld !%%e!r in t&e list HEs%er!b! /(e n(estros no"bres !%!reier!nL !%!reerF!n
en l! list!6M I &o%ed Ht&!t6 s&e "i,&tL o(ld be 7ell HEs%er!b! /(e ell! %(dier!L
%(diese est!r bien6M I &o%ed Ht&!t6 s&e 7o(ld be 7ell Hmo es%er!b! /(e ell! est!rF!
bien6M Ee &o%ed Ht&!t6 s&e "i,&tL o(ld %&one Hl es%er!b! /(e ell! %(dier!L
%(diese ll!"!r %or tel0#ono6M Ee &o%ed Ht&!t6 s&e 7o(ld %&one Hl es%er!b! /(e
ell! ll!"!rF! %or tel0#ono6M I tr(sted Ht&!t6 o(r n!"es !%%e!redL 7o(ld !%%e!r in t&e
list H*on#i!b! en /(e n(estros no"bres !%!reier!nL !%!reerF!n en l! list!61
*2+ Detr!s de ciertas expresiones como ;be no ,onder<, etc., en pretrito
imperfecto# indefinido en la oracin principal se suele usar el pretrito
imperfecto# indefinido de indicativo en la oracin subordinada nominal, pero
se puede usar tambin el sub%untivo, aun'ue menos frecuentementeM se %(ede
(s!r t!"bi0n Us&o(ldV h in#initi+o sin UtoV en l! or!i3n s(bordin!d!M en !stell!no
se (s! el %ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 It 7!s no 7onder t&!t &e sold N"s
(s!doOL sell N"enos (s!doOL 7ere to sellL s&o(ld sell NGB %rini%!l"enteO
e+er't&in, HNo er! de e-tr!)!r /(e 0l lo +endier! todo61
=1B=1I El pretrito imperfecto de sub%untivo de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on el
%ret0rito i"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o del !(-ili!r UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do orres%ondiente1 E.14 M' brot&er s(,,ested Ht&!t6 t&e %ro%ert' be soldL
s&o(ld be sold NGB %rini%!l"enteO HMi &er"!no s(,iri3 /(e l! %ro%ied!d #(er!
+endid!6M It 7!s ti"e t&e o"%(ter 7ere re%!ired HEr! &or! de /(e se re%!r!r! el
orden!dor61
=1B?1I Kretrito perfecto de sub%untivo H%resent %er#et s(b.(nti+e64 es i,(!l /(e
el %ret0rito %er#eto de indi!ti+o %ero l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r del !(-ili!r
U&!+eV no lle+! l! ter"in!i3n IsM se (s! "(' %ooM es %er#eti+oM el #(t(ro %er#eto
de s(b.(nti+o en !stell!no s(ele tr!d(irse %or el %ret0rito %er#eto o %ret0rito
%l(s(!"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o en in,l0s1 E.14 >&en 7e &!+e e!ten$ 7eZll ,o #or !
7!l9 H*(!ndo &!'!"os o"ido$ ire"os ! d!r (n %!seo61
Los !d.eti+os de =1B51< ' los /(e estn en ne,rit! en =1B8155 %(eden ir en %resente
de indi!ti+o se,(idos de Q"!'L s&o(ldQ h in#initi+o o"%(esto ' en !stell!no se
(s! el %ret0rito %er#eto de s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 It is e-itin, t&!t s&e "!' &!+eL s&o(ld
&!+e o"e &ere HEs e"oion!nte /(e ell! &!'! +enido !/(F61
=1B@1I El pretrito perfecto de sub%untivo de la vo) pasiva se #or"! on el
%ret0rito %er#eto de s(b.(nti+o del +erbo UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do
orres%ondienteM se (s! "(' %oo1 E.4 >&en &e &!s been ritiizedL ritiised NGBO$
&eZll &!n,e &is "ind H*(!ndo 0l &!'! sido riti!do$ !"bi!r de %!reerL ide!61
=1BB1I Kretrito pluscuamperfecto de sub%untivo H%!st %er#et s(b.(nti+e64 es
i,(!l /(e el %ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto de indi!ti+oM es %er#eti+oM detrs de UI
7is&L I# onl'V se %(ede %oner el %ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o %!r!
e-%res!r (n deseo irre!l re#erente !l %!s!doM e/(i+!le !l %ret0rito i"%er#eto de
s(b.(nti+o (!ndo +! detrs de l! on.(ni3n Ube#oreVM detrs de UI# onl'L I 7is&V
no se %(ede %oner U7o(ld &!+eVM en l!s or!iones s(bordin!d!s ondiion!les del
ti%o III ND1B15?1<1:O se %(ede %oner U&!dV o U7o(ld &!+eV en l! or!i3n
s(bordin!d!M %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "e.or (s!r s3lo Q&!dQ$ /(e es "s
orreto ' "s #il$ ' e+it!r Q7o(ld &!+eQ$ /(e es "enos orreto ' "s di#Fil1 E.14
I# 'o( &!d N"e.orOL I# 'o( 7o(ld &!+e N%eorOL E!d 'o( Nliter!rioO ,one t&ere$ s&e
7o(ldnZt &!+e &!d to o"e &ere HSi &(bier!sL &(bieses ido !llF$ no &!brF! tenido
/(e +enir ell! !/(F6M I# &e &!d N"e.orOL 7o(ld &!+e N%eorO listened to &er$ not&in,
7o(ld &!+e &!%%ened HSi 0l le &(bier! es(&!do ! ell!$ no &!brF! o(rrido n!d!6M I#
I &!d N"e.orOL 7o(ld &!+e N%eorO 9no7n$ I 7o(ldnZt &!+e o"e HSi 'o lo &(bier!
s!bido$ no &!brF! +enidoL Si lo s0 no +en,o6M I# onl'L I 7is& I &!dL Zd seen 'o(]
Nestnd!rOL I 7is& IZd &!+e seen 'o(] Nolo/(i!lO Nirre!lid!dO H\O.!l te &(bier!L
&(biese +isto] N%ero no te +iO6M I# onl'L I 7is& I o(ld &!+e seen 'o(] Nirre!lid!dO
H\O.!l te &(bier!L &(biese %odido +er N%ero no te +iO]6M I 7is&L I# onl' IZd &!d
Nestnd!rOL I 7is& IZd &!+e &!d Nolo/(i!lO t&e &!ne to tr!+el 7&en I 7!s ei,&teen]
Nirre!lid!dO H\O.!l &(bier! tenido l! o%ort(nid!d de +i!.!r (!ndo tenF! dieio&o
!)os N%ero no l! t(+eO]6M I 7is&L I# onl' I &!d bo(,&t it] Nirre!lid!dO H\O.!l lo
&(bier!L &(biese o"%r!do N%ero no lo o"%r0O]6M I# onl'L I 7is& &e &!dnZt done it]
Nestnd!rOL I 7is& &e 7o(ldnZt &!+e done it] Nolo/(i!lO Nirre!lid!dO H\O.!l no lo
&(bier!L &(biese &e&o 0l N%ero lo &izo '!O]6M I# onl'L I 7is& IZd 7orn "' .!9et]
Nirre!lid!dO H\O.!l "e &(bier! %(esto l! &!/(et! N%ero no "e l! %(seO]6M I# onl'
s&e &!d o"e] Nirre!lid!dO H\O.!l &(bier!L &(biese +enido ell! N%ero no +inoO]6M
T&e' 7is& Ht&!t6 &e &!d ,one !lone Nestnd!rOL T&e' 7is& Ht&!t6 &eZd &!+e ,one
!lone] Nolo/(i!lO HDese!rF!n /(e 0l &(bier! ido solo6M S&e s!7 (s be#ore 7e
!rri+edL &!d !rri+ed HEll! nos +io !ntes de /(e lle,r!"osL &(bi0r!"os lle,!do6M
>o(ld N"s (s!doOL I 7o(ld N"enos (s!doO t&!t s&e &!d ,one 7it& (s] Nirre!lid!dO
H\O.!l &(bier! ido ell! on nosotros]6M IZd r!t&erL Zd sooner &e &!d %&oned be#ore
HPre#erirF! /(e 0l &(bier! ll!"!do %or tel0#ono !ntes61
Los !d.eti+os de =1B51< ' los /(e estn en ne,rit! en =1B8155 %(eden ir en el
ondiion!l o"%(esto se,(idos de U"i,&tL s&o(ldV h in#initi+o o"%(esto ' en
!stell!no se (s! el %ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o1 E.14 It 7o(ld &!+e
been e-itin, i# Nt&!t4 no %onerO s&e "i,&t &!+eL s&o(ld &!+e o"e &ere HE!brF!
sido e"oion!nte siL /(e ell! &(bier! +enido !/(F61
=15CC1I El pretrito pluscuamperfecto de sub%untivo de la pasiva se #or"! on
el %ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto de s(b.(nti+o del +erbo QbeQ se,(ido del %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!do orres%ondienteM se (s! "(' %oo1 E.14 I# &e &!d Nestnd!rOL &eZd
Nolo/(i!lO been bein, ritiizedL ritiised NGBO$ s&e 7o(ld &!+e Nestnd!rOL s&eZd
Z+e Nolo/(i!lO notied HSi 0l &(bier! est!do siendo riti!doL se le &(bier! est!do
riti!ndo$ ell! lo &!brF! not!do61
Al,(nos ,r!"tios %re#ieren no &!bl!r de s(b.(nti+o sino de indi!ti+o irre!l %ero
%!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes %(ede res(lt!r "s #il de entender si se !e%t! l!
e-isteni! del s(b.(nti+o %or/(e$ !(n/(e ten,! !si sie"%re l! "is"! #or"! /(e el
indi!ti+o$ el si,ni#i!do es distintoM de tod!s #or"!s el !stell!no&!bl!nte %(ede !sF
s!ber (les son l!s #or"!s e/(i+!lentes de los distintos tie"%os del s(b.(nti+o1
=15C51I El imperativo Hi"%er!ti+e6 e-%res! (n! orden$ (n "!nd!to$ (n!
%ro&ibii3n$ (n! ondii3n$ (n! in+it!i3n ( o#rei"iento$ (n! %etii3n o (n r(e,o$
(n onse.o o s(,ereni!$ (n! reo"end!i3n$ (n! !d+erteni!$ (n !+iso$ (n deseo$
(n! e-%li!i3n ND1 51<C1@$ 51<518COM es i"%er#eti+oL no %er#eti+o ' no s(ele ir en
#or"! ontin(!$ e-e%to on el +erbo QbeQ$ o en %!si+!$ e-e%to on el +erbo QbeQ '
!l,(nos otros o"o Q,et$ &!+eQM en %!si+! se (s! "enos QbeQ /(e Q,et$ &!+eQM
(!ndo es !#ir"!ti+o l! ontest!i3n s(ele ser on U7illV ' (!ndo es ne,!ti+o l!
ontest!i3n s(ele ser on U7ill notL 7onZtV1 E.14 RBe %re%!rin, t&e 7&ole t&in,]
H\RDeHte6 %re%!rndolo todo]L \RPonte ! %re%!r!rlo todo]L \RPoneos ! %re%!r!rlo todo]6M
RBe se!ted] H\RSi0nt!teL SenRt!os]6M A4 RGet it le!ned] H\RLF"%i!lo]L \Li"R%i!dlo]
Nestnd!r4 los 8OL \Li"R%i!rlo] Nolo/(i!lO61 B4 Hmes$6 IL >e 7ill HHSF$6 lo li"%i!r0L
li"%i!re"os6M A4 RDonZt ,et Rdr(n9] H\RNo te e"boRrr!&es]L \RNo os e"borr!R&0is]61
B4 HNo$6 IL >e 7onZt HHNo$6 no "e e"borr!&!r0L no nos e"borr!&!re"os6M RE!+e
t&e #rid,e reR%!ired] H\ReR%!r! Ni M!nd! re%!r!rO el #ri,orF#io]61
Gener!l"ente no se (s!n los +erbos esttios en i"%er!ti+o$ ! no ser /(e se (tilien
on (n sentido din"io1 E.14 RAno7 Ni Get to 9no7O t&e %rie b' ne-t 7ee9]
H\A+eri,(!Hd6 Nestnd!rOL A+eriR,(!r Nolo/(i!lO el %reio !ntes de l! se"!n! /(e
+iene]61
Los !d+erbios Q!l7!'sQ ' Qne+erQ se %onen sie"%re del!nte del i"%er!ti+o1 E.14
Al7!'s Rbe !re#(l] H\RTen (id!do sie"%re]6M Ne+er R#e!r] H\No se %reoR(%eHn6
n(n!]L \No Rten,!Hn6 "iedo n(n!]61
El imperativo puede ir4
*+ Sin su%eto4 se sobrHe6entiende sie"%re U'o(V Ht2L (stedL +osotrHos$ !s6L Dds16
!(n/(e no se %oneM es el i"%er!ti+o en se,(nd! %erson! del sin,(l!r o %l(r!lM es
i,(!l /(e el in#initi+o sin QtoQ del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM l! #or"! ne,!ti+!
se #or"! %oniendo Qdo notL donZtQ del!nte del +erbo nor"!lM %(ede e-%res!r
%resente o #(t(roM on el i"%er!ti+o en !#ir"!ti+! se (s!n l!s %!l!br!s o lo(iones
!se+er!ti+!s Uso"eV$ et1 ND1 =1:=OM en ne,!ti+! se (s!n l!s %!l!br!s o lo(iones no
!se+er!ti+!s Q!n'Q$ et1 ND1 =1:<O1 E.14 RGo no7H$ Nor"!6] H\RDeHte6 !&or!H$ Nor"!6]6M
RSee o+er HRD0!se !l dorso6M RBe ,one] H\RMr&!te]L \M!rR&!os] Nestnd!r4 los 8OL
M!rR&!r Nolo/(i!lO6M RE!+e done 7it& !ll t&is] H\A!Rb!Hd6 on todo esto]6M RFe!r
Rnot]L RDonZt R#e!r] H\No Rte"!s]6M RDonZt sin, to"orro7] H\No R!ntesL No !nRt0isL
No R!nten "!)!n!]6M RDonZt Rtro(ble] N"enos (s!doOL RDonZt !Rnno'] N"s (s!doO
H\RNo "oRlesteHs6]6M RDonZt Rbot&er] H\RNo se "oRleste]L \ RNo "oRlesteHs6]6M RDonZt
R7orr']L Not to R7orr'] H\RNo te %reoR(%es]L \No se %reo(%eHn6]6M RBe st(d'in,
7&en s&e o"es b!9] H\EsRtte est(di!ndo (!ndo +(el+! ell!]6M RGet re!d' #or t&e
s&o7]L RLetZs ,et 'o(rsel# re!d' #or t&e s&o7] NUSA4 olo/(i!lO H\Pre R %r!teL
A R rr0,l!te %!r! el es%et(lo]6M RDonZt &!+e ,one Nliter!rio4 r!roO 7&en s&e o"es
b!9 !t se+en] H\No os &!R'is ido (!ndo ell! +(el+! ! l!s siete]61
*(!ndo el i"%er!ti+o +! en se,(nd! %erson! en !#ir"!ti+!$ %(ede ir %reedido de
(n QdoQ en#tio ' !ent(!do en in,l0s liter!rioM e-%res! (n r(e,o o (n! %etii3nM
%(ede indi!r !"!bilid!d$ %ers(!si3n ' t!"bi0n i"%!ieni!M denot! /(e &!' (n!
iert! on#i!nz!M e/(i+!le ! Q%le!seQ en in,l0s olo/(i!lM es %!reido ! Q7&' donZtL
doesnZtQ h s(.eto h +erbo en in#initi+o sin QtoV en interro,!ti+!1 E.14 RDo Ld(4L o"e]L
HR6Ple!se Ro"e] H\RDenL RDen,! Nestnd!r4 los 8OL DeRnir Nolo/(i!lO$ %or #!+or]6M
RDo Ld(4L drin9 so"e "il9] H\BebeHd6L To"!Hd6 Nestnd!r4 los 8OL BeRberL ToR"!r
Nolo/(i!lesO$ %or #!+or$ !l,o de le&e]6M RPeter$ Rdo Ld(4L drin9 so"e "il9] H\RPedro$
RbebeL Rto"!$ %or #!+or$ !l,o de le&e]6M RPeter$ 7&' donZt 'o( Rdrin9 so"e "il9T
HRPedro$ W%or /(0 no RbebesL Rto"!s !l,o de le&eT61
*(!ndo el i"%er!ti+o +! en se,(nd! %erson! en !#ir"!ti+! ' es (n r(e,o o (n!
%etii3n$ s(ele %onerse Q%le!seQ$ Q7ill 'o(TQ N"s (s!do4 GBO o Q7onZt 'o(T N"s
(s!do4 GBOQ$ Q7o(ld 'o(Q N"enos (s!do4 GBO$ Q!n 'o(TQ N"s (s!doO$ Q!nZt
'o(TQ N"s (s!doO$ Qo(ld 'o(TQ N"enos (s!doO$ Qri,&tT Nolo/(i!lOQ$ QOH16AH16T
Nolo/(i!lOQM si el i"%er!ti+o est en ne,!ti+!$ s(ele %onerse U%le!seV$ U7ill 'o(TV
NGBO$ Qri,&tT Nolo/(i!lOQ$ QOH16AH16T Nolo/(i!lOQ1 E.14 Ple!se Ro"e] H\RDen$ %or
#!+or]6M R*o"e$ R7ill 'o(T NGBO HRDen$ WR/(ieresT6M R*o"e$ R7o(ld 'o(T NGBO HRDen$
Wte i"%ort!RrF!T6M R*o"e$ ri,&tT Nolo/(i!lOL R*o"e$ OH16AH16T Nolo/(i!lO HRDen$ Wde
!(erdoT6M RO%en t&e door$ R7ill 'o(T NGBOL R7onZt 'o(T NGBOL ri,&tT Nolo/(i!lOL
OH16AH16T Nolo/(i!lO HRAbre l! %(ert!$ WR/(ieresTL WR+!leTL Wde !R(erdoT6M HR6Ple!se
donZt disRt(rb &er] H\Por #!+or$ no l! "oRlesteHs6]6M DonZt Rbe l!te$ R7ill 'o(T NGBOL
ri,&tT Nolo/(i!lOL OH16AH16T Nolo/(i!lO HNo Rlle,(eHs6 t!rde$ Wde !R(erdoT61 D1
51<C15=$ 51<515B
Se %(ede (s!r QdoQ$ en#tio ' !ent(!do solo o detrs de Q'esL %le!seQ o"o
s(,ereni! &e&! ! otr! %erson! /(e &!e (n! %re,(nt! interro,!ti+! o tiene d(d!s
sobre !l,oM denot! /(e &!' (n! iert! on#i!nz!1 E.14 A4 S&o(ld I ,oT HWDeberF! irT6L
I donZt 9no7 7&et&er to ,o or not HNo s0 si ir o no61 B4 H'esL %le!se$6 RDo Ld(4L] HHsFL
%or #!+or$6 \RDeHte6]61
Se %(ede (s!r QdonZtQ solo o detrs de QnoL %le!seQ o"o s(,ereni! &e&! ! otr!
%erson! /(e &!e (n! %re,(nt! interro,!ti+! o tiene d(d!s sobre !l,o1 E.14 A4 S&!ll I
do itT HWLo &!,oT6L I donZt 9no7 7&et&er to do it or not HNo s0 si &!erlo o no61 B4
HnoL %le!se6 RDonZt] HHnoL %or #!+or$6 \No lo R&!,!Hs6]61
El i"%er!ti+o t!nto sin s(.eto o"o on s(.eto es b!st!nte %!reido ! Qs&o(ldL
"(stQ h in#initi+o sin UtoV$ ! Qo(,&t toQ h in#initi+o o ! Qs&!llQ h in#initi+o sin QtoQ$
'! /(e el i"%er!ti+o indi! #(t(ro e-e%to (!ndo QbeQ o Q&!+eQ$ se,(idos de (n
%!rtii%o Hde6 %!s!do$ indi!n !"bio o res(lt!do1 E.14 HR'o(6 RDo Ld(4L it] H\RE!zlo
Ht26]6 ' Umo( s&o(ldL o(,&t to do itV HDeberF!s &!erlo6L Umo( s&!ll do itV HLo
&!rs61
El i"%er!ti+o e-%res! (n! orden o "!nd!to$ !sF /(e se %(ede (s!r Q!n 'o(Q h
in#initi+o sin QtoQ$ Qo(ld 'o(Q h in#initi+o sin QtoQ$ U7ill 'o(V h in#initi+o sin QtoQ$
U7o(ld 'o(V h in#initi+o sin QtoQ$ Q7&!t !bo(t h #or"! +erb!l en Iin,Q en
!#ir"!ti+! interro,!ti+!$ UI 7onder i#L 7&et&er 'o( 7o(ld 9indl'V h in#initi+o sin
QtoQ o UI 7onder i#L 7&et&er 'o( 7o(ld "ind h #or"! +erb!l en Iin,V en !#ir"!ti+!
' U!nZt 'o(Q h in#initi+o sin QtoQV$ U7onZt 'o(Q h in#initi+o sin QtoQV$ en ne,!ti+!
interro,!ti+! %!r! /(e %!rez! (n r(e,o o (n! %etii3n ' se! "s s(!+e1 E.14 R*o"e$
7ill 'o(T NGBOL >ill 'o( o"eT HWJ(ieres +eRnirTL WTe i"%ort! +eRnirT6M I 7onder
i#L 7&et&er 'o( 7o(ld 9indl' o"e HMe %re,(nto si tendrF!s l! !"!bilid!d de
+enir6M I 7onder i#L 7&et&er 'o( 7o(ld "ind o"in, HMe %re,(nto si te i"%ort!rF!
+enir6M >o(ld 'o( li9e to o"eT HWJ(errF!sL J(ieres +enirT6M >onZt 'o( &el% (sT
Ni Eel% (sO HWNo /(ieres !'(d!rnosT Ni A'2d!nosO61
Se %(ede s(%ri"ir el i"%er!ti+o en se,(nd! %erson! en in,l0s olo/(i!l %or/(e se
sobrHe6entiende1 E.14 HRbe6 *!re#(l] H\HRten6 *(id!do]6M HRo"e6 Eere] H\HR+en6 A/(F]6M
RO(t o# t&e 7!'] H\RF(er! del "edio]6L RGet o(t o# t&e 7!'] H\RPonte #(er! del
"edio]6M HRo"e6 T&is 7!'$ %le!se] H\HRDen6 Por !/(F$ %or #!+or]61
Se %(ede (s!r el i"%er!ti+o en (n! or!i3n %rini%!l %!r! indi!r #(t(ro (!ndo l!
or!i3n s(bordin!d! es ondiion!l ND1 B15?1<O o te"%or!l ND1 B15?1?O1
2+ Con su%etoM el s(.eto %(ede est!r4
a+ En la segunda persona del singular pluralM es i,(!l /(e el i"%er!ti+o sin
s(.eto en (!nto ! l! #or"! +erb!lM se %one (n %rono"bre %erson!l s(.eto$ (n
%rono"bre inde#inido$ (n no"bre o +!rios de s(.eto$ (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!
no"in!lM ! +ees$ se %(ede %oner (n no"bre %ro%io o +!rios on l! se,(nd!
%erson! ' !l,(nos %rono"bres inde#inidos on l! terer! %erson! del sin,(l!rM el
s(.eto +! detrs de Qdo notL donZtQ en ne,!ti+!M el s(.eto +! nor"!l"ente del!nte del
i"%er!ti+o en !#ir"!ti+!$ %ero %(ede ir t!"bi0n ! "it!d o !l #in!l de l! or!i3nM el
s(.eto +! sie"%re !ent(!do ' el +erbo en i"%er!ti+o t!"bi0nM sir+e %!r! !l!r!r !
/(i0n se re#iere l! orden o "!nd!toM en otros !sos sir+e t!"bi0n %!r! indi!r
ontr!ste$ 0n#!sis$ d!r (n onse.o$ ' ! "en(do e-%res! irrit!i3n$ en#!do$ !"en!z!$
&ostilid!d$ desortesF!M denot! /(e &!' (n! iert! on#i!nz!M on Q'o(Q no se %(ede
%oner QdoQ en#tio ' !ent(!do o Q%le!seQ %!r! s(!+iz!rlo ' ,ener!l"ente es
"enos ort0s /(e el i"%er!ti+o sin s(.etoM on otros s(.etos o"o Q!n'bod'$
e+er'bod'$ e+er'one$ so"ebod'$ so"eoneQ$ et1$ nor"!l"ente se %(ede %oner QdoQ
en#tio ' !ent(!do o Q%le!seQ %!r! s(!+iz!rloM es %!reido ! Q7&' donZtL doesnZtQ
h s(.eto h +erbo en in#initi+o sin QtoQ en interro,!ti+!M on el i"%er!ti+o en
!#ir"!ti+! se (s!n l!s %!l!br!s o lo(iones !se+er!ti+!s Qso"eQ$ et1 ND1 =1:=OM en
ne,!ti+! se (s!n l!s %!l!br!s o lo(iones no !se+er!ti+!s Q!n'Q$ et1 ND1 =1:<OM
%(ede e-%res!r %resente o #(t(ro1 E.14 Rmo( L.(4L #inis& t&!t+H$ Robin6] N%e'or!ti+o o
noM Q'o(Q es t!n i"%ort!nte o "s /(e el resto de l! or!i3nO H\RT2 ter"in! esoH$
Roberto6]6M RDonZt Nse !ent2! QdonZtQ ' no Q'o(QO 'o( L.(4L #inis& t&!t+] H\No
terR"ines t2 eso]6M HRobin$6 Rmo( L.(4L sit do7n+] N%e'or!ti+o o noM Q'o(Q es t!n
i"%ort!nte o "s /(e el resto de l! or!i3nO H\HRobert!$6 RT2 si0nt!te]6M Mind R 'o(
L.(4L$ itZs not e!s'+ H\*(iRd!do$ no es #il]6M R mo( L.(4L ,et o(t o# &ere+] N%e'or!ti+o
o noM Q'o(Q es t!n i"%ort!nte o "s /(e el resto de l! or!i3nO H\RT2$ lr,!te de
!/(F]6M RDonZt Nse !ent2! QdonZtQ ' no Q'o(QO 'o( L.(4L ,et Ro(t o# &ere+] H\RNo te
Rl!r,(es t2 de !/(F]6M REel% &er R e+er'bod'+ Ns(.etoO] H\A'(Rd!dl! Rtodos]6M REel% "e
Rso"ebod'+ Ns(.etoO] H\J(e "e !R'(de R!l,(ien]6M RDonZt R!n'bod' Ns(.etoO &el%
"e+] H\J(e Rn!die "e !R'(de]6M RSo"ebod' Ns(.etoO Ro%en t&e door+] H\J(e
R!l,(ien R!br! l! %(ert!]6M RE+er'bod' Rdo Ld(4L o"e &ere+]L RE+er'bod' %le!se
Ro"e &ere+] H\J(e R+en,! !/(F todo el R"(ndo$ %or #!+or]6M R*o"e Rso"ebod'+]
H\J(e R+en,! R!l,(ien]6M RDonZt R!n'one Ns(.etoO o%en t&e door+] H\J(e Rn!die R!br!
l! %(ert!]6M RGi+e (s so"e "one' R "en+] Ns(.etoM si se %(sier! (n! o"! detrs de
Q"one'Q$ U"enV serF! (n +o!ti+o1 D1 =15C8O H\RD!dnos !l,o de dinero$ R&o"bres]6M
>&oRe+er 7&istled Ro"e &ere+] H\El /(e &!'! silRb!do /(e R+en,! !/(F]6M R Robert
!nd RM!r' Ns(.etoM si se %(sier! (n! o"! detrs de QM!r'Q$ serF! (n +o!ti+o4 D1
=15C8O R,o &o"e+] H\RoRberto ' M!RrF!$ Rid ! !s!]6M RDonZt &(rr' (% R M!r' !nd
S!r!&+] Ns(.etoM si se %(sier! (n! o"! del!nte de QM!r'Q$ serF! (n +o!ti+o4 D1
=15C8O H\No os deis R%ris!$ M!RrF! ' S!r!]61
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo Q'o(Q +! se,(ido de (n +erbo en %resente de indi!ti+o$ no +!
!ent(!do1 E.14 mo( L.(L R#inis& N+! !ent(!do "ientr!s /(e en el i"%er!ti+o no +!
!ent(!do o "(' %oo !ent(!doM Q'o(Q$ /(e no es %e'or!ti+o$ es "(&o "enos
i"%ort!nte /(e el resto de l! or!i3nO t&!t+ HT2 terR"in!sL Dd1 terR"in!L Dosotros
ter"iRnis eso61
b+ En tercera persona del singular pluralM se #or"! %oniendo QletQ h (n
no"bre %ro%io o +!riosL (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoL (n %rono"bre inde#inidoL
Qt&ereQ h el in#initi+o sin QtoQ del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM en ne,!ti+! se
#or"! %oniendo QnotQ del!nte del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondiente$ %ero se
s(Hb6stit('e #re(ente"ente %or U"(st notL "(stnZtVM sir+e %!r! !l!r!r ! /(i0n se
re#iere l! orden o l! %etii3nM (!ndo indi! orden o "!nd!to %(ede e-%res!r
irrit!i3n o en#!doM on el i"%er!ti+o en !#ir"!ti+! se (s!n l!s %!l!br!s o
lo(iones !se+er!ti+!s Qso"eQ$ et1 ND1 =1:=OM en ne,!ti+! se (s!n l!s %!l!br!s o
lo(iones no !se+er!ti+!s Q!n'Q$ et1 ND1 =1:<OM %(ede e-%res!r %resente o #(t(ro1
E.14 RLet &i" 7rite|] Norden o "!nd!toO H\J(e esRrib! 0l]6M RLet &i" not 7rite|]
Nliter!rioOL RDonZt let &i" 7rite|] Nestnd!rOL Ee "(stnZt 7rite Norden o "!nd!toO
H\J(e no esRrib! 0l]L l no debe esriRbir6M RLet R %eo%le Ns(.etoO b(' so"e !rs|]
Norden o "!nd!toO H\J(e Ro"%re l! R,ente o&es]6M RLet t&e" %rotest|] Norden o
"!nd!toO H\J(e %roRtesten]L \RD0.!les %rotest!r]6M RLet Rso"ebod' &el%|] Norden o
"!nd!toO H\J(e !R'(de R!l,(ien]6M RLet t&ere be no i"%osition|] Norden o "!nd!toO
H\J(e no R&!'! nin,(n! i"%osii3n]61
*(!ndo el i"%er!ti+o +! en terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r o %l(r!l en !#ir"!ti+! ' es
(n r(e,o o (n! %etii3n$ %(ede ir %reedido de URdoV$ en#tio ' !ent(!do$ o de
Q%le!seQ$ no se,(ido de o"! !l %rini%io o %reedido de o"! !l #in!l de l!
or!i3n$ o"o s(,ereni! &e&! o onse.o d!do ! otr! %erson! /(e &!e (n!
%re,(nt! interro,!ti+! o tiene d(d!s sobre !l,oM denot! /(e &!' (n! iert!
on#i!nz!M se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n Q%le!se$ RdoQM e/(i+!len ! Q7&' doesnZtL donZtQ h
s(.eto h +erbo en in#initi+o sin QtoQ en interro,!ti+!M (!ndo el i"%er!ti+o +! en
terer! %erson! en !#ir"!ti+!$ se %(ede %oner detrs Q7ill 'o(TQ N"s (s!do4 GBO o
Q7onZt 'o(TQ N"s (s!do4 GBO$ Q7o(ld 'o(TQ N"enos (s!do4 GBO$ Q!n 'o(TQ
N"s (s!doO$ Q!nZt 'o(TQ N"s (s!doO$ Qo(ld 'o(TQ N"enos (s!doO$ Qri,&tT
Nolo/(i!lOQ$ QOH16AH16T Nolo/(i!lOQM si el i"%er!ti+o est en ne,!ti+!$ se %(ede
%oner detrs U7ill 'o(TV$ Qri,&tT Nolo/(i!lOQ$ QOH16AH16T Nolo/(i!lOQ1 E.14 Hmes$6
RDo Ld(4L let &i" R7rite+]L Hmes$6 Ple!se Nno se,(ido de o"!O Rlet &i" 7rite+]
Nr(e,o$ %etii3n o s2%li!O H\HSF$6 Por #!+or$ R d0.!le ! 0l /(e es R rib!L /(e es R rib! 0lL
Rd0.!le esriRbir]6 ' UHPle!se Nse,(ido de o"!O$6 RLet &i" 7rite|]V Norden o
"!nd!toO H\HPor #!+or$6 J(e esRrib! 0l]6M Hmes$6 Ple!se Nse,(ido de o"!O$ Rdo Ld(4L
let &i" o"e+] Nr(e,o$ %etii3n o s2%li!O H\HSF$6 Por #!+or$ %or #!+or$ R d0.!le ! 0l
/(e +en,!L /(e +en,! 0lL R d0.!le +enir]6M Hmes$ %le!se Nse,(ido de o"!O$6 RDo Ld(4L
let &i" sin,+] Nr(e,o$ %etii3n o s2%li!O H\HSF$ %or #!+or$6 Por #!+or$ R d0.!le ! 0l /(e
!nteL /(e !nte 0lL Rd0.!le !nt!r]6M >&' doesnZt &e R7riteT HWPor /(0 no esRribe
0lT61
QLetQ %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre o"2n se,(ido de in#initi+o sin UtoV en in,l0s
liter!rio %!r! indi!r (n deseo1 E.14 RLet lo+e !t] H\J(e !Rt2e el !"or]61
c+ En primera persona del plural para expresar una sugerenciaM l! %ri"er!
%erson! del %l(r!l se #or"! %oniendo Ulet h (s Nliter!rioOQ Nnor"!l"ente ontr!Fdo o
!bre+i!do en in,l0s estnd!r o"o QletZsQ (!ndo U(sV es s(.etoO se,(ido del
in#initi+o sin UtoV del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM en ne,!ti+! se #or"! %oniendo
UnotV del!nte del +erbo en in,l0s liter!rioM %(ede e-%res!r %resente o #(t(roM on el
i"%er!ti+o en !#ir"!ti+! se (s!n l!s %!l!br!s o lo(iones !se+er!ti+!s Qso"eQ$ et1
ND1 =1:=OM en ne,!ti+! se (s!n l!s %!l!br!s o lo(iones no !se+er!ti+!s Q!n'Q$ et1
ND1 =1:<OM el i"%er!ti+o en %ri"er! %erson! del %l(r!l se d! en estilo direto e
indireto1 E.14 RLetZs e!t] Nestnd!rOL RLetZs (s e!t] NUSA4 olo/(i!lO H\*oR"!"os]6M
RLetZs not r'] H\No lloRre"os]6M And 'o( s!id Rlet (s Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL RletZs
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO t!9e t&e #irst /(estion Hm t2 di.iste4 onsideRre"os l! %ri"er!
%re,(nt!6M RLet (s Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL RLetZs Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO be ,ood
nei,&bo(rs NGBOL nei,&bors NUSAO$ 'o( !nd I] H\SeR!"os b(enos +einos$ (sted '
'o]6M RLet (s Nliter!rioO be "!rried] H\J(e nos R!sen]61
L! %ri"er! %erson! del %l(r!l se %(ede (tiliz!r en in,l0s olo/(i!l %!r! re#erirse ! l!
%ri"er! %erson! del sin,(l!r1 E.14 RLetZs Nolo/(i!lO &el% 'o(] H\RDo' ! !'(d!rte]61
En ne,!ti+! de l! %ri"er! %erson! del %l(r!l se %(ede %oner en in,l0s olo/(i!l
QdonZt letZsQ en GB ' QletZs donZtQ en USA en in,l0s +(l,!r en +ez de QletZs notQ en
GB ' USA1 E.14 RLetZs not !r,(e] Nestnd!rOL RDonZt letZs !r,(e] NGB4 olo/(i!lOL
RLetZs donZt !r,(e] NUSA4 +(l,!rO H\No dis(Rt!"os]6M RLetZs not o%en t&e 7indo7]
Nestnd!rOL RDonZt letZs o%en t&e 7indo7] NGB4 olo/(i!lOL RLetZs donZt o%en t&e
7indo7] NUSA4 +(l,!rO H\No !Rbr!"os l! +ent!n!]61
QLet (sQ no se ontr!e (!ndo si,ni#i! Q%er"FtenosL d0.!nosQ$ %or/(e Q(sQ no es
s(.eto sino o"%le"ento indireto1 E.14 RLet (s No"%le"ento direto4 estnd!rO ,o]
H\RD0.!nosL PerR"Ftenos ir]6M D!d$ Rlet (s No"%le"ento direto4 estnd!rO dri+e 'o(r
!r] H\P!%$ %erR"FtenosL Rd0.!nos ond(ir t(L el o&e]61
*(!ndo el i"%er!ti+o +! en %ri"er! %erson! del %l(r!l en !#ir"!ti+!$ %(ede ir
%reedido de (n UdoV en#tio ' !ent(!do o de Q%le!seQM e/(i+!len ! Q7&' donZtL
doesnZtQ h s(.eto h +erbo en in#initi+o sin toV en interro,!ti+!1 E.14 RDo Ld(4L let (s
No"%le"ento direto4 estnd!rO ,o]+L Ple!se Nno se,(ido de o"!O Rlet (s
No"%le"ento direto4 estnd!rO ,o]+ Nr(e,o$ %etii3n o s2%li!O H\Por #!+or
Nse,(ido de o"!O$ +!R'!"os]6L >&' donZt 7e ,oT HWPor /(0 no +!"osT6M Ple!se
Nse,(ido de o"!O$ Rdo Ld(4L let (s ,o]+ Nr(e,o$ %etii3n o s2%li!O H\Por #!+or$ %or
#!+or$ +!R'!"os]61
Se %(ede (s!r UletZsV solo o detrs de Q'esL %le!seQ o"o s(,ereni! &e&! ! otr!
%erson! /(e &!e (n! %re,(nt! en interro,!ti+! o tiene d(d!s sobre !l,o1 E.14 A4
S&!ll 7e ,oT HWD!"osT6L >e donZt 9no7 7&et&er to ,o or not HNo s!be"os si
+!"os ! ir o no61 B4 H'esL %le!se$6 RLetZs] Nestnd!rO H\HsFL %or #!+or$6 RD!"oHno6s]6M
A4 S&!ll 7e st!'T HWNos /(ed!"osT61 B4 mes$ letZs] Nestnd!rO H\SF$ /(eRd0"onosL
R+!le No O R+en,!]61
*(!ndo QletQ +! se,(ido de Q"eQ no indi! o#rei"iento ' se tr!d(e %or Ud0.!"eL
%er"Fte"eV$ '! /(e Q"eQ es o"%le"ento indireto1 E.14 RLet "e see] H\RD0.!"e
+er]6M RLet "e 9no7] H\*o"(RnF/(eHn6"elo]61
*(!ndo el i"%er!ti+o es (n r(e,o o (n! %etii3n s(ele %onerse en !#ir"!ti+! '
"enos #re(ente"ente en ne,!ti+! Qs&!ll 7eQ NGBO$ Qri,&tT Nolo/(i!lOQ$ QOH16AH16T
Nolo/(i!lOQ$ detrs en l! %ri"er! %erson! del %l(r!l1 E.14 RLetZs Nestnd!rO ,o H#or !
7!l96$ s&!ll 7eT NGBOL ri,&tT Nolo/(i!lOL OH16AH16T Nolo/(i!lO HD!R'!"os H! d!r
(n %!seo6$ WnoTL W+!leTL Wde !(erdoT6M RLetZs Nestnd!rO e!t$ s&!ll 7eT NGBOL ri,&tT
Nolo/(i!lOL OH16AH16T Nolo/(i!lO H*oR"!"osL RD!"os ! o"er$ WnoTL W+!leTL Wde
!(erdoT61
El i"%er!ti+o e-%res! (n! orden o "!nd!to$ !sF /(e se %(ede (s!r Q!n 7eQ h
in#initi+o sin QtoQ$ Qo(ld 7eQ h in#initi+o sin QtoQ$ Us&!ll 7eV h in#initi+o sin QtoQ$
Us&o(ld 7eV h in#initi+o sin QtoQ$ Q>&!t !bo(t o(rL (s h #or"! +erb!l en Iin,Q en
!#ir"!ti+! interro,!ti+!$ UI 7onder i#L 7&et&er 7e 7o(ld 9indl'V h in#initi+o sin
QtoQ o UI 7onder i#L 7&et&er 7e 7o(ld "ind h #or"! +erb!l en Iin,V en !#ir"!ti+!
' U!nZt 7eV h in#initi+o sin QtoQ$ U7onZt 7eV h in#initi+o sin QtoQ$ en ne,!ti+!
interro,!ti+! %!r! /(e %!rez! (n r(e,o o (n! %etii3n ' se! "s s(!+e1
=15C81I El su%eto del imperativo 'ue va en segunda persona del singular
plural se diferencia del vocativo, aun'ue tenga m!s o menos el mismo
significado, por'ue"
*+ El vocativo puede ir al principio, a mitad al final de la frase los su%etos
del imperativo solamente pueden ir al principio o al final de la oracin1 E.14
R(%ert$ Ro"e &ere]L R*o"e$ R(%ert$ &ere]L R*o"e &ere$ R(%ert] H\R(%erto$ R+en
!/(F]L \RDen$ R(%erto$ !/(F]L \RDen !/(F$ R(%erto]61
2+ El vocativo lleva un tonema descendente >V.*.3:.9, *.3:.*3? o descendente5
ascendente >V.*.3*.*8, *.3*.*0? independiente del resto de la oracin, mientras
'ue el su%eto del imperativo forma parte del tonema de la oracin >V.6.*:2.-?1
2+ Cuando /a un vocativo, el imperativo puede ir precedido de un su%eto1 E.14
j!net+|$ R'o( Re!t 7it& "e] H\j(!n!$ Rt2 Ro"e on"i,o]61
-+ El vocativo en la escritura va seguido de una coma al principio de la
oracin, entre comas a mitad de la oracin, precedido de una coma al final
de la oracinM en ingls /ablado se /ace una pausa antes o despus del
vocativo. E.14 RRobert !nd RM!r'$ R,o &o"e+] H\RoRberto ' M!RrF!$ Rid ! !s!]6M DonZt
R&(rr' (%$ RM!r' !nd S!r!&+ H\No os Rdeis %ris!$ M!RrF! ' S!r!]61
Sin e"b!r,o$ el su%eto del imperativo va sin comas en la escritura7 en ingls
/ablado no se /ace ninguna pausa antes o despus del su%eto del imperativo, es
decir, entre el su%eto el imperativo1 E.14 RRobert !nd RM!r' Ns(.etoO ,o &o"e+]
H\RoRberto ' M!RrF!$ id ! !s!]6M DonZt &(rr' (% RM!r' !nd S!r!&+ Ns(.etoO H\No os
deis %ris!$ M!RrF! ' S!r!]61
=15C:1I L!s formas no personales o impersonales del verbo$ /(e se ll!"!n
t!"bi0n #or"!s no"in!les del +erbo$ #or"!s +erb!les !(-ili!res$ deri+!dos
+erb!les$ +erboides ' +0rbidos HnonI#inite %!rts o# t&e +erb64 el in#initi+o si"%le$ el
in#initi+o o"%(esto$ el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,$ /(e inl('e
Ut&e %resent %!rtii%leV ' Ut&e ,er(ndV1 El in#initi+o ' el ,er(ndio son no"bres
+erb!les ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do son !d.eti+os
+erb!lesM el in#initi+o ' el ,er(ndio %(eden dese"%e)!r l! #(ni3n de no"bres ' los
%!rtii%ios l! de !d.eti+osM est!s #or"!s no %erson!les no tienen n2"ero$ %erson!$
tie"%o o "odo ' no %(eden onstit(ir or!iones %rini%!les o inde%endientesM !
+ees$ %(eden #or"!r #r!ses /(e son %!reid!s ! or!iones s(bordin!d!s
ir(nst!ni!les1 El in#initi+o %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+o del!nte de (n
no"bre %ero tiene /(e ir %reedido de (n !d+erbio1 E.14 t&!t ne+erItoIbeI#or,otten
Ns3lo del!nte de (n no"breO "!t&e"!tii!n HeseL !/(el "!te"tio inol+id!ble61
=15C;1I Gnfinitivo simple H%resent in#initi+e64 es i"%er#eti+o1 E.14 QHto6 &e!rQ HoFr6
en !#ir"!ti+! ' #re(ente"ente Qnot to &e!rQ o "enos #re(ente"ente Qto not &e!rQ
Hno oFr6 en ne,!ti+! ND1=1::O1 E.14 Not to sell N"s (s!doOL To not sell N"enos (s!doO
it 7o(ld be #!t!l HNo +enderlo serF! #!t!l6M Ee told t&e" not to loo9 N"s (s!doOL to
not loo9 N"enos (s!doO into t&e "!tter Hl les di.o /(e no in+esti,!r!n el !s(nto61
El in#initi+o %(ede indi!r %resente4 It is e!s' to do HEs #il de &!er6$ %!s!do4 It
too9 &o(rs to #inis& HLle+3 &or!s ter"in!rlo6 ' #(t(ro4 S&e &o%es to see 'o(
to"orro7 HEll! es%er! +erte "!)!n!61
In#initi+o si"%le ontin(oL %ro,resi+o H%resent ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e in#initi+e61
E.14 QHto6 be &e!rin,Q Hest!r o'endo6 en !#ir"!ti+! ' Qnot to be &e!rin,Q Hno est!r
o'endo6 en ne,!ti+!1
El in#initi+o s(ele ir sin s(.eto ND1 =15CBO %ero %(ede lle+!r (n s(.eto del!nte ND1
=155C15O1 El in#initi+o se re#iere ! l! !i3n en on.(nto o"o (n todo ' no !l
des!rrollo de l! !i3n o"o l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,$ se! %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente o
,er(ndio1
=15C<1I Se omite la part(cula MtoM delante del infinitivo4
*+ Detr!s de los siguientes verbos en activa4 +erbos !(-ili!res Q!n$ o(ld$
d!re$ do ND1 =15815I8O$ did ND1 =15815I8O$ "!'$ "i,&t$ "(st$ need$ s&!ll$ s&o(ld$
7ill$ 7o(ldQ$ detrs del +erbo QbeQ (!ndo el s(.eto es (n! or!i3n$ +erbo h
better t&!n h in#initi+o sin QtoQ$ detrs de los +erbos Q!nQ se,(ido de Qb(tQ$
!nnot &el% b(t$ do !n't&in, else t&!n h in#initi+o sin QtoQ$ Q,oQ se,(ido de
Q#et&L &!n,Q$ &!d bestL Zd best Hnot6$ &!d betterL Zd better Hnot6 H111 t&!n h se,(ndo
in#initi+o sin QtoQ N%(ede ir en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+!
%ero no en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! nor"!l"enteM %(ede indi!r %resente o
#(t(roM Q&!dL ZdQ %(ede s(%ri"irse en in,l0s olo/(i!lO$ &!d r!t&er Nliter!rioO NoO
7o(ld H#!rL "(&6 r!t&erL Zd H#!rL "(&6 r!t&er Hnot6 h in#initi+o sin QtoQ H111 t&!n
Nh se,(ndo in#initi+o sin QtoQO6$ "!9e HsbL st&6 Nse,(ido de in#initi+o sin QtoQM en
in,l0s !r!io se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n en !ti+! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o si"%leO$
need &!rdl'$ %re#er to h %ri"er in#initi+o h Hr!t&er6 t&!n h se,(ndo in#initi+o on
o sin QtoQ$ r!t&er t&!n$ sooner t&!n$ 7o(ld soonerL Zd sooner Hnot6 H111 t&!n Hh
se,(ndo in#initi+o sin QtoQ66L 7o(ld .(st !s soonL Zd .(st !s soon H111 !s Hh
se,(ndo in#initi+o sin QtoQ66$ 7o(ld r!t&er h s(.eto h +erbo Hh se,(ndo in#initi+o
sin QtoQ61 E.14 Ee !nZt s%e!9 better t&!n oo9 Hl no s!be &!bl!r "e.or /(e
oin!r6M I !n b(t tr' HS3lo %(edo intent!rlo6M Ee !nZt b(t !,ree Hl tiene /(e
est!rL no %(ede sino est!r de !(erdo6M S&e !nnot &el% b(t ,o HEll! no %(ede
de.!r de ir6M S&e isnZt doin, !n't&in, else t&!n l!"o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO
l!"or NUSAO #or ! .ob HEll! no est &!iendo n!d! "s /(eL sino l!"!r %or (n
tr!b!.o6M Go #et&] Nse die ! (n %erroO H\Dete ! b(s!rlo]6M S&e !n ,o &!n, #or
!ll I !re HPor "F /(e se %(dr!L "(er!6M Ee &!d bestL Zd best le!+e t&!t deision
to &er HSerF! "e.or /(e 0l de.!r! es! deisi3n %!r! ell!6M mo( &!d best o"e
HSerF! "e.or /(e +inier!s6M Ee &!dL Zd better st(d' no7L to"orro7$ &!dnZt &eT
HSerF! "e.or /(e 0l est(di!r! !&or!L "!)!n!$ WnoT6M mo(Zd better not do it HSerF!
"e.or /(e no lo &iier!s6M E!dnZt 'o( better e!t Hr!t&er6 t&!n st(d'T HWNo serF!
"e.or /(e o"ier!sL o"ieses en +ez de est(di!rT6M Ee &!dnZt better t!l9 HSerF!
"e.or /(e 0l no &!bl!r!6M E!dnZt 'o( better t!9e %!rtT HWNo serF! "e.or /(e
to"!r!s %!rteT6M I &!d r!t&er Nliter!rioOL 7o(ld r!t&erL Zd r!t&er ,o t&!n sit do7n
Nse %(ede deir t!"bi0n Qinste!d o# sittin, do7nQO HPre#erirF! irH"e6 !L en +ez de
sent!r"e6M Ee &!d r!t&er Nliter!rioOL 7o(ld r!t&erL Zd r!t&er st!r+e t&!n !s9
N!s9in,4 no %onerO #or "one' Hl %re#erirF! "orirse de &!"bre en +ez de %edir
dinero6M IZd betterL r!t&erL sooner sell t&e #!r" HSerF! "e.or /(e 'o +endier! l!
,r!n.!L mo %re#erirF! +ender l! ,r!n.!6M Ee 7o(ld r!t&er ,o t&!n st!' Hl %re#erirF!
ir ! /(ed!rseL A 0l le ,(st!rF! "s ir /(e /(ed!rse6M S&eZd "(& r!t&er st!r+e t&!n
!s9 #or "one' HEll! %re#erirF! on "(&o "orirse de &!"bre !ntes /(e %edir
dinero6M S&e "!9es "e st(d' in t&e e+enin, HEll! "e &!e est(di!r %or l! t!rde6M
T&e'Zll &!+e to "!9e do 7it& t&is "one' HTendrn /(e !rre,lrsel!s on este
dinero6M I need &!rdl' s!' it HA%en!s neesito deirlo6M IZd %re#er to 7!l9 t&!n ,o
b' b(s Hmo %re#erirF! !"in!r ! ir en !(tob2s6M S&e %re#ers t&!t r!t&er t&!n %!'
HEll! %re#iere eso !ntes /(e %!,!r6M Ee %re#ers to sell r!t&er t&!n b(' Hl %re#iere
+ender ! o"%r!r6M Ee li9es to 9ee% t&in,s r!t&er t&!n t&ro7 t&e" !7!' Hl
%re#iere onser+!r l!s os!s !ntes /(e tir!rl!s6M R!t&er t&!n st!r+e$ &e 7o(ldL
&eZd do !n't&in, HAntes /(e "orirse de &!"bre$ 0l &!rF! (!l/(ier os!L lo /(e
#(er!6M Sooner t&!n ,o !,!inst t&e onstit(tion$ &e %re#erred to resi,n HAntes /(e
ir ontr! l! onstit(i3n$ 0l %re#iri3 di"itir6M I 7o(ldL Zd sooner ,o b!9 t&!n st!'
&ereL I 7o(ldL Zd .(st !s soon ,o b!9 !s st!' &ere HPre#erirF! re,res!r !
/(ed!r"e !/(F6M EeZd sooner die t&!n "!rr' &er Hl %re#erirF! "orirHse6 ! !s!rse
on ell!61
El +erbo nor"!l Q"!9eQ en %!si+! +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o si"%le on QtoQM si +!
se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto !"bi! el si,ni#i!do1 E.14 S&e 7!s "!de to e!t
HL! &iieron o"er6M I 7!s "!de to st(d' in t&e e+enin, HSe "e &!F! est(di!r %or
l! t!rde6M T&ese !9es 7ere "!de to be e!ten HEstos %!steles se &iieron %!r!
o"erlos61
El in#initi+o /(e se! %redi!do no"in!lL !trib(to ' +!'! detrs del +erbo QbeQ se
%(ede %oner sin QtoQ o on QtoQ1 E.14 T&e onl' t&in, is Hto6 "o+e on HLo 2nio es
se,(ir !del!nte6M All s&e 7!nts to do is Hto6 &el% HTodo lo /(e ell! /(iere &!er es
!'(d!r6M All s&e did 7!s Hto6 "ention &er n!"e HTodo lo /(e ell! &izo #(e
"enion!r s( no"bre6M One o# t&e t&in,s s&e &!d done 7!s Hto6 re!te !n
!t"os%&ere HUn! de l!s os!s /(e ell! &!bF! &e&o er! re!r (n !"biente6M >&!t
s&e 7!nts is Hto6 o"e e!rl' HLo /(e ell! /(iere es +enir %ronto6M >&!t &e did 7!s
Hto6 !s9 &er HLo /(e 0l &izo #(e %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6M %ero QAll s&e 7!nted 7!s to Nno
s(%ri"irO &el% (sQ HTodo lo /(e ell! /(erF! er! !'(d!rnos6M >&!t s&e %re#ers is to
Nno s(%ri"irO %!' HLo /(e ell! %re#iere es %!,!r61
T!"bi0n se %(ede %oner l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, detrs del +erbo QbeQ (!ndo l!
#or"! +erb!l en Iin, es %redi!do no"in!l$ %ero se (s! "enos ' es "enos
reo"end!ble1 E.14 All t&e' do is dis(ssin, t&e "!tter HTodo lo /(e &!en es
dis(tir l! (esti3n6M Intelli,ene$ !nd t&e !tion o# intelli,ene$ 7&i& is seein, t&e
%roble" o# (n&!%%iness$ !re one HInteli,eni!$ ' l! !i3n de l! inteli,eni!$ /(e es
+er el %roble"! de l! in#eliid!d$ #or"!n (n on.(nto61
L! e-%resiones UHit6 be better N( otro o"%!r!ti+oO to h in#initi+o h t&!nV$ UHsb6 &!+e
no Hot&er6 h no"bre h t&!nV$ UHsb6 %re#er 111 h t&!nV$ Ut&ere !n be no &i,&er N( otro
o"%!r!ti+oO h no"bre h t&!nV$ U7&!t better N( otro o"%!r!ti+oO h no"bre h
t&!nV$ %(eden ir se,(id!s de (n in#initi+o on QtoQ o sin QtoQ1 E.14 It is better to ,o
t&!n Hto6 re"!in &ere HEs "e.or ir /(e /(ed!rse !/(F6M It is better to %!' t&!n Hto6 ,o
to %rison HEs "e.or %!,!r /(e ir ! l! rel6M Ee &!d no !ltern!ti+e t&!n Hto6 resi,n
HNo tenF! otr! !ltern!ti+! /(e di"itir6M S&e &!d no ot&er dre!" t&!n Hto6 beo"e !
d!ner HEll! no tenF! nin,2n otro s(e)o /(e lle,!r ! ser b!il!rin!6M EeZd %re#er to
7!l9 t&!n ,o N"s (s!doOL to ,o b' b(s Hl %re#erirF! ir ! %ie ! ir en !(tob2s6M T&ere
!n be no &i,&er ,o!l t&!n Hto6 o"b!t 7orld %o+ert' HNo %(ede &!ber ide!l "s
!lto /(e o"b!tir l! %obrez! en el "(ndo6M >&!t better i"!,e t&!n Hto6 %ersoni#'
t&isT HWJ(0 "e.or i"!,en /(e %ersoni#i!r estoT61
En %rini%io e-iste (n! di#ereni! entre el in#initi+o on QtoQ ' sin QtoQ (!ndo &!e
de s(.eto o %redi!do no"in!lL !trib(toM si +! on UtoV es (n! e-%li!i3n o
!l!r!i3n de lo !nterior ' si +! sin UtoV no es (n! e-%li!i3n o !l!r!i3n de lo
!nterior %ero en l! %rti! se (s!n o"o sin3ni"os re!l"ente '! /(e es (n "!tiz
"(' s(tilM on UtoV es "s liter!rio ' sin UtoV es "s olo/(i!l1 E.14 Hto6 Sin, is 7&!t
t&e' do H*!nt!r es lo /(e &!en6M Hto6 T(rn on t&e t!% 7!s !ll s&e did HAbrir el ,ri#o
er! todo lo /(e ell! &!F!6M >&!t t&e' do is Hto6 sin, HLo /(e &!en es !nt!r6M All
t&e' do is Hto6 dis(ss t&e "!tter HTodo lo /(e &!en es dis(tir l! (esti3n6M >&!t
s&e does is Hto6 r' HLo /(e ell! &!e es llor!r61
El +erbo nor"!l Qle!+eQ %(ede ir en !ti+! sin QtoQ '$ ! +ees$ t!"bi0n on QtoQ ' en
%!si+! +! on UtoV1 E.14 Le!+e &er st!'] H\D0.!l! /(ed!rse]6M T&e' le#t (s to t!9e !re
o# o(rsel+es HNos de.!ron /(e nos o(%r!"os de nosotros "is"os6M Ee 7!s le#t to
,o itL to o%e on &is o7n HSe le de.3 &!erloL !rre,lrsel!s solo61
El +erbo nor"!l Q&el%Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n in#initi+o on QtoQ o sin QtoQ (!ndo
el s(.eto es (n! %erson! %ero$ si es (n! os!$ se s(ele %oner QtoQM (!ndo U&el%V +!
se,(ido de UnotV el in#initi+o s(ele ir %reedido de UtoVM (!ndo +! en %!si+! +!
se,(ido de (n in#initi+oM lo "e.or %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es %oner sie"%re
UtoV1 E.14 T&e' &el%ed H"e6 Hto6 le!n it HHMe6 !'(d!ron ! li"%i!rlo6M T&e' &el%ed
"e Hto6 ,etL not to ,et in ont!t 7it& &er HMe !'(d!ron ! %oner"eL no %oner"e en
ont!to on ell!6M T&is 7ord 7ill &el% 'o( Hto6 sol+e t&e %roble" HEst! %!l!br! te
!'(d!r ! sol(ion!r el %roble"!61
Detrs de los +erbos nor"!les Qbid$ #eel$ #indQ se %(ede %oner (n in#initi+o on QtoQ
o sin QtoQ !(n/(e %!ree "s !onse.!ble (tiliz!r QtoQ$ es%ei!l"ente del!nte del
+erbo QbeQ1 E.14 Ee b!de t&e" Hto6 st!' Hl les %idi3 /(e se /(ed!r!n6M S&e #eels it to
be di##i(lt HEll! siente /(e es di#Fil6M I #ind it Hto6 %!' N"enos (s!doOL I #ind it %!'s
N"s (s!doO HEn(entro /(e +!le l! %en!61
Detrs del +erbo nor"!l Q&!+eQ se %(ede %oner (n o"%le"ento direto h
in#initi+o sin QtoQ$ (n o"%le"ento direto h in#initi+o on QtoQ ' (n! #or"! +erb!l
en Iin, on si,ni#i!do distinto1 D1 =15<:1;
Detrs del +erbo nor"!l Qd!reQ$ no o"o se"i"od!l$ en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!
(!ndo +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+o se %(ede %oner QtoQ o no %ero es "s
reo"end!ble on UtoV1 E.14 S&e doesnZtL didnZt d!re Hto6 o"e HEll! no se !tre+eL
!tre+F! NoO !tre+i3 ! +enir6M DoL Did t&e' d!re Hto6 ,oT HWSe !tre+enL !tre+F!n NoO
!tre+ieron ! irT61
Si &!' (n in#initi+o en el %ri"er t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n se,(ido de otro
in#initi+o en el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir l! %!rtF(l!
UtoV del se,(ndo in#initi+o detrs de Q!nd$ !s$ t&!nQ$ si se /(iere$ sin !"bio de
si,ni#i!do1 E.14 It is di##i(lt to &el% !nd Hto6 &!te HEs di#Fil !'(d!r ' odi!r6M It is !s
di##i(lt to (nderst!nd it !s Hto6 e-%l!in it HEs t!n di#Fil o"%renderlo o"o
e-%li!rlo6M It is "ore re7!rdin, to be %olite t&!n Hto6 be r(de HEs "s ,r!ti#i!nte
ser ort0s /(e ,rosero6$ et1
Detrs de los si,(ientes +erbos de sens!i3n ' %ere%i3n Ube&old Nliter!rioO
Honte"%l!r6$ #eel st&L sb N%(ede ir t!"bi0n se,(ido de (n in#initi+o %reedido de
UtoV on +!lor #in!lO Hsentir6$ ,li"%se$ &e!r N%(ede ir t!"bi0n se,(ido de (n
in#initi+o %reedido de UtoV on +!lor #in!lO$ listen to sb$ loo9 !t sb$ notie$ obser+e$
o+er&e!r$ %erei+e H%eribir6$ see N%(ede ir t!"bi0n se,(ido de (n in#initi+o
%reedido de UtoV on +!lor #in!lO$ sense Hsentir N%or "edio de los sentidosM no
e/(i+!le ! UoFrVOL not!rL detet!r6$ s"ell ND1 =15<:15O$ 7!t& N%(ede ir t!"bi0n
se,(ido de (n in#initi+o %reedido de UtoV on +!lor #in!lO$ 7itnessV$ et1$ se %(ede
%oner (n no"bre o %rono"bre h el in#initi+o s3lo si"%le sin QtoQ (!ndo +!n en
!ti+! %ero no en %!si+!$ ' l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do si"%le o
o"%(estoM de los +erbos it!dos los /(e se %(eden %oner en %!si+! +!n se,(idos
de (n in#initi+o ' de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, %ero detrs de Qnotie$ obser+e$ 7!t&Q$
en %!si+! se (s! s3lo l! #or"! +erb!l Iin,M si es %rono"bre %erson!l tiene /(e ser
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoM el in#initi+o indi! l! !i3n o"o (n todo$ se +e o"o
!l,o !!b!do$ o"o (n! !i3n o"%let!$ se tr!d(e %or (n in#initi+o ' no %rest!
i"%ort!ni! ! l! d(r!i3n de l! !i3nM el in#initi+o en#!tiz! /(e l! !i3n est
ter"in!d!M l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, indi! el des!rrollo de l! !i3n$ /(e no &!
ter"in!do$ ' se s(ele tr!d(ir !l !stell!no %or (n s(b.(nti+o o (n ,er(ndioM se s(ele
(s!r el in#initi+o (!ndo &!' (n! serie de in#initi+os se,(idos on el "is"o s(.eto '
+erbo1 E.14 I be&eld &er ,o HL! onte"%l0 !l irse6M I be&eld &er ,oin, HL! onte"%l0
(!ndo se ib!6M S&e #elt t&e !n,er rise (% in &er HEll! sinti3 reer l! i"%!ieni!L el
en#!do dentro6M S&e !n #eel &er &!nd s&!9e HEll! siente l! "!no te"bl!r6M S&e !n
#eel &er &!nd s&!9in, HEll! siente 3"o le tie"bl! l! "!no6M I ,li"%sed &er ,oL
,oin, HL! +isl("br0 !l irseL (!ndo se ib!6M I &e!rd t&e" s&o(t HLes oF ,rit!rL
+oe!r6M I !nZt &e!r "'sel# t&in9 HNo %(edo %ens!r l!r!"ente6M I &e!rd
t&e" Nolo/(i!lOL t&eir Nliter!rioO s&o(tin, HLes oF ,rit!ndo N o O +oe!ndoL (!ndo
,rit!b!n6M Ee &e!rd 'o( Nolo/(i!lOL 'o(r Nliter!rioO sin,in, ! son, Hl te o'3
!nt!ndo (n! !ni3n6M Ee &e!rd &er t!9in, &er t&in,s Hl l! o'3 lle+ndoHse6 s(s
os!s6M EeZs &e!rd tell o# &er Hl &! oFdo &!bl!r de ell!6M I &e!r s!' N"enos (s!doOL I
&e!r it s!id N"s (s!doO t&!t itZs i"%ossible HOi,o deir /(e es i"%osible6M S&e 7!s
&e!rd to sin, HSe l! o'3 !nt!r6M T&e' listened to &er &(sb!nd t!l9 HO'eron ! s(
"!rido &!bl!r6M Eis 7&ole li#e &!d been s%ent listenin, to &er t!l9 HS( +id! enter! se
&!bF! %!s!do es(&ndol! ! ell! &!bl!r6M T&e' listened to &i" %rotestin,L sin,in,
HLe es(&!ron %rotest!rL !nt!rL (!ndo %rotest!b!L !nt!b!6M T&e' listened to &er
&(sb!nd t!l9in, HO'eron ! s( "!rido &!bl!ndoL (!ndo &!bl!b!6M S&e loo9ed !t t&e
&ildren %l!' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO HEll! +io ! los ni)os .(,!r6M Loo9 !t t&!t !t
.("%] NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H\Mir! 3"o s!lt! ese ,!to]6M S&e loo9ed !t t&e
&ildren %l!'in, HEll! "ir3 ! los ni)os /(e est!b!n .(,!ndo6M S&e notied &i" e!tL
to &!+e e!ten e!rl' HEll! not3 /(e 0l o"F!L &!bF! o"ido te"%r!no6M S&e notied
&er ,re!tI,r!nd&ild le!+in, t&e &otel HEll! not3L se dio (ent! de /(e s( bisnieto se
est!b! "!r&!ndo del &otel6M S&e notied ! "!n sittin, ne!r HEll! not3 (n &o"bre
sent!do er!6M S&e s!7 &i" t!9e t&e 9e' HEll! le +io lle+!rHse6 l! ll!+e6M Ee s!7 "e
t!9e t&e "one' Hl "e +io o,er NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r el dinero6M S&e &!s ne+er seen
&i" do s(& ! t&in, HEll! n(n! le &! +isto &!er t!l os!6M >&!t 7o(ld 'o( li9e to
see &!%%enT HWJ(0 te ,(st!rF! +er /(e o(rrier!T6M Ee s!7 "e e!tin, !n !%%leL
t!9in, t&e "one' Hl "e +io o"iendo (n! "!nz!n!L o,iendo NEs%!)!OL
!,!rr!ndo el dinero6M I s!7 t&e" Nolo/(i!lOL t&eir Nliter!rioO 7!l9in, !lon, t&e
be!& HLes +i %!se!ndo ! lo l!r,o de l! %l!'!6M S&e s!7 ! lion e!tin, HEll! +io (n
le3n o"iendo6M T&e' 7ere seen to ,o HLes +ieron ir6M I 7!s seen to t!9e t&e "one'
HSe "e +io o,er NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r el dinero6M Ee 7!s seen to bre!9 t&e 7indo7
HSe le +io ro"%er l! +ent!n!6M I 7!s seen t!9in, t&e "one' HSe "e +io o,iendo
NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!ndo el dinero6M S&e sensed t&e ob.et "o+eL "o+in, HEll! not3 el
ob.eto "o+erseL /(e el ob.eto se est!b! "o+iendo6M T&e' &!+e 7itnessed t&e Lord
&!n,in,L &!n,e &er li#e HE!n sido testi,os de /(e el Se)or &! !"bi!do l! +id! de
ell!61
El in#initi+o en este !so &!e l! #(ni3n de !d'!ente del no"bre o sint!,"!
no"in!l1 E.14 >e s!7 &er ,o o(tL t&!t 7ent o(t HL! +i"os s!lirL /(e s!lF!61
*(!ndo los +erbos nor"!les Q&e!r$ seeQ +!n %reedidos de Q!nQ s3lo se %(ede
%oner l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, ' no el in#initi+o1 E.14 Ee !n &e!r &er t!l9in, Hl
%(ede oFrl! &!bl!r61
El +erbo nor"!l Q9no7Q$ %rini%!l"ente en %ret0rito %er#eto$ %(ede ir se,(ido de
(n o"%le"ento direto h in#initi+o$ on QtoQ en in,l0s estnd!r ' sin QtoQ en in,l0s
olo/(i!l en GB en !ti+! %ero en %!si+! on UtoVM %(ede ir t!"bi0n %reedido de
(n !d.eti+o %osesi+o (!ndo es #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o ,er(ndio1 E.14 I &!+e 9no7n
&i" %l!' Nolo/(i!l4 GBOL to %l!' Nestnd!rO t&e ,(it!r HS0 /(e 0l &! to!do l!
,(it!rr!6M IZ+e ne+er 9no7n it sno7 Nolo/(i!l4 GBOL to sno7 Nestnd!rO in A(,(st
HN(n! &e +isto ne+!r en !,osto6M I &!+e 9no7n s(& %eo%le o"e Nolo/(i!l4 GBOL
to o"e Nestnd!rO HEe +isto ! t!les %erson!s +enir6M EeZs ne+er 9no7n !n'bod'
%!ss Nolo/(i!l4 GBOL to %!ss Nestnd!rO so e!sil' HNo &! onoido ! n!die /(e %!se
t!n #il"ente6$ %ero QS&e 9ne7 better t&!n to &e!tQ HEll! s!bF! /(e no se onsi,(e
n!d! en,!)!ndo6M I &!+e 9no7n &is %l!'in, t&e ,(it!r HS0L Ten,o entendido /(e 0l
to! l! ,(it!rr!6M I &!+e 9no7n o# &is %l!'in, t&e ,(it!r Nliter!rioO HS0L Ten,o
entendido /(e 0l to! l! ,(it!rr! N&!bit(!l"ente %or/(e es ,(it!rrist!O6M I &!+e
9no7n o# &i" %l!'in, t&e ,(it!r HS0L Ten,o entendido /(e 0l to! l! ,(it!rr! Nno
&!bit(!l"ente %or/(e no es ,(it!rrist!O61
El +erbo nor"!l Q9no7Q %(ede ir ! +ees sin U&o7V en in,l0s olo/(i!l1 E.14 Ee
9no7s &o7 Nno s(%ri"irO to oo9 Hl s!be H3"o6 oin!r6 ' UEe does 9no7 &o7
Nno s(%ri"irO to t(rn o## t&e ,!sV Hl s!be %or s(%(esto H3"o6 desonet!r el ,!s6M
S&e does 9no7 to t(rn o## t&e ,!s$ doesnZt s&eT Nsin Q&o7Q4 olo/(i!lM &o7 to t(rn4
estnd!rO Hl s!be %or s(%(esto /(e tiene /(eL deberF! desonet!r el ,!s$ WnoT6L
Do t&e' 9no7 to o"e &ere #irstT Nsin Q&o7Q4 olo/(i!lM &o7 to o"e4 estnd!rO
HWS!ben /(e tienen /(eL deberF!n +enir !/(F %ri"eroT61
2+ Delante de cual'uier verbo repetido en infinitivo 'ue no vaa seguido de
otra forma verbal si se usa como una iniciativa para resolver algo 'ue se /a
formulado en forma interrogativaM se o"ite t!"bi0n del!nte de (!l/(ier +erbo
nor"!l en in#initi+o %!r! e-%res!r des!(erdo en (n tono e"oti+o on lo /(e se
&!'! di&o !nterior"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!1 E.14 A4 >&!t !n I doT HWJ(0 %(edo
&!erT61 B4 Tell t&e %olie HDeFrselo ! l! %oliF!6M A4 I t&in9 7e s&o(ld ,o H*reo /(e
deberF!"os irHnos661 B4 GoT It is better to st!' &ere HWIrHnos6T Es "e.or /(ed!rse
!/(F6M A4 Ee 7ill 7in Hl +! ! ,!n!r61 B4 >inT HWG!n!rT6M A4 mo(r "ot&er "!'
o"e no7 HT( "!dre %(ede /(e +en,! !&or!61 B4 M' "ot&er o"e no7T HWDenir
"i "!dre !&or!T6M And ,o !&e!d it did Hm l!ro /(e si,(i3 !del!nte61
2+ Detr!s de MletM en activa a veces en pasiva7 en pasiva puede, a veces, llevar
MtoM tambinM en !ti+! %(ede ir se,(ido de (n in#initi+o si"%le o o"%(estoM %!r!
los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "e.or (s!r Qbe !llo7ed toQ en +ez de QletQ en %!si+!$ '!
/(e en l! "!'or %!rte de los !sos es inorreto (tiliz!r QletQ en %!si+!1 E.14 T&e' let
"e do it HMe de.!n &!erlo6M T&e' 7ere let ,o HSe les de.3 "!r&!r6M T&e ,r!ss &!d
been let Hto6 ,ro7 HSe &!bF! de.!do reer l! &ierb!61
-+ Detr!s de las palabras Mnever mind, ot/er t/an, sooner t/an, ,/erefore ...N
>arcaico?, ,/ ...N, ,/ not ...NM en oraciones exclamativas1 E.14 S&e didnZt
bre!9 e+en$ ne+er "ind "!9e ! %ro#it HEll! no (bri3 los ,!stos$ ni &!bl!r$ %(es$ de
,!n!i!s6M T&ere 7!s not&in, #or it ot&er t&!n ,o N"enos (s!do /(e on QtoQ4 D1
@1@18C<O b!9 HNo &!bF! "s re"edio /(e +ol+er6M Sooner t&!n do it !,!inst &is
7ill$ &e %re#erred to t&in9 it o+er HAntes /(e &!erlo en ontr! de s( +ol(nt!d$ 0l
%re#iri3 re#le-ion!r sobre ello6M >&ere#ore N!r!ioO o"eT HWP!r! /(0 +enirT6M
>&' 7!itT HWPor /(0 es%er!rT6M >&' ,oT HWPor /(0 irT6M >&' not ,oT HWPor /(0 no
irT6M >&' not send ! letterT HWPor /(0 no en+i!r (n! !rt!T6M >&' not !e%t no7T
HWPor /(0 no !e%t!r !&or!T6M A #!t&er not &el% &is son] H\Un %!dre no !'(d!r ! s(
&i.o]61
Detrs de l!s %!l!br!s Q&o7 111T$ 7&!t 111TQ se %(ede %oner (n in#initi+o sin QtoQ en
in,l0s !r!io o in,l0s +(l,!r$ %ero !t(!l"ente es "e.or %oner el in#initi+o
%reedido de QtoQ1 E.14 Eo7 7in N!r!ioL +(l,!rOL to 7in Nestnd!rO t&isT HW*3"o
,!n!r estoT6M A4 >&!t !n I doT HWJ(0 %(edo &!erT61 B4 >&!t do N!r!ioL +(l,!rOL
to do Nestnd!rOT HWJ(0 H%(edes6 &!erT61
Se %(ede s(%ri"ir l! %!rtF(l! UtoV del!nte del in#initi+o (!ndo +! detrs de l!s
on.(niones U!nd$ !s$ b(t$ e-e%t$ inste!d$ li9e$ or$ s!+eV '$ si no se s(%ri"e$ indi!
0n#!sis o ontr!steM si el %ri"er +erbo no +! %reedido de UtoV no se %one UtoV
del!nte del se,(ndo$ /(e es (n in#initi+o1 E.14 Ee 7o(ld li9e to sit do7n !nd Hto6 e!t
so"et&in, HA 0l le ,(st!rF! sent!rse ' o"er !l,o6M ItZs !s e!s' to &el% 'o( !s Hto6 do
t&!t HEs t!n #il !'(d!rte o"o &!er esoL !/(ello6M Ee &!d no o%tion b(t Hto6 ,o
Hl no tenF! otr! o%i3n e-e%toL "s /(e irHse66M S&e o(ld do not&in, b(t !e%t it
HEll! no %(do &!er otr! os! /(e !e%t!rlo6M T&e' 7ere %re%!red to do e+er't&in,
e-e%t Hto6 %!int t&e &o(se HEst!b!n dis%(estos ! &!er todo e-e%to %int!r l! !s!6M
Ee deided not to ,o !nd inste!d onentr!te on t&is Hl deidi3 no ir ' en +ez de
eso onentr!rse en esto6M S&e st!rted to le!n or Hto6 7!s& t&e 9it&en HEll! e"%ez3
! li"%i!r o l!+!r l! oin!61
Se %(ede s(%ri"ir Qto beQ en in,l0s olo/(i!l detrs de iertos +erbos nor"!les
o"o Q!%%e!r Ns3lo en el %resente ' en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inidoM no on
(n !d+erbioO H%!reer6$ be onsidered$ be estee"ed Nliter!rioO$ be e-%eted$ HsbL it6
be #e!red$ be #o(nd$ be &o%ed$ belie+e sb$ onsider sbL it$ #ind sbL it$ i"!,ine sb$
.(d,e sbL it$ %res("e sb$ Hsb6 %ro+e Hsb6$ Hit6 %ro+e$ re%ort sbL st&$ see" Ns3lo en el
%resente ' en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inidoO$ Hsb6 s&o7 onesel#$ Hsb6 t&in9 sbL
st&Q$ et1$ (!ndo +!n se,(idos de (n !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oL l!si#i!ti+oL de olor o
de (n !d+erbioM el !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+oL l!si#i!ti+o %(ede no tener l! "is"! #or"!
/(e el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do4 b!dL le+erL ,oodL "edioreL sill'L st(%id$ et1$ o tener
l! "is"! #or"! /(e el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do /(e &!e de !d.eti+o4 !"!zed$
!"(sed$ !nno'ed$ !s&!"ed$ !stonis&ed$ be7ildered$ onerned$ deli,&ted$
de%ressed$ deter"ined$ distressed$ interested$ intri,(ed$ relie+ed$ s!tis#ied$ et1$ %ero
no se %(eden %oner los !d.eti+os /(e +!n del!nte de (n no"bre s3lo ND1 ;1<15I58M
!l,(nos de ;1<1@ s3lo (!ndo +!n sin ,(ionesO ' los !d.eti+os /(e no se %(eden
%oner del!nte del no"bre ND1 ;15?1:I;$ ;15@1:O tienen /(e ir %reedidos de Uto beV1
E.14 Ee !%%e!rs Hto be6 !s&!"edL &!%%'L (non+ined Hl %!ree Hest!r6
!+er,onz!doL #elizL %oo on+enido6M Ee !%%e!rs to be Nno s(%ri"irO #!r o##L
!7!' Hl %!ree est!r le.os6$ %ero UEe !%%e!rs &ereV Hl !%!ree !/(F6M S&e is
onsideredL estee"ed Nliter!rioOL #o(nd Hto be6 !s&!"edL (non+inedM S&e is
e-%eted Hto be6 o## t&is s&i% no7 HSe es%er! /(e ell! &!'! b!.!do de este b!ro '!L
!&or!6M Ee is #e!redL &o%ed Hto be6 de!d HSe te"eL es%er! /(e 0l est0 "(erto6M It is
#e!red Hto be6 #!lse HSe te"e /(e se! #!lso6M S&e belie+es &i" Hto be6 !s&!"edL
&!%%'L (non+inedM Ee onsiders &i"L &i"sel# Hto be6 !bo+e s(& t&in,sL
!s&!"edL (non+ined Hl se onsider! H/(e est6 %or eni"! de t!lesL es!s os!sL
!+er,onz!doL L %oo on+enido6M T&e' #ind &i" Hto be6 !s&!"edL interestin,L
&!%%'L &el%#(lL ner+o(sL (non+inedM I #o(nd &er Hto be6 &ere HL! enontr0 !/(F6M
I #ind Ht&!t6 it H7o(ld be6 d!n,ero(s #or &er HMe %!ree H/(e serF!6 %eli,roso %!r!
ell!6M Ee i"!,ines &er Hto be6 %rett' Hl i"!,in! /(e ell! es bonit!6M Ee .(d,ed it Hto
be6 7ise to be !re#(l Hl onsider3 s!bio tener (id!do6M S&e .(d,esL %ro+edL
re%ortedL t&in9s &i" Hto be6 !s&!"edL &!%%'L (non+inedM Ee %ro+ed Hto be6
(seless Hl de"ostr3 ser (n in2til6M It %ro+ed Hto be6 re+ol(tion!r' HDe"ostr3 ser
re+ol(ion!rio6M T&e' re%ort t&e ro!ds Hto be6 s!#e H*(ent!n /(e l!s !rreter!s son
se,(r!s6M Ee see"s Hto be6 !s&!"edL &!%%'L (non+ined Hl %!ree est!r
!+er,onz!doL #elizL %oo on+enido6M T&ere see"s to beL see"s NGB4 "enos
(s!doO no re!son to ,o HNo %!ree &!ber nin,(n! r!z3n %!r! irHse66M Ee doesnZt
t&in9 it His6 on+enient to s%e!9 Hl no ree /(e se! on+eniente &!bl!r6M Ee t&in9s
t&e ,irl Hto be6 !s&!"edL &!%%'L (non+inedL 7iseM S&e t&in9s Ht&!t6 it H7ill be6
7orse to 7rite to t&e" HEll! %iens! /(e esL Hser6 %eor esribirles ! ellos6M T&ere
(sed to beL (sed NGB4 "enos (s!doO little di##erene bet7een t&ese !%%les HSolF!
&!ber %o! di#ereni! entre est!s "!nz!n!s61
A +ees$ %(ede &!ber di#ereni!s4 Ee #o(nd &is son (nderno(ris&ed Hl enontr3 !
s( &i.o desn(trido6 ' UEe #o(nd &is son to be (nderno(ris&edV Hl se enontr3 onL
lle,3 ! l! onl(si3n de /(e s( &i.o est!b! desn(trido6M S&e #inds t&is !r s"!ll N"s
diretoL "enos di%lo"tio4 onsider! s( %(nto de +ist!OL S&e #inds t&is !r to be
s"!ll N"enos diretoL "s di%lo"tio4 onsider! otros %(ntos de +ist! t!"bi0nO
HEll! en(entr! este o&e %e/(e)o61
*on !l,(nos +erbos nor"!les o"o Qbelie+eQ (!ndo no +! se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o
o !d+erbio$ Q#indQ (!ndo no +! se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o o !d+erbio$ Q%ro"ote$ Hsb6
(sedQ$ et1$ no se %(ede s(%ri"ir Qto beQ %or/(e d!rF! l(,!r ! e/(i+o!iones1 E.14
Ee belie+es it to be ! ,ood ide! Hl ree /(e es (n! b(en! ide!6M Ee doesnZt belie+e
M!rt&! to be t&e !(t&or Hl no ree /(e M!rt! se! l! !(tor!6M Ee %ro"oted &er to be
&!ir7o"!n Hl l! %ro"oion3 %!r! ser %resident!6$ et1
En GB se %(ede s(%ri"ir Uto beV detrs de iertos +erbos nor"!les o"o
Q!9no7led,e$ !%%oint$ be onsidered$ Hsb6 be dee"ed$ onsider$ del!re$ elet$
i"!,ine$ no"in!te$ %rono(ne$ s(%%ose$ t(rn o(tQ$ (!ndo +!n se,(idos de (n
sint!,"! no"in!l %ero no sie"%reM %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es "s se,(ro no
s(%ri"irlo$ '! /(e es o"%li!do ' en USA no se s(ele s(%ri"ir t!"%oo1 E.14 T&e'
!9no7led,e &er Hto be6 t&e o7ner HReonoen /(e ell! es l! %ro%iet!ri!6M Ee
!%%ointed &er Hto be6 &!ir7o"!n Hl l! desi,n3 H%!r! ser6 %resident!6M S&e is
onsidered Hto beL !s6 ! ,ood 7i#eL 7inner HSe l! onsider! Ho"o6 (n! b(en!
es%os!L ,!n!dor!6M T&is title is onsidered Hto beL !s6 ! ,re!t &ono(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL &onor NUSAO HEste tFt(lo se onsider! Ho"o6 (n ,r!n &onor6M Ee
7!s dee"ed Hto be6 ! ,ood #!t&er HSe onsider3L .(z,3 /(e 0l er! (n b(en %!dre6M
S&e is dee"ed Nliter!rioO Hto be6 ! ,ood "ot&er HSe onsider! /(e ell! es (n! b(en!
"!dre6M T&e' onsider 'o( Hto be6 ! ,ood %ilot HTe onsider!n (n b(en %iloto6M
T&e' onsider &er Hto be6 !n !n,elL ! #ool HL! onsider!n (n n,elL (n! tont!6M S&e
del!red t&e" Hto be6 t&e 7inners HEll! !n(ni3 /(e er!n los ,!n!dores6M Ee
i"!,ines &er Hto be6 !n !n,el Hl i"!,in! /(e ell! es (n n,el6M Ee no"in!ted &er
Hto be6 &!ir7o"!n Hl l! no"br3 H%!r! ser6 %resident!6M S&e s(%%oses &i" Hto be6
!n !r&itet HEll! s(%one /(e 0l es !r/(iteto6$ %ero UT&e' s(%%ose &i" to be !
7ido7erV HS(%onen /(e 0l es +i(do6M S&e t(rned o(t Hto be6 ! 7onder#(l 7riter
HEll! res(lt3 ser (n! esritor! "!r!+illos!61
En GB los +erbos nor"!les QHsb6 !%%e!r Ns3lo en el %resente ' en el %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inidoO$ #eel$ loo9$ Hsb6 see" Ns3lo en el %resente ' en el %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inidoO$ so(nd$ t&in9Q en !ti+! %ero no en %!si+!$ %(eden ir
se,(idos in"edi!t!"ente de (n sint!,"! no"in!lM en USA lle+!n (n in#initi+o on
UtoV o l! %re%osii3n Uli9eV del!nte del sint!,"! no"in!lM en GB ,ener!l"ente
t!"bi0n %ero no sie"%re1 E.14 Ee !%%e!rs ! #ire"!n NGBOL Ee !%%e!rs to be !
#ire"!n Hl %!ree (n bo"bero6M Ee #elt !n idiot NGBOL Ee #elt li9e !n idiot Hl se
sentF! o"o (n idiot!6M T&e' &!+e #elt t&e"sel+es Hto be6 t&e 7inners HSe &!n
sentido o"o los ,!n!dores6M It loo9s ! 7onder#(l d!' NGBOL It loo9s li9e !
7onder#(l d!'L It loo9s to be ! 7onder#(l d!' NUSAO HP!ree Hser6 (n dF!
"!r!+illoso6M S&e see"s ! n(rseL ! ,'%s' NGBOL S&e see"s to be ! n(rseL ,'%s'L
S&e see"s li9e ! n(rseL ,'%s' HEll! %!ree (n! en#er"er!L ,it!n!6M S&e so(nds !
#ool NGBOL S&e so(nds li9e ! #ool HEll! s(en! o"o (n! tont!6M T&e' t&in9 (s Hto be6
Rbri9l!'ers H*reen /(e nosotros so"os !lb!)iles6$ %ero US&e is t&o(,&t to be Nno
s(%ri"irO t&e best r(nnerV HSe l! onsider! l! "e.or orredor!61
3+ &a part(cula ;to< puede, a veces, en lengua%e colo'uial pronunciarse
como #e# detr!s de algunas formas verbales4 Q,oin, toQ /(e$ ! +ees$ se esribe
U,onn!V %!r! indi!r /(e se %ron(ni! LR,eneL ND1 =1;;1@O$ Q,ot toQ /(e$ ! +ees$ se
esribe U,ott!V %!r! indi!r /(e se %ron(ni! LR,oteL NGBO ' LR,!4teL NUSAO$ Utr'in,
toV /(e$ ! +ees$ se esribe Utr'in! N+(l,!rOV %!r! indi!r /(e se %ron(ni! LRtr!IneL$
Q7!nt toQ /(e$ ! +ees$ se esribe U7!nn! N+(l,!rOV %!r! indi!r /(e se %ron(ni!
o"o LR7oneL NGBO ' LR7!4neL NUSAO$ Q7!nt to beQ /(e$ ! +ees$ se esribe
U7!nn!be N+(l,!rOV %!r! indi!r /(e se %ron(ni! LR7onebiL NGBO ' LR7!4nebiL
NUSAO1 E.14 S&e is ,oin, to o"e L[i4 Iz R,ene R9A"L HEll! +! ! +enir6M IZ+e ,ot to
,o L!I+ R,ote R,o(L NGBO ' L!I R,!4te R,o(L NUSAO HMe ten,o /(e ir6M >e 7!nt to
,o L7i4 R7one R,o(L NGBO ' L7i4 R7!4ne R,o(L NUSAO HJ(ere"os ir61
=15C=1I El infinitivo en ingls, cuando es nombre verbal, puede /acer la
funcin de"
*+ Su%eto o"o el in#initi+o !stell!no on +erbos nor"!les o"o Qbe$ !%%e!r$
&oose$ ,o$ listen$ r(n$ see"$ 7&istleQ$ et1$ en in,l0s liter!rioM se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n
el ,er(ndio$ %ero es "s ,ener!l$ "ientr!s /(e el in#initi+o se re#iere ! l! !i3n en
(esti3nM el ,er(ndio$ /(e (n!s +ees se (s! en in,l0s liter!rio ' otr!s en in,l0s
estnd!r$ %(ede indi!r e-%erieni! o &bito$ %ero el in#initi+o e-%res! si"%le"ente
(n! o%ini3nM ,ener!l"ente el in#initi+o +! se,(ido de (n o"%le"ento direto$
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$ et1 E.14 To err Ns(.etoO is &("!n HEs de
&("!nos err!r6M To ,oL Goin, Ns(.etoO is to !e%t re!lit' HIr es !e%t!r l! re!lid!d6M
To listen to %eo%leL Listenin, to %eo%le Ns(.etoO is ! ,ood /(!lit' HEs(&!r ! l!
,ente es (n! b(en! (!lid!d61
En in,l0s estnd!r se %one QitQ introd(torioL e-%leti+o !l %rini%io /(e &!e de
s(.eto on el in#initi+oM QitQ es el s(.eto ,r!"!ti!l ' el in#initi+o on UtoV es el s(.eto
l3,ioM se (s! "s /(e el in#initi+o !l %rini%io1 E.14 It is e!sier to s!' so"et&in,
t&!n to do it Nestnd!rO HEs "s #il deir !l,o /(e &!erlo6M It is !n e-itin, t&in,
to ,o !bro!d Nestnd!rO HEs (n! os! e"oion!nte ir !l e-tr!n.ero6M It 7ill be sill' to
7&istle Nestnd!rO ' UTo 7&istleL >&istlin,L Ns(.etoO 7ill be sill' Nliter!rioOV HSer
de tontos silb!rL Silb!r ser de tontos61 D1 =158@I:C
2+ Kredicado nominal detrs de (n +erbo en iertos !sos %ero no sie"%re ND1
=15;B1!1BO1 E.14 Eer ob.eti+e is to ,et to 9no7 ot&er %eo%le HS( ob.eti+o es lle,!r !
onoer ! otr!s %erson!s6M T&e %roble" is to ,et t&ere HEl %roble"! es lle,!rL est
en lle,!r !&FL !llF6M Eer %(r%ose in li#e is to ,et Nis ,ettin,4 no %onerO ri& HS(
ob.eti+o en l! +id! es enri/(eerse6M T&e onl' t&in, Ht&!t6 t&e' 7!nt is to %!' Nis
%!'in,4 no %onerO HTodo lo /(e /(ieren es %!,!r6M >&!t t&e' !re ,oin, to do is to
,i+e Nis ,i+in,4 no %onerO %eo%le .obs HLo /(e +!n ! &!er es d!r ! l! ,ente
e"%leoHs66M Goin, be'ond t&o(,&t is to 9no7 7&!t t&o(,&t is HIr "s !ll del
%ens!"iento es onoer lo /(e es el %ens!"iento61
2+ Complemento directo o"o el in#initi+o en !stell!noM nor"!l"ente se %(ede
(s!r t!"bi0n el ,er(ndio %ero es "s ,ener!l$ "ientr!s /(e el in#initi+o se re#iere !
l! !i3n en (esti3n1 E.14 S&e 7!nts to #or,et it HEll! /(iere ol+id!rlo61 D1 =15CB
-+ Complemento 4ad%unct+ de muc/os verbos nor"!les o"o Qbe !bo(t$ be,in$
d!re$ &!%%en$ ,o$ &!+e$ need$ o(,&t$ (sedQ$ et1 E.14 S&e 7!s !bo(t to o"e HEll!
est!b! ! %(nto de +enir6M Ee &!%%ened to 7in HSe dio l! !s(!lid!d Hde6 /(e 0l
,!n361 D1 =15CB
3+ Complemento 4ad%unct+ de un nombre o pronombre /(e no &!e l! #(ni3n
de o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 It 7!s ! 7onder#(l boo9 to re!d HEr! (n libro
"!r!+illoso %!r! leer6M It is ! "!r+ello(s NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "!r+elo(s NUSAO
!r to dri+e HEs (n o&e "!r!+illoso %!r! ond(ir6M Eo(se to let H*!s! %!r!
!l/(il!r6M &er in!bilit' to e-%ress &ersel# Hs( in!%!id!d %!r! e-%res!rse6M It is !
nie l!n,(!,e to t!l9 HEs (n idio"! !,r!d!ble de &!bl!r6M Peo%le to %l!' 7it&
No"%le"ento de (n no"breO HGente on l! /(e .(,!r6M Eis %l!n to sell t&e ,!r!,e
is not !d+is!ble HS( %l!n de +ender l! o&er! no es reo"end!ble6M It is ! terrible
sit(!tion to i"!,ine HEs (n! sit(!i3n &orrible de i"!,in!r6M S&e &!s so"et&in, to
do HEll! tiene !l,o /(e &!er6M It is not so"et&in, to l!(,& !t HNo es !l,o %!r!
reFrseL de /(0 reFrse6M T&ese !re t&in,s to t&in9 !bo(t Hst!s son os!s %!r!
re#le-ion!rL %ens!r en NoO sobre ell!s6M T&e !%%ro%ri!te tool to do t&is is ! 9ni#e HL!
&err!"ient! !%ro%i!d! %!r! &!er esto es (n (&illo6M Eer 7is& to s(eed is
(nderst!nd!ble HS( deseo de tri(n#!r es o"%rensible61 D1 =155C18I<$ =158B
Otros no"bres /(e %(eden ir se,(idos de (n in#initi+o son4 !d+ie$ !%%e!l$ bid$
!"%!i,n$ o""!nd$ desire$ #!t$ instr(tion$ "oti+!tion$ o%%ort(nit'$ order$
%er"ission$ %ossibilit'$ %re%!r!tion$ %ro%os!l$ reo""end!tion$ re"inder$ re/(est$
re/(ire"ent$ s(,,estion$ tenden'$ t&rill$ (nderst!ndin,$ (r,e$ +ision$ et1
6+ Complemento 4ad%unct+ de un ad%etivo1 E.14 Ee is !ble to do it Hl es !%!z de
&!erlo6M It 7!s bi, eno(,& to ,et e+er't&in, in HEr! s(#iiente"ente ,r!nde %!r!
"eter todo6M Di##i(lt to sol+e HDi#Fil de resol+er6M Ee is %le!sed to %!ss Hl est
ontento de !%rob!r6M Ee s!7 #it to !bsent &i"sel# Hl +io !%ro%i!do !(sent!rse61 D1
=158@$ =15:C$ =15:8
=15C?1I El infinitivo puede ir precedido de4
*+ @n ad%etivo calificativo o clasificativo1 D1 =15C=1=$ =158@$ =15:C$ =15:8
2+ @n ad%etivo interrogativo D nombre# un pronombre interrogativo# un
pronombre relativo# un adverbio interrogativo1 E.14 S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&!t to
s!' HEll! no s!be /(0 deir6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&o" to +isit HEll! no s!be ! /(i0n
+isit!r6M T&e' &!+e ! %l!e in 7&i& to st(d' HTienen (n l(,!r en el /(e est(di!r6M
S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&ere to ,o HEll! no s!be d3nde ir61 D1 ?18C
2+ Casi todos los ad%etivos indefinidos D nombre casi todos los pronombres
indefinidos1 D1 ;1=5$ <1:C$ =158B
-+ @n ad%etivo numeral D nombre# un pronombre numeral1 E.14 S&e ,!+e &i"
t&ree Hno+els6 to re!d HEll! le dio tres Hno+el!s6 %!r! leerHl!s6L /(e l!s le'er!61 D1
=15:5
3+ @n nombre1 D1 =15C=1<$ =155C18I:$ =158B
6+ &os adverbios relativos4 !n'7&ere$ no7&ere$ so"e7&ere1 E.14 S&e doesnZt &!+e
!n'7&ere to st(d' HEll! no tiene nin,2n l(,!r %!r! est(di!rL donde %oder est(di!r61
D1 ?188
8+ =lgunas preposiciones1 D1 =15<<
9+ =lgunas con%unciones como Mas if, in order 4no+ to, so as 4not+ to, to, etc1 E.14
S&e s!t do7n$ !s i# to indi!te t&!t s&e 7!s !t &o"e HEll! se sent3$ o"o si indi!r!L
%!r! indi!r /(e est!b! en !s!6M T&is "et&od is ,ood in orderL so !s to s!+e ti"e
HEste "0todo es b(eno %!r!L on el #in de !&orr!r tie"%o61D1 B15?18$ B15?1@
=15C@1I El infinitivo en ingls puede ir seguido de"
*+ @n complemento directo1 E.14 It is e!s' to s!' t&!t HEs senilloL #il deir esoL
!/(ello61
2+ @n complemento indirecto1 E.14 To s!' t&!t to &is sister is "ore di##i(lt HDeir
esoL !/(ello ! s( &er"!n! es "s di#Fil61
Sin e"b!r,o$ es "s #re(ente %oner el UitV introd(torioL e-%leti+o on (n +erbo
nor"!l se,(ido del in#initi+o$ /(e &!e de !%osii3n del s(.eto1 E.14 It is "ore
di##i(lt to s!' t&!t to &is sister HEs "s di#Fil deir eso ! s( &er"!n!6$ et1 D1
=15C=15
2+ @n complemento de rgimen preposicional1 E.14 To 7orr' !bo(t t&is "e!ns
onern HPreo(%!rse %or esto si,ni#i! in/(iet(d61
-+ @n complemento circunstancial1 E.14 To o"e 7it& "' "ot&er 7o(ld be
better HDenir on "i "!dre serF! "e.or61
=15CB1I Aa verbos 'ue van seguidos de un infinitivo no de la forma verbal
en 5ingM (!ndo el in#initi+o indi! #in!lid!d se %(ede %oner UtoV ' Qso !s toL in
order toQ on (n si,ni#i!do "(' %!reido en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+!$ %ero
en #or"! ne,!ti+! es "e.or (s!r Qso !s not toL in order not toQ en +ez de Qnot toQM
(!ndo indi! res(lt!do el in#initi+o +! ! "en(do detrs de l!s %!l!br!s Qeno(,&Q$
Qs(##iientl'Q ' QtooQM (!ndo lle+!n Hit6 N%rono"bre %erson!l es%eF#io4 D1<1=151!I
#O del!nte no %(eden ir on (n s(.eto de %erson!4 Hsb6 !&e$ Hsb6 !t Hh !d+erbio6$ Hit6
!t$ Hsb6 !##et H#in,ir6$ Hsb6 !##ord Nnor"!l"ente %reedido de (n !(-ili!r "od!l
o"o Q!nQO$ Hsb6 !,it!te$ Hsb6 !,ree$ Hsb6 !i"$ Hsb6 !%olo,izeL !%olo,ise NGBO$ HsbL
it6 !%%e!r$ Hsb6 !rr!n,e$ Hsb6 !s9$ Hsb6 !s%ire$ Hsb6 !tte"%t$ Hit6 be eno(,&$ Hsb6 be
Ht&e6 #irstL seond$ et1$ HsbL it6 be ,oin,$ Hsb6 be l!st$ Hsb6 be, Hs(%li!rL ro,!r6$ Hsb6
bend o+er b!97!rds Nliter!l4 estnd!rO$ Hit6 bid #!ir H%ro"eter6$ Hit6 bore$ Hsb6 bre!9$
Hsb6 b(rn H"orirse %orL tener "(&!s ,!n!s de6$ Hsb6 !ll$ Hsb6 !re$ Hsb6 l!i"$ Hit6
lo'$ Hsb6 o"%ete$ Hsb6 ondesend$ Hsb6 onsent$ Hsb6 ontr!t$ HsbL it6 ontrib(te$
Hsb6 ontri+e$ Hsb6 r!+e H!n&el!rL s(s%ir!r %orL tener !nto.os de6$ Hsb6 ro7
H.!t!rse6$ Hit6 (rl$ Hsb6 d!re N+erbo nor"!lO H!tre+erse !6$ Hsb6 d!s&$ Hsb6 deide$ Hsb6
deline$ Hsb6 dei,n$ Hsb6 de"!nd$ Hsb6 deser+e$ Hsb6 desire$ Hsb6 deter"ine$ Hsb6
disd!in$ Hit6 do$ Hsb6 elet$ Hsb6 ende!+o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ende!+or NUSAO$
Hsb6 ess!'$ Hit6 e-%!nd$ Hsb6 e-%et$ Hsb6 e-%lore$ Hsb6 #!il$ Hsb6 #!ll o+er b!97!rds
N#i,(r!do4 olo/(i!lO$ Hit6 #eed b!9$ Hsb6 #eel o"%elled$ Hsb6 #i,&t$ Hsb6 #i- NUSAO
H%l!ne!rL /(ed!r en6$ Hsb6 ,r!%%le$ Hsb6 ,ro7 Hlle,!r !6$ Hsb6 ,(!r!ntee$ HsbL it6
&!%%en Hd!rse l! !s(!lid!d6$ Hsb6 &!sten$ Hsb6 &!+e H,ot6 Htener /(eL &!ber de6$ HsbL
it6 &el%$ Hsb6 &esit!te$ Hsb6 &o%e$ Hsb6 &(rr'$ Hsb6 ir9$ Hsb6 it& H"orirse %or6$ Hsb6
l!bo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL l!bor NUSAO$ Hsb6 le!n o+er b!97!rds Nliter!l4
olo/(i!lO$ Hsb6 le!%$ Hsb6 li+e$ Hsb6 lon, Hest!r dese!ndo6$ Hsb6 "!9e H&!er !de"n
deL d!r (n %!so %!r!6$ Hsb6 "eet$ Hsb6 need N+erbo nor"!lO$ Hsb6 o##er$ Hsb6 o"it$ Hsb6
o%t$ HsbL it6 o(,&t$ Hsb6 %!(se$ HitL sb6 %!'$ Hsb6 %le!d$ Hsb6 %led,e H%ro"eter6$ Hsb6
%lot$ Hsb6 %r!' Nh in#initi+o o"%(estoO$ Hsb6 %re%!re$ Hsb6 %res("e H!tre+erse !6$
Hsb6 %retend$ Hsb6 %roeed$ Hsb6 %ro#ess$ Hit6 %ro"ise$ Hsb6 %ro+e$ Hsb6 %(r%ort
Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 %(r%ose Nliter!rioO H%l!ne!r6$ Hsb6 /(e(e NGBO$ Hsb6 r!dio$ Hsb6
re!tte"%t$ Hsb6 re#(se$ Hsb6 re9on$ Hsb6 re#(se$ Hsb6 re.oie$ Hsb6 re/(est$ Hsb6 resol+e$
Hsb6 rise$ Hsb6 r(s&$ Hit6 s!ti!te$ Hsb6 s!' Nolo/(i!l4 r!roO$ Hsb6 s&e"e$ Hsb6 sorn$ Hsb6
sr(%le Nliter!rio4 en #or"! ne,!ti+!O$ Hsb6 see9$ HsbL it6 see"$ Hsb6 see" oered$
Hsb6 selet$ HsbL it6 ser+e H+enir !L ser+ir6$ Hsb6 set$ Hsb6 set b!9$ Hsb6 s&oot$ Hsb6
s&(dder$ Hsb6 s"ile$ Hsb6 s%e!9$ Hsb6 st!rt %(s&in,$ Hsb6 sto% &!lHI67!'$ Hsb6 str!in$
Hsb6 stri+e$ Hsb6 str(,,le$ Hit6 s(##ie Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 s(r+i+e$ Hsb6 s7e!r$ HsbL it6 tend$
t&ere h be$ HsbL it6 t&re!ten$ Hit6 tire$ Hsb6 tr!in$ Hsb6 tr!+el$ Hsb6 tre"ble$ Hsb6 t(rn$ HsbL
it6 t(rn o(t$ Hsb6 (ndert!9e$ Hsb6 (nite$ HsbL it6 (sed$ Hsb6 +ent(re H!tre+erse !6$ Hsb6 +ie
Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 +ol(nteer$ Hsb6 +ote$ Hsb6 +o(&s!#e Hdi,n!rse !6$ Hsb6 +o7$ Hsb6 7!it$
Hsb6 7!nt$ Hsb6 7is&$ Hsb6 7restle$ Hsb6 'e!rn ' otros de 5@815$ et1 ND1 =1558O1 E.14
>e !nnot !##ord to b(' itL to b(' t&!t '!&tL to le!n t&e en+iron"ent HNo nos
%ode"os %er"itir el l(.o de o"%r!rloL o"%r!r eseL !/(el '!teL li"%i!r el "edio
!"biente6M Ee !s%ires to ,et ! %rize Hl !s%ir! ! onse,(ir (n %re"io6M Ee bends
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL le!ns Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doO o+er b!97!rds to t!9e t&e
&!ir Nliter!lO Hl se inlin! &!i! !trs %!r! o,er NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r l! sill!6M Ee
&ose to s!' not&in, Hl deidi3 no deir n!d!6M T&e' l!i"ed to &!+e !%%lied #or
t&ese !llo7!nes HDi.eronL Ase,(r!ronL A#ir"!ron &!ber soliit!do est!s
%rest!iones6M T&e' ontri+ed to 7in !,!in Nres(lt!doO HLo,r!ronL Se l!s in,eni!ron
%!r! ,!n!r de n(e+o6M Ee deided to le!+e Hl deidi3 "!r&!rse6M T&e' delined to
o""ent HNo /(isieron &!er o"ent!rios6M Ee dei,ned to !e%t "' %ro%os!l Hl
se di,n3 !e%t!r "i %ro%(est!6M Ee de"!nded to see ! dotorL be ,i+en ! lot o#
"one' Hl insistF! en +er ! (n "0dioL e-i,F! /(e le dier!n "(&o dinero6M S&e
deser+ed to ,et ! %rize Nres(lt!doO HEll! "ereF! obtener (n %re"io6M T&e'
deter"ined to b(' !not&er one HTo"!ron l! deisi3nL deter"in!i3n de o"%r!r
otrHo$ !66M S&e ende!+o(red NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ende!+ored NUSAO to !rri+e on
ti"e HEll! intent3 %or todos los "ediosL se es#orz3 %or lle,!r ! tie"%o6M T&e' #!iled
to t(rn (% HNo %(dieronL onsi,(ieron %resent!rse6M Ee #!lls o+er b!97!rds to
%le!se (s Hl se des+i+e %orL %!r! !,r!d!rnos6M S&e &!%%ened to 7in Nres(lt!doO HSe
dio l! !s(!lid!d /(e ,!n3 ell!6M ToL In order toL So !s to re%!ir t&e &elio%ter$ 'o(
&!+e to b(' t&e neess!r' tools HP!r!L *on el #in de re%!r!r el &eli3%tero$ tienes
/(e o"%r!r l!s &err!"ient!s nees!ri!s6M Ee &esit!ted to do it Hl d(d3 en &!erlo6M
S&e is it&in, to !%%e!r in t&!t %ro,r!""e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %ro,r!" NUSAO
HEll! se "(ereL %irr! %or !%!reer en eseL !/(el %ro,r!"!6M Ee lon,ed to do it Hl
dese!b!L !n&el!b! &!erlo6M S&e needed to %!' #or it HEll! neesit!b! %!,!rlo6M Ee
%retended to be t&e 9in, Hl #in,F!L #in,i3 ser el re'6M Ee %roeeded to e-%l!in it Hl
%!s3 ! e-%li!rlo6M S&e see9ed to s!tis#' &is desires HEll! tr!t3 deL intent3 s!tis#!er
s(s deseos6M Ee set to do it Hl e"%ez3L se %(so ! &!erlo6M S&e s"iled to see (s so
&!%%'L to s&o7 !%%ro+!l Nres(lt!doO HEll! sonri3 de +ernos t!n #eliesL %!r! "ostr!r
!%rob!i3n6M Ee rose to be t&e boss Nres(lt!doO Hl lle,3 ! ser el .e#e6M It onl' ser+ed
to &ei,&ten tensionL on#ir" "' t&eor' N#in!lid!dO HS3lo sir+i3 %!r! !("ent!r l!
tensi3nL on#ir"!r "i teorF!6M Ee st!rted %(s&in, to ,et ne!r &er N#in!lid!dO Hl
e"%ez3 ! e"%(.!r %!r! %onerse er! de ell!6M S&e sto%%ed &!l#HI67!' to &!+e ! rest
HEll! Hse6 %!r3 ! "it!d deHl6 !"ino %!r! des!ns!r6M Ee str!ined to !t& it
N#in!lid!dO Hl &izo (n ,r!n es#(erzo %or o,erlo NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!rlo6M S&e tends to
e!t ! lot HEll! tiene tendeni! ! o"er "(&o6M T&e' t&re!tened to blo7 (% t&e %l!e
HA"en!z!ron on &!er +ol!r el sitio %or los !ires6M Ee t(rned to see N#in!lid!dO Hl
se dio l! +(elt! %!r! +er6M Ee (ndertoo9 to &el% &er Hl se o"%ro"eti3 ! !'(d!rl!6M
Ee (sed to do it Hl solF! &!erlo6M Ee &!s +o7ed to #i,&t t&is Hl &! .(r!do /(e
l(&!r en ontr! de esto6M T&e' 7!ited to !t& t&e b(s HEs%er!b!n %!r! o,er
NEs%!)!OL to"!r el !(tob2s6M S&e !nZt 7!it to see t&!t #il" HEll! est dese!ndo +er
es!L !/(ell! %elF(l!61
Al,(nos son dos +erbos /(e #or"!n (n! (nid!d +erb!l o"o %erF#r!sis +erb!les
H%&!sed %redi!tors6M el %ri"ero &!e de !(-ili!r ' no tiene el "is"o si,ni#i!do
/(e (!ndo +! solo ' el se,(ndo +! en in#initi+oM l!s %erF#r!sis +erb!les %(eden
e-%res!r deseo$ obli,!i3n$ %osibilid!d o %rob!bilid!d$ et1 E.14 S&e !&es to ,o
NdeseoO HEll! !nsF!L tiene "(&!s ,!n!s de ir6M S&e 7!s it&in, to tell (s NdeseoO
HEll! est!b! /(e se "orF! %or deFrnoslo6M S&e is b(rnin, to ,o NdeseoO HEll! se est
"(riendo %or ir6M Ee is b(rstin, to !rri+e NdeseoO Hl est dese!ndoL "(ri0ndose
%or lle,!r6M Ee 7!sL see"ed doo"ed to die Hl est!b!L %!reF! %redestin!do NoO
onden!do ! "orir6M S&e is "e!nt to do it N%rob!bilid!dO HSe s(%one ell! lo &!r6M
S&e 7!s ne+er s(%%osed to be t&is ontro+ersi!l HNo se es%er!b! n(n! /(e ell!
#(er! t!n ontro+ertid!L %ol0"i!6M S&e eleted to do it NdeseoO HEll! o%t3 %orL
deidi3 &!erlo6M T&ereZs to be ! "eetin, !t t&e &otel to"orro7 HD! ! &!ber (n!
re(ni3n en el &otel "!)!n!6$ et1
Al,(nos +erbos nor"!les o"o Qd!re$ le!rn$ "!n!,e$ %retend$ t&re!ten$ tro(ble$
+ent(reQ$ no s(elen ir se,(idos de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto1
Al,(nos +erbos nor"!les o"o Q!%%e!r$ l!i"$ &!%%en$ %ro+e$ see"$ tendQ$ +!n !
"en(do se,(idos de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto1
Al,(n!s +ees &!' (n! %!(s! en el &!bl! ' en in,l0s esrito (n! o"! detrs de (n
+erbo ' del!nte del in#initi+oM si no &!' %!(s! o o"! estn on!ten!dos %ero$ si
&!' %!(s! o o"!$ el in#initi+o &!e (n! #(ni3n !d+erbi!l ' %(ede %onerse t!"bi0n
!l %rini%io de l! or!i3n1 E.14 S&e re#(sed to !(se tro(ble HEll! se ne,3 ! !r"!r
.!leo6 ' US&e re#(sed$ to !(se tro(ble HEll! se ne,3$ %!r! !r"!r .!leo6L To !(se
tro(ble$ s&e re#(sed HP!r! !r"!r .!leo$ ell! di.o /(e no6V1
L!s e-%resiones Q!s ! 7!'Q$ Q7it& intentQ +!n se,(id!s de in#initi+o4 E.14 As ! 7!'
to !%%e!se &i" H*o"o (n! #or"! de tr!n/(iliz!rle6M T&e' do it !s ! 7!' to inre!se
%rod(ti+it' HLo &!en o"o (n! #or"! de !("ent!r l! %rod(ti+id!d6M 7it& intent
to end!n,er &er li#e Hon inteni3n de %oner en %eli,ro l! +id! de ell!61
E!' otros +erbos /(e %(eden ir se,(idos de (n in#initi+o ' t!"bi0n de l! #or"!
+erb!l en Iin,1 D1 =15<:
=155C1I Aa verbos normales 'ue van seguidos de un infinitivo no de la
forma verbal en 5ing excepto los 'ue aparecen en 6.*32M %(eden d!rse los
si,(ientes !sos4
*+ @n nombre o pronombre personal ob%eto referido a un ser vivo no
precedido de MtoM D infinitivo con ;to< sin valor finalM se (s!n s3lo en !ti+! de
est! #or"!M no obst!nte$ l! "!'or %!rte de estos +erbos %(eden ir t!"bi0n en %!si+!
se,(idos de (n in#initi+o on UtoV$ no (n no"bre o %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto ND1
=15@815O$ %ero !l,(nos o"o Ube!r$ &!te$ li9e$ lo+e$ %re#er$ s(it$ 7!ntV$ no %(eden ir
en %!si+! se,(idos de (n in#initi+o on UtoVM !l,(nos son !(s!ti+osM son +erbos /(e
e-%res!n +ol(nt!d$ "!nd!to$ %er"iso$ onoi"iento$ onse.o$ inteni3n$ in+it!i3n$
neesid!d$ s(%osii3n$ et14 Hsb6 !9no7led,e$ Hsb6 !d"it$ Hsb6 !d+ise$ Hsb6 !llo7$
Hsb6 !s9$ Hsb6 !ss("e$ Hsb6 !(t&orizeL !(t&orise NGBO$ Hsb6 be!r$ Hsb6 be,$ Hit6 be&o+e
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be&oo+e NUSAO Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 belie+e$ Hsb6 besee&$ Hsb6 bid$
HsbL it6 !(se$ Hsb6 &!llen,e$ Hsb6 &!r,e$ Hsb6 o""!nd$ Hsb6 o""ission$ Hsb6
o"%el Hobli,!r6$ Hit6 onern$ Hsb6 ondition$ Hsb6 on#ess$ Hsb6 onsider$ Hit6
onstr!in$ Hsb6 o(nsel$ Hsb6 d!re Hdes!#i!r6$ Hst&6 deide$ Hsb6 del!re$ Hsb6 de#'$ Hsb6
desire$ Hsb6 diret Horden!r6$ Hsb6 disli9e$ Hit6 do$ Hsb6 doo"$ Hsb6 dre!d$ HsbL it6 dri+e
Hlle+!r !6$ Hsb6 e"bolden$ Hsb6 e"%o7er H!(toriz!r6$ Hsb6 en!ble$ Hsb6 eno(r!,e$ Hsb6
en.oin Nliter!rioO Hen!reer6$ Hsb6 entie$ Hsb6 entitle$ Hsb6 entre!t$ Hit6 e/(!l$ Hsb6
esti"!te$ Hsb6 e-&ort$ Hsb6 e-%et Hes%er!r6$ Hsb6 #!n' Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO$
Hsb6 #ind$ Hsb6 #orbid H%ro&ibir6$ HsbL it6 #ore$ Hsb6 ,et Hon+enerL obli,!r6$ Hit6
,rie+e$ Hsb6 ,(ess$ Hsb6 &!te$ Hsb6 &el%$ Hsb6 &old$ Hsb6 i"!,ine$ Hsb6 i"%el$ Hsb6
i"%lore$ Hsb6 inite$ Hit6 inline$ Hsb6 ind(e$ Hsb6 ins%ire$ Hsb6 insti,!te$ Hsb6 instr(t$
Hsb6 intend$ Hit6 interest$ Hsb6 in+ite$ Hsb6 ir9$ Hsb6 irrit!te$ Hsb6 .(d,e$ Hsb6 9no7$ Hsb6
le!d$ Hsb6 le!+e$ Hsb6 li9e$ Hsb6 lo+e$ Hsb6 "!int!in$ Hsb6 "e!n H/(ererL %retender6$ Hsb6
"o+e Hind(ir6$ Hsb6 need$ Hsb6 no"in!te$ Hsb6 noti#'$ Hsb6 obli,!te$ Hsb6 obli,e$ Hsb6
order$ Hsb6 %!in$ Hsb6 %erei+e$ Hsb6 %er"it$ Hsb6 %etition$ Hsb6 %r!'$ HsbL it6 %redis%ose$
Hsb6 %re#er$ Hsb6 %res("e$ HsbL it6 %rol!i"$ Hsb6 %ro"ise$ HsbL it6 %ro"%t Hind(ir6$
Hsb6 %rono(ne$ HsbL it6 %ro%el$ Hsb6 %ro+e$ Hsb6 %(t$ Hsb6 re9on$ Hsb6 reo,nizeL
reo,nise NGBO$ Hsb6 reo""end$ Hsb6 re"ind$ Hsb6 re%ort$ Hsb6 re/(est$ Hsb6 re/(ire
Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 ro(se$ Hit6 s!dden$ Hsb6 sense$ Hsb6 sentene$ Hsb6 set Horden!r6$ Hsb6
s&o7 Non (n! %!l!br! interro,!ti+! del!nte del in#initi+o4 D15C1:?1:O$ Hsb6 s%(r$ Hsb6
st!te$ Hsb6 stir$ Hsb6 s(##er H%er"itir6$ Hit6 s(it H+enir bien6$ Hsb6 s(""on$ Hsb6
s(%%li!te$ Hsb6 s(%%ose$ Hsb6 s(s%et$ Hsb6 t!9e Hs(%oner6$ Hsb6 te!&$ Hsb6 tell
H"!nd!rL orden!rL deir6$ Hsb6 te"%t$ Hsb6 t&!n9$ Hsb6 t&in9$ Hit6 tro(ble$ Hsb6 tr(st$
Hsb6 (nderst!nd$ Hsb6 (r,e$ Hsb6 7!nt H/(ererL dese!r6$ Hsb6 7!rn$ 7is&$ Hsb6 7rite$
et1M si el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto se re#iere ! (n! %erson!$ es s(.eto del
in#initi+oM en !stell!no se tr!d(e el in#initi+o %or (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!
no"in!lM en !l,(nos !sos se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n en in,l0s (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! no"in!l /(e e"%iee %or Qt&!tQ1 E.14 S&e !s9ed &i" to st!'L t&e" to
!e%t NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&!t &e st!'edL t&!t t&e' !e%t NUSA %rini%!l"enteO
HEll! le %idi3 /(e se /(ed!r!L les %idi3 /(e !e%t!r!n6M T&e' besee& (s to ,o Nt&!t
7e ,o4 no %onerO HNos r(e,!n NoO s(%li!n /(e +!'!"os6M T&e %roble" !(sed &er
to resi,n HEl %roble"! &izo /(e ell! di"itier!6M Ee &!r,ed t&e" to do it Hl les
orden3 &!erlo6M S&e o"%elled t&e" to ,o HEll! les obli,3 ! ir6M Ee onsiders &er to
be !n !,entL t&!t s&e is !n !,ent Hl onsider! /(e ell! es (n! !,ente6M Ee onsiders
Di99iL &er to be &i" Hl onsider! /(e Ditori!L ell! es 0l6M Ee d!red t&e" to r(n
Hl les des!#i3 ! orrer6M Ee del!red &er to beL t&!t s&e 7!s t&e best Hl del!r3 /(e
ell! er! l! "e.or6M S&e desires &i" to st!'L to ,o NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t&!t &e st!'sL
,oesL #or &i" to st!'L to ,o NUSA %rini%!l"enteO HEll! dese! /(e 0l se /(edeL
+!'!6M S&e direted &i" to ,o HEll! le orden3 /(e se #(er!6M Ee en.oined Nliter!rioO
(s to ,o Hl nos orden3 /(e #(0r!"os6M T&!t didnZt entitle &er to be so i"%oliteL
(n9ind HEsoL A/(ello no le d!b! dere&o ! ell! ! ser t!n desort0sL %oo !"!ble6M
>e e-%eted t&e" to o"e HEs%erb!"os /(e +iniesen6M T&e' #!n' Nliter!rio4 GB
%rini%!l"enteO &i" to be ri& HDese!n /(e 0l se! rio6M S&e #ored "e to %!'L
st(d'L !d"it it HEll! "e obli,3 ! %!,!rL est(di!rL reonoerlo NoO !d"itirlo6M It
#ored t&e" to re!& !n !,ree"ent HLes obli,3 ! lle,!r ! (n !(erdo6M T&e' ,ot &er
to do it HL! on+enieron %!r! /(e lo &iier!6M S&e &!tes "e to s!'L t&!t I s!' t&is
HEll! odi! /(e 'o di,! esto6M S&e &olds "e to beL t&!t I !" res%onsible HEll!
onsider! /(e so' res%ons!ble6M S&e ind(ed &i" to t&in9 so Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doOL li9e t&is Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO HEll! le ind(.o ! 0l ! %ens!r !sF6M T&e' .(d,e
&er to beL t&!t s&e is t7ent' H'e!rs old6 H*!l(l!n /(e ell! tendr +einte !)os6M Ee
led (s to see it Hl nos lle+3 ! +erlo6M T&e' li9e &i" to ,o o(t N"s (s!doOL t&!t &e
,o o(t Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO 7it& &er HLes ,(st! /(e 0l s!l,! on ell!6M T&e'
"e!n &er to ,o HJ(ierenL Pretenden /(e ell! +!'!6M S&e %erei+ed &i" to beL t&!t
&e 7!s ! li!r HEll! se %er!t3 de /(e 0l er! (n "entiroso6M T&e' %er"it 'o( to
s"o9eL t&!t 'o( s"o9e HTe %er"iten #("!r6M Ee &!s %ro"%ted t&e" to 7it&dr!7L
t&!t t&e' 7it&dr!7 %eo%le Hl les &! ind(idoL "o+ido ! retir!r ! ,ente6M Ee
re"inded &er to %ost t&e letter Hl le reord3 ! ell! /(e e&!r! l! !rt! !l orreo6M
T&e' re/(ire &er to 7or9L t&!t s&e 7or9 &!rder HLe e-i,en ! ell! /(e tr!b!.e "s6M
S&e s(%%oses &i" to beL t&!t &e is in lo+e HEll! s(%one /(e 0l est en!"or!do6M
T&e' s(s%et &i" to beL t&!t &e is ! o7!rd HSos%e&!n /(e 0l es (n ob!rde6M S&e
t!(,&t (s &o7 to do itL &o7 it is done HEll! nos ense)3 ! &!erloL 3"o se &!e6M
Ee t&o(,&t &er to beL t&!t s&e 7!s &ere Hl %ens!b! /(e ell! est!b! !/(F6M Do 'o(
tr(st &er to sol+eL t&!t s&e 7ill sol+e 'o(r %roble"sT HW*on#F!s en /(e ell! te
sol(ioneL sol(ion!r los %roble"!sT6M S&e (r,ed (s to ,o !7!' HEll! nos !ni"3L
inst3 ! /(e nos "!r&r!"os6M Ee 7!nts Nt&!t I ,o4 no %onerO "e to ,o NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL #or "e to ,o NUSAO Hl /(iere /(e +!'! 'o6M S&e 7!nts Nt&!t I ,o
7it& &er4 no %onerO "e to ,o 7it& &er NGB %rini%!l"enteOL #or "e to ,o 7it& &er
NUSAO HEll! /(iere /(e +!'! 'o on ell!6M S&e 7!nts Nt&!t &er d!(,&ter be 1114 no
%onerO &er d!(,&ter NGB %rini%!l"enteOL #or &er d!(,&ter NUSAO to be t!ller t&!n
s&e is HEll! /(iere /(e s( &i.! se! "s !lt! /(e ell!61 D1 =155C18I:
2+ @n nombre o pronombre personal ob%eto referido a un ser vivo o a una cosa
no precedido de MtoM D infinitivo con ;to< con valor final4 Hsb6 !e%t st&4 t&e
deision$ et1$ Hsb6 !o""od!te sbL st&$ Hsb6 !(se sb$ Hsb6 !do%t ! %l!nL !
resol(tion$ Hsb6 !,it!te sbL st&$ Hsb6 !lert sb$ Hsb6 !llo!te "one'$ Hsb6 !"!ze sb$ Hsb6
!"(se sb$ Hsb6 !n,er sb$ Hsb6 !nno' sb$ Hsb6 !%%l' ! r(le$ Hsb6 !%%oint sb$ Hsb6
!%%ro+e st&$ Hsb6 !rr!n,e st&$ Hsb6 !ssert onesel# Hi"%onerse6$ Hsb6 !ssi,n sb$ Hsb6
!ssist sb$ Hsb6 !stonis& sb$ Hsb6 !ttr!t !ttention$ Hit6 be !n inon+enieneL ! "e!nsL
t&e seretL t&e te&ni/(eL t&e seond 'e!r$ Hsb6 be ,i+en ri,&ts$ Hsb6 bribe sb$ Hsb6
brin, onesel# Hsentir el +!lor deL !r"!rse de +!lorL %oder6$ Hsb6 brin, %ress(reL sb$
Hsb6 b(ild st&$ Hsb6 b(' st&$ Hsb6 !ble sb$ Hsb6 !l(l!te st&$ Hsb6 !ll sb$ Hsb6 !(tion
sb$ Hsb6 erti#' sb$ Hsb6 &!n,e onesel#$ Hsb6 &!n,e t&e r(les$ Hsb6 &oose sbL st&$ Hsb6
o!- sb$ Hsb6 o""it s(iide$ HsbL it6 o"%!re st&$ Hsb6 onentr!te oneZs e##orts$ Hsb6
onot ! s&e"e$ Hsb6 onde"n sb$ Hsb6 onser!te sb$ Hsb6 onsider Hr!di!l6
"e!s(resL t&e %ossibilit'L %ro%os!ls$ Hsb6 on+it sb$ Hsb6 on+ine sb$ Hsb6 r!ne
oneZs ne9$ Hsb6 ritiizeL ritiise NGBO sb$ Hsb6 (t st&$ Hsb6 deline !n in+it!tion$
Hsb6 de#end sbL st&$ Hsb6 de#ine t&e r(les$ Hsb6 deli,&t sb$ Hsb6 de"!nd Ht&e6 #reedo"$
Hsb6 de"e!n onesel#$ Hsb6 den' st&$ Hsb6 de%it sbL st&$ Hsb6 desi,n st&$ Hsb6 desi,n!te
sb$ Hsb6 de+elo% ! #or"(l!L s!#e,(!rdsL ! te&nolo,'$ Hsb6 de+ise ! "et&od$ Hsb6
diret oneZs o(rse$ Hsb6 dis!%%oint sb$ Hsb6 diso(r!,e sb$ Hsb6 dis(ss !L oneL t&e
7!'L 7!'s$ Hsb6 dis,(st sb$ Hsb6 dis%ose sb$ Hsb6 distort st&$ Hsb6 distress sb$ Hsb6 do
st&$ Hsb6 elet sb$ Hsb6 e"%&!sizeL e"%&!sise NGBO oneZs l!i"$ Hsb6 e"%lo' sb$ Hsb6
enr!,e sb$ Hsb6 est!blis& st&$ Hsb6 e-!lt sb$ Hsb6 e-ite sb$ Hsb6 e-%lore sbL st&$ Hsb6
e-%ose st&4 ! %lot$ et1$ Hsb6 #!e t&e onse/(enesL t&e ris9L ! &(,e t!s9$ Hsb6 #!ll
o+er onesel#$ Hsb6 #ind eno(,& e+ideneL ! str!te,'L !L t&e 7!'L 7!'sL oneZs o7n
7!'$ Hit6 #it sb$ Hsb6 #l!tter sb$ Hsb6 #ollo7 oneZs %rini%les$ HitL sb6 #ri,&ten sb$ Hsb6
,!t&er %eo%le$ Hsb6 ,et ! &!neL t&e ,oI!&e!dL t&e OA$ Hsb6 ,i+e oneZs ri,&t !r"L
oneZs bod'L oneZs "one'L oneZs ri,&t &!ndL ! &intL t&e ins%ir!tion Nolo/(i!lOL
instr(tionsL "one'L t&e orderL %er"issionL re!sonL s(%%ortL ti%s Honse.osL %ist!sL
%ro%in!s6L ! 7!rnin,$ ,o ! lon,L %!rt o# t&eL so"e 7!'$ Hsb6 ,r!nt 7!rr!nts$ ,r!ti#'
sb$ Hsb6 ,ro7 +e,et!bles$ Hsb6 &!+e !"bitionL !rr!n,e"entsL Ht&e6 !(t&orit'L t&e
!%!bilit'L t&e !%!it'L ! &!neL di##i(ltiesL Ht&e6 dri+eL ener,'L t&e e/(i%"entL !n
e-(seL Heno(,&6 e-%erieneL eno(,& #le-ibilit'L eno(,& #l(en'L eno(,& #ortit(deL
t&e #(ndsL ! ,r!ntL s(##iient ,ro(ndsL ! ,(!r!nteeL eno(,& ,("%tionL ! #ree &!ndL
so"e &o%eL i"!,in!tionL !n NoO no inenti+eL no ind(e"entL eno(,& in#l(eneL
instr(tionsL t&e intentionL !n in+it!tionL t&ree ite"sL t&e 9no7I&o7L leis(reL !
liene NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO ! liense NUSAOL littleL t&e "!nd!teL t&e "e!nsL
"one'L t&e "or!l #ibre NGBO NoO t&e "or!l #iber NUSAOL "oreL t&e "oti+!tionL !
"oti+eL "(&L ner+eL not&in,L no7&ereL !n o!sionL !n NoO t&e o%%ort(nit'L t&e
o%tionL ! %!tL %er"issionL ! NoO t&e %er"itL ! %l!nL t&e %le!s(reL ! %otenti!lL t&e
%ossibilit'L %o7erL ! %o7er o# !ttorne' H(n %oder not!ri!l6L t&e Hst!'in,6 %o7erL !
%re#ereneL %re%!r!tionsL t&e %resene o# "indL t&e %resti,eL %(llL ! %ro-'L !
%(r%oseL Ht&e6 /(!li#i!tionsL ! re!sonL t&e reso(resL t&e res%onsibilit'L ri,&tL t&e
s!,!it'L t&e s&e"eL t&e sel#Ion#ideneL t&e sel#Idisi%lineL t&e senseL t&e
s&re7dnessL t&e s9illL so"ebod'L Hso"e6 so%&isti!tionL t&e st!ndin,L t&e st!t(reL
Ht&e6 stren,t&L t&e st(##L t&e t!lentL ! d!(ntin, t!s9L t&e te&nolo,'L Ht&eL eno(,&6
ti"eL t&e tr!inin,L t&e +i,o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO t&e +i,or NUSAOL oneZs
#!+o(rite NGBO NoO #!+orite NUSAO 7!'sL ! 7!rr!ntL t&e 7&ere7it&!lL t&e 7ill%o7erL
Ht&e6 7isdo"L t&e 7its$ et1$ Hsb6 &ide sbL st&$ Hsb6 &ire sb$ Hsb6 &old sbZs !r"$ Hsb6
&orri#' sb$ Hsb6 &("o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO &("or NUSAO sb$ Hsb6 &(rt sb$ Hsb6
identi#' sbL st&$ Hsb6 i,nore oneZs reo""end!tion$ Hsb6 i"%le"ent sol(tions$ Hsb6
i"%ose ontrols$ Hsb6 inline oneZs e!r$ Hsb6 inl(de !n !tte"%t$ Hsb6 introd(e
re#or"s$ Hsb6 in+est Hso"e6 "one'$ Hsb6 ir9 sb$ Hsb6 .oin t&e #i,&tL #oresL sb$ Hsb6
.(sti#' t&e e##ort$ Hsb6 9ee% ! reordL oneZs &!ndL oneZs %ro"ises$ Hsb6 l!(n& oneZs
bidL ! !"%!i,nL ! dri+eL ! "issionL ! %ro,r!""e NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO !
%ro,r!" NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL !n str!te,'$ Hsb6 le!rn so"e tri9s$ Hsb6 liense sb$
Hsb6 le!rn st&$ Hsb6 li#t t&e s!ntions$ Hsb6 loose st&$ Hsb6 "!9e !n !,ree"entL !n
!tte"%tL !n !rr!n,e"entL !n !tte"%tL ! o""it"entL ! o"%!tL ! d!teL !nL t&e
deisionL t&e NoO !n e##ortL !n ende!+o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO !n ende!+or
NUSAOL ! "otionL ! "o+eL !n o##erL ! %led,eL %re%!r!tionsL it ! %rini%leL ! %ro"iseL
! %(s&L ! re/(estL t&e r(lin,L senseL st&L s(,,estionsL Ht&e6 ti"eL ! tr'L ! +o7$ Hsb6
"!ni%(l!te sbL st&$ Hsb6 "iss t&e o%%ort(nit'$ "oti+!te sb$ Hsb6 n!, sb$ Hsb6 need
,(id!neL "one'L ! +is!$ Hsb6 need ! %roed(reL ! ti"et!bleL 7!ter$ Hsb6 ne,let
oneZs d(ties$ Hsb6 ner+e onesel# H!r"!rse de +!lor6$ Hsb6 note oneZs i"%!tiene$ Hsb6
obt!in ! dis%ens!tion$ Hsb6 o##end sb$ Hsb6 o##er ! &!neL inenti+esL t&e "e!nsL t&e
"et&odL !n o%%ort(nit'L t&e re!sonL t&e res%onsibilit'$ Hit6 o%en oneZs !r"sL
o%%ort(nities$ Hsb6 o%%ose sb$ Hsb6 %!r9 t&e !r$ Hsb6 %!ss ! bill$ Hsb6 %!' "one'L t&e
%en!lt'L sb$ Hsb6 %ers(!de sb$ Hsb6 %ert(rb sb$ Hsb6 %ester sb$ Hsb6 %&oto,r!%& sbL st&$
Hsb6 %l!' ! H,re!t6 role N"s (s!doOL rwle$ Hsb6 %le!se sb$ Hsb6 %l(9 (% o(r!,e$ Hsb6
%r!' sb$ Hsb6 %re%!re sbL st&$ Hsb6 %ress sb$ Hsb6 %ress(re sb$ Hsb6 %ress(rizeL
%ress(rise NGBO sb$ Hsb6 %roess t&e d!t!$ Hsb6 %rod(e st&$ Hsb6 %ro,r!""e NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL %ro,r!" NUSA %rini%!l"enteO sbL st&$ Hsb6 %ro"ote sb$ Hsb6
%ro+ide !d+ieL ! ,ood e-!"%leL in#or"!tionL t&e "e!nsL ! "et&odL ! 7!'$ Hsb6
%ro+o9e sb$ %(nis& sb$ Hsb6 %(s& onesel#$ Hsb6 %(s& sb$ Hsb6 %(t ! lot o# "one'$ Hsb6
/(!li#' sb$ Hsb6 r!ise sb$ Hsb6 r!ti#' t&e !,ree"ent$ Hsb6 re!& ! de!lL !n
(nderst!ndin,$ Hsb6 re!d ! boo9$ Hsb6 reei+e !n !%%ro!&L !n in+it!tionL !n orderL !
re"inderL ! s(b%oen!L ! s(""ons$ Hsb6 rer(it sb$ Hsb6 reIed(!te onesel#$ re#res&
st&$ Hsb6 reIed(!te onesel#$ Hsb6 re,(l!te str(t(resL te&nolo,ies$ Hsb6 re.et !n
in+it!tionL !n o##erL ! %ro%os!l$ Hsb6 rene7 oneZs e##orts$ Hsb6 reno(ne t&e 7orld$
Hsb6 re/(isition st&$ Hsb6 roster sb$ Hsb6 r(s& sb$ Hsb6 s!ri#ie oneZs li#e$ Hsb6 s!tis#'
sb$ Hsb6 s!+e sbL st&$ Hsb6 s!' st&$ Hsb6 s!re sb$ Hsb6 s&ed(le st&$ Hsb6 sold sb$ Hsb6
sed(e sb$ Hsb6 see oneZs #!il(reL t&e s%ei!l obser+!tionL t&e o%%ort(nit'L sb$ Hsb6
see9 !n in.(ntionL !n o%%ort(nit'$ Hsb6 selet sb$ Hsb6 sell st&L sb$ Hsb6 send st&$ Hsb6
set oneZs "indL onesel#L %riorities$ Hsb6 s&!re t&e str(,,le$ Hsb6 s&i#t sbL st&$ Hsb6
s&o9 sb$ Hsb6 s&o7 onesel#$ Hsb6 s&(n sbL st&$ Hsb6 si9en sb$ Hsb6 si,n !n
!,ree"entL ! de!lL ! do("ent$ Hsb6 s9i% ! l!ss$ Hsb6 s%!re no e##ort$ Hsb6 s%end st&$
Hit6 st!rtle sb$ Hsb6 steel onesel#$ Hsb6 sti"(l!te sb$ Hsb6 stret& st&$ Hsb6 s(,,est H! #e76
7!'s$ Hsb6 s(r%rise sb$ Hsb6 t!ilor st&$ Hsb6 t!9e bribesL !reL t&e deisionL
eno(r!,e"entL &o(rsL !n o!t&L !n ob.etL t&e o%%ort(nit'L %!insL %re!(tionsL t&e
ti"eL ! ti"eHI6o(t NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL t&e tro(bleL ! +ote$ Hit6 t!9e de!des #or
st&$ Hsb6 t!9e it (%on onesel# H"eterse !6$ Hit6 t!9e sb$ Hsb6 terri#' sb$ Hsb6 tire sb$ Hsb6
tor"ent sb$ Hsb6 tort(re sb$ Hsb6 tr!in sb$ Hsb6 t7e!9 t&in,s$ Hsb6 (nite sb$ Hsb6 (n+eil !
str!te,'$ Hsb6 (%set sb$ Hsb6 (se sbL st&4 t&e InternetL t&e o!sion$ et1$ Hit6 +e- sb$
Hsb6 +iol!te t&e %ro"ise$ Hsb6 +ote %l!ns$ Hsb6 7!l9 t&e do,$ Hsb6 7elo"e sbL st&$
Hsb6 7ill sb$ Hsb6 7it&st!nd sbL st&$ Hsb6 7or9 o(t ! te&ni/(e$ Hsb6 7orr' sb$ et1 E.14
Ee !%%ointed &er to ,o Hl l! desi,n3 ! ell! %!r! ir6M T&e' !rr!n,ed ! dinner to
elebr!te t&eir !nni+ers!r' HPre%!r!ron (n! en! %!r! elebr!r s( !ni+ers!rio6M Ee
on+ined &er to ,oL t!9e %!rt Hl l! on+eni3 %!r! /(e Hse6 #(er!L se %resent!r!6M
Ee #!es t&e onse/(enes to !%%e!se t&e ritis Hl se en#rent! ! l!s onse(eni!s
%!r! tr!n/(iliz!r ! los detr!tores6M S&e #ell o+er &ersel# Nolo/(i!lO to %le!se (s
HEll! se des+i+F! %orL %!r! !,r!d!rnos6M S&e didnZt ,i+e %er"ission to le!+e HEll! no
dio %er"iso %!r! "!r&!r6M S&e &eld &is !r" to ross t&e stre!" HEll! se !,!rr3 de
s( br!zo %!r! r(z!r el ri!&(elo6M T&e' 9ee% ! reord to 9no7 better HTo"!n not!
%!r! s!berlo "e.or6M mo( need ! +is! to ,o to Indi! HNeesit!s (n +is!do %!r! ir ! l!
Indi!6M Ee ner+ed &i"sel# to tell &er !bo(t it Hl se !r"3 de +!lor %!r! deFrselo !
ell!6M Ee %ers(!ded &er to o"e Hl l! %ers(!di3 %!r! /(e +inier!6M S&e %r!'ed &i"
to &el% &er HEll! le ro,3 ! 0l H%!r!6 /(e l! !'(d!r!6M T&e' %(s&ed &i" to %!' HLe
%resion!ron %!r! /(e %!,!r!6M S&e reei+ed !n !%%ro!& to .oin t&e st!## o# t&e
ne7s%!%er HEll! reibi3 (n! %ro%(est! %!r! #or"!r %!rte del %erson!l del %eri3dio6M
Ee reno(ned t&e 7orld to beo"e ! "on9 Hl ren(ni3 !l "(ndo %!r! &!erse
"on.e6M Ee s!'s it to %le!se 'o( Hl lo die %!r! !,r!d!rte6M S&e sends &er lot&es to
be 7!s&ed HEll! d! l! ro%! ! l!+!r6M Ee s%ent "ore t&!n it is 7ort& to re%!irL in
order to re%!irL so !s to re%!ir it Hl ,!st3 "s de lo /(e +!le %!r!L on el #in deL on
el #in de re%!r!rlo6M Ee (ses it to o%en t&e door Hl lo (tiliz! %!r! !brir l! %(ert!6$ et1
D1 =155C15$ =155C1:
Se %(eden (s!r t!"bi0n Qin order toL so !s toQ en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M en
ne,!ti+! se s(elen (s!r Qin order not toL so !s not toQ en +ez de Qnot toQ$ sobre todo
del!nte de +erbos esttios ' (!ndo el in#initi+o on UtoV +! en #or"! ne,!ti+!1 E.14
Ee &!s bo(,&t ! !r in orderL so !s not to 7!l9 to 7or9 Hl &! o"%r!do (n o&e
%!r! NoO on el #in de no ir !nd!ndo !l tr!b!.o6M Ee did it in orderL so !s not to !(se
%roble"s Hl lo &izo %!r! NoO on el #in de no !(s!r %roble"!s61
2+ @n nombre o pronombre personal ob%eto referido a una persona o cosa no
precedido de MtoM D infinitivo con ;to< sin valor finalM se (s!n ,ener!l"ente s3lo
en !ti+! de est! #or"!4 Hsb6 !d"ire oneZs deter"in!tion$ Hsb6 !##ir" Nliter!rioO oneZs
o""it"ent$ Hsb6 !nno(ne oneZs 7is&$ Hsb6 !%%rei!te oneZs e!,erness$ Hit6 !+!il
not&in,$ Hsb6 belie+e st&$ Hsb6 !nZt !##ord sbL st&$ Hit6 !(se onesel#$ Hit6 !(se t&e
ob.etL t&e 7orld$ Hsb6 ontest oneZs ri,&t$ Hit6 ost ! #ort(ne$ Hsb6 del!re st&$ Hsb6
dee" st&$ Hsb6 de%lore oneZs (n7illin,ness$ Hit6 destro' t&e instint$ Hit6 de+elo% !
tenden'$ Hsb6 disli9e st&$ Hsb6 e-%ress ! desireL oneZs intentionL ! 7is&$ Hsb6 #eel
Hsentir6 t&e e!,ernessL !n i"%(lseL !n (r,e$ Hit6 #eel !n e-%eriene$ Hsb6 #eel onesel#
Honsider!rse6$ Hsb6 #eel it Hh !d.eti+o6 Honsider!r Hh !d.eti+o66$ Hsb6 #i- t&e
obli,!tion$ Hsb6 #orbid st&$ Hsb6 ,(ess Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO oneZs !,e$
Hsb6 &!+e t&e !bilit'L !n !ltern!ti+eL !n-iet'L t&e !(d!it'L t&e !%!bilit'L t&e &ee9L
t&e &oieL t&e o""it"entL ! o"%(lsionL Ht&e6 o(r!,eL t&e desireL t&e
deter"in!tionL t&e dili,eneL ! d(t'L t&e e##ronter'L eli,ibilit'L t&e #!e Hl!
des#!&!tez6L t&e #!rsi,&tednessL t&e #oresi,&tL t&e #oret&o(,&tL t&e #reedo"L t&e
,!llL t&e ,ood ,r!eL t&e ,(ts Hl!s !,!ll!s6L ! &!n9erin,L t&e &onest'L t&e &ono(r
NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO t&e &onor NUSAOL t&e i"%ertineneL t&e i"%(deneL !n
inlin!tionL t&e in,en(it'L t&e initi!ti+eL t&e insi,&tL t&e insoleneL t&e inte,rit'L t&e
intelli,eneL t&e intentionL it in sb Hno ser (s(!l en !l,(ien6L !n it&L t&e Hb!dL ,ood6
l(9L ! H,ood6 "indL t&e "is#ort(neL t&e needL t&e ner+eL !n obli,!tionL H!n6
o!sionL !n NoO t&e o%tionL t&e %!tieneL t&e %ere%ti+enessL t&e %erse+er!neL t&e
%ersisteneL t&e %ers%i!it'L t&e %ers(!si+enessL t&e %l!nL t&e %l(9 Hel +!lorL
or!.e6L t&e %oiseL t&e %r!tie NGBO NoO t&e %r!tise NUSAOL ! %redis%ositionL t&e
%rideL t&e %ro"iseL ! %ro%ensit'L t&e %ro%os!lL ! re"it Hel o"etido6L ! NoO t&e
res%onsibilit'L t&e ri,&tL t&e role N"s (s!doO NoO t&e rwleL t&e s%(n9 Nolo/(i!lOL t&e
t!tL t&e te"erit'L t&e ten!it'L ! NoO t&e tenden'L t&e (r,eL ! 7&i"L t&e 7is&L ! NoO
t&e 'e!rnin,$ et1$ Hit6 &!+e so"e 7!'L ! lon, 7!'$ Hit6 &(rt onesel#$ Hsb6 9no7 st&$
Hsb6 l!9 t&e !%!it'L t&e st!"in!L t&e stren,t&$ Hsb6 lose t&e !bilit'L oneZs !%%e!l$
Hsb6 "!int!in st&$ Hsb6 "!9e (% oneZs "ind$ Hsb6 "e!n st&$ Hsb6 note oneZs %roli+it'$
Hsb6 o##er Hsb6 t&e %ossibilit'$ Hsb6 o%%ose t&e "o+e$ Hsb6 %led,e onesel#
Ho"%ro"eterse !6$ Hsb6 %ro+e onesel#$ Hsb6 reei+e notie$ Hsb6 re#(se t&e in+it!tionL
%er"issionL t&e te"%t!tion$ Hsb6 re,ret oneZs deision$ Hsb6 reser+e t&e ri,&t$ Hsb6
resist %ress(reL t&e te"%t!tion$ Hsb6 re+e!l onesel#$ Hsb6 set onesel#$ HsbL it6 s&!9e
oneZs resol+e$ Hsb6 s&o7 little inlin!tion$ Hit6 t!9e reso(res$ Hit6 t!9e !,esL !n &o(rL
Hso"e6 d!'sL Hso"e6 ti"e H#or sb6$ Hsb6 t!9e !re$ Hsb6 (nderst!nd st&$ Hsb6 7is& st&$
et1 E.14 T&e' !nno(ned t&eir 7is& to ,o HM!ni#est!ron s( deseo de ir6M T&e'
belie+ed t&!t to beL 7!s orret H*reF!n /(e eso NoO !/(ello er! orreto6M S&e
disli9es &er &o"e to beL t&!t &er &o"e be dirt' HA ell! le des!,r!d! /(e l! !s! est0
s(i!6M T&e' e-%ressed t&eir intention to ,o !bro!d HE-%res!ron s( inteni3n de ir !l
e-tr!n.ero6M Ee #elt itL t&!t it 7!s i"%ort!nt to ,o Hl onsider!b! i"%ort!nte ir6M Ee
#orbids t&is boo9 to be %(blis&edL t&!t t&is boo9 be %(blis&ed Hl %ro&Fbe /(e se
%(bli/(e este libro6M S&e &!s t&e !bilit'L o!sion to s7i" HEll! tiene l! !%tit(d
%!r!L o!si3n de n!d!r6M S&e &!s di##i(ltiesL t&e ner+eL t&e ri,&tL t&e tenden'L t&e
7is&$ et1$ to s!' t&!t 111 HEll! tiene di#i(lt!des %!r!L l! !r! NoO #res(r! deL el
dere&o !L l! tendeni! !L el deseo de deir /(e 1116M Ee &!d t&e #!e to %rotest Hl
t(+o l! des#!&!tez de %rotest!r6M S&e didnZt &!+e t&e sense to tell (s HEll! no t(+o l!
sens!tez de deFrnoslo6M Ple!s(re t&e' "!int!in to beL is t&e re!son #or doin, it
HM!ntienen /(e el %l!er es l! r!z3n %!r! &!erlo6M Ee "e!ns t&e %ro.et to s(eed
Hl /(iere /(e el %ro'eto tri(n#e6M It 7ill t!9e t7o &o(rs #or t&e" to !rri+e
HT!rd!rn dos &or!s en lle,!rL Les lle+!r dos &or!s lle,!r6M >&!t do 'o(
(nderst!nd ,lob!liz!tionL ,lob!lis!tion NGBO to "e!nT HWJ(0 rees /(e si,ni#i! l!
,lob!liz!i3nT6M Ee 7is&es t&e e+ent to t!9e %l!e Hl dese! /(e el !ontei"iento
ten,! l(,!r61 D1 =155C15I8
-+ @n nombre# pronombre 'ue /ace la funcin de complemento indirecto D
un nombre 'ue /ace la funcin de complemento directo D infinitivo4 Hsb6
!d+!ne$ Hit6 !##ord$ Hsb6 !llo7$ Hsb6 !s9$ Hsb6 !ssi,n$ Hsb6 !7!rd$ Hsb6 b!9e$ Hsb6
be/(e!t& Hle,!r6$ Hsb6 boil$ Hsb6 boo9$ Hsb6 brin,$ Hsb6 b(ild$ Hsb6 b('$ Hsb6 !ll$ Hsb6
!s&$ Hsb6 !(se$ Hsb6 &!n,e$ Hsb6 &!r,e$ Hsb6 &oose$ Hsb6 oo9$ Hit6 ost$ Hsb6 (t$
Hsb6 de!l$ Hsb6 dedi!te$ Hsb6 den'$ Hsb6 desi,n$ Hsb6 do$ Hsb6 dro% H! &int6$ Hsb6 ReI
"!ilL Re"!il$ Hsb6 #!-$ Hsb6 #et&$ Hsb6 #ind$ Hsb6 #i-$ Hsb6 #or7!rd$ Hsb6 #r'$ Hsb6 ,et$
Hsb6 ,i+e Hsb t&e notieL %er"issionL stren,t&$ et16$ Hit6 ,i+e Hsb ! +o!tion$ et16$ Hsb6
,r!nt$ Hsb6 ,(!r!ntee$ Hsb6 &!nd$ Hsb6 9ee%$ Hsb6 9nit$ Hsb6 le!se$ Hsb6 le!+e$ Hsb6 lend$
Hsb6 lo!n$ Hsb6 "!il$ Hsb6 "!9e$ Hsb6 "ention$ Hsb6 "i-$ Hsb6 o##er$ Hsb6 order H%edir6$
Hsb6 %!int$ Hsb6 %i9$ Hsb6 %!ss$ Hsb6 %!'$ Hsb6 %er"it$ Hsb6 %l!' Hto!r6$ Hsb6 %ost$ Hsb6
%o(r$ Hsb6 %re%!re$ Hsb6 %ro"ise$ Hsb6 re!d$ Hsb6 reo""end$ Hsb6 re#(nd$ Hsb6 re#(se$
Hsb6 re"it$ Hsb6 rent$ Hsb6 re%!'$ Hsb6 reser+e$ Hsb6 re+e!l$ Hsb6 s!+e$ Hsb6 se(re$ Hsb6
sell$ Hsb6 send$ Hsb6 ser+e$ Hsb6 set$ Hsb6 s&o7 Hsb t&e 7!'$ et16$ Hsb6 sin,$ Hsb6 slie$
Hsb6 s%!re$ Hsb6 t!9e$ Hsb6 te!&$ Hsb6 tele-$ Hsb6 tell$ Hsb6 t&ro7$ Hsb6 toss Htir!rL
l!nz!r6$ Hsb6 7ire$ Hsb6 7in$ Hsb6 7is&$ Hsb6 7rite$ et1 E.14 Ee &!s ,i+en &i" t&e
&!ne to %!ss Hl le &! d!do l! %osibilid!d de !%rob!r6M S&e &!s ,i+en &i" notieL
t&e 7!rnin, not to %!ss HEll! le &! !+is!doL &e&o l! !d+erteni! ! 0l %!r! /(e no
%!se6M T&e' s&o7ed &er t&e 7!' to do it HLe "ostr!ron ! ell! l! #or"! de &!erlo6M
It too9 &i" so"e ti"e to re!lizeL re!lise NGBO t&e #!t HLe lle+3 !l,o de tie"%o
d!rse (ent! del &e&o6$ et1
3+ @n nombre# pronombre personal ob%eto precedido de una preposicin D
infinitivo4 Hsb6 !t 7it& t&e o""it"ent$ Hsb6 !%%e!l to Hsb6$ Hsb6 !%%e!r to Hsb6$ Hsb6
!s9 #or HsbL it6$ Hit6 be !bo(t Ht&e !id6$ Hit6 be !d+is!bleL dist!ste#(lL o%en to Hsb6$ Hsb6
be !t H! loss6$ Hit6 be #or Hsb6$ Hsb6 be on t&e tr!il$ Hit6 be (nli9e Hsb6$ Hit6 be (% to Hsb6$
Hsb6 brin, in HsbL it6$ Hsb6 brin, (% HsbL it6$ Hsb6 !ll #or &el%$ Hsb6 !ll on Hsb6 H!%el!r !
H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 o"e (nder H%ress(re6$ Hsb6 o(nt on Hsb6$ Hit6 de+ol+e on Hsb6 Hto!r
! !l,(ien6$ Hit6 di##er #ro" Hsb6$ Hsb6 enter into H!n !,ree"ent6$ Hit6 #!ll to HoneZs lot6
Hto!r ! (no6$ Hsb6 ,o o(t o# HoneZs 7!'6$ Hsb6 ,o to H,re!t len,t&s6$ Hsb6 loo9 #or Hsb6$
Hit6 loo9 li9e Hsb6$ Hit6 "o+e in t&e %ro%er diretion$ Hit6 o(r to Hsb6$ Hsb6 %le!d 7it&
Hsb6$ Hsb6 rel' on Hsb6$ Hsb6 s!ri#ie to Hsb6$ Hsb6 s&o(t !tL to Hsb6$ si,n to Hsb6$ Hsb6
st!' H#or6 t7o de!des$ Hsb6 s(,,est to Hsb6$ Hsb6 'ell !t Hsb6 H,rit!r ! H!l,(ien66$ et1
E.14 S&e !%%e!led to t&e" to o"e #or7!rd HEll! les &izo (n ll!"!"iento %!r! /(e
se %resent!r!n o"o testi,os del &e&o6M T&e' 7ent o(t o# t&eir 7!' to be &el%#(l
HSe des+i+ieron %or !'(d!r6M S&e %le!ds 7it& &i" to ,o HEll! le s(%li! /(e +!'!6M
Ee si,ned to &er to o"e N#in!lid!dO Hl le &izo se)!les ! ell! %!r! /(e +inier!6M Ee
s(,,ested to &er to b(' ! better 7!s&in, "!&ine Hl le s(,iri3 ! ell! /(e o"%r!r!
(n! l!+!dor! "e.or6$ et1
6+ @n nombre# pronombre seguido de un adverbio D infinitivoM son !l,(nos de
los +erbos !d+erbi!les tr!nsiti+os #le-ibles4 Hsb6 brin, ! &ild inL o(tL (%$ Hsb6 l!' sb
o##$ et1 D1 ?1;<1;
=15551I Cuando se usa un infinitivo se suele poner otro infinitivo con MtoM o sin
MtoM detr!s en ingls est!ndar no una forma verbal en 5ing, pero en ingls
colo'uial se puede usar el gerundio1 E.14 To deno(ne &i" !nd Hto6 %r!ise
Nestnd!rOL %r!isin, Nolo/(i!lO &i" !#ter7!rds is not lo,i!l HDen(ni!rle ' !l!b!rle
des%(0s no es l3,io6M It is "ore di##i(lt #or &i" to de#end &is title t&is 'e!r t&!n to
7in Nestnd!rOL 7innin, Nolo/(i!lO l!st 'e!r HEs "s di#Fil %!r! 0l de#ender s(
tFt(lo este !)o /(e ,!n!r el !)o %!s!do61
=15581I = veces, se puede usar un verbo seguido de4
*+ MaboutM D gerundio o infinitivo con ;to<1 E.14 I donZt !,ree !bo(t doin, it
!,!in HNo esto' de !(edo on &!erlo de n(e+o6 ' UI donZt !,ree to do it !,!inV
HNo onsiento enL !e%to &!erlo de n(e+o6M S&eZs !n-io(s !bo(t &!n,in, t&in,s
HEll! est %reo(%!d! sobre el &e&o de !"bi!r Hl!s6 os!s6 ' US&eZs !n-io(s to
&!n,e t&in,sV HEll! tiene ,!n!s deL est dese!ndo !"bi!r Hl!s6 os!s6M S&e is
!n-io(s H#or &i"6 to see t&is HEll! est deseos! de H/(e 0l +e!6 +er esto6M Hsb6 be
!,&!stL !,o,L !,ree!bleL !l!r"edL !"!zedL !"bitio(sL !"(sedL !n,r'L !nno'edL
!n-io(sL !%%!lledL !s&!"edL !stonis&edL !7#(lL b!dL be7ilderedL boredL !re#(lL
!relessL !(tio(sL ert!inL le+erL onernedL on#(sedL onstr!inedL ontentedL
r!z'L (rio(sL de.etedL deli,&tedL de%ressedL desiro(sL des%er!teL deter"inedL
de+!st!tedL di##i(ltL di,ni#iedL dis!R%%ointedL disRo(r!,edL disR,(stedL disR&e!rtenedL
disinRlinedL disR"!'edL disRtressedL disRt(rbedL e!,erL el!tedL e"b!rr!ssedL
en&!ntedL enr!,edL e-!s%er!tedM Ee is e-ited !bo(t 7ritin, ! no+el Hl est
ent(si!"!do en esribir (n! no+el!6M S&e is e-ited to ,o on &olid!' HEll! est
ent(si!s"!d! en ir de +!!iones6M Hsb6 be #!irL #!sin!tedL too #e!r#(lL #l!tteredL
#r(str!tedM S&eZs #(rio(s !bo(t &e!rin, N"enos (s!doOL to &e!r N"s (s!doO it HEll!
se %one #(rios! !l oFrlo6M Hsb6 be ,enero(sM IZ" ,l!d !bo(t %!ssin, t&e test Nindi!
%!s!doO HEsto' ontento de &!ber %!s!do el test6M IZ" ,l!d !bo(t 'o(r %!ssin, t&e
test Nindi! %!s!doO HEsto' ontento de /(e &!'!s %!s!do el test6M IZ" ,l!d to %!ss
t&e testL see 'o( Nindi! %resente o #(t(roO HEsto' ontento de %!s!r el testL +erte6M
IZ" ,l!d to &!+e %!ssed t&e test Nindi! %!s!doO HEsto' ontento de &!ber %!s!do el
test6M Hsb6 be ,r!te#(lM EeZs &!%%' !bo(t s!'in,L to s!' t&is Hl est ontento de deir
esto6M Hsb6 be &e!rtbro9enL &el%#(lL &el%lessM S&eZs &esit!nt !bo(t ,oin,L to ,o HEll!
est indeis! sobre ir o no6M Hsb6 be R&ono(rIRstr(9 NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O
R&onorIRstr(9 NUSAOL &orri#iedL &("ili!tedL idiotiL RillI!dR+isedL RillIdisR%osedM EeZs
i"%!tient !bo(t ,oin, N"enos (s!doOL to ,o N"s (s!doO t&ere Hl est i"%!iente
%or ir !llF6M Hsb6 be i"%ertinentL i"%otentL inensedL in#(ri!tedL insistentL intri,(edL
irrit!tedL .(bil!ntL "ind#(lL "'sti#iedL n!Ri+e N"s (s!doO NoO n!R+eL n(tsL o##endedL
o+erR.o'edL %er%le-edL %ert(rbedM T&e' !re %le!sed !bo(t %&onin,L to %&one 'o(
HEstn ontentos de ll!"!rte %or tel0#ono6M Hsb6 be %oliteL %o7erlessL %ro(dL
%(zzledL relie+edL rel(t!ntL resol+edL retientL ri,&tL r(deL s!redL (n/(!li#iedL
(n7illin,L (%setL (selessL +e-edM I !" 7orried !bo(t "issin, t&e tr!in HMe %reo(%!
%erder el tren6M EeZs 7orried to &e!r t&is HA 0l le %reo(%! oFr esto6M Hsb6 beo"e
retientM S&e !res !bo(t &el%in, 'o( Ni S&e is interested in &el%in, 'o(O HEll! se
%reo(%! de !'(d!rte Ni Ell! est interes!d! en !'(d!rteO6M >o(ld 'o( !re to .oin
(s #or dinnerT HWLe ,(st!rF! en!r on nosotrosT6M S&e dre!"s !bo(t b('in, ! &o(se
HEll! s(e)! sobre l! %osibilid!d de o"%r!r (n! !s!6M S&e dre!"s o# b('in, !
&o(se HEll! s(e)! on o"%r!r (n! !s!6M S&e dre!"s to #or,et &er %roble"s HEll!
s(e)! %!r! ol+id!r s(s %roble"!s6M Ee #o(nd o(t !bo(t oo9in,L &o7 to oo9 !n
o"elette Hl !+eri,(3 3"o oin!r (n! tortill!6M S&e #or,ot !bo(t boo9in,
Nolo/(i!lOL to boo9 Nestnd!rO t&e ti9et HEll! se ol+id3 de reser+!r el billete6M
DonZt #or,et !bo(t tellin, Nolo/(i!lOL to tell Nestnd!rO 'o(r %!rents] H\No te ol+ides
de deFrselo ! t(s %!dres]6M Hsb6 ,oM Hsb6 &!+e t&e &oieM Ee 9no7s !bo(t &e!tin,L
&o7 to &e!t ot&ers Hl s!be 3"o en,!)!r ! otros6M S&e le!rns !bo(t s7i""in,L
&o7 to s7i" "ore /(i9l' HEll! !%rende ! n!d!r "s r%ido6M Ee re"inded &er
!bo(t %!'in, t&e rent Hl le reord3 ! ell! loL sobre el &e&o de %!,!r l! rent!6L Ee
re"inded &er o# #eedin, t&e do, Hl le reord!b!L reord3 ! ell! (n %erro (!ndo
o"F!6 ' UEe re"inded &er to %!' t&e rentV Hl le reord3 ! ell! /(e tenF! /(e %!,!r
l! rent!6M Hsb6 s%e!9L t!l9 ND1 =15<:15OM Ee told &er !bo(t 7!s&in, t&e !r Hl le ont3
! ell! sobre el &e&o de l!+!r el o&e6 ' UEe told &er to 7!s& t&e !rV Hl le "!nd3
! ell! l!+!r el o&e6M t&ere h be no &(rr'L Hno6 %!%erL ! %l!nL ! %ro%os!lL ! s&e"eL
! te"%t!tionL no (r,en'M S&e t&o(,&t !bo(t &el%in, (sL not tellin, (s HEll! %ens3
en l! %osibilid!d de !'(d!rnosL no deFrnoslo6M S&e t&o(,&t o# &el%in, (sL ,oin,
t&ere HEll! %ens3 en !'(d!rnosL ir !llF6M I &!d not t&o(,&t to see 'o( HNo &!bF!
%ens!do +erte6L S&e t&o(,&t /(i9l' to Ni in order toO !+oid !n !identL ,i+e !n
!ns7er HEll! %ens3 r%id!"ente %!r! e+it!r (n !identeL d!r (n! res%(est!6$ et1
2+ Mabout# forM D gerundio o infinitivo con ;to<1 E.14 Ee is !797!rd !bo(t
%l!'in, &ess Hl es di#Fil %!r!L re!io !L retiente ! .(,!r !l !.edrez6M Ee is
!797!rd !t %l!'in, &ess Hl es tor%e .(,!ndoL %!r! .(,!r !l !.edrez6M ItZs R!797!rd
H#or 'o(6 to s!' no HEs in3"odo %!r! ti deir no6M ItZs R!797!rd o# 'o( to s!' no
HEs (n! tor%ez! %or t( %!rte deir no6M EeZs sorr' !bo(tL #or &(rtin, 'o( Nindi!
%!s!doO Hl se !rre%iente de &!berte &e&o d!)o6 ' UEeZs sorr' to &!+e &(rtL Ht&!t6
&e &(rt 'o(V Nindi! %!s!doO Hl se !rre%iente de &!berte &e&o d!)o6$ %ero QEeZs
sorr' to bot&er 'o(Q Nindi! %resente o #(t(roO Hl siente "olest!rte6M T&e' !re sorr'
!bo(t &e!rin, it Nindi! %!s!doO HSienten &!berlo oFdo6M T&e' !re sorr' to &e!r it
Nindi! %resenteO HSienten oFrlo6M T&e' !re sorr' to le!+e Nindi! %resente o #(t(roO
HSienten irse6M T&ere !re %ros%ets !bo(t endin, t&e i+il 7!r HE!' %ers%eti+!s
sobre el &e&o de ter"in!r l! ,(err! i+il6M T&ere !re %ros%ets #or endin, N"s
(s!doOL to end N"enos (s!doO t&e i+il 7!r HE!' %ers%eti+!s %!r! ter"in!r l!
,(err! i+il6M T&ere !re %ros%ets o# doin, it HE!' %ers%eti+!s de &!erlo6$ et1
2+ MatM D gerundio o infinitivo con ;to<1 E.14 Ee !i"s !t 7innin,L to 7in ! %rize
Hl se %ro%one ,!n!r (n %re"io6M S&e !i"s to ,o HEll! /(iereL se %ro%one ir6M 7it&
!ti+ities !i"ed !t e-%loitin,L to e-%loit reso(res Hon !ti+id!des diri,id!s !
e-%lot!r re(rsos6M S&eZs !"!zed !t seein,L to see &i" HEll! est !so"br!d! de
+erleL lo6M S&e is !"!zed to &e!r it HEll! est !so"br!d! de oFrlo6M T&e' !re !n,r' !t
&!+in,L to &!+e !rri+ed l!te HEstn en#!d!dos %or &!ber lle,!do t!rde6M EeZs
!nno'ed !t losin,L to lose &is "one' Hl est en#!d!do %or %erder el dinero6M S&e is
!nno'ed to tell ! lie HEll! est en#!d!d! %orL "olest! !l deir (n! "entir!6M S&e is
!%t !t %i9in, (% l!n,(!,es HEll! es "(' b(en! %!r! !%render idio"!s6 ' UT&e' !re
!%t N%!r! !l,o ne,!ti+o o des!,r!d!ble ' ob.eti+o o ne(troO to #eel t&e oldV HTienen
tendeni!L Son %ro%ensos ! sentir el #rFo6M Hsb6 be H#!r N( otro !d+erbioO6 better
Nt!"bi0n on UinVOM Ee is &!,rined !t &e!rin,L to &e!r it Hl est dis,(st!do de
oFrlo6M Hsb6 be le+erM I 7!s dis!%%ointed !t not seein, 'o( HMe lle+0 (n! desil(si3n
!l no +erte6 ' UI 7!s dis!%%ointed to &e!r t&e ne7sV HMe lle+0 (n! desil(si3n !l oFr
l!Hs6 notii!Hs66M Hsb6 be o##endedM As 7e ,etL ,ro7 older$ t&e bod' is less e##iient !t
b(rnin, (% !lories HSe,2n +!"os en+e.eiendo$ el (er%o es "enos e#iiente en l!
/(e"! de !lorF!s6M S&e is "ore e##iient to sell %rod(ts HEll! es "s e#iiente %!r!
+ender %rod(tos6M Ee is ,ood !t tellin, .o9esL st(d'in, Nel s(.eto es (n! %erson! o
(n ser !ni"!doO Hl es b(eno ont!ndo &istesL en el est(dio6 ' UEe is ,ood to
st(d'L 7or9V Hl es b(eno %!r! est(di!rL tr!b!.!r6M S&eZs &o%eless !t oo9in, Nel
s(.eto tiene /(e ser (n! %erson!$ no QitQO HA ell! se le d! "(' "!l oin!rL Ell! es
ne,!d! %!r! oin!r6M ItZs &o%eless tr'in,L to tr' to diss(!de &er Nel s(.eto tiene /(e
ser QitQ$ no (n! %erson!O HEs in2til tr!t!r de dis(!dirl!6M S&e is irrit!ted !t seein,L to
see t&e orr(%tion HEll! est irrit!d! !lL de +er l! orr(%i3n6M Hsb6 be o##endedM
T&e' !re %oor !t e-%loitin, n!t(r!l reso(res HSon "!los en l! e-%lot!i3n de
re(rsos n!t(r!les6M Ee is too %oor to b(' t&is Hl es de"!si!do %obre %!r! o"%r!r
esto6M S&e is /(i9 !tL in !ns7erin, HEll! es r%id! enL %!r! ontest!r6M S&e is /(i9
to le!rn HEll! es r%id! %!r! !%render6M Hsb6 be slo7$ Hsb6 be H(n6s(ess#(lM IZ"
s(r%rised !t 7!9in, (%L to 7!9e (% so l!te HEsto' sor%rendido de &!ber"e
des%ert!do t!n t!rde6M Ee is s(r%rised !t Ri&!rd ,oin, !7!' HLe sor%rende /(e
Ri!rdo se "!r&e6M S&e is s(r%rised to #ind &i" t&ere HEll! se sor%rende de
enontr!rle !llF6M Hsb6 be too terrible$ Hsb6 be (seless$ Hsb6 beo"e b!dL ,oodM S&e
"!de !n !tte"%t !t sol+in, t&e %roble" HEll! &izo (n intento %!r! l! sol(i3n del
%roble"!6M S&e "!de !n !tte"%t to sol+e t&e %roble" HEll! &izo (n intento %!r!
sol(ion!r el %roble"!6M Hsb6 "!9e !tte"%ts$ Hsb6 "!9e ! tr'M T&e &ildren %l!' !t
bein, t&ie+es HLos ni)os .(e,!n ! ser l!drones6M T&e' %l!' to e!rn "one' Hj(e,!n
%!r! ,!n!r dinero6M Hsb6 see" s(r%rised$ Hsb6 s%e!9$ et1
-+ MbM D gerundio o infinitivo con ;to<4 HsbL it6 !t$ Hsb6 beo"e sb$ Hsb6 be,in
b' h ,er(ndio He"%ez!r h ,er(ndio4 S&e be,!n b' doin, t&is HEll! e"%ez3
&!iendo esto6$ Hsb6 be,in Iin, NoO to h in#initi+o4 D1 =15<:18$ Hsb6 bo!st$ Hsb6 &!n,e
t&e r(les$ Hsb6 on#ir" oneZs 7ords$ Hsb6 (sto"izeL (sto"ise NGBO st&$ Hsb6 do$
Hsb6 end Iin, NoO to h in#initi+o4 D1 =15<:15$ Hsb6 #!st$ Hsb6 #inis&$ Hsb6 #ollo7 oneZs
%rini%les$ Hsb6 ,et into tro(bleM T&e' &el%ed b' oo9in, t&e #ood HA'(d!ron
oin!ndo l! o"id!6 ' UT&e' &el%ed to oo9 t&e #oodV HA'(d!ron ! oin!r l!
o"id!6M Hsb6 9ee% oneZs %ro"ises$ Hsb6 le!rn so"e tri9sM Hsb6 li#t t&e s!ntions$ Hsb6
"!9e so"e !d.(st"ent$ Hsb6 o##end sb$ Hsb6 o%%ose sb$ Hsb6 re#(se$ Hsb6 res%ond$
Hsb6 ris9 oneZs 7ellbein,$ Hsb6 st!rt b' h ,er(ndio He"%ez!r h ,er(ndio6$ Hsb6 st!rt
Iin, NoO to h in#initi+o4 D1 =15<:18$ Hsb6 st!rt Ho(t6 ! o(rseL re%ort$ et1 D1 =155C18
3+ MforM D gerundio o infinitivo con ;to<1 E.14 Hsb6 !%olo,izeL !%olo,ise NGBOM
More "one' 7o(ld be !+!il!ble #or &el%in,L to &el% t&e %oor HE!brF! "s dinero
dis%onible %!r! !'(d!r ! los %obres6M Hit6 be riti!lL r(i!l$ Hsb6 be ritiizedL
ritiised NGBO$ Hit6 be desi,ned$ Hit6 be essenti!lM S&e is H(n6#it #or tr!+ellin, NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL tr!+elin, NUSAOL to tr!+el HEll! Hno6 est en ondiiones de +i!.!r6M
ItZs H(n6#it #or !rr'in, #ood HHno6 Es !%ro%i!do %!r! lle+!r o"id!6M ItZs H(n6#it to e!t
HHno6 Est en b(en!s ondiiones6M It Nel s(.eto es (n! os!O is ,ood #or le!nin, t&e
!r HEs b(eno %!r! li"%i!r el o&e6M It is ,ood to do so"et&in, HEs b(eno &!er
!l,o6M EeZs ,r!te#(lL t&!n9#(l #or &!+in,L to &!+e es!%ed 7it& &is li#e Hl d!
,r!i!s ! Dios de &!ber es!%!do on +id!6M Hit6 be ide!lM ItZs i"%ort!nt #or
ontrollin, t&is HEs i"%ort!nte %!r! Hel &e&o de6 ontrol!r esto6 e UItZs i"%ort!nt to
ontrol t&isV HEs i"%ort!nte %!r! ontrol!r esto6M Ee 7!s 9e%t in &is roo" #or bein,
n!(,&t' HA 0l le tenF!n en l! &!bit!i3n %or ser "!lo Ndes%(0s de &!ber sido "!loO6
' UEe 7!s 9e%t in &is roo" to do &is &o"e7or9V HA 0l le tenF!n en l! &!bit!i3n
%!r! &!er los deberes N!ntes de &!erlosO6M Hit6 be 9e%t$ Hit6 be 9e%t !s ! t!r,et$ Hit6 be
! "et&odM EeZs in t&eL no "ood #or tellin, .o9es Hl se sienteL no se siente on
,!n!s %!r! ont!r &istes6M EeZs in t&eL no "ood to tell .o9es Hl se sienteL no se
siente on ,!n!s de ont!r &istes NoO estL no est Hde &("or6 %!r! ont!r &istes6M
Hsb6 be H(n6neess!r'M HsbL it6 be neededM T&e'Zre needed #or s(st!inin, N"enos
(s!doOL to s(st!in N"s (s!doO li#e HSe neesit!n %!r! %reser+!r l! +id!6M ItZs !nL t&e
o!sion #or re.oiin,L to re.oie HEs (n!L l! o!si3n %!r! re,oi.!rse6M ItZs !
%ro,r!"L %ro,r!""e NGB %rini%!l"enteO #or "!9in,L to "!9e "one' HEs (n
%ro,r!"! %!r! &!er dinero6M EeZd be %ro(d #or &er to !e%t t&e in+it!tionL EeZd be
%ro(d o# &er !e%tin, t&e in+it!tion NGBO Hl est!rF! or,(lloso de /(e ell! !e%t!r!
l! in+it!i3n6M T&e' !re /(!li#ied #or te!&in,L to te!& HEstn (!li#i!dos %!r!
ense)!r6M T&e' !re not /(!li#ied to o""ent on t&is HNo estn (!li#i!dos %!r!
&!er o"ent!rios sobre esto6M EeZs re!d' #or ,oin,L to ,o Hl est listo %!r! irHse66M
Hit6 be s(it!ble$ Hsb6 be t&!n9#(l$ Hit6 be t&e 9e' t&in,$ Hit6 be ! tool$ Hit6 be ! tri9$
&ere h be !L t&e tri9M It is (sed #or o"%!rin,L to o"%!re t7o ob.ets HSe (s! %!r!
o"%!r!r dos ob.etos6M T&ese li,&ts !re (sed #or ill("in!tin, t&e st!di(" HSe (s!n
est!s l(es %!r! il("in!r el est!dio6M T&is de+ie is (sed to le!r t&e ro!d HEste
!rte#!to se (s! %!r! des%e.!r l! !rreter!6M ItZs (se#(l #or NoO in %reditin, st&L to
%redit st& HEs 2til %!r! %redeir !l,o6M Hit6 be +it!l$ Hsb6 b(d,et H&!er (n
%res(%(esto6$ Hsb6 on+it sb$ Hsb6 ritiizeL ritiise NGBO sb$ Hsb6 #or,i+e sbM Ee &!s
!(t&orit' #or doin,L to do t&is Hl tiene !(torid!d %!r! &!er esto6M T&e' &!+e !n
e-(se #or ,oin, N"s (s!doOL to ,o N"enos (s!doO t&ere HTienen (n! e-(s! %!r!
ir !&FL !llF6M Do 'o( &!+e !n' o%%ort(nit' #or NoO o# !t&in, (%L to !t& (% on 'o(r
st(diesL #or NoO o# 7or9in,L to 7or9 in t&!t o(ntr'T HWTienes !l,(n! o%ort(nid!d de
%onerte !l dF! en t(s est(diosL de tr!b!.!r en ese NoO !/(el %!FsT6M >e &!d little
o%%ort(nit' #or o"in,L si,&tseein, HTenF!"os %o!s o%ort(nid!des %!r! +enirL
&!er t(ris"o6M S&e &!s ! %re#erene #or 7or9in,L to 7or9 &ere HEll! %re#iere
tr!b!.!r !/(F6M S&e &!s ! %(r%ose #or s!'in,L to s!' t&!t HEll! tiene (n! r!z3n %!r!
deir eso6M Hsb6 &!+e ! s&e"eM >e &!+e Heno(,&6 ti"e #or doin, N"enos (s!doOL to
do N"s (s!doO it HTene"os Hs(#iiente6 tie"%o %!r! &!erlo6M >e &!+e no ti"e #or
doin, N"enos (s!doOL to do N"s (s!doO it HNo tene"os n!d! de tie"%o %!r!
&!erlo6M T&e' need ! ti"et!ble #or endin,L to end t&e 7!r HNeesit!n (n %ro,r!"!
%!r! ter"in!r l! ,(err!6M T&e' need 7!ter #or %ro+idin,L to %ro+ide #!tories
HNeesit!n !,(! %!r! !b!steer ! l!s #bri!s6M mo( &!+e to %!' #or (sin, t&is
HTienes /(e %!,!r %or (s!r esto6M mo( &!+e to %!' to (se t&is HTienes /(e %!,!r %!r!
(s!r esto6M Hsb6 %!' "one'M T&e' !re %!'in, t&e R%en!lt' #or dri+in, too #!stL to
!+oid %roble"s HEstn %!,!ndo l! "(lt! %or ond(ir de"!si!do de%ris!L %!r!
e+it!r %roble"!s6M T&e' %!id &er #or tr!nsl!tin, t&eir letter HLe %!,!ron ! ell! %or
tr!d(ir l! !rt! Ndes%(0s de l! tr!d(i3nO6 ' UT&e' %!id &er to tr!nsl!te t&eir letterV
HLe %!,!ron ! ell! %!r! tr!d(ir l! !rt! N!ntes de l! tr!d(i3nO6M Hsb6 %resent !
rei%eM T&e' %(nis&ed &i" #or "!9in, ille,!l %rod(ts HLe !sti,!ron %or #!bri!r
%rod(tos ile,!les6M T&e' %(nis&ed &i" to de#end t&e l!7 HLe !sti,!ron %!r!
de#ender l! le'6M Hsb6 reIed(!te onesel#$ t&ere h be !,ree"entHs6L no !ll Hnin,2n
"oti+o6L no !(seM T&ereZs ! de!dlineL le,isl!tion #or !%%ro+in,L to !%%ro+e t&e
"e!s(res HE!' (n! #e&! to%e NoO (n %l!zo de entre,!L le,isl!i3n %!r! !%rob!r l!s
"edid!s6M t&ere h be de"!ndHs6L no desireL no i"%et(sL little inenti+eL ! l!7L no
neessit'M T&ere is ! need #or &!n,in,L o# &!n,in,L to &!n,e t&isL #or
eno(r!,in,L to eno(r!,e ot&ersL #or restorin,L to restore de"or!' HE!'
neesid!d %!r!L deL %!r! !"bi!r estoL %!r! !ni"!r ! otrosL de rest!(r!r l!
de"or!i!6M t&ere h be !n o%%ort(nit'L o%%ort(nitiesL ! 7&ite %!%er H(n borr!dor6L
! %l!nL ! %ro%os!lL re!sonL re!sonsL roo"M T&ereZs ! s&e"e #or re'l'n,L to
re'le t&ese %rod(ts HE!' (n %l!nL %ro'eto %!r! reil!r estos %rod(tos6M t&ere
h be ! tenden'L no 7is&$ Hsb6 (se st&M S&e +oted #or &!n,in,L to &!n,e t&e !s%et
HEll! +ot3 %!r! !"bi!r el !s%eto6$ et1 D1 =158BI:C$ @1@1B8
6+ MfromM D gerundio o infinitivo con ;to<4 HsbL it6 deter sb$ HsbL it6 de#let sb$
Hsb6 diso(r!,e sb$ Hsb6 9ee% oneZs &!nd$ et1
8+ MinM D gerundio o infinitivo con ;to<4 Hsb6 !ssist sb$ Hsb6 be o(r!,eo(sM T&is is
r(i!l in (nderst!ndin,L to (nderst!nd t&e %roble" HEsto es r(i!l en l!
o"%rensi3n deL %!r! o"%render el %roble"!6M HsbL it6 be e##eti+e$ Hsb6 be
e-(sedM Ee is #ort(n!te in bein,L to be &!%%' Hl tiene s(erte de ser #eliz6M S&e is
#ort(n!te in &!+in,L to &!+e ! ,ood te!&erL no %roble"s HEll! tiene s(erte deL es
!#ort(n!d! !l tener (n b(en %ro#esorL no tener %roble"!s6M HsbL it6 beL see"
#(nd!"ent!l in h ,er(ndioL to h ,er(ndioL to h in#initi+oM ItZs &el%#(l in dri+in,L to
dri+e t&ro(,& to7n HEs 2til !lL %!r! ond(ir %or l! i(d!d6M I !" interested in
b('in, t&isL 7or9in, &ereL ,oin, Nel ,er(ndio %reedido de QinQ indi! (n! !i3n
%rti! on +erbos o"o Qb('$ o"e$ e"i,r!te$ ,o$ 7or9$ 7riteQ$ et1M se %(ede
(s!r t!"bi0n on Ube$ do$ et1VO HEsto' interes!do en o"%r!r estoL tr!b!.!r !/(FL
irH"e66 ' US&e is interested to &e!r itL to see &o7 lon, it l!stsV Nel in#initi+o on UtoV
indi! !l,o inteleti+o on +erbos o"o Q&e!r$ 9no7$ le!rn$ re!d$ seeQ$ et1$ %ero no
se %(ede (s!r %!r! (n! !i3n %rti! on +erbos o"o Qb('$ o"e$ e"i,r!te$ ,o$
7or9$ 7riteQ$ et1M se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n on Ube$ do$ et1VO HEll! est interes!d! en
oFrloL +er 2!nto tie"%o d(r!6M I 7!s Htoo6 l!te Hin6 ,ettin, N"enos (s!doO t&ere
HLle,(0 Hde"!si!do6 t!rde !&F NoO !llF6L I 7!s too l!te to ,et N"s (s!doO t&ere
HLle,(0 de"!si!do t!rde %!r! ir !&F NoO !llF6M Ee is (s(!ll' %ro"%t in re%l'in, to &er
letters Hl ontest! nor"!l"ente s(s !rt!s en se,(id! NoO ense,(id!6 ' UT&e' 7ere
%ro"%t to dis"iss t&!t ide!V HDese&!ronL Re&!z!ron es! NoO !/(ell! ide!
in"edi!t!"ente6M Hsb6 be /(i9M mo( 7ere ri,&t in o"in, e!rl' HTenF!s r!z3nL No
te e/(i+o!ste !l +enir te"%r!no6 ' Umo( 7ere ri,&t to o"e e!rl'V HEiiste bien en
+enir te"%r!no6M Hit6 be (se#(lM Hsb6 beo"e interested in h ,er(ndioL to h in#initi+o
N#in!lOM T&e' #!e ! &(,e t!s9 in restorin,L to restore %e!eM T&e' !lled #or &el% in
se!r&in,L to se!r& #or t&e s(r+i+ors HPidieron !'(d! en l! b2s/(ed! deL %!r!
b(s!r ! los s(%er+i+ientes6M Hsb6 oHI6o%er!teM Hsb6 deli,&t$ Hsb6 do 7ron, ND1
5<:18OM Ee &!s di##i(lt' Hin6 (nderst!ndin, S%!nis& Hl tiene di#i(lt!dHes6 en
H(!nto !6 l! o"%rensi3n del !stell!no6L Ee &!s di##i(lt' !bo(t deidin, 7&et&er
to ,o or not Hl tiene di#i(lt!dHes6 sobre Hel &e&o de6 deidir si ir o no6 ' UEe &!s
di##i(lt' to (nderst!nd t&isV Hl tiene di#i(lt!dHes6 %!r! o"%render esto6M Hsb6
&!+e 7or9M T&e' in+ested Hso"e6 "one' in 7ritin, ne7 boo9s HIn+irtieron H!l,o
de6 dinero en H(!nto !l &e&o de6 esribir n(e+os libros6 ' UT&e' in+ested Hso"e6
"one' to 7rite ne7 boo9sV HIn+irtieron H!l,o de6 dinero %!r! esribir n(e+os
libros6M Hsb6 .oin sb$ Hsb6 ne,let oneZs d(ties$ Hsb6 %l!' ! H+it!l6 role N"s (s!doOL
rwleM I s!7 &is #!il(re in %!ssin, t&e test HDi s( #r!!so (!ndo est!b! %!s!ndo el
test6 ' UI s!7 &is #!il(re to %!ss t&e testV HDi s( in!%!id!d %!r! %!s!r el test6M Hsb6
s%!re no e##ort$ t&ere h be !n !d+!nt!,eL !d+!nt!,esM T&ere is ! "et&od in doin,L o#
doin,L to do t&is HE!' (n "0todo !lL deL %!r! &!er esto6M t&ere h be Hbi,$ et16
%roble"s Hin6 h ,er(ndioL to h in#initi+o$ et1
9+ MintoM D gerundio o infinitivo con ;to<1 E.14 Hsb6 be oered into
doin,L to do t&isM Hsb6 o!- sb into h ,er(ndio Hen,!t(s!r ! !l,(ien %!r!
/(e h s(b.(nti+o6L Hsb6 o!- sb to h in#initi+o Honse,(ir on %!ieni! /(e
!l,(ien h s(b.(nti+o6M Ee 7!s #ored into %!'in,L to %!' #or e+er't&in,
HLe obli,!ron ! %!,!rlo todo6M Hsb6 be %(s&ed$ Hsb6 be tort(redM Hsb6 #eelL
see" oered into doin,L to do t&isM Hsb6 #ri,&ten sb$ Hsb6 in+est Hso"e6
"one'M S&e led "e into belie+in,L (nderst!ndin, t&is HEll! "e ond(.o !
l! reeni!L o"%rensi3n de esto6 ' US&e led "e to belie+eL (nderst!nd
t&isV HEll! "e lle+3 ! reerL o"%render esto6M Hsb6 "o(ld NGB
%rini%!l"enteO NoO "old NUSAO sb into$ Hsb6 %ro+o9e sb$ Hsb6 %(t oneZs
e##ortM T&e' !re %(ttin, ! lot o# "one' into (nderst!ndin,L to (nderst!nd
t&is HEstn %oniendo "(&o dinero en (!nto se re#iere ! l! o"%rensi3n
deL %!r! o"%render esto6M Hsb6 r(s&$ Hsb6 r(s& sb$ et1
0+ MofM D gerundio o infinitivo con ;to<1 E.14 S&e !(sed (s o# distortin, t&e
#!tsL s!'in, t&is Nse re#iere !l %!s!doO HEll! nos !(s3 de ter,i+ers!r los &e&osL
deir esto6M Ee !(sed &er to ,et "one' Nse re#iere !l %resente o !l #(t(roO Hl l!
!(s3 %!r! obtener dinero6M T&e' donZt !%%ro+e o# &e!tin,L 'o( NoO 'o(r s"o9in,
HLes %!ree "!lL No les ,(st! "entirL /(e #("es6M S&e !%%ro+ed t&e "e!s(res to
%le!se t&e "!.orit' HEll! !%rob3 l!s "edid!s %!r! !,r!d!r ! l! "!'orF!6M Hit6 be
!bo(t t&e essenti!l %!rt Nel in#initi+o tiene +!lor #in!lOM Ee is !(sed o# tellin, Nse
re#iere !l %!s!doO lies HSe le !(s! de deir "entir!s6M Ee 7!s !(sed to disredit
Nse re#iere !l %resente o !l #(t(roO t&e %!rt' HSe le !(s3 %!r! des!redit!r !l %!rtido6M
Ee is !#r!id o# d'in,L #!llin, Nindi! (n! !i3n in+ol(nt!ri!M to dieL #!ll4 no %onerO
Hl tiene "iedo de "orirseL !erse6M S&e is !#r!id o# !s9in,L to !s9 #or &el%L o#
,oin,L to ,oL o# .("%in,L to .("% Nindi! (n! !i3n +ol(nt!ri!M el ,er(ndio
,ener!l"ente indi! /(e se tiene e-%erieni! ' se re#iere ! !l,o %!s!doM el in#initi+o
indi! /(e no se tiene e-%erieni! ' no se re#iere ! !l,o %!s!doO HEll! tiene "iedo
deL ! %edir !'(d!L irHse6L s!lt!r6M S&eZs !s&!"ed o# doin, itL !s9in, Nse re#iere !l
%!s!doO HEll! est !+er,onz!d! de &!berlo &e&oL &!ber %re,(nt!do6 ' US&eZs
!s&!"ed to do itL !s9V Nse re#iere !l %resente o !l #(t(roO HA ell! le d! +er,Xenz!
&!erloL %re,(nt!r6M Ee is ert!in o# reei+in, t&e 7!,es Hl est se,(ro de /(e +! !
reibir el s(eldo Nlo %iens! 0lO6M Ee is ert!in to lose Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+!O HHesto'6
Se,(ro /(e 0l +! ! %erder Nlo %ienso 'oO6M Hsb6 be on+itedM Hsb6 be #ri,&tenedM Ee
is #ri,&tenedL %etri#iedL s!redL terri#ied o# ,oin,L to ,o Hl tiene "iedoL est
&orroriz!doL !s(st!doL !terroriz!do de ir6M Hsb6 be ,r!te#(lM ItZs ! "e!ns o# #indin,
N" (s!doOL to #ind N"enos (s!doO t&e tr(t& HEs (n "edio deL %!r! enontr!r l!
+erd!d6M Hit6 be ! "et&odM T&e'Zre %ro(d o# &!+in, doneL to &!+e done it HEstn
or,(llosos de &!berlo &e&o6M Hsb6 be s!redM ItZs t&e seret o# "!9in,L to "!9e
%ro,ressM Ee is s(re o# ,ettin, %!id Hl est se,(ro de /(e le +!n ! %!,!r Nlo %iens!
0lO6M Ee is s(re Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+!O to #ind ! .ob HHesto'6 Se,(ro /(e 0l +! !
enontr!r (n e"%leo Nlo %ienso 'oO6M Hsb6 be s(s%etedM ItZs t&e te&ni/(e o#
reei+in,L to reei+e in#or"!tion HEs l! t0ni! deL %!r! reibir in#or"!i3n6M Hsb6
be terri#iedM Hsb6 be t&!n9#(lM S&e is tired o# doin, itL 7or9in, &ere HEll! est
!ns!d! de &!erloL tr!b!.!r !/(F6M S&e is too tired e+en to re!d HEll! est de"!si!do
!ns!d! inl(so %!r! leer6M T&e b(siness"!n is (n!#r!id o# t!9in, ris9sL to ,i+e &is
o%inion HEl &o"bre de ne,oios no tiene "iedo ! orrer ries,osL de d!r s(
o%ini3n6M Hsb6 be too 7!r' Hdeson#i!do6M Hit6 be one 7!' ND1 =15<:18OM Ee is too
7e!r' o# &!n,in,L 7it& &!n,in,L too Nno s(%ri"irO 7e!r' to &!n,e t&is Hl est
de"!si!do !ns!do de !"bi!rL on el &e&o de !"bi!rL %!r! !"bi!r esto6M Hit6
be !L oneL t&e Hne76 7!'M ItZs done !s !L oneL t&e 7!' o# inre!sin,L to inre!se
%rod(ti+it' HSe &!e o"o (n!L l! #or"! deL %!r! inre"ent!r l! %rod(ti+id!d6M
ItZs t&e seond 'e!r o# o"%etin,L to o"%ete &ere HEs el se,(ndo !)o de
o"%etii3nL %!r! o"%etir !/(F6M T&is is 7&!t o"es o#L #ro" %l!'in, 7it& #ire
HEsto es lo /(e %!s! (!ndo se .(e,! on #(e,o6M Ee !"e to tell "e so"et&in, Hl
+ino ! deir"e !l,o6M Ee onsidered t&e %ossibilit' o#L !bo(t &el%in, &er Hl
onte"%l3 l! %osibilid!d de !'(d!rl!6 ' UEe onsidered t&e %ossibilit' to &el% &erV
Hl onte"%l3 l! %osibilid!d %!r! !'(d!rl!6M Hsb6 on+it sbM T&e' dis(ssed !L oneL
t&e 7!'L 7!'s o# endin,L !bo(t endin,L to end t&e i+il 7!r HE!bl!ron de (n!L l!
#or"!L #or"!s deL en rel!i3n on el &e&o deL %!r! NoO on el #in de ter"in!r l!
,(err! i+il6M Ee #!ed t&e ris9 o# bein, e-%elled #ro" t&e %!rt' Hl se en#rent3 !l
ries,o de ser e-%(ls!do del %!rtido6 ' UEe #!ed t&e ris9 to "!9e "one'V Hl se
en#rent3 !l ries,o %!r! &!er dinero6M Hsb6 #eel NoO see" ert!inL s(re o# N%!r! &!bl!r
de otr! %erson!O ' U#eel NoO see" ert!inL s(re toV N%!r! e-%res!r los senti"ientos de
l! %erson! /(e &!bl! ' en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3loOM Ee #o(nd !L t&e 7!'L 7!'sL &is
o7n 7!' o# e-%ressin,L to e-%ress t&e t&o(,&t Hl enontr3 (n!L l! #or"!L #or"!sL
s( %ro%i! #or"! deL %!r! e-%res!r el %ens!"iento6M EeL It ,i+es 'o( t&e o%%ort(nit'
o# #indin, o(tL to #ind o(t t&e tr(t& HHl6 Te d! l! o%ort(nid!d deL %!r! !+eri,(!r l!
+erd!d6M HsbL it6 &!+e t&e !%!bilit'L t&e !%!it'M S&e &!s ! H,ood6 &!ne o# ,oin,
to LondonL o"in, to S%!inL doin, t&!t HEll! tiene (n! Hb(en!6 %osibilid!d de ir !
LondresL +enir ! Es%!)!L &!er eso NoO !/(ello6M Ee &!s little &!ne o# %!ssin,
"!t&s NGB4 olo/(i!lOL "!t& NUSA4 olo/(i!lO Hl tiene %o!s %osibilid!des de
!%rob!r "!te"ti!s6M T&e' &!+e no &!ne o# es!%in, HNo tienen nin,(n!
%osibilid!d de es!%!r6M Hsb6 &!+e t&e e-%eriene o# h ,er(ndioL to h in#initi+o
N#in!lOM mo( didnZt &!+e "(& &!ne to st(d' HNo t(+iste "(&!s o%ort(nid!desL
"(&o tie"%o %!r! est(di!r6M S&e &!s so"e &o%e o# 7innin, N"s (s!doOL to 7in
N"enos (s!doO t&e o"%etition HEll! tiene !l,(n! es%er!nz! de ,!n!r l!
o"%etii3n6M S&e &!s t&eL no intention o# ,oin, N"s (s!doOL to ,o N"enos (s!doO
t&ere HEll! tiene l! inteni3nL no tiene nin,(n! inteni3n de ir !&FL !llF6M Hsb6 &!+e
t&e o%tionM Ee &!s !L so"e %l!n o# ,oin, !ro(nd t&e 7orld Hl tiene %l!ne!do ir
!lrededor del "(ndo6L Ee &!s !L so"e %l!n ,oin, !ro(nd t&e 7orld Hl tiene (nL
!l,2n %l!n "ientr!s +! %or el "(ndo de (n sitio ! otro6L Ee &!s !L so"e %l!n to ,o
!ro(nd t&e 7orldL to s!+e t&e &ildren Hl tiene (nL !l,2n %l!n %!r! ir %or el "(ndo
de (n sitio ! otroL %!r! s!l+!r ! los ni)os6M Ee &!d t&e %le!s(re o# "eetin,L to "eet
&er HF(e (n %l!er %!r! 0l +erse on ell!6$ %eroUEe &!d t&e %le!s(re o# seein, Nto
see4 no %onerO &erV HF(e (n %l!er %!r! 0l +erl!6M Ee &!s t&e %ossibilit' o#
e-%ressin, NGBOL to e-%ress NUSAO &is #eelin,sL o# o"in, NGBOL to o"e NUSAO
Hl tiene l! %osibilid!d deL %!r! e-%res!r s(s senti"ientosL de +enir6M T&e' &!+e t&e
res%onsibilit' o# loo9in, N"s (s!doO !#terL #or loo9in, N"enos (s!doO !#terL to loo9
N"s (s!doO !#ter t&e &ildren HTienen l! res%ons!bilid!d de (id!r ! los ni)os6M
T&e' &!+e t&eir #!+o(rite NGBO NoO #!+orite NUSAO 7!'s o# doin, N"s (s!doOL to
do N"enos (s!doO t&in,s HTienen s(s #or"!s #!+orit!s deL %!r! &!er l!s os!s6M Hsb6
loo9 #or 7!'s$ Hsb6 "iss t&e o%%ort(nit'$ Hsb6 note oneZs i"%!tiene$ Hsb6 o##er t&e
"e!nsL t&e "et&odL t&e re!sonL t&e res%onsibilit'$ Hsb6 %ro+ide ! ,ood e-!"%leL t&e
"e!nsL ! "et&odL ! 7!' H(n! #or"!6M Ee s!7 t&e o%%ort(nit' o# e!rnin,L to e!rn
"one' Hl +io l! o%ort(nid!d deL %!r! ,!n!r dinero6M S&e too9 t&e o%%ort(nit' o#
loo9in, !ro(ndL to loo9 !ro(nd t&e it' HEll! !%ro+e&3 l! o%ort(nid!d deL %!r!
reorrer l! i(d!d6M Hsb6 s(,,est H! #e76 7!'sM T&ere is not "(& &!ne o# ,oin,
no7 HNo &!' "(&!s %osibilid!desL %rob!bilid!des de ir !&or!6M T&ere 7!s no
&!ne to !s9 /(estions HNo &(bo o%ort(nid!dL o!si3nL tie"%o de &!er
%re,(nt!s6M T&ere !re !ll "!nners o# s!+in,L to s!+e 7!ter HE!' todo ti%o de #or"!s
deL %!r! !&orr!r !,(!6M T&ere is no "e!ns o# doin,L to do it HNo &!' "!ner!L "odo
de &!erlo6M T&ere !re "ore o%%ort(nities o# de+elo%in,L to de+elo% t&is ind(str'
HE!' "s o%ort(nid!des deL %!r! des!rroll!r est! ind(stri!6M T&ere is ! %l!n o#
doin,L to do t&is HE!' (n %l!n deL %!r! &!er esto6M T&ere is ! %ossibilit' o# doin,L
to do t&is HE!' (n! %osibilid!d deL %!r! &!er esto6M T&ere !re "ore %ossibilities o#
de+elo%in,L to de+elo% t&is ind(str' HE!' "s %osibilid!des deL %!r! des!rroll!r
est! ind(stri!6M T&ereZs no 7!' o# doin,L to do it HNo &!' #or"! de &!erlo6M T&ere
!re se+er!l 7!'s o# doin,L to do it HE!' +!ri!s #or"!s deL %!r! &!erlo6M T&ere !re
Ht7o6 7!'s o# loo9in,L to loo9 !t it HE!' Hdos6 "!ner!s de +erlo6M S&e t&o(,&t
!bo(tL o# t&e %ossibilit' o# b('in, it HEll! %ens3 en l! %osibilid!d de o"%r!rlo6 '
US&e t&o(,&t !bo(tL o# t&e %ossibilit' to %le!se &i"V HEll! %ens3 en l! %osibilid!d
%!r! !,r!d!rle6M 7it& ! d!n,er o# !e%tin,L to !e%t t&is Hon %eli,ro deL %!r!
!e%t!r esto6$ et1 D1 =155C18
*:+ MonM D gerundio o infinitivo con ;to<4 Hsb6 onentr!teM EeZs be R&ellHI6Rbent
on ,oin,L to ,o NUSAO to"orro7 Hl est e"%e)!do en ir "!)!n!6M S&eZs 9een on
,oin,L to ,o HEll! tiene ,!n!s de ir6M Ee is 9een on st!rtin,L to st!rt t&is Hl tiene
,!n!s de e"%ez!r esto6M Hsb6 be %le!sed$ Hsb6 be set$ Hsb6 onentr!te$ Hsb6
onentr!te oneZs e##ortsM Ee deided !,!instL on ,oin,L to ,o t&ere Hl se deidi3
en ontr! de irL ! irL ! ir !&F NoO !llF6M Hsb6 &!+e t&e "ono%ol' on h ,er(ndio N"s
(s!doOL to h in#initi+o N"enos (s!doOM S&e insisted on ,i+in, &i" t&e "one'L to
on+ine "e HEll! insiti3 en d!rle ! 0l el dineroL %!r! on+ener"e6M S&eZs %l!nnin,
on o"in, to"orro7 HEll! tiene %ens!do +enir "!)!n!6M >&!t does s&e %l!n to do
l!terT HWJ(0 tiene ell! %ens!do &!er l(e,oT6M Hsb6 r!ti#' t&e !,ree"ent$ Hsb6 re9on$
Hsb6 send ti%s$ Hsb6 s%e!9$ Hsb6 s%end "one'L ti"e$ Hsb6 st!rt$ Hsb6 t!l9$ Hsb6 +ote$ et1
**+ Mto,ard4s+M D gerundio o infinitivo con ;to<4 Hit6 be !n inon+eniene ND1
=15<:18O$ Hit6 ontrib(te$ Hit6 ,o$ ,o ! lon,L %!rt o# t&eL so"e 7!'$ Hsb6 t!9e ! ste%L
ste%s$ t&ere h be ! "o+e"ent$ Hsb6 7or9$ et1
*2+ M,it/M D gerundio o infinitivo con ;to<4 Ee !,rees 7it& &el%in,L to &el% (s
Hl est de !(erdo on el &e&o de !'(d!rnosL en !'(d!rnos6M Ee !,reed to ,et
"!rried Hl est!b! de !(erdo enL !e%t3 !s!rse6M Hsb6 be &!r,ed$ Hsb6 be
onernedM S&e 7!s ontent 7it& !rri+in, t&ird HEll! se on#or"!b! on el &e&o de
lle,!r l! terer!6 ' US&e 7!s ontent to !rri+e t&irdV HEll! se on#or"!b! on lle,!r
l! terer!6M T&e' !re s!tis#ied 7it& b('in, t&e %ro%ert' HEstn s!tis#e&os on el
&e&o de o"%r!r l! %ro%ied!d6 ' UT&e' !re s!tis#ied to b(' t&e %ro%ert'V HEstn
s!tis#e&os de o"%r!r l! %ro%ied!d6M Hsb6 &!r,e sb$ Hsb6 re9on$ et1
*2+ un gerundio detr!s de una preposicin no un infinitivo1 E.14 E.14 S&e is
!de%t !tL in doin, t&is HEll! es e-%ert! en &!er esto6M Hit6 be !i"ed !tM Ee is
!%%re&ensi+e !bo(t o"in,L !bo(t &er o"in, to"orro7 Hl se in/(iet! %or el
&e&o de +enirL de /(e ell! +en,! "!)!n!6M it is !+!il!ble #orM S&e is !7!re o#
&!+in, ,one t&ere HEll! es onsiente de &!ber ido !llF6M Hsb6 be bent on 7innin,M Ee
is !%!ble o# doin, it Hl es !%!z de &!erlo6M T&e' !re !(tio(s o#L !bo(t s!'in,
so"et&in, HSon !(telosos !l deir !l,o6M Ee is on#ident o# !rri+in, e!rl' Hl est
se,(ro de /(e +! ! lle,!r te"%r!no6M Ee 7!s onsio(s o# bein, &e!rd Hl er!
onsiente de /(e le est!b!n es(&!ndo6M S&e 7!s on+ited o# "(rderin, &er
&(sb!nd HEll! #(e onden!d! %or el !sesin!to de s( "!rido6M S&e is !n e-%ert !tL inL
on oo9in, HEll! es (n! e-%ert! enL enL sobre l! oin!L el !rte de oin!r6M It o(ld
be ! #!tor in brin,in, !bo(t t&e sol(tion HPodrF! ser (n #!tor %!r! !%ort!r l!
sol(i3n6M Hsb6 be #e!r#(l o# M Ee is +er'L too #ond o# s!'in, sill' t&in,s HA 0l le ,(st!
"(&oL de"!si!do deir tonterF!s6M Hsb6 be ,(ilt' o#M S&e is in!%!ble o# e!tin, no7
HEll! es in!%!z de o"er !&or!6M T&e' !re insistent on %!'in, HInsisten en %!,!r6M
Ee is intent on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rioO s(eedin, Hl est deidido ! tri(n#!r6M
S&eZs ner+o(s !bo(t Nestnd!rOL o# Nliter!rioO #l'in, !bro!d HEll! tiene "iedo de
+ol!r !l e-tr!n.ero6M Hsb6 be notorio(s #orM S&e 7!s o##ended !t not bein, in+ited
HEll! est!b! o#endid! %or no ser in+it!d!6M S&e 7!s %ositi+e !bo(t &!+in, seen &i"
HEll! est!b! se,(r! de &!berle +isto ! 0l6M Hit6 be ! %roess #orM >&!t 7!s 'o(r
%(r%ose in doin, itT HW*(l er! t( %ro%3sitoL inteni3n !l &!erloT6M ItZs ! /(estion
o# doin, it HEs (esti3n de &!erlo6M S&eZs re"iss !bo(tL in !e%tin, itM Hsb6 be !t
t&e ris9 o#M Hsb6 be se%ti!l !bo(tM S&eZs sr(%(lo(s !bo(tL in &oosin, t&e olo(r
NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO olor NUSAOM Hsb6 be H(n6s(ess#(l !bo(tL !tL inM
E+er'bod' is (nder t&e s!"e ir("st!nes in "!9in, &i"sel#L t&e"sel+es
(nderstood HTodo el "(ndo est en l!s "is"!s ir(nst!ni!s %!r! &!erse
o"%render6M Hsb6 be s(s%eted o# M Hit6 be ! s'ste" #or$ Hsb6 be 7!r' Hdeson#i!do6
o#M Hit6 be 7ort& t&e tro(ble o#M Hsb6 beo"e b!dL ,ood !tM Hsb6 beo"e interested inM
Hsb6 bene#it b' Hsb6$ Hit6 onsist o#L inM Ee disli9es t&e ide! o# ,ettin, #!t HA 0l le
des!,r!d! l! ide! de en,ord!r6M T&e' #eel se(re #or &!+in, n(le!r 7e!%ons HSe
sienten se,(ros %or tener !r"!s n(le!res6M T&e' #indL t!9e %le!s(re in &(rtin,
ot&ers HDis#r(t!n &iriendo ! los de"s6M I ,et ! lot o# %le!s(re o(t o# re!din,
HDis#r(to "(&o le'endo6M T&e' ,!+e (% &o%e o# o"in, HPerdieron l! es%er!nz!
de +enir6M T&e' &!+e t&e !d+!nt!,e o# bein, 'o(n, HTienen l! +ent!.! de ser
.3+enes6M It &!d t&e e##et o# inre!sin, o(t%(t HT(+o o"o res(lt!do (n !("ento de
l! %rod(i3n6M Hit6 ,o intoM S&e 9no7s t&e !rt o# "!9in, !9es HEll! onoe el !rte
de &!er %!steles6M T&e' li9e t&e t&o(,&t o# ,oin, to"orro7 HA ellos les ,(st! l!
ide! de ir "!)!n!6M Ee "!de ! %oint o# del!rin, %e!e Hl se %reo(%3 deL se
es"er3 enL tenF! %or nor"! del!r!r l! %!z6M Hsb6 %(t ener,' intoM Hsb6 %(t oneZs #!e
to7!rdHs6M T&e' reo""end le!rnin, Fren& HReo"iend!n !%render #r!n0s6M
T&e' r(n t&e ris9 o# !rri+in, l!te H*orren el ries,o de lle,!r t!rde6M I donZt st!nd !
&!ne o# #indin, ! .ob HNo ten,o nin,(n! %osibilid!d de enontr!r (n e"%leo6M
T&e' s(s%eted t&e l!7'er o# bein, ! li!r HSos%e&!b!n /(e el !bo,!do #(er! (n
"entiroso6M T&ere is ! d!n,erL ris9 o#M T&ereZs %ro,ress inM I (nderst!nd &is
%re#erene #or re!din, HEntiendo s( %re#ereni! %or l! let(r!61
E!' di#ereni! entre QItZs t&e #irst ste% in le!rnin, *&ineseQ HEs el %ri"er %!so en el
!%rendiz!.e del &ino N'! se est !%rendiendoO6 e UItZs t&e #irst ste% to le!rn *&ineseV
HEs el %ri"er %!so %!r! !%render &ino Nno se est !%rendiendo tod!+F!O61
=155:1I Se (s! el in#initi+o on UtoV detrs de los !d.eti+os ' %rono"bres n("er!les
ordin!les$ detrs de los !d.eti+os Qne-t$ l!st$ onl'Q h no"bre ' detrs de los
!d.eti+os en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o h no"bre$ (!ndo el in#initi+o on UtoV se re#iere !l
s(.etoM en !stell!no se tr!d(e %or U/(eV h +erbo en %resente o %ret0rito
i"%er#etoL inde#inido '$ ! +ees$ %or UenV h in#initi+o1 E.14 T&e' 7ere t&e #irst
Hsientists6 to "ention t&is #!t HF(eron los %ri"eros HientF#ios6 /(e "enion!ronL
en "enion!r este &e&o6M S&e 7!s t&e l!st Slo+!9 to see &i" HEll! #(e l! 2lti"!
eslo+!! /(e le +ioL en +erlo6M T&e' !re t&e e!siest %eo%le to on+ine HSon l! ,ente
"s #il de on+ener6$ et1
=155;1I MToM anafrico4 &!' +erbos /(e en s(s distintos tie"%os$ ! no ser /(e se
di,! !l,o distinto$ %(eden ir se,(idos de QtoQ para referirse a un verbo a
mencionado 'ue se sobre4e+ntiendeM QtoQ se %(ede %ron(ni!r Lt(4L o Lt(LM si se
%one s3lo QtoQ$ +! !ent(!do ' lle+! tono !sendente %ero$ si se %one Qnot toQ$ se
!ent2! "s QnotQ ' el tono !sendente +! detrs de QnotQM (!ndo no lle+! UnotV
%(ede ir en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!$ %ero (!ndo lle+! UnotV s3lo
%(ede ir en !#ir"!ti+! del!nte de UnotVM los /(e %(eden ir t!"bi0n en #or"!
ontin(! lle+!n N#or"! ontin(!O$ %ero los /(e no lo lle+!n no %(eden %onerse en
#or"! ontin(! on el UtoV !n!#3rio4 Hsb6 !d+ise so"ebod' N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6
!d+ise so"ebod' not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 H!n6 !##ord$ Hsb6 H!n6 !##ord not$ Hsb6
!llo7 sb N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 !llo7 sb not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 !%%e!r !ble
N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 !%%e!r !#r!id N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 !%%e!r deli,&tedL Hsb6
!%%e!r e"b!rr!ssedL Hsb6 !%%e!r entitledL Hit6 !%%e!r #oolis&L Hsb6 !%%e!r ,l!dL Hsb6
!%%e!r &!%%'L Hsb6 !%%e!r too Nno s(%ri"irO illL HsbL it6 !%%e!r li9el'L Hsb6 !%%e!r
%le!sedL Hsb6 !%%e!r re!d'L Hsb6 !%%e!r rel(t!nt N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 !%%e!r
(n!ble N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 !%%e!r (n7illin,$ Hsb6 !%%e!r deli,&ted notL Hsb6
!%%e!r deter"ined notL Hsb6 !%%e!r e"b!rr!ssed notL HsbL it6 !%%e!r #oolis& notL Hsb6
!%%e!r ,l!d notL Hsb6 !%%e!r &!%%' notL Hsb6 !%%e!r too Nno s(%ri"irO ill notL Hit6
!%%e!r i"%ossible notL HsbL it6 !%%e!r li9el' notL Hsb6 !%%e!r %le!sed notL Hsb6 !%%e!r
rel(t!nt not N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 !rr!n,e$ Hsb6 !rr!n,e not$ Hsb6 !s9 so"ebod'
N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 !s9 so"ebod' not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 !tte"%t N#or"!
ontin(!O$ Hsb6 !tte"%t not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 be$ Hsb6 be not$ Hsb6 be not !bo(t$
Hsb6 be !ble N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be !bo(tL Hsb6 be !d+ised N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6
be !#r!id N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be !llo7ed N#or"! ontin(!OL HsbL it6 be bo(ndL Hsb6
be !re#(l N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be deli,&tedL Hsb6 be e"b!rr!ssedL Hsb6 be entitled
N"s (s!doOL HsbL it6 be #oolis&L Hsb6 be #ored N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be ,l!dL Hsb6
be &!%%'L Hsb6 be &ono(red NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O &onored NUSAOL Hsb6 be too
Nno s(%ri"irO illL Hit6 be intendedL HsbL it6 be li9el'L Hsb6 be "!de N#or"! ontin(!OL
Hsb6 be obli,ed N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be ordered N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be %le!sedL
Hsb6 be %reditedL Hsb6 be %re%!redL Hsb6 be re!d'L Hsb6 be rel(t!nt N#or"! ontin(!OL
Hsb6 be re/(ired N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be seenL Hsb6 be s(%%osedL Hsb6 be told
N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be (n!ble N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be (n7illin,L Hsb6 be (r,ed
N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 be !d+ised not N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be !llo7ed not N#or"!
ontin(!OL HsbL it6 be bo(nd notL Hsb6 be !re#(l not N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be
deli,&ted notL Hsb6 be deter"ined notL Hsb6 be e"b!rr!ssed notL Hsb6 be entitled not
N"enos (s!doOL HsbL it6 be #oolis& notL Hsb6 be #ored not N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be
,l!d notL Hsb6 be &!%%' notL Hsb6 be too Nno s(%ri"irO ill notL Hit6 be i"%ossible notL
Hit6 be intended notL HsbL it6 be li9el' notL Hsb6 be "!de not N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be
obli,ed not N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be ordered not N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be %le!sed
notL Hsb6 be rel(t!nt not N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be re/(ired not N#or"! ontin(!OL
Hsb6 be s(%%osed notL Hsb6 be told not N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 be (r,ed not N#or"!
ontin(!O$ Hit6 be better$ Hit6 be better not$ HsbL it6 be ,oin, Ns3lo en #or"! ontin(!O$
Hsb6 be in t&e "ood$ Hsb6 be in t&e "ood not$ Hsb6 be seen$ Hsb6 be!r$ Hsb6 beo"e
!ble N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 beo"e !#r!id N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 beo"e deli,&tedL
Hsb6 beo"e e"b!rr!ssedL Hsb6 beo"e entitledL Hit6 beo"e #oolis&L Hsb6 beo"e
,l!dL Hsb6 beo"e &!%%'L Hsb6 beo"e too Nno s(%ri"irO illL HsbL it6 beo"e li9el'L
Hsb6 beo"e %le!sedL Hsb6 beo"e re!d'L Hsb6 beo"e rel(t!nt N#or"! ontin(!OL
Hsb6 beo"e (n!ble N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 beo"e (n7illin,$ Hsb6 beo"e
deli,&ted notL Hsb6 beo"e deter"ined notL Hsb6 beo"e e"b!rr!ssed notL HsbL it6
beo"e #oolis& notL Hsb6 beo"e ,l!d notL Hsb6 beo"e &!%%' notL Hsb6 beo"e too
Nno s(%ri"irO ill notL Hit6 beo"e i"%ossible notL HsbL it6 beo"e li9el' notL Hsb6
beo"e %le!sed notL Hsb6 beo"e rel(t!nt not N#or"! ontin(!O$ HsbL it6 be,in
N#or"! ontin(!O$ HsbL it6 be,in not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 bot&er N#or"! ontin(!O$
Hsb6 !re$ Hsb6 &oose N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 &oose not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 l!i"
N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 l!i" not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 d!re Hsb6 N#or"! ontin(!O$
Hsb6 d!re Hsb6 not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 deide N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 deide not
N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 deser+e$ Hsb6 deser+e not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 ende!+o(r
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ende!+or NUSAO N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 ende!+o(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteO notL ende!+or NUSAO not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 entitle sb N#or"!
ontin(!O$ Hsb6 entitle sb not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 e-%et Hsb6 N#or"! ontin(!O$
Hsb6 e-%et Hsb6 not ND1 5C1;51;=1O N#or"! ontin(!O$ HsbL it6 #!il$ Hsb6 #eel !ble
N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel !d+ised N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel !#r!id N#or"!
ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel bo(ndL Hsb6 #eel deli,&tedL Hsb6 #eel e"b!rr!ssedL Hsb6 #eel
entitled N"s (s!doOL Hit6 #eel #oolis&L Hsb6 #eel #ored N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel
,l!dL Hsb6 #eel &!%%'L Hsb6 #eel &ono(red NGBO N(O &onored NUSAOL Hsb6 #eel too Nno
s(%ri"irO illL HsbL it6 #eel li9el'L Hsb6 #eel "!de N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel obli,ed
N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel %le!sedL Hsb6 #eel %re%!redL Hsb6 #eel re!d'L Hsb6 #eel
rel(t!nt N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel re/(ired N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel (n!ble
N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel (n7illin,L Hsb6 #eel (r,ed N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 #eel
!d+ised not N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel bo(nd notL Hsb6 #eel deli,&ted notL Hsb6 #eel
deter"ined notL Hsb6 #eel e"b!rr!ssed notL Hsb6 #eel entitled not N"enos (s!doOL HsbL
it6 #eel #oolis& notL Hsb6 #eel #ored not N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel ,l!d notL Hsb6 #eel
&!%%' notL Hsb6 #eel too Nno s(%ri"irO ill notL Hit6 #eel i"%ossible notL HsbL it6 #eel
li9el' notL Hsb6 #eel "!de not N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel obli,ed not N#or"!
ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel %le!sed notL Hsb6 #eel %re%!red notL Hsb6 #eel rel(t!nt not N#or"!
ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel re/(ired not N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 #eel (r,ed not N#or"!
ontin(!O$ Hsb6 #ore sb N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 #ore sb not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6
#or,et N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 &!te N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 &!te not N#or"! ontin(!O$
HsbL it6 &!+e N#or"! ontin(!O Htener /(e6$ HsbL it6 &!+e not N#or"! ontin(!O
Nliter!rioO Hno tener /(e6$ HsbL it6 Z+e ,ot Htener /(e6 Ns3lo en %resente ' %ret0ritoO$
Hsb6 &!+e t&eL t&!t !bilit'$ Hsb6 &!+e t&eL t&!t !bilit' not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 &!+e !
"ind N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 &!+e ! "ind not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 &!+e H"(&L
no6 re!son$ Hsb6 &!+e H"(&L no6 re!son not$ Hsb6 &!+e !L t&e ri,&t$ Hsb6 &!+e !L t&e
ri,&t not$ Hsb6 &!+e ti"e N#or"! ontin(!O$ &el% Hsb6 N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 &o%e
Ns3lo en !#ir"!ti+!O N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 &o%e not ND1 5C1;51;=1O N#or"!
ontin(!O$ HsbL it6 inline$ HsbL it6 inline not$ Hsb6 instr(t sb N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6
instr(t sb not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 intend N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 intend not N#or"!
ontin(!O$ Hsb6 9no7 &o7$ Hsb6 9no7 &o7 not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 le!rn N#or"!
ontin(!O$ Hsb6 le!rn not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 li9e HsbL it6 N%rini%!l"ente en el
ondiion!lO$ Hsb6 li9e Hsb6 not N%rini%!l"ente en el ondiion!lO N#or"! ontin(!O$
Hsb6 loo9 !ble N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 loo9 !#r!id N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 loo9
deli,&tedL Hsb6 loo9 e"b!rr!ssedL Hsb6 loo9 entitledL Hit6 loo9 #oolis&L Hsb6 loo9 ,l!dL
Hsb6 loo9 &!%%'L Hsb6 loo9 too Nno s(%ri"irO illL HsbL it6 loo9 li9el'L Hsb6 loo9 %le!sedL
Hsb6 loo9 re!d'L Hsb6 loo9 rel(t!nt N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 loo9 (n!ble N#or"!
ontin(!OL Hsb6 loo9 (n7illin,$ Hsb6 loo9 deli,&ted notL Hsb6 loo9 deter"ined notL
Hsb6 loo9 e"b!rr!ssed notL HsbL it6 loo9 #oolis& notL Hsb6 loo9 ,l!d notL Hsb6 loo9
&!%%' notL Hsb6 loo9 too Nno s(%ri"irO ill notL Hit6 loo9 i"%ossible notL HsbL it6 loo9
li9el' notL Hsb6 loo9 %le!sed notL Hsb6 loo9 rel(t!nt not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 lo+e
N%rini%!l"ente en el ondiion!lO$ Hsb6 lo+e not N%rini%!l"ente en el ondiion!lO
N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 "!9e sbL st& N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 "!9e (% oneZs "ind$ Hsb6
"!9e (% oneZs "ind not$ Hsb6 "!n!,e N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 "!n!,e not N#or"!
ontin(!O$ Hsb6 "e!n N#or"! ontin(!O$ HsbL it6 need HsbL it6$ Hsb6 o##er N#or"!
ontin(!O$ Hsb6 o##er not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 order sb N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 order
Hsb6 not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 o(,&t Nen in,l0s estnd!r ' no en in,l0s liter!rio %ero
si QtoQ +! se,(ido de QbeQ o Q&!+eQ se s(elen %oner detrs de QtoQO$ Hsb6 o(,&t not
Nen in,l0s estnd!r ' no en in,l0s liter!rio %ero si QtoQ +! se,(ido de QbeQ o Q&!+eQ
se s(elen %oner detrs de QtoQO$ Hsb6 %ers(!de sb N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 %ers(!de sb
not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 %l!n N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 %l!n not N#or"! ontin(!O$
Hsb6 %re#er not$ Hsb6 %retend N#or"! ontin(!O H#in,ir6$ Hsb6 %retend not N#or"!
ontin(!O$ Hsb6 %ro#ess not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 %ro"ise N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6
%ro"ise not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 %ro%ose$ Hsb6 %ro%ose not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6
re#(se N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 re"ind sb not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 re/(ire sb N#or"!
ontin(!O$ Hsb6 re/(ire sb not N#or"! ontin(!O$ HsbL it6 see"$ HsbL it6 see" not$ Hsb6
see" !ble N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 see" !#r!id N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 see" deli,&tedL
Hsb6 see" e"b!rr!ssedL Hsb6 see" entitledL Hit6 see" #oolis&L Hsb6 see" ,l!dL Hsb6
see" &!%%'L Hsb6 see" too Nno s(%ri"irO illL HsbL it6 see" li9el'L Hsb6 see" %le!sedL
Hsb6 see" re!d'L Hsb6 see" rel(t!nt N#or"! ontin(!OL Hsb6 see" (n!ble N#or"!
ontin(!OL Hsb6 see" (n7illin,$ Hsb6 see" deli,&ted notL Hsb6 see" deter"ined notL
Hsb6 see" e"b!rr!ssed notL HsbL it6 see" #oolis& notL Hsb6 see" ,l!d notL Hsb6 see"
&!%%' notL Hsb6 see" too Nno s(%ri"irO ill notL Hit6 see" i"%ossible notL HsbL it6 see"
li9el' notL Hsb6 see" %le!sed notL Hsb6 see" rel(t!nt not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 si,n
!n !,ree"ent not N#or"! ontin(!OL ! ontr!t not N#or"! ontin(!OL ! del!r!tion
not N#or"! ontin(!OL ! %etition not N#or"! ontin(!OL ! %led,e not N#or"! ontin(!OL
! %ro"ise not N#or"! ontin(!OL ! tre!t' not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 st!rt N"s (s!doO
N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 st!rt not N"enos (s!doO N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 tell so"ebod'
N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 tell so"ebod' not N#or"! ontin(!O$ HsbL it6 tend N#or"!
ontin(!O$ HsbL it6 tend not N#or"! ontin(!O$ t&ere h be !nL no o!sion$ t&ere h be
!nL no o!sion not$ t&ere h be !L no re!son$ t&ere h be !L no re!son not$ Hsb6
t&re!ten N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 t&re!ten not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 tro(ble$ Hsb6 tr'
N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 tr' not N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 (ndert!9e$ Hsb6 (ndert!9e not
N#or"! ontin(!O$ HsbL it6 (r,e so"ebod' N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 (r,e so"ebod' not
N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 (sed N%ero si QtoQ +! se,(ido de QbeQ o Q&!+eQ se s(elen
%oner detrs de QtoQO$ Hsb6 (sed not N%ero si QtoQ +! se,(ido de QbeQ o Q&!+eQ se
s(elen %oner detrs de QtoQO$ Hsb6 7!nt HsbL it6 N#or"! ontin(!4 +(l,!rO$ Hsb6 7!nt
HsbL it6 not N#or"! ontin(!4 +(l,!rO$ Hsb6 7!rn sb N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 7!rn sb not
N#or"! ontin(!O$ Hsb6 7is& Hsb6$ Hsb6 7is& Hsb6 not N#or"! ontin(!O$ et1 E.14 Ee
didnZt o"e b(t &e !,reed Rto Hl no +ino %ero onsinti3L /(ed3 en +enir6$ %ero UEe
didnZt li9e it b(t &e !,reed N%or/(e no se sobrHe6entiende Uli9e6OV HA 0l no le ,(st3
%ero Hlo6 !e%t36M T&e'Zll ,o !s t&e sit(!tion !Rllo7s t&e" Rto| HSe +!n ! ir '! /(e l!
sit(!i3n se lo %er"ite6M >ill &e be !Rllo7ed Rto|Hstri9e6T HWLe %er"itirn ir ! l!
&(el,!T6M Ee R!s9ed "e Rto| Ho"e6 Hl "e %idi3 /(e +inier!6M ItZs Rbo(nd Rto|
He-%lode6 HEs %rob!ble /(e e-%lote6M Ee is not ,oin, b(t IZd be R,l!dL deRli,&tedL
R%le!sed Rto| Hl no +! ! ir %ero ! "F "e en!nt!rF! Hir66M S&e is not too Rill Rto|
Ho"e$ et16 HEll! no est de"!si!do en#er"! H%!r! +enir$ et166M S&e isnZt o"in,
b(t &eZs Rli9el' Rto| HEll! no +! ! +enir %ero 0l es %rob!ble /(e +en,!6M One o# t&e"
is ,oin, to lose !nd s&e is t&e "ost Rli9el' Rto| Hlose6 HUno de ellos +! ! %erder ' ell!
es l! /(e se,(r!"ente +! ! %erder6M A4 T&e'Zll "!9e "e do it HMe obli,!rn !
&!erlo61 B4 mo( 7onZt be R"!de Rto| HNo te obli,!rn ! &!erlo6M I didnZt "ention it
so be R!re#(l Rnot|to] H\No lo "enion0 !sF /(e ten (id!do de no "enion!rlo]6M
S&eZll %!' !nd itZd be R#oolis& Rnot|to HEll! +! ! %!,!r ' serF! (n! tonterF! no
&!erlo6M S&e &!s been Rordered Rnot|to HLe &!n orden!do ! ell! /(e no Hh %resente
de s(b.(nti+o66M S&e is le!+in, b(t 7e !re not R,oin, Rto|HEll! se +! ! "!r&!r %ero
nosotros no H+!"os ! "!r&!rnos66M T&e' donZt 7!nt to ,o b(t itZs i"R%ossible Rnot|
to+ HNo /(ieren ir %ero es i"%osible no ir6M Ee o(ld ,o b(t &e R&ose Rnot| to+ Hl
%odF! ir %ero eli,i3 no ir6M S&e 7ent b(t &e deRided Rnot| to+ HEll! #(e %ero 0l
deidi3 no ir6M EeZs ,oin, to %!' b(t t&e' donZt e-R%et !n'bod' Rto| Hl +! ! %!,!r
%ero ellos no es%er!n /(e n!die %!,(e6M *!n t&e "ind #(ntion 7&en it &!s Rto|T
HWP(ede #(nion!r l! "ente (!ndo tiene /(e #(nion!rT6M mo( !n ,o b(t 'o( donZt
R&!+e Rto| HP(edes ir %ero no tienes obli,!i3n de ir6M Do 7e R&!+e Rto | T N"s
(s!doOL E!+e 7e R,ot Rto | T N"s (s!doOL RE!+e 7e Rto | T NGB4 "enos (s!doO H+ote6
HWTene"os /(e h H+ot!r6T6M S&e &!s ! ri,&t Rto|H+ote6 HEll! tiene dere&o ! h
H+ot!r66M A4 Are 'o( o"in,T HWD!s ! +enirT61 B4 I R&o%e Rto| HEso es%ero6M I# t&e'
li9e b(t t&e'Zd Rli9e Rto| HSi les !%etee %ero les !%eteerF!6M A4 Are 'o( ,oin, to
%l!'T HWD!s ! .(,!rT61 B4 IZd Rli9e Rto| Nen l!s res%(est!s ort!s es nees!rio QtoQ
detrs del +erbo Qli9eQO HMe ,(st!rF! H.(,!r66M I 7onZt ,o b(t I s&o(ldL 7o(ld Rli9e
Rto| HNo +o' ! ir %ero "e ,(st!rF! Hir66M Ee is not ,oin, on &olid!' b(t IZd Rlo+e Rto|
Hl no Hse6 +! de +!!iones %ero ! "F "e ,(st!rF! ir6M Ee doesnZt 7is& to 7or9 b(t
I Rneed Rto| Hl no dese! tr!b!.!r %ero 'o neesito tr!b!.!r6M >&ene+er 'o( Rneeded
Rto| H*(!ndo lo neesit!b!s6M Ee didnZt %!' b(t &e o(,&t R to| Nestnd!rOL &e
R o(,&t| Nliter!rioOL &e o(,&t to R &!+e|L &e o(,&t to &!+e R %!id| Hl no %!,3 %ero
deberF! %!,!rL %!,!rL &!ber %!,!doL &!ber %!,!do6M T&!tZs 7&!t s&e R%l!ns Rto|Hdo6
HEso es lo /(e ell! se %ro%one H&!er66M S&e 7o(ld li9e to tr!+el b(t IZd %reR#er Rnot|
to+ HA ell! le ,(st!rF! +i!.!r %ero 'o %re#erirF! no +i!.!r6M S&eZs 7ritin, !nd &eZs
%reRtendin, Rto| HEll! est esribiendo ' 0l est #in,iendo esribir6M S&e 7ent !#ter
R%ro"isin, Rnot| to+ HEll! Hse6 #(e des%(0s de %ro"eter no irL &!erlo6M I# s&e did it$
s&e 7!s not Rseen Rto| HSi ell! lo &izo$ no se l! +io &!erlo6M Ee did it$ b(t I !" Rnot
tellin, 'o( Rto| Hl lo &izo$ %ero no te esto' diiendo /(e lo &!,!s6M T&e' 7!nt to
,o b(t s&e Rtold t&e" Rnot| to+ HJ(ieren ir %ero ell! les di.o /(e no #(er!n6M Ee
doesnZt o+ere!t b(t &e Rtends Rto| HNo o"e en e-eso %ero tiene tendeni! ! o"er
de"!si!doL &!erlo6M EeZll ,o i# t&ereZs ! ,ood re!son Rto| Hl ir si &!' (n! b(en!
r!z3n %!r! irL ello6M Ee is ,oin, to end 7&ere &e Rt&re!tened Rto| Hl +! ! ter"in!r
donde 0l !"en!z3 on ter"in!r6M I donZt %l!' #ootb!ll no7 b(t I R(sed to LR.(4st(4L
o LR.(4st(L| HA&or! no .(e,o !l #2tbol %ero solF! .(,!rL &!erlo6M B(t &e (sed not
Rto| HPero 0l no solF! &!erlo6M A4 Are 'o( ,oin, to listenT HWD!s ! es(&!rT61 B4
No$ I donZt R7!nt Rto| Nen l!s res%(est!s ort!s es nees!rio %oner QtoQ detrs del
+erbo Q7!ntQO HNo$ no /(iero Hes(&!r66M T&e' told &er to !e%t b(t s&e didnZt
R7!nt Rto| HLe di.eron ! ell! /(e !e%t!r! %ero ell! no /(erF! H!e%t!r66M Onl' i# 'o(
R7!nt Rto|HS3lo si /(ieres6M A4 >ill &e ,oT HWIr 0lT61 B4 No$ b(t &e R7!nts
e+er'bod' else Rto| H,o6 HNo$ %ero 0l /(iere /(e +!'!n todos los de"s6M A4 Does
s&e ,oT HWD! ell!T61 B4 S&e doesnZt b(t IZd 7!nt Rto| HEll! no %ero ! "F "e ,(st!rF!
ir6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ el +erbo QbeQ no se %(ede s(%ri"ir detrs de UtoV (!ndo es !(-ili!r
de (n +erbo en #or"! ontin(! o en %!si+!1 E.14 T&e' !re not doin, it !s t&e' o(,&t
to be HNo lo estn &!iendo o"o deberF!n6M Ee isnZt %!id !s &e deser+es to be HA 0l
no le %!,!n o"o se "eree61
Detrs de todos los +erbos /(e %(eden ir se,(idos de U&o7 to h in#initi+oV
ND15C1:?1:1!O se %(ede %oner ! ontin(!i3n U!nd &o7 not Rto| Nsin el in#initi+oOV1
E.14 S&e told &i" &o7 to e!t !nd &o7 not Rto| HEll! le di.o 3"o o"er ' 3"o no
o"er61
A +ees$ se %(ede %oner QtoQ o noM si +! Hto6 !l #in!l$ se %(ede %oner o no1 E.14 A4
Did 'o( !llo7 t&e" to ,oT B4 mes$ I !Rllo7ed t&e" HRto|6 HA4 WLes %er"itiste irT B4
SF$ les %er"itF ir6M EeZll !Rllo7 'o( HRto|6 Hl te %er"itir h el in#initi+o
sobrHe6entendido6M A4 >o(ld 'o( ,o 7it& "eT B4 IZd be &ono(red NGB
%rini%!l"enteO N(O &onored NUSAO HRto|6 HA4 WIrF!s on"i,oT B4 SerF! (n &onor
%!r! "F6M S&e is R7illin, HRto|6 HEll! est dis%(est! H! h el in#initi+o
sobrHe6entendido66M A4 Did 'o( #!il to ,oT HWNo #(isteT61 B4 mes$ I R#!iled HRto|6 HNoH$
no #(i66M T&e' R#ored &er HRto|6 HL! obli,!ron ! h el in#initi+o sobrHe6entendido6M
Ee doesnZt R9no7 &o7 Rnot| Hto+6 Hl no s!be 3"o no h el in#initi+o
sobrHe6entendido6M T&ose 7&o %reR#er HRto|6 "!' ,o &o"e HLos /(e %re#ier!n Hh el
in#initi+o sobrHe6entendido6 %(eden irHse6 ! !s!6M S&e doesnZt 7!nt to o"e b(t s&e
Ro(,&t Rto| Nestnd!rOL Ro(,&t| Nliter!rioO HEll! no /(iere +enir %ero deberF! +enir6M
S&e sent it !s &!rd !s s&e Ro(,&t Rto| Nestnd!rOL Ro(,&t| Nliter!rioO HEll! lo en+i3 t!n
#(erte o"o deberF! en+i!rlo6M S&e doesnZt ,o b(t s&e Ro(,&t Rto| Nestnd!rOL
Ro(,&t| Nliter!rioO HEll! no +! %ero deberF! Hir66M S&e 7ent b(t s&e Ro(,&t Rnot | to+
Nestnd!rOL Ro(,&t Rnot| Nliter!rioO HEll! #(e %ero no deberF! Hir66M S&e "(st be&!+eL
do !s s&eZs told Rto| Nestnd!rOL Rtold| Nliter!rioO HEll! debe o"%ort!rse o"oL
&!er lo /(e se le di,!6M S&e !nZt sin, !lt&o(,& s&eZll Rtr' HRto|6 HEll! no s!be !nt!r
!(n/(e lo intent!r6M Ee doesnZt ,o !s &e R(sed Rto| Nestnd!rOL R(sed| Nliter!rioO Hl
no +! o"o solF! &!erlo61
Es #re(ente no %oner QtoQ detrs de Qli9eQ$ (!ndo +! %reedido de l!s %!l!br!s
Q!n'$ !s$ !s soon !s$ &o7e+er$ i#$ 7&!tHe+er6$ 7&enHe+er6$ 7&ereHe+er6$ 7&oHe+er6Q1
E.14 S&e did !s s&e Rli9ed N"s (s!doOL Rli9ed Rto N"enos (s!doO| HEll! &izo lo /(e le
,(st3L !%etei36M T&e' ne+er do 7&!t t&e' donZt Rli9e N"s (s!doOL donZt Rli9e Rto
N"enos (s!doO| HN(n! &!en lo /(e no les ,(st!6M *o"e 7&ene+er 'o( Rli9e N"s
(s!doOL Rli9e Rto N"enos (s!doO|] H\Den (!ndo te !%etez!]61
Es #re(ente no %oner QtoQ detrs de Q7!ntQ (!ndo +! %reedido de l!s %!l!br!s
Q!s$ i# Nno %reedido de Qonl'QO$ 7&!tHe+er6$ 7&en$ 7&ene+er$ 7&ere+erQ1 E.14 S&e
did !s s&e R7!nted N"s (s!doOL R7!nted Rto N"enos (s!doO| HEll! &izo lo /(e
/(iso6M T&e' !n ,o !s #!r !s t&e' R7!nt N"s (s!doOL R7!nt Rto N"enos (s!doO| in
[!ire HP(eden ir t!n le.os o"o /(ier!n en [!ire6M Ee !n ,o i# &e R7!nts N"s
(s!doOL R7!nts Rto N"enos (s!doO| Hl %(ede ir si /(iere6M Ee "!' not ,o i# &e
doesnZt 7!nt N"s (s!doOL doesnZt 7!nt Rto N"enos (s!doO| Hl %(ede /(e no +!'!
si no /(iereL /(iere ir6M mo( !n i# 'o( 7!nt to Nestnd!rOL 7!nt Nolo/(i!lO
HP(edeHs6 si /(iereHs66M *o"e 7&ene+er 'o( R7!nt N"s (s!doOL R7!nt Rto N"enos
(s!doO|] H\Den (!ndo /(ier!s]6M Ee is "!9in, s(re t&e' donZt ,o !7!' 7&ene+er
t&e' R7!nt N"s (s!doOL R7!nt Rto N"enos (s!doO| Hl se est !se,(r!ndo de /(e no
se !le.en (!ndoL sie"%re /(e /(ier!n61
No obst!nte$ no se %(ede s(%ri"ir QtoQ detrs de Q7o(ld &!teL li9eL lo+eL %re#erQ1
Detrs de !l,(nos no"bres o !d.eti+os se %(ede %oner UtoV o no1 E.14 S&e st!rted !
ne7 !reer b(t &e didnZt R&!+e t&e o(r!,e HRto|6 HEll! e"%ez3 (n n(e+o o#iio %ero
0l no t(+o +!lor H%!r! &!erlo66M Ee &!s to le!rn to dri+e b(t &e isnZt Rre!d'L
%reR%!red HRto|6 Hl tiene /(e !%render ! ond(ir %ero no est %re%!r!do H%!r!
&!erlo66$ et1
*(!ndo es (n in#initi+o o"%(esto &!' /(e %oner Qto beQ1 E.14 Ee &el%ed ot&ers !nd
s&e 7!nted &i" to be H&el%ed6 Hl !'(d3L !'(d!b! ! otros ' ell! /(erF! /(e le
!'(d!r!n ! 0l6M S&e &!dnZt &el%ed ot&ers !nd &e 7!nted &er toL &er to &el%L &er to
&!+eL &er to &!+e &el%ed HEll! no &!bF! !'(d!do ! otros ' 0l /(erF! /(e ell!
!'(d!r!L !'(d!r!L &(bier! !'(d!doL &(bier! !'(d!do ! otros6$ et1
Es reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes re%etir tod! l! or!i3n en !so de
d(d!1
Detrs de los +erbos Qli9e$ %re#er$ 7!ntQ se %(ede %oner QitQ ! +ees$ en +ez de QtoQ1
Sin e"b!r,o$ QtoQ %(ede ir !l #in!l ' no se s(%one (n in#initi+o detrs1 E.14 S&e
%(s&edL s&(t t&e door to N!d+erbioO HEll! err3 l! %(ert! N%ero no del todoO
e"%(.ndol!6M And t&e ot&er o(ntries &e &!s beo"e bo(nd to N%re%osii3n4
D1@18815O Hm los otros %!Fses ! los /(e 0l se &! (nido61
*on los +erbos de =15<= se %one UitL t&!tL tooV detrs en +ez de UtoV1
=155<1I Se puede poner en ingls literario un verbo seguido de infinitivo como
en castellano, pero a veces en ingls colo'uial se puede usar tambin detr!s de
ciertos verbos normales como Mbe sure, come, fl, go, /urr up, loo1, ma1e
sure, run, sta, stop, tr, ,ait, ,al1M, etc., la con%uncin ;and< seguida del
infinitivo sin MtoMM el in#initi+o /(e +!'! detrs de Uloo9V tiene /(e ir se,(ido de
(n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! no"in!l interro,!ti+! en estilo indireto ND1 5C1:?1:OM si
&!' dos #or"!s on el "is"o si,ni#i!do$ l! #or"! on el in#initi+o es l! "enos
(s!d! ' l! #or"! on Q!ndQ es l! "s (s!d!M los +erbos it!dos %(eden ir en
i"%er!ti+o$ en in#initi+o$ en %resente en #or"! si"%le$ en %ret0rito Hi"%er#etoL
inde#inido6 en #or"! si"%le$ en #(t(ro i"%er#eto en #or"! si"%le$ en ondiion!l
en #or"! si"%le$ en (n tie"%o o"%(esto en #or"! si"%leM en #or"! ontin(! +!n
todos$ e-e%to Ube s(reV$ se,(idos de UtoV %ero no de U!ndV1 E.14 Be s(re to !s9 &er]
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO H\Ase,2r!te de %re,(nt!rle ! ell!]L \*on tod! se,(rid!d
%re,2nt!le ! ell!]6$ %ero QBe s(re !nd !s9 &er]Q H\Ase,2r!te ' %re,2nt!le ! ell!]
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL \Ase,2r!te de %re,(nt!rle ! ell!] NoO \*on tod! se,(rid!d
%re,2nt!le ! ell!] Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M T&e' 7!nt to be s(re to !s9 &er
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO HSe,(ro /(eL *on tod! se,(rid!d /(ieren %re,(nt!rle !
ell!6$ %ero QT&e' 7!nt to be s(re !nd !s9 &erQ HJ(ieren !se,(r!rse ' %re,(nt!rle !
ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL Se,(ro /(e NoO *on tod! se,(rid!d /(ieren
%re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee isL 7!s NisL 7!s bein,4 no %oner4 D1
;15CO s(re to !s9 &er HSe,(ro /(eL *on tod! se,(rid!d 0l le +!L ib! ! %re,(nt!r !
ell!6$ %ero QEe isL 7!s NisL 7!s bein,4 no %onerO s(re !nd !s9sL !s9ed &erQ HEl estL
est!b! se,(ro ' le %re,(nt!L %re,(nt3 ! ell!6M Ee 7ill be s(re to !s9 &er HSe,(ro
/(eL *on tod! se,(rid!d 0l le %re,(nt!r ! ell!6$ %ero QEe 7ill be s(re !nd !s9 &erQ
Hl est!r se,(ro ' le %re,(nt!r ! ell!6M Ee 7o(ld be s(re to !s9 &er HSe,(ro /(eL
*on tod! se,(rid!d 0l le %re,(nt!rF! ! ell!6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld be s(re !nd !s9 &erQ
Hl est!rF! se,(ro ' le %re,(nt!rF! ! ell!6M Ee &!s been s(re to !s9 &er HSe,(ro /(eL
*on tod! se,(rid!d 0l le &! %re,(nt!do ! ell!6$ %ero QEe &!s been s(re !nd !s9ed
&erQ Hl se &! !se,(r!do ' le &! %re,(nt!do ! ell!6M Ee &!d been s(re to !s9 &er
HSe,(ro /(eL *on tod! se,(rid!d 0l le &!bF! %re,(nt!do ! ell!6$ %ero QEe &!d been
s(re !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl se &!bF! !se,(r!do ' le &!bF! %re,(nt!do ! ell!6M Ee 7illL
7o(ld &!+e been s(re to !s9 &er HSe,(ro /(eL *on tod! se,(rid!d 0l le &!brL
&!brF! %re,(nt!do ! ell!6$ %ero QEe 7illL 7o(ld &!+e been s(re !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl
se &!brL &!brF! !se,(r!do ' le &!brL &!brF! %re,(nt!do ! ell!6M *o"e to loo9 !tL
seeL do t&is] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO H\Den ! "ir!rL +erL &!er esto]6$ %ero Q*o"e
!nd loo9 !tL seeL do t&is]Q H\Den ' "ir!L +eL &!z esto] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL \Den
! "ir!rL +erL &!er esto] Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M T&e' 7!nt to o"e to see &er
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO HJ(ieren +enir ! +erl!6$ %ero QT&e' 7!nt to o"e !nd see
&erQ HJ(ieren +enir ' +erl! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL J(ieren +enir ! +erl!
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee o"esL is o"in, to !s9 &er Hl +iene ! %re,(nt!rle !
ell!6$ %ero QEe o"es Nis o"in,4 no %onerO !nd !s9s &erQ Hl +iene ' le %re,(nt! !
ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l +iene ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M
Ee !"eL 7!s o"in, to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl +inoL +enF! !
%re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe !"e N7!s o"in,4 no %onerO !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl +ino
' le %re,(nt3 ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l +ino ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4
"s (s!doO6M S&!llL >ill I o"e to "eet 'o(T Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO HWDen,o !
+erteT6$ %ero QS&!llL >ill I o"e !nd "eet 'o(TQ Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO HWDen,o !
+erteT6M Ee 7ill o"e to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl +endr ! %re,(nt!rle !
ell!6$ %ero QEe 7ill o"e !nd !s9 &erQ Hl +endr ' le %re,(nt!r ! ell! Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL l +endr ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld
o"e to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl +endrF! ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe
7o(ld o"e !nd !s9 &erQ Hl +endrF! ' le %re,(nt!rF! ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doOL l +endrF! ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &!s o"e to !s9
&er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &! +enido ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe &!s o"e
!nd !s9ed &erQ Hl &! +enido ' le &! %re,(nt!do ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l
&! +enido ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &!d o"e to !s9 &er
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!bF! +enido ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe &!d o"e
!nd !s9ed &erQ Hl &!bF! +enido ' le &!bF! %re,(nt!do ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doOL l &!bF! +enido ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7illL
7o(ld &!+e o"e to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!brL &!brF! +enido !
%re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe 7illL 7o(ld &!+e o"e !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl &!brL
&!brF! +enido ' le &!brL &!brF! %re,(nt!do ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l
&!brL &!brF! +enido ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Fl' to see &er]
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL Fl' !nd see &er] Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO H\Dete en !+i3n !
+erl!]6M T&e' 7!nt to #l' to see &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO HJ(ieren ir en !+i3n !
+erl!6$ %ero QT&e' 7!nt to #l' !nd see &erQ HJ(ieren ir en !+i3n ' +erl! Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL J(ieren ir en !+i3n ! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee #liesL is
#l'in, to see &er Hl +! en !+i3n ! +erl!6$ %ero QEe #lies Nis #l'in,4 no %onerO !nd
sees &erQ Hl +! en !+i3n ' l! +e Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l +! en !+i3n ! +erl!
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee #le7L 7!s #l'in, to see &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl
#(eL ib! en !+i3n ! +erl!6$ %ero QEe #le7 N7!s #l'in,4 no %onerO !nd s!7 &erQ Hl
#(e en !+i3n ' l! +io Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l #(e en !+i3n ! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4
"s (s!doO6M Ee 7ill #l'L 7ill be #l'in, to see &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl ir en
!+i3n ! +erl!6$ %ero QEe 7ill #l' N7ill be #l'in,4 no %onerO !nd see &erQ Hl ir en
!+i3n ' l! +er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l ir en !+i3n ! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4 "s
(s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld #l'L 7o(ld be #l'in, to see &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl irF!
en !+i3n ! +erl!6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld #l' N7o(ld be #l'in,4 no %onerO !nd see &erQ Hl
irF! en !+i3n ' l! +erF! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l irF! en !+i3n ! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4
"s (s!doO6M Ee &!s #lo7n to see &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &! ido en !+i3n !
+erl!6$ %ero QEe &!s #lo7n !nd seen &erQ Hl &! ido en !+i3n ' l! &! +isto Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL l &! ido en !+i3n ! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &!d #lo7n to
see &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!bF! ido en !+i3n ! +erl!6$ %ero QEe &!d #lo7n
!nd seen &erQ Hl &!bF! ido en !+i3n ' l! &!bF! +isto Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l
&!bF! ido en !+i3n ! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7illL 7o(ld &!+e #lo7n to
see &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!brL &!brF! ido en !+i3n ! +erl!6$ %ero QEe
7illL 7o(ld &!+e #lo7n !nd seen &erQ Hl &!brL &!brF! ido en !+i3n ' l! &!brL
&!brF! +isto Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l &!brL &!brF! ido en !+i3n ! +erl!
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Go to e!tL do itL ,et 'o(r brot&erL &el% &er] Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doO H\DeHte6 ! o"erL &!erloL ll!"!r ! t( &er"!noL !'(d!rl!]6$ %ero QGo
!nd e!tL do itL ,et 'o(r brot&erL &el% &er]Q H\DeHte6 ' o"eL &!zloL ll!"! ! t(
&er"!noL !'2d!l!] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL \DeHte6 ! o"erL &!erloL ll!"!r ! t(
&er"!noL !'(d!rl!] Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Go H!nd6 t!9e ! r(nnin, .("%]
H\DeHte6 ! #reFr es%rr!,os]6M T&e' 7!nt to ,o to e!t Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO
HJ(ieren ir ! o"er6$ %ero QT&e' 7!nt to ,o !nd e!tQ HJ(ieren ir ' o"er Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL J(ieren ir ! o"er Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee ,oesL is ,oin, to !s9
&er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl +! ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe ,oes Nis ,oin,4 no
%onerO !nd !s9s &erQ Hl +! ' le %re,(nt! ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l +! !
%re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7entL 7!s ,oin, to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doO Hl #(eL ib! ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe 7ent N7!s ,oin,4 no
%onerO !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl ib!L #(e ' le %re,(nt!b!L %re,(nt3 ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doOL l ib!L #(e ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7ill ,oL 7ill be
,oin, to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl ir ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe 7ill
,o N7ill be ,oin,4 no %onerO !nd !s9 &erQ Hl ir ' le %re,(nt!r ! ell! Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL l ir ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld ,oL
7o(ld be ,oin, to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl irF! ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero
QEe 7o(ld ,o N7o(ld be ,oin,4 no %onerO !nd !s9 &erQ Hl irF! ' le %re,(nt!rF! !
ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l irF! ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee
&!s ,one to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &! ido ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero
QEe &!s ,one !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl &! ido ' le &! %re,(nt!do ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doOL l &! ido ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &!d ,one to !s9
&er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!bF! ido ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe &!d ,one
!nd !s9ed &erQ Hl &!bF! ido ' le &!bF! %re,(nt!do ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL
l &!bF! ido ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7illL 7o(ld &!+e ,one
to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!brL &!brF! ido ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero
QEe 7illL 7o(ld &!+e ,one !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl &!brL &!brF! ido ' le &!brL &!brF!
%re,(nt!do ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l &!brL &!brF! ido ! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M E(rr' H(%6 to e!t] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO H\D!te %ris!
%!r! o"er]6$ %ero QE(rr' H(%6 !nd e!t]Q H\D!te %ris! ' o"e] Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doOL \D!te %ris! %!r! o"er] Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M T&e' 7!nt to &(rr' H(%6
to e!t e!rl' Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO HJ(ieren d!rse %ris! %!r! o"er te"%r!no6$
%ero QT&e' 7!nt to &(rr' H(%6 !nd e!t e!rl'Q HJ(ieren d!rse %ris! ' o"er
te"%r!no Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL J(ieren d!rse %ris! %!r! o"er te"%r!no
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &(rries H(%6L is &(rr'in, H(%6 to !s9 &er Hl se d! %ris!
%!r! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe &(rries H(%6 Nis &(rr'in, H(%64 no %onerO !nd !s9s
&erQ Hl se d! %ris! ' le %re,(nt! ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se d! %ris! %!r!
%re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &(rried H(%6L 7! s &(rr'in, H(%6 to
!s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl se dioL d!b! %ris! %!r! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero
QEe &(rried H(%6 N7!s &(rr'in, H(%64 no %onerO !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl se dio %ris! ' le
%re,(nt3 ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se dio %ris! %!r! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7ill &(rr' H(%6 to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl
se d!r %ris! %!r! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe 7ill &(rr' H(%6 !nd !s9 &erQ Hl se
d!r %ris! ' le %re,(nt!r ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se d!r %ris! %!r!
%re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld &(rr' H(%6 to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doO Hl se d!rF! %ris! %!r! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld &(rr' H(%6
!nd !s9 &erQ Hl se d!rF! %ris! ' le %re,(nt!rF! ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se
d!rF! %ris! %!r! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &!s &(rried H(%6 to
!s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl se &! d!do %ris! %!r! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero
QEe &!s &(rried H(%6 !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl se &! d!do %ris! ' le &! %re,(nt!do ! ell!
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se &! d!do %ris! %!r! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s
(s!doO6M Ee &!d &(rried H(%6 to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl se &!bF! d!do
%ris! %!r! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe &!d &(rried H(%6 !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl se &!bF!
d!do %ris! ' le &!bF! %re,(nt!do ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se &!bF! d!do
%ris! %!r! %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7ill &!+e &(rried H(%6 to
!s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl se &!br d!do %ris! %!r! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$
%ero QEe 7ill &!+e &(rried H(%6 !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl se &!br d!do %ris! ' le &!br
%re,(nt!do ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se &!br d!do %ris! %!r! %re,(nt!rle !
ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld &!+e &(rried H(%6 to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doO Hl se &!brF! d!do %ris! %!r! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld
&!+e &(rried H(%6 !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl se &!brF! d!do %ris! ' le &!brF! %re,(nt!do !
ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se &!brF! d!do %ris! %!r! %re,(nt!rle ! ell!
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Loo9 to see i# t&is is OA] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO H\Mir! !
+er si est bienL +!le esto]6$ %ero ULoo9 !nd see t&isL i# t&is 111]V H\Mir! ' +e esto
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL ' +e si esto 111]L \Mir! ! +er esto Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL !
+er si esto 111]6M T&e' 7!nt to loo9 to see 7&et&er s&e &!s !rri+ed Hor not6 Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doO HJ(ieren "ir!r %!r! +er si &! lle,!do ell! Ho no66$ %ero UT&e' 7!nt to
loo9 !nd see &erL 7&et&er s&e xV HJ(ieren "ir!r ' +erl! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL
' +er si ell! 111L J(ieren "ir!r %!r! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL si ell! 1116M Ee
loo9sL is loo9in, to see i# s&e &!s !rri+ed Hl "ir! %!r! +er si &! lle,!do ell!6$ %ero
UEe loo9s Nis loo9in,4 no %onerO !nd sees &erL i# s&e &!s !rri+edV Hl "ir! ' l! +e
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL ' +e si &! lle,!do ell!L l "ir! %!r! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4 "s
(s!doOL %!r! +er si &! lle,!do ell!6M Ee loo9edL 7!s loo9in, to see 7&!t &er brot&er
&!d bro(,&t Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl "ir3L "ir!b! %!r! +er lo /(e &!bF! tr!Fdo
el &er"!no de ell!6$ %ero UEe loo9ed N7!s loo9in,4 no %onerO !nd s!7 &erL 7&!t
&er 111V Hl "ir3 ' l! +io Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL ' +io lo /(e s( 111L l "ir3 %!r!
+erl! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL %!r! +er lo /(e s( 1116M Ee 7ill loo9 to see &o7 s&e &!s
done it Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl "ir!r %!r! +er 3"o lo &! &e&o ell!6$ %ero
UEe 7ill loo9 !nd see &erL &o7 s&e 111V Hl "ir!r ' l! +er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL
' +er 3"o ell!111L l "ir!r %!r! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL %!r! +er 3"o ell!
1116M Ee 7o(ld loo9 to see 7&ere s&e 7!s Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl "ir!rF! %!r!
+er d3nde est!b! ell!6$ %ero UEe 7o(ld loo9 !nd see &erL 7&ere 111V Hl "ir!rF! ' l!
+erF! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL ' +erF! d3nde 111L l "ir!rF! %!r! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4
"s (s!doOL %!r! +er d3nde 1116M Ee &!s loo9ed to see in 7&i& tr!in s&e &!s !rri+ed
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &! "ir!do %!r! +er en /(0 tren &! lle,!do ell!6$ %ero
UEe &!s loo9ed !nd seen &erL in 7&i& 111V Hl &! "ir!do ' l! &! +isto Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL ' &! +isto en /(0 111L l &! "ir!do %!r! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL
%!r! +er en /(0 1116M Ee &!d loo9ed to see to 7&!t e-tent s&e 7!s ri,&t Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doO Hl &!bF! "ir!do %!r! +er &!st! /(0 %(nto tenF! r!z3n ell!6$ %ero UEe
&!d loo9ed !nd seen &erL to 7&!t 111V Hl &!bF! "ir!do ' l! &!bF! +isto Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL ' &!bF! +isto &!st! /(0 111L l &!bF! "ir!do %!r! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4
"s (s!doOL %!r! +er &!st! /(0 1116M Ee 7ill &!+e loo9ed to see 7&!t s&e "e!nt
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!br "ir!do %!r! +er lo /(e /(erF! deir ell!6$ %ero
UEe 7ill &!+e loo9ed !nd seen &erL 7&!t 111V Hl &!br "ir!do ' l! &!br +isto
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL ' &!br +isto lo /(e 111L l &!br "ir!do %!r! +erl!
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL %!r! +er lo /(e 1116M Ee 7o(ld &!+e loo9ed to see 7&!t s&e
"e!nt Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!brF! "ir!do %!r! +er lo /(e /(erF! deir ell!6$
%ero UEe 7o(ld &!+e loo9ed !nd seen &erL 7&!t 111V Hl &!brF! "ir!do ' l! &!brF!
+istoL ' &!brF! +isto lo /(e 111 Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l &!brF! "ir!do %!r! +erl!L
%!r! +er lo /(e 111 Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M M!9e s(re to !s9 &er] Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doO H\Ase,2r!te de %re,(nt!rle ! ell!]6$ %ero QM!9e s(re !nd !s9 &er]Q
H\Ase,2r!te ' %re,2nt!le ! ell!] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL \Ase,2r!te de %re,(nt!rle
! ell!] Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M T&e' 7!nt to "!9e s(re to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doO HJ(ieren !se,(r!rse de %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QT&e' 7!nt to "!9e s(re
!nd !s9 &erQ HJ(ieren !se,(r!rse ' %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL
J(ieren !se,(r!rse de %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee "!9esL is
"!9in, s(re to !s9 &er Hl se !se,(r! de %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe "!9es Nis
"!9in,4 no %onerO s(re !nd !s9s &erQ Hl se !se,(r! ' le %re,(nt! ! ell! Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL l se !se,(r! de %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee
"!deL 7!s "!9in, s(re to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl se !se,(r3 de
%re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe "!de N7!s "!9in,4 no %onerO s(re !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl
se !se,(r3 ' le %re,(nt3 ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se !se,(r3 de
%re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7ill "!9e s(re to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doO Hl se !se,(r!r de %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe 7ill "!9e s(re !nd
!s9 &erQ Hl se !se,(r!r ' le %re,(nt!r ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se
!se,(r!r de %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld "!9e s(re to !s9
&er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl se !se,(r!rF! de %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld
"!9e s(re !nd !s9 &erQ Hl se !se,(r!rF! ' le %re,(nt!rF! ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doOL l se !se,(r!rF! de %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &!s "!de
s(re to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl se &! !se,(r!do de %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$
%ero QEe &!s "!de s(re !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl se &! !se,(r!do ' le &! %re,(nt!do !
ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se &! !se,(r!do de %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4
"s (s!doO6M Ee &!d "!de s(re to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl se &!bF!
!se,(r!do de %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe &!d "!de s(re !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl se
&!bF! !se,(r!do ' le &!bF! %re,(nt!do ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se &!bF!
!se,(r!do de %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7ill &!+e "!de s(re to
!s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl se &!br !se,(r!do de %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero
QEe 7ill &!+e "!de s(re !nd !s9ed &erQ Hl se &!br !se,(r!do de %re,(nt!rle !
ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se &!br !se,(r!do de %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4
"s (s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld &!+e "!de s(re to !s9 &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl se
&!brF! !se,(r!do de %re,(nt!rle ! ell!6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld &!+e "!de s(re !nd !s9ed
&erQ Hl se &!brF! !se,(r!do ' le &!brF! %re,(nt!do ! ell! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL
l se &!brF! !se,(r!do de %re,(nt!rle ! ell! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M R(n to .("%]
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO H\*orre %!r! s!lt!r]6$ %ero QR(n !nd .("%]Q H\*orre ' s!lt!]
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL \*orre %!r! s!lt!r] Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M T&e' 7!nt to
r(n to .("% Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO HJ(ieren orrer %!r! s!lt!r6$ %ero QT&e' 7!nt
to r(n !nd .("%Q HJ(ieren orrer ' s!lt!r Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL J(ieren orrer
%!r! s!lt!r Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee r(nsL is r(nnin, to .("% Hl orre %!r!
s!lt!r6$ %ero QEe r(ns Nis r(nnin,4 no %onerO !nd .("%sQ Hl orre ' s!lt! Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL l orre %!r! s!lt!r Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee r!nL 7!s r(nnin, to
.("% Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl orri3L orrF! %!r! s!lt!r6$ %ero QEe r!n N7!s
r(nnin,4 no %onerO !nd .("%edQ Hl orri3 ' s!lt3 Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l
orri3 %!r! s!lt!r Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7ill r(n to .("% Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doO Hl orrer %!r! s!lt!r6$ %ero QEe 7ill r(n !nd .("%Q Hl orrer ' s!lt!r
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l orrer %!r! s!lt!r Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld
r(n to .("% Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl orrerF! %!r! s!lt!r6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld r(n
!nd .("%Q Hl orrerF! ' s!lt!rF! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l orrerF! %!r! s!lt!r
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &!s r(n to .("% Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &! orrido
%!r! s!lt!r6$ %ero QEe &!s r(n !nd .("%edQ Hl &! orrido ' s!lt!do Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doOL l &! orrido %!r! s!lt!r Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &!d r(n to .("%
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!bF! orrido %!r! s!lt!r6$ %ero QEe &!d r(n !nd
.("%edQ Hl &!bF! orrido ' s!lt!do Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l &!bF! orrido %!r!
s!lt!r Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7ill &!+e r(n to .("% Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO
Hl &!br orrido %!r! s!lt!r6$ %ero QEe 7ill &!+e r(n !nd .("%edQ Hl &!br orrido
' s!lt!do Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l &!br orrido %!r! s!lt!r Nolo/(i!l4 "s
(s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld &!+e r(n to .("% Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!brF! orrido
%!r! s!lt!r6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld &!+e r(n !nd .("%edQ Hl &!brF! orrido ' s!lt!do
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l &!brF! orrido %!r! s!lt!r Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M St!'
to see t&e %l!'] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO H\J(0d!te ! +er l! obr! Hde te!tro6]6$ %ero
QSt!' !nd see t&e %l!']Q H\J(0d!te ' +e l! obr! Hde te!tro6] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL
\J(0d!te ! +er l! obr! Hde te!tro6] Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M T&e' 7!nt to st!' to see
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO HJ(ieren /(ed!rse !L %!r! +er6$ %ero QT&e' 7!nt to st!'
!nd seeQ HJ(ieren /(ed!rse ' +er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL J(ieren /(ed!rse !L
%!r! +er Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M T&e' st!'L !re st!'in, to &!+e ! drin9 HSe /(ed!n
! to"!r (n! o%!6$ %ero QT&e' st!' N!re st!'in,4 no %onerO !nd &!+e ! drin9Q HSe
/(ed!n ' to"!n (n! o%! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL Se /(ed!n ! to"!r (n! o%!
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M T&e' st!'edL 7ere st!'in, to &!+e ! drin9 Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doO HSe /(ed!ronL /(ed!b!n ! to"!r (n! o%!6$ %ero QT&e' st!'ed N7ere
st!'in,4 no %onerO !nd &!d ! drin9Q HSe /(ed!ron ' to"!ron (n! o%! Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL Se /(ed!ron ! to"!r (n! o%! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7ill st!'
to see t&e %l!' Hl se /(ed!r !L %!r! +er l! obr! Hde te!tro66$ %ero QEe 7ill st!' !nd
see t&e %l!'Q Hl se /(ed!r ' +er l! obr! Hde te!tro6 Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se
/(ed!r !L %!r! +er l! obr! Hde te!tro6 Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M S&e 7o(ld st!' to
see t&e s&o7 HEll! se /(ed!rF! !L %!r! +er el es%et(lo6$ %ero QS&e 7o(ld st!' !nd
see t&e s&o7Q HEll! se /(ed!rF! ' +erF! el es%et(lo Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL Ell!
se /(ed!rF! !L %!r! +er el es%et(lo Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &!s st!'ed to see
t&e "(se(" Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl se &! /(ed!do ! +er el "(seo6$ %ero QEe
&!s st!'ed !nd seen t&e "(se("Q Hl se &! /(ed!do ' &! +isto el "(seo Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL l se &! /(ed!do ! +er el "(seo Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &!d
st!'ed to see t&e %!r9 Hl se &!bF! /(ed!do ! +er el %!r/(e6$ %ero QEe &!d st!'ed
!nd seen t&e %!r9Q Hl se &!bF! /(ed!do ' &!bF! +isto el %!r/(e Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doOL l se &!bF! /(ed!do ! +er el %!r/(e Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7ill &!+e
st!'ed to see t&e !t&edr!l Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl se &!br /(ed!do ! +er l!
!tedr!l6$ %ero QEe 7ill &!+e st!'ed !nd seen t&e !t&edr!lQ Hl se &!br /(ed!do '
&!br +isto l! !tedr!l Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se &!br /(ed!do ! +er l!
!tedr!l Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld &!+e st!'ed to see t&e !t&edr!l
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl se &!brF! /(ed!do ! +er l! !tedr!l6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld
&!+e st!'ed !nd seen t&e !t&edr!lQ Hl se &!brF! /(ed!do ' &!brF! +isto l! !tedr!l
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se &!brF! /(ed!do ! +er l! !tedr!l Nolo/(i!l4 "s
(s!doO6M Sto% to e!t] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO H\Pr!te !L %!r! o"er]6$ %ero QSto%
!nd e!t]Q H\Pr!te ' o"e] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL \Pr!te !L %!r! o"er]
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M T&e' 7!nt to sto% to e!t Nestnd!rO HJ(ieren %!r!rHse6 !L
%!r! o"er6$ %ero QT&e' 7!nt to sto% !nd e!tQ HJ(ieren %!r!rHse6 ' o"er
Nestnd!rOL J(ieren %!r!rHse6 !L %!r! o"er Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee sto%sL is sto%%in, to e!t
Hl se %!r! !L %!r! o"er6$ %ero QEe sto%s Nis sto%%in,4 no %onerO !nd e!tsQ Hl se
%!r! ' o"e Nestnd!rOL l se %!r! !L %!r! o"er Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee sto%%edL 7!s
sto%%in, to e!t Nestnd!rO Hl se %!r3L %!r!b! !L %!r! o"er6$ %ero QEe sto%%ed
N7!s sto%%in,4 no %onerO !nd !teQ Hl se %!r3 ' o"i3 Nestnd!rOL l se %!r3 !L %!r!
o"er Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee 7ill sto% to sin, Nestnd!rO Hl Hse6 %!r!r !L %!r! !nt!r6$
%ero QEe 7ill sto% !nd sin,Q Hl Hse6 %!r!r ' !nt!r Nestnd!rOL l Hse6 %!r!r !L
%!r! !nt!r Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee 7o(ld sto% to rest Nestnd!rO Hl Hse6 %!r!rF! !L %!r!
des!ns!r6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld sto% !nd restQ Hl Hse6 %!r!rF! ' des!ns!rF! Nestnd!rOL
l Hse6 %!r!rF! !L %!r! des!ns!r Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee &!s sto%%ed to e!t Nestnd!rO Hl
Hse6 &! %!r!do !L %!r! o"er6$ %ero QEe &!s sto%%ed !nd e!tenQ Hl Hse6 &! %!r!do '
&! o"ido Nestnd!rOL l Hse6 &! %!r!do !L %!r! o"er Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee &!d sto%%ed
to e!t Nestnd!rO Hl Hse6 &!bF! %!r!do !L %!r! o"er6$ %ero QEe &!d sto%%ed !nd
e!tenQ Hl Hse6 &!bF! %!r!do ' &!bF! o"ido Nestnd!rOL l Hse6 &!bF! %!r!do !L %!r!
o"er Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee 7ill &!+e sto%%ed to e!t Nestnd!rO Hl Hse6 &!br %!r!do !L
%!r! o"er6$ %ero QEe 7ill &!+e sto%%ed !nd e!tenQ Hl Hse6 &!br %!r!do ' &!br
o"ido Nestnd!rOL l Hse6 &!br %!r!do !L %!r! o"er Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee 7o(ld &!+e
sto%%ed to e!t Nestnd!rO Hl Hse6 &!brF! %!r!do !L %!r! o"er6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld
&!+e sto%%ed !nd e!tenQ Hl Hse6 &!brF! %!r!do ' &!brF! o"ido Nestnd!rOL l Hse6
&!brF! %!r!do !L %!r! o"er Nolo/(i!lO6M Tr' to onentr!te] Nestnd!rO H\Tr!t! de
NoO Intent! onentr!rte]6$ %ero QTr' !nd onentr!te]Q H\Int0nt!lo ' on0ntr!te]
Nestnd!rOL \Tr!t! de NoO Intent! onentr!rte] Nolo/(i!lO6M T&e' 7!nt to tr' to "eetL
see &er &(sb!nd Nestnd!rO HJ(ieren intent!r onoerL +er ! s( "!rido6$ %ero QT&e'
7!nt to tr' !nd "eetL see &er &(sb!ndQ HJ(ieren intent!rlo ' onoerL +er ! s(
"!rido Nestnd!rOL J(ieren intent!r +er ! s( "!rido Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee triesL is tr'in,
to onentr!te Hl intent! onentr!rse6$ %ero QEe tries Nis tr'in,4 no %onerO !nd
onentr!tesQ Hl lo intent! NoO &!e (n es#(erzo ' se onentr! Nestnd!rOL l
intent! onentr!rse Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee triedL 7!s tr'in, to onentr!te Nestnd!rO Hl
intent3L intent!b! onentr!rse6$ %ero QEe tried N7!s tr'in,4 no %onerO !nd
onentr!tedQ Hl lo intent3L &izo (n es#(erzo ' se onentr3 Nestnd!rOL l intent3
onentr!rse Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee 7ill tr' to "eetL see &er &(sb!nd Nestnd!rO Hl
intent!r onoerL +er ! s( "!rido6$ %ero QEe 7ill tr' !nd "eetL see &er &(sb!ndQ
Hl lo intent!rL &!r (n es#(erzo ' onoerL +er ! s( "!rido Nestnd!rOL l
intent!r onoerL +er ! s( "!rido Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee s&o(ld tr' to do it Nestnd!rO Hl
deberF! intent!r &!erlo6$ %ero QEe s&o(ld tr' !nd do itQ Hl deberF! intent!rlo '
deberF! &!erlo Nestnd!rOL l deberF! intent!r &!erlo Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee 7o(ld tr' to
"eetL see &er &(sb!nd Nestnd!rO Hl intent!rF! onoerL +er ! s( "!rido6$ %ero QEe
7o(ld tr' !nd "eet &er &(sb!ndQ Hl lo intent!rF!L &!rF! (n es#(erzo ' +erF! ! s(
"!rido Nestnd!rOL l intent!rF! +er ! s( "!rido Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee &!s tried to #ind t&e
sol(tion Nestnd!rO Hl &! intent!do enontr!r l! sol(i3n6$ %ero QEe &!s tried !nd
#o(nd t&e sol(tionQ Hl lo &! intent!do ' &! enontr!do l! sol(i3n Nestnd!rOL l &!
intent!do enontr!r l! sol(i3n Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee &!d tried to onentr!te Nestnd!rO
Hl &!bF! intent!do onentr!rse6$ %ero QEe &!d tried !nd onentr!tedQ Hl lo &!bF!
intent!do ' se &!bF! onentr!do Nestnd!rOL l &!bF! intent!do onentr!rse
Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee 7ill &!+e tried to onentr!te Nestnd!rO Hl &!br intent!do
onentr!rse6$ %ero QEe 7ill &!+e tried !nd onentr!tedQ Hl lo &!br intent!do ' se
&!br onentr!do Nestnd!rOL l &!br intent!do onentr!rse Nolo/(i!lO6M Ee
7o(ld &!+e tried to onentr!te Nestnd!rO Hl &!brF! intent!do onentr!rse6$ %ero
QEe 7o(ld &!+e tried !nd onentr!tedQ Hl lo &!brF! intent!do ' se &!brF!
onentr!do Nestnd!rOL l &!brF! intent!do onentr!rse Nolo/(i!lO6M >!it to see
t&e o%er!] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO H\Es%er! ! +er l! 3%er!]6$ %ero Q>!it !nd see t&e
o%er!]Q H\Es%er! ' +e l! 3%er!] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL \Es%er! ! +er l! 3%er!]
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M T&e' 7!nt to 7!it to see t&e o%er! Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doO HJ(ieren es%er!r ! +er l! 3%er!6$ %ero QT&e' 7!nt to 7!it !nd see t&e o%er!Q
HJ(ieren es%er!r ' +er l! 3%er! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL J(ieren es%er!r ! +er l!
3%er! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7!itsL is 7!itin, to see t&e res(lts Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doO Hl es%er! ! +er los res(lt!dos6$ %ero QEe 7!its Nis 7!itin,4 no %onerO
!nd sees t&e res(ltsQ Hl es%er! ' +e los res(lt!dos Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l
es%er! ! +er los res(lt!dos Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7!itedL 7!s 7!itin, to see
t&e res(lts Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl es%er3L es%er!b! ! +er los res(lt!dos6$ %ero
QEe 7!ited N7!s 7!itin,4 no %onerO !nd s!7 t&e res(ltsQ Hl es%er3 ' +io los
res(lt!dos Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l es%er3 ! +er los res(lt!dos Nolo/(i!l4 "s
(s!doO6M Ee 7illL 7o(ld 7!it to see &er Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl es%er!rL
es%er!rF! ! +erl!6$ %ero QEe 7illL 7o(ld 7!it !nd see &erQ Hl es%er!rL es%er!rF! '
l! +erL +erF! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l es%er!rL es%er!rF! ! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4 "s
(s!doO6M >eZll &!+e to 7!it to see t&e res(lts Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO HTendre"os
/(e es%er!r ! +er los res(lt!dos6$ %ero Q>eZll &!+e to 7!it !nd see t&e res(ltsQ
HTendre"os /(e es%er!r ' +er los res(lt!dos Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL Tendre"os
/(e es%er!r ! +er los res(lt!dos Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld 7!it to see &er
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl es%er!rF! ! +erl!6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld 7!it !nd see &erQ Hl
es%er!rF! ' l! +erF! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l es%er!rF! ! +erl! Nolo/(i!l4 "s
(s!doO6M Ee &!s 7!ited to see t&e o%er! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &! es%er!do !
+er l! 3%er!6$ %ero QEe &!s 7!ited !nd seen t&e o%er!Q Hl &! es%er!do ' +isto l!
3%er! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l &! es%er!do ! +er l! 3%er! Nolo/(i!l4 "s
(s!doO6M Ee &!d 7!ited to #ind t&e sol(tion Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!bF!
es%er!do ! enontr!r l! sol(i3n6$ %ero QEe &!d 7!ited !nd #o(nd t&e sol(tionQ Hl
&!bF! es%er!do ' &!bF! enontr!do l! sol(i3n Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l &!bF!
es%er!do ! enontr!r l! sol(i3n Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7ill &!+e 7!ited to
see t&e o%er! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!br es%er!do ! +er l! 3%er!6$ %ero QEe
7ill &!+e 7!ited !nd seen t&e o%er!Q Hl &!br es%er!do ' &!br +isto l! 3%er!
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l &!br es%er!do ! +er l! 3%er! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M
Ee 7o(ld &!+e 7!ited to see t&e o%er! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!brF! es%er!do
! +er l! 3%er!6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld &!+e 7!ited !nd seen t&e o%er!Q Hl &!brF!
es%er!do ' H&!brF!6 +isto l! 3%er! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l &!brF! es%er!do ! +er
l! 3%er! Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M >!l9 to see &i"] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO H\DeHte6
!"in!ndo ! +erleL lo]6$ %ero Q>!l9 !nd see &i"]Q H\DeHte6 !"in!ndo ' +eHte6 !
+erleL lo] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL \De !"in!ndo ! +erleL lo] Nolo/(i!l4 "s
(s!doO6M T&e' 7!nt to 7!l9 to see &i" Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO HJ(ieren ir
!"in!ndo !L %!r! +erleL lo6$ %ero QT&e' 7!nt to 7!l9 !nd see &i"Q HJ(ieren ir
!"in!ndo ' /(ieren +erleL lo Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL J(ieren ir !"in!ndo !L
%!r! +erleL lo Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7!l9sL is 7!l9in, to see &i" Hl +!
!"in!ndo !L %!r! +erleL lo6$ %ero QEe 7!l9s Nis 7!l9in,4 no %onerO !nd sees &i"Q
Hl +! !"in!ndo ' le NoO lo +e Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l +! !"in!ndo !L %!r!
+erleL lo Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7!l9edL 7!s 7!l9in, to see &i" Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doO Hl #(eL ib! !"in!ndo !L %!r! +erleL lo6$ %ero QEe 7!l9ed N7!s
7!l9in,4 no %onerO !nd s!7 &i"Q Hl #(e !"in!ndo ' le NoO lo +io Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL l #(e !"in!ndo !L %!r! +erleL lo Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M >eZll
&!+e to 7!l9 to see &i" Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO HTendre"os /(e ir !"in!ndo !L
%!r! +erleL lo6$ %ero Q>eZll &!+e to 7!l9 !nd see &i"Q HTendre"os /(e ir
!"in!ndo ' +erleL lo Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL Tendre"os /(e ir !"in!ndo !L
%!r! +erleL lo Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld 7!l9 to see &i" Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doO Hl irF! !"in!ndo !L %!r! +erleL lo6$ %ero QEe 7o(ld 7!l9 !nd see &i"Q Hl
irF! !"in!ndo ' le NoO lo +erF! Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l irF! !"in!ndo !L %!r!
+erleL lo Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &!s 7!l9ed to see &i" Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doO Hl &! ido !"in!ndo !L %!r! +erleL lo6$ %ero QEe &!s 7!l9ed !nd seen &i"Q
Hl &! ido !"in!ndo ' le NoO lo &! +isto Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l &! ido
!"in!do !L %!r! +erleL lo Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &!d 7!l9ed to see &i"
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!bF! ido !"in!ndo !L %!r! +erleL lo6$ %ero QEe &!d
7!l9ed !nd seen &i"Q Hl &!bF! ido !"in!ndo ' le NoO lo &!bF! +isto Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL l &!bF! ido !"in!ndo !L %!r! +erleL lo Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M
Ee 7ill &!+e 7!l9ed to see &i" Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!br ido !"in!ndo
!L %!r! +erleL lo6$ %ero QEe 7ill &!+e 7!l9ed !nd seen &i"Q Hl &!br ido
!"in!ndo ' le NoO lo &!br +isto Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l &!br ido !"in!ndo
!L %!r! +erleL lo Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld &!+e 7!l9ed to see &i"
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hl &!brF! ido !"in!ndo !L %!r! +erleL lo6$ %ero QEe
7o(ld &!+e 7!l9ed !nd seen &i"Q Hl &!brF! ido !"in!ndo ' le NoO lo &!brF! +isto
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l &!brF! ido !"in!ndo !L %!r! +erleL lo Nolo/(i!l4 "s
(s!doO6$ et1
En in,l0s olo/(i!l$ sobre todo en USA$ se %(ede o"itir ! "en(do l! on.(ni3n
U!ndV o l! %!rtF(l! UtoV detrs de los +erbos nor"!les Qo"eQ ' Q,oQ$ %ero no es
reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes1 E.14 *o"e loo9 !tL see t&is] Nolo/(i!lO
H\Den ! "ir!rL +er esto]6M Go .("% in t&e ri+er] Nolo/(i!lO H\Dete ! tir!rte !l rFo]6M
Go %r!'L +ote] Nolo/(i!lO H\DeHte6 ! rez!rL +ot!r]6$ et1
*on el +erbo nor"!l Q"indQ$ s3lo se %(ede %oner Q!ndQ %ero no QtoQ en #or"!
si"%le1 E.14 Mind !nd do 7&!t s&e tells 'o(] H\Ten (id!do ' &!z lo /(e ell! te die]
NoO \E!z !so deL O.o$ &!z lo /(e ell! te die] Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL \Preo2%!te
de &!er lo /(e ell! te die] Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M mo(Zd better "ind !nd do 7&!t
s&e tells 'o( HSerF! "e.or /(e t(+ier!s (id!do ' &!z lo /(e ell! te die Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL SerF! "e.or /(e te %reo(%!r!s de &!er lo /(e ell! te die
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee "inded !nd did 7&!t s&e told 'o( HA 0l le i"%ort3 e
&izo lo /(e ell! te di.o Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL A 0l le i"%ort3 &!er lo /(e ell! te
di.o Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7ill "ind !nd do 7&!t s&e tells 'o( Hl tendr
(id!do ' &!r lo /(e ell! te die Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se %reo(%!r de
&!er lo /(e ell! te die Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld "ind !nd !nd do 7&!t
s&e tells 'o( Nr!roO Hl tendrF! (id!do ' &!rF! lo /(e ell! te die Nliter!rio4 "enos
(s!doOL l se %reo(%!rF! de &!er lo /(e ell! te die Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee
&!s "inded !nd done 7&!t s&e told 'o( Nr!roO Hl &! tenido (id!do ' &! &e&o lo
/(e ell! te di.o Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se &! %reo(%!do de &!er lo /(e ell! te
di.o Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee &!d "inded !nd done 7&!t s&e told 'o( Nr!roO Hl
&!bF! tenido (id!do ' &!bF! &e&o lo /(e ell! te di.o Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se
&!bF! %reo(%!do de &!er lo /(e ell! te di.o Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7ill &!+e
"inded !nd done 7&!t s&e told 'o( N%oo (s!doO Hl &!br tenido (id!do ' &!br
&e&o lo /(e ell! te di.o Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se &!br %reo(%!do de &!er
lo /(e ell! te di.o Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO6M Ee 7o(ld &!+e "inded !nd done 7&!t
s&e told 'o( Nr!roO Hl &!brF! tenido (id!do ' &!brF! &e&o lo /(e ell! te di.o
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL l se &!brF! %reo(%!do de &!er lo /(e ell! te di.o
Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO61
=155=1I El infinitivo partido 4split infinitive+ es el 'ue lleva un adverbio entre
MtoM el infinitivoM se (s! en in,l0s olo/(i!lM ! +ees$ sir+e %!r! d!r 0n#!sis !l
+erbo /(e +! detrs del !d+erbioM !(n/(e se (s! b!st!nte$ se reo"iend! ! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes no (s!rlo o (s!rlo on "(&! %r(deni! '! /(e no est bien
+isto %or todosM no obst!nte$ Qto be h !d+erbio h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doQ o Qto &!+e h
!d+erbio h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doQ no son in#initi+os %!rtidos1 Se pueden poner"
*+ &os adverbios de modo terminados en 5l4 !t(!ll'$ !de/(!tel'$ onsio(sl'$
dr!"!ti!ll'$ d(l'$ #(nd!"ent!ll'$ ,en(inel'$ o%enl'$ r!di!ll'$ re!dil'$ s!tis#!toril'$
s%irit(!ll'$ (nd(l'$ (r,entl'$ et1 ND1 ?1B15$ ?15:O ' !l,(nos otros o"o Ubest$ better$
t&erein N!r!ioO H! ese res%eto6V$ et1M los !d+erbios de ?1B1=18 o"o Uboldl'$
br!+el'$ essenti!ll'$ indeentl'$ indeed$ ine+it!bl'$ 9indl'$ o(t7!rdl'$ re!ll'$
si,ni#i!ntl'$ si"%l'$ tr(l'V$ et1$ son de "odo ' no de !tit(d (!ndo +!n entre UtoV
' el in#initi+oM los !d+erbios de ?1B1=1:1! o"o Uo""eri!ll'V$ et1$ son de
!d+erbios de "odo ' no de %(nto de +ist! (!ndo +!n entre UtoV ' el in#initi+o1 E.14
Ee 7!nts to boldl' ,o !ross t&e ontinent Hl /(iere ir os!d!"ente ! tr!+0s del
ontinente6M Ee tried to onsio(sl' sto% 7orr'in, !bo(t t&e %roble" Hl intent3
onsiente"ente de.!r de %reo(%!rse %or el %roble"!6M T&e' !s9ed "e to 9indl'
&el% t&e" HMe %idieron /(e t(+ier! l! !"!bilid!d de !'(d!rles6M S&e 7!nts to re!ll'
e-%l!in e+er't&in, HEll! /(iere re!l"ente e-%li!r todo6M to s!tis#!toril' %er#or"
H!t(!r s!tis#!tori!"ente61
2+ Slo unos pocos adverbios de tiempo4 !lre!d'$ brie#l'$ on(rrentl'$ e+ent(!ll'$
#in!ll'$ i""edi!tel'$ "o"ent!ril'$ no7$ %(nt(!ll'$ %resentl'$ /(i9l'$
si"(lt!neo(sl'$ so"eti"es$ soon$ (lti"!tel'$ et1 ND1 ?1B1:$ ?15<O %ero no on otros
o"o Ue!rl'$ inde#initel'$ %re+io(sl'$ reentl'$ s&!r%l'$ s&ortl'$ still$ 'etV$ et1 E.14 It
&!s to no7 o"e o(t o# its isol!tion HTiene /(e s!lir !&or! de s( !isl!"iento6M to
(lti"!tel' ,i+e so"et&in, Hd!r !l,o #in!l"ente61
2+ Slo unos pocos adverbios de frecuencia4 !l7!'s$ b!rel'$ onst!ntl'$
ontin(!ll'L ontin(o(sl'$ d!il'$ #re/(entl'$ ,ener!ll'$ &!rdl'$ &o(rl'$ iness!ntl'$
in#re/(entl'$ inter"ittentl'$ in+!ri!bl'$ "o"ent!ril'L "o"entl'$ ne!rl' !l7!'s$
ne+er$ nor"!ll'$ H+er'6 o!sion!ll'$ one !,!in$ %eriodi!ll'$ %er"!nentl'$
%er%et(!ll'$ re,(l!rl'$ re%e!tedl'$ s%or!di!ll'$ te"%or!ril'$ (s(!ll'$ 7ee9l'$ 'e!rl'$
et1 D1 ?1B1;$ ?15=
Sin e"b!r,o$ no se %(eden %oner otros o"o Q!,!in !nd !,!in$ !l"ost e+er' d!'$
!nn(!ll'$ !s ! r(le$ !s (s(!l$ #ortni,&tl'$ "ont&l'$ /(!rterl'$ #!irl'L /(iteL +er'
re,(l!rl'$ +er' s%or!di!ll'$ (n(s(!ll'$ et1
-+ Slo algunos adverbios de cantidad4 !bsol(tel'$ !l"ost$ !lso$ o"%letel'$
onsider!bl'$ dr!sti!ll'$ entirel'$ e+en$ e-tensi+el'$ ,re!tl'$ in!de/(!tel'$
inre!sin,l'L inre!sedl'$ ins(##iientl'$ .(st$ "!inl'$ "erel'$ "ore t&!n$ "ostl'$
onl'$ %!rti(l!rl'$ %!rtl'$ %o7er#(ll'$ %redo"in!ntl'$ %ri"!ril'$ %ro#o(ndl'$ s!rel'$
si"%l'$ sort o#$ s(bst!nti!ll'$ tot!ll'$ (tterl'$ +irt(!ll'$ 7&oll'$ et1 ND1 ?1B1<$ ?15?OM
!l,(nos !d+erbios de "odo ' !d+erbios de !ntid!d o"o U!t le!st$ dee%l'$ e!sil'$
#!irl'$ #!nt!sti!ll'$ #(ll'$ &e!rtil'$ &e!+il'$ intensel'$ "ildl'$ "oder!tel'$ %ositi+el'$
r!di!ll'$ re!ll'$ re!son!bl'$ re"!r9!bl'$ ro(ndl'$ se+erel'$ stron,l'$ s(r%risin,l'$
terribl'$ t&oro(,&l'$ tr(l'$ (nbelie+!bl'$ +iolentl'V son de "odo ' no de !ntid!d
(!ndo +!n entre UtoV ' el in#initi+oM sin e"b!r,o$ no se %(eden %oner otros o"o
Qdo7nri,&t$ dre!d#(ll'$ enor"o(sl'$ e-eedin,l'$ e-e%tion!ll'$ e-essi+el'$
e-tr!ordin!ril'$ e-tre"el'$ #!intl'$ #ri,&t#(ll'$ &!rdl'$ i""ensel'$ in#initel'$ l!r,el'$
ne!rl'$ notie!bl'$ o(tri,&t$ %er#etl'$ %oorl'$ %r!ti!ll'$ %(rel'$ sin,l'$ so"e7&!t$
so(ndl'$ s(##iientl'$ s(%re"el'$ tre"endo(sl'$ (n!e%t!bl'Q$ et1 E.14 S&e #!iled to
entirel' ,i+e (%L entirel' to ,i+e (% s"o9in, HEll! #r!!s3 en el intento de de.!r
tot!l"enteL tot!l"ente en el intento de de.!r de #("!r6M S&e #!iled to ,i+e (%
s"o9in, entirel' HEll! #r!!s3 en el intento de de.!r de #("!r tot!l"ente6M S&e
%ro"ised to "ore t&!n do(ble t&e !"o(nt HEll! %ro"eti3 dobl!r l! !ntid!d "s de
l! "it!d61
3+ Slo unos pocos adverbios de modalidad de 8.0.6.*4 !bo+e !ll$ !lto,et&er$
e##eti+el'$ #!t(!ll'$ #irst$ inontest!bl'$ inontro+ertibl'$ indis%(t!bl'$ ind(bit!bl'$
"!ni#estl'$ no"in!ll'$ %!tentl'$ %le!se$ %rob!bl'$ ro(,&l'$ so"e&o7$ (lti"!tel'$
(n!r,(!bl'M sin e"b!r,o$ no se %(eden %oner otros o"o U!lle,edl'$ !r,(!bl'$ b'
no "e!ns$ not$ s(%%osedl'$ t&eoreti!ll'$ (ndeni!bl'$ (nderst!nd!bl'$ (ndo(btedl'$V
et1
Sin embargo, no se pueden poner entre MtoM el infinitivo4
a+ &os adverbios de lugar ND1 ?1B18$ ?15;O1
b+ &os adverbios conectores ND1 ?1B1?O1
=155?1I Aa algunos verbos en ingls 'ue se usan como una per(frasis a 'ue
/an perdido el significado original4 do$ ,i+e$ &!+e$ &old$ 9ee%$ "!9e$ set$ t!9eM
nor"!l"ente e-iste (n +erbo e/(i+!lente /(e &!e 0n#!sis en l! !i3n$ "ientr!s
/(e l! %erF#r!sis desribe (n &e&o$ (n !ontei"iento$ ,ener!l"ente "s bre+e /(e
l! !i3n del +erboM los no"bres /(e "s se (s!n on estos +erbos %eri#rstios son
Qr'$ #eel$ ,ro(se$ ,r("ble$ need$ re!d$ s"ell$ t!ste$ tr'QM on el +erbo Q,i+eQ se
%(eden (s!r Q!o(nt$ !d+ie$ !ns7er$ &(9le$ r'$ e-!"%le$ ,!s%$ ,i,,le$ ,rin$
,ro!n$ in#or"!tion$ inter+ie7$ l!(,&$ let(re$ ne7s$ re!son$ re%ort$ so7l$ sre!"$
s&o(t$ s&rie9$ si,&$ s"ile$ sni##$ sni,,er$ s%ee&$ s(""!r'$ t!l9$ t&o(,&t$ 7!rnin,$
7&istle$ 'ellQM on el +erbo Q&!+eQ se %(eden (s!r Qbelie#$ &!t$ r'$ d!ne$ #!ll$
,ro(se H/(e.!6$ ,r("ble$ .o9e$ need$ /(!rrel$ res%et$ slee%$ t!l9Q$ et1 ND1 =1BOM on el
+erbo Qt!9eQ se %(eden (s!r Q!ttit(de$ bl!"e$ !re$ &!ne$ &!r,e$ onse/(enes$
deision$ interest$ .o9e$ le!d$ o##ene NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O o##ense NUSAO$ o##ie$
%&otoH,r!%&6$ %it(re$ %o7er$ res%onsibilit'$ ris9$ s&!%e$ ti"e$ tro(ble$ t(rnQ$ et1 ND1
=1BO$ et1 E.14 ,i+e ! l!(,& Ni to l!(,&O HreFrse6$ &!+e ! b!t& Ni b!t&eO Hto"!r (n
b!)oL b!)!rse6$ &!+e ! .o9e Ni to l!(,&O HreFrse6$ "!9e ! s(,,estion Ni s(,,estO
H&!er (n! s(,ereni!L s(,erir6$ t!9e ! .o9e H!e%t!r (n! bro"!6$ t!9e !
%&otoH,r!%&6 Ni %&oto,r!%&O Hs!!rL &!er (n! #oto,r!#F!L #oto,r!#F!r6$ et1
=155@1I Aa verbos 'ue se pueden formar por derivacin aLadiendo los
siguientes prefi%os ! %!l!br!s %ri"iti+!sM el %re#i.o es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o
!te,oriz!4 !I$ !dI$ !nteI$ beI NLeL o LILO$ b'I$ ir("I$ oI$ olI$ o"I$ onI$ ontr!I$
orI$ o(nterI$ deI$ disI$ do7nI$ eI$ eletroI$ e"I$ enI$ e-I$ e-tr!I$ #orI$ #oreI$ illI$ i"I$
inI$ inIL enI$ interI$ introI$ "!lI$ "isI$ non$ o##I$ o%I$ o(tI$ o+erI$ %erI$ %&otoI$ %ostI$
%reI$ %roI$ reI$ retroI$ se"iI$ s(bI$ s(%erI$ s(rI$ s'nI$ teleI Nl! se,(nd! e se %ron(ni!
o"o LeL o LILO$ tr!nsI$ (nI$ (nderI$ (%I$ 7it&I$ et1 E.14 !Rrise Hs(r,irL le+!nt!rse6$
beR#riend H&!erse !"i,o de6$ RoHI6st!r Ho%rot!,oniz!r6$ o(nterRb!l!ne
Hontr!%es!r6$ Rde"onstr!te Hde"ostr!rL "!ni#est!rse6$ disRli9e Hdis,(st!rL no ,(st!r6$
e"Rbed Henterr!rL inr(st!r6$ enRirle Hrode!r6$ #oreR,o H%reeder6$ RinRbreed H%rore!r
dentro de (n! "is"! #!"ili!6$ inRl!' Hinr(st!r6$ enRr(st N"s (s!doOL inRr(st
Henostr!r6$ interreRl!te Hinterrel!ion!rse6$ "!lR#(ntion Hno #(nion!r bien6$
"isinR#or" Hin#or"!r "!l6$ nonR%l(s Hdesonert!rL on#(ndir6$ o(tRli+e Hsobre+i+ir6$
o+erR&!r,e Hsobre!r,!L sobre!r,!r6$ o+ere-R%ose Hsobree-%oner6$ %redisR%ose
H%redis%oner6$ Rrere!te Hdi+ertirse6 ' UreHI6reR!teV Hrere!rL re!r de n(e+o6$
re%roRd(e Hre%rod(ir6$ se"idesRtro' Hse"idestroz!r6$ (nR%l(, Hdesen&(#!r6$
s(bre%reRsent Hter,i+ers!rL de#or"!r6$ s(%erRs!t(r!te Hs(%ers!t(r!r6$ tr!nsR#or"
Htr!ns#or"!r6$ (nR"!s9 Hdesen"!s!r!r6$ (nderR%!' H%!,!r "(' %oo6$ (%Rset
H%ert(rb!r6$ 7it&Rdr!7 Hretir!r6$ et1
Aa algunas palabras 'ue empie)an por re57 suele ser prefi%o se puede
pronunciar4
*+ #ri"#M s(ele ir on !ento %ri"!rio ' si,ni#i! Ude n(e+oL otr! +ezVM l! %!l!br!
s(ele lle+!r ,(i3n detrs de reI1 E.14 reI!t Lri4RY9tL H+ol+er ! re%resent!r NoO %oner en
esen!6$ reIollet Lri49eRle9tL H+ol+er ! reo,erL +ol+er ! oleion!rL re(%er!rL
.(nt!r6$ reHI6Ro(nt Lri4R9!(ntL H+ol+er ! ont!rL &!er el se,(ndo esr(tinio6$
reHI6Ro+er Hret!%iz!rL +ol+er ! #orr!r6$ reHI6reR!tion Ho# st&4 !n !t"os%&ereL t&e %!st$
et16 Hrere!i3n Hde !l,o4 (n !"bienteL el %!s!do$ et166$ reIR#or" H#or"!rHse6 de
n(e+o6$ reI#(nd Lri4R#AndL Hre#in!ni!rL reonsolid!r6$ reHI6l!' Lri4RleIL H+ol+er !
olo!rL +ol+er ! tender6$ reI%resent Lri4%rIRzentL H+ol+er ! %resent!r6$ reI%ress
Lri4R%resL Hrei"%ri"ir6$ reHI6R%roo# Hrei"%er"e!biliz!r6$ reIRsi,n H+ol+er ! #ir"!r6$ reI
sort Lri4Rso4tL NGBOL ' Lri4Rso4rtL NUSAO Hrel!si#i!rL reorden!r6$ reRst!rt Hre!n(d!rL
reinii!rL e"%ez!r de n(e+o6$ reItr!e Lri4RtreIsL H+ol+er ! tr!z!r6$ reHI6tre!d Lri4RtredL
H+ol+er ! %is!r6 ' Uretre!dV Lri4RtredL Hre"odel!rL re!(&(t!r61
2+ #rI# o, a veces, #ri# M no lle+! !ento %ri"!rioM l! %!l!br! no s(ele lle+!r ,(i3n1 E.14
re!t LriRY9tL Hre!ion!r6$ reo(nt LrIR9!(ntL Hn!rr!rL ont!r6$ reo+er LrIR9A+eL
NGBOL ' LrIR9A+erL NUSAO Hre(%er!rHse6L res!t!r6$ reR#or" LrIR#o4"L NGBOL '
LrIR#o4r"L NUSAO Hre#or"!r6$ re#(nd LrIR#AndL Hde+ol+erL ree"bols!r Nel dineroO6$
rel!' LrIRleIL ' LRri4leIL Htr!ns"itirL retr!ns"itirL re,(l!r %or rel06$ re%ress LrIR%resL
Hre%ri"ir6$ reR%roo# LrIR%r(4#L Hre%rob!i3n6$ reR%(lsi+e LrIR%AlsI+L Hre%(lsi+oHs6$ !Hs66$
reRsi,n LrIRz!InL Hdi"itir6$ reRsist!ne LrIRzIstenHt6sL Hresisteni!6$ resort LrIRzo4tL NGBO
' LrIRzo4rtL NUSAO Hre(rsoL entro t(rFstioL re(rrir6$ reRtr!e LrIRtreIsL H+ol+er !
lo!liz!rL (bi!rL +ol+er sobreL re"e"or!r61
2+ #re#M lle+! !ento %ri"!rio s3lo si no &!' nin,(n! otr! sFl!b! on !ento %ri"!rio
' no si,ni#i! Ude n(e+oL otr! +ezVM l! %!l!br! no s(ele lle+!r ,(i3n1 E.14 Rre9on
HreerL !l(l!r6$ reollet Lre9eRle9tL Hreord!rL orden!r6$ reoR""end
Hreo"end!r6$ Rreo"%ense Hreo"%ens!L reo"%ens!r6$ Rreonile Hreonili!r6$
rereR!tion Hes%!ri"ientoL %!s!tie"%oL rereo NGBO6$ re%resent Lre%rIRzentL
Hre%resent!r6$ resid(e LRrez I d.(4L o LRrez ed.(4L NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ LRrez I d (4L NGB
o LRrezed(4LO$ LRrezId(4L NUSA o LRrezed(4LO Hresid(o6$ et1
Los %re#i.os nor"!l"ente no !"bi!n l! %!rte de l! or!i3n ! l! /(e se (nen$ es
deir$ si se (nen ! (n +erbo$ si,(e siendo +erbo1
=155B1I Aa verbos 'ue se pueden formar por derivacin aLadiendo los
siguientes sufi%os$ "or#e"!s$ ter"in!iones$ desineni!s ! %!l!br!s %ri"iti+!s$
nor"!l"ente !d.eti+os ' no"bres4 I!te$ Ie#' Nl! e se %ron(ni! o"o LeL o LIL4
li/(e#'$ obst(%e#'$ %(tre#'$ r!re#'$ r(be#'$ st(%e#'$ torre#'$ t("e#'$ et1$ %ero !si
todos los +erbos ter"in!n en Ii#'O$ Ien Ndetrs de (n !d.eti+o o (n no"breO$ Ii#' Nl! i
se %ron(ni! o"o LeL o LILO Ndetrs de (n !d.eti+o o (n no"breO$ IizeL Iise NGBO
Ndetrs de (n !d.eti+o o (n no"bre4 D1 5C15;155O$ et1 E.14 "oder!te H"oder!r6$
r!re#'$ e"bolden Hen+!lenton!r6$ #!tten Hen,ord!r6$ &!rden Hend(reer6$ stren,t&en
Hre#orz!r6$ s7eeten Hend(lz!r6$ si"%li#' Hsi"%li#i!r6$ o"%(terizeL o"%(terise
NGBO Hin#or"!tiz!r6$ re!lizeL re!lise NGBO Hd!rse (ent!6$ s'"bolizeL s'"bolise
NGBO$ or,!nizeL or,!nise NGBO$ et1
&as palabras 'ue terminan en 5ate suelen pronunciarse como #5et# o #5It#, a
veces #5eIt#, cuando son nombres o ad%etivos #eIt# cuando son verbos. E.14
R!d+o!te LIetL o LIItL o LIeItL Hde#ensorL !bo,!do Hde#ensor6 NUSA ' Esoi!O6 '
UR!d+o!teV LIeItL H!bo,!r %orL reo"end!r6M !R##ili!te LIetL o LIItL o LIeItL Hsoio6 '
U!R##ili!teV LIeItL H!#ili!r6M !R,,lo"er!te LIetL o LIItL o LIeItL H!,lo"er!do N!d.eti+oOL
on,lo"er!do Nno"breO6 ' U!R,,lo"er!teV LIeItL H!,lo"er!rHse66M R!,,re,!te LIetL o
LI I tL NGBO o LIe I tL NGBO Htot!lL ,lob!lL !,re,!doL on,lo"er!do6 ' UR!,,re,!teV
Nliter!rioO LRY,rI,eItL H!,re,!r6M !lRtern!te NGBOL R!ltern!te NUSAO LIetL o LIItL
H!lterno N!d.eti+oOL s(bstit(to NUSA4 no"breO6 ' UR!ltern!teV LIeItL H!ltern!r6M
R!ni"!te LIetL o LIItL o LIeItL H!ni"!do6 ' UR!ni"!teV LIeItL H!ni"!r6M
!R%%ro%ri!te LIetL o LI I tL NGBO H!%ro%i!do6 ' U!R%%ro%ri!teV LIeItL H!%ro%i!rse de6M
!R%%ro-i"!te LIetL o LIItL H!%ro-i"!do6 ' U!R%%ro-i"!teV LIeItL H!%ro-i"!rse6M
!rRti(l!te LIetL o LI I tL NGBO H!rti(l!do6 ' U!rRti(l!teV LIeItL H!rti(l!r6M
!ssoi!te LeRso([ietL o LeRso([iItL Hole,!L no n("er!rioL !d.(ntoHs6$ !Hs66
' LeRso([ieItL H!soi!r6M R!rbon!te LIeItL$ LIItL o LIetL H!rbon!to6 ' UR!rbon!teV LIeItL
Hon+ertir en !rbon!toL !r,!r de ido !rb3nio6M Relib!te LIetL o LIItL H0libe
Nno"bre ' !d.eti+o Hi soltero6O6M erRti#i!te LIetL o LIItL Herti#i!do6 '
UerRti#i!teV LIeItL Herti#i!r6M &ool!te LRt[o9He6lItL NGB o LRt[o9He6letLO
' LRt[o49lItL NUSA o Rt[o49letL o LRt[!49lItL o LRt[!49letLOM Rli"!te LIetL o LIItL Hli"!6M
ons(l!te LIetL o LIItL Hons(l!do6M ons(""!te4 L9enRsA"etL o L9enRsA"ItL
N!d.eti+oO Hons("!do6 ' LR9onse"eItL NGBO ' LR9!4nse"eItL NUSAO Hons("!r6M
oHI6Rordin!te LIetL o LIItL o LIeItL Hoordin!doL oorden!d!6 ' UoHI6Rordin!teV LIeItL
Hoorden!r6M reR!te LIeItL Hre!r6M R(r!te LIetL o LIItL Ho!d.(torL +i!rio6M deR,ener!te
LIetL o LIItL Hde,ener!do N!d.eti+o ' no"breO6 ' UdeR,ener!teV LIeItL Hde,ener!r6M
Rdele,!te LIetL o LIItL o LIeItL Hdele,!do6 ' URdele,!teV LIeItL Hdele,!r6M
deRliber!te LIetL o LIItL Hdeliber!doL re#le-i+o6 ' UdeRliber!teV LIeItL Hdeliber!r6M
Rdesol!te LIetL o LIItL Hdesol!do6 ' URdesol!teV LIeItL Hdesol!r6M Rdes%er!te LRdes%He6retL
o LRdes%He6rItL Hdese%er!do6M de+!st!te LRde+esteItL Hde+!st!r6M diRretor!te LIetL
o LIItLM Rdissi%!te LIeItL Hdisi%!r6M Rd(%li!te LIetL o LIItL Hd(%li!do N!d.eti+o '
no"breO6 ' URd(%li!teV LIeItL Hd(%li!r6M eRl!bor!te LIetL o LIItL Hel!bor!do6 '
UeRl!bor!teV LIeItL Hel!bor!r6M Resti"!te LIetL o LIItL o LIeItL Hl(lo !%ro-i"!do6 '
UResti"!teV LIeItL H!l(l!r6M e-R%!tri!te LIetL o LIItL o LIeItL He-%!tri!do N!d.eti+o '
no"breO6 ' Ue-R%!tri!teV LIeItL Hdesterr!r6M #ort(n!te LR#o4t[He6netL NGB4 "s (s!do
o LR#o4t[He6nItLO ' LR#o4rt[He6netL NUSA4 "s (s!do o LR#o4rt[He6nItLO H!#ort(n!do6M
#r(sRtr!te LIeItL H#r(str!r6M R,r!d(!te LIetL o LIItL H,r!d(!do6 ' UR,r!d(!teV LIeItL
H,r!d(!rHse66M in&o!te Nliter!rioO LInR9o(etL o LRIn9o(eItL o LI nR9o(e I tL NGB
o LInR9o(ItL o LRIn9o(ItL o LRIn9e7eItLO Hini%ienteL e"brion!rio6 e URin&o!teV
Nliter!rioO LRIn9o(eItL o LI nR9o(e I tL NGBO Hino!r6M iRniti!te LIetL o LIItL o LIeItL
Hinii!do N!d.eti+o ' no"breO6 e UiRniti!teV LIeItL Hinii!r6M Rins(l!te LRIns.eleItL NGB4
"s (s!do ' USA4 "enos (s!doO$ LRIns.(leItL NGB4 "enos (s!doO o LRInseleItL
NUSA4 "s (s!doO H!isl!r6M Rinti"!te LRIntI"etL o LRIntI"ItL HNliter!rio4 no"breO
!"i,o Fnti"oL de on#i!nz!L o"%in&e6L Nestnd!r4 !d.eti+oO Fnti"o6 e
URinti"!teV LRIntI"eItL Hinsin(!rL d!r ! entender6M Rinton!te LIeItL Henton!r6M
Rl!"in!te LIetL$ LIitL o LIeItL H%rod(to l!"in!do6 ' URl!"in!teV LIeItL Hl!"in!rL
%!rtirse en l"in!s6M Rl!(re!te LIetL o LIItL N!d.eti+o ' no"breO Hl!(re!do6 '
URl!(re!teV LIeItL Hl!(re!r6M R"!nd!te LeItL ' "enos (s!do en GB t!"bi0n LIetL o LIItL
H"!nd!to6 ' UR"!nd!teL "!n R d!te NGB4 "enos (s!doOV LeItL Hotor,!r "!nd!to
sobre6M Rle,isl!te LIeItL Hle,isl!r6M R"oder!te LIetL o LIItL H"oder!do N!d.eti+o '
no"breO6 ' UR"oder!teV LIeItL H"oder!r6M n!Rrr!te LIeItL Hn!rr!r6M o+erResti"!te LIetL o
LIItL o LIe I tL NGBO Hl(lo e-esi+o6 ' Uo+erResti"!teV LIeItL Hsobresti"!rL e-!,er!r6M
R%o"e,r!n!te LIetL o LIItL H,r!n!d! N#r(t!O6M %onRti#i!te LIetL o LIeItL o LI I tL NGBO
H%onti#i!do6 ' U%onRti#i!teV LIeItL H%onti#i!r6M R%ost(l!te Nliter!rioO LIetL o LIItL
o LIe I tL NGBO H%ost(l!do6 ' UR%ost(l!teV Nliter!rioO LIeItL H%ost(l!r6M %reRi%it!te LIetL o
LIItL H%rei%it!do N!d.eti+o ' no"breO6 ' U%reRi%it!teV LIeItL H%rei%it!r6M
R%redi!te LIetL o LIItL o LIe I tL NGBO H%redi!do6 ' UR%redi!teV LIeItL H!#ir"!r6M
R%ri+!te LIetL o LI I tL NGBO H%ri+!doHs6$ !Hs66M reR,ener!te LIetL o LIItL o LIe I tL NGBO
Hre,ener!do6 ' UreR,ener!teV LIeItL Hre,ener!r6M reR%!tri!te LIetL o LIItL Hre%!tri!do
Nno"breO6 ' UreR%!tri!teV LIeItL Hre%!tri!rHse66M Rse%!r!te4 LRse%eretL o LRse%He6rItL
Hse%!r!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' LRse%ereItL Hse%!r!r6M serr!te LRsereItL$ LRseretL o LRserItL Hserr!doL
dent!do6 ' LseRreItL o LRsereItL Hserr!r6M st!,n!te LeItL Hest!n!rse6M Rs(bli"!te LIetL
o LIItL o LIeItL Hs(bli"!do6 ' URs(bli"!teV LIeItL Hs(bli"!r6M s(Rbordin!te LIetL o LIItL
Hs(bordin!do N!d.eti+o ' no"breO6 ' Us(Rbordin!teV LIeItL Hs(bordin!r6M
s(lt!n!te LIetL o LIeItL o LIItL Hs(lt!n!to6M Rs(rro,!te LIetL o LIItL o LIeItL Hs(bstit(to
Nliter!rioOL +i!rio NGBOL .(ez test!"ent!rio NUSAO6 ' URs(rro,!teV LIeItL Hs(bro,!r6M
te"%er!te LRte"%eretL o LRte"%He6rItL Hte"%l!doL "oder!do6M tr!nsRl!te LIeItL
Htr!d(ir6M Rtri%li!te Nno"bre ' !d.eti+oO LIetL o LIItL Htri%li!do6 ' URtri%li!teV LIeItL
Htri%li!r6M t(Rber(l!te LIetL o LIItL Ht(ber(l!do6M +!R!te LIeItL Hdes!lo.!r6M
(nderResti"!te LIetL o LIItL o LIe I tL NGBO Hesti"!i3n de"!si!do b!.!6 '
U(nderResti"!teV LIeItL Hs(besti"!r6$ et1
E!' !l,(n!s e-e%iones4 deRb!te LIeItL Hdeb!teL deb!tir6M Rdit!te LIeItL H"!nd!to6 '
UdiRt!teV LIeItL Hdit!rL "!nd!r6M R"et&'l !te Nliter!rioO LIeItL H"etil!to Nno"breOL
"ezl!r on "et!nol N+erboO6M R%ir!te LIetL o LIItL H%ir!t!L %ir!te!r6M Rreb!teL reRb!te
NGBO LIeItL Hree"bolsoL des(ento6 ' UreRb!te NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rreb!te NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOV LIeItL Hree"bols!rL desont!r6M R re%rob!te Nliter!rioO Nno"bre '
!d.eti+oO LIeItL o LI I tL NGBO H"!l+!doL r0%robo6 ' UR re%rob!teV Nliter!rioO LIeItL
Honden!rL dene,!r6M Rs(l%&!te NGBOL Rs(l#!te NUSAO LIeItL Hs(l#!toL s(l#!t!r6M
Rs(l%&on!te NGBOL Rs(l#on!te NUSAO LIeItL Hs(l#on!toL s(l#on!r6$ et1
Lo "s #il ' reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es %ron(ni!r todos los
!d.eti+os ' no"bres ter"in!dos en I!te o"o LIetL '! /(e !si sie"%re est bien1
L!s %!l!br!s /(e tienen dos sFl!b!s s(elen lle+!r el !ento en l! %ri"er! sFl!b! si son
no"bres o !d.eti+os ' en l! se,(nd! sFl!b! si son +erbos %ero &!' e-e%iones4
orRn!te LIeItL Horn!H"ent!6doL #lorido6$ et1 D1 51;:
Los "or#e"!s$ ter"in!iones$ desineni!s o s(#i.os nor"!l"ente !"bi!n l! %!rte
de l! or!i3n ! l! /(e se (nen$ es deir$ si se (nen ! (n !d.eti+o$ %(eden #or"!r (n
+erbo$ et1 M(&os +erbos /(e ter"in!n en Ibble$ I9le$ I,,le$ I9le$ I"ble$ I""er$
In,le$ Itter s(,ieren !l,o %e/(e)o o !l,o re%etiti+o1
=158C1I Otros +erbos se #or"!n !"bi!ndo el !ento del no"bre1 E.14 Ri"%ort
Hi"%ort!i3n6 e Ui"R%ortV Hi"%ort!r6$ et1
E!' "(&Fsi"!s e-e%iones4 deRb!te LIeItL Hdeb!teL deb!tir61 et1 D1 51;:
=15851I Aa algunos verbos 'ue se forman /aciendo algBn cambio fontico con
respecto del nombre del 'ue se derivan4 b!t&e LbeISL de Ub!t&V Lb!4uL NGBO '
LbYuL NUSAOM belie+e L+L de Ubelie#V L#LM bleed de UbloodVM bre!t&e Lbri4SL de
Ubre!t&V LbreuLM breed de UbroodVM lot&e L9lo(SL de Ulot&V LuLM dri% de Udro%VM
#eed de U#oodVM #ill de U#(llVM ,ild Hdor!r6 de U,oldV Horo6M ,l!ze L,leIzL de U,l!ssV
L,l!4sL NGBO ' L,lYsL NUSAOM ,r!ze L,reIzL de U,r!ssV LsLM &!l+e L+L de U&!l#V L#LM &e!l
de U7&oleVM 9nit de U9notVM "o(t& LSL de U"o(t&V LuLM %rize LzL de U%rieV LsLM
%ro+e L+L de U%roo#V L#LM sell de Us!leVM s&el+e L+L de Us&el#V L#LM teet&e LSL de Uteet&V
LuLM tell de Ut!leVM t&ie+e L+L de Ut&ie#V L#LM s&e!+e L+L H!,!+ill!r6 de Us&e!#V L#L
H,!+ill!6$ et1
=15881I Aa verbos 'ue se forman por conversin de !d.eti+os$ no"bres$
!d+erbios$ inter.eiones$ et1$ sin nin,2n !"bio ni #on0tio ni en l! esrit(r!4 !t$
!%e$ !tte"%t$ b!9$ b!n,$ b!r9$ be!rd$ better$ bi'le$ bl!9$ boo9$ bottle$ br!9e$
br!+e Hen!r!r6$ b(s'$ b(t&er$ b(zz$ !ll$ !l"$ !t!lo,(e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
!t!lo, NUSAO LR9Ytelo,L NGBO ' LR9Ytelo4,L NUSAO$ &!in$ &!n,e$ &e!t$ li"b$
ont!t$ oo9$ o%'$ ost$ (b$ d!ne$ dirt'$ do,$ do(ble$ do7n$ dre!"$ dri+e$ dr'$
elbo7$ e"%t'$ end$ e'e$ #!t&er$ #e!r$ #in,er$ #o!l$ #oot$ #or7!rd$ #ield$ #(rt&er$ ,re'$
,r(nt$ ,("$ &!""er$ &!nd$ &e!d$ &el%$ &i(%$ &o%e$ &("ble$ &(sb!nd$ idle$ .o9e$
.(d,e$ 9iss$ 9itten$ l!"b$ l!(,&$ li,&t$ lord$ lo7er$ "!s9$ "o!n$ "odel$ "ot&er$
"otor$ n!rro7$ ne!r$ nose$ n(rse$ o##er$ oil$ %!r9$ %it(re$ %i,$ %ilot$ %l!nt$ %oo&I%oo&$
%(%$ re#eree$ ro(nd$ seond$ s&o(lder$ silene$ sir$ s9in$ slo7$ s"oot&$ s/(!re$ t!"e$
tele%&one No"o +erbo4 GB %rini%!l"enteO$ t&("b$ ti"e$ tro(ble$ tr'$ +ote$ 7!l9$
7!ter$ 7eed$ R7ee9end$ 7et$ 7is&$ KIr!'$ 'ello7$ et1 D1 815C?$ :1:=18
=158:1I Los verbos en in,l0s s(elen ser si"%les %ero &!' t!"bi0n !l,(nos
compuestos de dos %!l!br!s %ri"iti+!sM el %ri"er ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$
!li#i! o !te,oriz!M se on.(,!n o"o si #(er!n (n! sol! %!l!br! %ero$ si (n
ele"ento e-iste o"o +erbo inde%endiente$ entones se on.(,! i,(!l /(e el +erbo
inde%endienteM pueden estar formados por"
*+ @n ad%etivo D un verbo1 E.14 Rdo(bleIRross H%e,rsel! Ni en,!)!rO6$
Rdo(bleIRd!te Hs!lir dos %!re.!s .(nt!sL it!rse dos %!re.!s %!r! s!lir6$ Rdo(bleIRlo9
Hd!r dos +(elt!s ! l! err!d(r!6$ Rdr'HI6Rle!n Hli"%i!r en seo6$ #(lR#il NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL #(lR#ill NUSAO$ R,l!dIR&!nd Hsb6 Hd!rle H! !l,(ien6 l! bien+enid! on
l! "!noL estre&!rle l! "!no H! !l,(ien66$ R&i,&HI6li,&t H%oner de relie+eL &!er
res!lt!r6$ RillIRtre!t H"!ltr!t!r6$ Rso#tHI6Rso!% H&!l!,!r6$ R7&ite7!s& Hbl!n/(e!r6$ et1
2+ @n nombre D un verbo1 E.14 Rb!b'HI6sit H(id!r ni)os6$ Rbottle#eed H!li"ent!r on
biber3n6$ Rbr!in7!s& Hl!+!r el erebro6$ Rbro7be!t Hinti"id!r6$ R&!inHI6s"o9e H#("!r
(n i,!rrHill6o tr!s otro6$ Rd!'dre!" Hso)!r des%ierto6$ R&!ndHI6R%i9 Heso,er NoO
seleion!r (id!dos!"ente6$ R&o(seIR&(nt Hb(s!r !s!6$ R.err'IRb(ild Honstr(ir de
"!l! "!ner!6$ Rli%HI6re!d Hleer los l!bios6$ RnoseHI6di+e Hdesender en %i!do6$
Rslee%7!l9 H!nd!r o"o (n son"b(loL !"in!r dor"ido6$ Rs%rin,HI6Rle!n NGBO
H&!er li"%iez! ,ener!l6$ Rs(nb!t&e Hto"!r el sol6$ R7!'Rl!' Hsor%render6$ et1
2+ @n verbo D un adverbio1 E.14 do## Ndo h o##O$ don Ndo h onO$ et1
-+ @n adverbio D un verbo1 E.14 b!9#ire LbY9R#!IeL NGBO ' LbY9R#!IHe6rL NUSAO
H%et!rde!rL s!lir "!l6$ b'%!ss LRb!I%!4sL NGBO ' LRb!I%YsL NUSAO He+it!r entr!rL %!s!r
%or eni"!6$ RrossHI6R&e9 H+eri#i!rL &!er (n! o"%rob!i3n NoO +eri#i!i3n6$
#oreRtell$ Ro(tr' H,rit!r "s /(e6$ o+erRle!%$ (nderRt!9e$ (%Rset$ et1
=158;1I E-isten verbos onomatopicos Hono"!to%oei Lone"YteR%i4I9L NGBO
' L!4ne"YteR%i4I9L NUSAO +erbs61 E.14 b(zz Hz("b!rL son!r6$ Rl!n9IRl!n9 Hson!r
ontin(!"ente6$ &iss Hsilb!rL b(#!rL !b(&e!rL sise!r6$ Rs&ill'IRs&!ll' Htit(be!r6$
Rt&("%IRt&("% Hd!r ,ol%es ontin(!"ente6$ et1
=158<1I Aa verbos 'ue se pueden formar acortando la forma del nombreM el
%ri"er ele"ento es el /(e "odi#i!$ !li#i! o !te,oriz!1 E.14 R"!ssI%roRd(er
H#!bri!nte en serie6 ' UR"!ssI%roRd(eV H#!bri!r en serie6$ R,lobeHI6trotter
Htrot!"(ndos6 ' UR,lobeHI6trotV Hreorrer "(ndo6$ et1
=158=1I E-isten verbos reduplicativos /(e se #or"!n on it!s o re%etiiones
tot!les o %!ri!les1 E.14 Go$ ,o] H\Dete$ +ete]6M b!"boozle Hen,!t(s!r6M Rrissross
H"o+erse en tod!s l!s direiones6M Ee is Rdill'IRd!ll'in, Hl est %erdiendo el
tie"%oL tit(be!ndo6M R#iddleIR#!ddle Hdes%erdii!r el tie"%o6M S&eZs RniddleIRnoodlin,
HEll! est !sintiendo on l! !bez!6M DonZt R%itterIR%!tter] H\No re%i/(etees]6M S&e
R%oo&IR%oo&s &i" HEll! leL lo desde)!6M Rs&ill'IRs&!ll' H+!il!r6M T&e' !re
RtittleIRt!ttlin, HEstn &is"e!ndo6$ et1
=158?1I E!' verbos 'ue se forman por fusin1 E.14 ,r("ble N,ro7l h r("bleO
Hre#(n#()!rL /(e.!rse6$ s%l(tter Ns%l!s& h s%(tterO H&is%orrote!rL #!r#(ll!rL reso%l!r6$
et1
=158@1I &os siguientes ad%etivos pueden ir precedidos de un nombre o
pronombre no referido a persona4s+ 'ue /ace de su%eto seguidos del verbo
MbeM Nen #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en
in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oO D infinitivo no de gerundioM
son todos !li#i!ti+os e-e%to los /(e +!n se,(idos de N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oO
o de Nl!si#i!ti+oOM !si todos son ,r!d(!bles ' %(eden ir se,(idos t!"bi0n del
!d+erbio Qeno(,&Q en in,l0s estnd!r$ e-e%to los no ,r!d(!bles /(e son
%o/(Fsi"osM los !d.eti+os +!n nor"!l"ente !ent(!dosM en in,l0s !r!io se %(ede
%oner Qeno(,&Q del!nte del !d.eti+oM los ,r!d(!bles %(eden ir en #or"! %ositi+!$
o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!M (n!s +ees el s(.eto es QitQ Nintrod(torioL e-%leti+o4 D1
<1=151llO ' el in#initi+o /(e +! detrs$ si el in#initi+o no tiene +!lor #in!lM otr!s +ees
el s(.eto es s3lo QitQ N%rono"bre %erson!l es%eF#io1 D1 <1=151!I#O$ si el in#initi+o
tiene +!lor #in!l4 Hit6 be H(n6!ble HHin6!%!z6L !bo(t Nl!si#i!ti+oOL !de/(!teL
H(n6!d+is!bleL !,ree!bleL !%tL Rb!dIR"!nnered Hde "(' "!l! ed(!i3n6L
H(n6belie+!bleL bene#ii!lL bestL betterL bitterL bo(nd Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hse,(ro /(e6L
!l(l!ted N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oOL ert!inL le!rL o""on%l!eL o"%le-L
o"%li!tedL onstr(ti+eL o7!rdl'L r!z'L riti!lL (sto"!r'L de#inite Hse,(ro6L
desiro(sL destined Nl!si#i!ti+oOL destr(ti+eL deter"ined Hdeidido6L di!boliH!l6L
di,ni#iedL dis!d+!nRt!,eo(sL diRs!stro(sL disRri"in!tor'L disRt!ste#(lL d(eL e!rl'L
e/(i%%edL e+identL e-!,,er!tedL e-(s!bleL e-%edientL e-tr!ordin!r'L #!b(lo(sL
#!ll!io(sL #!nt!stiL #!t!lL #e!sibleL #ineL H(n6#itL #orbidden Nl!si#i!ti+oOL
H(n6#or,i+!bleL #r!(d(lentL #reeL #ri+olo(sL #r(itlessL ,enero(sL ,lorio(sL H!n'L noL
too6 ,oodL ,reed'L ,rie+o(sL &!r"#(lL &!r"lessL R&!z!rdo(sL &e!rtlessL &e!+'L
&el%lessL &eroiL &ideo(sL &ono(r!ble NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O &onor!ble NUSAOL
too &otL &("!nL &("!neL idleL ille,!lL RillIR"!nneredL ill("in!ted Nl!si#i!ti+oOL
i"beiliL i""odestL i""or!lL i"%!tientL i"%oliteL i"%ossibleL i"%r!ti!lL
i"%ro%erL in!(r!teL in!de/(!teL in!d+is!bleL in!%%ro%ri!teL inlined N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oOL inon+enientL inorretL inredibleL indeli!teL indesrib!bleL
indi,n!ntL indis%ens!bleL ine##iientL inele,!ntL in#!ntileL in#or"!ti+eL in,enio(sL
in,en(o(sL in&os%it!bleL in.(diio(sL inno+!ti+eL ins!neL insensiti+eL insolentL
instr(ti+eL ins(##iientL intoler!bleL in+idio(sL ir9so"eL irr!tion!lL irrele+!ntL
irres%onsibleL irre+erentL H(n6.(stL .(bil!ntL .(diio(sL l!teL le,!lL li!ble H%rob!ble6L
H(n6li9el' HHi"6%rob!ble6L "!nd!tor'L "!t(reL "onstr(o(sL n!Ri+e N"s (s!doO NoO
n!R+eL n!st'L n!(,&t'L needlessL nobleL nonsensi!lL n(tt'L obli,!tor'L obno-io(sL
obseneL o##ensi+eL oldL o%enL o(tr!,eo(sL %!t&etiL %er#etL %er"issibleL %ertinentL
%er+erseL %iti#(lL %l!inL %l!(sibleL %olitiL %o7erlessL %r!ti!bleL %r!ise7ort&'L
%redestinedL %re"!t(reL %re%!red N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oOL %re%ostero(sL
%ressedL %ro#it!bleL %ro"%t Hr%ido6L %rone H%ro%enso6L %ro%erL %ro%itio(sL /(eerL
r!reL re!d'L red(nd!ntL rel(t!ntL re"!r9!bleL re%(tedL senseless H(n sinsentido6L
H!ll6 set N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oOL si9L slo7L stron,L st(%endo(sL H(n6s(itedL
s(%erbL s(reL terri#iL H(n6t&in9!ble Nno ,r!d(!bleOL H(n6tr(eL (nderst!nd!bleL
(net&i!lL (n#or,ett!bleL (ni"%ort!ntL (nre!son!bleL (ns!#eL (r,entL R7ides%re!d
H,ener!liz!do6L 7is&#(lL 7ort& N!r!io4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ et1 ND1 =1558O1 E.14 T&e
dinner is d(e to st!rt !t se+en HL! en! est %re+ist! %!r! e"%ez!r ! l!s siete6M T&is
"et&od is ,ood eno(,& Nestnd!rOL eno(,& ,ood N!r!ioO to s!+e ti"e N#in!lid!dO
HEste "0todo es s(#iiente"ente b(eno %!r! !&orr!r tie"%o6M ItZs o%en to let t&e
7!ter t&ro(,& N#in!l4 el in#initi+o on UtoV no es s(.etoO HEst !bierto %!r! de.!r
%!s!r el !,(!6M T&e b(ildin, is s(ited to (se !s o##ies N#in!l4 el in#initi+o on UtoV no
es s(.etoO HEl edi#iio es !%ro%i!do %!r! o#iin!s6M It is tr(e to s!' t&!t it is ro(nd Nno
#in!l4 el in#initi+o on UtoV es s(.etoO HEs +erd!d deir /(e es redondoL Deir /(e es
redondo es +erd!d6$ et1
Al,(nos otros !d.eti+os o"o UHit6 be !,,r!+!tin,L !l!r"in,L !"!zin,L !"(sin,L
!nno'in,L !%%!llin,L !stonis&in, H!so"broso6L be7ilderin, Hdesonert!nte6L
borin,L bre!t&t!9in, Hi"%resion!nteL inreFble6L &!r"in,L o"#ortin,L on#(sin,L
d!"!,in, H%er.(dii!l6L d!rin,L d!(ntin,L de,r!din,L de"e!nin,L de%ressin,L
dis!%%ointin,L disonertin,L diso(r!,in,L dis,(stin,L dis&e!rtenin,L dis"!'in,L
disR%le!sin, Hdes!,r!d!ble6L distressin, H!n,(stioso6L dist(rbin,L edi#'in, Nliter!rioOL
e"b!rr!ssin,L en&!ntin,L eno(r!,in,L enli,&tenin,L H(n6enter%risin,L
entert!inin,L ent&r!llin,L e-!s%er!tin,L e-itin,L e-&il!r!tin,L #!sin!tin,L #ittin,
Nliter!rioOL H(n6#l!tterin,L #ri,&tenin,L #r(str!tin,L ,!llin,L ,r!ti#'in,L &orri#'in,L
&("ili!tin,L ill("in!tin,L in#(ri!tin,L ins%irin,L interestin,L intri,(in,L in+i,or!tin,L
irrit!tin,L "!ddenin,L "isle!din,L "orti#'in,L "o+in,L n!(se!tin,L o##I%(ttin,L
o+er7&el"in,L %!tronizin, NoO %!tronisin, NGBOL %er%le-in,L %ert(rbin,L %le!sin,L
%(zzlin,L re!ss(rin,L re#res&in,L rel!-in,L re+e!lin,L re+oltin,L re7!rdin,L
s!tis#'in,L s!t&in, H"ord!zL #eroz6L s&o9in,L si9enin,L soberin, H!leion!dor6L
soot&in,L s%ellbindin,L st!,,erin,L st!rtlin,L sti"(l!tin,L st(nnin,L s(r%risin,L
te"%tin,L terri#'in,L t&rillin,L ti"eIons("in,L tirin,L to(&in,L tr!n/(illizin, NGB
%rini%!l"enteO NoO tr!n/(illisin, NGB Hsb6 rene7 st&L oneZs e##orts$ %rini%!l"enteO
NoO tr!n/(ilizin, NUSAOL (nner+in,L (nsettlin,L (%settin,L +e-in,L 7orr'in,V$ et1$
se (s!n "(&o "s #re(ente"ente se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoV /(e se,(idos de
l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,M es "(&o "e.or %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes %onerlos
se,(idos s3lo de in#initi+o on UtoV %!r! e+it!r !"bi,Xed!des$ on#(siones o
!o#onF!M no obst!nte$ no &!' r!z3n %!r! deir /(e se! inorreto (s!rlos se,(idos
de ,er(ndio$ !(n/(e se (sen "(' %oo ' !l,(nos "s #re(ente"ente /(e otrosM
(n! #or"! de e+it!r el %roble"! es %oner el ,er(ndio de s(.eto del!nte del +erbo
UbeVM sin e"b!r,o$ todos estos !d.eti+os %(eden ir se,(idos de in#initi+o ' t!"bi0n
de ,er(ndio (!ndo se (s!n en o"%!r!iones de s(%eriorid!d entre U"oreV '
Ut&!nV o de in#eriorid!d entre UlessV ' Ut&!nV1 E.14 Not&in, is "ore (%settin, t&!n
seein,L to see t&is HNo &!' n!d! "s triste /(e +er esto61
E-isten !d.eti+os /(e %(eden ir %reedidos de UHit6 beV ' se,(idos de ,er(ndio '
t!"bi0n de in#initi+o on4 !6 Distinto si,ni#i!do ND1 =15<:15$ =15<:1;O1 b6 El "is"o
si,ni#i!do ND1 =15<:18OM otros +!n se,(idos s3lo de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,1 D1 =15<=
L! "!'or %!rte de los !d.eti+os %reedidos de Hit6 %(eden ir t!"bi0n %reedidos del
!d+erbio UtooV ' del!nte de (n no"bre %reedido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do si +!
en sin,(l!r ' sin !rtF(lo indeter"in!do si +! en %l(r!l en el "is"o ti%o de
estr(t(r!1 E.14 It is too ,ood ! !r to sell it so &e!% HEs (n o&e de"!si!do b(eno
%!r! +enderlo t!n b!r!to61
L! "!'or %!rte de los !d.eti+os %reedidos de Hit6 %(eden ir %reedidos del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do ' del!nte de (n no"bre t!"bi0n en el "is"o ti%o de estr(t(r!1 E.14
It is ! ,ood ide! to ,o to"orro7 HEs (n! b(en! ide! ir "!)!n!61
Los !d.eti+os n("er!les ordin!les inl(idos Ut&e #ollo7in,$ t&e l!st$ t&e ne-t$ t&e
onl'V h no"bre ' los %rono"bres n("er!les ordin!les inl(idos UHt&e6 l!st$ Ht&e6
ne-tV %(eden ir %reedidos de UHit6 beV ' se,(idos de in#initi+o1 E.14 It is t&e l!st
t&in, to do HEs lo 2lti"o /(e se %(ede &!er61 D1 ;1<5$ <15=
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre no
re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(idos del +erbo Q!%%e!rQ Nen #or"!
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio
%oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oO h in#initi+o ' no de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,M es
(n QitQ introd(torioL e-%leti+o ND1 <1=151llO4 Hit6 !%%e!r Htoo6 Hin6!de/(!teL Htoo6
Hin6!d+is!bleL Htoo6 H(n6belie+!bleL too o""on%l!eL too o"%le-L too
o"%li!tedL too (sto"!r'L too destr(ti+eL too di!boliH!l6L too dis!d+!nRt!,eo(sL
too diRs!stro(sL too disRri"in!tor'L too disRt!ste#(lL too e-!,,er!tedL too #r!(d(lentL
too #ri+olo(sL too ,oodL too &!r"#(lL too R&!z!rdo(sL too &e!+'L too &ideo(sL too
&otL Htoo6 &("!neL Htoo6 i""or!lL Htoo6 i"%oliteL i"%ossibleL Htoo6 i"%r!ti!lL
Htoo6 i"%ro%erL Htoo6 in!%%ro%ri!teL Htoo6 inon+enientL Htoo6 indis%ens!bleL Htoo6
ine##iientL in&os%it!bleL Htoo6 inno+!ti+eL too intoler!bleL too ir9so"eL too H(n6.(stL
too l!teL too "!nd!tor'L too "onstr(o(sL Htoo6 H(n6n!t(r!lL Htoo6 H(n6neess!r'L
needlessL too nonsensi!lL Htoo6 obli,!tor'L Htoo6 obseneL Htoo6 o##ensi+eL too oldL
too o(tr!,eo(sL too %!t&etiL Htoo6 %er+erseL Htoo6 %l!(sibleL Htoo6 %r!ti!bleL Htoo6
%r!ise7ort&'L Htoo6 %ro#it!bleL Htoo6 %ro%erL Htoo6 %ro%itio(sL Htoo6 (net&i!lL Htoo6
(ni"%ort!ntL Htoo6 (nn!t(r!lL Htoo6 (nre!son!bleL Htoo6 (ns!#eL Htoo6 (nt&in9!ble Nno
,r!d(!bleOL too R7ides%re!d$ et1
Todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, /(e +!n %reedidos de UHit6 beV se (s!n de l!
"i"! "!ner! on el +erbo Q!%%e!rV1
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre no
re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(idos del +erbo Qbeo"eQ Nen #or"!
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio
%oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oO h in#initi+o ' no de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,M es
(n QitQ introd(torioL e-%leti+o ND1 <1=151llO4 Hit6 beo"e Htoo6 Hin6!de/(!teL Htoo6
Hin6!d+is!bleL !%%ro%ri!teL too H(n6belie+!bleL too o""on%l!eL too o"%le-L too
o"%li!tedL too (sto"!r'L too destr(ti+eL too di!boliH!l6L too dis!d+!nRt!,eo(sL
too diRs!stro(sL too disRri"in!tor'L too disRt!ste#(lL too e-!,,er!tedL too #r!(d(lentL
too #ri+olo(sL too ,oodL too &!r"#(lL too R&!z!rdo(sL too &e!+'L too &ideo(sL too
&otL Htoo6 &("!neL Htoo6 i""or!lL Htoo6 i"%oliteL i"%ossibleL Htoo6 i"%r!ti!lL
Htoo6 i"%ro%erL Htoo6 in!%%ro%ri!teL Htoo6 inon+enientL Htoo6 indis%ens!bleL Htoo6
ine##iientL Htoo6 in&os%it!bleL Htoo6 inno+!ti+eL too intoler!bleL too ir9so"eL too
H(n6.(stL too l!teL too "!nd!tor'L too "onstr(o(sL Htoo6 H(n6n!t(r!lL Htoo6
H(n6neess!r'L too needlessL too nonsensi!lL Htoo6 obli,!tor'L Htoo6 obseneL Htoo6
o##ensi+eL too oldL too o(tr!,eo(sL too %!t&etiL Htoo6 %er+erseL Htoo6 %l!(sibleL Htoo6
%r!ti!bleL Htoo6 %r!ise7ort&'L Htoo6 %ro#it!bleL Htoo6 %ro%erL Htoo6 %ro%itio(sL Htoo6
(net&i!lL Htoo6 (ni"%ort!ntL Htoo6 (nre!son!bleL Htoo6 (ns!#eL Htoo6 (nt&in9!ble Nno
,r!d(!bleOL too R7ides%re!d$ et1 Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de
Q"ore o IerL less H111 t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ostQO1
Todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, /(e +!n %reedidos de UHit6 beV se (s!n de l!
"i"! "!ner! on el +erbo Qbeo"eV1
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre no
re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(idos del +erbo Q#eelQ Nen #or"!
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio
%oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oO h in#initi+o ' no de ,er(ndioM es (n QitQ
introd(torioL e-%leti+o ND1 <1=151llO4 Hit6 #eel Htoo6 Hin6!de/(!teL Htoo6 Hin6!d+is!bleL
Htoo6 H(n6belie+!bleL bitterL too o""on%l!eL too o"%le-L too o"%li!tedL
r(i!l to sbL too (sto"!r'L too destr(ti+eL too di!boliH!l6L too dis!d+!nRt!,eo(sL
too diRs!stro(sL too disRri"in!tor'L too disRt!ste#(lL too e-!,,er!tedL too #r!(d(lentL
too #ri+olo(sL Htoo6 ,oodL too &!r"#(lL too R&!z!rdo(sL too &e!+'L too &ideo(sL too
&otL Htoo6 &("!neL Htoo6 i""or!lL Htoo6 i"%oliteL i"%ossibleL Htoo6 i"%r!ti!lL
Htoo6 i"%ro%erL Htoo6 in!%%ro%ri!teL Htoo6 inon+enientL Htoo6 indis%ens!bleL Htoo6
ine##iientL in&os%it!bleL Htoo6 inno+!ti+eL too intoler!bleL too ir9so"eL too H(n6.(stL
too l!teL too "!nd!tor'L too "onstr(o(sL Htoo6 H(n6neess!r'L needlessL too
nonsensi!lL Htoo6 obli,!tor'L Htoo6 obseneL Htoo6 o##ensi+eL too oldL too
o(tr!,eo(sL too %!t&etiL Htoo6 %er+erseL Htoo6 %l!(sibleL Htoo6 %r!ti!bleL Htoo6
%r!ise7ort&'L Htoo6 %ro#it!bleL Htoo6 %ro%erL Htoo6 %ro%itio(sL Htoo6 (net&i!lL Htoo6
(ni"%ort!ntL Htoo6 (nn!t(r!lL Htoo6 (nre!son!bleL Htoo6 (ns!#eL Htoo6 (nt&in9!ble Nno
,r!d(!bleOL too R7ides%re!d$ et1
Todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, /(e +!n %reedidos de UHit6 beV se (s!n de l!
"i"! "!ner! on el +erbo U#eelV1 E.14 Not&in, #eels "ore disonertin, t&!n
seein,L to see t&is HN!d! d! l! sens!i3n de ser "s desonert!nte /(e +er esto61
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre no
re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(idos del +erbo Qloo9Q Nen !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV
detrs del !d.eti+oO h in#initi+o ' no de ,er(ndioM es (n QitQ introd(torioL e-%leti+o
ND1 <1=151llO4 Hit6 loo9 !bs(rdL Htoo6 Hin6!de/(!teL !d+!nt!,eo(sL Htoo6 Hin6!d+is!bleL
!%%ro%ri!teL Htoo6 H(n6belie+!bleL br!+eL &e!%L &iL &(rlis& H,rosero6L le+erL too
o""on%l!eL too o"%le-L too o"%li!tedL on+enientL ostl'L
o(nter%rod(ti+eL (rio(sL too (sto"!r'L deli,&t#(lL desir!bleL too destr(ti+eL
detest!bleL too di!boliH!l6L di%lo"!tiL too dis!d+!nRt!,eo(sL too diRs!stro(sL too
disRri"in!tor'L dis,r!e#(lL dis&onestL disres%et#(lL too disRt!ste#(lL eentriL
e##eti+eL erroneo(sL essenti!lL et&i!lL too e-!,,er!tedL e-%ensi+eL too #r!(d(lentL
#riendl'L too #ri+olo(sL #(tileL Htoo6 ,oodL ,re!tL &!nd'L &!rd Hdi#Fil6L too &!r"#(lL
too R&!z!rdo(sL &e!lt&'L &el%#(lL too &e!+'L too &ideo(sL &onestL &o%elessL too &otL
&orribleL Htoo6 &("!neL idiotiL illo,i!lL Htoo6 i""or!lL Htoo6 i"%oliteL i"%ort!ntL
i"%ossibleL Htoo6 i"%r!ti!lL Htoo6 i"%ro%erL i"%r(dentL Htoo6 in!%%ro%ri!teL Htoo6
inon+enientL Htoo6 indis%ens!bleL Htoo6 ine##iientL ine-(s!bleL in&os%it!bleL Htoo6
inno+!ti+eL too intoler!bleL too ir9so"eL irrele+!ntL Htoo6 H(n6.(st Ni H(n6#!irOL
H(n69indL too l!teL le,iti"!teL lo,i!lL H(n6l(9'L too "!nd!tor'L "e!nL too
"onstr(o(sL Htoo6 H(n6neess!r'L needlessL too nonsensi!lL Htoo6 obli,!tor'L Htoo6
obseneL ob+io(sL Htoo6 o##ensi+eL too oldL too o(tr!,eo(sL too %!t&etiL Htoo6
%er+erseL Htoo6 %l!(sibleL %ointlessL %oliteL %ossibleL Htoo6 %r!ti!bleL %r!ti!lL Htoo6
%r!ise7ort&'L Htoo6 %ro#it!bleL Htoo6 %ro%erL Htoo6 %ro%itio(sL r!tion!lL re!son!bleL
rele+!ntL s!dL sel#is&L sensibleL serio(sL s(##iientL s(%er#l(o(sL Htoo6 (net&i!lL Htoo6
(ni"%ort!ntL Htoo6 (nn!t(r!lL Htoo6 (nre!son!bleL Htoo6 (ns!#eL Htoo6 (nt&in9!ble
Nno ,r!d(!bleOL (se#(lL (selessL (s(!lL +it!lL too R7ides%re!dL H(n67iseL H(n67ort&'L
7ron,$ et1 Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ore o IerL less H111
t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ostQO1 Todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos
en Iin, /(e +!n %reedidos de UHit6 beV se (s!n de l! "i"! "!ner! on el +erbo
Qloo9V1
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre no
re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(idos del +erbo Qsee"Q Nen !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV
detrs del !d.eti+oO h in#initi+o ' no de ,er(ndioM es (n QitQ introd(torioL e-%leti+o
ND1 <1=151llO4 Hit6 see" Htoo6 Hin6!de/(!teL Htoo6 Hin6!d+is!bleL Htoo6 H(n6belie+!bleL
too o""on%l!eL too o"%le-L too o"%li!tedL too (sto"!r'L deli,&t#(lL
desir!bleL too destr(ti+eL detest!bleL too di!boliH!l6L di%lo"!tiL too
dis!d+!nRt!,eo(sL too diRs!stro(sL too disRri"in!tor'L dis,r!e#(lL too disRt!ste#(lL
eentriL e##eti+eL erroneo(sL too e-!,,er!tedL too #r!(d(lentL #riendl'L too
#ri+olo(sL &!nd'L too &!r"#(lL too R&!z!rdo(sL too &e!+'L &el%#(lL too &ideo(sL too
&otL Htoo6 &("!neL Htoo6 i""or!lL Htoo6 i"%oliteL i"%ossibleL Htoo6 i"%r!ti!lL
Htoo6 i"%ro%erL Htoo6 in!%%ro%ri!teL Htoo6 inon+enientL Htoo6 indis%ens!bleL Htoo6
ine##iientL in&os%it!bleL Htoo6 inno+!ti+eL too intoler!bleL too ir9so"eL too l!teL
H(n6l(9'L too "!nd!tor'L too "onstr(o(sL needlessL too nonsensi!lL Htoo6
obli,!tor'L Htoo6 obseneLHtoo6 o##ensi+eL too oldL too o(tr!,eo(sL too %!t&etiL Htoo6
%er+erseL Htoo6 %l!(sibleL %oliteL %ossibleL Htoo6 %r!ti!bleL %r!ti!lL Htoo6
%r!ise7ort&'L Htoo6 %ro#it!bleL Htoo6 %ro%erL Htoo6 %ro%itio(sL Htoo6 (net&i!lL Htoo6
(ni"%ort!ntL Htoo6 (nn!t(r!lL Htoo6 (nre!son!bleL Htoo6 (ns!#eL Htoo6 (nt&in9!ble
Nno ,r!d(!bleOL too R7ides%re!d$ et1 Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de
Q"ore o IerL less H111 t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ostQO1
Todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, /(e +!n %reedidos de UHit6 beV se (s!n de l!
"i"! "!ner! on el +erbo Qsee"V1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os +!n %reedidos de (n no"breL %rono"bre re#erido ! %erson!Hs6
en +ez de QitQ h el +erbo QbeQ Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en
!#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oO ' se,(ido s3lo de
in#initi+o on UtoV ' no de ,er(ndioM se indi! !sF4 Hsb6M los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en
Ied %(eden ir %reedidos de (n! serie de !d+erbios ND1 =15<BI=5OM !si todos son
,r!d(!bles ' %(eden ir se,(idos t!"bi0n del !d+erbio Qeno(,&Q en in,l0s estnd!r$
e-e%to los no ,r!d(!bles /(e son %o/(Fsi"osM es in,l0s !r!io %oner Qeno(,&Q
del!nte del !d.eti+oM los ,r!d(!bles %(eden ir en #or"! %ositi+!$ o"%!r!ti+! o
s(%erl!ti+!M no e/(i+!len ! %oner el in#initi+o on UtoV de s(.etoM el in#initi+o on
UtoV no &!e de s(.eto on Hsb6 ' s(ele tener +!lor #in!l4 Hsb6 be H(n6!bleL !bo(t
Nl!si#i!ti+oOL !,&!st H&orroriz!do6L !,o, Nl!si#i!ti+oOL !,ree!bleL !"!zedL
!%%!lled N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oOL !%tL H(n6!r"edL !stonis&edL bestL borin,L bornL
bo(nd Nl!si#i!ti+oO Hobli,!do6L b(rstin, Hest!r on "(&!s ,!n!s de6L !l(l!ted
N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oOL ert!inL too &o9edL o"%etentL orr(%tL deidedL
deisi+eL desiro(sL destined Nl!si#i!ti+oOL deter"ined Hdeidido6L di##i(lt Hdi#Fil6L
disonRertedL disinRlinedL disR"!'ed Honstern!doL !b!tido6L dis%osed N!li#i!ti+o
' l!si#i!ti+oOL di+oredL doo"ed Nl!si#i!ti+oOL d(eL Rd(t'IRbo(ndL e!,er HdeseosoL
i"%!ienteL !nsioso6L e!s'L est!tiL e##eti+eL eletedL eli,ibleL en&!ntin,L
en,!,edL e/(i%%edL #!irL #!tL H(n6#itL #ittedL #orbidden Nl!si#i!ti+oOL ,enero(sL
,reed'L &!nd%i9edL &!%%'L &!rd %(tL &el%lessL &ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteO bo(nd
N(O &onor NUSAO bo(ndL R&ono(rIRstri9en NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O R&onorIRstri9en
NUSAOL R&ono(rIRstr(9 NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O R&onorIRstr(9 NUSAOL too illL too
i"%ort!ntL i"%otentL inensedL inlined N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oOL inredibleL
indis%ens!bleL indis%osed Nliter!rioOL ineli,ible Nl!si#i!ti+oOL in#(ri!tedL insistentL
interestin,L intri,(edL irrit!tedL 9eenL li!ble H%rob!ble6L liensedL H(n6li9el'
H%rob!ble6L lo!t& N"s (s!doO NoO lot& H%oo dis%(esto6L "!r+ello(s NGB
%rini%!l"enteO NoO "!r+elo(s NUSAOL "!t(reL "i,&t' Nliter!rioOL "inded NGB4
l!si#i!ti+oOL "'sti#iedL H(n6neess!r'L oldL o+erHI6e!,erL H(n6%le!s!ntL %oised
Nl!si#i!ti+oOL %redestinedL %redis%osedL %reord!inedL %re%!red N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oOL %ressedL %ri"edL %ro"%t Hr%ido6L /(!li#iedL r!rin, Nl!si#i!ti+oOL
re!d'L relie+edL re%(ted Htener #!"! de6L resol+edL sel#is&L H!ll6 set N!li#i!ti+o '
l!si#i!ti+oOL s&!9enL sorr'L st!,,eredL st(n,L s(##iientL H(n6s(itedL s(reL s(r%risedL
terri#iedL t&!n9#(lL ti%%ed NGB4 l!si#i!ti+oOL tri9'L too (no"%ro"isin,L
(n#ort(n!teL (n%re%!redL (n%roRteted N!li#i!ti+o ' l!si#i!ti+oOL (n/(!li#ied
Nl!si#i!ti+oOL 7elo"eL 7ell R/(!li#iedL 7i9edL H(n67illin, HHno6 dis%(estoL
deseoso6L 7is&#(lL 7onder#(lL 7ont Nliter!rio4 l!si#i!ti+oO H!ost("br!do6L
H(n67ort&'L 7r!%%edL 'o(n,$ et1 E.14 Ee is !"!zed eno(,& Nestnd!rOL eno(,&
!"!zed N!r!ioO to resol+e it Hl est s(#iiente"ente sor%rendido %!r! resol+erlo6M
T&e' 7ere too #!t to .("% t&!t &ei,&t HEst!b!n de"!si!do ,ordos %!r! s!lt!r es!
!lt(r!6M S&e is inlined to be irrit!ble in t&e "ornin, HEll! tieneL %!ree on
tendeni! ! est!r irrit!ble %or l! "!)!n!6M S&e is lo!t& to !d"it it HEll! se resisteL
est %oo dis%(est! ! !d"itirlo6M S&e is r!rin, to ,o HEll! est deseos! de ir6M S&e is
set to o"e HEll! est deidid! !L list! %!r! +enir6M Ee is s(##iientl' 'o(n, to
(nderst!nd 'o(n,sters Hl es s(#iiente"ente .o+en %!r! o"%render ! los .3+enes61
L! "!'or %!rte de los !d.eti+os %reedidos de Hsb6 %(eden ir t!"bi0n %reedidos del
!d+erbio Ur!t&er$ tooV$ et1$ ' del!nte de (n no"bre %reedido del !rtF(lo
indeter"in!do si +! en sin,(l!r ' sin !rtF(lo indeter"in!do si +! en %l(r!l en el
"is"o ti%o de estr(t(r!1 E.14 S&e is too le+er ! ,irl to s!' t&is HEll! es (n! &i!
de"!si!do list! %!r! deir esto61
Sin e"b!r,o$ &!' "(&os otros !d.eti+o %reedidos de QHsb6 beQ /(e no %(eden ir
se,(idos de in#initi+o sino de (n! %re%osii3n h ,er(ndio1 D1 =1558$ @18=
E-isten !d.eti+os /(e %(eden ir %reedidos de UHsb6 beV ' se,(idos de ,er(ndio '
t!"bi0n de in#initi+o on distinto si,ni#i!do1 D1 =15<:15
Los !d.eti+os n("er!les ordin!les inl(idos Ut&e #ollo7in,$ t&e l!st$ t&e ne-t$ t&e
onl'V h no"bre ' los %rono"bres n("er!les ordin!les inl(idos UHt&e6 l!st$ Ht&e6
ne-tV %(eden ir %reedidos de UHsb6 beV ' se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoV1 E.14 Ee is
Ht&e6 ne-t to s%e!9 HL(e,o le to! ! 0l &!bl!r61D1 ;1<5$ <15=
Al,(nos !d.eti+os en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o solos o del!nte de (n no"bre %(eden ir
%reedidos de UHsb6 beV ' se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoV1 E.14 S&e is t&e bestL "ost
s(it!ble H,irl6 to d!ne to t&is "(siL 7it& &i" HEll! es l! H&i!6 "e.orL "s
!%ro%i!d! %!r! b!il!r !l rit"o de est! "2si!L on 0l61
Al,(nos !d.eti+os en ,r!do %ositi+o %reedidos de U.(st !sL .(st soL not !sL not soV '
se,(idos de U!sV %(eden ir se,(idos de in#initi+o1 D1B15?1B15
Al,(nos !d.eti+os ' %rono"bres e-l!"!ti+os %(eden ir se,(idos de in#initi+o on
UtoV1 D1 ;1=C$ <18B
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre re#erido !
%erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(ido del +erbo Q!%%e!rQ Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+!
e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs del
!d.eti+oO h in#initi+o ' no de ,er(ndio4 Hsb6 !%%e!r !"!zedL !%%!lled eno(,& Nno
s(%ri"irOL !stonis&ed eno(,& Nno s(%ri"irOL borin, eno(,& Nno s(%ri"irOL bo(nd
Hobli,!do6L ert!inL too &o9edL destinedL deter"inedL disonRerted eno(,& Nno
s(%ri"irOL disinRlinedL disR"!'ed eno(,& Nno s(%ri"irOL e!,erL est!ti eno(,& Nno
s(%ri"irOL e##eti+eL e/(i%%edL H(n6#it eno(,& Nno s(%ri"irOL ,enero(s eno(,& Nno
s(%ri"irOL ,reed' eno(,& Nno s(%ri"irOL inlinedL &!%%'L &!rd %(tL &el%lessL &ono(r
NGB %rini%!l"enteO bo(ndL &onor NUSAO bo(ndL RillIeR/(i%%edL RillI%reR%!redL Htoo6
i"%ort!ntL inensed eno(,& Nno s(%ri"irOL inlinedL indis%osedL in#(ri!ted eno(,&
Nno s(%ri"irOL intri,(edL irrit!ted eno(,& Nno s(%ri"irOL 9eenL li!ble H%rob!ble6L
H(n6li9el' HHi"6%rob!ble6L lo!t& N"s (s!doO NoO lot& N"enos (s!doO H%oo
dis%(esto6L "!t(re eno(,& Nno s(%ri"irOL "i,&t' Nliter!rioOL "'sti#ied eno(,& Nno
s(%ri"irOL Htoo6 H(n6neess!r'L old eno(,& Nno s(%ri"irOL too illL H(n6%le!s!ntL
H(n6%le!s!nt eno(,&L %oisedL %redestinedL %redis%osedL H(n6%re%!redL H(n6/(!li#iedL
r!rin,L re!d'L resol+edL sel#is& eno(,& Nno s(%ri"irOL H!ll6 setL s(reL (n!bleL 7ell
R/(!li#iedL 7i9ed eno(,& Nno s(%ri"irOL H(n67illin,L H(n67ort&'L 'o(n,$ et1 E.14
Ee !%%e!rs bo(nd to be eleted HP!ree /(e 0l ser ele,ido6M Ee !%%e!rs li!ble to
#or,et HP!ree %rob!ble /(e ! 0l se le ol+ide6M T&e' !%%e!r %oised to 7in HP!reen
%re%!r!dos %!r! ,!n!r6$ et1
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre re#erido !
%erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(ido del +erbo Qbeo"eQ Nen !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV
detrs del !d.eti+oO h in#initi+o ' no del ,er(ndio4 Hsb6 beo"e onstr!inedL
e##eti+eL #!+o(red NGBO NoO #!+ored NUSAOL too illL Htoo6 H(n6neess!r'L rel(t!ntL
retient$ et1
E!' !l,(nos !d.eti+os %reedidos de UHsb6 beo"eV /(e no %(eden ir se,(idos de
in#initi+o sino de (n! %re%osii3n h ,er(ndio1 D1 =1558$ @18=
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre re#erido !
%erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(idos del +erbo Q#eelQ Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs del
!d.eti+oO h in#initi+o ' no de ,er(ndio4 Hsb6 #eel oeredL onde"nedL e##eti+eL too
illL Htoo6 H(n6neess!r'L /(!li#ied$ et1
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre re#erido !
%erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(idos de los +erbos Qloo9Q Nen !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV
detrs del !d.eti+oO h in#initi+o ' no del ,er(ndio4 Hsb6 loo9 des%er!teL deter"inedL
e!,erL e##eti+eL &!%%'L too illL 9eenL o+er.o'edL %le!sedL %ro(dL rel(t!ntL Htoo6
H(n6neess!r'$ et1
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre re#erido !
%erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(idos de los +erbos Qsee"Q Nen !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV
detrs del !d.eti+oO h in#initi+o on UtoV ' no del ,er(ndio4 Hsb6 see" ert!inL
oeredL onde"nedL deter"inedL doo"edL e!,erL e##eti+eL too illL insistentL
H(n6li9el'L 9eenL Htoo6 H(n6neess!r'L %re%!redL /(!li#iedL re!d'$ et1
=158B1I &os siguientes nombres pueden ir precedidos de un nombre o
pronombre 'ue /ace de su%eto D el verbo MbeM seguidos slo de infinitivo
no de gerundioM si +!n %reedidos de Hit6 el s(.eto no s(ele re#erirse ! (n! %erson!M
si +!n %reedidos de Hsb6 el s(.eto no s(ele re#erirse ! (n ob.etoM (!ndo se %one
QitQ$ el s(.eto ,r!"!ti!l es QitQ ' el s(.eto l3,io es el in#initi+o on UtoV /(e +!
detrs$ si no tiene +!lor #in!l$ %ero$ si el in#initi+o on UtoV tiene +!lor #in!l$ el s(.eto
es QitQ solo4 Hit6 be !n !bo"in!tion$ Hit6 be !n !b(se$ Hit6 be !n !o"%lis&"ent$ Hit6
be !n !##et!tion$ Hit6 be oneZs !"bition$ Hit6 be to oneZs !d+!nt!,e$ Hit6 be !rro,!ne$
Hit6 be !n !ttr!tion$ Hit6 be ! blessin,$ Hit6 be ! &!llen,e$ Hit6 be ! &!n,e$ Hit6 be !
ondition$ Hit6 be !not&erL oneZs &!ne$ Hit6 be ! o"#ort$ Hit6 be ! onsol!tion$ HitL
t&ere6 be ! ons%ir!'$ Hit6 be ! ontest$ Hit6 be o7!rdie$ Hit6 be ! (rse$ Hit6 be !
(sto"$ Hit6 be oneZsL t&e ri,&t deision$ Hit6 be ! deli,&t$ Hit6 be oneZs deter"in!tion$
Hit6 be ! dri+e$ Hit6 be ! d(t'$ Hit6 be oneZs e!,erness$ Hit6 be e##ort$ Hit6 be !n eletion$
Hit6 be entert!in"ent$ Hit6 be !n e-!,,er!tion$ Hit6 be !nL no e-(se$ Hit6 be ! #!, NGB4
olo/(i!lO$ Hit6 be ! #!re$ Hit6 be t&e #!s&ion$ Hit6 be oneZs #!te$ Hit6 be #!+o(ritis"
NGBO NoO #!+oritis" NUSAO$ Hit6 be ! #!ll!'$ Hit6 H!6 be #oll'$ Hsb6 be ! #ool$ Hit6 be
#oolis&ness$ Hit6 be ! #ore$ Hit6 be ! #or"(l!$ Hit6 be ! ,!d,et$ Hsb6 be ,!"e$ Hsb6 be !
,eni(s$ Hit6 be &!%%iness to sb$ Hit6 be ! &!ssle H(n lFoL rollo6$ Hit6 be ! &el%$ Hit6 be !
&eres'$ Hit6 be !n &ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O &onor NUSAO$ Hsb6 be in no
&("o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO &("or NUSAO$ Hsb6 be in ! &(rr'$ Hit6 be &'%oris'$
Hit6 be oneZs ide!$ Hit6 be idio'$ Hsb6 be !n idiot$ Hsb6 be !n i"beile$ Hit6 be !n
i"%er!ti+e$ Hit6 be !n i"%osition$ Hit6 be i"%(dene Nliter!rioO$ Hit6 be in sb$ Hit6 be !n
inon+eniene$ Hit6 be ins!nit'$ Hit6 be !n ins%ir!tion$ Hit6 be !n ins(lt$ Hit6 be oneZs
intention$ Hit6 be in oneZs interest$ Hit6 be ! .o'$ Hit6 be l!9 o# on#idene$ Hit6 be !
libel$ Hsb6 be !t libert'$ Hit6 be ! liene NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO liense NUSAO$ Hit6
be s&eer l(n!'$ Hsb6 be ! l(n!ti$ Hit6 be Hs&eer6 "!dness$ Hit6 be ! "isno"er$ Hit6 be
oneZs "ission$ Hit6 be t&e "o"ent$ Hsb6 be in ! "ood$ Hsb6 be ! R"oron Nolo/(i!lO$
Hsb6 be ! n!t(r!l$ Hit6 be &("!n n!t(re$ Hit6 be nonsense$ Hit6 be ! no+elt'$ Hit6 be !n
ob.etion$ Hsb6 be (nder obli,!tion$ Hit6 be !n obst!le$ Hit6 be !n o##ene$ Hit6 be !n
orde!l$ Hit6 be ! t!ll order Hser "(' di#Fil6$ Hit6 be !n o(tr!,e$ Hit6 be %!r!dise$ Hit6 be !
%it'$ Hit6 be oneZs %l!e Nen ne,!ti+!O$ Hit6 be ! %l!tit(de$ Hit6 be #!ir %l!'$ Hit6 be !
%lebisite$ Hit6 be ! %lot$ Hit6 be ! %lo'$ Hit6 be t&e %ointHs6$ Hit6 be oneZs %oli'$ Hsb6 be
in ! %osition$ Hit6 be oneZs %r!tieL %r!tise NUSA4 "enos (s!doO$ Hit6 be !
%re!(tion$ Hit6 be oneZs %rero,!ti+e$ Hit6 be ! %rete-t$ Hit6 be %ri,,is&ness$ Hit6 be
r!s&ness$ Hit6 be ! r!tion!liz!tionL r!tion!lis!tion NGBO$ Hit6 be ! re#(s!l$ Hit6 be !
relie#$ Hit6 be ! re"ed'$ Hit6 be ! ris9$ Hit6 be oneZs r(le$ Hit6 be s!rile,e$ Hit6 be !
s!tis#!tion$ Hit6 be ! s!nd!l$ Hit6 be ! s&e"e$ Hit6 be seond n!t(re Hto sb6$ Hit6 be
H/(ite6 ! si,&t$ Hit6 be ! sin$ Hit6 be ! sl!% in t&e #!e$ Hit6 be %(re so%&istr'$ Hit6 be !
str!in$ Hit6 be s&eer st(bborness$ Hit6 be H!6 st(%idit'$ Hsb6 be ! s(9er$ Hit6 be s(iide$
Hit6 be ! s(r%rise$ Hit6 be t!boo$ Hit6 be b!d t!ste$ Hit6 be ! lose test$ Hit6 be t&e HbestL
doneL %ro%erL 7orst$ et16 t&in,$ Hit6 be Ht&e6 ti"e$ Hit6 be &i,& ti"e$ Hit6 be tre!&er'L
tre!son$ Hit6 be ! tre!t$ Hit6 be ! tri("%&$ Hit6 be no tro(ble$ Hit6 be oneZs t(rn$ Hit6 be !n
(ndert!9in,$ Hit6 be t&e bestL %ro%er 7!'$ Hit6 be ! 7ill$ Hit6 be oneZs 7illin,ness$ Hit6
be oneZs 7is&$ et1 E.14 It is ! ondition to "!9e t&in,s better HEs (n! ondii3n
"e.or!r l!s os!s6M ItZs ! ontest to #ind o(t 7&o is stron,er HEs (n! o"%etii3n
%!r! !+eri,(!r /(i0n es "s #(erte6M It is t&e ri,&t deision to t!9e HEs l! deisi3n
orret! /(e &!' /(e to"!r6M ItZs no e-(se to o"e l!te HNo es (n! e-(s! %!r!
lle,!r t!rde6M ItZs not "' intention to !(se No# !(sin,4 no %onerO tro(ble Ni To
!(se tro(ble is not "' intentionO HNo es "i inteni3n !(s!r %roble"!sL *!(s!r
%roble"!s no es "i inteni3n6M It 7!s !n ob.etion Hnot6 to s!tis#' &is !"bitions
HEr! (n! ob.ei3n Hno6 s!tis#!er s(s !"biiones6M It 7!s !n H,re!t6 obst!le to ,et
t&ere HF(e (n obst(lo H,r!nde6 lle,!r !llF6M T&ese !re t&e %oints to loo9 #or Hstos
son los det!lles en /(e &!' /(e #i.!rse6M It 7!s ! %roble" to on+ine t&e" HEr! (n
%roble"! on+enerles6$ et1
E-isten no"bres /(e %(eden ir %reedidos de UbeV ' se,(idos de l! #or"! +erb!l en
Iin, ' t!"bi0n del in#initi+o on UtoV on distinto si,ni#i!do ND1 =15<:15O o on el
"is"o si,ni#i!do ND1 =15<:18O1
Los si,(ientes +erbos %(eden ir se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoV ' no de ,er(ndio4
Hsb6 be t&e #!+o(rite NGBO NoO #!+orite NUSAO$ Hit6 be to oneZs !d+!nt!,e$ Hit6 o"e
!s no s(r%rise$ Hit6 #eel r(i!l to Hsb6$ Hsb6 "!9e s(re$ t&ere h be !,ree"entHs6L !n
!tte"%tL !n !ttr!tionL !ttr!tionsL no !ll Hnin,2n "oti+o6L no !(seL ! &!llen,eL !
&!neL de"!ndHs6L ! desi,nL no desireL ! deter"in!tionL Hno6 e+ideneL ! #!il(reL
&(n,erL no &(rr'L !n inenti+eL little inenti+eL in#r!str(t(reL !n ins%ir!tionL no
intentionL no desireL no i"%et(sL no neessit'L ! need H#or sb6L no need H#or sb6L no
o!sion H#or sb6L !n o%%ort(nit'L o%%ort(nitiesL Hno6 %!%erL ! 7&ite %!%er H(n
borr!dor6L ! %l!nL ! %lotL re!sonHs6L ! re#(s!lL resol+eL re+(lsionL roo"L ! r(s&L !
s&e"eL ! sr!"bleL ! st!"%edeL ! te"%t!tionL ! tenden'L ti"eL no (r,en'L
7illin,nessL no 7is&$ et1 E.14 It "i,&t be to 'o(r !d+!nt!,e to le!rn S%!nis&
HPodHr6F! +enirte bien !%render !stell!no6M T&ere is !n !,ree"ent bet7een t&e" to
!%%l' #or ! di##erent .ob HE!' (n !(erdo entre ellHos$ !s6 %!r! soliit!r (n e"%leo
di#erente6M T&ere is ! re#(s!l to oo%er!te HE!' (n! ne,!ti+! ! oo%er!r6$ et1
T!"bi0n los !d.eti+os inde#inidos h no"bre ' los %rono"bres inde#inidos Q!not&er
Hone6$ se+er!l$ +!rio(s$ so"e$ so"e "ore$ so"e #e7er$ so"ebod'$ so"ebod' else$
so"e one$ so"eone$ so"eone else$ so"et&in,$ so"et&in, else$ so"e7&ere$ !n'
Hone6$ !n' Hones6$ !n' ot&er$ !n' ot&ers$ !n'bod'$ !n'bod' else$ !n'one$ !n'one
else$ !n't&in,$ !n't&in, else$ !n'7&ere$ !n'7&ere else$ nobod'$ nobod' else$ no
one$ no one else$ not&in,$ not&in, else$ "!n'$ ! ,ood "!n'$ ! ,re!t "!n'$ +er'
"!n'$ !s "!n'$ so "!n'$ too "!n'$ eno(,&$ /(ite eno(,&$ #e7$ /(ite #e7$ /(ite !
#e7$ #e7er Hones6$ "ore$ less$ %lent'$ little$ noneQ$ %(eden ir se,(idos de (n
in#initi+o on UtoVM el in#initi+o on UtoV no &!e de s(.eto on QitL t&ereQ$ /(e son
introd(toriosL e-%leti+os1 E.14 mo( &!+e ! lot to !ns7er #or HTieneHs6 "(&! (l%!6M
T&ere is no need to ,o HNo &!' neesid!d de ir6M T&ereZs not&in, to do HNo &!'
n!d! /(e &!erL No se %(ede &!er n!d!6M EereZsL T&ereZs so"et&in, to e!t HA/(F
&!'L E!' !l,o %!r! o"er6$ et1
=15:C1I Quc/os ad%etivos pueden ir precedidos de MitM D el verbo MbeM D la
preposicin MforM D nombre# pronombre personal ob%eto referido a persona4s+
seguidos de infinitivo en in,l0s estnd!rM se,(idos de ,er(ndio s3lo se (s!n en
in,l0s +(l,!r ' !l,(nos inl(so en in,l0s olo/(i!l %ero %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes
lo "e.or es (s!rlos sie"%re on in#initi+oM (n! #or"! de e+it!r el %roble"! es %oner
el ,er(ndio de s(.eto del!nte del +erbo UbeVM e/(i+!le ! %oner el in#initi+o de s(.eto
sin QitQ$ !(n/(e no se (se "(&o est! estr(t(r! ' se %re#ier! (s!r de s(.eto (n
,er(ndio o (n no"breM es (n QitQ introd(torioL e-%leti+o ND1 <1=151llOM el in#initi+o
&!e de s(.eto on QitQ ' no tiene +!lor #in!lM los !d.eti+os +!n nor"!l"ente
!ent(!dosM "(&os de estos !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de !d+erbios4 ! bit$ !
little$ ert!inl'$ %rett'$ /(ite$ so"e7&!t$ too$ (ndo(btedl'$ +er'$ et1$ o se,(idos del
!d+erbio Qeno(,&Q e-e%to los !d.eti+os Qbetter$ best$ %er#etQ$ /(e no %(eden ir
se,(idos de Qeno(,&QM los ,r!d(!bles %(eden ir en #or"! %ositi+!$ o"%!r!ti+! o
s(%erl!ti+!M !l,(nos de los "s i"%ort!ntes son4 Hit6 be !bnor"!l #orL !bs(rd #orL
!de/(!te #orL !d+!nt!,eo(s #orL !d+is!ble #or H!onse.!ble %!r!6L !,ree!ble #orL
!%%ro%ri!te #orL !+!il!ble #orL !7#(l #orL !797!rd Hin3"odo6 #orL b!d #orL be!(ti#(l
#orL H(n6belie+!ble #orL bene#ii!l #orL best Hlo "e.or6 #orL better #orL bitter #orL &e!%
#orL &i #orL &ildis& #or Hin#!ntilL (n! ni)erF! %!r!6L &(rlis& #or H,rosero %or %!rte
de6L le!r #orL le+er #orL H(n6o"#ort!ble #orL o""on #or Horriente %!r!6L
o""on%l!e #or Horriente %!r!6L o"%le- #orL o"%li!ted #orL o"%(lsor' #or
Hobli,!torio %!r!6L onstit(tion!l #orL onstr(ti+e #orL on+enient #orL orret #orL
RostIeR##eti+e #orL ostl' #orL o(nter%rod(ti+e #orL o(r!,eo(s #orL o7!rdl' #orL
r!z' #orL r(el #orL (rio(s #orL (sto"!r' #or Htr!diion!lL ost("bre %!r!6L
d!n,ero(s #orL deli,&t#(l #orL de%lor!ble #orL desir!ble #orL destr(ti+e #orL detest!ble
#orL di!boliH!l6 #orL di##i(lt #orL dis!d+!nt!,eo(s #orL dis!,ree!ble #orL dis!stro(s
#orL dis,r!e#(l #orL disres%et#(l #orL dist!ste#(l #orL dre!d#(l #orL dre!r' #orL e!rl'
#orL e!s' #orL eono"i!l #orL e##eti+e #orL en.o'!ble #orL e/(i%%ed #orL essenti!l
#orL e+ident #orL e+il #orL e-(s!ble #or H%erdon!bleL dis(l%!ble %!r!6L e-%edient
#orL e-%ensi+e #orL e-tr!ordin!r' #orL #!b(lo(s #orL #!ir Hde .(stii!6 #orL #!nt!sti #orL
#!t!l #orL #e!sible #orL #ine #orL H(n6#it #orL #ool&!rd' #orL #oolis& #or H(n! idiotezL
tonterF! %!r! !l,(ien6L H(n6#or,i+!ble #or H%erdon!ble %!r!6L #r!(d(lent #orL #(n #or
Hdi+ertido %!r!6L #(nn' #or He-tr!)o %!r!6L #(tile #orL Htoo6 ,ood #orL ,re!t #or
Hest(%endoL #!b(loso %!r!6L &!nd' #or H%rtio %!r!6L ,roRtes/(e #orL &!rd #or Hd(ro
%!r!6L &!r"#(l #orL &!r"less #orL &e!lt&' #orL &e!+' #or H%es!do %!r!6L &el%#(l #orL
&el%less #orL &ono(r!ble NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O &onor!ble NUSAO #orL &o%eless
#or Hin2til %!r!6L &orrible #orL too &ot #orL &("!n #orL &'%oRriti!l #orL idioti #or
H(n! idiotez %!r!6L RillI!dR+ised #orL ille,!l #orL RillIR"!nnered #orL illo,i!l #orL
i""!Rt(re #orL i""or!l #orL i"%er!ti+e #or H#(nd!"ent!l %!r!6L i"%olite #orL
H(n6i"%ort!nt #orL i"%ossible #orL i"%ro%er #or HinorretoL err3neo %!r!6L
i"%r(dent #orL i"R%(lsi+e #orL in!d+is!ble #orL in!%%ro%ri!te #orL inon+enient #orL
inredible #orL indi,n!nt #orL indis%ens!ble #orL in#!ntile #orL in#r! di, Nolo/(i!lO
Hdeni,r!nte6 #orL instr(ti+e #orL ins(##iient #orL intoler!ble #orL irr!tion!l #orL
.(diio(s #orL l!te #orL l!7#(l #orL inonRsider!te #orL inonsistent #or Hino&erenteL
ontr!ditorio %!r!6L indesrib!ble #or Hindesri%tible %!r!6L inele,!nt #or H%oo
ele,!nte %!r!6L ine-(s!ble #or Hi"%erdon!bleL ine-(s!ble %!r!6L inno+!ti+e #orL
irrele+!nt #orL irres%onsible #orL H(n6.(st #or Hde .(stii! %!r!6L H(n6l!7#(l #orL le,!l
#orL le,iti"!te #orL lo,i!l #orL lo+el' #orL H(n6l(9' #orL l(diro(s #orL "!r+ello(s
NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO "!r+elo(s NUSAO #orL "onotono(s #orL H(n6n!t(r!l #orL
H(n6neess!r' #orL nie #orL nor"!l #orL odd #orL OH16AH16 #orL o%en #orL %!in#(l #orL
%e(li!r #orL %er#et #orL %er"issible #orL H(n6%le!s!nt #orL %ointless #orL %olite #or
Hort0s de %!rte de6L %ossible #orL %r!ti!ble #or H+i!bleL #!tible %!r!6L %r!ti!l #orL
%rod(ti+e #orL %ro%er #orL /(eer #orL r!re #orL r!tion!l #orL H(n6re!l #orL re!listi #orL
H(n6re!son!ble #orL red(nd!nt #orL rele+!nt #orL re"!r9!ble #or H!d"ir!ble %!r!6L
ridi(lo(s #orL ri,&t #orL ris9' #orL r(de #or Hdesort0s %!r!6L s!d #orL H(n6s!#e #orL
sel#is& #orL senseless #orL sensible #orL s&!"e#(l #orL sill' #orL si"%le #orL s%lendid
#orL str!n,e #orL st(%endo(s #orL st(%id #orL s(%erb #orL s(%er#l(o(s #orL tedio(s #orL
terrible #orL terri#i #orL H(n6t&in9!ble #orL to(,& #orL (s(!l #orL tr!,i #orL tri9' #orL
(nderst!nd!ble #orL (n#or,ett!ble #orL (n&e!rd o# #or Hr!ro /(e6L (n9no7n #or
H!nor"!l %!r!6L (r,ent #orL (se#(l #orL (seless #orL H(n6(s(!l #orL +it!l #orL H(n67ise
#orL 7onder#(l #orL H(n67ort&' #orL 7ron, #or$ et1 E.14 It 7!s !bRs(rd #or &i" to ,o
HEr! !bs(rdo /(e 0l #(er!L #(ese6M It is R!7#(l #or B!rt&olo"e7 to &!+e ! &e!d!&e
HEs &orrible %!r! B!rtolo"0 tener dolor de !bez!6 ' UE!+in,L To &!+e ! &e!d!&e
is R!7#(l #or B!rt&olo"e7V HTener dolor de !bez! es &orrible %!r! B!rtolo"06M ItZs
R!797!rd #or 'o( to s!' no HEs in3"odo %!r! ti deir no6M It is Rb!d #or A(re! to
t!9e dr(,s HEs "!lo %!r! n(re!L Ori! to"!r dro,!s6 ' UT!9in,L To t!9e dr(,s is
Rb!d #or A(re!V HTo"!r dro,!s es "!lo %!r! n(re!L Ori!6M It is beneR#ii!l #or t&e"
to #inis& it HEs bene#iioso %!r! ellos ter"in!rlo6M It is R&e!% #or Art&(r to li+e !t
&o"e HEs b!r!to %!r! Art(ro +i+ir en !s!6 ' ULi+in,L To li+e !t &o"e is R&e!% #or
Art&(rV HDi+ir en !s! es b!r!to %!r! Art(ro6M ItZs onR+enient #or B!rn!b' to (se !
"iro7!+e o+en HEs 3"odo %!r! Bern!b0 (s!r (n &orno "iroond!s6 ' UUsin,L
To (se ! "iro7!+e o+en is onR+enient #or B!rn!b'V HUs!r (n &orno "iroond!s
es 3"odo %!r! Bern!b06M It isnZt Rd!n,ero(s #or Arnol# to tr!+el b' %l!ne HNo es
%eli,roso %!r! Arn(l#o +i!.!r en !+i3n6 ' UTr!+ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
Tr!+elin, NUSAOL To tr!+el b' %l!ne isnZt Rd!n,ero(s #or Arnol#V HDi!.!r en !+i3n
no es %eli,roso %!r! Arn(l#o6M It is Rdi##i(lt #or A(reli(s to ,o HEs di#Fil %!r!
A(relio ir6 ' UGoin,L To ,o is Rdi##i(lt #or A(reli(sV HIr es di#Fil %!r! A(relio6M It is
Re!s' #or A(,(stine to do t&!t HEs #il %!r! A,(stFnH!6 &!er eso6 ' UTo do t&!t is
Re!s' #or A(,(stineV HE!er eso es #il %!r! A,(stFnH!66M It is e!s' #or (s to
(nderst!nd HEs #il %!r! nosotros o"%renderL *o"%render es #il %!r! nosotros6M
It 7o(ld be e-Ritin, #or A(bert to see UFOs HSerF! e"oion!nte %!r! A(bertoL
Oberto +er o+nis6 ' USeein,L To see UFOs 7o(ld be e-Ritin, #or A(bertV HDer
o+nis serF! e"oion!nte %!r! ObertoL A(berto6M It is e-R%ensi+e #or Astrid to tr!+el
HEs !ro %!r! Astrid +i!.!r6 ' UTr!+ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Tr!+elin, NUSAOL
To tr!+el is e-R%ensi+e #or AstridV HDi!.!r es !ro %!r! Astrid6M It &!s been
R#!sin!tin, #or Arseni(s to see t&!t #il" HE! sido #!sin!nte %!r! Arsenio +er es!
%elF(l!6 ' USeein,L To see t&!t #il" &!s been R#!sin!tin, #or Arseni(sV HDer es!
%elF(l! &! sido #!sin!nte %!r! Arsenio6M ItZs #oolis& #or 'o( to ,o no7 HEs (n!
idiotezL tonterF! %!r! tF ir !&or!L /(e +!'!s !&or!6M It isnZt R,ood #or A+ril to 9ill HNo
es b(eno %!r! Abrili! "!t!r6 ' UAillin,L To 9ill isnZt R,ood #or A+rilV HM!t!r no es
b(eno %!r! Abrili!6M It is i"%er!ti+e #or &i" to ,o HEs #(nd!"ent!l %!r! 0l ir6M It 7!s
i"R%ort!nt #or "e to st(d' HEr! i"%ort!nte %!r! "F est(di!r6 ' USt(d'in,L To st(d'
7!s i"R%ort!nt #or "eV HEst(di!r er! i"%ort!nte %!r! "F6M It is indi,n!nt #or &i" to
,o HEs indi,n!nte %!r! 0l ir6M It is indisR%ens!ble #or B!lbin(s to bre!t&e HEs
indis%ens!ble %!r! B!lbino res%ir!r6 ' UBre!t&in,L To bre!t&e is indisR%ens!ble #or
B!lbin(sV HRes%ir!r es indis%ens!ble %!r! B!lbino6M It 7!s R"!r+ello(s NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL R"!r+elo(s NUSAO #or B!sili! to "eet t&e" HEr! "!r!+illoso %!r!
B!sili! onoerlos6 ' UMeetin,L To "eet t&e" 7!s R"!r+ello(s NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL R"!r+elo(s NUSAO #or B!sili!V H*onoerlos er! "!r!+illoso %!r!
B!sili!6M ItZs Rneess!r' #or B!bbie to drin9 HEs nees!rio %!r! Brb!r! beber6 '
UDrin9in,L To drin9 is Rneess!r' #or B!bbieV HBeber es nees!rio %!r! Brb!r!6M
ItZs Rnie #or A(,(st! to &!+e #riends HEs !,r!d!ble %!r! A(,(st! tener !"i,os6 '
UE!+in,L To &!+e #riends is Rnie #or A(,(st!V HTener !"i,os es !,r!d!ble %!r!
A(,(st!6M It is Rris9' #or &er to bet t&!t "one' HEs !rries,!do %!r! ell! !%ost!r ese
dinero6M ItZs Rs!#e #or t&e" to ,o HNo es %eli,roso %!r! ellos ir6 ' UGoin,L To ,o is
Rs!#e #or t&e"V HIr no es %eli,roso %!r! ellos6M It 7ill be Rterrible #or B!lt&!z!r to
.("% so &i,& HSer terrible %!r! B!lt!s!r s!lt!r t!n !lto6 ' Uj("%in,L To .("% so
&i,& 7ill be Rterrible #or B!lt&!z!rV HS!lt!r t!n !lto ser terrible %!r! B!lt!s!r6M It 7!s
(n&e!rd o# #or !n'bod' to do t&!t HEr! r!ro /(e n!die &iier! esoL !/(ello6M ItZs
R7onder#(l #or B!sil to &!+e ! ,irl#riend HEs "!r!+illoso %!r! B!silio tener no+i!6 '
UE!+in,L To &!+e ! ,irl#riend is R7onder#(l #or B!silV HTener no+i! es "!r!+illoso
%!r! B!silio61
Todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, de =158@ /(e +!n %reedidos de UHit6 beV h l!
%re%osii3n Q#orQ h no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 +!n
se,(idos s3lo de in#initi+o on UtoV en in,l0s estnd!rM sin e"b!r,o$ todos los
!d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, de =158@ ' todos los de =15:C /(e +!n %reedidos de
UHit6 beV$ e-e%to Ub!dV /(e serF! U7orseV sin U"oreV$ UbestV ' U,oodV /(e serF!
UbetterV sin U"oreV$ %(eden ir se,(idos de Q#orQ h no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 h in#initi+o on UtoV ' t!"bi0n ,er(ndio (!ndo se (s!n
en o"%!r!iones de s(%eriorid!d entre U"oreV ' Ut&!nV o de in#eriorid!d entre
UlessV ' Ut&!nV1 E.14 Not&in, is "ore (%settin, #or &er t&!n seein,L to see t&is HNo
&!' n!d! "s triste %!r! ell! /(e +er esto61
E!' !d.eti+os /(e no %(eden (s!rse on en est! estr(t(r!4 Hit6 be !ble #or sbL !bo(t
#or sbL li9el' #or sbL %rob!ble #or sb$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ on !l,(nos otros !d.eti+os$ el in#initi+o no &!e de s(.eto on QitQ1
E.14 It is bi, #or &er to !rr' HEs ,r!nde %!r! lle+!rlo ell!61 D1 =15:51;1!
A +ees$ no +!n se,(idos de Q#orQ sino de otr! %re%osii3n h no"breL %rono"bre h
in#initi+o ' no ,er(ndio4 Hit6 be in("bent on sb$ Hit6 see" ,oodL 7ron, to sb$ et1
Los si,(ientes +erbos$ %reedidos de QitL t&ereQ ' ! +ees de (n no"bre$ %(eden ir
se,(idos de in#initi+o ' no ,er(ndioM si el s(.eto es (n no"bre$ el in#initi+o on UtoV
no &!e de s(.eto .(nto on el no"breM si el s(.eto es QitQ$ el in#initi+o %(ede &!er
de s(.eto .(nto on QitQ en iertos !sos$ %ero en otros noM el no"breL %rono"bre
/(e +! detrs de Q#orQ &!e de s(.eto del in#initi+o4 Hit6 be t&eL oneZs !i" #or sb$ Hit6
be !not&er &!ne #or sb$ Hit6 be ! (sto" #or sb$ Hit6 be t&e ri,&t deision #or sb$ Hit6
be entert!in"ent #or sb$ Hit6 be ! #oll' #or sb$ Hit6 be #oolis&ness #or sb$ Hit6 be ! #ore
#or sb$ Hit6 be ! #or"(l! #or sb$ Hit6 be ! ,!d,et #or sb$ Hit6 be !n e-!,,er!tion #or sb$
Hit6 be ! #!ll!' #or sb$ Hit6 be ! #!re #or sb$ Hit6 be ! re!l &!rds&i% #or sb$ Hit6 be !
&!ssle H(n lFoL rollo6 #or sb$ Hit6 be &ell Nolo/(i!lO #or sb$ Hit6 be ! &eres' #or sb$ Hit6
be !n &ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O &onor NUSAO #or sb$ Hit6 be &'%oris' #or sb$
Hit6 be ! ,ood ide! #or sb$ Hit6 be t&eL oneZs ide! #or sb$ Hit6 be idio' #or sb$ Hit6 be !n
inon+eniene #or sb$ Hit6 be ins!nit' #or sb$ Hit6 be ! .o' #or sb$ Hit6 be s&eer l(n!'L
"!dness #or sb$ Hit6 be ! "!r9 o# res%et #or sb$ Hit6 be ! "isno"er #or sb$ Hit6 be !
"ist!9e #or sb$ Hit6 be t&e "o"ent #or sb$ Hit6 be &("!n n!t(re #or sb$ Hit6 be
nonsense #or sb$ Hit6 be ! no+elt' #or sb$ Hit6 be !n o(tr!,e #or sb$ Hit6 be %!r!dise #or
sb$ Hit6 be ! %it' #or sb$ Hit6 be ! %l!e #or sb Nen ne,!ti+!O$ Hit6 be ! %le!s(re #or sb$
Hit6 be ! %lebisite #or sb$ Hit6 be ! %lo' #or sb$ Hit6 be ! %re!(tion #or sb$ Hit6 be !
%rete-t #or sb$ Hit6 be ! %ri+ile,e #or sb$ Hit6 be ! %roble" #or sb$ Hit6 ! rele!se #or sb$
Hit6 be ! s&e"e #or sb$ Hit6 be seond n!t(re #or sb$ Hit6 be ! Hre!l6 s&!"e #or sb$ Hit6
be ! s&o9 #or sb$ Hit6 be ! str(,,le #or sb$ Hit6 be ! s(r%rise #or sb$ Hit6 be t!boo #or sb$
Hit6 be t&e HbestL 7orst$ et16 t&in, #or sb$ Hit6 be Ht&e6 ti"e #or sb$ Hit6 be &i,& ti"e #or
sb$ Hit6 be H!6 tort(re #or sb$ Hit6 be !n'L no (se #or sb$ Hit6 be t&e HbestL 7orst$ et16
7!' #or sb$ Ht&ere6 be ! desireL Hno6 e+ideneL no &(rr'L no neessit'L ! needL no
needL no o!sionL !n o%%ort(nit'L Hno6 %!%erL ! %!relL ! %l!eL ! %l!nL ! ,ro7in,
%ress(reL ! %ro%os!lL re!sonL roo"L ! tenden'L ti"e #or sb$ Hit6 beL beo"e !
o"%(lsion #or sb$ Hit6 see" ,ood to sb$ Hit6 h s(it sb #or sb H+enir bien ! !l,(ien
/(e6$ et1 E.14 It is t&e ri,&t deision #or (s to t!9e HEs l! deisi3n orret! /(e
tene"os /(e to"!r6M It is ! ,ood ide! #or (s to ,o to"orro7 HEs (n! b(en! ide! %!r!
nosotros ir "!)!n!6M It 7!s ! ,ood ide! #or t&e" to s!' not&in, HF(e (n! b(en!
ide! /(e ellos no di.er!nL %!r! ellos no deir n!d!6M T&ere is ! tenden' #or &er to
s%e!9 too "(& HE!' (n! tendeni! ! /(e ell! &!ble de"!si!do6M It s(its &er #or (s
to beL ,o l!te HLe +iene bien ! ell! /(e lle,(e"osL +!'!"os t!rde6$ et1
E!' "(&os otros no"bres /(e nor"!l"ente +!n se,(idos de iert!s %re%osiiones
h ,er(ndio o (n no"bre ND1 @1@O en +ez de in#initi+o1
Los !d.eti+os inde#inidos h no"bres ' los %rono"bres inde#inidos Q!not&er Hone6$
se+er!l$ +!rio(s$ so"e$ so"e "ore$ so"e #e7er$ so"ebod'$ so"ebod' else$ so"e
one$ so"eone$ so"eone else$ so"et&in,$ so"et&in, else$ so"e7&ere$ !n' Hone6$
!n' Hones6$ !n' ot&er$ !n' ot&ers$ !n'bod'$ !n'bod' else$ !n'one$ !n'one else$
!n't&in,$ !n't&in, else$ !n'7&ere$ !n'7&ere else$ nobod'$ nobod' else$ no one$ no
one else$ not&in,$ not&in, else$ "!n'$ ! ,ood "!n'$ ! ,re!t "!n'$ +er' "!n'$ !s
"!n'$ so "!n'$ too "!n'$ eno(,&$ /(ite eno(,&$ #e7$ /(ite #e7$ /(ite ! #e7$ #e7er
Hones6$ "ore$ less$ %lent'$ little$ noneQ$ %(eden ir se,(idos de Q#orQ h no"breL
%rono"bre ' (n in#initi+o ' no de ,er(ndioM el no"breL %rono"bre /(e +! detrs
de Q#orQ &!e de s(.eto del in#initi+o on UtoVM el in#initi+o no &!e de s(.eto on QitL
t&ereQ$ /(e son introd(toriosL e-%leti+os$ o U&ereL sbV1 E.14 T&ereZs not&in, #or &er
to do HNo &!' n!d! /(e ell! %(ed! &!er6M EereZsL T&ereZs so"et&in, #or 'o( to e!t
HA/(F &!'L E!' !l,o %!r! ti %!r! o"er6$ et1
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre no
re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(idos del +erbo U!%%e!rV Nen #or"!
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio
%oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oO h Q#orQ h no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto
re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 ' se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoV ' no ,er(ndioM es (n QitQ
introd(torioL e-%leti+o ND1 <1=151llOM e/(i+!le ! %oner el in#initi+o de s(.eto sin QitQM
el in#initi+o &!e de s(.eto on QitQ ' no tiene +!lor #in!l4 Hit6 !%%e!r !bnor"!l #orL
!bs(rd #orL !d+is!ble #orL !+!il!ble #orL belie+!ble #orL &i #orL &ildis& #orL le!r
#orL le+er #orL o"#ort!ble #orL o""on #orL o""on%l!e #orL o"%(lsor' #orL
onstit(tion!l #orL orret #orL RostIeR##eti+e #orL ostl' #orL o(nter%rod(ti+e #orL
(sto"!r' #orL d!n,ero(s #orL de%lor!ble #orL detest!ble #orL di!boliH!l6 #orL
dis,r!e#(l #orL disres%et#(l #orL eono"i!l #orL e/(i%%ed #orL essenti!l #orL e+ident
#orL e-(s!ble #orL e-%edient #orL #!t!l #orL #e!sible #orL #ine #orL #it #orL #or,i+!ble
#orL #r!(d(lent #orL #(tile #orL too ,ood #orL ,roRtes/(e #orL &!nd' #orL &e!+' #orL
&el%less #orL &ono(r!ble NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O &onor!ble NUSAO #orL &o%eless
#orL too &ot #orL &orrible #orL &("!n #orL &'%oRriti!l #orL idioti #orL RillI!dR+ised #orL
ille,!l #orL RillIR"!nnered #orL i""!Rt(re #orL i""or!l #orL i"%er!ti+e #orL i"%olite
#orL i"%ossible #orL i"%ro%er #orL i"%r(dent #orL i"R%(lsi+e #orL in!d+is!ble #orL
inonRsider!te #orL inonsistent #orL indesrib!ble #orL inele,!nt #orL ine-(s!ble #orL
inno+!ti+e #orL irrele+!nt #orL irres%onsible #orL H(n6.(st #orL le,iti"!te #orL l(9' #orL
%er"issible #orL %olite #orL %r!ti!ble #orL red(nd!nt #orL re"!r9!ble #orL r(de #or
Hdesort0s %!r!6L sel#is& #orL s%lendid #orL st(%id #orL s(%er#l(o(s #orL (n#or,ett!ble
#orL (n&e!rd o# #orL (ni"%ort!nt #orL (n9no7n #orL (nn!t(r!l #orL (r,ent #or$ et1
Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ore o IerL less H111 t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do
s(%erl!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ostQO1
Todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, de =158@ /(e +!n %reedidos de UHit6 beV h l!
%re%osii3n Q#orQ h no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 +!n
on UHit6 !%%e!rV se,(idos s3lo de in#initi+o on UtoV en in,l0s estnd!rM sin
e"b!r,o$ todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, de =158@ ' todos los de =15:C /(e
+!n %reedidos de UHit6 !%%e!rV %(eden ir se,(idos de Q#orQ h no"breL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 h in#initi+o on UtoV ' t!"bi0n ,er(ndio
(!ndo se (s!n en o"%!r!iones de s(%eriorid!d entre U"oreV ' Ut&!nV o de
in#eriorid!d entre UlessV ' Ut&!nV1
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre no
re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(idos del +erbo Ubeo"eV Nen
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio
%oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oO h Q#orQ h no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto
re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 ' se,(idos de h in#initi+o on UtoV ' no de ,er(ndioM es (n QitQ
introd(torioL e-%leti+o ND1 <1=151llOM e/(i+!le ! %oner el in#initi+o on UtoV de s(.eto
sin QitQM el in#initi+o on UtoV &!e de s(.eto on QitQ ' no tiene +!lor #in!l4 Hit6
beo"e !bnor"!l #orL !bs(rd #orL !d+is!ble #orL &ildis& #orL o"#ort!ble #orL
o""on #orL o""on%l!e #orL o"%(lsor' #orL RostIeR##eti+e #orL ostl' #orL
o(nter%rod(ti+e #orL o(r!,eo(s #orL (sto"!r' #orL d!n,ero(s #orL eono"i!l
#orL essenti!l #orL #e!sible #orL #or,i+!ble #orL #(tile #orL too ,ood #orL &e!+' #orL
&o%eless #orL &orrible #orL too &ot #orL &'%oRriti!l #orL RillI!dR+ised #orL ille,!l #orL
i""or!l #orL i"%er!ti+e #orL i"%ro%er #orL i"%r(dent #orL in!d+is!ble #orL
ine-(s!ble #orL irrele+!nt #orL %er"issible #orL %r!ti!ble #orL s(%er#l(o(s #orL
(n&e!rd o# #orL (ni"%ort!nt #orL (n9no7n #orL (nn!t(r!l #orL (nre!l #orL (r,ent #or$
et1 Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ore o IerL less H111 t&!n6Q ' en
,r!do s(%erl!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ostQO1
Todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, de =158@ /(e +!n %reedidos de UHit6 beV h l!
%re%osii3n Q#orQ h no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 +!n
on UHit6 beo"eV se,(idos s3lo de in#initi+o on UtoV en in,l0s estnd!rM sin
e"b!r,o$ todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, de =158@ ' todos los de =15:C /(e
+!n %reedidos de UHit6 beo"eV %(eden ir se,(idos de Q#orQ h no"breL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 h in#initi+o on UtoV ' t!"bi0n ,er(ndio
(!ndo se (s!n en o"%!r!iones de s(%eriorid!d entre U"oreV ' Ut&!nV o de
in#eriorid!d entre UlessV ' Ut&!nV1
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre no
re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(idos del +erbo Q#eelQ Nen !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV
detrs del !d.eti+oO h Q#orQ h no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto re#erido !
%erson!Hs6 ' se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoV ' no de ,er(ndioM es (n QitQ
introd(torioL e-%leti+o ND1 <1=151llOM e/(i+!le ! %oner el in#initi+o on UtoV de s(.eto
sin QitQM el in#initi+o on UtoV &!e de s(.eto on QitQ ' no tiene +!lor #in!l4 Hit6 #eel
!bs(rd #orL !d+!nt!,eo(s #orL !"bitio(s #orL !%%ro%ri!te #orL !rro,!nt #orL !7#(l #orL
!797!rd #orL b!d #orL biz!rre #orL bold #orL br!+e #orL brilli!nt #orL br(t!l #orL !llo(s
#orL !%riio(s #orL !reless #orL &e!% #orL &ee9' #orL &i #orL &ildis& #orL &(rlis&
#orL le+er #orL l("s' #orL H(n6o"#ort!ble #orL o"i #orL o"i!l #orL
o""end!ble #orL o"%(lsor' #orL onstit(tion!l #orL onte"%tible #orL on+enient
#orL orret #orL RostIeR##eti+e #orL ostl' #orL o(nter%rod(ti+e #orL o(r!,eo(s #orL
o(rteo(s #orL r(el #orL (rio(s #orL 'ni!l #orL d!n,ero(s #orL deReit#(l #orL deent
#orL deli,&t#(l #orL de%lor!ble #orL desir!ble #orL des%i!ble #orL detest!ble #orL
di##i(lt #orL di%lo"!ti #orL diso(rteo(s #orL dis,r!e#(l #orL dis&onest #orL
disres%et#(l #orL dre!d#(l #orL dre!r' #orL d(ll #orL d("b #orL e!s' #orL eentri #orL
eono"i!l #orL e##eti+e #orL eli,ible #orL en.o'!ble #orL erroneo(s #orL essenti!l #orL
et&i!l #orL e+il #orL e-%ensi+e #orL e-tr!+!,!nt #orL #oolis& #orL #riendl' #orL #(n #orL
#(nn' #orL #(tile #orL Htoo6 ,ood #orL ,re!t #orL &!nd' #orL &!rd Hdi#Fil6 #orL &e!lt&'
#orL &el%#(l #orL &onest #orL &o%eless #orL too &ot #orL &orrible #orL idioti #orL illo,i!l
#orL i"%er!ti+e #orL i"%ort!nt #orL i"%r(dent #orL ine-(s!ble #orL in#r! di,
Nolo/(i!l4 r!roO Hdeni,r!nte6 #orL .(st Ni #!irO #orL H(n69ind #orL le,iti"!te #orL
lo,i!l #orL lo(s' #orL lo+el' #orL H(n6l(9' #orL l(diro(s #orL "!d #orL "!r+ello(s
NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO "!r+elo(s NUSAO #orL "e!n #orL "iser!ble #orL
"onotono(s #orL n!t(r!l #orL H(n6neess!r' #orL nie #orL nor"!l #orL ob+io(s #orL
odd #orL OH16AH16 #orL %!in#(l #orL %e(li!r #orL H(n6%le!s!nt #orL %ointless #orL %olite
#orL %ossible #orL %r!ti!l #orL r!tion!l #orL re!listi #orL re!son!ble #orL rele+!nt #orL
rest#(l Hrel!.!nte6 #orL ridi(lo(s #orL ri,&t #orL ris9' #orL r(de #orL s!d #orL s!#e #orL
H(n6sel#is& #orL sensible #orL serio(s #orL sill' #orL si"%le #orL str!n,e #orL st(%id #orL
s(##iient #orL s(%er#l(o(s #orL tedio(s #orL terrible #orL tireso"e #orL to(,& #orL tr!,i
#orL tri9' #orL (no""on #orL (n#!ir #orL (n,r!te#(l #orL (se#(l #orL (seless #orL
H(n6(s(!l #orL +!in #orL +inditi+e #orL +it!l #orL 7!ste#(l #orL 7i9ed #orL 7il' #orL
H(n67ise #orL 7onder#(l #orL H(n67ort&' #orL 7ron, #or$ et1 Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do
o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ore o IerL less H111 t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o
%reedidos de Q"ostQO1
Todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, de =158@ /(e +!n %reedidos de UHit6 beV h l!
%re%osii3n Q#orQ h no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 +!n
on UHit6 #eelV se,(idos s3lo de in#initi+o on UtoV en in,l0s estnd!rM sin e"b!r,o$
todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, de =158@ ' todos los de =15:C /(e +!n
%reedidos de UHit6 #eelV$ e-e%to Ub!dV /(e serF! U7orseV sin U"oreV$ %(eden ir
se,(idos de Q#orQ h no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 h
in#initi+o on UtoV ' t!"bi0n ,er(ndio (!ndo se (s!n en o"%!r!iones de
s(%eriorid!d entre U"oreV ' Ut&!nV o de in#eriorid!d entre UlessV ' Ut&!nV1
Los si,(ientes !d.eti+os %(eden ir %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre no
re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 /(e &!e de s(.eto ' se,(idos de los +erbos Qloo9 N"enos
(s!doOL see" N"s (s!doOQ Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en
!#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oO h Q#orQ h no"breL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto re#erido ! %erson!Hs6 ' se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoV '
no de ,er(ndioM es (n QitQ introd(torioL e-%leti+o ND1 <1=151llOM e/(i+!le ! %oner el
in#initi+o on UtoV de s(.eto sin QitQM el in#initi+o on UtoV &!e de s(.eto on QitQ '
no tiene +!lor #in!l4 Hit6 loo9 N"enos (s!doOL see" N"s (s!doO !bs(rd #orL
!d+!nt!,eo(s #orL !%%ro%ri!te #orL !7#(l #orL !797!rd #orL b!d #orL better #or H111
t&!n6L br!+e #orL &!r"in, #orL &e!% #orL &i #orL &(rlis& #or H,rosero %!r!6L le+er
#orL o"#ort!ble #orL o"#ortin, #orL on#(sin, #orL on+enient #orL orret #orL
ostl' #orL o(nter%rod(ti+e #orL r(el #orL (rio(s #orL d!n,ero(s #orL d!rin, #orL
de,r!din, #orL deli,&t#(l #orL de"e!nin, #orL de%ressin, #orL desir!ble #orL detest!ble
#orL di##i(lt #orL di%lo"!ti #orL dis!%%ointin, #orL disonertin, #orL diso(r!,in,
#orL dis,r!e#(l #orL dis,(stin, #orL dis&e!rtenin, #orL dis&onest #orL dis"!'in, #orL
disres%et#(l #orL distressin, #orL dist(rbin, #orL dre!r' #orL dre!d#(l #orL e!s' #orL
eentri #orL e##eti+e #orL e"b!rr!ssin, #orL eno(r!,in, #orL en.o'!ble #orL
enli,&tenin, #orL entert!inin, #orL ent&r!llin, #orL erroneo(s #orL essenti!l #orL et&i!l
#orL e-!s%er!tin, #orL e-itin, #orL e-&il!r!tin, #orL e-%ensi+e #orL #oolis& #orL #(n
#orL #(nn' #orL #(tile #orL Htoo6 ,ood #orL ,re!t #orL ,roRtes/(e #orL &!nd' #orL &!rd #or
Hdi#Fil %!r!6L &e!lt&' #orL &el%#(l #orL &onest #orL &o%eless #orL &orrible #orL too &ot
#orL &'%oRriti!l #orL idioti #orL RillI!dR+ised #orL illo,i!l #orL i""!Rt(re #orL
i"%ort!nt #orL i"%r(dent #orL i"R%(lsi+e #orL inonRsider!te #orL ine-(s!ble #orL
irrele+!nt #orL .(st Ni #!irO #orL le,iti"!te #orL lo,i!l #orL lo(s' #orL lo+el' #orL
H(n6l(9' #orL l(diro(s #orL "!d #orL "!r+ello(s NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO
"!r+elo(s NUSAO #orL "e!n #orL "iser!ble #orL n!t(r!l #orL H(n6neess!r' #orL nie
#orL nor"!l #orL ob+io(s #orL odd #orL OH16AH16 #orL H(n6%le!s!nt #orL %ointless #orL
%olite #orL %ossible #orL %r!ti!l #orL r!tion!l #orL re!listi #orL re!son!ble #orL
rele+!nt #orL ridi(lo(s #orL ri,&t #orL ris9' #orL r(de #orL s!d #orL s!#e #orL sel#is& #orL
sensible #orL serio(s #orL sill' #orL si"%le #orL str!n,e #orL st(%id #orL s(##iient #orL
s(%er#l(o(s #orL tedio(s #orL terrible #orL to(,& #orL tr!,i #orL tri9' #orL (se#(l #orL
(seless #orL (s(!l #orL +it!l #orL 7i9ed #orL H(n67ise #orL 7onder#(l #orL H(n67ort&'
#orL 7ron, #or$ et1 Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ore o IerL less
H111 t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ostQO1 E.14 It loo9s N"enos (s!doOL
see"s N"s (s!doO (nneess!r' #or &er to s!' UBon !%%0tit]V or UE!+e ! nie d!']
NUSA %rini%!l"enteOV HP!ree innees!rio %!r! ell! deir U\J(e !%ro+e&e]V o
U\J(e %!seHs6 (n b(en dF!]V61
Todos los !d.eti+os ter"in!dos en Iin, de =158@ /(e +!n %reedidos de UHit6 beV +!n
se,(idos s3lo de in#initi+o on UtoV en in,l0s estnd!r (!ndo se (s!n entre UHit6
loo9L see"V ' U#orV h no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto re#erido ! %erson!Hs61
Al,(nos !d.eti+os +!n %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre re#erido ! %erson!Hs6
en +ez de QitQ h el +erbo QbeQ ' se indi! !sF4 Hsb6M el no"breL %rono"bre /(e +!
detrs de Q#orQ &!e de s(.eto del in#initi+oM el in#initi+o on UtoV no &!e de s(.eto
on Hsb6M los ,r!d(!bles %(eden ir en #or"! %ositi+!$ o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!M +!n
s3lo se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoV ' no de ,er(ndio4 Hsb6 be !n-io(s #or sb
Hdeseoso de /(e !l,(ien6L deli,&ted #or sb Hen!nt!do de /(e !l,(ien6L des%er!te #or
sbL deter"ined #or sb Hdeidido ! /(e !l,(ien6L e!,er #or sb HdeseosoL !nsioso Hde
/(e6L i"%!iente H%or /(e6 !l,(ien6L #or7!rd #or sb Hdes!r!do %!r! !l,(ien6L &!%%'
#or sb Hontento de /(e !l,(ien6L &el%#(l #or sbL i"%!tient #or sb Hi"%!iente %or
/(e !l,(ien6L insistent #or sb Hinsistente %!r! /(e !l,(ien6L 9een #or sb Htener "(&!s
,!n!s de /(e !l,(ien6L lo!t& N"s (s!doO NoO lot&L o+er.o'ed #or sbL %le!sed #or sbL
%re%!red #or sb H%re%!r!do %!r! /(e !l,(ien6L %ro(d #or sb Hor,(lloso de /(e
!l,(ien6L re!d' #or sb Hlisto %!r! /(e !l,(ien6L rel(t!nt #or sb Hre!io ! /(e !l,(ien6L
t!ll #or sb H!lto %!r! !l,(ien6L 7illin, #or sb Hdeseoso de /(e !l,(ien6$ et1 E.14 Ee is
!n-io(sL deter"inedL e!,erL insistentL 9eenL %re%!redL re!d'L rel(t!nt #or &er to
o"e to"orro7 Hl est deseoso deL est deidido !L est deseoso deL es insistente
%!r!L tiene "(&!s ,!n!s deL est %re%!r!do %!r!L est listo %!r!L es re!io ! /(e
ell! +en,! "!)!n!6M Ee is o+er.o'ed #or &er to o"e to"orro7 Hl est en!nt!do
de /(e ell! +en,! "!)!n!6M EeZd be %ro(d #or &er to !e%t t&e in+it!tionL EeZd be
%ro(d o# &er !e%tin, t&e in+it!tion NGBO Hl est!rF! or,(lloso de /(e ell! !e%t!r!
l! in+it!i3n6M T&e' !re 7illin, #or &er to t!9e %!rt HDese!n /(e ell! %!rtii%e61
Sin e"b!r,o$ &!' "(&os otros !d.eti+os /(e no %(eden ir se,(idos de in#initi+o1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os +!n %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre re#erido ! %erson!Hs6
en +ez de QitQ h el +erbo Q!%%e!rQM el no"breL %rono"bre /(e +! detrs de Q#orQ
&!e de s(.eto del in#initi+oM el in#initi+o on UtoV no &!e de s(.eto on Hsb6M los
,r!d(!bles %(eden ir en #or"! %ositi+!$ o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!M +!n s3lo
se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoV ' no de ,er(ndio4 Hsb6 !%%e!r !n-io(s #or sbL
deli,&ted #or sbL deter"ined #or sbL e!,er #or sbL &!%%' #or sbL i"%!tient #or sbL
insistent #or sbL 9een #or sbL o+er.o'ed #or sbL %le!sed #or sbL %re%!red #or sbL %ro(d
#or sbL re!d' #or sbL rel(t!nt #or sbL 7illin, #or sb h in#initi+o ' no ,er(ndio1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os +!n %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre re#erido ! %erson!Hs6
en +ez de QitQ h el +erbo Q#eelQM el no"breL %rono"bre /(e +! detrs de Q#orQ &!e
de s(.eto del in#initi+oM el in#initi+o on UtoV no &!e de s(.eto on Hsb6M los
,r!d(!bles %(eden ir en #or"! %ositi+!$ o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!M +!n s3lo
se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoV ' no de ,er(ndio4 Hsb6 #eel !n-io(s #orL deli,&ted
#orL des%er!te #orL e!,er #orL &!%%' #orL 9een #orL o+er.o'ed #orL %le!sed #orL %ro(d
#orL rel(t!nt #or sb h in#initi+o ' no ,er(ndio1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os +!n %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre re#erido ! %erson!Hs6
en +ez de QitQ h el +erbo Qloo9QM el no"breL %rono"bre /(e +! detrs de Q#orQ &!e
de s(.eto del in#initi+oM el in#initi+o on UtoV no &!e de s(.eto on Hsb6M los
,r!d(!bles %(eden ir en #or"! %ositi+!$ o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!M +!n s3lo
se,(idos de in#initi+o ' no de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,4 Hsb6 loo9 des%er!te #orL
deter"ined #orL e!,er #orL &!%%' #orL 9een #orL o+er.o'ed #orL %le!sed #orL %ro(d #orL
rel(t!nt #or sb h in#initi+o ' no ,er(ndio1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os +!n %reedidos de (n no"bre o %rono"bre re#erido ! %erson!Hs6
en +ez de QitQ h el +erbo Qsee"QM el no"breL %rono"bre /(e +! detrs de Q#orQ &!e
de s(.eto del in#initi+oM el in#initi+o on UtoV no &!e de s(.eto on Hsb6M los
,r!d(!bles %(eden ir en #or"! %ositi+!$ o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!M +!n s3lo
se,(idos de in#initi+o ' no de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,4 Hsb6 see" !n-io(s #orL
deli,&ted #orL des%er!te #orL deter"ined #orL e!,er #orL &!%%' #orL i"%!tient #orL
insistent #orL 9een #orL o+er.o'ed #orL %le!sed #orL %re%!red #orL %ro(d #orL re!d' #orL
rel(t!nt #or sb h in#initi+o ' no ,er(ndio1
Los si,(ientes +erbos$ %reedidos de QsbQ %(eden ir se,(idos de in#initi+o on UtoV
' no de ,er(ndio4 Hsb6 be #!"o(s #or oneZs rel(t!ne$ Hsb6 b(' st& #or sb$ Hsb6 #ind
t&e 7!' #or sb$ Hsb6 ,i+e inenti+es #or sb$ Hsb6 in#er ! %roneness #or st&$ et1
Se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n l! estr(t(r! U+erbo h #or h no"breL %rono"bre h in#initi+o
on UtoV ' no ,er(ndio on iertos +erbos o"o UHsb6 !&e Hs(s%ir!r %or6$ Hsb6
!,ree$ Hsb6 !%%e!l$ Hsb6 !%%l'$ Hsb6 !rr!n,e H&!er los %re%!r!ti+os %!r!6$ Hsb6 !s9
H%edir6$ it h be Hh !d+erbio4 l!teL soon$ et16$ Hsb6 H!nnotL !nZt6 be!r$ Hsb6 brin,$ Hsb6
b(rn H"orirse %orL tener "(&!s ,!n!s de6$ Hsb6 !ll$ Hsb6 !re$ Hsb6 l!"o(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteO NoO l!"or NUSAO$ Hsb6 onsent$ Hsb6 r!+e H!n&el!rL s(s%ir!r %orL
tener !nto.os de6$ Hsb6 dre!d$ Hsb6 &!te NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ Hsb6 &o%e$ Hsb6 intend
NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ Hsb6 it& H"orirse %or6$ Hsb6 le!+e H!b!ndon!rL "!r&!r6$ Hsb6 li9e
NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ Hsb6 lon, Hest!r dese!ndo6$ Hsb6 loo9$ Hsb6 lo+e NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$
Hsb6 "e!n NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ Hsb6 need NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ Hsb6 o%t$ Hsb6 %!'$ Hsb6
%&one$ Hsb6 %l!n$ Hsb6 %le!d$ Hsb6 %r!'$ Hsb6 %re#er NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ Hsb6 %ress$ Hsb6
rin,$ Hsb6 s!+e$ Hsb6 send$ Hsb6 H!nnotL !nZt6 st!nd$ Hsb6 +ote$ Hsb6 7!it$ Hsb6 7!nt$
Hsb6 7!t&$ Hsb6 7is&$ Hsb6 'e!rnVM el no"breL %rono"bre /(e +! detrs de Q#orQ
&!e de s(.eto del in#initi+oM el in#initi+o no &!e de s(.eto on HitL sb61 E.14 It 7!s
l!teL soon #or &er to ,o HEr! t!rdeL %ronto %!r! ell! irHse6L /(e ell! Hse6 #(er!6M To
le!+e #or "e 7o(ld be to !e%t de#e!t HAb!ndon!r %!r! "F serF! !e%t!r l! derrot!6L
For "e to le!+e 7o(ld be to !e%t de#e!t HP!r! "F !b!ndon!r serF! !e%t!r l!
derrot!6M I !t le!st 7o(ld li9e #or it NUSA4 olo/(i!lOL 7o(ld li9e it Nestnd!rO to be
re,!rded !s so"et&in, t&!t is no lon,er rele+!nt in t&e %resent HA "F %or lo "enos
"e ,(st!rF! /(e se onsider!r! o"o !l,o /(e no es '! rele+!nte en l! !t(!lid!d6M
Ee is loo9in, #or t&is on#erene LR9on#He6rensL NGBO ' LR9!4n#He6rensL NUSAO to
!&ie+e so"et&in, Hl est es%er!ndo /(e se onsi,! !l,o on este on,reso6M Ee
%re#ers #or &er to ,o NUSA4 olo/(i!lOL &er to ,o Nestnd!rO Hl %re#iere /(e ell! se
+!'!6M All &e 7!nts is #or &er to &el% &i" HTodo lo /(e 0l /(iere es /(e ell! le
!'(de6M T&e' 7!it #or &er to !rri+e no7 HEs%er!n /(e ell! lle,(e !&or!61
=15:51I &a construccin con un infinitivo es diferente en ingls cuando4
*+ El su%eto es una persona, no un ob%eto, se pone un complemento directo
delante de un infinitivo con ;to<$ si l! or!i3n est en !ti+!M l! or!i3n %(ede ir
en %!si+! t!"bi0nM l! !i3n del in#initi+o l! e.e(t! l! %erson! /(e &!e de s(.etoM
no se %(ede %oner (n %rono"bre detrs del in#initi+o en in,l0s %!r! re#erirse !l
o"%le"ento diretoM o(rre on +erbos tr!nsiti+os$ +erbos %re%osiion!les on
%re%osiionesL %!rtF(l!s %re%osiion!les ' +erbos !d+erbi!lesM en !stell!no se
%(ede %oner (n %rono"bre detrs del in#initi+o %!r! re#erirse !l o"%le"ento
direto$ !(n/(e "(&!s +ees no se! nees!rio1 E.14 S&e bo(,&t ! no+el to re!d
HEll! o"%r3 (n! no+el! %!r! leerHl!66M T&e' bo(,&t ! &o(se to li+e in H*o"%r!ron
(n! !s! %!r! +i+ir Hen ell!66M T&e &ild needs ! to' to %l!' 7it& HEl ni)o neesit! (n
.(,(ete %!r! .(,!r Hon 0l66M S&e 7!s ,i+en ! no+el to re!d HA ell! le dieron (n!
no+el! %!r! leerHl!6L /(e l! le'er!61
2+ El su%eto es una persona, no un ob%eto, no se pone un complemento
directo delante de un infinitivo con ;to<, pero se puede poner tambin MforM D
nombre# pronombre personal ob%etoM l! !i3n del in#initi+o no l! e.e(t! l!
%erson! /(e &!e de s(.etoM no se %(ede %oner (n %rono"bre detrs del in#initi+o en
in,l0s %!r! re#erirse !l s(.etoM o(rre on +erbos intr!nsiti+os$ on +erbos
%re%osiion!les on %re%osiionesL %!rtF(l!s %re%osiion!les ' +erbos !d+erbi!lesM
en !stell!no se %one (n %rono"bre detrs del in#initi+o %!r! re#erirse !l s(.etoM
res(lt! di#Fil %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes no %onerlo en in,l0sM del!nte del in#initi+o
se %(ede %oner (!l/(ier !d.eti+o de =158@ ' =15:C1 E.14 S&e is !"(sin, H#or t&e"6
to 7or9 7it& Nno s(%ri"irO HEs di+ertido H%!r! ellos6 tr!b!.!r on ell!6M S&e is
di##i(lt H#or (s6 to %ers(!deL (nderst!nd HEll! es di#Fil %ers(!dirl! NoO de %ers(!dirL
o"%renderl! NoO de o"%render H%!r! nosotros66M T&e'Zre H+er'6 di##i(lt to de!l
7it& Nno s(%ri"irOL to 7or9 7it& Nno s(%ri"irO HEs H"('6 di#Fil ne,oi!rL tr!b!.!r
on ellos6M S&e is e!s' H#or &i"6 to li+e 7it& Nno s(%ri"irO HEs #il H%!r! 0l6
Hon6+i+ir on ell!6M S&e is #(n H#or &i"6 to be 7it& Nno s(%ri"irO HEs di+ertido H%!r!
0l6 est!r on ell!6M Ee is i"%ossible H#or &er6 to li+e 7it& Nno s(%ri"irO HEs
i"%osible H%!r! ell!6 Hon6+i+ir on 0l6M Ro,er is +er' interestin, to t!l9 to Nno
s(%ri"irO HEs "(' interes!nte &!bl!r on Ro,elio6L Ro,er is +er' interestin, #or "e
to t!l9 to Nno s(%ri"irO HRo,elio es "(' interes!nte (!ndo &!blo on 0l6M M!r' is
%le!s!nt H#or (s6 to t!l9 to Nno s(%ri"irO HEs !,r!d!ble H%!r! nosotros6 &!bl!r on
M!rF!6M S&e isnZt t!ll eno(,& H#or &i"6 to d!ne 7it& Nno s(%ri"irO HEll! no es
s(#iiente"ente !lt! %!r! b!il!r on ell! H0lL %!r! /(e 0l b!ile on ell!661
*(!ndo el s(.eto es (n! %erson!$ no (n ob.eto$ ' no se %one (n o"%le"ento
direto del!nte de (n in#initi+o on UtoV l! onstr(i3n es i,(!l en in,l0s ' en
!stell!no$ si l! !i3n del in#initi+o l! e.e(t! l! %erson! /(e &!e de s(.etoM no se
%(ede %oner U#orV h no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto1 E.14 Ee is too sill' to
(nderst!nd t&e %roble"L it Hl es de"!si!do tonto %!r! o"%render el %roble"!L
lo6M S&eZs !n (n%le!s!nt 7o"!n to ,et !ross to Nno s(%ri"irO HEll! es (n! "(.er
des!,r!d!ble %!r! &!erse entender61
2+ El su%eto es un ob%eto, no una persona, no se pone un complemento
directo delante de un infinitivo con ;to<, pero se puede poner tambin MforM D
nombre# pronombre personal ob%etoM tiene +!lor #in!lM l! !i3n del in#initi+o l!
e.e(t! (n! %erson!$ no (n ob.etoM no se %(ede %oner (n %rono"bre detrs del
in#initi+o en in,l0s %!r! re#erirse !l s(.eto$ !(n/(e ! +ees se oi,! en in,l0s +(l,!rM
res(lt! di#Fil %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes no %onerlo en in,l0sM en !stell!no se
%one (n %rono"bre detrs del in#initi+o %!r! re#erirse !l s(.etoM del!nte del
in#initi+o se %(ede %oner (!l/(ier !d.eti+o de =158@ ' =15:C1 E.14 Me!t is &e!%
eno(,& H#or (s6 to b('L be bo(,&t HL! !rne es s(#iiente"ente b!r!t! %!r!
o"%r!rl! HnosotrosL %!r! /(e l! o"%re"os66M T&is 7!ter isnZt le!n eno(,& H#or
(s6 to s7i" in HEste !,(! no est s(#iiente"ente li"%i! %!r! n!d!r en ell!
HnosotrosL %!r! /(e n!de"os en ell!66M T&e ri+er is dee% eno(,& to s7i" in HEl rFo
es Hlo6 s(#iiente"ente %ro#(ndo %!r! n!d!r Hen 0l66M T&ere is not eno(,& "e!t H#or
(s6 to e!t HNo &!' s(#iiente !rne %!r! o"erHl!6 HnosotrosL %!r! /(e l! o"!"os66M
T&is 7ord is i"%ossible H#or &er6 to re!d HEst! %!l!br! es i"%osible H%!r! ell!6
leerl!6M T&is r!dio is li,&t eno(,& to !rr' 7it& 'o( HEst! r!dio es s(#iiente"ente
li,er! %!r! lle+!rl! onti,o6M T&is s(b.et is ,ood H#or (s6 to t!l9 !bo(t HEste te"! es
b(eno %!r! &!bl!r sobre 0l HnosotrosL %!r! /(e &!ble"os sobre 0l66M T&e r!dio is
&!rd H#or "e6 to listen to HEs di#Fil H%!r! "F6 es(&!r l! r!dio6M T&e stor' 7!s
%!in#(l H#or &er6 to listen to HEr! doloroso H%!r! ell!6 es(&!r l! &istoriHet6!6M T&ese
b!n!n!s !renZt ri%e eno(,& H#or 'o(6 to e!t HEstos %lt!nos no estn s(#iiente"ente
"!d(ros %!r! o"erlos Ht2L %!r! /(e los o"!s66M T&!t Ni ! s%oonL ! #or9 or
so"et&in, si"il!rO is so"et&in, ,ood H#or 'o(6 to e!t 7it& HEso Ni (n! (&!r!L (n
tenedor o !l,o !sFO es !l,o b(eno %!r! o"er on ello Ht266M T&is bed is too bi, H#or
(s6 to %(t in t&e bedroo" HEst! !"! es de"!si!do ,r!nde %!r! %onerl! en el
dor"itorio HnosotrosL %!r! /(e l! %on,!"os en el dor"itorio66M T&e 7!ll is too
o"%li!ted H#or "e6 to %!intL be %!inted HL! %!red es de"!si!do o"%li!d! de
%int!r H%!r! "FL %!r! %int!rl! 'o66M T&is %iee o# #(rnit(re is too &e!+' H#or &i"6 to
&!n, on t&e 7!ll HEste "(eble es de"!si!do %es!do %!r! ol,!rlo en l! %!red H0lL
%!r! /(e 0l lo (el,(e en l! %!red66M T&e &i9en is too &ot H#or 'o(6 to e!t HEl %ollo
est de"!si!do !liente %!r! o"erlo Ht2L %!r! /(e lo o"!s66M T&ereZs too little
"e!t H#or 'o(6 to e!t HE!' de"!si!d! %o! !rne %!r! o"erl! Ht2L %!r! /(e l!
o"!s66M T&is %roble" is too "(& H#or "e6 to o%e 7it& HEste %roble"! es
de"!si!do %!r! &!erle #rente H'oL %!r! /(e 'o le &!,! #rente661
L! onstr(i3n es i,(!l en in,l0s ' en !stell!no (!ndo el s(.eto es (n ob.eto$ no
(n! %erson!$ ' no se %one (n o"%le"ento direto del!nte de (n in#initi+o on
UtoV$ si l! or!i3n est en !ti+!M l! or!i3n %(ede ir en %!si+! t!"bi0nM l! !i3n del
in#initi+o on UtoV se re#iere !l s(.etoM no se %(ede %oner U#orV h no"breL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoM tiene +!lor #in!l1 E.14 T&e 7!ll is too t&in to st!nd t&!t
7ind HL! %!red es de"!si!do del,!d! %!r! so%ort!r ese +iento6M T&e &o(se is
desi,ned to st!nd t&!t 7ind HL! !s! est dise)!d! %!r! so%ort!r ese +iento61
-+ Cuando el su%eto es ;it<$ se %(eden d!r los si,(ientes !sos4
a+ Rue MitM sea pronombre personal espec(fico >V. 3.6.*.a5f? 'ue se refiera a un
nombre de cosa sobre4e+ntendido 'ue se /a mencionado con anterioridad o
'ue se mencione detr!s de ;it< pero antes del infinitivo con ;to<M no se %one (n
o"%le"ento direto del!nte del in#initi+o on UtoVM se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n Q#orQ h
no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoM l! !i3n del in#initi+o l! e.e(t! (n! %erson!$
no (n ob.etoM el in#initi+o no &!e de s(.eto on QitQM tiene +!lor #in!lM del!nte del
in#initi+o se %(ede %oner (!l/(ier !d.eti+o de =158@M no se %(ede %oner (n
%rono"bre detrs del in#initi+o en in,l0s %!r! re#erirse !l s(.etoM res(lt! di#Fil %!r!
los !stell!no&!bl!ntes no %onerlo en in,l0sM en !stell!no se %(ede %oner (n
%rono"bre detrs del in#initi+o %!r! re#erirse !l s(.eto %ero$ si se (s! l! %re%osii3n
QdeQ$ no se %one1 E.14 ItZs !n R!797!rd %l!e to ,et to b' b(s HEs (n sitio !l /(e es
di#Fil lle,!r en !(tob2s6M ItZs ! d!n,ero(s %l!e to be in Nestnd!rOL to be Nolo/(i!lO
HEs (n l(,!r en el /(e se orre %eli,ro6M ItZs Rdi##i(ltL Re!s'L i"R%ossible to do HEs
diR#FilL R#ilL i"%oRsible deL %!r! &!er6M It is so"et&in, Htoo6 Rdi##i(lt H#or &er6 to
dre!" o# HEs !l,o Hde"!si!do6 diR#Fil %!r! so)!r Hell!6 on elloL de so)!r H%!r!
ell!66M ItZs !n e!s' t&in, to do HEs (n! os! #il deL %!r! &!er6M ItZs i"R%ossible to
!+oid HEs i"%oRsible e+it!rloL de e+it!r6M ItZs not&in, to 7orr' !bo(t HNo &!' %or
/(0 %reo(%!rse6M ItZs (nRbe!r!ble to loo9 !t HNo se %(ede so%orRt!r "ir!rloL Es
inso%orRt!ble de "ir!r61
No se %(ede (s!r est! onstr(i3n on !d.eti+os /(e se re#ier!n s3lo ! seres +i+os
o"o Q!#r!id$ !n-io(s$ !%t$ r!z'$ deter"ined$ e!,er$ inlined$ interested$ 9een$
%re%!red$ re!d'$ rel(t!nt$ t!ll$ 7illin,Q$ et1$ '$ si se (s!n detrs de QitQ$ (!ndo se
re#iere ! (n !ni"!l$ no ! (n! os!$ el +erbo en in#initi+o no &!e de s(.etoM &!' /(e
%oner (n no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto detrs del in#initi+o1 E.14 It Ni ! do,O
is !R#r!id to loo9 !t t&e lion HTiene "iedo de "ir!r !l le3n61
L! onstr(i3n es i,(!l en in,l0s ' en !stell!no (!ndo el s(.eto es QitQ$ ' no se
%one (n o"%le"ento direto del!nte de (n in#initi+o on UtoV$ si l! or!i3n est en
!ti+!M l! or!i3n %(ede ir en %!si+! t!"bi0nM l! !i3n del in#initi+o se re#iere !l
s(.etoM el in#initi+o no &!e de s(.eto on UitVM no se %(ede %oner Q#orQ h no"breL
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoM tiene +!lor #in!l1 E.14 It Ni t&e 7!llO is too t&in to st!nd
t&!t 7ind HEs de"!si!do del,!d! Nl! %!redO %!r! so%ort!r ese +iento6M It Ni t&e 7!llO
is desi,ned to st!nd t&!t 7ind HEst dise)!d! Nl! %!redO %!r! so%ort!r ese +iento61
b+ Rue MitM sea introductorio# expletivo >V. 3.6.*.ll? no se refiera a un
nombre sobre4e+ntendido 'ue se /aa mencionado con anterioridad7 no se
pone un complemento directo delante del infinitivo con ;to<M se %(ede %oner
t!"bi0n Q#orQ h no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoM l! !i3n del in#initi+o l!
e.e(t! (n! %erson!$ no (n ob.etoM el in#initi+o &!e de s(.eto on QitQM no tiene +!lor
#in!lM se %(ede %oner (n %rono"bre detrs del in#initi+o t!nto en in,l0s o"o en
!stell!no$ %ero el %rono"bre no se re#iere !l s(.etoM del!nte del in#initi+o se %(ede
%oner (!l/(ier !d.eti+o de =158@1 E.14 ItZs Htoo6 Rdi##i(ltL Re!s'L i"R%ossible to do it
HEs Hde"!si!do6 diR#FilL R#ilL i"%oRsible &!erlo6M It is !R"(sin, H#or &i"6 to 7or9
7it& &er HEs di+erRtido H%!r! 0l6 tr!b!.!r on ell!6M It is Rbetter to #or,i+e HEs R"e.or
%erdon!r6M ItZs Rdi##i(ltL Re!s'L i"R%ossible #or (s to do it HEs diR#FilL R#ilL
i"%oRsible %!r! nosotros &!erlo6M It is Rdi##i(lt H#or "e6 to dre!" o# so"et&in, Ni
to dre!" o# so"et&in, is Rdi##i(lt H#or "e6O6 HEs diR#Fil H%!r! "F6 so)!r on !l,o Ni
so)!r on !l,o es di#Fil H%!r! "F6O6M It is Re!s' H#or (s6 to (nderst!nd HEs R#il H%!r!
nosotros6 o"%renderL *o"%render es R#il H%!r! nosotros66M It is Re!s' H#or (s6 to
li+e 7it& &er HEs R#il H%!r! nosotros6 +i+ir on ell!6M It is R&!rd H#or &er6 to listen to
t&e r!dio HEs diR#Fil H%!r! ell!6 es(&!r l! r!dio6M ItZs R,ood to drin9 7!ter HEs
Rb(eno beber !,(!6M It is i"R%ort!nt to (nderst!nd HEs i"%orRt!nte o"%renderL
*o"%render es i"%orRt!nte6M ItZs i"R%ossible to !+oid it HEs i"%oRsible e+it!rlo6M ItZs
i"R%ossible H#or &er6 to li+e 7it& &i" HEs i"%oRsible H%!r! ell!6 +i+ir on 0l6M It 7!s
R%!in#(l H#or t&e"6 to listen to t&e stor' HEr! doloRroso H%!r! ellos6 es(&!r l!
&istoriHet6!6M It is R%le!s!nt H#or "e6 to t!l9 to M!r' HEs !,r!Rd!ble H%!r! "F6 &!bl!r
on M!rF!6M ItZs (nRbe!r!ble H#or (s6 to loo9 !t it HEs inso%orRt!ble H%!r! nosotros6
"ir!rlo6$ et1
A +ees$ QitQ %(ede ser l!s dos os!s %ero l! tr!d(i3n es distint!$ se,2n se! (n! (
otr!1 E.14 It is Re!s' to (nderst!nd HEs R#il de o"%renderL %!r! o"%renderlo
N#in!l4 el in#initi+o on UtoV no es s(.etoOL *o"%render es #il Nno #in!l4 el in#initi+o
on UtoV es s(.eto on UitVO6M ItZs eRssenti!l to ,oL s(st!in li#e HEs esenRi!l %!r! irL
"!ntener l! +id! N#in!l4 el in#initi+o no es s(.etoOL Es esenRi!l irL "!ntener l! +id!
Ni Goin,L S(st!inin, li#e is essenti!lO Nno #in!l4 el in#initi+o on UtoV es s(.eto on
UitVO6M ItZs Rneess!r' to s!+e &er li#e HEs neeRs!rio %!r! s!l+!r s( +id! N#in!l4 el
in#initi+o on UtoV no es s(.etoOL S!l+!r s( +id! es neeRs!rio Nno #in!l4 el in#initi+o
on UtoV es s(.eto on UitVO61
=15:81I Aa algunos ad%etivos de actitud 'ue pueden ir con el verbo
;be< Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en
in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs de UsbVO precedidos de MitM
seguidos de la preposicin MofM D nombre o pronombre personal
ob%eto un infinitivo con ;to< en in,l0s estnd!rM se,(idos de l! #or"!
+erb!l en Iin, s3lo se (s!n en in,l0s +(l,!r ' !l,(nos inl(so en in,l0s
olo/(i!l %ero %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes lo "e.or es (s!rlos sie"%re on
in#initi+oM (n! #or"! de e+it!r el %roble"! es %oner el ,er(ndio de s(.eto
del!nte del +erbo UbeVM +!n !ent(!dos (!ndo +!n se,(idos de l!
%re%osii3n Uo#VM los ,r!d(!bles %(eden ir en #or"! %ositi+!$ o"%!r!ti+!
o s(%erl!ti+! Ns3lo %reedidos de U"ostV Ni +er'O H"('6 %ero no %(eden
ter"in!r en Iest %reedidos de Ut&eVOM %(eden ir %reedidos de U/(iteV (
otros !d+erbiosM los "s i"%ort!ntes son4 Hit6 be !bRs(rd o#L R!d"ir!ble o#L
!d+!nRt!,eo(s o#L H(n6!dR+ent(ro(s o#L R!,,r!+!tin, HinorRdi!nte6 o#L
!R"!zin, o# HinreRFble %or %!rte de6L H(n6!"Rbitio(s o#L R!"i!ble o#L
!R"(sin, o#L !Rnno'in, o#L !R%%ro%ri!te o#L R!rro,!nt o#L R!7#(l o#L
!sRtonis&in, o#L R!797!rd H(n! torR%ez!6 o#L Rb!d o#L H(n6beRlie+!ble o#L Rbi,
H,eneRroso6 o#L Rbitter o#L biRz!rre He-Rtr!)o6 o#L Rbl(nt o#L Rbold o#L Rborin,
o#L Rbr!+e o#L Rbri,&t H,eRni!l6 o#L Rbrilli!nt HesR%l0ndido6 o#L Rbr(t!l o#L
H(n6Rb(sinessli9e o#L R!llo(s o#L R!l" o# H(n si,no de tr!n/(iliRd!d %or
%!rte de6L R!ndid o#L !R%riio(s o#L R!re#(l H%r(Rdente6 o#L R!reless o#L
R!s(!l o#L R!(tio(s o#L Rert!in H(n R&e&o6 o#L H(n6&!r!teRristi o#L
H(n6R&!rit!ble o#L R&!r"in, o#L R&ee9' o#L R&ildis& o#L R&(rlis& o#L
Rir("s%et o#L Ri+il o#L H(n6Ri+ilized NoO H(n6i+ilised NGBO o#L Rle+er o#L
Rl("s' o#L Rold o# H(n si,no de #ri!lRd!d %or %!rte de6L Ro"i o#L
oR""end!ble o#L Ro""on HoRrriente6 o#L o"R%osed H(n si,no de
tr!n/(iliRd!d6 o#L onRei+!ble o#L onRsider!te o#L onRsistent o#L
H(n6onsRtr(ti+e o#L onRte"%tible o#L onR+enient o#L H(n6oRo%er!ti+e o#L
Rordi!l o#L oRrret o#L o(Rr!,eo(s o#L Ro(rteo(s o#L Ro7!rdl' o#L Rr!#t'
o#L Rr!ss o#L Rr!z' o#L Rredible o#L Rri"in!l o#L H(n6Rriti!l o#L Rr(de o#L
Rr(el o#L R(nnin, o#L R(rio(s o#L R'ni!l o#L deReit#(l o#L Rd!rin, o#L
Rdeent o#L Rde#inite HseR,(ro6 o#L Rdeli!te o#L deRli,&t#(l o#L H(n6de"oRr!ti
o#L Rdes%er!te HR,r!+e6 o#L desR%i!ble o#L di!Rboli!l o#L H(n6Rdi,ni#ied o#L
di%loR"!ti o#L dis!R,ree!ble o#L dis!R%%ointin, o#L H(n6Rdisi%lined o#L
disRo(rteo(s o#L disRreet o#L disR,r!e#(l o#L disR,(stin, o#L disR&onest o#L
disR&onoH(6r!ble o#L disRlo'!l o#L disresR%et#(l Hirres%et(Roso6 o#L
disRt(rbin, o#L Rdo(bt#(l o#L Rdre!d#(l o#L Rd(ll o#L Rd("b o#L H(n6eoRno"i!l
o# H(n si,no de #r(,!liRd!d %or %!rte de6L Reerie o#L eR##iient o#L eR"otion!l
o#L Renter%risin, o#L H(n6Ret&i!l o#L Re+il o#L H(n6e-R%eted o#L e-Rtr!ordin!r'
o#L e-Rtr!+!,!nt o#L e-Rtre"e He-treR"ist!6 o#L #!Retio(s H,r!Rioso6 o#L
H(n6R#!ir o#L R#!rIRsi,&ted o#L R#e"inine o#L R#ool&!rd' o#L R#oolis& o#L R#ore#(l
o#L H(n6#orR,i+!ble o#L H(n6R#ort(n!te o#L R#or7!rd H!treR+idoL des!Rr!do6 o#L
R#r!n9 o# sbL H(n6R#riendl' o#L R#ri+olo(s o#L R#(nn' o#L R#(tile o#L H(n6R,!ll!nt
o#L H(n6R,enero(s o#L R,entle o#L H(n6R,entle"!nl' o#L R,&!stl' o#L R,ood o#L
H(n6R,r!e#(l o#L H(n6R,r!io(s o#L H(n6R,r!te#(l HHno6 es (n si,no de
!,r!deiR"iento6 o#L R,r!+e o#L R,re!t o#L R,reed' o#L ,roRtes/(e o#L R,(tless
o#L R&!ndso"e o#L R&!te#(l o#L H(n6R&el%#(l o#L H(n6&eRroi o#L R&i,&IR&!nded
o#L R&onest o#L R &ono(r!ble NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O R &onor!ble NUSAO o#L
R&orrible o#L R&orrid o#L R&("ble o#L &'%oRriti!l o#L iRdioti o#L RillI!dR+ised
o#L RillIRn!t(red o#L iRllo,i!l o#L iR"!,in!ti+e o#L i""!Rt(re Hsi,no de
in"!d(Rrez6 o#L iR""odest HindeoRroso6 o#L iR""or!l o#L i"R%ertinent o#L
i"R%et(o(s o#L i"%oRlite o#L i"R%rob!ble o#L i"R%ro%er o#L i"R%ro+ident o#L
i"R%r(dent o#L Ri"%(dent Nliter!rioO o#L i"R%(lsi+e o#L inR!(tio(s
Hi"%r(Rdente6 o#L inonRsider!te o#L inonRsistent o#L inoRrret o#L
inRredible o#L inRred(lo(s o#L inRdeent o#L inRdeli!te o#L indisRreet o#L
ineR##iient o#L iRne%t o#L ine-R(s!ble o#L inR,enio(s o#L inR,en(o(s o#L
inR&("!n o#L in.(Rdiio(s o#L Rinnoent HinR,en(o6 o#L inRs!ne o#L inRsensiti+e
o#L insinRere H%oo sinRero6 o#L Rinsolent o#L H(n6inRtelli,ent o#L inRtoler!ble
o#L inR+ol(nt!r' o#L iRroni!l o#L irresR%onsible o#L iRrre+erent o#L Rirrit!tin,
o#L R.(st o# Nen ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!OL H(n6R9ind H(n !toL (n! "(estr! de
H%o!6 !"!biliRd!d6 o#L H(n6Rl!d'li9e HH%oo6 eleR,!nte6 o#L Rl!(d!ble o#L
Rl!z' o#L H(n6Rli9el' o#L Rloose o#L Rlo+el' o#L H(n6Rl(9' o#L Rl(diro(s o#L
R"!d o#L "!,Rn!ni"o(s o#L "!,Rni#ient o#L "!Rliio(s o#L H(n6R"!nl'
HH%oo6 +!roRnil6 o#L "!r+ello(s NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO "!r+elo(s NUSAO o#L
R"e!n o#L R"eri#(l o#L R"eriless Hdes%i!Rd!do6 o#L R"i,&t' Hsi,no de %oder6
o#L R"ild H!R#!ble6 o#L "iRr!(lo(s o#L R"is&ie+o(s o#L R"iser!ble o#L
R"odest o#L R"onstr(o(s o#L R"or!l o#L "or!Rlisti o#L R"orbid o#L n!Ri+e
N"s (s!doO NoO n!R+e o#L Rn!rro7IR"inded o#L Rn!st' o#L H(n6Rn!t(r!l o#L
Rn!(,&t' o#L H(n6Rneess!r' o#L Rneedless o#L Rne,!ti+e o#L neR,let#(l o#L
R nei,&bo(r l' NGBO NoO R nei,&bor l' NUSAO o#L Rnie o#L Rnoble o#L Rnor"!l o#L
Rno+el o#L oRbedient o#L obR.etion!ble o#L obRno-io(s o#L H(n6obRser+!nt o#L
Rob+io(s o#L Rodd o#L oR##ensi+e o#L H(n6oRri,in!l o#L osRtensible o#L
o(tRs%o9en o#L o(tRst!ndin, o#L %!r!Rdo-i!l o#L %!rRti(l!r o#L R%!ssion!te
o#L R%!tient o#L H(n6%!Rtrioti o#L %eR(li!r o#L %erRe%ti+e o#L %erRsistent o#L
R%erson!l H(n! os! %ersoRn!l6 o#L %erR+erse o#L R%ett' o#L %i,R&e!ded o#L
R%l!in o#L H(n6R%le!s!nt o#L R%le!sin, o#L %oRlite o#L R%o%(l!r o#L R%ossible o#L
%reRs("%t(o(s H(n! i"%ertiRneni!6 o#L R%r!ise7ort&' o#L %reRtentio(s o#L
R%rob!ble o#L H(n6%roR#ession!l o#L %roR#o(nd o#L H(n6%roR,ressi+e o#L
R%r(dent o#L R%(nt(!l o#L R/(!int o#L R/(!rrelso"e o#L R/(eer o#L
H(n6R/(estion!ble o#L R/(i9 o#L R/(iet o#L Rr!ist H(n! os! r!Rist!6 o#L Rr!re
o#L Rr!s& o#L H(n6Rre!son!ble o#L Rre9less o#L reR,rett!ble o#L reR"!r9!ble o#L
reR"iss Nliter!rioO o#L re%reR&ensible o#L reRsent#(l o#L reRso(re#(l o#L
resR%onsible o#L reR+oltin, o#L Rri& o#L riRdi(lo(s o#L Rri,&t o# Nen ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+!OL H(n6roR"!nti o#L Rrotten o#L Rr(de o#L s!Rt!ni!l o#L Rs!(' o#L
H(n6sienRti#i o#L Rsorn#(l o#L H(n6Rsr(%(lo(s o#L H(n6Rsee"l' o#L
H(n6Rsel#is& o#L Rsenseless o#L Rsensible o#L H(n6sentiR"ent!l o#L not Rserio(s
o#L seR+ere o#L Rs&!"e#(l o#L Rs&!"eless o#L Rs&!r% o#L Rs&ortHI6Rsi,&ted H(n!
#!lt! de +iRsi3n6 o#L Rs&re7d o#L Rsill' o#L sinRere o#L Rsin#(l o#L Rsin,(l!r o#L
Rs9il#(l NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO Rs9ill#(l NUSAO o#L Rsl' o#L Rs"!rt o#L
Rsoi!ble o#L Rs%ite#(l o#L Rs%lendid o#L Rs%ortin, o#L Rst!ble o#L Rstern o#L
Rstin,' o#L Rstr!i,&t#or7!rd o#L Rstr!n,e o#L Rstrit o#L Rstri9in, H!so"Rbroso6
o#L Rst(%id o#L Rs(btle o#L s(R##iient o#L s(iRid!l o#L s(%erR#ii!l o#L Rs(re o#L
s(rR%risin, o#L Rs7eet o#L Rs7i#t o#L s'"Rboli o#L s'steR"!ti o#L Rt!t#(l o#L
Rt!tless o#L Rt!steless o#L Rterrible o#L Rt&!n9#(l H(n !to de ,r!tiRt(d6 o#L
Rt&oro(,& o#L Rt&o(,&t#(l o#L Rt&o(,&tless o#L Rtid' o#L Rtoler!nt o#L Rtr!,i o#L
H(n6Rtr(e o#L H(n6Rtr(st#(l o#L Rtr(t&#(l o#L Rtr'in, Hl!toso6 o#L H(n6Rt'%i!l o#L
(nderRst!nd!ble o#L (nR#eelin, o#L (nR.(st o#L (nsel#Ronsio(s o#L H(n6R(s(!l
o#L R+!in o#L R+iio(s o#L R+ile o#L +inRditi+e o#L H(n6s'"%!Rt&eti o#L
R+irt(o(s o#L R+(l,!r o#L R7!r" o#L R7!ste#(l o#L R7i9ed o#L R7il' o#L
H(n6R7ise o#L R7itt' o#L R7onder#(l o#L R7ron, o#$ et1 E.14 ItZs H"ost6
R!797!rd o# 'o( to s!' no HEs (n! H,r!n6 torR%ez! %or t( %!rte deir H/(e6
no6M ItZs /(ite Rb!d o# "e to ,o t&ere HEst b!st!nte R"!l %or "i %!rte ir !&FL
!llF6M It is Rle+er o# &i" to %!' !ttention to &er HJ(0 R listo es 0lL l es R listo
!l %rest!r !teni3n ! ell!6M It 7!s R#oolis& o# &er to o"e &ere HF(e (n!
est(%i R dezL (n error %or %!rte s('! +enir !/(F6M It is +er' R#or7!rd o# 'o( to
s!' t&is HEs "(' !tre R +idoL des! R r!do %or t( %!rte deir esto6M It is
R,enero(s o# &i" to do t&!t HEs ,eneRroso %or %!rte de 0l &!er esto6M It 7!s
R,ood o# 'o( to s!' t&!t HEst(+isteL Te o"%ort!ste Rbien !l deir eso NoO
!/(ello6M ItZs +er' R9ind o# 'o( to &el% (s HEresL Es (sted "(' !R"!ble !lL
%or !'(d!rnos6M ItZs Rnie o# A(,(st! to do t&!t HEs (n si,no NoO (n!
"(estr! de !"!biliRd!dL (n! !"!biliRd!d %or %!rte de A(,(st! &!er eso
NoO !/(ello6M It 7!s R%ett' o# &er not to !e%t it HF(e "ezR/(ino %or %!rte
de ell! no !e%t!rlo6M It is Rr(de o# &er not to s!' so"et&in, HEs (n!
desorteRsF! deL %or s( %!rte no deir !l,o6M It 7!s Rsill' o# &er to s!' t&!t
HF(e (n! tonteRrF! %or s( %!rte deir esoL !/(ello6M It is Rt'%i!l o# t&e" to
t!l9 lo(dL lo(dl' HEs RtF%io de ellos &!bl!r !lto61
Al,(nos otros !d.eti+os o"o UHit6 be R!rt#(l Hin,eRnioso6 o#L R&eer#(l
H!lent!Rdor6 o#L Ron#ident H(n si,no de se,(riRd!d6 o#L Re!,er Hi"%!Riente6
o#L eRssenti!l o#L Re+ident o#L R,r!te#(l H(n si,no de !,r!deiR"iento6 o#L
R&o%e#(l o#L R&o%eless o#L iRde!l o#L i"R%!tient Hse)!l de i"%!Rieni!6 o#L
"et!R%&ori!l o#L "'Rsterio(s o#L reR,ret#(l HRtriste6 o#L Rs!d o#L si,Rni#i!nt
NoO si,Rni#i!ti+e o#L s(Rs%iio(s o#L (nRo"#ort!ble o#V$ et1$ no s(elen
(s!rse !sF$ %ero no &!' r!z3n %!r! deir /(e se! inorreto (s!rlos de est!
"!ner!1
Sin e"b!r,o$ todos estos !d.eti+os$ e-e%to Ub!dV /(e serF! U7orseV sin
U"oreV ' U,oodV /(e serF! UbetterV sin U"oreV$ %(eden ir se,(idos del
in#initi+o on UtoV ' t!"bi0n del ,er(ndio (!ndo se (s!n en
o"%!r!iones de s(%eriorid!d entre U"oreV ' Ut&!nV o de in#eriorid!d
entre UlessV ' Ut&!nV1 E.14 Not&in, is "ore !R"!zin,L disR,(stin,L
disRt(rbin, o# &er t&!n s!'in,L to s!' t&is HNo &!' n!d! "s inreRFbleL
re%(,Rn!nteL %reo(R%!nte %or %!rte de ell! /(e deir esto61
=15::1I El infinitivo simple de la pasiva H%!ssi+e si"%le in#initi+e6 se #or"! on el
in#initi+o si"%le del +erbo UbeV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l
orres%ondiente1 E.14 Hto6 be lo+ed Hser !"!doL /(erido6M To be de#e!ted "(st be
/(ite (n%le!s!nt HSer derrot!do debe de ser b!st!nte des!,r!d!ble6M Ee 7!nts to be
&e!rd Hl /(iere ser oFdoL /(e se le oi,!61
E!' di#ereni! entre UT&ere !re ! #e7 boo9s to sendV HE!' /(e en+i!r (nos %oos
librosL E!' (nos %oos libros %!r! en+i!r6 ' UT&ere !re ! #e7 boo9s to be sentV
HE!' (nos %oos libros /(e se deben en+i!r6M UT&ere is so"et&in, to s!'V HE!' !l,o
/(e deir6 ' UT&ere is so"et&in, to be s!idV HE!' !l,o /(e se debe deir6M UT&ereZs
not&in, to doV HNo &!' n!d! /(e &!erL No se %(ede &!er n!d!6 ' UT&ereZs
not&in, to be doneV Hm! no se %(ede &!er n!d!L !"bi!r eso61
No obst!nte$ ! +ees no &!' di#ereni! entre el in#initi+o si"%le de l! !ti+! ' de l!
%!si+!1 E.14 T&is b(ildin, is to letL be let HSe !l/(il! este edi#iio6M Ee is to bl!"eL
be bl!"ed H#or t&is6 Hl tiene l! (l%! Hde esto66M T&ereZs so"e 7or9 to doL be done
HE!' H!l,o de6 tr!b!.o /(e &!er6$ et1
=15:;1I El infinitivo simple continuo# progresivo Hsi"%le in#initi+e ontin(o(sL
%ro,ressi+e6 de l! %!si+! se #or"! on el in#initi+o si"%le del +erbo UbeV se,(ido
de Ubein,V h el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM se (s!
"(' %oo1 E.14 Ee &o%es Ht&!t6 &e "!' be bein, &e!rd Hl es%er! /(e se le %(ed!
est!r o'endo6M Ee &o%es to be bein, &e!rd HEs%er! /(e se le est0 o'endoL l es%er!
est!r siendo oFdo6M >&o o(ld be bein, "!rriedT HWJ(i0n %odHr6F! est!r
!sndoseT61
=15:<1I Gnfinitivo compuesto H%er#et in#initi+e64 se #or"! on el in#initi+o del
+erbo U&!+eV se,(ido del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM
es %er#eti+oM %(ede &!er de s(.eto ' se %(ede %oner el UitV introd(torioL e-%leti+o
!l %rini%ioM se (s! "s on UitV /(e de l! otr! "!ner!M se %(ede (s!r detrs de
iertos +erbos o"o U!9no7led,e$ belie+e$ onsider$ #ind$ &o%e$ 9no7$ re%ort$ s!'$
s(%%ose$ t&in9$ (nderst!nd Nen %!si+!O$ et1 E.14 It is better to &!+e &el%ed t&!n to
&!+e been &el%edL To &!+e &el%ed is better t&!n to &!+e been &el%ed HE!ber
!'(d!do es "e.or /(e &!ber sido !'(d!do6M S&e &o%es to &!+e &el%ed 'o( HEll!
es%er! &!berte !'(d!do6M It is better to &!+e lo+ed !nd lost t&!n not to &!+e lo+ed !t
!ll HEs "e.or &!ber !"!do ' %erdido /(e no &!ber !"!do en !bsol(to61
=15:=1I El infinitivo compuesto continuo# progresivo H%er#etL %!st ontin(o(s
in#initi+e6 se #or"! on U&!+e beenV h el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteM se (s! %oo %ero
%rini%!l"ente detrs de los +erbos !(-ili!res$ "od!les$ se"i"od!les ' detrs de
los +erbos nor"!les U!%%e!r$ &!%%en$ &o%e$ %retend$ see"$V en !ti+! ' Ubelie+e$
onsider$ 9no7$ re%ort$ s!'$ s(%%ose$ t&in9$ (nderst!ndV$ en %!si+!$ et1 E.14 S&e
&o%es to &!+e been &el%in, 'o( HEll! es%er! &!berte est!do !'(d!ndoL /(e te &!'!
est!do !'(d!ndo6M Ee "(st &!+e been e!tin, Hl debe de &!ber est!do o"iendo61
=15:?1I El infinitivo compuesto# perfecto simple de la pasiva H%!ssi+e %er#et
in#initi+e6 se #or"! on el in#initi+o o"%(esto del +erbo UbeV H&!+e been6 se,(ido
del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondienteM &!'$ ! +ees$
!"bi,Xed!d entre est!do ' !i3n1 E.14 To &!+e been lo+ed is !s ,ood !s to lo+e
HE!ber sido !"!do es t!n b(eno o"o !"!r6M Ee "!' &!+e been &e!rd HP(ede /(e
le &!'!n oFdo6M It o(ld &!+e been destro'ed HP(doL PodHr6F! &!ber sido destr(ido61
=15:@1I El infinitivo compuesto continuo# progresivo de la pasiva H%!ssi+e
%er#et in#initi+e ontin(o(sL %ro,ressi+e6 se #or"! on el in#initi+o o"%(esto del
+erbo UbeV se,(ido de Ubein,V h el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l
orres%ondienteM se (s! "(' %oo1 E.14 Ee &o%es Ht&!t6 &e "!' &!+e been bein,
&e!rd Hl es%er! /(e se le &!'! %odido est!r o'endo61
=15:B1I &a forma verbal en 5ingM inclue el participio 4de+ presente Ht&e %resentL
!ti+e %!rtii%le6 el gerundio Ht&e ,er(nd6M l! #or"! +erb!l ter"in!d! en Iin,
%(ede ser si"%le o i"%er#et! en !ti+! Hin#initi+o h Iin,4 ,oin,$ enRtren&in, N"s
(s!doOL inRtren&in,$ 7!l9in,$ 7or9in,$ 7ritin,$ et16 ' en %!si+! Hbein, h %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondiente4 bein, !n!l'sed NGBOL !n!l'zed
NUSAOL e!tenL ,one$ et16 ' o"%(est! o %er#et! en !ti+! H&!+in, h %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do del +erbo nor"!l orres%ondiente4 &!+in, !n!l'sed NGBOL !n!l'zed NUSAOL
e!tenL ,one$ et16 ' en %!si+! H&!+in, been h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo
nor"!l orres%ondiente4 &!+in, bein, !n!l'sed NGBOL !n!l'zed NUSAOL e!tenL
,one$ et16M l! #or"! si"%le es i"%er#eti+! ' l! o"%(est! es %er#eti+!M %(ede
indi!r %resente$ %!s!do ' #(t(ro1 E.14 S&e o"esL !"eL 7ill o"e sin,in, HEll!
+ieneL +inoL +endr !nt!do61
Es "(' 2til +er l! di#ereni! entre el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente ' el ,er(ndio in,leses
'! /(e en !stell!no no e-iste el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteM no obst!nte$ se %(ede
si"%li#i!r l! (esti3n &!bl!ndo de #or"! +erb!l en Iin,$ se! (no ( otro$ '! /(e es
di#Fil en iertos !sos s!ber si es %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente o ,er(ndio$ inl(so %!r!
los entendidos en l! "!teri!1
El %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente %(ede ir detrs de (n +erbo !(-ili!r %!r! #or"!r l! #or"!
ontin(! de los +erbosM se tr!d(e %or (n ,er(ndio en !stell!no ' es (n ,er(ndio en
!stell!no1 E.14 Ee is e!tin, Hl est o"iendo6M Ee &!s been e!tin, Hl &! est!do
o"iendo6M S&e is bein, %(nis&ed HEll! est siendo !sti,!d!61
De los +erbos !(-ili!res o !n3"!los s3lo UbeV tiene #or"! ontin(!1 D1 =15$ =1 815C
=15;C1I El participio 4de+ presente puede en ingls literario ir detr!s de un
nombre o sintagma nominal e'uivale a una oracin subordinada de relativo
en presente o pretrito imperfecto# indefinido en forma continua de
indicativoM en in,l0s estnd!r se s(ele %oner el rel!ti+o se,(ido del +erbo UbeV o de
otros +erbos /(e ten,!n #or"! ontin(!M si el %resente o %ret0rito no tienen #or"!
ontin(! no se %(ede s(%ri"ir el %rono"bre rel!ti+o ni el +erbo UbeVM si el %!rtii%io
Hde6 %resente +! en (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de rel!ti+o e-%li!ti+! %(ede ser
t!"bi0n (n +erbo de onoi"iento o %ens!"iento1 E.14 T&e %eo%le o"in,
Nliter!rioO to"orro7 !re so"e #riends o# "ineL T&e %eo%le 7&oL t&!t !re o"in,
Nestnd!rO to"orro7 !re so"e #riends o# "ine HL! ,ente /(e +! ! +enir "!)!n! son
(nos !"i,os "Fos6M It is !n ide! re"indin, &i" Nliter!rioO o# t&e !identL It is !n
ide! t&!t re"inds &i" o# t&e !ident HEs (n! ide! /(e le re(erd! el !idente6M
Eileen ,ot GilZs %&one !ll$ s!'in, t&!t &e ,ot t&e .ob HHE6elen! reibi3 l! ll!"!d!
tele#3ni! de Gilberto$ /(e deF! /(e 0l onsi,(i3 el tr!b!.o6M S'l+i!$ 9no7in,
Nliter!rioO Ht&!t6 it 7!s di##i(lt$ didnZt tr' HSil+i!$ s!biendo /(e er! di#Fil$ no lo
intent36L S'l+i!$ 7&o 9ne7 Nestnd!rO Ht&!t6 it 7!s di##i(lt$ didnZt tr' HSil+i!$ /(e
s!bF! /(e er! di#Fil$ no lo intent36M mo(r brot&er$ 9no7in, t&e tr(t& Nliter!rioO$ s!id
not&in, HT( &er"!no$ s!biendo l! +erd!d$ no di.o n!d!6L mo(r brot&er$ 7&o 9ne7
t&e tr(t& Nestnd!rO$ s!id not&in, HT( &er"!no$ /(e s!bF! l! +erd!d$ no di.o n!d!6M
T&e %ro%erties o# e+er't&in, e-istin, Nliter!rioOL t&!t e-ists Nestnd!rO in n!t(re HL!s
%ro%ied!des de todo lo /(e e-iste en l! n!t(r!lez!6M T&e "!n N7&o isL 7!sO dri+in,
Nliter!rioO isL 7!s t&e !tor HEl &o"bre N/(e estL est!b!L est(+oO ond(iendo esL
er! el !tor6L T&e "!n 7&o dri+es Nestnd!rO is t&e !tor HEl &o"bre /(e ond(e es
el !tor6L T&e "!n 7&o dro+e Nestnd!rO 7!s t&e !tor HEl &o"bre /(e ond(.o
er!L #(e el !tor61
=15;51I &a forma verbal en 5ing o participio 4de+ presente puede en ingls
literario /acer la funcin de una oracin subordinada adverbial$ %ero en in,l0s
olo/(i!l se (s! (n! on.(ni3n se,(id! de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!M est en
onstr(i3n !bsol(t!$ no !d.(nt!M puede"
*+ Teferirse al su%eto de la oracin principalM %(ede re#erirse ! l! %ri"er!$
se,(nd! ' terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM %(ede ir !l %rini%io$ ! "it!d ' !l
#in!l de l! or!i3n1 E.14 Ee i"!,ined Ht&!t6 s&e 9ne7$ bein, ! #riend o# &is #!"il' Hl
reF! /(e ell! lo s!bF!$ !l ser (n! !"i,! de s( #!"ili!6M Bein,L As &e 7!s so ri&$ &e
&!d ! lot o# !rs HSiendoL *o"o er! t!n rio$ 0l tenF! "(&os o&es6M *o"in,
&o"eL >&en &e !"e &o"e$ &e s!7 t&e" HAl +enirL *(!ndo +enF! ! !s!$ los +io6M
Ee /(eried$ #is&in, in t&e %o9et o# &is .e!ns Hl %re,(nt3$ reb(s!ndo en el bolsillo
de s(s +!/(eros6M Ee!rin, t&e stor'$ &e s!id 111 HAl oFr l! &istoriHet6!$ 0l di.o 1116M T&e'
7ere (n&!%%' listenin, toL &e!rin, t&e ne7s HNo est!b!n ontentos es(&!ndoL
o'endo l!s notii!s6M Ano7in, t&e #!ts$ t&e' 7ere &!%%' H*onoiendo los &e&os
er!n #elies6M T&e' 7ent o(t$ loo9in, b!9 #ro" ti"e to ti"e HS!lieron$ "ir!ndo
&!i! !trs de +ez en (!ndo6M T&e' !"e s!'in, t&!t HDenF!nL Dinieron diiendo
esoL !/(ello6M Seein,L >&en I s!7 t&e sit(!tion$ I 7ent &o"e HDiendoL *(!ndo +i
l! sit(!i3n$ H"e6 #(i ! !s!6M S&e bl(s&ed seein, &er &(sb!nd HEll! se r(boriz3 !l
+er ! s( "!rido6M T&e te!&er$ seein, t&e sit(!tion$ !,reed HEl %ro#esor$ +iendo Ni !l
+erO l! sit(!i3n$ di.o /(e sF6M T&e obser+er$ seein, it$ s!id not&in, HEl obser+!dor$ !l
+erlo$ no di.o n!d!6M QI donZt 9no7 7&ere 7eZre ,oin,$Q &e re%lied s&!9in, &is &e!d
HQNo s0 !donde +!"osQ$ re%li3L ontest3 0l "o+iendo l! !bez!6M S&e 7!s &!%%'
sin,in, !lone HEll! est!b! ontent! !nt!ndo sol!6M E+en st(d'in, &!rd$ &e o(ldnZt
%!ss HInl(so est(di!ndo "(&oL *on est(di!r t!nto$ 0l no onsi,(i3 !%rob!r6M
St(d'in,L I# 'o( st(d'$ 'o( !n %!ss HEst(di!ndoL Si est(di!s %(edes !%rob!r6M
Tr'in, to be (se#(l$ s&e 7!ited t&ere HIntent!ndo ser 2til$ ell! es%er3 !&FL !llF6M Ee$
7is&in, to be %olite$L >is&in, to be %olite$ &e 7elo"ed t&e" HDese!ndo ser
ort0s$ 0l les dio l! bien+enid!6M >!itin, #or t&e tr!in No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l
de tie"%oO$ I #or,ot to %&one HEs%er!ndo %or elL !l tren "e ol+id0 de ll!"!r %or
tel0#ono6M >!l9in, !lon, t&e be!&$ I s!7 t&e" HP!se!ndo ! lo l!r,o de l! %l!'!$ les
+i6M S&e is /(ite s!tis#ied 7or9in, !t ni,&t HEll! est b!st!nte s!tis#e&! tr!b!.!ndo
de no&e61
*on+iene no on#(ndir UEe too9 ! %it(re o# &er$ t!l9in, Nse re#iere ! U&eV$ /(e es el
s(.etoO to &is #!t&er HE!bl!ndo !L on s( %!dre$ 0l s!3 (n! #oto de ell!6V on UEe
too9 ! %it(re o# &er H7&o 7!s6 t!l9in, N!l no &!ber o"! se re#iere ! U&erV ' no !l
s(.etoO to &is #!t&er Hl s!3 (n! #oto de ell! H/(e est!b!6 &!bl!ndo !lL on el %!dre
de 0l61
P(ede ir t!"bi0n detrs de !l,(n!s on.(niones (!ndo se s(%ri"e el s(.eto ' el
+erbo !(-ili!r1 D1 5C1;518;
2+ Oo referirse al su%eto de la oracinM tiene (n s(.eto inde%endiente del de l!
or!i3n %rini%!l1 E.14 Bein, t&e %roble"L T&e %roble" bein, so bi,$ s&e deided to
le!+e it HSiendo t!n ,r!nde el %roble"!$ ell! deidi3 de.!rlo6M T&e l!ss bein, o+erL
As t&e l!ss 7!s o+er$ t&e' 7ent &o"e HUn! +ez ter"in!d! l! l!seL *o"o l! l!se
&!bF! ter"in!do$ se #(eron ! !s!6M T&e 7e!t&er bein,L As t&e 7e!t&er 7!s ,ood$
s&e o(ld ,o 7!l9in, H*o"o &!F! b(en tie"%o$ ell! %odF! ir ! %!se!r6M T&ere
bein,L As t&ere 7ere no %!ssen,ers$ t&e b(s didnZt sto% HAl no &!ber %!s!.eros$ el
!(tob2s no %!r36M T&!t bein,L As t&!t 7!s so$ 7e o(ldnZt do !n't&in, H*o"o er!
!sF$ no %(di"os &!er n!d!6M Hit6 Bein,L As it 7!s Frid!'$ t&e boo9s&o% 7!s o%en
H*o"o er! +iernes$ l! librerF! est!b! !biert!6M T&e #!ts bein,L As t&e #!ts 7ere so$
s&e 7o(ld not resi,n HSiendo !sF los &e&osL *o"o los &e&os er!n !sF$ ell! no
/(erF! di"itir6M T&!t bein, t&e !se$ 7&' 7!it !t !llT HEn ese !so$ W%or /(0 es%er!r
en !bsol(toT6M >e !re !ll !t s&ool$ t&e' Nestnd!rOL t&e" Nolo/(i!lO re!din, !nd
7e Nestnd!rOL (s Nolo/(i!lO %l!'in, HEst!"os todos en l! es(el!$ ellos le'endo '
nosotros .(,!ndo61
En !l,(nos !sos se sobrHe6entiende UoneL 'o(VM se d! on +erbos nor"!les o"o
Q!ss("e$ onsider$ e!t$ &!+e$ &o%e$ .(d,e$ loo9$ "!9e$ o7e$ %end$ ret(rn$ s%e!9$
s(%%ose$ t!9e into !o(nt$ t!l9$ t&in9$ t(rnQ$ et1M en in,l0s se ll!"! %!rtii%io s(elto
Hd!n,lin,L (n!tt!&edL (nrel!ted %!rtii%le NoO d!n,lin, "odi#ier6 ' %(ede d!r l(,!r
! on#(si3n '! /(e no se re#iere !l s(.eto de l! or!i3n %rini%!lM est en
onstr(i3n !bsol(t!$ no !d.(nt!$ %ero %!ree est!r en onstr(i3n !d.(nt!M %!r!
los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es reo"end!ble no (s!rlo o (s!rlo on "(&! %r(deni! '!
/(e en iertos !sos es in,l0s +(l,!r ' %(ede onsider!rse inorretoM s(ele est!r
sie"%re bien en in,l0s olo/(i!l (!ndo el s(.eto de l! or!i3n %rini%!l es QitQ$
Qt&ereQ o (n! os! ' (!ndo l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! indi! (n %(nto de +ist!1 E.14
>&en e!tin, Nolo/(i!lO !t &o"e Ni >&en 'o( e!t !t &o"eO$ "one' is not !
%roble" H*(!ndo se o"e en !s!$ el dinero no es (n %roble"!6M j(d,in,
Nolo/(i!lO b'L #ro" %!st e-%eriene$ s&eZll !rri+e in ti"e HA .(z,!r %or !nteriores
e-%erieni!s$ ell! lle,!r ! tie"%o6M Bro!dl'L Gener!ll'L Stritl' s%e!9in,
Nolo/(i!lO Ni I# 'o( s%e!9 bro!dl'L ,ener!ll'L stritl'O$ itZs i"%ossible HE!bl!ndo
en t0r"inos ,ener!lesL E!bl!ndo en t0r"inos ,ener!lesL Estrit!"ente &!bl!ndo$ es
i"%osible6M T&in9in, Nolo/(i!lO !bo(t it$ t&e "!tter is not so si"%le N%eorOL I# one
t&in9s !bo(t itL I# 'o( t&in9 !bo(t it$ t&e "!tter is not so si"%le N"e.orO HSi (no
%iens!L %iens!s en ello$ l! (esti3n no es t!n senill!61 D1 =15;B1!155
=15;81I El participio 4de+ presente cuando se refiere al su%eto puede llevar4
*+ @n complemento directo en construccin absoluta$ no !d.(nt!1 E.14 S!'in,
t&!t$ &e le#t HDiiendo esoL !/(ello$ 0l Hse6 "!r&361
2+ @n complemento indirecto en construccin absoluta$ no !d.(nt!1 E.14 S!'in,
t&!t to &is sister$ &e le#t HDiiendo esoL !/(ello ! s( &er"!n!$ 0l Hse6 "!r&361
2+ @n complemento de rgimen preposicional en construccin absoluta$ no
!d.(nt!1 E.14 >orr'in, !bo(t t&is$ s&e s!id not&in, HEst!ndo %reo(%!d! %or esto$
ell! no di.o n!d!61
-+ @n complemento circunstancial en construccin absoluta$ no !d.(nt!1 E.14
*o"in, 7it& "' "ot&er$ &e "et t&e" HDiniendo on "i "!dre$ 0l se enontr3 on
ellos61
=15;:1I M(&!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en Iin, %(eden ser !d.eti+os$ si indi!n est!do
o e#eto$ ' %!rtii%ios de %resente (!ndo +!n detrs del +erbo o%(l!ti+o QbeQ o
Q&!+e beenQ$ si indi!n !i3nM (!ndo son !d.eti+os no se tr!d(en nor"!l"ente
%or (n ,er(ndio en !stell!no$ %ero (!ndo son %!rtii%ios de %resente se tr!d(en
nor"!l"ente %or (n ,er(ndio en !stell!no4 D1 ;1@IB
Otr!s "(&!s %!l!br!s son s3lo %!rtii%ios de %resente ' +!n detrs del +erbo
o%(l!ti+o QbeQ o detrs de (n no"bre$ si se sobrHe6entiende (n %rono"bre rel!ti+o
' el +erbo QbeQ detrs de (n no"bre4 e-!,,er!tin,$ &idin,$ le!rnin,$ ob.etin,$ et1
E.14 Peo%le H7&o !re6 ob.etin, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO to t&is Nno se %(ede %oner
Qob.etin,Q del!nte de (n no"breO HGente /(e %one ob.eiones ! esto61
*(!ndo (n! %!l!br! ter"in!d! en Iin, +! del!nte de (n no"bre es !d.eti+o ND1 ;1@I
BO ' no %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente$ ! no ser /(e se! ,er(ndio /(e &!,! l! #(ni3n de
!d.eti+o l!si#i!ti+o ND1 ;15;18CI5O1
=15;;1I Aa palabras terminadas en 5ing 'ue cuando van delante de un
nombre pueden ser"
*+ C bien ad%etivos con acento secundarioM si +!n detrs del +erbo QbeQ son
%!rtii%ios de %resente$ si indi!n !i3n$ ' !d.eti+os$ si indi!n est!do ND1 ;1@IBO4
!nL t&e ! %%ro!&in, Nl!si#i!ti+oO Rtr!in H(nL el tren /(e se !er!6$ !L t&e b!r9in,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO Rdo, H(nL el %erro /(e l!dr!6M It is !d!%ti+e to &!n,in,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO onRditions HEs !d!%t!ble ! l!s ondiiones /(e !"bi!n6M ! d!nin,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO Rdoll H(n! "()e! /(e b!il!6M T&e' lose o(t to de stro'in,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO Rinsets HPierden !nte los insetos destr(ti+os6M !n end to in re!sin,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO R%ress(re H(n #in!l ! l! reiente %resi3n6M Ee &!s bo7ed to "o(ntin,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO R%ress(re Hl &! edido !nte l! reiente %resi3n6M ! sin,in,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO Rte!&er H(n %ro#esor /(e !nt!6$ ! slee%in, Nl!si#i!ti+oO R&ild H(n
ni)o /(e d(er"e6$ ! s"ilin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO R #!eL R%erson H(n! !r!L %erson!
sonrienteL /(e sonrFe6$ ! s(r %risin, N!li#i!ti+oO R!ttit(de H(n! !tit(d
sor%rendente6$ ! tirin, N!li#i!ti+oO R%erson H(n! %erson! /(e !ns! H! otros66$ !
7!itin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO R"!n H(n &o"bre /(e es%er!6$ t&e 7or9in, Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Rl!sses Hl!s l!ses tr!b!.!dor!s6$ et1 D1 =15<5
2+ C bien gerundios 'ue llevan acento primarioM son no"bres /(e &!en l!
#(ni3n de !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+osM l! "!'or %!rte de estos !d.eti+os s(elen indi!r
l! #in!lid!d o el %ro%3sito ND1 ;15;185$ ;1;51;O4 ! Rb!t&in, N,er(ndioO Rs(it H(n tr!.e de
b!)o Ni %!r! el b!)oO6$ onRs(ltin, N,er(ndioO R&o(rsL Rroo" H&or!rio de ons(lt! Ni
%!r! ons(lt!sOL ons(ltorio Ni s!l! %!r! ons(lt!sO6$ ! R sin,in, N,er(ndioO Rte!&er
H(n %ro#esor de !nto Ni %!r! !nt!rO6$ ! R sin,in, N,er(ndioO R+oie H(n! +oz %!r! el
!nto6$ ! R7!itin, N,er(ndioO Rlist H(n! list! de es%er! Ni %!r! es%er!rO6$ t&e R7!itin,
N,er(ndioO Rroo" Hl! s!l! de es%er! Ni %!r! es%er!rO6$ et1$ ' (nos %oos indi!n l!
desri%i3n4 el ti%o$ l! !te,orF! o l! l!se ND1 ;15;18C$ ;1;51@O4 R7eddin, Rd!'Hs6
HdF!Hs6 de bod!6$ et1 D1 =15;B$ =15<5
=15;<1I El participio 4de+ presente e'uivale al gerundio en castellano4
*+ Cuando va detr!s de un verbo copulativo ;be< en forma continuaM est en
onstr(i3n !d.(nt!$ no !bsol(t!1 E.14 T&e' !re !bbre+i!tin, t&e stor' HEstn
!bre+i!ndo l! &istoriHet6!6M Is t&e EU %ro+idin, &el% #or t&e re#(,eesT HWEst l!
Uni3n E(ro%e! %ro+e'endo !'(d! %!r! los re#(,i!dosT61 D1 ;1@
2+ Cuando va de complemento predicativo detr!s de un complemento# ob%eto
directo$ sobre todo on +erbos de %ere%i3n ' !l,(nos otros4 !%%erei+e Nliter!rioO$
be&old ND1 =15C<15O$ brin,$ !nnot NoO !nZt st!nd$ !t& N%e'or!ti+oO$ de%it$ detet$
disern$ diso+er ND1 =15<:1;O$ dr!7$ e-(se$ #eel ND1 =15C<15O$ #ind ND1 =15<:1;O$
,li"%se ND1 =15C<15O$ &!+e$ &e!r ND1 =15C<15O$ 9ee% ND1 =15<:1;O$ le!+e$ listen to ND1
=15C<15O$ loo9 !t ND1 =15C<15O$ "!9e$ "eet$ notie ND1 =15C<15O$ obser+e ND1 =15C<15O$
o+er&e!r ND1 =15C<15O$ %!int$ %!rdon$ %!ss$ %erei+e ND1 =15C<15O H%eribir6$ %it(re$
see ND1 =15C<15O$ send$ sense ND1 =15C<15O$ s&o7$ s"ell ND1 =15<:15O$ s%ot$ st!rt ND1
=15<:1;O$ sto% ND1 =15<:1;O$ 7!t& ND1 =15C<15O$ 7itness ND1 =15C<15O$ et1M detrs del
o"%le"ento direto se sobrHe6entiende el %rono"bre rel!ti+o h el +erbo !(-ili!rM
est en onstr(i3n !d.(nt!$ no !bsol(t!M si el o"%le"ento direto es %rono"bre
%erson!l$ tiene /(e ser %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto$ no (n !d.eti+o %osesi+oM (!ndo
el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente +! detrs de (n o"%le"ento direto$ tiene /(e re#erirse
!l o"%le"ento direto ' no !l s(.eto de l! or!i3n1 E.14 >e deteted ! bo' H7&oL
t&!t 7!s6 r'in, HDetet!"os ! (n &io H/(e est!b!6 llor!ndo6M S&e &!s ! #riend
H7&o is6 st(d'in, t&ere HEll! tiene (n! !"i,! H/(e est6 est(di!ndo !&FL !llF6M S&e
&!d &er bod' b(rnin, HEll! tenF! el (er%o !rdiendo6M S&e &!s &er lot&es &!n,in,
#ro" ! lot&esL 7!s&in, line HEll! tiene l! ro%! ol,!ndo de (n! (erd! %!r! tender
Hl! ro%!66M T&e' "!de ! l!7 !llo7in, %eo%le to +ote HEiieron (n! le' %er"itiendoL
/(e %er"itF! ! l! ,ente +ot!r6M Ee "etL s!7 &er 7!s&in, t&e !r Hl l! enontr3L +io
l!+!ndo el o&e61
Sin e"b!r,o$ l!s %!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en Iin, /(e %(eden &!er de !d.eti+os son
#re(ente"ente !d.eti+os en +ez de %!rtii%ios de %resente (!ndo &!en de
o"%le"entos %redi!ti+os detrs de (n o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 Ee #o(nd t&e
!se on+inin,L dist(rbin,L tro(blin, Hl enontr3 el !so on+inenteL
in/(iet!nteL %reo(%!nte6$ et1
2+ Cuando va detr!s de un atributoM est en onstr(i3n !d.(nt!$ no !bsol(t!1
E.14 S&e is b(s'L o(%ied re!din, HEll! est o(%!d! le'endo6M T&ere is ! bo'
H7&oL t&!t is6 e!tin, #r(it HE!' (n "(&!&o H/(e est6 o"iendo #r(t!61
No obst!nte$ en iertos !sos no se sobrHe6entiende el +erbo UbeV4 A do, is !n
!ni"!l N7&i&L t&!t is4 no %oner del!nte de U&!+in,VO &!+in,L 7&i& NoO t&!t &!s
#o(r le,s HUn %erro es (n !ni"!l /(e tiene (!tro %!t!s61
-+ Cuando va detr!s de un sintagma nominal 'ue /ace la funcin de su%eto en
tFt(los$ en!bez!"ientos$ et1M est en onstr(i3n !d.(nt!$ no !bsol(t!M se
sobrHe6entiende (n %rono"bre rel!ti+o h el +erbo Qbe1 E.14 Peo%le H7&o !re6 e!tin,
,r!%es HGente H/(e est6 o"iendo (+!s6M Mot&er H7&o is6 loo9in, !#ter &er &ild
HM!dre H/(e est6 (id!ndo ! s( &i.o6M *o7 H7&i&L t&!t is6 e!tin, ,r!ss HD!! H/(e
est6 o"iendo &ierb!6M T&e bo' H7&oL t&!t is6 sin,in, is "' brot&er HEl &io /(e
est !nt!ndo es "i &er"!no61
3+ Cuando /ace la funcin de una oracin subordinada adverbialM est en
onstr(i3n !bsol(t!$ no !d.(nt!1 D1 =15;5
En !stell!no es inorreto (s!r (n ,er(ndio /(e no se re#ier! !l s(.eto o ! (n
o"%le"ento direto de %erson!1
=15;=1I Sin embargo, el participio 4de+ presente no e'uivale al gerundio en
castellano4
*+ Cuando va detr!s de un sintagma nominal 'ue /aga la funcin de su%eto o
atributoM se sobrHe6entiende el %rono"bre rel!ti+o h el +erbo !(-ili!r detrs del
sint!,"! no"in!lM est en onstr(i3n !d.(nt!$ no !bsol(t!1 E.14 T&e &ild H7&o is6
,oin, t&ere HEl ni)o /(e +! !&FL !llF6M T&e to(rists H7&o !re6 +isitin, t&e !t&edr!l
"!9e ! lot o# noise HLos t(rist!s /(e +isit!n l! !tedr!l &!en "(&o r(ido6M T&e
"!n H7&o is6 7!itin, HEl &o"bre /(e est es%er!ndo6M T&e 7o"en H7&o !re6
7or9in, 7it& (s donZt li9e it HA l!s "(.eres /(e estn tr!b!.!ndo on nosotros no
les ,(st!61
Pero no sie"%re se %(ede %oner l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, detrs de (n no"bre1 E.14
T&ere is ! &o(se t&!t &!s N&!+in,4 no %onerO t7o 7indo7s HE!' (n! !s! /(e tiene
dos +ent!n!s61
2+ Cuando va detr!s de un nombre inanimado 'ue /aga la funcin de
complemento directo$ e-e%to en esritos !d"inistr!ti+osM est en onstr(i3n
!d.(nt!$ no !bsol(t!1 E.14 I sent 'o( ! %!9et ont!inin, se+er!l t&in,s HTe en+i0 (n
%!/(ete /(e ontenF! +!ri!s os!s61
2+ Cuando va detr!s de un nombre 'ue /aga la funcin de complemento
indirectoM est en onstr(i3n !d.(nt!$ no !bsol(t!1 E.14 S&e sent t&e boo9 to !
#riend li+in, in *!t!loni! HEll! en+i3 el libro ! (nH!6 !"i,Ho$ !6 /(e +i+e en
*!t!l()!61
-+ Cuando va detr!s de un complemento de rgimen preposicionalM est en
onstr(i3n !d.(nt!$ no !bsol(t!1 E.14 Ee re#ers to t&e !(t&or 7ritin, no+els Hl se
re#iere !l !(tor /(e esribe no+el!s61
3+ Cuando va detr!s de un sintagma nominal precedido de una preposicinM
est en onstr(i3n !d.(nt!$ no !bsol(t!1 E.14 T&ere !re re%orts o# b(ildin,s &!+in,
#!llen HE!' in#or"es de edi#iios /(e Hse6 &!n !Fdo61
6+ Cuando va detr!s de un complemento circunstancialM est en onstr(i3n
!d.(nt!$ no !bsol(t!1 E.14 T&e' !re 7it& so"e rel!ti+es 7or9in, in t&e B!s/(e
o(ntr' HEstn on (nos %!rientes /(e tr!b!.!n en el %!Fs +!so61
=15;?1I En ingls se usa el participio 4de+ presente en ciertas ocasiones cuando
en castellano se utili)a el participio 4de+ pasadoM est en onstr(i3n !d.(nt!$ no
!bsol(t!1 E.14 ItZs bendin, HEst (r+!do6M M' &e!rt is bre!9in, HMi or!z3n est
!#li,idoL Hon6dolido6M Ee 7!s lin,in, Hon6 to so"et&in, Hl est!b! !#err!doL
o,ido NEs%!)!O ! !l,o6M ItZs &!n,in, HEst ol,!do6M >&ere !re t&e' &idin,T
HWD3nde estn esondidosL se &!n esondidoT6M S&e is 9neelin, HEll! est
!rrodill!d!6$ %ero QS&e is 9neelin, do7nQ HEll! est !rrodillndose6M T&e' !re l'in,
Hdo7n6 HEstn t("b!dosL t("bndose6M Ee is le!nin, on t&e 7indo7 Hl est
!%o'!do en l! +ent!n!6M S&eZs relinin, HEll! est reost!d!6M S&e le#t &i" sittin, !t
&o"e HEll! le de.3 sent!do en !s!6M Ee 7!s sittin, Nestnd!rOL s!t N+(l,!rO t&ere Hl
est!b! sent!do !&FL !llF6M EeZs sittin, Hdo7n6 N"s (s!doO Hl est sent!doL est
sentndose NoO se est sent!ndo6$ %ero QEeZs sittin, do7n Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL
EeZs se!tin, &i"sel# Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOQ Hl est sentndose NoO se est
sent!ndo61
=15;@1I En in,l0s el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente %(ede indi!r (n! !i3n !nterior$
si"(ltne! ' %osterior res%eto del +erbo de l! or!i3n %rini%!lM en !stell!no el
,er(ndio %(ede indi!r !l,o in"edi!t!"ente !nterior %ero no (n! !i3n le.!n! en
el %!s!do$ %(ede indi!r (n! !i3n si"(ltne! '$ !(n/(e no se onsidere "('
orreto$ se (s! t!"bi0n %!r! (n! !i3n in"edi!t!"ente %osterior$ no (n! !i3n
le.!n! en el #(t(roM el ,er(ndio en !stell!no es inorreto (!ndo no se re#iere !l
s(.eto o$ en !l,(nos !sos$ !l o"%le"ento direto$ %ero en in,l0s %(ede re#erirse
t!"bi0n ! (n o"%le"ento indireto$ ! (n o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l$
! (n o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1
=15;B1I En ingls la forma verbal en 5ing o gerundio e'uivale generalmente al
infinitivo en castellano$ no !l ,er(ndioM nor"!l"ente el ,er(ndio se %(ede
s(Hb6stit(ir %or UitV$ %ero el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente noM o"o el in#initi+o en
!stell!no no lle+! "or#e"! de %erson! tiene4
a+ Ciertas caracter(sticas propias de nombres4
*+ Kueden ir slo en singular, si son incontables7 no llevan, pues, morfema de
nBmero1 E.14 !s9in, H%re,(nt!r6$ beRo"in, Hlle,!r ! ser6$ o"%l!inin, H/(e.!rse6$
oo9in, Hoin!r6$ oHI6Rst!rrin, H%rot!,oniz!r6$ o(nterRb!l!nin, Hontr!%es!r6$
d!nin, Hb!il!rL d!nz!r6$ Rde"onstr!tin, Hde"ostr!rL "!ni#est!rse6$ disRli9in,
Hdis,(st!rL no ,(st!r6$ e"Rbeddin, Henterr!rL inr(st!r6$ enRirlin, Hrode!r6$
enRtren&in, N"s (s!doOL inRtren&in, H!trin&er!r6$ #oreR,oin, H%reeder6$
interreRl!tin, Hinterrel!ion!rse6$ "!lR#(ntionin, Hno #(nion!r bien6$ "isinR#or"in,
Hin#or"!r "!l6$ nonR%l(ssin,L nonR%l(sin, NUSAO Hdesonert!rL on#(ndir6$
o(tRli+in, Ni s(r+i+in,O Hsobre+i+ir6$ o+ere-R%osin, Hsobree-%oner6$ %!intin,
H%int!r6$ %redisR%osin, H%redis%oner6$ re%roRd(in, Hre%rod(ir6$ se"idesRtro'in,
Hse"idestroz!r6$ sin,in, H!nt!rL el !nto6$ s%e!9in, H&!bl!r6$ s(bre%reRsentin,
Hter,i+ers!rL de#or"!r6$ s(%erRs!t(r!tin, Hs(%ers!t(r!r6$ s7i""in, Hn!d!rL n!t!i3n6$
tr!nsR#or"in, Htr!ns#or"!r6$ (nR"!s9in, Hdesen"!s!r!r6$ (nderR%!'in, H%!,!r "('
%oo6$ (nR%l(,,in, Hdesen&(#!r6$ 7it&Rdr!7in, Hretir!r6$ et1
2+ Kueden ir en singular plural, si son contables7 llevan, pues, morfema de
nBmero1 E.14 #eelin, Hsenti"iento6 ' U#eelin,sV Hsenti"ientos6$ et1
2+ Kueden ir precedidos de determinantes o"o Ut&eV4 t&e s&o(tin, Hel +oerFoL
los ,ritos6$ el !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ si son ont!bles4 ! re!din, H(n! let(r!6$
!d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os$ l!si#i!ti+os ' de olor4 serio(s riotin, Hdist(rbios NoO
des3rdenes seriosL ,r!+es6$ !d.eti+os de"ostr!ti+os4 t&is 7eddin, rin, Heste !nillo
de bod!6$ !d.eti+os %osesi+os4 &is #eelin,s Hs(s senti"ientos6M Eer o"in, is
e-%eted 7it& !n-iet' HS( +enid! es es%er!d! on !nsied!d6$ !d.eti+os inde#inidos4
M(& t!l9in, is no ,ood HM(&o &!bl!r no sir+e de n!d!6M No !"%in,L oo9in,L
s"o9in, HPro&ibido !!"%!rL oin!rL #("!r6$ (n no"bre en ,eniti+o s!.3n4
T&eodoreZs 7!rnin, Hl! !d+erteni! de Teodoro61
*(!ndo +!n %reedidos de Ut&eV o del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ de (n !d.eti+o
de"ostr!ti+o$ de (n !d.eti+o inde#inido$ de (n no"bre en ,eniti+o s!.3n$ no %(eden
ir se,(idos de (n o"%le"ento direto sino de (n! %re%osii3n1 E.14 t&e slo7
7!l9in, o# "' "ot&er Hel lento !"in!r de "i "!dre61
El ,er(ndio se re#iere nor"!l"ente !l &e&o$ no ! l! !i3n o"o el %!rtii%io Hde6
%resente$ (!ndo +! %reedido de (n !d.eti+o !li#i!ti+o$ de"ostr!ti+o$ %osesi+o$
inde#inido$ de (n no"bre en ,eniti+o s!.3n1
-+ Kueden ir en la primera parte del genitivo sa%n principalmente seguidos de
;sa1e<4 %!intin, #or %!intin,Zs s!9e H%int!r %or %int!r6$ et1
3+ Kueden indicar"
!6 Lo /(e es res(lt!do del +erboM son ,ener!l"ente ont!bles4 blessin, Hbendii3n6
' Ublessin,sV Hbendiiones6$ o%enin, H!%ert(r!L bre&!L estreno6$ re!din, Hlet(r!6$
7!rnin, H!d+erteni!6$ 7eddin, Hbod!6$ et1
b6 Al,o /(e sir+e %!r! lo /(e die el +erbo4 o+erin, Hen+olt(r!6$ et1
6 Al,o /(e es lo /(e die el +erbo4 &!%%enin, Hs(esoL es%et(lo i"%ro+is!do6$
s&o(tin, H+oerFoL ,ritos6$ #irin, Hdis%!roL tiroteo6$ et1
d6 Al,o oleti+o4 t&e #ollo7in, Hlos %!rtid!riosL el s0/(ito6$ et1
6+ Kueden formar parte de nombres compuestos 'ue son nombres verbales7
pueden ir"
!6 Del!nte de (n no"bre &!iendo l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+osM onstit('en
el %ri"er ele"ento del no"bre o"%(estoM no %(eden ir en %l(r!l ' es el se,(ndo
ele"ento del no"bre o"%(esto el /(e se %one en %l(r!l$ si es (n no"bre ont!bleM
se !ent2! el ,er(ndio /(e %(ede ir se%!r!do del no"bre o (nido ! 0l %or (n ,(i3n1
E.14 Rbo-in, R,lo+eHs6 N!ntes on ,(i3nO H,(!nteHs6 de bo-eo6$ Rle!nin, R.obHs6
Htr!b!.oHs6 de li"%iez!6$ Rd!nin, R&!llHs6 Hs!l!Hs6 de b!ile6$ Rd!nin, Rte!&erHs6
H%ro#esorHes6 de b!ileL d!nz!6$ R9nittin, RneedleHs6 N!ntes on ,(i3nO H!,(.!Hs6 de
te.erL &!er !let!6$ R7!l9in, Rsti9Hs6 N!ntes on ,(i3nO Hb!st3nHes66$ R7eddin,
R!9eHs6 H%!stelHes6 de bod!6$ R7ritin, Rdes9Hs6 N!ntes on ,(i3nO HesritorioHs66 ND1
=15;;18$ =15<5O1 E.14 RS!ilin, Rbo!ts !re #(n HLos botes de +el!L +eleros son
di+ertidos61
b6 Detrs de (n !d.eti+o$ (n no"bre$ (n +erbo$ (n !d+erbio #or"!ndo %!rte de (n
no"bre o"%(esto ND1 =158:OM s(elen ser no"bres inont!bles4 Rdr' Rle!nin,L
Rdr'IRle!nin, Hli"%iez! en seo6$ Rlo+e"!9in, H&!er el !"or6$ Rsi,&tHI6seein, Hir !
+isit!r "on("entos6$ R+oteIRb('in, Ho"%r! de +otos6$ R7indo7 Rdressin, Hdeor!do
de es!%!r!tes6$ et1
8+ Kueden /acer la funcin de su%eto como nBcleo de un sintagma nominalM
(n!s +ees se (s! en in,l0s liter!rio ' otr!s en in,l0s estnd!rM %(ede tener (n!
#or"! si"%le o i"%er#et! en !ti+! Nt&e !ti+e ,er(ndO ' otr! en %!si+! o el
,er(ndio %!si+o si"%le Nt&e %!ssi+e ,er(ndOM el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente no %(ede
&!er l! #(ni3n de s(.eto1 E.14 Rose ,ro7in, is #(n H*(lti+!r ros!s es di+ertido6M
Seein, is belie+in, HDer %!r!L es reer6M Sin,in, !nd d!nin, is better t&!n &(ntin,
H*!nt!r ' b!il!r es "e.or /(e !z!r6M T&eir s&o(tin, is (nbe!r!ble HEl &e&o de /(e
+oeen es inso%ort!bleL Es inso%ort!ble /(e +oeenL S(s +oes son inso%ort!bles6M
Bein, eleted N%!ssi+e ,er(ndO %resident is not e!s' HSer ele,ido %residente no es
#il61
9+ Kueden /acer la funcin de complemento directoM si el ,er(ndio no +! detrs
de (n no"breL %rono"breL !d.eti+o %osesi+o$ se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or el
in#initi+o ' se re#iere !l s(.eto de l! or!i3nM si el ,er(ndio +! detrs de iertos
+erbos se re#iere !l s(.eto de l! or!i3n$ +! %reedido s3lo de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o '
se tr!d(e %or Q(!ndoQ h indi!ti+o$ %ero se (s! "(' %oo est! onstr(i3n
en#ti!M si el ,er(ndio detrs de iertos +erbos no se re#iere !l s(.eto de l! or!i3n$
+! %reedido en in,l0s liter!rio de (n no"bre en ,eniti+o s!.3n$ e-e%to si el
no"bre +! en %l(r!l o es (n no"bre !bstr!to o (n! #r!se ( or!i3n !Hb6str!t! no
!ni"!dos o (n no"bre oleti+o o son dos no"bres oordin!dos$ de (n !d.eti+o
%osesi+o$ ' en !stell!no se tr!d(e ,ener!l"ente %or QHel &e&o de6 /(eQ h
s(b.(nti+oM si el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente detrs de iertos +erbos no se re#iere !l
s(.eto de l! or!i3n$ +! %reedido en in,l0s olo/(i!l de (n no"bre /(e no est0 en
,eniti+o s!.3n$ (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto$ ' en !stell!no se tr!d(e
,ener!l"ente %or (n s(b.(nti+oM el ,er(ndio /(e +! %reedido del !d.eti+o
%osesi+oL (n no"bre en ,eniti+o s!.3n se onsider! "s orreto /(e el %!rtii%io
Hde6 %resente /(e +! %reedido de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoL (n no"bre /(e no
est0 en ,eniti+o s!.3nM no obst!nte$ si el no"bre del!nte del %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente
+! "odi#i!do %or !l,(n! otr! %!l!br!$ no %(ede est!r en ,eniti+o s!.3nM el
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resente no %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento diretoM l! &!e
el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto /(e +! del!nte del %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteM se %one
sie"%re el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto UitV ' no el !d.eti+o %osesi+o UitsV t!nto en
in,l0s liter!rio o"o en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteM (!ndo es (n
%rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o o inde#inido$ no se %(ede %oner en ,eniti+o s!.3n ni en
in,l0s liter!rio ni en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, es %!rtii%io Hde6
%resenteM !(n/(e e-iste (n! di#ereni! de si,ni#i!do entre el %rono"bre %erson!l
ob.eto h Iin, o ,er(ndio ' !d.eti+o %osesi+o h Iin, o %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente$ son
dos #or"!s de deir "s o "enos lo "is"o ' "(&!s +ees se tr!d(en i,(!lM
(!ndo son +erbos de %ere%i3n$ sol!"ente se %(ede %oner el no"bre /(e no est0
en ,eniti+o s!.3n o el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto del!nte del %!rtii%io Hde6
%resente$ no ,er(ndio$ ' se tr!d(e %or (n ,er(ndio en !stell!no ND1 =15;<18O1 E.14
S&e li9es sin,in, HA ell! le ,(st! Hel &e&o de6 !nt!r6M S&e li9es e!tin, !t &o"e
No"%le"ento diretoO HA ell! le ,(st! Hel &e&o de6 o"er en !s!6M I re"e"ber
"' N"e4 no %oner %or/(e se re#iere !l s(.etoO ,oin, N,er(ndioO to s&ool
No"%le"ento diretoO HRe(erdo (!ndo ib! ! l! es(el!6M Ee !+oided N"enos
(s!do (!ndo l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, +! del!nte de (n no"breL (n !d.eti+o
%osesi+oL (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoOL %re+ented N"s (s!do (!ndo l! #or"!
+erb!l en Iin, +! del!nte de (n no"breL (n !d.eti+o %osesi+oL (n %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.etoO &er Nliter!rio ' olo/(i!l %or/(e en este !so es l! "is"! #or"!
%!r! el !d.eti+o %osesi+o ' el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoO ,oin, t&ere Hl e+it3 Hel
&e&o de6 /(e ell! #(er! !llF6M S&e en.o'ed &is Nliter!rioO !rri+in, N,er(ndioO
No"%le"ento diretoO in B!relon! HEll! dis#r(t!b!L dis#r(t3 de Hel &e&o de6 /(e
0l lle,!r! ! B!relon!6 ' US&e en.o'ed &i" Nolo/(i!l4 o"%le"ento diretoO
!rri+in, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO in B!relon!V HEll! dis#r(t!b! (!ndo 0l lle,!b! !
B!relon!6M E-(se "' Nliter!rioO t!l9in, N,er(ndioO No"%le"ento diretoO]
H\Dis(l%e Hel &e&o de6 /(e 'o &!ble]6 e UE-(se "e Nolo/(i!l4 o"%le"ento
diretoO t!l9in, N%!rtii%io de %resenteO] H\Dis(l%e (!ndo &!bleL &!blo 'o]6M T&!t
&inders "' Nliter!rioO &el%in, N,er(ndioO 'o( No"%le"ento diretoOL "e
Nolo/(i!l4 o"%le"ento diretoO &el%in, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO 'o( HEso
di#i(lt! el H&e&o de6 /(e 'o te !'(de6M US&e li9es &is slo7 t!l9in,V N,er(ndioO
No"%le"ento diretoO HA ell! le ,(st! el &!bl!r lento de 0lL Hel &e&o de6 /(e 0l
&!ble lent!"ente6M S&e li9es &is Nliter!rioO t!l9in, N,er(ndioO slo7l' No"%le"ento
diretoO HA ell! le ,(st! Hel &e&o de6 /(e 0l &!ble lent!"ente6 ' US&e li9es &i"
Nolo/(i!l4 o"%le"ento diretoO t!l9in, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO slo7l'V HA ell!
le ,(st! (!ndo 0l &!bl! lent!"ente6M Ee li9es &is #!t&erZs Nliter!rio4 on UZsVO
%l!'in, N,er(ndioO tennis No"%le"ento diretoO HA 0l le ,(st! Hel &e&o de6 /(e s(
%!dre .(e,(e !l tenis6 ' UEe li9es &is #!t&er Nolo/(i!l4 sin UZsV4 o"%le"ento
diretoO %l!'in, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO tennisV HA 0l le ,(st! (!ndo s( %!dre
.(e,! !l tenis6M S&e doesnZt li9e &is Nliter!rioO !rri+in,L o"in, N,er(ndioO so l!te
No"%le"ento diretoO HA ell! no le ,(st! Hel &e&o de6 /(e 0l lle,(eL +en,! t!n
t!rde6 ' US&e doesnZt li9e &i" No"%le"ento diretoO !rri+in, N%!rtii%io Hde6
%resenteOL o"in, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO so l!teV HA ell! no le ,(st! (!ndo 0l
lle,!L +iene t!n t!rde6M S&e doesnZt li9e j(li!nZs Nliter!rioO !rri+in, N,er(ndioOL
o"in, N,er(ndioO so l!te No"%le"ento diretoO HA ell! no le ,(st! Hel &e&o de6
/(e j(lin lle,(eL +en,! t!n t!rde6 ' US&e doesnZt li9e j(li!n Nolo/(i!l4
o"%le"ento diretoOL !n'one Nliter!rio ' olo/(i!l4 o"%le"ento diretoO !rri+in,
N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteOL o"in, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO so l!teV HA ell! no le
,(st! (!ndo j(lin lle,!L +iene t!n t!rdeL /(e n!die lle,(eL +en,! t!n t!rde6M S&e
doesnZt li9e PeterZs Nliter!rioO ,oin, o(t N,er(ndioO to &(nt !ni"!ls No"%le"ento
diretoO HA ell! no le ,(st! Hel &e&o de6 /(e Pedro s!l,! ! !z!r !ni"!les6 ' US&e
doesnZt li9e Peter Nolo/(i!l4 o"%le"ento diretoO$ &er o(sin$ ,oin, o(t
N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO to &(nt !ni"!lsV HA ell! no le ,(st! (!ndo Pedro$ s(
%ri"o$ s!le ! !z!r !ni"!les6M T&e' %ost%oned "' Nliter!rioO st(d'in, N,er(ndioO
No"%le"ento diretoOL "e Nolo/(i!l4 o"%le"ento diretoO st(d'in, N%!rtii%io
Hde6 %resenteO HPos%(sieron Hel &e&o de6 /(e 'o est(di!r!6M I re"e"ber &is
Nliter!rioO ,oin, N,er(ndioO to s&ool No"%le"ento diretoO HRe(erdo Hel &e&o
de6 /(e 0l ib! ! l! es(el!6 ' UI re"e"ber &i" Nolo/(i!l4 o"%le"ento diretoO
,oin, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO to s&oolV HRe(erdo (!ndo 0l ib! ! l! es(el!6M
T&e' resent "' Nliter!rioO tellin, N,er(ndioO t&e" 7&!t to do No"%le"ento
diretoO HLes "olest! Hel &e&o de6 /(e 'o les di,! lo /(e tienen /(e &!er6 ' UT&e'
resent "e Nolo/(i!l4 o"%le"ento diretoO tellin, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO t&e"
7&!t to doV HLes "olest! (!ndo les di,o lo /(e tienen /(e &!er6M Ee doesnZt 7!nt
&er Nliter!rio ' olo/(i!lO ,oin, N"enos (s!do /(e Qto ,oQO !t ni,&t Hl no /(iere
/(e ell! +!'! de no&e61
Entre los +erbos nor"!les /(e %(eden ir si"%le"ente se,(idos de l! #or"! +erb!l
en Iin, o de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o o %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto h l! #or"! +erb!l en
Iin, estn los si,(ientes4 !e%t$ !9no7led,e$ !d"ire$ !d"it$ !dore$ !d+ise$
!d+o!te$ !llo7$ !ntii%!te$ !%%rei!te$ !%%ro+e$ !(t&orizeL !(t&orise NGBO$ !+oid$
Hit6 be ! ,lob!l !%%ro!&$ Hit6 be ! di##i(ltL tedio(sL 7onder#(l b(siness$ Hit6 be !
!t!stro%&e$ Hit6 be ! di##i(lt'$ Hit6 be ! dis!d+!nt!,e$ Hit6 be ! dis!ster$ Hit6 be !
dis,r!e$ Hit6 be !n e-%eriene$ Hit6 be H,oodL ,re!t6 #(n$ Hit6 be noL not ! bit o# ,ood$
Hit6 be &!rd$ Hit6 be &ell Nolo/(i!lO$ Hit6 be !n e!s' .ob Hser #il6$ Hit6 be ! &!rd .ob
Hser di#FilL (n %roble"!6$ Hit6 be /(ite ! .ob$ Hit6 be so"ebod'Zs .ob$ Hit6 be no .o9e$
Hit6 be %(re l(9$ Hit6 be ! l(-(r'L s&eer l(-(r'$ Hit6 be no e!s' "!tter$ Hit6 be s&eer
"iser'$ Hit6 be ! "ist!9e$ Hit6 be ! ni,&t"!re$ Hit6 be ! n(is!ne$ Hit6 be ! %!in$ Hit6 be
no %ini$ Hit6 be ! %le!s(re$ Hit6 be ! %ri+ile,e$ Hit6 be !L no %roble"$ Hit6 be ! relie#$
Hit6 be !L oneZs res%onsibilit'$ Hit6 be str!n,e$ Hit6 be ! tr!,ed'$ Hit6 be no tro(ble$ Hit6
be "(& (se Nen ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O$ Hit6 be Ho# Nliter!rioO6 no (se$ Hit6 be
(seless$ Hit6 be 7ell Nliter!rioOL ,ood Nestnd!rO$ Hit6 be &!rd 7or9$ Hit6 be 7ort&7&ile$
be,r(d,e$ bl!"e$ Hsb6 !nZt be!r$ Hsb6 !nZt end(re$ Hsb6 !nZt #orbe!r$ Hsb6 !nZt
&el%$ Hsb6 !nZt st!nd$ elebr!te$ Hsb6 &!ne$ onde"n$ on#ir"$ onsider$
onte"%l!te$ o(nsel$ ritiizeL ritiise NGBO$ (rse$ de#er$ del!'$ deno(ne$ den'$
de%lore$ de%re!te$ deride$ desribe$ detest$ disontin(e$ disredit$ dis(ss$ disli9e$
dis%(te$ dre!d$ eno(r!,e$ endorse$ end(re$ en.o'$ ens(reL ins(re$ Hit6 ent!il$
en+is!,e$ en+'$ e/(!te$ es!%e$ es&e7$ e+!l(!te$ e-!"ine$ e-(se$ e-%et$ e-%l!in$
Hsb6 H!nZt6 #!e$ #!n' Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO$ #!+o(r NGBOL #!+or NUSAO$
#inis&$ #orbid$ #orHe6,o$ #oresee$ #ores&!do7$ #or#eit$ #or,et$ #or,i+e$ ,et b!9$ ,et H!
bitL ! ste%6 loser$ ,lori#'$ ,r(d,e$ &!te$ &inder$ i,nore$ i"!,ine$ inl(de$ indi!te$ Hit6
in+ol+e$ .(sti#'$ le,iti"izeL le,iti"ise NGBO$ li9e$ li9en$ li"it$ lo!t&e$ lo+e$ Hit6 "e!n$
"ention$ "ind$ "iss$ Hit6 neessit!te$ ne,let$ ob+i!te$ o%%ose$ or,!nizeL or,!nise
NGBO$ o+erloo9$ o+err(le$ o+ers&!do7$ o+er+!l(e$ %!rdon$ %er"it$ %ost%one$ %r!ise$
%rei%it!te$ %rel(de$ %re#er$ %resribe$ %re+ent$ %ro&ibit$ %ro+e 7ort&7&ile$
%(bliizeL %(bliise NGBO$ /(estion$ re!ll$ reo,nizeL reo,nise NGBO$ reollet$
reo""end$ reonsider$ reord$ reo(nt$ re,ister$ re.et$ relis&$ re"e"ber$ re%ort$
re%(di!te$ resent$ resist$ restrit$ retr!t$ re+o9e$ ridi(le$ ris9$ s!ri#ie$ s!ntion$
s!+e$ sorn$ ser+e no %(r%ose$ Hit6 set$ s&ir9$ sideste%$ si,ni#'$ s9i%$ s%oil$ s/(!re$
st!nd$ sti9$ sto%$ stress$ st(d'$ s(bst!nti!te$ s(,,est$ s(%%ort$ s(r%rise$ t!9e H(!ndo
si,ni#i! sent!r6$ toler!te$ (nderst!nd$ (nder+!l(e$ (%&old$ +!l(e$ +eto$ +ie7$
+indi!te$ +is(!lizeL +is(!lise NGBO$ 7!i+e$ 7!rr!nt Nliter!rioO$ 7it&dr!7$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ el no"breL %rono"bre h Qo#Q tiene /(e ir se,(ido del %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto$ no del !d.eti+o %osesi+oM en este !so l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, es
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resente$ no ,er(ndio1 E.14 It is %ossible 7it&o(t !n' o# (s ,oin,
N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO t&ere HEs %osible sin /(e +!'!"os !&FL !llF nin,(no de
nosotros61
*(!ndo se (s! (n! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o ,er(ndio se s(ele %oner otr! #or"! +erb!l
en Iin, o ,er(ndio detrs en +ez de (n in#initi+o$ si +!n oordin!d!s$ %ero en in,l0s
olo/(i!l se (s!n !"b!s #or"!s1 E.14 Deno(nin, &i" !nd %r!isin,L to %r!ise &i"
!#ter7!rds is not lo,i!l HDen(ni!rle ' !l!b!rle des%(0s no es l3,io61
Al,(nos +erbos %(eden ir se,(idos de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o h l! #or"! +erb!l en
Iin, o ,er(ndio$ %ero no de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoM el !d.eti+o %osesi+o
%(ede re#erirse !l s(.etoM (!ndo el !d.eti+o %osesi+o se re#iere !l s(.eto$ es "e.or
%oner Qo7nQ detrs del !d.eti+o %osesi+o en terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r o %l(r!l
%!r! e+it!r !"bi,Xed!des$ '! /(e el !d.eti+o %osesi+o en terer! %erson! del
sin,(l!r o %l(r!l %(ede re#erirse ! otr!Hs6 %erson!Hs6 t!"bi0nM ! +ees l! #or"!
+erb!l en Iin, %(ede ir t!"bi0n detrs de (n no"bre en ,eniti+o s!.3n4 be no (se$
dis!%%ro+e$ do$ e"%&!sizeL e"%&!sise NGBO$ end$ es!%e$ e+!de$ #inis&$ ,et b!9 to$
,et o## to$ ,i+e ! o""it"ent toL o""it"ents to$ ,i+e &el% to$ "o+e ne!r to$
o+er%rie$ %l!n$ /(it$ reti#'$ re,ret$ re%ent$ et1 E.14 S&e did &er Ho7n6L o(r ironin,
HEll! %l!n&!b! s( H%ro%i!6L n(estr! ro%!6M S&e reti#ied &is s!'in, it HEll! reti#i3
/(e 0l lo di.er!61
Al,(nos +erbos %(eden ir se,(idos de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o ,er(ndio$ %ero no
se %(ede %oner (n no"bre en ,eniti+o s!.3n$ (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o o (n %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto del!nte de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,4 &el%$ o"it$ %l!n$ %ro"ise$ re.et$
et1
Detrs del +erbo nor"!l Qst!rtQ$ si l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente
se re#iere !l o"%le"ento direto en +ez de !l s(.eto$ se %one el %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto$ no (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o$ ' si l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o ,er(ndio se
re#iere !l s(.eto en +ez de !l o"%le"ento direto se %one el !d.eti+o %osesi+o$ no
el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoM tienen si,ni#i!dos distintos1 D1 =15<:1;
0+ Kueden /acer a veces la funcin de predicado nominal# atributo detr!s de
un verbo copulativo pero no siempre ND1 =15C=18OM el s(.eto tiene /(e ser (n!
or!i3n o (n ,er(ndio$ %ero no %(ede ser si"%le"ente (n in#initi+o1 E.14 It is !
%le!s(re bein, &ere 7it& 'o( Nse %(ede %oner t!"bi0n el in#initi+o on QtoQ D1
=15<:18O HEs (n %l!er est!r !/(F onti,o6M Seein, is belie+in, Nto belie+e4 no %onerO
HDer esL %!r! reer6M Le!rnin, is doin, Nto do4 no %onerO HA%render es &!er6M Eer
ob.eti+e is ,ettin, to 9no7 ot&er %eo%le HS( ob.eti+o es lle,!r ! onoer ! otr!s
%erson!s6M T&e %roble" is ,ettin,L to ,et t&ere HEl %roble"! es lle,!r !&FL !llF6M
Goin, be'ond t&o(,&t is 9no7in, 7&!t t&o(,&t is HIr "s !ll del %ens!"iento es
onoer lo /(e es el %ens!"iento6M T&is +er' obser+!tion is le!rnin, HEst! "is"!
obser+!i3n es !%render6 ' UT&is +er' obser+!tion is to le!rnV NUto le!rnV no es
%redi!do no"in!l %or/(e no %(ede &!er de s(.etoO HEst! "is"! obser+!i3n es
%!r! !%render61
*:+ Kueden /acer la funcin de complemento de rgimen preposicional
cuando van detr!s de muc/os verbos seguidos de las siguientes preposiciones#
part(culas preposicionales4 !bo(t$ !bo+e$ !#ter$ !,!inst$ !nterior to Nliter!rioO$ !%!rt
#ro"$ !ro(nd$ !s$ !s #!r !s$ !s #or$ !s re,!rds$ !s !L t&e res(lt o#$ !s to$ !s 7ell !s$
!side #ro" NUSAO$ !t$ !t t&e ti"e o#$ be!(se o#$ be#ore$ be&ind Nliter!rioO$ besides$
bet7een$ be'ond$ b(t$ b(t #or$ b'$ b' "e!ns o#$ lose to$ o"%!red toL 7it&$
onernin,$ ontr!r' to$ des%ite Nliter!rioO$ do7n to$ d(e to$ e-e%t$ #!r #ro"$ #or$ #or
#e!r o#$ #or t&e s!9e o#$ #ro"$ #ro" 111 to x$ in$ in !ddition to$ in !se o#$ in &!r,e o#$
in o"%!rison toL 7it&$ in onnetionL onne-ion NGB4 "enos (s!doO 7it&$ in t&e
e+ent o#$ in e-&!n,e #or$ in #!+o(r NGBOL #!+or NUSAO o#$ in t&e "iddle o#$ in need
o#$ in %re#erene to$ in Ht&e6 %roess o#$ in /(est o# Nliter!rioO$ in re,!rd to$ in rel!tion
to$ in res%onse to$ in ret(rn #or$ in s%ite o# Nliter!rioO$ in t&e "iddle o#$ in ter"s o#$
inste!d o#$ into$ irres%eti+e o#$ li9e$ ne!r Hto6$ o#$ on$ on t&e brin9 o#$ on t&e %oint o#$
on t&e +er,e o#$ o(t o#$ o+er$ %reli"in!r' to$ %re%!r!tor' to$ %re+io(s to$ %rior to$ %ro$
r!t&er t&!n$ sine$ s(bse/(ent to$ t&!n$ to$ to7!rdHs6$ (% (ntil Nliter!rioO$ (%on
Nliter!rioO$ 7it&$ 7it& !n e'e to$ 7it& !L t&e +ie7 to$ 7it&o(t$ 7ort&M se tr!d(en !l
!stell!no %or el in#initi+oM l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o ,er(ndio &!e de n2leo del
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lM el o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l
%(ede ir se,(ido de (n !d+erbioM si del!nte de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o ,er(ndio no
+! (n no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoL !d.eti+o %osesi+o$ se re#iere !l s(.eto de
l! or!i3nM si l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o ,er(ndio detrs de iertos +erbos no se
re#iere !l s(.eto de l! or!i3n$ +! %reedid! en in,l0s liter!rio de (n no"bre en
,eniti+o s!.3n$ (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o$ ' en !stell!no se tr!d(e ,ener!l"ente %or (n
s(b.(nti+oM si l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente detrs de iertos
+erbos no se re#iere !l s(.eto de l! or!i3n$ +! %reedid! en in,l0s olo/(i!l de (n
no"bre /(e no est0 en ,eniti+o s!.3n$ (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto$ ' en
!stell!no se tr!d(e ,ener!l"ente %or (n s(b.(nti+oM l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o
,er(ndio /(e +! %reedid! del !d.eti+o %osesi+oL (n no"bre en ,eniti+o s!.3n se
onsider! "s orret! /(e l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente /(e +!
%reedid! del %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoL (n no"bre /(e no est0 en ,eniti+o s!.3nM
el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente no %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!lM l! &!e el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto /(e +! del!nte del %!rtii%io
Hde6 %resenteM se %one sie"%re el %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto UitV ' no el !d.eti+o
%osesi+o UitsV t!nto en in,l0s liter!rio o"o en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' l! #or"! +erb!l en
Iin, es %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteM (!ndo es (n %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o o inde#inido$
no se %(ede %oner en ,eniti+o s!.3n ni en in,l0s liter!rio ni en in,l0s olo/(i!l ' l!
#or"! +erb!l en Iin, es %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteM no se s(ele %oner el ,eniti+o s!.3n
ni en in,l0s liter!rio ni en in,l0s olo/(i!l (!ndo es !l,o no !ni"!do$ (n! #r!se (
or!i3n !Hb6str!t! o dos no"bres %ro%ios oordin!dos ' l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, es
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteM sin e"b!r,o$ si l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o ,er(ndio de
di&os +erbos se re#iere !l s(.eto$ se %one el !d.eti+o %osesi+o$ no el %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto1 E.14 S&e is !,!inst ,i+in, !id to ot&er o(ntries HEll! est en ontr!
de d!r !'(d! ! otros %!Fses6M S&e is tired o# ,oin, t&ere No"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!lO HEll! est !ns!d! de ir !&FL !llFM Ee is in #!+o(r NGBOL #!+or NUSAO
o# re!&in, !n !,ree"ent Hl est ! #!+or de lle,!r !L !l!nz!r (n !(erdo6M S&e
t&o(,&t o# tellin, (s !bo(t it HEll! %ens3 en deFrnoslo6M It is %ossible 7it&o(t o(r
Nliter!rioO ,oin, N,er(ndioO t&ere No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lOL (s
Nolo/(i!l4 o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO ,oin, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO
t&ere HEs %osible sin /(e +!'!"os !&FL !llF nosotros6M Ee dis!%%ro+ed o# "'
Nliter!rioO o"in, N,er(ndioOL "e Nolo/(i!l4 o"%le"ento diretoO o"in,
N%!rtii%io de %resenteO Hl des!%rob!b! Hel &e&o de6 /(e +inier! 'o6M Ee t&o(,&t
o# &is "ot&erZs Nliter!rio4 on UZsVO ,oin, N,er(ndioO to Irel!nd No"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO Hl %ens3 en Hel &e&o de6 /(e s( "!dre Hse6 #(er! !
Irl!nd!6M Ee t&o(,&t o# &is "ot&er Nolo/(i!l4 sin !%3stro#o4 o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO ,oin, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO to Irel!nd Hl %ens3 en s(
"!dre (!ndo Hse6 ib! ! Irl!nd!6M It is %ositi+e i# it le!ds to t&eir Nliter!rioO ,oin,
!7!' N,er(ndioO No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lOL t&e" Nolo/(i!l4
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO ,oin, !7!' N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO HEs
%ositi+o si ond(e ! /(e Hse6 +!'!n6M I &!+e 9no7n o# &is Nliter!rioO %l!'in,
N,er(ndioO t&e ,(it!r No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO HS0L Ten,o
entendido /(e 0l to! l! ,(it!rr!6M I &!+e 9no7n o# &i" Nolo/(i!l4 o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO %l!'in, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO t&e ,(it!r HTen,o
in#or"!i3n sobre (!ndo 0l to!b! l! ,(it!rr!L S0L Ten,o entendido /(e 0l to! l!
,(it!rr!61
P(eden &!er t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de n2leo de (n o"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!l (!ndo es o"%le"ento de (n sint!,"! no"in!l1 E.14 T&e %ilot$
7it&o(t #l'in, lo7$ s!7 e+er't&in, HEl %iloto$ sin +ol!r b!.o$ +io todo61
Los +erbos !d+erbi!lesI%re%osiion!les intr!nsiti+os ND1?1;<1<O ' los +erbos
!d+erbi!lesI%re%osiion!les tr!nsiti+os ND1?1;<1=O$ los +erbos %re%osiion!les
tr!nsiti+os ND1 @18:18O$ los +erbos %re%osiion!les del!nte de (n no"breL %rono"bre
/(e es %redi!do no"in!l se,(ido de (n! %re%osii3n h no"breL %rono"bre ND1
@18:1:O$ los +erbos %re%osiion!les se,(idos de (n o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l
se,(ido de (n! %re%osii3n h no"breL %rono"bre ND1 @18:1;O$ los +erbos on
%!rtF(l!s %re%osiion!les tr!nsiti+os ND1 @18;18O$ s(elen ir "(&o "s ! "en(do
si"%le"ente se,(idos de ,er(ndio /(e de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o o %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto h l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,1 E.14 It is ! 7!' o# #indin, ! sol(tion HEs
(n! #or"! de enontr!r (n! sol(i3n6M Ee is #ed (% 7it& 7ritin, Hl est &!rto de
esribir6M T&e' !re loo9in, #or7!rd to seein, 'o( HEstn !nsi!ndoL Tienen "(&!s
,!n!s de +erte6M Ee loo9s #or7!rd to it Nliter!rio ' olo/(i!lO ,ettin, 7!r"er Hl
!nsF! /(e &!,! "s !lor6M T&ere is ! bi, di##erene bet7een t&is !nd ,i+in, !id
HE!' (n! ,r!n di#ereni! entre esto ' d!r !'(d!6M T&ere is no 7!' o# o(r Nliter!rioO
,ettin, rid o# t&!t #e!r No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lOL (s Nolo/(i!l4
o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO ,ettin, rid o# t&!t #e!r HNo &!' "!ner! de
/(e nos des&!,!"os de eseL !/(el "iedo61
Entre los +erbos /(e %(eden ir si"%le"ente se,(idos de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o
de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o o %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto h l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,
estn !si todos los +erbos %re%osiion!les se,(idos de (n o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!l ND1 @18:15O$ los +erbos on %!rtF(l!s %re%osiion!les
se,(idos de (n o"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!l ND1 @18;15O ' !l,(nos otrosM
nor"!l"ente o(rre lo "is"o (!ndo (n no"bre +! se,(ido de (n! %re%osii3n
ND1 @1@O1 E.14 !(sto" Honesel#6 to$ !d&ere to$ !d.(st to$ !d"it to$ !do%t ! ne7
!%%ro!& to$ !,ree to$ !i" to$ Hit6 !"o(nt to$ Hsb6 !%olo,izeL !%olo,ise NGBO #or$ Hsb6
!%%ro+e o#$ !ssi,n i"%ort!ne to$ !tt!&L ,i+e i"%ort!ne to$ b!n9 on$ be !bo(t$ be
!(sto"ed to$ be !d!%t!ble Nestnd!rOL !d!%ti+e Nliter!rioO to$ be !ddited to$ be
!d+erse to$ be !,ree!ble to$ be !n !id to$ be !n !ltern!ti+e to$ be !nno'ed !t$ be
!%%ro%ri!te to$ be !ttrib(ted to$ be !+erse to$ be ! b!rrier to$ be bent on$ be better
t&!n$ be ! l!i" to$ be ! o""it"ent to$ beL re"!in o""itted to$ be ! ondition to$
be ond(i+e to$ be on#ined to$ be ontr!r' to$ HsbL it6 be riti!l to$ be r(i!l to$ be
dedi!ted to$ be ! deterrent to$ be di##erent to$ be ! di##erent t&in, to$ be direted to$
be ! H%er"!nent6 distr!tion to$ be e/(!l to$ be e/(i+!lent to$ be essenti!l to$ be
e-%osed to$ be #(nd!"ent!l to$ be ! (se#(l ,(ide to$ be &!bit(!ted to$ be &!l# 7!' to$
be ! &io(,&L &i(% to$ be i"%ort!nt to$ be inident!l to$ be !L t&e 9e' to$ be one o#
t&e 9e's to$ be li"ited to$ be lin9ed to$ be !n ob.etion to$ be !n obst!le toL ! H,re!t6
obst!le to$ be o%%osed to$ be %!rti!l to$ be ! %!rt' to$ be ! %it#!ll to$ be %led,ed to$
be ! %ointer to$ be %re#er!ble to$ be ! %rel(de to$ be %re%!r!tor' to$ be ! %rere/(isite
to$ be ! %roble" to$ be %ro%os!ls to$ be ! re!son #or$ be red(ed to$ be rel!ted to$ be
rele+!nt to$ beL see" resi,ned to$ be resist!nt to$ be ! res%onse to$ be ! s&ort (t to$
beL beo"eL %ro+e sensiti+e to$ be ! setb!9 to$ be ! st!rt to$ be ! Hbi,6 ste%L t&e #irst
ste% to$ be ! ste% #ro" t&!t to$ be no str!n,er to$ be s(re o#$ be s(r%rised !t$ be
s7it&ed to$ be t!nt!"o(nt to$ be tired o#$ be "ore (%settin, t&!n$ be (sed to$ be
+it!l to$ be one 7!'L t&e 7!' to$ be 7ort&$ beo"eL ,et !(sto"ed to$ beo"eL
,et (sed to$ belie+e in$ bo!st !bo(t$ brin, #(rt&er osts to$ b(ild s'"%!t&' to$ o"e
!ross ! ne7 !%%ro!& to$ Hsb6 o"e !ro(ndL ro(nd NGBO to Hon+ener ! H!l,(ien6
%!r! /(e6$ Hit6 o"e do7n to Hser (esti3n de /(e6$ Hit6 o"e to$ o""it "one' to$
onede to$ on#ine oneZs e##orts to$ on#ine onesel# to$ ontrib(te to$ orres%ond to$
o(nt on$ deb!te on$ deide on$ dedi!te "one'L onesel#L reso(resL ti"e to$ deli,&t
in$ de%end on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rioO$ de+ote st&4 !ttentionL ontrolsL oneZs li#eL
onesel#L ti"e to$ diret oneZs !ttention to$ dis!%%ro+e o#$ #!e t&e ris9 o#$ #!e (% to$
#eel e/(!l to$ ,et !ro(ndL ro(nd NGBO to$ ,i+e !%%ro+!l to$ ,i+e &i,&erL "oreL less
!ttention to$ ,i+e ! o""it"ent to$ ,i+e onsider!tion to$ ,i+e H,re!terL to%6 %riorit'
to$ ,i+e ! r!tion!le to$ ,o b!9 to$ ,o on to$ ,ro7 (sed to$ &!+e ! Hdi##erentL
ri,oro(s6 !%%ro!& to$ &!+e !n !+ersion toL !+ersions toL ! l!i" toL l!i"s to$ &!+e
t&e o""it"ent to$ &!+e no ob.etionHs6 to$ &e!r o#$ insist on$ l!' l!i" to$ Hit6 le!d
to$ Hit6 le!d on to$ loo9 #or7!rd to$ "!9e !n !%%ro!& to$ "!9e oneZs !%%ro!& to$
"!9eL brin,L introd(e &!n,es to$ "!9e ! o""it"ent to$ "!9e o""it"ents to$
"!9e onessions to$ "!9e ! ontrib(tionL ontrib(tions to$ "!9e !L so"eL !n'L
noL littleL /(ite !L ! lot o# di##erene to$ "!9e no %retensions to$ "!9e %ro,ress to$
"!9e ! dre!d#(l son, !n d!ne !bo(t$ "ind !bo(t$ "o+e losel' to$ "o+e H! bitL
ste%6 loser to$ "o+e ! ste% #or7!rd to$ "o+e on to$ ob.et to$ o7n (% to$ %!ss on to$
%!' !ttention to$ %l!n on$ %le!d ,(ilt' to$ %re#er st&L Iin, to$ %re+ent st&L sb #ro"$
re!t to$ reonile onesel# to$ re#er to$ rel!te to$ resi,n onesel# to$ resort to$ s!' to Nen
interro,!ti+!O$ see !bo(t$ see to$ see t&eL oneZs 7!' to$ s&i#t oneZs e"%&!sis to$ s&o7
! o""it"ent to$ s&o7 ! tr!nsition to$ Hit6 st!rt 7it&$ stret& to$ s7e!r to$ t!9e ste%s
to$ testi#' to$ t&!n9 sb #or$ t&ere h be #e!r o#$ t&ere h be !n !d+!nt!,eL !d+!nt!,es inL
to$ t&ere h be !n !%%ro!& toL !%%%ro!&es toL bene#it toL no bene#it toL bene#its toL
onse/(enes to$ t&ere h be ! di##i(lt' toL di##i(lties toL !n inon+eniene toL
inon+enienes toL ! 9n!9 toL H!6 l!9 o# o""it"ent toL !n ob.etion toL
ob.etions toL !n obst!le toL obst!les toL o%%osition toL ! %!9!,e toL ! %it#!ll toL
%it#!lls toL ! %roble" toL %roble"s toL ! %ro%os!l toL %ro%os!ls toL H!6 rel(t!ne toL
re%er(ssions toL H!n'L no6 resist!ne toL ! st!t(s toL ! sti,"! toL s(r%rises toL so"e
7!' toL ! lon, 7!' toL ! 7!' to$ t&ere h be !n'L no %oint inL to$ t&ere h be !n'L no
sense to$ t&ere h be !n'L no +!l(e to$ t&ere h be no !ltern!ti+e toL Hno6 o""it"ent
to$ t&in9 !bo(tL o#$ tr(st to$ t(rn to$ t(rn oneZs !ttention to$ 7!nt !n end to$ et1
Al,(nos +erbos %(eden ir se,(idos de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o ,er(ndio$ %ero l!
#or"! +erb!l en Iin, no %(ede ir %reedid! de (n no"bre en ,eniti+o s!.3n$ de (n
!d.eti+o %osesi+o o (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto4 be rele,!ted to$ et1
**+ Kueden /acer la funcin de complemento circunstancialM se (tiliz! en in,l0s
liter!rio ,ener!l"ente ' &!e l! #(ni3n de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! !d+erbi!l$ %ero
en in,l0s olo/(i!l se (s! (n! on.(ni3n se,(id! de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!M est
en onstr(i3n !bsol(t!$ no !d.(nt!M se re#iere !l s(.eto de l! or!i3n %rini%!lM
s(ele ir detrs de l!s %re%osiiones Q!#ter$ be#ore$ b'$ in$ on Nestnd!rOL (%on
Nliter!rioO$ 7it&o(tQ ' detrs de l! on.(ni3n s(bordin!d! te"%or!l Q7&ileQM %(ede
re#erirse ! l! %ri"er!$ se,(nd! ' terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM %(ede ir !l
%rini%io$ ! "it!d ' !l #in!l de l! or!i3n1 E.14 A#ter %l!'in,L A#ter &e &!d %l!'ed$ &e
7ent !7!' HDes%(0s de .(,!rL Des%(0s de /(e &!bF! .(,!do$ 0l Hse6 "!r&36M A#ter
re!din,L A#ter &e &!d re!d #or !n &o(r$ s&e #elt &!%%' HDes%(0s de leerL Des%(0s de
/(e &!bF! leFdo d(r!nte (n! &or!$ ell! se sentF! #eliz6M Be#ore ,oin, t&ere$ let (s
9no7] H\Antes de ir !&FL !llF$ !+is!dnos]6M Be#ore s!'in, t&!t$ &e s&o(ld t&in9 HAntes
de deir eso$ 0l deberF! %ens!r6M >&!t do 'o( ,et b' doin, t&!tT HWJ(0 obtienes
&!iendo esoL !/(ello6M IZll be,in b' %resentin, "'sel# H*o"enz!r0
%resentndo"e6M B' %ressin, t&e b(tton$ 'o( !n ,et so"e o##ee HPresion!ndo el
bot3n$ %(edes onse,(ir !#06M B'L On re#(sin, t&is$ 'o( "!9e ! "ist!9e HAl
re&!z!r esto$ o"etes (n error6M Ee re%lied b' s&!9in, &is &e!d Ni 7it& ! s&!9e o#
&is &e!dO Hl re%li3L ontest3 ne,!ndo on l! !bez!6M B' st(d'in,$ 'o( !n %!ss
HEst(di!ndoH$6 %(edes !%rob!r6M E+en b' st(d'in, &!rd$ &e o(ldnZt %!ss HInl(so
est(di!ndo "(&oL *on est(di!r t!nto$ 0l no onsi,(i3 !%rob!r6M InL >&ile tr'in, to
o%en t&e door$ s&e (t &er #in,er HAl intent!rL *(!ndo intent!b! !brir l! %(ert!$ ell!
se ort3 el dedo6M On enterin, t&e %!l!e$ s&e s!7 t&e /(een HAl entr!r en el %!l!io$
ell! +io ! l! rein!6M On Nestnd!rOL U%on Nliter!rioO &e!rin, t&e stor' No"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!l de tie"%oO$ &e s!id 111 HAl oFr l! &istoriHet6!$ 0l di.o 1116M On le!+in,
Nliter!rioOL As NoO >&en s&e le#t Nestnd!rO t&e s&ool$ s&e s!7 &er "ot&er HAl s!lir
deL *(!ndo s!lF! de l! es(el!$ ell! +io ! s( "!dre6M On %!'in,$ &e s!id so"et&in,
HAl %!,!r$ 0l di.o !l,o6M T&e obser+er$ on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rioO seein, it
No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l de tie"%oO$ s!id not&in, HEl obser+!dor$ !l +erlo$ no
di.o n!d!6M S&e bl(s&ed on seein, &er &(sb!nd No"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l de
tie"%oO HEll! se r(boriz3 !l +er ! s( "!rido6M DonZt ,o 7it&o(t t!9in, so"e "one']
H\No +!'!s sin lle+!rHte6 !l,o de dinero]6M >&ile 7!l9in, t&e' o#ten 7&istle
HMientr!s !"in!n silb!n ! "en(do61
En !l,(nos !sos se sobrHe6entiende UoneL 'o(VM en in,l0s se ll!"! ,er(ndio s(elto
Hd!n,lin,L (n!tt!&edL (nrel!ted ,er(nd6 ' %(ede d!r l(,!r ! on#(si3n '! /(e no
se re#iere !l s(.eto de l! or!i3n %rini%!lM est en onstr(i3n !bsol(t!$ no !d.(nt!$
%ero %!ree est!r en onstr(i3n !d.(nt!M %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es
reo"end!ble no (s!rlo '! /(e es in,l0s +(l,!r ' #re(ente"ente se onsider!
inorreto1 E.14 A#ter ,oin, N+(l,!rO t&ere$ t&in,s 7ent 7ron, HDes%(0s de ir !&FL
!llF$ l!s os!s #(eron "!l6M B' ,oin, N+(l,!rO t&ere$ ! t&o(s!nd %o(nds !n be 7on
Hmendo !llF$ se %(eden ,!n!r "il libr!s61 D1 =15;518
A +ees$ se %(ede (s!r el ,er(ndio en !stell!no ' no en in,l0s1 E.14 OneL As soon
!s &e #inis&es$ &eZll ,o !nd e!t HEn ter"in!ndoL Un! +ez /(e ter"ine 0l$ ir !
o"er61
b+ Ciertas caracter(sticas propias de verbos aun'ue sea un nombreM (!ndo +!
%reedido de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o$ se tr!d(e %or UHel &e&o de6 /(eV h s(b.(nti+o4
*+ Kueden ir seguidos de un complemento directoM %(ede ir %reedido de QnotQM
(!ndo +!n se,(idos de (n o"%le"ento direto no %(eden ir %reedidos de Ut&eV
o (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+o$ de (n !d.eti+o inde#inido
ni de (n no"bre en ,eniti+o s!.3nM (!ndo l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o ,er(ndio +! !l
%rini%io de l! or!i3n se,(ido de (n o"%le"ento direto o (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! no"in!l /(e e"%iee %or Ut&!tV s3lo %(ede ir %reedido de (n !d.eti+o
%osesi+o %ero no de (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoM el o"%le"ento direto %(ede
ir4
!6 No %reedido de %re%osii3n4 RE!tin, "e!t is not !l7!'s neess!r' H*o"er !rne
no es nees!rio sie"%re6M Hnot6 RGi+in, !id is ,ood HHno6 Prest!r !'(d! es b(eno6M
Does reRd(in, t&e 7or9in, &o(rs sol+e t&e %roble"T HWSol(ion! el %roble"!
red(ir l!s l!s &or!s de tr!b!.oT6M RS!ilin, bo!ts is #(n HE!er +el! es di+ertido6M t&e
!rt o# s%e!9in, !not&er l!n,(!,e Hel !rte de &!bl!r otro idio"!6$ et1
b6 Preedido de %re%osii3n4 RLoo9in, !t t&in,s ob.eti+el' is &is desire HMir!r l!s
os!s on ob.eti+id!d es s( deseo6$ et1
2+ Kueden ir seguidos de un complemento indirecto1 E.14 Gi+in, &er "one' is
not t&e sol(tion HD!rle ! ell! dinero no es l! sol(i3n61
2+ Kueden ir seguidos de un complemento de rgimen preposicional1 E.14
Gettin, rid o# r(bbis& is nor"!l HDes&!erse de l! b!s(r! es nor"!l61
-+ Kueden ir seguidos de adverbios o locuciones adverbiales 'ue /acen de
complemento circunstancial1 E.14 Eis o"in, so l!te is ! b!d si,n HHel &e&o de6
J(e 0l lle,(e t!n t!rde es (n! "!l! se)!l6M Eer ,oin, t&ere "!de t&in,s "ore
di##i(lt HHel &e&o de6 J(e ell! #(er! !llF o"%li3 "s l!s os!s6M Slee%in, so little
is not ,ood #or 'o(r &e!lt& HDor"ir t!n %oo no es b(eno %!r! t( s!l(d6M M'
st(d'in, t&ere is &er desire HJ(e 'o est(dieL El est(di!r 'o !llF es s( deseo6M Eis
7or9in, so &!rd 7orries &er HEl &e&o de /(e 0l tr!b!.e t!nto le %reo(%! ! ell!61
3+ Kueden tener detr!s de un verbo normal una forma simple o imperfecta en
activa o gerundio simple 'ue se traduce al castellano por el infinitivo simple4
T&e' sto%%ed 7or9in, e!rl' HDe.!ron de tr!b!.!r te"%r!no6 ' otr! o"%(est! o
%er#et! en !ti+! o el ,er(ndio o"%(esto Ht&e %er#et ,er(nd6 /(e %(ede ir
%reedido s3lo de !l,(nos deter"in!ntes ' /(e se tr!d(e !l !stell!no %or el
in#initi+o o"%(esto o el s(b.(nti+o o"%(esto4 Ee doesnZt li9e &er &!+in, done it
HA 0l no le ,(st! Hel &e&o de6 /(e ell! lo &!'! &e&o61
6+ Kueden tener detr!s de un verbo normal una forma simple o imperfecta en
pasiva o el gerundio pasivo simple Ht&e %!ssi+e ,er(nd64 EeZs !#r!id o# bein,
&e!ted Hl tiene "iedo de ser en,!)!doL /(e le en,!)en6 ' otr! o"%(est! o
%er#et! en %!si+! o el ,er(ndio %!si+o o"%(esto Ht&e %er#et %!ssi+e ,er(nd6 /(e
%(ede ir %reedido s3lo de !l,(nos deter"in!ntes4 EeZs !#r!id o# &!+in, been
&e!ted Hl tiene "iedo de /(e le &!'!n en,!)!do61
=15<C1I = veces, adem!s del nombre verbal terminado en 5ing$ /(e s(ele indi!r
!l,o ,ener!l din"io o"o (n! !i3n$ (n! !ti+id!d$ (n %roeso$ (n &bito$
tendeni! o !l,o ontin(o$ /a otro 'ue no termina en 5ing /(e si,ni#i! (n!
!i3n onret! del +erbo en (esti3n$ !l,o inst!ntneo$ !l,o ter"in!do$ !l,o
esttioM el no"bre +erb!l ter"in!do en Iin, se %(ede #or"!r on (!l/(ier +erbo1
E.14 !L t&e !o(nt H(nL el in#or"eL (n!L l! (ent!L (n!L l! e-%li!i3n6 ' U!L t&e
!o(ntin,V H(n!L l! ont!bilid!dL rendii3n de (ent!s6M t&e be!t Hel l!tidoL el
redobleL el o"%sL el rit"oL l! rond!6 ' UHt&e6 be!tin,V Hl! %!liz!L l! %(ls!i3nL el
l!tido6M !L t&e bid N"enos !"%lioO H(n!L l! o#ert!L (nL el intento Nen (n! %(.!O6 '
UHt&e6 biddin,V Hel "!nd!toL el deseoL l! liit!i3nL l! %(.!L l! ll!"!d!L l! o#ert!L l!
del!r!i3n Nen el .(e,o de bri&He6O6M !L t&e bo"b H(n!L l! bo"b!6 ' Ut&e
bo"bin,V Hel bo"b!rdeoL !tent!do6$ t&e bo"b!rd"ent Hel bo"b!rdeo6M t&e b(ild
Hl! o"%le-i3nL el #Fsio6 ' Ut&e b(ildin,V Hel edi#iioL l! onstr(i3n6M !L t&e o+er
H(n!L l! t!%!L t!%!der!L lon!L #(nd!L ol&!L ,!r!ntF!L (nL el #orro6 ' Ut&e
o+erin,V N"enos !"%lioO Hl! !%! H%!r! (brir6L l! !i3n de (brir6M !L t&e
oron!tion H(n!L l! oron!i3n6 ' U!L t&e ro7nin,V H(n!L l! oron!i3n6M !L t&e
(t H(nL el orte6 ' UHt&e6 (ttin,V Hel ort!rL l! !i3n de ort!r6M d!ne Hd!nz!L
b!ile6 ' UHt&e6 d!nin,V HHel &e&o NoO l! !i3n de6 b!il!r6M d!re Ns3lo en sin,(l!rO
Hdes!#Fo4 to !e%t ! d!re H!e%t!r (n des!#Fo66 ' UHt&e6 d!rin,V Hel or!.eL l! !(d!i!L
l! !i3n de !tre+erse6M Ht&e6 de+elo%"ent Hel des!rrollo6 ' Ut&e de+elo%in,V Hel
re+el!do6M Ht&e6 disli9e HHel6 des!,r!do6 ' UHt&e6 disli9in,V Hl! !i3n de des!,r!d!r6M
!L t&e dri+e H(n!L l! +(elt! NoO (nL el %!seo Hen o&e66 ' UHt&e6 dri+in,V Hel
ond(irL l! ond(i3n6M !nL t&e end H(nL el #in6 ' Ut&e endin,V Hel #in!lL
desenl!e6M t&e #eed Hel !li"entoL el !li"ent!dor Hde (n! "/(in!6L el "!teri!l Hde
%ro,r!"!i3n6L l! !i3n de d!r de o"erL l! o"ilon! NGBO6 ' UHt&e6 #eedin,V Hl!
!li"ent!i3nL !i3n de d!r de o"er6M !L t&e #iddle H(nL el +iolFn6 ' UHt&e6
#iddlin,V Hel to!r on el +iolFn6M !L t&e #ind N"enos !"%lioO H(nL el &!ll!z,o Nde
(n! sol! os!O6$ !L t&e #indin, H(nL el &!ll!z,oL des(bri"ientoL in#or"eL
+eredito6 ' Ut&e #indin,sV Hel #!llo Nde (n .(ezOL l!s onl(siones6M !L t&e ,ro(%
H(nL el ,r(%o6 ' U!L t&e ,ro(%in,V H(n!L l! !,r(%!i3n6M t&e 9ee% Hel s(stentoL l!
torre del &o"en!.e Nen (n !stilloO6 ' Ut&e 9ee%in,V Hel (id!doL tonoL
"!nteni"iento6M !L t&e 9iss H(nL el beso6 ' UHt&e6 9issin,V HHel &e&o NoO l! !i3n
de6 bes!r6M !L t&e li#e H(n!L l! +id! Nen ,ener!lO6 ' UHt&e6 li+in,V HHel ,0nero de6 +id!L
l! !i3n de +i+ir6M !L t&e "eet H(nL el en(entro6 ' U!L t&e "eetin,V H(n!L l!
re(ni3nL !s!"ble!L on#l(eni!6M t&e %!9!,e Hel %!/(ete6 ' Ut&e %!9!,in,V Hel
e"b!l!.eL en+oltorio6M t&e %!int Hl! %int(r! N%!r! %int!rO6 ' U!L t&e %!intin,V H(nL el
(!droL (n!L l! %int(r! N!rtFsti!OL H(n!L l! !i3n de6 %int!r6M !L t&e %l(n,e H(nL el
&!%(z3nL desenso6 ' UHt&e6 %l(n,in,V Hel z!"b(llirseL %rei%it!rse6M !L t&e %(s&
H(nL el e"%(.3n6 ' UHt&e6 %(s&in,V HHel6 e"%(.!r6M 7it&in re!& H!l !l!ne6 ' UHt&e6
re!&in,V Hel !l!neL l! !i3n de !l!nz!r6M !L t&e H,ood6 re!d H(n!L l! let(r!
H!"en!66 ' UHt&e6 re!din,V Hl! let(r!L l! !i3n de leer6M !L t&e ride H(n!L l! +(elt!
NoO (nL el %!seo en biilet!L ! !b!llo$ et16 ' UHt&e6 ridin,V Hel !nd!r en biilet!L !
!b!llo$ et16M !L t&e ro!st H(nL el !s!do6 ' UHt&e6 ro!stin,V Hel !s!rL tost!r6M !L t&e
ro7 Lro(L H(n!L l! e-(rsi3n NoO (nL el %!seo en bote de re"osL (n!L l! &iler!6 '
UHt&e6 ro7in,V Hel re"oL el re"!rL l! !i3n de re"!r6M t&e r(le Hl! re,l! NoO nor"!6
' Ut&e r(lin,V HHel6 #!llo NoO l! resol(i3n6M s!' Ns3lo en sin,(l!rO Ho%ini3nL %!l!br!4
to &!+e ! s!' in t&e "!tter Htener !l,o /(e deir en el !s(nto6$ H&!+e6 t&e l!st s!'
HHdeir6 l! 2lti"! %!l!br!6 ' Ut&e s!'in,V Hel re#rnL l! !i3n de deir6M !L t&e s&!+e
H(nL el !#eit!do6 ' UHt&e6 s&!+in,V Hel !#eit!rHse6L l! r!s(r!i3nL l! !e%ill!d(r!6M !L
t&e s&oot H(n!L l! #il"!i3nL (n!L l! !erF!L (nL el broteL (nL el oto de !z! NGBO6
' Ut&e s&ootin,V Hl! #il"!i3nL l! !z!L el tiroteoL el #(sil!"ientoL el !sesin!toL el
oto de !z! NGBO6M !L t&e si,& H(nL el s(s%iro6 ' UHt&e6 si,&in,V Hel s(s%ir!rL l!
!i3n de s(s%ir!r6M !L t&e s"o9e Hel &("oL (n NoO el i,!rrHill6o6 ' UHt&e6 s"o9in,V
Hel #("!rL l! !i3n de #("!r6M !L t&e t!l9 H(n!L l! &!rl!6 ' UHt&e6 t!l9in,V Hel
&!bl!rL l! !i3n de &!bl!r6M !L t&e 7!l9 H(nL el %!seo6 ' UHt&e6 7!l9in,V Hel %!se!r6$
et1
=15<51I A +ees$ %(eden s(r,ir ambigSedades entre un nombre precedido de
participio 4de+ presente el gerundio$ se,(ido de (n o"%le"ento direto$ %ero
se distin,(en %or l! !ent(!i3nM el %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente lle+! !ento %ri"!rio si
+! !l #in!l de l! or!i3n$ %ero no del!nte de (n no"bre %or/(e es !d.eti+o$ no
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resente1 E.14 Ee 7!s sensiti+e to &!n,in, Nl!si#i!ti+oO
Rir("st!nes Hl er! sensible ! l!s ir(nst!ni!s !"bi!ntesL /(e !"bi!b!n6 '
UEe 7!s sensiti+e to R &!n,in, N,er(ndioO Rir("st!nesV Hl er! sensible !l
!"bio deL !l &e&o de !"bi!r l!s ir(nst!ni!s6M It !n be sol+ed t&ro(,&
o ordin!tin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO or,!niRz!tionsL or,!ni Rs !tions NGBO HP(ede
sol(ion!rse ! tr!+0s de or,!niz!iones /(e oordinen6 e UIt !n be sol+ed t&ro(,&
o R ordin!tin, N,er(ndioO or,!niRz!tionsL or,!niRs!tions NGBOV HP(ede sol(ion!rse
! tr!+0s de l! oordin!i3n de or,!niz!iones6M Fi,&tin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO R"en !renZt
interested HLos &o"bres /(e l(&!n no estn interes!dos6L T&ere !re R"en H7&o !re6
R #i,&tin, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO HE!' &o"bres /(e l(&!n H/(e estn l(&!ndo66
' UT&ere !re R #i,&tin, N,er(ndio4 D1 =15;B1!O R"enV HE!' &o"bres de %ele! Ni %!r!
%ele!rO6L UR Fi,&tin, N,er(ndio4 D1 =15;B1bO R"en isnZt interestin,V HL(&!r ontr!
&o"bres no es interes!nte6M Ee is 7orried !bo(t "issin, N!li#i!ti+oO R!ni"!ls Hl
est %reo(%!do sobre los !ni"!les /(e #!lt!n6 ' UEe is 7orried !bo(t R "issin,
N,er(ndio4 D1 =15;B1bO R!ni"!lsV Hl est %reo(%!do %or l! %osibilid!d de e&!r de
"enos H!6 los !ni"!les6M ! s9iin, Nl!si#i!ti+oO Rte!&er H(n %ro#esor /(e es/(F!6 '
U! R s9iin, N,er(ndio4 D1 =15;B1!O Rte!&erV H(n %ro#esor de es/(F6M T&e' !re 7or9in,
Nl!si#i!ti+oO R%eo%le HSon ,ente Hde l! l!se6 tr!b!.!dor!6L T&ere !re R%eo%le H7&o
!re6 R7or9in, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO HE!' ,ente H/(e est6 tr!b!.!ndo6 ' UEe is
tired o# R 7or9in, N,er(ndio4 D1 =15;B1bO t&e R"!rbleV Hl est !ns!do de tr!b!.!r el
"r"ol6$ et1 D1 ;1@IB$ ;15;185$ ;1;51;$ =15;B
Sin e"b!r,o$ &!' !"bi,Xed!d entre UEe 7!s (n&!%%' 7it& R le!rnin, N,er(ndio4 D1
=15;B1!O R,o!ls N%!(s! "s ort! entre Ule!rnin,V ' U,o!lsVO Hl no est!b! ontento
on los ob.eti+os del !%rendiz!.e6V ' UEe 7!s (n&!%%' 7it& R le!rnin, N,er(ndio4 D1
=15;B1bO R,o!ls N%!(s! "s l!r,! entre Ule!rnin,V ' U,o!lsVO Hl no est!b! ontento
on el !%rendiz!.e deL el &e&o de !%render los ob.eti+os6VM I li9e R li+in, N,er(ndio4
D1 =15;B1!O onRditions N%!(s! "s ort! entre Uli+in,V ' UonditionsVO HMe ,(st!n
l!s ondiiones de +id!6 ' UI li9e R li+in, N,er(ndio4 D1 =15;B1bO e-R%erienesV N%!(s!
"s l!r,! entre Uli+in,V e Ue-%erienesVO HMe ,(st! +i+ir l!s e-%erieni!s61
=15<81I E!' verbos catenativos H!ten!ti+e +erbsL %&r!se str(t(res6 /(e +!n
(nidos (no detrs de otro sin %!(s!M son !ten!ti+os "(&os de los +erbos de =15CB$
de =155<$ de =15<:$ de =15<=$ de =15@8$ todos los de =15@:$ todos los de =15@@1
Sin embargo, no son catenativos los verbos cuando"
*+ &levan una coma entre los dos a 'ue se puede invertir el orden1 E.14 Ee
be,!n$ !s9in, #or t&eir &el%L As9in, #or t&eir &el%$ &e be,!n Hl e"%ez3L o"enz3$
%idiendo s( !'(d!6M Ee is sittin,$ to rest ! little bit Hl est sent!do %!r! des!ns!r (n
%o/(ito6M S&e s"iled$ relis&in, &er "o"ent o# tr(t& HEll! sonri3$ s!bore!ndo s(
"o"ento de tri(n#o61
2+ El segundo tiene valor final.
2+ Aa un nombre o pronombre entre los dos verbos1 E.14 T&e' onsider
t&e"sel+es Hto be6 !bo+e s(& t&in,s HSe onsider!n %or eni"! de es!s os!s61
=15<:1I Aa ciertos verbos frases verbales 'ue pueden ir seguidos de la forma
verbal en 5ing de un infinitivo con ;to< en ingls4
*+ Con un significado distintoM l! #or"! +erb!l Iin,$ /(e es nor"!l"ente (n
,er(ndio ' "enos #re(ente"ente (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente$ %(ede ir diret!"ente
detrs de (n +erbo en #or"! si"%le o en #or"! ontin(! o %reedid! de (n !d.eti+o
%osesi+o o %rono"bre %erson!l ob.etoM el infinitivo con ;to< expresa finalidad o
%ro%3sito '$ (!ndo UtoV +! %reedido de (n o"%le"ento direto$ se %one
No"%le"ento diretoO '$ si +! %reedido de (n o"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!l$ se %one No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lOM (!ndo se %one
QsbQ detrs de (n +erbo$ es nees!rio %oner el o"%le"ento direto del!nte de l!
#or"! +erb!l en Iin, ' del in#initi+o on UtoVM &!' "s de ?CC +erbos4 Hsb6 !b!ndon
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 !eler!te Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 !e%t No"%le"ento
diretoO$ Hsb6 !ess oneZs s'ste"$ Hsb6 !t !s ! ,(ide to$ Hsb6 !d!%t No"%le"ento
diretoO to$ Hsb6 !dd ! t7ist to$ Hsb6 !d"it No"%le"ento diretoO Nl! #or"! +erb!l en
Iin, %(ede re#erirse !l %!s!do t!"bi0nO$ Hsb6 !d"it to No"%le"ento diretoO Nel
,er(ndio %(ede re#erirse !l %!s!do t!"bi0nO$ Hsb6 !##ir" No"%le"ento diretoO$
Hsb6 !nno(ne ! %l!n to$ Hsb6 !ns7er b!9 Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 !%%e!r Nen !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV
detrs del !d.eti+oM es "e.or %oner UtooV ( otro !d+erbio del!nte del !d.eti+o (!ndo
+! se,(ido de in#initi+o on UtoVO !&e!dL !"bitio(sL !"(sin,L !7#(lL b!dL b!r"'
Nolo/(i!lOL boldL br!+eL b(s'L !re#(lL !relessL !(tio(sL le+erL ontentedL r!z'L
r(elL (rio(sL del!'edL de%ressedL desir!bleL di,ni#iedL dirt'L disRo(r!,edL
dis&onestL H(n6dressedL dr(n9L dr'L enr!,edL #!tedL #!+o(red NGBO NoO #!+ored
NUSAOL #l!tteredL #riendl'L #(nn'L ,oodL &!rdL R&!rd R%ressed N"s (s!doO NoO
R&!rdIR%ressed N"enos (s!doOL &el%#(lL &itL &onestL &orribleL &("ili!tedL &(rtL RillI
!dR+isedL RillIdiRs%osedL i"%!tientL i"%ertinentL ino"%etentL H(n69indL "!dL "e!nL
"oti+!tedL "o+edL n!Ri+e N"s (s!doO NoO n!R+eL nieL n(tsL oddL %oliteL %oorL
%o7erlessL /(i9L rel(t!ntL retientL ri&L ri,&tL r(deL s!#eL s!redL sensibleL
s&!tteredL s&'L sill'L slo7L s"!rtL str!n,eL stron,L st(%idL s7i#tL t&inL tiredL to(,&L
(selessL +!inL +it!lL 7!r"L 7ell !dR+isedL 7ell R%l!edL 7etL 7iseL 7ron,$ Hit6 !%%e!rL
beL beo"eL loo9L see" !L t&e seret to$ Hit6 !%%l' to$ Hsb6 !%%ro!&$ Hsb6 !%%ro+e
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 !rri+e Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 !+oid No"%le"ento diretoO$
Hsb6 b!9 Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 b!9 !7!' Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 b!il o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6
b!n No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 b!nd to,et&er Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 b!n9 on sb
No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO$ Hsb6 b!s& !&e!d Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 b!ttle
t&ro(,& Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 b!ttle t&ro(,& st&$ Hsb6 be Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs del
!d.eti+oM es "e.or %oner UtooV ( otro !+erbio del!nte del !d.eti+o (!ndo +! se,(ido
del in#initi+o on UtoVO !&e!dL !"bitio(sL !"(sin,L !rrestedL !7#(lL b!dL b!r"'
Nolo/(i!lOL betterL boldL br!+eL b(s'L !(,&tL !(tio(sL le+erL ontentedL r!z'L
r(elL (rio(sL del!'edL de%ressedL desir!bleL di,ni#iedL dirt'L disRo(r!,edL
diso+eredL dis&onestL H(n6dressedL dro7nedL dr(n9L dr'L enr!,edL #!tedL #!+o(red
NGBO NoO #!+ored NUSAOL #l!tteredL #riendl'L #(nn'L ,oodL &!rdL R&!rd R%ressed N"s
(s!doO NoO R&!rdIR%ressed N"enos (s!doOL &el%#(lL &itL &onestL &orribleL &("ili!tedL
&(rtL RillI!dR+isedL RillIdiRs%osedL RillIeR/(i%%edL RillI%reR%!redL i"%!tientL i"%ertinentL
i"%ossibleL ino"%etentL H(n69indL too l!teL "!dL "e!n Ht!!)oL "ez/(ino6L
"oti+!tedL "o+edL n!Ri+e N"s (s!doO NoO n!R+eL ner+o(sL nie H!,r!d!ble6L n(tsL
oddL o(tL %oliteL %oorL %o7erlessL /(i9L rel(t!nt Hre!io6L retientL ri&L r(deL s!#eL
s!redL sensibleL s&!tteredL s&'L si9L sill'L slo7L s"!rtL str!n,eL stron,L st(%idL
s7i#tL too Nno s(%ri"irO terribleL t&inL tiredL to(,&L (seless Nse,(ido de l! #or"!
+erb!l en Iin,4 N+(l,!rO ' se,(ido de Q!tQ h ,er(ndio4 estnd!rOL +!inL +it!lL 7!r"L
7ell !dR+isedL 7ell R%l!edL 7etL H(n67iseL 7ron,$ et1 Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do
o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"oreQ o QIerL less H111 t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o
%reedidos de Q"ostQO$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e ontrib(tion to$ Hit6 be !d!%ted to$ Hit6 be !n
!ns7er to$ Hit6 be !n !%%e!l to$ Hit6 be !n !%%ro!& toL oneZs !%%ro!& to$ Hit6 be !n
!s%ir!tion to$ Hit6 be !n !sset to$ be b!9 to$ Hit6 be ! blo9 to$ Hsb6 be bro(,&t in$ Hsb6
be bro(,&t o(t$ Hsb6 be bro(,&t (%$ Hsb6 be !(,&t$ Hsb6 be &!ined to$ Hsb6 be loseL
H! bitL ste%6 loserL losest to$ Hit6 be t&e losest t&in, N( otro no"breO to$ Hsb6 be
onditioned to$ Hit6 be ! ontrib(tion to$ HsbL it6 be r(i!l to$ Hit6 be desi,ned to$ Hit6
be di##erent to$ Hsb6 be disR%osed to$ HsbL it6 beL see" essenti!lL !n essenti!l ele"entL
!n essenti!l t&in, ND1 =15<:18O$ HsbL it6 beL see" essenti!lL !n essenti!l ele"entL !n
essenti!l t&in, to$ Hit6 be ,i+en to ND1 =15<=O$ Hsb6 beL o"eL re"!in &ere
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hit6 be H+er'6 i"%ort!nt to$ Hit6 be !n i"%ro+e"ent to$ Hit6 be !n
inon+eniene$ Hit6 be !n inon+enieneL inon+enienes to$ Hit6 be H+er'6
instr("ent!l to$ HsbL it6 be ! 9e'L t&e 9e'L one o# t&e 9e's to$ Hsb6 be Htoo6 l!te$ Hit6
be t&e l(bri!nt to$ Hit6 be ! "e!ns to$ Hsb6 be "o+ed to$ Hsb6 be Hno7&ereL /(iteL
+er'6 ne!rL H! bitL ste%6 ne!rer to$ Hit6 be !n obst!le$ Hsb6 be o## Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6
be o(tL #!rL !7!'$ et1$ Hsb6 be o%%osed to$ Hit6 be oriented to$ Hit6 be orient!ted to$
Hit6 be !L no %roble"$ Hsb6 be %rone H%ro%enso6 to N"s (s!do on ,er(ndio '
"enos (s!do on in#initi+oO$ Hit6 beL see" ! s&ort (t to$ Hit6 be t&e Hbest6 sol(tionL !
sol(tion to$ Hit6 be s%ei#i to$ Hit6 be s%ent$ Hit6 beL see" ! ste%%in, stone to H(n
tr!"%olFn %!r!6$ Hit6 be t&e str!te,' to$ Hit6 be ! 9e' str!te,' to$ Hit6 be ! s(,,estion
to$ Hsb6 be t!9en to$ Hsb6 beL ,oL re"!in t&ere Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hit6 be t&e ne-t Hbest6
t&in, to$ Hit6 be ! t&re!t to$ Hit6 be ! ti9et to$ Hit6 be !L t&e tri9 to$ &ere h be !L t&e
tri9 to$ Hsb6 be no (se$ Hsb6 be on t&e 7!'L oneZs 7!' to$ Hit6 be !L oneL t&e 7!' to$
Hsb6 be 7onder#(l$ Hsb6 be!+er !7!' Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 beo"e Nen !#ir"!ti+!$
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV
detrs del !d.eti+oM es "e.or %oner UtooV ( otro !d+erbio del!nte del !d.eti+o (!ndo
+! se,(ido de in#initi+o on UtoVO H(n6!#r!idL !l!r"edL !"bitio(sL !"(sedL !n,r'L
!nno'edL !n-io(sL !s&!"edL !7#(lL be7ilderedL bliss#(lL boldL boredL br!+eL b(s'L
!re#(lL !relessL &(##ed NGB4 olo/(i!lOL le+erL onernedL on#(sedL
onte"%t(o(sL ontentL ontentedL r!z'L r(elL (rio(sL de.etedL deli,&tedL
de%ressedL des%er!teL de+!st!tedL di,ni#iedL dirt'L dis!R%%ointedL disRo(r!,edL
disR,(stedL disR&e!rtenedL dis&onestL disRs!tis#iedL disRtressedL disRt(rbedL dr(n9L dr'L
d("b#o(ndedL el!tedL eletedL e"b!rr!ssedL en&!ntedL en,!,edL enr!,edL
e-!s%er!tedL e-itedL e-(lt!nt Nliter!rioOL #!sin!tedL #!tL #itL #l!tteredL #oolis&L
#ort(n!teL #r!ntiL #reeL #riendl'L #ri,&tenedL #r(str!tedL #(nn'L #(rio(sL ,l!dL ,r!te#(lL
,r!ti#iedL H(n6&!%%'L &!rdL R&!rd R%ressed N"s (s!doO NoO R&!rdIR%ressed N"enos
(s!doOL &e!rtbro9enL too &e!+'L &el%#(lL &esit!ntL &onestL &ono(red NGB
%rini%!l"enteO N(O &onored NUSAOL &orribleL &orri#iedL &("ili!tedL &(rtL i"%!tientL
i"%ertinentL ino"%etentL indi##erentL ins%iredL .(bil!ntL H(n69indL H(n6l(9'L "!dL
"e!nL "i,&t' Nliter!rioOL "ind#(lL "oti+!tedL n!Ri+e N"s (s!doO NoO n!R+eL nieL
n(tsL oddL o+erR.o'edL %!inedL %er%le-edL %ert(rbedL %etri#iedL %le!sedL %oliteL %oorL
%o7erlessL %ri+ile,edL %ro(dL %(zzledL /(i9L relie+edL ri&L r(deL s!dL s!#eL s!redL
sensibleL s&!tteredL s&o9edL s&'L sill'L slo7L s"!rtL st!rtledL str!n,eL stron,L
st(nnedL st(%idL s7i#tL terri#iedL t&inL t&rilledL t&(nderstr(9L to(&edL to(,&L
tro(bledL (%setL (selessL +e-edL 7!r"L 7etL H(n67ise$ HsbL it6 beo"e r(i!l to$ Hsb6
beo"e ! te!&er N( otro no"breO$ Hsb6 be&!+e 7ell Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 bend do7n
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 bend onesel# to$ Hsb6 bl!ze !7!' Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 blo7 o##
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 bl(s& Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 bo,,le Nintr!nsiti+oO H/(ed!rse !t3nito6$
Hsb6 boo9 in NGB4 intr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 bo(ne b!9 Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 bo7 Lb!(L o(t
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 bre!9 !7!' Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 bre!9 t&ose b!rriers to$ Hsb6 bre!9
in Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 bre!9 o## Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 bre!9 t&ro(,& Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6
bre!9 t&ro(,& st&$ Hsb6 bri,&ten Nintr!nsiti+oO H!ni"!rseL des%e.!rse6$ Hsb6 b(,,er
NGB4 +(l,!rO !bo(tL !Rro(nd Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 b(rst in Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 b(tt in
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 !ll b!9 Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 !ll b'L in Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 !ll o(t
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 !"%!i,n Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 !rr' on Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 !rr' o(t
!L t&eL oneZs t&re!t$ Hsb6 !t& sb$ Hsb6 elebr!te No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 &!#e
Nintr!nsiti+oO Hirrit!rse6$ Hsb6 &e9 o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 &i9en o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 &eer (% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 &i"e in Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 &i% in Nintr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 &(, !lon, Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 l!"% do7n Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 le!r o##
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 le!r o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 li"b do7n Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 li"b
do7n st&$ Hsb6 li"b (% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 li"b (% st&$ Hsb6 lo9 in Nintr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 lo9 o## NGBOL o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 lo9 on Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 l(b to,et&er
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"e Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"e !lon, Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"e
!7!' Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"e b!9 Nintr!nsiti+oO$ o"e H+er'6 loseL H! bitL ste%6
loserL losest to$ Hsb6 o"e do7n Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"e do7n st&$ Hsb6 o"e
#or7!rd$ Hsb6 o"e &o"e Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"e in Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"e o##
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"e o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"e o+er Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"e
t&ro(,& Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"e t&ro(,& st&$ Hsb6 o"e to Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"e
to sb$ Hsb6 o"e (% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"e (% to$ Hsb6 o""end oneZs br!+er'$ Hsb6
o"%!re No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 o"%l!in Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o"%lete
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 onede to sb No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 onde"n
Hsb6 No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 on#ess Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 on#ess No"%le"ento
diretoO to$ Hsb6 on#ir" No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 on#(se No"%le"ento
diretoO$ Hsb6 on9 o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hit6 onnet sb to$ Hsb6 onsider No"%le"ento
diretoO$ Hsb6 ontin(e oneZs !s%ir!tions to$ Hsb6 ontort Nintr!nsiti+oO Hontr!erse6$
Hsb6 ontr!st No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hit6 ontrib(te No"%le"ento diretoO to$ Hsb6
on+ene Nintr!nsiti+oO Hre(nirse6$ Hsb6 ool do7nL o## Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 o(nt on
No"%le"ento de r0,i"en %re%osiion!lO$ Hsb6 re!te ! ostL osts to$ Hsb6 ree% in
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ree% (% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 rin,e Nintr!nsiti+oO H!,!&!rseL
eno,erse6$ HsbL it6 ritiizeL ritiise NGBO No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 ro(&
Nintr!nsiti+oO H!,!&!rse6$ Hsb6 r' o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 (rse Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 (t
in Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 d!s& o## Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 d!7dle Nintr!nsiti+oO Hentretenerse6$
Hsb6 deb!te No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 de#er No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 del!'
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 deno(ne No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 den'
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 die !7!' Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 de%lore No"%le"ento
diretoO$ Hsb6 de%re!te No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 deride No"%le"ento diretoO$
Hsb6 desend to$ Hit6 desribe No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 die Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6
di##er in oneZs !%%ro!& to$ Hsb6 di" Nintr!nsiti+oO Hdebilit!rse6$ Hsb6 disontin(e
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 diso(nt No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 disredit
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 dis(ss No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 dis%erse
Nintr!nsiti+oO Hdis%ers!rse6$ Hsb6 di+ide Nintr!nsiti+oO Hdi+idirse6$ Hsb6 di+ore
Nintr!nsiti+oO Hdi+ori!rse6$ Hsb6 di+ore sb Hdi+ori!rse de6$ Hsb6 do better
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 do ! lotL eno(,&L littleL "ore$ Hsb6 do(ble b!9 Nintr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 doze o## Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 drin9 (% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 drin9 (% st&$ Hsb6 dri+e
b!9 Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 dri+e o## Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 dri+e on Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6
dri+e (% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 dri+e (% st&$ Hsb6 dro% b!9L be&ind Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6
dro% b'L inL ro(nd NGB4 olo/(i!lOL o+er NGBO Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 dro% o##
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ dro7n No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 d(9 o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 eRlo%e
Nintr!nsiti+oO H#(,!rse Hon s( !"!nte66$ Hsb6 e"!ni%!te Nintr!nsiti+oO
He"!ni%!rse6$ HsbL it6 e"%&!sizeL e"%&!sise NGBO No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hit6
e"%&!sizeL e"%&!sise NGBO t&e rele+!ne to$ Hsb6 end Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ende!+o(r
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL ende!+or NUSAO Nintr!nsiti+oO Hes#orz!rse6$ HsbL it6 endorse
N"s (s!doO NoO indorse No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 enlist Nintr!nsiti+oO H!list!rse6$
Hsb6 enrol NGB %rini%!l"enteOL enroll NUSAO Nintr!nsiti+oO H"!tri(l!rse6$ Hsb6
enter Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 es!%e Nintr!nsiti+oO Hes!%!rse6$ Hsb6 es&e7 Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6
e+!de No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 e+!l(!te No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 e-!"ine
No"%le"ento diretoO$ e-tend No"%le"ento diretoO to$ Hsb6 #!ll Nintr!nsiti+oO
H!erse6$ Hsb6 #!ll !bo(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #!ll do7n Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #!ll do7n st&$
Hsb6 #!ll o+er Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #!ll o+er st&$ Hsb6 #!ll o+er b!97!rdL b!97!rds
NGBO N#i,(r!do4 olo/(i!lO Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #!+o(r NGBOL #!+or NUSAO
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 #eel Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n
en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oM es "e.or %oner
UtooV ( otro !d+erbio del!nte del !d.eti+o (!ndo +! se,(ido del in#initi+o on UtoVO
!bs(rdL !7#(lL boldL br!+eL b(s'L !re#(lL !relessL le+erL r(elL dirt'L dis&onestL
dr(n9L dr'L #riendl'L #(nn'L &onestL &orribleL 9indL "i,&t' Nliter!rioOL nieL oddL
%oorL ri&L ri,&tL r(deL s!#eL sill'L str!n,eL st(%idL t&inL (n9indL (seless Nse,(ido de
,er(ndio4 +(l,!r ' se,(ido de Q!tQ h l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,4 estnd!rOL +it!lL 7!r"L
7etL 7ron,$ et1 Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"oreQ o QIerL less
H111 t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ostQO$ Hsb6 #eel ! o""it"entL
o""it"ents$ Hsb6 #eel st&L sb ND1 =15C<O$ Hsb6 #ester Nintr!nsiti+oO H!"!r,!rse6$ Hsb6
#id,et Nintr!nsiti+oO H%onerse ner+iosoL !#!n!rse6$ Hsb6 #i,&t b!9 Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6
#i,&t on Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #ind ! sol(tion to$ Hsb6 #inis& Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #l!il
Nintr!nsiti+oO H!,it!rse6$ Hsb6 #l!9e o(t NGBO Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #lo!t !ro(ndL !bo(t
NGB %rini%!l"enteO Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #l(s& Nintr!nsiti+oO Hsonro.!rseL r(boriz!rse6$
Hsb6 #l(tter Nintr!nsiti+oO H!,it!rse6$ Hsb6 #l' in Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #l' o## Nintr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 #o(s Nintr!nsiti+oO Honentr!rse6$ Hsb6 #ool !ro(ndL !bo(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ HsbL it6
#ores&!do7 No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 #or,e !&e!d Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #or,i+e sb$
Hsb6 #re!9 o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #reeze o+er Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #res&en (%
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #ret Nintr!nsiti+oO H%reo(%!rseL in/(iet!rse6$ Hsb6 #(9 N+(l,!rO
!bo(t NGBOL !ro(nd Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 #(9 N+(l,!rO o## Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6
,!ter!s& Nintr!nsiti+oO Hol!rse de ,orr!6$ Hsb6 ,!t&er Nintr!nsiti+oO Hre(nirse6$ Hsb6
,et Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,et Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en
!#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oM es "e.or %oner
UtooV ( otro !d+erbio del!nte del !d.eti+o (!ndo +! se,(ido de in#initi+o on UtoVO
!&e!dL !"bitio(sL !"(sin,L !n,r'L !nno'edL H(n6!r"edL !rrestedL !7#(lL b!dL
b!r"' Nolo/(i!lOL boldL br!+eL b(s'L !re#(lL !relessL !(,&tL erti#iedL &(##ed
NGB4 olo/(i!lOL le+erL onstr!inedL ontentedL r!z'L r(elL (rio(sL del!'edL
de%ressedL desir!bleL di,ni#iedL dirt'L disRo(r!,edL diso+eredL dis&onestL di+oredL
H(n6dressedL dro7nedL dr(n9L dr'L eletedL en,!,edL enr!,edL #!tL #!tedL #!+o(red
NGBO NoO #!+ored NUSAOL #itL #l!tteredL #riendl'L #(nn'L ,oodL &!rdL R&!rd R%ressed
N"s (s!doO NoO R&!rdIR%ressedL &el%#(lL &itL &onestL &ono(red NGB %rini%!l"enteO
N(O &onored NUSAOL &orribleL &("ili!tedL &(rtL RillI!dR+isedL RillIdiRs%osedL i"%!tientL
i"%ertinentL i"%ossibleL ino"%etentL H(n69indL "!dL "!rriedL "e!n Ht!!)oL
"ez/(ino6L "oti+!tedL "o+edL n!Ri+e N"s (s!doO NoO n!R+eL nie H!,r!d!ble6L n(tsL
obsessedL oddL o##endedL o(tL o+er&e!tedL %oliteL %oorL %o7erlessL /(i9L re!d'L
rel(t!ntL retientL ri&L ri,&tL r(deL s!#eL s!redL sensibleL s&!tteredL s&'L sill'L slo7L
s"!rtL str!n,eL stron,L st(%idL s7i#tL t&inL to(,&L (%setL (seless Nse,(ido de l! #or"!
+erb!l en Iin,4 +(l,!r ' se,(ido de Q!tQ h l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,4 estnd!rOL +!inL
+it!lL 7!r"L 7ell !dR+isedL 7ell R%l!edL 7etL 7iseL 7ron,L 'o(n, Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do
o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"oreQ o QIerL less H111 t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o
%reedidos de Q"ostQO$ Hsb6 ,et !bo(t NGBOL !ro(ndL ro(nd NGB %rini%!l"enteO
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,et !ro(ndL ro(nd NGB %rini%!l"enteO st&$ Hsb6 ,et !&e!d
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,et !lon, Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,et !7!' Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,et b!9
to$ Hsb6 ,et b' Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,et loseL H! bitL ste%6 loserL losestL Hno7&ereL
/(iteL +er'6 ne!rL H! bitL ste%6 ne!rer to$ Hsb6 ,et do7n Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,et do7n
st&$ Hsb6 ,et 'o(r ,(ide$ Hsb6 ,et in Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,et o## Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,et
o## st&$ Hsb6 ,et on Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,et o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,et o+er
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,et o+er st&$ Hsb6 ,et (% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,i,,le Nintr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 ,i+e ! o""it"entL o""it"ents to$ Hsb6 ,i+e &el% to$ Hsb6 ,i+e sb ! &!nd$
Hsb6 ,i+e sb &el%$ Hsb6 ,i+e in Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,i+e HoneZs6 "one' to$ Hsb6 ,i+e
o+er Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,i+e so"ebod' so"e %ointers Hindi!ionesL %ist!s6 to$ Hsb6
,i+e (% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,i+e (% st&$ HsbL it6 ,lori#' Hsb6 No"%le"ento diretoO$
Hsb6 ,o Nintr!nsiti+oO$ ,o !bo(t Nintr!nsiti+oO Hir %or !&F6$ Hsb6 ,o !ro(ndL ro(nd NGBO
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,o !ro(ndL ro(nd NGBO st&$ Hsb6 ,o !7!' Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,o
b!9 to$ Hsb6 ,o do7n Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,o do7n st&$ Hsb6 ,o do7n to$ Hsb6 ,o
loseL H! bitL ste%6 loserL losest to$ Hsb6 ,o #!r Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,o in
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,o Hno7&ereL /(iteL +er'6 ne!rL H! bitL ste%6 ne!rer to$ Hsb6 ,o o##
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,o o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ,o o(t o# oneZs 7!'$ Hsb6 ,o red
Nintr!nsiti+oO H%onerse ro.Ho$ !66$ Hsb6 ,o to$ Hsb6 ,o (%$ Hsb6 ,o (%st!irs$ HsbL it6 ,o
&!l#HI67!' to$ HsbL it6 ,o ! onsider!ble 7!'L ! lon, 7!'L %!rt o# t&e 7!'L so"e
7!' to$ Hsb6 ,o oneZs o7n 7!' to$ Hsb6 ,r!d(!te H,r!d(!rseL lieni!rse6$ Hsb6 ,ro+el
Nintr!nsiti+oO H!rr!str!rseL &("ill!rse6$ Hsb6 ,ro7 s!d Nintr!nsiti+oO Hentristeerse6$
HsbL it6 ,(ide sb to$ Hsb6 &!lt Nintr!nsiti+oO H%!r!rse6$ Hsb6 &!lt t&e %roess$ Hsb6 &!n,
!ro(ndL !bo(t NGBO Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 &!n, !ro(ndL !bo(t NGBO st&$ Hsb6 &!+e
!ess to$ Hsb6 &!+e Hso"e$ et16 di##i(lt'$ Hsb6 &!+e Hlittle6 e-%eriene$ Hsb6 &!+e !n
i"%edi"ent to$ Hsb6 &!+e ! H"or!l6 obli,!tion to$ Hsb6 &!+e %roble"s$ Hsb6 &!+e
reso(res to$ Hsb6 &!+e sb$ Hsb6 &!+e !n !ltern!ti+e sol(tionL !ltern!ti+e sol(tions$
Hsb6 &!+e !n !ltern!ti+e sol(tionL !ltern!ti+e sol(tions to$ Hsb6 &!+e ! te!"$ Hsb6 &!+e
! &!rd ti"eL ! &ell o# ! ti"e$ Hsb6 &!+e Hlittle6 tro(ble$ Hsb6 &!+e so"e 7!'L ! lon,
7!' to$ Hsb6 &e!r sbL st& ND1 =15C<O$ Hit6 &el% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hit6 &el% sb$ HsbL it6 &old !
9e'L t&e 9e'L one o# t&e 9e's to$ Hsb6 &old o##$ Hsb6 &(ddle Nintr!nsiti+oO
H!"onton!rseL !(rr(!rse6$ Hsb6 &("% Nintr!nsiti+oO Henor+!rse6$ Hsb6 &(n&
Nintr!nsiti+oO Henor+!rse6$ Hsb6 &(rr' H(%6 Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 i,nore No"%le"ento
diretoO$ Hsb6 i"!,ine Hsb6 No"%le"ento diretoO$ HsbL it6 inl(de No"%le"ento
diretoO$ Hit6 indi!te Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 insist on No"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!lO$ Hsb6 in+est "one'$ Hsb6 .eer Nintr!nsiti+oO Hb(rl!rse6$ Hsb6 .er9
Nintr!nsiti+oO H"o+erse6$ Hsb6 .est Nintr!nsiti+oO Hb(rl!rse6$ Hsb6 .oin Nintr!nsiti+oO
H(nirseL .(nt!rse6$ Hsb6 .oin in Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 .("% on Nintr!nsiti+oO$ HsbL it6
.(sti#' Hsb6 No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 9ee% Honesel#6 !li+eL b(s'L #itL #riendl'L
,oodL &!%%'L nieL 7!r"$ Hit6 9ee% Hitsel#6 ,oodL nie$ Hsb6 9ee% on Nintr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 9i9 o## Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 9i9 o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 9ill onesel#$ Hsb6 9neel
Hdo7n6 Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 9no9 o## Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 l!, Nintr!nsiti+oO Hrez!,!rse6$
Hsb6 l!(,& Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 l!(n& !n in/(ir' N"s (s!doO NoO en/(ir'$ Hsb6 le!n
Nintr!nsiti+oO H!%o'!rse6$ Hsb6 le!rn t&e b!sis to$ Hsb6 le!+e Hst&L ! %l!e6$ HsbL it6
le,iti"izeL le,iti"ise NGBO No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 lie Hdo7n6 Nintr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 li9en No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 lin9 st& to$ Hsb6 listen$ Hsb6 li+e Nintr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 loll Nintr!nsiti+oO H!%o'!rse6$ Hsb6 loo9 Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! '
t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oM es
"e.or %oner UtooV ( otro !d+erbio del!nte del !d.eti+o (!ndo +! se,(ido de
in#initi+o on UtoVO ontentL dirt'L dressedL dr(n9L dr'L ,l!dL &!%%'L "i,&t'
Nliter!rioOL %le!sedL %oorL ri&L t&inL (ndressedL (seless Nse,(ido de ,er(ndio4
N+(l,!rO ' se,(ido de Q!tQ h ,er(ndio4 estnd!rOL 7!r"L 7et Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do
o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"oreQ o QIerL less H111 t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o
%reedidos de Q"ostQO$ loo9 to Nolo/(i!lO$ Hsb6 loo9 (% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 loo9 (%
st&$ "!9e No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 "!9eL !do%t !nL oneZs !%%ro!& to$ HsbL it6
"!9eL brin,L introd(e &!n,es to$ Hsb6 "!9e ! o""it"entL o""it"ents to$ Hsb6
"!9e onessions to$ Hsb6 "!9e ! ontrib(tionL oneZs ontrib(tionL ontrib(tionsL
oneZs ontrib(tions to$ Hsb6 "!9e ! #ort(ne$ Hsb6 "!9e %ro,ress to$ Hsb6 "!r&
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 "!rr' Nintr!nsiti+oO H!s!rse6$ Hsb6 "eddle Nintr!nsiti+oO
Hentro"eterse6$ Hsb6 "ention No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 "iss o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 "obilizeL "obilise NGBO Nintr!nsiti+oO H"o+iliz!rse6$ Hsb6 "odernizeL
"odernise NGBO Nintr!nsiti+oO H"oderniz!rse6$ Hsb6 "o+e Ntr!nsiti+o4 o"%le"ento
diretoL intr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 "o+e !7!' Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 "o+e b!9 Nintr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 "o+e losel' to$ Hsb6 "o+e Hno7&ereL /(iteL +er'6 ne!rL H! bitL ste%6 ne!rer to$
Hsb6 "o+e on to$ Hsb6 "o+e o+er to$ Hsb6 "o+e ! ste% #or7!rd to$ Hsb6 "o+e ! ste%
#(rt&er to$ Hsb6 "o+e to$ Hsb6 need &el%$ Hsb6 need ! seret to$ Hsb6 need ! sol(tionL
sol(tions to$ Hsb6 obtr(de Nintr!nsiti+oO Hentro"eterse6$ Hsb6 o"it No"%le"ento
diretoO$ Hsb6 o%%ose No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 or,!nizeL or,!nise NGBO
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 o+ero"e ! di##i(lt'L di##i(ltiesL !n inon+enieneL
inon+enienesL !n ob.etionL ob.etionsL !n obst!leL obst!lesL ! %roble"L
%roble"s$ Hsb6 o+erloo9 No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 o+er%rie No"%le"ento
diretoO$ Hsb6 o+err(le No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 o+ers&!do7 No"%le"ento
diretoO$ Hsb6 o+er+!l(e No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 %!' !ttention to$ Hsb6 %!' t&e
"one' to$ Hsb6 %i9 R(% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 %le!d ,(ilt' to$ Hsb6 %ost%one
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 %r!tise NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %r!tie NUSAO
Ntr!nsiti+o4 o"%le"ento diretoL intr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 %r!ise No"%le"ento diretoO$
Hsb6 %re!& No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 %ress on$ Hsb6 %re+ent sbL st&$ Hsb6 %ro&ibit
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 %ro"ise ! ret(rn to$ Hsb6 %rotest Nintr!nsiti+oO$ %ro+ide !
,(ideL !n o+er+ie7L r(les to$ Hsb6 %ro+ide in#or"!tion to$ Hsb6 %(bliizeL %(bliise
NGBO No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 /(!il Nintr!nsiti+oO H!ob!rd!rse6$ Hsb6 /(estion
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 /(i9en Nintr!nsiti+oO Hd!rse %ris!6$ Hsb6 /(it
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 /(ote sb$ Hsb6 r!ll' Nintr!nsiti+oO Hre(%er!rse6$ Hsb6
re!r" Nintr!nsiti+oO Hre!r"!rse6$ Hsb6 rebel Nintr!nsiti+oO Hrebel!rse6$ Hsb6
reo""end No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 reord No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 reord
onesel#$ Hsb6 reo(nt No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 reo+er Nintr!nsiti+oO
Hre(%er!rse6$ Hsb6 reti#' Ntr!nsiti+o4 o"%le"ento diretoL intr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6
redden Nintr!nsiti+oO Hr(boriz!rse6$ Hsb6 re,ister Nintr!nsiti+oO Hinsribirse6$ Hsb6
re,ro(%$ Hsb6 re.et No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 re.oie Nintr!nsiti+oO H!le,r!rse6$
Hsb6 rel!- Nintr!nsiti+oO Hrel!.!rse6$ Hsb6 rel!te No"%le"ento diretoO to$ Hsb6 relo!te
Nintr!nsiti+oO Htr!sl!d!rse6$ Hsb6 re"!in Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! '
t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oO
H(n6!#r!idL !&e!dL !l!r"edL !"bitio(sL !"(sedL !"(sin,L !n,r'L !nno'edL !n-io(sL
H(n6!r"edL !s&!"edL b!dL betterL be7ilderedL bliss#(lL boredL b(s'L erti#iedL
&(##ed NGB4 olo/(i!lOL onernedL on#(sedL onstr!inedL ontentL ontentedL
r!z'L (rio(sL de.etedL deli,&tedL de%ressedL desir!bleL des%er!teL de+!st!tedL
di,ni#iedL dirt'L dis!R%%ointedL diRso(r!,edL disR,(stedL disR&e!rtenedL disRs!tis#iedL
disRtressedL disRt(rbedL di+oredL H(n6dressedL dr(n9L dr'L d("b#o(ndedL dis&onestL
el!tedL eletedL e"b!rr!ssedL en&!ntedL en,!,edL enr!,edL e-!s%er!tedL e-itedL
e-(lt!nt Nliter!rioOL #!sin!tedL #!tedL #!+o(red NGBO NoO #!+ored NUSAOL #l!tteredL
#ort(n!teL #r!ntiL #reeL #ri,&tenedL #r(str!tedL #(rio(sL ,l!dL ,oodL ,r!te#(lL ,r!ti#iedL
H(n6&!%%'L &!rdL R&!rd R%ressed N"s (s!doO NoO R&!rdIR%ressedL &e!rtbro9enL &el%#(lL
&esit!ntL &ono(red NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O &onored NUSAOL &orri#iedL &("ili!tedL
&(rtL idiotiL RillI!dR+isedL RillIdiRs%osedL i"%!tientL i"%ertinentL i"%ossibleL
ino"%etentL ins%iredL interestedL .(bil!ntL .(stL H(n6l(9'L "!rriedL "i,&t'
Nliter!rioOL "oti+!tedL n!Ri+e N"s (s!doO NoO n!R+eL n(tsL o(tL o+erR.o'edL %!inedL
%er%le-edL %ert(rbedL %le!sedL %oliteL %o7erlessL %ri+ile,edL %rone H%ro%enso6L
%ro(dL %(zzledL /(i9L relie+edL rel(t!ntL retientL ri&L s!dL s!redL sensibleL
s&!tteredL s&o9edL s&'L slo7L s"!rtL st!rtledL stron,L st(nnedL s7i#tL t&inL t&rilledL
t&(nderstr(9L tiredL to(&edL tro(bledL (%setL +e-edL +it!lL 7!r"L 7ell !dR+isedL
7ell R%l!edL 7etL 7ise%oor$ HsbL it6 re"!in !L t&e 9e' to$ Hsb6 re"!in o""itted to$
Hsb6 re"o+e !nL t&e obst!le to$ Hsb6 re%ent Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 re%ine Nintr!nsiti+oO
H!#li,irse6$ Hsb6 re%(di!te No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 restrit st& to$ Hsb6 retire
Nintr!nsiti+oO Hretir!rse6$ Hsb6 retr!t Nintr!nsiti+oO Hretr!t!rse6$ Hsb6 ret(rn
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 ret(rn to$ Hsb6 re+it(!l Nintr!nsiti+oO Hre!b!steerse6$ Hsb6 re+i+e
Nintr!nsiti+oO Hre!ti+!rse6$ Hsb6 re+o9e No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 re+olt
Nintr!nsiti+oO Hrebel!rse6$ Hsb6 ridi(le No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 rin, in NGB4
intr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 rise Nintr!nsiti+oO Hs(ble+!rseL !lz!rse6$ ris9 Hsb6 No"%le"ento
diretoO$ Hsb6 rolli Nintr!nsiti+oO Hdi+ertirse6$ Hsb6 r(n Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 r(s&
Nintr!nsiti+oO H!%res(r!rse6$ Hsb6 s!ri#ie No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 s!ntion
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 s!+e Ntr!nsiti+o4 o"%le"ento diretoL intr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 s!' No"%le"ento diretoO to$ Hsb6 s!' ,oodb'e to$ Hsb6 s!' st&$ Hsb6 s!' 'esL
no to$ Hsb6 s!le do7n Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 s!tter Nintr!nsiti+oO Hdis%ers!rseL
es%!rirse6$ Hsb6 so## Nintr!nsiti+oO Hb(rl!rse6$ Hsb6 s(rr' Nintr!nsiti+oO
Hes!b(llirse6$ Hsb6 seede Nintr!nsiti+oO Hse%!r!rse6$ Hsb6 see sbL st& ND1 =15C<O$ Hsb6
see to$ Hsb6 see !n i"%ro+e"ent to$ Hsb6 see oneZsL t&e o%%osition to$ Hsb6 see" Nen
!#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio
%oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oM es "e.or %oner UtooV ( otro !d+erbio del!nte del
!d.eti+o (!ndo +! se,(ido de in#initi+o on UtoVO H(n6!#r!idL !&e!dL !l!r"edL
!"bitio(sL !"(sedL !"(sin,L !n,r'L !nno'edL !n-io(sL !s&!"edL b!dL betterL
be7ilderedL bliss#(lL boldL boredL b(s'L erti#iedL &(##ed NGB4 olo/(i!lOL
onernedL on#(sedL onstr!inedL ontentL ontentedL r!z'L (rio(sL de.etedL
deli,&tedL de%ressedL desir!bleL des%er!teL de+!st!tedL di,ni#iedL dis!R%%ointedL
disRo(r!,edL diso+eredL disR,(stedL disR&e!rtenedL disRs!tis#iedL disRtressedL
disRt(rbedL d("b#o(ndedL dis&onestL el!tedL e"b!rr!ssedL en&!ntedL enr!,edL
e-!s%er!tedL e-itedL e-(lt!nt Nliter!rioOL #!sin!tedL #!tedL #!+o(red NGBO NoO
#!+ored NUSAOL #l!tteredL #ort(n!teL #r!ntiL #reeL #ri,&tenedL #r(str!tedL #(rio(sL
,l!dL ,oodL ,r!te#(lL ,r!ti#iedL H(n6&!%%'L &!rdL R&!rd R%ressed N"s (s!doO NoO
R&!rdIR%ressedL &e!rtbro9enL &el%#(lL &esit!ntL &ono(red NGB %rini%!l"enteO N(O
&onored NUSAOL &orri#iedL &("ili!tedL &(rtL idiotiL RillI!dR+isedL RillIdiRs%osedL
i"%!tientL i"%ertinentL i"%ossibleL ino"%etentL ins%iredL interestedL .(bil!ntL
Honl'6 .(stL H(n6l(9'L "i,&t' Nliter!rioOL "oti+!tedL n!Ri+e N"s (s!doO NoO n!R+eL
n(tsL o(tL o+erR.o'edL %!inedL %er%le-edL %ert(rbedL %le!sedL %oliteL %o7erlessL
%ri+ile,edL %roneL %ro(dL %(zzledL /(i9L relie+edL rel(t!ntL retientL s!dL s!redL
sensibleL s&!tteredL s&o9edL s&'L slo7L s"!rtL st!rtledL stron,L st(nnedL s7i#tL
t&rilledL t&(nderstr(9L tiredL to(&edL tro(bledL (%setL +e-edL +it!lL 7ell !dR+isedL
7ell R%l!edL 7ise Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"oreQ o QIerL less
H111 t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ostQO$ Hit6 see" !n !s%ir!tion to$
HsbL it6 see" r(i!l to$ Hit6 see" ! sol(tionL sol(tions to$ Hsb6 settle Nintr!nsiti+oO
H!sent!rseL est!bleerse6$ Hsb6 settle do7n to$ Hsb6 s&!9e Nintr!nsiti+oO H"o+erse6$
Hsb6 s&o7 o%%ositionL oneZs o%%ositionL t&e o%%osition to$ Hsb6 s&o7 oneZs
re!tionHs6 to$ Hsb6 s&rin9 Nintr!nsiti+oO Heno,erse6$ Hsb6 s&rin9 st&$ Hsb6 s&r(,
Nintr!nsiti+oO Heno,erse de &o"bros6$ Hsb6 s&r(, st&$ Hsb6 s&(dder Nintr!nsiti+oO
Hestre"eerse6$ Hsb6 sideste% No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 si,n ! tre!t'$ Hsb6 si,n (%
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 si,n (% ! do("ent$ Hsb6 sit H!bo(t NGBOL !ro(nd6 Nintr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 sit do7n Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 sit (% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 s9i% No"%le"ento
diretoO$ Hsb6 slin9 Hl!r,!rse6$ Hsb6 slit&er Hdesliz!rse6$ Hsb6 slo(& Hre%!n&in,!rseL
re%!nti,!rse6$ Hsb6 s"ell st&$ Hsb6 soldier on Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 s%end e##ortL "one'L
ti"eL so"e ti"eL t7o 7ee9sL ! 'e!r$ et1$ Hsb6 snoo% Hentro"eterse6$ Hsb6 s%ei!lizeL
s%ei!lise NGBO Nintr!nsiti+oO Hes%ei!liz!rse6$ Hsb6 s%end so"e ti"e$ Hsb6 s%r!7l
Nintr!nsiti+oO Ht("b!rse6$ Hsb6 s%re!d Nintr!nsiti+oO He-tenderseL estir!rse6$ Hsb6 s%oil
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 s/(e!l Nintr!nsiti+oO H/(e.!rse6$ Hsb6 st!,,er
Nintr!nsiti+oO Ht!"b!le!rse6$ Hsb6 st!ll Nintr!nsiti+oO H%!r!rse6$ Hsb6 st!"%ede
Nintr!nsiti+oO Hdis%ers!rse Hen desorden66$ Hsb6 st!nd Nintr!nsiti+oO H"!ntenerse de
%ieL %onerse de %ie6$ Hsb6 st!nd b!9 Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 st!nd (% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6
st!rt ! #res& !tte"%t to$ Hsb6 st!rt "o+es to$ Hsb6 st!rt o## Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 st!rt oneZs
Hlon,6 7!' to$ Hsb6 st!rt o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 st!' Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 st!' o(t
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 st!' (% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 stoo% to$ HsbL it6 stress No"%le"ento
diretoO$ Hsb6 stroll Nintr!nsiti+oO H%!se!rse6$ Hsb6 str(t Nintr!nsiti+oO H%!+one!rse6$
Hsb6 st(d' Ntr!nsiti+o4 o"%le"ento diretoL intr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 s(bsribe$ Hsb6
s(bst!nti!te Hsb6 No"%le"ento diretoO$ HsbL it6 s(%%ort Hsb6 No"%le"ento diretoO$
Hsb6 s(rrender Nintr!nsiti+oO Hrendirse6$ Hsb6 s(r+i+e Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 s(r+i+e st&$
Hsb6 s7it& o+er to$ Hsb6 t!9e No"%le"ento diretoO to$ Hsb6 t!9e ! r!di!l !%%ro!&
to$ Hsb6 t!9e to t&e &ills$ Hsb6 t!9e "e!s(res to$ Hsb6 t!9e ! ste%L t&e #irst ste%L ste%s
to$ Hsb6 t!l9 HNtr!nsiti+o4 o"%le"ento diretoL intr!nsiti+oO6$ Hsb6 t!n Nintr!nsiti+oO
Hbrone!rse6$ Hsb6 t!rr' Nintr!nsiti+oO HdetenerseL %!r!rseL /(ed!rse6$ Hsb6 te!&
so"ebod' t&e det!ils to$ Hsb6 tense Nintr!nsiti+oO H%onerse tenso6$ Hsb6 te!r
No"%le"ento diretoO$ t&ere h be !n !d+!nt!,eL !d+!nt!,es to$ t&ere h be ! !r$
t&ere h be ! !se to$ t&ere h be ! o""it"entL o""it"entsL ! di##i(lt'L
di##i(ltiesL ! dis!d+!nt!,eL dis!d+!nt!,esL !n e-e%tionL e-e%tionsL !n i"%et(sL
!n inon+enieneL inon+enienesL H!6 l!9 o# o""it"entL !n obst!leL
obst!lesL o%%ositionL ! %roble"L %roble"sL ! %ro%os!lL %ro%os!lsL resisteneL
ste%sL ! 7!' to$ t&ere h be Hbi,$ et16 %roble"s$ t&ere h be no s&ort (tHs6 to$ Hsb6
ti,&ten Nintr!nsiti+oO Htens!rse6$ Hsb6 ti% Nintr!nsiti+oO H!erse6$ Hsb6 toler!te
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 toss Nintr!nsiti+oO H!,it!rse6$ Hsb6 to(,&en Nintr!nsiti+oO
Hend(reerse6$ Hsb6 tr!in Nintr!nsiti+oO Hentren!rse6$ Hsb6 tr!ns#er Nintr!nsiti+oO
Htr!ns#erirse6$ Hsb6 tr!+el Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 t(rn !ro(ndL ro(nd NGB %rini%!l"enteO
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 t(rn !ro(ndL ro(nd NGB %rini%!l"enteO st&$ Hsb6 t(rn to$ Hsb6
t(rn b!9 to$ Hsb6 t(rn oneZs e'es to$ Hsb6 t7it& Nintr!nsiti+oO Heno,erse6$ Hsb6
(nionizeL (nionise NGBO Nintr!nsiti+oO Hsindi!Hliz!6rse6$ Hsb6 (%&old No"%le"ento
diretoO$ HsbL it6 +!l(e No"%le"ento diretoO$ HsbL it6 +eto No"%le"ento diretoO$
Hsb6 +indi!te No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 7!, Nintr!nsiti+oO H"o+erse6$ Hsb6
7!,,le Nintr!nsiti+oO H"o+erse6$ Hsb6 7!il Nintr!nsiti+oO Hl!"ent!rse6$ Hsb6 7!it
Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 7!9e (% Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 7!l9 Nintr!nsiti+oO$ 7!l9 !bo(t NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL !ro(ndL ro(nd NGBO Nintr!nsiti+oO$ 7!l9 !bo(t NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL !ro(ndL ro(nd NGBO st&$ Hsb6 7!l9 o(t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 7!llo7
Nintr!nsiti+oO Hre+ol!rse6$ Hsb6 7!nder !bo(t NGBOL !ro(nd Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6
7!nder !bo(t NGBOL !ro(nd st&$ Hsb6 7!nt !n end to$ Hsb6 7!nt ! ,(ide to$ Hsb6
7!r" Nintr!nsiti+oO Hent(si!s"!rse6$ Hsb6 7!s& Nintr!nsiti+oO Hl!+!rse6$ Hsb6 7!ste
"one'L ti"eL so"e ti"eL t7o 7ee9sL ! 'e!r$ Hsb6 7!t& sbL st& ND1 =15C<O$ Hsb6
7it&dr!7 Ntr!nsiti+o4 o"%le"ento diretoL intr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 7or9 Nintr!nsiti+oO$
Hsb6 7rite Ntr!nsiti+o4 o"%le"ento diretoL intr!nsiti+oO$ et1 E.14 Ee !b!ndoned
7or9in, !bro!d Hl !b!ndon3 el tr!b!.!r en el e-tr!n.ero6 ' UEe !b!ndoned tennis
to %l!' &essV Hl !b!ndon3 el tenis %!r! .(,!r !l !.edrez6M T&e' !eler!ted
red(in, %ries HAeler!ron Hel &e&o de6 l! red(i3n de %reios6 ' UEe
!eler!ted to o+ert!9e (sV Hl !eler3 %!r! !del!nt!rnos6$ %ero UEe !eler!ted$
Non o"!O o+ert!9in, (sV Hl !eler3 !l !del!nt!rnos6M S&e !e%ted &is Nliter!rioOL
&i" Nolo/(i!lO ritiizin,L ritiisin, NGBO "e HEll! !e%t3 /(e 0l "e riti!r! ! "F
Nel +erbo Q!e%tQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o o (n %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto '$ si no$ &!' /(e %oner (n! o"! detrs %ero !"bi! el si,ni#i!do4
S&e !e%ted$ ritiizin,L ritiisin, NGBO "e HEll! !e%t3$ ritindo"eO6 ' US&e
!e%ted t&e onditions to s&o7 ,ood7illV HEll! !e%t3 l!s ondiiones %!r! d!r
"(estr!s de b(en! +ol(nt!d6M T&e' !d"itted Hto6 &e!tin,L &!+in, &e!ted (s
HReonoieron &!bernos en,!)!do6L S&e !d"itted to &!+in, %roble"s HEll! !d"iti3
tener %roble"!s6 ' US&e 7onZt !d"it it to !+oid %!'in,L &!+in, to %!' ! #ineV HEll!
no /(iere !d"itirlo %!r! e+it!r %!,!rL tener /(e %!,!r (n! "(lt!6L Ee !d"itted t&e
tr(t& to !+oid %roble"s Hl !d"iti3 l! +erd!d %!r! e+it!r %roble"!s6M Ee !##ir"ed
&el%in, &er Hl del!r3 &!berl! !'(d!do6 ' UEe !##ir"ed &is #!it& to on+ine
t&e"V Hl del!r3 %2bli!"ente s( #e %!r! on+enerlos6M T&is r(le !%%lies to
&!n,in, no(ns into !d.eti+es Nre#erido ! os!sO HEst! re,l! se !%li! en H(!nto !6
el !"bio de no"bres ! !d.eti+os6 ' UEe !%%lied to ,o to t&e Do"ini!n Re%(bliL
.oin t&e %olieV Nre#erido ! %erson!sO Hl &izoL %resent3 (n! soliit(d %!r! ir ! l!
Re%2bli! Do"ini!n!L entr!r NoO in,res!r en l! %oliF!6M S&e !%%ro+ed &!n,in,
N+(l,!rOL o# &!n,in, Nestnd!rO t&e "et&odL o(r Nliter!rioO NoO (s Nolo/(i!lO
&!n,in, N+(l,!rOL o# o(r Nliter!rioO NoO (s Nolo/(i!lO &!n,in, Nestnd!rO t&e
"et&od HEll! onsinti3 en !"bi!r el "0todoL /(e !"bir!"os el "0todo6 ' US&e
!%%ro+ed t&e "e!s(res to %le!se t&e "!.orit'V HEll! !%rob3 l!s "edid!s %!r!
!,r!d!r ! l! "!'orF!6M S&e !+oided "!9in,L &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO
"!9in, t&e s!"e "ist!9e !,!in HEll! e+it3 o"eterL /(e 0l o"etier! de n(e+o el
"is"o error6 ' US&e !+oided "e to #eel betterL not to #eel b!dV HEll! "e re&(F! %!r!
sentirse "e.orL no sentirse "!l6M >e 7ere b!n9in, on !e%tin,L t&eir Nliter!rioO NoO
t&e" Nolo/(i!lO !e%tin, o(r o##er H*ontb!"os on /(e !e%t!rF!"osL ellos
!e%t!rF!n n(estr! o#ert!6L >e 7ere b!n9in, on ,ettin, so"et&in, to e!t
H*ontb!"os on /(e onse,(irF!"os !l,o %!r! o"er6 ' US&e 7!s b!n9in, on
&i" to ,et &er o(t o# t&e "essV HEll! ont!b! on 0l %!r! s!!rl! del !%(ro6M EeZs
#ort(n!te Hin6 &!+in,L to &!+e no #in!ni!l 7orries Hl tiene s(erte de no tener
%reo(%!iones eon3"i!s6M S&e is ,l!dL &!%%' d!nin, HEll! est ontent!L es
#eliz b!il!ndo6 ' US&e is ,l!dL &!%%' to ,oV HEll! est ontent! de ir6M S&e is %le!sed
doin, it HEll! est ontent! &!i0ndolo6L S&e is %le!sed to do it HEll! est ontent! de
&!erlo6M Ee is ri,&t s!'in,L to s!' t&!t 7ord Hl tiene r!z3nL !iert! !l deir es!
%!l!br!6M It 7!s ! Hdi##erentL ri,oro(s6 !%%ro!& to ontrollin, AIDS N"s (s!doOL
Aids HEr! (n en#o/(e Hdi#erenteL ri,(roso6 en (!nto !l ontrol del sid!6M It is !
"ore ,lob!l !%%ro!& to red(in,L &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO red(in,
(ne"%lo'"ent HEs (n en#o/(e "s ,lob!l en H(!nto !6 l! red(i3n deL %!r! /(e
0l red(z! el %!roL dese"%leo6 e UIt is ! "ore ,lob!l !%%ro!& to red(e
(ne"%lo'"entV HEs (n en#o/(e "s ,lob!l %!r! red(ir el %!roL dese"%leo6M ItZs
%!rt o# &er !%%ro!& to endin, t&e on#lit HEs %!rte de s( en#o/(e en (!nto !
ter"in!r el on#lito6M ItZs %!rt o# &er !%%ro!& to end t&e on#lit HEs %!rte de s(
en#o/(e %!r! ter"in!r el on#lito6M Ee is b!9 to t&in9in,L &is t&in9in, t&!t it is not
%ossible Hl est %ens!ndo de n(e+o /(e no es %osible6 ' UEe is b!9 to &el% 'o(V
Hl &! re,res!do %!r! !'(d!rte6M Ee 7!s bro(,&t in sin,in, HLe introd(.eronL
&iieron +enir !nt!ndo6 ' UEe 7!s bro(,&t in to sin,V HLe introd(.eronL &iieron
+enir %!r! !nt!r6M Ee 7!s bro(,&t o(t sin,in, HLe s!!ronL &iieron s!lir
!nt!ndo6 ' UEe 7!s bro(,&t o(t to sin,V HLe s!!ronL &iieron s!lir %!r! !nt!r6M
Ee 7!s bro(,&t (% sin,in,L to sin, HLe ed(!ron N"s (s!doOL &iieron
o"%!reer N"enos (s!doOL &iieron s(bir N"s (s!doO !nt!ndoL %!r! !nt!r6M
S&e is b(s' e!tin,L doin, t&e oo9in, HEll! est o(%!d! o"iendoL oin!ndo6 '
UEeZll be b(s' to #inis& it on ti"eV Hl est!r o(%!do %!r! ter"in!rlo (!ndo lo
tiene /(e ter"in!r6M T&e' 7ere tired doin, not&in, HEst!b!n !ns!dos de no NoO sin
&!er n!d!6 ' UT&e' 7ere Htoo6 tired to do t&is di##i(lt t!s9V HEst!b!n Hde"!si!do6
!ns!dos %!r! &!er est! di#Fil t!re!6M T&e' !re loseL H! bitL ! ste%6 loser to
re!&in, !n !,ree"ent HEstn ! %(nto deL H(n %ooL (n %!so6 "s er! de !l!nz!r
(n !(erdo6 ' UT&e' !re loseL H! bitL ! ste%6 loser to see &i" betterV HEstn er!L
H(n %ooL (n %!so6 "s er! %!r! +erle "e.or6M ItZs r!z' &is drin9in, so "(& HEs
(n! lo(r! /(e 0l beb! t!nto6 ' UT&e' "(st be r!z' to ,o no7V HDeben de est!r
loos %!r! ir !&or!6M It 7o(ld be r(i!l to i"%ro+in,L &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i"
N olo/(i!l O i"%ro+in, rel!tions HSerF! r(i!l %!r! l! "e.or! deL /(e 0l "e.or!r! l!s
rel!iones6 ' UT&e tre!t' 7o(ld be r(i!l to i"%ro+e rel!tionsV HEl tr!t!do serF!
r(i!l %!r! "e.or!r l!s rel!iones6M ItZs desi,ned to #indin, o(t t&e tr(t& HEst
dise)!do Hen (!nto6 !l &e&o de !+eri,(!r l! +erd!d6 e UItZs desi,ned to #ind o(t t&e
tr(t&V HEst dise)!do %!r! !+eri,(!r l! +erd!d6M T&is is di##erent to desi,nin,L o(r
Nliter!rioO NoO (s Nolo/(i!lO desi,nin, ! ne7 !ns7erin, "!&ine HEsto es distinto !
dise)!rL /(e dise)e"os (n n(e+o ontest!dor !(to"tio6 ' UT&e %ro.et is
di##erent to eli"in!te t&e s&!nt' to7nsV HEl %ro'eto es distinto %!r! eli"in!r los
b!rrios de &!bol!s6M S&e is dis%osed to ,oin, t&ere HEll! est dis%(est! !Hl &e&o
de6 ir !&F NoO !llF6 ' US&e is dis%osed to ,o t&ereV HEll! est dis%(est! ! ir !&F NoO !llF6M
ItZs essenti!l bein, &ere HEs eseni!l est!r !/(F6 e UItZs essenti!l to "!9e %ro,ressV
HEs eseni!l %!r! !+!nz!rL Es eseni!l !+!nz!rL A+!nz!r es eseni!l6M More "one'
s&o(ld be ,i+en to tr!9in, do7n !ni"!ls HSe deberF! d!r "s dinero en (!nto ! l!
!+eri,(!i3n del %!r!dero de !ni"!les6 ' UT&is "one' 7!s ,i+en to &el% &erV HEste
dinero se dio %!r! !'(d!rl!6M EeZs &o%eless doin, N"s (s!doOL to do N"enos
(s!doO t&!t Hl es (n in(til &!iendoL %!r! &!er eso6M It is !n inon+eniene to
N"enos (s!doOL to7!rds N"s (s!doO !&ie+in, res(lts HSon (n inon+enienteL
inon+enientes en (!nto !L %!r! l! onse(i3n de res(lt!dos6 e UIt is !n
inon+eniene to sell N"s (s!doO it no7V HEs (n inon+eniente %!r! +enderlo
!&or!6M It is ! 9e'L t&e 9e'L one o# t&e 9e's to H&is Nliter!rioOL &i" Nolo/(i!lO6
sol+in,L t!9lin, t&e %roble" HEs (n! l!+eL l! l!+eL (n! de l!s l!+es en (!nto
!L %!r! l! sol(i3n del H%!r! /(e 0l sol(ione el6 %roble"!6 e UIt is ! 9e'L t&e 9e'L
one o# t&e 9e's to t!9le t&e %roble"V HEs (n! l!+eL l! l!+eL (n! de l!s l!+es
%!r! sol(ion!r el %roble"!6M Ee 7!s "o+ed to 7ritin, t&is Hl se sinti3 i"%(ls!do
en (!nto !l &e&o de esribir esto6 ' US&e 7!s "o+ed to e-%ress &er indi,n!tionV
HEll! se sinti3 i"%(ls!d! ! e-%res!r s( indi,n!i3n6M Ee 7!s ne!r to sellin,
e+er't&in, Hl est(+o ! %(nto de +ender todo6 ' UT&e' 7ere ! bitL ! ste% ne!rer to
&el% t&e b!b'V HEst!b!n (n %ooL (n %!so "s er! %!r! !'(d!r !l rFoL beb06M It
7!s !n obst!le ,ettin, t&ere HEr! (n obst(lo lle,!r !&F NoO !llF6 e UIt 7!s
!n obst!le to ,et t&ereV HEr! (n obst(lo %!r! lle,!r !&F NoO !llF6MT&e'Zre
o%%osed to .oinin,L t&eir Nliter!rioO NoO t&e" N olo/(i!l O .oinin, t&e e(ro HEstn en
ontr! de !do%t!rL /(e !do%ten el e(ro6L T&e' !re o%%osed to ,i+in, itL &er ,i+in, it
HSon ontr!riosL Se o%onen ! d!rloL /(e ell! lo d06 ' UT&e'Zre o%%osed to 7!r to
!+oid bloods&edV HEstn en ontr! de l! ,(err! %!r! e+it!r derr!"!"iento de
s!n,re6L Ee is o%%osed to &er to s&o7 disontent Hl es ontr!rioL se o%one ! ell!
%!r! "ostr!r desontento6M S&e 7!s o(tL #!rL l!te loo9in, #or 7or9 HEll! est!b!
#(er!L le.osL lle,!b! on retr!so b(s!ndo tr!b!.o6 ' US&e 7!s o(tL #!rL l!te to loo9
#or 7or9V HEll! est!b! #(er!L le.osL lle,!b! t!rde %!r! b(s!r tr!b!.o6M It 7!s !
%roble" ,ettin, t&ere HEr!L F(e (n %roble"! lle,!r !llF6M It 7!s ! %roble"
to ,et t&ereL to tr!+el !bro!d HEr!L F(e (n %roble"! %!r! lle,!r !llFL +i!.!r
!l e-tr!n.ero6M ItZs ! s&ort (t to %rod(in,L %ro(e res(lts HEs (n !t!.oL "0todo
r%ido Hen (!nto6 !l &e&o de obtenerL %!r! obtener res(lt!dos6M It 7!s t&e best
sol(tion to red(in, t&e b(d,et HEr! l! "e.or sol(i3n en (!nto ! l! red(i3n del
%res(%(esto6 e UIt 7!s t&e best sol(tion to red(e t&e b(d,etV HEr! l! "e.or sol(i3n
%!r! red(ir el %res(%(esto6M It 7!s t&e ne-t t&in, to "!9in, no &!r,e !t !ll HEr! lo
si,(iente Hen (!nto6 !l &e&o de no obr!r n!d! en !bsol(to6 e UIt 7!s t&e ne-t
t&in, to "!9e no &!r,e !t !llV HEr! lo si,(iente %!r! no obr!r n!d! en !bsol(to6M
ItZs ! ti9et to ,ettin, !ttentionL ,o to Ne7 mor9 HEs (n billete %!r! Hel &e&o de6
ll!"!r l! !teni3nL ir ! N(e+! mor96M Ee is on t&e 7!'L &is 7!' to beo"in,
%resident Hl lle+! !"ino de lle,!r ! serL on+ertirse en %residente6 ' UT&e' !re on
t&e 7!' to see 'o(V HEstn de !"ino %!r! +erte6M It is one 7!' to Nolo/(i!l4
"enos (s!doOL o# Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO beo"in, %o7er#(l HEs (n! "!ner! de
&!erse %oderosoHs66 e UIt is one 7!' to beo"e %o7er#(lV HEs (n! "!ner! %!r!
&!erse %oderosoHs66M ItZs t&e 7!' to re"e"berin, t&e #!ts HEs l! "!ner! de
reord!r los &e&os6 e UItZs t&e 7!' to re"e"ber t&e #!tsV HEs l! "!ner! %!r!
reord!r los &e&os6M Ee bent &i"sel# to !e%tin, t&e o##er Hl onsinti3 Hen (!nto
!6 !e%t!r l! o#ert!6 ' UEe bent &i"sel# to see t&e 7or9 t&ro(,&V Hl onsinti3 %!r!
ter"in!r el tr!b!.o6M Ee !"%!i,ned Hb'6 t!l9in, on tele+ision Hl &izo !"%!)!
&!bl!ndo %or l! tele+isi3n6 ' US&e !"%!i,ns to end +ioleneV HEll! &!e !"%!)!
%!r! ter"in!r on l! +ioleni!6M S&e R!rried Ron R7or9in, HEll! ontin(3 tr!b!.!ndo6
' US&e R!rried Ron to #inis& itV HEll! ontin(3 %!r! ter"in!rlo6M Ee !rried o(t &is
t&re!t resi,nin, t&!t s!"e d!' Hl lle+3 ! !bo s( !"en!z! di"itiendo eseL !/(el
"is"o dF!6 ' UEe !rried o(t &is t&re!t to &!r" t&e"L resi,n t&!t s!"e d!'V Hl
lle+3 ! !bo s( !"en!z! %!r! %er.(di!rlesL de di"itir ese NoO !/(el "is"o dF!6M
T&e' !(,&t &i" N&is4 no %onerO drin9in, HLe o,ieron NEs%!)!OL %ill!ron
bebiendo6 ' UT&e' !(,&t &i" to see i# &e 7!s ! t&ie#V HLe o,ieron NEs%!)!OL
!tr!%!ron %!r! +er si er! (n l!dr3n6L S&e !(,&t t&e b(s NoO tr!in to !rri+e e!rlier
HEll! o,i3 NEs%!)!OL to"3 el !(tob2s NoO tren %!r! lle,!r !ntes6M S&e elebr!ted
7innin,L &er 7innin, HEll! elebr3 l! +itori!L s( +itori!6 ' UT&e' elebr!ted t&e
+itor' to re"e"ber t&e #!tV H*elebr!ron l! +itori! %!r! reord!r el &e&o6M Ee
!"e r'in, Hl +ino llor!ndo6 ' UEe !"e to tell "e so"et&in,L see 'o(V Hl +ino
! deir"e !l,oL +erte6M T&e' !"e Rb!9 sin,in, HDol+ieron !nt!ndo6 ' UT&e'
!"e Rb!9 to see &erV HDol+ieron %!r! +erl!6M Ee !"e H! bitL ste%6 loser to
sol+in, t&e "'ster' Hl est!b! H(n %ooL %!so6 "s er! de l! sol(i3n del
"isterio6L T&e' !"e lose Heno(,&6 to see 7&!t t&e tro(ble 7!s HSe !er!ron Hlo
s(#iiente6 %!r! +er (l er! el %roble"!6M S&e !"e do7n sin,in, HEll! b!.3
!nt!ndo6 ' US&e !"e do7n to e!tV HEll! b!.3 %!r! o"er6M Ee !"e &ere s&o(tin,
Hl +ino !/(F ,rit!ndo6 ' US&e !"e &ere to st(d' Ni 7it& t&e intentionL %(r%ose o#
st(d'in,OL +isit &er #!"il' Ni 7it& t&e intentionL %(r%ose o# +isitin, &er #!"il'OV
HEll! +ino !/(F %!r! est(di!r Ni on l! inteni3nL el %ro%3sito de est(di!rOL %!r!
+isit!r ! s( #!"ili! Ni on l! inteni3nL el %ro%3sito de +isit!r ! s( #!"ili!O6M Ee
!"e &o"e sin,in, Hl +ino ! !s! !nt!ndo6 ' UEe !"e &o"e to sin, ! son,V Hl
+ino ! !s! %!r! !nt!r (n! !ni3n6M Ee !"e (% s"ilin, Hl s(bi3 sonriendoL
s!li3 bien %!r!do6 ' UEe !"e (% to see t&e sener'V Hl s(bi3 %!r! +er el %!is!.e6M
Ee is no7 o"in, (% to bein, t&e %resident Hl +! ! ser !&or! el %residente6M Ee
o"%!red R,i+in, "one' !7!' toL 7it& R&el%in, t&e %oor Hl o"%!r!b! re,!l!r el
dinero on !'(d!r ! los %obres6 ' UEe o"%!red t&e #i,(res to #ind o(t t&e res(ltsV
Hl o"%!r3 l!s i#r!s %!r! !+eri,(!r los res(lt!dos6M T&e' oneded to t&eir
Nliter!rioO NoO t&e" Nolo/(i!lO le!+in, H*onsintieron /(e se #(er!n6 ' UT&e'
oneded ,ro(nd to !+oid %roble"sV H*edieron terreno %!r! e+it!r %roble"!s6M S&e
onde"ned l'in,L &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO l'in, HEll! onden3 el "entirL
&e&o de /(e 0l "intier!6 ' US&e onde"ned &i" to s&o7 diss!tis#!tionV HEll! le
ens(r3 %!r! "ostr!r s( ins!tis#!i3n6M Ee on#essed 9illin, &erL &!+in, 9illed &erL
Ee on#essed to 9illin, &erL &!+in, 9illed &er Hl on#es3 &!berl! "!t!do6 ' US&e
on#essed Ht&e 7&ole t&in,6 to !+oid tro(bleV HEll! Hlo6 on#es3 Htodo6 %!r! e+it!r
%roble"!s6M S&e on#ir"ed o"in,L t&eir Nliter!rioO NoO t&e" Nolo/(i!lO o"in,
&ere on S(nd!' HEll! on#ir"3 /(e &!bF! +enidoL &!bF!n +enido !/(F el do"in,o6
' US&e on#ir"ed t&e ne7s to !%%e!se "' #!"il'V HEll! on#ir"3 l! notii! %!r!
!%!i,(!r ! "i #!"ili!6M T&e' on#(sed R&el%in, &er 7it& R&!r"in, &er
H*on#(ndieron !'(d!rl! on d!)!rle ! ell!6 ' UT&e' on#(sed %eo%le to !&ie+e
%o7erV H*on#(ndieron ! l! ,ente %!r! lle,!r !l %oder6M S&e onsidered ,oin, !,!in
HEll! onsider3 l! %osibilid!d de ir de n(e+o6 ' UT&e' onsidered ! 5CP inre!se to
%le!se t&e 7or9ersV H*onsider!ron (n! o#ert! del 5CP de !("ento %!r! !,r!d!r !
los tr!b!.!dores6M Ee ontr!sted e-R%l!inin, 7it& reR#(sin, Hl ontr!st3 l!
e-%li!i3n on el re&!zo6 ' UEe ontr!sted t&in,s to s&o7 t&e di##ereneV Hl
ontr!st3 l!s os!s %!r! "ostr!r l! di#ereni!6M A o(ntr' t&!t ontrib(tes to
onstr(tin, str(t(res HUn %!Fs /(e ontrib('e ! onstr(irL en (!nto ! l!
onstr(i3n de estr(t(r!s6L It ontrib(tes to "!9in, t&e 7orld ! s!#er %l!e
H*ontrib('e ! &!er del "(ndo (n l(,!r "s se,(ro6 ' UA o(ntr' t&!t ontrib(tes
to ,et ! bene#itV HUn %!Fs /(e ontrib('e %!r! onse,(ir bene#iios6M I 7o(ldnZt
o(nt on ,ettin, t&e .obL &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" N olo/(i!l O ,ettin, t&e .ob HNo "e
on#i!rF! en /(e "e +!n ! d!r el tr!b!.oL No on#i!rF! en Hel &e&o de6 /(e 0l +! !
onse,(ir el tr!b!.o6 ' U*!n I o(nt on 'o( to do itTV HWP(edo ont!r onti,o %!r!
&!erloT6M T&e' deb!ted ,oin, in t7os HDeb!tieron el ir de dos en dos6 ' UT&e'
deb!ted t&e iss(e to re!& Nolo/(i!lO !n !,ree"entV HDeb!tieron l! (esti3n %!r!
lle,!r ! (n !(erdo6M Ee de#erred "!9in,L 'o(r Nliter!rioO NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O
"!9in, ! deision Hl !%l!z3 Hel &e&o de6 to"!rL Hel &e&o de6 /(e to"!r!s (n!
deisi3n6 ' UEe de#erred t&e deision to ,i+e (s "ore ti"eV Hl !%l!z3 l! deisi3n
%!r! d!rnos "s tie"%o6M T&e' del!'ed si,nin,L 'o(r Nliter!rioO NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O
si,nin, t&e ontr!t HRetr!s!ronL De"or!ron l! #ir"! deL Hel &e&o de6 /(e
#ir"!r!s el ontr!to6 ' UT&e' del!'ed t&e deision to s!tis#' e+er'bod'L t&e
7eddin, to !+oid %roble"sV HRetr!s!ronL De"or!ron l! deisi3n %!r! s!tis#!er !
todo el "(ndoL l! bod! %!r! e+it!r %roble"!s6M T&e' den' ste!lin,L &!+in, stolen
t&e !r HNie,!n &!ber rob!do el o&e6 ' UEe denied e+er't&in, to !+oid
res%onsibilit'V Hl lo ne,3 todo %!r! e+it!r res%ons!bilid!d6M S&e de%lored &!+in,L
&is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" N olo/(i!l O &!+in, to ,o HEll! l!"ent!b! tenerL Hel &e&o de6
/(e 0l t(+ier! /(e irHse66 ' US&e de%lored &is !tions to 7in +otesV HEll! onden3
s(s !iones %!r! ,!n!r +otos6M T&e' de%re!te &!n,in,L 'o(r Nliter!rioO NoO 'o(
N olo/(i!l O &!n,in, t&e r(les !t t&e "o"ent H*riti!n el !"bio deL Hel &e&o de6
/(e !"bies l!s nor"!s en este "o"ento6 ' US&e de%re!ted (s to ridi(le o(r
%ro%os!lV HEll! nos riti3 %!r! ridi(liz!r n(estr! %ro%(est!6M Ee desended to
7or9in, !s ! "e&!ni Hl desendi3 Nen l! es!l! soi!lO &!st! tr!b!.!r de
"enio6 ' UEe desended to 7!t& tele+isionV Hl desendi3 Hl!s es!ler!s6 %!r!
+er l! tele+isi3n6M T&ese +erbs desribe "!9in, ! deliber!te e##ort to (se ! %!rti(l!r
sense HEstos +erbos desriben el &e&o de &!er (n es#(erzo deliber!do %!r! (s!r (n
sentido onreto6L T&e' desribed seein,L o(r Nliter!rioO NoO (s N olo/(i!l O seein, !
UFO HDesribieron el &e&o de +erL Hel &e&o de6 /(e +i0r!"os (n o+ni6 ' UEe
desribed t&e #!ts to %le!se t&e"V Hl desribi3 los &e&os %!r! !,r!d!rles6M Ee
died #i,&tin, #or &is o(ntr' Hl "(ri3 l(&!ndo %or s( %!Fs6 ' UEe died to o"e
&ereV Hl "(ri3 %!r! +enir !/(F6L UEeZs d'in, to "eet &erV Hl se "(ere de ,!n!s
%or onoerl!6M S&e disontin(ed %!'in,L &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO %!'in,
"ont&l' +isits HEll! s(s%endi3 el &!erL Hel &e&o de6 /(e 0l &iier! +isit!s
"ens(!les6 ' US&e disontin(ed &er +isits to &!+e "ore #ree ti"eV HEll! s(s%endi3
l!s +isit!s %!r! tener "s tie"%o libre6M Ee diso(nts ,oin, t&ere Hl des!rt! Hel6 ir
!llF6 ' UEe diso(nts t&e s(,,estion to !+oid %roble"sV Hl des!rt! l! s(,ereni!
%!r! e+it!r %roble"!s6M T&e' dis(ssed o%enin, t&e !n!l HDis(tieron l!
%osibilid!d de !brir el !n!l6 ' UT&e' dis(ssed t&e "!tter to #ind ! sol(tionL to see
7&!t &!d &!%%enedV HDis(tieron el !s(nto %!r! enontr!r (n! sol(i3nL +er lo /(e
&!bF! o(rrido6M Ee did ! lotL eno(,&L littleL "ore s!'in, Nolo/(i!l4 "enos
(s!doOL b' s!'in, Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO not&in, Hl &izo "(&oL s(#iienteL %ooL
"s no diiendo n!d!6 ' UEe did ! lotL eno(,&L littleL "ore to on+ine &erV Hl
&izo "(&oL s(#iienteL %ooL "s %!r! on+enerl!6M S&e dro7ned tr'in, to
res(e &i" HEll! se !&o,3 !l intent!rL tr!t!r de res!t!rleL lo6 ' UEe dro7ned t&e
!ni"!l to see 7&!t &!%%enedV Hl !&o,3 !l !ni"!l %!r! +er lo /(e %!s!b!6M T&e'
e"%&!sizeL e"%&!sise NGBO deisionI"!9in,L o(r N(s4 no %onerO deisionI"!9in,
HPonen 0n#!sis en l! to"! de deisionesL n(estr! to"! de deisiones6 ' UT&e'
e"%&!sizedL e"%&!sised NGBO t&e 7ord to s&o7 (s so"et&in,V HEn#!tiz!ron l!
%!l!br! %!r! "ostr!rnos !l,o6M Ee ended ,i+in, !7!' &is "one'L 'o(r ,i+in, !7!'
"one' Hl ter"in3 d!ndo s( dinero ! (nos ' H!6 otrosL Hel &e&o de6 /(e dier!s
dinero ! (nos ' H!6 otros6 ' UEe ended to &!+e ! restV Hl ter"in3 %!r! des!ns!r6M
S&e endorsed s!+in,L o(r Nliter!rioO NoO (s N olo/(i!l O s!+in, "one' HEll! !%rob3
/(e se !&orr!r!L !&orrr!"os dinero6 ' US&e endorsed t&e %l!n to s!+e "one'V
HEll! !%rob3 el %l!n %!r! !&orr!r dinero6M T&e' e+!ded %!'in,L 'o(r %!'in, t!-es
HE+!dF!nL El(dF!n %!,!rL Hel &e&o de6 /(e %!,!ses i"%(estos6 ' UT&e' e+!ded
t!-es to "!9e "ore "one'V HE+!dF!n los i"%(estos %!r! ,!n!r "s dinero6M T&e'
donZt e-tend to eli"in!tin, t&is HNo se e-tienden en (!nto ! l! eli"in!i3n de esto6
' UEe e-tended &is &!nd to ,reet &erV Hl e-tendi3 l! "!no %!r! s!l(d!rl!6M Ee #!lls
o+er b!97!rdL b!97!rds NGBO %le!sin, N"enos (s!doO (s Hl se des+i+e
!,r!dndonos6 ' UEe #!lls o+er b!97!rdL b!97!rds NGBO to %le!se N"s (s!doO
(sV Hl se des+i+e %orL %!r! !,r!d!rnos6M S&e #!+o(red NGBO NoO #!+ored NUSAO
,oin,L o(r Nliter!rioO NoO (s N olo/(i!l O ,oin, i""edi!tel' HEll! est!b! ! #!+or de
irL /(e #(0r!"os in"edi!t!"ente6 ' US&e #!+o(red NGBO NoO #!+ored NUSAO &i"
to "!9e (s belie+e t&!t s&e 7!s 7it& (sV HEll! est!b! ! #!+or de 0l %!r! &!ernos
reer /(e ell! est!b! on nosotros6M T&e' #inis&ed re!din, t&e boo9letL 7or9in,
HTer"in!ron de leer el #olletoL tr!b!.!r6 ' US&e #inis&ed t&e t!s9 to s!tis#' (sV HEll!
ter"in3 l! t!re! %!r! d!rnos s!tis#!i3n6L UT&e' #inis&ed /(i9l' to e!t so"et&in,V
HTer"in!ron r%id!"ente %!r! o"er !l,o6M T&e' #ores&!do7ed &!+in,L 'o(r
Nliter!rioO NoO 'o( Nolo/(i!lO &!+in, %roble"s HAn(ni!ron /(e ib! ! &!berL ib!is !
tener %roble"!s6 ' UT&e' #ores&!do7ed t&e sit(!tion to !+oid tro(bleV
HAn(ni!ron l! sit(!i3n %!r! e+it!r .!leos6M For,i+e "' Nliter!rioO NoO "e
Nolo/(i!lO s!'in, so HPerdone /(e se lo di,! !sF6 ' UEe #or,!+e (s to %le!se o(r
"ot&erV Hl nos %erdon3 %!r! !,r!d!r ! n(estr! "!dre6M Ee ,ot t!l9in, Hl e"%ez3L
se %(soL se li3 ! &!bl!r6L >e &!+e to ,et ,oin,L 7or9in, HTene"os /(e irHnos6L
e"%ez!r NoO %onernos ! tr!b!.!r6 ' UEe ,ot to G&!n! to 7or9 in ! #ir"V Hl lle,3 !
G!n! %!r! tr!b!.!r en (n! e"%res!6M T&e' ,ot b!9 to ne,oti!tin, t&e tre!t'
HDol+ieron ! l! ne,oi!i3n del tr!t!do6 ' UT&e' ,ot b!9 to !+oid de#e!tV
HRe,res!ronL Retroedieron %!r! e+it!r (n! derrot!6M Ee ,ot H! bitL ste%6 loser to
sol+in,L 'o(r Nliter!rioO NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O sol+in, t&e "'ster' Hl est!b! H(n
%ooL %!so6 "s er! de l! sol(i3nL Hel &e&o de6 /(e sol(ion!ses el "isterio6L
T&e' ,ot lose Heno(,&6 to see 7&!t t&e tro(ble 7!s HSe !er!ron Hlo s(#iiente6
%!r! +er (l er! el %roble"!6M Ee ,ot ne!r to sellin, e+er't&in, Hl est(+o ! %(nto
de +enderHlo6 todo6 ' UT&e' ,ot ! bitL ste% ne!rer to &el% t&e b!b'V HEst!b!n (n
%ooL %!so "s er! %!r! !'(d!r !l rFoL beb06M Get 'o(r ,(ide to (sin, t&is
bro7ser H*onsi,(e t( ,(F! en (!nto !Hl &e&o deL l! #or"! de6 (s!r este b(s!dor6
' UGet 'o(r ,(ide to (seL &o7 to (se t&is bro7serV H*onsi,(e t( ,(F! %!r! (s!rL
sobre 3"o (s!r este b(s!dor6M Ee ,ot o## "!9in, dinner Hl se s!l+3L libr3 de
&!er l! en!6 ' UEe ,ot o## to +isit ! #riendV Hl se #(e ! +isit!r ! (n !"i,o6M Ee ,ot
(% #eelin, dizz' Hl se le+!nt3 ' se sentF! "!re!do6 ' UEe ,ot (% to &!+e l(n&V Hl
se le+!nt3 %!r! o"er ! "ediodF!L !l"orz!r6M Ee didnZt ,i+e ! o""it"ent to
!&ie+in,L in !&ie+in, de"or!' Hl no dio (n! ,!r!ntF! en (!nto !Hl &e&o de6
onse,(ir l! de"or!i!6 ' UEe didnZt ,i+e ! o""it"ent to !&ie+e de"or!'V
Hl no dio (n! ,!r!ntF! %!r! onse,(ir l! de"or!i!6M S&e ,!+e &el% to #i,&tin,
sin(sitisL &is le!rnin, di##i(lties HEll! !'(d3 ! l(&!r ontr! l! sin(sitisL en s(
!%rendiz!.e de di#i(lt!des6 ' UEe ,!+e &el% to %le!se e+er'bod'V Hl dio !'(d!
%!r! !,r!d!r ! todo el "(ndo6M Gi+e o+er "o!nin,] NGB4 olo/(i!lO H\De.! H'!6 de
/(e.!rte]6 ' UEe ,!+e o+er to &!+e "ore #ree ti"eV Hl desisti3 %!r! tener "s
tie"%o libre6M S&e ,lori#ied sin,in,L o(r Nliter!rioO NoO (s N olo/(i!l O sin,in, HEll!
ens!lz!b! el !nteL n(estro !nte6 ' US&e ,lori#ied &i" to obt!in so"e bene#itV
HEll! le ens!lz!b! %!r! obtener !l,2n bene#iio6M Ee 7ent sin,in, Hl Hse6 #(e
!nt!ndo6L Mone' s&o(ld ,o to &el%in, %eo%le HEl dinero deberF! ir %!r! !'(d!r ! l!
,ente6L T&e e##orts t&!t ,o to re!tin, ! o(ntr' HLos es#(erzos /(e +!n &!i! l!
re!i3n de (n %!Fs6 ' US&e 7ent to &(nt 7it& &i"V HEll! Hse6 #(e ! !z!r on 0l6L
UEe 7ent to e!rnL in order to NoO so !s to e!rn so"e "one'V Hl #(e ! ,!n!rL on el
#in de ,!n!r !l,o de dinero6M S&e 7ent !ro(ndL ro(nd NGBO s!'in, t&is HEll! #(e %or
!&F diiendo esto6 ' US&e 7ent !ro(ndL ro(nd NGBO to s!' t&isV HEll! #(e %or !&F
%!r! deir esto6M Ee 7ent !7!' sin,in, Hl se !le.3 !nt!ndo6 ' US&e 7ent !7!' to
s7i" 7it& &i"V HEll! se !le.3 %!r! n!d!r on 0l6M S&e 7ent b!9 to s%e!9in, in
Ar!bi HEll! se %(so ! &!bl!r r!be de n(e+o6 ' US&e 7ent b!9 to see 7&!t &!d
&!%%enedV HEll! re,res3 %!r! +er lo /(e &!bF! s(edido6M T&e' 7ill ,o no7&ere
ne!r s!tis#'in,L ne!r to s!tis#'in, t&eir de"!nds HNo se !er!rn n!d! en (!nto !
l! s!tis#!i3n de s(s de"!nd!s6 ' UT&e' 7ill ,o no7&ere ne!r to see 7&!t is
&!%%enin,V HNo se !er!rn n!d! %!r! +er lo /(e est o(rriendo6M T&e' 7ent o(t
#is&in,L t!l9in, HS!lieron de %es!L &!bl!ndo6 ' UT&e' 7ent o(t to #is& #or
so"et&in, to e!tL t!l9 to %eo%leV HS!lieron ! %es!r !l,o %!r! o"erL &!bl!r on l!
,ente6M Ee 7ent (%st!irs e!tin, Hl s(bi3 Hl!s es!ler!s6 o"iendo6 ' UEe 7ent
(%st!irs to e!t ! %e!&V Hl s(bi3 Hl!s es!ler!s6 %!r! o"er (n "eloot3n6M It 7ent
&!l#HI67!' to re"ed'in, t&e "ist!9e HRe"edi3 s3lo en %!rte el error6L T&e' !re
,oin, so"e 7!'L ! lon, 7!' to "eetin,L seein, &er HD!n ! ontrib(ir en !l,(n!
"edid!L ,r!n "edid! en (!nto !l &e&o de onoerl!L +erl!6L It "!' ,o ! lon,
7!'L so"e 7!' to on+inin,L re!ss(rin, t&e" HP(ede /(e ontrib('! en ,r!n
"edid!L !l,(n! "edid! en (!nto !l &e&o de on+enerlesL tr!n/(iliz!rles6 '
UEeZll &!+e to ,o ! lon, 7!'L so"e 7!' to #ind so"et&in, betterV Hl tendr /(e
b(s!r "(&o NoO d!r "(&!s +(elt!sL d!r +(elt!s %!r! enontr!r !l,o "e.or6M S&eZs
,one &er o7n 7!' to e!rnin,L e!rn "one' HEll! se l!s &! !%!)!do en (!nto !l
&e&o deL %!r! ,!n!r dinero6M EeZs been &!n,in, !ro(ndL !bo(t NGBO !ll d!'
7!itin, #or 'o( Hl &! est!do %or !/(FL !&F todo el dF! es%erndote6 ' UEeZs been
&!n,in, !ro(ndL !bo(t NGBO to see 7&!t &!%%ensV Hl &! est!do %or !/(FL !&F %!r!
+er lo /(e %!s!6M Ee &!s di##i(lt' Hin6 7ritin, ! %oe" Hl tiene di#i(lt!dHes6 en
H(!nto !6 esribir (n %oe"!6 ' UEe &!s di##i(lt' to (nderst!nd S%!nis&V Hl tiene
di#i(lt!dHes6 %!r! o"%render el !stell!no6M T&e' &!+e Hlittle6 e-%eriene
ontrollin, t&e dise!se HTienen H%o!6 e-%erieni! en H(!nto !6 el ontrol de l!
en#er"ed!d6 ' UT&e' &!+e Hlittle6 e-%eriene to ontrol t&e dise!seV HTienen H%o!6
e-%erieni! %!r! ontrol!r l! en#er"ed!d6M S&e &!s %roble"s deidin, 7&!t to do
HEll! tiene %roble"!s !l deidirL en (!nto !l &e&o de deidir /(0 &!er6 ' US&e
&!s %roble"s to deide 7&!t to doL 7&i& to b('V HEll! tiene %roble"!s %!r!
deidir /(0 &!erL (l o"%r!r6M S&e !nZt &!+e t&e" doin, not&in, !ll 7ee9
HEll! no %(ede tenerlos sin &!er n!d! tod! l! se"!n!6 ' US&e !nZt &!+e t&e" to do
not&in, !ll 7ee9V HEll! no %(ede tenerlos %!r! no &!er n!d! tod! l! se"!n!6M Ee
&!d (s No(r4 no %onerO l!(,&in, Hl nos &izo reFr6 ' US&eZll &!+e 'o( Hto6 7or9 #or
&erV HEll! te &!r tr!b!.!r %!r! ell!6M T&e' &!+e ! te!" doin, t&isL 7or9in, t&ere
HTienen (n e/(i%o &!iendoL /(e &!e estoL tr!b!.!ndo !llF6 ' UT&e' &!+e ! te!" to
do t&isV HTienen (n e/(i%o %!r! &!er esto6M Ee &!d ! &!rd ti"e #indin, t&e !ns7er
Hl t(+o di#i(lt!des en rel!i3n on el &e&oL tr!t!ndo de enontr!r l! res%(est!6L
EeZs &!d ! &!rd ti"e on+inin, &is %!rents Hl lo &! %!s!do "!l en rel!i3n on el
&e&oL tr!t!ndo de on+ener ! s(s %!dres6 ' UEe &!d ! &!rd ti"e to tr' to on+ie
&erV Hl t(+o di#i(lt!des %!r! tr!t!r de on+enerl!6M T&e' &!d tro(ble st(d'in,
Nolo/(i!lO NoO #or st(d'in, Nliter!rioO HLes ost!b! est(di!rL TenF!n di#i(lt!des en
los est(dios6L T&e' &!+e tro(ble %!'in, Nolo/(i!lOL #or %!'in, Nliter!rioO #or t&eir
#ood HTienen %roble"!s %!r! %!,!r l! o"id!6 ' UT&e' &!d tro(ble to 7inV
HTenF!nL T(+ieron di#i(lt!des %!r! ,!n!r6M T&e' &!+e i,nored t!9in,L 'o(r
N liter!rio O NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O t!9in, %re!(tions HE!n &e&o !so o"iso de to"!r
NoO en (!nto !l &e&o de to"!rL de /(e to"!r!s NoO en (!nto !l &e&o de /(e
to"!ses %re!(iones6 ' UEe i,nored 'o( to "!9e 'o( s(##erV Hl te i,nor3 %!r!
&!erte s(#rir6M T&e' !nZt i"!,ine not &!+in, ! o"%(ter HNo se i"!,in!n no tener
(n orden!dor6L T&e' !nZt i"!,ine 'o(r d!(,&terL 'o(r d!(,&terZsL o(r N liter!rio O
NoO (s N olo/(i!l O ste!lin, ! !r HNo se i"!,in!n /(e t( &i.! robeL nosotros
robe"os (n o&e6 ' UEe i"!,ined t&e 7&ole t&in, to ,et so"e %(bliit'V N#in!l
(!ndo el o"%le"ento direto no es (n! %erson!O Hl se i"!,in3 todo el !s(nto
%!r! onse,(ir %(bliid!d6L Ee i"!,ines &er to beL t&!t s&e is %oor Nno #in!l (!ndo
el o"%le"ento direto es (n! %erson!O Hl se i"!,in! /(e ell! es %obre6M T&!t
inl(des tr!+ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO tr!+elin, NUSAOL &is N liter!rio O NoO &i"
N olo/(i!l O tr!+ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO tr!+elin, NUSAO to S!n Die,o HEso
inl('e el +i!.eL Hel &e&o de6 /(e +i!.es ! S!n Die,o6 ' UT&e %rie inl(ded ! !r
to to(r t&e o(ntr'V HEl %reio inl(F! (n o&e %!r! &!er (n! ,ir! %or el %!Fs6M It
indi!ted "o+in,L 'o(r N liter!rio O NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O "o+in, to t&e le#t HIndi!b!
"o+erL Hel &e&o de6 /(e "o+ier!s ! l! iz/(ierd!6 ' UT&e !r in #ront o# "e 7!s
indi!tin, to t(rn le#tV HEl o&e del!nteL en#rente de "F est!b! se)!liz!ndoL tenF! el
inter"itente %!r! ,ir!r ! l! iz/(ierd!6M T&e' insist on ,oin,L &is N liter!rio O L &i"
N olo/(i!l O ,oin, no7 HInsisten en irL /(e 0l +!'! !&or!6 ' UT&e' insist on t&is to
!+oid %roble"sV HInsisten en esto %!r! e+it!r %roble"!s6M T&e' in+ested Hso"e6
"one' t&in9in, t&!t it 7o(ld be %ro#it!ble HIn+irtieron H!l,o de6 dinero %ens!ndo
/(e serF! rent!ble6 ' UT&e' in+ested Hso"e6 "one' to 7rite ne7 boo9sV HIn+irtieron
H!l,o de6 dinero %!r! esribir n(e+os libros6M T&!t doesnZt .(sti#' le!+in,L 'o(r
N liter!rio O NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O le!+in, t&e b!b' !lone HEso no .(sti#i! el de.!rL el
/(e de.es el beb0 solo6 ' US&e .(sti#ied t&e !tion to ,!in !ttentionV HEll! .(sti#i3 l!
!i3n %!r! !tr!er l! !teni3n6M Ee 9ee%s b(s' st(d'in, Hl se "!ntiene o(%!do
est(di!ndo6 ' UEe 9ee%s b(s' to #or,et &is %roble"sV Hl se "!ntiene o(%!do %!r!
ol+id!r s(s %roble"!s6M Ee R9ee%s Ron Rtr'in, Hl si,(eL ontin2! intentndolo6 '
UEe R9ee%s Ron to end /(i9l'V Hl si,(eL ontin2! %!r! ter"in!r r%ido6M Ee 9illed
&i"sel# l!(,&in, Hl se "orF! de ris!6 ' UEe 9illed &i"sel# to !+oid s(##erin,V Hl se
s(iid3 %!r! e+it!r s(#rir6M Ee R9no9ed Ro## Rritiizin,L R ritiisin, NGBO &er Hl de.3
de riti!rl!6 ' UEe R9no9ed Ro## to &!+e ! restV Hl de.3 de tr!b!.!r %!r! des!ns!r6M
Ee l!(n&ed !n in/(ir' s!'in, Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doOL b' s!'in, Nestnd!r4 "s
(s!doO t&!t 111 Hl e"%rendi3 (n! in+esti,!i3n diiendo /(e 1116 ' UEe l!(n&ed !n
in/(ir' to #ind o(t t&e tr(t&V Hl e"%rendi3 (n! in+esti,!i3n %!r! !+eri,(!r l!
+erd!d6M Ee le#t sin,in, Hl Hse6 "!r&3 !nt!ndo6 ' UEe le#t to +isit &is (nleV Hl
Hse6 "!r&3 !L %!r! +isit!r ! s( tFo6M S&e le#t &i" N&is4 no %onerO 7!itin, o(tside
HEll! le de.3 es%er!ndoL &izo es%er!r #(er!6 ' US&e le#t t&e rie to oo9 #or one
&o(rV HEll! de.3 el !rroz !l #(e,o (n! &or! %!r! /(e se oin!r!6M Ee le,iti"izedL
le,iti"ised NGBO dri+in,L &is N liter!rio O NoO &i" N olo/(i!l O dri+in, on t&e le#t Hl
le,iti"3L .(sti#i3 el H&e&o de6 ond(irL Hel &e&o de6 /(e 0l ond(.er! %or l!
iz/(ierd!6 ' UEe le,iti"izedL le,iti"ised NGBO &er !tion to do &er ! #!+o(r NGBO
NoO #!+or NUSAOV Hl le,iti"3L .(sti#i3 s( !i3n %!r! &!erle ! ell! (n #!+or6M S&e
is l'in, Hdo7n6 "o!nin, HEll! est t("b!d! /(e.ndose6 ' US&e lies Hdo7n6 to &!+e
! restV HEll! se t("b! %!r! des!ns!r6M T&e' li9ened drin9in, to e!tin,
H*o"%!r!ron el beber on el o"er6 ' UT&e' li9ened t&ese t7o #!ts to dr!7 t&e
distintionV H*o"%!r!ron estos dos &e&os %!r! &!er l! distini3n6M EeZs loo9in,
to re!tin, ! .ob Nolo/(i!lO Hl est b(s!ndo l! o%ort(nid!d %!r! Hel &e&o de6
re!r (n e"%leo6 ' UEeZs loo9in, to o"e b!9V Nolo/(i!lO Hl est b(s!ndo l!
o%ort(nid!d %!r! +ol+er6M S&e loo9ed (% s!'in, so"et&in, HEll! "ir3 &!i! !rrib!
diiendo !l,o6 ' US&e loo9ed (% to #ind &er sister st!ndin, on t&e #loorV HEll! "ir3
&!i! !rrib! ' enontr3 ! s( &er"!n! H/(e est!b!6 de %ie en el s(elo6M S&e "!9es
(nderst!ndin, t&e %roble" &!rd HEll! &!e di#Fil o"%render el %roble"!6 ' US&e
"!9es t&e !9e to s&o7 &er !bilit'V HEll! &!e el %!stel %!r! "ostr!r s( &!bilid!d6M
S&e "!deL !do%ted !nL &er !%%ro!& to sol+in,L 'o(r N liter!rio O NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O
sol+in, t&e %roble" N"enos (s!doO HEll! &izoL !do%t3 (n!L s( %ro%(est! en (!nto
! l! sol(i3n deL Hel &e&o de6 /(e sol(ion!r!s el %roble"!6 ' US&e "!deL !do%ted
!nL &er !%%ro!& to sol+e t&e %roble"V N"s (s!doO HEll! &izoL !do%t3 (n!L s(
%ro%(est! %!r! sol(ion!r el %roble"!6M Ee "!de &!n,es to se(rin,L 'o(r
N liter!rio O NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O se(rin, %e!e Hl &izo !"bios en (!nto ! l!
onse(i3n deL /(e onsi,(ier!s l! %!z6 ' UEe "!de &!n,es to %le!se %eo%leV Hl
&izo !"bios %!r! !,r!d!r ! l! ,ente6M S&e &!s "!de ! lot o# o""it"ents to (sin,L
to &is N liter!rio O NoO &i" N olo/(i!l O (sin, t&is boo9 N"enos (s!doO HEll! &! &e&o
"(&os o"%ro"isos en (!nto ! l! (tiliz!i3n deL /(e 0l (tilie este libro6 ' US&e
&!s "!de ! lot o# o""it"ents to (se t&is boo9V N"s (s!doO HEll! &! &e&o
"(&os o"%ro"isos %!r! (tiliz!r este libro6M Ee "!de onessions to %l!nnin,L
'o(r N liter!rio O NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O %l!nnin, t&e %ro.et Hl &izo onesiones en
(!nto ! l! %l!ni#i!i3nL /(e %l!ni#i/(es el %ro'eto6 ' UEe "!de onessions to
%l!n t&e %ro.etV Hl &izo onesiones %!r! %l!ne!r el %ro'eto6M Ee "!de !
ontrib(tion to endin,L 'o(r N liter!rio O NoO 'o( N olo/(
i!l O endin, t&e 7!r Hl &izo (n! ontrib(i3n en (!nto !Hl &e&o de6 ter"in!rL /(e
ter"in!r!s NoO ter"ines l! ,(err!6 ' UEe "!de ! ontrib(tion to end t&e 7!rV Hl
&izo (n! ontrib(i3n %!r! ter"in!r l! ,(err!6M T&e' "!de %ro,ress to restorin,L &is
N liter!rio O NoO &i" N olo/(i!l O restorin, %e!e HEiieron !+!nes en (!nto ! l!
rest!(r!i3nL Hel &e&o de6 /(e 0l rest!(r!se l! %!z6 ' UT&e' "!de %ro,ress to
restore %e!eV HEiieron !+!nes %!r! rest!(r!r l! %!z6M Ee "entioned 7ritin,L 'o(r
N liter!rio O NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O 7ritin, ! letter Hl "enion3 el H&e&o de6 esribirL
/(e esribier!s (n! !rt!6 ' UEe "entioned &er to !ll &er !ttentionV Hl l!
"enion3 %!r! ll!"!r s( !teni3n6M T&e' "o+ed d!nin, HSe "o+F!n b!il!ndo6L
T&e' "o+ed to %l!ntin, trees HP!s!ron ! %l!nt!r rboles6 ' US&e "o+ed to let &i"
%!ssV HEll! se "o+i3 %!r! de.!rle ! 0l %!s!r6M S&e "o+ed !7!' sin,in, HEll! se !le.3
!nt!ndo6 ' US&e "o+ed !7!' to !+oid &i"V HEll! se !le.3 %!r! e+it!rle6M T&e'
"o+ed losel' to de+elo%in, ! ,ood str!te,' HEst!b!n ! %(nto de des!rroll!r (n!
b(en! estr!te,i!6 ' UT&e' "o+ed losel' to see it betterV HSe !er!ron %!r! +erlo
"e.or6M Ee "o+ed H! bitL ste%6 loser to sol+in, t&e "'ster' Hl est!b! H(n %ooL
%!so6 "s er! de l! sol(i3n del "isterio6 ' UT&e' "o+ed H! bitL ste%6 loser to
see &er betterV HSe %(sieron H(n %ooL %!so6 "s er! %!r! +erl! "e.or6M Ee
"o+ed ne!r to sellin,L 'o(r sellin, e+er't&in, Nolo/(i!lO Hl onsi,(i3 +enderHlo6L
Hel &e&o de6 /(e +endier!s !si todo6 ' US&e "o+ed ne!r to &e!rL listen to t&eir
on+ers!tionV HEll! se %(so er! %!r! oFrL es(&!r s( on+ers!i3n6M T&e' "o+ed
on to dis(ssin,L &is N liter!rio O NoO &i" N olo/(i!l O dis(ssin, t&is HSi,(ieron
!del!nte en H(!nto !6 l! dis(si3nL /(e 0l dis(tier! esto6 ' UT&e' "o+ed on to
%le!se (sV HSi,(ieron !del!nte %!r! !,r!d!rnos6M Ee "o+ed o+er to s(%%ortin, (sL
seein, 7&!t 7!s &!%%enin, Hl %!s3 ! !'(d!rnosL +er lo /(e est!b! s(ediendo6 '
US&e "o+ed o+er to let &i" %!ssL see 7&!t 7!s &!%%enin,V HEll! se "o+i3 %!r!
de.!rle ! 0l %!s!rL +er lo /(e est!b! s(ediendo6M T&e' "o+ed ! ste% #or7!rd to
re!tin, ! ne7 ,o+ern"ent HDieron (n %!so "sL &!i! !del!nte en H(!nto !6 l!
re!i3n de (n n(e+o ,obierno6 ' UT&e' "o+ed ! ste% #or7!rd to see &i" betterV
HDieron (n %!so "sL &!i! !del!nte %!r! +erle "e.or6M S&e o%%osed ,oin,
to,et&erL o(r N liter!rio O NoO (s N olo/(i!l O ,oin, to,et&er HEll! se o%(so !l &e&o de
ir .(ntosL ! /(e #(0r!"os .(ntos6 ' US&e o%%osed &i" to s&o7 &er dis!%%ro+!lV
HEll! se o%(so ! 0l %!r! "ostr!r s( des!(erdo6M T&e' or,!nizedL or,!nised NGBO
sellin,L o(r N liter!rio O NoO (s N olo/(i!l O sellin, ti9ets HOr,!niz!ron l! +ent! deL
/(e +endi0r!"os ti/(es6 ' UT&e' or,!nizedL or,!nised NGBO ! %!rt' to 7elo"e
(sV HOr,!niz!ron (n! #iest! %!r! d!rnos l! bien+enid!6M Ee o+er!"e ! di##i(lt'L
Hso"e6 di##i(ltiesL !n inon+enieneL Hso"e6 inon+enienesL !n ob.etionL Hso"e6
ob.etionsL !n obst!leL Hso"e6 obst!lesL ! %roble"L Hso"e6 %roble"s ,oin,
!loneL ,ettin, to t&e to%L !&ie+in, res(lts Hl s(%er3 (n! di#i(lt!dL H!l,(n!s6
di#i(lt!desL (n inon+enienteL H!l,(nos6 inon+enientesL (n! ob.ei3nL H!l,(n!s6
ob.eionesL (n obst(loL H!l,(nos6 obst(losL (n %roble"!L H!l,(nos6 %roble"!s
'endo soloL lle,!ndo ! l! i"!L onsi,(iendo res(lt!dos6 ' UEe o+er!"e !
di##i(lt'L Hso"e6 di##i(ltiesL !n inon+enieneL Hso"e6 inon+enienesL !n
ob.etionL Hso"e6 ob.etionsL !n obst!leL Hso"e6 obst!lesL ! %roble"L Hso"e6
%roble"s to !&ie+e res(ltsL ,et to t&e to%L "!rr' &erV Hl s(%er3 (n! di#i(lt!dL
H!l,(n!s6 di#i(lt!desL (n inon+enienteL H!l,(nos6 inon+enientesL (n! ob.ei3nL
H!l,(n!s6 ob.eionesL (n obst(loL H!l,(nos6 obst(losL (n %roble"!L H!l,(nos6
%roble"!s %!r! onse,(ir res(lt!dosL lle,!r ! l! i"!L !s!rse on ell!6M >e
o+erloo9ed #indin,L 'o(r Nliter!rioO NoO 'o( Nolo/(i!lO #indin, t&e sol(tion
HP!s!"os %or !lto el &e&o de enontr!rL /(e enontr!r!s l! sol(i3n6 ' U>e
o+erloo9ed t&e "ist!9es to si"%li#' t&in,sV HP!s!"os %or !lto los errores %!r!
si"%li#i!r l!s os!s6M T&e' o+er%ried ,ettin,L 'o(r ,ettin, ! &o(se HP(sieron (n
%reio e-esi+o !l &e&o de onse,(irL /(e onsi,(ier!s (n! !s!6 ' UT&e'
o+er%ried t&e &o(se to e!rn "oreV HSobre+!lor!ron l! !s! %!r! ,!n!r "s6M T&e
.(d,e o+err(led &!n,in,L 'o(r N liter!rio O NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O &!n,in, t&e
re,(l!tions HEl .(ez !n(l3 el &e&o de !"bi!rL /(e !"bi!r!s l!s nor"!s6 ' UT&e
.(d,e o+err(led t&e sentene to ,i+e t&e" !not&er &!neV HEl .(ez !n(l3 l!
senteni! %!r! d!rles otr! o%ort(nid!d6M T&e' o+ers&!do7ed re#or"in,L 'o(r
N liter!rio O NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O re#or"in, t&e s'ste" HEli%s!ronL Enso"breieron
el &e&o de re#or"!rL /(e re#or"!r!r!s el siste"!6 ' UT&e' o+ers&!do7ed t&e
"e!ns to ,et "one'V HEli%s!ronL Enso"breieron los "edios %!r! onse,(ir
dinero6M Ee o+er+!l(ed "!9in,L 'o(r N liter!rio O NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O "!9in, "one'
Hl sobre+!lor!b! el H&e&o de6 &!erL /(e &iier!s dinero6 ' UEe o+er+!l(ed t&e
!r to ,et ! bi,,er %ro#itV Hl sobre+!lor3 el o&e %!r! obtener (n! ,!n!ni!
"!'or6M mo(Zre Rnot %!'in, "(& !ttention to dri+in,L &is N liter!rio O NoO &i"
N olo/(i!l O dri+in, HNo ests %rest!ndo "(&! !teni3n !Hl &e&o de6 ond(ir NoO
! l! ond(i3nL !Hl &e&o de6 /(e 0l ond(z!6 ' UEe %!id !ttention to le!rn
/(i9l'V Hl %rest3L %rest!b! !teni3n %!r! !%render r%id!"ente6M Ee %!id t&e
"one' %r!isin, t&e !tion Hl %!,3 el dinero !l!b!ndo l! !i3n6 ' UEe %!id t&e
"one' to %r!ise &erV Hl %!,3 el dinero %!r! !l!b!rl!6M Ee %le!ded ,(ilt' to
"olestin, &ildrenL settin, #ire to t&e &o(se Hl se del!r3 (l%!ble deHl &e&o de6
!b(s!r de los ni)osL inendi!r l! !s!6 ' UEe %le!ded ,(ilt' to "!9e t&in,s e!sierV
Hl se del!r3 (l%!ble %!r! #!ilit!r l!s os!s6M Ee %ost%oned b('in, ! &o(seL
,oin, to t&e P'renees Hl !%l!z3L %os%(so o"%r!r (n! !s!L ir ! los Pirineos6 '
UEe %ost%oned t&e s!le to ,et "ore "one'V Hl !%l!z3L %os%(so l! +ent! %!r!
onse,(ir "s dinero6M Ee %r!tises NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %r!ties NUSAO %l!'in,
b!s9etb!llL "!9in, ! ne7 +o7el so(nd Hl %r!ti! .(,!ndo !l b!lonestoL
&!iendo (n n(e+o sonido +olio6 ' UEe %r!tises NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %r!ties
NUSAO "ediine to &el% &is %!rentsL to ,et #itV Hl %r!ti! l! "ediin! %!r! !'(d!r
! s(s %!dresL %!r! %onerse en #or"!6M Ee %re+ents o(r Nliter!rioOL (s Nolo/(i!l4 sin
Q#ro"Q ' estnd!r4 on U#ro"VO ,oin, t&ere Hl nos i"%ide ir !&FL !llF6L T&e'
%re+ented t&e r!ll' Nolo/(i!l4 sin Q#ro"Q ' estnd!r4 on U#ro"VO t!9in, %l!e
HI"%idieron /(e el r!li t(+ier! l(,!r6 ' UEe %re+ented t&e !ident to s!+e so"e
li+esV Hl e+it3L %re+ino el !idente %!r! s!l+!r !l,(n!s +id!s6M T&e' %ro&ibit
s"o9in,L 'o(r N liter!rio O NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O s"o9in, HPro&Fben #("!rL /(e
#("es6 ' UT&e' %ro&ibit #ree s%ee& to do"in!te %eo%le betterV HPro&Fben l!
libert!d de e-%resi3n %!r! do"in!r "e.or ! l! ,enteL ! l! ,ente "e.or6M J(it t!l9in,
!nd listen] H\De.! de &!bl!r ' es(&!]6 ' UEe /(ittedL /(it NUSA %rini%!l"enteO
7or9 to &!+e "ore leis(reV Hl de.3 el tr!b!.o %!r! tener "s tie"%o libre6M S&e
/(oted &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO s!'in, t&e o%%osite HEll! !#ir"3 /(e 0l
&!bF! di&o lo ontr!rio6 ' US&e /(oted &i" to %ro+e t&e o%%ositeV HEll! le it3
te-t(!l"ente %!r! de"ostr!r lo ontr!rio6M S&e reo""ends ,oin,L 'o(r N liter!rio O
NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O ,oin, to"orro7 HEll! reo"iend! irL Hel &e&o de6 /(e +!'!s
"!)!n!6 ' US&e reo""ends t&is to s!+e "one'V HEll! reo"iend! esto %!r!
!&orr!r dinero6M T&e' reorded &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO s!'in, t&is
HEiieron onst!rL De.!ron onst!ni! de /(e 0l &!bF! di&o esto6 ' UT&e' reorded
t&e %ro,r!""e NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %ro,r!" NUSAO to &!+e ! loo9 !t it l!terV
HGr!b!ron el %ro,r!"! %!r! e&!rle (n +ist!zo des%(0s6M S&e reo(nted ,oin,L &is
N liter!rio O NoO &i" N olo/(i!l O ,oin, to So(t& A"eri! HEll! n!rr3L ont3 Hel &e&o
de6 /(e ell! &!bF! idoL 0l &!bF! ido ! S(d!"0ri!L S(r!"0ri!6 ' UEe reo(nted t&e
stor' to "!9e (s l!(,&V Hl ont3 l! &istoriHet6! %!r! &!ernos reFr6M S&e reti#ied
s!'in, itL &is N&i"4 no %onerO s!'in, it HEll! reti#i3 Hel &e&o de6 &!berlo di&oL
/(e 0l lo &(bier! di&o6 ' US&e reti#ied to !+oid %roble"s 7it& t&e l!7V HEll!
reti#i3 %!r! e+it!r tener %roble"!s on l! .(stii!6M S&e re.ets %!'in,L &is
N liter!rio O NoO &i" N olo/(i!l O %!'in, #or t&e e-%enses HEll! se nie,! !L re&!z! Hel
&e&o de6 %!,!rL /(e 0l %!,(e los ,!stos6 ' UT&e' re.eted o##ers to i"%ro+e t&e
sit(!tionV HRe&!z!ron o#ert!s %!r! "e.or!r l! sit(!i3n6M Ee rel!ted t&is to ,i+in,
&er t&e "one' Hl rel!ion3 esto on d!rle ! ell! el dinero6L T&!t rel!tes to
sti"(l!tin, t&e eono"' HEsoL A/(ello tiene rel!i3n on el estF"(lo de l!
eono"F!6L It is rel!ted to &(ntin,L 'o(r N liter!rio O NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O &(ntin,
!ni"!ls HEst rel!ion!do on l! !z! deL Hel &e&o de6 /(e !es !ni"!les6 ' UEe
rel!ted t&in,s to "!9e t&e" e!sier to (nderst!ndV Hl rel!ion!b! l!s os!s %!r!
&!erl!s "s #iles de entender6M Ee re%ented Ho#6 7!stin,L &!+in, 7!sted ti"e Hl
se !rre%inti3 de derro&!rL &!ber derro&!do tie"%o6 ' UEe re%ented to %ro+e t&!t
&e didnZt "e!n itV Hl se !rre%inti3 %!r! de"ostr!r /(e 0l no tenF! inteni3n de
&!erlo6M T&e' restrited t&eir "o+e"ent to &el%in, t&e re#(,ees HRestrin,ieron s(
"o+i"iento !Hl &e&o de6 !'(d!r ! los re#(,i!dos6 ' UT&e' restrited t&eir
"o+e"ent to &el% t&e re#(,eesV HRestrin,ieron s( "o+i"iento %!r! !'(d!r ! los
re#(,i!dos6M S&e ret(rned s&eddin, te!rs HEll! retorn3 derr!"!ndo l,ri"!s6 ' US&e
ret(rned to e!tV HEll! retorn3 %!r! o"er6M Ee ret(rned to bein, ! ,ood "!n Hl
+ol+i3 ! ser (n &o"bre b(eno6 ' UEe ret(rned to %i9 (% t&e #r(itV Hl +ol+i3 %!r!
o,er NEs%!)!OL reo,er l! #r(t!6M S&e re+o9ed &is Nliter!rioOL &i" Nolo/(i!lO
drin9in, s%irits HEll! re+o3 /(e 0l bebier! liores6 ' UEe re+o9ed t&e order to
ons(lt t&e %residentV Hl re+o3 l! orden %!r! ons(lt!r !l %residente6M Ee ridi(led
7ritin,L "' N liter!rio O NoO "e N olo/(i!l O 7ritin, no+els Hl ridi(liz3 el H&e&o de6
esribirL /(e 'o esribier! no+el!s6 ' UEe ridi(led "e to "!9e "e le!rn #!stV Hl
"e ridi(liz3 %!r! /(e !%rendier! r%ido6M Ee o(ldnZt ris9 losin, t&e "one' Hl no
%odF! !rries,!rse !L orrer el ries,o de %erder el dinero6 ' UT&e' ris9ed t&eir li+es to
s!+e &erV HArries,!ron s(s +id!s %!r! s!l+!rl!L res!t!rl!6M Ee r!n sre!"in, Hl
orri3 ,rit!ndo6 ' US&e r!n to !t& t&e tr!inV HEll! orri3 %!r! o,er NEs%!)!OL
to"!r el tren6M S&e s!ri#ied b('in, ! +ill! #or &er &ildrenZs !reers HEll! s!ri#i3
el o"%r!r (n &!l0 %or el &e&o de /(e s(s &i.os t(+ier!n (n o#iio6 ' US&e
s!ri#ied "!rri!,e to beo"e ! sen!torV HEll! s!ri#i3 el "!tri"onio %!r! &!erse
sen!dor!6M >o(ld 'o( s!ntion #lo,,in, !s ! %(nis&"ent #or ri"es o# +ioleneT
HWA%rob!rF!s l! #l!,el!i3n o"o !sti,o %!r! los rF"enes de +ioleni!T6L >o(ld
'o( s!ntion &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO t!9in, ! t&reeI7ee9 &olid!' NGB
%rini%!l"enteOT HWA%rob!rF!s Hel &e&o de6 /(e 0l o,ier! NEs%!)!OL to"!r! tres
se"!n!s de +!!ionesT6 ' UT&e' s!ntioned o(r %ro%os!l to &!n,e t&e
*onstit(tionV HA%rob!ron n(estr! %ro%(est! %!r! !"bi!r l! *onstit(i3n6M mo( !n
s!+e s%endin, "one' on t&!t HP(edes !&orr!rte Hel &e&o de6 ,!st!r dinero en esoL
!/(ello6L It s!+es 'o( H#ro"6 sto%%in, !t t&e s&o% HTe e+it!L !&orr! tener /(e %!r!r
en l! tiend!6 ' US&e s!+ed H"one'6 to ,o on &olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteOV HEll!
!&orr3 Hdinero6 %!r! ir de +!!iones6M >&!t do 'o( s!' to ,oin,L &is Nliter!rioO NoO
&i" Nolo/(i!lO ,oin, no7T HWJ(0 dies ! l! ide! NoO !l &e&o de irL /(e 0l Hse6
+!'! !&or!T6 ' US&e s!id it to see &is re!tionV HEll! lo di.o %!r! +er s( re!i3n6M
S&e is seein, to &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO st(d'in, HEll! se est en!r,!ndo
de /(e 0l est(die6 ' UT&e' !nZt see to re!dV HNo +en bien %!r! leer6M I s!7 &isL t&e
o%%osition to !%%ro+in,L !%%ro+e t&e %l!n HDi s(L l! o%osii3n !l &e&o de !%rob!rL
! !%rob!r el %l!n6M S&e settled do7n to bein, ! te!&er HEll! se est!blei3 o"o
%ro#esor!6L Ee settled do7n to listenin,L 7!itin,L 7or9in, x Hl se dis%(so !l
&e&o de es(&!rL es%er!rL tr!b!.!r 1116 ' UEe settled do7n to listenL 7!itL 7or9V
Hl se dis%(so ! es(&!rL es%er!rL tr!b!.!r6M T&e' sideste%%ed %(nis&in, &i"L o(r
Nliter!rioO NoO (s Nolo/(i!lO %(nis&in, &i" HEs/(i+!ronL El(dieron el H&e&o de6
!sti,!rleL /(e le !sti,r!"os6 ' U>e sideste%%ed t&e %roble" to !(se no
!n-iet'V HEs/(i+!"osL El(di"os el %roble"! %!r! no !(s!r %reo(%!i3n6M Ee
s9i%%ed rere!din, t&e &!%ter Hl se s!lt3 el H&e&o de6 releer el !%Ft(lo6 ' UEe
s9i%%ed t&ree %!,es to #inis& e!rlierV Hl se s!lt3 tres %,in!s %!r! ter"in!r !ntes6M I
!n s"ell so"et&in, b(rnin, HE(elo !l,o /(e"ndose6 ' UT&e' s"elled t&e #lo7er
to see i# it 7!s n!t(r!lV HOlieron l! #lor %!r! +er si er! n!t(r!l6L UT&e do, s"elled t&e
r!t ree% (% be&ind t&e"V HEl %erro oli3 l! r!t! !er!rse si,ilos!"ente detrs de
ellos6M S&e s%ent so"e ti"eL t7o 7ee9sL ! NoO one 'e!r tr'in, to do t&is HEll! %!s3
ierto tie"%oL dos se"!n!sL (n !)o intent!ndo &!er esto6 ' US&e s%ent so"e ti"eL
t7o 7ee9sL ! NoO one 'e!r to do t&isV HEll! dedi3 ierto tie"%oL dos se"!n!sL (n
!)o %!r! &!er esto6M S&e #o(nd it neess!r' to s%end ! lot o# ti"e le!rnin, En,lis&
HLe #(e nees!rio ! ell! %!s!rL ,!st!r "(&o tie"%o !%rendiendo in,l0s6L Ee s%ent !
lot o# ti"e le!rnin, En,lis& Hl %!s3L ,!st3 "(&o tie"%o !%rendiendo in,l0s6 '
UEe s%ent ! lot o# ti"e to le!rn En,lis&V Hl %!s3L ,!st3 "(&o tie"%o %!r!
!%render in,l0s6M Ee s%oiledL s%oilt NGB %rini%!l"enteO "' Nliter!rioO NoO "e
Nolo/(i!lO en.o'in, t&e #il" Hl estro%e3 el H&e&o de6 /(e 'o dis#r(t!r! de l!
%elF(l!6 ' UEe s%oiledL s%oilt NGB %rini%!l"enteO t&e &ild to %le!se &is 7i#eV Hl
"i"!b! !l ni)o %!r! !,r!d!r ! s( "(.er6M S&e stood (% s!'in, t&e o%%osite HEll! se
%(so de %ieL le+!nt3 diiendo lo ontr!rio6 ' UT&e' stood (% to see t&e /(eenL &!+e
! loo9V HSe %(sieron de %ie %!r! +er ! l! rein!L "ir!r6M T&e' !re st!rtin, ! #res&
!tte"%t to t!9lin, (ne"%lo'"ent HEstn e"%ez!ndo (n n(e+o intento de !bord!rL
tr!t!r de resol+er el dese"%leoL %!ro6 ' UT&e' !re st!rtin, ! #res& !tte"%t to t!9le
(ne"%lo'"entV HEstn e"%ez!ndo (n n(e+o intento %!r! !bord!rL tr!t!r de
resol+er el dese"%leoL %!ro6M S&e Rst!rted Ro## Rl!(,&in, HEll! e"%ez3 ! reFrse6 '
US&e Rst!rted Ro## to !+oid indeisionV HEll! e"%ez3 %!r! e+it!r l! indeisi3n6M >e
st!rted o(t Hb'6 t&in9in, Ht&!t6 it 7!s ,oin, toL 7o(ld be di##i(lt HE"%ez!"os
%ens!ndo /(e ib! ! serL serF! di#Fil6 ' UT&e' didnZt st!rt o(t to b(ild t&is b(ildin,V
HNo e"%ez!ron on l! ide! de onstr(ir este edi#iio6M T&e' st!'ed li+in, t&ere HSe
/(ed!ron +i+iendo !llF6 ' US&e st!'ed to see &er "ot&erV HEll! se /(ed3 %!r! +er !
s( "!dre6M S&e st!'ed o(t 7!t&in, t&e sene HEll! se /(ed3 #(er! obser+!ndo l!
esen!6 ' US&e st!'ed o(t to 7!t& t&e seneV HEll! se /(ed3 #(er! %!r! obser+!r l!
esen!6M S&e st!'ed (% re!din, HEll! se /(ed3 le+!nt!d! le'endo6 ' US&e st!'ed (%
to re!d t&e 7&ole boo9V HEll! se /(ed3 le+!nt!d! %!r! leer todo el libro6M Ee re#(ses
to stoo% to ins(ltin, &er Nen sentido #i,(r!doO Hl se nie,! ! reb!.!rse ! ins(lt!rl!6 '
Ujo(rn!lists 7ill stoo% to ,et ! stor'V Nen sentido liter!l ' #i,(r!doO HLos %eriodist!s
se reb!.!rn %!r! onse,(ir (n re%ort!.e6M T&e' stressed "' Nliter!rioO NoO "e
Nolo/(i!lO &!+in, to st(d' HEn#!tiz!b!n /(e 'o tenF! /(e est(di!r6 ' UEe stressed
t&is 7ord to ,i+e it "ore i"%ort!neV Hl !ent(!b!L en#!tiz!b! est! %!l!br! %!r!
d!rle "s i"%ort!ni!6M S&e s(bst!nti!ted 7ritin,L o(r Nliter!rioO NoO (s Nolo/(i!lO
7ritin, ! note HEll! on#ir"3L orrobor3 /(e ell! &!bF! esritoL &!bF!"os esrito
(n! not!6 ' US&e s(bst!nti!ted t&e !(s!tions to &!r,e N"s (s!doOL to in(l%!te
N"enos (s!doO &i"V HEll! on#ir"3L orrobor3 l!s !(s!iones %!r! in(l%!rlo6M
T&e' s(%%orted "' Nliter!rioO NoO "e Nolo/(i!lO ,oin, to (ni+ersit' HA%o'!b!nL
S(stent!b!n el H&e&o de6 /(e 'o #(er! ! l! (ni+ersid!d6 ' UT&e' s(%%orted &er to
&!n,e t&e sit(!tionV HL! !%o'!b!n %!r! !"bi!r l! sit(!i3n6M Ee too9 to drin9in,
Hl se dioL le o,i3 ,(sto NEs%!)!O ! l! bebid!L se !ost("br3 ! beber6L Eo7 does
&e t!9e to bein, told t&isT HW*3"o le sient! ! 0l /(e le di,!n estoT6 ' US&e too9 !
#or9 to e!tV HEll! o,i3 NEs%!)!OL !,!rr3 (n tenedor %!r! o"er6M T&e' too9 ! Hbi,6
ste% to beo"in,L beo"e ! re%(bli HDieron (n H,r!n6 %!so &!i! l! on+ersi3nL
%!r! on+ertirse en re%2bli!6M T&e' !re t!9in, ste%s to beo"in,L beo"e !
re%(bli HEstn d!ndo %!sos &!i! l! on+ersi3nL %!r! on+ertirse en re%2bli!6M
mo( !re t!l9in, H!bo(t6 #ilterin, HEsts &!bl!ndo deL sobre Hel &e&o de6 #iltr!r6 '
UEe is t!l9in, to on+ine &erV Hl est &!bl!ndo %!r! on+enerl!6M Ee tore &is
.!9et li"bin, ! tree Hl Hse6 ro"%i3 l! &!/(et! s(biendo ! (n rbol6 ' US&e tore
&er tie to s&o7 &er !n,erV HEll! ro"%i3 l!L s( orb!t! %!r! "ostr!r s( en#!doL ir!6M
T&ere !re o""it"ents to dere,(l!tin,L dere,(l!te t&e "!r9et HE!'
o"%ro"isos en (!nto ! l! liber!liz!i3n deL %!r! liber!liz!r el "er!do6M
T&ere is di##i(lt' &!n,in, t&e sit(!tion HE!' di#i(lt!d en H(!nto !l &e&o de6 el
!"bio de l! sit(!i3n6 ' UT&ere is di##i(lt' to &!n,e t&e sit(!tionV HE!'
di#i(lt!d %!r! !"bi!r l! sit(!i3n6M T&ere is ! H&(,e6 di##i(lt'L H&(,e6
inon+enieneL H&(,e6 obst!leL H&(,e6 %roble" to !&ie+in, res(lts HE!' (n!
Henor"e6 di#i(lt!dL (n Henor"e6 inon+enienteL (n Henor"e6 obst(loL (n
Henor"e6 %roble"! en H(!nto !6 l! onse(i3n de res(lt!dos6 ' UT&ere is ! H&(,e6
di##i(lt'L H&(,e6 inon+enieneL H&(,e6 obst!leL H&(,e6 %roble" to brin, it &ereV
HE!' (n! Henor"e6 di#i(lt!dL (n Henor"e6 inon+enienteL (n Henor"e6 obst(loL
(n Henor"e6 %roble"! %!r! tr!erlo !/(F6M T&ere !re di##i(ltiesL inon+enienes to
bre!9in,L 'o(r Nliter!rioO NoO 'o( Nolo/(i!lO bre!9in, t&e !,ree"ent HE!'
di #i(lt!desL inon+enientes Hen (!nto6 ! l! r(%t(r! deL /(e ro"%!s el !(erdo6 '
UT&ere !re di##i(ltiesL inon+enienes to bre!9 t&e !,ree"entV HE!' di#i(lt!desL
inon+enientes %!r! ro"%er el !(erdo6M T&ere is !n e-e%tion to (sin, t&e %rono(n
HE!' (n! e-e%i3n en (!nto !Hl &e&o de6 (s!r el %rono"bre6 ' UT&ere is !n
e-e%tion to t!9e into onsider!tionL be onsideredV HE!' (n! e-e%i3n /(e &!'
/(e tener en (ent!L se debe onsider!r6M T&ere is !n i"%et(s Nliter!rioO to
!&ie+in, %e!e HE!' (n F"%et( en (!nto ! Hel &e&o de6 onse,(ir l! %!z6 '
UT&ere is !n i"%et(s Nliter!rioO to !&ie+e %e!eL do st&V HE!' (n F"%et( %!r!
onse,(ir l! %!zL &!er esto6M T&ere is H!6 l!9 o# o""it"ent to t!9in,L in
t!9in,L to t!9e AIDS serio(sl' HE!' H(n!6 #!lt! de res%ons!bilid!d en
(!nto !L en (!nto !L %!r! to"!r el sid! on seried!d6M T&ere 7ere
ob.etions to Fr!ne ,ettin, 7&!t itL s&e 7!ntedL "' N liter!rio O NoO "e N olo/(i!l O
,oin, to L(,o HE!bF! obst(los ! /(e Fr!ni! onsi,(ier! lo /(e /(erF!L 'o #(er!
! L(,o6 ' UT&ere 7ere ob.etions to %ro+o9e ! 7!rV HE!bF! ob.eiones ! %ro+o!r
(n! ,(err!6M T&ere 7ere obst!les to ,ettin, &er son #ro" j!"!i!L 'o(r N liter!rio O
NoO 'o( N olo/(i!l O ,ettin, "one' HE!bF! obst(los en (!nto ! obtenerL
onse,(ir ! s( &i.o desde j!"!i!L /(e onsi,(ier!s dinero6 ' UT&ere !re obst!les
to bre!9 t&e !,ree"entV HE!' obst(los %!r! ro"%er el !(erdo6M T&ere is
o%%osition to &is o"in, to"orro7 HE!' o%osii3n ! /(e 0l +en,! "!)!n!6 '
UT&ere is o%%osition to s&o7 disontentL ,o t&ereV HE!' o%osii3n %!r! "ostr!r
desontentoL ir !&F NoO !llF6M T&ere !re &(,e %roble"s to !&ie+in, res(lts HE!'
enor"es %roble"!s en (!nto ! l! onse(i3n de res(lt!dos6 ' UT&ere !re &(,e
%roble"s to brin, it &ereV HE!' enor"es %roble"!s %!r! tr!erlo !/(F6M T&ere is
resist!ne to (nderst!ndin, &er HE!' resisteni! !Hl &e&o de6 o"%renderl!6 '
UT&ere is resist!ne to s&o7 dis!%%ro+!lV HE!' resisteni! %!r! "ostr!r
deson#or"id!d6M S&e toler!ted bein, ritiized NoO ritiised NGBOL "' bein,
ritiized NoO ritiised NGBO HEll! toler!b! el H&e&o de6 ser riti!d!L /(e 'o #(er!
riti!do6 ' US&e toler!ted e+er't&in, to %ro+e &er %ointV HEll! lo toler!b! todo %!r!
&!er +er /(e tenF! r!z3n6M Ee t(rned to %l!'in, t&e ,(it!r Hl re(rri3L se dedi3 !
to!r l! ,(it!rr!6 ' US&e t(rned to #!e t&e !(dieneV HEll! se dio l! +(elt! %!r! "ir!r
de #rente !l %2blio6M Ee t(rned b!9 to doin, ot&er t&in,s Hl +ol+i3 ! &!er otr!s
os!s6 ' UEe t(rned b!9 to &!+e ! loo9V Hl +ol+i3 %!r! e&!r (n +ist!zo6M S&e
(%&olds ,oin,L o(r N liter!rio O NoO (s N olo/(i!l O ,oin, t&ere HEll! sostieneL
"!ntiene &!ber idoL /(e #(i"os !llF6 ' US&e (%&olds t&e *onstit(tion to "!int!in
de"or!'V HEll! de#iende l! *onstit(i3n %!r! "!ntener l! de"or!i!6M T&e'
+!l(e &el%in, t&e"L o(r &el%in, t&e" HD!lor!n el H&e&o de6 !'(d!rlesL /(e les
&!'!"os !'(d!do6 ' UT&e' +!l(ed t&e .e7el to sell itV HT!s!ron l! .o'! %!r!
+enderl!6M Ee 7!ited re!din, ! "!,!zine Hl es%er3 le'endo (n! re+ist!6 ' UEe
7!ited to see t&e re!tionV Hl es%er3 %!r! +er l! re!i3n6M T&e' 7!l9ed &oldin,
&!nds H*!"in!b!n !,!rr!dosL o,idos NEs%!)!O de l! "!no6 ' UT&e' 7!l9ed to
9ee% #itV H*!"in!b!n %!r! "!ntenerse en #or"!6M T&e' 7!l9ed o(t s"ilin,
HS!lieron sonriendo6 ' UT&e' 7!l9ed o(t to see &erV HS!lieron %!r! +erl!6M T&e'
7!nt !n end to #i,&tin, HJ(ieren el #in!l de l! l(&!6 ' UT&e' 7!nt !n end to #i,&t
else7&ereV HJ(ieren (n #in!l %!r! l(&!r en otr! %!rte6M S&e 7!sted so"e ti"e
tr'in, to do t&is HEll! %erdi3L derro&3 ierto tie"%o intent!ndo &!er esto6 ' US&e
7!sted so"e ti"e to do t&isV HEll! %erdi3 ierto tie"%o %!r! &!er esto6M T&e'
7it&dre7 de"!ndin, "one'L o(r N liter!rio O NoO (s N olo/(i!l O de"!ndin, "one'L
to %le!se &er HSe retr!t!ron de e-i,ir dineroL de /(e e-i,i0r!"os dineroL %!r!
!,r!d!rle ! ell!6M Ee 7or9s %!9in, to's Hl tr!b!.! e"b!l!ndo .(,(etes6 ' UEe
7or9s to e!rn ! li+in,V Hl tr!b!.! %!r! ,!n!rse l! +id!61
Al,(nos +erbos HHsb6 be b(s'$ et16 s(elen ir se,(idos de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,M no
obst!nte$ %(eden ir t!"bi0n se,(idos de (n in#initi+o on +!lor #in!l$ sobre todo
(!ndo el !d.eti+o +! %reedido de UtooV1 E.14 S&eZs b(s' oo9in, HEll! est
o(%!d! oin!ndo6 ' US&eZs too b(s' to oo9 no7V HEll! est de"!si!do o(%!d!
%!r! oin!r !&or!61
E-iste di#ereni! entre UT&e' li#ted t&e s!ntions Nsin o"!O Hi t&!t 7ere6
s(s%endin, t&e strit "e!s(resV HLe+!nt!ron l!s s!niones /(e s(s%endF!n l!s
"edid!s estrit!s6$ UT&e' li#ted t&e s!ntions$ Non o"!O s(s%endin, t&e strit
"e!s(resV HLe+!nt!ron l!s s!niones$ s(s%endiendoL !l s(s%ender l!s "edid!s
estrit!s Hi T&e' li#ted t&e s!ntions b' s(s%endin, t&e strit "e!s(res66 ' UT&e'
li#ted t&e s!ntions to s(s%end t&e strit "e!s(resV HLe+!nt!ron l!s s!niones %!r!
s(s%ender l!s "edid!s estrit!s6M UT&e' &!n,ed t&e r(les Nsin o"!O Hi t&!t 7ere6
!%%ro+in, t&ese "e!s(resV H*!"bi!ron l!s re,l!s /(e !%rob!b!n est!s "edid!s6$
UT&e' &!n,ed t&e r(les$ Non o"!O !%%ro+in, t&ese "e!s(resV H*!"bi!ron l!s
re,l!s$ !%rob!ndoL !l !%rob!r est!s "edid!s Hi T&e' &!n,ed t&e r(les b'
!%%ro+in, t&ese "e!s(res66 ' UT&e' &!n,ed t&e r(les to !%%ro+e t&ese "e!s(resV
H*!"bi!ron l!s re,l!s %!r! !%rob!r est!s "edid!s6M UEe le!rned so"e tri9s$ Non
o"!O doin, t&isV Hl !%rendi3 !l,(nos tr(os &!iendo esto6 ' UEe le!rned so"e
tri9s to do t&isV Hl !%rendi3 !l,(nos tr(os %!r! &!er esto61 D1 ?1;<15
86 *on (n si,ni#i!do ,ener!l$ ontin(o o %er"!nente$ on l! #or"! +erb!l
en Iin,$ /(e es nor"!l"ente (n ,er(ndio ' "enos #re(ente"ente (n
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resente$ ' on (n si,ni#i!do es%eF#io$ onreto$
%ro+ision!l o no ,ener!l on in#initi+o$ %reedido o no de (n no"bre o
%rono"bre /(e &!e de o"%le"ento direto del +erbo !nteriorM l! #or"!
+erb!l en Iin, s(ele indi!r !l,o re!l$ +i+ido$ e-%eri"ent!do ' el in#initi+o
si"%le"ente !l,o &i%ot0tio o dis%onibilid!d %!r! l! !i3nM si se die
QS&e st!rted %l!'in,L to %l!' t&e ,(it!r !t #i+eQ HEll! o"enz3 ! to!r l!
,(it!rr! ! los ino !)os6$ l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, s(,iere o denot! /(e ell!
si,(e to!ndo l! ,(it!rr! o /(e est tod!+F! interes!d! en ello %ero el
in#initi+o s(,iere o denot! /(e ell! '! no l! to!$ ni le interes!M ! +ees$ no
&!' !%en!s di#ereni!M t!nto l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o"o el in#initi+o
%(eden re#erirse !l s(.eto o noM se %re#iere (s!r l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,
(!ndo se re#iere ! !l,o /(e o(rr! o &!'! o(rrido re!l"ente ' t!"bi0n
(!ndo se indi!n "(&!s !ti+id!desM el in#initi+o se (s! t!nto o"o l!
#or"! +erb!l en Iin, si +! detrs del ondiion!lM si +!n en (n tie"%o en
#or"! ontin(! s(elen ir se,(idos del in#initi+oM los +erbos /(e lle+!n
detrs No"%le"ento diretoO o No"%le"ento indiretoO lle+!n
res%eti+!"ente (n o"%le"ento direto o (n o"%le"ento inreto
del!nte del in#initi+o %ero no del!nte de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,M &!' "s
de :CC +erbos4 Hsb6 !9no7led,e No"%le"ento diretoO Nel ,er(ndio se
re#iere !l %!s!do ' el in#initi+o on UtoV se re#iere !l %resente o !l #(t(roO$
Hsb6 !d"it No"%le"ento diretoO to Nel ,er(ndio %(ede re#erirse !l %!s!do
t!"bi0nO$ Hsb6 !d+ise No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 !,ree to$ Hsb6 !llo7
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 !%%e!r$ Hsb6 !%%e!rL beL beo"eL #eelL ,etL
see" H(n6!(sto"ed to Nestnd!r4 Hsb6 h ,er(ndio e in,l0s !r!io4 h
in#initi+oO$ Hsb6 !%%e!r !re#(lL !relessL erti#iedL &(##ed NGB4 olo/(i!lOL
onstr!inedL #oolis&L #ort(n!teL #r!ntiL #reeL &ono(red NGB
%rini%!l"enteO N(O &onored NUSAOL o##ended$ !tte"%t$ !(t&orizeL
!(t&orise NGBO No"%le"ento diretoO$ !7!9e$ t&e di##i(lt'L
inon+enieneL %roble"L /(estion h be$ Hit6 be Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV
detrs del !d.eti+oO H(n6!e%t!bleL !d"ir!bleL !bs(rdL !d+!nt!,eo(sL
!"bitio(sL !%%ro%ri!teL !rro,!ntL !7#(lL !797!rd Hdi#Fil6L b!dL biz!rreL
boldL br!+eL brilli!ntL br(t!lL !llo(sL H(n6!nn'L !%riio(sL !relessL
&e!%L &ee9'L &i Hele,!nte6L &ildis&L &(rlis& H,rosero6L le+erL
l("s'L H(n6o"#ort!bleL o"iL o"i!lL o""end!bleL H(n6o""onL
o"%(lsor'L H(n6onstit(tion!lL onte"%tibleL on+enientL
H(n6on+ention!lL orretL RostIeR##eti+eL ostl'L o(nter%rod(ti+eL
o(r!,eo(sL o(rteo(sL ri"in!lL r(elL ("berso"eL (rio(sL 'ni!lL
d!n,ero(s Nel in#initi+o on UtoV %(ede tener +!lor #in!l o noOL deReit#(lL
deentL deli,&t#(lL de%lor!bleL H(n6desir!bleL des%i!bleL detest!bleL
di##i(ltL H(n6di,ni#iedL di%lo"!tiL dis!R,ree!bleL diso(rteo(sL
dis,r!e#(lL dis&onestL disres%et#(lL dre!d#(lL dre!r'L d(llL d("bL e!s' Nel
in#initi+o on UtoV %(ede tener +!lor #in!l o noOL eentriL eono"i!lL
e##eti+eL eli,ibleL en.o'!bleL erroneo(sL et&i!lL e+ilL e-%ensi+eL
e-tr!+!,!ntL H(n6#!irL H(n6#!s&ion!bleL #ool&!rd'L #oolis&L #riendl'L #(nL
#(nn'L #(tileL H(n6,r!te#(lL ,re!tL ,roRtes/(eL &!nd'L &!rd Hdi#Fil6L
H(n6&e!lt&'L &el%#(lL &onestL &o%elessL &orribleL &'%oRriti!lL idiotiL RillI
!dR+isedL illo,i!lL i""!Rt(reL i"%er!ti+eL i"%ort!nt Nel in#initi+o on UtoV
%(ede tener +!lor #in!l o noOL i"%r(dentL i"R%(lsi+eL inonRsider!teL
indeentL indisreetL ine-(s!bleL in#r! di, Nolo/(i!l4 r!roO Hdeni,r!nte6L
in&("!nL intelli,entL ironi!lL Honl'6 .(st Ni #!irOL H(n69indL l!(d!bleL
H(n6l!7#(lL le,iti"!teL lo,i!lL lo(s'L lo+el'L H(n6l(9'L l(diro(sL "!dL
"!,ni#ientL "!liio(sL H(n6"!nl'L "!r+ello(s NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO
"!r+elo(s NUSAOL "e!nL "ir!(lo(sL "is&ie+o(sL "iser!bleL
"onotono(sL "orbidL H(n6n!t(r!lL H(n6neess!r' Nel in#initi+o on UtoV
%(ede ir on +!lor #in!l ' sin +!lor #in!lOL nieL nor"!lL ob.etion!bleL
ob+io(sL oddL OH16AH16L ori,in!lL H(n6ort&odo-L %!in#(lL %!r!do-i!lL
%e(li!rL %ett'L H(n6%le!s!ntL %ointlessL %oliteL %ossibleL %r!ti!lL
%res("%t(o(sL %retentio(sL %ro#o(ndL %r(dentL /(!intL /(estion!bleL
r!tion!lL H(n6re!listiL re!son!bleL re9lessL re,rett!bleL rele+!ntL
re%re&ensibleL rest#(l Hrel!.!nte6L ridi(lo(sL H!ll6 ri,&tL ris9'L ro(,&L r(deL
s!rile,io(sL s!dL s!#eL s!t!ni!lL s!nd!lo(sL H(n6sel#is&L sensibleL serio(s
Nen ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!OL si,ni#i!nt Nliter!rioOL sill'L si"%leL sin#(lL
sl'L s%ite#(lL s%lendidL stin,'L str!n,eL st(%idL s(##iientL s(iid!lL s(it!bleL
s(%er#ii!lL s(%er#l(o(sL s7eetL t!t#(lL tedio(sL terribleL t&o(,&t#(lL
t&o(,&tlessL tireso"eL to(,&L tr!dition!lL tr!,iL tre!&ero(sL tre!sono(sL
tri9'L tro(bleso"eL H(n6tr(t&#(lL t'%i!lL (n&e!rd o#L (nsee"l'L (nsi,&tl'L
(se#(lL (selessL H(n6(s(!lL +!inL +!lidL +!l(!bleL +inditi+eL +it!lL +(l,!rL
7!ste#(lL 7eirdL 7i9edL 7il'L H(n67iseL 7onder#(lL H(n67ort&'L 7ron,$
et1 Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ore o IerL less H111
t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ostQM el ,er(ndio es "s
olo/(i!l /(e el in#initi+oO$ Hsb6 be Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!
' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs del
!d.eti+oO H(n6!#r!idL !l!r"edL !"(sedL !n,r'L !nno'edL !n-io(sL !rro,!ntL
!s&!"edL be7ildered Hdesonert!doL !t(rdido6L bliss#(l Hdi&oso6L boredL
bot&eredL !re#(lL !relessL erti#iedL &(##ed NGB4 olo/(i!lOL onernedL
on#(sedL onstr!inedL ontentL o(r!,eo(sL de.etedL deli,&tedL
de%ressedL des%er!teL de+!st!tedL dis!R%%ointedL disRo(r!,edL disR,(sted
H!s/(e!do6L disR&e!rtenedL disRs!tis#iedL too disRtr!tedL disRtressedL
disRt(rbedL d("b#o(ndedL el!tedL e"b!rr!ssed Hdesonert!do6L en&!ntedL
enr!,edL entr!nedL e-!s%er!tedL e-itedL e-(lt!nt Nliter!rioO H.(biloso6L
#!sin!tedL #oolis&L #ort(n!teL #r!ntiL #reeL #ri,&tenedL #r(str!tedL #(rio(sL
,l!dL ,r!te#(lL ,r!ti#iedL H(n6&!%%'L &e!rtbro9enL &esit!ntL &ono(red NGB
%rini%!l"enteO N(O &onored NUSAOL &orri#iedL idiotiL H(n6l(9'L "ind#(lL
o##endedL o+erR.o'edL %!inedL %er%le-edL %ert(rbedL %le!sedL %ri+ile,edL
%ro(dL %(zzledL ri,&tL s!dL s!tis#iedL s!redL s&o9edL st!rtledL st(nnedL
t&rilledL t&(nderstr(9L to(&edL tro(bledL (%setL +e-ed$ Hit6 be !i"ed to$ be
!%%ro%ri!te to$ Hit6 be better H111 t&!n6 ND1 @1@18;CO$ Hit6 be best$ Hit6 be Hs(&
N( otro !d+erbioO6 ! bore$ Hit6 be ! di##i(ltL tedio(sL 7onder#(l b(siness$
Hit6 be ! !t!stro%&e$ Hsb6 be &!n,ed to$ Hit6 be &ildZs %l!' Nolo/(i!lO$ t&e
7!' h be le!red N"enos (s!doOL le!r N"s (s!doO to$ Hsb6 be oered to$
Hit6 be ! o""it"ent toL o""it"ents to$ Hsb6 beL re"!in o""itted to$
Hsb6 be onde"ned to$ Hsb6 be onditioned to$ Hit6 be ! di##i(lt'$ Hit6 be !
dis!d+!nt!,e$ Hit6 be ! dis!ster$ Hit6 be ! dis,r!e$ Hsb6 be dri+en to$ HsbL it6
be d(e to ND1 @1@1@:O$ Hit6 be oneZs d(t'$ Hit6 beL see" essenti!lL !n essenti!l
ele"entL !n essenti!l t&in, ND1 =15<:15O$ Hit6 beL see" essenti!lL !n essenti!l
ele"entL !n essenti!l t&in, to$ Hit6 be !n e-%eriene$ Hit6 be H,oodL ,re!t6
#(n$ HsbL it6 be ,oodL no ,oodL not ,oodL not !n' ,oodL not "(& ,ood$ Hit6
be &ell Nolo/(i!lO$ Hit6 be ! &(rdle$ Hit6 be instr("ent!l &el% to$ Hit6 beL
!%%e!rL beo"eL loo9L see" intrinsi to$ Hit6 be !n e!s' .ob Hser #il6$ Hit6
be ! &!rdL to(,& .ob Hser di#FilL (n %roble"!6$ Hit6 be /(ite ! .ob$ Hit6 be
oneZs .ob$ Hit6 be no .o9e$ Hit6 be %(re l(9$ Hit6 be ! l(-(r'L s&eer l(-(r'$
Hit6 be no e!s' "!tter$ Hit6 be ! "isone%tion$ Hit6 be s&eer "iser'$ Hit6 be !
"ist!9e$ Hit6 be ! ni,&t"!re$ Hit6 be ! n(is!ne$ Hsb6 be o%en to$ Hit6 be !
%!in$ Hit6 be no %ini$ Hit6 be ! %le!s(re$ Hit6 be %re%!r!tor' to$ Hit6 be !
%ri+ile,e$ Hit6 be !Hn e-%ensi+e6 %roess$ Hsb6 be %rone to N"s (s!do on
,er(ndio ' "enos (s!do on in#initi+oO$ Hit6 be ! %ro%os!l toL Ht&e6
%ro%os!ls to$ Hit6 be ! relie#$ Hsb6 be re%orted$ Hsb6 be re%orted to$ Hit6 be !L
oneZs res%onsibilit'$ Hsb6 be sentened to$ Hit6 be ! s&!"e$ Hit6 be ! s&o9$
Hit6 be ! sn!% NUSA4 olo/(i!lO Hser H(n! os!6 "(' #il6$ Hit6 be /(ite !
s/(!s&$ Hit6 be ! ste% #ro" t&!t to$ Hit6 be ! str!te,' to$ Hit6 be ! str(,,le$
HsbL it6 be s(ited to$ Hit6 be ! t&rill$ Hit6 be s&eer tort(re$ Hit6 be ! tr!,ed'$ Hit6
be (n&e!rd o# sb$ Hit6 be noL not !n'L not t&e le!stL not "(& (se$ Hit6 be H!ll
+er'6 7ell$ Hit6 be &!rd 7or9$ Hit6 be 7ort&7&ile$ Hit6 be 7ort& oneZs 7&ile$
Hsb6 beo"e %rone to N"s (s!do on ,er(ndio ' "enos (s!do on
in#initi+oO$ Hsb6 be,in$ Hsb6 bend o+er b!97!rdHs6 N#i,(r!do4 estnd!rO$
Hsb6 bot&er$ Hsb6 !nZt end(re$ Hsb6 e!se$ Hsb6 &oose$ Hsb6 o""ene
Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 o""it so"ebod'L onesel# to$ HsbL it6 ondition
No"%le"ento diretoO to Nen %!si+! se,(ido de ,er(ndio ' en !ti+!
se,(ido de in#initi+oO$ Hsb6 on#ine onesel# to$ Hsb6 onsent to$ Hsb6
onsider No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 ontin(e$ Hsb6 o(nsel No"%le"ento
diretoO$ HsbL it6 del!re t&eL oneZs o""it"entHs6 to$ Hsb6 deline
Hre&(s!r6$ HsbL it6 desribe t&eL oneZs o""it"entHs6 to$ Hsb6 detest$ Hsb6
disd!in$ Hsb6 disli9e Hsb6$ Hsb6 do betterL 7ellL 7ron,$ Hsb6 dre!d$ Hsb6
eno(r!,e No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 e-%et$ Hsb6 #!n' Nliter!rio4 GB
%rini%!l"enteO Hsb6 No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 #e!r Nliter!rioO$ Hit6 #eel
Nen !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s
liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oM es "e.or %oner UtooV ( otro
!d+erbio del!nte del !d.eti+o (!ndo +! se,(ido de in#initi+o on UtoVO
!bs(rdL !d+!nt!,eo(sL !"bitio(sL !%%ro%ri!teL !rro,!ntL !7#(lL !797!rdL
b!dL biz!rreL boldL br!+eL brilli!ntL br(t!lL !llo(sL !%riio(sL !relessL
&e!%L &ee9'L &iL &ildis&L &(rlis& H,rosero6L le+erL l("s'L
H(n6o"#ort!bleL o"iL o"i!lL o""end!bleL o"%(lsor'L
onstit(tion!lL onte"%tibleL on+enientL orretL RostIeR##eti+eL ostl'L
o(nter%rod(ti+eL o(r!,eo(sL o(rteo(sL r(elL (rio(sL 'ni!lL
d!n,ero(sL deReit#(lL deentL deli,&t#(lL de%lor!bleL desir!bleL des%i!bleL
detest!bleL di##i(ltL di%lo"!tiL diso(rteo(sL dis,r!e#(lL dis&onestL
disres%et#(lL dre!d#(lL dre!r'L d(llL d("bL e!s'L eentriL eono"i!lL
e##eti+eL eli,ibleL en.o'!bleL erroneo(sL essenti!lL et&i!lL e+ilL e-%ensi+eL
e-tr!+!,!ntL #oolis&L #riendl'L #(nL #(nn'L #(tileL ,re!tL &!nd'L &!rd
Hdi#Fil6L &e!lt&'L &el%#(lL &onestL &o%elessL &orribleL idiotiL illo,i!lL
i"%er!ti+eL i"%ort!ntL i"%r(dentL ine-(s!bleL in#r! di, Nolo/(i!l4 r!roO
Hdeni,r!nte6L .(st Ni #!irOL H(n69indL le,iti"!teL lo,i!lL lo(s'L lo+el'L
H(n6l(9'L l(diro(sL "!dL "!r+ello(s NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO "!r+elo(s
NUSAOL "e!nL "iser!bleL "onotono(sL H(n6n!t(r!lL H(n6neess!r'L nieL
nor"!lL ob+io(sL oddL OH16AH16L %!in#(lL %e(li!rL H(n6%le!s!ntL %ointlessL
%oliteL %ossibleL %r!ti!lL r!tion!lL re!listiL re!son!bleL rele+!ntL rest#(l
Hrel!.!nte6L ridi(lo(sL ri,&tL ris9'L r(deL s!dL s!#eL H(n6sel#is&L sensibleL
serio(sL sill'L si"%leL str!n,eL st(%idL s(##iientL s(%er#l(o(sL tedio(sL
terribleL tireso"eL to(,&L tr!,iL tri9'L (no""onL (n#!irL (n,r!te#(lL
(se#(lL (selessL H(n6(s(!lL +!inL +inditi+eL +it!lL 7!ste#(lL 7i9edL 7il'L
H(n67iseL 7onder#(lL H(n67ort&'L 7ron,$ et1 Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do
o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ore o IerL less H111 t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do
s(%erl!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ostQM el ,er(ndio es "s olo/(i!l /(e el
in#initi+oO$ Hsb6 #eel H(n6!#r!idL !l!r"edL !"(sedL !n,r'L !nno'edL !n-io(sL
!s&!"edL be7ilderedL bliss#(lL boredL bot&eredL onernedL on#(sedL
ontentL de.etedL deli,&tedL de%ressedL des%er!teL de+!st!tedL
dis!R%%ointedL diRso(r!,edL disR,(stedL disR&e!rtenedL disRs!tis#iedL
disRtressedL disRt(rbedL d("b#o(ndedL el!tedL e"b!rr!ssedL en&!ntedL
enr!,edL entr!nedL e-!s%er!tedL e-itedL e-(lt!nt Nliter!rioOL #!sin!tedL
#oolis&L #ort(n!teL #r!ntiL #reeL #ri,&tenedL #r(str!tedL #(rio(sL ,l!dL
,r!te#(lL ,r!ti#iedL H(n6&!%%'L &e!rtbro9enL &esit!ntL &orri#iedL idiotiL
H(n6l(9'L "ind#(lL o+erR.o'edL %!inedL %er%le-edL %ert(rbedL %le!sedL
%ri+ile,edL %ro(dL %(zzledL relie+edL s!dL s!redL s&o9edL st!rtledL
st(nnedL t&rilledL t&(nderstr(9L to(&edL tro(bledL (%setL +e-ed$ Hit6 #eel
better H111 t&!n6$ Hit6 #eel best$ Hit6 #eelL loo9L see" H,oodL ,re!t6 #(n$ Hit6 #eel
! %le!s(re$ Hit6 #eel ! %ri+ile,e$ Hsb6 #eel (% to$ Hsb6 #ind N( otro +erbo
se,(ido deO t&e Hri,&tL 7ron,6 7!'L ! 7!'L e+er' %ossible 7!'$ Hsb6 #orbe!r
Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 #orbid No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 ,i+e &i,&erL "oreL less
!ttentionL i"%ort!neL t&o(,&t to$ HsbL it6 ,o$ Hsb6 ,o #!r to$ Hsb6 ,o !s #!r
!s$ Hsb6 ,o so #!r !s Nen #or"! ne,!ti+!O$ Hsb6 ,o on to$ Hsb6 &!te$ Hsb6 &!+e
!ess to$ Hsb6 &!+e no !ltern!ti+e t&!n ND1 @1@18;CO$ Hsb6 &!+e !L t&e
o""it"ent toL o""it"ents to$ Hsb6 &!+e !n ob.etion toL ob.etions to$
Hsb6 &!+e rel(t!ne to$ Hsb6 &!+e no ri,&t$ Hsb6 &!+e !L t&eL no ri,&t to$
&!+eL ,o ! lon, 7!' to$ &!+e so"e 7!' to$ Hsb6 ind(e Nse,(ido de QtoQ h
,er(ndio (!ndo est en %!si+! ' se,(ido de o"%le"ento direto de
%erson! h in#initi+o on UtoV (!ndo est en !ti+!O$ Hsb6 intend Nse re#iere
!l %resente o !l #(t(ro on !"b!s #or"!sO$ Hsb6 l!(,&$ Hsb6 le!n o+er
b!97!rdHs6 N#i,(r!do4 olo/(i!lO$ Hsb6 le!rn$ Hsb6 li9e Hsb6$ Hsb6 lo!t&e$ Hit6
loo9 !7#(lL !797!rdL b!dL be!(ti#(lL better H111 t&!n6L H(n6o"#ort!bleL
orretL r(elL d!n,ero(sL di##i(ltL dre!r'L dre!d#(lL e!s'L en.o'!bleL
#oolis&L #(nL #(nn'L lo(s'L lo+el'Ll(diro(sL "!dL "!r+ello(s NGB
%rini%!l"enteO NoO "!r+elo(s NUSAOL "iser!bleL "onotono(sL Htoo6
H(n6n!t(r!lL nieL nor"!lL oddL OH16AH16L %e(li!rL H(n6%le!s!ntL re!listiL
ridi(lo(sL ri,&tL ris9'L r(deL s!#eL sill'L si"%leL str!n,eL st(%idL tedio(sL
terribleL to(,&L tr!,iL tri9'L 7i9edL 7onder#(l$ Hit6 loo9 be!(ti#(l$ loo9
R#or7!rd to Nse,(ido de ,er(ndio en in,l0s estnd!r ' de in#initi+o en
in,l0s liter!rioO$ Hsb6 lo+e$ Hit6 "!9e No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 "!n!,e$
Hsb6 "eet t&e o""it"ent to$ Hsb6 "o+e on to$ Hsb6 ne,let$ Hsb6 ob.et to$
Hsb6 o"it$ Hsb6 %er"it No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 %l!n$ Hsb6 %re#er Hsb6$
Hsb6 %ro"ise$ Hsb6 %ro+e ri,&t$ Hit6 %ro+e 7ort&7&ile$ Hsb6 %(r%ose
N!r!ioO$ Hsb6 %(t H&i"sel#6 ! t!r,etL t!r,ets to$ Hsb6 /(estion
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 re!##ir"L re!ssert oneZs o""it"ent to$ Hsb6
reo,nizeL reo,nise NGBO No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 reollet Nel
,er(ndio se re#iere ! !l,o !nterior ! lo /(e die el +erbo ' el in#initi+o se
re#iere ! !l,o %osterior ! lo /(e die el +erboM entre QreolletQ ' el
in#initi+o on UtoV tienen /(e ir %!l!br!s o"o Q&o7L i#L 7&!tL 7&enL
7&ereL 7&et&erL 7&oL 7&'QO$ Hsb6 reo""ene$ Hsb6 reo""end
No"%le"ento diretoO$ Hsb6 reonsider$ Hsb6 re.et sbZs ob.etions to$ Hsb6
resent$ Hsb6 sorn$ Hsb6 see ! 7!' to$ Hsb6 see t&eL oneZs 7!' to$ Hit6 see"
!%%ro%ri!te to$ Hsb6 see" bot&ered$ Hit6 see" ! o""it"entL o""it"ents$
Hit6 see" !bs(rdL !d+!nt!,eo(sL !%%ro%ri!teL !7#(lL !797!rdL b!dL
be!(ti#(lL better H111 t&!n6L bitterL br!+eL &e!%L &iL &(rlis& H,rosero6L
le+erL H(n6o"#ort!bleL on+enientL orretL ostl'L o(nter%rod(ti+eL
r(elL (rio(sL d!n,ero(sL de%lor!bleL di##i(ltL dis&onestL disres%et#(lL
dre!r'L dre!d#(lL e!s'L en.o'!bleL essenti!l Nel in#initi+o on UtoV %(ede
tener +!lor #in!l o noOL et&i!lL e-%ensi+eL #oolis&L #(nL #(nn'L #(tileL ,oodL
,re!tL &!rd Hdi#Fil6L &e!lt&'L &onestL &o%elessL &orribleL idiotiL illo,i!lL
i"%er!ti+eL i"%r(dentL ine-(s!bleL irrele+!ntL .(st Ni #!irOL H(n69indL
le,iti"!teL lo,i!lL lo(s'L lo+el'L l(diro(sL "!dL "!r+ello(s NGB
%rini%!l"enteO NoO "!r+elo(s NUSAOL "e!nL "iser!bleL "onotono(sL
n!t(r!lL H(n6neess!r'L nieL nor"!lL ob+io(sL oddL OH16AH16L %e(li!rL
H(n6%le!s!ntL %ointlessL r!tion!lL re!listiL re!son!bleL rele+!ntL ridi(lo(sL
ri,&tL ris9'L r(deL s!dL s!#eL sel#is&L sensibleL serio(sL sill'L si"%leL str!n,eL
st(%idL s(##iientL s(%er#l(o(sL tedio(sL terribleL to(,&L tr!,iL tri9'L
(se#(lL (selessL (s(!lL +it!lL 7i9edL H(n67iseL 7onder#(lL H(n67ort&'L
7ron,$ Hit6 ser+e no %(r%ose$ set h o"%le"ento direto h on t&e ro!d to$
Hsb6 s&o7 ! o""it"ent toL o""it"ents to$ Hsb6 s&o7 oneZs ob.etions
to$ Hsb6 st!rt$ Hsb6 st!rt in Nse di#ereni! de Qst!rtQ %or/(e QinQ indi!
+ol(nt!d4 ! s!biend!sO$ Hsb6 st(d'$ Hit6 s(r%rise sb$ Hsb6 s7e!r to Nel
,er(ndio se re#iere !l %!s!do ' el in#initi+o se re#iere !l %resente o !l
#(t(roO$ Hsb6 te!& No"%le"ento diretoO$ t&ere h be Hno6 o""it"ent toL
! ne7 o""it"ent toL H!6 l!9 o# o""it"ent toL o""it"ents toL H!6
rel(t!ne toL ! 7!' toL 7!'s to$ t&ere h be so"eL ! lon, 7!' to$ tro(ble$
Hsb6 tr(st No"%le"ento diretoO to$ Hsb6 (nderst!nd sb$ Hsb6 +ent(re$ Hsb6
7!nt sbL st&$ Hsb6 7!t& Nel in#initi+o %(ede indi!r t!"bi0n #in!lid!dO$
et1M (!ndo el s(.eto de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o es (n ,er(ndio$ el !trib(to es
(n ,er(ndio$ ' (!ndo el s(.eto es (n in#initi+o on UtoV$ el !trib(to es (n
in#initi+o on UtoV1 E.14 S&e !9no7led,esL &!s !9no7led,ed ,oin, to
'o(r &o"e HEll! reonoe NoO !d"ite &!berHse6 ido ! t( !s!L &! reonoido
NoO !d"itido /(e Hse6 &! ido ! t( !s!6L S&e !9no7led,es 'o(r ,oin, &o"e
HEll! reonoeL !d"ite /(e Hte6 #(iste ! !s!6 ' US&e !9no7led,es &i" to
be intelli,entV HEll! !d"iteL reonoe /(e 0l es inteli,ente6M S&e 7onZt
!d"it to lo+in, &i" HEll! no /(iere !d"itir /(e le !"!6L Ee !d"itted to
ste!lin,L &!+in, stolen t&e "one' Hl !d"iti3 &!ber rob!do el dinero6 '
UT&e' !d"itted t&eir #!il(re to b(ild t&e !stleV HAd"itieron no &!ber
ose,(ido onstr(ir el !stillo6M >e !d+ise sellin,L t&eir sellin, s&!res
HAonse.!"osL Les !onse.!"os Hel &e&o de6 +ender !iones
Hb(rstiles66 ' U>e !d+ise &i" to sell s&!resV HLe !onse.!"os +enderL /(e
+end! !iones Nb(rstilesO6M T&e' donZt !,ree to li#tin, t&e s!ntions HNo
se %onen de !(erdo en H(!nto !6 el le+!nt!"iento de l!s s!niones6 '
U>e !,reed to "eet !t se+enV HJ(ed!"os en +ernos ! l!s siete6M 7it&
!ti+ities Ht&!t !re6 !i"ed to e-%loitin,L e-%loit reso(res Hon !ti+id!des
diri,id!s ! e-%lot!r re(rsos6M Ee !llo7ed tr!din, Hl %er"itF! o"eri!rL
&!er (n !"bio6 ' UEe !llo7ed (s to tr!deV Hl nos %er"iti3 o"eri!rL
&!er (n !"bio6M T&e' !(t&orizedL !(t&orised NGBO +otin, HA(toriz!ron
l!s +ot!iones6 ' UT&e' !(t&orizedL !(t&orised NGBO (s to +oteV HNos
!(toriz!ron ! +ot!r6M S&e !7o9e #eelin, terrible N"s (s!do se,(ido de l!
#or"! +erb!l en Iin,O HEll! se des%ert3 sinti0ndose &orrible"ente6 ' US&e
!7o9e to #ind &i" ,oneV N"enos (s!do se,(ido de in#initi+oO HEll! se
des%ert3 ' +io /(e 0l se &!bF! ido6M T&e %roble" is brin,in, t&e" to,et&er
HEl %roble"! es .(nt!rlosL est .(ntndolHos$ es66L T&e %roble" is &is
Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO brin,in, t&e" to,et&er HEl %roble"! es Hel
&e&o de6 /(e 0l los .(nte6 ' UT&e %roble" is to do it no7V HEl %roble"!
es &!erlo !&or!6M It is di##i(ltL e!s' s!'in,L to s!' t&is HEs di#FilL #il
deir esto6M It is !797!rd sin,in,L to sin, no7 HEs di#FilL in3"odo !nt!r
!&or!6M It is desir!bleL eli,ible "!9in,L to "!9e it t&!t 7!' HEs dese!bleL
id3neo &!erlo de es!L !/(ell! "!ner!6M It is &(rlis&L (rio(s s!'in,L to
s!' it t&!t 7!' HEs ,roseroL (rioso deirlo de es!L !/(ell! "!ner!6M It is
detest!bleL dre!r'L essenti!lL et&i!l doin,L to do it t&!t 7!' HEs detest!bleL
de%ri"enteL eseni!lL 0tio &!erlo de es!L !/(ell! "!ner!6M ItZs dis,r!e#(l
be&!+in,L to be&!+e li9e t&!t in %(bli HEs +er,onzoso o"%ort!rse !sF en
%2blio6M It is e!s' (nderst!ndin,L to (nderst!nd t&is Ns(.etoO H*o"%render
esto es #il Nno #in!lO6$ %ero UIt is e!s' to (nderst!ndV N(nderst!ndin,4 no
%onerO HEs #il de o"%renderL %!r! o"%renderlo N#in!l4 el in#initi+o on
UtoV no es s(.etoO6M ItZs #oolis& ,oin,L to ,o Ns(.etoO no7V HEs (n! tonterF!
ir !&or!6M ItZs &!rd ,ettin,L to ,et s(%%lies HEs di#Fil onse,(ir
%ro+isiones6M ItZs &o%eless tr'in,L to tr' to on+ine &er HEs in2til tr!t!r de
on+enerl!6M ItZs &orribleL idiotiL illo,i!lL i"%er!ti+eL i"%ort!ntL
i"%r(dentL .(st Ni #!irOL 9indL le,iti"!teL lo,i!lL l(diro(sL "!dL
"!r+ello(s NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO "!r+elo(s NUSAOL "e!nL n!t(r!lL
neess!r'L nor"!lL ob+io(sL OAL %e(li!rL %le!s!ntL %oliteL %ossibleL
%r!ti!lL r!tion!lL re!listiL rele+!ntL ridi(lo(sL ri,&tL ris9'L r(deL s!dL
s!#eL sel#is&L sensibleL serio(sL sill'L si"%leL str!n,eL st(%idL s(##iientL
s(%er#l(o(sL tedio(sL terribleL to(,&L tr!,iL tri9'L (nneess!r'L
(n%le!s!ntL (n7iseL (n7ort&'L (se#(lL (selessL +it!lL 7i9edL 7iseL 7ort&'
s!'in,L to s!' t&!t 7ord HEs &orribleL (n! idiotezL il3,ioL #(nd!"ent!lL
i"%ort!nteL i"%r(denteL .(stoL !"!bleL le,Fti"oL l3,ioL !bs(rdoL (n!
lo(r!L "!r!+illosoL "ez/(inoL n!t(r!lL nees!rioL nor"!lL ob+ioL orretoL
r!roL !,r!d!bleL ort0sL %osibleL %rtioL r!ion!lL re!list!L rele+!nteL
ridF(loL !ert!doL !rries,!doL ,roseroL tristeL se,(roL e,oist!L sens!toL
serioL (n! tonterF!L senilloL e-tr!)oL est2%idoL s(#iienteL s(%er#l(oL
!b(rridoL terribleL d(roL tr,ioL deli!doL innees!rioL des!,r!d!bleL
des!onse. !bleL indi,noL 2tilL in2tilL +it!lL "!li,noL %r(denteL eno"i!ble
deir es! %!l!br!6M It is e!sier s!'in,L to s!' t&is HEs "s #il deir esto6M
It is ! di##i(lt b(siness ,ettin, e+er't&in, re!d'L to do it 7ell HEs (n
!s(nto di#Fil %re%!r!r todoL &!erlo bien6M It is i"%ort!nt (nderst!ndin,L to
(nderst!nd t&e %roble" HEs i"%ort!nte o"%render el %roble"!L
*o"%render el %roble"! es i"%ort!nte Nno #in!l4 el in#initi+o ' el ,er(ndio
son s(.etos on UitVO6$ %ero UIt is i"%ort!nt to (nderst!nd N(nderst!ndin,4
no %onerO t&e %roble"V HEs i"%ort!nte %!r! o"%render el %roble"!
N#in!l4 el in#initi+o no es s(.etoO6M ItZs ! 7onder#(l b(siness doin,L H#or "e6
to do t&!t HEs (n ne,oio "!r!+illoso &!erL H%!r! "F6 &!er eso NoO
!/(ello6M T&e' !nZt be bot&ered +otin,L to ,o tod!' HNo tienen ,!n!s de
+ot!rL ir &o'6M It 7!s &!n,ed to ontrollin,L ontrol t&e sit(!tion HSe
!"bi3 %!r! el ontrol deL ontrol!r l! sit(!i3n6M S&e &!s been oered to
tr(st &er te!&ers !nd to !e%tin, t&e 7orld !s it is HL! &!n o!ion!do
%!r! /(e on#Fe en s(s %ro#esor!s ' %!r! /(e !e%te el "(ndo o"o es6M It
7!s ! o""it"ent to doin,L do it HEr! (n o"%ro"iso %!r! &!erlo6M T&e'
!reL re"!in o""itted to e-tendin,L e-tend rese!r& Nse %(ede %oner
t!"bi0n Qt&e"sel+esQ detrs de Qt&e'Q$ detrs de Q!reL re"!inQ o !l #in!lO
HEstnL J(ed!n obli,!dos !Hl &e&o de6 e-tender l! in+esti,!i3n6M Ee isL
re"!ins o""itted to &el%in, (sL eli"in!te t&is Nse %(ede %oner t!"bi0n
Q&i"sel#Q detrs de Q&eQ$ detrs de QisL re"!insQ$ detrs de Qo""ittedQ o
!l #in!lO Hl estL si,(e o"%ro"etido !Hl &e&o de6 !'(d!rnosL eli"in!r
esto6M It 7!s ! di##i(lt' ,ettin,L to ,et t&ere HEr! (n! di#i(lt!d lle,!r !&F
NoO !llF6M S&e 7!s dri+en to !s9in, #or "one' HEll! se +io obli,!d! ! %edir
dinero6 ' UEe 7!s dri+en b' &(n,er to ste!lV Hl #(e lle+!do %or el &!"bre
! rob!r6M It is !n e-%eriene "eetin, 'o(L to %(t (% 7it& ! sill' %erson HEs
(n! e-%erieni! onoerteL !,(!nt!r ! (n! %erson! tont!6M It is #(n dri+in,
! !r HEs di+ertido ond(ir (n o&e6 ' UEe 7!s so"eti"es #(n to be
7it&L Ee 7!s #(n to be 7it& so"eti"esV HEr! di+ertido est!r on 0l !
+ees6M It is Hnot6 ,ood ,oin,L to do it no7 HHno6 Es b(eno irL &!erlo
!&or!6M It is no ,ood doin,L to do it no7 HNo sir+e de n!d! &!erlo !&or!6M
It is not !n'L "(& ,ood ,oin,L to ,oL s&o(tin,L to s&o(tL doin, itL to do it
no7 HNo sir+e de n!d!L de "(&o irL ,rit!rL &!erlo !&or!6M It is &er .ob
doin,L to do t&is HEs s( tr!b!.o &!er esto6M It is ! n(is!ne &!+in, to ,oL to
&!+e to ,o no7 HEs (n! l!t!L (n inordio tener /(e ir !&or!6M Peo%le !re
o%en to belie+in, t&is HL! ,ente se %rest!L est e-%(est! ! reer esto6M
Diso(nts t&!t 'o( !re o%en to !llo7 &er HDes(entos /(e ests dis%onible
! %er"itFrselos ! ell!6M ItZs ! %le!s(re "eetin,L to "eet 'o( HEs (n %l!er
onoerHteL le ! Dd166M ItZs ! %le!s(re listenin,L to listen to &i" HEs (n
%l!er es(&!rle ! 0l6M It 7!s %re%!r!tor' to ste!lin,L ste!l t&e "one' HEr!
%re%!r!torio %!r! el robo deL rob!r el dinero6M Ee is %rone to ,ettin, #!tL to
,et !n,r' ri,&t no7 Hl es %ro%ensoL %roli+eL tiene tendeni! ! en,ord!rL
en#!d!rse !&or! "is"o6M T&ese !re R(ssi!n %ro%os!ls to endin, t&e risis
Hst!s son %ro%(est!s r(s!s %!r! el #inH!l6 de l! risis6 ' UT&ese !re
R(ssi!n %ro%os!ls to end t&e risisV Hst!s son %ro%(est!s r(s!s %!r! %oner
#in ! l! risis6M S&e is %ro(d doin, itL to do it HEll! est or,(llos!
&!i0ndoloL de &!erlo6M S&eZs re%orted "issin, in !tionL to o7n t&e r!dio
st!tion HSe die /(e ell! &! des!%!reido en !i3nL es l! %ro%iet!ri! de l!
e"isor! de r!dio6M Ee 7!s re%orted to s!'L &!+in, s!id N(n ,er(ndio
o"%(esto %ero no se %(ede %oner (n ,er(ndio si"%le4 s!'in,O t&is HSe
deF! /(e 0l di.oL &!bF! di&o esto6M ItZs &is res%onsibilit' to order
Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL orderin, Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doO No# orderin,4 no
%onerO t&e st!tioner' HEs res%ons!bilid!d s('! &!er los %edidos de
%!%elerF!6M It is ! ste% #ro" t&!t to s!'in, &e is 7ron, HEs (n %!so de eso !
deir /(e 0l est e/(i+o!do6 e UIt is ! ste% #ro" t&!t to beo"e !
"e"berV HEst ! (n %!so de eso el &!erse "ie"bro6M It is ! 9e' str!te,'
to "!n!,in, ris9 HEs (n! estr!te,i! l!+e %!r! ontrol!r el ries,o6M S&e is
H7ell6 s(ited to %l!'in, t&is role N"s (s!doO NoO rwle HEll! est Hbien6
%re%!r!d! %!r! &!er este %!%el6 ' UT&e b(ildin, is s(ited to (se !s o##iesV
HEl edi#iio est %re%!r!doL !de(!do %!r! (s!rlo o"oL de o#iin!s6M It is
no (se r'in,L ItZs not t&e le!st (se r'in, HNo sir+e de n!d! llor!r6 e UIt is
no (se to ,oV HNo sir+e de n!d! ir6L It is no (se #or &er to ,o HNo le sir+e de
n!d! ! ell! ir6M It isnZt "(& (se 'o(r Nliter!rioO NoO 'o( Nolo/(i!lO
%retendin,L #or 'o( to %retend t&!t 'o( didnZt o"e HNo te sir+e de "(&o
#in,ir /(e no +iniste6M It is H!ll +er'6 7ell s!'in,L to s!' t&is HEst H"('6
bien deir esto6M It is &!rd 7or9 7ritin, ! boo9 HEs (n tr!b!.o d(ro esribir
(n libro6 e UIt is &!rd 7or9 to ,etL ,o t&ere in t7o &o(rsV HEs (n tr!b!.o
d(ro lle,!rL ir !&F NoO !llF en dos &or!s6M It is 7ort&7&ile ,ettin, t&ere e!rl'
HD!le NoO Meree l! %en! lle,!r !&FL !llF te"%r!no6L ItZs not 7ort& 'o(r
7&ile ,oin, into to7n HNo te "eree NoO +!le l! %en! ir ! l! i(d!d6 e UItZs
7ort&7&ile to b(' t&e 7&ole lotV HD!le NoO Meree l! %en! o"%r!rlo todo
Hel lote66M ItZs not 7ort& "' 7&ile sellin,L to sell it HNo "e "eree l! %en!L
o"%ens! +enderlo6M Ee ,ener!ll' be,ins e!tin, !#ter t7o HoZlo96 Hl
,ener!l"ente e"%iez! ! o"er des%(0s de l!s dos6 ' UEe be,!n to 7or9
'esterd!'V Hl e"%ez3 ! tr!b!.!r !'er6M Ee bendsL le!ns o+er b!97!rdL
b!97!rds NGBO %le!sin,L to %le!se Nestnd!rO (s Hl &!e lo i"%osible
%orL %!r! !,r!d!rnos6M DonZt bot&er ,oin,L to %i9 (% t&e le#to+ers] H\No te
"olestes en irL reo,er los restos]6M Ee !nZt end(re &e!rin,L to &e!r t&ose
7ords Hl no %(ede so%ort!r oFr es!s %!l!br!s6M T&e' e!sed #irin,
HDe.!ron de dis%!r!r6 ' US&e e!sed to e-istV HEll! de.3 de e-istir6M Ee
&ose o"in,L to o"e Hl eli,i3 +enir6M Ee o""itted &er to %!'in,L to
%!' #or 7&!t s&e &!d bro9en Hl l! obli,3 ! %!,!r lo /(e &!bF! roto6M S&e
o""itted &ersel# to ,oin,L ,o t&ereL b('in,L b(' t&e 7&ole t&in, HEll! se
o"%ro"eti3 ! ir !&F NoO !llFL o"%r!rlo todo6M S&e is onditioned Nen
%!si+!O to b('in, t&ese t&in,s HL! ondiion!n ! o"%r!r est!s os!s6M
Soiet' onditions Nen !ti+!O (s to !e%t so"e on+entions HL! soied!d
nos ondiion! ! !e%t!r !l,(n!s on+eniones6M Ee on#ined &i"sel# to
s!'in,L s!' t&!t Hl se li"it3 ! deir esoL !/(ello6M Ee onsented to bein,
inter+ie7ed Hl onsinti3 /(e le entre+ist!r!n6 ' US&e &!s onsented to see
'o(V HEll! &! !edido !L onsentido +erte6M S&e 7o(ld onsider &el%in,
&i" i# &is bo!t !%sized HEll! onsider!rF! l! %osibilid!d deL %ens!rF!
!'(d!rle si s( b!ro se dier! l! +(elt!L zozobr!r!6 ' US&e onsidered &i"
Hto be6 res%onsibleV HEll! le onsider3 res%ons!ble6M Ee ontin(ed drin9in,
Hl si,(i3 bebiendo6 ' UT&e' ontin(ed to s(rro(nd t&e +ill!,eV
H*ontin(!ron rode!ndo el %(eblo6M >o(ld 'o( o(nsel o(r ,i+in, (%L (s to
,i+e (% t&e ide!T HWNos !onse.!rF!s /(e !b!ndonr!"os l! ide!T6M S&e
desribed t&eL &is o""it"ent to b(ildin, (% on#ideneL &el% So(t&
A#ri! HEll! desribi3 elL s( o"%ro"iso de #ort!leer l! on#i!nz!L !'(d!r
! S(d#ri!6M S&e detests oo9in,L to oo9 t&is HEll! detest!L !borree
oin!r esto6M S&e disd!ined drin9in, 7!ter HEll! desde)!b! beber !,(!6 '
US&e disd!ined to s%e!9 to &i"V HEll! no se di,n!b! ! &!bl!r on 0l6M S&e
disli9es 'o(r Nliter!rioO NoO 'o( Nolo/(i!lO ,oin, t&ere Nestnd!rO HA ell!
no le ,(st! /(e +!'!s !&FL !llF6L S&e disli9es ,oin, Nestnd!rOL to ,o
N+(l,!rO t&ere HA ell! no le ,(st! ir !&FL !llF6M Ee did 7ron, s!'in,
Nestnd!rOL to s!' Nestnd!rOL in s!'in, Nliter!rioO it Hl &izo "!l
dii0ndoloL !l deirloL en deirlo6M S&e dre!ds Nestnd!rO t&in9in,L to t&in9
!bo(t t&!t %roble"L t&e ni,&t t&e' "et HEll! tiene "iedo NoO %!+or ! %ens!r
en ese NoO !/(el %roble"!L l! no&e Hen6 /(e se onoieron6L Ee dre!ds
,oin,L to ,o to t&e lini HEll! tiene "iedo NoO %!+or ! ir ! l! lFni!6 ' UI
dre!d Nolo/(i!lO to t&in9 Nt&in9in,4 no %onerO 7&!t "i,&t &!+e &!%%ened
'esterd!'V HNo /(iero ni %ens!r lo /(e %odrF! &!ber %!s!do !'erL S3lo
%ens!r lo /(e %odrF! &!ber %!s!do !'er "e d! &orror6M Ee eno(r!,es
tr!+ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+elin, NUSAO Hl !ni"!L !lient! !
+i!.!r6 ' UEe eno(r!,es &er to tr!+elV Hl l! !ni"!L !lient! ! +i!.!r6M Do
'o( #!n' Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO +isitin, &erT HWTe !%eteeL Tienes
,!n!s de +isit!rl!T6L F!n' Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO s%endin, so
"(& "one'] H\I"!,Fn!te ,!st!r t!nto dinero]6L Do 'o( #!n' Nliter!rio4
GB %rini%!l"enteO &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO +isitin, &erT HWTe
!%eteeL Tienes ,!n!s de /(e 0l l! +isiteT6 ' UT&e' #!n' Nliter!rio4 GB
%rini%!l"enteO &i" to be ri&V HDese!n /(e 0l se! rio6M S&e #e!rs
Nliter!rioO &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO ,oin, l!ter HEll! te"e /(e 0l
+!'! des%(0s6M S&e #e!rs Nliter!rioO to tell &i" t&is HEll! te"e deirle ! 0l
esto6M S&e #eels (% to ,oin, o(tL 7or9 !,!in HEll! se siente on ,!n!sL
#(erz!s de s!lirL tr!b!.!r de n(e+o6M Ee tried to #ind ! 7!' e!sin, t&e
sit(!tion Hl tr!t3 de enontr!r (n! #or"! de "e.or!r l! sit(!i3n6 ' US&e
#o(nd !L t&e 7!' to on+ine &i"V HEll! enontr3 (n!L l! #or"! de
on+enerlo6M Ee !nZt #orbe!r drin9in, Hl no %(ede !bstenerse de beber6L
Ee #orbe!rs s%e!9in, Hl se !bstiene de &!bl!r6 ' UEe 7isel' #orbore to
o""entV HPr(dente"ente$ 0l se !bst(+o de &!er nin,2n o"ent!rio6M
T&e' #orbid sellin, dr(,s HPro&Fben +ender dro,!s6 ' UT&e' #orbid "e to
,o !bro!dV HMe %ro&Fben ir !l e-tr!n.ero6M T&e' ,i+e &i,&erL "oreL less
!ttention to st(d'in,L st(d' %&'sis HPonen "sL "sL "enos !teni3n en
H(!nto !6 el est(dio de l!L est(di!r #Fsi!6M S&e 7ent s7i""in,L to s7i"
7it& &i" HEll! #(e ! n!d!r on 0l6M T&is "one' 7ill ,o to %!'in,L %!' #or
e+er't&in, HEste dinero ir %!r! %!,!r todo6M Ee ,oes #!r to on+inin,L
on+ine (s Hl ontrib('e "(&o %!r! on+enernos6M Ee 7o(ldnZt ,o !sL
so #!r !s destro'in, t&e"L to s!' Ht&!t6 &e is ,l!d it &!%%ened Hl no
lle,!rF! ! destr(irlosL deir /(e est ontento de /(e o(rrier!6M T&e' 7ent
on to en("er!tin,L en("er!te t&e !ses HP!s!ron ! en("er!r los !sos6M
S&e &!tes 7or9in,L &is Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO
7or9in, HEll! odi! tr!b!.!r Hel est!r tr!b!.!ndo6L /(e 0l tr!b!.e6 ' US&eZd
&!te to &!+e to st!' t&ereV HEll! odi!rF! Hl! %osibilid!d de6 tener /(e
/(ed!rse !llF6M S&e &!tes 'o(r s!'in, t&!t NGB %rini%!l"enteOL #or 'o( to s!' t&!t
NUSAO HEll! odi! /(e di,!s eso6M Ee &!d t&e o""it"ent to #i,&tin, r!is"L
7e!9enin, t&e e-&!n,e r!te Hl tenF! l! obli,!i3n de l(&!r ontr! el
r!is"oL debilit!r l! t!s! de !"bio6 ' UT&e' &!+e no o""it"ent to b('V
HNo tienen obli,!i3nL o"%ro"iso de o"%r!r6M T&e' &!+e no
ob.etionHs6 to rer(itin, 'o(n, %eo%leL %!' HNo tienen ob.eiones ! /(e se
rel(te ,ente .o+enL %!,!r6M S&e &!s ! ri,&t to bein, &ereL 9no7 HEll! tiene
dere&o ! est!r !/(FL s!berlo6M Ee &!s ! lon, 7!' to &el%in, to on#(se
"!tters HLe /(ed! "(&o %!r! !'(d!r ! on#(ndir l!s os!s6 ' Umo( &!+e !
lon, 7!' to ,o be#ore 'o( s(eedV HTe /(ed! "(&o !"ino %or reorrer
!ntes de tri(n#!r6M Ee &!s so"e 7!' to &!n,in, t&is N"enos (s!doO HLe
/(ed! !l,o de !"ino %or reorrer !ntes de !"bi!r esto6 ' UT&!t %oli'
&!s so"e 7!' to ,oV N"s (s!doO HEs! %olFti! tiene /(e !"bi!r !l,o6M Ee
&!s been ind(ed to reo,nizin,L reo,nisin, NGBO t&e #!ts HLe &!n
%ers(!dido ! /(e reonoz! los &e&os6 ' UT&e' ind(ed &er to !d"it itV
HL! %ers(!dieron %!r! /(e lo !d"itier!6M S&e intends ,oin, N"enos (s!doOL
to ,o N"s (s!doO no7L to"orro7 HEll! tiene inteni3n deL %iens!L se
%ro%one ir !&or!L "!)!n!6 ' US&e intends to on+ine "e no7L to"orro7V
HEll! /(iereL se %ro%one on+ener"e !&or!L "!)!n!6M S&e l!(,&ed seein,
t&e "ist!9eL to see s(& #(n HEll! se ri3 !l +er el errorL !l +er t!nt!
di+ersi3n6M Ee le!ns o+er b!97!rdL b!97!rds NGBO 9ee%in, N"s
(s!doOL to 9ee% Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doO 'o(n, %eo%le o(t o# %rison Hl
&!e lo i"%osible %orL %!r! "!ntener ! los .3+enes #(er! de l! %risi3n6M Ee
&!s le!rned re!din, Hl &! !%rendido ! leer Nte3ri!"enteO6 ' UEe is
le!rnin, to re!dV Hl est !%rendiendo ! leer N' s!be '! leer !l,oO6M S&e &!s
le!rned s7i""in, HEll! &! !%rendido ! n!d!r Nte3ri!"enteO6 ' US&e &!s
le!rned to s7i"V HEll! &! !%rendido ! n!d!r N' s!be '! n!d!rO6M Ee li9es
s7i""in,L 'o(r Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO NoO 'o( Nolo/(i!lO
s7i""in, HA 0l le ,(st! Ni dis#r(t!O n!d!rL /(e n!des6L S&e li9es
e+er'bod' r(nnin, !ro(nd !#ter &er HA ell! le ,(st! Ni dis#r(t!O /(e todo el
"(ndo !nde detrs de ell!6L I didnZt li9e o"%l!inin, HNo "e ,(st!b! /(e.!r"e
Ni no dis#r(t!b! /(e.ndo"e %ero "e /(e.!b!O6 ' UEe li9es to s7i" HA 0l
le ,(st! Ni %re#iereO n!d!r N%or/(e ree /(e es b(eno ' /(e deberF!
&!erloO6L S&e 7o(ld li9e to 7rite ! boo9 HA ell! le ,(st!rF! Ni %re#erirF!O
esribir (n libro6L T&e' li9e &er to o"e e+er' 7ee9 HLes ,(st! Ni %!ree
bienL %re#ierenL dese!nO /(e ell! +en,! tod!s l!s se"!n!s6L >&!t 7o(ld
'o( li9e t&e s&ool to doT HWJ(0 te ,(st!rF! Ni %re#erirF!sO /(e &iier! l!
es(el!T6L I didnZt li9e to o"%l!in HNo "e ,(st!b! /(e.!r"e Ni no "e /(e.!b!
%or/(e reF! /(e no er! b(eno ' /(e no deberF! &!erloO6L Ee 7o(ld li9e #or
'o( to s7i" NUSAO HA 0l le ,(st!rF! /(e n!d!r!s6M Ee lo!t&es 7or9in,L to
7or9 !t ni,&t Hl detest!L !borree tr!b!.!r %or l! no&e6M T&e' lo+e
7or9in, HLes en!nt! tr!b!.!r6 ' UT&e'Zd lo+e to 7or9 &ere tod!'V HLes
en!nt!rF! tr!b!.!r !/(F &o'6M T&!t "!9es (nderst!ndin, t&e %roble"
di##i(ltL T&!t "!9es it di##i(lt to (nderst!nd t&e %roble" HEso &!e
di#Fil o"%render el %roble"!6M S&e "!n!,ed 7!l9in, N"enos (s!doOL to
7!l9 N"s (s!doO ! #e7 ste%s HEll! lo,r3 d!r (nos %oos %!sos6M LetZs
"o+e on to st(d'in, t&is] H\P!se"os ! est(di!r esto]6 ' UT&e o""ittee
"o+ed on to dis(ss #in!neV HL! o"isi3n %!s3 ! dis(tir l!
#in!ni!i3n6M DonZt ne,let +isitin, &er] H\No de.es de +isit!rl!]6 ' UEe
"(st not ne,let to s&o7 t&!tV Hl no debe de.!r de "ostr!r esoL !/(ello6M
Ee ob.ets to s!'in, t&!tL %!' &er Hl %one ob.eiones ! deir eso NoO
!/(elloL %!,!rl!6M DonZt o"it re!din,L to do t&!t to"orro7]V H\No de.es de
leerL &!er eso NoO !/(ello "!)!n!]6M T&e' %er"it &(ntin,L o(r &(ntin,
&ere HPer"iten !z!rL /(e !e"os !/(F6 ' UT&e' %er"it "e to &(ntV HMe
%er"iten !z!r6M T&e' %re#er H&er6 7or9in, Hto st(d'in,6 Ns3lo se %(ede
%oner l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, (!ndo +! se,(id! de UtoV h otr! #or"!
+erb!l en Iin,O HPre#ieren H/(e ell! tr!b!.e6 tr!b!.!r HH! /(e ell! est(die6 !
est(di!r66 ' UT&e' %re#er to 7or9 (ntil nine HoZlo96 tod!' r!t&er t&!n
o"e to"orro7 "ornin,V HPre#ieren tr!b!.!r &!st! l!s n(e+e &o' !ntes /(e
+enir "!)!n! %or l! "!)!n!6L T&e' 7o(ld %re#er "e to ,o no7 N"s (s!do4
GB %rini%!l"enteO NoO For "e to ,o no7 7o(ld be %re#erred b' t&e" N"enos
(s!doOL T&e' 7o(ld %re#er #or "e to ,o no7 NUSAO HPre#erirF!n /(e 'o #(er!
!&or!6M S&e %ro"ised o"in,L ,oin, to"orro7 N"enos (s!doO HEll!
%ro"eti3 +enirL ir "!)!n!6 ' UEe %ro"ised to o"eL to ,o to"orro7V
N"s (s!doO Hl %ro"eti3 +enirL ir "!)!n!6M It 7o(ld not %ro+e 7ort&7&ile
%!'in, #or it HNo +!ldrF!L "ereerF! l! %en! %!,!r %or ello6L It %ro+es
7ort&7&ile bein, e-!t HD!leL Meree l! %en! ser e-!toHs66 e UIt 7o(ld
not %ro+e 7ort&7&ile to insti,!te !n !tt!9V HNo +!ldrF!L "ereerF! l! %en!
insti,!r (n !t!/(e6L It %ro+ed 7ort&7&ile to tr!+el in t&e "ornin, HD!li3L
Merei3 l! %en! +i!.!r %or l! "!)!n!6M Ee %(r%osed N!r!ioO "!9in,L to
"!9e ! #(rt&er !tte"%t Hl tenF! inteni3n de intent!rlo otr! +ezL &!er (n
n(e+o intento6M Ee %(t H&i"sel#6 ! t!r,etL t!r,ets to settin, ! d!te Hl Hse6
%(so (n ob.eti+oL ob.eti+os %!r! #i.!r (n! #e&!6L >&' %(ttin, ! t!r,etL
t!r,ets to settin, ! d!teT HWPor /(0 %onerHse6 (n ob.eti+oL ob.eti+os %!r!
#i.!r (n! #e&!T6 ' UEe %(t N"enos (s!doO H&i"sel#6L set N"s (s!doO
H&i"sel#6 ! t!r,et to do itV Hl Hse6 %(so (n ob.eti+oL ob.eti+os %!r!
&!erlo6M Ee /(estioned &!n,in,L &is &!n,in, t&e s%ellin, Hl %onF! en
d(d! el H&e&o de6 !"bi!rL /(e 0l !"bi!r! l! orto,r!#F!6 ' UEe
/(estioned t&e ri,&t to !s9 s(& ! t&in,V Hl %onF! en d(d! el dere&o de
%re,(nt!r t!l os!6M T&e' reo,nizedL reo,nised NGBO &!+in, "!de !
"ist!9eL &er to be t&e &eir to t&e t&rone HReonoieron &!ber o"etido (n
errorL /(e ell! er! l! &ereder! de l! oron!6M S&e doesnZt reollet seein,
&i" t&ere HEll! no re(erd! &!berle +isto !&FL !llF6 ' UEe reollets &o7 to
"!9e te!V Hl se !(erd! de 3"o &!er t06M S&e reo""ends bein,
!re#(l HEll! reo"iend! tener (id!do6 ' US&e reo""ends (s to be
!re#(lV HEll! nos reo"iend! tener (id!do6M S&e resents "' Nliter!rioO NoO
"e Nolo/(i!lO !llin, 'o(L &!+in, to 7or9 HA ell! le "olest! /(e te ll!"eL
ten,! /(e tr!b!.!r6L S&e resents &!+in, to ,oL 7or9 HA ell! le "olest! tener
/(e irHse6L tr!b!.!r6 ' US&e resents to &!+e to le!n &is s&oesV HA ell! le
"olest! tener /(e li"%i!rle los z!%!tos6M S&e sorns tellin,L to tell lies
HEll! "enos%rei! deir "entir!s6M S&e sorns to stoo% to s(& t!tis HEll!
"enos%rei! reb!.!rse ! t!les tti!s6M S&e s!7 t&eL &er 7!' to o%enin,
Nolo/(i!lOL o%en Nestnd!rO t&e door HEll! +io l! #or"! de !brir l! %(ert!6M
*o(ld 'o( %ossibl' see 'o(r 7!' to lend "e ! &!ndT HWSerF!s t!n !"!ble
o"o %!r! e&!r"e (n! "!noT6M It 7o(ld ser+e no %(r%ose to !r,(e N"s
(s!doOL !r,(in, N"enos (s!doO 7it& &er HNo ser+irF! de n!d! dis(tir on
ell!6M to set So(t& A#ri! on t&e ro!d to beo"in,L beo"e ! #ree o(ntr'
H%oner ! S(d#ri! en !"ino %!r! lle,!r ! ser (n %!Fs libre6M S&e st!rted in
"!9in, N"s (s!doOL to "!9e N"enos (s!doO ! terri#i r!9et HEll! se %(so
! &!er (n b!r(llo terrible N! s!biend!sO6M It s(r%rised &er 'o(r not +isitin,
&er HLe sor%rendi3 ! ell! /(e no l! +isit!r!s6 e UIt s(r%rised &i" to 9no7
t&e tr(t&V HLe sor%rendi3 ! 0l onoer l! +erd!d6M Ee s7e!rs to &!+in,
&e!rd it Hl .(r! &!berlo es(&!do6L I !nZt s7e!r to &er &!+in, ,one HNo
%(edo .(r!r /(e ell! &!'! ido6 ' UDo 'o( s7e!r to tell t&e tr(t&TV HWj(r!
deir l! +erd!dT6L Ee s7e!rs to 9ill (s so"e d!' Hl .(r! "!t!rnos !l,2n
dF!6M Te!&in, s%e!9in, is #(n N!l,o te3rioO HEnse)!r ! &!bl!r es
di+ertido6 ' US&e t!(,&t (s to be&!+e %ro%erl'V N!l,o %rtio on
res(lt!do %ositi+oO HEll! nos ense)3 ! o"%ort!rnos debid!"ente6M S&e
te!&es s7i""in, N!l,o te3rioO HEll! ense)! n!t!i3n6 ' US&e t!(,&t (s to
s7i"V N!l,o %rtio on res(lt!do %ositi+oO HEll! nos ense)3 ! n!d!r N' '!
s!be"os n!d!rO6M T&ere is Hno6 o""it"ent to doin, N"enos (s!doO it
HHno6 E!' obli,!i3n Hen (!nto !l &e&o6 de &!erlo6 ' UT&ere is Hno6
o""it"ent to b(' N"s (s!doOV HHno6 E!' obli,!i3n de o"%r!r6M T&ere
is ! ne7 o""it"ent to rede%lo' troo%s HE!' (n n(e+o o"%ro"isoL (n!
n(e+! res%ons!bilid!d de d!r (n n(e+o destino ! l!s tro%!s6M T&ereZs H!6
rel(t!ne to ,oin,L ,o to t&!t to7n HE!' H(n6 re%!ro en ir ! es!L !/(ell!
i(d!d6M T&ereZs H!6 rel(t!ne to !e%tin,L !e%t t&e o##er HE!' H(n!6
retieni! ! !e%t!r l! o#ert!6M T&ereZs so"e 7!' toL ! lon, 7!' to
&!n,in, t&in,s N"enos (s!doO HJ(ed! !l,o deL "(&o !"ino en (!nto
!L %!r! !"bi!r l!s os!s6 ' UT&ereZs so"e 7!'L ! lon, 7!' to ,oV N"s
(s!doO HJ(ed! !l,o deL "(&o !"ino %or reorrer6M DonZt tro(ble ,oin,
no7] H\No te "olestes en ir !&or!]6 ' UT&e' tro(bled to "!9e (s &!%%'V
HSe "olest!ron en &!ernos #elies6M T&e' "(st tr(st to "eetin, ! %erson
7&o s%e!9s t&is l!n,(!,e HDeben on#i!r en enontr!r (n! %erson! /(e
&!ble est! len,(!6 ' UEe tr(sts &er to sol+e t&is %roble"V Hl on#F! en /(e
ell! sol(ione este %roble"!6M S&e doesnZt (nderst!nd &is Nliter!rioO NoO
&i" Nolo/(i!lO &e!tin, (s HEll! no entiende /(e 0l nos en,!)e6 ' US&e
(nderstood &i" to s!' t&!t &e 7o(ld o"e l!ter HEll! ded(.o de lo /(e 0l
di.o /(e 0l +endrF! "s t!rde6L S&e (nderstood &i" to be s!'in, t&e
ontr!r' HEll! entendi3 /(e 0l est!b! diiendo lo ontr!rio6VM Ee doesnZt
7!nt t&eir Nliter!rioO NoO t&e" Nolo/(i!lO snoo%in, !ro(ndL re!din, N"enos
(s!doO t&is Hl no /(iere /(e est0n b(s!ndo %or !&FL /(e est0n le'endo
esto6 ' US&e doesnZt 7!nt t&e" to o"e N"s (s!doO to"orro7V HEll! no
/(iere /(e +en,!n "!)!n!6L UT&e' 7!nt R(ssi! to de!l 7it& t&e %roble"V
HJ(ieren /(e R(si! se o(%e del %roble"!6M Eel%in, ot&ers is %(ttin, lo+e
into %r!tie HA'(d!r ! los de"s es %oner el !"or en %rti!6M To &el%
ot&ers is to in+est in t&e #(t(re HA'(d!r ! los de"s es in+ertir en el
#(t(ro6M Pl!'in, tennis is !s e!s' !s dri+in, ! !rL To %l!' tennis is !s e!s'
!s to dri+e ! !r Hj(,!r !l tenis es t!n #il o"o ond(ir (n o&e6M
>or9in, is less &!r"#(l t&!n ,!"blin, HHel6 Tr!b!.!r &!e "enos d!)o /(e
los .(e,os de !z!r6M To 7or9 7it& "oder!tion is &e!lt&ierL "ore &e!lt&'
t&!n to 7or9 too "(& HTr!b!.!r on "oder!i3n es "e.or /(e tr!b!.!r
de"!si!do61
Los +erbos Qbe,in$ e!se$ o""ene$ ontin(e$ st!rtQ$ nor"!l"ente +!n se,(idos
s3lo de in#initi+o on UtoV si el +erbo es esttio ND1=1;8O1 E.14 Ee be,!nL st!rted to
re!lizeL re!lise NGBOL (nderst!nd it Hl e"%ez3 NoO o"enz3 ! d!rse (ent! de elloL
entenderlo61
A +ees$ los +erbos Qbe,in$ o""ene$ ontin(e$ st!rtQ$ se (s!n se,(idos de l!
#or"! +erb!l en Iin, %!r! (n! !i3n +ol(nt!ri!$ intenion!l o deliber!d! ' se,(idos
de in#initi+o on UtoV %!r! (n! !i3n no +ol(nt!ri!$ no intenion!l o no deliber!d!M
(!ndo lle+!n (n s(.eto in!ni"!do o"o QitQ s(elen ir se,(idos de in#initi+o1 E.14
Did s&e be,inL st!rtL ontin(e losin,L to lose 7ei,&tT HW*o"enz3 ell! ! %erder
%esoTL W*ontin(3 ell! %erdiendo %esoT61
El +erbo Qintend h so"ebod'L so"et&in,Q +! s3lo se,(ido de in#initi+o on UtoV '
si,ni#i! Q/(ererQ1 E.14 S&e intends &i" to ,o to (ni+ersit' HEll! /(iere /(e 0l +!'! !
l! (ni+ersid!d61
Los +erbos Q&!te$ lo+e$ %re#erQ (!ndo +!n en ondiion!l +!n s3lo se,(idos de
in#initi+o1 Los +erbos Qli9e$ disli9e$Q (!ndo +!n en ondiion!l %(eden ir se,(idos
de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, ' de in#initi+o on distinto si,ni#i!do1 E.14 I s&o(ldL
7o(ld li9e ,oin, to t&e be!& i# it 7ere s(nn' HMe ,(st!rF! ir Ni Dis#r(t!rF! 'endoO
! l! %l!'! si &iier! sol N+o' !(n/(e no &!,! sol ' !(n/(e no lo dis#r(te t!ntoO6M I
s&o(ldL 7o(ld li9e to ,o to t&e be!& i# it 7ere s(nn' HMe ,(st!rF! ir ! l! %l!'! si
&iier! sol N%ero no +o' %or/(e no &!e sol$ !sF /(e no lo dis#r(toO61
Los +erbos Q&!te$ disli9e$ li9e$ lo+e$ %re#erQ s(elen ir se,(idos de l! #or"! +erb!l en
Iin,$ si indi!n !l,o re!l o &!bit(!l$ ' de in#initi+o$ si indi!n !l,o &i%ot0tioM en GB
se (s! "s l! #or"! en Iin, o ,er(ndio ' en USA el in#initi+o on UtoV1
Estos +erbos de 86 no s(elen ir se,(idos de #or"! +erb!l en Iin, (!ndo estn en
#or"! ontin(!M los "oti+os son estilFstios4 no s(en! bien$ et1 E.14 ItZs be,innin, to
r!in Nr!inin,4 no %onerO HEst e"%ez!ndo ! llo+er6M S&e %ro"ised to ontin(e
7or9in, Nestnd!rOL ontin(in, 7or9in, N+(l,!rO !s ! n(rse HEll! %ro"eti3 se,(ir
tr!b!.!ndo de en#er"er!61
A(n/(e se %(ede deir QEe &!s been le!rnin, re!din,L s7i""in,Q Hl &! est!do
!%rendiendo ! leerL n!d!r Nte3ri!"ente %ero no en l! %rti!O6 o QEe li9es ,oin,
s7i""in,V HA 0l le ,(st! Ni dis#r(t!O ir ! n!d!r6$ es reo"end!ble %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes (s!r el in#initi+o ' no l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, %!r! e+it!r
!"bi,Xed!des1
L! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, se (s! ,ener!l"ente en in,l0s olo/(i!l (!ndo +! detrs
de (n no"bre o !d.eti+o$ "ientr!s /(e el in#initi+o se (s! en in,l0s estnd!r1
2+ Con un significado general pasivo con la forma verbal en 5ing >slo cuando
tiene un sentido pasivo parecido al del infinitivo compuesto? o con el infinitivo
compuesto cuando el su%eto del verbo es tambin el complemento directo del
verbo 'ue va detr!s4 deser+e$ need$ re/(ire$ 7!nt Hneesit!r61 E.14 Ee deser+es
bein,L to be %(nis&ed Hl "eree ser !sti,!do6M T&is &o(se needsL re/(iresL 7!nts
NGBO %!intin, NoO T&is &o(se needsL re/(iresL 7!nts to be %!inted HEst! !s!
neesit! ser %int!d!6M T&e &o(se 7!nts ! lot o# 7or9 doin, NGBO to itL done NUSAO
to itL to be done HL! !s! neesit! /(e se le &!,! (n b(en tr!b!.o6M T&is %erson
needs 7!s&in, HEst! %erson! neesit! ser l!+!d!L /(e l! l!+en6 ' UT&is %erson
needs to 7!s&V HEst! %erson! neesit! l!+!rse6M T&e' need +!in!tin,L to be
+!in!ted HNeesit!n ser +!(n!dos6M Eer &!ir needs (ttin,L to be (t HEll!
neesit! /(e le orten el %elo6M >&!t sort o# !tion needs to be t!9enT HWJ(0 l!se
de !i3n se neesit! to"!rT6M Tell "e 7&!t 7!nts doin, NGBO HDi"e /(0 se
neesit! &!er6L Tell "e 7&!t 'o( 7!nt done HDi"e lo /(e /(ieres /(e se &!,!6M
T&is %erson needs !ttendin, toL brin,in, (% %ro%erl'L loo9in, !#ter Ns3lo on
!l,(n!s #or"!s +erb!les en Iin,O ' UT&is %erson needs to be !ttended toL to be
bro(,&t (% %ro%erl'L to be loo9ed !#terV HEst! %erson! neesit! /(e se o(%en de
ell!L /(e l! ed(/(en !de(!d!"enteL /(e l! (iden61
Los +erbos Qdeser+e$ need$ re/(ire$ 7!ntQ$ %(eden ir se,(idos de (n in#initi+o
si"%le (!ndo se re#ieren ! seres +i+os$ %ero Q7!ntQ si,ni#i! Q/(ererQ$ no
Qneesit!rQM el s(.eto del +erbo es t!"bi0n el s(.eto del in#initi+oM no se %(ede %oner
l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, (!ndo si,ni#i! lo "is"o /(e el in#initi+o si"%le %ero sF se
%(ede %oner si si,ni#i! User h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doV1 E.14 Ee deser+esL needsL
re/(iresL 7!nts to ,o N,oin,4 no %oner %or/(e no se %(ede tr!d(ir %or User idoVO
Hl "ereeL neesit!L neesit!L /(iere ir61
Los +erbos Qneed$ re/(ire$ 7!nt H/(erer6Q$ %(eden lle+!r (n o"%le"ento direto h
in#initi+o si"%le (!ndo se re#ieren ! seres +i+osM el s(.eto del +erbo no es el "is"o
/(e el s(.eto del in#initi+oM no se %(ede %oner l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,1 E.14 I need
'o( to &el% "e HNeesito /(e "e !'(des6M T&e' re/(ire !%%li!nts to &!+e
e-%eriene HRe/(ieren /(e los !ndid!tos ten,!n e-%erieni!6M S&e 7!nts 'o( to
&el% HEll! /(iere /(e !'(des61
-+ Con un significado distinto4 be Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, se tr!d(e
%or Qest!rQ ' (!ndo +! se,(ido de in#initi+o se tr!d(e %or QserL ir !L &!ber deL tener
/(eL deberL est!r %orQ %!r! indi!r !(erdo$ destino$ "!nd!to$ %osibilid!dO$ be !bo(t
Nse,(ido de ,er(ndio on (n s(.eto de os! QitQ se tr!d(e %or Qser sobre 3"oQM
Q!bo(tQ es %re%osii3n$ no !d+erbioM se,(ido de in#initi+o se tr!d(e %or Qest!r !
%(nto deQM (!ndo +! se,(ido de in#initi+o %(ede lle+!r de s(.eto QitQ o (n s(.eto
%erson!l ' Q!bo(tQ es !d+erbio$ no %re%osii3nO$ Hit6 be !%%ro%ri!te to Nse,(ido del
,er(ndio tiene +!lor #in!l ' se tr!d(e %or User !%ro%i!do %!r!VM se,(ido de
in#initi+o no tiene +!lor #in!l '! /(e el in#initi+o &!e de s(.eto .(nto on UitV ' se
tr!d(e %or User on+enienteV h in#initi+oO$ Hit6 be ! ondition to Nse,(ido del
,er(ndio tiene +!lor #in!l ' se tr!d(e %or User (n! ondii3n %!r!V h in#initi+oM
se,(ido de in#initi+o no tiene +!lor #in!l '! /(e el in#initi+o &!e de s(.eto .(nto on
UitV ' se tr!d(e %or User (n! ondii3nV h in#initi+oO$ Hit6 be detri"ent!l to Nse,(ido
de ,er(ndio (!ndo si,ni#i! User %e.(dii!l %!r!V ' se,(ido de in#initi+o (!ndo
0ste &!e de s(.eto on UitVO$ Hsb6 be diso+ered Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,
(!ndo si,ni#i! Qdes(brirQ H! !l,(ien6 h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' UHsbL it6 be
diso+eredV se,(ido de in#initi+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Qdes(brirse /(eQ H!l,(ienL !l,o6
h indi!ti+oO$ Hit6 be essenti!l to Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio tiene +!lor #in!l ' se tr!d(e
%or User eseni!l %!r!V h in#initi+oM se,(ido de in#initi+o no tiene +!lor #in!l '! /(e
el in#initi+o &!e de s(.eto .(nto on QitQ ' se tr!d(e %or Qser eseni!lQ h in#initi+oO$
Hsb6 beL #eel e-%osed to Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio se tr!d(e %or Uest!rL sentirse
e-%(esto !V h in#initi+o ' no tiene +!lor #in!lO ' UHst&6 be e-%osed toV Nse,(ido de
in#initi+o se tr!d(e %or Uest!r e-%(esto %!r! h in#initi+o ' tiene +!lor #in!lO$ Hsb6 be
#o(nd Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, se tr!d(e %or Qenontr!rQ ' UHsbL it6 be
#o(ndV se,(ido de in#initi+o se tr!d(e %or Qlle,!rse ! l! onl(si3n de /(e
H!l,(ienL !l,o6Q h indi!ti+o6$ Hit6 be ,e!red Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, se
tr!d(e %or Uest!r en!"in!doL diri,ido !V ' se,(ido de in#initi+o se tr!d(e %or
Uest!r %re%!r!doL %l!ne!doL %ens!do %!r!VO$ Hit6 be i"%ort!nt to Nse,(ido del
,er(ndio tiene +!lor #in!l ' se tr!d(e %or Qser i"%ort!nte %!r!Q h in#initi+oM
se,(ido de in#initi+o no tiene +!lor #in!l '! /(e el in#initi+o &!e de s(.eto .(nto on
QitQ ' se tr!d(e %or Qser i"%ort!nteQ h in#initi+oO$ Hit6 be !n ob.etion to Nse,(ido
del ,er(ndio tiene +!lor #in!l ' se tr!d(e %or Qser (n! ob.ei3n %!r!Q h in#initi+oM
se,(ido de in#initi+o no tiene +!lor #in!l '! /(e el in#initi+o &!e de s(.eto .(nto on
QitQ ' se tr!d(e %or Qser (n! ob.ei3nQ h in#initi+oO$ Hit6 be !n obst!le to Nse,(ido
del ,er(ndio tiene +!lor #in!l ' se tr!d(e %or User (n obst(lo %!r!V h in#initi+oM
se,(ido de in#initi+o no tiene +!lor #in!l '! /(e el in#initi+o &!e de s(.eto .(nto on
UitV ' se tr!d(e %or Qser (n obst(loQ h in#initi+oO$ Hit6 be %re#er!ble to Nse,(ido
del ,er(ndio (!ndo lo /(e +! detrs no &!e de s(.eto ' se,(ido de in#initi+o
(!ndo lo /(e +! detrs &!e de s(.eto on QitQ6$ Hit6 be ! %roble" to Nse,(ido del
,er(ndio tiene +!lor #in!l ' se tr!d(e %or User (n %roble"! %!r!V h in#initi+oM
se,(ido de in#initi+o no tiene +!lor #in!l '! /(e el in#initi+o &!e de s(.eto .(nto on
UitV ' se tr!d(e %or User (n %roble"!V h in#initi+oO$ Hsb6 be red(ed to Nse,(ido del
,er(ndio se re#iere ! (n ser +i+o ' si,ni#i! Uest!r obli,!do !L /(ed!rse obli,!do !VO
e UHit6 be red(ed toV Nse,(ido de in#initi+o no se re#iere ! (n ser +i+o ' si,ni#i!
Ured(irseVO$ HsbL st&6 be rel!ted to Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio se re#iere ! (n ser +i+o o !
os!s ' se tr!d(e %or Qest!r rel!ion!do onQ h no"breO ' UHst&6 be rel!ted toV
Nse,(ido de in#initi+o no se re#iere ! (n ser +i+o ' se tr!d(e %or QH!l,o6
rel!ion!rseQ h in#initi+oM tiene +!lor #in!lO$ HsbL it6 be restrited to Nse,(ido del
,er(ndio si,ni#i! Qest!r li"it!do !QO e UHit6 be restrited toV Nse,(ido de in#initi+o
no se re#iere ! (n ser +i+o ' si,ni#i! Qest!r restrin,idoQ on +!lor #in!lO$ Hsb6 be
(sed to Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio se re#iere ! (n ser +i+o ' si,ni#i! Qest!r
!ost("br!doL !ost("br!rseQ$ est en !ti+! ' Q(sedQ se %ron(ni! L.(4stLO e UHit6
be (sed toV Nse,(ido de in#initi+o no se re#iere ! (n ser +i+o$ tiene +!lor #in!l '
si,ni#i! Q(s!rseQ$ est en %!si+! ' Q(sedQ se %ron(ni! L.(4zdLM QHsb6 (seQ h
o"%le"ento direto h in#initi+o se (s! s3lo en !ti+!$ tiene +!lor #in!l ' si,ni#i!
Q(s!rQM %!r! QHsbL it6 (sedQ Hsoler64 D1 =18=$ =15CBO$ Hit6 be +it!l to Nse,(ido del
,er(ndio tiene +!lor #in!l ' se tr!d(e %or Qser +it!l %!r!Q h in#initi+oM se,(ido de
in#initi+o no tiene +!lor #in!l '! /(e el in#initi+o &!e de s(.eto .(nto on QitQ ' se
tr!d(e %or Qser +it!lQ h in#initi+oO$ Hit6 be ! +(lner!bilit' to Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio
tiene +!lor #in!l ' se tr!d(e %or Qser (n! +(lner!bilid!d !Q h in#initi+oM se,(ido de
in#initi+o no tiene +!lor #in!l '! /(e el in#initi+o &!e de s(.eto .(nto on QitQ ' se
tr!d(e %or Qser (n! +(lner!bilid!dQ h in#initi+oO$ be!r N,ener!l"ente +! en
ne,!ti+!$ es%ei!l"ente detrs de Q!nZtQ ' Qo(ldnZtQ$ e interro,!ti+!M (!ndo el
s(.eto es i"%erson!l %(ede ir t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+!M se,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en
Iin,$ /(e es "s ,ener!l$ se tr!d(e %or Q+!ler l! %en!Q$ si el s(.eto es i"%erson!l$ '
%or Qso%ort!rQ$ si el s(.eto es %erson!lM (!ndo +! se,(ido de in#initi+o$ /(e es "s
es%eF#io$ se tr!d(e %or Qso%ort!rQ$ si el s(.eto es %erson!lM %(ede &!ber (n
o"%le"ento direto del!nte del in#initi+oM si el s(.eto es i"%erson!l ' +! se,(ido
de (n in#initi+o o"%(esto$ se tr!d(e %or Q+!ler l! %en!QO$ Hst&6 brin, sb Nse,(ido
de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, no se re#iere ! (n ser +i+o ' se tr!d(e %or Q&!er orrer !
!l,(ien N&!i! !l,(ienOOV ' UHsb6 brin, sbV Nse,(ido del in#initi+o on UtoV se re#iere
! (n ser +i+o ' se tr!d(e %or Qtr!er ! !l,(ienQ on +!lor #in!lO$ Hsb6 brin, st& to
Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio se tr!d(e %or Q&!er /(e !l,oQ h s(b.(nti+o ' se,(ido de
o"%le"ento direto h in#initi+o si,ni#i! Qtr!er !l,o %!r!Q h in#initi+o on +!lor
#in!lO$ !nnot NoO !nZtL o(ldnZt NoO o(ld not &el% Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en
Iin, se tr!d(e %or Qno %oder e+it!rQ ' se,(ido de o"%le"ento direto h in#initi+o
si,ni#i! Qno %oder !'(d!rQ6$ &!ne Nse,(ido en in,l0s estnd!r de l! #or"! +erb!l
en Iin, se tr!d(e %or Q!rries,!rse !Q ' se,(ido en in,l0s liter!rio de in#initi+o se
tr!d(e %or Qd!rse l! !s(!lid!d de /(eQO$ Hsb6 o"e !ro(ndL ro(nd NGB
%rini%!l"enteO to Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio se tr!d(e Qde.!rse on+ener %!r! Hel
&e&o de6Q h in#initi+o ' se,(ido de in#initi+o se tr!d(e %or Q+enirQO$ o"e do7n
to Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio no se re#iere ! (n s(.eto %erson!l ' se tr!d(e %or Qser
(esti3n deQM se,(ido de in#initi+o se re#iere ! (n s(.eto %erson!l ' se tr!d(e %or
Qb!.!r !Q on +!lor #in!lO$ o"e Hno7&ereL /(iteL +er'6 ne!r toL H! bitL ! ste%6 ne!rer
to Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio se tr!d(e %or Qest!r ! %(nto deQ ' se,(ido de in#initi+o se
tr!d(e %or Q!er!rseQM en USA se s(%ri"e UtoV del!nte del ,er(ndioO$ o"e to
Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio se tr!d(e %or Qlle,!r !L tr!t!r el !s(nto deQ$ si se re#iere ! (n
s(.eto %erson!l$ ' %or Qtr!t!rse deQ$ si se re#iere ! (n s(.eto no %erson!lM se,(ido de
in#initi+o se tr!d(e %or Q+enir !Q$ si tiene +!lor #in!l ' %or Qlle,!r !Q$ si no tiene
+!lor #in!lO$ de%end on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO Nen in,l0s
liter!rio del!nte del no"bre en ,eniti+o s!.3n o (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o ' en in,l0s
olo/(i!l del!nte del no"bre /(e no est0 en ,eniti+o s!.3n o (n %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto h ,er(ndio4 D1 =15;B1!15CM no tiene +!lor #in!lM %(ede ir t!"bi0n
del!nte del no"breL %rono"bre ob.eto h in#initi+oO$ diso+er itL sb Nse,(ido de l!
#or"! +erb!l en Iin, (!ndo si,ni#i! Qdes(brir !l,oL ! !l,(ien h ,er(ndioQ '
se,(ido de in#initi+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Qdes(brir /(e !l,oL !l,(ien h indi!ti+oQO$
do Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, ' de U7it&V h no"breL %rono"bre s3lo en
tie"%os o"%(estos en !ti+! o en tie"%os no o"%(estos en %!si+! se tr!d(e %or
Q!!b!r deL ter"in!r deQ ' se,(ido de (n o"%le"ento direto h in#initi+o (!ndo
si,ni#i! Q&!erQ on +!lor #in!lO$ es!%e Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, se
tr!d(e %or Qe+it!rQ ' se,(ido de in#initi+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Qes!%!rQ on +!lor
#in!lO$ e-%ose onesel# to Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio se tr!d(e %or Qe-%onerse !Q '
se,(ido de (n in#initi+o (!ndo si,ni#i! Q&!er e-&ibiionis"o Hse-(!l"ente6Q
on +!lor #in!lO$ Hsb6 #!ll to Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio se re#iere ! (n ser +i+o ' si,ni#i!
Q%onerse !L o"enz!r !QO e UHit6 #!ll to sbV Nse,(ido de in#initi+o no se re#iere ! (n
ser +i+o ' si,ni#i! Qorres%onder ! !l,(ienQO$ #ind Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en
Iin, h !d.eti+o se tr!d(e %or Qenontr!r h !d.eti+o h /(e h s(b.(nti+oQM se,(ido de
o"%le"ento direto h %!rtii%io de %resente se tr!d(e %or Qenontr!r h
o"%le"ento direto h ,er(ndioQM se,(ido de o"%le"ento direto h Qto beQ h
!d.eti+oL !d+erbio se tr!d(e %or Qenontr!rL des(brir /(e h o"%le"ento direto
h !d.eti+oL !d+erbioQ ' no tiene +!lor #in!lM se,(ido de o"%le"ento direto h
in#initi+o /(e no se! Qto beQ Hh o"%le"ento diretoL !d+erbio6 se tr!d(e %or
Qenontr!rQ h o"%le"ento direto h in#initi+o Hh o"%le"ento diretoL !d+erbio6
' tiene +!lor #in!l6$ #or,et Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, se re#iere ! !l,o
!nterior ! lo /(e die el +erboM s(ele ir en #or"! ne,!ti+!$ es%ei!l"ente on l!
#or"! Q7ill ne+er #or,etQM se,(ido de in#initi+o se re#iere ! !l,o %osterior ! lo /(e
die el +erbo$ #(t(ro en rel!i3n !l %resente o !l %!s!doM entre Q#or,etQ ' el in#initi+o
%(eden ir l!s %!l!br!s Q&o7L i#L 7&!tL 7&enL 7&ereL 7&et&erL 7&oQ %ero no U7&'VO$
,et so"ebod'L so"et&in, Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Q&!er /(eL
lo,r!r /(eL onse,(ir /(e !l,(ienL !l,oQ h s(b.(nti+oM U,et so"ebod'V se,(ido de
in#initi+o si,ni#i! Q%edir /(eL on+ener %!r! /(eL tr!t!r de /(e !l,(ienQ h
s(b.(nti+o ' U,et so"et&in,V se,(ido de in#initi+o si,ni#i! U&!er /(eL lo,r!r /(eL
onse,(ir /(e !l,oQ h s(b.(nti+o6$ Hsb6 ,et to Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio s3lo en GB
si,ni#i! Q%onerse !L e"%ez!r !Q ' se,(ido de in#initi+o en GB ' USA si,ni#i!
Qlle,!r ! Non +!lor #in!lOL onse,(irL lo,r!rL tener l! o%ort(nid!d deQ h in#initi+oO$
,et do7n to Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! U%onerse !V ' se,(ido de
in#initi+o si,ni#i! Ub!.!rHse6V on +!lor #in!lO$ ,o on Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en
Iin, s(,iere ontin(!i3n ininterr("%id! de !l,o ' se tr!d(e %or Qse,(irL
ontin(!rQ ' se,(ido de (n in#initi+o o"o Q!b(se$ e-%l!in$ t!l9$ tell$ t&ri+eQ$ et1$
s(,iere !"bio de !ti+id!d ' se tr!d(e %or Q%!s!r !L lle,!r !QO$ Hsb6 ,ro7 (%
Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, se tr!d(e %or Qri!rseL &!erse "!'orQ '
se,(ido de in#initi+o se tr!d(e %or Qlle,!r !QO$ &!+e Nse,(ido de (n o"%le"ento
direto re#erido ! (n! %erson! o entid!d h in#initi+o sin QtoQ si,ni#i! Q&!er !
!l,(ien H!s9 sb toL ,et sb to6Q h in#initi+o$ se,(ido de (n o"%le"ento direto
re#erido ! (n! os! h in#initi+o sin QtoQM se,(ido de (n o"%le"ento direto
re#erido ! (n! %erson! o entid!d h l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Qtener !
!l,(ienQ h ,er(ndio$ Q%er"itir ! !l,(ienL &!er /(e !l,(ienL onse,(ir /(e !l,(ienQ
h s(b.(nti+o$ Q%oner ! !l,(ien !Q h in#initi+oM del!nte de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, se
%(ede %oner (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto %ero no (n !d.eti+o %osesi+oO$ &!+e !Hn6
Hdi##erentL #res&L ri,oro(s$ et16 !%%ro!& to h ,er(ndio Ntener$ et1$ (n en#o/(e
Hdi#erenteL n(e+oL ri,(roso$ et16 %!r! h in#initi+oO ' U&!+e !n !%%ro!& toV h
in#initi+o Ntener (n! %ro%(est! %!r! h in#initi+oO$ Hsb6 &!+eL &old t&e 9e' to h
,er(ndio Ntener l! l!+e Hen (!nto !l &e&o6 de h in#initi+oO ' UHsb6 &!+eL &old t&e
9e' toV h in#initi+o NtenerL s(.et!r NoO "!ntener l! ll!+e %!r! h in#initi+o H#in!l6O$
9ee% Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Qse,(irL ontin(!rQ$ se,(ido de
o"%le"ento direto h l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Qse,(irL ontin(!r o &!erQ
' se,(ido de o"%le"ento direto h in#initi+o si,ni#i! Q/(ed!rse onL onser+!rL
"!ntenerQO$ 9i9 Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Qde.!r deQ ' se,(ido
de de o"%le"ento direto h in#initi+o si,ni#i! Ud!r (n! %!t!d! ! h o"%le"ento
direto %!r!VO$ le!d to Nse,(ido del ,er(ndio si,ni#i! Qlle+!r !Q ' se,(ido de
in#initi+o si,ni#i! Q,(i!rL "ostr!r el !"inoQ ' tiene +!lor #in!lM le!d sb to h
,er(ndio si,ni#i! Qlle+!r ! !l,(ien !Q h in#initi+o ' Ule!d sb toV h in#initi+o
si,ni#i! Qind(ir ! !l,(ien !Q h in#initi+o sin +!lor #in!l o Q,(i!r ! !l,(ien %!r!Q h
in#initi+o on +!lor #in!lO$ le!d sb on to Nse,(ido de ,er(ndio si,ni#i! Qond(irL
lle+!r ! !l,(ien !Q h in#initi+o ' se,(ido de o"%le"ento direto h in#initi+o
si,ni#i! Qind(irL %ers(!dir ! !l,(ien !Q h in#initi+o sin +!lor #in!lM s(ele ir se,(ido
de in#initi+o si +! en %!si+!O$ "e!n NQHit6 "e!n Hsb6Q se,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en
Iin, no se re#iere ! (n ser +i+o ' indi! i"%li!i3n ' se tr!d(e %or Qs(%onerL
/(erer deirL si,ni#i!rL i"%li!rQM QHsb6 "e!n Hb'6Q h l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, se
re#iere ! (n ser +i+o ' si,ni#i! Q%retenderQM QHsb6 "e!nQ se,(ido del in#initi+o Qto
s!'Q se re#iere ! (n ser +i+o ' si,ni#i! Q/(erer deirQ ' se,(ido de otro in#initi+o
distinto e-%res! inteni3n ' se tr!d(e %or Qtener inteni3n deL /(ererL intent!rL
%ro%onerseQO$ "ind NQ"ind Hsb6Q se,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, s3lo en #or"!
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! si,ni#i! Qi"%ort!rQ$ se,(ido de Q'o(Q h in#initi+o sin QtoQ
si,ni#i! Qno de.es deQ$ %reedido de Qne+erQ ' se,(ido de in#initi+o sin QtoQ
si,ni#i! Qni &!bl!r deQ6$ %ro%ose Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l Iin, %(ede si,ni#i!r
Q%ro%onerL s(,erirQ ' t!"bi0n Qtener inteni3n deL %ens!rQ$ se,(ido de in#initi+o
si,ni#i! sol!"ente Qtener inteni3n deL %ens!rQO$ re,ister Nse,(ido de l! #or"!
+erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Ud!rse (ent!V ' o"o tr!nsiti+o se,(ido de (n
o"%le"ento direto h in#initi+o si,ni#i! U"!tri(l!rL re,istr!rV on +!lor #in!lO$
re,ret Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Q!rre%entirseL l!"ent!rL sentirQ '
se re#iere !l %resente o ! !l,o !nterior ! lo /(e die el +erboM on in#initi+o si,ni#i!
Qsentir Htener /(e6L l!"ent!r Htener /(e6Q ' se re#iere !l %resente o !l #(t(ro de lo /(e
die el +erbo de o"(ni!i3n en in#initi+o4 Q!d"it$ !nno(ne$ in#or"$ s!'$ re%ort$
tellQ$ et1O$ re"e"ber Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Qreord!rL
!ord!rse deQ ' se re#iere ! !l,o !nterior ! lo /(e die el +erbo ' se,(ido de
in#initi+o si,ni#i! Q!ord!rse deL reord!rQ /(e (no tiene /(e &!er !l,o ' se re#iere
! !l,o %osterior ! lo /(e die el +erbo$ #(t(ro en rel!i3n !l %resente o !l %!s!doM
entre Qre"e"berQ ' el in#initi+o %(eden ir l!s %!l!br!s Q&o7L i#L 7&!tL 7&enL 7&ereL
7&et&erL 7&oQ %ero no U7&'VO$ re%ort Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i!
UdeirV$ se,(ido en in,l0s liter!rio de (n no"bre en ,eniti+o s!.3n o (n !d.eti+o
%osesi+o ' en in,l0s olo/(i!l de (n no"bre /(e no est0 en ,eniti+o s!.3n o (n
%rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto h ,er(ndio si,ni#i! Ud!r %!rte deL den(ni!rV$ se,(ido
de o"%le"ento direto h in#initi+o si,ni#i! Uden(ni!rV ' tiene +!lor #in!lO$ r(n to
Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Ulle,!r !V ' se,(ido de in#initi+o
si,ni#i! UorrerVO$ send sbL st& Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Q&!erL
"!nd!rQ ' se,(ido de in#initi+o si,ni#i! Qen+i!rQ$ on +!lor #in!lO$ set sb Nse,(ido
de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Q&!er ! !l,(ienQ ' se,(ido de in#initi+o
si,ni#i! Q%oner ! !l,(ien !QO$ set (% Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i!
Q%onerse !Q ' se,(ido de in#initi+o si,ni#i! Qdrsel!s deQO$ settle do7n to Nse,(ido
del ,er(ndio si,ni#i! Uonentr!rse enV ' se,(ido de in#initi+o si,ni#i!
Udis%onerse !L inst!l!rse 3"od!"ente %!r!VO$ st!nd Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en
Iin, o de in#initi+o on +!lor #in!l si,ni#i! Q/(ed!rse Hde %ie6L %onerse de %ieQ$
se,(ido de in#initi+o /(e no ten,! +!lor #in!l si,ni#i! Qest!r en %eli,ro deL %oder
lle,!r !L tener tod!s l!s %osibilid!des deQM (!ndo +! %reedido de Q!nZtQ ' se,(ido
de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, o de in#initi+o si,ni#i! Qno %oder so%ort!rQO$ st!rt
Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,$ %reedid! o no de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o re#erido
!l s(.eto$ o de in#initi+o si,ni#i! Qe"%ez!r !Q ' del!nte de (n no"breL %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto /(e &!,! de o"%le"ento direto del!nte de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,
si,ni#i! Q&!erQO$ sto% Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Qde.!r deQ$
del!nte de (n no"bre o %rono"bre h l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Qi"%edirQ '
on in#initi+o$ /(e tiene +!lor #in!l$ si,ni#i! Qdetenerse !L %!r!L %!r!rHse6 !L %!r!Q$
del!nte de (n no"bre o %rono"bre h in#initi+o si,ni#i! Q%!r!r ! h no"bre %!r!QO$
s(,,est Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,$ %reedid! o no de (n !d.eti+o %osesi+o
o (n %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto no re#erido !l s(.eto ND1 =15<=O$ o se,(ido de l!
%re%osii3n UtoV h (n no"breL %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto /(e &!,! de
o"%le"ento indireto del!nte de de (n in#initi+o ND1 =155C1<OM si,ni#i! Us(,erirV
en !"bos !sosO$ t!9e Nse,(ido de o"%le"ento direto re#erido ! %erson! h l!
#or"! +erb!l en Iin, %(ede si,ni#i!r Qsent!r ! !l,(ienQ o Qlle+!r ! !l,(ienQM se,(ido
de o"%le"ento direto re#erido ! os! h in#initi+o si,ni#i! Qo,er NEs%!)!OL
reo,er NL!tino!"0ri!OL !,!rr!rQ ' se,(ido de o"%le"ento direto re#erido !
%erson! h in#initi+o si,ni#i! Qs(%onerQO$ t&ere h be H! lotL "(&6 "ore Nse,(ido de
l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Q&!ber H"(&o6 "sQ sin +!lor #in!l$ se,(ido de
UtoV h l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Qser H"(&o6 "s o"%li!doQ ' se,(ido de
in#initi+o on UtoV si,ni#i! Q&!ber H"(&o6 "sQ on +!lor #in!lO$ t&ere h be st&L
not&in, Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin, si,ni#i! Qo(rrirL %!s!rQ ' se,(ido de
in#initi+o on UtoV si,ni#i! Q&!ber /(eQ h in#initi+oO$ tr' Nse,(ido de l! #or"!
+erb!l en Iin,$ /(e no s(,iere di#i(lt!d$ si,ni#i! Q%rob!r ! Ni e-%eri"ent!rOQ ' on
in#initi+o$ /(e s(,iere di#i(lt!d$ si,ni#i! Qtr!t!r deL intent!rQO$ et1 E.14 Ee is
%l!'in, Hl estL !nd! .(,!ndo6L Ee &!s been 7!t&in, TD #or !n &o(r Hl lle+!L &!
est!do (n! &or! +iendo l! tele+isi3n6 ' UT&e sol(tion is to sell itV HL! sol(i3n es
+enderlo6L E!+e 'o( been to see t&e"T Nen tie"%os o"%(estosO HWE!s ido !
+erHles$ los6T6L Ee is to %l!' l!ter Hl +! !L tiene /(e .(,!r des%(0s6L mo( !re to sell
t&is No"ienzo de l! !i3nO HD!s ! +ender esto6L T&e' 7ere to ,et ! di+ore
No"ienzo de l! !i3nO HIb!n ! di+ori!rse6L Ee 7!s to die !#ter t&ree 'e!rs Hl Hse6
ib! ! "orir tres !)os "s t!rde6L Ee s!id t&!t I 7!s to ,i+e 'o( &is lo+e Hl "e di.o
/(e te dier! re(erdos6M ItZs !bo(t &el%in, %eo%le HEs sobre 3"o !'(d!r ! l! ,ente6
' US&e is !bo(t to ,oV HEll! est ! %(nto de ir6L UItZs !bo(t to &!%%enL st!rtV HEst !
%(nto de o(rrirL o"enz!r6L UEe is not !bo(t to ,o no7V Nolo/(i!l4 en #or"!
ne,!ti+! sol!"ente on el si,ni#i!do de Qtener ,!n!sQO Hl no tiene ,!n!s de ir
!&or!6M ItZs !%%ro%ri!te to ,oin, t&ere HEs !%ro%i!do %!r! ir !&FL !llF6 e UIt is
!%%ro%ri!te to s!' t&isV HEs on+eniente deir esto6M It is ! ondition to "!9in,
t&in,s better HEs (n! ondii3n %!r! "e.or!r l!s os!s6 e UIt is ! ondition to "!9e
t&in,s betterV HEs (n! ondii3n "e.or!r l!s os!s6M ItZs detri"ent!l to est!blis&in, !
lin9 HEs %er.(dii!l %!r! est!bleer (n l!zo6 e UItZs detri"ent!l to est!blis& ! lin9
bet7een terroris" !nd in#l(ene %eddlin,V Ni To est!blis& ! lin9 bet7een terroris"
!nd in#l(ene %eddlin, is detri"ent!lO HEs %er.(dii!l est!bleer (n! rel!i3n entre
el terroris"o ' el tr#io de in#l(eni!6M S&e 7!s diso+ered &idin, in ! bo!t HL!
des(brieron esondid! en (n b!ro6 ' US&e 7!s diso+ered to be &idin,L be !
%olie7o"!nV HSe des(bri3 /(e ell! est!b! esondid!L er! (n %oliF!6M It is
essenti!l to "!9in, %ro,ress HEs eseni!l %!r! !+!nz!r6 e UItZs essenti!l to s(st!in
li#eV HEs eseni!l "!ntener l! +id!6M T&e' !re "(& "ore e-%osed to seein, t&!t
HEstn "(&o "s e-%(estos ! +er esoL !/(ello6 ' UT&e "!&ine 7!s e-%osed to
s&o7 &o7 it 7or9edV HL! "/(in! est! e-%(est! %!r! "ostr!r 3"o #(nion!b!6M
S&e 7!s #o(nd &idin, HL! enontr!ron esondid!6 ' US&e 7!s #o(nd to be
(nderno(ris&edV HSe lle,3 ! l! onl(si3n de /(e ell! est!b! desn(trid!6M T&e
s'ste" is ,e!red toL to7!rdHs6 !&ie+in, t&is !i" HEl siste"! est en!"in!doL
diri,ido ! onse,(ir este ob.eti+o6 ' UT&is ser+ie is ,e!red to "eet &er needsV
HEste ser+iio est %ens!doL %l!ne!doL %re%!r!do %!r! s!tis#!er s(s neesid!des6M It
is i"%ort!nt to ens(rin, %e!e HEs i"%ort!nte %!r! !se,(r!r l! %!z6 e UIt is i"%ort!nt
to ens(re %e!eV HEs i"%ort!nte !se,(r!r l! %!z6M It 7!s !n ob.etion to s!tis#'in,
&is !"bitions HEr! (n! ob.ei3n %!r! s!tis#!erL ! l! s!tis#!i3n de s(s !"biiones6
e UIt 7!s !n ob.etion Hnot6 to s!tis#' &is !"bitionsV HEr! (n! ob.ei3n Hno6
s!tis#!er s(s !"biiones6M It 7!s !n H,re!t6 obst!le to ,ettin, t&ere HF(e (n
obst(lo H,r!nde6 %!r! lle,!r !llF6 e UIt 7!s !n H,re!t6 obst!le to ,et t&ereV HF(e (n
obst(lo H,r!nde6 lle,!r !llF6M T&is is %re#er!ble to %!'in, !,!in HEsto es %re#erible
! %!,!r de n(e+o6 e UItZs %re#er!ble to %!' !,!inV HEs %re#erible %!,!r de n(e+o6M It
7!s ! %roble" to s!tis#'in, &is !"bitions HEr! (n %roble"! %!r! l! s!tis#!i3n de
s(s !"biiones6 e UIt 7!s ! %roble" to on+ine t&e"V HEr! (n %roble"!
on+enerles6M EeZs red(ed to be,,in, in t&e street Hl estL se &! /(ed!do
obli,!do ! %edir en l! !lle6 e UIt is red(ed to !+oid b!n9r(%'V HSe red(e %!r!
e+it!r l! b!n!rrot!6M S&e is rel!ted to !llo7in, t&e "!r& HEll! est rel!ion!d! on
l! !(toriz!i3n de l! "!r&!6L T&ese 7ords !re rel!ted to "e!s(rin, t&e te"%er!t(re
HEst!s %!l!br!s estn rel!ion!d!s on l! "edid!L "edii3n de l! te"%er!t(r!6 '
UT&in,s !re rel!ted to "!9e t&e" e!sier to (nderst!ndV HSe rel!ion!n l!s os!s
%!r! &!erl!s "s #iles de entender6M T&e' 7ere restrited to sellin, #r(it !nd
+e,et!bles HEst!b!n li"it!dos ! +ender #r(t! ' +erd(r!Hs66 e UItZs restrited to s&o7
so"et&in,V HEst restrin,ido %!r! "ostr!r !l,o6M S&e is (sed L.(4stL to ,ettin, (%
e!rl' HEll! est !ost("br!d! ! le+!nt!rse te"%r!no6L S&e &!s been (sed L.(4stL to
7!l9in, e+er' d!' HEll! &! est!do !ost("br!d! ! !"in!r todos los dF!s6 ' UDerbs
!re (sed L.(4zdL to indi!te !tionV HSe (s!n los +erbos %!r! indi!r !i3n6L UEe
(sed L.(4zdL t&e "one' to b(' ! &o(seV Hl (s3 el dinero %!r! o"%r!r (n! !s!6M
ItZs +it!l to "!int!inin, %e!e HEs +it!l %!r! "!ntener l! %!z6 e UItZs +it!l to 9ee% !n
!(r!te reord o# e+er' tr!ns!tionV HEs +it!l lle+!r (n! (ent! e-!t! de !d!
tr!ns!i3n6M ItZs ! +(lner!bilit' to beo"in, de%ressedL losin, "one' HEs (n!
+(lner!bilid!d ! de%ri"irseL %erder dinero6 e UItZs ! +(lner!bilit' to ,o o(t !t t&is
"o"entV HEs (n! +(lner!bilid!d s!lir en este "o"ento6M It doesnZt be!r t&in9in,
!bo(tL 7orr'in, !bo(t HNo +!le l! %en! %ens!r en elloL %reo(%!rse %or ello6L >&!t
t&e' told (s 7onZt be!r re%e!tin, HLo /(e nos di.eron no +!ldr l! %en! re%etirlo6 '
US&e !nZt be!r &i" to o"e so l!teV HEll! no %(ede so%ort!r /(e 0l +en,! t!n
t!rde6M Eis .o9es 7ill be!r re%e!tin, NoO Eis .o9es 7ill be!r to be re%e!ted HS(s
&istes +!ldr l! %en! re%etirlosL /(e se!n re%etidos6M T&e' !nZt be!r 'o(r
Nliter!rioO NoO 'o( Nolo/(i!lO bein, i,nored HNo so%ort!n /(e se te i,nore6L T&e'
!nZt be!r bein,L to be i,nored HNo so%ort!n /(e se les i,nore6M Ee !nZt be!r
loo9in,L to loo9 Hl no %(ede Hso%ort!r6 "ir!r6M S&e !nZt be!r t&in9in,L to t&in9
7&!t t&e' "i,&t &!+e done HEll! no /(iere ni %ens!r lo /(e %odrF!n &!ber &e&o6M
Eis ries bro(,&t &is %!rents r(nnin, HS(s ,ritos &iieron orrer ! s(s %!dres N&!i!
0lO6 ' US&e bro(,&t t&e" to see t&e &o(seV HEll! les tr!.o %!r! +er l! !s!6M God
bro(,&t re!tion to bein, HDios &izo /(e l! re!i3n e-istier!6 ' UEe brin,s #ood to
#eed (sV Hl tr!e o"id! %!r! !li"ent!rnos6M S&e !nnotL !nZt &el% doin, t&!t HEll!
no %(ede e+it!r &!er esoL !/(ello6 ' US&e !nnotL !nZt &el% (s Hto6 do t&!tV HEll!
no %(ede !'(d!rnos ! &!er esoL !/(ello6M T&e' &!ned ,ettin, !(,&t Nestnd!rO
HSe !rries,!ron ! /(e les o,ier!n NEs%!)!OL %ill!r!n6 ' US&e &!ned to be %!ssin,L
to be Nliter!rioO t&ereV N%osibilid!dO HSe dio l! !s(!lid!d /(e %!s!b! ell!L est!b! ell!
!llF6M T&e' &!+e o"e !ro(ndL ro(nd NGB %rini%!l"enteO to !e%tin, !
o"%ro"ise HSe &!n de.!do on+ener %!r! Hel &e&o de6 !e%t!r (n !(erdo6 '
UT&e' &!+e o"e !ro(ndL ro(nd NGB %rini%!l"enteO to &el% (sV HE!n +enido !
!'(d!rnos6M It o"es do7n to deidin,L s!'in, 'es or no HEs (esti3n de deidirL
deir sF o no6 ' UEe !"e do7n to see 'o(V Hl b!.3 ! +erte6M T&eir b(siness !"e
ne!r to NGBOL ne!r NUSAO bein, r(ined HS( ne,oio est(+o ! %(nto de !rr(in!rse6 '
UT&e' !"e ne!r to loo9 !t t&e %!nt&erV HSe !er!ron %!r! "ir!r H!6 l! %!nter!6M I
!"e H+er'6 ne!r to NGBOL ne!r NUSAO r'in, HEst(+e H"('6 ! %(nto de llor!r6 ' UI
!"e H+er'6 ne!r to see &er betterL 7ellV HDine H"('6 er! %!r! +erl! "e.orL bien6L
UT&e' !"e ! bitL ste% ne!rer to &el% t&e b!b'V HEst!b!n (n %ooL %!so "s er!
%!r! !'(d!r !l rFoL beb06M Ee &!s o"e to do"in!tin, t&e sit(!tion Hl &! lle,!do
!Hl &e&o de6 do"in!r l! sit(!i3n6L >&en it N&e4 no %onerO o"es to &!n,in, t&e
sit(!tion$ &e is intoler!ble H*(!ndo se tr!t! de !"bi!r l! sit(!i3n$ 0l es
intoler!ble6L >&en it N&e4 no %onerO o"es to #eedin, b!bies$ 111 H*(!ndo se tr!t! de
!li"ent!r ! los beb0s$ 1116 ' UEe !"e to s!' &elloV N#in!lO Hl +ino ! deir &ol!6L
U>&en t&e' o"e to &ire %eo%le 111V N#in!lO H*(!ndo +ienen ! ontr!t!r ! ,ente 1116L
UEo7 did 'o( o"e to 7inTV Nno #in!lO HW*3"o es /(e lle,!ste ! ,!n!rL ,!n!steT6
ND1 =15=?1=1,OM >e !n de%end on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO
&is Nliter!rioO 7ritin, N,er(ndioO t&e letter No"%le"ento de r0,i"en
%re%osiion!lOL &i" Nolo/(i!lO 7ritin, N%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteO t&e letter
HPode"os ont!r on Hel &e&o de6 /(e 0l esribir l! !rt!6M >e !n de%end on
Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO &i" to do it HPode"os ont!r on 0l
%!r! &!erlo6L >e !n de%end on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO
&i" to be l!te HTen l!roL %or se,(ro /(e 0l lle,!r t!rde6M T&e' diso+ered !
7o"!n &idin, in ! bo!t HDes(brieron ! (n! "(.er esondid! en (n b!ro6 ' UT&e'
diso+ered &er to be ! %olie7o"!nV HDes(brieron /(e ell! er! (n %oliF!6M S&e
&!sL &!dL 7ill &!+e done "o!nin,L t!l9in,L 7it& "o!nin,L 7it& t!l9in, HEll! &!L
&!bF!L &!br !!b!doL ter"in!do de /(e.!rseL &!bl!r6 ' UEe did it to %le!se &erV Hl
lo &izo %!r! !,r!d!rle ! ell!6M T&e' es!%ed bein,L 'o(r bein, li9e t&!t HE+it!ron ser
!sFL Hel &e&o de6 /(e #(er!s !sF6 ' UT&e' es!%ed to loo9 #or ! better li#eV
HEs!%!ron %!r! b(s!r (n! +id! "e.or6M Ee e-%osed &i"sel# to bein, 9illed Hl se
e-%(so ! /(e leL lo "!t!r!n6 ' UEe e-%osed &i"sel# to !(se ! s!nd!lV Hl &izo
e-&ibiionis"o Hse-(!l"ente6 %!r! !(s!r (n esnd!lo6M Ee #ell to t&in9in, !bo(t
&is &ild&ood Hl se %(soL o"enz3 ! %ens!r en s( ni)ez6 e UIt #!lls to "e to see t&!t
t&e !o(nt is in orderV HMe orres%onde ! "i !se,(r!r"e de /(e el in#or"e est0
bien6M Ee #inds &er le!rnin, j!%!nese ino"%re&ensible Hl en(entr!
ino"%rensible /(e ell! !%rend! .!%on0s6L S&e #o(nd &er sister re!din, ! boo9L
st!ndin, on t&e #loor HEll! enontr3 ! s( &er"!n! H/(e est!b!6 le'endo (n libroL de
%ie en el s(elo6L Ee #o(nd &i"sel# dre!"in, !bo(t it Hl se enontr3 so)!ndo sobre
ello6 ' UEe #o(nd &er to beL t&!t s&e 7!s sinereL (nderst!ndin,V Hl l! enontr3L
des(bri3 /(e ell! er! siner!L o"%rensi+!6L UEe #o(nd Ht&e6 ti"e to do itV Hl
s!3 tie"%o %!r! &!erlo6L US&e #o(nd so"ebod' to re%l!e &i"V HEll! enontr3 !
!l,(ien %!r! rHe6e"%l!z!rle6M S&e &!snZt #or,otten ,oin, t&ere l!st "ont& HEll! no se
&! ol+id!do de &!ber idoL /(e #(e !llF el "es %!s!do6 ' UDonZt #or,et to tell 'o(r
%!rents]V H\No te ol+ides deL J(e no se te ol+ide deFrselo ! t(s %!dres]6M S&e ,ot
t&e" dr!7in, HEll! &izoL onsi,(i3L lo,r3 /(e dib(.!r!n6L S&e ,ets t&e" o"in, to
see &er HEll! onsi,(e /(e l! +isiten6 ' US&e ,ot &i" to &el% &erL si,n t&e ontr!tV
HEll! %idi3L le on+eni3 %!r! /(e 0l l! !'(d!r!L #ir"!r! el ontr!to6M One s&e ,ot
to r'in, NGBOL ,ot r'in, NUSAO HUn! +ez /(e ell! e"%ez3 ! llor!r6L T&e' ,ot to
t&in9in, NGBOL ,ot t&in9in, NUSAO !bo(t it HSe %(sieron ! %ens!r en ello6 ' US&e
,ot t&ere to +isit (sV N#in!lO HEll! lle,3 !llF %!r! +isit!rnos6L US&e ,ot to be %residentL
! "!n!,erV Nno indi! #in!lid!d sino res(lt!doO HEll! lle,3 ! NoO onsi,(i3 ser
%residenteL ,erente6L US&e ,ot to t!l9 to &i"V HEll! lle,3 !L onsi,(i3L t(+o l!
o%ort(nid!d de &!bl!r on 0l6L UEe doesnZt 9no7 7&et&er 7e !re ,ettin, to &e!r
!bo(t it eno(,&V Hl no s!be si +!"os ! oFr sobre ello lo s(#iiente6M Ee 7ent on
t!l9in, Hl si,(i3L ontin(3 &!bl!ndo6L S&e 7ent on e!tin, HEll! si,(i3L ontin(3
o"iendo6 ' UEe 7ent on to e-%l!in so"et&in,V Hl %!s3 ! e-%li!r !l,o6L UEe
7ent on to &!+e ! dise!seV Hl lle,3 ! tener (n! en#er"ed!d6M Ee ,re7 (% li9in,
beer Hl se ri3 ,(stndole l! er+ez!6 ' UEe ,re7 (% to li9e beerV HLle,3 ! ,(st!rle
l! er+ez! ! 0l6M S&eZll &!+e 'o( 7or9 #or &er HEll! te &!r tr!b!.!r %!r! ell!6L S&eZll
&!+e &i" st(d' t&is HEll! le &!r est(di!r esto6L >&!t else 7ill 'o( &!+e &er doT
HWJ(0 "s /(ieres /(e &!,! ell!T6L Ee &!d t&e 7!iter brin,L ,ot t&e 7!iter to brin,
!not&er o##ee Hl &izo /(e el !"!rero tr!.er! otro !#06M Ee &!d ! ,ood t&in,
&!%%en to &i" HA 0l le s(edi3 !l,o b(eno6M Ee &!sL Zs ,ot so"et&in, to s!' Hl
tiene !l,o /(e deir6M >e donZt &!+eL &!+enZt ,ot NGBO %eo%le %&onin, (% #ro" !ll
o+er t&e 7orld HNo tene"os ,ente /(e est0 ll!"!ndo de todo el "(ndo6M I 7onZt
&!+e &i" N&is4 no %onerO 7!stin, &is "one' HNo %er"itir0 /(e derro&e el dinero6L
mo( !nZt &!+e %eo%le "o+in, !ro(nd HNo %(edes tener ! l! ,ente "o+i0ndose de
(n l!do %!r! otro6L S&e !nnot &!+e 'o( be&!+in, li9e t&is HEll! no %(ede %er"itir
/(e te est0s %ort!ndo !sF6L Ee &!d &is !(diene listenin, !ttenti+el' Hl &izo /(e s(s
o'entes est(+ier!n es(&!ndo !tent!"ente6L S&eZll &!+e "e N"'4 no %onerO
le!nin, t&e 9it&en HEll! onse,(ir /(e 'o li"%ie l! oin!6L T&e' &!d (s No(r4 no
%onerO st(d'in, HNos %(sieron ! est(di!r6M S&e &!d !n H! di##erentL ! ri,oro(s6
!%%ro!& to ontrollin, t&e !ller,' HEll! t(+o (n en#o/(e Hdi#erenteL ri,(roso6 %!r!
el ontrol de l! !ler,i!6 ' US&e &!d !n !%%ro!& to .oin t&e Go+ern"entL st!## o# t&e
ne7s%!%erV HEll! t(+o (n! %ro%(est! %!r! (nirse !l GobiernoL #or"!r %!rte del
%erson!l del %eri3dio6M T&e' &old t&e 9e' to sol+in, t&is %roble" HTienen l! l!+e
Hen (!nto !l &e&o6 de l! sol(i3n de este %roble"!6 ' US&e &olds t&e 9e' to o%en
t&e doorV HEll! s(.et!L "!nteniene l! ll!+e %!r! !brir l! %(ert!6M Ee 9ee%s tr'in, Hl
si,(eL ontin2! intentndolo6L Aee% sendin, t&e eI"!ils] H\Si,(e en+i!ndo los
orreos eletr3nios]6L T&e' 9ee% %(ttin, o## si,nin, t&e ontr!t HSi,(en !%l!z!ndo
l! #ir"! del ontr!to6L T&e' 9ee% &er 7!itin, HL! &!en es%er!r6L Aee% t&e letters
o"in,] H\Si,!L Si,(e en+i!ndo l!s !rt!s]6 ' UEe 9e%t t&e boo9 to re!d it
!#ter7!rdsV Hl se /(ed3 on el libro %!r! leerlo des%(0s6L US&e 9e%t t&e letters to
&!+e %roo#V HEll! onser+!b! l!s !rt!s %!r! tener (n! %r(eb!6L UEe 9e%t &er to ,et !
r!nso"V Hl l! retenF! %!r! obtener (n res!te6M It !n le!d to identi#'in,L &is
Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO identi#'in, t&e +ir(s HP(ede lle+!r ! identi#i!r NoO ! l!
identi#i!i3n deL /(e 0l identi#i/(e el +ir(s6L T&is led to &is bein, !rrested HEsto
lle+3 ! s( !rresto6 ' UEe !n le!d to !rri+e e!rlierV Hl %(ede "ostr!r el !"inoL
,(i!r %!r! lle,!r !ntes6M T&is led &er to red(in, &er diet HEsto l! lle+3 ! red(ir s(
diet!6 ' UT&is led &er to red(e &er dietV HEsto l! ind(.o ! red(ir s( diet!6L UEe led
t&e e-%edition to #ind o(t t&e tr(t&V Hl diri,i3 l! e-%edii3n %!r! !+eri,(!r l!
+erd!d6M T&is led on to &is bein, !rrested HEsto ond(.o ! /(e 0l #(er! !rrest!do6 '
UEe led &er on to ste!lV Hl l! ind(.oL %ers(!di3 ! rob!r6M T&!t "e!ns "o+in, to
Aen'! HEsoL A/(ello si,ni#i! tr!sl!d!rse ! Aeni!6M T&!t "e!ns H"ore6 7!itin,
HEsoL A/(ello s(%oneL /(iere deir es%er!r H"s66M >&!t did s&e "e!n Hb'6 &ittin,
&er sisterT HWJ(0 %retendF! ell! %e,!ndo ! s( &er"!n!T6 ' UDoes &e "e!n to s!'
t&!t 111TV HWJ(iere 0l deir /(e 111T6M S&e "e!ns to ,o HEll! tiene inteni3n deL intent!
ir6M S&e "e!ns to be 9ind HEll! intent!L /(iereL se %ro%one ser !"!ble6M I "e!nt it to
be ! s(r%rise HH'o6 J(erF! /(e #(er! (n! sor%res!6M >o(ld 'o( "ind o%enin, t&e
7indo7T HWTe i"%ort!rF! !brir l! +ent!n!T6L Do 'o( "ind !bo(t "' o%enin, t&e
7indo7T HWTe i"%ort! /(e 'o !br! l! +ent!n!T6L Does &e "ind H!bo(t6 not ,ettin,
t&e .obT HWLe i"%ort! no onse,(ir el tr!b!.oT6 ' UMind 'o( %!' t&e ,!s bill
tod!']V H\No de.es de %!,!r &o' l! #!t(r! del ,!s]6L UT&e' !nZt 7!l9$ ne+er "ind
r(nV HNo %(eden !nd!r$ !sF /(e de orrer ni &!bl!r6M Ee %ro%osed doin, it better Hl
%ro%(soL s(,iri3L tenF! inteni3n deL %ens!b! &!erlo "e.or6M >&!t does s&e
%ro%ose doin, 7it& t&!t s(it!seT HWJ(0 %iens!L intent!L %ro%one ell! &!er on es!L
!/(ell! "!let!T6M Ee %ro%osed to do it better Hl tenF! inteni3n deL %ens!b! &!erlo
"e.or6M Are 'o( %ro%osin, to 7rite ! boo9T HWEsts %ens!ndo esribir (n libroT6M
>&!t does &e %ro%ose to do !bo(t itT HWJ(0 %iens! 0l &!er !l res%etoT6M T&e'
re,istered &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO s!'in, t&e 7ron, 7ord HSe dieron
(ent! de /(e 0l no &!bF! di&o l! %!l!br! orret!6 ' UT&e' re,istered t&e !r to
#eel se(reV HM!tri(l!ron el o&e %!r! sentirse se,(ros6M S&e re,rets le!+in, e!rl'
HEll! l!"ent! Htener /(e6 "!r&!rHse6 te"%r!no6L S&e re,retted ,i+in,L &!+in,
,i+en 'o( t&e "one'L not doin, it be#ore HEll! se !rre%inti3 de &!berte d!do el
dineroL no &!berlo &e&o !ntes6 ' U>e re,ret to !nno(neL in#or" t&!t &e is de!dV
HL!"ent!"os Htener /(e6 !n(ni!rL in#or"!r /(e 0l est "(erto6L UEe re,rets to tell
&er t&!t s&e !nZt s9iV Hl siente Htener /(e6 deirle ! ell! /(e no %(edeL s!be
es/(i!r6M T&e' re"e"ber seein,L &!+in, seen "e l!st 'e!r HSe !(erd!n deL
Re(erd!n &!ber"e +isto el !)o %!s!do6L I re"e"ber &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i"
Nolo/(i!lO ,oin, to s&ool HMe !(erdo de (!ndo 0l ib! ! l! es(el!L Me !(erdo
de 0l (!ndo ib! ! l! es(el!6L I !nZt re"e"ber &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO
t!9in, ! sin,le d!' o## 7or9 HNo re(erdo /(e 0l Hse6 &!'! o,ido NEs%!)!OL
to"!do (n solo dF! de +!!iones6 ' UEe re"e"bered to b(' so"e bre!dV Hl se
!ord3 deL reord3 /(e tenF! /(e o"%r!r !l,o de %!n6M T&e' re%orted &e!rin,L
seein, &i" HDi.eron &!berle oFdoL +istoL /(e le &!bF!n oFdoL +isto6L T&e' re%orted
&er "issin, HDieron %!rte deL Den(ni!ron l! des!%!rii3n de ell!6 ' US&e re%orted
&i" to ,et re+en,eV HEll! le den(ni3 ! 0l %!r! +en,!rse6M Eis ent&(si!s" doesnZt
r(n to ,i+in, (% &is 7ee9ends HS( ent(si!s"o no lle,! !l e-tre"o de s!ri#i!r los
#ines de se"!n!6 ' US&e r!n to !t& t&e tr!inV HEll! orri3 %!r! o,er NEs%!)!OL
to"!r el tren6M It sent %ries so!rin, HEizo /(e se dis%!r!r!n los %reios6L T&e' sent
(s %!9in, HNos "!nd!ron ! #reFr es%rr!,os6L Ee sent e+er't&in, #l'in, Hl lo &izo
s!lt!r todo %or los !ires6 ' UEe sent &er to &!+e ! loo9V Hl l! en+i3 %!r! /(e e&!r!
(n +ist!zo6L S&e sent t&e "one' to %!' #or e+er't&in, HEll! en+i3 el dinero %!r!
%!,!rlo todo6M T&is 7ill set %eo%le t&in9in, HEsto &!r re#le-ion!r ! l! ,ente6L Ee set
j(li! %!intin, t&e 7indo7 Hl &izo ! j(li! %int!r l! +ent!n!6 ' UEe set &i"sel# to
st(d' in &is roo"L t&e" to st(d' in t&eir roo"V Hl se %(soL les %(so ! est(di!r en
s( (!rto6M T&e' set (% to loo9in, !t t&e !lle,!tions HSe %(sieron ! "ir!r l!s
!le,!iones6 ' UEe s&o(ldnZt set (% to be 7&!t &eZs notV Hl no deberF! drsel!s de
lo /(e no es6M DonZt st!nd loo9in,] H\No os /(ed0is Hde %ie6 "ir!ndo]6L S&e stood
loo9in, !t (sL s!'in, t&e o%%osite HEll! se /(ed3 de %ieL %(so de %ieL le+!nt3
"irndonosL diiendo lo ontr!rio6 ' UT&e' stood to &!+e ! loo9V HSe /(ed!ron de
%ieL %(sieron de %ieL le+!nt!ron %!r! "ir!r6M T&e' st!nd to lose ! #ort(ne HEstn en
%eli,ro deL P(eden lle,!r ! %erder (n! #ort(n!6L Ee stood to 7in t&e r!e Hl tenF!
tod!s l!s %osibilid!des de ,!n!r l! !rrer!6M S&e !nnotL !nZt st!nd doin,L to do
t&!t HEll! no %(ede so%ort!r &!er esoL !/(ello6M T&e' st!rted !r,(in,L 7or9in,
HE"%ez!ron ! dis(tirL tr!b!.!r6L Ee st!rted &is te!&in, Hl e"%ez3 ! ense)!r6L
T&e' st!rted to l!(,&L (nderst!nd HE"%ez!ron ! reFrseL o"%render6 ' UT&e noise
st!rted t&e b!b' r'in,V HEl r(ido &izo /(e llor!r! el beb06L UT&e' st!rted jose%&L
&i" N&is4 no %onerO 7or9in,V HEiieron /(e jos0L 0l tr!b!.!r!L Le &iieron tr!b!.!r
! jos0L 0l66M Sto% t!l9in,] H\De.!L P!r! de &!bl!r]6L T&e'Zre sto%%in, b('in,
di!"onds HEstn de.!ndo de o"%r!r di!"!ntes6L S&e sto%%ed &is Nliter!rioOL &i"
Nolo/(i!lO H#ro" Nestnd!rO6 !ttendin, t&e "eetin,L &is Nliter!rioOL &i" Nolo/(i!lO
H#ro" Nestnd!rO6 deno(nin, ! #riend HEll! i"%idi3 /(e 0l !sistier! ! l! re(ni3nL
den(ni!r! ! (n !"i,oL le i"%idi3 !sistir ! l! re(ni3nL den(ni!r ! (n !"i,o6 '
US&e sto%%ed to b(' ! s9irtL %ost ! letterV HEll! se det(+oL Hse6 %!r3 %!r! o"%r!r
(n! #!ld!L e&!r (n! !rt! !l orreo6L UEe sto%%ed &er to !s9 &er so"et&in,V Hl l!
%!r3 %!r! %re,(nt!rle !l,o6M S&e s(,,ested ,oin, l!ter HEll! s(,iri3 ir "s t!rde6L
Ee s(,,ested &er ,oin, l!ter Hl s(,iri3 /(e ell! #(er! "s t!rde6M Ee s(,,ested to
&er to ,o l!ter Hl le s(,iri3 ! ell! /(e #(er! "s t!rde6M Ee too9 "' Nliter!rioO NoO
"e Nolo/(i!lO s!'in, t&is in t&e 7ron, 7!' HA 0l le sent3 "(' "!l /(e 'o di.er!
esto6L S&e too9 &i" s9!tin, HEll! le lle+3 ! %!tin!r6 ' UEe too9 t&e boo9 to re!d itV
Hl Hse6 lle+3 el libro %!r! leerlo6L US&e too9 &i" to be ! .o(rn!listV HEll! s(%onF!
/(e 0l er! %eriodist!6M T&ereZs "ore l'in, &ere HE!' "s /(e '!e !/(F6L T&ereZs
"ore to loo9in, !t &er t&!n 'o( i"!,ine HEl &e&o de "ir!rl! es "s o"%li!do de
lo /(e te i"!,in!sL E!' "s de lo /(e i"!,in!s en rel!i3n on el "ir!rl!6L T&ereZs
"ore to s!'in, sill' t&in,s t&!n t&!t HEl &e&o de deir tonterF!s es "s o"%li!do
/(e esoL !/(ello6 ' UT&ereZs "ore to loo9 !tL seeV HE!' "s /(e "ir!rL +erL E!'
/(e "ir!rL +er "s6L UT&ereZs "ore to s!' !bo(t t&is t&!n t&!t HSobre esto &!' /(e
deir "s /(e esoL !/(ello6M T&ereZs not&in, doin, HEllos no lo !e%t!n NoO no estn
de !(erdoL No %ode"os &!er n!d! NoO lle,!r ! (n !(erdoL No est o(rriendo NoO
%!s!ndo n!d!L No &! &!bido !"bios6L UNot&in, doin,]V H\De nin,(n! "!ner!]L
\No &!' n!d! /(e &!er]L \Ni &!bl!r]L \De eso n!d!]6 ' UT&ereZs not&in, to doV
HNo &!' n!d! /(e &!er6M E!+e t&e' tried s7i""in,T HWE!n %rob!do ! n!d!rL
n!d!ndoT6 ' UT&e' tried to s7i"V HTr!t!ron deL Intent!ron n!d!r61
=15<;1I Se usa la forma verbal 5ing el infinitivo detr!s de las siguientes
expresiones4 !,ree"ent to$ !s t&e #irst ste% to$ so "(& !s$ t&ere H(!ndo +! se,(ido
del +erbo be6$ 7it& !n o%%ort(nit' to$ t&e str!te,' to$ !ll t&e 7!' to$ et1 E.14
Inl(din, &is !,ree"ent to si,nin,L 'o(r Nliter!rioOL 'o( Nolo/(i!lO si,nin, t&e
ontr!t HInl('endo s( !(erdo en (!nto !Hl &e&o de6 #ir"!rL /(e #ir"es el
ontr!to6 ' UT&e Htr!de6 (nion 7ill &ono(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onor NUSAO t&e
!,ree"ent not to stri9eV HEl sindi!to res%et!r el !(erdo de no ir ! l! &(el,!6M !s
t&e #irst ste% to restorin,L t&eir Nliter!rioOL t&e" Nolo/(i!lO restorin, de"or!'
Ho"o el %ri"er %!so en (!nto !Hl &e&o de6 rest!(r!rL /(e rest!(ren l!
de"or!i!6 ' U!s t&e #irst ste% to restore de"or!'V Ho"o el %ri"er %!so %!r!
rest!(r!r l! de"or!i!6M S&e le#t 7it&o(t so "(& !s s!'in, ,oodb'e HEll! se
"!r&3 sin ni si/(ier! deir !di3s6 e UI# 'o( so "(& !s to(& &i"$ IZll 9ill 'o(V
H*o"o le lle,(es ! %oner l! "!no eni"!$ te "!to6M T&ere bein, so "(& #ood$
t&e' didnZt b(' !n' "ore HAl &!ber t!nt! o"id!$ no o"%r!ron "s6 ' UDo 'o(
e-%et t&ere to be eno(,& #oodTV HWEs%er!s /(e &!'! s(#iiente o"id!T6M >it& !
,re!ter o%%ort(nit' to bre!9in, N"enos (s!doOL &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO
bre!9in, N"enos (s!doO ! reord H*on (n! o%ort(nid!d "!'or en (!nto !Hl &e&o
de6 est!bleerL /(e 0l est!blez! (n! %l(s"!r!6 ' U>it& !n o%%ort(nit' to b('
N"s (s!doO t&e '!&tV H*on (n! o%ort(nid!d deL %!r! o"%r!r el '!te6M T&e
str!te,' to de!lin,L de!l 7it& t&e terrorists is 111 HL! estr!te,i! %!r! tr!t!r ! los
terrorist!s es 11161
=15<<1I Se usa generalmente el gerundio detr!s de las preposiciones e-e%to en
!l,(nos !sos o"o Q!s to$ !s 7ell !s$ besides$ b(t$ d(e to$ e-e%t$ #ro" 111 to$
inste!d o#$ ot&er t&!n$ r!t&er t&!n$ s(& !s$ t&!nQ$ /(e !d"iten l!s dos #or"!s$ e Qin
order to$ s!+eQ$ /(e +!n se,(id!s s3lo de in#initi+oM en el !%!rt!do @1@ se !n!liz!
!d! %re%osii3n ' se %onen e.e"%losM no obst!nte$ !l,(n!s %re%osiiones no +!n
se,(id!s de (n +erbo1
=15<=1I Se usa slo la forma verbal 5ing$ /(e es nor"!l"ente (n ,er(ndio '
"enos #re(ente"ente (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %resente$ detr!s de los siguientes verbos
frases verbales en #or"! si"%le o en #or"! ontin(!M (!ndo !%!ree Hit6 del!nte
del in#initi+o se indi! /(e es (n %rono"bre %erson!l es%eF#io ND1 <1=151!I#O o (n
QitQ +!Fo ND1 <1=151,I.OM &!' "s de ;CC +erbos4 Hsb6 !e%t !nL t&eL oneZs !ttit(de
to$ Hsb6 !(sto" to Hsb6$ Hsb6 !(sto" Hsb6L Honesel#6 to$ Hit6 !t !s ! ,(ide to$ HsbL
it6 !d!%t to$ Hsb6 !d!%t onesel# to$ Hsb6 !d&ere to$ Hsb6 !d.(st Honesel#6 to$ Hsb6 !d"ire
sb$ Hsb6 !do%t ! Hdi##erentL #res&L ne7L ri,oro(s6 !%%ro!& to$ Hsb6 !dore Hsb6$ Hsb6
!d+o!te Hsb6$ Hsb6 !##ir"$ !ll(de to$ Hit6 !"o(nt to$ Hsb6 !"(se onesel#$ Hit6 !ns7er to
Hsb6$ Hsb6 !ntii%!te$ Hsb6 !%%e!r !rrestedL !(,&tL diso+ered$ Hsb6 !%%l' onesel#L
oneZs "ind to$ Hsb6 !%%rei!te Hsb6$ !ssi,n i"%ort!ne to Nliter!rioO$ !tt!& Hso"eL !
lot o#6 i"%ort!ne to$ Hsb6 !ttend to$ !ttrib(te st& to$ Hsb6 !7!it$ b!r$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&eL
oneZs !ddition to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e !d"ission to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e !ltern!ti+e to$ Hit6
be !bo(t t&e !ntidote to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&eL oneZs !ttit(de to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e b!r
Hobst(lo6 to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e b!rrier to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e l!i" to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e
ontrib(tor to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e o(nterbl!st to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e deterrent to$ Hit6 be
!bo(t t&e di##erent !ttit(deL t&in, N( otro no"breO to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e H%er"!nent6
distr!tion to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e ,et!7!' to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e H(se#(l6 ,(ide to$ Hit6 be
!bo(t t&e &io(,&L &i(% to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e obst!leHs6 to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e
o%%onentHs6 to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e o%tion toL o#$ Hit6 be !bo(t %!rt o# t&eL oneZs
!%%ro!& to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e %!t& to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e %it#!ll to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e
%oint o# ont!t to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e %ointer to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e %reondition to Hsb6$
Hit6 be !bo(t t&e %reli"in!r' to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e %rel(de to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e
%rere/(isite to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&eL oneZs re!tion to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e res%onse to
HoneZs6$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e Hlon,6 ro!d to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e seret to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e
setb!9 to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e s&ort (t to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e slo%e to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e
st!rt to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e Hbi,6 ste%L #irst ste% to$ Hit6 be !bo(t t&e t&res&old to$ Hit6 be
!bo(t t&e trend to sb$ HitL sb6 beL beo"eL ,et !li"!tizedL !li"!tised NGBO to$
HsbL it6 be !d!%t!ble Nestnd!rOL !d!%ti+e Nliter!rioO to$ Hsb6 be !d!%ted to$ Hsb6 beL
beo"eL #eelL see" !ddited to$ Hit6 beL see" !nL t&eL oneZs !ddition to$ Hit6 be !n
!ddIon Hdis%ositi+o !diion!l6 to$ Hsb6 beL see" !de/(!te to$ Hit6 be !n !d"ission to$
Hsb6 beL #eelL see" !d+erse to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" !,ree!ble to$ Hit6 beL see"
Honei+ed !s6 !n !id to$ Hit6 be !R9in to Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 be !ller,i to$ Hit6 beL see"
!nL t&e !ltern!ti+e to$ Hsb6 be !"en!ble to$ Hit6 be !n !ntidote to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL ,etL
see" !tt!&ed to$ Hit6 beL see" !nL t&eL oneZs !ttit(de to$ Hsb6 beL see" !ttr!ted to$
Hit6 beL see" !ttrib(ted to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" !R+erse to$ HsbL it6 beL see" !L no b!r
to HserL %!reerL no serL no %!reer (n obst(lo %!r!6$ HsbL it6 beL see" !L t&e b!rrier
to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" better o##$ Hit6 be ! 9e' b(ildin, blo9 to$ Hit6 be ! st("blin,
blo9 to$ Hsb6 beL see" bored$ Hsb6 be !(,&t$ Hit6 beL see" entr!l to HserL %!reer
#(nd!"ent!l %!r! h in#initi+o6$ Hit6 beL see" ! l!i" to$ Hit6 be ! l(e to$ Hit6 beL
see" ond(i+e to Hsb6$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" on#ined to$ Hit6 be onneted to$ Hsb6
beL #eel ontr!r' to$ Hsb6 beL see" !L t&e ontrib(tor to$ Hit6 be ! o(nterbl!st to$ Hit6
beL see" redible$ HsbL it6 beL see" riti!l to$ HsbL it6 beL see" dedi!ted to$ Hit6 beL
see" deli!te$ Hit6 beL see" ! deterrent to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" de+oted to$ Hit6 beL
see" di##erent to$ Hit6 beL see" ! di##erent !ttit(deL t&in, N( otro no"breO to$ Hit6 beL
see" direted to$ Hit6 beL see" ! H%er"!nent6 distr!tion to$ Hsb6 be done$ Hst&6 be
do7n to$ Hit6 be ! dr!7b!9 to$ Hit6 beL see" e/(!l to$ Hit6 beL see" e/(i+!lent to$
Hit6 be !n essenti!l %!rt to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" #ed (% Nolo/(i!lO N' U#ed (% 7it&V
Nolo/(i!lO h Iin,L U#ed (% o#V N+(l,!rO h Iin,O$ Hit6 beL see" #ort(n!te$ Hit6 be #(ll to$
HsbL it6 beL see" #(nd!"ent!l to$ Hit6 be ,e!red to$ Hit6 be ! ,et!7!' to$ Hsb6 beL #eel
,i+en to$ Hsb6 be ,i+en Ro+er to$ Hit6 be not !n' ,ood oneZs$ Hit6 be not "(& ,ood
oneZs$ HitL sb6 be not ! bit o# ,ood$ Hit6 beL see" ! H(se#(l6 ,(ide to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL
see" &!bit(!ted to$ Hit6 be &!l# 7!' to$ Hit6 beL see" &!rd Hin.(sto6$ Hit6 beL see"
&!rd 7or9$ Hit6 be ! &io(,&L &i(% to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" &o%eless$ Hit6 be
i,nor!nt$ Hit6 be !n i"%edi"ent to$ Hit6 beL #eelL see" i"%er+io(s to$ Hit6 beL see"
inident!l to$ Hsb6 beL see" indi##erent to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" ind(ed to$ Hit6 be !
,ener!l introd(tion to$ Hsb6 be 9een on t&e "e!ns to$ Hit6 beL see" 9e'ed to$ HsbL it6
beL see" li"ited to$ Hit6 beL see" lin9ed to$ Hsb6 be lon, Hin6$ Hsb6 be ne7 to$ Hsb6 be
! ne7o"er to$ Hsb6 beL #eel notied$ Hsb6 beL #eel obser+ed$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see !nL
t&e obst!le to Hsb6$ Hsb6 beL see" o(%ied$ Hsb6 beL beo"eL #eelL see" %!ni9ed$
Hsb6 beL beo"eL #eelL see" o%en to$ Hsb6 be !n o%%onentL o%%onents to$ Hit6 be t&e
o%tion to$ Hit6 beL see" %!rt o# oneZs !%%ro!& to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" %!rti!l to$ Hsb6
beL #eelL see" ! %!rt' to$ Hit6 be !L t&eL !not&er %!t& to$ Hsb6 be on t&e %!t& to$ Hit6
beL see" ! %it#!ll to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" %led,ed to$ Hit6 beL see" t&e %oint o#
ont!t to$ Hit6 be ! %ointer to$ Hit6 beL see" ! %reondition to Hsb6$ Hsb6 beL #eelL
see" %redis%osed to$ Hit6 beL see" ! %reli"in!r' to$ Hit6 beL see" ! %rel(de to$ Hit6
beL see" ! %rere/(isite to$ Hit6 be /(i9$ Hsb6 be /(oted to$ Hit6 beL see" !L t&eL oneZs
re!tion to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" red(ed to ND1=15<:1;O$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" rele,!ted
to$ Hit6 beL see" rele+!nt to$ Hsb6 be re%orted !s$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" resi,ned to Hsb6$
Hsb6 beL #eelL see" resist!nt to$ Hit6 beL see" ! res%onse to HoneZs6$ Hit6 be in
res%onse to oneZs$ Hsb6 be retient$ Hit6 beL see" ! lon, ro!d to$ Hit6 beL see" t&e
ro!d to$ Hsb6 beL see" on t&e ro!d to$ Hit6 be ! ro!d"!% to$ Hit6 be ! seret to$ Hsb6 beL
beo"eL #eel sensiti+e to$ Hit6 beL see" ! setb!9 to$ Hit6 beL see" si"il!r to$ Hit6 be
! slo%e to$ Hit6 beL see" slo7$ Hit6 beL see" ! st!rt to$ Hit6 beL see" ! Hbi,6 ste%L t&e
#irst ste% to$ Hsb6 be sti,"!tizedL sti,"!tised NGBO !s Hser tild!do de6$ Hsb6 beL #eel
no str!n,er to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" s(b.et to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" s(b.eted to$ Hsb6
beL #eelL see" s(b.(,!ted to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" s(ited to$ Hit6 beL see" s(%erior to$
Hsb6 beL #eelL see" s(se%tible to$ Hit6 be s7it&ed to$ Hit6 be ! s'ste" to$ Hit6 beL
see" t!nt!"o(nt to$ Hsb6 be terrible H!t6$ Hit6 beL see" t&!n9s to$ Hit6 be ! t&res&old
to$ Hsb6 beL #eelL see" tied to$ &ereZsL is to$ Hit6 be tr!ns#er!ble to$ Hit6 be ! trend to sb$
Hit6 beL see" no tro(ble$ Hit6 beL see" (ne/(!l to$ Hit6 beL see" no (se$ Hsb6 beL
beo"eL #eelL ,etL see" (sed L.(4stL to HsbL st&6 ND1=15<:1;O$ Hsb6 be +(lner!ble$ Hsb6
beL see" +(lner!ble to$ Hsb6 beL #eel 7!t&ed$ Hit6 beL see" 7ort&$ be!r 7itness to$
be!t Nolo/(i!lO$ Hsb6 beo"e betterL dirt'L dr'L ent!n,ledL illL i"%ossibleL tiredL 7etL
'o(n,$ Hsb6 be,r(d,e Hsb6$ Hsb6 bl!"e$ Hsb6 bo!st$ Hsb6 bridle Nintr!nsiti+oO Hsentirse
o#endido6$ Hsb6 brin, #o(s to$ brin, #(rt&er osts to$ broo9 oneZs Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6
b(ild s'"%!t&' to$ Hsb6 b(s' onesel#$ !ll !n endL H#or6 ! &!lt to$ Hsb6 !nnot NoO
!nZt st!nd$ Hsb6 !t& sb$ erti#' to$ Hsb6 &eris&$ Hsb6 o"e !ross ! ne7 !%%ro!&
to$ Hsb6 o"e !7!' 7it& o""it"ent to$ Hsb6 o""it "one'L reso(res to$ Hsb6
o"%re&end$ Hsb6 one!l$ Hsb6 on#ine oneZs e##orts to$ Hsb6 onte"%l!te$
orres%ond to$ Hsb6 o(nten!ne$ dedi!te itsel#L "one'L oneZs ener,iesL oneZs li#eL
onesel#L reso(resL so"e 'e!rsL ti"e to$ Hsb6 de#end Hsb6$ Hsb6 de%it sb$ Hsb6 detet
sb$ de+ote !ttentionL ontrolsL oneZs e##ortL oneZs li#eL ! ert!in !"o(nt o# "one'L
onesel#L HoneZs6 ti"e to$ Hsb6 die$ Hsb6 diret oneZs !ttentionL reso(res to$ Hsb6
dis!%%ro+e oneZs$ Hsb6 dis!+o7$ Hsb6 disontin(e Hsb6$ Hsb6 dis%(te Hsb6$ Hsb6 do(bt$
Hsb6 dr!7 Htoo "(&6 !ttention to$ Hsb6 dro%$ Hsb6 e"%&!sizeL e"%&!sise NGBO sb$
end!n,er$ Hsb6 end(re$ Hsb6 en.o' Hsb6$ ens(reL ins(re Hsb6$ Hit6 ent!il Hsb6$ en+is!,e
Hsb6$ Hsb6 en+ision NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hsb6$ Hsb6 en+' Hsb6$ e/(!te$ e-(se sb$
e-%l!in Hsb6$ Hsb6 e-%eriene tro(ble$ e-tol$ Hsb6 #!e Hsb6$ Hsb6 #!ilit!te$ Hsb6 #!int
Nintr!nsiti+oO Hdes+!neerse6$ Hsb6 #!ll !slee% Nintr!nsiti+oO Hdor"irse6$ Hsb6 #!ll
+iti" to$ Hsb6 #!+o(r NGBOL #!+or NUSAO$ Hsb6 #eel !li"!tizedL !li"!tised NGBO
to$ Hsb6 #eel !d!%t!ble Nestnd!rOL !d!%ti+e Nliter!rioO to$ Hsb6 #eel !n H! ne76
!%%ro!& to$ Hsb6 #eel !L no b!r Hobst(lo6 to$ Hsb6 #eel !L t&e b!rrier to$ Hsb6 #eel
bitter$ Hsb6 #eel ! l!i" to$ Hsb6 #eel o""itted to$ Hsb6 #eel onditioned to$ Hsb6 #eel
riti!l to$ Hsb6 #eel dedi!ted to$ Hit6 #eel de%lor!ble$ Hsb6 #eel direted to$ Hsb6 #eel
dizz'L si9L #!int H"!re!rse6$ Hsb6 #eel H(n6e/(!l to$ Hsb6 #eel #(ll to$ Hsb6 #eel ,oodL
no ,oodL not ! bit o# ,ood$ Hsb6 #eel &!l# 7!' to$ Hit6 #eelL loo9 i"%er!ti+e$ Hsb6 #eel
9e'ed to$ Hsb6 #eel li"ited to$ Hsb6 #eel o%%osed to Hsb6$ Hsb6 #eel se(re$ Hsb6 #eel
tired$ Hsb6 #eel no (se$ Hsb6 #eel (seless$ Hsb6 #ind !n !ltern!ti+e to$ Hsb6 #ind onesel#L
sb$ Hsb6 #ind st& %re#er!ble to$ Hsb6 #li% Nintr!nsiti+oO H/(ed!rse ,(irr!do6$ Hsb6
#orHe6,o$ Hsb6 #oresee$ Hsb6 #or#eit$ Hsb6 #ors!9e$ Hsb6 #re!9 Nintr!nsiti+oO
Hsor%renderse6$ Hsb6 ,et !n-io(sL !%%re&ensi+eL boredL !relessL oldL &(n,r'L illL
9illedL oldL s(s%iio(sL t!n,ledL tiredL (%setL 7orried$ Hsb6 ,et !ro(ndL ro(nd NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL !bo(t NGB %rini%!l"enteO to$ Hsb6 ,et (sed L.(4stL to st&$ Hit6 ,et
7&ittled do7n to$ ,i+e Hso"eL ! lot o#6 !%%ro+!lL onsider!tionL i"%ort!ne to$
,i+e oneZs !%%ro+!lL !ttentionL li#eL "ind to$ Hsb6 ,i+e onesel# Ro+er to$ HsbL it6 ,i+e
H,re!terL to%6 %riorit'L Hso"e6 %riorities to$ HsbL it6 ,i+e %ro"inene to$ ,i+e !
r!tion!le to$ Hsb6 ,i+e little t&o(,&tL ! seond t&o(,&t to$ Hsb6 ,o to slee%$ Hsb6 ,ro!n$
Hsb6 ,ro7 (sed L.(4stL to$ Hsb6 ,r(d,e$ Hsb6 ,(!rd !,!inst$ Hsb6 &!ndle$ Hsb6 &!+e t&e
!ns7erL !n !+ersionL !+ersionsL ! l!i"L l!i"s to$ Hsb6 &!+e no b(siness$ Hsb6 &!+e
! Hert!in6 de+otion to$ Hsb6 &!+e done$ Hsb6 &!+e no ob.etionHs6 to$ &!+e Hso"eL
!n'6 rele+!ne to$ Hsb6 &!+e ! resist!ne to$ Hsb6 &!+e s(ess$ Hit6 &!+e ! +ie7 to$
Hsb6 &e!r$ Hsb6 &i,&li,&t sb$ &inder Hsb6$ Hsb6 identi#' sb$ in(r$ ins(reL ens(re Hsb6$
Hsb6 inti"!te$ Hit6 in+ol+e Hsb6$ Hsb6 .olt Nintr!nsiti+oO Hestre"eerse6$ Hsb6 l!' l!i" to
Hsb6$ Hsb6 l!' onesel# o%en to$ Hsb6 le!rn t&e ti%s to$ Hsb6 lend onesel# to$ li"it Hsb6$
Hsb6 li"it onesel# to$ Hsb6 loo9 Nen #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! '
t!"bi0n en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs del !d.eti+oO
!bs(rdL !7#(lL br!+eL !re#(lL !relessL le+erL r(elL dis&onestL #oolis&L #ort(n!teL
#riendl'L #(nn'L &onestL &orribleL H(n69indL H(n6l(9'L nieL oddL %ro(dL /(i9L ri,&tL
r(deL s!dL s!#eL sill'L slo7L str!n,eL st(%idL 7ron,$ et1 Nt!"bi0n en ,r!do
o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"oreQ o QIerL less H111 t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o
%reedidos de Q"ostQO$ HsbL it6 loo9 loseL H! bitL ! ste%6 loserL losest to$ Hit6 loo9
de%lor!ble$ HsbL it6 loo9 ne!rL no ne!rer to$ Hsb6 lose "one'L ti"e$ Hsb6 lose no ti"e
Hin6$ Hsb6 lo7er onesel# to$ Hsb6 "!9e !ll(sion to$ Hsb6 "!9e ! boob Nolo/(i!lO$
"!9e !L so"eL !n'L noL littleL /(ite !L ! lot o# di##erene to Hsb6$ Hsb6 "!9e !L oneZs
li+in,$ Hsb6 "!9e no %retensions to Hsb6$ Hsb6 "!9e re#erene to$ Hsb6 "eet resist!ne
to$ Hsb6 "erit$ Hsb6 "iss Hsb6$ Hit6 neessit!te Hsb6$ Hsb6 ob.et to HsbL st&6$ ob+i!te Hsb6$
o%en oneZs e'es to$ Hsb6 o+ero"e$ Hsb6 o+ero"e !L t&e b!rrier to$ Hsb6 %!rdon sb$
%!+e t&e 7!' to$ Hsb6 %!' !ttention to Hsb6$ Hsb6 %erse+ere in$ Hit6 %ert!in to$ Hsb6
%&oto,r!%& sb$ Hsb6 %it(re Hsb6$ Hsb6 %it' sb$ %oint to$ Hsb6 %onder$ Hit6 %rei%it!te
Hsb6$ %rel(de Hsb6$ %redi!te$ Hsb6 %redit$ Hsb6 %re#er st&L sb Iin, to$ Hsb6 %resribe
Hsb6$ Hit6 %re+ent sbL st&$ %re+ent t&e s(se%tibilit' to$ %rize Hesti"!r "(&o NoO
+!lor!r6$ Hsb6 %ro,ress to$ Hit6 %ro+e essenti!l to$ Hsb6 %ro+e sensiti+e to$ %ro+e +it!l
to$ Hsb6 %ro+e 7ron, Nintr!nsiti+oO He/(i+o!rse6$ Hsb6 %(t oneZs "ind to
H%ro%onerse6$ Hsb6 %(t obst!les to Hsb6$ Hsb6 %(t sb onto N"s (s!doOL on to N"enos
(s!doO Hd!r ! !l,(ien l! %ist! sobre6$ /(er'$ re!t to Hsb6$ Hsb6 re!lizeL re!lise NGBO
oneZs !ddition to$ Hsb6 re!ll Hsb6$ Hsb6 reonile onesel# to Hsb6$ Hsb6 redden
H%onerse ro.o6$ Hsb6 reel Ht!"b!le!rse6$ HsbL it6 re#er to Hsb6$ Hsb6 re#r!in H!bstenerse6$
Hsb6 re&e!rse$ relis& Hsb6$ Hsb6 re"!in Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 re"!in onl' .(st$ Hsb6
re"!in o%%osed to$ Hsb6 re"!in resi,ned to Hsb6$ Hsb6 reno(ne Hren(ni!r ! h
in#initi+o6$ Hsb6 resi,n onesel# to Hsb6$ Hsb6 resist Hsb6$ Hsb6 resist oneZs !tte"%t to$ Hsb6
resort Honesel#6 to Hsb6$ Hsb6 res%ond to$ restrit Hsb6$ restrit oneZs re"!r9sL onesel#
to$ Hsb6 res("e$ Hsb6 retr!t Hsb6$ Hsb6 re+ert to$ Hsb6 r(%t(re onesel#$ Hsb6 s!dden
Nintr!nsiti+oO Hentristeerse6$ Hsb6 s!+o(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL s!+or NUSAO$ Hsb6
s!' 'esL no to sb$ Hsb6 see bene#its to$ Hsb6 see" Nen #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! ' t!"bi0n en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! en in,l0s liter!rio %oniendo UnotV detrs
del !d.eti+oO !bs(rdL !7#(lL bitterL br!+eL !re#(lL !relessL le+erL r(elL dis&onestL
#oolis&L #riendl'L #(nn'L &onestL &orribleL H(n69indL nieL oddL /(i9L ri,&tL r(deL
s!#eL sill'L slo7L str!n,eL st(%idL (seless Nse,(ido de l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,4
N+(l,!rO ' se,(ido de Q!tQ h l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,4 estnd!rOL 7ron, Nt!"bi0n en
,r!do o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de Q"oreQ o QIerL less H111 t&!n6Q ' en ,r!do
s(%erl!ti+o %reedidos de Q"ostQO$ Hit6 see" Hs(&6 ! bore$ Hsb6 see" onditioned to$
Hsb6 see" o%%osed to$ Hit6 see" !n essenti!l %!rt to$ Hsb6 set !bo(t$ Hsb6 set to$ set to
7or9$ s&i#t oneZs e"%&!sis to Hsb6$ Hsb6 s&ir9 Hsb6$ Hit6 s&o7 oneZs re!tionHs6 to$ Hsb6
s&o7 resist!ne to$ Hsb6 s&o7 ! tr!nsition to Hsb6$ Hit6 si,ni#' Hsb6$ Hsb6 si"(l!te$ sin9
to$ Hsb6 sit$ Hsb6 s"ell$ Hsb6 s%ot sb$ Hsb6 s/(!re Hsb6$ Hsb6 st!nd !ro(nd t&e %l!e$ Hsb6
sti9 NGBO$ Hsb6 sti9 to Hli"it!rse !6$ HsbL it6 stret& to Hsb6$ Hsb6 s(b"it to$ Hsb6
s(("b to$ Hsb6 s(##er Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6 s(,,est Hsb6$ Hsb6 s7elter Nintr!nsiti+oO
Hso#o!rseL "orirse de !lor6$ Hsb6 s7it& to$ Hsb6 s7oon Nintr!nsiti+oO Hdes"!'!rse6$
Hsb6 t!9e ! disli9e to$ Hit6 t!9e e-e%tion to$ Hsb6 t!9e ! li9in, to Ho,er NEs%!)!OL
to"!r ,(sto !6$ Hsb6 t!9e ! ris9$ Hsb6 testi#' to$ t&ere h be !nL t&eL no !ltern!ti+e to$
t&ere h be !n !%%ro!&L !%%ro!&esL !n !tt!&"ent to$ t&ere h be no b!r Hobst(lo6
to$ t&ere h be H!6 bene#itL no bene#itL bene#itsL ! "!,i b(llet H(n! %!n!e!6L ! l(eL
l(esL onse/(enesL ! ostL d!n,erL ! ert!in dedi!tionL ! Hdi##erent6 di"ensionL
inite"entL ! 9n!9 to$ t&ere h be h noL not !n' h (n! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,4
on+inin,L den'in,L %le!sin,L sto%%in,$ et1$ t&ere h be ! h no"bre h dedi!ted to$
t&ere h be !n ob.etionL ob.etionsL ! %it#!llL %it#!lls to$ t&ere h be ! %!9!,e to$
t&ere h be !n'L littleL no %oint Hin6$ t&ere h be !L t&eL oneZs re!tion to$ t&ere h be
re#erenesL re%er(ssionsL H!n'L no6 resist!neL ! sieneL ! seret to$ t&ere is ! ris9$
t&ere h be !n'L no sense Hin sb6$ t&ere h be !n'L no sense to$ t&ere h be ! si"il!rit'
to$ t&ere h be so"et&in, 7ort&$ t&ere h be ! st!t(s to$ t&ere h be !L no sti,"! to$
t&ere h be s(r%risesL ! tri9 to$ t&ere h be noL not !n'L not t&e le!stL not "(& (se
Hin6 Hsb6$ t&ere h be !n'L no +!l(e to$ Hsb6 t&rob Nintr!nsiti+oO Hestre"eerse6$ Hsb6 tie
so"ebod' to$ Hsb6 tin,le Nintr!nsiti+oO Hestre"eerse6$ Hsb6 tre!t Nintr!nsiti+oO$ Hsb6
t(rn oneZs !ttention to$ Hsb6 t(rn 7&ite Nintr!nsiti+oO H%onerse bl!no6$ Hsb6 (ler!te
Nintr!nsiti+oO H(ler!rse6$ Hsb6 (nder+!l(e$ Hsb6 (%set onesel#$ Hsb6 (r,e$ Hsb6 +ie7$
Hsb6 +is(!lizeL +is(!lise NGBO$ Hsb6 7!i+e$ Hit6 7!rr!nt Hsb6 Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 7e!9en
Nintr!nsiti+oO Hdebilit!rse6$ Hsb6 7elo"e Hsb6$ Hsb6 7&iten H%onerse bl!no6$ Hsb6
7ine Nintr!nsiti+oO Hestre"eerse6$ Hsb6 7it&st!nd Hsb6$ Hsb6 7itness st&L sb$ Hsb6
7itness to oneZs N!r!ioO$ Hsb6 7obble N"s (s!doO L 7!bble LR7obHe6lL NGBO
' LR7!4bHe6lL NUSAO Ht!"b!le!rse6$ Hsb6 7orr'$ Hsb6 'ello7 H%onerse !"!rillo6$ et1
E.14 Ee !e%ted t&e !ttit(de to res%etin, ot&ers Hl !e%t3 l! !tit(d de res%et!r !
los de"s6M S&e !(sto"ed &ersel# to doin, it HEll! se !ost("br3 ! &!erlo6M Ee
!nZt !d!%t to li+in, !lone Nse %(ede %oner t!"bi0n Q&i"sel#Q detrs de Q&eQ$ detrs
de Q!d!%tQ o !l #in!lO Hl no %(ede !d!%t!rse ! +i+ir solo6M Ee !d&eres to s!'in, t&is
Hl se (ne ! deir esto6M Ee !d.(sted to bein, silent Nse %(ede %oner t!"bi0n
Q&i"sel#Q detrs de Q&eQ$ detrs de Q!d.(stedQ o !l #in!lO Hl se !d!%t3L !"old3 !
est!r en silenio6M Ee !d"ires 'o(r Nliter!rioO NoO 'o( Nolo/(i!lO &el%in, (s Hl
!d"ir! /(e nos !'(des6M S&e !do%ted ! ne7 !%%ro!& to &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i"
Nolo/(i!lO te!&in, (s HEll! !do%t3L dio (n n(e+o en#o/(e %!r! s( #or"! de
ense)!rnos6M T&e' !dore %l!'in, 7it& t&eir !tL o(r Nliter!rioO NoO (s Nolo/(i!lO
%l!'in, tennis HLes en!nt! .(,!r on s( ,!toL /(e .(,(e"os !l tenis6M Ee !d+o!tes
.oinin,L t&eir Nliter!rioO NoO t&e" N olo/(i!l O .oinin, t&e EU Hl reo"iend! entr!rL
/(e entren en l! Uni3n E(ro%e!6M T&!t !"o(nts to &!n,in, t&e !,ree"ent HEso
+iene ! serL si,ni#i! el !"bio del !(erdo6M S&e !"(ses &ersel# re!din, HEll! se
di+ierte le'endo6M Ee doesnZt !ntii%!te "!9in, &!n,es Hl no tiene %re+isto &!er
!"bios6M Ee !%%lied &i"sel#L &is "ind to doin, t&e 7or9 Hl se dedi3L !%li3 !
&!er el tr!b!.o6M S&e !%%rei!tes bein, ,i+en so"e &el%L &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i"
N olo/(i!l O t!9in, t&e ti"e to t!l9 HEll! !%rei! /(e se le e&e (n! "!no ! ell!L 0l
dedi/(e tie"%o ! &!bl!r6M Ee !ssi,ned i"%ort!ne to si,nin, t&e !,ree"ent Hl
d!b! i"%ort!ni! ! l! #ir"! del !(erdo6M S&e !tt!&esL ,i+es i"%ort!ne to
de#endin, .(stie HEll! d! i"%ort!ni! ! l! de#ens! de l! .(stii!6M Ee is "ore
!d!%t!ble Nestnd!rOL !d!%ti+e Nliter!rioO to 7or9in, 7it& (s Hl se !d!%t! "s !
tr!b!.!r on nosotros6M Ee is !ddited to t!9in, dr(,s Hl es !dito ! to"!r dro,!s6M
Ee is !d+erse to doin, it Hl es ontr!rio ! &!erlo6M S&e is !,ree!ble to doin, itL o(r
Nliter!rioO NoO (s Nolo/(i!lO ,oin, t&ere HEll! est dis%(est! ! &!erloL &! !edido !
/(e +!'!"os !llF6M It is !n !id to bein, (nderstood HEs (n! !'(d! %!r! ser
o"%rendido6M ItZs !n !ltern!ti+e to doin, not&in, HEs (n! !ltern!ti+! ! no &!er
n!d!6M ItZs !ttrib(ted to &er e!tin, s(,!r HSe !trib('e ! /(e ell! o"e !z2!r6M Ee is
!+erse to !ns7erin, t&ose /(estions Hl es re!io ! ontest!r es!sL !/(ell!s
%re,(nt!s6M ItZs no b!rrier to bein, eleted HNo es (n! b!rrer! %!r! ser ele,ido6M S&e
is better o## ,oin, HEll! &!e bien en irHse66M ItZs ! l!i" to bein, ! se%!r!te n!tion
HEs (n! %etii3n ! ser otr! n!i3n6M ItZs not ond(i+e to 7or9in, HNo es %ro%iio
%!r! tr!b!.!r6M S&e is on#ined to listenin, Hto l!ssi!l "(si6 HEll! est li"it!d! !
es(&!r H"2si! lsi!66M Ee is ontr!r' to &er !rr!n,in, t&e "eetin, Hl est en
ontr! de /(e ell! or,!nie l! re(ni3n6M Ee is t&e "!in ontrib(tor to !&ie+in,
lon,Iter" res(lts Hl es el ol!bor!dor %rini%!l %!r! onse,(ir res(lt!dos ! l!r,o
%l!zo6M ItZs ! o(nterbl!st to &e!rin, t&is HEs (n! res%(est! en0r,i! !l &e&o de oFr
esto6M It &!s been direted to &el%in, %eo%le HE! sido en#o!do %!r! !'(d!r ! l!
,ente6M ItZs riti!l to re!tin, ! ne7 !t"os%&ere HEs rFtio %!r! re!r (n n(e+o
!"biente6M Soi!l 7or9ers !re %er&!%s dedi!ted to re#or"in, soiet' HLos
!sistentes soi!les estn dedi!dos /(izs ! re#or"!r l! soied!d6M ItZs ! deterrent to
o+er(sin, it HEs (n! dis(!si3n ! no (tiliz!rlo de"!si!do6M Doin,L To do not&in, is
di##erentL ! di##erent t&in, to sendin, t&e boo9s HNo &!er n!d! es di#erenteL !l,o
di#erente de en+i!r los libros6M It is ! H%er"!nent6 distr!tion to e+ol+in, ! ne7
s'ste" HEs (n! distr!i3n H%er"!nente6 %!r! des!rroll!r (n siste"! n(e+o6M ItZs !ll
do7n to r!isin, t&e "one' HEs todo (esti3n de re!(d!r el dinero6M ItZs e/(!l to
s!'in, t&!t &eZs ! sto9&older HEs i,(!l /(e deir /(e 0l es (n !ionist!6M ItZs
e/(i+!lent to inre!sin, o(r %ries HEs e/(i+!lenteL E/(i+!le ! inre"ent!r
n(estros %reios6M It is !n essenti!l %!rt to &el%in, to %re+ent t&is %roble" HEs (n!
%!rte eseni!l %!r! !'(d!r ! %re+enir este %roble"!6M Ee is #ed (% o# N+(l,!rOL #ed
(% 7it& Nestnd!rOL #ed (% Nolo/(i!lO %i9in, (% !#ter 'o( !ll t&e ti"e Hl est &!rto
de orden!r l!s os!s detrs de ti sie"%re6M ItZs #(ll to o+er#lo7in, HEst lleno &!st!
derr!"!rse6M ItZs #(nd!"ent!l to bein, ! o"%lete &("!n bein, HEs #(nd!"ent!lL
bsio %!r! ser (n ser &("!no o"%leto6M S&eZs ,i+en to o"%l!inin, !bo(t
e+er't&in, HEll! es d!d! ! /(e.!rse de todo6M It 7!s not !n'L "(& ,ood 'o(r
s&o(tin, HNo ser+F! de n!d!L "(&o el /(e ,rit!r!s6M It 7!s not ! bit o# ,ood 'o(r
s&o(tin, HNo er! (n! %iz! de b(eno el /(e ,rit!r!s6M ItZs ! (se#(l ,(ide to 7ritin,L
s%e!9in, En,lis& HEs (n! ,(F! 2til %!r! esribirL &!bl!r in,l0s6M S&eZs &!bit(!ted to
doin, it HEll! est &!bit(!d! ! &!erlo6M ItZs &!l# 7!' to bein, ert!in HEst ! "edio
!"ino de res(lt!r ierto6M It 7!s &!rd 7or9 doin, it HF(e di#Fil &!erlo6M It is !
&io(,&L &i(% to est!blis&in, ! b(siness HEs (n %e/(e)o re+0s %!r! el
est!blei"iento de (n ne,oio6M EeZs &o%eless doin, t&!t Hl no sir+e %!r! &!er
eso6M It is inident!l to s%endin, !ll t&e "one' Nindi! %!s!doO HEs onse(eni! de
&!ber ,!st!do todo el dinero6M S&e 7!s ind(ed to t&in9in, so HLe ind(.eronL
lle+!ron ! ell! ! %ens!r !sF6M ItZs 9e'ed to &!n,in, t&e %rie HEst !d!%t!do %!r!
!"bi!r el %reio6M S&e is li"ited to dis(ssin, t&e "!tter HEll! est li"it!d! !
dis(tir el !s(nto6M Ee 7!snZt lon, Hin6 !ns7erin, Hl no t!rd3 en res%onder6M Ee
7!s notied #!llin, !ro(nd t&e st!irs HSe le +io !'endo %or l!s es!ler!s6M S&e 7!s
!n obst!le to s!tis#'in, t&eir !"bitions HEll! er! (n obst(lo %!r! s!tis#!erL ! l!
s!tis#!i3n de s(s !"biiones6M S&eZs o%%osed to ,i+in, &el%L t&ere bein, !not&er
s'ste" HEll! se o%one ! d!r !'(d!L /(e &!'! otro siste"!6M Ee is %!rti!l to doin,
t&is Hl es !#iion!do ! &!er esto6M EeZs ! %!rt' to ontr!ditin, t&e in#or"!tion Hl
es (n! %!rte liti,!nte %!r! ontr!deir l! in#or"!i3n6M ItZs !not&er %!t& to sol+in,
t&e %roble" HEs otro !"ino %!r! sol(ion!r el %roble"!6M ItZs ! %it#!ll to
"odernizin,L "odernisin, NGBO At&ens HEs (n obst(lo ! l! "oderniz!i3n de
Aten!s6M T&e' !re %led,ed to &el%in, &er HEstn o"%ro"etidos ! !'(d!rl!6M ItZs t&e
%oint o# ont!t to 7or9in, #or (s HEs el %(nto de ont!to %!r! tr!b!.!r %!r!
nosotros6M ItZs ! %ointer to o"%!rin, %erson!lit' HEs (n indi!dor %!r! o"%!r!r l!
%erson!lid!d6M S&e is %redis%osed to e!tin, "ore HEll! est %redis%(est! ! o"er
"s6M It is ! %rel(de to H&is6 di+orin, &er HEs (n %rel(dio de Hs(6 di+orio on ell!6M
It is ! %rere/(isite to #indin, ! .ob HEs (n re/(isito eseni!l %!r! enontr!r tr!b!.o6M
Ee 7!s /(oted toL !s s!'in, t&e o%%osite HSe !#ir"3 /(e 0l &!bF! di&o lo
ontr!rio6M T&e' !re red(ed LrIRd.(4stL o Lr I Rd(4stL NUSAO to #leein, t&e o(ntr'L
bein, sl!+es HSe +en obli,!dos ! es!%!r del %!FsL ser esl!+os6M Ee 7!s rele,!ted
to 7or9in, %!rt ti"e HLe rele,!ron ! tr!b!.!r ! tie"%o %!ri!l6M It is rele+!nt to
te!&in, ! #orei,n l!n,(!,e HEs rele+!nte %!r! l! ense)!nz! de (n! len,(!
e-tr!n.er!6M T&e' !re resi,ned to li+in,L &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO li+in, so
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL t&is 7!' Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO NoO li9e t&is Nolo/(i!l4
"s (s!doOL li9e t&!t Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO HSe &!n resi,n!do ! +i+irL /(e 0l +i+!
!sFL de est! "!ner!L de es! NoO !/(ell! "!ner!6M Ee is H+er'6 resist!nt to !llo7in, it
Hl se resiste H"(&o6L %one H"(&!6 resisteni! ! %er"itirlo6M It is ! res%onse to
t&eir Nliter!rioO NoO t&e" Nolo/(i!lO ontin(in, terroris" HEs (n! res%(est! ! /(e
ellos ontin2en on el terroris"o6M It 7!s in res%onse to &er s!'in, so HF(e en
res%(est! %or deir ell! H/(e6 sF6M EeZs ! lon, ro!d to beo"in, ! dotor HLe /(ed!
"(&o %!r! lle,!r ! Hser6 "0dio6M Ee is on t&e ro!d to bein, "!de ! s!int Hl +!
!"ino de /(e le &!,!n s!nto6M Ee 7!sL be!"e sensiti+e to &!n,in, !ttit(des Hl
er!L se &izo sensible !l !"bio de !tit(des6M ItZs ! setb!9 to restorin, on#idene
HEs (n ontr!tie"%o %!r! rest!(r!r l! on#i!nz!6M ItZs ! st!rt to sol+in, t&e %roble"
HEs (n o"ienzo %!r! sol(ion!r el %roble"!6M It 7!s t&e #irst ste% to #indin, ! .ob
HF(eL Er! el %ri"er %!so %!r! enontr!r (n e"%leo6M Ee is no str!n,er to +isitin,
%eo%le in b!rs HNo le es e-tr!)o ! 0l +isit!r ! l! ,ente en los b!res6M Ee is s(b.et to
&el%in, (s Hl est obli,!do ! !'(d!rnos6M EeZs s(se%tible to o"in, l!ter Hl es
%ro%enso ! +enir "s t!rde6M It 7!s s7it&ed to %ro+idin, #ood HSe !"bi3 %!r!
%ro+eer !li"ento6M It is t!nt!"o(nt to s!'in, t&!t 111 HE/(i+!le ! deir /(e 1116M S&e is
tied to &el%in, (s HEll! est obli,!d! ! !'(d!rnos6M EereZsL is to &o%in, t&!t t&e ne-t
t&ree 'e!rs 7ill be "ore st!ble] H\Brinde"os %orL %!r! /(e los %r3-i"os tres !)os
se!n "s est!bles]6M It is not tr!ns#er!ble to te!&in, t&!t HNo es tr!ns#erible ! l!
ense)!nz! de eso NoO !/(elloL %!r! ense)!r eso NoO !/(ello6M It is ! trend to "ore
%eo%leL &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO doin, it HEs (n! tendeni! ! /(e "s
%erson!s lo &!,!nL 0l lo &!,!6M It is no tro(ble ,oin, in t&e "ornin, HNo (est!
n!d!L es %roble"! ir %or l! "!)!n!6M Ee is (ne/(!l to s&!rin, t&e "one' Hl es
%!ri!l ! l! &or! de o"%!rtir el dinero6M Ee isL beo"es Nolo/(i!lOL ,ets (sed to
doin, itL 7or9in, !t ni,&t Hl est !ost("br!doL se !ost("br! ! &!erloL tr!b!.!r
de no&e6M It is Ho# Nliter!rioO6 no (se re%e!tin, it HNo sir+e de n!d! re%etirlo6M It is
+it!l to restorin, de"or!' HEs +it!l %!r! rest!(r!r l! de"or!i!6M It is 7ort&
,oin, HD!le l! %en! ir6M It is 7ort& t&eir Nliter!rioO NoO t&e" Nolo/(i!lO ,oin, HD!le
l! %en! /(e ellos +!'!n6M ItZs not 7ort& %(ttin, on ! sti9in, %l!ster HNo +!le l! %en!
%oner (n! tirit!6M It be!ts "!9in, bo"bs Nolo/(i!lO HEs "e.or /(e &!erL #!bri!r
bo"b!s6M S&e re!ll' be,r(d,es %!'in, so "(& HRe!l"ente ! ell! le d! r!bi! %!,!r
t!nto6M S&e bl!"ed !rri+in,L "' Nliter!rioO NoO "e Nolo/(i!lO !rri+in, l!te HEll!
ens(r3 el H&e&o de6 lle,!rL /(e 'o lle,!r! t!rde6M It brin,s #(rt&er osts to
de+elo%in, t&e oil ind(str' HTr!e "s ostos !l des!rrollo de l! ind(stri! del
%etr3leo6M S&e doesnZt broo9 Nliter!rioO &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO doin, t&is
HEll! no toler! /(e 0l &!,! esto6M Ee b(ilt s'"%!t&' to &el%in, &er Hl re3
solid!rid!d %!r! !'(d!rl!6M S&e b(sied &ersel# tid'in, &er roo" HEll! se %(so !
orden!r l! &!bit!i3n6M Ee !lled !n end to 7or9in, 7it& t&e UN Hl de.3 de tr!b!.!r
on l! ONU6M S&e !nnotL !nZt st!nd doin, t&!t HEll! no %(ede so%ort!r &!er esoL
!/(ello6M S&e !"e !ross ! ne7 !%%ro!& to te!&in, En,lis& HEll! enontr3 %or
!s(!lid!d (n n(e+o en#o/(e %!r! ense)!r in,l0s6M T&e' &!+e o""itted "one' to
&el%in, %eo%le HE!n ontrib(ido dinero %!r! !'(d!r ! l! ,ente6M S&e on#ined &er
e##orts to loo9in, !t &i" HEll! li"it3 s(s es#(erzos ! "ir!rle6M S&e onte"%l!ted
%&onin, &i" HEll! %ens3 en ll!"!rle %or tel0#ono ! 0l6M T&ese "et&ods orres%ond
to onsolid!tin, t&e eono"' HEstos "0todos orres%onden ! l! onsolid!i3n de l!
eono"F!6M T&e' dedi!ted bi,,er reso(res to &(ntin, ri"in!ls HDedi!ron "s
re(rsos ! !z!r ! los ri"in!les6M S&e dedi!ted &ersel# to loo9in, !#ter &er #!t&er
HEll! se dedi!b! ! (id!r de s( %!dre6M S&e de+oted !ttention to loo9in, !#ter &er
&ild HEll! dedi!b! l! !teni3n !l (id!do de s( &i.o6M T&e' de+ote ontrols to
ti,&tenin, terroris" HDedi!n ontroles %!r! restrin,ir el terroris"o6M S&e de+oted
&er li#eL ti"e to &el%in, t&e %oor HEll! dedi3 s( +id!L tie"%o ! !'(d!r ! los
%obres6M S&e died l!(,&in, HEll! se "orF!L "(ri3 de ris!6M Ee direted &is !ttention
to e-%l!inin, t&is Hl diri,i3 s( !teni3n ! e-%li!r esto6M T&e' dis!%%ro+e o#
Nestnd!rOL dis!%%ro+e Nolo/(i!lO 'o(r Nliter!rioO NoO 'o( Nolo/(i!lO ,oin, !7!'
HDes!%r(eb!n /(e te "!r&es6M S&e disontin(ed %!'in, "ont&l' +isits HEll!
s(s%endi3 el &!er +isit!s "ens(!les6M Ee en.o'ed &(ntin, t&ereL &er oo9in, HA 0l
le ,(st!b!L ,(st3 !z!r !llFL /(e ell! oin!r!6M T&e' ens(redL ins(red ,ettin,L &is
Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO ,ettin, t&e .ob HAse,(r!ronL G!r!ntiz!ron onse,(irL
/(e 0l onse,(irF! el tr!b!.o6M Ae%tin, t&e .ob ent!ils "o+in,L &is Nliter!rioO NoO
&i" Nolo/(i!lO "o+in, to B(l,!ri! HAe%t!r el tr!b!.o i"%li!L s(%one tener /(e
des%l!z!rseL /(e 0l tiene /(e des%l!z!rse ! B(l,!ri!6M Ee en+is!,ed ,oin,L o(r
Nliter!rioO NoO (s Nolo/(i!lO ,oin, Hl tenF! %ens!do irL /(e #(0r!"os nosotros6M I
donZt en+' H&is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO6 &!+in, to 7or9 so &!rd HNo Hle6
en+idio tener /(e tr!b!.!r t!n d(ro6M Ee e/(!ted s!9in, &er 7it& (n%o%(l!r
"e!s(res Hl o"%!r3 el des%edirl! ! ell! on "edid!s i"%o%(l!res6M E-(se "'
Nliter!rioO NoO "e Nolo/(i!lO interr(%tin,L "e #or interr(%tin,] H\Perd3ne"e l!
interr(%i3nL /(e le interr("%!]6M Ee !nZt #!e ,oin, t&ro(,& H!ll6 t&!t !,!in Hl no
%(ede so%ort!r +ol+er ! %!s!r %or Htodo6 esoL !/(ello6M Ee #!+o(rs NGBO NoO #!+ors
NUSAO brin,in, ! Ro+erletL Rbeds%re!dL Rbedo+er Hl est ! #!+or de tr!er (n!
ol&! NoO (n obertor6M Ee #ell to e!tin, Hl e"%ez3 ! o"er6M T&e' donZt #eel
e/(!l to !e%tin, t&e in+it!tion HNo se sienten !%!es de !e%t!r l! in+it!i3n6M
T&e' #eel o%%osed to ,i+in, itL &er ,i+in, it HSe sienten en des!(erdo on d!rloL
on /(e ell! lo d06$ %ero UT&e' #eel o%%osed to 7!r to !+oid bloods&edV HSe sienten
en des!(erdo on l! ,(err! %!r!L on el #in de e+it!r el derr!"!"iento de s!n,re6M
T&e' #eel se(re &!+in, n(le!r 7e!%ons HSe sienten se,(ros teniendo !r"!s
n(le!res6M S&e #orHe67ent ,oin, on &olid!' HEll! ren(ni3 !L se %ri+3 de ir de
+!!iones6M Ee #ores!7 'o(r Nliter!rioO NoO 'o( Nolo/(i!lO !rri+in, l!te Hl %re+i3
el /(e lle,!r!s t!rde6M Ee #or#eited ,ettin, "!rried Hl %erdi3 el dere&o ! !s!rse6M
T&e' ,ot tired o# Nestnd!rOL ,ot tired Nolo/(i!lO doin, not&in, HSe !ns!ron de no
&!er n!d!6M T&e' ,!+e Ht&eir6 !%%ro+!l to &oldin, t&e eletions HDieron l!
!%rob!i3n ! l! elebr!i3n de l!s eleiones6M T&e' ,i+e onsider!tion to 7or9in,
7it& &er H*onsider!n detenid!"ente el tr!b!.!r on ell!6M S&e ,!+e &ersel# R(% to
R,!"blin,L R7ritin, HEll! se dediR3L RdioL entreR,3 !l R.(e,oL ! esRribir6M T&e' ,i+e
%riorit' to 7or9in, "ore &o(rs HD!n %riorid!d ! tr!b!.!r "s &or!s6M Ee ,!+e
H,re!terL to%6 %riorit' to te!&in, "or!lit' Hl dio H"sL "-i"!6 %riorid!d ! l!
ense)!nz! de l! "or!l6M Ee ,!+e ! r!tion!le to si,nin, t&e !,ree"ent Hl d!b! (n!
r!z3n ! l! #ir"! delL %!r! #ir"!r el !(erdo6M S&e ,ro!ns bein, b(rdened HEll! se
/(e.! de tener /(e lle+!r l! !r,!6M Ee ,re7 (sed to o(r Nliter!rioO NoO (s Nolo/(i!lO
7or9in, !t ni,&t Hl se !ost("br3 ! /(e tr!b!.r!"os deL %or l! no&e6M S&e re!ll'
,r(d,es %!'in, so "(& HRe!l"ente ! ell! le d! r!bi! %!,!r t!nto6M T&e' &!+e !n
!+ersion LeR+4[enL NGB o LeR+4enLO ' LeR+4r[enL NUSA o LeR+4renLO to t!l9in,
in %(bli HTienen !+ersi3n ! &!bl!r en %2blio6M Ee &!d no b(siness doin, t&is Hl
no tenF! dere&o ! &!er esto6M T&e' &!+e l!i"s to bein, t&e best HTienen dere&o !
ser los "e.ores6M Are 'o( done o"%l!inin,T N"s (s!doOL E!+e 'o( done
o"%l!inin,T N"enos (s!doO HWE!s ter"in!do de /(e.!rteT6M Does it &!+e !n'
rele+!ne to &el%in, t&e de+elo%in, 7orldT HWTiene !l,o de rele+!ni! %!r! !'(d!r
! los %!Fses en +F!s de des!rrolloT6M Did 'o( &!+e !n' s(ess Hin6 #indin, ! .obT
HWT(+iste 0-ito b(s!ndo e"%leoTL W*onse,(iste enontr!r H(n6 e"%leoT6M T&is
&indered !ns7erin, t&e letterL o(r Nliter!rioO NoO (s Nolo/(i!lO !ns7erin, 'o(r
letter HEsto di#i(lt3 ontest!r l! !rt!L /(e ontestr!"os H!6 t( !rt!6M T&!t 7o(ld
in+ol+e ,ettin, "!rriedL &er ,ettin, "!rried HEsoL A/(ello i"%li!rF! !s!rseL /(e
ell! tendrF! /(e !s!rse6M T&e' l!' l!i" to &!+in, !not&er s'ste" HA#ir"!n tener
otro siste"!6M It lent itsel# to bein, (sed HSe %rest!b! ! ser (s!do6M T&e' li"ited
,oin, o(tL sellin, #r(it HLi"it!ron el s!lirL l! +ent! de #r(t!6M S&e li"its &ersel# to
listenin, HEll! se li"it! ! es(&!r6M S&e lost no ti"e Hin6 e!tin, HEll! no %erdF!
tie"%o o"iendo6M Doin,L To do not&in, "!9es so"eL ! littleL /(ite ! lot o#
di##erene to sendin, t&e boo9s HNo &!er n!d! es !l,oL !l,oL b!st!nte di#erente de
en+i!r los libros6M >ill t&!t "!9e !n' di##erene to resol+in, t&e %roble"T HWSe
not!r l! di#ereni! %!r! !rre,l!r el %roble"!T6M S&e "!de no %retensions to ,ettin,
eleted HEll! no tenF! !s%ir!iones ! ser ele,id!6M T&e !t doesnZt "erit 9illin, HEl
,!to no "eree ser "!t!do6M S&e "isses seein, &i" HEll! e&! de "enos +erle6M S&e
"issed le!nin, t&e 7indo7s HA ell! se le %!s3L Ell! se libr3 de li"%i!r l!s
+ent!n!s6M Eis %ro%os!l neessit!tes borro7in, "one' HS( %ro%(est! e-i,eL &!e
nees!rio %edir dinero %rest!do6M T&is .ob "!' neessit!te 'o(r Nliter!rioO NoO 'o(
Nolo/(i!lO 7or9in, !t ni,&t HEste tr!b!.o %(ede &!er nees!rio /(e tr!b!.es %or l!L
de no&e6M T&e' ob.et to %!'in, t!-es HPonen ob.eiones ! %!,!r i"%(estos6M T&e'
ob+i!te "entionin, it HE+it!n "enion!rlo6M It o%ened "' e'es to 7or9in, 7it&
ot&er %eo%le HMe !bri3 los o.os %!r! tr!b!.!r on otr!s %erson!s6M P!rdon "'
Nliter!rioO NoO "e Nolo/(i!lO !s9in,L ontr!ditin, 'o( HPerdone /(e le %re,(nteL
ontr!di,!6M It 7ill %!+e t&e 7!' to tre!tin, &("!ns HPre%!r!r el terreno &!i! el
tr!t!"iento H"0dio6 deL %!r! tr!t!r ! seres &("!nos6M S&e %!'s !ttention to dri+in,
HEll! %rest! !teni3n ! ond(ir6M Ee %!id ! lot o# !ttention to &el%in, %eo%le Hl
%rest!b! "(&! !teni3n ! l! !'(d! de l! ,ente6M T&e 7!r %rei%it!ted sellin, t&e
&o(se HL! ,(err! %rei%it3 Hel &e&o de6 /(e se +endier! l! !s!6M T&e 7!r
%rei%it!ted &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO #!llin, HL! ,(err! %rei%it3 el /(e 0l
se +inier! !b!.o6M T&is %rel(des ,oin, o(tL 'o(r Nliter!rioO NoO 'o( Nolo/(i!lO
7or9in, 7it& (s HEsto des!rt!L e-l('e el H&e&o de6 s!lirL /(e tr!b!.es on
nosotros6M T&e' %re#er t&isL 7or9in, to st(d'in, HPre#ieren estoL tr!b!.!r !
est(di!r6M T&e' %re#er &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO 7or9in, to &is Nliter!rioO
NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO st(d'in, HPre#ieren Hel &e&o de6 /(e 0l tr!b!.e !Hl &e&o de6
/(e est(die6M Ee %resribed restin, !#ter e!tin, Hl reo"end3 des!ns!r des%(0s de
o"er6M Ee re!ted !n,ril' to bein, s&o7n ! !rd Hl re!ion3 on ir! !l &e&o de
/(e se le ense)!r! (n! t!r.et!6M Ee re!lizedL re!lised NGBO &er !ddition to
desribin, s(& s(b.ets Hl se dio (ent! de s( !dii3n ! desribir t!les te"!s6M
Does s&e re!ll o"in, &ere l!st ni,&tT HWRe(erd! ell! &!ber +enido !/(F
!no&eT6L Does &e re!ll seein, t&is 7o"!n be#oreT HWRe(erd! 0l &!ber +isto !ntes
! est! "(.erT6M S&e reoniled &ersel# to !e%tin, t&e +erdit HEll! se resi,n3 !
!e%t!r el +eredito6M Ee re#ers to st!'in,L &er st!'in, t&e s!"e Hl se re#iere !
/(ed!rseL /(e ell! se /(ede i,(!l6M Ee 7onZt relis& &!+in, to 7!l9 HA 0l no le +! !
&!er nin,(n! ,r!i! tener /(e irHse6 ! %ie6M Ee resi,ned &i"sel# to !e%tin, it Hl
se resi,n3 ! !e%t!rlo6M S&e o(ldnZt resist tellin, (s HEll! no %(do resistirse !L
!,(!nt!r l!s ,!n!s deL e+it!r deFrnoslo6M Ee &!s resisted t&eir !tte"%t to brin,in,
&i" do7n Hl &! resistido s( intento de e&!rle !b!.o6M T&e' &!+e resorted to
9idn!%%in,L 9idn!%in, NUSAO %eo%le HE!n re(rrido !L ter"in!do %or se(estr!rL
r!%t!r ! l! ,ente6M Ee restrited b('in,L o(r Nliter!rioO NoO (s Nolo/(i!lO b('in,
!lo&ol Hl restrin,i3L li"it3 l! o"%r! deL /(e o"%rr!"os !lo&ol6M S&e
restrited &er re"!r9s to e-%ressin, &er .o' HEll! li"it3 s(s obser+!iones !
e-%res!r s( !le,rF!6M S&e restrited &ersel# to 7or9in, !t &o"e HEll! se li"it!b! !
tr!b!.!r en !s!6M Ee res("ed drin9in, Hl si,(i3L ontin(3 bebiendo6M S&e
retr!ted s!'in,L &!+in, s!id t&!t HEll! ne,3 &!ber di&o esoL !/(ello6M S&e s!id noL
'es to &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO !llo7in, t&is HEll! di.o H/(e6 noL sF ! /(e 0l
%er"itier! esto6M T&e' set to !r,(in, HSe %(sieron ! dis(tir6M >e set to 7or9
%!intin, t&e 9it&en HNos %(si"os ! %int!r l! oin!6M It s&i#ted its e"%&!sis to
#i,&tin, terroris" H*!"bi3 s( 0n#!sis ! l(&!r ontr! el terroris"o6M S&e s&ir9ed
,oin, to 7or9 HEll! re&(F! ir ! tr!b!.!r6M Ee &!s s&o7n resist!ne to e!tin, t&is Hl
&! "ostr!do resisteni! ! o"er esto6M Ee s&o7s ! tr!nsition to desi,n!tin, t&e
!ndid!te Hl "(estr! (n! tr!nsii3n en l! desi,n!i3n del !ndid!to6M T&!t si,ni#ies
,oin, 7it&o(t t&e !r HEsoL A/(ello si,ni#i! ir sin el o&e6M T&!t inset si"(l!ted
bein, de!d HEseL A/(el inseto #in,F! est!r "(erto6M S&e is sittin, re!din, HEll! est
sent!d! le'endo6L T&e' li9e to sit %l!'in, !rds HLes ,(st! sent!rse ! .(,!r ! l!s
!rt!s6M Ee s/(!red bein, %oor 7it& bein, e-tr!+!,!nt Hl o"%!,in!b! el ser %obre
on el ser e-tr!+!,!nte6M Ee !nZt sti9 ,oin, NGBO t&ere Hl no %(ede so%ort!r ir
!&FL !llF6M T&e "one' didnZt stret& to %ro+idin, #ood HEl dinero no lle,!b! %!r!
o#reer o"id!6M T&e' s(("bed to s"o9in, HS(("bieron ! #("!r6M Ee
s(,,ested "eetin,L o(r Nliter!rioO NoO (s Nolo/(i!lO "eetin, !t t&e s(%er"!r9et Hl
s(,iri3 l! ide! de +erseL /(e nos +i0r!"os en el s(%er"er!do6L Ee s(,,ested
le!+in,L &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO le!+in, &er ! note Hl s(,iri3 l! ide! de
de.!rleL /(e 0l le de.!seL de.!r! (n! not! ! ell!6M T&e' s7it&ed to 7!rnin, (s
!,!inst inde%endene HDol+ieron ! !d+ertirnos ontr! l! inde%endeni!6M ItZs sill' to
t!9e e-e%tion to bein, #o(nd #!(lt 7it& HEs (n! tonterF! en#!d!rse %or ser
riti!do6M T&e' testi#' to &!+in, seen t&e" do it HSon testi,os de &!berles +isto
&!erlo6M T&ereZs no !ltern!ti+e to &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO b('in, ool
lot&es HNo &!' !ltern!ti+! ! /(e 0l se o"%re ro%! de +er!no6M T&ere !re so"e
!%%ro!&es to #ore!stin, e!rt&/(!9es HE!' !l,(nos en#o/(es %!r! l! %re+isi3n de
los terre"otos6M T&ere !re onse/(enesL s(r%rises to bre!9in, t&e !,ree"ent HTr!e
onse(eni!sL sor%res!s el &e&o de ro"%er el !(erdo6M T&ere !re ob.etionsL
%it#!llsL re%er(ssions bre!9in, t&e !,ree"ent HE!' ob.eionesL obst(losL
re%er(siones !l &e&o de ro"%er el !(erdo6M T&ere is ! 9n!9 to "!9in, !n
o"elette HE!er (n! tortill! tiene s( tr(o6M T&ereZs no sense to ,oin, t&ere HNo
tiene sentido ir !&FL !llF6M T&ereZs !n ob.etion to si,nin, ! ne7 ontr!t HE!' (n!
ob.ei3n ! #ir"!r (n n(e+o ontr!to6M T&ere is ! %!9!,e Ho# re#or"s6 to red(in,
ri"e HE!' (n %!/(ete %!r! red(ir el ri"en6M T&ere 7!s noL not !n' %le!sin, &er
HNo &!bF! "!ner!L #or"!L "edio de !,r!d!rl!6M T&ere is noL isnZt !n' %oint ,oin,
Nolo/(i!lOL in ,oin, Nliter!rioOL in &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO ,oin, t&ere HNo
sir+e de n!d! NoO +!le l! %en! irL irL /(e 0l +!'! !&F NoO !llF6M T&ere !re re#erenes to
o%enin, (% t&e "!r9et HE!' re#ereni!s en (!nto ! l! !%ert(r! del "er!do6M
T&ereZs so"e resist!ne to reo%enin, t&e !se HE!' !l,o de resisteni! ! +ol+er !
!brir el !so6M T&ereZs ! st!t(s to &!+in, ! !r HE!' (n est!t(s !l tener o&e6M
T&ereZs ! sti,"! to li+in, t&ere HE!' esti,"! ! +i+ir !llF6M T&ereZs ! tri9 to #indin,
t&e sol(tion HTiene tr(o enontr!r l! sol(i3n6M Is t&ere !n' +!l(e to "e!s(rin,
ti"eT HWTiene !l,2n +!lor el "edir el tie"%oT6M Ee tied &er to 7or9in, 7it& &i" Hl
l! obli,3 ! tr!b!.!r on 0l6M T&is o(ntr' o(ld t(rn its !ttention to 7innin, t&e ot&er
7!r HEste %!Fs %odrF! %oner !teni3n en ,!n!r l! otr! ,(err!6M Ee (nder+!l(es
oo9in,L &er oo9in, #or ! li+in, Hl s(besti"!L s(b+!lor! l! oin!L /(e ell!
oine %!r! ,!n!rse l! +id!6M S&e +ie7ed te!&in,L &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO
te!&in, !s so"et&in, %ositi+e HEll! +eF!L onsider!b! l! ense)!nz!L el /(e 0l
ense)!r! o"o !l,o %ositi+o6M Ee +is(!lizedL +is(!lised NGBO drin9in, t&ree litres
NGBOL liters NUSAO o# 7!ter Hl +is(!liz!b!L i"!,in!b! el &e&o de beber tres litros
de !,(!6M Ee 7!i+ed 7e!rin,L t&eir Nliter!rioO NoO t&e" Nolo/(i!lO 7e!rin, ! tie Hl
no e-i,F! lle+!rL /(e lle+!r!n orb!t!6M T&e sit(!tion doesnZt 7!rr!nt Nliter!rioO
!llin,L t&eir Nliter!rioO NoO t&e" Nolo/(i!lO !llin, ! dotor HL! sit(!i3n no
.(sti#i! ll!"!rL /(e ellos ll!"en ! (n "0dio6M S&e 7itnessed t&e %l!ne r!s&in,
into t&e "o(nt!in HEll! +io el !+i3n /(e se estrell3 ontr! l! "ont!)!6M S&e
7itnessed &is Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO o""ittin, t&e ri"e HEll! #(e testi,o
de /(e 0l &!bF! o"etido el ri"en6M S&e 7itnessed to &!+in, seen t&e ri"e
N!r!ioO HEll! dio #e deL !testi,(3 &!ber +isto el ri"en6M S&e 7itnessed to &is
Nliter!rioO NoO &i" Nolo/(i!lO &!+in, seen t&e ri"e N!r!ioO HEll! dio #e deL
!testi,(3 /(e 0l &!bF! +isto el ri"en61
Detrs de !l,(nos +erbos !d+erbi!les se %one s3lo l! #or"! +erb!l en Iin,1 D1
?1;<15$ ?1;<1:I=
*(!ndo &!' dos +erbos se,(idos en l! #or"! +erb!l Iin, (nidos %or (n! on.(ni3n
o"o Q!nd$ or$ b(tQ$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir l! %re%osii3n del!nte del se,(ndo si es l!
"is"! %!r! los dos1 E.14 T&e' ritiizeL ritiise NGBO &i" #or s!'in,L s%e!9in, b(t
doin, not&in, HA 0l le riti!n %or deirL &!bl!r ' no &!er n!d!61 D1 ?1;<151b
=15<?1I Se usa la forma verbal 5ing detr!s de las siguientes expresiones4 !nL
t&eL oneZs !ddition to$ !R9in to Nliter!rioO$ !L t&e !ltern!ti+e to$ !n !%%ro!& to$ t7o
No (!l/(ier otro n2"ero s(%erior ! QdosQO !%%ro!&es to$ !n !s%ir!tion to$ !Hn6
H#res&$ et16 !tte"%t to$ 7it& ! lot o#L so"eL "ore$ et1$ !ttention to$ t&e !ttit(de to$
t&e !+ersion to$ oneZs l!i" to$ t&e o""it"ent to$ H!s6 ! ondition to$ !L t&eL so"e
ontrib(tion to$ !L t&eL so"e ontrib(tor to$ t&e %erson Ht&!t h be6 dedi!ted to$
oneZs dedi!tion to$ !s #or$ e-e%tions to$ #ro" h ,er(ndio h QtoQ h ,er(ndio$ !L t&e
,(ide to$ t&e lon, &!(l to$ 7it& ! l!ter iss(e to$ !L t&e 9e' to$ !s ! "e!ns to$ !n
ob.etion to$ obst!leHs6 to$ !s o%%osed to$ HoneZs6 o%%osition to$ !n essenti!l %!rt to$
!L t&eL !not&er %!t& to$ t&e %oint o# ont!t to$ !s ! %reondition to$ in %re#erene to$
!s ! %reli"in!r'L %rel(de to$ %ride to$ !s ! %rize to$ !L t&eL oneZs re!tion to$ #ro"
oneZs re!tion to$ 7it&o(t reo(rse to$ re#erenes to$ in rel!tion 7it& oneZs !ttit(de to$
HoneZs6 resist!ne to$ !L in res%onse to$ t&e seret to$ !s t&e #irstL 9e' ste% to$ in t&e
#irst ste% to$ s(bse/(ent to$ to NGB4 en #!t(r!s (!ndo si,ni#i! lo "is"o /(e
Ube!(se o#VO$ ! tr!nsition to$ ! trend to$ 7&!tL &o7 !bo(t 111T$ 7it& ! 7is& to$ et1
E.14 One is de!lin, 7it& "e!s(rin, de+ies !R9in to Nliter!rioO b!l!nin, ! "er(r'
dro% on t&e %oint o# ! needle HUno est "!ne.!ndo !%!r!tos de "edid! si"il!res !l
&e&o "!ntener (n! ,ot! de "er(rio sobre el %(nto de (n! !,(.!6M T&e !ltern!ti+e
to &el%in, &i" is %ossible HL! !ltern!ti+! ! !'(d!rle es %osible6M An !%%ro!& to
(sin, ! be!terL "i-er HUn en#o/(e %!r! el (so de (n! b!tidor!6M An !s%ir!tion to
re!tin, "ore .obs HUn! !s%ir!i3n %!r! l! re!i3n de "s e"%leos6M >it& "ore
!ttention to ontrollin, %o%(l!tion ,ro7t& H*on "s !teni3n en el ontrol del
rei"iento de l! %obl!i3n6M Ee !e%ted t&e !ttit(de to res%etin, ot&ers Hl
!e%t3 l! !tit(d de res%et!r ! los de"s6M It "!de ,ood &er l!i" to bein, &e!lt&'
H*on#ir"3 s( !#ir"!i3n de est!r s!n!6M As ! ondition to o%enin, ! s&o% H*o"o
(n! ondii3n %!r! l! !%ert(r! de (n! tiend!6M A ontrib(tion to #i,&tin,
(ne"%lo'"ent HUn! ontrib(i3n %!r! o"b!tir el dese"%leo6M As #or Me-io
bein, #looded$ it is d(e to li"!te &!n,e HEn (!nto ! /(e M0.io NEs%!)!OL
M0-io NL!tino!"0ri!O se &!'! in(nd!do$ es debido !l !"bio li"tio6M It is !
bi, &!n,e #ro" bein, ! %olitii!n to bein, !n !tor HEs (n !"bio ,r!nde de ser
%olFtio ! ser !tor6M A ,(ide to better li+in,L &e!lt&' li+in,L in+estin, HUn! ,(F!
%!r! +i+ir "e.orL (n! +id! s!n!L in+ertir6M T&e lon, &!(l to "!9in, t&e EU l!r,er
HEl l!r,o !"ino %!r! !,r!nd!r l! Uni3n E(ro%e!6M >it& ! l!ter iss(e to #or7!rdin,
in#or"!tion H*on (n !s(nto %osterior %!r! %ro+eer in#or"!i3n6M T&e 9e' to
s(eedin, lies in 7or9 HL! l!+e del tri(n#o est en el tr!b!.o6M I t&in9 t&e 9e' to
bein, s(ess#(l is 111 H*reo /(e l! l!+e %!r! tener 0-ito es 1116M T&e' belie+e in 7or9
!s ! "e!ns to ,ettin, t&in,s done H*reen en el tr!b!.o o"o (n "edio de &!er l!s
os!s Nno #in!lOL %!r! /(e se &!,!n l!s os!s N#in!lO6$ %ero UT&e' &!+e t&e "e!ns to
do it N#in!lOV HTienen los "edios %!r! &!erlo6M T&e ,re!test obst!le to !&ie+in,
%e!e HEl "!'or obst(lo %!r! onse,(ir l! %!z6M Ee s!7 &er o%%osition to
s"o9in, Hl +io s( o%osii3n ! #("!r6M As ! %reondition to .oinin, t&e %e!e
%roess H*o"o (n! ondii3n %re+i! ! l! !do%i3n del %roeso de %!z6M In
%re#erene to ,i+in, bis(its to t&e" HAntes /(e d!rles ,!llet!s NGBOL "!,d!len!s
NUSAO ! ellos6M As ! %rel(de to rene7in, #riends&i% H*o"o %rel(dio %!r! reno+!r l!
!"ist!d6M Eer deliber!te %ride to ser+in, (s HS( or,(llo deliber!do de ser+irnos6M A
%iee o# stone !s ! %rize to on#ir"in, t&is t&eor' HUn trozo de %iedr! o"o %re"io
%!r! on#ir"!r est! teorF!6M T&eir re!tion to bein, denied !ess HS( re!i3n ! /(e
se les dene,!r! el !eso6M T&e' indi!te stress 7it&o(t reo(rse to indi!tin,
inton!tion HIndi!n !ento sin re(rso ! indi!r enton!i3n6M In rel!tion 7it& &is
!ttit(de to loo9in, !t t&in,s HEn rel!i3n on s( !tit(d de +er l!s os!s6M T&eir
resist!ne to e!tin, t&is is (nderst!nd!ble HS( resisteni! ! o"er esto es
o"%rensible6M In res%onse to &er s!'in, so$ &e resi,ned H*o"o res%(est! ! /(e ell!
di.er! eso$ 0l di"iti36M It &!%%ened s(bse/(ent to &er ,oin, !7!' HS(edi3 des%(0s
de /(e ell! se #(er!6M to s(%%l'in, !nd #ittin, r!di!tor H%or s("inistr!r e inst!l!r
r!di!dor6M A tr!nsition to reo,nizin,L reo,nisin, NGBO t&e #!t HUn! tr!nsii3n
&!i!L %!r! el reonoi"iento del &e&o6M >&!tL Eo7 !bo(t b('in, !not&er &o(seT
HWJ(0 te %!ree si o"%r!"os otr! !s!T6M >it& ! 7is& to !l"in, &i" do7n H*on
deseo de tr!n/(iliz!rle61
=15<@1I Karticipio 4de+ pasado H%!stL %!ssi+e %!rtii%le6M en los +erbos re,(l!res
tiene l! "is"! #or"! /(e el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ' se #or"! !)!diendo
l! ter"in!i3n Ied o Id !l in#initi+o sin UtoV en tod!s l!s %erson!sM en los +erbos
irre,(l!res ND1 =18BO se %one %!r! tod!s l!s %erson!s el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do$ /(e
s(ele ter"in!r en In$ It1
El participio 4de+ pasado puede usarse como verbo4
*+ En los tiempos compuestos en la pasivaM no %(ede ir %reedido de Q"ore$
"ostQ ' otros "(&os !d+erbiosM en iertos !sos %(eden ir %reedidos de !l,(nos
!d+erbios o"o Q"(&$ +er' "(&Q$ et1M si +! en !ti+! o en %!si+! %reedido del
!(-ili!r Q&!+eQ$ #or"! los tie"%os o"%(estos e indi! !i3n4 T&e' &!+e !,reed
Hon t&is "!tter6 N!i3nO HSe &!n %(esto de !(erdo Hen este te"!66M Ee &!d !rri+ed
N!i3nO Hl &!bF! lle,!do6M S&e &!s o"e N!i3nO HEll! &! +enido6M IZ+e #inis&ed
N!i3nO HEe ter"in!do6M Ee &!s inl(ded it N!i3nO Hl lo &! inl(ido6M >e &!+e
deided to le!+e N!i3nO HEe"os deidido "!r&!rHnos66M Ee 7!s #ollo7ed b' t&e
ot&ers HF(e se,(ido %or los otros6M Ee &!s ,one N!i3nO Hl Hse6 &! ido6M T&e' &!+e
been t&ro7n o(t N!i3nO HSe les &! e&!do #(er!6M >eZ+e lined (% ! boo9 #or 'o(
N!i3nO HEe"os %re%!r!do (n libro %!r! ti6M It 7!s ne,oti!ted 7it& t&e" HSe
ne,oi3 on ellos6M Ee &!s re!d t&ree boo9s N!i3nO Hl &! leFdoL lle+! leFdos tres
libros6M Ee 7!s "(& inon+eniened N!i3nO HSe le "olest3 "(&o6M S&eZs
%(zzled b' 'o( HLe desoniert!s ! ell!61
2+ En ingls literario /ace la funcin de una oracin subordinada adverbial$
%ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l se (s! (n! on.(ni3n se,(id! de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!M
!sF$ %(es$ %(ede indi!r tie"%o$ !(s!$ ondii3n$ onse(eni!$ et1M %(ede re#erirse
! l! %ri"er!$ se,(nd! ' terer! %erson! del sin,(l!r ' %l(r!lM no %(ede ir en #or"!
o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!$ ni %reedido de Q+er'Q ( otros !d+erbios de !ntid!d$ '!
/(e &!e sol!"ente l! #(ni3n +erb!lM est en onstr(i3n !bsol(t!$ no !d.(nt!M
%(ede4
a+ Teferirse al su%eto de la oracin principalM U!#ter$ be#ore$ in$ on$ sineV$ %(eden
ir se,(idos de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do s3lo si +!n %reedidos de Qbein,Q1 E.14 A#ter
bein, in#or"ed t&e tr!in 7!s l!te$ 7e deided to 7!it HDes%(0s de ser in#or"!dos
de /(e el tren lle,!b! on retr!so$ deidi"os es%er!r6M E!+in, e!ten Ni 7&en 7e
&!d e!tenO$ 7e deided to ,o HE!biendo o"ido Ni (!ndo &!bF!"os o"idoO$
deidi"os irnos6M E!+in, done it$ 7e 7ent !7!' HE!bi0ndolo &e&o$ Hnos6
"!r&!"os6M >e!riedL As I 7!s 7e!ried$ I 7ent to bed H*!ns!doL *o"o est!b!
!ns!do H"e6 #(i ! l! !"!6M DesertedL As &e 7!s deserted b' &is #ollo7ers$ &e le#t
%olitis HAb!ndon!doL Al ser !b!ndon!do %or s(s se,(idores$ 0l de.3 l! %olFti!6M
T&e bo's$ &!+in, e!ten !nd %l!'ed$ t&o(,&t it 7!s ti"e to restL E!+in, e!ten !nd
%l!'ed$ t&e bo's t&o(,&t it 7!s ti"e to restL T&e bo's &!+in, e!ten !nd %l!'ed$ t&e'
t&o(,&t it 7!s ti"e to rest HE!biendo o"ido ' .(,!do los "(&!&os$ %ens!ron
/(e er! &or! de des!ns!r6M Unless Hit is6 &!n,ed$ t&is l!7 is not (se#(l HA no ser
/(e se !"bie$ est! le' no es 2til61
b+ Oo referirse al su%eto de la oracin principal1 E.14 M' #!t&er &!+in, s!idL
E!+in, s!id "' #!t&er t&e l!st 7ord$ I &!d to !e%t it HE!biendo di&o "i %!dre l!
2lti"! %!l!br!$ t(+e /(e !e%t!rlo6M T&is s!idL One t&is &!s been s!id$ 7e !n
ontin(e HDi&o estoL Un! +ez /(e se &! di&o esto$ %ode"os ontin(!r6M T&!t
bein, s!id$ I s(%%ose t&!t 111 HDi&o esoL !/(ello$ s(%on,o /(e 1116M All t&in,s
onsidered Ni I# !ll t&in,s !re onsideredO$ it is not too b!d H*onsider!d!s tod!s l!s
os!s Ni Si se onsider!n tod!s l!s os!sO$ no est de"!si!do "!l6M T&e "one'
&!+in,L As t&e "one' &!d been s%ent$ t&e' &!d to ,o &o"e HE!bi0ndoseL *o"o se
&!bF! ,!st!do el dinero$ t(+ieron /(e irHse6 ! !s!6M T&e indestr(tibilit' o# "!tter
bein, %ro+ed$ t&e %roble" is sol+ed HSiendo de"ostr!d! l! indestr(tibild!d de l!
"!teri!$ el %roble"! /(ed! res(elto6M T&is doneL >&en &e didL &!d done t&is$ &e
7ent !7!' HEe&o estoL *(!ndo 0l &izoL &!bF! &e&o esto$ se "!r&36M >it& &i"
!rrested$ t&ere 7!s no tro(ble H*on 0l !rrest!do$ no &!bF! %roble"!s61
En !l,(nos !sos se sobrHe6entiende (n %rono"bre %erson!lM en in,l0s se ll!"!
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do s(elto Hd!n,lin,L (n!tt!&edL (nrel!ted H%!st6 %!rtii%le NoO
d!n,lin, "odi#ier6 ' %(ede d!r l(,!r ! on#(si3n '! /(e no se re#iere !l s(.eto de l!
or!i3n %rini%!lM est en onstr(i3n !bsol(t!$ no !d.(nt!$ %ero %!ree est!r en
onstr(i3n !d.(nt!M %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es reo"end!ble no (s!rlo '!
/(e #re(ente"ente se onsider! inorreto$ !(n/(e se (se b!st!nte1 E.14 E!+in,
st(died$ &is intention 7!s to ,o #or ! 7!l9 Nse re#iere ! Q&eQ$ no ! Q&is intentionQO
HE!biendo est(di!do H0l6$ s( inteni3n er! ir ! d!r (n %!seo61
=15<B1I &as palabras 'ue tienen la misma forma 'ue los participios de pasado
son ad%etivos, calificativos o clasificativos, cuando van delante de un nombre
ND1;1<15COM indi!n est!do$ /(e es el res(lt!do o onse(eni! de (n! !i3n
!nteriorM no %(eden ir se,(idos de Qb'Q h s(.eto !,ente (!ndo +!n del!nte de (n
no"bre4 in ! +er' ,rie+ed tone Hen (n tono "(' !%en!do6$ ! lo9ed door H(n!
%(ert! err!d! on ll!+e6$ ! sold %ro%ert' H(n! %ro%ied!d +endid!6$ s%o9en Nno
,r!d(!bleO En,lis& Hin,l0s &!bl!do6$ ! +er' "(& !%%rei!ted %erson H(n! %erson!
"(' !%rei!d!6M si +!n %reedidos de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o$ ,ener!l"ente son
!d.eti+os (!ndo no +!n se,(idos de Qb'Q h s(.eto !,enteM %(eden ir solos$ %(eden
ir se,(idos de (n !d+erbio o se,(idos de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! e indi!n
nor"!l"ente est!do o res(lt!do de (n! !i3n %!s!d!M %(eden ir se,(idos de otr!
%re%osii3n o"o Q!bo(t$ !t$ in$ 7it&Q1 D1 @18=
L!s %!l!br!s /(e tienen l! "is"! #or"! /(e los %!rtii%ios de %!s!do son
%!rtii%ios de %!s!do$ no !d.eti+os$ (!ndo +!n detrs de (n no"bre e indi!n
!i3n ' %(eden ir se,(idos de Qb'Q h s(.eto !,enteM se sobrHe6entiende el
%rono"bre rel!ti+o ' el +erbo QbeQ4 A "!n H7&o is6 disonerted b' t&e 7e!t&er
HUn &o"bre !l /(e le desoniert! el tie"%o H!t"os#0rio66M A ,irl H7&o is6
&("ili!ted N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t7o bo's HUn! &i! H/(e es6 &("ill!d! %or
dos &ios6M Eere is t&e "one' Ht&!t 7!s6 !b!ndoned N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t&e
t&ie+es HA/(F est el dinero H/(e #(e6 !b!ndon!do %or los l!drones6M T&e' &!+e
"!n!,ed to re,!in ,ro(nd Ht&!t 7!s6 lost N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO in %re+io(s
eletions HE!n onse,(ido +ol+er ! ,!n!r terreno %erdido en eleiones !nteriores61
L!s %!l!br!s /(e tienen l! "is"! #or"! /(e los %!rtii%ios de %!s!do son
%!rtii%ios de %!s!do$ no !d.eti+os$ (!ndo indi!n !i3nM +!n %reedidos del
+erbo QbeQ ( otro +erbo o%(l!ti+o ' se,(idos de Qb'Q h s(.eto !,enteM %(eden ir
t!"bi0n %reedidos del +erbo Q&!+eQM sin e"b!r,o$ son !d.eti+os$ no %!rtii%ios de
%!s!do$ (!ndo indi!n est!doM +!n %reedidos de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o$ %ero no
%(eden ir se,(idos de Qb'Q h s(.eto !,enteM no %(eden ir %reedidos t!"%oo del
+erbo Q&!+eQ1 E.14 S&e is H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L
so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 !##eted Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO be!(se o# t&is HEll!
est H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL "('L %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL
"('L "('6 !#et!d! %or esto6M T&e' 7ere H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL
"ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 !##eted N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!doO b' t&e tr!,ed' HA ellos les !#et3 H(n %ooL (n %ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL
"(&oL %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "(&oL "(&HFsi"6o6 l! tr!,edi!6M EeZs
H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6
"(&6 !,it!ted Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO be!(se o# t&e ne7s Hl est H(n %ooL (n %ooL
"('L "enosL "sL "('L %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L "('6 ner+ioso %or
l!Hs6 notii!Hs66M EeZs H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL
tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 !,it!ted N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t&e ne7s HA 0l
le in/(iet!Hn6 H(n %ooL (n %ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL "(&oL %rini%!l"enteL
!l,oL de"!si!doL "(&oL "(&HFsi"6o6 l!Hs6 notii!Hs66M S&e is H! bitL ! littleL
&i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 !l!r"ed
Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO be!(se o# t&is HEll! est H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL
"('L %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L "('6 !s(st!d! %or esto6M S&e is H! bitL
! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6
!l!r"ed N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t&is HA ell! l! in/(iet! H(n %ooL (n
%ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL "(&oL %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "(&oL
"(&HFsi"6o6 esto6M Ee is H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L
so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 !"!zed Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO be!(se o# t&e
i"%!t Hl est H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL "('L %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL
de"!si!doL "('L "('6 !t3nitoL %!s"!doL !so"br!do %or el i"%!to6M Ee is H! bitL
! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6
!"!zed N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t&e i"%!t HA 0l le !so"br! H(n %ooL (n
%ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL "(&oL %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "(&oL
"(&HFsi"6o6 el i"%!to6M Ee 7!s H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L
so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 !"(sed Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO be!(se o# !
o""ent s&e "!de Hl se sentF! H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL "('L
%rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L "('6 entretenidoL di+ertido %or (n
o"ent!rio /(e ell! &izo6M Ee 7!s H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L
so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 !"(sed N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' !
o""ent s&e "!de HA 0l le &izo H(n %oo deL (n %oo deL "(&!L "enosL "sL
"(&!L %rini%!l"enteL !l,o deL de"!si!d!L "(&!L "(&HFsi"6!6 ,r!i! (n
o"ent!rio /(e ell! &izo6M Ee 7!s !rri+ed N!r!io4 "enos (s!doO Nest!do4
!d.eti+oOL Ee &!d !rri+ed Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO Hl
&!bF! lle,!do6M Ee #eels H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L
so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 b(rdened Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO be!(se o# t&e l!9
o# !n ide!l Hl se siente H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL "('L %rini%!l"enteL
!l,oL de"!si!doL "('L "('6 %reo(%!do %or l! #!lt! de (n ide!l6M Ee #eels H! bitL !
littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6
b(rdened N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t&e l!9 o# !n ide!l HA 0l le %reo(%!
H(n %ooL (n %ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL "(&oL %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL
"(&oL "(&HFsi"6o6 l! #!lt! de (n ide!l6M T&e' !re H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL
"oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 &!r"ed Nest!do4
!d.eti+oO 7it& t&e res(lts HEstn H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL "('L
%rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L "('6 en!nt!dos on los res(lt!dos6M S&e
7!s H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6
"(&6 &!r"ed N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' &is o(rtes' HA ell! l!
en!nt!b!L &e&iz!b! l! ortesF! de 0l6M S&e is o"e N!r!io4 "enos (s!doO Nest!do4
!d.eti+oOL S&e &!s o"e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL Zs o"e Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO
N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO HEll! &! +enido6M T&e' 7ere H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L
lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 deli,&ted Nest!do4
!d.eti+oO be!(se o# &is %er#or"!ne HEst!b!n H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL
"sL "('L %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L "('6 en!nt!dos %or s(
!t(!i3n6M T&e' 7ere H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL
tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 deli,&ted N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' &is
%er#or"!ne HLes en!nt3 H(n %ooL (n %ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL "(&oL
%rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "(&oL "(&HFsi"6o6 s( !t(!i3n6M It is H! bitL !
littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6
desi,ned Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO to l!st lon, HEst H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL
"('L %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L "('6 dise)!do %!r! d(r!r "(&o
tie"%o6M It is desi,ned N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t&e" HLo dise)!n ellosL
Est dise)!do %or ellos6M S&e 7!s H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L
so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 dis!%%ointed Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO be!(se o# sbL
st& HEll! se sentF! H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL "('L %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL
de"!si!doL "('L "('6 dee%ion!d!L desil(sion!d! %or !l,(ienL !l,o6M S&e 7!s H!
bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6
dis!%%ointed N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' sbL st& HA ell! l! dee%ion3L
desil(sion3 H(n %ooL (n %ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL "(&oL %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL
de"!si!doL "(&oL "(&HFsi"6o6 !l,(ienL !l,o6M S&e is H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL
"oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 dis%le!sed Nest!do4
!d.eti+oO be!(se o# t&e res(lts HEll! est H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL
"('L %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L "('6 dis,(st!d! %or los res(lt!dos6M
S&e is H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6
"(&6 dis%le!sed N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t&e res(lts HA ell! l! dis,(st!n
H(n %ooL (n %ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL "(&oL %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL
"(&oL "(&HFsi"6o6 los res(lt!dos6M T&e' !re e"%lo'ed Nest!do4 !d.eti+o no
,r!d(!bleO be!(se o# t&e to7n o(nilL &!ll HEstn e"%le!dos %or Ni debido !O el
!'(nt!"iento6M T&e' !re e"%lo'ed N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t&e to7n
o(nilL &!ll HEstn e"%le!dos %or el !'(nt!"ientoL A ellos les d! e"%leo el
!'(nt!"iento6M S&e 7!s H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L
so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 ins%ired Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO be!(se o# &i" HEll!
est!b! H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL "('L %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL
de"!si!doL "('L "('6 ins%ir!d! %or 0l6M S&e 7!s H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL
"ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 ins%ired N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!doO b' &i" HA ell! l! ins%ir3 H(n %ooL (n %ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL "(&oL
%rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "(&oL "(&HFsi"6o6 0l6M S&e is H! bitL ! littleL
&i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 interested
Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO in %olitis HEll! est H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL "('L
%rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L "('6 interes!d! en Hl!6 %olFti!6M T&e' "et
t&e b(siness"!n H7&oL t&!t 7!s6 H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L
so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 interested Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO in b('in, t&e
%rod(t H*onoieron !l &o"bre de ne,oios H/(e est!b!6 H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L
"enosL "sL "('L %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L "('6 interes!do en
o"%r!r el %rod(to6M S&e 7!s H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L
so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 o##ended Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO be!(se o# t&e"L
"' re"!r9s HEll! se sinti3 H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL "('L
%rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L "('6 o#endid! %or ellosL %or "is
obser+!iones6M S&e 7!s H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L
so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 o##ended N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b'
t&e"L "' re"!r9s HA ell! l! o#endieron H(n %ooL (n %ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL
"(&oL %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "(&oL "(&HFsi"6o6 ellosL "is
obser+!iones6M Ee is H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL
tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 s&o9ed Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO be!(se o# &er de!t& Hl est H(n
%ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL "('L %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L
"('6 &orroriz!doL i"%!t!do %or l! "(erte de ell!6M Ee is H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L
lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 s&o9ed N!i3n4
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' &er de!t& HA 0l le &orroriz! H(n %ooL (n %ooL "(&oL
"enosL "sL "(&oL %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "(&oL "(&HFsi"6o6 l!
"(erte de ell!6M S&eZs H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL
tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 stri9en Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO be!(se o# #e!r HEll! est H(n
%ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL "('L %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L
"('6 !#li,id! %or el "iedo6M S&eZs H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L
so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 stri9en N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' #e!r
HA ell! l! !#li,e H(n %ooL (n %ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL "(&oL %rini%!l"enteL
!l,oL de"!si!doL "(&oL "(&HFsi"6o6 el "iedo6M T&e' !re H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L
lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 terri#ied Nest!do4
!d.eti+oO be!(se o# sbL st& HEstn H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL "('L
%rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L "('6 !terroriz!dos %or !l,(ienL !l,o6M T&e'
!re H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6
"(&6 terri#ied N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' sbL st& HA ellos les !terroriz! H(n
%ooL (n %ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL "(&oL %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL
"(&oL "(&HFsi"6o6 !l,(ienL !l,o66M Ee #eels H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL
"ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 7orried Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO
!bo(tL be!(se o# t&e" Hl se siente H(n %ooL (n %ooL "('L "enosL "sL "('L
%rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "('L "('6 %reo(%!do !er! deL %or ellos6M Ee
#eels H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6
"(&6 7orried N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t&e" Hl siente /(e ellos le
%reo(%!n H(n %ooL (n %ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL "(&oL %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL
de"!si!doL "(&oL "(&HFsi"6o66M Ee beo"es H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL
"ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 7orried Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO !bo(tL
be!(se o# t&e" Hl lle,! ! %reo(%!rse H(n %ooL (n %ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL
"(&oL %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL de"!si!doL "(&oL "(&HFsi"6o6 !er! deL %or
ellos6M Ee beo"es H! bitL ! littleL &i,&l'L lessL "oreL "ostL "ostl'L so"e7&!tL
tooL +er'L H+er'6 "(&6 7orried N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO b' t&e" HLe lle,!n
! %reo(%!r H(n %ooL (n %ooL "(&oL "enosL "sL "(&oL %rini%!l"enteL !l,oL
de"!si!doL "(&oL "(&HFsi"6o6 ellos61
En !l,(nos !sos %(eden ser %!rtii%ios de %!s!do$ no !d.eti+os$ !(n/(e no +!'!n
se,(idos de Qb'Q h s(.eto !,enteM %(eden ir solos$ %(eden ir se,(idos de (n
!d+erbio o se,(idos de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! e indi!n !i3n4 En,lis& is s%o9en
Nno ,r!d(!bleO N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO HSe &!bl! in,l0s61 D1;15=15@
=15=C1I Aa participios de pasado 'ue no pueden /acer la funcin de ad%etivos
calificativos o clasificativos delante de un nombreM s3lo %(eden ir detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+o o del !(-ili!r Q&!+eQ o"o %!rtii%ios de %!s!do4 !d"itted$
!d+ised$ !llo7ed$ !%%e!led$ !rri+ed$ !s9ed$ !ss!iled$ b!ntered$ b!r9ed$ beset$
beRs"e!red Nliter!rioO$ beRs%!ttered$ bo(,&t$ b(n9ered NGBO$ !"%ed$ !red$ R!rried
!R7!'$ o"e$ o"%!red$ onei+ed$ onstit(ted$ onstr(ted$ r!7led$ rin,ed$
d!ned$ d!red$ des%!ired$ died$ dis!%%ro+ed$ do"ineered$ drilled$ e!rned$ e!ten$
ended$ en,ineered$ ens(ed$ entitled$ e+idened Nliter!rioO$ e-isted$ #elt$ #et&ed$
#or"ed$ #o(nd$ ,littered$ ,lo7ed$ &e!rd$ &ed,ed$ i"%elled$ i"%rinted$ in#l(ened$
instr(ted$ interR#ered$ in+ested$ .(tted$ 9illed$ l!9ed$ l!sted$ li+ed$ "!de$
"e!ndered$ "e!nt$ "en!ed$ ob.eted$ obt!ined$ o%ened$ oriented$ %!ni9ed$
%le!ded$ %ositioned$ %ro%ortioned$ r!"bled$ re!d$ rei,ned$ s!iled$ s&ooled$
Rs&!9ed R(% Nolo/(i!lO$ s&o7n$ sne!9ed$ sneezed$ s%o9en Nre#erido s3lo !
%erson!sO$ st!red$ stood$ t!(,&t$ told$ (r,ed$ +o7ed$ 7!ited$ 7!l9ed$ 7orded$
7ron,ed ' los %!rtii%ios de %!s!do orres%ondientes ! los !d.eti+os de ;1B15I:$ et1
E.14 T&e' 7ere !d"itted to HGre!t6 Brit!in HF(eron !d"itidos en Gr!n Bret!)!6M Ee
is !ss!iled b' #e!rs HA 0l le in+!den los "iedos6M It is o"%!red toL 7it& t&e ro7d
HSe o"%!r! !L on l! "(ltit(d6M S&e &!s des%!ired o# #inis&in, &er st(dies HEll! &!
%erdido l! es%er!nz! de ter"in!r s(s est(dios6M T&e +iti"s Ht&!t 7ere6 #o(nd HL!s
+Fti"!s H/(e #(eron6 enontr!d!s6M Ee is &ed,ed !bo(t le,!l %roble"s Hl est
%l!,!do de %roble"!s le,!les6M It is i"%rinted on t&e "et!l HEst ,r!b!do en el
"et!l6M Ee 7!s 9illed HLe "!t!ron N!i3nO6$ %ero QEe 7!s de!d N!d.eti+oOQ Hl
est!b! "(erto Nest!doO6M T&e %er"ission Ht&!t 7!s6 obt!ined HEl %er"iso H/(e #(e6
obtenido6M T&e' !re s&ooled in t&is HEstn !diestr!dosL instr(idos en esto6M T&e
9indness Ht&!t &!s been6 s&o7n HL! !"!bilid!d H/(e &! sido6 "ostr!d!6$ et1
Los %!rtii%ios de %!s!do /(e no %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+os no %(eden ir
%reedidos sol!"ente de Ut&eV ni del!nte de (n no"bre o"o los !d.eti+os de
;1<15CM sin e"b!r,o$ "(&os %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre si +!n %reedidos de
iertos !d+erbios o"o Qbe!(ti#(ll'$ !re#(ll' Nse%!r!do o (nido !l %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do %or (n ,(i3nO$ o""onl'$ #!irl'$ #inel'$ ,enero(sl'$ "(&$ ne7l'$ %er#etl'$
%oorl'$ reentl' Nse%!r!do o (nido !l %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do %or (n ,(i3nO$ s&!r%l'$
so "(&$ +er' "(&$ 7idel'Q$ et1$ o de !l,(n otro !d+erbioM en este !so el
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do &!e l! #(ni3n de !d.eti+o ' onstit('e el n2leo de (n
sint!,"! !d.eti+!l ' el !d+erbio &!e de !d'!ente ND1 ;1<15COM ! +ees %(eden
&!er de !d.eti+os (!ndo +!n %reedidos de (n !d+erbio ' no del!nte de (n
no"bre si +!n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o1 E.14 T&e' !re %er#etl' "!t&ed HEstn
%er#et!"ente ni+el!dosL e"%!re.!dos6M Ee is 7idel' re!d NoO 7ell re!dL +er'
7idel' re!d NoO +er' 7ell re!dL better re!d in t&is s(b.et Hl tiene "(&!
in#or"!i3nL "(&Fsi"! in#or"!i3nL "s in#or"!i3n en este te"!6M ItZs +er'
%eo%leIoriented HEst "(' orient!do &!i! l! ,ente6M ! stron,l' 7orded editori!l$
et1
El %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do no %(ede ir %reedido de U+er'V sino de U+er' "(&V1 E.14
S&e 7!s +er' "(& ins(lted N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO HEll! #(e "(' ins(lt!d!6$ %ero
US&e 7!s +er' ins(lted N!d.eti+o4 D1 ;1@OV HEll! se sentF! "(' ins(lt!d!61
=15=51I &as palabras 'ue tienen la misma forma 'ue los participios de pasado
son ad%etivos$ !li#i!ti+os o l!si#i!ti+os$ (!ndo +!n del!nte de (n no"bre$
%reedidos o no de (n !d+erbioM se ll!"!n !d.eti+os +erb!lesM indi!n est!do$ /(e es
el res(lt!do o onse(eni! de (n! !i3n !nteriorM no %(eden ir se,(idos de Qb'Q h
s(.eto !,ente (!ndo +!n del!nte de (n no"bre4 in ! +er' ,rie+ed tone Hen (n tono
"(' !%en!do6$ ! sold %ro%ert' H(n! %ro%ied!d +endid!6$ s%o9en En,lis& Hin,l0s
&!bl!do6$ ! +er' "(& !%%rei!ted %erson H(n! %erson! "(' !%rei!d!6M si +!n
%reedidos de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o$ %(eden ir solos o se,(idos de (n! %re%osii3n
o"o Q!bo(t$ !t$ in$ 7it&Q ND1 @18=O$ de (n !d+erbio$ de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! e
indi!n nor"!l"ente est!do o res(lt!do de (n! !i3n %!s!d!M sin e"b!r,o$ si +!n
%reedidos de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o ' se,(idos de Qb'Q h s(.eto !,ente o si +!n
%reedidos del +erbo Q&!+eQ$ son %!rtii%ios de %!s!do$ no !d.eti+os$ e indi!n
nor"!l"ente !i3n$ no est!doM l!s %!l!br!s /(e tienen l! "is"! #or"! /(e los
%!rtii%ios de %!s!do son %!rtii%ios de %!s!do ' no !d.eti+os (!ndo +!n detrs de
(n +erbo Q&!+eQ ' en este !so el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do %(ede ir %reedido de
Q"(&L +er' "(&Q %ero no de Q+er'QM l!s %!l!br!s /(e son !d.eti+os ' tienen l!
"is"! #or"! /(e el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do son !d.eti+os ' no %!rtii%ios de %!s!do
(!ndo +!n detrs de (n no"bre$ si se sobrHe6entiende el +erbo QbeQ %reedido de
(n %rono"bre rel!ti+o$ o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oM sin e"b!r,o$ l!s %!l!br!s
/(e tienen l! "is"! #or"! /(e el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' no %(eden &!er l!
#(ni3n de !d.eti+os son %!rtii%ios de %!s!do (!ndo +!n detrs de (n no"bre$ si
se sobrHe6entiende el +erbo QbeQ %reedido de (n %rono"bre rel!ti+o$ o detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+oM !l,(n!s %!l!br!s /(e tienen l! "is"! #or"! /(e el %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do ' /(e son !d.eti+os +!n s3lo detrs de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+o ND1 ;15?18I:O$ detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o ND1 ;15@1:OM l!s %!l!br!s /(e
tienen l! "is"! #or"! /(e los %!rtii%ios de %!s!do %(eden ser !d.eti+os o
%!rtii%ios de %!s!do (!ndo +!n del!nte de (n no"bre %reedidos de (n !d+erbioM
todos indi!n est!do$ no !i3n$ ' si +!n %reedidos del +erbo QbeQ$ 0ste se tr!d(e
,ener!l"ente %or Qest!rQ$ no QserQM en !l,(nos diion!rios no todos !%!reen !2n
o"o !d.eti+osM no e-iste nin,2n !d.eti+o ter"in!do en Iin, orres%ondiente ! estos
!d.eti+os it!dosM estos !d.eti+os %(eden ser4
*+ CalificativosM son ,r!d(!bles !si todos e-e%to los /(e lle+!n Nno ,r!d(!bleOM
"(&os de ellos se re#ieren ! l! re!i3n "ent!l o e"oti+! de (n! %erson! &!i!
!l,o4 !brid,ed$ !ented$ !o"%lis&ed$ !d!%ted Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o
%rini%!l"ente4 %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre solo o %reedido de (n !d+erbioO$
!ddited$ !d+!nt!,ed$ !,,rie+ed$ !,it!ted NQner+iosoQM o"o %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do
+! detrs del +erbo Q&!+eQ ' si,ni#i! Q!,it!doL in/(iet!doQO$ !lien!ted$ !ltered$
!"%li#ied$ !n,(is&ed$ !ni"!ted$ !nti/(!ted$ !tt!&ed Ndel!nte de (n no"bre (!ndo
si,ni#i! Q!d.(ntoL !ne-oQM detrs de (n no"bre (!ndo si,ni#i! Qen!ri)!doL
o"%ro"etido Ni !s!doL %ro"etidoOL !dsritoL s(.etoL (nidoL +in(l!doQM detrs de
(n +erbo o%(l!ti+o4 Hsb6 be !tt!&ed Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO to sbL st& HH!l,(ien6 tener
!ri)o ! !l,(ienL !l,o6$ be !tt!&ed Nest!do4 !d.eti+oO to st& Hest!r !dsritoL s(.etoL
(nidoL +in(l!do ! !l,o6$ %ero Ube !tt!&ed N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO to st&V
H(nirseL +in(l!rse ! !l,o6O$ !ttr!ted Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ !tt(ned
Hto 1116 Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hen sintonF! Hon6L sensibiliz!do H!66$
bedr!,,led$ bl(rred$ bot&ered$ bo7ed$ Rbr!ssed Ro## Nolo/(i!l4 s3lo detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ bronzed$ b(s&ed Nolo/(i!l4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO
H!,ot!do Ni "(' !ns!doO6$ elebr!ted$ &!%%ed$ &!rred H!rboniz!doL !lin!do6$
R&eesed Ro## Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ &eris&ed$ &i%%ed$ &(##ed NGB4
olo/(i!l4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ Rl!%%edIRo(t NGB4 olo/(i!l4
%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL Rl!%%ed Ro(t NGB4 olo/(i!l4 detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$ loistered$ l(ttered$ o""itted$ o"%li!ted$
o"%osed HserenoL tr!n/(ilo No"o %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do %(ede ir se,(ido de Qo#Q
%ero no de Qb'QO6$ on,ested Hon,estion!doL !b!rrot!do6$ ont!ined$ ont!"in!ted$
ontented Hs!tis#e&o6$ ontri+ed$ on+ol(ted$ o7ed$ r!bbed$ r!""ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ r!"%ed$ r!zed$ re!sed$ rin9led$ roo9ed$ ro7ded$ r("%led$
(lt(red H(ltoL de (lti+o N(!ndo es %!rtii%io de %!s!do si,ni#i! Q(lti+!doQO6$
(ssed$ R(tI!ndIRdried Ndel!nte del no"breOL R(t !nd Rdried Ndetrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO$ d!ndi#ied$ d!ted$ d!zed$ deb!(&ed$ dedi!ted$ de#or"ed$ de.eted
H!b!tidoL des!lent!do6$ deli,&ted$ de%r!+ed$ de%ri+ed H%obreL des!+ent!.!do
N(!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do si,ni#i! Q%ri+!doQ ' %(ede ir se,(ido de Qo#Q
%ero no de Qb'QO6$ der!n,ed$ det!iled$ de+oted Ndel!nte de (n no"bre si,ni#i!
Q#er+ienteL le!lL !bne,!doQ ' (!ndo Qde+oted toQ +! del!nte de (n no"bre o detrs
de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o si,ni#i! Qdedi!do !QM (!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do
si,ni#i! Qdedi!doQ %ero no %(ede ir %reedido del +erbo QbeQ ni se,(ido de Qb'QO$
di,ni#ied Hdi,noL deorosoL "!.est(oso N(!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do si,ni#i!
Qdi,ni#i!doQO6$ dil!%id!ted$ dil(ted$ diRs!bled$ dis!dR+!nt!,ed$ dis!R##eted$
Rdisi%lined$ disoRnneted Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$
disonRtented$ disRredited$ disenR&!nted$ disR,r(ntled$ diRs&e+elled NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL diRs&e+eled NUSAO$ disinRlined Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO$ diRsinterested$ disR.ointed$ diRsor,!nizedL diRsor,!nised NGBO$ disR%ersed$
disR%osed Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ Rdissi%!ted$ disRtended$ disRtr(sted$
dis(Rnited$ dr!ined$ dr!7nIo(t N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL dr!7n o(t
Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$ ed(!ted$ el!ted He(#3rio6$
elon,!ted$ e"!i!ted$ e"boldened$ e"broidered$ en!"o(red NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
en!"ored NUSAO Nliter!rio4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ enr(sted$
end!n,ered$ en#eebled$ enl!r,ed$ enr!,ed$ entren&ed$ e/(i%%ed$ estee"ed
Nliter!rioO$ e-!,,er!ted$ e-!lted$ e-%eriened$ e-%osed$ #!,,ed$ R#!,,ed Ro(t NGB4
olo/(i!l4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ #!"ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #!+o(red
NGBOL #!+ored NUSAO$ #l(stered$ #r!,"ented$ #r!'ed$ #r!zzled Nolo/(i!lO$ #renzied$
#(ddled$ ,!rbled$ ,ener!lizedL ,ener!lised NGBO N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO$ ,i#ted$ ,n!rled$ ,roo"ed Nnor"!l"ente %reedido de (n !d+erbioO$
,roo+ed$ ,(!rded$ R&!9ne'ed$ &!rried$ &!ted$ R&en%e9ed$ &oo9ed$ R&(n, R(% NoO
R&(n,IR(% Nolo/(i!l4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Htr!("!tiz!doL #r(str!doL
ne(r3tio6$ &(rt$ &(s&ed$ i""ersed$ i"%!ssioned$ i"%o+eris&ed$ inensed
N%rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ inr(sted$ in,r!inedL en,r!ined$
in.(red$ intro+ertHed6$ in(red Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ in+ol+ed$ .!ded$
.!,,ed$ .!""ed$ .!(ndied$ R.!zzedIR(%$ R.("%edIR(% NGB4 s3lo del!nte del no"breOL
R.("%ed R(% Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ Rl!idIRb!9 N%rini%!l"ente del!nte
del no"breOL Rl!id Rb!9 Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$ "!tted$
"e&!nizedL "e&!nised NGBO$ "i##ed Nolo/(i!l4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO$ "ilit!rizedL "ilit!rised NGBO$ "ired Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ "isonei+ed$ "is,(ided$ "ist!9en$ "is(nderstood$ "ottled$
"(ddied$ "(##led$ ne,leted$ nettled$ n("bed$ or&estr!ted$ ordered$ o(td!ted$
o(tr!,ed$ o(ts%o9en$ o+erb(rdened$ o+er!st$ o+erro7ded$ o+erde+elo%ed$
o+erdr!7n$ o+erdressed$ o+ered(!ted$ o+er,ro7n$ o+er"!nned$ o+er%!id$
o+er%ried$ o+erst!##ed$ o+er7or9ed$ %!ined$ %ee+ed$ %er#("ed$ %er+erted$ %in&ed$
%i/(ed$ %issed N+(l,!r4 %rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hborr!&o
NGBOL !bre!do NUSAO6$ R%issed Ro## NGB4 +(l,!r4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO H!bre!do6$ %it&ed$ %itted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%l!'edIRo(t N%rini%!l"ente
del!nte del no"breOL R%l!'ed Ro(t N%rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$
%olis&ed$ %o%(l!ted$ %re.(died$ %reo(%ied$ %reser+ed$ %ri+ile,ed$ %rolon,ed
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ %rono(ned$ %rotr!ted$ %(##ed Ns3lo detrs de
(n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO H!bo"b!do6$ R%(##ed HRo(t6 NGB4 olo/(i!l4 s3lo detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hsin !liento6$ r!re#ied$ re,(l!ted$ re"o+ed Ns3lo detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ re%ressed$ res%eted$ rested$ restr(t(red$ re+ered Nliter!rioO$
riddled Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4
+(l,!rO$ r("%led$ s!red Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$ s(##ed$
se!"ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se!soned$ sel(ded$ se/(estered N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO$ s&!,,ed Ho(t6 NGB4 +(l,!r4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO
Hre+ent!do6$ s&ri+elled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL s&ri+eled NUSAO$ si"%li#ied$ s9e7ed$
sle7ed NGB4 olo/(i!l4 s3lo detrs de (n no"bre o +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hborr!&o6$
slos&ed Nolo/(i!l4 detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$ s"itten Ns3lo
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ soiled$ so%&isti!ted$ sozzled NGB4 olo/(i!l4 s3lo
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hborr!&o6$ Rs%!ed Ro(t NoO Rs%!edIRo(t Ns3lo detrs
de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ s%ei!lizedL s%ei!lised NGBO$ s%irited N%rini%!l"ente
del!nte del no"breO$ s%oiledL s%oilt NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ st!nd!rdizedL
st!nd!rdised NGBO$ stee%ed$ stilted$ str!ined$ stre!"lined$ stressed$ str(t(red$
Rst(9IR(% Nolo/(i!l4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL Rst(9 R(% Nolo/(i!l4
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO H%res("ido6$ st(##edI(%
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL st(##ed (% Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO$ st(nted$ st'lizedL st'lised NGBO$ s(bRd(ed$ s(ited No"o %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do no se (s! en %!si+!O$ s(nb(rned NoO s(nb(rnt NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ t!inted$
t!n,led$ Rt!n9ed R(% Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oOL t!n9ed NUSA4 s3lo detrs
de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hborr!&o6$ t!nned Hbrone!doL "oreno6$ t!%ered$
t!rnis&ed$ t!ttered$ Rtensed R(% Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ Rtied R(% Ns3lo
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ tin,ed Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ to(sled$
tr!"%led$ tre!s(red$ (nRb!l!ned$ (nderRdone$ (nderRno(ris&ed$ (nderR%!id$
(nderRr!ted$ (nderRst!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +!l(ed$ +e,et!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7!r%ed$
7!rr!nted$ 7!s&edIo(t N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL 7!s&ed o(t Ndetrs de
(n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$ 7e!t&ered$ 7edded Ndetrs de (n +erbo
%(ede ir se,(ido de QtoQ HonL !64 D1 @18=O$ 7ei,&ted$ 7izened Nliter!rioO$ 7ooded$
R7or9ed R(% Nolo/(i!l4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ R7r!%%ed R(% Ns3lo
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ 7rin9led$ et1M todos 0stos %(eden ser t!"bi0n
%!rtii%ios de %!s!do1 E.14 t&e !tt!&ed !%%li!tion #or" Hel i"%reso !d.(ntoL
!)e-o6M Ee is !tt!&ed to &er Hl le tiene !ri)o !L est en!ri)!do on ell!6M Ee is
!tt(ned to &er Hl est en sintonF! on ell!6M Eer e!rs 7ere !tt(ned to t&is so(nd HS(s
oFdos reonoF!n r%id!"enteL er!n "(' sensibles ! este sonido6M T&e &!irs !re
riddled 7it& 7ood7or" HL!s sill!s estn llen!s de !ro"!6M T&e te&nii!n is +er'
s%ei!lizedL s%ei!lised NGBO HEl t0nio est "(' es%ei!liz!do6M S&e is 7edded to
! dotor HEll! est !s!d! on (n dotorL "0dio6$ et1 D1 @18=
Al,(nos tienen (n si,ni#i!do di#erente del de l! !e%i3n "s orriente del +erbo
rel!ion!do on 0l4 !ni"!ted$ onerned$ ,(!rded$ &(rt$ str!ined$ et1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os ter"in!dos en Ied s(elen ir %reedidos de (n
!d+erbio1 E.14 ! 7ellIe/(i%%ed R,!rrison to7n H(n! %l!z! #(erte bien %ro+ist!6$ et1
E!' !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os /(e no %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de %!rtii%ios de %!s!do
%or/(e no e-iste nin,2n +erbo !sF4 R!bsentIR"inded$ !s&!"ed$ be&olden Nliter!rio4
s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oM s3lo !d.eti+oM el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do de
Qbe&oldQ es Qbe&eldQO$ bel!ted$ bi,oted$ Rbro!dHI6R"inded$ Rle!rHI6R(t$ li&0d$
Ro9e'ed$ RoldIRblooded$ oneited$ RrossIRe'ed$ Rdo(bleIRed,ed Nno ,r!d(!ble4
estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ Rdo7nR&e!rted$ Rdo7ntrodden Nliter!rioO$
Re+enIR&!nded$ Re+enIRte"%ered$ e-tro+ertHed6 N"s (s!doOL e-tr!+ertHed6 N"enos
(s!doO$ R#!rIR#et&ed$ R#!rIRsi,&ted$ R#ed R(%$ R#eebleIR"inded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R,oodIR&("o(red NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R,oodIR&("ored NUSAO$ R,oodIRn!t(red$
R&!"IR#istedL R&!"IR&!nded NUSAO Htor%e6$ R&!rdIRbitten$ R&!rdIRnosed$ R&!rdIR%ressed$
R&!rebr!ined$ R&i,&IRs%irited$ R&otHI6R&e!ded$ RillI!dR+ised$ ine-R%eriened$
R9indIR&e!rtedL R9indR&e!rted NUSAO$ Rli,&tIR&e!dedL Rli,&tR&e!ded NUSAO$
Rli,&tIR&e!rted$ Rlon,HI6R7inded$ "!lR#or"ed$ "!lRno(ris&ed$ "!nnered$ "o(st!&ed
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "(st!&ed NUSAO N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$
R"(ddleIR&e!ded$ Rn!rro7IR"inded$ Rne!rIRsi,&ted$ RoldIR#!s&ioned$ RoneIRsided$
Ro%enIR"inded$ o%inion!ted$ o(tRs%o9en$ o+erRstr(n,$ R%o9"!r9edL %o9ed$
R%otHI6bellied$ %ot&oled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ r!,,ed$ Rr!7IRboned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
reno7ned$ ris/(0$ r(,,ed$ Rsel#IRentred NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rsel#IRentered NUSAO$
Rsel#IoR%inion!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs&o%IRsoiled NGBOL Rs&o%R7orn NUSAO$
Rs&ortIR&!nded$ Rs&ortIRli+ed$ Rs&ortIRte"%ered$ Rso#tIR&e!rted$ Rst!rr'IRe'ed$
Rs(nHI6t!nned$ Rs7ollenIR&e!ded NGBO$ t!lented$ RtenderIR&e!rted$ Rt&i9IRs9inned$
Rt&inIRs9inned$ Rti,&tIRli%%ed$ Rti,&tIR#isted$ Rton,(eIRtied$ Rt7oHI6R#!ed$ (nRbi!sedL
(nRbi!ssed NGBO$ (nR!lledI#or$ (nonRerned$ (nderRdone$ (nderR"!nned N"enos
(s!doOL (nderHI6Rst!##ed N"s (s!doO$ (nderR%o%(l!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nderR%ri+ile,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nderR(sed$ (ndisR"!'ed Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO$ (nRed(!ted$ (ne-R%eted$ (ni"R%ressed Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO$ (nR.(sti#ied Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nso%&isti!ted$ R7!r"IR&e!rted$ 7elo"e$
R7ellI!dR+ised$ R7ellIRb!l!ned$ 7i9ed$ R7indIRblo7n$ R7ron,IR&e!ded$ et1 E.14 S&e
is do7n&e!rted HEll! est des!ni"!d!L des"or!liz!d!6M ! &!rdInosed R"!n H(n
&o"bre RteroL test!Rr(do6$ !n o(ts%o9en Rriti H(n rFtio R#r!noL diRretoL sin
roRdeos6M S&e is ! t!lented R7riter HEll! es (n! esritor! deL on t!Rlento6M S&e is
(ndis"!'ed HEll! est i"%!sible6M !n (ne-%eted R,(est H(nH!6 &(0s%ed ines%eRr!dHo$
!66M T&e' !re (ni"%ressed HNo estn i"%resion!dos61
2+ Calificativos clasificativosM todos indi!n est!do$ no !i3n$ ' si +!n
%reedidos del +erbo QbeQ$ 0ste se tr!d(e ,ener!l"ente %or Uest!rV$ no UserV4
!(sto"ed$ !ddited$ !ni"!ted$ !ssorted$ !ss(red$ b!rbed$ bent$ bi!ssedL bi!sed
NUSAO$ b(rdened$ !nned Nno ,r!d(!ble e in,l0s estnd!r (!ndo si,ni#i!
Qenl!t!doQ ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!r (!ndo si,ni#i! Qborr!&oL "!"!doQO$
R&e/(ered NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R&e9ered NUSAO N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO$ onentr!ted$ onsidered$ onstr!ined$ (lti+!ted$ det!&ed$ disordered$
disR%osed Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ do"esti!ted$ dr!7n$ est!blis&ed$
estr!n,ed Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ #i-ed Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4
+(l,!rO$ #l(s&ed$ #ored$ ,l!zed$ &!llo7ed$ &!ndi!%%ed$ &e!ted$ &oo9ed$ inlined
Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ indebted$ in#l!ted$ in#or"ed$ in+ol+ed$
.(sti#ied$ le!rned N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO H(ltoHs6$ !Hs6L instr(idoHs6$
!Hs66$ lined$ lo!ded$ "!r9ed$ "inded$ "is%l!ed$ "i-ed$ "(ted Nno ,r!d(!ble4
estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ %!9ed$ %!r&ed$ %e!9ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %e%%ered$
%etri#ied$ %l!nned$ %l!stered Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ %ointed$ %oised
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ %re%!red$ %re%l!nned$ re#ined$
reser+ed$ rooted$ r(##led$ set H#i.oL listoL #orz!do6$ settled$ s&eltered$ sl(rred$ st(9 Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ +!rie,!ted$ et1M todos estos %(eden
&!er t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 E.14 ! +er' bent treeL s!(e%!n
H(n rbolL (n! !erol! "(' inlin!dHo$ !66M !nned #ood Ho"id! enl!t!d!6M EeZs
+er' !nned N!d.eti+o4 +(l,!r i dr(n9O Hl est "(' bebido Ni borr!&oO6M +er'
#i-ed ide!sL !"bitions Hide!sL !"biiones "(' #i.!s6$ et1 D1 ;1@$ @18=
E!' !d.eti+os o"o Ub!sedV$ et1$ /(e %(eden ser ,r!d(!bles o"o !li#i!ti+os
(!ndo +!n %reedidos de (n !d+erbio4 ! +er' bro!dl' b!sed seRletion H(n!
selei3n on "(' !"%li! Rb!se6 ' no ,r!d(!bles o"o l!si#i!ti+os4 ! M!dridI
b!sed or,!Rniz!tionL or,!Rnis!tion NGBO H(n! or,!niz!i3n b!s!d! en M!Rdrid6$ et1
Al,(nos tienen (n si,ni#i!do di#erente del de l! !e%i3n "s orriente del +erbo
rel!ion!do on 0l4 "!r9ed$ %ointed$ et1
E!' !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os ' l!si#i!ti+os ter"in!dos en Ied /(e estn #or"!dos !
%!rtir de (n no"bre$ no de (n +erbo4 b!rbed$ %ointed$ et1
E!' !d.eti+os !li#i!ti+os ' l!si#i!ti+os /(e no %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do %or/(e no e-iste nin,2n +erbo !sF4 dr(n9en Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ Re!rt&HI6bo(nd Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ #r!(,&t$
R&!rdIRboiled$ indebted$ leis(red Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R"iddleIR!,ed$ n!9ed$
%rini%led$ s9illed$ Rt7oIRed,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (n!R##eted$ (ndisRt(rbed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (n#(l#illed$ (n,(!rded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (n%roRteted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nRt!"ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (n(sed Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$
7ret&ed$ et1 E.14 ! &!rdIboiled R%erson H(n! %erson! Rd(r!L end(reRid!6$ et1
2+ ClasificativosM los /(e no lle+!n n!d! %(eden ir del!nte de (n no"bre '
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oM los o"%(estos /(e +!n (nidos on ,(i3n
+!n sin ,(i3n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"ente %ero el 2lti"o
ele"ento es !d+erbio o no"breM !si todos indi!n est!do$ no !i3n$ ' si
+!n %reedidos del +erbo UbeV$ 0ste se tr!d(e ,ener!l"ente %or Qest!rQ$ no
QserQM si +!n detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o$ indi!n est!do$ no !i3nM si
indi!n !i3n$ %(eden ser t!"bi0n %!rtii%ios de %!s!do detrs de +erbos
!(-ili!res QbeL &!+eQ4 !b!ndoned$ !bbre+i!ted$ !bstr!ted$ !e%ted$
!l!i"ed$ !redited$ !("(l!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !9no7led,ed$
!/(ired Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !dded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !d"inistered Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !do%ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !d+ertised$ !##ili!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!,reed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R!irIonRditioned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !lle,ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !llied Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !llo!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !lloted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !l%&!betizedL !l%&!betised NGBO$ !"ended$ A"eri!nizedL
A"eri!nised NGBO Nt!"bi0n on "in2s(l!O$ An,liizedL An,liised NGBO
Nt!"bi0n on "in2s(l!O$ !nnot!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !nointed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !ntii%!ted$ !%%ended Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !%%lied Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!%%ointed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !%%rei!ted$ !r&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !r&i+ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !r"ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !r"o(red NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
!r"ored NUSAO$ !rr!n,ed$ !rr!'ed Nliter!rio4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO$ !rtiled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !rti(l!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !sse"bled
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !ssi,ned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !ssoi!ted$ !tro%&ied$ !tte"%ted$
!ttired Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$
!(,"ented$ !(t&orizedL !(t&orised NGBO$ !(to"!ted$ !+o7ed$
Rb!dl'IRdressed N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO NoO Rb!dl' Rdressed
Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$ Rb!dl'IRor,!nizedL
Rb!dl'IRor,!nised NGBO N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO NoO Rb!dl'
Ror,!nizedL Rb!dl' Ror,!nised NGBO Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o
%rini%!l"enteO$ b!nd!,ed$ b!nis&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rb!n9edIon
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO NoO Rb!n9ed on Ndetrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO Hon lo /(e se (ent!L en lo /(e se on#F!6$
b!nned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ b!rred Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hon b!rrotesL list!do6$ b!sed
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ b!st!rdizedL
b!st!rdised NGBO$ be!ded Hbord!do on (ent!s6$ be!rded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
be!ten$ bee#edI(% Ns3lo del!nte del no"breOL bee#ed (% Ns3lo detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+oO Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO Hre#orz!do6$ be.e7elled NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL be.e7eled NUSAO Hen.o'!do6$ bele!,(ered$ belted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ bent$ ben("bed$ bere!+ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ besie,ed$ betrot&ed
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ be+elled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be+eled NUSAO$
bl!9ened Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bl!sted N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"bre4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ ble"is&ed H"!n&!do6$ blended Hde "ezl!6$ blessed
Hbendito6$ blind#olded$ blin9ered Hestre&o de "ir!s6$ blo!ted$ blo9ed$
blot&ed H"!n&!do6$ Rblo7nIR(% N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO NoO
Rblo7n R(% Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$ bl(nted$
bobbed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rbobt!iled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bo"bed$ bonded Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ booted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RbornI!R,!in N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO NoO Rborn !R,!in Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$
borro7ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bot&ed$ bottled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bo-ed
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO He"%!/(et!do6$ br!9eted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ br!ided Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ br!nded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bre!ded Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ H+er'6 Rbro!dl'IRb!sed N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO NoO
+er' Rbro!dl' Rb!sed Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$
Rbro9enIRdo7n N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO NoO Rbro9en Rdo7n
Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$ br(s&ed$ b(,,ered NGB4
+(l,!r4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO H.odidoL &e&o %ol+o Ni "('
!ns!doO6$ b(ilt Nnor"!l"ente %reedido de (n !d+erbio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
Rb(iltIRin N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL Rb(ilt Rin Ndetrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$ Rb(iltIR(% N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL
Rb(ilt R(% N%rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ b(ndled$ b(rnedI
o(t NoO b(rntIo(t NGB %rini%!l"enteO N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL
b(rned o(t NoO b(rnt o(t NGB %rini%!l"enteO Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o
%rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ b(rnis&ed Hbr()ido6$ b(st Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO H/(ebr!doL estro%e!do NoO roto6L b(sted
NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO
Hestro%e!doL roto6$ b(ttered$ !&ed$ !##ein!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !,ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !lined$ !libr!ted Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4
+(l,!rO$ !llo(sed NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !ll(sed NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!ndied Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ !nonizedL
!nonised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !%it!lizedL !%it!lised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!%sized Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !%tioned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !%t(red Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ !rbon!ted$ H+er'6 R!re#(ll'IonRei+ed N%rini%!l"ente
del!nte del no"breO NoO H+er'6 R!re#(ll' onRei+ed N%rini%!l"ente detrs
de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ R!re#(ll'IdesRribed N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO NoO R!re#(ll' desRribed Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o
%rini%!l"enteO$ R!re#(ll' Rt&o(,&tIRo(t N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breOL R!re#(ll' Rt&o(,&t Ro(t N%rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO$ !r%eted$ !sed Hin 1116 Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO$ !sti,!ted$ R!stIRo## N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL R!st
Ro## Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!str!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !te,orizedL !te,orised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R!(tio(sl'IR7orded N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO NoO R!(tio(sl'
R7orded Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$ entr!lizedL
entr!lised NGBO$ entred NGB %rini%!l"enteOL entered NUSAO$
erti#i!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ erti#ied Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &!#ed$ &!,rined
Nliter!rio4 detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ &!nnelled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
&!nneled NUSAO$ &!rtered NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ &e9ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO
HdeL ! (!dros6$ R&e7edIR(% N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO NoO
R&e7ed R(% Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$ &ided$
&iselled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &iseled NUSAO$ &lorin!ted$ &o%%ed$
&osen Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lo!9ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lo,,ed$ loned Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ lo+en Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o!,(l!ted$ o!lesed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
o!ted$ obbled$ o9ed$ oded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ oiled$ oooned
H!rro%!do6$ oll!%sed$ olleti+izedL olleti+ised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
olonizedL olonised NGBO$ olo(red NGBOL olored NUSAO$ o"bined$
o""issioned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o"%iled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o"%leted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ o"%o(nded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o"%ressed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
o"%(terizedL o"%(terised NGBO$ on!ten!ted$ one!led$ onentr!ted$
onerted$ onde"ned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ondensed$ on#eder!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ on#ir"ed$ on#o(nded$ on,e!led$ on.(,!ted$ onsri%ted
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onser!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onsolid!ted$ onte"%l!ted
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ontorted Hred(ido6$ ontro+erted$ on+ention!lizedL
on+ention!lised NGBO$ on+ited Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o%'ri,&ted$ or9ed$
ornered$ orreted$ orr(,!ted$ ost("ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o(&ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ o+ered$ o+eted$ r!#ted$ r!ted$ r!tered$ re!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ re"!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ rested Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ri"soned
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ro&eted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rrossbred Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
rossed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RrossI&!t&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ r(i#ied Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ r'st!llized NGB4 el "s (s!do ' USAOL r'st!lized NGBOL
r'st!llised NGBOL r'st!lised NGBO$ (##ed$ (%%ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (rried
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (s&ioned$ (sto"izedL (sto"ised NGBO
H%erson!liz!doHs6$ !Hs66$ d!%%led Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ d!rned Nolo/(i!l4 no
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ de!dlo9ed$ deb!sed$ deb!ted$
de!##ein!ted Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ dee!sed
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ dei"!ted$ del!red Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ deor!ted$
de#e!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ de#iled$ de#l!ted$ de#orested$ deleted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ del(ded$ de"ented$ de"ilit!rizedL de"ilit!rised NGBO$
de"iner!lizedL de"iner!lised NGBO$ de"olis&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
de"onizedL de"onised NGBO$ de"oted$ den!t(red$ dented$ den(le!rizedL
den(le!rised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ den(ded$ deodorizedL deodorised
NGBO$ de%!rted Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$
de%leted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ de%lo'ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ de%osed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
desi!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ desi,n!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ des%ised$ destined
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ det!ined Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ de+i!ted$ de+ol+ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ di!,nosed$ di!,r!""ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ died$ di,ested$
di,itizedL di,itised NGBO$ di"%led$ disb!nded$ dis!rded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
disonRtin(ed$ diso(nted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ dise"bodied Nno ,r!d(!ble4
o"o !d.eti+o$ %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"bre$ si,ni#i! Qinor%3reoQ '
o"o %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do si,ni#i! Qse%!r!do del (er%oQO$ dis,r!ed$
dis,(ised$ dis&ono(red NGBOL dis&onored NUSAO$ dis%l!ed$ dis%l!'ed$
dis%ossessed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ dissoi!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ distilled$
distrib(ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ disR(sed$ di+ersi#ied$ di+ored Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
do("ented$ do,,ed N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"bre ' %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do4 detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ Rdo,,oneHd6 NUSA4 olo/(i!l4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ do"ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do"iiled Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ done Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$
doo"ed$ dotted LRdotI d$ edL NGBO ' LRd!4ted$ I dL NUSAO$ do7nsized$
dr!"!tizedL dr!"!tised NGBO$ dressed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rdressed R(% Nno
,r!d(!ble4 detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o o detrs de (n no"breO$ driedI(%
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ dr(,,ed$ d(%li!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rd'edIinIt&eIR7ool
Ndel!nte del no"breOL Rd'ed in t&e R7ool Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$
Re!sil'IonR#(sed N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL Re!sil' onR#(sed
Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o %rini%!l"enteO$ Re!sil' Ro%edI7it&
Ndel!nte del no"breOL Re!sil' Ro%ed 7it& Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$
ed,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eleted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eHI6"!iled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
e"b!ttled$ e"bedded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e"bodied Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e"bossed
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e"%lo'ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO He"%le!do6$ e"%o7ered Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ e"(l!ted$ en!%s(l!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ enoded$ enr'%ted$
endo7ed$ en#ored$ en,or,ed$ en,r!+ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ enlisted NUSA
%rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ensoned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ens&ro(ded
Ndetrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ ensl!+ed$ ent&roned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
e+!(!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e+!%or!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-!"ined Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ e-Ressi+el'IRritiized NoO e-Ressi+el'IRritiised NGBO
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL e-Ressi+el' Rritiized NoO
e-Ressi+el' Rritiised NGBO N%rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-l(ded$ e-iled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e-%ired Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ e-tended$ #!bri!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #!"is&ed Nolo/(i!lO$
#!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #!tted Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ #e!t&ered Nno
,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ #eder!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
#ened$ #er"ented$ #ertilizedL #ertilised NGBO$ #ition!lizedL #ition!lised
NGBO$ #iltered$ #in!ned$ #i-!ted Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$
#l!bber,!sted$ #l!red$ #l!ttened$ #l!+o(red NGB %rini%!l"enteOL #l!+ored
NUSAO$ #l!7ed$ #le9ed$ #led,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #looded$ #loored Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ #lo(red$ #l(ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ #o(sedL #o(ssed NUSAO$ #oiled$ #orelosed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
#orested Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #or,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #or,otten$ #or9ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ #or"!tted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #ors!9en$ #orti#ied$ #ossilizedL
#ossilised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #o-ed$ #r!t(red$ #r!"ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
#re9led$ #retted$ #ried Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #rilled NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ #rin,ed
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #rizzled$ #ro,,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #rosted$ #(rled$ #(rnis&ed$
#(rred$ #(rro7ed$ #(sed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,!l+!nizedL ,!l+!nised NGBO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ,ilded Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$
,i+en Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ ,l!"orizedL
,l!"orised NGBO$ ,lob!lizedL ,lob!lised NGBO$ ,lori#ied$ ,lo+ed$ ,ored Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ,o7ned$ ,r!ded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,r!d(!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
,r!nted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,r!n(l!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R,r!+elled NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL R,r!+eled NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,r!+en N!r!io4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ ,rilled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,rizzled Nliter!rio4 %rini%!l"ente
del!nte del no"breO$ ,(!r!nRteed$ ,(""ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,(tted$
&!""ered Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &!nd&eld Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!ndIR%i9ed$ &!s&ed$
&e!ded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &e!%ed$ &el"eted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &e7n Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ &idden$ &i,&HI6li,&ted$ &in,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &ired Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ &ollo7ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &o"o,enizedL &o"o,enised NGBO
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&one'o"bed Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$
&one'edL &onied$ &ono(red NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onored NUSAO$ &ooded
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ &orned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
&os%it!lizedL &os%it!lised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &o(nded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
&(ddled$ &(##ed$ &("%ed$ &(n&ed$ &'dro,en!ted$ &'%erlin9ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ &'%&en!ted$ ied Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ide!lizedL ide!lised NGBO$
idolizedL idolised NGBO$ i,nored Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
H+er'6 RillIonRei+ed Nno ,r!d(!bleOL H+er'6 Rill onRei+ed Ndetrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ ill(str!ted$ i""ort!lizedL i""ort!lised NGBO$ i""(red
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ i"%!ired$ i"%e!&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i"%lied Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ i"%orted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i"%ressed$ i"%ro+ised$ inenti+izedL
inenti+ised NGBO$ inl(ded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ indented$ indent(red Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ inde-ed$ indi!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ indis%osed$ indi+id(!lizedL
indi+id(!lised NGBO$ indotrin!ted$ ind(ed$ ind(stri!lizedL ind(stri!lised
NGBO$ inebr!ted$ in#eted$ in#ested$ in#iltr!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ in#leted
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ in#or"ed$ in&!bited$ in&erited Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ in.eted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inserted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inst!lled Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ instit(tion!lizedL instit(tion!lised NGBO$ ins(red Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ intere%ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inter.eted
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ interl!ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ intern!lizedL intern!lised NGBO$
interreRl!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ interr(%ted$ in+ented Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ in+erted
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ in+ested Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$
irr!di!ted Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ it!liizedL it!liised
NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ite"izedL ite"ised NGBO$ .!iled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
.ellied NGB %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ .e7elled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
.e7eled NUSAO$ .ilted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ .in-ed Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r '
,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ .oined Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ .ointed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ .("bled$
9e'ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 9idn!%%edL 9idn!%ed NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
9i%%ered Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 9notted$ l!/(ered$ l!den$ l!"in!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ l!%sed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ l!tinizedL l!tinised NGBO$ l!'ered Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ le!ded Nno ,r!d(!bleO He"%lo"!doL interline!do6$ le!sed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ le!+ened Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ le,!lizedL le,!lised NGBO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ lettered$ liensed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ li&eni#ied Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
lidded Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ li,&ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ li/(e#ied$ listed Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO$ lo!t&ed$ lo!lizedL lo!lised NGBO$ looted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lo(+red
NGBOL lo(+ered NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!!d!"izedL "!!d!"ised NGBO
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"!deIR(% N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL R"!de R(%
Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ "!,ni#ied$ "!lted$ "!nd!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "!n,led$ "!ni(red Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!nned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"!rbled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!rooned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!rried Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"!rt'red Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!s&ed$ "!s9ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!ssed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "ent&ol!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "ererizedL "ererised NGBO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "et!lled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "et!led NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"iro#in!ned$ "ilde7ed Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$
"ined Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "ini!t(rizedL "ini!t(rised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"irrored Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "is!llo!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "iso%ied$
"isin#or"ed$ "is"!t&ed$ "isn!"ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "iss%elledL "iss%elt
NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ "iss%ent Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "istr!nsl!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "istre!ted$ "is(sed$ "o!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "ono,r!""ed
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "onos%!ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "otorizedL "otorised NGBO
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "o(lded NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "olded NUSAO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "o7ed$ "(lled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "(llioned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
"(""i#ied Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "(sled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "(til!ted$
"'t&iizedL "'t&iised NGBO$ n!"ed Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4
+(l,!rO$ n!rr!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ n!rro7ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ n!tion!lizedL
n!tion!lised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ n!t(r!lizedL n!t(r!lised NGBO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ne,!ted$ not&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ noted$ n("bered Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ obli,!ted Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!r4 s3lo
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hobli,!doHs6$ !Hs6 Nno si,ni#i!
Q!,r!deidoHs6$ !Hs6QO6$ obsessed$ o"itted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o%ti"izedL
o%ti"ised NGBO$ ord!ined$ or%&!ned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ossi#ied Nliter!rioO$
o(sted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o(tl!7ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o(tlined Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
o(t%o(red Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o(tRs%re!d Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o(tRstret&ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ o(tR7orn Nliter!rio4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$
o+ere-Rtended Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+erR#ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+erin#or"ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ o+erin+ested Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+erR.o'ed Ndetrs de (n +erbo4
no ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ o+erlo!ded Nno ,r!d(!ble4
estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ o+erloo9ed Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r '
,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ o+er%o%(l!ted Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4
+(l,!rO$ o+ersti"(l!ted$ o+erstret&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+ers(bRsribed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ o+erRtired Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$
o+er(sed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+er7or9ed$ %!9!,ed$ %!9ed Ro(t NGB
%rini%!l"enteO$ %!dded$ %!inted$ %!ired Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!lletizedL
%!lletised NGBO$ %!lsied$ %!"%ered$ %!nelled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %!neled
NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!r!%&r!sed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!r9ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%!rsed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!t&ed$ %!tented Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!tterned Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %!+ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %e!9ed$ %eeled$ %elleted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%enilled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %eniled NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R%er#etl'IR#or"ed N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL R%er#etl' R#or"ed
N%rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ R%er#etl'I%roR%ortioned
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL R%er#etl' %roR%ortioned
N%rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ %er#or!ted Nno ,r!d(!ble4
estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ %er.(red Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %er"itted$
%erson!lizedL %erson!lised NGBO$ %ersoni#ied Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ers(!ded
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ %etri#ied$
R%&'si!ll'IR&!llen,ed N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breOL R%&'si!ll'
R&!llen,ed N%rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ %i9ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %ill!red Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %inned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ir!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %l!ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %le!ted$ %lo(,&ed NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
%lo7ed NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %l(,,ed$ %l("ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %o!&ed
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %oisoned$ %ol!rizedL %ol!rised NGBO$ %olitiizedL %olitiised
NGBO$ %ossessed Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %otted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %o7dered
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %reHI6!rr!n,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %re!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%reonRei+ed$ %reHI6oo9ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %rede#ined Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%redestined Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %redeter"ined Nliter!rioO$ %redited Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %reHI6di,ested Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %redileted$ %reR#!bri!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %reHI6#or"!tted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %re"edit!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%re%!9edL %re%!9!,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %reR%!id Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%reHI6reorded Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$
%reHI6set Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ress(rizedL %ress(rised NGBO$ %reRstressed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %rinted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ri+!tizedL %ri+!tised NGBO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %rized$ %rod(ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ro,r!""ed NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL %ro,r!"ed NUSAO$ %ro&ibited Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ro"oted$
%ro%&esied Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ro%osed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %rosribed$ %roteted$
%ro+ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ro+en Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO$ %(blis&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %(r&!sed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %(r0ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ /(!rried Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ /(ilted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ /(oted$
r!di!lizedL r!di!lised NGBO$ r!ised$ r!ndo"izedL r!ndo"ised NGBO$
r!ns!9ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ re!lizedL re!lised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!ble4
%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ reRborn N%rini%!l"ente detrs de (n
+erbo o%(l!ti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ reessed Nno ,r!d(!bleO He"%otr!do6$
reo,nizedL reo,nised NGBO$ reo""ended$ reonstit(ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
reonstr(ted$ reo+ered Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ re'led$ reddened$ redesi,ned
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ redireted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ red(ed$ re#erened Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ re#(rbis&ed$ re,i"ented Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ re,istered Nno
,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ re,(r,it!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ re&!s&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ rein#ored$ re.eted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
rel!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ rene7ed Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO$ reno+!ted$ rented Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ re%!ired$ re%(ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ resi,ned$ resin!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ restored Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ret!rded$ reti(l!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ re(nited Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ re+ersed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ re+iled$ re+ised Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ re+i+ed$ re7or9ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ribbed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ rid,ed$ rit(!lizedL rit(!lised NGBO$ robed
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro"!nizedL Ro"!nised NGBO Nt!"bi0n en "in2s(l!O$
ro"!ntiizedL ro"!ntiised NGBO$ roo#ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ro(nded$
r(bberizedL r(bberised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ r(&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ r(ined$
r(%t(red$ s!ddled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s!l!ried Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente
del!nte del no"breO$ s!lted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s!nitizedL s!nitised NGBO$ s!ted
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ s!t(r!ted$ s!(t0 Ns3lo del!nte
del no"bre4 no ,r!d(!bleOL s!(t0ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs!7nIRo## NGBOL
Rs!7edIRo## NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hreort!doHs6$ !Hs66$ s!llo%ed$ s!nned
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s!rred$ se%tred NGB %rini%!l"enteOL se%tered NUSAO
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s&ed(led Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sr!"bled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
sr!%ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sribbled$ sri%ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(l%t(red Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ se!led Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ se!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ seeded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se,re,!ted$ seized Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
seleted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ serr!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se+ered Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
se7ed$ s&!%ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s&!red Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4
+(l,!rO$ s&i%7re9ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s&ortened$ s&(t Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ s&(ttered Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ si,&ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ si,ned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sil+ered Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
si"(l!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sin,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sit(!ted Nno ,r!d(!ble4
s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ sl!in Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sl!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ slied Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ slotted Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente
del!nte del no"breO$ sl("%ed N%rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO$ soi!lizedL soi!lised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ so#tened$ sold Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ soliited$ solidi#ied$ so(sed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ so7ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s%!ed$ s%!n,led Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s%!ttered$ s%ei#ied$
s%e9led$ s%ent H(s!doL ons("idoL "(sti! N(n! %l!nt!OL +ii!do N!ireOL
e-&!(stoL !,ot!doL !!b!doM (!ndo es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do si,ni#i!
U,!st!doL en+i!doL %!s!doV6$ s%ied$ s%i9ed$ s%lintered$ s%otted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ s/(!red Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s/(eezed$ st!9ed$ st!ined$ st!rred Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rste%%edIR(%L Rste%%ed R(% Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ste7ed$ sti,"!tizedL
sti,"!tised NGBO$ sti%%led$ stolen Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ stored Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ str!i,&tened$ str!nded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ str!n,(l!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleOL str!n,led Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ str!ti#ied$ stri!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
strin,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ stri%ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ stri%%ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
st(oed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ st(dded LRstAdI d$ edL Ndel!nte de (n no"bre
si,ni#i! Qt!&on!doQ ' detrs de (n no"bre se,(ido de Q7it&Q si,ni#i!
Qs!l%i!do deQO$ st(##ed$ s(b.(,!ted$ s(b"er,ed$ s(bsidizedL s(bsidised
NGBO$ s(bRtitled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs(,!rHI6Ro!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
s(%erR&!r,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(%eri"%osed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(%er+ised$
s(s%eted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(s%ended Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s7!t&ed Nno
,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hen+(elto6$ s'n&ronizedL
s'n&ronised NGBO$ s'no%!ted$ s'ndi!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s'nt&esizedL
s'nt&esised NGBO$ t!ilored Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t!"%ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t!sselled
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL t!sseled NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t!ttooed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ tele+ised$ tensed$ ter"in!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ terr!ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ tessell!ted N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ tested$ tet&ered Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ te-t(red Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
t&res&ed$ tied N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ tiled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ti"bered Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ti"ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tinned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ti%%ed$ titled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tolled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ toot&ed$ tr!ed$
tr!9ed$ tr!de"!r9ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tr!nsribed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
tr!nsistorizedL tr!nsistorised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tr!nsl!ted Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ tr!ns"itted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tr!ns%orted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
tren&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tre%!nned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tooled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
to(,&ened$ tri""ed Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$
tr(n!ted$ t(#ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t'%ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t'%eset Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rt'%e7ritten$ (ler!ted$ (nRb(ttoned$ (nRo+ered Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nder#ed$ (nder#(nded$ (nderlined Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nder+!l(ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R(ni#or"ed Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$
R(nionizedL R(nionised NGBO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nR"!de Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(%d!ted$ (%,r!ded$ (%R&olstered Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (%Rr!ised Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(%Rt(rned Nno ,r!d(!ble4 %rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ (rb!nizedL
(rb!nised NGBO$ (sed$ +!lid!ted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +!rnis&ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
+!(lted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +eiled$ +eined Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +ener!ted$ +ested
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +iti"izedL +iti"ised NGBO$ +ili#ied$ +oied$ +(l!nizedL
+(l!nised NGBO Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ 7!lled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7!tered$
7!-en Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7e!ned Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7ebbed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
7esternizedL 7esternised NGBO$ 7&eeled Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7&i%%ed Hb!tido6$
7ido7ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7i,,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7in,ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
7onted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7ornIRo(t N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO NoO
R7orn Ro(t N%rini%!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ zi%%ed Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ et1$ ' otros de ;1<15C$ ;1B1 E.14 T&e' !re !,reed Nliter!rioOL
&!+e !,reed Nestnd!rO on t&is "!tter HEstn de !(erdoL Se &!n %(esto de
!(erdo en este te"!6M !lle,ed br(Rt!lit' H%res(nt! br(t!liRd!d6$ !n !lle,ed
R"ir!le H(n %res(ntoL s(%(esto "iRl!,ro6M !t t&e !%%ointed N!d.eti+oO R&o(r
H! l! &or! !si,Rn!d!L onerRt!d!L se)!Rl!d!6M Ee 7!s !R%%ointed N%!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!doO 'esterd!' HLe no"Rbr!ron !'er6M ! +er' !%%rei!ted t&in, H(n!
os! "(' !%rei!d!6M !n !+o7ed R#e"inist H(n! #e"inist! del!Rr!d!L
on#eRs!d!6$ ! b!dl'Idressed N"s (s!doOL b!dl' dressed N"enos (s!doO
R7o"!n H(n! "(.er "!l +esRtid!6M S&eZs Rb!dl' Rdressed HEll! est R"!l
+esRtid!6M ! b!dl'Ior,!nizedL b!dl' or,!nized R%!rt' H(n! #iest! "!l
or,!niRz!d!6M ItZs Rb!dl' Ror,!nizedL Rb!dl' Ror,!nised NGBO HEst "!l
or,!ni R z!dHo$ !6L ( R s!dHo$ !66M It 7!s so(ndl' b!sed HEst!b! bien b!s!do6M
T&e' !re b(st HEstn en b!n!rrot!6M ! +er' bro!dl'Ib!sed N"s (s!doOL
+er' bro!dl' b!sed N"enos (s!doO seRletion H(n! selei3n on (n
#(nd!"ento "(' R!"%lio6M It is b(st NGBO HEst roto6M ! !re#(ll'Idesribed
N"s (s!doOL !re#(ll' desribed N"enos (s!doO R%erson H(n! %erson!
desrit! (id!Rdos!"ente6$ ! !(tio(sl'I7ordedL !(tio(sl' 7orded N"s
(s!doO Rst!te"ent H(n! !#ir"!i3n e-%(est! on %re!(Ri3n6M ItZs done HEst
&e&o Nest!do4 !d.eti+oOL Se &!e N!i3n4 %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do i Peo%le do itO6M
T&e' !re done Nolo/(i!lO 7it& t&is HE!n !!b!do on esto6M e-essi+el'I
ritiizedL e-essi+el'Iritiised NGBO N"s (s!dosOL e-essi+el' ritiizedL
e-essi+el' ritiised NGBO N"enos (s!dosO R7riters Hesritores
e-esi+!"ente ritiR!dos6M ! %le!s!ntl' #(rnis&ed Rroo" H(n! &!bit!i3n
!"(ebl!d! !,r!Rd!ble"ente6M ! &idden +!lle' H(n +!lle esondido6$ !
!re#(ll'I&idden Rs%' H(n es%F! (id!dos!"ente esonRdido6M It is in#ested
7it& "os/(itoes HEst %l!,!do de "os/(itos6M ! "!rried o(%le H(n
"!tri"onio6M ! ne7l' "!rried Ro(%le H(n! %!re.! de reien !Rs!dos6M Ee
is o+er.o'ed Hl est en!nt!do6M T&e +e&ile is %!r9ed Ht&ere6 HEl
+e&F(lo est !%!r!do H!&FL !llF66M %er#etl'I#or"ed N"s (s!doOL %er#etl'
#or"ed Rb!bies Hbeb0s on (n! onstit(i3n %erR#et!6$ %er#etl'I
%ro%ortioned N"s (s!doOL %er#etl' %ro%ortioned Rbodies H(er%os
%er#et!"ene %ro%orioRn!dos6M S&e is re%(ted to be des%i!ble HEll! tiene
#!"! de ser des%rei!bleL +il6M T&e !b!ret LR9YbereIL is s&(t HEl !b!r0
est err!do6M ! sold !rL o"%(terL lorr' H(n o&eL orden!dorL !"i3n
+endido6M T&e boo9s !re sold HLos libros estn +endidos6$ %ero UT&e boo9s
!re sold N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do4 !i3nO on Mond!'sV HLos libros se
+enden los l(nes6M ! s%ent #ore H(n! #(erz! en de!deni!L (n! +ie.!
,lori!6$ ! +er' (sed !r H(n o&e "(' (s!do6$ et1 D1 @18=
Al,(nos tienen (n si,ni#i!do di#erente del de l! !e%i3n "s orriente del +erbo
rel!ion!do on 0l4 on#ined$ noted$ s%otted Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +eiled$ et1
E!' !d.eti+os s3lo l!si#i!ti+os ter"in!dos en Ied /(e estn #or"!dos ! %!rtir de
(n no"bre$ no de (n +erbo4 !r"o(red NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !r"ored NUSAO$
be!ded$ be!rded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ be.e7elled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL be.e7eled
NUSAO$ #re9led$ ,lo+ed$ &ooded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s!l!ried$ stri%ed$ 7!lled$ 7in,ed$
et1
Al,(nos !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os /(e tienen l! "is"! ter"in!i3n /(e el %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!do nor"!l"ente +!n %reedidos de (n !d+erbio$ !(n/(e no es
estrit!"ente nees!rioM en este !so el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do &!e l! #(ni3n de
!d.eti+o ' onstit('e el n2leo de (n sint!,"! !d.eti+!l ' el !d+erbio &!e de
!d'!ente4 b(ilt Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ dressed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ et1 E.14 ! %o7er#(ll' b(ilt
%erson H(n! %erson! on (n! onstit(i3n #Fsi! bien #(erte6$ i"%e!bl' dressed
"en H&o"bres +estidos i"%e!ble"ente6$ et1
E!' !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os /(e no %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do$ %or/(e no e-iste nin,2n +erbo !sF$ /(e son ,r!d(!bles4 R!bleIRbodied
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ R!irIonRditioned$ Rbedridden H%ostr!do en
!"!6$ beRlo+ed$ beni,&ted Nliter!rio4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ beR7&is9ered$
Rbo7HI6Rle,,ed H%!tiz!"bo6$ Rbre!stIR#ed$ Rbro9enIR&e!rted$ Rle!nIRs&!+en$
Rolo(rIRoded NGB %rini%!l"enteOL RolorIRoded NUSAO$ R(sto"IRb(ilt H&e&o de
en!r,o6$ Rdee%IRse!ted$ diRse!sed$ Rd(t'IRbo(nd Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R#!rIR#l(n,$
#r!,r!ned$ R#reezeIRdried$ R#rostbitten$ R#(llIRt&ro!ted Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
R,!sIRooled Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R,iltIRed,ed$ R,odHI6#orRs!9en Nolo/(i!l4 s3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ R,re'IR&!ired NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R,r!'IR&!ired NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO$ R&!ndIR%i9ed$ R&i,&IR&eeled Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
R&("%b!9ed Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ RillIR#!ted$ RillIR#o(nded$ le+er!,ed Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ Rlon,I!R7!ited Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R"!ssI%roRd(ed$
R"iddleIR!,ed$ "oist(red Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R"ossIR,ro7n$ "(ltiolo(red
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "(ltiolored NUSAO$ Ro%enIR"o(t&ed$ Ro%enIRne9ed Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ R%!niIRstri9en$ R%i"%led$ R%(r%oseIRb(ilt$ reR"oteIonRtrolled$
Rsel#IonRt!ined$ Rs&ortIRr(n Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ Rsil+erIR%l!ted$ Rsin,leIR&!nded$
Rstor"IRtossed Nliter!rio4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ strin,ed$ s(n9en$ Rt&(nderstr(9$
RtreeIRlined N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ (n!Rb!s&ed$ (n!R(sto"ed$
(n!Rs&!"ed N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ (n!R7!re$ (noRnneted$
(nRd!(nted$ (ndeRided$ (nder#iRn!ned$ (ndiRl(ted$ (ndisR,(ised$ (nRdo(bted$
(ne-R%l!ined$ (nR#o(sedL (nR#o(ssed NUSAO$ (nR&!"%ered Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO$ (nR&!r"ed$ (ninR#or"ed$ (n%reR%!red Hno %re%!r!doL i"%ro+is!do6$
(nR/(!li#ied$ (nRs&!ded N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ R7ellIR,ro(nded$
R7ideIRbodied Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ et1 E.14 T&e' !re (n&!"%ered HEstn libres
de tr!b!s61
E!' !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os /(e no %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do$ %or/(e no e-iste nin,2n +erbo !sF$ /(e son no ,r!d(!bles4
!Rbo+eIR"entioned Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ !Rbo+eIRn!"ed Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ R!bo+eIRst!ted Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ !(rsed Nliter!rioOL !(rst
N!r!ioO$ !R#ore"entioned Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ !R#ores!id Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ R!irborne$ R!llIR#ired NUSA4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO He-esi+o6$ Rb!9lit$
Rb!reHI6R#!ed$ Rb!reR&e!ded Hon l! !bez! des(biert!6$ Rb!seIRborn N!r!ioO$ b!ted$
beR!l"ed$ beRs%et!led Nliter!rioO$ Rbl!9IRe'ed$ Rbl(eIRblooded$ b',one Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ R!ndlelit$ !%ed$ R!s&IRst!r+ed Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
R!s&IRstr!%%ed Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ RoldIRblooded$ olonn!ded$
RrossIRle,,ed$ Rde9leIRed,ed$ Rdo(bleIRb!rrelled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
Rdo(bleIRb!rreled NUSAO$ Rdo(bleIRbre!sted$ Rdo(bleIRd'ed$ d("b#o(nded$ Re!stbo(nd
H/(e +! &!i! el este6$ Re"%t'IR&!nded$ R#irstHI6born Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
R#o,bo(nd$ R#o(rIR#ooted$ R#(llIRblooded Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R#(llIRblo7n Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ R#(ll'IR#!s&ionedL R#(llIR#!s&ioned NUSAO Hon ost(r!
!"old!d! !l (er%o6$ R#(ll'IR#led,edL R#(llIR#led,ed NUSAO Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
R#(llIR,ro7nL R#(ll'IR,ro7n NGBO$ R#(llIRsized$ ,!bled$ R,!sIR#ired NGB4 %rini%!l"ente
del!nte del no"breO$ R,odd!"ned N+(l,!r4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R,reenIRe'ed$
R&!l#IR,ro7n$ R&!ndIR"!de$ R&!ndIR7ritten$ R&e!+enIRsent N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO$ R&eli("IR#illed Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ &el"eted Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ R&o"eHI6R,ro7n$ R&o"eIR"!de$ R&o"es%(n$ R&ornHI6Rri""ed$ R&orseIRdr!7n
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R&o(sebo(nd$ R&("%b!9ed Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
Rinbo(nd$ RinRbred$ IRt!li!nIRled Ns3lo del!nte del no"bre4 se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n
(!l/(ier otro !d.eti+o ,entiliioO$ R.etI%roR%elled$ R9idne' Rs&!%ed$ Rl!ndlo9ed$
Rle#tIR&!nded$ lidded$ RlionIR&e!rted$ li+eried Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ lobed$
Rlon,HI6R&!ired$ Rlo%IRe!red$ R"!nIR"!de$ R"!nHI6sized Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
R"!n'IRsided$ R"iddleIRsizedL R"idsizeHd6 NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ "(st!&ioed
Nliter!rio4 "s (s!doOL "o(st!&ioed Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO$ Rn!t(r!lIRborn Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ Rne7born Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ Rne7HI6R#!n,led
N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$ Rne7IR#o(nd Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
Rnort&bo(nd$ o!9en Nliter!rio4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ RoldIesRt!blis&ed Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO$RoneIRe'ed$ RoneIRle,,ed Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ Ro%en!st
NGBOL Ro%en(t NUSAOL Ro%en%it NUSAO$ Ro%enIRended$ Ro(tbo(nd$ o+erse-ed Nno
,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ o+ersized$ R%!rtiIRolo(red NoO
R%!rt'IRolo(red NGB %rini%!l"ente4 los 8OL R%!rtiIRolored NoO R%!rt'IRolored NUSA4
los 8O$ %!st$ %ied$ %instri%ed Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ %reb(ilt NUSAO$ R%ro%ertied
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R%(reHI6Rbred Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ r!#tered$
Rre!d'IR"!de$ Rri,&tIR!n,led$ Rri,&tIR&!nded$ Rri,&tIR"inded Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
s!nd!lled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL s!nd!led NUSAO Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
Rse!borne Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ Rsel#I!Rddressed$ Rsel#I!R%%ointed$ Rsel#IRolo(red
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rsel#IRolored NUSAO$ Rsel#IonR#essed Ns3lo del!nte del
no"breO$ Rsel#IdeRl!red$ Rsel#Ie"R%lo'ed$ Rsel#Ii"R%osed$ Rsel#IinRd(ed$ Rsel#IinR#lited$
Rsel#IR"!de$ Rsel#I%roRl!i"ed$ Rsel#I%roR#essed$ Rsel#I%roR%elled$ Rsel#IRst'led Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ Rse"iHI6deRt!&ed$ serried N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$
Rsin,leIRbre!sted$ sl!tted$ Rsno7IR!%%ed Nliter!rioO$ Rso(t&bo(nd$ s%et!led$
Rs/(!reIR&inned$ Rs/(!reIRri,,ed$ RstillRborn$ Rstone7!s&ed$ store'ed NGBOL storied
NUSAO$ Rstor"IRtossed Nliter!rio4 s3lo del!nte del no"breO$ Rstri9eHI6Rbo(nd$
Rs(nHI6dren&ed Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ s(nIdried Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
Rs(nlit$ s(%erR!nn(!ted$ s(r%lied$ Rs7!llo7t!iled$ Rs7!'HI6Rb!9ed$ Rs7elledIR&e!dedL
Rs7ollenIR&e!ded NGBO$ Rt!ilorIR"!de$ t!%estried$ Rteen!,ed Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
Rt&oro(,&bred Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ Rt&reeIRornered$ Rti"eIR&ono(red NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL Rti"eIR&onored NUSAO Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ tinR%l!ted$
Rtr!9s(ited$ Rtr(eIRborn$ t(rb!ned$ Rt(rbo&!r,ed$ Rt7ilit$ Rt7oIR&!nded$ (n!Rb!ted$
(n!Rbrid,ed$ (n!Ro"%!nied$ (n!Rdo%ted$ (n!Rdorned$ (n!Rd(lter!ted$ (nR!ided$
(n!Rllo'ed$ (nR!ltered$ (n!nRno(ned$ (nR!ns7ered$ (nR!r"ed$ (n!Rs&!"ed$ (nR!s9ed$
(n!Rssisted$ (n!Rtt!&ed$ (n!Rttended$ (nR!(t&orized$ (nbeR9no7n Nliter!rioOL
(nbeR9no7nst N!r!ioO$ (nRble!&ed$ (nRble"is&ed$ (nRbo(nded$ (nRbro9en$
(nR&!llen,ed$ (nR&!rted$ (nR&e9ed$ (nRl!ssi#ied$ (nRlot&ed$ (nRolo(red NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL (nRolored NUSAO$ (nRo"bed$ (noR""itted$ (nRo"%li!ted$
(nonRe!led$ (nonR#ir"ed Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$
(nonRsidered$ (nRoo9ed$ (nRro7ned$ (nR(lti+!ted$ (nR(t$ (nRd!"!,ed$
(nderdeR+elo%ed$ (ndere"R%lo'ed$ (nderR"entioned Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$
(nderRse-ed$ (nderRsi,ned$ (nderRsizeHd6$ (nderRsl(n,$ (nderR7ired$ (ndeRteted$
(ndeR+elo%ed Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ (ndisR&!r,ed$
(ndisRlosed$ (ndisRo+ered$ (ndiRs%(ted$ (ndiR+ided$ (nRdone$ (nRdressed$
(ne"R%lo'ed$ (nRe!ten$ (nRe/(!lled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL (nRe/(!led NUSAO$
(nesRorted$ (ne-R%l!ined$ (ne-%loded Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ (nR#ettered$
(nR#inis&ed$ (n#oreRseen$ (nR#or"ed$ (nR#re/(ented$ (nR#(rnis&ed$ (nR&e!rd$
(nR&er!lded$ (nR&(rt Ns3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$ (niRdenti#ied$ (ni"R%!ired$
(ni"R%eded$ (ninR&!bited$ (nRiniti!ted$ (ninRtended$ (ninteRrr(%ted$ (nRloo9edI#or$
(nR"!nned$ (nR"!rried$ (nR"!t&ed$ (nR"iti,!ted N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del
no"breO$ (n"oRlested$ (nRn!"ed$ (nRnotied$ (nRn("bered$ (nRo(%ied$ (nRo%ened$
(nR%!id$ (nR%!r!lleled$ (n%oRll(ted$ (n%reeRdented$ (n%roR+o9ed$ (nR%(blis&ed$
(nR%(nis&ed$ (nRre!d$ (nRreo,nizedL (nRreo,nised NGBO$ (nreonRstr(ted Ns3lo
del!nte del no"breO$ (nreRorded$ (nreR#ined$ (nreR&e!rsed$ (nreRlie+ed$
(nreR"!r9ed$ (nre%reRsented$ (nreR/(ited$ (nreRser+ed$ (nreRsol+ed$ (nresRtr!ined$
(nresRtrited$ (nRri+!lled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL (nRri+!led NUSAO$ (nRs!id$ (nRs!t&ed
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!r4 s3lo detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO$
(nRs&ed(led$ (nRs&ooled Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ (nRs&!ded$
(nRs&!9en$ (nRs&!+en$ (nRsi,ned$ (nRs9illed$ (nRslied$ (nRsold$ (nsoRliited$
(nRsol+ed$ (nRs%ei#ied$ (nRs%o9en$ (nRst!ted$ (nRst(9$ (nRs(bst!nti!ted$ (ns(llied
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ (nRs(n,$ (ns(R%%orted$ (ns(rR%!ssed$
(nRs7eetened$ (nRt!%%ed$ (nRtested$ (nRtold$ (nRto(&ed$ (nRtr!ined$ (nRtr!""elled
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL (nRtr!""eled NUSAO$ (nRtre!ted$ (nRtried$ (nRt(tored$
(nR+!rnis&ed Ndel!nte del no"breO$ (nR7!,ed$ (nR7!nted N%rini%!l"ente del!nte
del no"breO$ (nR7!rr!nted$ (nR7onted N%rini%!l"ente del!nte del no"breO$
(nR7ritten$ R+!(("IR%!9ed$ 7!isted LR7eIstI dL edL$ R7!r"IRblooded$ R7!rIRtorn
Ns3lo del!nte del no"breO$ R7!terHI6Rborne$ 7ebbed$ R7ebIR#ootedL R7ebIRtoed$
R7ellIRborn$ R7estbo(nd$ 7&is9ered$ R7ireIR&!ired$ et1 E.14 t&e !bo+eI"entioned
N!d.eti+oOL !bo+eIst!ted N!d.eti+oO R"!nL t&e "!n "entioned N%!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!doOL st!ted N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO !Rbo+e N!d+erbioO Hel &o"bre "enion!do
!nteRrior"ente6$ t&e !#ore"entioned R7riters Hlos esritores s(so R di&osL
!nterior"ente "enio R n!dos6$ t&e !#ores!id R%roble" Hel %roble"! !nteRdi&oL
"enion!do !nteRrior"ente6M It is (nbe9no7n to (s HNo est!"os !l orriente de
ello6M S&e is (n&(rt HEll! est iles!6M It is (nnotied HNo se not!6M Ee is (n%(nis&ed
Hl est sin !sti,o6M It is (ns!id HNo est di&o6M Ee is (ns!t&ed Hl est ilesoL s!no
' s!l+o6$ et1
=15=81I El participio 4de+ pasado4
*+ Kuede ir delante de un nombre, si /ace la funcin de ad%etivo$ bien solo o
%reedido de (n !d+erbio1 E.14 !n !d"iredL ! disli9edL !n i"%ressedL ! li9edL !
/(estionedL ! +isitedL ! 7e!9ened %erson H(n! %erson! !d"ir!d!L ! l! /(e se tiene
!+ersi3nL i"%resion!d!L /(e !,r!d!L interro,!d!L +isit!d!L debilit!d!6$ ! de%!rted
#riend H(n !"i,o #!lleido6$ ! ,r!nted 7is& H(n deseo onedido6$ !n interested "!n
H(n &o"bre interes!do6M t&e "o7ed l!7n Hel 0s%ed se,!do6$ t&e neededL sentL
se7ed ob.et Hel ob.eto neesit!doL en+i!doL osido6$ !n or,!nizedL or,!nised NGBO
,ro(% H(n ,r(%o or,!niz!do6M ! "(& tro(bled rel!tions&i% H(n! rel!i3n "('
!,it!d!L t(rb(lent!6$ t&e s&r(n9 %(llo+er Hel .erse' eno,ido6$ t&e so7ed 7&e!t Hel
tri,o se"br!do6$ t&e stirred #eelin,s Hlos senti"ientos !,it!dos6$ t&e sto%%ed +e&ile
Hel +e&F(lo %!r!do61 D1 ;1<15C$ ;1@$ =15=5
2+ Kuede ir coordinado con otros ad%etivos, si /ace la funcin de ad%etivo1 E.14
T&e 7o"!n$ &!%%' !nd s!tis#ied$ t&!n9ed (s HL! "(.er$ ontent! ' s!tis#e&!$ nos
dio l!s ,r!i!s61
2+ Kuede ir detr!s de un nombreM nor"!l"ente es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do$ no
!d.eti+oM se sobrHe6entiende Q7&oL 7&i&L t&!tQ h +erbo QbeQ1 E.14 A ret(rn on t&eir
!%it!l H7&i&L t&!t is6 e"%lo'ed N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO e!& d!' HUn
rendi"iento sobre s( !%it!l H/(e es6 (s!do !d! dF!6M T&e %eo%le H7&oL t&!t !re6
interested N!d.eti+oO !re so"e #riends o# "ine HL! ,ente H/(e est6 interes!d! son
(nos !"i,os "Fos6M T&e %eo%le H7&o !re6 in+ol+ed N!d.eti+oO !re &ere HL! ,ente
H/(e est6 in+ol(r!d!L !#et!d! est !/(F6M >e &!+eL >eZ+e NGBO ! boo9 H7&i&L
t&!t is6 lined (% N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO #or 'o( HTene"os (n libro H/(e est6
%re%!r!do %!r! ti6M T&ere is ! lorr' NGBOL tr(9 NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Ht&!tL 7&i&
is6 %!r9ed N!d.eti+oO o(tside HE!' (n !"i3n H/(e est6 !%!r!do #(er!6M !"on, t&e
%l!es Ht&!t 7ere6 not +isited N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO Hentre los l(,!res H/(e6 no
H#(eron6 +isit!dos6M Send &er t&e letter Ht&!tL 7&i& is6 !lre!d' 7ritten N!d.eti+oO]
H\En+F!le ! ell! l! !rt! H/(e est6 '! esrit!]61
-+ Kuede ser complemento predicativoM (!ndo %(ede ser !d.eti+o$ es !d.eti+o '$
(!ndo no %(ede ser !d.eti+o$ es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 E.14 S&e del!red t&e
"!tterL lesson losed N!d.eti+oOL #inis&ed N!d.eti+oO HEll! dio el !s(nto %or
ter"in!doL l! lei3n %or e-%li!d!6M >e !n ,et "ore done N!d.eti+oO HPode"os
onse,(ir /(e se &!,! "s6M S&e ,ot t&e &o(se tidied (% N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO
HEll! orden3 l! !s!6M I 7!nt t&is le!ned N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOL %ressed
N!d.eti+oOL re%!ired N!d.eti+oOL 7!s&ed N!d.eti+oO$ et1 HJ(iero /(e H"e6 li"%ienL
%l!n&enL re%!renL l!+en$ et1$ esto6M I 7o(ld li9e t&is le!ned N%!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!doOL %ressed N!d.eti+oOL re%!ired N!d.eti+oOL 7!s&ed N!d.eti+oO$ et1 HMe
,(st!rF! /(e H"e6 li"%i!r!nL %l!n&!senL re%!r!r!nL l!+!sen$ et1$ esto6M Ee &!d t&e
!r %!r9ed N!d.eti+oO o(tside Hl tenF! el o&e !%!r!do #(er!61 D1 ;1<15C$ ;1@$
=15=5
3+ Kuede ir detr!s de un pronombre numeral cardinal o indefinidoM (!ndo
%(ede ser !d.eti+o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o$ es !d.eti+o '$ (!ndo no %(ede ser
!d.eti+o$ es %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM se sobrHe6entiende Q7&oL 7&i&L t&!tQ h +erbo
QbeQ entre el %rono"bre ' el !d.eti+o o %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 E.14 T&ere !re #o(rL
se+en H7&oL t&!t !re6 !d"itted N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOL !##eted N!d.eti+oOL !(,&t
N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOL 9illed N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO HE!' (!troL siete H/(e
estn6 !d"itidosL !#et!dosL o,idos NEs%!)!O NoO !tr!%!dosL "(ertos6M T&ere !renZt
!n' Ht&!t !re6 bro9en N!d.eti+oOL le!ned N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOL %!r9ed N!d.eti+oOL
re%!ired N!d.eti+oO HNo &!' nin,(no H/(e est06 rotoL li"%ioL !%!r!doL re%!r!do61
D1 ;1<15C$ ;1@$ =15=5
=15=:1I Aa algunas palabras 'ue terminan en 5ed 'ue pueden /acer la
funcin de ad%etivos o de participios de pasadoM (!ndo son !d.eti+os l!
ter"in!i3n Ied se %(ede %ron(ni!r o"o LIIdL o LIedL ' (!ndo son %!rtii%ios de
%!s!do o"o LIdL o LItL1 E.14 !(rsed LeR94sI d$ edL NGBO ' LeR94rsed$ I dL NUSAO
N!d.eti+o del!nte de (n no"breO H"!lditoHs6$ !Hs6L detest!bleHs66 ' LeR94stL NGBO
' LeR94rstL NUSAO N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO
H"!lditoHs6$ !Hs6L "!ldeidoHs6$ !Hs66$ !,ed LReIdI d$ edL N!d.eti+o del!nte de (n
no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO H!ni!noHs6$ !Hs6L +ie.oHs6$ !Hs66 ' LeIddL
N!d.eti+o detrs de (n no"bre o detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hde ed!d6 '
N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do detrs del +erbo Q&!+eQO Hen+e.eido6M blessed LRblesI d$ edL
N!d.eti+o del!nte de (n no"breO HbenditoHs6$ !Hs6L bien!+ent(r!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' LblestL
N%ret0rito ' %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hbendi.oL
bendeidoHs6$ !Hs6L benditoHs6$ !Hs66M r!bbed LR9rYbI d$ edL N!d.eti+o del!nte de (n
no"breO H&(r!)oHs6L s%eroHs6L o"%li!doHs66 ' L9rYbdL N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do
detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hre#(n#()!doL riti!do6M roo9ed LR9r(9I d$ edL
N!d.eti+o del!nte de (n no"breO HtoridoHs6$ !Hs6L tort(osoHs6$ !Hs6L des&onestoHs6$
!Hs66 ' L9r(9tL N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hdobl!doL
enor+!doL &e&o se)!s6M (rsed LR94sI d$ edL NGBO ' LR94rsed$ I dL NUSAO
N!d.eti+o del!nte de (n no"breO H"!lditoHs6L !Hs66 ' L94stL NGBO ' L94rstL NUSAO
N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO H"!lditoHs6$ !Hs6L
"!ldeidoHs6$ !Hs6L !/(e.!doHs6$ !Hs66M do,,ed LRdo,I d$ edL NGBO ' LRdo4,ed$ I dL
NUSA o LRd!4,ed$ I dLO N!d.eti+o del!nte de (n no"breO Hobstin!doHs6$ !Hs66L
ten!zHes66 ' Ldo,dL NGBO ' Ldo4,dL NUSA o Ld!4,dLO N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do detrs
de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO H%erse,(idoL %l!,!do6M .!,,ed LRdY,I d$ edL N!d.eti+o
del!nte de (n no"breO ' LdY,dL N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO Hdent!doL "ell!doL serr!do6M le!rned LRl4nI d$ edL NGBO ' LRl4rned$ I dL
NUSAO N!d.eti+o del!nte de (n no"breO Hs!bioHs6$ !Hs6L er(ditoHs6$ !Hs6L (ltoHs6$ !Hs66
' Ll4ndL NGBO ' Ll4rndL NUSAO N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do detrs de (n +erbo
o%(l!ti+oO H!%rendido6M r!,,ed LRrY,I d$ edL N!d.eti+o del!nte de (n no"breO
H&!r!%ientoHs6$ !Hs6L r!FdoHs6$ !Hs6L desi,(!lHes6L irre,(l!rHes66 ' LrY,dL N%!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!do detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hre,!)!doL #!stidi!doL to"!do el %elo6$
et1
Al,(nos de ellos son s3lo !d.eti+os ' no %!rtii%ios de %!s!do4 belo+ed LbIRlA+I d$
edL N!d.eti+o del!nte de (n no"breO H!"!doHs6$ !Hs66 ' LbIRlA+dL N!d.eti+o detrs de
(n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO H!"!doHs6$ !Hs66M r!,,ed NUSAO Ni r!,,' NGBO6 LR9rY,ed$
I dL Hes!r%!doL r(,oso6$ de(ed LR d.(4s I d$ edL NGB o LRd(4sI d$ edL o Ld(4stLO '
LR d(4s ed$ I dL NUSA o LRd.(4sed$ I dL o Ld(4stLO o Ld.(4stL H"!lditoL tre"endo6$
Rbo7HI6Rle,,edL Rbo7 Rle,,ed LRbo(Rle,I d$ H e6 dL H%!tiz!"bo6$ Rlon,IRle,,ed LIRle,I d$
H e6dL Hde %iern!s l!r,!s6$ n!9ed LRneI9I d$ edL Hdesn(do6$ r(,,ed LRrA,I d$ edL
Hes!r%!doL s%eroL d(roL b!stoL resistente6$ s!red LRseI9rI d$ edL Hs!,r!do6$
7i9ed LR7I9I d$ edL H"!l+!do6$ 7ret&ed LRret[I d$ edL Hdes,r!i!do61
=15=;1I Aa algunos verbos 'ue pueden ir seguidos de un complemento
directo D participio 4de+ pasadoM si el o"%le"ento direto es %rono"bre
%erson!l$ tiene /(e ser %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto4 !9no7led,e$ on#ess$ onsider$
del!re$ diso+er$ #!n' NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ #eel$ #ind$ ,et ND1 =15CO$ &!+e ND1
=15CO$ &e!r$ i"!,ine$ 9ee%$ le!+e$ li9e$ listen to$ loo9 !t$ "!9e$ notie$ obser+e$
%erei+e$ %ro+e$ re%ort$ re/(ire$ see$ see"$ send$ s&o7$ s%ot$ st!rt$ 7!nt$ 7!t&$
7is&1 E.14 IZll ,et it done Nindi! es#(erzoO HE!r0L *onse,(ir0 /(e lo &!,!nL Lo &!r0
H'o6 Nen s( tot!lid!d ' !(n/(e "e (este tr!b!.o i IZll do it HLo &!r0 H'o6$ %ero 0st!
no s(,iere t!nto es#(erzo ni nees!ri!"ente en s( tot!lid!dO6M IZll &!+e it done Nno
indi! es#(erzoO HLo &!rn N%or/(e dir0 /(e lo &!,!nO6M T&e' ,ot t&e "!&ine
re%!ired Nindi! es#(erzoO HEiieronL *onsi,(ieron /(e les re%!r!r!n l! "/(in!L
*onsi,(ieron re%!r!r l! "/(in! Hellos6L Re%!r!ron l! "/(in! Hellos6 Nen s(
tot!lid!d ' !(n/(e les ost!r! tr!b!.o i T&e' re%!ired t&e "!&ine HRe%!r!ron l!
"/(in! Hellos66$ %ero 0st! no s(,iere t!nto es#(erzo ni nees!ri!"ente en s(
tot!lid!dO6M T&e' &!d t&e "!&ine re%!ired Nno indi! es#(erzoO HLes re%!r!ron l!
"/(in! N%or/(e di.eron /(e les re%!r!r!n l! "/(in!O6M Ee &!s &!d &is %!ss%ort
stolen HLe &!n rob!do el %!s!%orte6M S&e "!de &ersel# disli9edL &!tedL &e!rdL li9edL
(nderstood HEll! se &izo des%rei!rL odi!rL oFrL /(ererL o"%render6M Ee o(ldnZt
"!9e &i"sel# &e!rd !bo+e t&e noise Hl no %odF! onse,(ir /(e le o'er!n on el
r(ido6M S&e s!7 &i" !##eted HEll! leL lo +io !#et!do61
E!' !l,(nos +erbos /(e %(eden ir se,(idos de (n o"%le"ento direto h bein, h
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM si el o"%le"ento direto es %rono"bre %erson!l$ tiene /(e
ser %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto4 !9no7led,e$ onsider$ diso+er$ #!n' NGB
%rini%!l"enteO$ #eel$ ,et$ ,li"%se$ &!+e$ &e!r$ i"!,ine$ 9ee%$ le!+e$ li9e$ listen to$
loo9 !t$ "!9e$ notie$ obser+e$ o+er&e!r$ %erei+e$ %ro+e$ re%ort$ re/(ire$ see$ send$
sense$ s&o7$ 7!nt$ 7!t&$ 7itness1 E.14 Ee s!7 t&e b(ildin, Ht&!tL 7&i& 7!s6 bein,
%(lled do7n Hl +io el edi#iio /(e se est!b! derrib!ndo6$ et1
Detrs de los si,(ientes +erbos se %(ede %oner (n o"%le"ento direto h Qto beQ h
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ' t!"bi0n se %(ede s(%ri"ir Uto beV4 !9no7led,e$ belie+e$
onsider$ del!re$ #ind$ H7o(ld6 &!te$ i"!,ine$ H7o(ld6 li9e$ H7o(ld6 lo+e$ need$
%re#er$ %rono(ne$ re%ort$ s(%%ose$ t&in9$ 7!nt1 E.14 EeZd li9e t&is boo9 Hto be6
%&otoo%ied Hl /(errF! /(e se #otoo%i!r! este libro6M S&e %re#erred t&e do, Hto be6
loo9ed !#ter HEll! %re#erF! /(e se (id!r! el %erro6M T&e' 7!nt t&e !r Hto be6 le!ned
HJ(ieren /(e se li"%ie el o&e6M Ee 7!nts it Hto be6 done Hl /(iere /(e se &!,!61
Detrs de los si,(ientes +erbos se %(ede %oner Qto beQ h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do '
t!"bi0n se %(ede s(%ri"ir Uto beV4 !%%e!r$ be !9no7led,ed$ be belie+ed$ be
onsidered$ be del!red$ be e-%eted$ be #o(nd$ be i"!,ined$ be %rono(ned$ be
%ro+ed$ be re%orted$ be t&o(,&t$ loo9$ order$ %ro+e$ see"$ t(rn o(t$ et1 E.14 T&e'
7ere re%orted Hto be6 9illed HSe rel!t3 /(e est!b!n "(ertos61
Se %(ede s(%ri"ir Uto &!+eV detrs del +erbo UbeV1 E.14 >&!t s&e &!s done is Hto
&!+e6 loo9ed !#ter &i" HLo /(e ell! &! &e&o es &!berle (id!do6$ %ero se die "s
U>&!t s&e &!s done is Hto6 loo9 !#ter &i"V HLo /(e ell! &! &e&o es (id!rle61
=15=<1I El participio 4de+ pasado en ingls literario puede ir detr!s de un
nombre o sintagma nominal e'uivale a una oracin subordinada de relativo
especificativaM en in,l0s estnd!r se s(ele %oner el rel!ti+o se,(ido del +erbo QbeQ1
E.14 T&e 7o"!n H7&o isL 7!s6 desribed in t&e no+el isL 7!s ! &istori!l &!r!ter
HL! "(.er H/(e esL er! NoO #(e6 desrit! en l! no+el! esL er! NoO #(e (n %erson!.e
&ist3rio6M En,lis& Ht&!tL 7&i& is6 "!de e!s' HEl in,l0s &e&o #ilL El in,l0s /(e
se &!e #il6M T&e !r Ht&!t 7!s6 obt!ined is &ere HEl o&e H/(e #(e6 obtenido est
!/(F6M Ee is t&e diretor H7&o isL 7!s6 !R%%ointed to t&e %ost #or Rli#e Hl es el
diretor H/(e esL er! NoO #(e6 no"br!do %!r! el %(esto de %or +id!6M Ee is in #!+o(r
NGBOL #!+or NUSAO o# ! #ore Ht&!t s&o(ld be6 sent Hl est ! #!+or de /(e se en+Fe
(n! #(erz!6M Ee 7o(ld li9e Ht&!t6 t&e boo9 Hs&o(ld beL 7ereL be6 bo(,&t t&ere Hl
%re#erirF! /(e se o"%r!r! el libro !&FL !llF6M ItZs ! re%ort on t&e e##orts Ht&!tL 7&i&
!re6 bein, "!de to re%!ir t&e d!"!,e HEs (n re%ort!.e sobre los es#(erzos /(e se
estn &!iendo %!r! re%!r!r los d!)os61
=15==1I Aa participios de pasado 'ue se pueden formar por derivacin
aLadiendo los siguientes prefi%os" be5, co5, counter5, de5, dis5, em5, en5, fore5,
in5# en5, inter5, mal5, mis5, non, out5, over5, pre5, re5, semi5, sub5, super5, trans5,
un5, under5, ,it/51 E.14 be#riended H&e&oHs6$ !Hs6 !"i,oHs6$ !Hs6 de6$ oHI6st!rred
H%rot!,oniz!doHs6$ !Hs66$ o(nterb!l!ned Hontr!%es!doHs6$ !Hs66$ de"onstr!ted
Hde"ostr!doHs6$ !Hs6L "!ni#est!doHs6$ !Hs66$ disli9ed Hdis,(st!doHs6$ !Hs66$ dis"issed
Hdes%edidoHs6$ !Hs66$ e"bedded Henterr!doHs6$ !Hs6L inr(st!doHs6$ !Hs66$ enirled
Hrode!doHs6$ !Hs66$ en7r!%%ed N"s (s!doOL in7r!%%ed Hen+(eltoHs6$ !Hs66$ #ore,one
H%reedidoHs6$ !Hs66$ interrel!ted Hinterrel!ion!doHs6$ !Hs66$ "!ltre!ted N"enos
(s!doO NoO "istre!ted N"s (s!doO NoO illItre!ted N"s (s!doO H"!ltr!t!doHs6$ !Hs66$
"isin#or"ed H"!l in#or"!doHs6$ !Hs66$ non%l(ssed NoO non%l(sed NUSAO
Hdesonert!doHs6$ !Hs6L on#(ndidoHs6$ !Hs66$ o(tli+ed Hsobre+i+ido6$ o+er!##eted
H"(' !#et!doHs6$ !Hs66$ %redis%osed H%redis%(estoHs6$ !Hs66$ re%rod(ed
Hre%rod(idoHs6$ !Hs66$ (n%l(,,ed Hdesen&(#!doHs6$ !Hs66$ se"idestro'ed
Hse"idestroz!doHs6$ !Hs66$ s(bre%resented Hter,i+ers!doHs6$ !Hs6L de#or"!doHs6$ !Hs66$
s(%ers!t(r!ted Hs(%ers!t(r!doHs6$ !Hs66$ tr!ns#or"ed Htr!ns#or"!doHs6$ !Hs66$
(nonerned Hno !#et!doHs6$ !Hs66$ (nder+!l(ed Hin#r!+!lor!doHs6$ !Hs66$ 7it&dr!7n
Hretir!doHs6$ !Hs661
=15=?1I Dificultades en el uso de algunos verbos normales1
*+ =lgunos verbos son transitivos en ingls e intransitivos en castellanoM !
+ees$ en !stell!no el +erbo es tr!nsiti+o t!"bi0n$ %ero el o"%le"ento direto en
in,l0s orres%onde !l o"%le"ento indireto en !stell!no$ no !l o"%le"ento
direto1 E.14 T&e' !b(sed (sL !lo&ol HAb(s!ron de nosotrosL del !lo&ol6M S&e
!essed lo!l in#or"!tionL t&e Internet HEll! t(+o !esoL !edi3 ! l! in#or"!i3n
lo!lL Internet6M Ee !i"edL %ointed t&e ri#le !t (s Hl nos !%(nt3 on el ri#le6M S&e
!%%ro!&ed t&e %ort HEll! se !er3 !l %(erto6M T&e /(een !sended t&e t&rone Nen
otros sentidos %(ede ser t!"bi0n intr!nsiti+oO HL! rein! !sendi3 !l trono6M S&e
!ttended t&e "eetin,L 7eddin, HEll! !sisti3 ! l! re(ni3nL bod!6M It beo"es &er HLe
on+iene ! ell!6M Ee bo"bed t&e &otel Hl %(so (n! bo"b! en el &otel6M S&e
&!n,ed &er .ob HEll! !"bi3 de e"%leo6M Ee ontrib(ted ten e(ros Hl ontrib('3
on diez e(ros6M S&e di+ored &i" HEll! se di+ori3 de 0l6M S&e en.o's t&e 7!l9 HEll!
dis#r(t! del %!seo6M Ee entered t&e roo" Hl entr3 en l! &!bit!i3n6M T&e' es!%ed
%(nis&"ent HSe libr!ron de ser !sti,!dos6M Ee #ore7ent t&is Hl ren(ni3 ! esto6M
S&e &it t&e t!r,et HEll! dio en l! di!n!6M S&e i,nored t&is HEll! &izo !so o"iso deL
no &izo !so ! esto6M Hsb6 in(rM Ee l!9ed "one' N%(ede ser t!"bi0n intr!nsiti+o en
in,l0sO Hl !reF! de dinero6M T&e' l!9 H#or6 not&in, HNo les #!lt! de n!d!6M Ee le#t
*olor!do Hl se "!r&3 deHl est!do de6 *olor!do6M Ee "!rried &er Hl se !s3 on
ell!6M S&e "istr(sted &i" HEll! deson#i!b! de 0l6M S&e "o9ed &i" HEll! se b(rl3
de 0l6M S&eZs ne!rin, &er destin!tion HEll! se est !er!ndo ! s( destino6M T&e'
notied t&e &!n,e HSe dieron (ent! del !"bio6M o%%ose st&L sb Ho%onerse ! !l,oL
!l,(ien6M S&e o(tli+ed &er &(sb!nd HEll! sobre+i+i3 ! s( "!rido6M T&e' %enetr!ted
t&e b(ildin, HPenetr!ron en el edi#iio6M T&e' %l!'ed &ess Hj(,!ron !l !.edrez6M It
%le!sed &er HLe !,r!d3 ! ell!6M Ee r!es t&is !rL &orse Hl orre on este o&eL
!b!llo6M T&e' re!&ed t&e !ir%ort HLle,!ron !l !ero%(erto6M Ee re!&ed t&e l!d' Hl
se %(so en ont!to on l! se)or!6M S&e reno(ned &er ri,&t HEll! ren(ni3 ! s(
dere&o6M Ee rese"bles &is #!t&er Hl se %!ree ! s( %!dre6M T&e' robbed (s o# t&e
"one' HNos rob!ron el dinero6M S&e s(eeded &er "ot&er HEll! s(edi3 ! s(
"!dre6M It s(its (s HNos +iene bien6M Ee s(s%ets &er Hl sos%e&! de ell!6M T&e'
to(red t&e o(ntr' HEiieron (n! ,ir! %or el %!Fs6M T&e' tr(st (s H*on#F!n en
nosotros6$ et1
Al,(nos +erbos Host$ #i,&t$ #lee$ r!in$ re%ent$ retr!t$ st!'$ s(r+i+e$ t!l9$ tr!+el$ et16
%(eden (s!rse o"o tr!nsiti+os e intr!nsiti+os en in,l0s$ "ientr!s /(e en !stell!no
son sie"%re intr!nsiti+os1 E.14 It osts "one'L ! #ort(ne Nen !stell!no l! Re!l
A!de"i! lo onsider! intr!nsiti+o %or/(e no %(ede ir en %!si+! ' Q"one'L !
#ort(neQ se onsider!n !d+erbios de !ntid!dO H*(est! dineroL (n! #ort(n!6M T&e'
#o(,&t Hin6 "!n' b!ttles HL(&!ron en "(&!s b!t!ll!s6M S&e #led t&e o(ntr' HEll!
&('3 del %!Fs6 ' US&e #led #ro"L to t&e e"b!ss'V HEll! &('3 deL ! l! e"b!.!d!6M Ee
r!ined ins(lts on (s Hl nos de.3 !er (n! ll(+i!L !nd!n!d! de ins(ltos sobre
nosotros6M S&e 7ill re%ent Ho#6 &er deeds HEll! se !rre%entir de s(s &e&os6M S&e
st!'ed t&e ni,&t HEll! se /(ed3 d(r!nte l! no&e6 ' US&e st!'ed d(rin, ! 7ee9V
HEll! se /(ed3 d(r!nte (n! se"!n!6M Ee s(r+i+ed Ht&e !identL t&e risisL t&e
e-%losionL &is 7i#e6 Hl sobre+i+i3 H!l !identeL ! l! risisL ! l! e-%losi3nL ! s(
"(.er66M T&e' t!l9 !n,(is&L b(sinessL ,ol#L eono"isL eono"'L bi, "one'L
nonsenseL %e!eL %olitis$ et1 Nin,l0s olo/(i!l ' on Q!bo(tQ4 in,l0s estnd!rM
Qt!l9Q es "s olo/(i!l /(e Qs%e!9Q ' s(elen ser sin3ni"os %ero en este !so no se
%(ede (s!r Qs%e!9QO HE!bl!n de l! !n,(sti!L los ne,oiosL ,ol#L eono"F!L l!
eono"F!L "(&o dineroL tonterF!sL %!zL %olFti!6M >eZre t!l9in, &("!n !n,(is&
HEst!"os &!bl!ndo de l! !n,(sti! &("!n!6M T&e'Zre t!l9in, r(bbis& HEstn
&!bl!ndo de NoO sobre l! b!s(r!L Estn diiendo tonterF!s NoO est(%idees6$ et1
M(&os +erbos H%ros%er$ +ote$ et16 %(eden ser tr!nsiti+os e intr!nsiti+os en in,l0s '
en !stell!no1
Al,(nos +erbos o"o Qs%e!9Q %(eden ser tr!nsiti+os e intr!nsiti+os en in,l0s ' en
!stell!no$ %ero ! +ees no oiniden en el (so1 E.14 T&e' do(bt &is sinerit'L !bo(t
&is sinerit' HD(d!n de s( sinerid!d6M T&e' r!n ! r!e HE&!ron (n! !rrer!6M S&e
re"e"bered &i" HEll! se !ord!b! de 0lL le reord!b!6M T&e' s&ot &i" HLe %e,!ron
(n tiro ! 0l6$ et1
Otros +erbos nor"!les o"o Q!d"it H56$ boo9 H86$ o"%ro"ise H:6$ rene7 H;6$ +isit
H<6Q$ et1$ %(eden ser tr!nsiti+os en in,l0s ' en !stell!no (!ndo si,ni#i!n Hde.!r
entr!rL in,res!rL reonoer NoO !d"itir H56$ reser+!rL %edir NoO onert!rL ontr!t!rL
"(lt!rL !not!rL !"onest!r NGBO H86$ o"%ro"eterL %oner en %eli,ro H:6$ reno+!rL
re!n(d!rL !"bi!rL re%onerL re!+i+!r H;6$ +isit!r H<66 e intr!nsiti+os s3lo en in,l0s
H!d"it o# Nliter!rioOL ontoL to H56$ &!er (n! reser+! H86$ tr!nsi,irL lle,!r ! (n !rre,lo
H:6$ reno+!rseL re!n(d!rse H;6$ &!er (n! +isit!L est!r de +isit! H<661
2+ =lgunos verbos son intransitivos en ingls transitivos en castellano1 E.14
T&e' deser+e better HMereen "e.or tr!to6$ et1
2+ =lgunos verbos son intransitivos en ingls reflexivos o falsos reflexivos en
castellano1 D1 <1581:
-+ =lgunos verbos llevan complemento de rgimen preposicional en ingls en
castellano son transitivos1 E.14 It !o(nts #or &er !bsene HE-%li! s( !(seni!6M
S&e !ts #or &i" HEll! le re%resent! ! 0l6M T&e' !i"ed !t "e HMe !%(nt!ron6M T&e'
!%%l' #or ! .ob HPidenL Soliit!n (n e"%leo6M S&e !s9ed (s #or "one' HEll! nos
%idi3 dinero6M Ee !s9ed &er #or t&e !ddress Hl le %idi3 ! ell! l! direi3n6M S&e is
!%%rei!ti+e o# t&is HEll! !,r!dee esto6M S&e o(ld ne+er onei+e o# s(& ! %l!n
HEll! n(n! %(do onebir t!l %l!n6M S&e ,rie+ed o+er MrH16 S%!rro7Zs de!t& HEll!
l!"ent!b! l! "(erte del Sr1 S16M S&e .("%ed !t t&e &!ne HEll! se !%res(r3 !
!%ro+e&!r l! o%ort(nid!d6M >e listened to &i" HLe es(&!"os6M S&e loo9ed !t (s
HEll! nos "ir36M S&e loo9ed #or ! blenderL li/(idizerL li/(idiser NGBO HEll! b(s3
(n! li(!dor!6M T&e' "!de (% #or t&e loss H*o"%ens!ron l! %0rdid!6M Ee o%er!ted
on &er #or !%%endiitis Hl l! o%er3 de !%endiitis6M Ee %!id #or t&e
7!s&st!nd LR7o[stYndL NGBO ' LR7o4[stYndL NUSA o LR7!4ILO Hl %!,3 el l!+!bo6M Ee
%ointed !t ! "i-er Hl se)!l3 (n! b!tidor!6M Ee %ointed to t&is Hl se)!l3 esto6M Ee
%(t (% 7it& t&e noise Hl !,(!nt3 el r(ido6M T&!t re"inds &i" o# t&e !ident HEso le
re(erd! el !idente6M Ee st!red !t &er Hl l! "ir3 #i.!"ente6M T&e' 7onZt st!nd #or
t&!t HNo toler!rn esoL !/(ello6M Ee too9 !d+!nt!,e o# t&e o##er Hl !%ro+e&3 l!
o#ert!6M T&e' 7!ited #or &er HL! es%er!ron6M T&e' 7is& #or !
7!s&b!sin LR7o[beIsHe6nL NGBO ' LR7o4[beIsHe6nL NUSA o LR7!4ILOL
7!s&bo7l LR7o[bo(lL NGBO ' LR7o4[bo(lL NUSA o LR7!4ILO HDese!n (n l!+!boL (n!
%!l!n,!n! NoO .o#!in!61
3+ =lgunos verbos son transitivos en ingls transitivos o intransitivos en
castellano4 dis(ss$ en.o'$ i"%!t$ in#l(ene$ et1 E.14 T&e' dis(ssed t&is %roble"
Ni T&e' &!d ! dis(ssion !bo(t t&is %roble"O HDis(tieron Hsobre6 este %roble"!6M
Ee en.o'ed t&e 7!l9 Hl dis#r(t3 elL del %!seo6M Ee in#l(ened &er Hl l! in#l(eni3L
in#l('3 en ell!6$ et1 Al,(nos +erbos H!nel$ dr'$ sell$ +isit$ et16 son tr!nsiti+os o
intr!nsiti+os en in,l0s ' tr!nsiti+os en !stell!no1 E.14 S&e 7!s&es !nd &e dries HEll!
l!+! ' 0l lo Nl! +!.ill!L los %l!tos$ et1O se!6M Ee +isited &er Hl l! +isit36$ %ero US&eZs
.(st +isitin,V HEll! s3lo est de +isit!L &!iendo (n! +isit!6$ et1
6+ En ingls se usa el verbo ;come< en castellano se traduce por ;venir< pero
en ciertos casos se utili)a este verbo en ingls e'uivale al verbo ;ir< o ;llegar<
en castellano"
!6 *(!ndo (n! %erson! "enion! el l(,!r !l /(e +! ' otr! %erson! dese!
!o"%!)!rl! %or/(e &! sido in+it!d!1 E.14 A4 LetZs ,o to &!+e ! drin9] Nliter!rioO
H\D!H'!6"os ! to"!r !l,o]6L LetZs ,o !nd &!+e ! drin9] H\D!H'!6"os ' to"e"os
!l,o] Nliter!rioOL \D!"os ! to"!r !l,o Nolo/(i!lO]61 B4 IZll o"e 7it& 'o( HDo'
onti,o61
b6 *(!ndo (n! %erson! "enion! el l(,!r !l /(e +! ' otr! %erson! dese!
!o"%!)!rl! !(n/(e no &! sido in+it!d!1 E.14 A4 I 7!nt to see t&e !t&edr!l HJ(iero
+er l! !tedr!l61 B4 >!it$ IZll o"e 7it& 'o(] H\Es%er!$ +o' ! ir onti,o]6L *!n I
o"e 7it& 'o(T HWP(edo ir onti,oT61
6 *(!ndo se &!bl! on otr! %erson! ' se indi! /(e (no /(iere ir donde est l! otr!
%erson!1 E.14 A4 P!(l$ dinner is re!d' HP!blo$ l! en! est list!61 B4 IZ" o"in,] H\m!
+o']6M A4 Non t&e %&one #ro" LondonO >&en !re 'o( o"in,T HN!l tel0#ono desde
LondresO W*(ndo +!s ! +enirT61 B4 N#ro" M!dridO IZ" o"in, in j(l' HNdesde
M!dridO Do' ! ir en .(lio61
d6 *(!ndo se die %or orreo (ndo se +! ! ir donde est l! otr! %erson!1 E.14 IZll
o"e to 'o(r %l!e so"e ti"e ne-t "ont& HIr0 ! donde +i+es (n dF! del "es /(e
+iene61
e6 P(ede si,ni#i!r QirQ (!ndo indi! el l(,!r en el /(e +! !l,o1 E.14 T&e +erb o"es
!t t&e end o# t&e sentene HEl +erbo +! !l #in!l de l! or!i3n61
#6 P(ede si,ni#i!r QirQ en l! #r!se Q*o"e$ o"e]Q N%!r! "ostr!r des!(erdoO
H\D!"os$ +!"osL d!le]61
,6 P(ede si,ni#i!r Qlle,!r !Q (!ndo +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+oM no tiene +!lor
#in!l1 E.14 IZ+e o"e to li9e &er HEll! &! lle,!do ! ,(st!r"e61
&6 P(ede si,ni#i! Qlle,!rQ (!ndo (n! %erson! e-%li! ! otr! 3"o lle,!r ! (n sitio1
E.14 T!9e t&is ro!d$ t&en 'o(Zll o"e to ! rossro!ds] H\Dete %or est! !lle$ l(e,o
lle,!rs ! (n r(e]61
i6 P(ede si,ni#i!r Qlle,!rQ (!ndo o(rre !l,o1 E.14 De!t& o"es to !ll HL! "(erte
lle,! ! todos6M S&e !"e #irst HEll! lle,3 l! %ri"er!61
8+ El verbo normal MbringM normalmente se traduce por ;traer<, pero puede
ser tambin e'uivalente de Mta1eM significar ;llevar<"
!6 *(!ndo se &!bl! on otr! %erson! ' se indi! /(e (no /(iere lle+!r !l,o donde
est l! otr! %erson!1 E.14 A4 P!(l$ brin,L #et& "e t&e o!t] H\P!blo$ tre"e l!
&!/(et!]61 B4 IZll brin,L #et& 'o( t&e o!t HTe lle+o l! &!/(et!6M S&!ll I brin,
so"e !9es to 'o(r %!rt'T HWLle+o (nos %!steles ! t( #iest!T61
b6 *(!ndo se die %or orreo (ndo se +! ! lle+!r !l,o donde est l! otr! %erson!1
E.14 IZll brin, 'o( so"e o# t&e st(## ne-t "ont& HTe lle+!r0 !l,o del "!teri!l el "es
/(e +iene61
6 En !l,(nos otros !sos1 E.14 T&is brin,s (s to !not&er side o# t&e /(estion HEsto
nos lle+! ! otro !s%eto de l! (estionL del te"!61
9+ En ingls se usa el verbo MleaveM cuando en castellano se utili)a el verbo
Molvidar 4un ob%eto en alguna parte+M1 E.14 Ee le#t t&e ("brell! &ere 'esterd!'
Hl ol+id3 el %!r!,(!s !/(F !'er61
0+ Kuede resultar dif(cil usar bien los verbos MsaM MtellMM el +erbo QtellQ
(!ndo si,ni#i! UdeirV s(ele lle+!r (n o"%le"ento indiretoM %(ede lle+!r (n
o"%le"ento direto$ !de"s del o"%le"ento indireto$ o noM el o"%le"ento
indireto no +! %reedido de l! %re%osii3n UtoV$ si +! del!nte del o"%le"ento
direto$ ' on di&! %re%osii3n si +! detrsM s3lo en !l,(n!s e-%resiones lle+! (n
o"%le"ento direto no re#erido ! (n ser +i+o sin (n o"%le"ento indiretoM se (s!
s3lo el +erbo QtellQ on l!s si,(ientes %!l!br!s /(e &!en de o"%le"ento direto4
Qt&e di##erene H+erL not!r l! di#ereni!6$ ! dre!"L dre!"s Hont!r (n s(e)oL
s(e)os6$ ! lot o# ,ossi% Hont!rL deir "(&os &is"es6$ ! .o9eL .o9es Hont!r (n
&isteL &istes6$ t&e h !d.eti+o h len,t& H!l(l!r l! h !d.eti+o h lon,it(d6$ ! lieL lies
HdeirL ont!r (n! "entir!L "entir!s6$ t&e ne7s Hont!rL deir l!s notii!s6$ oneZs
!,e H!l(l!r l! ed!d de (no6$ oneZs be!ds Hrez!rL deir el ros!rio6$ oneZs n!"e Hdeir
el no"bre de (no6$ oneZs sins Hont!rL deir los %e!dos de (no6$ t&e %rie Hdeir el
%reio6$ ! seretL serets Hont!r (n seretoL seretos6$ sb ! t&in, or t7o Hdeirle !
!l,(ien (n!s (!nt!s os!s6$ ! stor'L stories Hont!r (n! &istoriHet6!L &istoriHet6!s6$ !
t!leL t&e t!leL t!les Hont!r (n (entoL el (entoL (entos6$ t&e" !%!rt Nen ne,!ti+! e
interrro,!ti+!O Hdistin,(irlos el (no del otro6$ Rti"e NUSAO Hdeir l! &or!6L t&e Rti"e
HdeirL d!r l! &or!6$ t&e tr(t& Nse %(ede deir t!"bi0n Qs%e!9 t&e tr(t&QO Hont!rL
deir l! +erd!d6$ !n (ntr(t& HdeirL ont!r (n! "entir!6$ t&e 7!'Q Hdeir el !"inoL
%or d3nde ir6$ .(nto on (n o"%le"ento indireto o sin 0l1
Se (s! s3lo QtellQ h o"%le"ento indireto sin QtoQ h Q&o7 toQ h in#initi+o4 S&e told
&i" &o7 to oo9 HEll! le ense)3 ! oin!rL di.o 3"o se oin!b!61
Se (s! QtellQ nor"!l"ente en estilo indireto4 Ee told &er !bo(t t&e Ro##ee"!9erL
Ro##ee%ot Hl le &!bl3 ! ell! de l! !#eter! N%!r! &!er !#0OL l! !#eter! N%!r!
ser+irloO6M %(ede lle+!r de o"%le"ento direto (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!$ on
o"%le"ento indireto o sin 0l4 mo( !n tell H&i"6 Ht&!t6 s&eZs Britis& HP(edeHs6
deirHle ! 0l6 /(e ell! es britni!6M se die UTi"e 7ill tell Ns!'4 no %onerOV HEl
tie"%o dir6M mo( ne+er !n tell HN(n! se s!be61
El +erbo Qs!'Q$ /(e se tr!d(e %or UdeirL reit!rV$ s(ele lle+!r (n o"%le"ento
direto$ ,ener!l"ente sin o"%le"ento indireto4 T&e' s!id so"et&in,L not&in,
HDi.eron !l,oL No di.eron n!d!6M %(ede lle+!r (n o"%le"ento indireto %reedido
de l! %re%osii3n UtoV$ del!nte o detrs del o"%le"ento direto$ sobre todo en
estilo indireto4 Ee s!id to &er N"enos (s!doO t&!t it 7!s i"%ossibleL Ee told &er
N"s (s!doO t&!t it 7!s i"%ossible Hl le di.o ! ell! /(e er! i"%osible6M S&e s!id
so"et&in, to t&e 7!iter HEll! di.o !l,o !l !"!rero6M se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n sin
o"%le"ento indireto del!nte de (n! %!l!br!$ (n! #r!se o (n! or!i3n en estilo
diretoM se (s! Qs!'Q ' no QtellQ on Q#!re7ell to sb$ #ond #!re7ells$ ,oodb'e$ ,ood
!#ternoonL "ornin,L ni,&tL e+enin,$ "!ss$ ! n!"e$ no$ no "ore$ not&in,$ ! n("ber$
oneZs #!re7ells$ ! %&r!se$ ! %r!'er$ %r!'ers$ t&e e+enin, %r!'ers$ oneZs %r!'ers$ !
sentene$ so$ so"et&in,$ sorr'$ ! 7ordL so"e 7ords$ 'esQM A4 Is it tr(eT B4 ItZs +er'
di##i(lt to s!' Ntell4 no %onerO HEs "(' di#Fil deirloL de deir6M ! +ees se %(eden
(s!r los dos4 S&e s!id t&e ri,&tL 7ron, t&in,L ! d!te to (sL S&e s!id to (s t&e ri,&tL
7ron, t&in,L ! d!teL S&e told (s t&e ri,&tL 7ron, t&in,L ! d!te HEll! nos di.o lo /(e
tenF! /(e deirL lo /(e no tenF! /(e deirL (n! #e&!61
*:+ El verbo MlendM significa MprestarM Mborro,M significa Mpedir
prestadoM.
**+ El verbo MdropM, transitivo, significa Mde%ar caerM MfallM, intransitivo,
significa Mcaer4se+M.
*2+ El verbo MriseM, intransitivo, significa MlevantarseM MraiseM, transitivo,
significa MlevantarM.
=15=@1I El ingls /ace un uso m!s espec(fico 'ue el castellano en ciertos sentidos
o"o los +erbos /(e se (s!n %!r! iert!s !iones4 be!t t&e e,,s Hb!tir los &(e+os6$
sr!"ble e,,s H&!er &(e+os re+(eltos6M &o% onions Htroe!r eboll!s6$ die !rrots
Htroe!r z!n!&ori!s6$ slie onions H&!er rod!.!s de eboll!6M o!t 7it& #r(it H(brir
on #r(t!6$ dr!in t&e %!st! Hde.!r es(rrir l! %!st!6$ ,l!ze t&e &!"L !rrotsL #r(itL
%!str' H,l!se!r el .!"3nL l!s z!n!&ori!sL l! #r(t!L l! %!st!6$ ,r!te &eese H,r!tin!r
/(eso6$ ,re!se t&e #r'in, %!n 7it& oil He&!r !eite en l! s!rt0n6$ 9ne!d t&e do(,&
H!"!s!r l! %!st!6$ "!s& t&e %ot!toes H&!er %(r0 de %!t!t!s6M %eel %ot!toesL !%%lesL
b!n!n!s H%el!r %!t!t!sL "!nz!n!sL %lt!nos6$ s&ell %e!sL n(tsL e,,sL %r!7ns H%el!r
,(is!ntesL !+ell!n!sL &(e+osL ,!"b!s6$ s&ell l!"sL "(ssels H/(it!rle l! on&! !
l!s !l"e.!sL los "e.illones6M s&red lett(e Htroe!r le&(,!6$ si#t t&e #lo(r Ht!"iz!r l!
&!rin!6$ toss t&e s!l!d Hre+ol+er l! ens!l!d!6$ et1
=15=B1I Tanto en ingls como en castellano se usan verbos de movimiento 'ue
tienen algBn mati) distinto1
*+ Tonos de lu)4 be!" Hdestell!rL brill!r6$ bl!ze Hbrill!rL res%l!ndeer6$ d!zzle
Hdesl("br!r6$ #l!re Hres%l!ndeer6$ #l!s& Hdestell!rL brill!r Non l(z inter"itenteO6$
#li9er H%!r%!de!r6$ #loodli,&t Hil("in!r on #oos6$ ,l!re Hbrill!r
Ndesl("br!dor!"ente on l(z #i.!O6$ ,le!" Hres%l!ndeerL rel(ir N%lid!"ente on
l(z #i.!O6$ ,li""er Hentelle!rL brill!r on l(z ten(e ' +!il!nte Non l(z
inter"itenteO6$ ,lint Hentelle!rL destell!r No"o en (n! s(%er#iie so"brF!O6$ ,listen
Hbrill!rL res%l!ndeer No"o en (n! s(%er#iie "o.!d! on l(z #i.!O6$ ,litter
Nestnd!rOL ,lister N!r!ioO Hbrill!rL res%l!ndeer Non ,r!n l(z inter"itenteO N%!r!
ob.etos$ no %erson!sO6$ ,lo7 Hres%l!ndeerL brill!rL e"itir (n! l(z di#(s! ro.iz! Non
l(z #i.!O6$ ill("in!te Hil("in!r6$ sintill!te Hentelle!r6$ s&een Hbrill!rL res%l!ndeer6$
s&i""er Hbrill!r Non l(z inter"itenteO6$ s&ine Hbrill!r Non l(z #i.!O6$ s%!r9le
H&is%e!rL brill!r Non l(z inter"itenteO Nt!"bi0n %!r! %erson!sO6$ t7in9le Hbrill!rL
titil!r Non l(z inter"itenteO61
2+ Formas de mirar# ver4 be&old Nliter!rioO Honte"%l!r6$ blin9 H"ir!r entorn!ndo
los o.osL %est!)e!r6$ onte"%l!te Honte"%l!r6$ disern Hdistin,(ir Ni seeO6$
distin,(is& Hdistin,(irL +isl("br!r6$ e-!"ine He-!"in!rL re+is!rL ins%eion!r6$ e'e
H(%6 sbL st& H"ir!rL obser+!rL o.e!r ! !l,(ienL !l,o Ndetenid!"enteL
sos%e&os!"ente$ et1O6$ #!e H"ir!r N!l norte$ et1O6$ #ro7n !t sb H"ir!r ! !l,(ien
on el e)o #r(nido NoO %onerle !r! de %oos !"i,os ! !l,(ien6$ ,!%e H"ir!r Non
l! bo! !biert!O6$ ,!79 Nolo/(i!lO H"ir!r e"bob!do6$ ,!7% NoO ,!(% NGB4
olo/(i!l4 %e'or!ti+oO H"ir!r N&!iendo el tonto4 on l! bo! !biert!$ et1O6$ ,!ze
H"ir!r Nl!r,! NoO #i.!"ente on !so"broL !d"ir!i3nL s!tis#!i3n sin #i.!rse en
n!d! onretoO6$ ,l!ne Ho.e!rL "ir!r Nde %ris!O6$ ,l!re H"ir!r Non ir!O6$ ,li"%se
Hentre+erL +isl("br!r N"o"entne!"enteO6$ ,lo7er H"ir!r on e)o6$ ,o,,le
N%e'or!ti+oO H"ir!r Non los o.os desorbit!dosO6$ ins%et Hins%eion!r6$ leer H"ir!r
Nl!si+! NoO init!nte"enteO6$ loo9 !t H"ir!r N#i.ndose H!6 !l,o onreto sin
"o+i"ientoO6$ loo9 #or Hb(s!r N#i.ndose en !l,o onretoO6$ notie Hnot!r6$ obser+e
Hobser+!r6$ o,le He&!r "ir!d!s init!ntesL o"erse on los o.os6$ %ee9 H"ir!r
N#(rti+!"enteL ! &(rt!dill!sOL e&!r (n! "ir!d! r%id!6$ %ee% H"ir!r N#(rti+!"enteL !
&(rt!dill!sOL #is,!rL !tisb!r6$ %eer H!so"!rL es(dri)!rL "ir!r Non di#i(lt!d %or #!lt!
de l(z NoO %o! +ist!O6$ %erei+e H%eribir Ni seeO6$ %r' H!tisb!rL es(dri)!r6$ re,!rd
Hobser+!rL "ir!r6$ s!n Hes(dri)!rL esr(t!rL leer r%id!"enteL e&!rle (n +ist!zo !L
reorrer on l! +ist!6$ so7l !t sb H"ir!r ! !l,(ien on el e)o #r(nido NoO %onerle
!r! de %oos !"i,os ! !l,(ien6$ see H+er6$ si,&t Hdi+is!rL !+ist!rL +er6$ sneer !t sb
H"ir!r desde)os!"ente ! !l,(ien6$ s%ot H+erL di+is!r6$ s%' H!+ist!rL !tisb!r6$ s/(int
Hbiz/(e!r6$ s/(int !t sbL st& H"ir!r ! !l,(ienL !l,o entreerr!ndo los o.os6$ st!re H#i.!r
l! +ist! Nen !l,oL !l,(ien onretoM %(ede ser desort0sO6$ st(d' Hest(di!r6$ s(r+e'
Honte"%l!rL "ir!r6$ +ie7 H+er6$ 7!t& H"ir!r N!l,o en "o+i"ientoO6$ et1
2+ Formas de comer4 Peo%le e!tL ,obble Hdo7nL (%6L ,(l%L in,est #ood HL! ,ente
o"eL en,(lle NoO Hse6 tr!,!L en,(lle NoO Hse6 tr!,!L in,iere o"id!6M Ti,ers de+o(r
HLos ti,res de+or!n6M T(r9e's ,obble LR,obelL NGBO ' LR,!4belL NUSAO st& HLos
%!+os en,(llen !l,o6M *o7s &e7 HL!s +!!s r("i!n6$ et1
-+ Formas de emitir sonidos4 A %erson b!7lsL bl(bbers Nolo/(i!lOL riesL ries
o(tL ro!9sL ,r(ntsL &o7lsL sre!"sL sree&esL s&o(tsL s&rie9sL sobsL s%e!9sL
s/(!79sL s/(e!lsL 7!ilsL 7ee%s Nliter!rioOL 7&i"%ersL 'ells HUn! %erson! +oe!L
llor! ! l,ri"! +i+!L llor! No O ,rit!L ,rit!L &!bl! on +oz ron!L re#(n#()!L +oe!L
,rit! No O &ill!L ,rit! No O &ill!L ,rit!L ,rit! No O &ill!L solloz!L &!bl!L rezon,! No O
&ill!L &ill!L ,i"e Nen +oz !lt! OL llor!L llori/(e! No O ,i"ote!L ,rit! No O &ill!6M A
&ild 7&ines HUn ni)o ,i"eL llori/(e!6M A do, b!r9s No O &o7ls No O 7&ines No O
b!'sL 7&i"%ers HUn %erro l!dr! No O !(ll!L llori/(e! No O ,i"ote!6M A b(ll bello7s
HUn toro br!"!L r(,e6M S&ee%L Go!tsL *!l+es ble!t HL!s o+e.!sL L!s !br!s b!l!nL
Los terneros "(,en6M A don9e' br!'s HUn b(rro reb(zn!6M A bee b(zzes HUn! !be.!
z("b!6M A &en !9lesL l(9s HUn! ,!llin! !!re!L lo/(e!6M A ,oose !9lesL
&on9s HUn ,!nso ,r!zn!6M A r!+enL ro7L roo9 !7sL ro!9s HUn (er+oL (er+oL
,r!.o ,r!zn!6M An inset &ir%s HUn inseto &irrF!6M A %i,eon oos HUn! %!lo"!
!rr(ll!6M A bird riesL s/(!79sL &ir%s No O t7itters HUn %.!ro &ill!L ,r!zn!L
,or.e!6M A o9 ro7s HUn ,!llo !nt!6M A t(r9e' ,obbles HUn %!+o ,(,l(te!6M A %i,
,ro7lsL ,r(ntsL snorts HUn erdo ,r()e6M A sn!9e &isses HUn! (lebr!L ser%iente
silb!6M A 7ol# &o7ls HUn lobo !(ll!6M *o7s lo7L "oo HL!s +!!s "(,en6M A !t
"e7sL "i!o7sL "i!o(sL "eo7s HUn ,!to "!(ll! No O &!e "i!(6M Eorses nei,&L
ni9erL 7&inn' HLos !b!llos relin&!n6M A !t %(rrs HUn ,!to ronrone!6M A d(9
/(!9s HUn %!to ,r!zn!6M A lion ro!rs HUn le3n br!"!L r(,e6M An ele%&!nt tr("%ets
HUn ele#!nte b!rrit!61
3+ Formas de re(rse# sonre(r4 be on+(lsed 7it& l!(,&ter Hdesternill!rse Nde ris!O6$
be!" HsonreFr !biert!"ente6$ !9le HreFrse Nso!rron!"enteL !,(d!"enteL s%er! '
r(idos!"enteL entreort!d!"enteL te"bloros!"enteO6$ &ortle HreFrse !le,re"ente6$
&(9le HreFrse entre dientesL !&o,!d!"enteL so#o!d!"enteL solt!r (n! risit!
Ntr!n/(il!"ente ' %!r! (no "is"oO6$ die l!(,&in, H"orirse de ris!6$ dissol+e into
l!(,&ter Hdesternill!rse Nde ris!O6$ ,i,,le HreFrse on+(lsi+!"enteL ner+ios!"enteL
in#!ntil"enteL de #or"! tont! Nsin %oder ontrol!rse del!nte de otr!s %erson!sO6$
,i+e ! ro!r o# l!(,&ter Hsolt!r (n!s !r!.!d!s6$ ,ri"!eL ,rin H&!er (n! "(e! Nde
s!tis#!i3nL de dolorL de desd0nO6$ ,rin HsonreFr Nde "!ner! #!ls! NoO #orz!d!OL reFr
Nir3ni!"enteL tont!"enteO6$ ,(##!7 HreFrse ! !r!.!d!s Nb(rd! '
es!nd!los!"enteO6$ &o7l 7it& l!(,&ter Hest!ll!r de ris!6$ 9ill onesel# l!(,&in, NoO
b(rst oneZs sides l!(,&in, Hdesternill!rse Nde ris!O6$ l!(,&L b(bble 7it& l!(,&ter
HreFrse6$ l!(,& lo(dl'L l!(,& oneZs &e!d o## HreFrse ! !r!.!d!s6$ %iss onesel#
l!(,&in, N+(l,!rO H"e!rse de ris!6$ ro!r H7it& l!(,&ter6 HreFrse ! !r!.!d!sL
estre%itos!"ente6$ s&rie9 7it& l!(,&ter HreFrse &ist0ri!"ente6$ si"%er HsonreFrse
!#et!d!"ente6$ s"ile HsonreFr6$ s"ir9 HsonreFrse s!tis#e&o NoO on o"%liid!d NoO
on !#et!i3n6$ sni,,erL sni9er NUSA %rini%!l"enteO HreFrse disi"(l!d!"ente6$
s%lit oneZs sides Hl!(,&in,L 7it& l!(,&ter6 Nolo/(i!lO Hdesternill!rse Nde ris!O6$ titter
HreFrse entre dientesL !&o,!d!"enteL ner+ios!"enteL disi"(l!d!"ente Nde #or"!
e"b!r!zos!O6$ et1
6+ Formas de moverse"
a+ &as personas4 !"ble H!"in!r lent!"ente6$ belt !lon, NoO in N(O o## Hir o"o
(n! b!l!L %it!ndo6$ bolt H"o+erse r%id!"enteL &!er (n "o+i"iento br(so6$ bolt
!7!' NoO #ro" N(O o## NoO o(t Hs!lir dis%!r!do6$ bo(nd Hs!lt!r6$ ree% H"o+erse
des%!ioL !(telos!"ente6$ ree% in Hentr!r #(rti+!"enteL si,ilos!"ente6$ ree% o(t
Hs!lir #(rti+!"enteL si,ilos!"ente6$ ro(& Hdo7n6 H!,!&!rseL %onerse en
(lill!s6$ d!rt in Hentr!r o"o (n! #le&!6$ d!rt o(t Hs!lir o"o (n! #le&!6$ d!s& Hir
de%ris!6$ d!s& !7!' Hs!lir orriendo6$ d!s& b!9 H+ol+er orriendo6$ d!s& in Hentr!r
dis%!r!do6$ d!s& o(t Hs!lir dis%!r!do6$ d!s& %!st H%!s!r o"o (n r!'o6$ d!s& (%
Hlle,!r orriendo6$ ed,e !7!' H!le.!rse %!so ! %!so6$ #lo(ne in Hentr!r !ir!do6$
#lo(ne o(t Hs!lir !ir!do6$ &obble Ho.e!r6$ &o% Hs!lt!r ! l! %!t! o.!L d!r s!ltitos6$
&(ddle Hdo7n6 H!(rr(!rse6$ .o, H&!er #(tin6$ .o,,le H"o+erse on s!(did!s
s(!+es6$ .("% Hs!lt!r6$ l!, Hrez!,!rseL /(ed!rse !trs6$ le!n Hinlin!rse NoO !%o'!rse6$
li"% Ho.e!r6$ lin,er Hrez!,!rseL /(ed!rse !trs6$ loiter Hrez!,!rseL /(ed!rse !trs6$
loll !bo(t NoO !ro(nd Hre%!nti,!rseL !%oltron!rse6$ lo%e !lon, H!nd!r ! ,r!ndes
z!n!d!s6$ lo%e o## H!le.!rse on %!so l!r,o6$ l(r9 H!e&!r esondid!"enteL est!r !l
!e&oL "o+erse #(rti+!"ente6$ "!r& H!"in!r en #il!L orden6$ "ine H!nd!r on
%!sos "edidos NoO ! %!sitos "en(dos6$ "o+e H"o+erse6$ %lod H!nd!r lent! '
%es!d!"enteL !nd!r des%!ioL tr!b!.!r lent!"ente N%ero sin des!ni"!rseO6$ %o% in
Nolo/(i!lO Hentr!r de so%et3nL entr!r (n "o"ento6$ %o% o## Nolo/(i!lO Hl!r,!rseL
"!r&!rse6$ %o% o(t Nolo/(i!lO Hs!lir (n "o"ento6$ %o% (% Nolo/(i!lO H!%!reer
ines%er!d!"ente6$ %o(ne on st&L sb H!b!l!nz!rseL s!lt!r sobre !l,oL !l,(ien6$ %ro7l
H"erode!rL rond!r6$ r!e Horrer en o"%etii3nL o"%etir orriendo6$ r!"ble
H!"in!r ! l! +ent(r!6$ r(n Horrer6$ s!(nter H!"in!r on %!rsi"oni!6$ s!"%er
!ro(nd Horrete!r de (n l!do %!r! otro6$ s!"%er !7!' N(O o## Hes!%!rse
orrete!ndo6$ sr!"ble do7n Hb!.!r on di#i(lt!d6$ sr!"ble (% Hs(bir ,!te!ndo6$
s(##le H!"in!r !rr!str!ndo los %ies6$ s(rr' !ro(nd Horrer de (n l!do %!r! otroL
!/(F %!r! !ll6$ s(rr' !7!' N(O o## Hs!lir dis%!r!doL es!b(llirse r%id!"ente6$
s(ttle !7!' N(O o## Hes!b(llirse r%id!"enteL orrete!r r%id!"ente6$ s&!"ble
H!"in!r !rr!str!ndo los %ies6$ s&oot o(t Hs!lir dis%!r!do6$ s&(##le H!nd!r !rr!str!ndo
los %ies6$ sidle H"o+erse #(rti+!"enteL !nd!r tF"id!"ente6$ s9i% in Hentr!r d!ndo
brinos6$ s9i% o## Hl!r,!rse6$ s9i% o(t Hs!lir d!ndo brinos6$ s9(l9 Htr!t!r de %!s!r
des!%eribidoL %ro(r!r no ser +istoL !e&!r sin ser +isto6$ slin9 Hir si,ilos!"ente6$
slin9 !lon, H!nd!r #(rti+!"ente6$ slin9 !7!' NoO b' N(O o## Hirse !bizb!.oL
es!b(llirseL s!lir #(rti+!"ente6$ sli% o(t Hs!lir si,ilos!"ente6$ slit&er Hresb!l!rHse66$
slo,L sl(, NUSAO H!nd!r %es!d!"ente6$ sne!9 H!nd!r ! &(rt!dill!s6$ sne!9 !bo(t Hir !
&(rt!dill!sL "o+erse #(rti+!"ente6$ sne!9 !7!' N(O o## Hes!b(llirse6$ sne!9 in
Hentr!r ! &(rt!dill!sL disi"(l!d!"ente6$ sne!9 o(t Hs!lir ! &(rt!dill!sL
disi"(l!d!"ente6$ s%r!7l Ht("b!rseL des%!t!rr!rse6$ s%rin, b!9 Hs!lt!r %!r! !trs6$
s/(!t H%onerse en (lill!s6$ st!,,er Ht!"b!le!rse6$ st!l9 H!nd!r (#!n!"enteL
!"en!z!dor!"ente6$ st!"% H%!t!le!rL d!r %!t!d!s en el s(eloL %is!r #(erteL !"in!r
on %!sos %es!dos6$ ste!l !7!' N(O o## H"!r&!rse si,ilos!"enteL es!b(llirse6$ ste!l
do7n Hb!.!r ! &(rt!dill!sL si,ilos!"ente6$ ste!l (% Hs(bir ! &(rt!dill!sL
si,ilos!"ente6$ sto"% H%is!r #(erte6$ stoo% Hdo7n6 Hinlin!rseL !,!&!rse6$ stroll
H!"in!r sin r("bo6$ stride Hir ! ,r!ndes %!sosL !nd!r ! z!n!d!s6$ st("ble
Htro%ez!r6$ ti%toe H!nd!r de %(ntill!s6$ toddle H!"in!r o"o (n ni)o6$ tr!i%se
Nolo/(i!lO H!nd!r %enos!"ente6$ tr!"% H"!r&!r %es!d!"ente6$ tri% H!"in!r
li,ero6$ tr(d,e H!"in!r %es!d!"enteL on di#i(lt!d6$ tr(ndle H!nd!r %es!d!"ente6$
+!(lt Hs!lt!r N!%o'ndose en !l,oO6$ 7!de !lon, H!"in!r N%or el !,(!L nie+eL b!rro$
et1O6$ 7!l9 H!"in!r6$ 7!nder H!"in!r sin r("bo61 E.14 A sto(t "!nL !rt tr(ndles
HUn &o"bre or%(lentoL Un! !rret! !nd! %es!d!"ente6$ et1
b+ &os animales4 Ani"!ls !"bleL belt !lon, NoO in N(O o##L boltL bolt !7!' NoO #ro"
N(O o## NoO o(tL bo(ndL ree%L ree% inL ree% o(tL ro(& Hdo7n6L d!rt inL d!rt o(tL
ed,e !7!'L #lo(ne inL #lo(ne o(tL &obbleL &o%L &(ddle Hdo7n6L .("%L l!,L le!nL
li"%L lin,erL loiterL loll !bo(t NoO !ro(nd H!,!z!%!rse6L lo%e !lon,L lo%e o##L l(r9L
"!r&L "o+eL %lodL %o(ne on st& NorO sbL %ro7lL r!eL r!"bleL r(nL s!(nterL
s!"%er !ro(ndL s!"%er !7!' N(O o##L sr!"ble do7nL sr!"ble (%L s(rr'
!ro(ndL s(rr' !7!' N(O o##L s(ttle !7!' N(O o##L s&!"bleL s&oot o(tL s&(##leL
sidleL s9i% inL s9i% o##L s9i% o(tL s9(l9L slin9L slin9 !lon,L slin9 !7!' NoO b' N(O o##L
sli% o(tL slit&erL sne!9L sne!9 !bo(tL sne!9 !7!' N(O o##L sne!9 inL sne!9 o(tL
s%r!7lL s%rin, b!9L s/(!tL st!,,erL st!l9L st!"%L ste!l !7!' N(O o##L ste!l do7nL
ste!l (%L sto"%L stoo% Hdo7n6L strollL strideL st("bleL ti%toe Nr!roOL toddleL tr!i%seL
tr!"%L tri%L tr(d,eL +!(ltL 7!de !lon,L 7!l9L 7!nderM A &orse b(9sL !ntersL
,!llo%sL le!%s Nliter!rioOL lo%esL r(nsL st!"%sL trotsL 7!l9s HUn !b!llo s!lt!
+iolent!"enteL !b!l,!L ,!lo%!L s!lt!L orre ! "edio ,!lo%e NoO ! %!so l!r,oL orreL
%i!#!L +! !l troteL !nd!6M L!"bs #ris9L ,!"bol HLos orderos retoz!nL brin!n6M A
sn!9e r!7lsL ,lides HUn! (lebr!L ser%iente se !rr!str!L desliz!6M Fro,s .("% HL!s
r!n!s s!lt!n6M A !"el l("bers HUn !"ello !+!nz! NoO se "(e+e %es!d!"ente6M A
lion %!ds HUn le3n !nd! on %!so s(!+eL se "(e+e sin &!er r(ido6M Ani"!ls slin9
HLos !ni"!les +!n si,ilos!"enteL on el r!bo entre l!s %!t!s6M A roodileL sn!9e
slit&ers HUn oodriloL Un! ser%iente NoO (lebr! se desliz!6M *o9sL Pe!o9s str(t
HLos ,!llosL %!+os re!les se %!+one!nL ontone!n6M D(9s 7!ddle LR7odHe6lL NGBO
' LR7!4dHe6lL NUSAO HLos %!tos !n!de!nL se ontone!nL !nd!n o"o %!tos6$ et1
8+ Formas de procrear4 A 7o"!n be!rs Nliter!rioOL brin,s #ort& Nliter!rioOL ,i+es
birt& to Nestnd!rOL &!s Nestnd!rO ! b!b' NoO ! &ild HUn! "(.er d! ! l(z !L d! ! l(z
!L d! ! l(z !L tiene (n beb0 NoO (n &i.o6M A o7 be!rs Nliter!rioO ! !l#L !l+esL &!s !
!l# HUn! +!! %!re (n terneroL %!re (n terneroL tiene (n ternero6M A s&ee% be!rs
Nliter!rioO ! l!"bL l!"bs Nestnd!rOL &!s Nestnd!rO ! l!"b HUn! o+e.! %!re (n
orderoL %!re (n orderoL tiene (n ordero6M A "!re be!rs Nliter!rioO ! #o!lL #o!ls
Nestnd!rOL &!s Nestnd!rO ! #o!l HUn! 'e,(! %!re (n %otroL %!re (n %otroL tiene (n
%otro6M A s&eI!ss be!rs Nliter!rioO ! #o!lL #o!ls Nestnd!rOL &!s Nestnd!rO ! #o!l HUn!
b(rr! %!re (n b(rritoL %!re (n b(rritoL tiene (n b(rrito6M An !ni"!l 7&el%s HUn
!ni"!l %!re6$ et1
9+ Formas de cambiar4 !lter H!lter!r6$ !ltern!te H!ltern!r6$ di+ersi#' Hdi+ersi#i!r6$
e-&!n,e H!"bi!r6$ &!n,e H!"bi!r6$ inter&!n,e H!"bi!rL inter!"bi!r6$
"odi#' H"odi#i!r6$ re"o(ld NGB %rini%!l"enteOL re"old NUSAO H"odel!r de
n(e+o6$ re"odel Hre"odel!r6$ re#or" Hre#or"!r6$ s&i#t H!"bi!r6$ s7!%
Hinter!"bi!r6$ s7it& H!"bi!r Hde66$ tr!ns#or" Htr!ns#or"!r6$ +!r' H+!ri!r6$ et1
0+ Formas de robar4 b(r,leL b(r,l!rize NUSAO ! %l!e4 ! &o(se$ !n o##ie$ et1
N%ero no Q! b!n9QO Hentr!r ! rob!r en (n l(,!r4 (n! !s!$ (n! o#iin!$ et1 N%or l!
no&eO6$ &e!t Hest!#!rL ti"!r6$ on Hest!#!rL ti"!r6$ e"bezzle Hdes#!l!rL "!l+ers!r6$
#il& Nolo/(i!lO Hbirl!rL "!n,!r6$ e"bezzle Hdes#!l!rL "!l+ers!r6$ "is!%%ro%ri!te
Hdes#!l!rL "!l+ers!r6$ "(, sb H!tr!!r !L d!r (n tir3n ! !l,(ien N+iolent!"enteL %or
l! #(erz!O6$ %il#er H&(rt!r6$ %o!& Nolo/(i!lO Hbirl!rL "!n,!r6$ %(rloin Nliter!rioO
Hrob!r6$ rob sb Ho# st&6L ! %l!e4 ! b!n9$ et1 Hrob!r ! !l,(ien H!l,o6L en (n l(,!r4 (n
b!no$ et1 N%or l! #(erz!L on !r"!sO6$ r(stle Hrob!r N,!n!doO6$ s&o%li#t Hrob!r en (n!
tiend!6$ Rs&ortIR&!n,e Hd!r "!l el !"bio Ndel dineroO6$ ste!l st& H#ro" sbL ! %l!e6
Hrob!r !l,o H! !l,(ienL de (n l(,!r6 Non !st(i!O6$ s7indle Hest!#!rL ti"!r6$ t&ie+e
Hrob!r6$ et1
*:+ Formas de dar impulso4 boost H#o"ent!rL esti"(l!r6$ oere Hre#ren!rL
obli,!r6$ onstr!in Hobli,!r6$ on+ine Hon+ener6$ dr!, H!rr!str!r6$ dr!, Htir!r deL
!rr!str!r6$ dri+e Hlle+!rL ond(irL &!er #(nion!r6$ e,, on Hinit!r6$ elbo7 He"%(.!r
on el odo6$ eno(r!,e H!ni"!rL esti"(l!rL init!r6$ ,o!d Hinit!r6$ &!(l Htir!r de6$
&e!+e Htir!r6$ &oist Hle+!nt!r6$ &(stle He"%(.!r6$ i"%el Hi"%(ls!r6$ inite Hinit!r6$
in#l(ene Hin#l(ir enL %ers(!dir6$ .o, He"%(.!rL esti"(l!r6$ .ostle He"%(.!r6$ l!(n&
Hl!nz!r6$ l(, H!rr!str!r6$ "o+e H"o+er6$ n(d,e Hd!r (n od!zoL re#res!r6$ obli,e
Hobli,!r6$ %ers(!de H%ers(!dir6$ %o9e Htir!rL "eterL ,ol%e!r6$ %ress H%resion!r6$ %rod
He"%(.!r6$ %ro"ote H%ro"o+er6$ %ro%el Hi"%(ls!r6$ %(ll Htir!r de6$ %(s& He"%(.!r6$
r!" H!%ret!rL "eter %or l! #(erz!6$ s&o(lder He"%(.!r on los &o"bros6$ s&o+e
He"%(.!r6$ s%(r Hes%ole!r6$ s/(eeze H#orz!rL "eter6$ st(b Hd!r6$ t&r(st He"%(.!r6$ to7
Hre"ol!r6$ tr!il H!rr!str!r6$ t(, Htir!r de6$ (r,e Hinit!rL i"%(ls!r6$ et1
**+ Formas relacionadas con el fuego4 bl!ze H!rder6$ br!nd H"!r!r Non &ierro
!ndenteO6$ b(rn H/(e"!r6$ !(terizeL !(terise NGBO H!(teriz!r6$ &!r
H!rboniz!rHse66$ re"!teL ininer!te Hininer!r6$ #l!"eL #l!re H!rder6$ ,(tter H!rder
on l(z %!r%!de!nte6$ i,nite HenenderHse66$ 9indle HenenderHse66$ li,&t
HenenderHse66$ %!r& Hrese!r N!l #(e,oO6$ s!ld Hes!ld!r6$ sor&L se!r H&!"(s!r6$
set !li,&t Hinendi!r6$ set #ireL li,&t to Hinendi!r6$ sin,e H&!"(s!r6$ s"o(lder
NGBO NoO s"older NUSAO H!rder Nsin ll!"!O6$ to!st Htost!rse6$ et1
*2+ Formas de moverse los l('uidos4 b(bble Hb(rb(.e!rL borbot!r6$ !s!de H!er
en !s!d!6$ dri% H,ote!r6$ #lood Hdesbord!rse6$ ,(s& H&orre!r6$ "o+e H"o+erse6$
ooze Hrez("!rHse6L ,ote!r6$ %o(r Hs!lir6$ r(n Horrer6$ see% H#iltr!rse6$ slo%
Hderr!"!rseL +erterse6$ s%!tter Hs!l%i!r6$ s%ill Hderr!"!rseL +erterse6$ s%l!s&
Hs!l%i!r6$ s%o(t Hbrot!rL s!lir ! &orros6$ s%r!' o(t Hs!lir ! &orro6$ s%(rt Ho(t6 Hs!lir !
&orros6$ s/(irt o(t Hs!lir ! &orros6$ stre!" Hs!lir N! &orrosO6$ s7irl H!rre"olin!rse6$
tri9le Nliter!rioO H,ote!r6$ 7ell Ho(tL (%6 Hbrot!rL "!n!r6$ et1
*2+ Formas de actuacin con las manos4 l!s%L &!ndl!s% NUSAO H!,!rr!r
N#ir"e"enteO6$ len& H!%ret!r6$ lin, H!,!rr!rse6$ l(t& H!,!rr!r N#(erte"enteO6$
e"br!e H!br!z!r6$ en#old H!br!z!r6$ #!sten H!t!r6$ #eel Hto!rL %!l%!r6$ #in,er Hto!r
on los dedos6$ #ondleL !ress H!!rii!r6$ ,et &old o# Ho,er NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r6$ ,r!b
Ho,er NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r6$ ,r!%%le H!,!rr!r6$ ,r!s% Ho,er NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r
N!nsios!"enteO6$ ,ri% H!,!rr!r N#ir"e"enteL #(erte"enteO6$ &!ndle H"!nose!r6$ &old
H"!ntenerL o,er NEs%!)!O6$ &(, H!br!z!r6$ %!t H!!rii!r Non %!l"!dit!sO6$ r(b
H#rot!r6$ seize Ho,er NEs%!)!OL !,!rr!r6$ sn!t& H!,!rr!rL !rreb!t!r6$ stro9e H!!rii!r
Non l!s "!nosO6$ t!9le H!,!rr!r Nr!roO6$ to(& Hto!r6$ et1
*-+ Formas de dar informacin indirectamente4 !ll(de H!l(dir6$ (e Hse)!l!r6$
&int Hinsin(!r6$ i"%l' Hi"%li!rL insin(!r6$ indi!te Hindi!r6$ insin(!te Hinsin(!r6$
inti"!te Hinsin(!r6$ "ention H"enion!r6$ %ro"%t Hinsin(!rL !%(nt!r6$ s(,,est
Hs(,erir6$ ti% o## H!d+ertir seret!"ente6$ et1
*3+ Formas de agrupar4 !r(e H!("(l!r6$ !("(l!te H!("(l!r6$ !"!ss
H!("(l!rL .(nt!r6$ !sse"ble Hre(nir6$ brin,L ,et to,et&er H.(nt!r6$ ollet
Holeion!rL re(nirL .(nt!r6$ on,re,!te Hon,re,!rHse66$ on+ene H.(nt!rse6$
("(l!te H!("(l!rHse66$ #lo9 H.(nt!rse6$ ,!t&er Hto,et&er6 Hre(nirL .(nt!r6$ ,ro(%
H!,r(%!rHse66$ &e!% H!("(l!r6$ &o!rd H!("(l!rL !tesor!r6$ inre!se H!("ent!r6$
"!ss H!,r(%!rse6$ %ile (% H!("(l!rHse66$ st!9 H!"onton!r6$ sto9%ile H!("(l!r6$
store H!l"!en!r6$ et1
*6+ Formas de dar con algo# alguien4 o"e !ross Henontr!rse on6$ o"e (%
7it& st& Henontr!r !l,o6$ detet Hdetet!r6$ diso+er Hdes(brir6$ #ind Henontr!r6$
"eet Henontr!rse on6$ eno(nter Henontr!rL enontr!rse on6$ lo!te Hlo!liz!r6$
"eet 7it& Henontr!rse on6$ r(n into Henontr!rse on6$ s%ot Hdes(brirL lo!liz!r6$
tr!9 do7n Hlo!liz!r6$ et1
*8+ Formas de procesar algo4 !r+e Htrin&!rL t!l!r6$ &i% H!still!rL %i!r6$ &isel
Hinel!r6$ &o% Hort!rL %i!r6$ le!+e H%!rtir6$ li% Hti.erete!r6$ r!9 Hr!.!rL
#r!ion!r6$ r("ble Hdes"i,!H.!6r6$ r(n& H"!s!r6$ (t Hort!r6$ di+ide Hdi+idir6$
do9 Hort!rL eren!r Nl! ol! de (n !ni"!lO6$ en,r!+e H,r!b!rL inel!r6$ #!s&ionL
#or" H"olde!r6$ #ell Ht!l!r6$ #r!t(re H#r!t(r!r6$ ,!s& Hr!.!rL ort!r6$ ,n!7 Hroer6$
&!9 Hort!r6$ &e7 Hort!r6$ inise Hort!r6$ insribe H,r!b!r6$ lo% Hort!r6$ "!sti!te
H"!sti!r6$ "o7 Hse,!r6$ "(n& H"!s!r6$ nibble H"ordis/(e!r6$ ni9L not& H&!er
(n! "(es! en6$ %!re Hort!r6$ %eel H%el!r6$ %iere H!,(.ere!rL %in&!r6$ %r(ne H%od!rL
reort!r6$ re!% Hse,!r6$ s!7 Hserr!r6$ sore H&!er (nos %e/(e)os ortes en6$ sr!t&
Hr!'!rL !r!)!r6$ sr(n& H&!er r(.ir6$ s(l%tL s(l%t(re Hes(l%ir6$ se+er Hort!r6$
s&!%e H"olde!r6$ s&!tter Hdes%ed!z!rL &!er !)ios6$ s&!+e H!#eit!r6$ s&e!r Hes/(il!r6$
sl!s& Hr!.!r6$ slie Hort!r6$ slit Hort!r6$ s"!s& H&!er !)ios6$ sn!% Hro"%er en dos
Non (n &!s/(idoO6$ sni% Hti.erete!r6$ s%lit Hr!.!rL %!rtir6$ te!r Hro"%erL r!s,!r6$ tri"
Hort!rL reort!r6$ 7&ittle Ht!ll!r on (&illo6$ et1
*9+ Formas de control4 &e9L ontrol Hontrol!r6$ e-!"ine He-!"in!r6$ ins%et
Hins%eion!r6$ in+esti,!te Hin+esti,!r6$ "onitor Hre+is!rL ins%eion!r6$ %ro+e
H%rob!rL o"%rob!r6$ re+ise Hre+is!r6$ sr(tinizeL sr(tinise NGBO Hes(dri)!rL &!er
(n esr(tinio6$ st(d' Hest(di!r6$ test H%rob!rL e-!"in!r6$ ti9 H%oner (n! se)!lL
"!r!r6$ tr' Ho(t6 H%rob!rL %oner ! %r(eb!6$ +eri#' H+eri#i!r6$ et1
=15?C1I Contracciones o abreviaciones m!s corrientes de las formas verbalesM
en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %(eden ontr!er todos los +erbos !(-ili!res ' los +erbos UbeV
' U&!+eV (!ndo son +erbos nor"!lesM (!ndo estn en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! no %(eden
ir !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n 4 IZ" Nno en#ti+oOL RIZ" Nen#tioO L!I"L Ni I !"O NQIZ"Q
tiene /(e ir se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6
%resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM IZ" not Nno en#tioOL IZ" Rnot Nen#tioOL RIZ" not
Nen#tioO Nno se %(ede ontr!er de otr! "!ner! o"o l!s de"s %erson!sO Ni I !"
notO NQIZ" notQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL
!d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM ArenZt IT Ni A" I notTO
NQArenZt ITQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM mo(Zre Nno en#tioOL Rmo(Zre
Nen#tioO L.(eL NGBOL ' L.(erL NUSAO Ni mo( !reO NQmo(ZreQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de
otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!doOM mo( !renZt Nno en#tioO L!4ntL NGBOL ' L!4rntL NUSAO N"enos en#tio '
"s (s!doO ' Umo(Zre notV Nno en#tioO N"s en#tio ' "enos (s!doO Ni mo( !reO
NQmo( !renZtQ ' Qmo(Zre notQ %(eden ir solos o se,(idos de otr! %!l!br!4 (n
!d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM mo(
R!renZt Ni !re notO Nen#tioO N"enos en#tio ' "s (s!doO ' Umo(Zre RnotV N"s
en#tio ' "enos (s!doOL Rmo(Zre not N"s en#tio ' "enos (s!doO Ni mo( !reOM
EeZs Nno en#tioO ' UREeZsV Nen#tioO L&i4zL Ni Ee isO NQEeZsQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido
de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!doOM Ee isnZt Nno en#tioO ' UEe RisnZtV Nen#tioO LRIzHe6ntL Ni is notO NQEe
isnZtQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM EeZs not Nno en#tioO ' UEeZs RnotV
Nen#tioO Ni Ee isO NQEeZs notQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL
no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM S&eZs Nno
en#tioOL RS&eZs Nen#tioO L[i4zL Ni S&e isO NQS&eZsQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de otr!
%!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!doOM S&e isnZt Nno en#tioO ' US&e RisnZtV Nen#tioO LRIzHe6ntL Ni is notO NQS&e
isnZtQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM S&eZs not Nno en#tioO ' US&eZs
RnotV Nen#tioOL RS&eZs not Nen#tioO Ni S&e isO NQS&eZs notQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido
de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!doOM ItZs Nno en#tioOL RItZs Nen#tioO LItsL Ni It isO NQItZsQ tiene /(e ir
se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM ItZs LItsL Ni It &!sO been NQItZsQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do (!ndo e/(i+!le ! QIt &!sQO HE! sidoL est!do6M It isnZt Nno
en#tioO e UIt RisnZtV Nen#tioOL RIzHe6ntL Ni is notO NQIt isnZtQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido
de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!doOM ItZs not Nno en#tioO e UItZs RnotV Nen#tioOL RItZs not Nen#tioO Ni It isO
NQItZs notQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM >eZre Nno en#tioOL R>eZre
Nen#tioO L7IeL NGBO ' L7IHe6rL NUSAO Ni >e !reO NQ>eZreQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido
de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!doOM >e !renZt Nno en#tioO ' U>e R!renZtV Nen#tioO L!4ntL NGBOL ' L!4rntL
NUSAO Ni >e !re notO NQ>e !renZtQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n
!d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM >eZre
not Nno en#tioO ' U>eZre RnotV Nen#tioO L7IeL NGBO ' L7IHe6rL NUSAO Ni >e !re
notO NQ>eZre notQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL
!d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM T&e'Zre Nno en#tioOL
RT&e'Zre Nen#tioO LRSeIeL NGB o LSeeLO ' LRSeIHe6rL NUSA o LSeHe6rLO Ni T&e' !reO
NQT&e'ZreQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM T&e' !renZt Nno en#tioO ' UT&e'
R!renZtV Nen#tioO L!4ntL NGBOL ' L!4rntL NUSAO Ni !re notO NQT&e' !renZtQ %(ede ir
solo o se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6
%resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM T&e'Zre not Nno en#tioO ' UT&e'Zre RnotV
Nen#tioO Ni T&e' !reO NQT&e'Zre notQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n
!d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM >e
!renZt Nno en#tioO ' U>e R!renZtV Nen#tioO Ni !re notO NQ>e !renZtQ %(ede ir solo o
se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM >eZre not Nno en#tioO ' U>eZre RnotV Nen#tioO Ni >e !reO
NQ>eZre notQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM !inZt N+(l,!rO Ni !" notL !re notL is
notL &!+e notL &!s notO LeIntLM T&ereZs Ni T&ere isO LSeezL N#(erte4 GB o LSezL4 d0bilO
' LSeHe6rzL N#(erte4 USA o LSerzL4 d0bilO NQT&ereZsQ en este !so tiene /(e ir del!nte
de (n no"bre Hsolo o %reedido de (n deter"in!nte6OM T&ere isnZt Ni is notO N"enos
en#tio ' "s (s!do1 QT&ere isnZtQ %(ede ir solo o del!nte de (n no"bre Hsolo o
%reedido de (n deter"in!nte6O ' UT&ereZs notV N"s en#tio ' "enos (s!doO Ni
T&ere is notOM T&ereZs Ni T&ere &!sO LSeezL N#(erte4 GB o LSezL4 d0bilO ' LSeHe6rzL
N#(erte4 USA o LSerzL4 d0bilO NQT&ereZsQ en este !so tiene /(e ir se,(ido de UbeenV
' (n no"bre Hsolo o %reedido de (n deter"in!nte6OM S&e 7!snZt Ni 7!s
notO LR7ozHe6ntL NGBO ' LR7!4zHe6ntL NUSA o LR7AzHe6ntLO NQS&e 7!snZtQ %(ede ir
solo o se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL !d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6
%resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM mo( 7erenZt Ni 7ere notO LR74ntL NGBO ' LR74rntL
NUSAO NQmo( 7erenZtQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de otr! %!l!br!4 (n !d.eti+oL no"breL
!d+erbioL %!rtii%io Hde6 %resenteL %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOM Ee &!snZt Ni &!s notO
N"enos en#tio ' "s (s!doO ,one ' UEeZsV Ni Ee &!sO Rnot N"s en#tio ' "enos
(s!doO ,one M I donZt Ni do notO Ldo(ntL 9no7M Ee doesnZt Ni does notO LRdAzHe6ntL
9no7M Ee didnZt Ni did notO LRdIdHe6ntL 9no7M !nZt L9!4ntL NGBO ' L9YntL NUSAO Ni
!nnotOM It !n &!+e L9ene+L No"o si #(er! U!nZ+eVO been red HP(ede &!ber sido
ro.o6M HEll! %(ede &!ber ido6M o(ldnZt Ni o(ld notO LR9(dHe6ntLM It o(ld &!+e
L9(de+L No"o si #(er! Uo(ldZ+eVO been !n !identM It &!snZt Ni &!s notO been
N"enos en#tio ' "s (s!doO e UItZsV Ni It &!sO not been N"s en#tio ' "enos
(s!doOM IZll Ni I s&!llL 7illO L!IlL NQIZllQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n in#initi+oOM IZll Ni I
s&!llL 7illO Rnot NQIZll notQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de (n in#initi+oOM mo(Zll Ni mo(
7illO L.(4lL NQmo(ZllQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n in#initi+oOM mo(Zll Ni mo( 7illO not
Nno en#tioOL mo(Zll Ni mo( 7illO Rnot Nen#tioO NQmo(Zll notQ %(ede ir solo o
se,(ido de (n in#initi+o sin UtoVOM EeZll Ni Ee 7illO L&i4lL NQEeZllQ tiene /(e ir
se,(ido de (n in#initi+oOM EeZll Ni Ee 7illO Rnot NQEeZll notQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido
de (n in#initi+oOM S&eZll Ni S&e 7illO L[i4lL NQS&eZllQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n
in#initi+oOM S&eZll Ni S&e 7illO Rnot do itM >eZll Ni >e s&!llL 7illO L7i4lL NQ>eZllQ
tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n in#initi+oOM >eZll Ni >e s&!llL 7illO Rnot NQ>eZll notQ
%(ede ir solo o se,(ido de (n in#initi+o sin UtoVOM T&e'Zll Ni T&e' 7illO LSeIlL
NQT&e'ZllQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n in#initi+o sin UtoVOM T&e'Zll Ni T&e' 7illO Rnot
NQT&e'Zll notQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de (n in#initi+oOM >e s&!nZt Ni s&!ll
notO L[!4ntL NGB4 %oo (s!doO ' L[YntL NUSA4 r!roO NQ>e s&!nZtQ %(ede ir solo o
se,(ido de (n in#initi+o sin UtoVOM ItZll Ni It 7illL s&!llO LRItHe6lL NQItZllQ tiene /(e ir
se,(ido de (n in#initi+o sin UtoVOM mo( 7onZt Ni 7ill notO L7o(ntL NQmo( 7onZtQ
%(ede ir solo o se,(ido de (n in#initi+o sin UtoVOM Ee isnZt Ni is notO ,one N"enos
en#tio ' "s (s!doO ' UEeZs Ni Ee isO not ,oneV N"s en#tio ' "enos (s!doOM
Ee RisnZt Ni is notO ,one Nen#tio4 "s (s!doO ' UEeZsV Ni Ee isO Rnot ,oneV
Nen#tio4 "enos (s!doOM IZ+e Ni I &!+eO L!I+L e!ten NQIZ+eQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de
(n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do en GB ' USA o (n no"bre en GBO HEe o"ido6M mo(Z+e
Ni mo( &!+eO L.(4+L e!ten NQmo(Z+eQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do
en GB ' USA o (n no"bre en GBO HE!s o"ido6M EeZs Ni Ee &!sO L&i4zL e!ten
NQEeZsQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do en GB ' USA o (n no"bre
Hsolo o %reedido de (n deter"in!nte6 en GB (!ndo e/(i+!le ! QEe &!sQO Hl &!
o"ido6M S&eZs Ni S&e &!sO L[i4zL e!ten NQS&eZsQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!do en GB ' USA o (n no"bre Hsolo o %reedido de (n deter"in!nte6 en
GB (!ndo e/(i+!le ! QS&e &!sQO HEll! &! o"ido6M ItZs Ni It &!sO LItsL e!ten NQItZsQ
tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do (!ndo e/(i+!le ! QIt &!sQO HE!
o"ido6M >eZ+e Ni >e &!+eO L7i4+L e!ten NQ>eZ+eQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do en GB ' USA o (n no"bre Hsolo o %reedido de (n
deter"in!nte6 en GBO HEe"os o"ido6M T&e'Z+e Ni T&e' &!+eO LSeI+L e!ten
NQT&e'Z+eQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do en GB ' USA o (n
no"bre Hsolo o %reedido de (n deter"in!nte6 en GBO HE!n o"ido6M >e &!+enZt
Ni &!+e notO LR&Y+He6ntL e!ten NQ>e &!+enZtQ %(ede ir solo o del!nte de (n no"bre
Hsolo o %reedido de (n deter"in!nte6 o (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO HNo &e"os
o"ido6M >eZ+e Ni >e &!+eO not e!ten NQ>eZ+e notQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do en GB ' USA o (n no"bre Hsolo o %reedido de (n
deter"in!nte6 en GBO HNo &e"os o"ido6M Ee &!snZt Ni Ee &!s notO LR&YzHe6ntL
e!ten NQEe &!snZtQ %(ede ir solo o del!nte de (n no"bre Hsolo o %reedido de (n
deter"in!nte6 o (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO Hl no &! o"ido6M T&ereZ+e Ni T&ere
&!+eO LRSeeHr6e+L N#(erte4 GB o LSe+L4 d0bilO ' LRSere+L N#(erte4 USA o LSere+L4
d0bilO o LRSeHr6e+L NQT&ereZ+eQ en este !so tiene /(e ir se,(ido de UbeenV ' (n
no"bre Hsolo o %reedido de (n deter"in!nte6OM Ee HR6&!dnZt Ni &!d notO LR&YdHe6ntL
e!ten NQEe &!dnZtQ %(ede ir solo o del!nte de (n no"bre Hsolo o %reedido de (n
deter"in!nte6 o (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO Hl no &!bF! o"ido6M EeZd Ni Ee &!dO
HR6not e!ten NQEeZdQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do (!ndo
e/(i+!le ! QEe &!dQO Hl no &!bF! o"ido6M T&ereZd Ni T&ere &!dO LSeedL NGBO '
LSeHe6rdL NUSAO NQT&ereZdQ en este !so tiene /(e ir se,(ido de UbeenV ' (n
no"bre Hsolo o %reedido de (n deter"in!nte6OM S&e HR67onZt Ni 7ill notO do it HEll!
no lo &!r6M S&eZll Ni S&e 7illL s&!llO HR6not do it HEll! no lo &!r6M T&ereZll Ni T&ere
7illO LSeelL N#or"! #(erte4 GB o LSelL o LSlL4 #or"!s d0bilesO ' LSeHe6rlL N#or"!
#(erte4 USA o LSerlL4 #or"! d0bil O NQT&ereZllQ en este !so tiene /(e ir se,(ido de
UbeV ' (n no"bre Hsolo o %reedido de (n deter"in!nte6OM HR6IZd Ni I s&o(ldL 7o(ldO
L!IdL e!t HH'o6 *o"erF!6M IZd L!IdL Ni I s&o(ldL 7o(ldO HR6not e!t HH'o6 No o"erF!6M
HR6IZd Ni I &!dO L!IdL e!ten HH'o6 E!bF! o"ido6M HR6mo(Zd Ni mo( 7o(ldO L.(4dL e!t
NQmo(ZdQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n in#initi+o sin UtoV (!ndo e/(i+!le ! Qmo(
7o(ldQO H*o"erF!s6M mo(Zd Ni mo( 7o(ldO HR6not e!t HNo o"erF!s6M HR6EeZd Ni Ee
7o(ldO L&i4dL e!t NQEeZdQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n in#initi+o sin UtoV (!ndo
e/(i+!le ! QEe 7o(ldQO Hl o"erF!6M HR6S&eZd Ni S&e 7o(ldO L[i4dL e!t NQS&eZdQ
tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n in#initi+o sin UtoV (!ndo e/(i+!le ! QS&e 7o(ldQO HEll!
o"erF!6M S&eZd Ni S&e 7o(ldO HR6not e!t HEll! no o"erF!6M HR6ItZd Ni It
7o(ldO LRItedL e!t H*o"erF!6M ItZd Ni It 7o(ldO LRItedL HR6not e!t HNo o"erF!6M
HR6>eZd Ni >e s&o(ldL 7o(ldO L7i4dL e!t H*o"erF!"os6M >eZd Ni >e s&o(ldL
7o(ldO HR6not e!t HNo o"erF!"os6M HR6T&e'Zd Ni T&e' 7o(ldO LSeIdL e!t NQT&e'ZdQ
tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n in#initi+o sin UtoV (!ndo e/(i+!le ! QT&e' 7o(ldQO
H*o"erF!n6M T&e'Zd Ni T&e' 7o(ldO HR6not e!t NQT&e'Zd notQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de
(n in#initi+o sin UtoV (!ndo e/(i+!le ! QT&e' 7o(ld notQO HNo o"erF!n6M I
Rs&o(ldnZt Ni s&o(ld notO LR[(dHe6ntL ,o HH'o6 No deberF! ir6M mo( HR67o(ldnZt Ni
7o(ld notO LR7(dHe6ntL ,o NQmo( 7o(ldnZtQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de (n in#initi+o
sin UtoVO HNo irF!s6M T&e' HR67o(ldnZt Ni 7o(ld notO o"e NQT&e' 7o(ldnZtQ %(ede
ir solo o se,(ido de (n in#initi+o sin UtoVO HNo +endrF!n6M T&e'Zd Ni T&e' 7o(ldO
HR6not o"e NQT&e'ZdQ tiene /(e ir se,(ido de (n in#initi+o sin UtoV (!ndo e/(i+!le
! QT&e' 7o(ldQO HEllos no +endrF!n6M HR6ItZd Ni It &!dO LRItedL e!ten NQItZdQ tiene /(e
ir se,(ido de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do (!ndo e/(i+!le ! QIt &!dQO HE!bF! o"ido6M
ItZd Ni It &!dO LRItedL HR6not e!ten NQItZd notQ %(ede ir solo o se,(ido de (n %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!do (!ndo e/(i+!le ! QIt &!d notQO HNo &!bF! o"ido6M T&ereZd Ni T&ere
7o(ldO LSeedL NGBO ' LSeHe6rdL NUSAO NQT&ereZdQ en este !so tiene /(e ir se,(ido
de UbeV ' (n no"bre Hsolo o %reedido de (n deter"in!nte6OM IZ+e NGBOL I &!+e no
7is& to (%set 'o( HNo ten,o nin,2n deseo de dis,(st!rte6M Ee "(stnZt Ni "(st
notO LR"AsHe6ntL 9no7 Hl no debe s!berlo6M Ee "(stnZtZ+e Ni "(st not
&!+eO LR"AsHe6nte+L 9no7n Hl no debe de &!berlo s!bido6M Ee "i,&tnZt Ni "i,&t
notO LR"!ItHe6ntL 9no7 Hl %odHr6F! no s!berlo6M S&e "i,&tZ+e Ni "i,&t
&!+eO LR"!ItHe6+L o"e HEll! %odHr6F! &!ber +enido6M S&e o(,&tnZt Ni o(,&t notO
to LRo4tHe6nt teL 9no7 HEll! no deberF! s!berlo6M EereZs Ni Eere isO L&IezL NGBO
' L&IHe6rzL NUSAO NQEereZsQ tiene /(e ir del!nte de (n no"bre Hsolo o %reedido de
(n deter"in!nte6OM UZs V %(ede e/(i+!ler ! QisL &!sQ ' UZd V %(ede e/(i+!ler !
Qs&o(ld N"enos (s!doOL 7o(ld N"s (s!doOL &!d N"s (s!doOQM S&e !nHZt6Z+e Ni
!nHZt6 &!+eO LR9!4nHt6e+L NGBO ' LR9YnHt6e+L NUSAO ,one HEll! Hno6 %(ede &!ber
ido6M It o(ldHnZt6Z+e Ni o(ldHnZt6 &!+eO LR9(dHe6Hnt6e+L been !n !ident HHNo6
%(do &!ber sido (n !idente6M S&e 7illZ+e Ni 7ill &!+eO LR7Ile+L NoO s&!ll
Z+e LR[Yle+L No LR[i4le+L %!r! !"bos o"o si #(er! Qs&eZllZ+eQ Ni 7illL s&!ll &!+eOO
,one HEll! &!br ido6M >e s&o(ldHnZt6Z+e Ni s&o(ldHnZt6 &!+eO LR[(dHe6Hnt6e+L e!ten
HHNo6 deberF!"os &!ber o"ido6M >e 7o(ldHnZt6Z+e Ni 7o(ldHnZt6
&!+eO LR7(dHHe6nt6e+L e!ten HHNo6 &!brF!"os o"ido6M EeZdZ+e Ni 7o(ld
&!+eO LR&i4de+L o"e Hl &!brF! +enido61
&as contracciones pueden ocurrir"
a+ Detr!s del su%eto cuando el verbo va en afirmativa 4AeEs /ere+ o negativa
4AeEs not /ere+, et1
b+ Detr!s de un verbo cuando va en negativa e interrogativa4 Ee isnZtM l!s
ontr!iones ne,!ti+!s %(eden &!erse de dos #or"!s$ ontr!'endo QnotQ o"o en
QT&e' &!+enZtQ ND1=1815O$ /(e es l! #or"! "s (s!d! en GB ' USA$ o ontr!'endo
el +erbo4 T&e'Z+e notM Qis$ &!+e$ &!s$ &!d$ 7ill$ 7o(ldQ se %(eden ontr!er detrs de
Q7&o$ 7&!t$ 7&ere$ 7&'$ &o7Q4 Eo7 7o(ldL Eo7Zd 'o( o"eT HW*3"o
+endrF!sT6M QisQ ' Q7illQ %(eden ontr!erse t!"bi0n detrs de Q7&enQM Q7illQ %(ede
ontr!erse t!"bi0n detrs de Q7&i& 111TQ4 >&i&Zll &e &!+eT ' detrs de no"bres
o"(nes ' %ro%iosM Q7illQ %(ede ontr!erse ! QZllQ detrs de +o!les ' t!"bi0n
detrs de onson!ntesM QisQ ' Q&!sQ %(eden ontr!erse ! UZsV "(' #re(ente"ente
detrs de %rono"bres$ %!l!br!s interro,!ti+!s o"o Q&o7Q ' l!s /(e e"%iez!n %or
7&I$ ' "enos #re(ente"ente detrs de (n no"breM QisQ %(ede ontr!erse t!"bi0n
detrs de !d+erbios o"o Q&ereQ$ Qt&ereQ no !ent(!do$ Qno7Q$ et1M se %(ede
esribir QZd$ Zll$ ZreQ$ %rini%!l"ente detrs de %rono"bres ' Qt&ereQ no !ent(!doM
en in,l0s &!bl!do Qs&!llQ$ Qs&o(ldQ$ Qdo 'o(Q$ Qdid 'o(Q se %ron(ni!n
o"o L[lL$ L[edL$ Ld.(4L ' LRdId(4L res%eti+!"ente (!ndo se &!bl! r%idoM (!ndo
el +erbo QbeQ +! solo sin nin,(n! otr! #or"! +erb!l no s(ele ontr!erse en l! #or"!
!#ir"!ti+!$ %ero se %(ede ontr!er t!"bi0n ! +ees4 T&e 7e!t&erZs ,ood HE!e b(en
tie"%o6M (!ndo +! se,(ido de otr! #or"! +erb!l lle+! 0n#!sis si no +! ontr!FdoM
(!ndo los +erbos /(e %(eden ontr!erse +!n !l #in!l de l! or!i3n no %(eden
ontr!erseM (!ndo l! ontr!i3n +! detrs de (n +erbo %(ede lle+!r !ento el +erbo
!l #in!l de l! or!i3n4 Ee R&!snZtM no se s(elen (s!r ontr!iones detrs de (n doble
s(.eto (nido %or (n! on.(ni3n o"o QPeter !nd s&eQ$ et1 D1 =15C<1<
=15?51I Aa una serie de grupos de palabras 'ue normalmente se acortan en
ingls vulgar cuando se /abla r!pido4 !t(!ll' LRY9t[eliL$ be!(se L9o4zL$ Uo(%le
o#V /(e$ ! +ees se esribe Uo(%l!V %!r! indi!r /(e se %ron(ni! LR9A%leLM donZt
'o( LRdo(nt[eLM I donZt 9no7 LRdHo6(nnoH(6L HNo s06M Gi+e Hit to6 "e] Ni
Gi""eO LR,I""ILM ItZs not LznotL NGBO ' Lzn!4tL NUSAOM IsnZt itT LRInnItL o LRInItLM
U9ind o#V /(e$ ! +ees se esribe U9ind!V %!r! indi!r /(e se %ron(ni! LR9!IndeLM
Let "e Ni Le""eO LRle""ILM o# o(rse L9o4sL NGBO ' L9o4rsL NUSAO$ Uo(t o#V /(e$ !
+ees se esribe Uo(t!V %!r! indi!r /(e se %ron(ni! LR!(teL$ %er&!%s L%rY%sL$ Usort
o#V /(e$ ! +ees se esribe Usort !V %!r! indi!r /(e se %ron(ni! LRso4teL NGBO
' LRso4rteL NUSAO$ U7!nt !V /(e$ !+ees$ se esribe U7!nn!V4 T&e' 7!nt ! Ni
7!nn!O t&ro7Iin HJ(ieren (n s!/(e de b!nd!6M >!snZt itT LR7onItL NGBO ' LR7!4nItL
NUSAOM >&!tZs Ni doesO L7otsL NGBO ' LH&67!4tsL NUSAO &e doT HWJ(0 &!e 0lT6M
>&ereZd Ni doO L7eedL NGBO ' L&7eHe6rdL NUSAO 'o( ,oT HWD3nde +!sT6$ et1
E!' iert!s %!l!br!s /(e %(eden tener tres sFl!b!s si se %ron(ni!n on 0n#!sis$ %ero
%(eden tener s3lo dos si no se %ron(ni! l! +o!l /(e +! entre %!r0ntesis4 !s%Hi6rin$
b(sHi6ness$ &oHo6l!te$ di##He6rent$ e+He6nin,$ e+He6r'$ intHe6rest$ librH!6r'$
"!rriH!6,e$ "edHi6ine Ns3lo en GB %ero en USA on tresO$ o"He6lette$
%robH!6bl' LR%robliL NGBO ' LR%r!4bliL NUSAO$ restH!(6r!nt$ se+He6r!l$ et1
E!' iert!s %!l!br!s /(e %(eden tener (!tro sFl!b!s si se %ron(ni!n on 0n#!sis$
%ero %(eden tener s3lo tres si no se %ron(ni! l! +o!l /(e +! entre %!r0ntesis4
o"#Hor6t!ble$ intHe6restin,$ seretH!6r' Nen GB %ero en USA on (!troO$
te"%He6r!t(re$ (sH(6!ll'$ +e,He6t!ble$ et1
=15?81I &a vo) pasiva4 se #or"! nor"!l"ente on el +erbo QbeQ$ "(&o "enos
#re(ente"ente on Q,etQ o Qbeo"eQ$ se,(idos del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do del +erbo
nor"!l orres%ondiente$ o on Q&!+eQ$ se,(ido de (n o"%le"ento direto h
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ND1 =15COM si &!' (n !(-ili!r o"o en los tie"%os o"%(estos
o en el #(t(ro i"%er#eto ' ondiion!l si"%le$ el +erbo UbeV +! entre el !(-ili!r ' el
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM el s(.eto de l! +oz !ti+! %!s! ! !bl!ti+o !,enteL s(.eto
!,enteL s(.eto !ti+oL o"%le"ento !,ente %reedido ,ener!l"ente de Qb'Q$ !
+ees de Qo#Q$ si es (n! %erson! o !ni"!l$ ' de Q7it&Q o QinQ$ si es (n! os! o
instr("ento$ %ero no es nees!rio %onerloM l!s or!iones /(e lle+!n e-%reso el
!bl!ti+o !,enteL s(.eto !,enteL s(.eto !ti+oL o"%le"ento !,ente$ (n 8CP
!%ro-i"!d!"ente$ se ll!"!n %ri"er!s de %!si+! Ht&e lon, %!ssi+e6 ' l!s /(e no lo
lle+!n$ (n @CP !%ro-i"!d!"ente$ se,(nd!s de %!si+! Ht&e s&ort %!ssi+eL !,entless
%!ssi+e6M el o"%le"ento de l! +oz !ti+! %!s! ! s(.eto %!iente de l! +oz %!si+!
on el +erbo QbeQ se,(ido de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM los +erbos Q,etQ ' Qbeo"eQ
se,(idos de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do no lle+!n !bl!ti+o !,ente ' !t2!n o"o
+erbos !(-ili!resM el +erbo Q,etQ h %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do %(ede indi!r (n! !i3n
re#le-i+! ND1 <1581:O$ res(lt!do ' (n! !i3n !(s!ti+!M el si,ni#i!do es "s o
"enos el "is"o en l! +oz !ti+! ' en l! %!si+!$ %ero !"bi!n iertos "!tiesM se
(tiliz! "(&o "s l! +oz !ti+! /(e l! %!si+! t!nto en el len,(!.e &!bl!do o"o en
el esrito$ %ero en l! esrit(r! se (s! "(&o "s l! %!si+! /(e en el len,(!.e
&!bl!do %!r! d!r in#or"!i3n o desribir !l,o /(e no tiene (n !rter %erson!lM en
!stell!no se (s! "(&o "enos l! +oz %!si+! /(e en in,l0s ' %rini%!l"ente en
!stell!no liter!rioM l!s or!iones se,(nd!s de %!si+! in,les!s s(elen tr!d(irse en
!stell!no estnd!r %or el i"%erson!l QseQ !stell!no de l! %!si+! re#le.! ' de l!s
or!iones i"%erson!les %!si+!sM l! %!si+! en #or"! ontin(! se (tiliz! t!"bi0n en
in,l0s$ %ero en !stell!no no se (s! !%en!sM l!s or!iones %!si+!s %(eden lle+!r
o"%le"ento indireto ' o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 l! or!i3n !ti+! UT&e
t&ie# 9illed &i"V HEl l!dr3n leL lo "!t36 %!s! ! %!si+! o"o UEe 7!s 9illed Hb' t&e
t&ie#6V Hl #(e "!t!do H%or el l!dr3n66M Ee 7!s de%ri+ed o# "one' HLe de.!ron sin
dinero6M It 7!s "i-ed 7it& 7!ter HEst!b! "ezl!do on !,(!6M Ee ,ot 9illed
Nres(lt!doO HLe "!t!ron6M S&e ,ot #ired Nres(lt!doO HL! des%idieron Ndel tr!b!.oO6M
T&e' ,otL &!d t&eir lot&es le!ned N!(s!ti+oO HLes li"%i!ron l! ro%!6M T&e' ,etL
&!+e t&eir "!&ine re%!ired N!(s!ti+oO HLes re%!r!n l! "/(in!6M T&e 7orld is
beo"in,L &!s beo"e ind(stri!lizedL ind(stri!lised NGBO HEl "(ndo se est
ind(stri!liz!ndoL &! ind(stri!liz!do6M S7!&ili is s%o9en &ere HSe &!bl! s(!.ili !/(F61
*(!ndo (n! or!i3n en !ti+! /(e lle+e o"%le"ento direto ' o"%le"ento
indireto se %!s! ! %!si+!$ es nees!rio %oner el o"%le"ento direto detrs del
+erbo si el o"%le"ento indireto &!e de s(.eto %!iente1 E.14 Ee 7!s ,i+en so"e
"one' HSe le dio !l,o de dinero ! 0l6$ et1
Los o"%le"entos e-tensi+os He-tensi+e o"%le"ents6 tienen (n no"breL
%rono"bre ' &!en de o"%le"ento direto /(e %(ede %!s!r ! s(.eto %!iente en
%!si+!M los o"%le"entos intensi+os Hintensi+e o"%le"ents6 e"%iez!n %or (n
!d.eti+o$ no tienen o"%le"ento direto ' no se %(eden %!s!r ! %!si+!4 son los
!trib(tos ' o"%le"entos %redi!ti+os1
Los +erbos %re%osiion!les on %re%osiionesL %!rtF(l!s %re%osiion!les /(e
%(eden ir en %!si+! onser+!n l! %re%osii3n !l %!s!r ! %!si+!1
=15?:1I &as ra)ones m!s importantes para usar la pasiva son las siguientes4
56 El !bl!ti+o !,enteL s(.eto !,enteL s(.eto !ti+oL o"%le"ento !,ente es4 !6 M('
l!r,o1 b6 No se onoe1 6 No se %(ede desribir on #!ilid!d1 d6 Se %(ede ded(ir
#il"ente %or el onte-to1 e6 No se dese! "enion!r 1 #6 Es "s i"%ort!nte el
s(.eto %!iente o se le /(iere d!r "s 0n#!sis1 86 Se %(eden (nir dos or!iones "s
#il"ente1 :6 Se (tiliz! l! di%lo"!i! o el t!to "e.or1 ;6 Por r!zones s(b.eti+!s1 <6
P!r! e+it!r (n! onstr(i3n %oo ,r!"!ti!l1 =6 P!r! desribir !s(ntos t0nios o
ientF#ios1 ?6 El s(.eto %!iente es UoneL %eo%leV$ et1
A +ees$ &!' or!iones /(e no estn en %!si+!$ '! /(e el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do &!e
de !d.eti+o ' el +erbo QbeQ se tr!d(e nor"!l"ente %or Qest!rQ ND1 =15=5O$ "ientr!s
/(e (!ndo estn en %!si+! el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do no &!e de !d.eti+o ' el +erbo
se tr!d(e nor"!l"ente %or (n QseQ %!si+o ND1 =15=C$ =15@8O o el +erbo QbeQ se
tr!d(e %or UserV1 E.14 S&e 7!s "!rried N!d.eti+oO 7&en s&e !"e HEll! est!b!
!s!d! (!ndo +ino6 ' US&e 7!s "!rried N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doO l!st "ont&V HEll!
se !s3 el "es %!s!do6M Ee is %le!sed N!d.eti+oO Hl est ontento6 ' UEe is e!sil'
%le!sed N%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doOV Hl se ontent! on %oo6M T&e door is losed
N!d.eti+oO HL! %(ert! est err!d!6 ' UT&e door &!s been losed N%!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!doOV HL! %(ert! se &! err!do61
=15?;1I En ingls no se pueden poner en pasiva4
*+ &os verbos copulativos semicopulativos ND1;15@15O1 En !stell!no t!"%oo1
2+ &os verbos intransitivos4 !&e$ !%%e!r$ !rri+e$ be$ be h !d.eti+o4 ,ood$ t!ll$ et1$
o"e$ o(,&$ die$ di,ress$ dis!%%e!r$ e-ist$ #!de$ #!int$ #!ll$ ,o$ &!%%en$ &esit!te$
9neel$ lie H"entirL '!er6$ "!tter$ o(r$ %!(se$ re"!in$ rise$ slee%$ sneeze$
s'"%!t&izeL s'"%!t&ise NGBO$ tre"ble$ 7!it$ et1 En !stell!no t!"%oo1
2+ &os verbos 4con part(culas+ adverbiales intransitivos ND1 ?1;<15O1 En
!stell!no t!"%oo1
-+ &os verbos reflexivos ND1<158O1 En !stell!no t!"%oo1
3+ &os verbos rec(procos ND1<15;O1 En !stell!no t!"%oo1
No obst!nte$ los +erbos reF%roos %(eden ir en %!si+! (!ndo el %rono"bre
reF%roo se di+ide en dos %!rtes1 En !stell!no t!"bi0n1 E.14 T&e' &(rt e!&
ot&er HSe &!F!n d!)oL l!sti"!b!n el (no !l otroL los (nos ! los otros6M E!& 7!s
&(rt b' t&e ot&er H*!d! (no er! l!sti"!do %or los otros61
6+ &os verbos transitivos 'ue lleven un ad%etivo o pronombre posesivo en el
complemento directo 'ue se refiera al su%eto$ et1 Ee sold &is !r Hl +endi3 elL
s( o&e61 En !stell!no t!"%oo1
E!' (n! serie de +erbos /(e no se %(eden %oner en %!si+! (!ndo +!n se,(idos de
(n in#initi+o4 besee&$ brin,$ !ble$ !(se$ o""it$ ,et$ &!+e$ intend$ li9e$ %re#er$
tele,r!%&$ Htele6%&one$ t&!n9$ tro(ble$ 7!nt$ 7ire$ 7is&$ 7rite$ et1 En !stell!no
t!"%oo1
8+ &os verbos preposicionales de 9.22.25-.
9+ Casi el 8:Y de los verbos preposicionales de 9.22.*, algo m!s del 3:Y de los
verbos con part(culas preposicionales de 9.-2.*, casi el -:Y de los verbos 4con
part(culas+ adverbiales de 8.-3.3.
=15?<1I Oo se pueden poner en pasiva en ingls los verbos e'uivalentes a los
verbos falsos reflexivos del castellano. D1 <1581:
=15?=1I &os siguientes verbos son slo transitivos o monotransitivos7 en unos
casos el complemento directo4
*+ Kuede pasar a su%eto paciente en pasiva4 Hsb6 be !Re%ted$ Hsb6 be !R(sed$ Hit6
be !Rd!%ted$ Hsb6 be !dR+ised$ HsbL it6 be !R##ir"ed$ Hit6 be R!i"ed$ HsbL it6 be !Rlle,ed$
Hit6 be !R%%lied$ Hit6 be !R%%ointed$ Hsb6 be R!r"ed$ HsbL it6 be !Rsserted$ Hsb6 be
!Rssisted$ HsbL it6 be !Rss("ed$ Hsb6 be R!(t&orizedL R!(t&orised NGBO$ Hst&6 be beR,(n$
HsbL st&6 be beRlie+ed$ Hsb6 be Rbid$ Hsb6 be Rbitten$ Hsb6 be Rbl!"ed$ Hsb6 be Rbo(nd
Hest!r obli,!do H!l,(ien66$ Hit6 be Rbo(nd Hser se,(ro /(e H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be Rbribed$ HsbL
it6 be Rbro(,&t o(t$ HsbL it6 be Rbro(,&t (%$ HsbL it6 be R!l(l!ted$ Hsb6 be R!(tioned$
Hsb6 be R&!llen,ed$ Hsb6 be R&!n,ed bosses$ Hsb6 be R&!r"ed$ Hsb6 be R&eered$ HsbL
it6 be Rl!i"ed$ Hit6 be Rle!red (%$ Hst&6 be Rlosed$ Hsb6 be oR""issioned$ Hsb6 be
o"R%elled$ Hsb6 be onRde"ned$ HsbL it6 be onRditioned$ Hsb6 be onR#i,(red$ HsbL it6
be onRsidered$ Hsb6 be onRtr!ted$ Hsb6 be onR+ited$ Hsb6 be Ro(nted on$ Hsb6 be
RritiizedL Rritiised NGBO$ Hsb6 be Rd!red Hser des!#i!do H!l,(ien66$ Hit6 be deRreed$
HsbL it6 be Rdee"ed Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 be deR#ied$ Hsb6 be deR"!nded$ HsbL st&6 be deRsired$
HsbL it6 Rdestined$ HsbL it6 be deRter"ined Nliter!rioO$ Hit6 be deR+elo%ed$ Hit6 be deR+ised$
Hsb6 be diRreted$ Hsb6 be disRo"#ited$ HsbL it6 be disRo+ered$ Hsb6 be disR%!t&ed$ Hsb6
be diR+ored$ Hsb6 be Rdoo"ed$ Hst&6 be Rdo(bted$ Hsb6 be NoO #eel NoO see" Rdri+en$
Hsb6 be eRleted$ HsbL st&6 be eRl(ded$ Hsb6 be e"R%o7ered N"s (s!doOL i"R%o7ered
Hser !(toriz!do H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be eRn!bled$ Hsb6 be enRo(r!,ed$ Hst&6 be Rended$ Hst&6
be enR.o'ed$ Hit6 be en,iRneered$ Hsb6 be enR.oined Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 be enRtied$ Hsb6 be
enRtre!ted$ HsbL it6 be eR/(i%%ed$ Hst&6 be esR!%ed$ HsbL it6 be Resti"!ted$ Hsb6 be
e-R(sed$ HsbL st&6 be e-R%eted$ Hit6 be e-R%lored$ Hit6 be e-Rtended$ HsbL it6 be R#e!red$
HsbL st&6 be R#elt$ Hst&6 be R#led$ Hit6 be R#o(sedL R#o(ssed NUSAO$ HsbL st&6 be
R#ollo7ed$ HsbL it6 be R#ored$ Hsb6 be R#ri,&tened$ Hsb6 be R,e!red H(%6$ Hsb6 be
R,roo"ed$ Hsb6 be R&!d N(!ndo si,ni#i! Q%!s!rL onse,(irL en,!)!rQ$ %ero no
(!ndo si,ni#i! QtenerL %oseerL toler!rL to"!r Hbebid!$ et16L onsentirQO$ HsbL st&6 be
R&e!rd$ HsbL st&6 be R&eld N(!ndo si,ni#i! Qelebr!rL detenerL tener %resoL onsider!rL
!l"!en!rQO$ Hsb6 be R&el%ed$ Hsb6 be R&o%ed$ HsbL it6 be iR"!,ined$ Hsb6 be NoO #eel
i"R%elled$ Hsb6 be i"R%lored$ Hsb6 be inRited$ Hsb6 be inRdotrin!ted$ Hsb6 be inRd(ed$
Hsb6 be Rinstit(ted$ Hsb6 be inRstr(ted$ Hsb6 be inRs(lted$ Hsb6 be inR+ited$ HsbL it6 be
R.(d,ed$ Hsb6 be R9illed$ HsbL st&6 be R9no7n$ HsbL st&6 be Rled$ HsbL st&6 be Rli9ed N%oo
(s!do en %!si+!O$ HsbL st&6 be Rlost$ HsbL st&6 be Rlo+ed$ Hsb6 be R"!nd!ted$ Hsb6 be
R"!rried$ Hsb6 be R"et HirL +enir ! b(s!r ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&4 ! %roble"$ et16 be R"et
Henontr!rse onL &!er #rente ! H!l,o4 (n %roble"!$ et166$ Hsb6 be R"inded H(id!r
de H!l,(ien6 NGB %rini%!l"enteO6$ Hsb6 be R"obilizedL R"obilised NGBO$ Hsb6 be
R"orti#ied$ HsbL st&6 be R"o+ed$ HsbL st&6 be Rneeded$ HsbL it6 be Rno"in!ted$ Hsb6 be
Robli,!ted Nliter!rioO Hser obli,!do H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be oRbli,ed Hest!r obli,!do
H!l,(ien66$ HsbL it6 be obRser+ed$ Hst&6 be obRt!ined$ Hsb6 be oR##ended$ Hsb6 be
oR%%osed$ Hit6 be Roriented$ Hit6 be Rorient!ted$Hsb6 be o+erR7&el"ed$ HsbL it6 be
%erRei+ed$ Hit6 be R%olis&ed$ HsbL it6 be H7ell6 %oRsitioned$ Hit6 be R%o7ered$ Hit Nsb4 no
%onerO6 be %reRdited$ HsbL it6 be R%ressed$ Hsb6 be R%ress(red$ HsbL it6 be %reRs("ed$
Hsb6 be R%ri"ed$ Hst&6 be %roRd(ed$ HsbL it6 be R%ro,r!""ed NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO
R%ro,r!"ed NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ Hit6 be %roR.eted$ HsbL it6 be %roR"oted$ Hsb6 be
R%ro"%ted Hser ind(ido H!l,(ien66$ Hsb Nit4 no %onerO6 be %roRno(ned$ Hsb6 be
%(rR%orted Nliter!rioO$ Hsb6 be R%(s&ed$ Hsb6 be Rr!ed N%oo (s!do en %!si+!O Hlle+!r
de%ris! ! H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be re!Rss(red$ HsbL st&6 be reRei+ed$ HsbL it6 be Rre9oned$
Hsb6 be Rreo,nizedL Rreo,nised NGBO$ Hsb6 be reRr(ited$ Hit6 be reRd(ed$ Hsb6 be
re,!led$ HsbL it6 be reR,retted$ Hsb6 be reRlied on$ HsbL st&6 be reR"e"bered$ HsbL it6 be
reR%orted$ Hsb6 be reR/(ested$ Hsb6 be reR/(ired$ Hit6 be reR/(ired Nliter!rioO$ Hit6 be
reRstrited$ HsbL it6 be Rrostered$ HsbL it6 be Rr("o(red NGB %rini%!l"enteOL Rr("ored
NUSAO$ Hsb6 be Rs!ddened$ HsbL !n !ni"!l6 be s!ddled$ Hit6 be Rs!led (%$ HsbL it6 be
Rs&ed(led$ HsbL st&6 be Rseen$ HsbL it6 be seRleted$ Hsb6 be Rsentened$ HsbL it6 be set
Ro(t$ Hst&6 be set Rs!il$ Hsb6 be Rs&!9en$ HsbL it6 be Rsl!ted NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hest!r
%ro,r!"!do6$ Hst&6 be Rst!rted$ Hit6 be Rsti%(l!ted$ HsbL st&6 be Rstirred$ Hit6 be stret&ed
Ro(t$ Hst&6 be Rst(died$ Hsb6 be st(n,$ HsbL it6 be Rs(ited Hser !%ro%i!do H!l,(ienL !l,o66$
Hsb6 be Rs(""oned$ HsbL st&6 be s(R%%orted$ HsbL it6 be s(R%%osed$ HsbL st&6 be
s(rR+i+ed N%oo (s!do en %!si+!O$ HsbL it6 be s(sR%eted$ Hit6 be Rt!ilored$ Hsb6 be
Rte"%ted$ HsbL it6 be Rt&o(,&t$ Hsb6 be Rti9led$ Hsb6 be Rtr!ined$ Hsb6 be Rtr(sted$ HsbL it6
be (nderRstood$ Hsb6 be R(r,ed$ HsbL st&6 be R(sed$ HsbL st&6 be R+isited$ Hsb6 be R+o7ed$
HsbL st&6 be R7!nted$ HsbL it6 be R7!rr!nted$ Hst&6 be R7!sted$ HsbL st&6 be R7!t&ed$ et1
2+ Oo puede pasar a su%eto paciente en pasiva4 beo"e N(!ndo si,ni#i! Qsent!r
bienL #!+oreerL ser !%ro%i!do %!r!Q ' (!ndo si,ni#i! otr! os! es intr!nsiti+oM s(
(so o"o tr!nsiti+o es liter!rio4 T&is o!t beo"es 'o( HEste !bri,oL Est! &!/(et!
te #!+oree6 ' o"o intr!nsiti+o es estnd!rM n(n! +! en %!si+!O$ o"%rise$ ont!in$
e/(!l Hser i,(!l !6$ #it N(!ndo si,ni#i! Q/(ed!r bienL irle bienQ$ %ero sF se (s! en
%!si+! (!ndo si,ni#i! Qe/(i%!r de$ to"!r l!s "edid!s ! NoO %rob!rQM %(ede ser
t!"bi0n intr!nsiti+oO$ ,o H! s&ort dist!ne6$ &!+e N(!ndo si,ni#i! QtenerL %oseerL
toler!rL to"!r Hbebid!$ et16L onsentirQ$ %ero sF se (s! en %!si+! (!ndo si,ni#i!
Q%!s!rL onse,(irL en,!)!rQO$ &old Ne-e%to (!ndo si,ni#i! Qelebr!rL detenerL
tener %resoL onsider!rL !l"!en!rQO$ l!9 N(!ndo si,ni#i! Q#!lt!rle ! (noL !reerQM
%(ede ser t!"bi0n intr!nsiti+oO$ li9e N(!ndo el o"%le"ento direto es (n! os!O$
lo+e N(!ndo el o"%le"ento direto es (n! os!O$ "!t& N%(ede ser t!"bi0n
intr!nsiti+oO$ "e!s(re N(!ndo +! se,(ido de "edid!sQM %(ede ser t!"bi0n
intr!nsiti+oO$ "ind H%reo(%!rse %orL tener (id!do onL i"%ort!rle ! (no N%(ede ser
t!"bi0n intr!nsiti+oO6$ %ossess$ rese"ble H%!reerse !L ser o"oL !se"e.!rse !6$ rise
H! de,ree6$ s(it H+enirle bien !L on+enirle !L irle bienL /(ed!rle bienM %(ede ser
t!"bi0n intr!nsiti+o6$ tr!+el N%(ede ser t!"bi0n intr!nsiti+oO$ 7!l9 H! lon, dist!ne6$
7ei,& onesel# N%ero sF se (s! en %!si+! (!ndo si,ni#i! U%es!r$ so%es!r NoO
onsider!rM %(ede ser t!"bi0n intr!nsiti+o (!ndo no +! se,(ido de n!d! o se,(ido
de !ntid!desO$ et1
=15??1I Cuando la oracin en activa tiene un complemento directo un
complemento indirecto, los dos pueden /acer de su%eto paciente ! di#ereni! del
!stell!no en el /(e sol!"ente el o"%le"ento direto %(ede &!er de s(.eto
%!ienteM estos +erbos se ll!"!n t!"bi0n tr!nsiti+os dobles Hditr!nsiti+e6 ND1 <15C18OM
%(eden %onerse en %!si+! de dos "!ner!s4
*+ El complemento directo de la oracin en activa pasa a su%eto paciente de la
oracin en pasiva. E.14 A bi'le 7!s bo(,&t #or &er Hb' t&e"6 HUn! biilet! #(e
o"%r!d! %!r! ell! H%or ellos66M A ,i#t 7!s ,i+en to M!tt&e7 Hb' &er6 HUn re,!lo #(e
d!do ! M!teo H%or ell!66M A tele,r!" 7!s sent to &i" HSe le en+i3 (n tele,r!"! !
0l6M mo(Zll be 7ritten ! letter HSe teL le esribir (n! !rt!61
*(!ndo &!' (n o"%le"ento indireto de %erson! ' el s(.eto %!si+o es (n no"bre
de os! /(e orres%onde !l o"%le"ento direto de l! +oz !ti+! nor"!l"ente el
o"%le"ento indireto +! %reedido de l! %re%osii3n UtoV$ %ero se %(ede s(%ri"ir
UtoV en in,l0s olo/(i!l$ sobre todo si es (n %rono"bre1 E.14 An &ono(r NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL &onor NUSAO ne+er !orded Hto6 ! "!n HUn &onor n(n!
onedido ! (n &o"bre6M An o%%ort(nit' is !##orded Hto6 t&e" HSe les d! (n!
o%ort(nid!d6M It 7!s !llo7ed &er N"s (s!doOL to &er N"enos (s!doOM It 7!s !s9ed
Hto6 "e i# I %l!'ed HMe %re,(nt!ron si .(,!b! 'o6M Freedo" is bein, denied Hto6
t&e" N"enos idio"tioOL T&e' !re bein, denied #reedo" N"s idio"tioO HSe les
est ne,!ndo l! libert!d6M Let t&e ,(ilt o# blood be #or,i+en t&e"] H\J(e se les
%erdone l! (l%! de s!n,re]6M It 7!s #orbidden t&e"M A ,i#t 7!s ,i+en &i"
Nolo/(i!lOL to &i" Nestnd!rO Hb' Ste%&!nie6 HHEste#!nF!6 Le dio (n re,!lo6M T&e
!ntibiotis 7ere ,i+en Hto6 &er HLos !ntibi3tios se los dieron ! ell!6M T&e "one' t&!t
7!s lent &i" Nolo/(i!lOL to &i" Nestnd!rO HEl dinero /(e se le %rest36M A ,i#t 7!s
o##ered Hto6 t&e l!d' HSe o#rei3 (n re,!lo ! l! se)or!6M T&in,s t&!t &!+e to be
re#(sed (s H*os!s /(e se nos tienen /(e dene,!r6M T&e ser+ie rendered Hto6 &er HEl
ser+iio %rest!do ! ell!6M T&is 7!s re%e!ted "e N+(l,!rOL to "e Nestnd!rOM A t!s9
7!s set Hto6 "e HSe "e dio (n! t!re! /(e &!er6M It 7!s s&o7nL told "e Nolo/(i!lOL
to "e Nestnd!rO HMe lo ense)!ron NoO "ostr!ronL di.eron6M It 7!s 7!rr!nted Hto6
"e HSe "e ,!r!ntiz!b!61
Sin e"b!r,o$ on otros o"o Q!d"it$ !nno(ne$ !%%oint$ be!r$ !rr'$ (t$ desribe$
do$ ,et$ e-%l!in$ indi!te$ introd(e$ 9ee%$ "!9e$ "e!n$ "e!s(re o(t$ "ention$
"(r"(r$ "(tter$ %!ss$ %oint o(t$ re9on$ re#er$ re%e!t$ re%ort$ s!'$ st!te$ s(,,est$
s(rrender$ t!9e$ 7!s&$ 7inQ$ et1$ s3lo el o"%le"ento direto %!s! ! s(.eto en
%!si+!1 E.14 T&e %roble" 7!s e-%l!inedL re%e!ted to &er HSe le e-%li3L re%iti3 el
%roble"! ! ell!6M T&e sentene 7!s s!id to &i" HSe le di.o l! or!i3nL el !#oris"o !
0l6M T&e sentene 7!s s!id to &i" b' &er "ot&er HL! or!i3n se l!L El !#oris"o se lo
di.o s( "!dre61
2+ El complemento indirecto de la oracin activa pasa a su%eto paciente de la
oracin pasivaM es (n! "!ner! de d!r "s i"%ort!ni! !l o"%le"ento indiretoM
se %re#iere est! onstr(i3n (!ndo el o"%le"ento indireto es (n %rono"bre$
(!ndo el o"%le"ento direto es (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! no"in!l$ (!ndo se
o"ite el s(.eto !,enteM (!ndo el o"%le"ento indireto %!s! ! s(.eto %!iente
indi! !i3n$ no res(lt!doM en ,ener!l se (s! "(&o "s est! onstr(i3n /(e l!
otr!1 E.14 S&e 7!s bo(,&t ! bi'le HLe o"%r!ron (n! biilet!6M M!tt&e7 7!s
,i+en ! ,i#t HSe le dio (n re,!lo ! M!teo6M A letter 7ill be 7ritten to 'o( HSe te
esribir (n! !rt!6M Ee 7!s sent ! tele,r!" HSe le en+i3 (n tele,r!"! ! 0l61
Sin e"b!r,o$ on !l,(nos +erbos o"o U!llo7$ en+'$ #or,i+eV$ et1$ s3lo el
o"%le"ento indireto %!s! ! s(.eto en %!si+!1 E.14 T&e'Zll #or,i+e 'o( e+er't&in,
HTe %erdon!rn todo6 ' Umo(Zll be #or,i+en e+er't&in,V HSe te %erdon!r todo61
E!' (n! serie de +erbos /(e se %(eden %oner en %!si+! de dos "!ner!s %or/(e los
dos o"%le"entos %(eden &!er de s(.eto %!ienteM on !l,(nos s(ele ser el
o"%le"ento direto el /(e %!s! "s ! "en(do ! s(.eto %!iente ' lle+! detrs
No"%le"ento diretoOM on otros s(ele ser el o"%le"ento indireto el /(e %!s!
"s #re(ente"ente ! s(.eto %!iente ' lle+! detrs No"%le"ento indiretoOM on
los /(e no lle+!n n!d! detrs el o"%le"ento direto ' el o"%le"ento indireto
%(eden %!s!r ! s(.eto %!iente on l! "is"! #re(eni!4 !ord No"%le"ento
diretoO$ !ddress No"%le"ento diretoO$ !d+!ne No"%le"ento diretoO$ !##ord$
!llot$ !%%ortion No"%le"ento diretoO$ !sribe No"%le"ento diretoO$ !s9
No"%le"ento indiretoO$ !ssi,n No"%le"ento diretoO$ !ttrib(te No"%le"ento
diretoO$ !7!rd$ be/(e!t& No"%le"ento diretoO Hle,!r6$ brin, No"%le"ento
diretoO$ b(' No"%le"ento diretoO$ !ble No"%le"ento diretoO$ !ll$ !(se
No"%le"ento diretoO$ &!r,e No"%le"ento indiretoO$ o""!nd No"%le"ento
indiretoO$ o""(ni!te No"%le"ento diretoO$ on#ess No"%le"ento diretoO$
on#ide No"%le"ento diretoO$ de!l No"%le"ento indiretoO$ del!re
No"%le"ento diretoO$ dedi!te No"%le"ento diretoO$ deli+er No"%le"ento
diretoO$ de"onstr!te No"%le"ento diretoO$ den' No"%le"ento diretoO$ do
No"%le"ento diretoO$ dro% No"%le"ento direto4 ! &int$ et1O ReI"!il
No"%le"ento diretoO$ entr(st No"%le"ento diretoO$ #!- No"%le"ento diretoO$
#eed$ #ind No"%le"ento diretoO$ #or7!rd No"%le"ento diretoO$ ,et
No"%le"ento diretoM %oo (s!do en %!si+!O$ ,i+e No"%le"ento diretoO$ ,r!nt$
,r(d,e$ ,(!r!ntee$ &!nd No"%le"ento diretoO$ &!nd b!9 No"%le"ento diretoO$
introd(e$ le!se No"%le"ento diretoO$ le!+e Hde.!r Nen test!"entoO6 No"%le"ento
indiretoO$ lend No"%le"ento indiretoO$ let No"%le"ento diretoM %oo (s!do en
%!si+!O$ lo!n No"%le"ento diretoO$ "!il No"%le"ento diretoO$ o##er
No"%le"ento indiretoO$ o7e No"%le"ento diretoO$ %!ss No"%le"ento diretoO$
%!' No"%le"ento indiretoO$ %l!' No"%le"ento diretoO Hto!r6$ %ost
No"%le"ento diretoO$ %rol!i" No"%le"ento diretoO$ %ro"ise$ %ro%&es'
No"%le"ento diretoO$ %ro%ose No"%le"ento diretoO$ %ro+e No"%le"ento
diretoO$ /(ote No"%le"ento diretoO$ re!d No"%le"ento diretoO$ reo""end
No"%le"ento diretoO$ re#(nd No"%le"ento diretoO$ re#(se$ rel!te No"%le"ento
diretoO$ re"it No"%le"ento diretoO$ render$ rent No"%le"ento diretoO$ re%!'
No"%le"ento diretoO$ ret(rn No"%le"ento diretoO$ re+e!l No"%le"ento
diretoO$ s!+e No"%le"ento diretoO$ send No"%le"ento diretoO$ sell
No"%le"ento indiretoO$ send No"%le"ento diretoO$ ser+e No"%le"ento
diretoO$ s&o(t No"%le"ento diretoO$ s&o7 No"%le"ento indiretoO$ sin,
No"%le"ento diretoO$ s%e!9 No"%le"ento diretoO$ t!9e$ te!& No"%le"ento
indiretoO$ tele,r!%& No"%le"ento diretoO$ tele- No"%le"ento diretoO$ tell$
t&ro7 No"%le"ento diretoO$ toss No"%le"ento diretoO Htir!rL l!nz!r6$ 7&is%er
No"%le"ento diretoO$ 7ire No"%le"ento diretoO$ 7rite No"%le"ento diretoO1
E.14 to 7rite t&e t&in,s 7&i& &!+e been o""!nded Hto6 "e Hesribir l!s os!s /(e
se "e &!n orden!do61
No obst!nte$ (!ndo detrs del o"%le"ento indireto +! (n o"%le"ento direto
/(e se! (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! no"in!l s3lo el o"%le"ento indireto %(ede
&!er de s(.eto en %!si+!1 E.14 Ee &!s told M!r' t&!t it is not %ossible Hl le &! di&o
! M!rF! /(e no es %osible6 ' UM!r' &!s been told t&!t it is not %ossibleV HLe &!n
di&o ! M!rF! /(e no es %osible61
Sin e"b!r,o$ !l,(nos +erbos o"o Qost Nirre,(l!rO Host!r6 N%ero (!ndo si,ni#i!
U!l(l!r el osto NoO oste de NoO !+eri,(!r el %reio deV lle+! s3lo o"%le"ento
direto$ es re,(l!r$ no irre,(l!r$ ' se %(ede %oner en %!si+!O$ let N%!r! &!er (n!
s(,ereni!$ (n! %etii3n$ (n! %ro%(est!$ (n! e-%osii3n de !l,o$ %!r! d!r (n! orden$
%!r! o#reer !'(d!$ %!r! indi!r (n des!#Fo o (n! !"en!z!$ (n deseoM t!"bi0n
(!ndo si,ni#i! Us(%onerV ' Ude.!rV %ero no (!ndo si,ni#i! Ud!r %er"isoV !
!l,(ien %!r! &!er !l,oM lo "s reo"end!ble %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es no
(s!rlo en %!si+!O$ "e!n N(!ndo se tr!d(e %or Usi,ni#i!rV Ni ser i"%ort!nteOO$
7is&Q$ et1$ /(e %(eden lle+!r o"%le"ento direto ' o"%le"ento indireto en
!ti+! no %(eden ir en %!si+!1
Al,(nos +erbos %re%osiion!les tr!nsiti+os o"o Q"!9e !llo7!ne #or$ "!9e ! #(ss
o+erL !bo(t$ "!9e (se o#$ %!' !ttention to$ t!9e !o(nt o#$ t!9e !d+!nt!,e o#$ t!9e
!re o#$ t!9e note o#$ t!9e notie o#Q$ et1$ %(eden %onerse en %!si+! de l!s dos
"!ner!s1 E.14 T&e %eo%le !re t!9en ,oodL ,re!t !re o# ' UGoodL Gre!t !re is t!9en
o# t&e %eo%leV HSe (id! ! l! ,ente bienL "(&o6$ et1
=15?@1I Aa muc/os verbos 'ue en ingls van en pasiva en castellano se
traducen %or el i"%erson!l QseQ !stell!no de l! %!si+! re#le.! ' de l!s or!iones
i"%erson!les %!si+!s1 E.14 S&eZs !lled P!trii! HEll! se ll!"! P!trii!6M T&is is e!sil'
destro'edL re"o+ed$ et1 HEsto se destr('eL /(it!$ et1$ #il"ente6M T&is is le!rl'
e-%ressedL (nderstood$ et1 HEsto se e-%res!L entiende$ et1$ l!r!"ente6M Ee 7!s
,i+en to drin9 Hl se dio ! l! bebid!6M So"et&in, is lost HSe %ierde !l,o6M It is "!de
&ere HSe &!e !/(F6M A%%li!nts !re re/(ired to &!+e e-%eriene HSe re/(iere /(e los
!ndid!tos ten,!n e-%erieni!6M T&e' !re s!tis#ied 7it& it HSe on#or"!n on ello6M
T&e' !re sold in %!irs HSe +enden %or %!re.!s6M It o(ld be sol+ed HPodrF!
sol(ion!rse6M DonZt be s(r%rised] H\No te sor%rend!s]6$ et1 D1 <158
=15?B1I Aa algunos verbos causativos en ingls 'ue pueden ir en pasiva
por'ue son transitivos7 pueden ser intransitivos tambin pero no son
causativos7 en castellano no pueden ir en pasiva por'ue son slo intransitivos1
E.14 A lot o# %eo%le !re #lo7n #ro" M!l!,! to M!drid HM(&!s %erson!s +(el!n Ni
se l!s &!e +ol!rO en !+i3n desde Ml!,! ! M!drid6M T&is tr!in is r(n e+er' d!'
HEste tren #(nion! Ni se le &!e #(nion!rO todos los dF!s6M T&is %l!sti "(st not be
stood ne!r t&e #ire HEste %lstio no debe "!ntenerse Ni se le &!e tener ! dist!ni!O
er! del #(e,o6M T&is !ni"!l is 7!l9ed #or t7o &o(rs ! d!' HA 0ste !ni"!l se le
lle+! ! %!se!r Ni se le &!e !"in!rO dos &or!s !l dF!6$ et1
=15@C1I Kueden ponerse en pasiva algo m!s del 2:Y de los verbos
preposicionales de 9.22.*, todos los verbos preposicionales de 9.22.2, casi el
3:Y de los verbos con part(culas preposicionales de 9.-2.*, todos los verbos
con part(culas preposicionales de 9.-2.2, la maor(a de los verbos 4con
part(culas+ adverbiales de 8.-3.252, algo m!s del 6:Y de los verbos 4con
part(culas+ adverbiales de 8.-3.3, todos los verbos 4con part(culas+ adverbiales
de 8.-3.- 8.-3.6M !l %!s!r ! %!si+! onser+!n l! %re%osii3n$ l! %!rtF(l!
%re%osiion!l$ l! %!rtF(l! !d+erbi!l$ l! %!rtF(l! !d+erbi!l se,(id! de (n!
%re%osii3n$ %!rtF(l! !d+erbi!l se,(id! de (n! %!rtF(l! %re%osiion!lM el !ento
re!e sobre el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do o sobre el no"bre /(e !o"%!)! !l %!rtii%io$
si lo tiene$ no sobre l! %re%osii3nM ,ener!l"ente se (s!n "s en !ti+! /(e en
%!si+!M (!ndo son tr!nsiti+os #le-ibles el !ento re!e sobre l! %!rtF(l! !d+erbi!l$
no sobre el %!rtii%ioM entre los /(e se %(eden %oner en %!si+! estn los si,(ientes4
Hsb6 be !bRsol+ed #ro" Hst&4 bl!"e$ et16 Hser !bs(elto de H!l,o4 (l%!$ et166$ HsbL st&6
be !bRsorbed Hser !bsorbidoL !si"il!do H!l,(ienL !l,o6$ Hst&6 be !Reded to H!eder
! H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be H(n6!Ro(nted #or HHno6 .(sti#i!rseL d!r (ent! de H!l,o6 NoO
e-%li!rse H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be !R(sed o# Hst&4 ! t&e#t$ et16 Hser !(s!do de H!l,o4 (n
robo$ et166$ Hsb6 be !R/(itted o# Hst&4 bl!"e$ et16 Hser !bs(elto de H!l,o4 (l%!$
et166$ Hst&6 be R!ted on H!t(!r en onse(eni! on H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R!dded to Hser
!"%li!doL !)!didoL !("ent!do H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be !Rd&ered to H!d&erirse ! H!l,o66$ Hsb6
be !dR"itted to H! %l!e4 ! &os%it!l$ et16 Hlle+!rHse6 ! (no !L in,res!r ! (no en H(n
l(,!r4 ! (n &os%it!l$ et166$ Hst&6 be !R,reed on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB
%rini%!l"enteO H!ord!rseL %onerse de !(erdo sobre H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be !R,reed to
H!e%t!rse H!l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be R!i"ed !t H!%(nt!rle ! H!l,(ienL !l,o6L ir diri,ido !
H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ Hst&6 be !Rllo7ed #or Htener en (ent!L de.!r (n "!r,en %!r! H!l,o66$
HsbL st&6 be !Rll(ded to H&!erHse6 !l(si3n ! H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be !R%%e!led to
Hs(%li!rL &!er (n ll!"!"ientoL !%el!r ! H!l,(ienL !l,o6$ Hst&6 be !R%%lied #or
H%edirse NoO soliit!rse H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be !R%%lied to H&!erse (n! soliit(d ! H!l,(ien66$
Hsb6 be !R%olo,izedL !R%olo,ised NGBO #or H%edirse dis(l%!s ! H!l,(ien6$ Hst&6 be
!R%%ro+ed o# H%!reer bienL ,(st!r H!l,o6 ! !l,(ien6$ Hst&4 ! deision$ et16 be !Rrri+ed
!t Hlle,!rse ! H!l,o4 (n! deisi3n$ et166$ Hsb6 be R!s9ed !bo(t Hst&6 H%re,(nt!rsele !
(no %or H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R!s9ed #or H%edirse H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be !sR%ired to H!s%ir!r !
H!l,o66$ Hsb4 ! %!tient$ et16 be !Rttended to Ho(%!rse deL !tender ! H!l,(ien4 (n
%!iente$ et166$ Hst&6 be !Rttested to Hd!rse #e de H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be Rb!r,!ined #or
Hont!r onL es%er!r H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be Rb!sed in H! %l!e6 H+i+ir !l,(ien en H(n l(,!r66$
Hst&6 be Rb!sed on Hest!r b!s!do en H!l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be beRlie+ed in Hreer en !l,(ienL
!l,o6$ Hst&6 be Rbitten into Horroerse H!l,o66$ H! &o(se$ et16 be Rbro9en into Hentr!r en
H(n! !s!$ et16 ! rob!r6$ Hst&6 be Rb(d,eted #or Hont!r on H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be Rb(ilt on
H!,re,!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R!lled #or Hser nees!rio H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be R!lled on H%!s!r !
+isit!r ! H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be R!red #or H(id!rL !tender ! H!l,(ien66$ Hser+ies$ et16 be
R!tered #or NGBOL to NUSAO Ho#reer Hser+iios$ et166$ Hst&6 be !(,&t R&old o#
H!,!rr!r H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be R&!r,ed #or Hst&4 l(n&$ et16 Hobr!r ! (no %or H!l,o4 l!
o"id!$ et166$ Hsb6 be R&!r,ed 7it& Hst&4 "(rder$ et16 Hser !(s!do de H!l,o4
!sesin!to$ et166$ Hst&4 ! deision$ et16 be Ro"e to Hlle,!rse ! H!l,o4 (n! deisi3n$
et166$ HsbL st&6 be oR""ented on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO
H&!er o"ent!rios sobre H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be Ro"%ens!ted #or Hser
o"%ens!do H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be o"R%l!ined !bo(t H/(e.!rse de H!l,(ienL
!l,o66$ Hst&6 be o"R%lied 7it& H!eder ! H!l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be onRerned !bo(tL #or
Hest!r %reo(%!do %or H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ Hsb6 be onR#(sed b' Hst&6 Hon#(ndirle H!l,o
! !l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be onRsented to Hd!r el onsenti"iento ! H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be
onRtrib(ted to Hontrib(ir ! H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be onR+ined b' Hst&6 Hon+ener H!
!l,(ien de !l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be Ro%ed 7it& H&!er #rente ! H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ Hst&6 be
Ro(nted on Hont!r on H!l,o66$ HsbL st&4 ! o"%l!int$ et16 be Rde!lt 7it& He.e(t!rse
H!l,o6L o(%!rse de H!l,(ienL !l,o4 (n! /(e.!$ et166$ HsbL st&6 be deRided on
Hdeidirse %or H!l,(ien6L deidir H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be Rdel+ed into H%enetr!r en H!l,o66$
Hsb6 be denied R!ess to Hst&4 ! %l!e6 Hdene,!r H! !l,(ien6 el !eso ! H!l,o4 (n
l(,!r66$ Hsb6 be deR%ri+ed o# Hst&6 H%ri+!r H! !l,(ien6 de H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be deRri+ed #ro"
Hst&6 Nliter!rioO Hderi+!rse !l,o de H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be deRsi,ned #or Hser dise)!do %!r!
H!l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be desR%!ired o# H%erder l! es%er!nz! de s!l+!r ! H!l,(ien6L %erder l!
es%er!nz! de H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be deRter"ined on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB
%rini%!l"enteO Hdeidirse %or H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be diRt!ted to Hd!r 3rdenes ! H!l,(ien66$
Hst&6 be diRreted !t Hsb6 Hir diri,ido ! H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be disRri"in!ted !,!inst
Hdisri"in!r ! H!l,(ien66$ HsbL st&6 be disR%ensed 7it& H%resindir de H!l,(ienL !l,o66$
Hst&6 be disR%osed o# Hdes&!erse deL des%!&!rL dis%oner de H!l,o66$ Hst&L sb6 be
Rdone !7!' 7it& Hs(%ri"ir H!l,oL ! !l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be Rdone #or Hest!r %erdidoL
!!b!do H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be Rdone in Hest!r !,ot!do H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be Rdone 7it&
Hresol+er H!l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be Rdr!7n to Hsentirse !tr!Fdo &!i! H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ HsbL
st&6 be Rdre!"edL Rdre!"t NGB %rini%!l"enteO !bo(tL o# Hso)!r on H!l,(ienL
!l,o66$ Hsb6 be Rdri+en o(t o# H! %l!e6 Hser e-%(ls!do H!l,(ien6 de (n Hl(,!r66$ Hsb6 be
Rd(, in Hest!r !trin&er!do H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be enR,r!+ed on Hst&6 HH!l,o6 est!r
,r!+!do en H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be Rentered into He-!"in!r H!l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be
e-R%eri"ented onL 7it& He-%eri"ent!r on H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ Hst&4 ! %roble" et16 be
R#!ed 7it& H&!er #rente ! H!l,o4 (n %roble"!$ et166$ Hst&L sb6 be R#ired !tL on
Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO Hdis%!r!r ! H!l,oL !l,(ien66$ HsbL st&6
be #o(nd R#!(lt 7it& Hriti!r H! !l,(ienL !l,o66$ Hst&6 be R#ro7ned on Nestnd!rOL
(%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO Hest!r "!l +isto H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be R#(ssed o+er
H"i"!r ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be R,lossed o+er H"ini"iz!r l! i"%ort!ni! de H!l,o66$
Hst&6 be R,one into H!n!liz!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R,one t&ro(,& Hre+is!r NoO e-!"in!r
H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be R,ot !t H"eterse on NoO riti!r ! NoO b(rl!rse deL soborn!r ! NoO
in#l(eni!r ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&L sb6 be ,ot rid o# Nliter!rioO Hdes&!erse de H!l,oL
!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be R,ot ro(nd NGB %rini%!l"enteO He+it!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R,ot to t&e
Rbotto" o# Hlle,!r !l #ondo de H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R,ot to R,ri%s 7it& Hlle,!r ! entender
H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R,r("bled !bo(tL !tL o+er H/(e.!rse de H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R,(!rded
!,!inst He+it!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R,(essed !t H&!er on.et(r!s sobre H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be
R&e!rd o# Htener notii!s de N(O oFr &!bl!r de H!l,(ien66$ Hst&4 !n obser+!tion$ et16 be
R&inted !t Hinsin(!r NoO d!r ! entender NoO d!r (n! +!,! ide! de NoO l!nz!r indiret!s
%or H!l,o4 (n! obser+!i3n$ et166$ Hst&6 be R&o%ed #or Hes%er!rL tener es%er!nz!s de
H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be i"R%osed on H"olest!r ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be i"R%rinted on Hst&6
HH!l,o6 est!r i"%reso en H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be i"R%ro+ed on H"e.or!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be
inRd(l,ed in H%er"itirse H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be inR/(ired N"s (s!doOL enR/(ired into
Hin+esti,!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be inRsisted on Hinsistir en H!l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be interR#ered
7it& H"olest!r ! H!l,(ien6L !#et!r ! NoO inter#erir on NoO !nd!r on H!l,o66$ HsbL st&6
be R.("%ed on Heb!rse en H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ Hst&6 be R.("%ed o+er Hs!lt!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6
be R9e%t to He)irse !L ("%lirL no s!lir de H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be R9no9ed o+er H!tro%ell!r !
H!l,(ien66$ HsbL st&6 be R9no7n #or Honoerse ! H!l,(ienL !l,o6 %or6$ Hst&L sb6 be l!id
Rsie,e to H!sedi!r H!l,oL ! !l,(ien66$ HsbL st&6 be Rl!(,&ed !t HreFrse de H!l,(ienL !l,o66$
Hsb6 be Rle!nedL Rle!nt NGB %rini%!l"enteO on H%resion!r ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&L sb6 be
Rle!%edL Rle!%t NGB %rini%!l"enteO on HH!b!6l!nz!rse sobre H!l,oL !l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be
Rlet(red !t Hd!r (n! on#ereni! ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be Rle#t in H! %l!e6 Hde.!r H!l,o6
Hen (n l(,!r66$ HsbL st&6 be Rle#t 7it& H/(ed!rse on H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ Hsb6 be Rlied to
H"entir ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be Rli,&tedL Rlit on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB
%rini%!l"enteO Hd!r on H!l,o66$ Hst&L sb6 be Rlistened to Hes(&!r H!l,oL ! !l,(ien66$
H! %l!e4 ! &o(se$ et16 be Rli+ed in H+i+ir en H(n l(,!r4 (n! !s!$ et16$ Hst&L sb6 be
Rlon,ed #or He&!r de "enos H!l,oL ! !l,(ien66$ Hst&L sb6 be Rloo9ed !#ter H(id!r de
H!l,oL !l,(ien6L (id!r H!l,oL ! !l,(ien66$ H! %l!e6 be Rloo9ed !ro(nd H"ir!r %or H(n
l(,!r66$ Hst&L sb6 be Rloo9ed !t H"ir!r H!l,oL ! !l,(ien6L est(di!r NoO onsider!r NoO
e-!"in!r NoO re+is!r H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be Rloo9ed do7n on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4
GB %rini%!l"enteO Hdes%rei!r ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&L sb6 be Rloo9ed #or Hb(s!r H!l,oL !
!l,(ien66$ Hso"et&in,6 be Rloo9ed into Hin+esti,!rL est(di!r H!l,o66$ Hst&L sb6 be
Rloo9ed on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO Honsider!r H!l,oL !
!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be Rloo9ed t&ro(,& H&o.e!r H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be Rloo9ed to Nliter!rioO
H(id!r de H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be Rloo9ed (% to Htener onsider!i3n ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&L sb6
be lost Rsi,&t o# H%erder de +ist! H!l,oL ! !l,(ien66$ H! %l!eL st&6 be R"!de #or
Hdiri,irse ! H(n l(,!r6L !b!l!nz!rse sobreL ontrib(ir ! H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be "!de ! R#ool o#
Hridi(liz!r ! H!l,(ien66$ HsbL st&6 be "!de R#(n o# HreFrse de H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ Hst&6 be
R"!de o# Hest!r &e&o de H!l,o66$ Hst&L sb6 be "!de R"(& o# Hd!r "(&! i"%ort!ni!
! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be "!de H,ood6 R(se o# H&!er Hb(en6 (so de H!l,o66$ Hst&L sb6 be
R"!r+elled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL R"!r+eled NUSAO !t H"!r!+ill!rse de H!l,oL
!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be R"eddled 7it& Hto/(ete!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R"et 7it& Henontr!rse
onL e-%eri"ent!r H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be R"inistered to Nliter!rioO H(id!r ! H!l,(ien66$ HsbL
st&6 be R"o9ed !t Hb(rl!rse de H!l,oL !l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be R"o(rned #or Hllor!r l!
%0rdid! de H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be R"o+ed b' Hst&4 ! #il" et16 Hon"o+erse %or H!l,o4
(n! %elF(l!$ et166$ Hsb6 be neR,oti!ted 7it& Nliter!rioO Hne,oi!r on H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6
be obR.eted to H%oner ob.eiones ! H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be Ro%er!ted on Ho%er!r ! H!l,(ien66$
Hsb6 be oR%%ressed 7it& Hst&4 ,rie#$ et16 Hest!r o%ri"ido de H!l,o4 dolor$ et166$ Hsb6 be
o+erRo"e 7it& Hst&4 ,rie#L ,(iltL re"orse$ et16 Hest!r !br("!d! %or H!l,o4 dolorL
(l%!L re"ordi"iento$ et166$ HsbL st&6 be %!id !Rttention to H%rest!r !teni3n !
H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ Hst&6 be R%!id #or H%!,!r H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be R%!"%ered o+er H"i"!r !
H!l,(ien66$ Hst&L sb6 be R%!ndered to N%e'or!ti+oO Honsentir H!l,oL ! !l,(ien66$ Hst&6
be R%!%ered o+er Ht!%!rL e"%!%el!r H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be R%elted 7it& Hst&4 ins(lts$ et16 Hser
!ribill!do ! H!l,o4 ins(ltos$ et166$ Hst&6 be %erseR+ered 7it& H%erse+er!r en H!l,o66$
Hsb6 be R%i9ed on Hele,ir !L "eterse on H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be R%l!nned #or H%l!ne!rL
%ens!r en H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R%l!nned on Htener %ens!doL ont!r on H!l,o66$
Hso"ebod'6 be R%l!'ed 7it& Hb(rl!rse de NoO .(,!r Non "!l!s intenionesO on
H!l,(ien66$ Hst&4 ! to'6 be R%l!'ed 7it& H.(,!r on H!l,o4 (n .(,(ete66$ Hsb6 be R%lotted
!,!inst Hons%ir!r ontr! H!l,(ien66$ HsbL st&6 be R%ointed !t Hse)!l!r ! H!l,(ienL
!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R%ored o+er Hest(di!r "in(ios!"ente H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R%o(ned on
Hs!lt!r %!r! se)!l!r H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be R%r!'ed #or Hro,!r %or H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be
%reRsided o+er H%residir H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be %reR+!iled on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB
%rini%!l"enteO Hon+ener ! H!l,(ien66$ HsbL st&6 be R%re'ed on Nestnd!rOL (%on
Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO H!%ro+e&!rse de H!l,(ien6L !li"ent!rse de H!l,o66$
Hst&L sb6 be %roR+ided #or H%re+er NoO to"!r %re!(iones ontr! H!l,o6L de.!r on el
%or+enir !se,(r!do NoO en b(en! sit(!i3n eon3"i! !L "!ntener ! NoO
%ro%orion!r "edios de +id! ! H!l,(ien66$ Hso"et&in,6 be %(t ! Rsto% to Hter"in!r
onL %onerle #in ! H!l,o66$ Hst&L sb6 be R%(t in H! %l!e6 H%oner H!l,oL ! !l,(ien en (n
l(,!r66$ Hst&6 be R%(zzled o+er H!+il!r sobre H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be Rre!soned 7it& Hr!zon!r
on H!l,(ien66$ Hst&L sb6 be Rre9oned 7it& Htener en (ent! H!l,oL ! !l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be
Rreoniled toL 7it& Hsb6 Hreonili!rse on H!l,(ien66$ Hst&L sb6 be reR#erred to
Hre#erirse ! H!l,oL !l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be reR.oied !t H!le,r!rse de H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be reRlied
on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO Hon#i!r en H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be
reR"!r9ed on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO Ho"ent!r H!l,o66$
Hst&L sb6 be reR%lied to Hontest!r ! H!l,oL !l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be reR%ro+ed #or Hst&6
Hre%renderL reri"in!r H! !l,(ien6 %or H!l,o66$ Hst&4 t&e +iolene$ et16 be reRsorted to
Hre(rrir ! H!l,o4 l! +ioleni!$ et166$ Hsb6 be Rrid o# Hst&4 ! dise!se$ et16 Hlibr!rse de
H!l,o4 (n! en#er"ed!d$ et166$ Hsb6 be Rro(nded on H+ol+erse ontr! H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6
be Rr(n o+er H!tro%ell!r ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be Rr(s&ed into Hto"!r (n! deisi3n
%rei%it!d! sobre H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be s!id ,oodRb'e to Hdeir !di3s ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&4 !n
!r"&!ir$ et16 be Rs!t in Hsent!rse en H!l,o4 (n sill3n$ et16$ Hst&4 ! &!ir$ ! &!t$ et16 be
Rs!t on Hsent!rse enL sobre H!l,o4 (n! sill!$ (n so"brero$ et16$ Hst&L sb6 be Rso##ed !t
Hb(rl!rse de H!l,oL !l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be Rseen t&ro(,& Hd!rse (ent! de H!l,o66$ Hst&L sb6
be Rseen to Ho(%!rse deL in+esti,!r H!l,o6L o(%!rse de NoO !tender ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6
be Rseized on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO H!%ro+e&!r H!l,o66$
Hsb6 be Rsent #or Hir ! b(s!r !L ir %or H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be Rset on Hser !,redidoL !t!!do
H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be set R#ire to H%render #(e,o !L inendi!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be Rsettled on
Hdeidirse %or H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be s&!9en R&!nds 7it& H&o!r l! "!no ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&L
sb6 be Rs&ot !t Hdis%!r!r ! H!l,oL !l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be Rs&o(ted !t Nne,!ti+oO H,rit!r !
H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be Rs9!ted o+er Htr!t!r "(' %or eni"!L e+it!r H!l,o66$ Hso"et&in,4 !
bed$ et16 be Rsle%t in Hdor"ir en H!l,o4 (n! !"!$ et166$ HsbL st& Nliter!rioO6 be
Rs"iled !t HsonreFr ! H!l,(ien6L reFrse de H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be Rsneezed !t Nolo/(i!lO
Hdes%rei!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be Rsni##ed !t Hdes%rei!rL &!erle !sos ! H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be
Rsorted t&ro(,& Hre+is!r H!l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be Rso(,&t !#terL #or Hb' sb6 Nliter!riosO
HH!l,(ienL !l,o6 ser b(s!do H%or !l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be Rs%o9en o# H&!bl!rse de
H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be Rs%o9en toL 7it& Nliter!rioO H&!bl!r !L on H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be
Rs%o9en to Hll!"!r l! !teni3n Ni re)irO ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be Rst!"%ed on Hre&!z!r
de %l!noL so#o!r H!l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be Rst!red !t H"ir!r H!l,oL ! !l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be
Rsto"%ed into Nolo/(i!lO H!%l!st!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be s(bRsribed to Hs(Hb6sribirse !L
est!r de !(erdo on Nliter!rioO H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be Rs7!"%ed 7it& Hst&4 7or9$ et16 Hest!r
in(nd!doL !b!rrot!do de H!l,o4 tr!b!.o$ et166$ Hsb6 be Rs7orn in H&!er %rest!r
.(r!"ento ! H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be Rs'"%!t&izedL Rs'"%!t&ised NGBO 7it& Nliter!rioO
Ho"%!deer ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be t!9en !Ro(nt o# Htener en (ent! H!l,o66$ HsbL
st&6 be t!9en !dR+!nt!,e o# H!%ro+e&!rse de H!l,oL !l,(ien66$ HsbL st&6 be t!9en
(nd(e !dR+!nt!,e o# H!b(s!r de H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ Hst&L sb6 be t!9en H,ood6 R!re o#
H(id!r Hbien6 de H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ Hst&6 be t!9en Rnote o# Hto"!r not! de H!l,o66$ HsbL
st&6 be t!9en Rnotie o# H&!er !so de H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be Rt!l9ed !bo(tL o#
H&!bl!r de H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ Hst&6 be t!l9ed Ro+er Hdis(tirL &!bl!r de H!l,o6$ Hsb6 be
Rt!l9ed toL 7it& Nliter!rioO H&!bl!r !L on H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 be Rt!l9ed to Hll!"!r l!
!teni3n Ni re)irO ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be Rt!"%ered 7it& Hser !lter!do H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be
Rt!r,eted !t Hir diri,ido ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be Rte"%ered 7it& Hte"%l!rL "iti,!r H!l,o66$
Hst&6 be Rtesti#ied to Hser testi"onioL %r(eb! #e&!iente de H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be Rt&irsted
!#ter Nliter!rioO H!nsi!r H!l,o66$ HsbL st&6 be Rt&o(,&t o# H%ens!r en H!l,(ienL !l,o6L
onsider!r H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be &i,&l' Rt&o(,&t o# Htener "(' b(en! o%ini3n de
H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be Rt&o(,&t t&ro(,& H%l!ne!r NoO est(di!r H!l,o6 detenid!"ente6$
Hst&6 be Rtin9ered 7it& H&!er %e/(e)os !.(stes !L reto!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be Rto(&ed on
Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO Hto!rL "enion!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be
Rtr!"%led on Hser %isote!do H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be Rtre!ted #or Hst&6 Hest!r en tr!t!"iento %or
H!l,o66$ Hst&L sb6 be Rtri#led 7it& H.(,!r on H!l,oL !l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be R(sed #or Hser
(s!doL (tiliz!do %!r! H!l,o66$ Hst&L sb6 be R+o(&ed #or Hd!r #e de H!l,o6L res%onder
%or H!l,(ien66$ HsbL st&6 be R7!ited #or Hes%er!r H!l,oL ! !l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be R7!ited on
Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO Hes%er!r H!l,o66$ Hst&L sb Nliter!rioO6 be R7!l9ed
o+er H%is!r H!l,o6L %isote!r !L ,!n!r ! H!l,(ien66$ HsbL st&6 be R7!t&ed o+er H(id!r de
H!l,(ienL !l,o66$ Hsb6 be R7&istled !t Hsilb!r ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be R7ondered !t
He-tr!)!rse %or H!l,o6L "!r!+ill!rse de H!l,o6L !so"br!rse (no de H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be
R7or9ed on H!rre,l!r H!l,o66$ Hst&6 be R7restled 7it& Hl(&!r ontr! H!l,o66$ Hsb6 be
R7ritten to Hesribir ! H!l,(ien66$ Hst&6 be R7ritten to Hsb6 Hesribir H!l,o6 ! H!l,(ien66$
Hsb6 beo"e Rreoniled to Hst&6 Hresi,n!rse ! H!l,o66$ Hsb6 #eel disRri"in!ted !,!inst
Hsentirse disri"in!do H!l,(ien66$ Hsb6 ,et Rsre7ed (% !bo(t Hst&6 Nolo/(i!lO
H%onerse !l,(ien ner+iosoL ne(r3tio %or !l,o6$ et1 E.14 So"et&in, Hbl!"e$ et16 7e
7ere !bRsol+ed #ro" HAl,o H(l%!$ et16 de lo /(e #(i"os !bs(eltHos$ !s66M It !n be
!Ro(nted #or onl' on t&e e-%l!n!tion ,i+en b' &er HP(ede .(sti#i!rse sol!"ente
on l! e-%li!i3n d!d! %or ell!6M So"et&in, H! t&e#t$ et16 s&e 7!s !R(sed o#
HAl,o H(n robo$ et16 de lo /(e se le !(s!b! ! ell!6M So"et&in, Hbl!"e$ et16 t&e'
7ere !R/(itted o# HAl,o H(l%!$ et16 de lo /(e #(eron !bs(eltos6M T&e &os%it!l s&e
7!s !dR"itted to HEl &os%it!l !l /(e l! lle+!ronL en el /(e l! in,res!ron6M T&e tre!t'
7!s !R,reed on HSe !ord3 el tr!t!do6M T&e %ro.et 7!s !R%%ro+ed o# b' t&e" HA
ellos les %!rei3 bienL ,(st3 el %ro'eto6M T&e' !re !Rttended to 7it& !re HSe les
!tiende on (id!do6M T&e S%!nis& soilL An o%inionL A onl(sion it 7!s Rb!sed on
HL! tierr! es%!)ol! en l! /(e est!b! sit(!doL Un! o%ini3nL onl(si3n en l! /(e
est!b! b!s!do6M T&e &o(se 7!s Rbro9en into HEntr!ron en l! !s! ! rob!r6M T&!t
re"!r9 7!snZt R!lled #or HEs!L A/(ell! obser+!i3n no er! nees!ri!6M T&e' !re
R!red #or in &os%it!l HLes (id!n en el &os%it!l6M T&e "(rder &e 7!s R&!r,ed 7it&
HEl !sesin!to del /(e 0l est!b! !(s!do6M It 7ill be "ore t&!n Ro"%ens!ted #or HSer
"s /(e o"%ens!do6M T&e %!'"ents 7ere onRtrib(ted to b' t&e o"%!n' HL!
e"%res! ontrib('3 ! los %!,os6M It is so"et&in, &e re"!ins to be onR+ined b' HEs
!l,o de lo /(e 0l /(ed! sin on+enerse6M T&ose %roble"s t&!t !re Rde!lt 7it& HEsosL
A/(ellos %roble"!s de los /(e se o(%!n6M >&!t is t&is 7ord deRri+ed #ro"T HWDe
/(0 se deri+! est! %!l!br!6M *&in! is too i"%ort!nt to be diRt!ted to H*&in! es
de"!si!do i"%ort!nte %!r! d!rle 3rdenes6M Ee 7!s disRri"in!ted !,!inst HLe
disri"in!b!nL disri"in!ron6M ItZs enR,r!+ed on "' "ind HEst ,r!+!do en "i
"ente6M T&e re!lit' Ht&!t6 t&e' !re R#!ed 7it& HL! re!lid!d ! l! /(e se en#rent!n6M
T&e' 7ere R#ired on Nestnd!rOL (%on Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO HLes
dis%!r!ron6M T&is 7!s R,r("bled !bo(tL !tL o+er HSe /(e.!ron de esto6M ItZs dee%l'
i"R%rinted on o(r "e"or' HEst %ro#(nd!"ente i"%reso en n(estr! "e"ori!6M T&!t
is 7&!t it is R9no7n #or HEsoL A/(ello es %or lo /(e se Hlo6 onoeL Se Hlo6 onoe
%or esoL !/(ello6M T&e Go+ern"ent &!s been l!id Rsie,e to HE!n !sedi!do !l
Gobierno6M >e 7ere Rl!(,&ed !t HSe rieron de nosotrHos$ !s66M T&e st!tion H7&i&L
t&!t6 &e 7!s Rle#t in HL! est!i3n en l! /(e le de.!ron6M T&is &o(se &!snZt been Rli+ed
in sine 5B@C HNo &! +i+ido n!dieL se &! +i+ido en est! !s! desde 5B@C6M S&e 7!s
7ell Rloo9ed !#terL Rloo9ed !#ter 7ell &ere HSe (id3 bien de ell! !/(F6M T&e %l!e
7!s Rloo9ed !ro(nd HSe "ir3 enL %or el l(,!r6M T&e !ni"!l 7!s Rloo9ed !t HSe
e-!"in3 !l !ni"!l6M So"et&in, 7!s Rloo9ed into HSe in+esti,3L est(di3 !l,o6M S&e
7!s lost Rsi,&t o# HSe l! %erdi3 de +ist!6M T&e sr!t& on &is &ee9 7!s "!de R"(&
o# HSe dio "(&! i"%ort!ni! !L e-!,er3 "(&o l! ,r!+ed!d del r!s,()o en s(
"e.ill!6M S!ll'Zs illness 7!s "!de R"(& o# HSe !%ro+e&!ron ! !(s! de l!
en#er"ed!d de S!rHit6!6M T&e sientist 7!s "!de R"(& o# Nr!ro re#erido ! %erson!sO
HSe dio "(&! i"%ort!ni! !l ientF#io6M T&is 7!s R"o9ed !t HSe b(rl!ron de esto6M
Ee 7!s R"o9ed !t HSe b(rl!ron de 0l6M T&e' !re t&e ones 7&o "(st be neR,oti!ted
7it& HEllos son on los /(e &!' /(e ne,oi!r6M T&e ,rie#L ,(iltL re"orse t&e' 7ere
o+erRo"e 7it& HEl dolorL L! (l%!L El re"ordi"iento %or elL l! /(e est!b!n
!br("!dHos$ !s66M Do,s 7!nt to be R%l!'ed 7it& HLos %erros /(ieren /(e se .(e,(e
on ellos6M T&is to' 7!s R%l!'ed 7it& HSe .(,3L j(,!ron on este .(,(ete6M T&ere it
!n be R%(t in HA&FL AllF se %(ede "eter6M A #ore to be Rre9oned 7it& HUn! #(erz!
/(e &!' /(e tener en (ent!6M T&e %erson Ht&!t6 s&e 7!s Rreoniled toL 7it& HL!
%erson! on l! /(e ell! se reonili36M T&e letter 7!s re%lied to HSe ontest3 ! l!
!rt!6M Ee 7!s Rro(nded on HSe +ol+ieron en ontr! de 0l6M T&is !r"&!ir &!s been
Rs!t in HSe &! sent!do !l,(ien en este sill3n6M T&isL T&e %roble" 7!s Rseen to HSe
en!r,!ronL o(%!ron de estoL del %roble"!6M Ee 7!s Rs&ot !t HLe dis%!r!ron6M Ee
7!s Rs&o(ted !t Nne,!ti+oO HLe ,rit!ron6M T&is bed &!s been Rsle%t in HE!n dor"ido
en est! !"!6M S&e 7!s Rs"iled !t HL! sonrieron6M T&e d!n,er 7!s Rs"iled !t HSe
rieron del %eli,ro6M It is not to be Rsni##ed !t HNo es de des%rei!rL %!r! &!erle
!sos6M T&is 7!s Rsorted t&ro(,& HSe re+is3 esto6M Ee 7!s Rs%o9en toL 7it& HSe le
&!bl3 ! 0l6M Ee 7!s Rs%o9en to Ni Ee 7!s re%ri"!ndedO HLe ll!"!ron l! !teni3n H!
0l66M T&e &(r&L Ee 7!s Rst!red !t HMir!ron l! i,lesi!L Le "ir!ron ! 0l6M S&eZs
Rs'"%!t&izedL Rs'"%!t&ised NGBO 7it& Nliter!rioO HL! o"%!deen6M mo( 7ere t!9en
#or "' brot&er HSe te to"3 %or "i &er"!no6M T&e boo9 7!s t!9en #ro" &is &!nd
HSe o,i3 NEs%!)!OL !,!rr3 el libro de s( "!no6M T&e' !re Rt!l9ed !bo(tL o# HSe
&!bl! de ellos6M Ee 7!s Rt!l9ed toL 7it& Nliter!rioO HE!bl!ron on 0l6M Ee 7!s Rt!l9ed
to Ni Ee 7!s re%ri"!ndedO HLe ll!"!ron l! !teni3n6M >&oH"6 is it Rt!r,eted !tT HWA
/(i0n +! diri,idoT6M T&ese #!ts !re Rtesti#ied to HEstos &e&os son testi"onioL
%r(eb! #e&!ienteL estn !testi,(!dos6M T&e 9e' 7!s t(rned into ! tool HSe
tr!ns#or"3 l! ll!+e en &err!"ient!6M T&e ot&ers 7ere R7!l9ed o+er Nr!roO HLes
,!n!ronL %isote!ron ! los otros6M S&e 7!s R7&istled !t HL! silb!ron6M A letter 7ill be
R7ritten to 'o( HSe te esribir (n! !rt!61
E!' iertos +erbos %re%osiion!les de "o+i"iento se,(idos de (n o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!l o"o U!rri+e !t$ ,o into$ loo9 intoV$ et1$ /(e se (s!n s3lo en
!ti+! on (n sentido liter!l$ %ero esos "is"os +erbos se %(eden (s!r en !ti+! o en
%!si+! on (n sentido #i,(r!do$ no liter!l$ (!ndo son +erbos on %!rtF(l!s
%re%osiion!les ND1 @18;15O1 E.14 No onl(sion 7!s !rri+ed !t HNo se lle,3 !
nin,(n! onl(si3n6M T&e "!tter 7!s ,one into b' t&e e-%erts HEl !s(nto #(e
!n!liz!do %or los e-%ertos61
=15@51I En ingls se ponen en pasiva casi todos los verbos 'ue e'uivalen a los
verbos transitivos en castellano.
=15@81I =lgunos verbos /(e indi!n esti"!i3n$ senti"iento$ o%ini3n$
onoi"iento$ (!ndo +!n se,(idos de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!$ pueden ponerse
en pasiva de dos manerasM l!s %!l!br!s /(e +!n detrs de QbeQ ' ter"in!n en Ied o
el e/(i+!lente ! (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do son %!rtii%ios ' no !d.eti+os$ "ientr!s
/(e l!s de =158@ son !d.eti+os4
*+ De forma personal o impersonal D infinitivoM est! #or"! se (s! "s ' es
"e.orM el s(.eto %(ede ser QsbL st&L it N%rono"bre %erson!l es%eF#io1 D1<1=151!I#OL
t&ere N/(e &!e de s(.eto on (n sint!,"! no"in!l %osteriorOQ4 Hsb6 be !e%ted$
HsbL it6 be !9no7led,ed$ Hit N"s (s!doOL sb N"enos (s!doO6 be !d"itted$ HsbL it6 be
!##ir"ed$ HsbL it6 be !lle,ed$ Hit6 be !%%ointed$ Hit6 be !rr!n,ed$ HsbL it6 be !sserted$
HsbL it6 be !ss("ed$ HsbL it6 be belie+ed$ HsbL it6 be !l(l!tedL HsbL it6 be l!i"ed$ HsbL
it6 be onsidered$ HsbL it6 be del!red$ Hit6 be dereed$ HsbL it6 be dee"ed Nliter!rioO$
HsbL it6 destinedL HsbL it6 be deter"ined Nliter!rioO$ HsbL it6 be diso+ered$ Hsb6 be
en.oined$ HsbL it6 be esti"!ted$ HsbL it6 be e-%eted$ HsbL it6 be #e!red$ HsbL it6 be #elt$
HsbL it6 be #o(nd$ Hsb6 be ,(!r!nteed$ HsbL it6 &e!rd$ HsbL it6 be &eld$ Hsb6 be &o%ed$
HsbL it6 be i"!,ined$ HsbL it6 be intended$ HsbL it6 be 9no7n$ HsbL it6 be "e!nt$ HsbL it6
be "entioned$ HsbL it6 be obser+ed$ Hsb6 be %er"itted$ Hit Nsb4 no %onerO6 be
%redited$ HsbL it6 be %res("ed$ Hsb6 be %ro"ised$ HsbL it6 be %ro+ed N"s (s!doO NoO
%ro+en$ HsbL it6 be re9oned$ Hsb6 be reo,nizedL reo,nised NGBO$ HsbL it6 be
reo""ended$ HsbL it6 be re,retted$ Hit6 be re"e"bered$ HsbL it6 be re%orted$ Hsb6 be
re/(ested$ Hit6 be re/(ired Nliter!rioO$ HsbL it6 be re+e!led$ HsbL it6 be r("o(red NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL r("ored NUSAO$ HsbL it6 be s!id$ HsbL it6 be s&ed(led$ HsbL it6 be
seen$ HsbL it6 be s&o7ed NoO s&o7n$ Hit6 be sti%(l!ted$ HsbL it6 be s(%%osed$ HsbL it6 be
s(s%eted$ HsbL it6 be t&o(,&t$ HsbL it6 be (nderstood$ HsbL it6 be 7!rr!nted$ Hit6 be
7ritten$ et1 E.14 T&e' !re !9no7led,ed to be t&e best dotors HSe reonoe /(e son
los "e.ores dotores6M It isL T&e' !re belie+ed to be &ere HSe ree /(e estL estn
!/(F6M It is 7ell !l(l!ted to onentr!te t&e !ttention o# &e"ists HEst bien
!l(l!do %!r! onentr!r l! !teni3n de los /(F"ios6M S&e is l!i"ed to be
%re,n!nt HSe !se,(r!L !#ir"! /(e ell! est e"b!r!z!d!6M EeL It is onsidered to be
,ood HSe leL Se onsider! b(eno6M It 7!s dereed to ontrol t&e sit(!tionM Ee 7!s
dee"ed to &!+e ontr!+ened t&e *on+ention HSe onsider3L .(z,3 /(e 0l &!bF!
+iol!do l! *on+eni3n6M Ee 7ill be #o(nd to &!+e diso+ered t&is Nres(lt!doO HSe
+er /(e 0l &! des(bierto esto6M S&e is 9no7n to be !n !tress HSe s!be /(e ell! es
!triz6M mo( 7erenZt "e!nt to &e!rL listen to t&e on+ers!tion HNo se %ens!b! /(e
est(+ier!s o'endoL es(&!ndo l! on+ers!i3n6M T&ereZs "one' "e!nt to l!st #or !
7ee9 HE!' dinero /(e se %iens! /(e d(r!r (n! se"!n!6M S&e is s!id to be ! sin,erL
9no7 it HSe die /(e ell! es !nt!nteL lo s!be6M It 7!s sti%(l!ted to 111M S&e is
s(%%osed to N%ron(ni!do LseR%o(st teL (!ndo +! se,(ido de (n in#initi+oO !rri+e
soon HSe s(%one /(e ell! lle,!r %ronto6M T&is #r(it is 7!rr!nted to be #irst l!ss
HEst! #r(t! se ,!r!ntiz! /(e es de %ri"er! !lid!d61
El +erbo Qs(%%oseQ si,ni#i! Qs(%onerQ en !ti+! ' t!"bi0n en %!si+!$ %ero en
%!si+! tiene !de"s otro si,ni#i!do /(e no tiene en !ti+! UdeberL tener /(eL tener
obli,!i3n deL %l!ne!rL /(ed!r enL o"%ro"eterse !V t!nto en l! #or"! %erson!l
o"o i"%erson!l1 E.14 S&e is s(%%osed to be &ere b' nine HoZlo96 HEll! debeL tiene
obli,!i3n de est!r !/(F %!r! l!s n(e+e Hen %(nto66M S&e is not s(%%osed to tell
!n'one HEll! no debeL tiene /(e deFrselo ! n!die6M It is s(%%osed to be 9e%t in !
ool %l!e HE!' /(e ,(!rd!rlo en (n l(,!r #reso6M IZ" s(%%osed to do it no7 HEe
%l!ne!do &!erlo !&or!6M mo( 7ere s(%%osed to &el% &er HJ(ed!ste en L Te
o"%ro"etiste ! !'(d!rl!61
E!' !l,(nos +erbos /(e +!n s3lo de est! "!ner! en %!si+! se,(idos de (n in#initi+o
' no de Ut&!tV4 Hsb6 be !(sedL Hit6 be !d!%tedL Hsb6 be !d+isedL Hit6 be !i"edL HsbL it6
be !llo7edL Hit6 be !%%liedL Hsb6 be !%%ointedL Hsb6 be !s9edL Hsb6 be !ssi,nedL Hsb6
be !ssistedL Hsb6 be !(t&orized N(O !(t&orised NGBOL Hsb6 be bidL Hsb6 be bo(nd
Hobli,!do6L Hit6 be bo(nd Hse,(ro /(e6L Hsb6 be bribedL HsbL it6 be bro(,&t inL HsbL it6
be bro(,&t o(tL HsbL it6 be bro(,&t (%L Hsb6 be !lledL HsbL it6 be !(,&tL Hsb6 be
!(sedL Hsb6 be !(tionedL Hsb6 be &!llen,edL HsbL it6 be &!n,edL Hsb6 be &!r,edL
Hsb6 be &!r"edL Hsb6 be &eeredL Hsb6 be &osenL Hit6 be le!red (%L Hsb6 be
o""!ndedL Hsb6 be o""issionedL Hsb6 be o""ittedL Hsb6 be o"%elledL Hsb6 be
onde"nedL HsbL it6 be onditionedL Hsb6 be on#i,(redL Hsb6 be onstr!inedL Hsb6 be
ontr!tedL Hsb6 be on+itedL Hsb6 be o(nted onL HsbL it6 be re!tedL Hsb6 be
ritiized NoO ritiised NGBOL Hsb6 be d!red Hser des!#i!do6L Hsb6 be de#iedL Hsb6 be
de"!ndedL Hsb6 be desi,n!tedL Hit6 be desi,nedL Hit6 be de+elo%edL Hit6 be de+isedL
Hsb6 be diretedL Hsb6 be diso"#itedL Hsb6 be dis%!t&edL Hsb6 be di+oredL Hsb6 be
doo"edL Hsb6 be NoO #eel NoO see" dri+enL Hsb6 be eletedL Hsb6 be e"%o7ered N"s
(s!doOL i"%o7ered Hser !(toriz!do6L Hsb6 be en!bledL Hsb6 be eno(r!,edL Hsb6 be
e-(sedL Hit6 be en,ineeredL Hsb6 be en.oined Nliter!rioOL Hsb6 be entiedL Hsb6 be
entitledL Hsb6 be entre!tedL Hit6 be e-%loredL Hit6 be e-tendedL Hit6 be #o(sed NoO
#o(ssed NUSAOL HsbL it6 be #orbiddenL HsbL it6 be #oredL Hsb6 be #rettedL Hsb6 be
#ri,&tenedL Hsb6 be ,e!red H(%6L Hit6 be ,i+enL Hsb6 be ,roo"edL Hsb6 be &el%edL Hsb6
be &iredL Hsb6 be NoO #eel i"%elledL Hsb6 be i"%loredL Hsb6 be initedL Hsb6 be
indotrin!tedL Hsb6 be ind(edL Hsb6 be instit(tedL Hsb6 be instr(tedL Hsb6 be ins(ltedL
Hsb6 be in+itedL HsbL it6 be .(d,edL Hsb6 be 9illedL Hsb6 be ledL HsbL it6 be le#tL HsbL it6 be
"!deL Hsb6 be "!nd!tedL Hsb6 be "!rriedL Hit6 be H"is6onstr(edL Hit6 be "i-edL Hsb6
be "obilized NoO "obilised NGBOL Hsb6 be "orti#iedL Hsb6 be "o+edL HsbL it6 be
neededL HsbL it6 be no"in!tedL Hsb6 be obli,!ted Nliter!rioO Hobli,!do6L Hsb6 be
obli,ed Hobli,!do6L Hsb6 be o##endedL Hsb6 be o##eredL Hsb6 be o%%osedL HsbL it6 be
orderedL Hit6 be orientedL Hit6 be orient!tedL Hsb6 be o+er7&el"edL HsbL it6 be %!idL
HsbL it6 be %erei+edL Hsb6 be %ers(!dedL Hit6 be %olis&edL HsbL it6 be H7ell6 %ositionedL
Hit6 be %o7eredL Hsb6 be %re%!redL HsbL it6 be %ressedL Hsb6 be %ress(redL Hsb6 be
%ri"edL HsbL it6 be %rol!i"edL HsbL it6 be %ro,r!""ed NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO
%ro,r!"ed NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL Hit6 be %ro.etedL HsbL it6 be %ro"otedL Hsb6 be
%ro"%ted Hser ind(ido6L Hsb Nit4 no %onerO6 be %rono(nedL HsbL it6 be %(r%orted
Nliter!rioOL Hsb6 be %(s&edL Hsb6 be re!ss(redL Hsb6 be rer(itedL Hit6 be red(edL Hit6 be
rel!tedL Hsb6 be relied onL Hsb6 be re"indedL Hsb6 be re/(iredL Hit6 be restritedL Hsb6
be robbedL HsbL it6 be rosteredL Hsb6 be s!ddenedL Hit6 be s!led (%L HsbL it6 be
seletedL HsbL it6 be sentL Hsb6 be sentenedL HsbL it6 be set o(tL Hsb6 be s&!9enL Hsb6 be
st(n,L HsbL it6 be sl!ted NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hest!r %ro,r!"!do6L HsbL it6 be stirredL
Hit6 be stirred (%L Hit6 be stret&ed Ro(tL Hit6 be s(itedL Hsb6 be s(""onedL Hsb6 be
s(%%ortedL Hit6 be t!iloredL Hit6 be t!9enL HsbL it6 be t!(,&tL Hsb6 be te"%tedL Hsb6 be
ti9ledL HsbL it6 be ti%%edL HsbL it6 be toldL Hsb6 be tr!inedL Hsb6 be tr(stedL Hsb6 be
(r,edL Hit6 be (sedL Hsb6 be +o7edL Hsb6 be 7!rned$ et1 E.14 T&e' !re bo(nd to tell
t&e tr(t&L o"e HTienen /(eL Tienen obli,!i3n de deir l! +erd!dL +enir6M Ee is
deter"ined to o"e Hl est deidido ! +enir6M Ee is entitled to ,o Hl tiene dere&o
! ir6M Ee 7!s #ored to ,oL %!' #or e+er't&in, tod!' HA 0l le obli,!ron ! irL %!,!rlo
todo &o'6M T&e l!nd 7!s ,i+en Hto6 (s to %ossessM T&e' 7ere ind(ed to "o+e !7!'
HSe les ind(.o ! !le.!rse6M Ee 7ill be &!rd %ressedL %(s&ed to e!rnL so !s to e!rnL in
order to e!rn so "(& "one' Hl se +er en !%(ros %!r!L on el #in de ,!n!r t!nto
dinero6M S&e 7!s "!de to sit HL! &iieronL obli,!ron ! sent!rse6M T&e' 7ere t!(,&t
to 7or9 HLes ense)!ron ! tr!b!.!r6M T&!t #il" 7!s ti%%ed to 7in HSe es%er!b! /(e
,!n!r! es! %elF(l!6M Ee !nZt be tr(sted to #i,&t !,!inst terroris" HNo se %(ede
on#i!r en /(e 0l l(&e ontr! el terroris"o6M T&e'Zre +o7ed to "!9e !n !,ree"ent
HE!n .(r!do lle,!r ! (n !(erdo6$ et1 D1 =15CB
E!' di#ereni! entre QS&e is s!id to be 9indQ HSe die /(e ell! es !"!ble6 ' QS&e is
told to be 9indQ HA ell! se le dieL %ide /(e se! !"!ble61
Al,(nos +erbos o"o Qli9e$ 7!ntQ$ et1$ (!ndo +!n en %!si+!$ no %(eden ir
se,(idos de (n in#initi+o1
2+ De forma impersonal D una oracin subordinada nominal con Mt/atMM est!
#or"! se (s! "enosM el s(.eto tiene /(e ser QitQ Nintrod(torioL e-%leti+o4 D1 <1=151lO$
no QsbQ4 Hit6 be !e%tedL !9no7led,edL !d"ittedL !##ir"edL !lle,edL !%%ointedL
!rr!n,edL !ssertedL !ss("edL belie+edL !l(l!tedL l!i"edL onsideredL del!redL
dereedL dee"edL destinedL deter"ined Nliter!rioOL diso+eredL esti"!tedL e-%etedL
#e!redL #eltL #o(ndL ,(!r!nteedL &e!rdL &eldL &o%edL i"!,inedL intendedL 9no7nL
"e!ntL "entionedL obser+edL %er"ittedL %reditedL %res("edL %ro"isedL %ro+ed
N"s (s!doO NoO %ro+enL re9onedL reo,nized NoO reo,nised NGBOL reo""endedL
re,rettedL re"e"beredL re%ortedL re/(estedL re/(iredL re+e!ledL r("o(red NGB
%rini%!l"enteO NoO r("ored NUSAOL s!idL s&ed(ledL seenL s&o7ed NoO s&o7nL
sti%(l!tedL s(%%osedL s(s%etedL t&o(,&tL (nderstoodL 7!rr!ntedL 7ritten1 E.14 It Nsb4
no %onerO is belie+ed t&!t t&e' !re &ere HSe ree /(e estn !/(F6M It Nsb4 no %onerO is
l!i"ed t&!t it is tr(e HSe s(ele deir /(e es +erd!d6M It Nsb4 no %onerO is onsidered
Ht&!t6 &e is ,ood HSe onsider! /(e 0l es b(eno6M It Nsb4 no %onerO 7!s dereed t&!t
xM It Nsb4 no %onerO is deter"ined Nliter!rioO t&!t &e 7ill o"e HEst deidido /(e 0l
+en,!6M It Nsb4 no %onerO is #e!red Ht&!t6 t&e' didnZt tell t&e tr(t& HSe te"e /(e no
di.eronL di.er!n l! +erd!d6M It Nsb4 no %onerO is 9no7n t&!t s&e is !n !tress HSe s!be
/(e ell! es !triz6M It Nsb4 no %onerO is s!id t&!t t&e' 9no7 it HSe die /(e lo s!ben6M
It Nsb4 no %onerO 7!s sti%(l!ted t&!t xM It Nsb4 no %onerO is s(%%osed t&!t s&e 7ill
!rri+e soon HSe s(%one /(e ell! lle,!r %ronto61
E!' !l,(nos +erbos /(e +!n sol!"ente de est! "!ner! en %!si+! ' no se,(idos de
(n in#initi+o4 HsbL it6 be !,reedL !nno(nedL !r,(edL !rr!n,edL o""entedL
onededL onl(dedL on#ir"edL deidedL est!blis&edL e-%l!inedL #oreseenL
#or,ottenL i"%liedL notedL notiedL ob.etedL %ro%osedL re!lized NoO re!lised NGBOL
re!lledL reordedL r(ledL st!tedL s(,,ested1
=15@:1I Aa algunos verbos 'ue pueden ir en pasiva seguidos de la forma
verbal en 5ing" !t&$ #ind$ 9ee%$ le!+e$ lose$ see$ s%end$ 7!ste1 E.14 S&e 7!s seen
sin,in, HSe l! +io !nt!ndo61
=15@;1I Aa algunos verbos 'ue se usan en pasiva seguidos de un sintagma
preposicional 'ue empiece por"
*+ ;,it/<4 r!"$ ro7d$ deor!te$ #ill$ orn!"ent$ t&ron,$ et1 E.14 It is #illed 7it&
s"o9e HEst lleno de &("o6$ et1
2+ ;,it/< o ;b<4 !dorn$ besie,e$ o+er$ enirle$ irrit!te$ o+err(n$ s!tis#'$ s(rro(nd$
et1 E.14 Ee is s(rro(nded 7it&L b' %olie"en Hl est rode!do deL %or %oliF!s6$
et1
2+ ;in<4 ont!in$ o+er$ e"bod'$ inl(de$ in+ol+e$ s(bs("e$ et1 E.14 It is ont!ined
in t&e re%ort H*onst! en el in#or"e6$ et1
=15@<1I Aa verbos 'ue se usan en pasiva en ingls en activa en castellano1
E.14 T&e' 7ere born in S!n S!l+!dor HN!ieron en S!n S!l+!dor6M S&e is t!9en ill
#ro" ti"e to ti"e HEll! !e en#er"! de +ez en (!ndo6M T&ere is no "il9 le#t HNo
/(ed! le&e61
=15@=1I Todos los verbos en pasiva 'ue pueden ir seguidos de un infinitivo van
seguidos de ;to< D otro verbo en infinitivo excepto el verbo ;let< 'ue no va
seguido de ;to<1 E.14 Ee 7!s !(t&orizedL !(t&orised NGBO to ,o HSe le !(toriz3 ! ir6$
%ero UEe 7!s let ,oV HA 0l se le de.3L %er"iti3 ir61
=15@?1I Aa ciertas construcciones 'ue no suelen ponerse en pasiva4
*+ Si el complemento directo en la forma activa es un infinitivo con ;to< o un
gerundio. E.14 S&e li9es to ,o HA ell! le ,(st! ir6M T&e' &!te doin, t&e 7!s&in,
HOdi!n &!er l! ol!d!61
2+ Si el complemento directo lleva un nombre precedido de un ad%etivo
posesivo referido al su%eto, un pronombre reflexivo o rec(proco1 E.14 Ee to(&ed
&is &est Hl se to3 el %e&o6M S&e l!(,&ed !t &ersel# HEll! se ri3 de sF "is"!6M T&e'
7ere loo9in, !t e!& ot&erL one !not&er HSe est!b!n "ir!ndo el (no !l otroL los
(nos ! los otros61
=15@@1I Detr!s de algunos verbos en pasiva como Mbelieve, 1no,, report, sa,
suppose, t/in1, understandM, se puede poner un infinitivo en forma continua1
E.14 S&e is s!id to be 7or9in, HSe die /(e ell! est tr!b!.!ndo6$ et1
EL ESTILO INDIRE*TO
=15@B1I El estilo directo 4direct speec/# 'uoted speec/+ es lo 'ue una persona
dice textualmenteM s(ele est!r en %ri"er! %erson!$ %ero %(ede est!r en se,(nd! o
terer! %erson! t!"bi0nM s(ele ser (n! or!i3n %rini%!l se,(id! o no de (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d!M s(ele ir entre o"ill!s e-e%to en l!s obr!s de te!tro en l!s /(e +!
%reedido de dos %(ntosM si &!' (n! #r!se /(e introd(e el estilo direto$
,ener!l"ente &!' (n! %!(s! en el len,(!.e &!bl!do ' dos %(ntos o (n! o"! en l!
esrit(r! %!r! se%!r!r el estilo direto de l! #r!se /(e introd(e el estilo diretoM en
!stell!no lo /(e +! en estilo direto se %(ede %oner entre los si,nos U111V$ Q 111 Q$
111$ 111 M l! #r!se /(e introd(e el estilo direto o"o UIL 'o( s!'L s!idV o UPeter
s!'sL s!idV %(ede ir !l %rini%io$ ! "it!d o !l #in!l de l! or!i3nM (!ndo l! #r!se /(e
introd(e el estilo direto no est !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n sino ! "it!d o !l #in!l de
l! or!i3n$ se %(ede %oner el s(.eto detrs de iertos +erbos en %resente$ %ret0rito$
et1$ sobre todo si es (n no"breM si es (n %rono"bre$ ,ener!l"ente no se %one
detrs de (n +erbo nor"!l %or/(e est !nti(!doM no obst!nte$ lo "s se,(ro %!r!
los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es %oner el s(.eto$ se! (n no"bre o (n %rono"bre$ del!nte
del +erbo ND1 5C1;:1@OM lo /(e se die en estilo direto !%!ree o"o (n! or!i3n
'(-t!%(est!M los +erbos de &!bl! Hre%orted +erbs6 son los /(e introd(en el estilo
direto1 E.14 UI !" &ere$V Peter s!'sL s!id Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO NoO s!'sL s!id Peter
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL &e s!'sL s!id Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO NoO s!'sL s!id &e
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOV HUEsto' !/(FV$ dieL di.o PedroL 0l6M No$ &e 7&is%ered$ s&e
7onZt o"e HNo$ s(s(rr3 0l$ ell! no +endr61
El estilo indirecto 4indirect speec/ NoO reported speec/+ es cuando otra persona
expresa lo 'ue /a le(do, escuc/ado o dic/o textualmenteM s(ele ser (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! no"in!l introd(id! %or Ut&!tV$ /(e %(ede s(%ri"irse en in,l0s
olo/(i!lM l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! e/(i+!le ! l! or!i3n del estilo diretoM no +! entre
o"ill!sM si l! or!i3n en estilo direto lle+! si,no de interro,!i3n o de
e-l!"!i3n$ en estilo indireto no lle+! si,no de interro,!i3n o de e-l!"!i3n ni
en in,l0s ni en !stell!noM (n! or!i3n en estilo indireto no s(ele ir en #or"!
interro,!ti+!M el estilo indireto %(ede ir en (!l/(ier tie"%oM los +erbos de &!bl!
Hre%orted +erbs6 son los /(e introd(en el estilo indiretoM de los +erbos de &!bl!
Hre%orted +erbs6 ND15C1;:1@O /(e se (s!n en l! or!i3n %rini%!l %!r! introd(ir el
estilo indireto los "s (s!dos son Q!s9 Hsb6$ s!'$ tellQ1 E.14 Peter s!id Nor!i3n
%rini%!lO Ht&!t6 &e 7!s t&ere Nor!i3n s(bordin!d!O HPedro di.oL deF! /(e 0l est!b!
!&FL !llF61 D1 5C1<C1B$ 5C1<51@
E!' !l,(nos +erbos de &!bl! Hre%orted +erbs6 /(e %(eden ir en estilo indireto$
se,(idos o no de (n sint!,"! %re%osiion!l /(e e"%iee %or UtoV$ on (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! no"in!l /(e e"%iee %or Ut&!tV1 E.14 S&e e-%l!ined Hto (s6 t&!t it 7!s
(r,ent HEll! Hnos6 e-%li3 /(e er! (r,ente6$ et1 D1 5C1:?15
E!' !l,(nos +erbos de &!bl! Hre%orted +erbs6 /(e %(eden ir en estilo indireto$
se,(idos de (n sint!,"! %re%osiion!l /(e e"%iee %or U#ro"V$ on (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! no"in!l /(e e"%iee %or Ut&!tV1 E.14 Ee &e!rd #ro" (s t&!t s&e &!d
,one !7!' Hl nos o'3 /(e ell! se &!bF! ido6$ et1 D1 5C1:?15
=15BC1I Oormalmente /a ciertos cambios en el tiempo verbal, en algunos
ad%etivos, pronombres adverbios al pasar una oracin del estilo directo al
estilo indirectoM no obst!nte$ si el +erbo en el estilo direto est en (n tie"%o en
#or"! si"%le %!s! !l estilo indireto t!"bi0n en (n tie"%o en #or"! si"%le ' no en
#or"! ontin(!$ %ero si el +erbo en el estilo direto est en (n tie"%o en #or"!
ontin(! %!s! !l estilo indireto t!"bi0n en (n tie"%o en #or"! ontin(! ' no en
#or"! si"%le1
=15B51I Cuando el verbo introductorio Hre%ortin, +erb6 del estilo directo$ /(e no
sie"%re se %one %or/(e se %(ede sobrHe6entender$ est! en el presente Hsi"%le o
ontin(o6$ en el pretrito perfecto Hsi"%le o ontin(o6$ en el futuro imperfecto
Hsi"%le o ontin(o6$ en el futuro perfecto Hsi"%le o ontin(o6$ se mantiene
generalmente el mismo tiempo verbal en el estilo indirecto t!nto en el +erbo
introd(torio del estilo direto o"o en el +erbo del estilo direto Hre%orted +erb6M si
en el estilo direto se (s! l! %ri"er! %erson!$ en el estilo indireto se %one en terer!
%erson!M si en el estilo direto se (s! l! se,(nd! o terer! %erson!$ en el estilo
indireto se (tiliz! l! "is"! %erson!1 E.14 Ee s!'sL is s!'in,L &!s s!idL &!s been
s!'in,L 7ill s!'L 7ill be s!'in,L 7ill &!+e s!idL 7ill &!+e been s!'in,$ UI (s(!ll'
drin9 Hso"e6 7ineV Hl dieL est diiendoL &! di&oL &! est!do diiendoL dirL est!r
diiendoL &!br di&oL &!br est!do diiendo4 UNor"!l"ente bebo H!l,o de6 +inoV6
' UEe s!'sL is s!'in,L &!s s!idL &!s been s!'in,L 7ill s!'L 7ill be s!'in,L 7ill &!+e
s!idL 7ill &!+e been s!'in, Ht&!t6 &e (s(!ll' drin9s Hso"e6 7ineV Hl dieL est
diiendoL &! di&oL &! est!do diiendoL dirL est!r diiendoL &!br di&oL &!br
est!do diiendo /(e nor"!l"ente bebe H!l,o de6 +ino6M Ee s!'s$ QI !" e!tin, "'
!%%leQ Hl die4 UEsto' o"iendo "i "!nz!n!V6 ' UEe s!'s Ht&!t6 &e is e!tin, &is
!%%leV Hl die /(e est o"iendo s( "!nz!n!61
=15B81I Cuando el verbo introductorio Hre%ortin, +erb6 del estilo directo$ /(e no
sie"%re se %one %or/(e se %(ede sobrHe6entender$ est! en el pretrito imperfecto#
indefinido Hsi"%le o ontin(o6$ en el pretrito pluscuamperfecto Hsi"%le o
ontin(o6$ en el condicional Hsi"%le o ontin(o6$ en el condicional compuesto
Hsi"%le o ontin(o6$ se pasa al estilo indirecto en el mismo tiempo verbal1 E.14
Ee s!id$ QS&e 7ill o"eQ Hl di.o4 QEll! +endrL /(iere +enirQ6 ' UEe s!id Ht&!t6 s&e
7o(ld o"eV Hl di.oL deF! /(e ell! +endrF!L /(erF! +enir61
=15B:1I Si el verbo del estilo directo Hre%orted +erb6$ no el /(e introd(e el estilo
direto$ est! en el presente Hsi"%le o ontin(o6$ pasa al estilo indirecto en el
pretrito imperfecto# indefinido Hsi"%le o ontin(o6 cuando el verbo
introductorio del estilo directo est! en uno de los tiempos de 6.*02M %(ede
indi!r /(e lo /(e se die '! no es +erd!d o /(e &!' iert! d(d! sobre l! +er!id!d
de lo /(e se dieM si en el estilo direto se (s! l! %ri"er! %erson!$ en el estilo
indireto se %one en terer! %erson!M si en el estilo direto se (s! l! se,(nd! o
terer! %erson!$ en el estilo indireto se (tiliz! l! "is"! %erson!1 E.14 Ee s!id N+erbo
introd(torio del estilo diretoO$ UI (s(!ll' drin9 N+erbo del estilo diretoO Hso"e6
7ineV Hl di.oL deF!4 UNor"!l"ente bebo H!l,o de6 +inoV6 ' UEe s!id Ht&!t6 &e
(s(!ll' dr!n9 so"e 7ineV Hl di.oL deF! /(e nor"!l"ente bebF! H!l,o de6 +ino6M
Ee s!id$ UI !" e!tin, "' !%%leV Hl di.o4 UEsto' o"iendo "i "!nz!n!V6 ' UEe
s!id Ht&!t6 &e 7!s e!tin, &is !%%leV N%(ede indi!r /(e lo /(e se die '! no si,(e
siendo +erd!d o /(e &!' iert! d(d! sobre l! +er!id!d de lo /(e se dieO Hl di.oL
deF! /(e est!b! o"iendo s( "!nz!n!61
Sin e"b!r,o$ en el estilo indireto se %(ede onser+!r el %resente Hsi"%le o
ontin(o6 del estilo direto (!ndo es (n! +erd!d (ni+ers!l ' (!ndo se /(iere
"ostr!r /(e si,(e siendo iertoM (!ndo es !l,o /(e tendr l(,!r en el #(t(ro se
%(ede onser+!r el %resente Hsi"%le o ontin(o6$ (!ndo se re#iere !l #(t(ro
in"edi!to$ o (s!r el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido Hsi"%le o ontin(o6$ (!ndo se
re#iere ! (n #(t(ro le.!noM (!ndo es !l,o &!bit(!l o re%etiti+o se %(ede onser+!r el
%resente si"%le$ si se re#iere !l %!s!do reiente$ o !"bi!r !l %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido$ si se re#iere ! (n %!s!do le.!noM no se s(ele onser+!r el %resente si no se
est de !(erdo$ si no se est se,(ro de /(e se! +erd!d$ si se /(iere en#!tiz!r /(e es
lo /(e otr! %erson! &! di&o1 E.14 S&e s!id$ UT&ree !nd #o(r isL !re se+enV HEll! di.oL
deF!4 UTres ' (!tro son sieteV6 %!s! o"o QS&e s!id Ht&!t6 t&ree !nd #o(r isL !re
se+enQ HEll! di.oL deF! /(e tres ' (!tro son siete6M S&e s!id4 UI !" ,oin, to
beo"e !n !tressV ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e is ,oin, to beo"e !n !tressV HEll! di.o
/(e +! ! &!erse !triz6M S&e s!id$ UI !" ,oin, ne-t 'e!rV ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e isL
7!s ,oin, ne-t 'e!rV HEll! di.o /(e +!L ib! ! ir el !)o /(e +iene6M Ee s!id$ UI ,o
e+er' d!'V Hl di.o4 UDo' todos los dF!sV6 ' UEe s!id Ht&!t6 &e ,oesL 7ent e+er'
d!'V Hl di.o /(e +!L ib! todos los dF!s61
=15B;1I Si el verbo del estilo directo Hre%orted +erb6 est! en el pretrito
imperfecto# indefinido simple$ puede pasar al estilo indirecto en el pretrito
imperfecto# indefinido simple ! "en(do en in,l0s olo/(i!l o pretrito
pluscuamperfecto simple en in,l0s liter!rio cuando el verbo introductorio del
estilo directo est! en uno de los tiempos de 6.*02M l!s or!iones s(bordin!d!s
te"%or!les s(elen /(ed!r en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido si"%leM si en el estilo
direto se (s! l! %ri"er! %erson!$ en el estilo indireto se %one en terer! %erson!M si
en el estilo direto se (s! l! se,(nd! o terer! %erson!$ en el estilo indireto se
(tiliz! l! "is"! %erson!1 E.14 Ee s!id$ UI didnZt e!t !t &o"eV Hl di.oL deF!4 UNo
o"F en !s!V6 ' UEe s!id Ht&!t6 &e &!dnZt e!ten !t &o"eV Hl di.o /(e no &!bF!
o"ido en !s!6 NoO Ee s!id Ht&!t6 &e didnZt e!t !t &o"e Hl di.oL deF! /(e no
o"i3 en !s!6M U>&en I 7!s in S!n Seb!sti!n$V s&e s!id$ UI (sed to ,o to t&e
be!&V HU*(!ndo est!b! en S!n Seb!stinV$ di.o ell!$ UsolF! ir ! l! %l!'!V6 ' US&e
s!id Ht&!t6$ 7&en s&e 7!s in S!n Seb!sti!n$ s&e (sed to ,o to t&e be!&V HEll! di.oL
deF! /(e$ (!ndo est!b! en S!n Seb!stin$ solF! ir ! l! %l!'!61
Si el +erbo del estilo direto est en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ontin(o
%(ede %!s!r !l estilo indireto o"o %ret0rito %l(s(!"%er#eto ontin(o en in,l0s
liter!rio$ (!ndo l! !i3n est ter"in!d!$ %ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l ! "en(do /(ed!
en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido ontin(o$ si l! !i3n no est ter"in!d!M l!s
or!iones s(bordin!d!s te"%or!les s(elen /(ed!r en el %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido ontin(o1 E.14 S&e s!id$ UI 7!s t&in9in, o# ,oin, to *(en! b(t IZ+e
deided not toV HEll! di.o4 UEst!b! %ens!ndo en ir ! *(en! %ero &e deidido no irV6
' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e &!d been t&in9in, o# ,oin, to *(en! b(t &!d deided not toV
HEll! di.oL deF! /(e &!bF! est!do %ens!ndo en ir ! *(en! %ero /(e &!bF! deidido
no ir6 NoO S&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7!s t&in9in, o# ,oin, to *(en! b(t &!d deided not to
HEll! di.oL deF! /(e est!b! %ens!ndo en ir ! *(en! %ero /(e &!bF! deidido no ir6M
S&e s!id$ UM' brot&er %&oned 7&en I 7!s 7or9in,V HEll! di.o4UMi &er"!no ll!"3
%or tel0#ono (!ndo H'o6 est!b! tr!b!.!ndoV6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 &er brot&er &!d
%&oned 7&en s&e 7!s 7or9in,V HEll! di.oL deF! /(e s( &er"!no &!bF! ll!"!do
%or tel0#ono (!ndo ell! est!b! tr!b!.!ndo61
=15B<1I Si el verbo del estilo directo Hre%orted +erb6 est! en el futuro imperfecto
Hsi"%le o ontin(o6$ puede pasar al estilo indirecto en el condicional Hsi"%le o
ontin(o6 cuando el verbo introductorio del estilo directo est! en uno de los
tiempos de 6.*02M %(ede indi!r /(e lo /(e se die '! no es +erd!d o /(e &!' iert!
d(d! sobre l! +er!id!d de lo /(e se dieM Qs&!llQ %!r! %ri"er! %erson! ' Q7illQ %!r!
l! se,(nd! ' terer! %erson! en el estilo direto indi!ndo #(t(ro s(elen %!s!r !l
estilo indireto o"o Q7o(ldQ en terer! %erson!M si se "!ntiene l! %ri"er! %erson!
se %(eden (s!r nor"!l"ente Qs&o(ldQ ' Q7o(ldQM %(ede indi!r /(e lo /(e se die
'! no si,(e siendo +erd!d o /(e &!' iert! d(d! sobre l! +er!id!d de lo /(e se
die1 E.14 S&e s!id$ UI s&!llL 7ill be &ere tod!'V HEll! di.o4UEst!r0 !/(F &o'V6 ' US&e
s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7o(ld be t&ere t&e d!' !#terL t&e ne-t d!'V HEll! di.oL deF! /(e
est!rF! !llF !l dF! si,(iente6M I s!id$ UI s&!ll ,oV HDi.e4 UIr0V6 ' UI s!id Ht&!t6 I s&o(ldL
7o(ld ,oV HDi.e /(e irF!61
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo se /(iere "ostr!r /(e si,(e siendo ierto !l,o o /(e se re#iere
!l #(t(ro in"edi!to$ !(n/(e el +erbo introd(torio del estilo direto est0 en (no de
los tie"%os de =15B8$ se %(ede onser+!r el #(t(ro si"%le del estilo direto on el
%osible !"bio de %ri"er! ! terer! %erson!1 E.14 S&e s!id$ UI s&!llL 7ill beo"e !n
!tressV HEll! di.o4 UMe &!r0 !trizV6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7ill beo"e !n !tressV
HEll! di.o /(e se &!r !triz61
A +ees$ se (s! Qs&!llQ en +ez de Q7illQ %!r! indi!r #(t(ro en estilo indireto en
in,l0s liter!rio %ero lo &!bit(!l es (s!r Q7illQ1 E.14 T&e' s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7ill
Nestnd!rOL s&!ll Nliter!rioO tr!+el to *!stellon HDi.eronL DeF!n /(e ell! +i!.!r !
*!stell3n61
A +ees$ se (s! Qs&o(ldQ en +ez de Q7o(ldQ %!r! indi!r #(t(ro en estilo indireto en
in,l0s liter!rio %ero lo &!bit(!l es (s!r Q7o(ldQ %!r! l! se,(nd! ' terer! %erson!1
E.14 T&e' s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7o(ld Nestnd!rOL s&o(ld Nliter!rioO tr!+el to *!stellon
HDi.eronL DeF!n /(e ell! +i!.!rF! ! *!stell3n61
=15B=1I MS/allM en primera persona en estilo directo para conse%os,
instrucciones, se pasa a estilo indirecto con Mas1# in'uire >m!s usado? >o?
en'uire# ,ant to 1no,, etc., D if# ,/et/er D s/ould o be toM1 E.14 S&e s!id$
US&!ll 7e ,o no7TVHEll! di.o4 UWD!"os !&or!TV6 %!s! o"o QS&e !s9ed i#L
7&et&er t&e' s&o(ld ,o NoO 7ere to ,o t&enQ HEll! %re,(nt3L %re,(nt!b! si ellos
deberF!nL tenF!n /(e ir entones61
El estilo indireto /(ed!rF! i,(!l on Qs&o(ldQ %ero no on Qbe toQ (!ndo el +erbo
introd(torio del estilo direto est en (no de los tie"%os de =15B51 E.14 S&e s!'s$
US&!ll 7e ,o no7TVHEll! die4 UWD!"os !&or!TV6 %!s! o"o US&e !s9s i#L 7&et&er
t&e' s&o(ld ,o NoO !re to ,o no7V HEll! %re,(nt! si ellos deberF!nL tienen /(e ir
!&or!61
=15B?1I MS/allM en primera persona en estilo directo para preguntar sobre el
resultado de algo imprevisible se pasa a estilo indirecto con M,onder NoO as1#
in'uire >m!s usado?# en'uire# ,ant to 1no, D if# ,/et/er D ,ouldM en tercera
persona1 E.14 US&!ll I be &!%%'TV Glori! s!idL s!id Glori! HUWSer0 #elizTV di.o
Glori!6 ' UGlori! 7onderedL !s9edL in/(iredL 7!nted to 9no7 i#L 7&et&er s&e
7o(ld be &!%%'V HGlori! se %re,(nt!b!L %re,(nt3L /(erF! s!ber si serF! #eliz61
=15B@1I MS/allM en primera persona en estilo directo para ofrecerse a /acer
algo puede pasar al estilo indirecto con el verbo MofferM en pretrito
imperfecto# indefinido seguido de infinitivo o con los verbos Mas1, in'uire
>m!s usado?# en'uire, ,ant to 1no, D if# ,/et/er D s/ouldM1 E.4 Ee s!id$
US&!ll I &el% 'o(TV Hl di.o4 UWTe !'(doTV6 ' UEe o##ered to &el% &erV Hl se
o#rei3L o#reF! %!r! !'(d!rl!6 o UEe !s9ed i#L 7&et&er &e s&o(ld &el% &erV Hl
%re,(nt3L %re,(nt!b! si ell! /(erF! /(e 0l l! !'(d!r!61
El estilo indireto /(ed!rF! i,(!l on Qs&o(ldQ %ero no on Qo##erQ (!ndo el +erbo
introd(torio del estilo direto est en (no de los tie"%os de =15B51 E.14 Ee s!'s$
US&!ll I &el% 'o(TV Hl die4 UWTe !'(doTV6 ' UEe o##ers to &el% &erV Hl se o#ree
%!r! !'(d!rl!6 NoO Ee !s9s i#L 7&et&er &e s&o(ld &el% &er Hl %re,(nt! si ell! /(iere
/(e 0l l! !'(de61
=15BB1I MS/allM en estilo directo para /acer una sugerencia pasa al estilo
indirecto con el verbo MsuggestM en pretrito imperfecto# indefinido o incluso
poniendo los verbos Mas1, in'uire >m!s usado?# en'uire, ,ant to 1no, D if#
,/et/er D s/ouldM1 E.14 S&e s!id$ US&!ll 7e b(' so"e "!r"!l!deTV HEll! di.o4
UW*o"%r!"os H!l,o de6 "er"el!d!TV6 ' US&e s(,,ested b('in,L S&e !s9ed i#L
7&et&er s&e s&o(ld b(' so"e "!r"!l!deV HEll! s(,iri3L s(,erF! o"%r!rL %re,(nt3
si deberF! o"%r!r H!l,o de6 "er"el!d!61
El estilo indireto /(ed!rF! i,(!l on Qs&o(ldQ %ero no on Us(,,estV (!ndo el
+erbo introd(torio del estilo direto est en (no de los tie"%os de =15B51 E.14 S&e
s!'s$ US&!ll 7e b(' so"e "!r"!l!deTV HEll! die4 UW*o"%r!"os H!l,o de6
"er"el!d!TV6 ' US&e s(,,ests b('in,L S&e !s9s i#L 7&et&er s&e s&o(ld b(' so"e
"!r"!l!deV HEll! s(,iere o"%r!rL %re,(nt! si deberF! o"%r!r H!l,o de6
"er"el!d!61
=18CC1I Cuando se usa Ms/allM para la segunda tercera persona del singular o
plural pueden darse dos casos4
a+ Si expresa la intencin del su%eto pasa al estilo indirecto con el verbo
MpromiseM en pretrito seguido de complemento indirecto D complemento
directo o MpromiseM en pretrito imperfecto# indefinido seguido de Ms/ouldM D
infinitivo D complemento directo1 E.14 Ee s!id$ US&e s&!ll &!+e ! bi'leV Hl
di.o4 UEll! tendr (n! biilet!V6 ' UEe %ro"ised &er ! bi'leV Hl le %ro"eti3L
%ro"etF! ! ell! (n! biilet!6 o UEe %ro"ised t&!t s&e s&o(ld &!+e ! bi'leV Hl le
%ro"eti3L %ro"etF! /(e tendrF! (n! biilet!61
b+ Si expresa mandato se puede poner uno de los verbos Moug/t to, must, /ave
to, be toM en estilo indirecto1 E.4 Ee s!'s$ UAll "e"bers s&!ll brin,L !rr'
so"et&in,V Hl die4 UTodos los "ie"bros debern tr!erL lle+!r !l,oV6 ' UEe s!'s
Ht&!t6 !ll "e"bers o(,&t toL "(stL 7ill &!+e toL !re to brin,L !rr' so"et&in,V Hl
die /(e todos los "ie"bros deberF!nL debenL tendrn /(eL tienen /(e tr!erL lle+!r
!l,o61
=18C51I Cuando se usa M,illM para la primera persona en el estilo directo,
indica determinacin o deseo /a 'ue su4b+stituirlo por M,ant# intend#
offerM, etc., en pretrito imperfecto# indefinido1 E.14 S&e s!id$ UI 7ill ,oV HEll!
di.o4 UIr0V6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7!ntedL intendedL o##ered to ,oL o"eV HEll! di.oL
deF! /(e /(erF!L tenF! inteni3n deL se o#rei3 ! irL +enir61
=18C81I Si el verbo en el estilo directo Hre%orted +erb6 est! en el futuro continuo,
pasa normalmente al estilo indirecto como condicional continuo cuando el
verbo introductorio del estilo directo est! en uno de los tiempos de 6.*02M
Qs&!llQ %!r! %ri"er! %erson! ' Q7illQ %!r! l! se,(nd! ' terer! %erson! en el estilo
direto indi!ndo #(t(ro s(elen %!s!r !l estilo indireto o"o U7o(ldV en terer!
%erson!M si se "!ntiene l! %ri"er! %erson! se %(eden (s!r nor"!l"ente Qs&o(ldQ '
Q7o(ldQM %(ede indi!r /(e lo /(e se die '! no si,(e siendo +erd!d o /(e &!'
iert! d(d! sobre l! +er!id!d de lo /(e se die1 E.14 S&e s!id$ UI s&!llL 7ill be doin,
it tod!'V HEll! di.o4 ULo est!r0 &!iendo &o'V6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7o(ld be
doin, it t&!t d!'V HEll! di.oL deF! /(e est!rF! &!i0ndolo eseL !/(el dF!6M Ee s!id$
US&e 7ill be o"in,V Hl di.o4 UEll! +endrV6 ' UEe s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7o(ld be
o"in,V Hl di.oL deF! /(e ell! +endrF!6M I s!id$ UI s&!ll be ,oin,V HDi.e4 QIr0Q6 ' UI
s!id Ht&!t6 I s&o(ldL 7o(ld be ,oin,V HDi.e /(e irF!61
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo se /(iere "ostr!r /(e si,(e siendo ierto !l,o o /(e se re#iere
!l #(t(ro in"edi!to$ !(n/(e el +erbo introd(torio del estilo direto est0 en (no de
los tie"%os de =15B8 se %(ede onser+!r el #(t(ro si"%le o ontin(o del estilo
direto on el %osible !"bio de %ri"er! ! terer! %erson!1 E.14 S&e s!id$ UI s&!llL
7ill be ,oin, ne-t 'e!rV HEll! di.o4 UIr0 el !)o /(e +ieneV6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e
7ill be ,oin, ne-t 'e!rV HEll! di.o /(e ir el !)o /(e +iene61
=18C:1I Si el verbo del estilo directo Hre%orted +erb6 est! en el condicional simple
o compuesto Hsi"%le o ontin(o6 puede pasar al estilo indirecto en el mismo
tiempo verbal cuando el verbo introductorio del estilo directo est! en uno de
los tiempos de 6.*02M si en el estilo direto se (s! l! %ri"er! %erson!$ en el estilo
indireto se %one en terer! %erson!M si en el estilo direto se (s! l! se,(nd! o
terer! %erson!$ en el estilo indireto se (tiliz! l! "is"! %erson!1
=18C;1I Si el verbo del estilo directo Hre%orted +erb6 est! en el pretrito perfecto
simple, puede pasar al estilo indirecto en el pretrito pluscuamperfecto simple
cuando el verbo introductorio del estilo directo est! en uno de los tiempos de
6.*02M %(ede indi!r /(e lo /(e se die '! no es +erd!d o /(e &!' iert! d(d! sobre
l! +er!id!d de lo /(e se dieM (!ndo se /(iere "ostr!r /(e si,(e siendo ierto '
(!ndo es !l,o &!bit(!l o re%etiti+o$ %(ede %!s!r !l estilo indireto en el %ret0rito
%er#eto si"%leM no se s(ele onser+!r el %ret0rito %er#eto si"%le$ si no se est de
!(erdo$ si no se est se,(ro de /(e se! +erd!d$ si se /(iere en#!tiz!r /(e es lo /(e
otr! %erson! &! di&oM si en el estilo direto se (s! l! %ri"er! %erson!$ en el estilo
indireto se %one en terer! %erson!M si en el estilo direto se (s! l! se,(nd! o
terer! %erson!$ en el estilo indireto se (tiliz! l! "is"! %erson!1 E.14 S&e s!id$ UI
&!+e !lre!d' #inis&ed "ineV HEll! di.o4 Um! &e ter"in!do el "FoL l! "F!V6 ' US&e
s!id t&!t s&e &!sL &!d !lre!d' #inis&ed &ersV HEll! di.oL deF! /(e '! &!L &!bF!
ter"in!do el s('oL l! s('!61
=18C<1I Si el verbo del estilo directo Hre%orted +erb6 est! en el pretrito perfecto
continuo, pasa normalmente al estilo indirecto como pretrito
pluscuamperfecto continuo cuando el verbo introductorio del estilo directo
est! en uno de los tiempos de 6.*02M %(ede indi!r /(e lo /(e se die '! no es
+erd!d o /(e &!' iert! d(d! sobre l! +er!id!d de lo /(e se dieM (!ndo se /(iere
"ostr!r /(e si,(e siendo ierto ' (!ndo es !l,o &!bit(!l o re%etiti+o$ %(ede %!s!r
!l estilo indireto en el %ret0rito %er#eto ontin(oM no se s(ele onser+!r el %ret0rito
%er#eto ontin(o$ si no se est de !(erdo$ si no se est se,(ro de /(e se! +erd!d$ si
se /(iere en#!tiz!r /(e es lo /(e otr! %erson! &! di&oM si en el estilo direto se (s!
l! %ri"er! %erson!$ en el estilo indireto se %one en terer! %erson!M si en el estilo
direto se (s! l! se,(nd! o terer! %erson!$ en el estilo indireto se (tiliz! l! "is"!
%erson!1 E.14 UI &!+e been re!din, 'o(r letter$V &e s!id HUEe est!do le'endo t(
!rt!V$ di.o 0l6 ' UEe s!id Ht&!t6 &e &!sL &!d been re!din, "' letterV Hl di.o /(e &!L
&!bF! est!do le'endo "i !rt!61
=18C=1I Si el verbo del estilo directo Hre%orted +erb6 est! en el pretrito
pluscuamperfecto Hsi"%le o ontin(o6 puede pasar al estilo indirecto en el
mismo tiempo verbal cuando el verbo introductorio del estilo directo est! en
uno de los tiempos de 6.*02M si en el estilo direto se (s! l! %ri"er! %erson!$ en el
estilo indireto se %one en terer! %erson!M si en el estilo direto se (s! l! se,(nd! o
terer! %erson!$ en el estilo indireto se (tiliz! l! "is"! %erson!1 E.14 UI &!d
o"e$Vs&e s!id Ube!(se I 7!s in tro(bleV HUE!bF! +enidoV$ di.o ell!$ U%or/(e tenF!
%roble"!sV6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e &!d o"e be!(se s&e s&e 7!s in tro(bleV HEll!
di.oL deF! /(e &!bF! +enido %or/(e tenF! %roble"!s61
=18C?1I Si el verbo del estilo directo Hre%orted +erb6 est! en el futuro perfecto
Hsi"%le o ontin(o6$ puede pasar al estilo indirecto en el condicional perfecto
Hsi"%le o ontin(o6 cuando el verbo introductorio del estilo directo est! en uno
de los tiempos de 6.*02M si en el estilo direto se (s! l! %ri"er! %erson!$ en el estilo
indireto se %one en terer! %erson!M si en el estilo direto se (s! l! se,(nd! o
terer! %erson!$ en el estilo indireto se (tiliz! l! "is"! %erson!1
=18C@1I Oo suelen cambiar normalmente del estilo directo al indirecto4
*+ =lgunos verbos4 Qo(ld$ o(ld &!+e$ d!re$ &!d$ &!d betterL Zd better$ &!d r!t&erL
Zd r!t&er Nr!ro en GB ' no (s!do en USAO$ "i,&t$ "(st &!+e$ need$ o(,&t to$ (sed
to$ 7o(ldQ$ et1M Us&o(ldV %(ede /(ed!r i,(!l en el estilo indireto$ si si,ni#i!
UdeberF!V$ o !"bi!r ! Q7o(ldQ$ si no si,ni#i! UdeberF!VM o(rre en los tie"%os de
=15B5 ' =15B8M %!r! Q"(stQ D1 =1881 E.14 Ee s!id$ UI o(ld ,o no7V Hl di.o4 UPodrF!
ir !&or!V6 ' UEe s!id Ht&!t6 &e o(ld ,o t&enV Hl di.oL deF! /(e %odrF! ir
entones61
QE!d betterQ s(ele /(ed!r i,(!l en estilo indireto$ %ero en se,(nd! %erson! %(ede
/(ed!r i,(!l en el estilo indireto o !"bi!rse %or Q!d+iseQ1 E.14 S&e s!id$ Umo(Zd
better ,oV HEll! di.o USerF! "e.or /(e #(er!sV6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 IZd better ,oV HEll!
di.oL deF! /(e serF! "e.or /(e #(er! 'o6 NoO S&e !d+ised "e to ,o HEll! "e
!onse.3L !onse.!b! /(e #(er! 'o61
UNeednZtV %(ede /(ed!r i,(!l en estilo indireto o s(Hb6stit(irse %or UdidnZt &!+e
toV1
2+ &as oraciones subordinadas condicionales de improbabilidad1 E.14 S&e s!id$
UI# 'o( 7ere "' #!t&er$ I 7o(ld be 'o(n,erV HEll! di.o4 USi t2 #(er!s "i %!dre$ H'o6
serF! "s .3+enV6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6$ i# &e 7ere &er #!t&er$ s&e 7o(ld be 'o(n,erV
HEll! di.oL deF! /(e$ si 0l #(er! s( %!dre$ ell! serF! "s .o+en61
2+ &os verbos usados en pretrito imperfecto# indefinido detr!s de ;it is
4about# /ig/+ time, ,is/, ,ould, ,ould rat/er, ,ould sooner< algunas otras
expresiones1 E.14 S&e s!id$ UIt is ti"e 7e 7entV HEll! di.o4 UEs &or! de /(e
+!'!"osV6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 it 7!s ti"e t&e' 7entV HEll! di.oL deF! /(e er! &or!
de /(e se #(er!n6M Ee told &er$ UI 7is& I 7ere stron,er]V Hl le di.o ! ell!4 U\O.!l
#(er! "s #(erte]V6 ' UEe told &er Ht&!t6 &e 7is&ed &e 7ere stron,erV Hl le di.o !
ell! /(e dese!b! ser "s #(erte61
=18CB1I &os pronombres personales los ad%etivos# pronombres posesivos
nor"!l"ente cambian de primera persona en estilo direto a segunda o tercera
persona en estilo indireto$ ! no ser /(e se! l! "is"! %erson! l! del estilo direto e
indireto1
=185C1I &os ad%etivos demostrativos ;t/is# t/ese< del estilo directo no cambian
cuando el verbo del estilo indirecto est! en uno de los tiempos de 6.*0*, pero
suelen cambiar a ;t/at# t/ose< respectivamente cuando el verbo del estilo
indirecto est! en uno de los tiempos de 6.*02M %(eden !"bi!r ! Ut&eV en estilo
indireto (!ndo no indi!n tie"%o1 E.14 Ee s!id$ UI !" ,oin, t&is "ont&V Hl di.o4
UDo' ! ir este "esV6 ' UEe s!id Ht&!t6 &e 7!s ,oin, t&!t "ont&V Hl di.oL deF! /(e
ib! ! ir eseL !/(el "es6M S&e s!id$ UT&is r!dio is #or 'o(V HEll! di.o4 UEst! r!dio es
%!r! tiV6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 t&eL t&!t r!dio 7!s #or "eV HEll! di.oL deF! /(e l!L es!
NoO !/(ell! r!dio er! %!r! "F61
El %rono"bre de"ostr!ti+o Ut&isV s(ele !"bi!r ! QitL t&!tQ ' el %rono"bre Ut&eseV
s(ele !"bi!r ! Qt&e'L t&e"Q (!ndo el +erbo del estilo indireto est en (no de los
tie"%os de =15B81 E.14 Ee s!id$ U>eZll t!l9 !bo(t t&is ne-t "ont&V Hl di.o4
UE!bl!re"os de esto el "es /(e +ieneV6 ' UEe s!id Ht&!t6 t&e' 7o(ld t!l9 !bo(t itL
t&!t t&e #ollo7in, "ont&V Hl di.oL deF! /(e &!bl!rF!n de elloL eso NoO !/(ello !l
"es si,(ienteL ! l! +(elt! de (n "es61
=18551I &os ad%etivos demostrativos Mt/atM Mt/oseM del estilo directo no
cambian cuando el verbo del estilo indirecto est! en uno de los tiempos de
6.*0* 6.*02M %(eden !"bi!r ! Ut&eV en estilo indireto (!ndo no indi!n
tie"%o1 E.14 S&e s!id$ UT&!t r!dio is #or 'o(V HEll! di.o4 UEs!L A/(ell! r!dio es %!r!
tiV6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 t&eL t&!t r!dio 7!s #or "eV HEll! di.oL deF! /(e l!L es! NoO
!/(ell! r!dio er! %!r! "F61
=18581I &os siguientes adverbios del estilo direto no !"bi!n en el estilo indireto
(!ndo se re#ieren !l %resente$ !l %!s!do reiente o !l #(t(ro in"edi!to %ero$ si se
re#ieren ! (n %!s!do le.!no o ! (n #(t(ro no in"edi!to Q!,oQ %!s! ! Qbe#oreQ$ Q&ereQ
%!s! ! Qt&ereL inL on t&e so#!Q$ et1$ Ql!st ni,&tL 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!rQ %!s! ! Qt&e
%re+io(s ni,&tL 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r NoO t&e ni,&tL 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r be#oreQ$ Qne-t
7ee9L "ont&L 'e!rQ %!s! ! Qt&e #ollo7in, NoO t&e ne-t 7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r NoO t&e
7ee9L "ont&L 'e!r !#terQ$ Qno7Q %!s! ! Qt&enL !t t&!t "o"entL !t t&!t +er' "o"entL
!t t&!t %!rti(l!r "o"entL !t t&!t ti"eQ$ Qt&is "ornin,Q %!s! ! Qt&!t "ornin,L t&e
s!"e "ornin,Q$ Qt&e d!' !#ter to"orro7Q %!s! ! Qt7o d!'s l!terL in t7o d!'sZ ti"eQ$
Qt&e d!' be#ore 'esterd!'Q %!s! ! Qt7o d!'s be#oreQ$ Qt&is 7ee9Q %!s! ! Qt&!t 7ee9L
t&e s!"e 7ee9Q$ Qtod!'Q %!s! ! QHon6 t&!t d!'L t&e s!"e d!'L t&e #ollo7in, d!'L t&e
ne-t d!'Q$ Qto"orro7Q %!s! ! Qt&e #ollo7in, d!'L t&e ne-t d!'Q$ Qto"orro7
"ornin,Q %!s! ! Qt&e #ollo7in, "ornin,Q$ Qtoni,&tQ %!s! ! Qt&!t ni,&tQ$ Qt7o d!'s
!,oQ %!s! ! Qt7o d!'s be#oreL e!rlierQ$ Q'esterd!'Q %!s! ! Qt&e d!' be#oreL t&e
%re+io(s d!'Q$ Q'esterd!' !#ternoonQ %!s! ! Qt&e %re+io(s !#ternoonQ$ Q!L one 'e!r
!,oQ %!s! ! Qt&e %re+io(s 'e!r NoO !L one 'e!r be#oreQ$ Q'etQ %!s! ! Qb' t&enQ
(!ndo el +erbo del estilo indireto est en (no de los tie"%os de =15B81 E.14 UI "(st
,o no7$V M!deleine s!idL s!id M!deleine ' UM!deleine s!id Ht&!t6 s&e &!d to ,o
t&enL !t t&!t "o"entL !t t&!t +er' "o"entL !t t&!t %!rti(l!r "o"entV Nsi se die
des%(0s /(e l! or!i3n del estilo diretoO HM!,d!len! di.o /(e tenF! /(e ir entonesL
en !/(el "o"entoL en !/(el "is"o "o"entoL en !/(el "o"ento es%eF#io6$ %ero
UI 7ent 'esterd!'$V Ronnie s!idL s!id Ronnie HRon!ldo6 ' URonnie s!id Ht&!t6 &e
7entL &!d ,one 'esterd!'V Nsi se die en el "is"o dF! /(e l! or!i3n del estilo
diretoO HRon!ldo di.o /(e #(eL &!bF! ido !'er61
=185:1I &as preguntas 'ue empie)an por M,ill ou, ,ould ou, could ouM, en
estilo directo pueden pasar4se+ al estilo indirecto4
a+ Si se pide algo por medio del verbo Mas1M D complemento D infinitivo1 E.14
Ee s!id$ U*o(ld 'o( lend "e so"e "one'TV Hl di.o4 UWPodrF!s de.!r"eL
%rest!r"e !l,o de dineroTV6 ' UEe !s9ed &er to lend &i" so"e "one'V Hl le %idi3L
%edF! ! ell! /(e le de.!r!L %rest!r! !l,o de dinero61
b+ Si es una invitacin o mandato por medio de Madvise, as1, invite, offer,
propose, recommend, suggestM, etc. E.14 S&e s!id$ U>ill 'o( lose t&e doorTV
HEll! di.o4 UWJ(ieres err!r l! %(ert!TV6 ' US&e !s9ed &i" to lose t&e doorV HEll! le
%idi3L %edF! /(e err!r! l! %(ert!61
c+ Si no es ninguno de los casos mencionados, normalmente se ponen los
verbos Mas1, ,onderM o M,ant to 1no,M. E.14 Ee s!id$ U>o(ld 'o( +isit t&is
!stleTV Hl di.o4 UWDisit!rF!s este !stilloTV6 ' UEe !s9ed i#L 7&et&er &eL s&e 7o(ld
+isit t&!t !stleV Hl %re,(nt3L %re,(nt!b! si 0lL ell! +isit!rF! ese NoO !/(el !stillo61
=185;1I Si se usa un imperativo en segunda persona en el estilo directo, se pasa
a uno de los tiempos de 6.*0* 6.*02 del estilo indirecto con4
a+ &os verbos Mas1, beg, command, direct, encourage, implore, invite, order,
recommend, remind, re'uest, tell, urge, ,arnM, etc. E.14 Ee s!'s$ UGo to
Al"eri!]V Hl die4 U\DeHte6 ! Al"erF!]V6 ' UEe tells "e to ,o to Al"eri!V Hl "e
die /(e +!'!L "e "!nd! ir ! Al"erF!6M Ee s!id$ UGo to Al"eri!]V Hl di.o4 U\DeHte6
! Al"erF!]V6 ' UEe told "e to ,o to Al"eri!V Hl "e di.o /(e #(er!L "e "!nd!b! ir
! Al"erF!61
b+ El verbo MsaM seguido del verbo MbeM con infinitivo con ;to<. E.14 S&e s!'s$
UDonZt o%en t&is 7indo7]V HEll! die4 U\No !br!s est! +ent!n!]V6 ' US&e s!'s Ht&!t6
I !" not to o%en t&is 7indo7V HEll! die /(e no debo !brir est! +ent!n!6M S&e s!id$
UDonZt o%en t&is 7indo7]V HEll! di.o4 U\No !br!s est! +ent!n!]V6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6
I 7!snZt to o%en t&!t 7indo7V HEll! di.oL deF! /(e no debF! !brir es! NoO !/(ell!
+ent!n!61
c+ &os verbos Madvise, as1, demand, insist, propose, sa, suggest, tellM, seguidos
de una oracin con Ms/ouldM. E.14 Ee s!'s$ UDonZt e!t so /(i9l']V Hl die4 U\No
o"!s t!n r%ido]V6 ' UEe s!'sL tells "e Ht&!t6 I s&o(ldnZt e!t so /(i9l'V Hl dieL
"e die /(e no deberF! o"er t!n r%ido6M S&e s!id$ UDonZt o%en t&is 7indo7]V
HEll! di.o4U\No !br!s est! +ent!n!]V6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 I 7!snZt to o%en t&!t
7indo7V HEll! di.oL deF! /(e no debF! !brir es! NoO !/(ell! +ent!n!61
El +erbo Qo"eQ en estilo direto %(ede %!s!r ! Q,oQ en estilo indireto ' el +erbo
Qbrin,Q %(ede %!s!r ! Qt!9eQ1
=185<1I Si se usa el imperativo en primera persona del plural en el estilo directo
se pasa a estilo indirecto por medio de4
*+ El verbo MsuggestM seguido de la forma verbal en 5ing o el sub%untivo con
Ms/ouldM o sin Ms/ouldM cuando indica sugerencia. E.14 S&e s!'s$ ULetZs ,o
l!ter]V HEll! die4 U\D!"oHno6s des%(0s]V6 ' US&e s(,,ests o(r ,oin,L t&!t 7e
Hs&o(ld6 ,o l!terV HEll! s(,iere /(e Hnos6 +!'!"os des%(0s6M S&e s!id$ ULetZs ,o]V
HEll! di.o4 U\D!"oHno6s]V6 ' US&e s(,,ested ,oin,V HEll! s(,iri3L s(,erF! ir61
2+ &os verbos Moppose t/e idea, be against it, ob%ectM, etc., cuando el
imperativo est! en negativa es la respuesta a una sugerencia afirmativa. E.14
S!r!&4 ULetZs tr']V HS!r!4U\Intent0"oslo]V61 Don!ld4 ULetZs not]V HDon!ldo4U\Es
"e.or /(e no lo intente"os]V6 ' US!r!& s(,,ests tr'in, b(t Don!ld o%%oses t&e
ide!V HS!r! s(,iere intent!rlo %ero Don!ldo se o%one ! l! ide!6 NoO S!r!& s(,,ested
tr'in, b(t Don!ld o%%osed t&e ide! HS!r! s(,iri3L s(,erF! intent!rlo %ero Don!ldo
se o%(soL o%onF! ! l! ide!61
2+ El verbo MurgeM o MadviseM D complemento directo D infinitivo cuando es
una llamada a la accin. E.14 Ee s!'s$ ULetZs s&o7 o(r #!t&er Ht&!t6 7e !re
res%onsible]V Hl die4 Q\Mostre"os ! n(estro %!dre /(e so"os res%ons!bles]Q6 '
UEe (r,es &is brot&ers to s&o7 t&eir #!t&er Ht&!t6 t&e' !re res%onsibleV Hl r(e,!L
e-&ort! ! s(s &er"!nos ! "ostr!r ! s( %!dre /(e son res%ons!bles6M Ee s!id$ ULetZs
s&o7 o(r #!t&er Ht&!t6 7e !re res%onsible]V Hl di.o4 Q\Mostre"os ! n(estro %!dre
/(e so"os res%ons!bles]Q6 ' UEe (r,ed &is brot&ers to s&o7 t&eir #!t&er Ht&!t6 t&e'
7ere res%onsibleV Hl ro,3L e-&ort!b! ! s(s &er"!nos ! "ostr!r ! s( %!dre /(e er!n
res%ons!bles61
=185=1I Si se usa el imperativo en la tercera persona del singular o plural en el
estilo directo, se pasa al estilo indirecto por medio de4
a+ MCug/t toM o Ms/ouldM cuando indica obligacin. E.14 S&e s!'s$ ULet &i"
sol+e t&e %roble"]VHEll! die4 Q\J(e sol(ione 0l el %roble"!]V6 ' US&e s!'s Ht&!t6
&e o(,&t toL s&o(ld sol+e t&e %roble"V HEll! die /(e 0l deberF!L debF! sol(ion!r
el %roble"!6M S&e s!id$ ULet &i" sol+e t&e %roble"]V HEll! di.oL deF!4 U\J(e
sol(ione 0l el %roble"!]V6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 &e o(,&t toL s&o(ld sol+e t&e
%roble"V Hl di.oL deF! /(e 0l deberF!L debF! sol(ion!r el %roble"!61
b+ MSaM D Mbe toM D infinitivo o Morder# commandM seguido de oracin con
Ms/ouldM cuando indica mandato. E.14 S&e s!'s$ ULet no one ,o t&ere]V HEll!
die4 U\J(e n!die +!'! !llF]V6 ' US&e s!'s Ht&!t6 no one is to ,o t&ereV HEll! die /(e
no tiene /(e ir !llF n!die6 NoO S&e ordersL o""!nds Ht&!t6 no one s&o(ld ,o t&ere
HEll! orden! /(e n!die +!'! !llF6M S&e s!id$ ULet no one ,o t&ere]V HEll! di.o4 U\J(e
n!die +!'! !llF]V6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 no one 7!s to ,o t&ereV HEll! di.o /(e no tenF!
/(e ir !llF n!die6 NoO S&e orderedL o""!nded Ht&!t6 no one s&o(ld ,o t&ere HEll!
orden3 /(e n!die #(er! !llF61
c+ MSuggest# saM seguidos de una oracin con Ms/ouldM o MsuggestM seguido
de la forma verbal en 5ing. E.14 Ee s!'s$ ULet t&e" e!t &ere]V Hl die4 U\J(e
o"!n !/(F]V6 ' UEe s(,,estsL s!'s Ht&!t6 t&e' s&o(ld e!t &ere NoO Ee s(,,ests t&eir
e!tin, &ereV Hl s(,iereL die /(e o"!n !/(F6M Ee s!id$ ULet t&e" e!t &ere]V Hl
di.o4 U\J(e o"!n !/(F]V6 ' UEe s(,,estedL s!id Ht&!t6 t&e' s&o(ld e!t t&ere NoO Ee
s(,,ested t&eir e!tin, t&ereV Hl s(,iri3L di.o /(e o"ier!n !llF61
=185?1I MZesM MnoM 4se+ pasan al estilo indirecto con un su%eto un verbo
auxiliar1 E.14 R(dol%& !s9ed$ UDo 'o( tr!+elTVHRodol#o %re,(nt34 UWDi!.!sTV61
St!nisl!(s !ns7ered$ UmesH$ I do6V HEst!nisl!o ontest34 USFH$ +i!.o6V6 ' UR(dol%&
!s9ed &i" i# &e tr!+elled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+eled NUSAO !nd St!nisl!(s
!ns7eredL re%lied Ht&!t6 &e didV HRodol#o le %re,(nt3 si +i!.!b! ' Est!nisl!o le
ontest3 /(e sF6M R(dol%& !s9ed$ U>ill 'o( tr!+elTVHRodol#o %re,(nt34
UWDi!.!rsTV61 St!nisl!(s !ns7ered$ UmesH$ I 7ill6V HEst!nisl!o ontest34 USFH$
+i!.!r06V6 ' UR(dol%& !s9ed &i"L 7!nted to 9no7 i# &e 7o(ld tr!+el !nd St!nisl!(s
!ns7eredL re%lied Ht&!t6 &e 7o(ldV HRodol#o le %re,(nt3L /(erF! s!ber si +i!.!rF! '
Est!nisl!o le ontest3 /(e sF61
=185@1I Cuando el verbo ;not to /ave to< en presente significa 'ue no /a
obligacin o necesidad, lo m!s f!cil es poner ;did not /ave to< en el estilo
indirecto pero, si se 'uiere, cuando indica falta de obligacin se puede poner
;,as not obliged to< , cuando indica falta de necesidad, se puede poner ;did
not need to<1 E.14 UI do notL donZt &!+e to %!' t&e rent$V s&e s!id HUNo ten,o /(e
%!,!r l! rent!V$ di.o ell!6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e did notL didnZt &!+eL 7!s notL
7!snZt obli,ed to %!' t&e rentV HEll! di.o /(e no tenF! /(eL tenF! obli,!i3n de
%!,!r l! rent!6M UI do notL donZt &!+e to ,et (% e!rl' !n' lon,erL "ore$V P!(l! s!idL
s!id P!(l! HUm! no ten,o /(e le+!nt!r"e te"%r!noV$ di.o P!(l!6 ' UP!(l! s!id Ht&!t6
s&e did notL didnZt &!+eL did notL didnZt need to ,et (% e!rl' !n' lon,erL "oreV
HP!(l! di.o /(e '! no tenF! /(eL neesit!b! le+!nt!rse te"%r!no61
=185B1I Cuando se expresan los sentimientos o formas de pensar en el estilo
directo se pueden usar en el estilo indirecto verbos como Madmit, advise, agree,
announce, apologi)eL apologise NGBO$ for, complain, explain, grumble, insist
on, mutter, promise, protest, refuse, remind, repeat, s/out, suggest, t/reaten,
,arn, ,/isperM$ et1 E.14 UIt is re!son!ble$V s&e s!id HUEs r!zon!bleV$ di.o ell!6 '
US&e !nno(nedL e-%l!inedL "(ttered Ht&!t6 it 7!s re!son!bleV HEll! !n(ni3L
e-%li3L di.o entre dientes /(e er! r!zon!ble6M S&e s!id$ UItZs 7ron,V HEll! di.o4
UEst "!lV6 ' US&e %rotestedL s&o(ted Ht&!t6 it 7!s 7ron,V HEll! se /(e.3 deL ,rit3
/(e est!b! "!l61
*(!ndo se (s!n or!iones interro,!ti+!s ne,!ti+!s en el estilo direto %!r! "ostr!r
sor%res!$ se %(eden (s!r +erbos o"o Qbe s(r%rised$ !nZt belie+e$ t&in9Q$ et1$ en el
estilo indireto1 E.14 UArenZt 'o( 7orriedTV &e !s9ed HUWNo ests %reo(%!doTV
%re,(nt3 0l6 ' UEe 7!s s(r%risedL o(ldnZt belie+e t&!t I 7!snZt 7orriedV Hl est!b!
sor%rendido deL no %odF! reer /(e 'o no est(+ier! %reo(%!do61
*(!ndo se (s!n or!iones ne,!ti+!s en el estilo direto se %(eden (s!r +erbos
nor"!les o"o Qden'$ re#(se$ re%(di!teQ$ et$ en el estilo indireto1 E.14 UI didnZt
o"eV$ &e s!id HUNo +ineV$ di.o 0l6 ' UEe denied &!+in, o"eV Hl ne,3 &!ber
+enido61
=188C1I Cuando en el estilo directo /a una oracin interrogativa 'ue empie)a
por un ad%etivo o pronombre interrogativo como M/o,, ,/at, ,/en, ,/ere,
,/ic/, ,/M, etc., en estilo indirecto en ingls el orden normal en las oraciones
subordinadas suele ser el mismo 'ue en las oraciones enunciativas afirmativas
o negativasM se %one el s(.eto del!nte del +erbo en l!s or!iones s(bordin!d!s /(e
e"%iez!n %or Q&o7$ 7&!t$ 7&en$ 7&ere$ 7&i&$ 7&o$ 7&'Q$ ' !l,(n!s otr!s
%!l!br!s$ %ero ! +ees se d! l! in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' el +erbo en in,l0s +(l,!r$ %!r!
reord!r el estilo diretoM en !stell!no$ en !"bio$ se s(ele %oner el s(.eto detrs
del +erboM si el s(.eto es H"('6 l!r,o$ ! +ees se d! l! in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' el +erbo
en in,l0s olo/(i!lM l! reo"end!i3n %!r! los !stell!no&!bl!ntes es %oner sie"%re
%ri"ero el s(.eto ' l(e,o el +erbo$ inl(so !(n/(e el s(.eto se! H"('6 l!r,oM si se
(s! el +erbo Qs!'Q en el estilo direto$ &!' /(e s(Hb6stit(irlo %or Q!s9$ in/(ire$ 7!nt
to 9no7$ 7onderQ o !l,2n otro +erbo1 E.14 U>&!t is t&isTV &e s!id HUWJ(0 es 0stoTV
di.o 0l6 ' UEe !s9ed 7&!t t&!t 7!sV Hl %re,(nt3 /(0 er! esoL !/(ello6M Ee s!'s$
U>&!t did s&e doTV Hl die4 UWJ(0 &izo ell!TV6 ' UEe 7!nts to 9no7 7&!t s&e
didV Hl /(iere s!ber /(0L lo /(e &izo ell!6M U>&en 7ill s&e ,oTV s!'s T&eodoreL
T&eodore s!'s HUW*(ndo ir ell!TV die Teodoro6 ' UT&eodore 7onders 7&en
s&eZll ,oV HTeodoro se %re,(nt! (ndo ir ell!6M U>&ere is &eTV Florene s!'sL
s!'s Florene HUWD3nde est 0lTV die Floreni!6 ' UFlorene in/(ires 7&ere &e isV
HFloreni! %re,(nt! d3nde est 0l6M U>&' did 'o( o"eTV s!'s DioletL Diolet s!'s
HUWPor /(0 +inisteTV die Diolet!6 ' UDiolet doesnZt 9no7 7&' 'o( !"eV HDiolet!
no s!be %or /(0 +iniste Ht266M U>&i& 7!' 7ill s&e ,oTV Os7!ld s!'sL s!'s Os7!ld
HUWPor d3nde ir ell!TV die Os+!ldo6 ' UOs7!ld 7onders 7&i& 7!' s&eZll ,oV
HOs+!ldo se %re,(nt! %or d3nde ir ell!6M U>&'$V s&e s!id$ Udo 'o( li9e t&is
o(ntr'TQ HQWPor /(0V$ di.o ell!$ Ute ,(st! este %!FsTQ ' US&e !s9ed 7&' I li9ed t&!t
o(ntr'V HEll! %re,(nt3 %or /(0 "e ,(st!b! !/(el %!Fs6M S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&ere
&e is ,oin, Nestnd!rOL S&e doesnZt 9no7 7&ere is &e ,oin, N+(l,!rO HEll! no s!be
!d3nde +! 0l6M >&o told 'o( &o7 /(i9 t&is "!n isT Nestnd!rOL >&o told 'o( &o7
/(i9 is t&is "!nT N+(l,!rO HWJ(i0n te di.o 3"o de r%idoL lo r%ido /(e es este
&o"breT6M >&o s!id &o7 &i,& t&is s9'sr!%er isT Nestnd!rOL is t&is s9'sr!%erT
N+(l,!rO HWJ(i0n di.o 3"o es de !lto este r!s!ielosT6M >&o s!id 7&!t &ei,&t t&is
s9'sr!%er isT Nestnd!rOL is t&is s9'sr!%erT N+(l,!rO HWJ(i0n di.o l! !lt(r! /(e
tiene este r!s!ielosT6M I donZt 9no7 &o7 t&e bo' 7&o #ell #ro" t&e tree is
Nestnd!rOL is t&e bo' 7&o #ell #ro" t&e tree Nolo/(i!lO HNo s0 3"o est el &io
/(e !'3 del rbol6M Ee doesnZt 9no7 7&o t&!t %erson 7&o is s%e!9in, !bo(t
%olitis is Nestnd!rOL is t&!t %erson 7&o is s%e!9in, !bo(t %olitis Nolo/(i!lO Hl no
s!be /(i0n es es!L !/(ell! %erson! /(e est &!bl!ndo de %olFti!61
Si el +erbo del estilo direto est en %ri"er! %erson!$ se %(ede (s!r t!"bi0n (n
in#initi+o en el estilo indireto1 E.14 U>&oH"6 do I &el%TV s&e s!id HUWA /(i0n
!'(doTV di.o ell!6 ' US&e !s9ed "eL 7!nted to 9no7 7&oH"6 to &el%V HEll! "e
%re,(nt3L /(erF! s!ber ! /(i0n tenF! /(e !'(d!r61
Entre los +erbos /(e %(eden ir se,(idos de (n in#initi+o en el estilo indireto estn4
!s9$ !d+ise$ o""!nd$ o"%el$ e-%et$ instr(t$ in+ite$ o##er$ order$ %ers(!de$
reo""end$ re#(se$ re"ind$ re/(est$ tell$ (r,e$ 7!nt to 9no7$ 7!rn$ et1
=18851I Si la pregunta en estilo directo no empie)a por una palabra
interrogativa pide una respuesta con s( o no, entonces se suelen usar verbos
como Mas1, demand, in'uire N"s (s!doO >o? en'uire, 1no,, ,ant to 1no,,
,onderM, etc., seguidos de MifM o M,/et/erM en la respuesta1 E.14 UIs s&e
di+oredTV &e s!id HUWEst ell! di+ori!d!TV di.o 0l6 ' UEe !s9ed i#L 7&et&er s&e
7!s di+oredV Hl %re,(nt3 si ell! est!b! di+ori!d!6M M!'L Mi,&t I &!+e ! o##eeT
HWP(edoL PodrF! to"!r (n !#0T6 ' UEeL S&e !s9ed #or ! o##eeV HlL Ell! %idi3 (n
!#06M M!'L Mi,&t &e &!+e ! &olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO ne-t "ont&T HWP(edeL
PodrF! 0l to"!rse (n!s +!!iones el %r3-i"o "esT6 ' UEeL S&e !s9ed i# &e "i,&t
&!+e ! &olid!' NGB %rini%!l"enteO t&e #ollo7in, "ont&V HlL Ell! %re,(nt3 si 0l
%odrF! to"!rse (n!s +!!iones el "es si,(iente61
=18881I Cuando /a exclamaciones o expresiones emotivas en el estilo directo
se pasan al estilo indirecto usando verbos normales como Mcr, exclaim, gasp,
laug/, regret, remar1, reprove, sa, scream, sig/, s,earM$ et1$ sin %oner
nees!ri!"ente tod!s l!s %!l!br!s del estilo direto1 E.14 UO& de!r] It is ,oin, to
sno7V s&e s!id HU\A'] D! ! ne+!rV di.o 0l6 ' US&e e-l!i"ed Ht&!t6 it 7!s ,oin, to
sno7V HEll! e-l!"3 /(e ib! ! ne+!r6M UEo7 be!(ti#(l]V &e s!id H\J(0 bello] di.o
0l6 ' UEe re"!r9ed Ht&!t6 it 7!s be!(ti#(lV Hl o"ent3 /(e er! bello61
=188:1I El verbo Mbe toM, 'ue puede significar mandato, posibilidad
referencia al futuro, cuando est! en presente de indicativo pasa al estilo
indirecto en pretrito imperfecto# indefinido simple detr!s de un verbo en
pretrito imperfecto# indefinido simple1 E.14 Ee s!id$ UT&e' !re to st!' &ereV Hl
di.o4 UDebenL Tienen /(e /(ed!rse !/(FV6 ' UEe s!id Ht&!t6 t&e' 7ere to st!' t&ereV
Hl di.o /(e debF!nL deberF!nL tenF!n /(e /(ed!rse !&FL !llF6M Ee s!id$ US&e isnZt to
9no7V Hl di.o4 UEll! no tiene %or /(0 s!berloV6 ' UEe s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7!snZt to
9no7V Hl di.o /(e ell! no tenF! %or /(0 s!berlo6M S&e s!id$ UT&e dessert is to o"eV
HEll! di.o4 UF!lt! el %ostreV6 ' US&e s!id Ht&!t6 t&e dessert 7!s to o"eV HEll! di.o
/(e #!lt!b! el %ostre61
El +erbo Ube toV$ (!ndo si,ni#i! %ro&ibii3n en %resente de indi!ti+o$ %!s! !l
estilo indireto en %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido si"%le detrs de (n +erbo en
%ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido1 E.14 T&e' s!id$ US&e is not to do t&isV HDi.eron4
UEll! no debe &!er estoV6 ' UT&e' s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7!s not to do t&!tV HDi.eron /(e
ell! no debF!L deberF! &!er esoL !/(ello61
El +erbo U&!+e ,ot toV %!s! ! U&!d toV en estilo indireto detrs de (n +erbo en
%ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido1
=188;1I Existe tambin el estilo indirecto libre H#ree indiret s%ee&L
s(bstit(tion!r' s%ee&6 /(e es (n! "ezl! del len,(!.e direto e indireto /(e se
en(entr! %rini%!l"ente en l! n!rr!ti+! "odern!M es in,l0s liter!rio t!nto en in,l0s
o"o en !stell!noM se caracteri)a por'ue"
*+ Oo existe ningBn verbo ni ninguna frase para introducir el estilo directoM no
&!' ne-o$ es deir$ no se %one Qt&!tQM son or!iones /(e !)!den (n o"ent!rio
Ho""ent l!(ses6M (n!s +ees +!n se%!r!d!s %or o"!s ' otr!s +ees noM !l,(n!s
de ell!s son4 I !" !#r!id$ I belie+e$ I #eel s(re$ mo( &!+e no do(bt$ I ,(ess$ I &o%e$
'o( 9no7$ do 'o( belie+eL onsiderL i"!,ineL t&in9T$ donZt 'o( 9no7T$ I "e!n$
"ind 'o($ I "(st !d"itL reo,nizeL reo,nise NGBOL s!'$ 'o( see$ it see"s$ I
s(%%ose$ I s(s%et$ I s7e!r$ I t&in9$ &eL s&eL t&e' t&o(,&t$ &eL s&eL t&e' 7ondered$
et1 E.14 S&e &!snZt ,one$ I belie+eL t&in9 HEll! no Hse6 &! ido$ reo61 D1 <18:151b$
<18:181!$ <18:1:1b
2+ Se mantienen ciertas estructuras del estilo directo4
!6 L!s %re,(nt!s ort!s ' l!s %re,(nt!s diret!s on l! in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' del
+erbo1
b6 L!s e-l!"!iones1
6 Los +o!ti+os1
d6 L!s inter.eiones1
2+ Coincide con el estilo indirecto en 'ue se suelen /acer cambios en los verbos,
ad%etivos demostrativos, pronombres adverbios de tiempo lugar al
pasarlos del estilo directo al estilo indirecto libre.
-+ Coindice con el estilo indirecto en 'ue no se usan comillas.
3+ Coindice con el estilo directo en 'ue /a pausa a 'ue lo 'ue se dice aparece
como una oracin uxtapuesta. E.14 Ee !,reed 7it& &er4 t&e' &!d to ,o Hl est!b!
de !(erdo on ell!4 tenF!n /(e irse6M T&e' told (s so"et&in,4 t&e #!"il' 7o(ld
&!+e to tell e+er'bod' t&e tr(t& HNos di.eron !l,o4 l! #!"ili! tendrF! /(e deir ! todo
el "(ndo l! +erd!d6M Ee didnZt &!+e !n' "one'4 &e 7o(ld &!+e to do 7it&o(t it Hl
no tenF! Hn!d! de6 dinero H' %ens3 /(e6 0l tendrF! /(e !rre,lrsel!s sin 0l6M >&!t it
7!s to &!+e #riends$ &e t&o(,&t HLo /(e er! tener !"i,os$ %ens!b! 0l6M S&e 7!s
t&in9in,$ 7!s t&is to be$ !#ter !ll$ e+er't&in,T HEll! est!b! %ens!ndo Wib! ! ser esto$
des%(0s de todo$ todoT61
*APTULO SPTIMO
El !d+erbio ?15I@
Ad+erbios de "od!lid!d$ "od!les ( or!ion!les ?1B1=
Ad+erbios de !tit(d ?1B1=18$ ?15:
Ad+erbios de %(nto de +ist! ?1B1=1:
Ad+erbios onetores ?1B1?
*!r!terFsti!s de los !d+erbios ?15C
Ad+erbios %!r! s(Hb6stit(ir ! (n! #r!se ( or!i3n ?155
Posiiones de los !d+erbios en l! or!i3n ?158
Ad+erbios de "odo ?1B15$ ?15:$ ?15@
Ad+erbios de l(,!r ?1B18$ ?15;
Ad+erbios de tie"%o ?1B1:$ ?15<
Ad+erbios de #re(eni! ?1B1;$ ?15=
Ad+erbios de !ntid!d$ intensid!d$ ,r!do o ,r!d!i3n ?1B1<$ ?15?
Ad+erbios #o!liz!dores ?15?
Orden de los !d+erbios ?15@
Ad+erbios %rono"in!les ?15B
Ad+erbios interro,!ti+os ?18CI5
Ad+erbios rel!ti+os es%ei#i!ti+os ?188
Ad+erbios rel!ti+os e-%li!ti+os ?18:
Ad+erbios e-l!"!ti+os ?18;
Ad+erbios on l! "is"! #or"! /(e los !d.eti+os ?18<
Ad+erbios on dos #or"!s ?18=
Ad+erbios deri+!dos ?18?I@
Pron(ni!i3n de !d+erbios ter"in!dos en Il' ?18B
Intensi#i!i3n o !ten(!i3n de los !d+erbios en ,r!do %ositi+o ?1:C
Ad+erbios o"%!r!ti+os ?1:5I:
Ad+erbios no ,r!d(!bles ?1:;
Ad+erbios !bsol(tos ?1:<
Ad+erbios en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o %reedidos de !d+erbios ?1:=
Ad+erbios s(%erl!ti+os ?1:?I:B$ ?1::
Ad+erbios en s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o %reedidos de !d+erbios ?1:@IB
El !d+erbio s(%erl!ti+o !bsol(to ?1;C
Ad+erbios en ,r!do %ositi+o %reedidos de !d+erbios ?1;5
*!"bios !l #or"!r el o"%!r!ti+o ' s(%erl!ti+o en el !d+erbio ?1;8
Derbos on %!rtF(l!s ?1;:I;
Derbos !d+erbi!les ?1;<
Derbo !d+erbi!l !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n ?1;=
Uso de los !d+erbios Ub!9V ' U!,!inV ?1;?
?15I El adverbio puede calificar al ad%etivo, pronombre, verbo, preposicin,
con%uncin, inter%eccin, a otro adverbio, a un sintagma, a toda una oracinM
es deir$ &!e de o"%le"ento o !d'!ente de es!s %!l!br!s1 E.14 +er' ,ood H"('
b(enoHs6$ !Hs66M +er' #e7 H"(' %oHos$ !s66M Ee 7ent #!st Hl #(e r%id!"ente6M
ri,&t in #ront o# t&e &o(se Ho"%let!"ente NoO %reis!"ente del!nteL en#rente de l!
!s!6M A4 >&!t &!s MrsH16 >&ite&e!d s!idT HWJ(0 &! di&o l! Sr!1 >1T61 B4 Si"%l'
UP&e7]V HSi"%le"ente U\(#]V6M !ll t&e 7!' ro(nd Htodo !lrededor6M MissH16 Prine
!"e "erel' be!(se s&e 7!s &(n,r' HL! Srt!1 P1 +ino si"%le"ente %or/(e tenF!
&!"bre61
El !d+erbio$ (!ndo !li#i! !l +erbo$ indi! l!s ir(nst!ni!s en /(e se d! l!
!i3n +erb!l ' %(ede (!nti#i!r o !li#i!r (n! (!lid!d1
Los !d+erbios s(elen ir del!nte del !d.eti+o$ %rono"bre$ +erbo$ inl(ido el %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!do$ on e-e%i3n de Qeno(,&$ indeedQ1
Al,(nos !d+erbios %(eden "odi#i!r ! (n no"bre en (n sint!,"! no"in!lM s(elen
ir detrs de (n no"bre$ %ero !l,(nos +!n del!nte de (n no"bre1 E.14 It is /(ite !
boo9] H\D!'! libro]6M It 7!s /(ite ! s&o7] H\F(e todo (n es%et(lo]6M It is r!t&er !
%roble" HEs "s bien (n %roble"!61
Al,(nos !d+erbios %(eden "odi#i!r ! (n !d.eti+o en (n sint!,"! no"in!l4 /(ite !
,ood boo9 H(n libro b!st!nte b(eno6 o !d.eti+!l4 It is +er' b!d HEs "(' "!lo6M T&e
b!r is !s bi, !s 'o( t&o(,&t HEl b!r es t!n ,r!nde o"o %ens!b!s61
El !d+erbio %(ede t!"bi0n &!er l! #(ni3n de ne-o entre dos or!iones ' se ll!"!
!d+erbio onetor1 D1 ?1B1?
El !d+erbio tiene le-e"!$ r!di!l o r!Fz '$ ! +ees$ "or#e"!$ s(#i.o o ter"in!i3n de
o"%!r!ti+o ' s(%erl!ti+o1
Los !d+erbios QindoorsQ ' Qo(tdoorsQ %ierden l! Is (!ndo se (s!n on l! #(ni3n de
!d.eti+os del!nte de (n no"bre1 E.14 !n indoorL o(tdoor o"%etition H(n!
o"%etii3n interior NoO dentroL e-terior NoO #(er!61
El !d+erbio #or"! %!rte de todos los +erbos on %!rtF(l!s !d+erbi!les1 D1 ?1;<
El !d+erbio "odi#i! !l +erbo en el sint!,"! +erb!l o %redi!do +erb!l$ !l !d.eti+o
en el sint!,"! !d.eti+!l ' ! otro !d+erbio en el sint!,"! !d+erbi!l1
E!' "(&os !d+erbios /(e %(eden ir se,(idos de (n sint!,"! %re%osiion!l4
!l"ost$ !l7!'s$ !%%ro-i"!tel'$ !re#(ll'$ o"%letel'$ entirel'$ essenti!ll'$ ,ener!ll'$
inre!sin,l'$ in %!rt$ "erel'$ ne!rl'$ neess!ril'$ o!sion!ll'$ one$ o%enl'$
%!ssion!tel'$ %ri"!ril'$ r!t&er$ see"in,l'$ so"e7&!t$ t&oro(,&l'$ tot!ll'$ (s(!ll'$
et1 E.14 S&e is !l7!'s 7it& &er #riends1
Al,(nos !d+erbios e/(i+!len ! sint!,"!s %re%osiion!les ( or!iones s(bordin!d!s
!d+erbi!les1 E.14 no7 Ni !t t&is "o"ent$ et1O H!&or! Ni en este "o"ento$ et1O6M
t&en Ni !t t&!t "o"entL 7&en &e !"e$ et1O Hentones Ni en !/(el "o"entoL
(!ndo +ino 0l$ et1O6M t&ere Ni in t&!t %l!eL 7&ere 'o( 7or9$ et1O H!llF Ni en !/(el
l(,!rL donde tr!b!.!s$ et1O61
El !d+erbio s(ele &!er l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l ' %(ede &!ber
+!rios en (n! "is"! or!i3n1 E.14 EeZll o"e sooner t&!n 'o( t&in9 Hl +endr
!ntes de lo /(e rees6M Ee 7ent to G!lii! 'esterd!' Hl #(e ! G!lii! !'er6$ et1
El !d+erbio$ (!ndo dese"%e)! l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l$ %(ede
ser n2leo de (n sint!,"! !d+erbi!l H!d+erbi!l ,ro(%6 #or"!do %or4
56 Un !d+erbio4 Ee !"e e!rl' Hl +ino te"%r!no61
86 D!rios !d+erbios4 S&e 7ent too e!rl' HEll! #(e de"!si!do te"%r!no61
:6 Un !d+erbio ' !d'!entes4 Ee did it !s e!rl' !s &e o(ld Hl lo &izo t!n %ronto
o"o %(do61
En !l,(nos !sos (n !d+erbio o"o Q!t ni,&t$ !n'7&ere$ e+er'7&ere$ tod!'Q$ et1$
%(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de s(.eto si se s(%ri"e UitV1 E.14 At ni,&t Hit6 is no ti"e to
sin, HPor l! no&e no es &or! de !nt!r6M Tod!' Hit6 is better HEo' es "e.or6M O(t in
t&e ,!rden Hit6 7ill be 7onder#(l HF(er! en el .!rdFn ser "!r!+illoso6$ et1
No on+iene %oner dos !d+erbios de tres o "s sFl!b!s se,(idos '! /(e no s(en!n
bien1
No tod!s l!s %!l!br!s /(e ter"in!n en Il' son !d+erbiosM l! "!'or %!rte de los
!d+erbios %(eden ir solosM !l,(nos %(eden ir t!"bi0n se,(idos de !d.eti+os ND1
;18?$ ;1:5O ( otros !d+erbios ND1 ?1:=$ ?1;5OM sin e"b!r,o$ (nos %oos no %(eden ir
solos$ sino se,(idos de4
56 Un !d.eti+o s3lo4 b!9in, Nolo/(i!lO$ b!r9in,$ be!stl' NGBO$ bl!sted Nolo/(i!lO$
blin9in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ O$ blisterin, Nolo/(i!lO$ boilin,$ bro!d$ broilin,$ b(9
NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ b(rnin,$ r!9in, Nolo/(i!lO$ de!dl'$ de!t&l'$ de+ilis&
Nolo/(i!lO Hs("!"ente6$ Rdo7nri,&t$ dri%%in,$ e##in, NGB4 +(l,!rO$ #ilt&'
Nolo/(i!lO$ #l!"in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ #reezin, Nolo/(i!lO$ #ri,,in, N+(l,!rO$ ,&!stl'$
R&ell(+! N+(l,!rO$ &(l9in,$ %eris&in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ %i%in,$ r!ttlin, Nolo/(i!l4
r!roO$ r!+in, Nolo/(i!lO$ ro!rin, Nolo/(i!lO$ r(dd' NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ s!ldin,
Nolo/(i!lO$ sor&in, Nolo/(i!lO$ sizzlin,$ so!9in, Nolo/(i!lO$ so%%in, Nolo/(i!lO$
st!r9$ ste!"in,$ sti#lin,$ stin9in, Nolo/(i!lO$ stone$ RstoneIRold$ s(r%!ssin, Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ t&("%in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ R7!llo%in, Nolo/(i!lO$ 7&!lin, Nolo/(i!l4
no ,r!d(!bleO$ 7ondro(s N!r!ioO$ 7rin,in, Nolo/(i!lO$ et1
86 Un !d+erbio s3lo4 Rdo,,oneHd6 NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ d(e$ #(ll$ et1
:6 Un !d.eti+o ( otro !d+erbio4 blood' NGB4 +(l,!rO$ bloo"in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO$
de!dl'$ #li%%in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ #(9in, N+(l,!rO$ .oll' Nolo/(i!l4 GB
%rini%!l"enteO$ "iddlin,$ %rett'$ t&(nderin, Nolo/(i!lO$ +er'$ 7&!9in,
Nolo/(i!lO$ 7&o%%in, Nolo/(i!lO$ et1
Los !d+erbios nor"!l"ente estn en ,r!do %ositi+o o !bsol(toM los /(e son
,r!d(!bles %(eden ir en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+! t!"bi0n$ %ero los /(e son
no ,r!d(!bles no %(eden ir en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!1 D1 ?18<$ ?1:;
M(&os !d+erbios de "odo ' "od!lid!d ter"in!n en Il'M el %orent!.e de
!d+erbios de tie"%o$ #re(eni!$ !ntid!d ' !d+erbios onetores /(e ter"in!n en
Il' es %e/(e)o ' el de l(,!r es !si n(loM los !d+erbios de l(,!r$ tie"%o$ !ntid!d$
"od!lid!d ' !d+erbios onetores tienen #or"!s "(' distint!s1
?181I Aa palabras terminadas en 5l 'ue son slo ad%etivos no adverbiosM el
!d+erbio serF! Qin ! h !d.eti+o h Q7!'L "!nnerL #!s&ionQ4 be,,!rl' Nliter!rioO$
bristl'$ brot&erl'$ b(bbl'$ b(rl' Hor%(lento6$ o"el' Hbonito6$ o"r!del'$ ostl'$
r!7l'$ re!t(rel'$ rin9l'$ r("bl'$ (ddl'$ (rl'$ (rR"(d,eonl'$ d!n,l'$
d!st!rdl'$ d!(,&terl'$ dot!rdl'$ drizzl'$ H(n6e!rt&l'$ elderl'$ #iddl'$ #les&l'$ #rill'$
#rizzl'$ H(n6,entle"!nl'$ ,i,,l'$ ,oodl' H!,r!d!ble6$ ,r!nd#!t&erl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
,r!nd"ot&erl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,r!+ell'$ ,risl'$ ,ristl'$ ,rizzl'$ &e!d"!sterl'$ &ol'$
&o"el' H#!"ili!r6$ .i,,l'$ .in,l'$ .o7l'$ .(n,l'$ 9ernell'$ 9nobbl'$ 9n(9l'$ 9n(rl'$
lonel'$ "!rbl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "!tronl'$ "e!l'$ "e!sl' Nolo/(i!lO$ "iserl'
H!+!riento6$ "(ddl'$ "(sii!nl'$ nei,&bo(rl' NGBOL nei,&borl' NUSAO$ nettl'$
ni,,l'$ n(bbl'$ oil'$ ot&erHI67orldl'$ o+erostl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!interl' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ %!ll' Nolo/(i!lO$ %e!rl'$ %ebbl'$ %i"%l'$ %ortl' H,ordo6$ %ri9l'
Hes%inosoL "!l&("or!do6$ %riestl' Nno ,r!d(!ble4 del!nte del no"bre
%rini%!l"enteO$ r!ttl'$ r(bbl'$ s!ilorl'$ s!intl'$ s&ool"!sterl'$ so(ndrell'$ sr!7l'$
sribbl'$ s&!%el'$ s&ell'$ sl(,,!rdl'$ sl'$ s"ell'$ sn!rl'$ sni##l'$ so#tl'Iso#tl'$ s%!n,l'$
s%indl' Hl!r,o ' del,!doL !lto ' d0bil6$ s%r!7l'$ s/(!ll'$ s/(i,,l'$ steel'$ str!,,l'$
st(bbl'$ s(bs&r(bb'$ s7irl'$ t&istl'$ ti9l'$ tiddl' NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ tin,l'$ tin9l'
Nolo/(i!lO$ tinsell'$ tre"bl'$ tri9l'$ (,l'$ (nbrot&erl'$ (no"el'$ (no(rtl'$
(ne!rt&l'$ (n#riendl'$ (n,odl'$ (nli9el'$ (nlo+el'$ (nr(l'$ (ns!intl'$ (ns&ol!rl'$
(nsi,&tl'$ (nsoldierl'$ (n7i#el'$ (n7o"!nl'$ (n7orldl'$ (serI#riendl' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ +i!rl'$ 7!##l'$ 7!,,l'$ 7!"bl'$ 7e!sell'$ 7e!t&erl'$ 7ee+il'$ 7&irl'$
7i#el' Nr!roO Hde es%os!6$ 7i,,l' Nolo/(i!lO$ 7il' H!st(to6$ 7obbl' N"s (s!doOL
7!bbl' LR7obliL NGBO ' LR7!4bliL NUSAO Hinse,(ro6$ 7ooll' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
7ool' NUSAO Hon#(so6$ 7or9"!nl'$ 7ri,,l'$ 7rin9l'$ et1
?1:1I =lgunas palabras pueden /acer la funcin de adverbios de4
*+ Oombres1 do7nR&ill$ do7nst!,e$ do7nRst!irs$ e!st$ &o"e$ Rinl!nd$ inside$
"idR7ee9$ "iles$ nort&$ nort&HI6Re!st$ nort&HI6R7est$ o(tRside$ o+erR!ll N!d+erbioOL
Ro+er!ll Nno"breO$ o+erR"(&$ o+erRse!s$ R%ellIR"ell$ so(t&$ so(t&HI6Re!st$ Rso(t&7!rd$
so(t&HI6R7est$ (nderne!t&$ (%Rst!irs$ 7est$ R7&oles!le$ 7ind7!rd$ et1 E.14 Ee 7ent
&o"e Hl #(e ! !s!6M S&e is "iles better t&!n &er o(sin HEll! es "(&o "e.or /(e
s( %ri"Ho$ !661
2+ =d%etivos1 E.14 ! do7n Rtr!in H(n tren %!r! b!.!r6M T&e roo" !bo+e HL!
&!bit!i3n de !rrib!6$ et1 D1 ;1<1B$ ?18<
2+ Verbos1 E.14 B!n, ,oesL 7ent t&e door HL! %(ert! &!eL &izo b!n,6$ et1
Un! lo(i3n !d+erbi!l %(ede e.erer l! #(ni3n de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!
!d+erbi!l1 E.14 Ee !"e 7&en &e 7!s 'o(n, Hl +inoL +enF! (!ndo er! .o+en61 D1
5C1:B
Un! lo(i3n !d+erbi!l %(ede e.erer l! #(ni3n de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!
no"in!l1 E.14 Ee 9ne7 7&ere to ,o Hl s!bF! d3nde ir61 D1 5C1:?1:
?1;1I =lgunos adverbios de lugar, tiempo, etc., pueden ir detr!s del sintagma
nominalM el sint!,"! no"in!l %(ede &!er l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ %redi!do no"in!l$
o"%le"ento direto$ o"%le"ento indireto$ o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l$ et14
!bo+e$ !bro!d$ !#ter$ !#ter7!rds$ !&e!d$ !lone$ b!9$ b!9st!,e$ be#ore$ belo7$
do7nst!irs$ &ere$ &o"e$ o(tside$ o+erni,&t$ t&ere$ (%st!irs$ 'esterd!'$ 7&!te+er N"s
(s!doO NoO 7&!tsoe+er Hen !bsol(to Ne/(i+!le ! Q!t !llQO61 E.14 ten d!'s !#ter Hdiez
dF!s des%(0s6M t&e ro7 !#ter7!rds Hl! ri)!L dis%(t! de des%(0s6M t&e d!' be#ore Hel
dF! !nterior6M It 7!s ! 9ilo"etre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eter NUSAO do7n HEr!
(n 9il3"etro !b!.o6M t&e #l!t NGBOL !%!rt"ent NUSA %rini%!l"enteO do7nst!irs Hel
%isoL !%!rt!"ento de !b!.o6M t&e tr!in &ere Hel tren de !/(F6M t&e ret(rn &o"e Hl!
+(elt! ! !s!6M t&e tr!in t&ere Hel tren de !&FL !llF6M t&e #l!t NGBOL !%!rt"ent NUSA
%rini%!l"enteO (%st!irs Hel %isoL !%!rt!"ento de !rrib!6M t&e "eetin,L s%ee&
'esterd!' Hl! re(ni3nL el dis(rso de !'er6M S&e &!s no rel!ti+es 7&!te+erL
7&!tsoe+er HEll! no tiene %!rientes en !bsol(to6M T&ere is not&in, 7&!te+erL
7&!tsoe+er HNo &!' n!d! en !bsol(to6M T&ere 7!snZt !n' &!ne 7&!te+erL
7&!tsoe+er o# 7innin, HNo &!bF! nin,(n! %osibilid!d en !bsol(to de ,!n!r61 D1
?15;$ ?15<
A +ees$ se %(ede %oner (n !d+erbio o"o o"%le"ento %redi!ti+o del ob.eto
direto1 E.14 T&e' "!9e 7!r "ore e##iientl' HE!en l! ,(err! "s e#iiente"enteL
e#i!z"ente61
?1<1I &as locuciones adverbiales pueden ser4
a+ Sintagmas preposicionales4 (n! %re%osii3n del!nte de (n no"bre o (n
!d+erbioM son sobre todo lo(iones de "odo$ l(,!r ' tie"%oM ! +ees e-iste
t!"bi0n (n !d+erbio de (n! sol! %!l!br! on el "is"o si,ni#i!do1 E.14 Ee did it
7it& ent&(si!s" Ni ent&(si!sti!ll'O Hl lo &izo on ent(si!s"o Ni
ent(si!s"!d!"enteO6M S&e %!inted it 7it& !re Ni !re#(ll'O HEll! lo %int3 on
(id!do Ni (id!dos!"enteO6M T&ese %roble"s o"e #ro" be#ore HEstos %roble"!s
+ienen de !ntes6$ et1
b+ Sintagmas nominales4 (n no"bre %reedido de (n deter"in!nte o"o Ut&eV o
(n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do$ (n !d.eti+o$ et1 E.14 S&e sle%t !ll ni,&t HEll! d(r"i3 tod!
l! no&e6$ et1
c+ Sintagmas adverbiales4 (n !d+erbio h !d'!entesM el !d+erbio es el n2leo del
sint!,"! !d+erbi!lM el n2leo del sint!,"! !d+erbi!l %(ede est!r "odi#i!do %or
otro !d+erbio$ es deir$ el n2leo del sint!,"! !d+erbi!l %(ede lle+!r otro !d+erbio
de o"%le"ento o !d'!enteM el sint!,"! !d+erbi!l %(ede est!r "odi#i!do %or (n
sint!,"! %re%osiion!l$ es deir$ el sint!,"! !d+erbi!l %(ede lle+!r (n sint!,"!
%re%osiion!l de o"%le"ento o !d'!ente4 +er' lose to t&e &o(se H"(' er! de
l! !s!61
?1=1I &os adverbios M/ereM Mt/ereM pueden ir detr!s de las preposiciones Q!
onsider!ble 7!' #ro"$ ! lon, 7!' #ro"$ !bo(t$ !bo+e$ !bre!st o#$ !ross$ !&e!d o#$
!ll o+er$ !lon,$ !%!rt #ro"$ !ro(nd$ !s #!r !s$ !s o%%osed to$ !side #ro"$ !to%
Nliter!rioO$ !t t&e b!9 o#$ !t t&e botto" o#$ !7!' #ro"$ b!r Nliter!rioO$ be&ind$ belo7$
bene!t& Nliter!rioO$ beside$ besides$ be'ond$ b(t$ b(t #or$ lose to$ o"%!red toL 7it&$
onernin,$ do7n$ do7n to$ e-e%t$ e-e%tin,$ #!r #ro"$ #or$ #ro"$ #ro" !bo+e$
#ro" !ross$ #ro" be&ind$ #ro" belo7$ #ro" inside$ #ro" o(tside$ #ro" o+er$ #ro"
7it&in$ #ro" 7it&o(t$ in$ in ontr!st toL 7it&$ in #ront o#$ in %re#erene to$ in
%ro%ortion toL 7it&$ in res%et o# Nliter!rioO$ in re,!rd to$ in rel!tion to$ inside$ let
!lone$ li9e$ ne!r$ ne!r to$ onL to t&e le#t o#$ onL to t&e ri,&t o#$ on to% o#$ onto$
o%%osite Hto6$ ot&er t&!n$ o(t Ho#6$ o(tside Ho#6$ o+er$ %!st$ r!t&er t&!n$ ri,&t do7n to$
ro(nd$ s!+e$ s!+e #or$ t&!n$ t&e s!"e !s$ t&ro(,&$ to$ to7!rdHs6$ (nder$ (nderne!t&$
(nli9e$ (%$ (% to$ (%on Nliter!rioO$ (%7!rdHs6 o#$ 7it&inQ1 E.14 Ee !"e #ro" t&ere Hl
+ino de !llF6M In Nno s(%ri"ir %or/(e es %re%osii3nO t&ere s&e #eels better HAllF
dentro ell! se siente "e.or6$ %ero UT&ere !re t7o b!ts Hin6 Nse %(ede s(%ri"ir %or/(e
es (n! %!rtF(l! !d+erbi!lO t&ereV HE!' dos "(ri0l!,os !&F NoO !llF61
Los !d+erbios Q!bo+e$ !bro!d$ be#ore$ be&ind$ belo7$ bene!t&$ do7nst!irs$ indoors$
inside$ o(tdoors$ o(tside$ (nderne!t&$ (%st!irs$ 7it&in$ 7it&o(tQ$ %(eden ir detrs de
l!s %re%osiiones Q#ro"$ r!t&er t&!n$ t&e s!"e !s$ t&!nQ1 E.14 Ee !"e #ro" belo7
Hl +ino de !b!.o61
Los !d+erbios de tie"%o Q l!st ni,&tL 7ee9L 'e!r$ l!tel'$ reentl'$ t&en$ tod!'$
to"orro7$ 'esterd!'Q$ %(eden ir detrs de l! %re%osii3n QsineQ1 E.14 sine t&en
Hdesde entones61 Los !d+erbios Q!#ter$ !#ter7!rds$ l!st ni,&tL 7ee9L 'e!r$ l!tel'$
l!ter$ no7$ reentl'$ soon$ t&en$ tod!'$ to"orro7$ toni,&t$ 'esterd!'Q$ %(eden ir
detrs de l!s %re%osiiones Qtill Nolo/(i!lOQ ' Q(ntil Nliter!rioOQ1 E.14 till Nolo/(i!lOL
(ntil Nliter!rioO no7 H&!st! !&or!61
Los !d+erbios Qno7$ t&en$ tod!'$ to"orro7$ toni,&t$ 'esterd!'Q$ %(eden ir detrs de
l!s %re%osiiones Q!#ter$ be#ore$ besides$ b(t$ b(t #or$ b'$ o"%!red toL 7it&$
onernin,$ e-e%t$ e-e%tin,$ #or$ #ro"$ let !lone$ li9e$ not o(ntin,$ ot&er t&!n$
r!t&er t&!n$ t&!n$ t&e s!"e !s$ till Nolo/(i!lO$ (nli9e$ (ntil Nliter!rioO$ (% to$ (% (ntilQ1
Los !d+erbios Q!#ter$ !#ter7!rds$ e+er$ l!ter$ no7$ one$ t&en$ tod!'$ to"orro7$
toni,&t$ 'esterd!'Q$ %(eden ir detrs de l! %re%osii3n Q#orQ1
El !d+erbio Q&o"eQ %(ede ir detrs de l!s %re%osiiones Q!t$ #ro"$ ne!r$ to7!rdHs6Q1
?1?1I &os adverbios, en cuanto a la forma, pueden ser4
*+ SimplesM son !si todos4 &ere$ no7$ et1
2+ Compuestos$ #or"!dos on los !d+erbios Q&ere$ t&ere$ 7&ereQ h (n!
%re%osii3n ND1 ?1B15I:$ ?1B1?$ ?15B1;I<$ ?18C15I;$ ?188151b$ ?188181b$ ?1881=O1
2+ Derivados del ad%etivoM l! "!'or %!rte de los !d+erbios$ es%ei!l"ente los
!d+erbios de "odo$ se #or"!n !)!diendo el "or#e"!$ ter"in!i3n o s(#i.o Il' !l
!d.eti+o /(e es l! %!l!br! %ri"iti+! Hbe!(ti#(l h l'$ r(el h l'$ dili,ent h l'$ #!b(lo(s
h l'$ o!sion!l h l'$ %ro(d h l'$ ri& h l'$ et16M ! di#ereni! del !stell!no$ no se
%(ede s(%ri"ir l! ter"in!i3n Il' de (n !d+erbio (!ndo +!n dos se,(idos1 E.14
e!sil' !nd r!%idl' H#il ' r%id!"ente61
-+ &ocuciones adverbiales4 #ro" ti"e to ti"e Hde +ez en (!ndo6$ et1
?1@1I &os adverbios sem!nticamente pueden ser4
*+ Calificativos4 better$ &i,&$ lo7$ 7ell$ 7orse$ et1
2+ Determinativos4 !d+erbios de "odo$ de l(,!r$ de tie"%o$ de #re(eni!$ de
!ntid!d$ de "od!lid!d$ onetores1
2+ Kronominales4 interro,!ti+os$ rel!ti+os$ e-l!"!ti+os$ de"ostr!ti+os$
inde#inidos1
?1B1I &os adverbios determinativos pueden ser4
*+ De modo H"!nner !d.(ntsL !d+erbs o# "!nner6M s(elen res%onder ! l! %re,(nt!
U&o7TV HW3"oT6M los /(e ter"in!n en Il' ' !l,(nos otros indi!n "odo o "!ner!
N"odoOM otros indi!n "edio N"edioOM !l,(nos ter"in!dos en Il' ' otros indi!n
instr("ento Ninstr("entoOM otros indi!n !,ente N!,enteO4 &!en l! #(ni3n de s(.eto
!,ente en l!s or!iones %!si+!sM los /(e no lle+!n n!d! indi!n "odo o "!ner!4
!bo"in!bl'$ !br(%tl'$ !b's"!ll' Hdes!stros!"enteL %0si"!"ente6$ !ident!ll'$
!ordin,l' Hen onse(eni! Ni de l! "!ner! !%ro%i!d!OL !de(!d!"enteL
debid!"ente6$ !(r!tel'$ !ti+el'$ !(tel' H%ers%i!z"ente6$ !de/(!tel'
H!de(!d!"ente6$ !d"ir!bl'$ !d+ersel' H!d+ers!"enteL des#!+or!ble"enteL
ne,!ti+!"ente6$ !li9e Hdel "is"o "odo6$ !lone Hs3loL sol!"ente6$ !lo(d H!lto6$ !ll
ri,&t Hbien6$ !"!zin,l' HinreFble"ente Ni de #or"! inreFbleO6$ !"bitio(sl'$ !n,ril'
Hon en#!do6$ !n'&o7 Hde (!l/(ier #or"!L "odo6$ !n'7!' Hde (!l/(ier #or"!L
"odoL de tod!s #or"!sL de todos "odos6$ !%%!llin,l' Hes%!ntos!"enteL
&orrible"ente6$ !troio(sl' H%0si"!"ente6$ !797!rdl'$ b!dl' H"!lL de "!l!
"!ner!6$ b!si!ll' Hbsi!"ente Ni de #or"! bsi!O6$ be!(ti#(ll'$ best H"e.or6$
better H"e.or6$ bitterl' H!"!r,!"ente6$ boldl' H!(d!z"enteL des!r!d!"enteL
en0r,i!"ente6$ br!+el' H+!liente"ente6$ bre!t&t!9in,l' Hi"%resion!nte"enteL
i"%onente"ente6$ brie#l' Hbre+e"enteL s(int!"ente6$ bri,&tl'$ brilli!ntl'
H#eno"en!lH"ente66$ bris9l' Hen0r,i!"ente6$ br(t!ll' Hbr(t!l"ente6$ b(sil'
H!#!nos!"ente6$ !l"l' LR9!4"liL Htr!n/(il!"ente6$ !re#(ll' H(id!dos!"ente6$
!relessl'$ !s(!ll'$ !t!stro%&i!ll' H!t!str3#i!"ente6$ &e!%er H"s b!r!to6$
le!rl'$ losel' Hestre&!"enteL !%ret!d!"enteL ri,(ros!"enteL detenid!"ente6$
ollet NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H! obro re+ertido6$ o"#ort!bl'$ onisel'
Honis!"ente6$ onsistentl'$ on+enientl'$ ooll'$ r(ell'$ d!n,ero(sl'$ de!rl'
H!ro6$ dee%l' H%ro#(nd!"ente6$ des%er!tel' Hdeses%er!d!"ente6$ detest!bl'
Hdetest!ble"ente6$ de+ilis&l' Hende"oni!d!"ente6$ di!boli!ll' Hdi!b3li!"ente6$
di##erentl'$ diretl' Hin"edi!t!"ente6$ dis!stro(sl'$ dis"!ll' H"el!n3li!"ente6$
distintl' Hl!r!"enteL on l!rid!d6$ dr!"!ti!ll' Hde #or"! te!tr!l6$ dre!d#(ll'
Hterrible"enteL &orrible"ente Ni "(' "!lO6$ e!sil' H#il"ente6$ e##eti+el'$
e##iientl'$ e"otion!ll'$ e/(!ll' He/(it!ti+!"enteL de l! "is"! "!ner!6$ e-%liitl'$
e-/(isitel' He-/(isit!"enteL on (n ,(sto e-/(isito6$ e-tr!ordin!ril' He-tr!)!"enteL
!(n/(e %!rez! e-tr!)o6$ e-tr!+!,!ntl' He-tr!+!,!nte"enteL %or todo lo !lto6$
#!b(lo(sl' H#!b(los!"ente6$ #!irl' Hon i"%!ri!lid!dL e/(it!ti+!"ente6$ #!it&#(ll'$
#!lsel' H#!ls!"ente6$ #!nt!sti!ll' H#!ntsti!"ente Ni "(' bienO6$ #!t!ll'
H#!t!l"ente6$ #e!r#(ll' HtF"id!"enteL on te"or6$ #ierel' H#eroz"ente6$ #ir"l'$ #l!tl'
H"onoton!"ente6$ #l(entl'$ #reel'$ #ri,&t(ll' Hterrible"ente6$ #r(,!ll'$ #(ll' Hon
todo det!lle6$ #(nnil'$ #(rio(sl' H#(rios!"ente6$ ,l!dl' Hde b(en! ,!n!6$ ,lorio(sl'
H"!r!+illos!"enteL deliios!"ente6$ ,r!e#(ll'$ ,r!te#(ll' Hon ,r!tit(d6$ &!rd
Hd(r!"enteL d(ro6$ &!stil'$ &e!rtil' Hon ,!n!sL e#(si+!"ente6$ &e!+il' H#(erte"enteL
%ro#(nd!"enteL on ,r!n %es!r6$ &ono(r!bl' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onor!bl'
NUSAO$ &orribl' H&orrible"enteL es%!ntos!"ente6$ i"%ort!ntl' Hdndose
i"%ort!ni!6$ inredibl' He-tr!)!"enteL !(n/(e %!rez! inreFble6$ indeentl'
Hindeente"ente6$ inde%endentl'$ indiretl'$ intensel' H!%!sion!d!"ente6$
intention!ll'$ interestin,l' Hde #or"! interes!nte6$ 9eenl' H"in(ios!"enteL on
ent(si!s"o6$ 9indl' H!"!ble"ente6$ li,&tl' Hs(!+e"enteL s(%er#ii!l"enteL ! l!
li,er!6$ li9e7ise Hde l! "is"! "!ner!L lo "is"o6$ "!teri!ll' H"!teri!l"ente6$
"iroso%i!ll' Ninstr("entoO$ "ildl' Hs(!+e"ente6$ "oder!tel' Hon "oder!i3n6$
n!t(r!ll'$ niel'$ nobl'$ noisil'$ nor"!ll' Hnor"!l"ente Ni de #or"! nor"!l6$
obedientl'$ o%enl' H!biert!"ente6$ ori,in!ll' Hde "!ner! ori,in!l6$ o(tr!,eo(sl'
Hes!nd!los!"enteL indi,n!nte"enteL e-tr!+!,!nte"enteL estr!#!l!ri!"ente6$
%!in#(ll'$ %!inlessl'$ %!ssion!tel' H!%!sion!d!"ente6$ %!tientl'$ %e(li!rl' Hde #or"!
r!r!6$ %e!e#(ll'$ %er#etl' H%er#et!"ente Ni bienL orret!"enteO6$ %l!inl'
Hl!r!"enteL ob+i!"ente6$ %le!s!ntl'$ %l("b H+erti!l"ente6$ %olitel'$ %oorl'
H%obre"ente6$ %ositi+el' H%ositi+!"ente Ni !#ir"!ti+!"enteO6$ %o7er#(ll'
Hon+inente"ente6$ %r!ti!ll' Hde #or"! %rti!L on sentido %rtioL on l!
%rti!6$ %rett' 7ell Hb!st!nte bien6$ %ro"%tl' N!l #in!lM %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio
de tie"%o inde#inidoO Hr%id!"enteL on %rontit(d6$ %ro%erl' N%(ede ser t!"bi0n
!d+erbio de !ntid!dO Horret!"enteL !%ro%i!d!"ente6$ %(r%osel' H!drede6$ /(ietl'
Htr!n/(il!"ente6$ r!di!ll' N%(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de !ntid!dO Hr!di!l"ente
Ni de #or"! r!di!lO6$ re!ll' Hre!l"ente Ni e#eti+!"enteL +erd!der!"enteO6$
re!son!bl' Hr!zon!ble"ente Ni de #or"! r!zon!bleO6$ re,rett!bl' Hon %es!r6$
re,ret#(ll' Hl!"ent!ble"ente6$ re,(l!rl' Hre,(l!r"enteL on re,(l!rid!d6$
re"!r9!bl' Hsor%rendente"ente6$ ridi(lo(sl' Hde #or"! ridF(l!6$ ri,&tL ri,&tl'
Horret!"ente6$ ridi(lo(sl' Hde #or"! ridF(l!6$ ri,idl'$ ro(ndl' Hredond!"enteL
ir(l!r"enteL en redondo6$ r(del'$ s!#el' Hde #or"! se,(r!6$ s!tis#!toril'$ seretl'
Hseret!"ente6$ sel#is&l'$ sensibl'$ se%!r!tel'$ se+erel' Hse+er!"enteL !(ster!"ente6$
s&!r%l' Hbr(s!"enteL on d(rez!6$ s&o9in,l' Hde (n! "!ner! es%!ntos!L
terrible"ente "!l6$ s&ortl' N!l #in!lM %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de tie"%o
inde#inidoO Hbr(s!"ente6$ si9l' Hln,(id!"ente6$ si,ni#i!ntl'$ silentl'$ si"il!rl'
Hsi"il!r"enteL de l! "is"! #or"!6$ si"%l' Hsi"%le"ente Ni on si"%liid!dOL
senill!"ente Ni on senillezO6$ s9il#(ll' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL s9ill#(ll' NUSAO$
s"oot&l' Hs(!+e"enteL sin o"%li!ionesL on "(&! l!bi!6$ so N!l %rini%io o !l
#in!lM %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de !ntid!dO H!sF6$ so#tl'$ solidl' H#ir"e"enteL
(nni"e"ente6$ so"e&o7 or ot&er Hde (n "odo ( otroL de (n! ( otr! "!ner!6$
so(ndl' H%ro#(nd!"ente6$ s%ei!ll' Hes%ei!l"enteL ! %ro%3sito6$ s%otlessl'
Hi"%e!ble"ente6$ ste!dil' Hontin(!"ente6$ sti##l' HrF,id!"enteL #rF!"ente6$
stri9in,l' Hsor%rendente"ente6$ stron,l' H#(erte"ente Ni on #(erz!L on ener,F!L
on+inente"enteO6$ s(ess#(ll'$ s(ddenl' Hbr(s!"enteL ines%er!d!"ente6$
s(%erbl'$ s(r,i!ll'$ s(r%risin,l' Hsor%rendente"ente Ni de #or"! sor%rendenteO6$
t!ste#(ll' Hon b(en ,(sto6$ tenderl'$ terribl' Hterrible"ente6$ t&ereb' LSeeRb!IL
NGBO ' LSeHe6rRb!IL NUSAO N!r!ioO Ni in t&!t 7!'O Hde ese "odoL !sF6$ t&oro(,&l'
H"eti(los!"ente6$ t&(s H!sF6$ ti,&tl' H#ir"e"enteL estrit!"ente6$ to,et&er N%(ede
ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de tie"%o inde#inidoO H.(ntHos$ !s66$ tr(l' H+erd!der!"ente Ni
de +er!sL siner!"enteO6$ (n!7!res H%or sor%res!6$ (nbelie+!bl' HinreFble"ente6$
(nre"ittin,l' Hin!ns!ble"enteL sin tre,(!6$ (r,entl'$ +!,(el'$ +iolentl'$ +ol(nt!ril'
H+ol(nt!ri!"ente6$ 7!r"l'$ 7e!9l' Hd0bil"ente6$ H+er'6 7ell HH"('6 bien6$ 7ildl'
Hs!l+!.e"enteL on #(ri!L desen#ren!d!"enteL desorden!d!"enteL ! tont!s ' !
lo!s6$ 7il#(ll' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7ill#(ll' NUSAO Hintenion!d!"enteL
ter!"ente6$ 7illin,l' Hon !,r!doL de b(en! ,!n!6$ 7oe#(ll' Htriste"enteL
desonsol!d!"ente6$ 7onder#(ll' H"!r!+illos!"ente6$ 7orse H%eor6$ 7ret&edl'
Hdesonsol!d!"ente6$ 7ron, He/(i+o!d!"ente6$ et1
Los !d+erbios de "odo$ /(e se (s!n "(&Fsi"o "s on +erbos din"ios
ND1=1;:O /(e on +erbos esttios ND1 =1;8O$ %(eden ser4
!6 P!l!br!s ter"in!d!s en Il' "(' #re(ente"ente1
b6 Sint!,"!s %re%osiion!les /(e s(elen ir !l #in!l de l! or!i3n4 b' bo!tL !rL %l!ne
N"edioOM b' "e!ns o# ! #riend Ninstr("entoO$ b' !ir "!il N"edioO$ b' MrsH16 *ro7L
&er N!,enteO$ in ! !re#ree "!nner$ in ! #ree 7!'M Ee li+es in st'le Hl +i+e ! lo
,r!nde6M in t&e st'le o# t&e 5B=Cs N"s (s!doOL 5B=CZs N"enos (s!doO H!l estilo de
los !)os sesent!6$ in t&is 7!' Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hde est! "!ner!6$ in t&!t 7!'
Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL li9e t&!t Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO Hde es!L !/(ell! "!ner!6$
li9e t&is Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL so Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO Hde est! "!ner!6$ on no
!o(ntL not on !n' !o(nt Hde nin,2n "odoL de nin,(n! "!ner!6$ on %(r%ose
H!drede6$ 7it& ,re!t o(rtes'$ 7it& t&is #or9 N"edioO$ 7it& s9illM in ! 7!'L "!nnerL
st'le Nliter!rioO t&!t s&e li9es1
6 Sint!,"!s no"in!les4 !ir "!il Nolo/(i!lO N"edioO$ so"e 7!' NGBOL so"e 7!'s
NUSAO Hde !l,(n! "!ner!6$ t&!t 7!' Nolo/(i!lO Hde es!L !/(ell! "!ner!6$ t&is 7!'
Nolo/(i!lO Hde est! "!ner!6$ t&e 7!'L "!nnerL st'le Nolo/(i!lO t&!t s&e li9es1
d6 Or!iones s(bordin!d!s %reedid!s de (n! on.(ni3n "od!l4 Ee s&o(ld do it !s
'o( tell &i" Hl deberF! &!erlo o"o se lo di,!s61
Los !d+erbios de "odo e/(i+!len ! l! lo(i3n !d+erbi!l Uin ! h !d.eti+o h 7!'L
"!nnerL st'leV$ %ero se (tiliz! "s el !d+erbio ter"in!do en Il' (!ndo lo &!'
e-e%to en !l,(nos !sos o"o Qli+el'$ lo+el'Q$ et1 D1 ?18@1B
QOri,in!ll'$ /(i9l' Hr%id!"enteL r%ido6$ r!%idl' Hr%id!"enteL r%ido6$ r!s&l'$
slo7l'$ s%eedil' Hr%id!"enteL r%ido6$ s(ddenl'$ s7i#tl'Q$ et1$ son ,ener!l"ente
!d+erbios de "odo (!ndo +!n !l #in!l ' !d+erbios de tie"%o inde#inido (!ndo
+!n !l %rini%io o ! "it!d de l! or!i3nM %(eden ser !d+erbios de tie"%o inde#inido
t!"bi0n (!ndo +!n !l #in!l$ si #or"!n %!rte de lo(iones !d+erbi!les1 E.14 S&e
,!+e !7!' t&e "one' /(i9l' N"odoO HEll! re,!l3 el dinero r%id!"ente6M S&e
/(i9l' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO ,!+e !7!' t&e "one' HEll! re,!l3 r%id!"ente el
dinero6M IZll do it !s /(i9l'L r!%idl' !s I !n HLo &!r0 lo "s r%id!"ente %osibleL
lo !ntes %osibleL lo "s %ronto %osible6M Ee deided r!s&l' N"odoO to o"e &ere
Hl deidi3 !%res(r!d!"enteL %rei%it!d!"ente +enir !/(F6M Ee r!s&l' Ntie"%o
inde#inidoO deided to o"e &ere Hl !%res(r!d!"enteL %rei%it!d!"ente deidi3
+enir !/(F6M Ee 7ent slo7l' N"odoO Hl #(e lent!"ente6M Ee slo7l' Ntie"%o
inde#inidoO be,!n to re!lizeL re!lise NGBO 7&!t 7!s &!%%enin, Hl lent!"ente
e"%ez3 ! d!rse (ent! de lo /(e est!b! s(ediendo6M Slo7l' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO$
t&in,s ,ot better HLent!"ente$ l!s os!s "e.or!ron6M Ee re%ents s%eedil' N"odoO Hl
se !rre%iente r%id!"ente6M Ee s%eedil' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO re%ents Hl
r%id!"ente se !rre%iente61 D1 ?15<
QF!stQ %(ede ser !d+erbio de "odo$ !l #in!l$ ' !d+erbio de tie"%o inde#inido$ no !l
#in!l$ (!ndo si,ni#i! Qr%id!"enteQ4 >e !"e #!st N"odoO HDini"os r%ido6M It
7!s !ssi"il!ted #!ster N"odoO HSe !si"il3 "s r%id!"ente6M Eo7 #!st Ntie"%o
inde#inidoO 7!s &e ,oin,T HWA /(0 +eloid!d ib! 0lT6$ !d+erbio de tie"%o
inde#inido$ !l #in!l$ (!ndo si,ni#i! Q!del!nt!doQ4 T&e tr!in is r(nnin, ten "in(tes
#!st Ntie"%o inde#inidoO HEl tren +! diez "in(tos !del!nt!do6$ !d+erbio de !ntid!d
(!ndo si,ni#i! Qo"%let!"enteL %ro#(nd!"enteQ$ del!nte de (n !d.eti+o4 #!st
N!ntid!dO !slee% Ho"%let!"enteL %ro#(nd!"ente dor"ido6$ Q#ir"e"enteL #(erteQ$
!l #in!l4 S&e &eld #!st N!ntid!dO HEll! se !,!rr3 #ir"e"enteL #(erte61
QAbs(rdl'$ !"!zin,l'$ !stonis&in,l'$ ert!inl'$ le!rl'$ deli,&t#(ll'$ dist(rbin,l'$
e-tr!ordin!ril'$ #ort(n!tel'$ #r!n9l'$ %!ssion!tel'$ re!ll'$ re"!r9!bl'$ serio(sl'$
s(r%risin,l'$ tr(l'$ (n#ort(n!tel'$ (nn!t(r!ll'Q$ %(eden ser de !tit(d$ si +!n !l
%rini%io o ! "it!d$ !d+erbios de "odo$ si +!n !l #in!l o del!nte de !d.eti+os en
,r!do %ositi+o o o"%!r!ti+o$ de otros !d+erbios o (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 D1
;18?$ ;1:5
QBitterl'$ dre!d#(ll'$ ,re!tl'$ &o%elessl'$ inredibl'$ %!in#(ll'$ %er#etl'$ %ro#o(ndl'$
%ro%erl'$ re!son!bl'$ ridi(lo(sl'$ se+erel'$ si"%l'$ stri9in,l'$ (nbelie+!bl'$
7onder#(ll'$ %(eden ser de !tit(d$ si +!n !l %rini%io o ! "it!d$ !d+erbios de "odo
si +!n !l #in!l ' !d+erbios de !ntid!d si +!n del!nte de !d.eti+os en ,r!do %ositi+o o
o"%!r!ti+o$ de otros !d+erbios o (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 D1 ;18?$ ;1:5
Los !d+erbios de "odo Q!t!stro%&i!ll'$ distintl'$ #!b(lo(sl'$ #!t!ll'$ "!r9edl'$
o%enl'$ o(tr!,eo(sl'$ s%otlessl'$ 7onder#(ll'Q$ et1$ %(eden ir se,(idos de !d.eti+os
en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o4 D1 ;18?M los !d+erbios de "odo Q!t!stro%&i!ll'$ riti!ll'$
distintl'$ e!sil'$ e"%&!ti!ll'$ #!b(lo(sl'$ #!t!ll'$ o%enl'$ o(tr!,eo(sl'$ %ositi+el'$
%o7er#(ll'$ r!di!ll'$ re!dil'$ s%otlessl'$ s(s%iio(sl'$ 7ildl'$ 7oe#(ll'Q$ et1$
%(eden ir se,(idos de !d.eti+os en ,r!do %ositi+o1 D1 ;1:51:
QAbo"in!bl'$ !b's"!ll'$ !(tel'$ !d"ir!bl'$ !%%!llin,l'$ !troio(sl'$ brilli!ntl'$
br(t!ll'$ d!n,ero(sl'$ des%er!tel'$ detest!bl'$ de+ilis&l'$ di!boli!ll'$ dis"!ll'$
dr!"!ti!ll'$ e-/(isitel'$ e-tr!+!,!ntl'$ #!irl'$ #e!r#(ll' Nestnd!rO$ #ierel'$ #l!tl'$
#ri,&t#(ll'$ #(ll'$ ,lorio(sl'$ &orribl'$ indeentl'$ 9eenl'$ li,&tl'$ "!teri!ll'$
%e(li!rl'$ %er#etl'$ %l("b$ %r!ti!ll'$ ridi(lo(sl'$ s&!r%l'$ s&o9in,l'$ stri9in,l'$
terribl'$ (nbelie+!bl'$ 7ret&edl'Q$ son !d+erbios de "odo (!ndo +!n !l #in!lM sin
e"b!r,o$ son !d+erbios de !ntid!d (!ndo +!n se,(idos de otros !d+erbios o (n
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM Q!bo"in!bl'$ !b's"!ll'$ !(tel'$ !d"ir!bl'$ !%%!llin,l'$
!troio(sl'$ br(t!ll'$ des%er!tel'$ detest!bl'$ de+ilis&l'$ di!boli!ll'$ dis"!ll'$
e-/(isitel'$ e-tr!+!,!ntl'$ #!irl'$ #e!r#(ll' Nolo/(i!lO$ #ierel'$ #l!tl'$ #(ll'$
,lorio(sl'$ indeentl'$ 9eenl'$ li,&tl'$ "ildl'$ %e(li!rl'$ %l("b NUSA4 olo/(i!l4
r!roO$ ridi(lo(sl'$ s&o9in,l'$ solidl'Q son t!"bi0n !d+erbios de !ntid!d (!ndo
+!n del!nte de !d.eti+os en ,r!do %ositi+o ' los otros son t!"bi0n !d+erbios de
!ntid!d (!ndo +!n del!nte de !d.eti+os en ,r!do %ositi+o o o"%!r!ti+o4 D1 ;18?$
;1:51 E.14 9no7led,e ,!ined %r!ti!ll' N"odoO Honoi"iento !d/(irido de #or"!
%rti!L on sentido %rtioL on l! %rti!6M T&is 7or9 is "ore %r!ti!ll'
N!ntid!dO b!sed HEste tr!b!.o est "s b!s!do en l! %rti!6M S&e 7!s s&!r%l'
N!ntid!dO re%ri"!nded HSe l! ri)3 br(s!"ente61
QB!dl'$ dee%l'$ #(rio(sl'$ &e!rtil'$ &e!+il'$ se+erel'$ si"%l'$ stron,l'$ terribl'$
+iio(sl' H"!liios!"enteL "!li,n!"ente6$ +iolentl'Q$ et1$ son !d+erbios de "odo
(!ndo +!n !l #in!lM son !d+erbios de !ntid!d ,ener!l"ente (!ndo +!n ! "it!d de
l! or!i3n$ del!nte de !d.eti+os en ,r!do %ositi+o o"o Qb!dl'$ #(rio(sl'$ &e!rtil'$
se+erel'$ stron,l'$ +iio(sl'Q$ ' en ,r!do %ositi+o o o"%!r!ti+o o"o Qdee%l'$
si"%l'$ terribl'$ +iolentl'Q$ del!nte de otros !d+erbiosM son !d+erbios de "odo o de
!ntid!d del!nte de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do ND1 ;18?$ ;1:5OM Qb!dl'Q %(ede ser
t!"bi0n !d+erbio de "odo !l %rini%io on in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' del +erbo
ND15C1;:1:O o ! "it!d ' !d+erbio de !ntid!d !l #in!l1 E.14 S&e l!(,&ed &e!rtil'
N"odoO HEll! se ri3 e#(si+!"enteL on ,!n!s6M Ee &e!rtil' N!ntid!dO dis!%%ro+es o#
t&e ide! Hl est tot!l"ente en ontr! de l! ide!6M QItZs #ine$Q s!id M!r' stron,l'
N"odoO HQEst bienQ$ di.o M!rF! en0r,i!"ente6 ' UI stron,l' N!ntid!dO dis!,reeV
HEsto' tot!l"ente en des!(erdo6M Ee 7ill stron,l' in#l(ene o(r &oie Hl in#l(ir
"(&o sobre n(estr! elei3n6M stron,l' N!ntid!dO tied H!t!do #(erteH"ente66M Ee
!tt!9ed &er +iolentl' N"odoO Hl l! !t!3 +iolent!"ente6 ' US&e +iolentl'
N!ntid!dO !tt!9ed t&e"V HEll! les !t!3 "(&o6M It 7!s b!dl' N"odoO &!ndled
HSe &izo "!l61
QAordin,l'$ li9e7iseQ$ %(eden ser t!"bi0n !d+erbios onetores on distinto
si,ni#i!do1
QA7#(ll'$ bri,&tl'Q$ et1$ s(elen ir !l #in!l %ero en %oesF! ' en in,l0s liter!rio %(eden
ir t!"bi0n !l %rini%io1
QBrie#l'$ s&!r%l'Q$ %(eden ser t!"bi0n !d+erbios de tie"%o1
Q*losel'Q %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de l(,!r ' de !ntid!d on distinto
si,ni#i!do1 QE/(!ll'Q %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de "od!lid!d$ !d+erbio onetor
' !d+erbio #o!liz!dor de !ntid!d on distinto si,ni#i!do1
QAde/(!tel'$ bitterl'$ de!rl'$ &!rd$ &e!+il'$ inredibl'$ %er#etl'$ %r!ti!ll'$ %rett'
7ell$ t&oro(,&l'$ (nbelie+!bl'Q$ %(eden ser t!"bi0n !d+erbios de !ntid!d1
QNor"!ll'Q %(ede ser !d+erbio de "odo$ si +! !l #in!l de l! or!i3n no se%!r!do %or
(n! o"!$ %ero %(ede ser !d+erbio de #re(eni! (!ndo +! !l %rini%io$ ! "it!d o$
se%!r!do %or (n! o"!$ !l #in!l4 Ee t!l9s nor"!ll' N"odoO Hl &!bl! nor"!l"ente6M
Ee t!l9s ! lot$ nor"!ll' Nde #re(eni!O Hl &!bl! "(&o$ nor"!l"ente Ni
&!bit(!l"enteO61
QSi"il!rl'Q %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio onetor ' !d+erbio de !ntid!d #o!liz!dor
on distinto si,ni#i!do1
QS(ddenl'Q %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de tie"%o inde#inido (!ndo +! !l %rini%io
o ! "it!d de l! or!i3n %ero on distinto si,ni#i!do1
2+ De lugar H!d.(ntsL !d+erbs o# %l!e6M los /(e indi!n %osii3n N%osii3nO
nor"!l"ente res%onden ! l! %re,(nt! U7&ereTV HWd3ndeT6 ' %(eden (s!rse on l!
"!'or %!rte de los +erbos t!nto esttios o"o din"iosM los /(e indi!n
direi3n$ "o+i"iento$ %roedeni! o destino Ndirei3nO nor"!l"ente res%onden !
l! %re,(nt!s Q7&ere toT HW!d3ndeT6$ 7&ere #ro"T HWde d3ndeT6Q ' se (tiliz!n s3lo
on +erbos de "o+i"iento o +erbos din"ios /(e tienen (n sentido direion!lM
!l,(nos indi!n l!s dos os!s N%osii3n ' direi3nOM otros /(e indi!n dist!ni!
Ndist!ni!O nor"!l"ente res%onden ! l! %re,(nt! U7&ereTV HWd3ndeT6 ' %(eden
(s!rse on l! "!'or %!rte de los +erbos t!nto esttios o"o din"ios4 ! bit too #!r
Ndist!ni!O H(n %oo de"!si!do le.os6$ ! lon, 7!' H!7!'L o##6 Ndist!ni!O H"('
le.os6$ ! s&ort 7!' !7!'L o## Ndist!ni!O H"(' er!6$ !bo!rd N%osii3n ' direi3nO$
!bo(t N%osii3n ' direi3nO$ !bo+e N%osii3n ' direi3nO H!rrib!L eni"!6$ !bro!d
N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hen el NoO !l e-tr!n.ero6$ !ross N%osii3n ' direi3nO$ !&e!d
N%osii3n ' direi3nO H!del!nte6$ !lon, t&e ro!d Ndirei3nO H! lo l!r,o de l! !lle6$
!lon,side N%osii3n ' direi3nO$ !n'7&ere N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hen NoO !
(!l/(ier l(,!r NoO %!rte6$ !ro(ndL ro(nd N%osii3n ' direi3nO H!lrededor6$ !s&ore
N%osii3n ' direi3nO HenL ! tierr!6$ !side Ndirei3nO H! (n l!do6$ !t !n' %l!e NGBOL
!n'%l!e NUSAO N%osii3nO Hen (!l/(ier l(,!r6$ !t &o"e N%osii3nO Hen !s!6$ !7!'
N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hle.os6$ !7!' #ro" t&e entre NGB %rini%!l"enteOL enter
NUSAO N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hle.os del entro6$ b!9 N%osii3n ' direi3nO H!trs6$
b!97!rdHs6 Ndirei3nO H&!i! !trs6$ be&ind N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hdetrs6$ belo7
N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hdeb!.o6$ b' t&e door N%osii3n ' direi3nO H!l l!do de l!
%(ert!6$ loseL lose b' Ndist!ni!O Her!6$ losel' Ndist!ni!O Hde er!6$ do7n
N%osii3n ' direi3nO H!b!.o6$ do7n&ill Ndirei3nO H(est! !b!.o6$ do7nst!irs
N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hen elL !l %iso de !b!.o6$ do7n7!rdHs6 Ndirei3nO H&!i!
!b!.o6$ e!st N%osii3n ' direi3nO HenL &!i! el este6$ e!st7!rdHs6 Ndirei3nO$
else7&ere N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hen NoO &!i! (!l/(ier otr! %!rte6$ e+er'7&ere
N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hen NoO ! tod!s %!rtes6$ #!r H!7!'6 N%osii3n ' direi3nO
Hle.os6$ #!r eno(,& Ndist!ni!O Hs(#iiente"ente le.os6$ #or7!rdHs6 Ndirei3nO H&!i!
!del!nte6$ #ro" &ere Ndirei3nO Hde NoO desde !/(F6$ #ro" t&e &os%it!l Ndirei3nO
Hdel NoO desde el &os%it!l6$ #ro" t&ere HdeL desde !&F NoO !llF6$ #(rt&er N%osii3n '
direi3nO H"s le.osL "s !ll6$ &ere N%osii3n ' direi3nO H!/(F6$ ri,&t &ere
N%osii3n ' direi3nO H!/(F "is"o6$ &o"e N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hen NoO ! !s!6$ in
N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hdentro6$ in !n' %l!e NGBOL !n'%l!e NUSAO N%osii3nO Hen
(!l/(ier l(,!r6$ in #ront N%osii3nO Hdel!nteL en#rente6$ in D!ll!dolid N%osii3nO Hen
D16$ indoors N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hen NoO ! !s!6$ inl!nd N%osii3n ' direi3nO
Htierr! !dentro6$ inside N%osii3n ' direi3nO HdentroL !dentro6$ inside t&e (%bo!rd
N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hdentro del !r"!rio6$ inside o(t N%osii3n ' direi3nO H!l
re+0sL de dentro %!r! #(er!6$ in7!rdHs6 Ndirei3nO H&!i! el interior6$ le#t Ndirei3nO
H! l! iz/(ierd!6$ lo!ll' N%osii3nO Hlo!l"ente6$ ne!r N%osii3n ' direi3nO Her!6$
ne!rb'L ne!r b' N%osii3n ' direi3nO Her!L en l!s er!nF!s6$ ne-t door N%osii3n
' direi3nO Hen NoO ! l! !s! de !l l!do6$ nort& N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hen elL !l
norte6$ nort&7!rdHs6 Ndirei3nO H&!i! el norte6$ no7&ere N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hen
NoO ! nin,(n! %!rte6$ o## N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hle.osL #(er!6$ on t&e t!ble N%osii3n
' direi3nO HsobreL en l! "es!6$ on7!rdHs6 Ndirei3nO H&!i! !del!nte6$ o%%osite
N%osii3nO Hen#rente6$ o(t N%osii3n ' direi3nO H#(er!6$ o(tdoors N%osii3n '
direi3nO H#(er! de !s!6$ o(tside N%osii3n ' direi3nO H#(er!6$ o(t7!rdHs6
Ndirei3nO H&!i! !#(er!6$ o+er t&ere N%osii3n ' direi3nO H!llF6$ o+erse!s N%osii3n
' direi3nO HenL ! (ltr!"!rL en elL !l e-tr!n.ero6$ %!st t&e &os%it!l N%osii3n '
direi3nO H!l l!do del &os%it!l6$ /(ite #!r Ndist!ni!O Hb!st!nte le.os6$ ri,&t
Ndirei3nO H! l! dere&!6$ side7!'s N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hde l!do6$ so #!r
Ndist!ni!O Ht!n le.os6$ so"e7&ere N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hen NoO ! !l,2n l(,!r NoO
%!rte6$ so"e7&ere or ot&er Hen NoO ! (no ( otro l(,!rL en NoO ! (n! ( otr! %!rte6$
so(t& N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hen elL !l s(r6$ so(t&7!rdHs6 Ndirei3nO H&!i! el s(r6$
t&!t 7!' N%osii3n ' direi3nO H%or !&FL !llF6$ t&ere N%osii3n ' direi3nO H!&FL !llF6$
t&is 7!' Ndirei3nO H%or !/(F6$ to !n' %l!e NGBOL to !n'%l!e NUSAO Ndirei3nO H!
(!l/(ier l(,!r6$ to t&e ,!r!,e Ndirei3nO H!l ,!r!.e6$ too #!r N%osii3n ' direi3nO
Hde"!si!do le.os6$ (nder N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hdeb!.o6$ (nderne!t& N%osii3n '
direi3nO Hdeb!.oL !b!.o6$ (% N%osii3n ' direi3nO H!rrib!6$ (%&ill Ndirei3nO
H(est! !rrib!6$ (%side do7n N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hbo! !b!.oL %!t!s !rrib!6$
(%st!irs N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hen el NoO !l %iso de !rrib!6$ (%7!rdHs6 Ndirei3nO
H&!i! !rrib!6$ +er' #!r !7!' Ndist!ni!O H"(' le.os6$ 7est N%osii3n ' direi3nO Hen
el NoO !l oeste6$ 7est7!rdHs6 Ndirei3nO H&!i! el oeste6$ 7it&in N%osii3n '
direi3nO Hdentro6$ et1 E.14 Ee is &ere N%osii3nO Hl est !/(F6M S&e 7ent t&ere
Ndirei3nO HEll! #(e !llF6M Ee is in ! bi, to7n N%osii3nO Hl est en (n! i(d!d
,r!nde6M S&e 7ent ne!r t&e libr!r' Ndirei3nO HEll! #(e er! de l! bibliote!6M S&e
li+es ! lon, 7!' #ro" &ere Ndist!ni!O HEll! +i+e le.os de !/(F6M T&e' tr!+elled NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL tr!+eled NUSAO t7ent' 9ilo"etres NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
9ilo"eters NUSAO Ndist!ni!O HDi!.!ron +einte 9il3"etros6$ et1
QF!rQ %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de !ntid!d on si,ni#i!do distintoM Qso #!rQ +! !l
#in!l (!ndo es !d+erbio de l(,!r ' ! %rini%io o$ entre o"!s$ ! "it!d (!ndo es
!d+erbio de tie"%o inde#inido1
Los sint!,"!s %re%osiion!les de direi3n %(eden s(%ri"ir$ ! +ees$ l! %re%osii3n
en in,l0s olo/(i!l1 E.14 Ee 7ent Hto t&e6 le#t Hl #(e ! l! iz/(ierd!61
El +erbo QbeQ se (s! nor"!l"ente on los !d+erbios de %osii3n %ero$ (!ndo
indi! res(lt!do$ %(ede (s!rse t!"bi0n on los !d+erbios de l(,!r /(e indi!n
direi3n1
2+ De tiempo H!d.(ntsL !d+erbs o# ti"e6M nor"!l"ente res%onden ! l!s %re,(nt!s
U7&enT HW(ndoT6$ H#or6 &o7 lon,T HWd(r!nte (nto tie"%oT6VM %(eden indi!r
%!s!do$ %resente o #(t(roM %(eden ser de tie"%o de#inidoL deter"in!do Ntie"%o
de#inidoO (!ndo indi!n el tie"%o onreto o es%eF#io$ o inde#inidoL
indeter"in!do Ntie"%o inde#inidoO (!ndo no indi!n el tie"%o onreto o
es%eF#io4 ! 7ee9 tod!' NGBOL ! 7ee9 #ro" tod!'L tod!' 7ee9 NGBOL t&is d!'
7ee9 Nliter!rioO Ntie"%o de#inidoO Hdentro de (n! se"!n!6$ ! 7ee9L #ortni,&tL
"ont& to"orro7 NoO ! 7ee9L #ortni,&tL "ont& #ro" to"orro7 Ntie"%o de#inidoO
Hdentro de (n! se"!n!L (n! /(inen!L (n "es ! %!rtir de "!)!n!6$ ! 7ee9 l!st
T(esd!'L l!st T(esd!' 7ee9 Ntie"%o de#inidoO Hel "!rtes %!s!do no$ el !nteriorL el
"!rtes %!s!do &!e (n! se"!n!6$ ! 7ee9L #ortni,&tL "ont& #ro" T(esd!' NoO !
7ee9L #ortni,&tL "ont& on T(esd!' NGBO NoO Hon6 T(esd!' 7ee9L #ortni,&tL "ont&
NGBO Ntie"%o de#inidoO Hdentro de (n! se"!n!L (n! /(inen!L (n "es ! %!rtir del
"!rtes6$ ! 7ee9L #ortni,&tL "ont& 'esterd!' NoO ! 7ee9L #ortni,&tL "ont& #ro"
'esterd!' Ntie"%o de#inidoO Hdentro de (n! se"!n!L (n! /(inen!L (n "es ! %!rtir
de !'er6$ !#ter LR!4#teL NGBO ' LRY#terL NUSAO Nno se s(ele (s!r !l %rini%io de (n!
or!i3n sino detrs de Qlon,$ soonQ$ et1OL !#ter7!rds Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hdes%(0sL
l(e,o6$ !ll o# ! s(dden Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hde re%ente6$ !lre!d' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO
H'!6$ be#ore Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H!ntes6$ be#ore l(n&L t&e eletion$ et1 Ntie"%o
de#inidoO H!ntes de l! o"id!L elei3n$ et16$ brie#l' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO
Hbre+e"ente6$ on(rrentl' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hsi"(ltne!"ente6$ (rrentl'
Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H!t(!l"ente6$ t&e d!'L 7ee9endN$ et1O !#ter Ntie"%o
inde#inidoO Hel dF!L l! se"!n!N$ et1O si,(iente6$ t7o d!'s !,o Ntie"%o de#inidoO
H&!e dos dF!s6$ t&e d!' be#ore 'esterd!' Ntie"%o de#inidoO H!nte!'er6$ diretl'
Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hin"edi!t!"ente6$ e!rlier Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H!ntesL on
!nteriorid!d6$ e!rl' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H%rontoL te"%r!no6$ e+ent(!ll' Ntie"%o
inde#inidoO H#in!l"enteL on el tie"%o NGBO6$ e+er sine Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hdesde
entones6$ #in!ll' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H#in!l"ente6$ #irst Ntie"%o inde#inidoO
H%ri"eroL %or %ri"er! +ez6$ #or ,oodL #or e+erL #ore+er Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H%!r!
sie"%re6$ #or ,ood !nd R!ll Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hde (n! +ez %or tod!s6$ #or too lon,
Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hd(r!nte de"!si!do tie"%o6$ #or t&e "ost %!rt Ntie"%o
inde#inidoO H,ener!l"ente6$ #or"erl' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H!nterior"ente6$ #(rt&er
Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H"s6$ &ene#ort& Nliter!rioOL &ene#or7!rd Nliter!rioOL
&ene#or7!rds Nliter!rio4 GBO Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hde !&or! en !del!nteL en lo
s(esi+o6$ &ere!#ter Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hde !&or! en !del!nte6$ &ereto#ore Nliter!rio4
tie"%o inde#inidoO H&!st! !&or!L !nti,(!"ente6$ i""edi!tel' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO
Hin"edi!t!"ente6$ in t&e be,innin, Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H!l %rini%io6$ in t&is d!'
!nd !,e Ntie"%o de#inidoO H&o' en dF!6$ in t&e end Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H!l #in!l6$ in
t&e #(t(re Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hen el #(t(ro6$ in ! "o"ent Ntie"%o de#inidoO Hdentro
de (n "o"entoL de (n "o"ento ! otro6$ in t&e "ornin,L !#ternoonL e+enin,
Ntie"%o de#inidoO H%or l! "!)!n!L t!rde6$ in t&e old d!'sL in t&e %!st Ntie"%o
inde#inidoO H!nti,(!"ente6$ in ti"e Ntie"%o de#inidoO H! tie"%oL on el tie"%o6$
inde#initel' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hinde#inid!"ente6$ .(st Ntie"%o de#inidoM %(ede ser
t!"bi0n !d+erbio de !ntid!dO H!&or! "is"oL &!e (n "o"entoL reiente"ente6$
l!st ni,&tL ti"eL 'e!rL 7ee9$ et1 Ntie"%o de#inidoO H!no&eL l! 2lti"! +ezL el !)o
%!s!doL l! se"!n! %!s!d!$ et16$ l!te Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Ht!rde6$ l!tel' Ntie"%o
inde#inidoO H2lti"!"enteL &!e %oo6$ l!ter Hon6 Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hl(e,oL "s
t!rde6$ lon, Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H"(&o tie"%o6$ lon, sine Ntie"%o inde#inidoO
H&!e "(&oL desde &!e "(&o tie"%o6$ H!6 lon, Hti"e6 !,o Ntie"%o inde#inidoO
H&!e "(&o tie"%o6$ "e!n7&ile Ntie"%o inde#inidoM %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio
onetorO H"ientr!s t!nto6$ "o"ent!ril' H"o"entne!"ente Ntie"%o inde#inidoOL
%or el NoO (n "o"ento Ntie"%o inde#inidoOL ! !d! "o"ento N#re(eni!
inde#inid!OL dentro de (n "o"ento NoO de (n "o"ento ! otro NUSA4 tie"%o
de#inidoO6$ Mond!'$ et1 NUSAOL on Mond!'$ et1 Ntie"%o de#inidoO Hel l(nes$ et16$
ne-t Ntie"%o de#inidoO H! ontin(!i3n6$ Ht&e6 ne-t 'e!rL 7ee9L d!'L "ont&$ et1
Ntie"%o de#inidoO Hel %r3-i"o !)oL l! %r3-i"! se"!n!L el %r3-i"o dF!L el %r3-i"o
"es$ et16$ no lon,erL not 111 !n' lon,erL !n' "ore Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H'! no6$ no7
Ntie"%o de#inidoO H!&or!6$ ri,&t no7 Ntie"%o de#inidoO H!&or! "is"o6$ no7!d!'s
Ntie"%o de#inidoO H&o' en dF!L !t(!l"ente6$ on ti"eL %(nt(!ll' Ntie"%o
inde#inidoO H! l! &or! en %(ntoL %(nt(!l"ente6$ ori,in!ll' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H!lL
en (n %rini%io6$ o+erni,&t Ntie"%o de#inidoO Hd(r!nte l! no&e6$ %resentl' Hl(e,o
NoO ense,(id! Ntie"%o inde#inido4 +! ,ener!l"ente !l %rini%io o !l #in!l de l!
or!i3nOL !t(!l"ente NoO !&or! NoO en el %resente Ntie"%o de#inido4 USA
%rini%!l"ente4 +! ,ener!l"ente del!nte de (n !d.eti+o$ +erbo o no"bre ! "it!d de
l! or!i3nO6$ %re+io(sl' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H%re+i!"ente6$ %ro"%tl' Ntie"%o
inde#inido ' "odoO H%(nt(!l"ente N!l #in!lOL in"edi!t!"ente N! "it!d ' !l #in!lO6$
reentl' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hreiente"ente6$ s&!r%l' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO
Hre%entin!"enteL de %ronto6$ s&ortl' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hdentro de %oo6$
si"(lt!neo(sl' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO$ sine Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hdes%(0s6$ sine t&en
Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hdesde entones6$ so #!r Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H&!st! !&or!6$
so"eti"eL so"e ti"e Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hen !l,2n "o"entoL !l,(n! +ez6$ soon
Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H%ronto6$ soon !#ter7!rdHs6L soon !#ter Hin"edi!t!"ente
des%(0s6$ still Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Htod!+F!L !2n6$ s(ddenl' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO
Hre%entin!"enteL ines%er!d!"ente6$ t&en Ntie"%o inde#inidoM %(ede ser t!"bi0n
!d+erbio onetorO Hl(e,o6$ t&ene#ort& N!r!ioOL t&ene#or7!rd Nliter!rioOL
t&ene#or7!rds Nliter!rioO Ntie"%o inde#inidoO Hdesde entones6$ t&ere!#ter Ntie"%o
inde#inidoO H! %!rtir de entones6$ t&is >ednesd!'L "ont&L 'e!r Ntie"%o de#inidoO
Heste "i0rolesL "esL !)o6$ till no7 Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H&!st! !&or!6$ to t&e l!st
Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H&!st! el #in!l6$ tod!' Ntie"%o de#inidoO H&o'6$ to,et&er Ntie"%o
inde#inido ' "odoO H! l! +ezL !l "is"o tie"%o6$ to"orro7 Ntie"%o de#inidoO
H"!)!n!6$ toni,&t Ntie"%o de#inidoO Hest! no&eL &o' %or l! no&e6$ (lti"!tel'
Ntie"%o inde#inidoM %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de "od!lid!d ' !d+erbio onetorO
H! l! l!r,!L #in!l"ente6$ (no""onl' Ntie"%o inde#inido ' !ntid!dO Hr!r!"ente6$
H(%6 (ntilL till l!tel' Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H&!st! &!e %oo6$ t7o 7ee9sL "ont&s
to"orro7 NoO t7o 7ee9sL "ont&s #ro" to"orro7 Ntie"%o de#inidoO Hdentro de dos
se"!n!sL "eses ! %!rtir de "!)!n!6$ t7o 7ee9sL "ont&s 'esterd!' NoO t7o 7ee9sL
"ont&s #ro" 'esterd!' Ntie"%o de#inidoO Hdentro de dos se"!n!sL "eses ! %!rtir de
!'er6$ 7&ile 'o( !n Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H"ientr!s %(ed!s6$ 'esterd!' Ntie"%o
de#inidoO H!'er6$ 'et Ntie"%o inde#inidoO H'!L tod!+F!6$ et1 D1 @1@1:@18
-+ De frecuencia H!d.(ntsL !d+erbs o# #re/(en'6 /(e "odi#i!n !l +erboM
res%onden ! l! %re,(nt! U&o7 o#tenTV HWon /(0 #re(eni!T6M %(eden ser de
#re(eni! inde#inid!L indeter"in!d! N#re(eni! inde#inid!O (!ndo no indi!n el
%erFodo de #re(eni!$ ' de #re(eni! de#inid!L deter"in!d! N#re(eni! de#inid!O
(!ndo indi!n (n! re%etii3n %eri3di!4 ! ,oodL ,re!t de!l N#re(eni! inde#inid!O$
! lot N#re(eni! inde#inid!O H"(&o6$ !,!in N#re(eni! inde#inid!M %(ede ser
t!"bi0n !d+erbio onetorO Hotr! +ezL (n! +ez "sL de n(e+o !,!in6$ !,!in !nd
!,!in N#re(eni! inde#inid!O H(n! ' otr! +ez6$ !ll t&e ti"e N#re(eni! inde#inid!O
Htodo el tie"%o6$ !l"ost e+er' d!' N#re(eni! de#inid!O H!si di!ri!"ente6$ !l"ost
ne+er N#re(eni! inde#inid!O$ !l7!'s N#re(eni! inde#inid!O Hsie"%re6$ !nn(!ll'
N#re(eni! de#inid!O H!n(!l"ente6$ !s ! r(le N#re(eni! inde#inid!O Ho"o nor"!6$
!s o#ten !s111 N#re(eni! inde#inid!O Ht!n ! "en(do o"o1116$ !s (s(!l N#re(eni!
inde#inid!O Ho"o de ost("bre6$ !t !ll ti"es N#re(eni! inde#inid!O$ b!rel'
N#re(eni! inde#inid!O H!%en!s6$ o""onl' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O$ onst!ntl'
N#re(eni! inde#inid!O$ ontin(!ll'L ontin(o(sl' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O
Hontin(!"ente6$ d!il' N#re(eni! de#inid!O$ e!& &o(r N#re(eni! de#inid!O$
etern!ll' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O H%er"!nente"enteL onst!nte"ente6$ e+er
N#re(eni! inde#inid!O Hsie"%reL !l,(n! +ez6$ e+er' d!'L &o(rL "in(teL "ont&L
seondL 7ee9L 'e!r$ et1 N#re(eni! de#inid!O Htodos los dF!sL !d! &or!L !d!
"in(toL !d! "esL !d! se,(ndoL !d! se"!n!L todos los !)os$ et16$ e+er' so o#ten
N#re(eni! inde#inid!O H!d! ierto tie"%oL de +ez en (!ndo6$ e+er' t7o 7ee9s
NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 #re(eni! de#inid!O H!d! dos se"!n!s6$ #ortni,&tl' NGB
%rini%!l"ente4 #re(eni! de#inid!O H/(inen!l"ente6$ #o(r ti"es N#re(eni!
de#inid!O H(!tro +ees6$ #o(r ti"es ! d!'L "ont&L 7ee9$ et1 N#re(eni! de#inid!O
H(!tro +ees !l dF!L !l "esL ! l! se"!n!$ et16$ H#!irl'L /(iteL +er'6 #re/(entl'
N#re(eni! inde#inid!O HHb!st!nteL b!st!nteL "('6 #re(ente"ente6$ #ro" ti"e to
ti"e N#re(eni! inde#inid!O Hde +ez en (!ndo6$ ,ener!ll' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O
H,ener!l"ente6$ &!rdl' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O H!%en!s6$ &!rdl' e+er N#re(eni!
inde#inid!O H!si n(n!6$ &o(rl' N#re(eni! de#inid!O H!d! &or!6$ &o7 o#ten111T
N#re(eni! inde#inid!O HWon /(0 #re(eni!111T6$ iness!ntl' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O
Hines!nte"ente6$ in#re/(entl' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O$ inter"ittentl' N#re(eni!
inde#inid!O Hinter"itente"ente6$ in+!ri!bl' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O$ "!n' ti"es
N#re(eni! inde#inid!O$ "o"ent!ril' N%(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de tie"%o
inde#inidoOL "o"entl' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O H"o"entne!"enteL %or "o"entos6$
"ont&l' N#re(eni! de#inid!O$ "ore o#ten t&!n not N#re(eni! inde#inid!O Hl!
"!'orF! de l!s +ees6$ "ost !#ternoonsL d!'sL e+enin,s$ et1 N#re(eni! de#inid!O
Hl! "!'or %!rte de l!s t!rdesL los dF!sL l!s t!rdes NoO no&es$ et16$ Mond!'s$ et1
NUSAOL on Mond!'s$ et1 N#re(eni! de#inid!O Hlos l(nes6$ "(& N#re(eni!
inde#inid!O$ ne!rl' !l7!'s N#re(eni! inde#inid!O H!si sie"%re6$ ne+er N#re(eni!
inde#inid!O Hn(n!6$ nor"!ll' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O Hnor"!l"ente Ni
&!bit(!l"enteO6$ He+er'6 no7 !nd !,!in N#re(eni! inde#inid!O Hde +ez en (!ndo6$
o!sion!ll' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O Ho!sion!l"ente6$ H#!irl'L /(iteL +er'6 o#ten
N#re(eni! inde#inid!O HHb!st!nteL b!st!nteL "('6 ! "en(do6$ on #i+e o!sions
N#re(eni! de#inid!O$ on se+er!l o!sions N#re(eni! inde#inid!O$ one N#re(eni!
de#inid!O H(n! +ez6$ one ! "ont&L 'e!rL 7ee9$ et1 N#re(eni! de#inid!O H(n! +ez
!l "esL !l !)oL ! l! se"!n!$ et16$ one %er "ont&L 7ee9$ et1 N#re(eni! de#inid!O
H(n! +ez !l "esL ! l! se"!n!6$ %eriodi!ll' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O
H%eri3di!"ente6$ %er"!nentl' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O$ %er%et(!ll' N#re(eni!
inde#inid!O H%er%et(!"ente6$ /(!rterl' N#re(eni! de#inid!O Htri"estr!l"ente6$ /(ite
o#ten N#re(eni! inde#inid!O Hb!st!nte ! "en(do6$ Honl'L %rett'L soL tooL +er'6
r!rel' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O HHs3loL b!st!nte NoO "('L t!nL de"!si!doL "('6
r!r!"ente6$ H#!irl'L /(iteL +er'6 re,(l!rl' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O HHb!st!nteL
b!st!nteL "('6 re,(l!r"enteL #re(ente"ente6$ re%e!tedl' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O$
s!rel' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O H!%en!s6$ s!rel' e+er N#re(eni! inde#inid!O H!si
n(n!6$ Honl'L %rett'L soL tooL +er'6 seldo" N#re(eni! inde#inid!O HHs3loL b!st!nte
NoO "('L t!nL de"!si!doL "('6 r!r!"ente6$ so"eti"es N#re(eni! inde#inid!O H!
+ees6$ H+er'6 s%or!di!ll' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O HH"('6 es%ordi!"ente6$
te"%or!ril' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O$ t&ree ti"es N#re(eni! de#inid!O Htres +ees6$
too o#ten N#re(eni! inde#inid!O Hde"!si!do ! "en(do6$ t7ie N#re(eni! de#inid!O
Hdos +ees6$ t7ie ! d!'L "ont&L 7ee9$ et1 N#re(eni! de#inid!O Hdos +ees !l dF!L
!l "esL ! l! se"!n!$ et16$ (n(s(!ll' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O He-e%ion!l"enteL
sor%rendente"ente6$ (s(!ll' N#re(eni! inde#inid!O H(s(!l"enteL ,ener!l"ente6$
+er' "(& N#re(eni! inde#inid!O H"(' ! "en(do6$ +er' o!sion!ll' N#re(eni!
inde#inid!O Hno "(' ! "en(do6$ 7ee9l' N#re(eni! de#inid!O Hse"!n!l"ente6$
'e!rl' N#re(eni! de#inid!O H!n(!l"ente6$ et1
*(!ndo dos !d+erbios de #re(eni! de#inid! +!n en (n! "is"! or!i3n
nor"!l"ente se %one %ri"ero el de d(r!i3n "s ort! ' ,ener!l"ente s3lo el de
"s l!r,! d(r!i3n %(ede ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n1 E.14 S&e %&ones 7ee9l' e+er'
"ont& HEll! ll!"! %or tel0#ono !d! se"!n! todos los "eses6M E+er' "ont& s&e
%&ones 7ee9l' HTodos los "eses ell! ll!"! %or tel0#ono !d! se"!n!6M Ee does it
t7ie "ont&l' Hl lo &!e dos +ees !l "es6M Ee s!7 &er t&ree ti"es on t7o
o!sions Hl l! +io tres +ees en dos o!siones6M On t7o o!sions &e s!7 &er t&ree
ti"es HEn dos o!siones 0l l! +io tres +ees6M T&e' o"e t&ree ti"es "ont&l'
HDienen tres +ees !l "es61
*(!ndo +!n .(ntos (n !d+erbio de #re(eni! de#inid! ' otro de #re(eni!
inde#inid! s(ele ir %ri"ero el de #re(eni! inde#inid!1 E.14 Ee nor"!ll' does it
t7ie "ont&l' Hl lo &!e nor"!l"ente dos +ees !l "es61
3+ De cantidad$ intensid!d$ ,r!do o ,r!d!i3n N!ntid!dO H,r!d(!tion !d.(ntsL
/(!ntit' !d.(ntsL !d+erbs o# de,ree6 /(e "odi#i!n !l !d.eti+o$ !l +erboM
nor"!l"ente res%onden ! l!s %re,(nt!s U&o7 "(&T HW(ntoT6$ to 7&!t e-tentT
HW&!st! /(0 %(ntoT6$ to 7&!t de,reeT HW&!st! /(0 ,r!doT6VM en#!tiz!n o red(en el
e#eto del !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o4 ! bit H(n %oo6$ ! bit too "(& H(n %oo
de"!si!do6$ ! ,ood bit Hb!st!nte6$ ! ,oodL #!ir de!l Hb!st!nteL "(&Ho$ !66$ ! ,oodL
#!ir de!l less Hb!st!nteL "(&Ho$ !6 "enos6$ ! ,oodL #!ir de!l "ore Hb!st!nteL
"(&Ho$ !6 "s6$ ! ,re!t de!l H"(&HFsi"6o6$ ! ,re!t de!l less H"(&Fsi"o "enos6$
! ,re!t de!l "ore H"(&Fsi"o "s6$ ! &ell o# ! lot N"s #(erte4 olo/(i!lOL ! &e9 o#
! lot N"s s(!+e4 olo/(i!lO H"(&Fsi"oL (n! b!rb!rid!d6$ H!6 little HH(n6 %oo6$ ! lot
H"(&o6$ ! tin' little bit H(n %o/(itito6$ !bsol(tel'$ !e%t!bl'$ !de/(!tel'
Hs(#iiente"ente6$ !ll Ho"%let!"ente6$ !l"ost$ !lto,et&er Htot!l"ente6$ !"!zin,l'
HinreFble"ente Ni "('O6$ !n' NUSAO H!l,oL en !bsol(to6$ !n' less H!l,o "enos6$
!n' "ore H!l,o "s6$ !s "(& !s Ht!nto o"oL (!nto6$ !7#(ll' Hterrible"enteL
e-esi+!"enteL "('6$ b!dl' H"(&o6$ b!rel' H!%en!s6$ bitterl' H"(&o6$ brie#l' Hen
res("enL en sFntesis6$ b' #!r Hon "(&o6$ &ie#l' H%rini%!l"ente6$ losel' H"('L
"(&oL ! #ondo6$ o"%letel' Ho"%let!"ente6$ onsider!bl' Honsider!ble"ente6$
de!rl' H"(&o6$ dee%l' H%ro#(nd!"ente6$ do7nri,&t Ho"%let!"ente6$ dr!sti!ll'
Hdrsti!"ente Ni "('O6$ dre!d#(ll' Henor"e"ente Ni "('O6$ e!sil' Hon "(&oL
%or lo "enos6$ enor"o(sl'$ eno(,& N%(ede ir %reedido de U.(stVO
Hs(#iienteH"ente66$ entirel' Ho"%let!"ente6$ e/(!ll' Hi,(!l"enteL %or i,(!l6$
e-eedin,l' Hs("!"enteL e-tre"!d!"ente6$ e-e%tion!ll' He-e%ion!l"ente6$
e-essi+el'$ e-tensi+el' H"(&oL e-&!(sti+!"ente6$ e-tr!ordin!ril'
He-tr!ordin!ri!"ente Ni "('O6$ e-tre"el' He-tre"!d!"ente6$ #!intl' Hli,er!"ente6$
#!irl' Ns3lo se,(ido de (n !d.eti+oL !d+erbioO Hb!st!nte6$ #!nt!sti!ll'
HinreFble"enteL #!b(los!"ente Ni "('O6$ #!r HHon6 "(&o6$ #!r !nd !7!' Hon
"(&oL sin l(,!r ! d(d!6$ #e!r#(ll' Nolo/(i!lO H"('6$ #ri,&t#(ll' Nolo/(i!l4 GB
%rini%!l"enteO Htre"end!"ente6$ #(ll' H%len!"ente6$ ,re!tl' Hen ,r!n "edid!6$
&!l#$ &!l# !s "(& Hl! "it!d "s6$ &!rd Hd(roL "(&o6$ &!rdl' H!%en!s6 Nse (s!
%rini%!l"ente on U!n'$ !t !llV4 &!rdl' !n' H!si n!d!L nin,(nHo$ !66$ &!rdl' 111 !t !ll
H!si n!d!6O &e!rtil' Ho"%let!"ente6$ &e!+il' H"(&oL en ,r!n es!l!6$ &orribl'
H&orrible"enteL terrible"ente Ni "('O6$ &o7e+er H%or "(&o /(e6$ &(,el'
Henor"e"ente6$ i""ensel' Hin"ens!"enteL enor"e"ente6$ in !ll res%ets$ in t&e
le!st$ in t&e sli,&test Hen lo "s "Fni"o6$ in!de/(!tel'$ inre!sin,l'L inre!sedl'
H!d! +ez "s6$ inredibl' HinreFble"ente Ni "('O6$ indeentl'
Hdes+er,onz!d!"enteL es!nd!los!"ente6$ in#initel' Hin#init!"ente6$ ins(##iientl'$
intensel' H%ro#(nd!"enteL s("!"ente Ni "('O6$ .(st Hsi"%le"ente6$ .(st e-!tl'$
9eenl' Hintens!"enteL %ro#(nd!"ente Ni "('O6$ l!r,el' Hen ,r!n %!rteL
"!'or"ente6$ le!st Hni lo "s "Fni"o6$ less H"enos6$ li,&tl' Hli,er!"enteL
le+e"ente Ni %ooO6$ "!inl' H%rini%!l"ente6$ "ildl' Hli,er!"ente6$ "oder!tel'
H"edi!n!"ente6$ "ore H"s6$ "ore or less$ "ost$ "ostl' H"!'or"ente6$ "(& Nen
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!O H"(&o6$ ne!rl' H!si6$ no less Hn!d! "enos6$ no "ore
Hn!d! "s6$ not !n' NUSAO Hn!d!L en !bsol(to6$ not !n' less H'! no "enos6$ not !n'
"ore H'! no "s6$ none Hn!d!6$ notie!bl' H%ere%tible"enteL sensible"ente6$
o(tri,&t Htot!l"ente6$ o+erl' Hde"!si!do6$ %!rt Hen %!rte6$ %!rti(l!rl'
H%!rti(l!r"ente6$ %!rtl' Hen %!rte6$ %er#etl' Htot!l"enteL !bsol(t!"ente6$ %lent'
NUSAO H"(&o6$ %oorl' H"!l6$ %ositi+el'$ %o7er#(ll' H#(erte"enteL on #(erz!L
%otente"ente6$ %r!ti!ll' H%rti!"ente Ni !siO6$ %redo"in!ntl'$ %rett' Hb!st!nteL
"('6$ %ri"!ril' H#(nd!"ent!l"enteL !nte todo6$ %ro#o(ndl'$ %ro%erl' NGB4
olo/(i!lO Htot!l"ente6$ %(rel'$ /(ite$ /(ite ! lot Hb!st!nte6$ r!di!ll' N%(ede ser
t!"bi0n !d+erbio de "odoO Hr!di!l"ente Ni o"%let!"enteO6$ r!t&er Hb!st!nteL
"('6$ re!ll' Hre!l"ente Ni "('O6$ re!son!bl' Hr!zon!ble"ente Ni b!st!nteO6$
re"!r9!bl' HinreFble"ente Ni "('O6$ ro(ndl' Ho"%let!"enteL !te,3ri!"enteL
rot(nd!"ente6$ s!rel' H!%en!s6$ se+erel' Hseri!"enteL %ro#(nd!"enteL
,r!+e"ente Ni "('O6$ si9l' Hde"!si!do6$ si,ni#i!ntl' Honsider!ble"enteL
!%rei!ble"ente Ni b!st!nteO6$ si"%l' Hsi"%le"ente Ni s3loOL o"%let!"ente6$
sin,l' Hindi+id(!l"ente6$ sli,&tl' H!%en!sL li,er!"ente N%(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio
de "odo (!ndo si,ni#i! Qdel,!d!"enteQ$ nor"!l"ente del!nte de (n %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!do4 sli,&tl' b(ilt Hde onstit(i3nL o"%le-i3n del,!d!L "en(d!O6$ so
Ns3lo se,(ido de (n !d.eti+oL !d+erbioM %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de "odoO Ht!n6$
so "(& Ht!nto6$ so +er' "(& Ht!ntFsi"o6$ so"e NUSAO H"(&oL b!st!nte6$
so"e7&!t H(n %ooL b!st!nte6$ sort o# H"s o "enos6$ so(ndl' Hri,(ros!"enteL
onienz(d!"enteL s3lid!"ente6$ stron,l' H#(erte"enteL en0r,i!"enteL
s3lid!"ente Ni tot!l"enteL o"%let!"enteL "(&oO6$ s(bst!nti!ll'
Hs(Hb6st!ni!l"enteL onsider!ble"enteL bsi!"ente6$ s(##iientl'$ s(%re"el'
Hs("!"ente6$ s(r%risin,l' Hsor%rendente"ente Ni "('O6$ terribl'$ t&!t "(& Ht!nto6$
t&oro(,&l' N%(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de "odoO Ho"%let!"ente6$ tot!ll'$ too$ too
"(& Hde"!si!do6$ t&ree ti"es Htres +ees6$ tre"endo(sl' Htre"end!"enteL
enor"e"enteL "(&Fsi"o6$ tr(l' H+erd!der!"ente Ni "('O6$ t7ie Hdos +ees6$
(n!e%t!bl'$ (nbelie+!bl' HinreFble"ente Ni "('O6$ (no""onl' N%(ede ser
t!"bi0n !d+erbio de tie"%o inde#inidoO He-tr!ordin!ri!"ente Ni "('O6$ (tterl'
Ho"%let!"ente6$ +er' H"('6$ +er' little H"(' %oo6$ +er' "(& Nen !#ir"!ti+!
%rini%!l"enteO H"(&Fsi"o6$ +iolentl' H"(&o6$ +irt(!ll' H%rti!"enteL !si6$
7ell Hbien Ni "(&oL %er#et!"enteO6$ 7&oll' Henter!"ente6$ et1
El !d+erbio de !ntid!d QelseQ +! detrs de !l,(nos %rono"bres inde#inidos e
interro,!ti+os ' !l,(nos !d+erbios de l(,!r ! los /(e !li#i! ' se tr!d(e %or QotroL
"sQM %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio onetor1
M(&os !d+erbios %(eden ser de "odo ' de !ntid!d4 ! lot$ et1$ %ero !l,(nos$
(!ndo son de !ntid!d$ ,ener!l"ente no %(eden ir "s /(e del!nte de !d.eti+os o
de otros !d+erbios1 D1 ;1:5$ ?1;5
6+ De modalidad$ "od!les ( or!ion!les Hst!ne !d+erbi!ls6M "odi#i!n H!6 tod!
(n! or!i3nM %(eden ser de +!rios ti%os4
*+ Epistm4olog+icos 4dis%uncts# sentence ad%uncts# sentence adverb4ial+s#
independent adverbials# sentence modifiers# trut/ adverbs# epistem4olog+ic4al+
stance adverbials+" s(elen ir !l %rini%io$ t!"bi0n ! "it!d ' "enos !2n !l #in!l de
l! or!i3nM (!ndo +!n !l #in!l e-%res!n (n! es%eie de %ens!"iento t!rdFoM s(elen
ir !l %rini%io en !#ir"!ti+!$ detrs del s(.eto en ne,!ti+! on (n +erbo nor"!l '
t!"bi0n on los +erbos !(-ili!resM %(eden ir on otros !d+erbios en (n! "is"!
or!i3nM nor"!l"ente +!n entre o"!sM no se re#ieren ! !l,o di&o en (n! or!i3n
!nterior$ %ero los !d+erbios onetores sFM l!s or!iones s(bordin!d!s !(s!les$
ondiion!les$ onesi+!s$ onse(ti+!s$ %(eden &!er de !d+erbios de "od!lid!dM
"(&os no %(eden ir on (n i"%er!ti+oM estos !d+erbios %(eden ser de !#ir"!i3n$
ne,!i3n$ d(d!$ %rob!bilid!d$ et14 !bo+e !ll Hsobre todo6$ !t(!ll' Hre!l"ente6$
!d"ittedl' Hiert!"ente6$ !#ter R!ll Hdes%(0s de Rtodo6$ !l!s Hl!"ent!ble"enteL "(' !
%es!r n(estro6$ !ll in R!ll Hen ,eneRr!l6$ !ll t&in,s onsidered$ !ll told Hen res("id!s
(ent!s6$ !lle,edl' Hs(%(est!"ente6$ !ltoR,et&er Hen ,eneRr!lL en toRt!l6$ !"!zin,l'
eno(,& H!(n/(e %!rez! "entir!6$ !%%!rentl' N! "it!d %(ede ir del!nte o detrs del
+erbo !(-ili!rO H!l %!reerL se,2n %!ree6$ !%%ro-i"!tel' H!%ro-i"!d!"ente6$
!r,(!bl' Hdis(tible"ente6$ !s ! "!tter o# R#!t Hde R&e&o6$ !s ! ro(,&
!%%ro-i"!tion H!%ro-i"!d!"ente6$ !s ! r(le H%or nor"!6$ !s it &!%%ens Hde &e&o6$
!s it is Ht!l ' o"o est6$ !ss(redl' Hon se,(rid!dL sin d(d!6$ !t #irst si,&t H! %ri"er!
+ist!6$ !t ! ro(,& esti"!te H!%ro-i"!d!"ente6$ !t le!st$ !t Ht&e6 "ost$ !+o7edl'
H!biert!"ente6$ bet7een 'o( !nd "e$ be'ond ! s&!do7 o# do(bt Hsin l(,!r ! d(d!s6$
bro!dl' H!"%li!"ente6$ b' !nd l!r,e Hen ,ener!l6$ b' !n' &!ne H%or !s(!lid!d6$
b' l(9$ b' no "e!ns Hde nin,(n! "!ner!6$ &!r!teristi!ll'$ oinident!ll'$ o"e
to t&!t Hsi +!"os ! eso6$ onsiderin, !ll %oints o# +ie7$ H"ost6 r(i!ll' Nno +! !l
#in!lO Hlo /(e es H+erd!der!"ente6 r(i!l es /(e6$ (rio(sl' eno(,& H!(n/(e
%!rez! e-tr!)o6$ deidedl'$ do(btless Hsin d(d!L ind(d!ble"enteL d(dos!"ente6$
e##eti+el'$ e/(!ll' H7ell6 Hde i,(!l "odo6$ e-e%tion!ll' Hde #or"! e-e%ion!l6$
#!t(!ll'$ #irst$ #or &e!+enZs s!9e$ #or t&e "ost %!rt$ #or"!ll'$ #(nd!"ent!ll'$ #(nnil'
eno(,& H!(n/(e %!rez! e-tr!)o6$ ,ener!ll' s%e!9in, H%or lo ,ener!l6$ ,r!nted Hes
ierto6$ &'%ot&eti!ll'$ IZ" !#r!id$ I "e!n$ i# I "!' s!' so$ i# I 7ere to be &onest$ i#
'o( !s9 "e$ i# 'o( (nderst!nd "e$ i# 'o( 7ill$ i# 'o( 7ill !llo7 "e Hsi "e lo
%er"ites6$ in ! 7!'$ in !ll #!irness$ in !ll #r!n9nessL &onest'L sinerit'$ in brie# Hen
s("!L en res("en6$ in e##et Hde &e&o6$ in essene$ in H!t(!l6 #!t Hde &e&o6$ in
#!irness$ in ,ener!l$ in t&e n!t(re o# t&in,s$ in ,ener!l ter"s$ in "' o%inionL +ie7$ in
%r!tie$ in re!lit'$ in retros%et$ in s&ort$ in eono"iL ed(!tion!lL #in!ni!lL
%oliti!lL si"%leL soi!l ter"s$ in ter"s o# o""ereL e##iien'$ in t&eor'$
inontest!bl'$ inontro+ertibl'$ indis%(t!bl'$ ind(bit!bl'$ interestin,l' eno(,&
H(rios!"ente6$ .(st in !se H%or si !!so6$ "!ni#estl'$ "!'be H/(izHs6 N%ero U"!'
beV H%(ede ser6O6$ "ore i"%ort!ntl' Hlo /(e es "s i"%ort!nte6$ needless to s!'$ no$
no do(bt$ no"in!ll'$ not$ not !t !ll$ oddl' eno(,&$ o# o(rse$ on !+er!,e$ on
b!l!ne$ on re#letion$ on t&e 7&ole Hen ,ener!l6$ o+er!ll Hen t0r"inos ,ener!les6$
%!tentl'$ %er&!%s$ %le!se H%or #!+or6$ %otenti!ll'$ %redit!bl'$ %re#er!bl'$ %resentl'$
%rob!bl'$ %ro%erl' s%e!9in, H&!bl!ndo on %ro%ied!dL %!r! ser e-!tos6$
%(r%ortedl' Nliter!rioO Hs(%(est!"ente6$ r!t&er !"bitio(sl' Hintent!ndo !b!r!r
de"!si!do6$ re%ortedl' Hse,2n se die6$ re%(tedl'$ ri,&tl' or 7ron,l' H.(st! o
in.(st!"enteL on r!z3n o sin ell!L %!r! bien o %!r! "!l6$ ri,&tl' s%e!9in,$ ro(,&l'$
see"in,l'$ sine 'o( 7!nt to 9no7 t&e tr(t&$ so to s!'$ so to s%e!9$ so"e&o7 Hde
!l,(n! "!ner!L #or"!6$ str!n,el' eno(,& He-tr!)!"ente6$ stritl' s%e!9in,$
s(%%osedl'$ s(re Nestnd!r4 USA ' liter!rio4 GBO Hiert!"ente /(e NoO ierto /(e
N(!ndo +! ! %rini%io de l! or!i3n se,(ido de o"!OL %or s(%(esto /(e NoO l!ro
/(e N(!ndo no +! se,(ido de o"!O6$ s(re eno(,&$ t&eoreti!ll'$ to !ll intents !nd
%(r%oses H! e#etos %rtios6$ to "' !nno'!ne Hon ,r!n dis,(sto "Fo6$ to be,in
7it&$ to !% it H!ll6 NGBOL to !% it !ll o## NUSAO Nolo/(i!lO H%!r! ol"oL
re"!t!rl!6$ to onl(de$ to "' 9no7led,e$ to "' ert!in 9no7led,e$ to "' "ind$ to
"' re,ret H"(' ! %es!r "Fo6$ to ret(rn to t&e s(b.et H%!r! +ol+er !l te"!6$ to st!rt
7it&$ to s(" (% Hen res("enL en res("id!s (ent!s6$ to s(""!rizeL to s(""!rise
NGBO$ to "' H,re!t6 s(r%rise H%!r! H,r!n6 sor%res! "F!6$ to to% it H!ll6 Nolo/(i!lO
H%!r! ol"oL re"!t!r l!s os!s6$ too N!l %rini%io o !l #in!l se%!r!do %or (n! o"!O
Ht!"bi0n Nde"!si!do4 no %onerO6$ tr(e Hon sinerid!d6$ (lti"!tel' Hen 2lti"!
inst!ni!6$ (n!r,(!bl'$ (ndeni!bl'$ (nder t&e ir("st!nes$ (nderst!nd!bl'$
(ndo(btedl'$ (% to ! %oint$ 7eirdl' eno(,& H%or e-tr!)o /(e %!rez!6$ 7it& ,re!t
(ne!se Hde "!l! ,!n!6$ 7it& .(stieL res%et$ 7it&o(t e-e%tion$ 'es$ et$ ' !l,(nos
de 5C1:B1;1 E.14 T&!t !n !t(!ll' Nestnd!rO 7or9 HEso %(ede #(nion!r re!l"ente6M
>!s t&is to be$ !#ter !ll$ e+er't&in,T HWIb! ! ser esto$ des%(0s de todo$ todoT6M T&e
%eo%le !lle,edl' didnZt oHI6o%er!te HL! ,ente s(%(est!"enteL se,2n se die no
ol!bor36M A%%!rentl' t&e' didnZt sell it HAl %!reer no lo +endieron6M T&e' didnZt
sell it !%%!rentl' HNo lo +endieron se,2n %!ree6M Ee 7o(ld do(btless obt!in so"e
,r!ti#i!tion Hl obtendrF! sin l(,!r ! d(d! (n! ,r!ti#i!i3n6M S&e !"e$ do(btless
be!(se s&e 7!s interested HEll! +ino$ sin l(,!r ! d(d! %or/(e est!b! interes!d!6M
E##eti+el'L In e##et$ 7&!t s&e s!id 7!s t&!t 111 HDe &e&oL Re!l"ente$ lo /(e ell!
di.o #(e /(e 1116M Gr!nted$ itZs old$ b(t itZs ,ood HEs ierto$ es +ie.o$ %ero es b(eno6M
M!'be &e is 7it& t&e" HJ(izHs6 est0 0l on ellos6M Ee is "!'be 7it& t&e" Hl est
/(izHs6 on ellos6M Ee is 7it& t&e" "!'be Hl est on ellos /(izHs66M HAnd$6 More
i"%ort!ntl'L More i"%ort!nt$ it osts &!l# !s "(& HHm$6 Lo /(e es "s i"%ort!nte$
(est! l! "it!d6M O# o(rse &eZll be !re#(l HPor s(%(esto /(e tendr (id!do 0l6M
EeZll %!' to"orro7$ o# o(rse Hl %!,!r "!)!n!$ %or s(%(esto6M Per&!%s s&e 7ill
do it ne-t "ont& HJ(izHs6 lo &!,! ell! el "es /(e +iene6M S&e &!s &!d %roble"s$
%er&!%s HEll! &! tenido %roble"!s$ /(izHs66M Ple!se ,o no7] H\Por #!+or +ete
!&or!]6M Go no7 %le!se] H\Dete !&or!H$6 %or #!+or]6M S&e is %rob!bl' Nestnd!rO 7it&
&er %!rents HEll! est %rob!ble"ente on s(s %!dres6M S&e %rob!bl' Nestnd!rO
7or9s /(ite ! lot HEll! tr!b!.! %rob!ble"ente b!st!nte6M T&e' &!+e %rob!bl'
Nestnd!rO ,one &o"e HSe &!n ido %rob!ble"ente ! !s!6M Ee %rob!bl' Nestnd!rO
7onZt see 'o(L Ee 7ill %rob!bl' Nestnd!rO not see 'o( Hl no te +er
%rob!ble"ente6M S&e is 7it& &er %!rents$ %rob!bl' HEll! est on s(s %!dres$
%rob!ble"ente6M Re,rett!bl'$ o(r d(t' is to do it ot&er7iseL O(r d(t' is re,rett!bl'
to do it ot&er7ise HSinti0ndolo "(&o$ n(estro deber es &!erlo de otr! "!ner!6M Ee
&!s re%ortedl' been 9illed HSe,2n se die le &!n "!t!do6M Re%ortedl'$ &e is de!d
HSe,2n se die$ 0l est "(erto6M E+er' reli,ion s(%%osedl' e-ists to brin, !bo(t
%e!e HTod!s l!s reli,iones e-isten s(%(est!"ente %!r! lo,r!r l! %!z6M EeZs s(re
o"%etent N(!ndo Qs(reQ +! se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o +! %reedido
de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+oO Hl es o"%etente iert!"ente6M S(re$ it is red
H*iert!"enteL Es ierto /(e es ro.o6M S(re s&e lo+es &i" HPor s(%(estoL *l!ro /(e
ell! leL lo /(iere6M >e s(re 7ill tr' HPor s(%(estoL *l!ro /(e lo intent!re"os6M T&e'
s!id Ht&!t6 t&e' 7o(ld o"e !nd$ s(re eno(,&$ t&ere t&e' 7ere HDi.eron /(e
+endrF!n '$ e#eti+!"ente$ !&FL !llF est!b!n61
UNoV se (s! %!r! ontest!r ne,!ti+!"ente ! !l,o4 A4 >ill 'o( ,oT HWJ(ieres irTL
WD!s ! irT61 B4 No$ I 7onZt HNo$ no /(ieroL +o' ! ir6$ detrs de !l,(nos +erbos
nor"!les o"o U!ns7er$ s!'V$ et14 S&e !ns7ered no HEll! ontest3 no6$ detrs de l!
on.(ni3n Ub(tV4 B(t no$ &e doesnZt li9e it HPero no$ no le ,(st!6$ %!r! ne,!r (n!
or!i3n /(e '! se &! "enion!do en !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!4 A4 T&e' !re o"in,
HD!n ! +enir61 B4 No$ t&e' !re not HNo$ no +!n ! +enir6M Ee 7!snZt t&ere Hl no
est!b! !llF61 B4 No$ &e 7!s Rnot HNo$ no est!b!61 D1;1=515:
UNotV se (tiliz!4
!6 P!r! %oner (n +erbo !(-ili!r o !n3"!lo en ne,!ti+!4 >e 7ill not ,o HNo ire"os61
b6 P!r! %oner (n +erbo nor"!l en ne,!ti+! detrs del !(-ili!r4 Did s&e notL DidnZt
s&e o"eT HWNo +ino ell!T6M T&e' do notL donZt !,ree HNo estn de !(erdo61
6 P!r! ne,!r (n! #or"! +erb!l no %erson!l$ o"o el in#initi+o ' l! #or"! +erb!l en
Iin,$ /(e +!'! detrs de QnotQ4 Not to !ssent is di##i(lt HNo !sentir es di#Fil6M Not
,oin, Nolo/(i!lOL B' not ,oin, Nestnd!rO 'o( !+oid t&e %roble" HNo 'endo e+it!s
el %roble"!61
d6 P!r! ne,!r (n no"bre /(e +!'! detrs de QnotQ4 Not t&e %l!'er o+er t&ere HNo el
.(,!dor de !llF61
e6 P!r! ne,!r (n !d.eti+o4 not %ossible Hi"%osible61
#6 P!r! ne,!r (n %rono"bre /(e +!'! detrs de QnotQ4 not &i" H0l noL no 0l6M Not
"!n' !"e HNo +inieron "(&os61
,6 P!r! ne,!r (n !d+erbio /(e +!'! detrs de QnotQ4 not b!dl' Hno "!l61
&6 P!r! ne,!r (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! no"in!l /(e +!'! detrs de QnotQ4 Ee s!id
not t&!t s&e 7!s t&ere b(t 111 Hl di.o no /(e ell! est(+ier! !llF sino 11161
i6 *(!ndo +! se,(ido de Qonl' 111 b(t 111Q4 Not onl' t&is b(t !ll t&!t too HNo s3lo esto
sino todo esoL !/(ello t!"bi0n61
.6 *(!ndo +! detrs de (n +erbo nor"!l %!r! ne,!rlos4 Ee &o%es not Hl es%er! /(e
no6M Ee bo(,&t one !nd not ! b!d one eit&er Hl o"%r3 (nHo$ !6 ' no "!lHo$ !6 %or
ierto61
Los !d+erbios Q!bo(t$ !l"ost$ !lre!d'$ !t le!st$ !n'7!'$ b!rel' H!n'6$ b' #!r$ d!"n$
de#initel' N(!ndo +! se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o %ero sF %(ede ir se,(ido de (n
%!rtii%io Hde6 %resente (!ndo no &!' dison#or"id!d entre dos interlo(toresO$
do7nri,&t$ #!irl'$ #!r$ #!r !nd !7!'$ &!rdl' H!n'6$ &e!%s Nolo/(i!lO$ in %!rt$ in so"e
res%ets$ indeed$ .oll'$ .(st !bo(t$ little$ "iles$ ne!r$ ne!rl'$ %rett'$ /(ite ! bitL /(ite !
little NGB4 r!roO$ r!t&er Htoo6$ s!rel'$ sort o#$ so"e7&!t Htoo6$ to so"e e-tent$
toler!bl'Q no %(eden ir detrs de QnotQ$ e-e%to si se ontr!die lo /(e otr! %erson!
&! di&oM en !so de /(e no &!'! (n dilo,o entre dos interlo(tores ' (no no
ontr!di,! lo /(e &! di&o el otro$ no se %(ede (s!r UnotV1 E.14 A4 S&eZs !l"ostL
#!irl'L %rett'L r!t&erL sort o#L so"e7&!t Htoo6L toler!bl' re!son!ble1 B
Nontr!diiendo lo !nteriorM &!' dilo,o entre A ' BO4 S&eZs not !l"ostL #!irl'L
%rett'L r!t&erL sort o#L so"e7&!t Htoo6L toler!bl' re!son!bleM A4 EeZs b!rel' H!n'6L
b' #!rL d!"nL #!rL #!r !nd !7!'L &!rdl' H!n'6L &e!%s Nolo/(i!lOL littleL "ilesL
ne!rl'L /(ite ! bitL /(ite ! little NGB4 r!roOL s!rel'L to so"e e-tent better1 B
Nontr!diiendo lo !nteriorM &!' dilo,o entre A ' BO4 EeZs not b!rel' H!n'6L b' #!rL
d!"nL #!rL #!r !nd !7!'L &!rdl' H!n'6L &e!%s Nolo/(i!lOL littleL "ilesL ne!rl'L /(ite
! bitL /(ite ! little NGB4 r!roOL s!rel'L to so"e e-tent better N( otro !d.eti+oO1
Si se %one l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! del!nte de l! or!i3n %rini%!l$ no se %(ede %oner
Q%le!seQ del!nte de l! or!i3n s(bordin!d!1
UTo "' re,retL "' H,re!t6 s(r%riseV %(eden ser t!"bi0n !d+erbios de !tit(d1
QAbo+e !ll$ !d"ittedl'$ !#ter R!ll$ !ll in R!ll$ !ll told$ !lle,edl'$ !lto,et&er$ !s ! "!tter
o# R#!t$ !t #irst Rsi,&t$ !t le!st$ oinident!ll'$ onsiderin, !ll %oints o# +ie7$ e/(!ll'$
#irst$ #(nnil' eno(,&$ in brie#$ in e##et$ in H!t(!l6 #!t$ in ,ener!l ter"s$ in re!lit'$ in
s&ort$ on t&e 7&ole$ o+er!ll$ to !ll intents !nd %(r%oses$ to be,in 7it&$ to !% it H!ll6
NGBOL to !% it !ll o## NUSAO Nolo/(i!lO$ to onl(de$ to %(t it di##erentl'L "ildl'$ to
ret(rn to t&e s(b.et$ to st!rt 7it&$ to s(" (%$ to s(""!rizeL to s(""!rise NGBO$ to
to% it H!ll6 Nolo/(i!lO$ (lti"!tel'Q$ et1$ %(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de !d+erbios
onetores t!"bi0n on el "is"o si,ni#i!doM Qso"e&o7Q %(ede &!er t!"bi0n l!
#(ni3n de !d+erbio onetor on distinto si,ni#i!doM Ue-e%tion!ll'V %(ede ser
t!"bi0n !d+erbio de !ntid!d ND1 ;1:515O1
2+ De actitud 4sub%uncts# sentence ad%uncts# comment adverbs# attitude
adverbials+" se %onen ,ener!l"ente ! "it!d de l! or!i3n del!nte del +erbo '
"enos ! "en(do$ en in,l0s liter!rio$ si lle+!n 0n#!sis$ !l %rini%io %!r! re!r (n
e#eto dr!"tio o de s(s%enseM (!ndo +!n !l %rini%io$ s(elen ir se%!r!dos %or
(n! o"! %ero no nees!ri!"enteM (!ndo +!n on (n i"%er!ti+o s(elen ir !l
%rini%io %ero no sie"%reM es (n .(iio de +!lor o !l,o e"oti+oM (!ndo +!n !l #in!l
no se%!r!dos %or (n! o"! son !d+erbios de "odo ND1?15:O$ %ero (!ndo +!n !l
#in!l se%!r!dos %or (n! o"! son !d+erbios de !tit(dM l! di#ereni! entre los
!d+erbios de !tit(d ' los de "odo es b!st!nte s(tilM l! tr!d(i3n !l !stell!no es$ !
+ees$ l! "is"!M no obst!nte$ &!' (n! di#ereni! l!r!4 (!ndo +!n !l %rini%io$ !
"it!d o$ se%!r!dos %or (n! o"!$ !l #in!l se re#ieren ! tod! l! or!i3n ' (!ndo +!n
!l #in!l no se%!r!dos %or (n! o"! "odi#i!n s3lo !l +erboM (!ndo +!n ! "it!d de
l! or!i3n no lle+!n t!nto 0n#!sis o"o !l %rini%io %ero son "s en#tios /(e !l
#in!lM son !si todos los /(e orres%onden ! los !d.eti+os /(e !d"iten !d.eti+o h
Qo#Q h no"bre o %rono"bre %erson!l ob.eto h in#initi+o on UtoV ND1 =15:8O4
Q!bs(rdl'$ !,,r!+!tin,l'$ !"!zin,l' HinreFble"ente6$ !nno'in,l'$ !%%ro%ri!tel'$
!rro,!ntl'$ !rt#(ll'$ !stonis&in,l'$ !797!rdl'$ bitterl' Hon !"!r,(r!L !"!r,!"enteL
i"%l!!ble"ente6$ biz!rrel'$ bl(ntl'$ boldl'$ br!+el'$ br(t!ll'$ !llo(sl'$ !l"l'$
!ndidl'$ !R%riio(sl'$ !re#(ll'$ !relessl'$ !s(!ll'$ H+er'6 !(tio(sl'$ ert!inl'
Hiert!"enteL %or iertoL desde l(e,o NoO %or s(%(esto6$ &!r!teRristi!ll'$
&!r"in,l'$ &ee9il'$ &eer#(ll'$ &ildis&l'$ &(rlis&l'$ ir("s%etl'$ le+erl'$
l("sil'$ o"i!ll'$ o""onl'$ o"%osedl'$ onei+!bl' Honebible"enteL
%osible"ente6$ on#identl'$ onRsider!tel'$ onRte"%tibl'$ on+enientl'$ ordi!ll'$
orretl'$ /(ite orretl' Hon tod! l! r!z3n6$ o(Rr!,eo(sl'$ o(rteo(sl'$ r!#til'$
r!ssl'$ r!zil'$ redibl'$ riti!ll' HrFti!"enteL en tono des%eti+o6$ r(del'$
r(ell'$ (nnin,l'$ (rio(sl'$ 'ni!ll'$ d!rin,l'$ deReit#(ll'$ deentl'$ de#initel' Hsin
d(d! Nen (!l/(ier %osii3n en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M en ne,!ti+!
s3lo ! %rini%io o detrs del s(.eto o detrs del s(.eto ' del +erbo !(-ili!r %ero
del!nte de UnotVM en interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! detrs del s(.eto o detrs del s(.eto ' del
+erbo !(-ili!r %ero del!nte de UnotVOL !be l! %osibilid!d de /(e no N! "it!d detrs
de UnotV o !l #in!l detrs de (n +erbo nor"!lO6$ deli!tel'$ deli,&t#(ll'$ des%er!tel'$
dis!,ree!bl'$ dis!%%ointin,l'$ disRo(rteo(sl'$ disRreetl'$ disR,r!e#(ll'$
disR,(stin,l'$ disR&onestl'$ dist(rbin,l'$ do(bt#(ll' Hsin on+ii3nL on reser+!L on
reelo6$ dre!d#(ll'$ d("bl'$ e!,erl'$ eeril'$ enter%risin,l'$ essenti!ll'$ e+identl'$
e+ill'$ e-tr!ordin!ril'$ e-Rtr!+!,!ntl'$ #!Retio(sl'$ #!irl'$ #ool&!rdil'$ #oolis&l'$
#ore#(ll'$ #ort(n!tel'$ #r!n9l'$ /(ite #r!n9l'$ #ri+olo(sl'$ ,!ll!ntl'$ ,enero(sl'$
,entl'$ ,entl' b(t #ir"l'$ ,r!io(sl'$ ,r!te#(ll'$ ,r!+el'$ ,reedil'$ ,roRtes/(el'$
,(tlessl'$ &!ndso"el'$ &!te#(ll'$ &el%#(ll'$ &eRroi!ll'$ &onestl' Hen serioL de
+erd!d6$ &o%e#(ll' N!l %rini%io %(ede onsider!rse olo/(i!l o +(l,!rO Hi,(!lL
/(izHs66$ &o%elessl'$ &orribl'$ &orridl'$ &("bl'$ &'%oRriti!ll'$ ide!ll'$ iRdioti!ll'$
RillI!dR+isedl'$ RillIRn!t(redl'$ iRllo,i!ll'$ iR"!,in!ti+el'$ i""!Rt(rel'$ iR""or!ll'$
i"%!tientl'$ i"R%ertinentl'$ i"R%et(o(sl'$ i"%oRlitel'$ i"%rob!bl' N+! se%!r!do %or
o"!s ! "it!dO$ i"R%ro%erl'$ i"R%ro+identl'$ i"R%r(dentl'$ i"%(dentl'$ i"R%(lsi+el'$
inonRsider!tel'$ inonRsistentl'$ inorretl'$ inredibl' H!(n/(e %!rez! inreFbleL
e-tr!)!"ente6$ inRdeentl'$ indisRreetl'$ ineR##iientl'$ inRe%tl'$ ine-R(s!bl'$
inR,enio(sl'$ inR,en(o(sl'$ inR&("!nl'$ in.(diio(sl'$ inRs!nel'$ inRsensiti+el'$
insolentl'$ inRtelli,entl'$ inRtoler!bl'$ in+ol(nt!ril'$ ironi!ll'$ irreRs%onsibl'$
iRrre+erentl'$ irrit!tin,l' H%!r! "i #!stidio N!l %rini%ioOL de #or"! irrit!nte N! "it!d o
!l #in!lO6$ .(stl'$ 9indl'$ l!(d!bl'$ "oreL "ostL /(iteL +er' li9el' H"sL "('L lo "sL
"(' %rob!ble"ente6$ loosel'$ l(9il'$ l(diro(sl'$ "!,Rn!ni"o(sl'$ "!,Rni#ientl'$
"!Rliio(sl'$ "e!nl'$ "eri#(ll'$ "et!%&ori!ll'$ "ir!(lo(sl'$ "is&ie+o(sl'$
"iser!bl'$ "'sterio(sl'$ "odestl'$ "orbidl'$ n!Ri+el'$ Rn!rro7IR"indedl'$ n!t(r!ll'
Hn!t(r!l"ente Ni %or s(%(esto N!l %rini%io o !l #in!lOL l!ro N!l %rini%ioOL on
n!t(r!lid!d NoO de #or"! n!t(r!l N! "it!d o !l #in!lOO6$ n!(,&til'$ neess!ril'$
needlessl'$ neR,let#(ll'$ nei,&bo(rl' NGBOL nei,&borl' NUSAO$ niel'$ nobl'$
nor"!ll'$ oRbedientl'$ obR.etion!bl'$ obRno-io(sl'$ ob+io(sl'$ oddl'$ o##ensi+el'$
ori,in!ll'$ ostensibl'$ %!r!do-i!ll'$ %!ssion!tel'$ %erRe%ti+el'$ %erson!ll'$
%erR+ersel'$ %ettil'$ %i,R&e!dedl'$ %l!inl'$ %le!sin,l'$ %oRlitel'$ %ossibl'
H%osible"enteL onebible"ente6$ %reRs("%t(o(sl'$ %reRtentio(sl'$ %roR#o(ndl'$
%r(dentl'$ /(!intl'$ /(eerl'$ /(estion!bl'$ /(ietl'$ r!rel' N"s (s!do del!nte del
+erbo nor"!l ' "enos (s!do entre el +erbo nor"!l ' el o"%le"ento diretoO$
r!s&l'$ re!son!bl'$ /(ite re!son!bl'$ r!t&er re!son!bl'$ re,ret#(ll'
Hl!"ent!ble"ente6$ re,rett!bl' Hl!"ent!ble"ente6$ re"!r9!bl'$ reR"issl'$
re%reR&ensibl'$ resent#(ll' Hon resenti"iento6$ reRso(re#(ll'$ reR+oltin,l'$ ri&l'$
riRdi(lo(sl'$ ri,&tl'$ /(ite ri,&tl'$ rottenl'$ r(del'$ s!dl' Hdes,r!i!d!"ente NoO
l!"ent!ble"ente N!l %rini%io$ ! "it!d o !l #in!l$ se%!r!do %or o"!O6L triste"ente
N!l #in!lO6$ s!Rt!ni!ll'$ s!(il' Hdes!r!d!"ente6$ sel#is&l'$ sensibl'$ H+er'6 serio(sl'$
s&!"e#(ll'$ s&!r%l'$ s&re7dl'$ si,ni#i!ntl'$ sinerel'$ s9il#(ll' NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL s9ill#(ll' NUSAO$ slil'$ s%ite#(ll'$ s%lendidl'$ s%ortin,l'$ stin,il'$
str!n,el'$ stritl'$ stri9in,l'$ st(%idl'$ s(btl'$ s(%er#ii!ll'$ s(rel' Nindi! "s
inertid("bre /(e Uert!inl'VO Hse,(r!"enteL W+erd!dTL %or s(%(esto NoO
iert!"ente Nestnd!r4 USA ' olo/(i!l4 GBO6$ s(r%risin,l'$ not s(r%risin,l'$
s(s%iio(sl' Hon deson#i!nz!L on reeloL s(s%i!z"ente6$ s7eetl'$ t!t#(ll'$
t&!n9#(ll' H"enos "!lL ,r!i!s ! DiosL !,r!deid!"ente6$ t&o(,&t#(ll'$
t&o(,&tlessl'$ toler!ntl'$ tr!,i!ll'$ tr(l' H+erd!der!"enteL re!l"enteL de +erd!d6$
tr(t&#(ll'$ t'%i!ll' H,ener!l"ente NoO %or re,l! ,ener!l NoO o"o s(ele o(rrir N!
%rini%io o ! "it!dOL de #or"! tF%i! N! "it!d o !l #in!lO6$ (nbelie+!bl'$
(no"#ort!bl'$ (nderst!nd!bl'$ (ne-%etedl'$ (n#!irl'$ (n#or,i+!bl'$ (n#ort(n!tel'
Hdes!#ort(n!d!"ente6$ (n,r!te#(ll'$ (n.(stl'$ (n9indl'$ (nl(9il'$ (nn!t(r!ll'
H!nor"!l"ente6$ not (nn!t(r!ll'$ (nneess!ril'$ (n/(estion!bl'
Hin(estion!ble"enteL ind(d!ble"enteL sin l(,!r ! d(d!s6$ (nre!son!bl'$ (n7isel'$
+!inl'$ +inditi+el'$ +(l,!rl'$ 7!r"l'$ 7!ste#(ll'$ 7i9edl'$ 7isel'$ 7ittil'$
7ron,l'Q$ et1$ ' !l,(nos otros o"o Q!n,ril'$ !n-io(sl'$ b!si!ll' Hbsi!"ente Ni
en dos %!l!br!sL en res("id!s (ent!sL #(nd!"ent!l"enteO6$ brie#l' Hbre+e"enteL
s(int!"ente6$ le!rl' He+idente"ente6$ on#identi!ll'$ on#(sin,l' H%!r! "!'or
on#(si3n N!l %rini%ioOL on#(s!"ente N! "it!d o !l #in!lO6$ do(btlessl' Hsin d(d!L
ind(d!ble"enteL d(dos!"ente6$ e-itedl'$ #i,(r!ti+el'$ #l!tl'$ #(rio(sl'$ ,l!dl'$
,loo"il'$ ,oodIn!t(redl'$ ,r!d(!ll'$ &!%%il' H!#ort(n!d!"ente NoO %or s(erte N!l
%rini%ioOL #eliz"ente N! "it!d o !l #in!lO6$ &el%lessl'$ &(rriedl'$ i""ensel'$ indeed
Hdesde l(e,oL +erd!der!"enteL en e#etoL de +erd!d6$ ine+it!bl'$ interestin,l'
H(rios!"ente6$ l!(,&!bl'$ liter!ll' Hde &e&o NoO %rti!"ente N!l %rini%io o !
"it!dOL liter!l"ente N! "it!d o !l #in!lO6$ "ist!9enl'$ n!rro7l'$ ner+o(sl'$ o##ii!ll'$
o"ino(sl'$ o(t7!rdl' Hen !%!rieni!L !%!rente"ente6$ %res("!bl' H%rob!ble"ente6$
%ro(dl'$ re!ll' Hre!l"ente Ni e#eti+!"enteL +erd!der!"enteM en ne,!ti+! (!ndo
+! ! "it!d de l! or!i3n entre el s(.eto ' el +erbo !(-ili!r es "s en#tio ' se
tr!d(e %or Uno h +erbo h n!d!V ' (!ndo +! entre el +erbo !(-ili!r ' UnotV es
"enos en#tio ' se tr!d(e %or Uno h +erbo h re!l"enteVO6$ re#res&in,l'$
rel(t!ntl'$ seretl'$ serenel'$ s&'l'$ silentl'$ si"%l' Hre!l"ente6$ /(ite si"%l' H"('
senill!"ente6$ slo7l'$ sole"nl'$ s(ddenl' N%(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de tie"%o
inde#inidoO$ t!itl'$ H+er'6 tent!ti+el'$ (ne!sil'$ (n&!%%il' Hdes,r!i!d!"enteL
triste"ente6$ (n"ist!9He6!bl'$ (no##ii!ll'$ +i,o(ro(sl' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
+i,oro(sl' NUSAO$ +isibl'$ 7e!ril'$ 7ell Hb(eno N!l %rini%ioOL H"('6 bien N! "it!dOL
bien N!l #in!l4 D1 ?15:O6$ R7ill'IRnill'Q$ et1 E.14 T&e' !n,ril' Nestnd!rO t&re7 t&eir
ti9ets H*o"o ,esto de en#!do tir!ron los ti/(es6M S&e !n,ril' Nestnd!rO 7!l9ed o(t
o# t&e roo" HEll! en#!d!d! s!li3 de l! &!bit!i3n6M S&e !n,ril' Nestnd!rO de"!nded
t&!t e+er'bod' 7ent &o"e HEll! e-i,i3 on en#!do /(e todos se #(er!n ! !s!6M It
loo9s$ b!si!ll'$ +er' i"%ort!nt HP!ree$ bsi!"ente$ "(' i"%ort!nte6M It loo9s$
brie#l'$ +er' i"%ort!nt HP!ree$ en res("en$ "(' i"%ort!nte6M >!t& !re#(ll'
Nestnd!rO t&e ob.ets t&!t !re "!r9ed] H\Obser+! (id!dos!"ente los ob.etos /(e
estn "!r!dos]6M T&e' !re#(ll' Nestnd!rO !n!l'sed NGBOL !n!l'zed NUSAO t&e
sit(!tion t&e' 7ere in HAn!liz!ron (id!dos!"ente l! sit(!i3n en l! /(e se
enontr!b!n6M I ert!inl' Nestnd!rOL s(re Nolo/(i!l4 USAO Rdid HDesde l(e,o NoO
Por s(%(esto /(e lo &ie6M *le!rl' Nliter!rioO$ t&!t is i"%ossible HE+idente"ente$ eso
es i"%osible6M Ee "i,&t onei+!bl' Nestnd!rO ,et so"e7&ere better in to7n Hl
%odrF! onebible"ente ir ! !l,2n l(,!r "e.or de l! i(d!d6M >&!t onei+!bl'
Nestnd!rO !n be dis(ssedT HWJ(0 %(ede dis(tirse %osible"enteT6M T&!t !n
essenti!ll' Nestnd!rO 7or9 HEso %(ede #(nion!r eseni!l"ente6M E-tr!ordin!ril'
Nliter!rioO$ t&e re#eree too9 no !tion HE-tr!)!"ente$ el rbitro no to"3 nin,(n!
"edid!6M S&e #ort(n!tel' Nestnd!rO !rri+ed on ti"e HF(e (n! s(erte %or %!rte de ell!
lle,!r %(nt(!l"ente6M Gentl'H$6 Nliter!rioO t&e !ni"!l 7ent do7n t&e stre!"
HS(!+e"ente el !ni"!l se #(e %or el ri!&(elo !b!.o6M T&e !ni"!l 7ent ,entl'
Nestnd!rO do7n t&e stre!"L do7n t&e stre!" ,entl' HEl !ni"!l se #(e s(!+e"ente
%or el ri!&(elo !b!.o6M S&e ,r!d(!ll' Nestnd!rO st!rted to st(d' HEll! e"%ez3 !
est(di!r ,r!d(!l"ente6M I donZt "ind$ &onestl' HNo "e i"%ort!$ en serioL de
+erd!d6M Eo%e#(ll' Nliter!rioO &e &!s 7on HI,(!l &!L J(izs &!'! ,!n!do 0l6M
Inredibl' Nliter!rioO$ no one &!d t&o(,&t o# it HE-tr!)!"enteL A(n/(e %!rez!
inreFble$ n!die &!bF! %ens!do en ello6M T&e' 7ere to,et&er$ inredibl' HEst!b!n
.(ntos$ !(n/(e %!rez! inreFble6M Ee 9indl' Nestnd!rO s%e!9s to e+er'bod' 7&o
listens to &i" HEs (n ,esto de !"!bilid!d /(e 0l &!ble ! todos los /(e le es(&!n6M
T&e &ild 7!s r'in,$ so n!t(r!ll' Nliter!rioO s&e 7!s 7orried HEl ni)o est!b!
llor!ndo$ !sF /(e ell! n!t(r!l"ente Ni %or s(%(estoL l!roO est!b! %reo(%!d!6M Ee
7!nts %!ssion!tel' Nestnd!rO to do so"et&in, !bo(t it Hl /(iere !%!sion!d!"ente
&!er !l,o !l res%eto6M Person!ll' Nliter!rioO$ IL I %erson!ll' Nestnd!rO belie+e t&!t
it is ri,&t HPerson!l"ente %ienso /(e est bien6M T&e t&in, %ossibl' Nestnd!rO is
o"%l!en' HL! os! se! %osible"ente !(too"%l!eni!6M *o(ld 'o( %ossibl'
Nestnd!rO ,i+e "e ! &!ndT HWPodrF!s /(izHs6 e&!r"e (n! "!noT6M mo( "(st le!rn
!s "(& !s 'o( %ossibl' Nestnd!rO !n HDebes !%render t!nto o"o %osible"ente
%(ed!s6M I# 7e %ossibl' Nestnd!rO !n HSi e+ent(!l"ente %ode"os6M S&e re!ll'
Nestnd!rO doesnZt li9e &i" HA ell! re!l"ente no le ,(st! n!d! 0l N"s en#tio '
denot! ierto odio &!i! 0lO6 ' US&e doesnZt re!ll' Nestnd!rO li9e &i"V HA ell! no le
,(st! re!l"ente 0l Ni le ,(st! %ooO6M Ee seretl' Nestnd!rO !,reed to ,i+e t&e" !ll
t&e "one' Hl en sereto !ord3 d!rles todo el dinero6M Si,ni#i!ntl' Nliter!rioO$ s&e
didnZt o"e HSor%rendente"ente$ ell! no +ino6M S(rel' Nliter!rioO$ &eZd be &!%%'
7it& it HPor s(%(estoL Desde l(e,o$ ! 0l le en!nt!rF!6M S(rel' Nliter!rioO t&ere "(st
be so"e7&ere 7e !n ,o HTiene /(e &!ber !l,2n sitio donde %od!"os ir$ W+erd!dTL
Se,(ro /(e debe de &!ber !l,2n sitio donde %od!"os ir6M A4 Ee s!id Ht&!t6 &e 7!s
le!+in, Hl di.o /(e se "!r&!b!61 B4 S(rel' Nestnd!rO not HNo$ W+erd!dT6M mo( !re
not ,oin, to b(' it$ s(rel'T HNo +!s ! o"%r!rlo$ W+erd!dT6M ItZs ! s(ess$ s(rel'
HEs (n 0-ito$ %or s(%(estoL desde l(e,o6M Un#ort(n!tel' Nliter!rioO$ I !nZt &el% 'o(
HDes!#ort(n!d!"ente$ no %(edo !'(d!rte6M Ee is (n#ort(n!tel' Nestnd!rO 'o(n,er
Hl es des!#ort(n!d!"ente "s .o+en6M >ell$ !s I 7!s s!'in, HB(eno$ o"o est!b!L
ib! diiendo6M Ee "i,&t 7ell o"e Hl %odrF! "(' bien +enir61
Q*ert!inl'$ de#initel'$ &onestl'$ %rob!bl'$ si,ni#i!ntl'$ si"%l'$ st(%idl'$ 7isel'Q$
s(elen ir del!nte del +erbo !(-ili!r en ne,!ti+!1 E.14 mo( ert!inl' didnZt e!t "(&
HT( iert!"ente no o"iste "(&o6M Ee ert!inl' &!snZt !n' "one' Hl iert!"ente
no tiene dinero6M Ee de#initel' isnZt o"in, NoO EeZs de#initel' not o"in, HSin
l(,!r ! d(d! 0l no +! ! +enir6L EeZs not de#initel' o"in, NoO o"in, de#initel'
H*!be l! %osibilid!d de /(e 0l no +en,!L No es +erd!d de #or"! onl('ente /(e 0l
+!H'!6 !6 ! +enirL No es !te,3ri!"ente +erd!d /(e 0l +!H'!6 ! +enir6M Ee de#initel'
7!snZt interested Hl sin d(d! no est!b! interes!do6M I &onestl' Nestnd!rO donZt !re
HFr!n!"enteL De +erd!d no "e i"%ort!6M mo( %rob!bl' donZt e!t "(&
HProb!ble"ente no o"!s "(&o6M T&e "ot&er$ si,ni#i!ntl' Nestnd!rO$ didnZt
o"e HL! "!dre$ sor%rendente"ente$ no +ino6M T&!t si"%l' didnZtL did not &!%%en
HEsoL A/(ello si"%le"ente no o(rri36M Ee st(%idl' Nestnd!rO doesnZt s!' !n't&in,
Hl$ o"o es est2%ido$ no die n!d!6M Ee (n#ort(n!tel' Nestnd!rO "!' not !rri+e on
ti"e HDes!#ort(n!d!"ente %(ede /(e 0l lle,(e t!rde6$ %ero UEe "!' (n#ort(n!tel'
Nestnd!rO not !rri+e on ti"eV HP(ede /(e 0l des!#ort(n!d!"ente no lle,(e
%(nt(!l"ente6M Ee 7isel' Nestnd!rO doesnZt s!' !n't&in, Hl s!bi!"ente no die
n!d!61
El !d+erbio U%res("!bl'V %(ede ir en ne,!ti+! bien del!nte del +erbo !(-ili!r bien
entre el +erbo !(-ili!r ' UnotV on el "is"o si,ni#i!do$ i,(!l /(e U%rob!bl'V de
?1B1=151 E.14 Ee %res("!bl' Nestnd!rO 7onZt see 'o(L Ee 7ill %res("!bl'
Nestnd!rO not see 'o( Hl no te +er %rob!ble"ente61
Sin e"b!r,o$ el +erbo UbeV en ne,!ti+! (!ndo es +erbo nor"!l %(ede lle+!r el
!d+erbio del!nte o entre el +erbo ' UnotV1 E.14 T&!t si"%l' isnZt tr(eL T&!t is si"%l'
not tr(e HEsoL A/(ello si"%le"ente no es +erd!d61
*(!ndo se (s! (n !d.eti+o o !d+erbio del!nte de QindeedQ se s(ele %oner U+er'V
del!nte del !d.eti+o o !d+erbioM se %(ede (s!r QindeedQ t!"bi0n detrs del +erbo
!(-ili!rM se %(ede %oner el !d+erbio QindeedQ en !#ir"!ti+! !l #in!l (!ndo +! detrs
de Q+er'Q h !d.eti+o$ Q+er' littleQ h no"bre$ Q+er' "(&Q$ Q+er' "(&Q h no"bre$
%ero no se %(ede %oner detrs de (n !d.eti+o no %reedido de Q+er'Q$ detrs de QsoQ
h !d.eti+o$ Qso littleQ h no"bre$ Qso "(&Q h no"bre1 E.14 ItZs +er' &e!% indeed HEs
"(' b!r!to +erd!der!"ente6M T&e' !re indeed 7orried !bo(t it HEstn re!l"ente
%reo(%!dos %or ello6M T&ereZs +er' little indeed HE!' "(' %oo +erd!der!"ente61
QIndeedQ %(ede &!er t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio onetor on distinto
si,ni#i!do1 QLi9el'Q s(ele ir detrs del +erbo QbeQ1
UDe#initel'L #ort(n!tel'L #r!n9l'L &onestl'L re!ll'L s!dl' N%(ede ser t!"bi0n
!d+erbio de !ntid!d4 D1;1:51:OL si"%l'L /(ite si"%l'L t'%i!ll'V %(eden
onsider!rse t!"bi0n !d+erbios e%ist0"ios1
QPerson!ll'Q %(ede onsider!rse t!"bi0n (n !d+erbio de %(nto de +ist!1
2+ De punto de vista" s(elen ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n$ nor"!l"ente se%!r!dos
%or (n! o"!$ o !l #in!l de l! or!i3n$ nor"!l"ente se%!r!dos %or (n! o"!M !
+ees$ t!"bi0n ! "it!d de l! or!i3n$ se%!r!dos %or o"!sM nor"!l"ente no se
%(eden %oner en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+! (!ndo se (s!n de est! #or"!M
pueden terminar en"
a+ 5l" se les %(ede !)!dir Us%e!9in,M se %(ede %oner t!"bi0n Uloo9ed !t h !d+erbio
ter"in!do en Il'V o U#ro" ! h !d.eti+o orres%ondiente h Q%oint o# +ie7VM %(eden ir
del!nte de (n !d.eti+oM si +!n ! "it!d o !l #in!l no se%!r!dos %or o"!Hs6$ son
!d+erbios de "odo$ %ero si +!n !l #in!l se,(idos de Qs%e!9in,Q se%!r!dos o no %or
o"!Hs6$ son !d+erbios de %(nto de +ist!M los "s i"%ort!ntes son4 !est&eti!ll'
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL est&eti!ll' NUSAO$ !nt&ro%olo,i!ll'$ !r&itet(r!ll'$
!rtisti!ll'$ biolo,i!ll'$ &e"i!ll'$ o""eri!ll'$ (lt(r!ll'$ eolo,i!ll'$
eono"i!ll'$ e"otion!ll'$ en+iron"ent!ll'$ et&i!ll'$ et&ni!ll'$ #in!ni!ll'$
,eo,r!%&i!ll'$ &istori!ll'$ &("!nl'$ ide!ll' H! ser %osibleL en el "e.or de los
!sos6$ ideolo,i!ll'$ intellet(!ll'$ le,!ll'$ lin,(isti!ll'$ lo,i!ll'$ "e&!ni!ll'$
"ent!ll'$ "or!ll'$ %&'si!ll'$ %oliti!ll'$ %s'&olo,i!ll'$ r!i!ll'$ s&ol!sti!ll'$
sienti#i!ll'$ se-(!ll'$ soi!ll'$ s%irit(!ll'$ st!tisti!ll'$ s(%er#ii!ll'$ te&ni!ll'$
te&nolo,i!ll'$ t&eoreti!ll'$ tr!dition!ll'$ +is(!ll'$ et1 E.14 Eono"i!ll'
Hs%e!9in,6L Loo9ed !t eono"i!ll'L Fro" !n eono"i %oint o# +ie7$ it is !
dis!ster HEon3"i!"ente H&!bl!ndo6L Si se "ir! eon3"i!"enteL Desde (n
%(nto de +ist! eon3"io$ es (n des!stre6M mo( 7ill ne+er st!tisti!ll' #ind o(t &o7
to do it HN(n! !+eri,(!rs est!dFsti!"ente 3"o &!erlo6M Tr!dition!ll' t&e'
drin9 "il9 in t&e "ornin, HTr!diion!l"ente beben le&e %or l! "!)!n!61 D1 81;=$
8155?
Los !d+erbios de !tit(d Qbl(ntl'$ on#identi!ll'$ #i,(r!ti+el'$ #r!n9l'$ &onestl'$
o##ii!ll'$ %erson!ll'$ serio(sl'$ s(r%risin,l'$ (no##ii!ll'Q$ et1$ %(eden &!er
t!"bi0n l! #(ni3n de !d+erbios de %(nto de +ist!1
b+ 5,ise7 e/(i+!len ! U7it& re#erene to t&eV h no"bre ' se tr!d(en o"o Qon
re#ereni! !L desde el %(nto de +ist! de h el !rtF(lo deter"in!do h no"breQM !l
%rini%io se s(elen %oner on ,(i3n %ero on el (so des!%!ree el ,(i3nM !l,(nos de
ellos son4 br!inHI67ise$ b(sinessHI67ise$ &!r"HI67ise$ "one'7ise$ %rie7ise$
%ro#itHI67ise$ %ro,r!"HI67ise$ st!t(sHI67ise$ t!lentHI67ise$ +oteHI67ise$
7e!t&erHI67iseQ$ et1 E.14 B(sinessHI67ise$ it is %ro#it!ble H*on re#ereni! !L Desde
el %(nto de +ist! de los ne,oiosL En (!nto ! los ne,oios se re#iere$ es rent!ble6$
et1
Al,(nos se (s!n s3lo en in,l0s +(l,!r !l %rini%io %ero on el (so ter"in!n
!e%tndose4 s!les7ise$ t!-7ise$ et1
E!' t!"bi0n !d+erbios de "odo /(e ter"in!n en I7ise1 D1 ?18?1:
8+ Conectores 44adverbial+ con%uncts# lin1ers# lin1ing ad%uncts# lin1ing
adverb4ial+s# sentence connectors# discourse mar1ers# con%unctive adverbs#
connecting adverbs# common independent mar1ers# adverbial con%unctions+"
%(eden %onerse ! %rini%io$ nor"!l"ente$ ' en in,l0s liter!rio "(&os t!"bi0n !
"it!d ' !l #in!l de l! or!i3nM si +!n !l #in!l +!n se%!r!dos %or (n! o"!
nor"!l"enteM (!ndo +!n !l #in!l e-%res!n (n! es%eie de %ens!"iento t!rdFoM
&!en l! #(ni3n de ne-o entre dos or!iones o en(ni!dosM se re#ieren ! !l,o di&o
en (n! or!i3n !nterior$ "ientr!s /(e los !d+erbios de "od!lid!d noM estos
!d+erbios se ll!"!n onetores %or/(e se %!reen ! l!s on.(nionesM se distin,(en
de l!s on.(niones %or/(e l!s on.(niones +!n nees!ri!"ente del!nte de l!
or!i3n oordin!d! o s(bordin!d! /(e introd(z!n$ %ero los !d+erbios onetores
%(eden ir ,ener!l"ente t!"bi0n ! "it!d ' !l #in!l de l! or!i3nM &!' !l,(n!s
on.(niones s(bordin!d!s /(e %(eden no ir !l %rini%io %ero no %(eden ir n(n! !l
#in!l de l! or!i3n o"o los !d+erbios onetoresM los !d+erbios onetores %(eden
ir %reedidos de (n! on.(ni3n oordin!d! o"o U!nd$ or$ b(tV4 Ee o(ld &!+e
o"e$ !nd 'et &e didnZt do it Hl %(do &!ber +enido '$ sin e"b!r,o$ no lo &izo6$
"ientr!s /(e l!s on.(niones oordin!d!s no %(eden ir %reedid!s de (n!
on.(ni3n oordin!d! o"o U!ndVM "(&!s on.(niones s(bordin!d!sL
s(bordin!ntes +!n se,(id!s de l! or!i3n s(bordin!d!$ %ero l! or!i3n %rini%!l
%(ede ir del!nte de l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! o detrs$ "ientr!s /(e los !d+erbios
onetores tienen /(e ir detrs de l! %ri"er! or!i3nM los !d+erbios onetores
%(eden (nir sol!"ente dos or!iones si"%les$ o"%(est!s o o"%le.!sM l!s
on.(niones s(bordin!d!s %(eden (nir sol!"ente dos or!iones ' l!s on.(niones
oordin!d!s %(eden (nir dos o "s or!iones si"%les inde%endientesM los !d+erbios
onetores %(eden ir !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n %rini%!l /(e +!'! detrs de (n!
or!i3n s(bordin!d!M los !d+erbios onetores no se %(eden %oner solos en (n!
or!i3n '! /(e &!en de one-i3n entre dos or!ionesM no %(eden ir oordin!dos
"ientr!s /(e l!s on.(niones sFM el s(.eto no se %(ede s(%ri"ir detrs de los
!d+erbios onetores e-e%to Qso$ t&en$ 'etQ4 S&e didnZt st(d'$ 'et Hs&e6 %!ssed HEll!
no est(di3M sin e"b!r,o$ !%rob36 o (!ndo el !d+erbio onetor +! %reedido de
(n! on.(ni3n4 T&e' !te ! lot$ !nd ne+ert&eless Ht&e'6 7ere &(n,r' H*o"ieron
"(&o '$ sin e"b!r,oL no obst!nte$ tenF!n &!"bre6M %(ede &!ber "s de (n
!d+erbio onetor en (n! sol! or!i3nM %(eden ir on (n i"%er!ti+oM los "s
i"%ort!ntes son4 !ordin, to &i"$ !ordin,l' H%or lo t!ntoL %or onsi,(iente6$
!ddition!ll'$ !& H!&6$ !ll t&e s!"e Hde tod!s #or"!s6$ !lso H!de"s6$ !ltern!ti+el'
H%or otr! %!rteL o bien6$ !nd so Hon/(e6$ !n'&o7 Nolo/(i!lO Hde tod!s #or"!sL de
todos "odos6$ !n'7!' Hb(enoL de tod!s #or"!s6$ !%!rt #ro" t&isL t&!t H!%!rte de
estoL eso NoO !/(ello6$ !s ! onse/(ene$ !s ! res(lt H%or onsi,(ienteL %or ende6$ !s
o"%!red to &er Ho"%!r!do on ell!6$ !s #!r !s I !"L &eL s&e is onerned Hen lo
/(e se re#iere ! "FL 0lL ell!6$ !s #orL !s re,!rdsL !s to t&is Hen (!nto ! esto6$ !s it
7ere H"s o "enos6$ !s 7ell !s t&!t H!de"s de eso6$ !side #ro" t&!t H!%!rteL
!de"s de eso6$ !t R!ll e+ents$ !t R!n' r!te$ !t t&e s!"e Rti"e$ be!(se o# t&isL t&!t
Hdebido ! estoL eso NoO !/(ello6$ besides N%(ede ser t!"bi0n %re%osii3n4 D1 @1@1<BO
H!de"sL t!"bi0n6$ better$ b(t t&en H%ero entones6$ b' ontr!st$ b' t&e s!"e to9en$
b' t&is "e!ns Hde est! "!ner!6$ b' 7!' o# o"%!rison$ b' 7!' o# ontr!st$ b' t&e
7!' H! %ro%3sito6$ onse/(entl' Honse(ente"ente6$ ontr!ri7ise$ on+ersel'$
orres%ondin,l'$ des%ite t&isL t&!t H! %es!r de estoL eso NoO !/(ello6$ ei,&t&Hl'6$ else
N%(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de !ntid!dO Hsi noL de otr! #or"!6$ e/(!ll' H!l "is"o
tie"%o6$ e/(!ll' i"%ort!nt$ e+en so$ e+ent(!ll'$ #i#t&Hl'6$ #in!ll'$ #irst N"s (s!doOL
#irstl' H%ri"eroL %ri"er!"ente6$ #irst !nd #ore"ost$ #irst !nd "ost i"%ort!ntHl'6$ #irst
o# !ll H!ntes de n!d!6$ #or R!ll t&!t$ #or e-!"%le No !bre+i!do o"o Ue1,1L e, NGBOL
e,1 NGBOVO H%or e.e"%lo6$ #or inst!ne Nliter!rioO H%or e.e"%lo6$ #or ! st!rt
Nolo/(i!lO H%!r! e"%ez!r6$ #or one t&in, Hen %ri"er l(,!rL %!r! e"%ez!r6$ #or t&is
re!son H%or est! r!z3n6$ #o(rt&Hl'6$ #(rt&erH"ore6 H!de"s6$ &ene Nliter!rioO H%or lo
t!ntoL %or onsi,(iente6$ &ereb' Nliter!rioO H%or esto6$ &o7e+er Nno se %(ede (s!r en
(n! or!i3n /(e e"%iee %or U!lt&o(,&L t&o(,& Nolo/(i!lOL e+en t&o(,&VO Hsin
e"b!r,oL no obst!nte6$ i# so Hde ser !sFL si es !sF6$ in ! 7ord$ in !ddition H!de"s6$
H!ll6 in !ll$ in R!n' !se$ in t&!t !se Hen ese !so6$ inL b' o"%!rison H7it& &i"6$ in
onl(sion Hen onl(si3n6$ in onse/(ene$ inL b' ontr!st Hen o"%!r!i3nL %or
ontr!ste6$ in H!ll6 essenti!ls Heseni!l"ente6$ in R!n' e+ent$ in t&!t e+ent Hen ese
!so6$ in t&e #irstL seondL t&ird %l!e Hen %ri"erL se,(ndoL terer l(,!r6$ in ot&er
7ords Hen otr!s %!l!br!s6$ in %!rti(l!r$ in t&e s!"e 7!'$ in t&e seondL t&ird %l!e
Hen se,(ndoL terer l(,!r6$ in s&ort$ in s%ite o# it H!ll6$ in s%ite o# t&!t$ in s(" Hen
res("enL en res("id!s (ent!s6$ in t&e s!"e 7!'$ inident!ll' H%or iertoL !
%ro%3sitoL !s(!l"ente6$ indeed Hes "s6$ inste!d$ l!stHl'6$ l!st b(t not le!st$ l!st o#
!ll$ li9e7ise Ht!"bi0nL !de"sL !sF "is"o6$ "e!n7&ileL Hin t&e6 "e!nti"e H"ientr!s
t!nto6$ "ore !(r!tel'$ "oreo+er H!de"s6$ "ore %reisel'$ n!"el' No !bre+i!do
o"o Q+izQO Honret!"enteL ! s!ber6$ neit&er Ht!"%oo6$ ne+ert&eRless Hsin
e"b!r,oL no obst!nte6$ ne-t$ nint&Hl'6$ nonet&elessL none t&e less Hsin e"b!r,oL no
obst!nte6$ nor$ not7it&st!ndin, Nliter!rioO$ no7$ no7 t&en Hb(enoL +!"os ! +erL
(id!do6$ o& H!&6$ o& 7ell H!& b(eno6$ o9!'$ on !o(nt o# t&is Hdebido ! esto6$ on
t&e ontr!r'L to t&e ontr!r' NUSAO H!l ontr!rioL %or el ontr!rio6$ on t&e one &!nd
H%or (n! %!rte6$ on t&e ot&er &!nd H%or otr! %!rte6$ on to% o# it !llL on to% o# H!ll6 t&!t
Nolo/(i!lesO Heni"!L %!r! ol"oL o"o si eso #(er! %oo6$ on t&e 7&ole Hen
,ener!l6$ onl' H%eroL no obst!nte6$ ori,in!ll'$ ot&er7ise Nno %(ede ir %reedido de
QorQO Hsi noL %or lo de"sL !%!rte de eso6$ o7in, to t&is Hdebido ! esto6$ %re#er!bl'
H%re#erente"ente6$ %(t !not&er 7!' Hdi&o de otr! "!ner!6$ /(ite t&e ontr!r'L /(ite
t&e re+erse Htodo lo ontr!rio6$ r!t&er H"s bienL !l ontr!rio6$ ri,&t$ seondHl'6$
se+ent&Hl'6$ si"il!rl' Hdel "is"o "odoL !sF "is"o6$ si-t&Hl'6$ so Ns3lo +! !l
%rini%io de l! or!i3nO H!sF /(e6$ so t&en Ns3lo +! !l %rini%io de l! or!i3nO H!sF
%(es6$ so"e&o7 Hno s0 %or /(06$ s%ei#i!ll'$ still Hsin e"b!r,oL de todos "odosL
!(n !sF6$ s(bse/(entl' H%osterior"ente6$ t&!t is Hto s!'6 No !bre+i!do o"o Qi1e1QO Hes
deir6$ t&en Hentones6$ Ht&en6 !,!inL Ht&ere6 !,!in H%or otr! %!rteL %or otro l!doL
t!"bi0n6$ t&ereRb' Nliter!rioO H%or esoL %or ese "edio6$ Rt&ere#ore LRSee#o4L NGBO
' LRSeHe6r#o4rL NUSAO H%or Hlo6 t!ntoL %or onsi,(iente6$ t&ere(R%on NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL Rt&ere(%on NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nliter!rioO H%or lo t!ntoL eni"!
de esoL l(e,o6$ t&irdHl'6$ t&o(,& Hsin e"b!r,o6$ H!nd6 t&(s Nliter!rioO HH'6 !sF6$ 7ell
no7L 7ell t&en Hb(eno entones6$ 7&!t is "ore$ 7&ene Hde !&F6$ 7&ere(R%on
Nliter!rioO HentonesL on lo (!l6$ 7it& re#erene to t&is Hre#erente ! esto6$ 7orse$ 'et
Hsin e"b!r,o6$ 'o( 9no7 HWs!bes H(n! os!6TL o'eL We&T6$ et1 E.14 An'7!'$ 7&!t
&!%%enedT HDe tod!s #or"!s$ W/(0 o(rri3T6M S&e is 7or9in,M &o7e+er$ s&e is !lso
st(d'in,L s&e is$ &o7e+er$ !lso st(d'in,L s&e is !lso st(d'in,$ &o7e+er HEll! est
tr!b!.!ndoM no obst!nte NoO sin e"b!r,o$ ell! est est(di!ndo t!"bi0nL ell! est$ no
obst!nte NoO sin e"b!r,o$ est(di!ndo t!"bi0nL ell! est est(di!ndo t!"bi0n$ no
obst!nte NoO sin e"b!r,o6M T&ere !re$ &o7e+er$ ot&er %ossibilities HE!'$ no obst!nte$
otr!s %osibilid!des6M T&e sit(!tion didnZt i"%ro+e$ indeed it ,ot 7orse HL! sit(!i3n
no "e.or3M es "s$ e"%eor36M Ee didnZt t!9e %!rt !nd neit&erL nor NGB
%rini%!l"enteO did Rs&e Hl no to"3 %!rte ' ell! t!"%oo6M S&e didnZt see it !nd
neit&erL nor NGB %rini%!l"enteO did RI HEll! no lo +io ' 'o t!"%oo6M S&e doesnZt
sin, b(t neit&erL nor NGB %rini%!l"enteO does R&e HEll! no !nt! %ero 0l t!"%oo6M
S&e didnZt !e%t itM Hb(t6 nor NGB %rini%!l"enteOL neit&er o(ld s&e re.et it HEll!
no lo !e%t3M H%ero6 t!"%oo %odF! ell! re&!z!rlo6M T&e' &!+enZtL donZt &!+e H!n'6
ti"eM H!nd6 neit&erL nor NGB %rini%!l"enteO &!+e R7eL do R7e HNo tienen Hn!d! de6
tie"%oM H'6 nosotrHos$ !s6 t!"%oo6M Neit&er does s&e disri"in!te HEll! no
disri"in! t!"%oo6M Neit&erL Nor NGB %rini%!l"enteO do RI Ni I donZt eit&erO Hmo
t!"%oo6M A4 I donZt s"o9e HNo #("o61 B1 Me$ neit&er Nolo/(i!lOL Nor "e
Nolo/(i!lOL I 111 not eit&er Hmo t!"%oo6M A4 Ee didnRt see &er Hl no l! +io61 B4 Nor
"e Nolo/(i!lO Ni Ee did not see "e eit&erO HA "F t!"%ooL Ni ! "F6M Pl!'
o(tside]M onl' donZt ,o into t&e street] H\j(e,! #(er!]M \no obst!nte$L %ero no s!l,!s !
l! !lle]6M In s&ort$ it is 7ort& it HEn (n! %!l!br!$ +!le l! %en!6M T&e no+el 7!s
7ritten in t&!t o(ntr'$ 7&ene t&e title HL! no+el! #(e esrit! en eseL !/(el %!Fs$ de
!&F el tFt(lo6M Alt&o(,& s&e 7!s 'o(n,$ still s&e ,ot tired HA(n/(e ell! er! .o+en$ sin
e"b!r,o se !ns!b!61
UAordin,l'V %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de "odo (!ndo +! !l #in!l de l!
or!i3n1 D1 ?1B15
QAn'7!'Q %(ede ser de "od!lid!d t!"bi0nM Qnor$ so$ 'etQ +!n s3lo !l %rini%ioM
Qt&o(,&Q +! ! "it!d o !l #in!l de l! or!i3n ' %(ede ser t!"bi0n on.(ni3n1 D1
B15?1=
Los !d+erbios de orden Q#irstL #irstl'$ seondL seondl'$ t&irdL t&irdl'Q$ et1$ s(elen ir
!l %rini%io o !l #in!l1 E.14 First &e !te HPri"ero o"i3 0l6M Ee !te #irst Hl o"i3
%ri"ero61
?15C1I &os adverbios de modo, de lugar, de tiempo, de frecuencia, de cantidad$
son Q!d.(ntsL ir("st!ne !d+erbi!lsQ ' se caracteri)an generalmente por4
*+ Koder ir en oraciones enunciativas negativas en contraste con otro adverbio.
E.14 T&e' donZt !l7!'s o"e b(t t&e' o"e o#ten HNo +ienen sie"%re %ero +ienen !
"en(do61
2+ Oo poder ponerse normalmente al principio de una oracin enunciativa
negativa1 Sin e"b!r,o$ !l,(nos !d+erbios de l(,!r /(e indi!n %osii3n o"o
Qindoors$ ne!rb'Q$ et$ !l,(nos !d+erbios de #re(eni! inde#inid! o"o Qb!rel'$
,ener!ll'$ &!rdl'$ nor"!ll'$ o!sion!ll'$ o#ten$ r!rel'$ seldo"$ (s(!ll'Q$ et1$ sF
%(eden ir !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n en(ni!ti+! ne,!ti+!1
2+ Koder ir seguidos de ;or< D otro adverbio en oraciones interrogativas. E.14
Did &e o"e e!rl' or l!teT HWDino 0l te"%r!no o t!rdeT61
-+ Gndicar algo 'ue no es opcional. Sin e"b!r,o$ los !d+erbios de "od!lid!d
Hdis.(nts6$ los !d+erbios onetores Hon.(nts6 se !r!teriz!n %or lo ontr!rio$ es
deir4
!6 No %oder ir en or!iones en(ni!ti+!s ne,!ti+!s en ontr!ste on otro !d+erbio1
b6 Poder %onerse !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n en(ni!ti+! ne,!ti+!1 E.14 *ert!inl' &e
isnZt br!+e H*iert!"ente 0l no es +!liente6M Eo7e+er$ s&e isnZt tr'in, HNo obst!nte$
ell! no lo est intent!ndo61
6 No %oder ir se,(idos de UorV h otro !d+erbio en or!iones interro,!ti+!s1
d6 Indi!r !l,o /(e es o%ion!l1
Los !d+erbios de ;18?$ ;1:5$ ?1:=$ ?1;5$ son re!l"ente di#erentes de los !d+erbios de
?15C %or/(e "odi#i!n H!6 (n !d.eti+o$ (n !d+erbio o (n no"bre %reedido de Ut&eV
o (n !rtF(lo indeter"in!do h !d.eti+o o de (n !d.eti+o de"ostr!ti+oL %osesi+oL
inde#inido h !d+erbio h !d.eti+o$ %ero no H!6 (n +erbo o H!6 tod! (n! or!i3n1
Los !d+erbios de !ntid!d !%ro-i"!ti+os ' #o!liz!dores de ?15? %(eden #(nion!r
o"o los !d+erbios de ?15C !l,(n!s +ees %ero otr!s +ees no1
?1551I Aa muc/os adverbios 'ue pueden usarse solos para su4b+stituir a una
frase u oracin Hsentene s(bstit(tes6M %(eden ir !o"%!)!dos de otro !d+erbioM
UnotV +! sie"%re !ent(!do (!ndo +! detrs de (no de estos !d+erbios %ero no
(!ndo +! del!nte de ellosM U'esV %(ede ir del!nte o detrs de (no de estos
!d+erbiosM entre ellos se en(entr!n4 los interro,!ti+os$ los !d+erbios "od!les$ los
de tie"%o$ los de l(,!r$ los de #re(eni!$ "(&os !d+erbios de !ntid!d$ l! "!'or
%!rte de los de "od!lid!d4 !bro!d$ !bsol(tel' H%or s(%(esto6$ R!bsol(tel' Rnot H%or
s(R%(esto /(e RnoL de nin,(n! "!Rner!6$ ! little$ !ll ri,&t Nestnd!rOL !lri,&t
Nolo/(i!lO Hde !(erdoL +!le6$ !l"ost$ !lre!d'$ !l7!'s$ !%%!rentl' Heso %!ree6$
!R%%!rentl' Rnot H%!Rree /(e Rno6$ !t l!st$ !7#(ll'$ !797!rdl'$ b!9]$ b' !ll "e!ns$
!l"l'$ !re#(ll'$ !relessl'$ ert!inl'$ Rert!inl' Rnot HRl!ro /(e Rno6$ le!rl'$ le+erl'$
o"#ort!bl'$ o"%letel'$ ontin(!ll'$ orretl'$ deidedl'$ de#initel' Hse,(ro6$
Rde#initel' Rnot HseR,(ro /(e Rno6$ do(btless$ do7n]$ e!rl'$ e!sil'$ eno(,&$ eRssenti!ll'
Rnot$ e+er' Hot&er6 d!'$ e+er'7&ere$ e-!tl'$ e-tre"el'$ #!irl'$ #!irl' 7ell$ #irst$
#oolis&l'$ #ort(n!tel'$ #re/(entl'$ ,l!dl'$ &!%%il'$ &!rdl'$ &!rdl' e+er$ &ere$ &onestl'T$
&ono(r!bl' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL &onor!bl' NUSAO$ &o7T$ i""edi!tel'$ indeed$
indeed RnotL no indeed$ indiretl'$ inside$ .(st no7$ .(st so$ l!r,el'$ l!st$ l!te$ l!tel'$
l!ter$ l!ter on$ less$ li,&tl'$ liter!ll'T$ l(9il'$ "!'be$ R"!'be Rnot$ "ont&l'$ "ostl'$
n!t(r!ll'$ ne!rl'$ ne!rl' !l7!'s$ neess!ril'$ needlessl'$ ne+er$ ne-t$ niel'$ ni,&tl'$
no Nestnd!rOL no%e Nolo/(i!lO$ no do(bt$ nobl'$ not !bsol(tel' Hno !bsol(t!"ente6$
not !,!in$ not !l7!'s$ not !t !ll Hen !bsol(to6$ not ! ,re!t de!l Hno "(&oL
de"!si!do6M not !t t&e "o"entL !t t&e "o"ent$ noM not es%ei!ll' Nestnd!rO$ not
e-!tl'$ not ,ener!ll'L ,ener!ll' not$ not &ere$ not "(&$ not no7$ not on !n'
!o(nt$ not %!rti(l!rl'$ not /(ite Hno e-!t!"ente6$ not re!ll'$ not s%ei!ll'
Nolo/(i!lO$ not (no""onl' Hon iert! #re(eni!6$ not (s(!ll' Hnor"!l"ente no6$
not +er' Hno "(&o6$ not 'et$ no7$ no7&ere$ obedientl'$ Rob+io(sl' Rnot$
o!sion!ll'$ o# o(rse$ o# Ro(rse Rnot$ o#ten$ OH16AH16L o9!' Hde !(erdoL +!le6$
one$ one ! 7ee9$ o(tside]$ %!rtl'$ %!tientl'$ %er#etl'$ %erR&!%s Rnot$ %l!inl'$
%olitel'$ %ossibl'$ R%ossibl' Rnot$ %r!ti!ll'$ %reisel'$ %resentl'$ %res("!bl'
Hs(%on,oL "e i"!,ino6$ %rob!bl'$ R%rob!bl' Rnot$ R%rob!bl' R'es$ /(i9l'$ /(ietl'$
/(iteL /(ite so NGBO He-!t!"ente6$ r!rel'$ re!ll'T$ re!son!bl' Hno "(' "!l6$
reentl'$ re,(l!rl'$ ri,&t Hb(eno6$ r(del'$ s!#el'$ s!tis#!toril'$ s!rel'$ s!rel' e+er$
see"in,l' Heso %!ree6$ seldo"$ sel#is&l'$ sensibl'$ se%!r!tel'$ serio(sl'T$ s&!r%l'$
s&ortl'$ sinerel'$ sli,&tl'$ slo7l'$ s"oot&l'$ so$ so #!r$ so#tl'$ so"e d!'$ so"eti"es$
so"e7&ere$ soon$ soon !#ter$ sooner or l!ter$ sort o#$ so(ndl'$ ste!dil'$ sti##l'$
stron,l'$ s(ess#(ll'$ s(ddenl'$ s(##iientl'$ s(re NUSA4 estnd!r ' GB4 olo/(i!lO
H%or s(%(esto6$ s(rel' NUSA4 estnd!r ' GB4 olo/(i!lO H%or s(%(esto6$ s(rel' not$
s7i#tl'$ t!ste#(ll'$ tenderl'$ terribl'$ t&ere$ t&oro(,&l'$ ti,&tl'$ tod!'$ to,et&er$
to"orro7$ toni,&t$ tr(l'T$ tr(t&#(ll'T$ t7ie$ (nR#ort(n!tel' Rnot$ (%side do7n$
(%st!irs$ (% to no7$ (r,entl'$ (s(!ll'$ (tterl'$ +er'$ +er' "(&$ +er' 7ell$ 7!r"l'$
7ee9l'$ 7ell$ 7&ereT$ 7&'T$ 7il#(ll' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL 7ill#(ll' NUSAO$
7illin,l'$ 7it&o(t /(estion Hsin d(d!6$ 7onder#(ll'$ 7ron,l'$ '!& Nolo/(i!lOL 'e!
Nliter!rioOL 'e!& Nolo/(i!lOL 'e% Nolo/(i!lOL 'es HsF6$ 'e!rl'$ 'esterd!'$ et1M los /(e
+!n se,(idos de (n si,no de interro,!i3n s3lo se (s!n en interro,!ti+!1 E.14 A4 Are
'o( re!d'T HWEstHs6 listHo$ !661 BM mes$ .(st !bo(t HSF$ !si6M A4 Did &e do itT HWLo
&izo 0lT61 B4 Not /(ite HNo e-!t!"ente6M Not so HNo es !sF6M A4 T&!t is so Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doOL li9e t&is Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO HEsoL A/(ello es !sF61 B4 J(iteL
J(ite so HE-!t!"ente6M More t&!n li9el'L J(ite li9el' HLo "s %rob!ble6M A4 Ee
7!nts to ,o Hl /(iere ir61 B4 Re!ll'T HWDe +erd!dT6M A4 >!s it di##i(ltT HWEr!L F(e
di#FilT64 B4 S(r%risin,l' no HSor%rendente"ente no6M >&' RnotT HWPor /(0 RnoT6M
mes$ ert!inl' HSF$ iert!"ente6M mes$ l!ter HSF$ "s t!rde61
?1581I &os adverbios pueden aparecer en tres posiciones distintas de la oracin4
*+ =l principio de l! or!i3n1 E.14 Eere is t&e sol(tion HA/(F est l! sol(i3n61
E!' (n! serie de !d+erbios /(e no s(elen ir !l %rini%io$ %ero %(eden ir !l %rini%io
(!ndo denot!n 0n#!sis4 D1 5C1;51@$5C1;:1:1 5C1;:15C$ 5C1;;15I8
UAindl'V +! !l %rini%io del!nte de (n i"%er!ti+o1 E.14 Aindl' le!+e t&e roo"] H\Si
no te i"%ort!$ "!r&! de l! s!l!]L \E!z el #!+or de s!lir de l! s!l!]61
2+ = mitad de l! or!i3n$ es deir$ del!nte de los +erbos nor"!les$ entre los +erbos
!(-ili!res Q!"L isL !reL 7!sL 7ereL &!+eL &!sL &!dL s&!llL 7illL s&o(ldL 7o(ldL !nL
o(ldL d!reL "!'L "i,&tL "(stL needQ$ o el %ri"er !(-ili!r$ si &!' dos o tres$ ' el
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do o in#initi+o del +erbo en (esti3n$ o des%(0s del !(-ili!r ' el
s(.eto ' !ntes del +erbo nor"!l si es (n! or!i3n interro,!ti+!M del!nte de Q&!+e to$
o(,&t toQ ' Q(sed toQ$ inl(so (!ndo +!n se,(idos de (n in#initi+o$ %ero en in,l0s
liter!rio se %(ede %oner el !d+erbio entre Q&!+e$ o(,&t$ (sedQ ' QtoQ h in#initi+oM el
+erbo QbeQ +! en l! "is"! %osii3n (!ndo es +erbo nor"!l /(e (!ndo es !(-ili!r1
E.14 S&e is ert!inl' &!%%' HEll! es iert!"ente #eliz6M S&e ert!inl' 7or9s &!rd HEll!
iert!"ente tr!b!.! d(ro6M T&e' !re %rob!bl' t&in9in, !bo(t it HEstn
%rob!ble"ente %ens!ndo en ello6M Is s&e re!ll' ,oin, !7!'T HWSe +! ! ir ell!
re!l"enteT6M T&e' (s(!ll' &!+e to 7or9 Nestnd!rOL T&e' &!+e (s(!ll' to 7or9
Nliter!rioO HNor"!l"ente tienenL S(elen tener /(e tr!b!.!r61
Los !d+erbios de #re(eni! ' !l,(nos otros o"o Qindeed$ re!ll'$ tr(l'Q +!n
nor"!l"ente !ent(!dos detrs del %ri"er +erbo !(-ili!r %ero$ si se /(iere d!r
0n#!sis !l +erbo$ se %onen no !ent(!dos del!nte del %ri"er +erbo !(-ili!r ' del!nte
del !(-ili!r QdoQ en#tio1 E.14 I &!+e R!l7!'s R+isited "' sister Nestnd!rO HEe
+isit!do sie"%re ! "i &er"!n!6 ' UI !l7!'s R&!+e +isited "' sisterV Nen#tioO
HSie"%re &e +isit!do ! "i &er"!n!6M S&e ne+er 7o(ld &!+e ,one t&ere Nen#tioO
HEll! n(n! &!brF! ido !llF6M S&e seldo" 7o(ld s!' it Nen#tioO HEll! r!r!"ente lo
deF!6M T&e' so"eti"es did Nen#tioO notie it HA +ees %or s(%(esto /(e lo
not!ron61
Los !d+erbios de #re(eni! %(eden ir$ ! +ees$ detrs del se,(ndo +erbo !(-ili!r
t!"bi0n1 E.14 It &!s o#ten beenL been o#ten desribed !s irrele+!nt HSe &! desrito !
"en(do o"o irrele+!nte6M T&e' o(ld e!sil' &!+eL &!+e e!sil' been 9illed HLes
%odF!n &!ber "!t!do #il"ente6$ et1
Si se !ent2! el !d+erbio de #re(eni! entre el !(-ili!r ' el +erbo nor"!l es
%rti!"ente i,(!l /(e si se %one el !d+erbio del!nte del !(-ili!r1 E.14 Ee 7ill
Rs!rel' loo9 !t it Ni Ee s!rel' 7ill loo9 !t itO Hl !R%en!s lo "ir!r61
No obst!nte$ los !d+erbios de !ntid!d ' "odo s(elen ir detrs de los dos !(-ili!res1
E.14 It &!s been o"%letel' #or,otten HSe &! ol+id!do o"%let!"ente61
En GB (!ndo se /(iere d!r 0n#!sis ! los !d+erbios !o"%!)!dos de +erbos
!(-ili!res +!n del!nte de los +erbos !(-ili!res %ero en USA #re(ente"ente +!n en
es! %osii3n sin 0n#!sisM %(eden tener (n sentido ir3nio (!ndo +!n del!nte del
+erbo !(-ili!r1 E.14 Ee ert!inl' &!s NGB4 "s en#tioOL &!s ert!inl' NGB4 "enos
en#tioO "!de itM S&e re!ll' "(st NGB4 "s en#tioOL "(st re!ll' NGB4 "enos
en#tioO ,et &er &!ir (t HEll! re!l"ente debe %edir /(e le orten el %elo ! ell!6M Ee
(s(!ll' is st(d'in, !t t&is ti"e o# d!' Hl nor"!l"ente est est(di!ndo ! est! &or!
del dF!6M mo( ne+er !n tell HN(n! se s!beL %(ede s!ber6M S&e !l7!'s is 7or9in,
Nir3nioO HEll! sie"%re est tr!b!.!ndo61
*(!ndo los +erbos !(-ili!res +!n !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n$ ,ener!l"ente en %re,(nt!s
o res%(est!s ort!s$ los !d+erbios de "odo$ de tie"%o$ #re(eni!$ de !ntid!d$ de
"od!lid!d$ +!n nor"!l"ente del!nte de los +erbos !(-ili!res ' los +erbos !(-ili!res
+!n !ent(!dos1 E.14 T&e' !s9ed "e &o7 serio(s t&ese t&re!ts re!ll' R!re HMe
%re,(nt!ron 3"o de seri!s Rson re!l"ente est!s !"en!z!s6M S&e o"es on
Mond!'s !nd &e nor"!ll' Rdoes too HEll! +iene los l(nes ' 0l nor"!l"ente t!"Rbi0n
N+iene los l(nesO6M S&e %rob!bl' Ris HEll! %rob!ble"ente esRt06M Ee 7!nts to be t&e
best !nd &e r!rel' Ris Hl /(iere ser el "e.or ' r!r!"ente lo Res6M T&e' (s(!ll' Rdo
HNor"!l"ente lo R&!en6M Ee so"eti"es R!n Hl ! +ees R%(ede61
No obst!nte$ si son !d+erbios /(e %(eden ir en l!s tres %osiiones$ se %(eden %oner
t!"bi0n$ !(n/(e "enos #re(ente"ente$ !l %rini%io o !l #in!l1 E.14 S&e (s(!ll'
Rdoes HEll! nor"!l"ente h +erbo en %resenteL s(ele h +erbo en in#initi+o6M Us(!ll'
s&e doesM S&e does (s(!ll'1
Los !d+erbios /(e s(elen ir ! "it!d de l! or!i3n +!n nor"!l"ente del!nte del
i"%er!ti+o ' de l!s #or"!s no %erson!les del +erbo4 el in#initi+o$ el %!rtii%io Hde6
%resente ' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1 E.14 Ne+er &!+in, ,one to B(r"! HNo &!biendo
ido n(n! ! Bir"!ni!6$ et1
2+ =l final de l! or!i3n o detrs de los +erbos nor"!les$ sobre todo on +erbos
intr!nsiti+os1 E.14 S&e !"e t7o d!'s !,o HEll! +ino &!e dos dF!s61
Los !d+erbios interro,!ti+os Q&o7$ 7&en$ 7&ere$ 7&'Q$ +!n sie"%re !l %rini%io de
l! or!i3n en el estilo direto1 E.14 Eo7 did 'o( do itT HW*3"o lo &iisteHis6T61
Los !d+erbios ne,!ti+os no s(elen ir !l #in!lM l!s lo(iones !d+erbi!les s(elen ir !l
#in!lM los !d+erbios /(e +!n detrs de los +erbos !d+erbi!les %(eden %onerse !l #in!l
de l! or!i3n1
Los de"s !d+erbios %(eden ir nor"!l"ente en distint!s %osiiones se,2n ten,!n
0n#!sis o no ' se,2n el si,ni#i!do1
En ,ener!l$ los !d+erbios no tienen t!nt! libert!d de "o+i"iento en l! or!i3n o"o
en !stell!no1
?15:1I En (!nto ! l! %osii3n de los !d+erbios$ la maor parte de los adverbios
de modo suelen ir al final$ (!ndo l! or!i3n est en !ti+!M los !d+erbios de "odo
s(elen ir on +erbos din"ios$ no esttiosM el !d+erbio de "odo se %one
,ener!l"ente detrs de (n +erbo intr!nsiti+o$ !(n/(e ! +ees %(ede ir t!"bi0n !
"it!d de l! or!i3n1 E.14 T&e' loo9 !ttenti+el' HMir!n !tent!"ente6M T&e' &!+e
s%o9en to &er !bo(t it brie#l' HE!n &!bl!do on ell! sobre ello bre+e"ente6M Ee
!tsL !r,(esL %l!'sL s"ilesL 7ritesL 7or9s brilli!ntl' Hl !t2!L dis(teL .(e,!L
sonrFeL esribeL tr!b!.! #eno"en!l"ente6M S&e 7!s b(sil' Hen,!,ed in6 7ritin, !
letter HEll! est!b! !#!nos!"ente Ho(%!d!6 esribiendo (n! !rt!6M T&e' !re !ll
b(sil' st(d'in, HEstn todos est(di!ndo !#!nos!"ente6M Ee t'%es b(sil' Hl esribe
! "/(in! !#!nos!"ente6M T&e' !ns7ered onisel' H*ontest!ron onis!"ente6M
Ee s%o9e in ! 7!' t&!t "!de "e t&in9 Hl &!bl!b! de (n! #or"! /(e "e &!F!
%ens!r6M S&e &!d ,one t&ere intention!ll' HEll! &!bF! ido !&FL !llF
intenion!d!"ente6M S&e did li9e7ise HEll! &izo lo "is"o6M T&e' 7!ited %!tientl'
HEs%er!ron %!iente"ente6M T&e' &!+e !rri+ed s!#el' HE!n lle,!do s!nos ' s!l+os6M
It dro%%edL #ellL inre!sed s&!r%l' H*!'3L *!'3L A("ent3 br(s!"ente6M T&e'
&!+e to 7or9 (nre"ittin,l' to !+oid %roble"s HTienen /(e tr!b!.!r
in!ns!ble"enteL sin tre,(! %!r! e+it!r %roble"!s6M Ee 9no7s t&!t 'o( 7or9 7ell
Hl s!be /(e tr!b!.!s bien61
El !d+erbio de "odo se %one ,ener!l"ente detrs de +erbos !d+erbi!les
intr!nsiti+os$ %ero los !d+erbios de "odo de (n! sol! %!l!br! t!"bi0n se %(eden
%oner entre el +erbo nor"!l ' l! %!rtF(l! !d+erbi!lM si el !d+erbio de "odo +! !l
#in!l$ lle+! "s 0n#!sis /(e l! %!rtF(l! !d+erbi!lM si l! %!rtF(l! !d+erbi!l +! !l #in!l$
lle+! "s 0n#!sis /(e el !d+erbio de "odo1 E.14 >e 7ent !7!' +ol(nt!ril'L
+ol(nt!ril' !7!' HHnos6 F(i"os +ol(nt!ri!"ente6M Ee is r(nnin, !7!' &!%%il'L
&!%%il' !7!' Hl se est !le.!ndo orriendo #eliz"ente6M Ee stood b' idl'L idl' b'
Hl se "!nt(+o indolente"ente !l "!r,en6$ et1
Si &!' (n o"%le"ento direto orto ' sin %re%osii3n$ el !d+erbio de "odo se
%one nor"!l"ente detrs de 0steM nor"!l"ente los !d+erbios de "odo ' de
(!l/(ier otro ti%o no s(elen ir entre el +erbo nor"!l ' el o"%le"ento diretoM si el
o"%le"ento direto es (n! lo(i3n !d+erbi!l o es (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!$ et1$
se s(ele %oner el !d+erbio de "odo del!nte del o"%le"ento diretoM si es (n!
or!i3n s(bordin!d! de in#initi+o el o"%le"ento direto +! entre el +erbo !(-ili!r
' el in#initi+oM el o"%le"ento direto est "s li,!do !l +erbo /(e el !d+erbio de
"odoM %or eso$ no se %(ede %oner ,ener!l"ente el !d+erbio de "odo entre el +erbo
nor"!l ' el o"%le"ento direto %ero$ ! +ees$ se %(ede %oner (n !d+erbio de
"odo entre el +erbo nor"!l ' el o"%le"ento direto si 0ste es l!r,o o %!r! e+it!r
!"bi,Xed!desM t!"bi0n si +! entre o"!s1 E.4 mo( did it deliber!tel' HLo &iiste
!drede6M S&e li"bs t&e st!irs deliber!tel' HEll! s(be l!s es!ler!s %!(s!d!"ente6M
T&e "!,!zine !(r!tel' Nen#tioO #e!t(red t&e ondition o# t&e o(ntr' HL! re+ist!
%resent!b! on e-!tit(d el est!do del %!Fs6L T&e "!,!zine #e!t(red t&e ondition o#
t&e o(ntr' !(r!tel' Nno en#tioO HL! re+ist! %resent!b! el est!do del %!Fs on
e-!tit(d6M T&e' s%r!'ed te!r,!s indisri"in!tel' on t&e %rotesters HE&!ron ,!s
l!ri"3,eno indisri"in!d!"ente sobre los "!ni#est!ntes6M T&e' 7o(nded &i"
b!dl' HLe &irieron ,r!+e"ente6M >e "(st &!n,e t&!t r!di!ll' HDebe"os !"bi!r
esoL !/(ello r!di!l"ente6M Ee 7!s l(,(brio(sl' dis%ensin, in#or"!tion to
e+er'bod' Hl est!b! d!ndo l2,(bre"ente in#or"!i3n ! todo el "(ndo6M T&e'
!d+ersel' !##et ot&er %eo%le HA#et!n !d+ers!"ente ! otr!s %erson!s6M T&e' 7ere
!"i!bl' t!l9in,L t!l9in, !"i!bl' in t&e s&o% HEst!b!n &!bl!ndo !"i,!ble"ente en
l! tiend!6M Ee 7o(ld ne+er intention!ll' &(rt 'o(r #eelin,s Hl no &erirF! n(n!
intenion!d!"enteL !drede t(s senti"ientos6M S&e didnZt do it intention!ll'L
intention!ll' do it HEll! no lo &izo intenion!d!"ente N%ero lo &izoO6L S&e
intention!ll' didnZt do it HA %ro%3sito ell! no lo &izo Ni no lle,3 ! &!erloO6M ItZs
so"et&in, t&e' st!(n&l' o%%ose HEs !l,o ! lo /(e se o%onen #ir"e"ente6M T&e'
!7!it$ i"%!tientl'$ o(r re%l' HEs%er!n$ i"%!iente"ente$ n(estr! res%(est!6M EeZs
t&in9in, !bo(t &o7 best to %rotet t&e"L to %rotet t&e" best Hl est %ens!ndo Hen6
3"o %rote,erlesL losL l!s "e.or61
Si l! or!i3n lle+! otros o"%le"entos ortos on %re%osii3n$ !l,(nos !d+erbios
de "odo %(eden ir del!nte de l! %re%osii3n o detrs del o"%le"ento %ero$ si son
l!r,os$ s(elen ir entre el +erbo nor"!l ' el o"%le"entoM +!n entre el +erbo !(-ili!r
' el %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do en los tie"%os o"%(estosM !l,(nos !d+erbios de "odo
%(eden ir entre UtoV ' el in#initi+o (!ndo es (n in#initi+o %!rtido Hs%lit in#initi+e6
ND1 =155=O1 E.4 T&e' o""(ni!te e!sil' 7it& e!& ot&er HSe o"(ni!n #il"ente
el (no !l otroL los (nos on los otros6M T&e' s%o9e le!rl'L !n,ril'L s(s%iio(sl'
!bo(t it HE!bl!ron l!r!"enteL on en#!doL s(s%i!z"ente sobre ello6M T&e' s%o9e
!bo(t it le!rl'L !n,ril'L s(s%iio(sl' HE!bl!ron sobre ello l!r!"enteL on en#!doL
s(s%i!z"ente6M S&e 7!l9ed to t&e door slo7l'L slo7l' to t&e door HEll! !"in3
&!st! l! %(ert! lent!"enteL lent!"ente &!st! l! %(ert!6M *oo9in, o"es n!t(r!ll' to
&er HEll! oin! on tod! n!t(r!lid!dL sin di#i(lt!dL on #!ilid!d6M T&e' s%o9e
le!rl'L !n,ril'L s(s%iio(sl' !bo(t e+er't&in, &e &!d done in &is 'o(t& HE!bl!ron
l!r!"enteL on en#!doL s(s%i!z"ente sobre todo lo /(e 0l &!bF! &e&o en s(
.(+ent(d61
Los !d+erbios de "odo se %(eden %oner detrs o del!nte de (n o"%le"ento de
r0,i"en %re%osiion!l orto$ %ero se s(elen %oner del!nte si es l!r,o1 E.14 T&e'
%!tientl' 7!ited #or t&e !ns7er HEs%er!ron %!iente"ente H%or6 l! res%(est!6M S&e
s&o(ted !t "e s!+!,el'L s!+!,el' !t "e HEll! "e ,rit3 s!l+!.e"ente6M Ee 7onZt
7illin,l' ste% !sideL ste% !side 7illin,l' Hl no se !%!rt!r de b(en! ,!n!61
*(!ndo l! or!i3n est en %!si+! los !d+erbios de "odo ter"in!dos en Il' %(eden ir
del!nte o detrs del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM (!ndo son lo(iones !d+erbi!les +!n
detrs del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM (!ndo los !d+erbios de "odo %(eden ser t!"bi0n
!d+erbios de !ntid!d +!n ,ener!l"ente del!nte del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do$ si son
!d+erbios de !ntid!d1 E.14 t&e boo9s si"%l' N"odoO 7ritten Hlos libros esritos on
senillez6M Te!r,!s 7!s indisri"in!tel' N"odoO s%r!'ed on t&e %rotesters HSe e&3
,!s l!ri"3,eno indisri"in!d!"ente sobre los "!ni#est!ntes6M T&e bedo+er &!s
been +er' !re#(ll' #oldedL #olded +er' !re#(ll' N"odoO HSe &! dobl!do l! ol&!
"(' (id!dos!"ente6M Ee is %ortr!'ed so"e7&!t less !%%e!lin,l' N"odoO HSe le
desribe (n %oo "enos !tr!ti+!"ente61
Al,(nos !d+erbios de "odo ter"in!dos en Il' %(eden ir ! "it!d o !l #in!l on
+erbos tr!nsiti+os4 !d"ir!bl'$ !"bitio(sl'$ !"i!bl'$ !"(sin,l'$ ,enero(sl'$ et1 E.14
S&e lo+es &i" !rdentl' Nno en#tioO HEll! le /(iere !rdiente"ente6L S&e !rdentl'
Nen#tioO lo+es &i" HArdiente"ente le /(iere ell!6M T&e' %(t t&e ("brell! /(ietl'
Nno en#tioO o+er t&ere HP(sieron el %!r!,(!s tr!n/(il!"ente !llF NoO !&F6L T&e'
/(ietl' Nen#tioO %(t t&e ("brell! o+er t&ere HP(sieron tr!n/(il!"ente el %!r!,(!s
!llF NoO !&F61
Al,(nos !d+erbios de "odo o"o Qb!dl'Q$ et1$ %(eden ir t!"bi0n !l %rini%io on
in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' del +erbo1 D1 5C1;:15C
Al,(nos !d+erbios de "odo se (s!n solosH$6 %or/(e se sobrHe6entiende (n +erbo de
"o+i"iento en i"%er!ti+o1 E.14 HGo6 slo7l'] H\HDeHte6 des%!io]61
El !d+erbio de "odo Q!loneQ %(ede ir ! "it!d del!nte de (!l/(ier +erbo nor"!l '
!l #in!l de l! or!i3n1
*(!ndo se (s! (n !d+erbio de "odo !l #in!l en (n! or!i3n ne,!ti+! no indi!
0n#!sis$ %ero si +! ! "it!d de l! or!i3n indi! 0n#!sis1 E.14 S&e didnZt do it
deliber!tel' HEll! no lo &izo !drede6 ' US&e deliber!tel' didnZt do itV HEll! !drede no
lo &izo61
Los !d+erbios Qbetter$ 7ell$ 7orseQ$ et1$ (!ndo se (s!n o"o !d+erbios de "odo$
+!n detrs de (n +erbo intr!nsiti+o$ detrs de (n o"%le"ento direto sin
%re%osii3n ' del!nte de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do en %!si+!1 E.14 Ee be&!+es 7ellL
b!dl' Hl se %ort! bienL "!l6M Ee did t&e .ob 7ellL b!dl' Hl &izo el tr!b!.o bienL
"!l6M Ee dri+es 7ell Hl ond(e bien6M >e "(st %re%!re better N"s (s!doOL better
%re%!re N"enos (s!doOM S&e s%e!9s j!%!nese 7ell HEll! &!bl! .!%on0s bienL bien el
.!%on0s6M It is 7ell done HEst bien &e&o61
Al,(nos !d+erbios de "odo o"o Q(n!7!resQ ' es%ei!l"ente l!s lo(iones
!d+erbi!les H!d+erb %&r!sesL !d+erbi!l %&r!ses6 s(elen ir !l #in!l1 E.14 Ee doesnZt
9no7 it #or ert!inL s(re Hl no lo s!be on se,(rid!d6M It !n be done in "ore 7!'s
t&!n one HSe %(ede &!er de "s de (n! #or"!6M Ee did it #!irl' 7ellL in ! si"%le
7!' Hl lo &izo b!st!nte bienL de (n! #or"! senill!6M >o"en !re tre!ted t&e s!"e
H7!'6 !s "en no7!d!'s HA l!s "(.eres se l!s tr!t! de l! "is"! #or"! /(e ! los
&o"bres &o' en dF!6M S&e !nnot !t ot&er t&!n !s s&e does HEll! no %(ede !t(!r de
otr! "!ner! /(e o"o lo &!eL no %(ede &!er otr! os! /(e lo /(e &!e6M ItZs #or
Rre!l Nolo/(i!lO HEs de +erRd!d6M Ee "(st &!+e ,ot in so"e 7!' Hl debe de &!ber
entr!do de !l,(n! "!ner!6M ItZs o# no !+!il HNo sir+e de n!d!L Es in2til6M S&e tried
b(t !ll to littleL no !+!il HEll! lo intent3 %ero todo #(e en +!no6M It !(,&tL too9 t&e"
(n!7!res HLes o,i3 NEs%!)!OL !,!rr3 %or sor%res!L des%re+enidos6M T&e d!n,er
!(,&t &er (n!7!res HEl %eli,ro l! o,i3 NEs%!)!OL !,!rr3 %or sor%res!L
des%re+enid!6M T&e 7!ter le+el &!s ,one do7n s(##iientl' 7ell N"enos en#tioOL
7ell eno(,& N"enos en#tioOL s(##iientl' 7ell eno(,& N"s en#tioO HEl ni+el del
!,(! &! b!.!do Hlo6 s(#iiente"ente bien61
Al,(nos !d+erbios de "odo o"o Q#irstI&!ndQ Hdiret!"ente6 s(elen ir !l #in!l '
"enos #re(ente"ente ! "it!d se%!r!dos %or o"!s1
L!s lo(iones !d+erbi!les Qin a# one ,a, in ever ,a, in man ,as, in some
,a or ot/er, in some ,as, rig/tl or ,rongl, ,it/ great careQ %(eden ir !l
#in!l '$ si son en#tios$ !l %rini%ioM t!"bi0n ! "it!d se%!r!dos %or o"!s1
*(!ndo &!' dos !d+erbios de "odo se,(idos /(e ter"inen en Il' no se %(ede
s(%ri"ir l! ter"in!i3n Il' del %ri"ero4 inredibl' /(i9l'1
En l!s or!iones e-l!"!ti+!s o interro,!ti+!s /(e e"%iez!n %or U&o7V se %one el
!d+erbio de "odo detrs de Q&o7Q1 E.14 Eo7 7ell s&e re!ds] H\J(0 bien lee ell!]61
QTeadilQ Hde b(en! ,!n!L #il"ente6 s(ele ir ! "it!d de l! or!i3n ' "enos
#re(ente"ente !l #in!l1
Q=n/o,, an,a, in t/e same ,a, %ust so, some/o,, some/o, or ot/erQ
%(eden ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n$ t!"bi0n !l #in!l4 detrs de (n +erbo intr!nsiti+o
o detrs del o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 An'&o7L An'7!' t&in,s ,ot better HDe
(!l/(ier "!ner! l!s os!s "e.or!ron6M T&e sit(!tion i"%ro+ed !n'&o7L !n'7!'
HL! sit(!i3n "e.or3 de (!l/(ier "!ner!6M T&e' sent t&e %!rel !n'&o7L !n'7!'
HEn+i!ron el %!/(ete de (!l/(ier "!ner!6M So"e&o7 t&in,s ,ot better HDe !l,(n!
"!ner! l!s os!s "e.or!ron6M T&e sit(!tion i"%ro+ed so"e&o7 HL! sit(!i3n
"e.or3 de !l,(n! "!ner!6M T&e' sent t&e %!rel so"e&o7 HEn+i!ron el %!/(ete de
!l,(n! "!ner!6M So"e&o7 or ot&er s&e didnZt li9e "e HPor !l,(n! r!z3n ( otr! no le
!F bien6M Ee did it so"e&o7 or ot&er Hl lo &izo de !l,(n! /(e otr! "!ner!L de (n
"odo ( otro61
Al,(nos !d+erbios de "odo %(eden ir oordin!dos o '(-t!%(estos1 E.14 Slo7l' !nd
silentl'L Slo7l'$ silentl'$ &e tried to do e+er't&in, HLent! ' silenios!"ente 0l
intent3L intent!b! &!erlo todo6$ et1
Se die QEe sin,s be!(ti#(ll' Nlo+el'4 no %onerOQ Hl !nt! est(%end!"enteL
"!r!+illos!"ente61
QSoQ se %(ede (s!r4
!6 *o"o !d+erbio %!r! indi!r %rini%!l"ente en GB se"e.!nz! !l %rini%io de l!
or!i3n se,(ido de (n +erbo !(-ili!r o de los +erbos QbeQ ' Q&!+eQ (!ndo son
+erbos nor"!les h s(.etoM &!' in+ersi3n de +erbo ' s(.eto /(e tiene /(e re#erirse !
(n! %erson! distint! ! l! '! "enion!d!M el s(.eto %(ede ser (n no"bre o (n
%rono"breM se !ent2! nor"!l"ente el no"breL %rono"bre /(e +! detrs ' /(e
&!e de s(.etoM se %odrF! !ent(!r el +erbo en +ez del no"bre o %rono"bre /(e +!
detrs ' /(e &!e de s(.eto$ %ero serF! "(' en#tio ' no se (s! !%en!s !sFM se (s!
s3lo en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!1 E.14 H!nd6 So !re R'o( Ni !nd 'o( tooO HH'6 T2 t!"Rbi0n6M
S&e is ! l!7'er !nd so is R&e Ni !nd &e is$ tooL !s 7ellO HEll! es !bo,!d! ' 0l
t!"Rbi0n6M Ee is b(s' !nd so !re R'o( Ni !nd 'o( !re$ tooL !lsoO Hl est o(%!do '
t2 t!"Rbi0n6M Ee li9es ,oin, #is&in, !nd so does Rs&e HA 0l le ,(st! ir ! %es!r ' ! ell!
t!"Rbi0n6M S&e 7ent !7!' !nd so did R&e Ni !nd &e did$ tooL !nd &e !lso didO HEll! se
#(e ' 0l t!"Rbi0n6M T&e' lo+e ,oin, on &olid!' to M!llor! !nd so do RI HLes en!nt!
ir de +!!iones ! M!llor!1 ' ! "F t!"Rbi0n6M T&e' "!' be t&ere !nd so "!' R&e
HP(ede /(e est0n !llF ' 0l t!"Rbi0n6M >&en t&e old 7!r sto%%ed$ so HR6did t&e Ri+il
7!r H*(!ndo ter"in3 l! ,(err! #rF!$ ter"in3 t!"bi0n l! ,(err! iR+il6M mo( 7ill
#or,et it !nd so 7ill Rs&e HLo ol+id!rs ' ell! t!"Rbi0n6M S&e &!s seen it !nd so &!+e
Rt&e' HEll! lo &! +isto ' ellHos$ !s6 t!"Rbi0n6M A4 T&e 7ind bro9e t&e #!ilities HEl
+iento ro"%i3 l!s inst!l!iones61 B4 So HR6do HR6so"e R&ooli,!nsL So so"e &ooli,!ns
Rdo HT!"bi0n l!s ro"%en !l,(nos ,!"Rberros61 D1 5C1;:1=
b6 *o"o !d+erbio %!r! s(Hb6stit(ir ! (n !d.eti+o o !d+erbioM +! ,ener!l"ente !l
#in!l de l! or!i3nM no &!' in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' del +erbo$ !(n/(e QsoQ +!'! !l
%rini%io de l! or!i3nM si no s(Hb6stit('e ! (n !d.eti+o o !d+erbio$ nor"!l"ente no
se (s! QsoQ sino Qt&isL t&!t 7!'Q o Qin t&isL t&!t 7!'Q1 E.14 Ee is nie to &er !nd e+en
"ore so Ni nieO to "e Hl es !"!ble on ell! e inl(so lo es "s on"i,o6M It &!s
been di##i(lt b(t it 7ill beo"e less so Ni di##i(ltO HE! sido di#Fil %ero ser !d!
+ez "enos di#Fil6M It is not e!s' no7 b(t it "i,&t beo"e so Nliter!rioO Ni e!s'OL ,et
t&!t 7!' Nolo/(i!lO HNo es #il !&or! %ero %odrF! res(lt!r #il6M T&e (nde!'in,
r!'s donZt desist so Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL t&is 7!' Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doOL t&!t
7!' Nolo/(i!l4 "s (s!doO HLos r!'os /(e no se deterior!n no desisten !sFL de est!
"!ner!L de es!L !/(ell! "!ner!6M A4 S&e is +er' sorr' HEll! lo siente "(&o61 B4 S&e
o(,&t to be so Ni +er' sorr'OL So s&e o(,&t to be HEll! deberF! est!rlo61
6 *o"o !d+erbio %!r! indi!r on#or"id!dM en este !so el s(.eto %(ede re#erirse !
l! %erson! "enion!d! o noM QsoQ %(ede ir !l %rini%io de (n! or!i3n on los
+erbos Q!%%e!r$ belie+e$ e-%et$ #e!r$ ,!t&er$ &e!r$ &o%e$ i"!,ine$ notie$ re!lizeL
re!lise NGBO$ see$ see"$ s!'$ tell$ t&in9$ (nderst!ndQ$ et1$ ' +erbos !(-ili!resM si el
s(.eto es (n %rono"bre$ no &!' in+ersi3n del s(.eto on los +erbos /(e no son
!(-ili!resM on los +erbos !(-ili!res ,ener!l"ente no &!' in+ersi3n t!"%oo$ %ero
%(ede &!ber in+ersi3n t!"bi0nM si el s(.eto es (n no"bre &!' in+ersi3n del s(.etoM
se %(ede %oner "(&!s +ees !l #in!l t!"bi0n on (n si,ni#i!do b!st!nte %!reidoM
se (s! s3lo en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!1 E.14 A4 T&e' &!+e 9illed !ll t&e #le!s HE!n "!t!do
tod!s l!s %(l,!s61 B4 So it !R%%e!rsL Rsee"s+ HEso %!Rree6M So &e Rs!id+ HEso Rdi.o
0l6M And so s!' so"e Rene"ies+ Hm eso dien !l,(nos eneR"i,os6M So I Rsee+ Hm!
Hlo6 R+eoL m! lo Rreo6M So IZ+e R&e!rd+ HEso &e oRFdo6M A4 Is &e oldT HWEs "!'or 0lT61
B4 So s&e told R"e+ HEso "e di.o Rell!6M So it R7!s+ N"s (s!doOL So 7!s it +
N"enos (s!doO HAsF R er!L SF /(e lo R er!6M I 7!nt to ,o$ t&o(,&$ so &e s!id HJ(iero ir$
no obst!nte$ di.o 0l6M A4 Ee &!s 7ritten t&is 7ord 7it& ! ubZ Hl &! esrito est!
%!l!br! on (n! ubZ61 B4 56 So &e R&!s+$ I &!dnZt seen it N%or %ri"er! +ezO HSF /(e lo
&! R &e&oL P(es$ es R ierto$ no lo &!bF! not!do6 86 mes$ &e &!sM I s!7 it ! 7&ile !,o
N%or se,(nd! +ezO HSFH$ es +erd!d6M lo +i &!e (n r!to6M A4 T&e 7ind bro9e t&e
#!ilities HEl +iento ro"%i3 l!s inst!l!iones61 B4 So it Rdid+ HEso R&izo NoO SF /(e l!s
ro"R%i36M A4 Ee !"e be#ore Hl +ino !ntes61 B4 O&$ 'es$ so &e Rdid+] H\O&$ l!ro
/(e R+ino]6M A4 S&e &!s ,one to M!deir! HEll! &! ido ! M!deir!61 B4 So s&e R&!s+
HEso &! &e&o Rell!61 D1 5C1;:1<
d6 *o"o !d+erbio "oder!dor se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o o (n !d+erbio1 D1 ;1:518$
?1;518
e6 *o"o !d+erbio !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n detrs de (n! serie de +erbos ND1
5C1;C1;=1!IbOM QsoQ no +! !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n ' no son res%(est!s ort!sM !
+ees$ QsoQ %(ede e/(i+!ler ! QitQ o ! Qt&!tQM ! +ees$ QsoQ %(ede ir del!nte del +erbo1
E.14 A4 T&e' 7ill tr' to 9ill t&e Pri"e Minister HIntent!rn "!t!r !l %ri"er "inistroL
%residente del Gobierno61 B4 I donZt t&in9 Ht&!t6 t&e' 7ill do soL it HNo reo /(e lo
&!,!n6M Ee s(,,ested t!9in, !not&er ro!d b(t s&e re#(sed to do soL it Hl s(,iri3
o,er NEs%!)!OL ir %or otr! !rreter! %ero ell! se ne,3 ! &!erlo6M Ee bo(,&t it b(t
&e didnZt 7!nt to do soL it Hl lo o"%r3 %ero no /(erF! &!erlo6M Inste!d o# doin,
so HEn +ez de &!erlo !sF6M S&e s!id Ht&!t6 s&e 7!s o"in, b(t do 'o( t&in9 Ht&!t6
s&e &!s done soL itT HEll! di.o /(e ib! ! +enir %ero Wrees /(e lo &! &e&oT6M T&e'
!re so told HSe les die eso6M I# &e 7is&es to do so NoO t&!tL I# &e so 7is&es to do HSi
es eso lo /(e dese! 0l &!er6M I# &e so 7is&es HSi es eso lo /(e dese! 0l61
#6 *o"o !d+erbio onetorM e/(i+!le ! Qt&enQ1 D1 ?1B1?
,6 *o"o !d+erbio e-l!"!ti+o se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o h (n no"bre1 D1 ;1=C1=I55
&6 *o"o !d+erbio e-l!"!ti+o se,(ido de (n !d.eti+oL !d+erbio1 D1 ?18;151e
i6 *o"o !d+erbio e-l!"!ti+o se,(ido de (n %rono"bre inde#inido1 D1 ?18;151#I,
.6 *o"o on.(ni3n s(bordin!d! onse(ti+!1 D1B15?1;
96 *o"o on.(ni3n s(bordin!d! #in!l1 D1 B15?18
E!' or!iones s(bordin!d!s !d+erbi!les /(e &!en l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio de "odo1
D1 B15?1@IB$ 5C1:B18
E!' or!iones s(bordin!d!s de rel!ti+o /(e &!en l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio de "odo
.(nto on el !nteedente1 D15C1:@1:
Los !d+erbios de !tit(d ND1 ?1B1=18O son !d+erbios de "odo (!ndo +!n !l #in!l no
se%!r!dos %or (n! o"!$ es deir$ detrs de (n +erbo$ si no lle+! o"%le"ento$
detrs del o"%le"ento sin %re%osii3n$ del!nte del o"%le"ento on %re%osii3n
si es l!r,o$ detrs del o"%le"ento on %re%osii3n si es orto ' del!nte o detrs del
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM !li#i!n !l +erbo ' ! todo lo /(e +! entre el +erbo ' el
!d+erbio$ nor"!l"ente el o"%le"ento direto$ %ero no ! lo /(e +! detrs del
!d+erbio$ ,ener!l"ente (n o"%le"ento indireto o (n o"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!lM si +!n !l #in!l del todo no se%!r!dos %or (n! o"! no se re#ieren !
tod! l! or!i3n o"o (!ndo son !d+erbios "od!les de !tit(dM !l,(nos %(eden ir
t!"bi0n !l #in!l se%!r!dos %or (n! o"! %ero no son !d+erbios de "odo sino de
!tit(d1 E.14 S&e de"!nded t&!t e+er'bod' 7ent &o"e !n,ril' HEn#!d!d! ell! e-i,i3
/(e todos se #(er!n ! !s!6M S&e 7!l9ed !n,ril' o(t o# t&e roo" HEll! s!li3 en#!d!d!
de l! &!bit!i3n6M S&e s%o9e bitterl' HEll! &!bl3 !"!r,!"ente6M It is brilli!ntl'
deor!tedL olo(red NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olored NUSAOL ill("in!ted HEst
#eno"en!l"ente deor!doL olore!doL il("in!do6M >!t& t&e ob.ets t&!t !re
"!r9ed !re#(ll'] H\Obser+! on (id!doL (id!dos!"ente los ob.etos /(e estn
"!r!dos]6M S&e 7rites do7n t&e d!tes !re#(ll' HEll! !not! l!s #e&!s
(id!dos!"ente6M Ee 7!l9ed !re#(ll' !ro(nd t&e de!d "!n Hl !nd(+o
(id!dos!"ente !lrededor del &o"bre "(erto6M S&e s%e!9s le!rl' HEll! &!bl!
l!r!"ente6M mo( &!+e be&!+ed +er' #oolis&l' HTe &!s %ort!do "(' tont!"ente6M
Ee !rri+ed #ort(n!tel' e!rlier Hl lle,3 !#ort(n!d!"ente "s te"%r!no6M S&e loo9ed
&o%e#(ll' !t &i" HEll! le "ir3 ! 0l es%er!nz!d!L e-%et!nte6M Ee s%e!9s 9indl' to
e+er'bod' 7&o listens to &i" Hl &!bl! !"!ble"ente ! todos los /(e le es(&!n6M
S&e doesnZt t!9e 9indl' to bein, ontr!dited HNo le &!e nin,(n! ,r!i! /(e l!
ontr!di,!n6M S&e ,!+e birt& n!t(r!ll' HEll! dio ! l(z de #or"! n!t(r!l6M I #eel it
%!ssion!tel' HLo siento !%!sion!d!"ente6M I see t&is ontr!dition %!ssion!tel' HDeo
est! ontr!dii3n !%!sion!d!"ente6M Eo7 serio(s !re t&ese t&re!ts re!ll'T HW*3"o
son de seri!s est!s !"en!z!s re!l"enteT6M Ee s"iled s!dl' Hl sonri3 triste"ente6M
T&e' "et seretl' to dis(ss t&e "!tter HSe +ieron en sereto %!r! dis(tir el
!s(nto6M Ee !,reed to ,i+e t&e" !ll t&e "one' seretl' Hl !ord3 d!rles todo el
dinero en sereto6M Li+e si"%l'] H\Di+e de #or"! si"%leL senill!]6M S&e ,l!ned
si,ni#i!ntl' !t &i" HEll! le e&3 (n! "ir!d! de #or"! si,ni#i!ti+! ! 0l6M T&e' !re
7oe#(ll' (nder%re%!red HEstn l!"ent!ble"ente "enos %re%!r!dos de l! (ent!61
?15;1I En (!nto ! l! %osii3n de los !d+erbios$ algunos adverbios locuciones
adverbiales de lugar suelen ir al final de la oracin pero, si les da nfasis, se
ponen al principio de la oracin4 an,/ere, a,a, bac1, do,n, in, round,
t/ere, up$ et1M los /(e s(elen ir !l %rini%io son los !d+erbios de %osii3n %ero no
los !d+erbios de l(,!r /(e indi!n direi3n o !d+erbios de l(,!r /(e indi!n
dist!ni!M si se %onen !l #in!l$ no se re#ieren ! tod! l! or!i3nM si se %onen !l
%rini%io$ se re#ieren ! tod! l! or!i3n ' se %(eden e+it!r !"bi,Xed!desM
nor"!l"ente (!ndo +!n !l %rini%io rel!ion!n l! or!i3n on otr! !nteriorM en l!s
or!iones interro,!ti+!s no %(eden ir !l %rini%ioM (!ndo &!' (n i"%er!ti+o se
%onen !l #in!l nor"!l"ente1 E.14 Ee is #!r #ro" &ere Hl est le.os de !/(F6M Ee 7ent
! H+er'6 lon, 7!' o##L !7!' Hl Hse6 #(e H"('6 le.os6M S&e 7ent ! H+er'6 s&ort 7!'
o##L !7!' HEll! Hse6 #(e H"('6 er!6M S&e loo9ed !#ter &i" &ere HEll! lo (id!b!
!/(F6M Ee %l!'s 7it& t&e" ne!r &ere Hl .(e,! on ellos er! de !/(F6M S&e li+ed
ne!rb' HEll! +i+F! er! Nde !llFO6M Ee 7!s (n&!%%' in P!ris NQin P!risQ se re#iere !
Q(n&!%%'Q %ero no !l restoO Hl no er! #eliz en P!rFs6M In P!ris Nen#tio ' se re#iere !
tod! l! or!i3nO &e 7!s (n&!%%' HEn P!rFs 0l no er! #eliz6M Ee 7ent o+erse!s Hl #(e
!l e-tr!n.eroL ! (ltr!"!r6M T&e' e!t 7it& (s t&ere H*o"en on nosotros !llF61
Al,(nos !d+erbios de l(,!r %(eden ir t!"bi0n ! "it!d de l! or!i3n detrs del
s(.eto ' !ntes del +erbo$ sobre todo (!ndo son ortos4 above, abroad, a/ead,
bac1, bac1stage, belo,, do,nstairs, /ere, /ome, outside, t/ere, upstairs$ et1
E.14 T&e %&r!se !bo+e is lon, HL! #r!se de !rrib! es l!r,!6M A "ile !ross is eno(,&
HUn! "ill! ! tr!+0s es s(#iiente6M T&e ro!dL 7!' !&e!d is di##i(lt HL! !rreter!L El
!"ino %or del!nte es di#Fil6M T&e #li,&t b!9 osts "ore HEl +(elo de +(elt! (est!
"s6M T&e !tors b!9st!,e !re 'o(n, HLos !tores entre b!stidores son .3+enes6M
T&e 7ord belo7 is i"%ort!nt HL! %!l!br! de !b!.o es i"%ort!nte6M T&e l!d' &ere
lo+es &er #!"il' HL! se)or! de !/(F !"! ! s( #!"ili!6M >&en +iolene ends t&ereL
t&ere ends H*(!ndo l! +ioleni! ter"in! !&F NoO !llF6$ et1 D1 ?1=
*(!ndo &!' dos !d+erbios de l(,!r$ s(ele %onerse %ri"ero el "s orto$ (n
!d+erbio de (n! sol! %!l!br!$ ' l(e,o el "s l!r,o$ (n! lo(i3n !d+erbi!lM los
!d+erbios de l(,!r /(e indi!n direi3n +!n nor"!l"ente del!nte de los !d+erbios
de %osii3nM el !d+erbio de %osii3n %(ede ir !l #in!l o !l %rini%ioM (!ndo (no de
ellos es (n sint!,"! %re%osiion!l es %re#erible %onerlo !l %rini%io %!r! e+it!r
on#(siones1 E.14 T&e' 7ere r(nnin, !ro(nd Ndirei3nO do7nst!irs N%osii3nO
HEst!b!n orriendo de (n l!do %!r! otro !b!.o6L Do7nst!irs N%osii3nO t&e' 7ere
r(nnin, !ro(nd Ndirei3nO HAb!.o est!b!n orriendo de (n l!do %!r! otro6M In
M!edoni! N%osii3nO %eo%le donZt ,o so #!r Ndirei3nO HEn M!edoni! l! ,ente no
Hse6 +! t!n le.os6M In t&!t %l!e N%osii3nO nobod' 7!nted to ,o o(tside Ndirei3nO
HEn eseL !/(el l(,!r n!die /(erF! s!lir61
P(ede &!ber dos !d+erbios de %osii3n oordin!dos en (n! "is"! or!i3n1 E.14
T&e' 7ere &ere !nd t&ere HEst!b!n !/(F ' !llF61
*(!ndo se %onen dos !d+erbios de %osii3n en (n! "is"! or!i3n s(ele ir %ri"ero
el /(e o(%! "enos es%!ioL el del l(,!r "s %e/(e)o ' l(e,o el /(e o(%! "s
es%!ioL el del l(,!r "s ,r!ndeM nor"!l"ente s3lo el /(e o(%! "s es%!io se
%(ede %oner !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n %ero$ si el "s orto es U&ereV o Ut&ereV$ se
%(eden %oner !l %rini%io U&ere$ t&ereV$ %ero no el "s l!r,o1 E.14 T&e' li+ed in !
bi, &o(se in S!nt! *r(z HDi+F!n en (n! !s! ,r!nde en S1 *16M In S!nt! *r(z t&e'
li+ed in ! bi, &o(se HEn S1 *1 +i+F!n en (n! !s! ,r!nde6M EeZs &ere !t t&e &otel Hl
est !/(F en el &otel6M Eere &eZs !t t&e &otel HA/(F 0l est en el &otel61
P(ede &!ber dos !d+erbios de l(,!r /(e indi!n direi3n oordin!dos en (n!
"is"! or!i3n1 E.14 Are 'o( ,oin, (%st!irs or do7nst!irsT HWD!s !rrib! o !b!.oT61
*(!ndo se %onen dos !d+erbios de l(,!r /(e indi!n direi3n ,ener!l"ente se
%one del!nte el /(e indi! %roedeni! bien in"edi!t!"ente del!nte del otro$ /(e
indi! destino$ o !l %rini%io de l! or!i3nM sin e"b!r,o$ on el +erbo Uo"eV se
%one %ri"ero el destino ' l(e,o l! %roedeni!1 E.14 T&e' 7ent #ro" B(r9in! F!so
to At&ens HHse6 F(eron de B(r9in! F!so ! Aten!s6M Fro" B(r9in! F!so t&e'
tr!+elled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+eled NUSAO to At&ens HDe B(r9in! F!so
+i!.!ron ! Aten!s6M S&e !"e to P!leni! #ro" Bosni! HEll! +ino ! P1 desde Bosni!6M
It 7ent (%&ill to7!rds t&e &(r& HF(e (est! !rrib! &!i! l! i,lesi!61
Sin e"b!r,o$ no s(elen ir oordin!dos (n !d+erbio de %osii3n ' (n !d+erbio de
l(,!r /(e indi! direi3n1
Los !d+erbios de %osii3n ' los !d+erbios de l(,!r /(e indi!n direi3n %(eden
%onerse entre el +erbo ' el o"%le"ento direto$ (!ndo 0ste es "(' l!r,o1 E.14 Ee
s!7 &ere 7&!t &!%%ens 7&en %eo%le !re rebellio(s Hl +io !/(F lo /(e o(rre
(!ndo l! ,ente es rebelde61 En in,l0s liter!rio ' en liter!t(r! in#!ntil !l,(nos
!d+erbios de l(,!r /(e indi!n direi3n nor"!l"ente se %(eden %oner !l %rini%io
de l! or!i3n on el +erbo ,ener!l"ente en %resente o %ret0rito i"%er#etoL
inde#inido en #or"! si"%leM en in,l0s &!bl!do %rini%!l"ente on los +erbos
nor"!les Uo"e$ ,et$ ,oV$ en se,(nd! %erson! de i"%er!ti+o on el s(.eto U'o(V o
en %resente si"%le de indi!ti+o1 D1 5C1;51@$ 5C1;:1;$ 5C1;:15C$ 5C1;:15;
*(!ndo detrs del !d+erbio de l(,!r /(e indi! direi3n ! %rini%io de l! or!i3n
&!' (n %rono"bre %erson!l$ no &!' in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' del +erbo$ %ero (!ndo es
(n no"bre o (n %rono"bre inde#inido sF1 D15C1;51@$ 5C1;:15C
Los !d+erbios de l(,!r /(e +!n (nidos ! (n +erbo o"o Qo"e$ ,o$ "o+eQ$ et1$
s(elen %onerse .(nto !l +erbo1 E.14 S&e !"e &o"e HEll! +ino ! !s!6M GetL Go
o(tHside6] H\DeHte6L S!l #(er!]61
=n,/ere# anplace >o? an place NUSAO HenL %or (!l/(ier %!rte NoO l(,!r4 en
!#ir"!ti+! ND1 =1:=OM enL %orL ! nin,(n! %!rte NoO l(,!r4 en ne,!ti+! o !#ir"!ti+!
/(e i"%li/(e ne,!i3n ND1 =1:=OM enL %orL ! !l,(n! %!rte NoO l(,!r4 interro,!ti+! ND1
=1:=O6$ an,/ere else HenL %orL ! (!l/(ier otr! %!rte NoO l(,!r4 en !#ir"!ti+! ND1
=1:=OM enL %orL ! nin,(n! otr! %!rte NoO l(,!r4 en ne,!ti+! o !#ir"!ti+! /(e i"%li/(e
ne,!i3n ND1 =1:=OM enL %orL ! !l,(n! otr! %!rte NoO l(,!r4 en interro,!ti+! ND1
=1:=O6M Q!n'7&ereQ se (s! o"o el !d.eti+o Q!n'Q1 E.4 !n'7&ere ot&er t&!n &ere Hen
(!l/(ier otr! %!rte NoO l(,!r /(e no se! !/(FL 0st! NoO 0ste6M !n'7&ere in t&is !+e
HenL %or (!l/(ier %!rte de est! (e+!6M Ee is not !n'7&ere Hl no est enL %or
nin,(n! %!rte6M S&e le#t 7it&o(t ,oin, !n'7&ere HEll! se "!r&3 sin ir ! nin,(n!
%!rte6M Go !n'7&ere else] H\Dete ! (!l/(ier otr! %!rte]6M S&e is not !n'7&ere else
HEll! no est enL %or nin,(n! otr! %!rte6M Are 'o( tr!+ellin, NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
tr!+elin, NUSAO !n'7&ere elseT HWD!s ! +i!.!r ! !l,(n! otr! %!rteT61
Se s(ele (s!r Ua long ,aV Hle.os6 en !#ir"!ti+! ' UfarV Hle.os6 en ne,!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! %rini%!l"ente$ %ero se %(eden (s!r t!"bi0n en !#ir"!ti+! Q!7#(ll'
#!r$ /(ite #!r$ too #!r$ +er' #!rQM Q#!rQ se (s! "(' %oo en !#ir"!ti+! ND1 =1:<O1
L!s lo(iones !d+erbi!les de l(,!r o"o Qa bit too far 4un poco demasiado
le%os+, a long ,a off# a,a 4mu le%os+, a s/ort ,a off# a,a 4mu cerca+, all
over t/e ,orld 4en todo el mundo >con verbos est!ticos?# por todo el mundo
>con verbos de movimiento?# t/e ,orld over 4en todo el mundo >slo con
verbos est!ticos?+ >in all of t/e ,orld# in ever part of t/e ,orld" no poner ni
una ni otra?, far enoug/ 4suficientemente le%os+, inside out, in situ >literario?,
'uite far 4bastante le%os+, too far 4demasiado le%os+, ver far a,a 4mu le%os+Q$
et1$ s(elen ir !l #in!l1 E.14 *&rist"!s is not so #!r o## no7 Hm! #!lt! %oo %!r!
N!+id!d6M Eer birt&d!' is ! lon, 7!' o## HF!lt! "(&o %!r! s( ("%le!)os6M Ee
7ent ! lon, 7!' o##L !7!' Hl Hse6 #(e "(' le.os6M S&e 7ent ! s&ort 7!' o##L !7!'
HEll! Hse6 #(e er!6M Ee 7!s so"e 7!' o## Hl est!b! ! iert! dist!ni!61
UEver,/ere# everplace >o? ever place NUSAO< HenL %orL ! tod!s %!rtes Nsi
&!e de s(.eto on +erbo en sin,(l!rO6M e+er'7&ere else HenL %orL ! (!l/(ier otr!
%!rte NoO todos los de"s l(,!res61 E.14 Ee ,oes e+er'7&ere Hl +! ! tod!s %!rtes6M
S&e is loo9in, e+er'7&ere HEll! est "ir!ndo enL %or tod!s %!rtes6M E+er'7&ere
7!s +er' ro7ded HEn tod!s %!rtes &!bF! "(& ,enteL est!b! !b!rrot!do de ,ente6M
E+er'7&ere &!s its #!(lts HTodos los l(,!res tienen s(s #!llos61
UAomeV s(ele ir solo (!ndo es !d+erbio e indi! "o+i"iento on +erbos o"o
Qbrin,$ o"e$ ,o$ ,o b!9Q$ et1$ ' %reedido de U!tV en GB (!ndo indi! re%oso
on +erbos o"o Qbe$ e!t$ st!'Q$ et1D1 @1@1:@15
UOo,/ere HenL %orL ! nin,(n! %!rte NoO l(,!r6$ no7&ere else HenL %orL ! nin,(n!
otr! %!rte NoO l(,!r6V1 E.14 It is no7&ere HNo est enL %or nin,(n! %!rte6M S&e
es!%ed no7&ere HEll! no se es!%3 ! nin,(n! %!rte6M Ee !"e #ro" so"e7&ere
Hl +ino de !l,2n l(,!r61 QNo7&ereQ se (s! o"o el !d.eti+o QnoQ4 D1 ;1=515:M en
in,l0s liter!rio se %(ede %oner Qno7&ereQ !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n on el +erbo
!(-ili!r del!nte del s(.eto1 E.14 No7&ere is t&ere ! better oo9 HEnL Por nin,(n!
%!rte &!' (n oinero "e.or61
USome,/ere Nse (s! o"o el !d.eti+o Qso"eQ4 D1 ;1=5155O HenL %orL ! !l,(n! %!rte
NoO l(,!r6$ some,/ere else HenL %orL ! !l,(n! otr! %!rte NoO !l,2n otro l(,!r6V1 E.14
It "(st be so"e7&ere HDebe de est!r en !l,(n! %!rte NoO !l,2n otro l(,!r6M It 7!s
so"e7&ere else HEst!b! enL %or !l,(n! otr! %!rte NoO !l,2n otro l(,!r6M T&e' 7ent
so"e7&ere else HF(eron ! !l,(n! otr! %!rte NoO !l,2n otro l(,!r61
UT/isV (!ndo es !d+erbio %(ede si,ni#i!r Q!/(FQ1 E.14 T&is is 7&ere t&e' te!&
HA/(F es donde ense)!n61
E!' !d+erbios /(e tienen dos #or"!s4 bac1,ard >es tambin ad%etivo?
;bac1,ards<, do,n,ard >es tambin ad%etivo? ;do,n,ards<, for,ard >es
tambin ad%etivo? ;for,ards<, in,ard >es tambin ad%etivo? e ;in,ards<,
nort/,ard >es tambin ad%etivo? ;nort/,ards<, out,ard >es tambin
ad%etivo? ;out,ards<, sout/,ard >es tambin ad%etivo? ;sout/,ards<,
to,ard >es tambin ad%etivo" arcaico? ;to,ards<, etc." bac1,ard4s+ and
for,ard4s+ 4para adelante para atr!s# de ac! para all!+$ et1M en USA se (s!
"s el %ri"ero /(e el se,(ndo ' en GB ,ener!l"ente se (s! "s el se,(ndo /(e el
%ri"eroM en !l,(nos !sos &!' !d+erbios /(e tienen s3lo (n! #or"!4 7ind7!rd Nes
t!"bi0n !d.eti+oOM en iertos !sos se (s! el !d+erbio sin Is t!nto en GB o"o en
USA4 bend Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL le!n Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doO o+er b!97!rdHs6
N#i,(r!doO H&!er lo i"%osible %orL %!r! ND1=15<:18O6$ brin, #or7!rd N#or7!rds4 no
%onerO ! %ro%os!l$ et1$ brin, st& #or7!rd N#or7!rds4 no %onerO ! d!'$ et1$ o"e
#or7!rd H%resent!rseL o#reerse6$ #!ll o+er b!97!rdL b!97!rds NGB
%rini%!l"enteO N#i,(r!do4 olo/(i!lO Hdes+i+irse %orL %!r!6$ #ro" t&!t d!' #or7!rd
N#or7!rds4 no %onerO Hde eseL !/(el dF! en !del!nte6$ ,o #or7!rd N#or7!rds4 no
%onerO$ &el% sbL st& #or7!rd N#or7!rds4 no %onerO$ loo9 #or7!rd N#or7!rds4 no
%onerO to$ %ress #or7!rd N#or7!rds4 no %onerO to +itor'$ et1$ %(t #or7!rd
N#or7!rds4 no %onerO ! %l!n$ %(t t&e lo9 #or7!rd N#or7!rds4 no %onerO #i+e
"in(tes$ et1M sin e"b!r,o$ bend Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL le!n Nolo/(i!l4 "enos
(s!doO o+er b!97!rds Nliter!lO ND1=15CBO Hinlin!rse &!i! !trs6$ o"e #or7!rdHs6
H+enir &!i! !del!nte6$ #!ll o+er b!97!rds Nliter!lO H!erHse6 &!i! !trsL de
es%!ld!s6$ #!ll b!97!rdL b!97!rds NGB %rini%!l"enteO Nliter!lO H!erHse6 &!i!
!trsL de es%!ld!s6$ 9no7 so"et&in, b!97!rds Hs!ber !l,o !l dedilloL de %e ! %!6$
7!l9 b!97!rdL b!97!rds NGB %rini%!l"enteO H!"in!r &!i! !trs6$ re!d st&
b!97!rdL b!97!rds NGB %rini%!l"enteO Hleer !l,o &!i! !trs6$ et1
En otros !sos e-isten dos #or"!s distint!s4 ross7!'sL ross7ise NUSAO Hen
di!,on!lL tr!ns+ers!l"ente6$ ed,e7!'sL ed,e7ise NUSAO Hde l!do6$ end7!'sL
end7ise NUSAO Hde !ntoL de l!do6$ len,t&7!'s NGBOL len,t&7ise NUSAO H! lo
l!r,o6$ side7!'sL side7ise NUSAO Hde reo.oL de l!do6$ et1
MAereM Mt/ereM %(eden ir !l %rini%io ' t!"bi0n !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n1D1
5C1;:15;
A +ees los !d+erbios Q&ereQ$ Qt&ereQ ' los o"%(estos on I7&ere %(eden ir !
"it!d de l! or!i3n1 *(!ndo se &!bl! %or tel0#ono se %one el no"bre %ri"ero ' !
ontin(!i3n U&ereV1 E.4 A4 Is t&!t 'o($ M!r'linT HWEres t2$ M!rilFnT61 B4 M!r'lin
&ereL T&is is M!r'linL ItZs "e$ M!r'lin HM!rilFn !l !%!r!toL So' M!rilFn61 E-e%to
en sit(!iones &("orFsti!s$ serF! inorreto en est! sit(!i3n deir UEereZs M1L M1
is &ereV /(e /(ieren deir HA/(F est M!rilFnL M1 est !/(F6 ' /(e serF!n (n!
ontest!i3n ! U>&ereZs M1TV HWD3nde est M1T61
E!' or!iones s(bordin!d!s !d+erbi!les /(e &!en l! #(ni3n de !d+erbios de l(,!r1
E.14 T&!t is 7&ere 7e s!7 t&e" 'esterd!' N%osii3nO HAllF es donde lesL los +i"os
!'er6M S&e 7ent 7&ere+er 7e 7ent Ndirei3nO HEll! ib! ! todos los sitios donde
Fb!"os61 D1B15?155$ 5C1:B1:
E!' or!iones s(bordin!d!s de rel!ti+o /(e &!en l! #(ni3n de !d+erbios de l(,!r
.(nto on el !nteedente1 D15C1:@1:
?15<1I En (!nto ! l! %osii3n de los !d+erbios$ los adverbios de tiempo definido
los adverbios de tiempo indefinido, suelen ir al final de la oracin pero, si les
da nfasis se ponen al principio de la oracin4 before, earl, eventuall, finall,
immediatel, longer, no,adas, overnig/t 4por la noc/e# de la noc/e a la
maLana+, s/arpl 4de repente# repentinamente+, toda, tomorro,, tonig/t,
esterda$ et1M nor"!l"ente (!ndo +!n !l %rini%io rel!ion!n l! or!i3n on otr!
!nteriorM en l!s or!iones interro,!ti+!s no %(eden ir !l %rini%ioM (!ndo &!' (n
i"%er!ti+o o se (tiliz! QtillQ se %onen !l #in!l nor"!l"ente1 E.14 T&e' s!id t&!t
be#ore HDi.eron esoL !/(ello !ntes6M I 9ne7 t&e' 7o(ld ,i+e 7!' e+ent(!ll' HS!bF!
/(e ederF!n #in!l"enteL on el tie"%o6M E+ent(!ll' Nen#tioO t&e' didnZt o"e
HFin!l"ente no +inieron6M T&e' "(st settle t&is #in!ll' HDeben !rre,l!r esto
#in!l"enteL de (n! +ez %or tod!s6M Fin!ll' Nen#tioO$ I 7o(ld li9e to t&!n9 'o(
HFin!l"ente$ "e ,(st!rF! d!rte l!s ,r!i!s6M T&e 7!r didnZt bre!9 o(t i""edi!tel'
HL! ,(err! no est!ll3 in"edi!t!"ente6M Fi+e "in(tes l!ter Nen#tioO &e !"e 7it&
&er H*ino "in(tos des%(0s +ino 0l on ell!6M >&!t is o"in, ne-t tod!'T HWJ(0
+iene ! ontin(!i3n &o'T6M Ne-t Nen#tioO t&e' told "e 7&!t &e &!d s!id HA
ontin(!i3n "e di.eron lo /(e 0l &!bF! di&o6M *o"e soon] H\Den %ronto]6M Ee told
(s to +isit t&e B(r,os !t&edr!l soon HNos di.o /(e +isitr!"os l! !tedr!l de B(r,os
%ronto6M Soon Nen#tioO &e deided to 7rite HPronto 0l deidi3 esribir6M Ee st!'ed
till ei,&t Hl se /(ed3 &!st! l!s o&o6M R("!ni!ns &!+e been +otin, tod!' in
n!tion!l eletions HLos r("!nos &!n est!do +ot!ndo &o' en l!s eleiones
n!ion!les6M Ee 7ent t&ere tod!' Hl #(e !&FL !llF &o'6M Tod!' Nen#tioO &e 7ent
t&ere HEo' 0l #(e !&FL !llF6M EeZll ,o to *!eres to"orro7 Hl +! ! ir ! *eres
"!)!n!6M To"orro7 Nen#tioO &eZll ,o to *!eres HM!)!n! 0l +! ! ir ! *eres61
A +ees$ se %(ede %oner (n !d+erbio de tie"%o de#inido entre el +erbo ' el
o"%le"ento direto si 0ste es l!r,o o %!r! e+it!r !"bi,Xed!des1 E.14 Ee "o+ed
s&!r%l' to !+oid !n !ident Hl !t(3 de re%ente %!r! e+it!r (n !idente6M T&e'
&!n,ed 'esterd!' !ll t&e %l!ns t&!t t&e' &!d "!de H*!"bi!ron !'er todos los
%l!nes /(e &!bF!n &e&o61
A +ees$ se %(ede %oner (n !d+erbio de tie"%o de#inido !l %rini%io %!r! e+it!r
!"bi,Xed!des1 E.14 Ee !,reed to o"e l!st ni,&t Hl !ord3 +enir !no&e N!"bi,(o
en in,l0s ' en !stell!no4 U!no&eV %(ede re#erirse ! U+enirV o ! tod! l! or!i3nM si
se re#iere ! tod! l! or!i3n es "e.or %oner UL!st ni,&t &e !,reed to o"eV HAno&e
0l !ord3 +enir6O61
Al,(n!s lo(iones de tie"%o o"o Q4for+ a long time 44durante+ muc/o
tiempo+, all at once, all da 4long+ 4durante todo el d(a+, all nig/t 4long+
4durante toda la noc/e+, all ear round 4durante todo el aLo+, anot/er da#
time, an longer, an more >HI principalmente?# anmore >@S=
principalmente?, as soon as possible 4lo antes posible+, at t/e beginning, at t/e
end, at first, at nig/t, at present, at t/at time, before t/e election, ever since,
ever ot/er da, for t/e ,inter 4durante el invierno+, for good and all 4de una
ve) por todas+, for long 4durante muc/o tiempo+, for muc/ longer 4durante
muc/o m!s tiempo+, for no, 4por a/ora+, for too long 4durante demasiado
tiempo+, from moment to moment 4por momentos+, from t/is moment on
4desde este momento+, from no, on 4de a/ora en adelante+, from t/is time on
4a partir de a/ora+, in future, infinitel longer, late at nig/t, late in t/e
morning# afternoon# ear, t,o ,ee1s later, later on, long since 4/ace muc/o+,
once >one time " no poner? a da, one da, since last mont/# ear, some da,
t/ree times a ,ee1, t,ice a da, until t/en, up to no,, t/e 4ver+ next moment
4al 4mismo+ momento siguiente+, t/e ,/ole da 4todo el d(a+, t/is ear or earl
next, too muc/ longerQ$ et1$ s(elen ir #re(ente"ente !l #in!l ' "enos ! "en(do
!l %rini%ioM !l %rini%io es "s en#tio1 E.14 I &!+enZt seen &i" !ll d!' HNo leL lo
&e +isto d(r!nte todo el dF!6M T&e' donZt do it !n' lon,erL !n' "ore NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL !n'"ore NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hm! no lo &!en6M T&e' 7ere
s!'in, be#ore t&e eletion t&!t 111 HEst!b!n diiendo !ntes de l! elei3n /(e 1116M >e
&!+enZt "et e+er sine HNo nos &e"os +isto n(n! desde entones6M It 7ill ,o on #or
no7 H*ontin(!r %or !&or!6M Ee t&o(,&t it o+er in#initel' lon,er t&!n "!n' Hl lo
"edit3 d(r!nte (n tie"%o in#init!"ente "s l!r,o /(e "(&os6M S&e 7ent lon,
sine HEll! #(e &!e "(&o6M Ee li+ed t&ere sine !#ter t&e 7!r &!d ended Hl &!bF!
+i+ido !llF desde des%(0s /(e &(bier! ter"in!do l! ,(err!6M S&e isnZt 7or9in, H#or6
too "(& lon,er HEll! no +! ! est!r tr!b!.!ndo d(r!nte "(&o "s tie"%o61
Al,(n!s lo(iones de tie"%o +!n s3lo !l #in!l4 for good, for no,, for t/e
moment, in a /urr$ et1 E.14 T&e' 7ent #or ,ood HSe #(eron %!r! sie"%re6M >eZll
le!+e it #or no7L no7 HLo de.!re"os %or !&or!L !&or!6M B'e #or t&e "o"entL #or
no7L no7 HE!st! l(e,o !&or!6$ et1
Al,(n!s lo(iones de tie"%o indeter"in!do o"o Uonce and for allV$ et1$ +!n
s3lo ! "it!d ' !l #in!l1
Al,(nos !d+erbios de tie"%o inde#inido Qdirectl, late, ver late$Q et1$ +!n s3lo !l
#in!l1 E.14 S&e 7or9ed l!te HEll! tr!b!.3 &!st! t!rde6M S&e st!'ed (% +er' l!te re!din,
HEll! se /(ed3 le+!nt!d! &!st! "(' t!rde le'endo61
Al,(nos !d+erbios de tie"%o o"o Qafter,ards# after,ard >@S=?, at last, at
long last, at once, before, earlier, eventuall, ever since 4siempre desde
entonces+, finall, first, for t/e first time, formerl, immediatel, in t/e end,
instantl, %ust, last, latel, later, long, long ago, long since, next, no,, originall,
overnig/t, previousl, recentl, scarcel ever, soon, sooner or later, still,
subse'uentl, suddenl, t/en, t/is morning, tomorro,, ultimatel 4a la larga#
en Bltima instancia+, esterdaQ$ s(elen ir #re(ente"ente !l #in!l ' "enos !
"en(do !l %rini%ioM !l %rini%io es "s en#tioM no obst!nte$ %(eden ir t!"bi0n !
"it!d de l! or!i3n$ sobre todo (!ndo &!' tie"%os o"%(estos o (n +erbo
%reedido de (n +erbo !(-ili!r1 E.14 S&e #in!ll' %re%!red e+er't&in, HEll! %re%!r3
todo #in!l"ente6M It o(ld be &e!rd #or t&e #irst ti"eL It o(ld$ #or t&e #irst ti"e$ be
&e!rd HPodF! oFrse %or %ri"er! +ez6M S&e &!sH$6 #or t&e #irst ti"eH$6 o+ero"e t&e
%roble" HEll! %or %ri"er! +ez &! s(%er!do el %roble"!6M >&en did s&e l!st see (sT
HW*(ndo nos +io ell! %or 2lti"! +ezT6M E!s s&e o"e l!tel'T HWE! +enido ell!
2lti"!"enteT6M S&e 7ill o"e l!ter HEll! +endr "s t!rde6M T&e' &!+e lon, !,o
deided to le!+e it HE!e "(&o /(e &!n deidido de.!rlo6M S&e &!s lon, sine
#or,otten t&!t HEll! &!e "(&o /(e &! ol+id!do esoL !/(ello6M T&e' ne-t told "e
7&!t &e &!d s!id HA ontin(!i3n "e di.eron lo /(e 0l &!bF! di&o6M S&e no7 tries
to %le!se e+er'bod' HEll! !&or! tr!t! de !,r!d!r ! todo el "(ndo6M Ee 7ill no7 s!'
so"et&in, else Hl dir !&or! otr! os!6M T&e .o(rne' o+erni,&t is s&ort HEl +i!.e
d(r!nte l! no&e es orto6M Ee soon told (s to +isit t&e B(r,os !t&edr!l Hl %ronto
nos di.o /(e +isitr!"os l! !tedr!l de B(r,os6M T&e' 7ill soon o"e b!9
HDol+ern %ronto6M T&e s&o% 7!s losed t&is "ornin,$ &e 7!s sorr' to tell (s Nel
"s (s!doO Hl sentF! deirnos /(e l! tiend! est!b! err!d! est! "!)!n!6L T&e s&o%
7!s t&is "ornin, losed$ &e 7!s sorr' to tell (s N"enos (s!do4 en#!tiz! QlosedQOL
T&e s&o% 7!s t&is "ornin,$ &e 7!s sorr' to tell (s$ losed Nel "enos (s!do ' %oo
reo"end!ble4 en#!tiz! QlosedQO Hl sentF! deirnos /(e l! tiend! est!b! est!
"!)!n! err!d!6M MrH16 Gonz!lez 7ill ,i+e ! on#erene !bo(t it to"orro7 Nel "s
(s!doO HEl Sr1 Gonzlez d!r (n! on#ereni! sobre ello "!)!n!6L MrH16 Gonz!lez
7ill ,i+e ! on#erene to"orro7 !bo(t it N"enos (s!do4 en#!tiz! Q!bo(t itQO HEl Sr1
Gonzlez d!r (n! on#ereni! "!)!n! sobre ello6L MrH16 Gonz!lez 7ill ,i+e
to"orro7 ! on#erene !bo(t it Nel "enos (s!do4 en#!tiz! Q! on#erene !bo(t itQO
HEl Sr1 Gonzlez d!r "!)!n! (n! on#ereni! sobre ello61
El !d+erbio UafterV +! !l #in!l$ ,ener!l"ente detrs de Ue+er$ lon,$ s&ortl'$ soonV$
et1 El !d+erbio Q!#terQ en in,l0s liter!rio s(ele ir detrs de otro !d+erbio de tie"%o
o !l,2n no"bre /(e indi/(e tie"%o$ %ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l se (s! i,(!l /(e
Q!#ter7!rdsQ ' no neesit! ir %reedido de (n !d+erbio de tie"%o1
QKresentlQ s(ele ir !l %rini%io (!ndo si,ni#i! Qen se,(id!L !l "o"entoQ %ero no
se (s! "(&o en este sentido$ ! "it!d sobre todo en USA ' "enos #re(ente"ente
en GB (!ndo si,ni#i! Q!t(!l"enteL en este "o"entoQ ' !l #in!l (!ndo si,ni#i!
Q%rontoQM en GB se (s! "s Q!t %resentQ o Q(rrentl'Q (!ndo +! ! "it!d de l!
or!i3n1
QKromptlQ +! !l #in!l o !l %rini%io (!ndo si,ni#i! Q%(nt(!l"enteQ ' ! "it!d o
!l #in!l (!ndo si,ni#i! Qin"edi!t!"enteQ1
Los !d+erbios de tie"%o inde#inido Qalread, finall, first, forever# for ever >HI?,
%ust, previouslQ$ et1$ nor"!l"ente +!n ! "it!d de l! or!i3nM (!ndo lle+!n
0n#!sis %(eden ir !l %rini%io$ !(n/(e no "(' ! "en(do$ o inl(so !l #in!l$
,ener!l"ente se%!r!dos %or (n! o"!M estos !d+erbios s(elen tener s3lo (n!
%!l!br!M en l!s or!iones interro,!ti+!s no %(eden ir !l %rini%io1 E.14 T&e' 7ere
#ore+erL #or e+er NGBO !r,(in, HEst!b!n sie"%re dis(tiendo6M T&e' &!+e .(st
!rri+ed HA!b!n de lle,!rL E!n lle,!do reiente"ente6M T&e' !re .(st ,one HSe
!!b!n de irL Se &!n ido reiente"ente6M IZ" .(st o"in, HDo' !&or! "is"o61
El !d+erbio Q!lre!d'Q H'!6 en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! se olo! ! "it!d
de l! or!i3n o en %osii3n #in!lM el sentido es li,er!"ente distintoM en !#ir"!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! +! ! "it!d de l! or!i3n (!ndo no indi! sor%res!M si +! !
"it!d de l! or!i3n en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!$ l! res%(est! es %rob!ble /(e se!
!#ir"!ti+!M en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! +! !l #in!l de l! or!i3n (!ndo
indi! sor%res! ' en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! se es%er! (n! res%(est! !#ir"!ti+!M se
(s! !l #in!l de l! or!i3n sol!"ente en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! o
ne,!ti+! (!ndo indi! sor%res!M Q!lre!d'Q s(ele ir nor"!l"ente ! "it!d o !l #in!l '
en !#ir"!ti+! %(ede ir t!"bi0n !l %rini%io (!ndo lle+! 0n#!sis1 E.14 S&e &!s
!lre!d' 7ritten t&e letter HEll! '! &! esrito l! !rt! Ni lo &! &e&o en (n tie"%o
nor"!lO6M S&e &!s 7ritten t&e letter !lre!d' HEll! &! esrito l! !rt! '! Ni \J(0
%ronto lo &! &e&o]O6M E!s s&e !lre!d' 7ritten t&e letterT HWm! &! esrito ell! l!
!rt!T Ni no s!be"os si l! &! esrito '! %ero es%er!"os /(e l! esrib!O6M E!s s&e
7ritten t&e letter !lre!d'T HWE! esrito ell! l! !rt! '!T Ni \J(0 %ronto lo &! &e&o]M
s!be"os /(e l! &! esritoO6M E!snZt &e e!ten !lre!d'T HWNo &! o"ido 0l '!T Ni m!
es &or! de /(e &!'! o"idoM se es%er! ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+!O6M Ee &!s !lre!d'
e!ten Hl &! o"ido '! Ni lo &! &e&o en (n tie"%o nor"!lO6M S&e &!s re!d t&e
boo9 !lre!d' HEll! &! leFdo el libro '! Ni \J(0 %ronto lo &! &e&o]O6M Ee &!s !lre!d'
#inis&ed Hl '! &! ter"in!do Ni lo &! &e&o en (n tie"%o nor"!lO6M Ee &!s #inis&ed
!lre!d' Hl &! ter"in!do '! Ni \J(0 %ronto lo &! &e&o]O61
QAlre!d'Q %(ede (s!rse t!"bi0n en ne,!ti+! ' se tr!d(e %or Q'!Q$ %ero e-iste
di#ereni! entre QT&e %eo%le 7&o !re not !lre!d' ,oneQ HL! ,ente /(e no se &! ido
'! N' /(e %rob!ble"ente no se +!'!O6 ' QT&e %eo%le 7&o !re not ,one 'etQ HL!
,ente /(e no se &! ido tod!+F! N' /(e %(ede /(e se +!'!O6M T&in,s t&!t 7e didnZt
!lre!d' 9no7 H*os!s /(e no s!bF!"os '! N' /(e %rob!ble"ente no Fb!"os !
!%renderO6 ' UT&in,s t&!t 7e didnZt 9no7 'etV H*os!s /(e no s!bF!"os tod!+F! N'
/(e %odF!"os !%renderO6M 111 in !se 'o( donZt !lre!d' &!+e t&is H111 %or si no tienes
esto '! Ni %rob!ble"ente '! lo tienesO6 e U111 in !se 'o( donZt &!+e t&is 'etV H111 %or
si no tienes esto tod!+F! Ni no lo tienes %ero %(edes onse,(irloO61 Sin e"b!r,o$ se
die UT&e' st!rted to do it !s e!rl' Nsoon4 no %onerO !s 5B@C NT&e' !lre!d' st!rted
to do it in 5B@C4 no %onerO Hm! e"%ez!ron ! &!erlo en 5B@C61
El !d+erbio de tie"%o inde#inido Qat lastQ %(ede ir ! %rini%io ' !l #in!l ' "enos !
"en(do ! "it!d de l! or!i3n1
*(!ndo &!' tie"%os o"%(estos en ne,!ti+! o interro,!ti+! Qe+er sineQ s(ele ir !l
#in!l1 E.14 T&e' &!+enZt ret(rned e+er sine HNo &!n +(elto "s desde entones61
Q&atelQ s(ele ir on (n +erbo en %ret0rito %er#eto ' QrecentlQ on (n +erbo en
%ret0rito i"%er#eto o %ret0rito %er#eto1
Se s(ele (s!r U4for+ a long timeV en !#ir"!ti+! ' "enos #re(ente"ente en
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!1 E.14 It 7ill t!9e ! lon, ti"eL ! lot o# ti"e HLle+!r "(&o
tie"%o61
Q&ongQ se s(ele (s!r en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M Qlon,Q %(ede (s!rse t!"bi0n en
!#ir"!ti+! en los tie"%os o"%(estos$ t!"bi0n (!ndo +! %reedido de Q!ll d!'L
ni,&tL 7ee9L 'e!r$ !s$ &!rdl'$ seldo"$ so$ tooQ ' se,(ido de Q!#ter$ !#ter7!rds$ !,o$
be#ore$ eno(,&Q ' en !l,(nos otros !sos ND1 =1:<OM +! !l #in!l en los tie"%os no
o"%(estos ' (!ndo +! en interro,!ti+! en los tie"%os o"%(estos$ ! "it!d en los
tie"%os o"%(estos en or!iones !#ir"!ti+!s$ ,ener!l"ente on +erbos de
reeni!$ s(%osii3n$ !tit(d o o"(ni!i3n1 E.14 It didnZt l!st H#or6 lon, HNo d(r3
"(&o Htie"%o66M E!s s&e 7!ited H#or6 lon,L H#or6 ! lon, ti"eT HWE! es%er!do ell!
"(&o tie"%oT6M EeZs lon, been intendin, to do t&is Hl &! est!do "(&o tie"%o
intent!ndo &!er esto6M ! lon, !do%tedL !,reedL bondedL onser!tedL
dis%ossessedL ent&ronedL i"%!tedL si"(l!ted %l!n H(n %l!n !do%t!do$ et1$
desde &!e "(&o tie"%oL d(r!nte "(&o tie"%o6M Ee &!s lon, s(s%eted it
Hl lo &! sos%e&!do d(r!nte "(&o tie"%oL &!F! tie"%o /(e lo +enF!
sos%e&!ndo6M It &!s lon, been toler!ted in t&is o(ntr' HE! sido toler!do desde
&!e "(&o en este %!Fs61
No obst!nte$ en l!s or!iones ne,!ti+!s %(ede &!ber di#ereni! entre Mfor a long
timeM MlongM1 E.14 S&e &!snZt been &ere #or ! lon, ti"e HEll! no &! est!do !/(F
desde &!e "(&o tie"%o6 ' US&e &!snZt been &ere lon,V HEll! no &! est!do !/(F
"(&o tie"%o6M Ee didnZt do it H#or6 ! lon, ti"eL H#or6 ! +er' lon, ti"e Hl est(+o
sin &!erlo Hd(r!nte6 "(&oL "(&Fsi"o tie"%o6 ' UEe didnZt do it H#or6 lon,L H#or6
+er' lon,V Hl no lo &izo Hd(r!nte6 "(&oL "(&Fsi"o tie"%o6M Ee didnZt sin,
H#or6 ! lon, ti"e Hl est(+o sin !nt!r Hd(r!nte6 "(&o tie"%o6 ' UEe didnZt sin,
H#or6 lon,V Hl no !nt3 Hd(r!nte6 "(&o tie"%o61
El !d+erbio UagoV s(ele ir detrs de l! #r!se /(e "odi#i!1 E.14 T&e' %&oned t&ree
"ont&s !,o HTele#one!ron &!e tres "eses6M >&en &e !"e ten 'e!rs !,o it 7!s
di##erent H*(!ndo 0l +ino &!e diez !)os er! di#erente6M S&e st!'ed #or ! #(rt&er t7o
d!'s HEll! se /(ed3 d(r!nte dos dF!s "s61
QA,oQ %(ede ir se,(ido de Qt&!tQ o Q7&enQ %ero no de QsineQ1 E.14 It 7!s ! "ont&
!,o t&!tL 7&en I +isited 'o( HF(e &!e (n "es (!ndo te +isit061 A +ees$ se %(ede
s(%ri"ir U!,oV si se /(iere1 E.14 T&e' !rri+ed ! 7ee9 H!,o6 'esterd!' HA'er &izo (n!
se"!n! /(e lle,!ron61
QIrieflQ H%or %oo tie"%oL en (n inst!nte6 %(ede ir !l #in!l ' ! "it!d de l! or!i3n1
E.14 S&e nodded !t &i" brie#l' HEll! le s!l(d3 en (n inst!nte on (n li,ero
"o+i"iento de !bez!6M Ee brie#l' 7ondered 7&!t s&e 7!s s!'in, Hl se %re,(nt3
%or (n "o"ento lo /(e ell! est!b! diiendo61
El !d+erbio Qno longerQ H'! no6 se %one ! "it!d de l! or!i3n '$ en in,l0s liter!rio$
!l #in!l de l! or!i3n$ %ero no se (s! "(&oM es %re#erible (s!r Qnot 111 !n' lon,erL
"oreQ ND1 =1:<I=O1 E.14 S&e no lon,er 7or9s &ereL S&e doesnZt 7or9 &ere !n'
lon,erL !n' "ore NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO !n'"ore NUSA %rini%!l"enteO HEll! no
tr!b!.! !/(F '!L "s6M T&e' no lon,er do itL T&e' donZt do it !n' lon,erL !n' "ore
NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO !n'"ore NUSA %rini%!l"enteO HNo lo &!en '!L "s61
QRuic1l, rapidl, ras/l, slo,l, speedil, s,iftlQ$ et1$ +!n !l %rini%io$ si lle+!n
0n#!sis$ o ! "it!d de l! or!i3n$ si no lle+!n 0n#!sis$ (!ndo son !d+erbios de
tie"%o1 E.14 J(i9l' s&e le#t t&e roo" Nen#tioO HR%id!"ente ell! se "!r&3L #(e
de l! &!bit!i3n6M Ee /(i9l' st!rted 7or9 Hl r%id!"ente e"%ez3 ! tr!b!.!r6M S&e
/(i9l' 7ent !7!' HEll! r%id!"ente se "!r&3L #(e6M Ee r!%idl' 7ent o(t o# t&e
b(ildin, Hl r%id!"ente s!li3 #(er! del edi#iio61
QSinceQ Hdesde entones6 s(ele ir !l #in!l de l! or!i3n o del!nte de (n %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!do en (n tie"%o o"%(esto1 E.14 S&e &!snZt ,one sine HEll! no &! ido
desde entones6M Ee &!s sine re"!rried Hl se &! !s!do de n(e+o desde entones6M
Ee &!s sine beo"e ! dotor Hl se &! &e&o "0dio des%(0s6M T&e %l!' &!s sine
been retitled HL! obr! &! sido retit(l!d! des%(0s6M Ee &!s sine been %le!sed HLe &!
,(st!do desde entones6M It &!s sine been !b!ndoned HE! sido !b!ndon!do desde
entones6M S&e &!snZt sine s!id !n't&in,L s!id !n't&in, sine HEll! no &! di&o
n!d! desde entones61
El !d+erbio QstillQ se %one nor"!l"ente ! "it!d de l! or!i3n en !#ir"!ti+! e
interro,!ti+! '$ ! +ees$ !l #in!lM en ne,!ti+! +! !ent(!do e indi! irrit!i3n$
sor%res!$ %reo(%!i3n ' se %one detrs del s(.eto1 E.14 Ee still &o%es to see 'o( Hl
!2nL tod!+F! es%er! +erte6M Is s&e still !t &o"eT HWEst ell! !2nL tod!+F! en !s!T6M
>&!t det!ils still &!+e to be !nno(nedT HWJ(0 det!lles tienen /(e ser !n(ni!dos
tod!+F!L !2nT6M ItZs %ossible still HEs %osible tod!+F!L !2n6M S&e lo+es 'o( still HEll!
te /(iere tod!+F!L !2n6M Ee &!s onsider!ble %o7er still Hl tiene b!st!nte %oder
tod!+F!L !2n6M S&e &!s still "!n!,ed to 7in HEll! &! onse,(ido !2nL tod!+F!
,!n!r6M T&!tZs still so Nno en#tioOL T&!t still is so Nen#tioO HEsoL A/(ello es
tod!+F!L !2n !sF6M S&e 7!s still not ! n(rse HEll! no er! tod!+F!L !2n en#er"er!6M
S&e 7!s not still ! n(rse HEll! no er! tod!+F!L !2n en#er"er!6M T&e' Rstill donZt 7!nt
to ,et "!rried HNo /(ieren !s!rse tod! R +F!L !R2n Ni Son "(' test!r(dos ' no
/(ieren !s!rse tod!+F!M si se %(sier! Q'etQ !l #in!l se tr!d(irF! i,(!l %ero no serF!
(n! rFti!O6M S&e Rstill &!snZt ,i+en 'o( t&e "one' b!9 HEll! tod! R +F!L ! R 2n no te &!
de+(elto el dinero Ni m! es &or! de /(e te lo de+(el+!M si se %(sier! Q'etQ !l #in!l se
tr!d(irF! i,(!l %ero no serF! (n! rFti!O61
UToget/erV +! !l #in!l o"o !d+erbio de tie"%o inde#inido1
UZetV se %one !l #in!l de l! or!i3n ne,!ti+! Nse tr!d(e %or Utod!+F!VO e
interro,!ti+! Nse tr!d(e %or U'!VO$ !(n/(e en ne,!ti+! t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner !
"it!d de l! or!i3nM l! ontest!i3n ! (n! %re,(nt! interro,!ti+! on Q'etQ %(ede ser
!#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!M (!ndo +! en interro,!ti+! ne,!ti+! Htod!+F!6 indi! sor%res!
o irrit!i3nM "(&o "enos #re(ente"ente se (s! en !#ir"!ti+! on (n s(%erl!ti+o
H&!st! !&or!6 o (!ndo onlle+! deseo$ sor%res! Htod!+F!6 ' %(ede %onerse !l #in!l '$
! +ees$ ! "it!d de l! or!i3nM (!ndo Q'etQ +! en (n! or!i3n en !#ir"!ti+! es "s
liter!rio /(e QstillQ ' es "enos %rob!ble /(e se ("%l! lo /(e se die /(e on QstillQ1
E.14 S&e isnZt old 'et HEll! no es +ie.! tod!+F!6M E!s &e #inis&ed 'etT HWE!
ter"in!do 0l '!T Nno se s!be ' l! ontest!i3n %(ede ser !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!O6M
T&e' &!+enZt #inis&ed 'et Nno en#tioOL T&e' &!+enZt 'et Nen#tioO #inis&ed HNo
&!n ter"in!do tod!+F!6M S&e &!snZt /(ite #inis&ed 'et Nno en#tioOL S&e &!snZt 'et
Nen#tioO /(ite #inis&ed HEll! no &! ter"in!do del todo tod!+F!6M E!snZt &e #inis&ed
'etT HWNo &! ter"in!do 0l !2nL tod!+F!T Ni *reF! /(e &!bF! ter"in!doL P(es '! es
&or! de /(e ter"ineO6M T&is is &er best no+el 'et Hst! es s( "e.or no+el! &!st!
!&or!6M T&ere !re t&ree "ore 'et HJ(ed!n tres "s tod!+F!6M T&e &o(se "!' 'et be
se!r&ed !,!in HL! !s! %(ede ser re,istr!d! de n(e+o tod!+F!6M T&ere 7ere
%roble"s 'et to o"e HE!bF! %roble"!s tod!+F! /(e ib!n ! s(r,ir6M T&e o(ntin,
&!s 'et to be done HTod!+F! &!' /(e &!er el re(ento6M Ee is onte"%l!tin, 'et
!not&er +itor' Hl est onte"%l!ndo tod!+F! otr! +itori!6M It &!s been &is
stron,est ritiis" 'et HE! sido s( rFti! "s #(erte &!st! !&or!61
E-iste (n! %e/(e)! di#ereni! entre Q'etQ !l #in!l en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! '
Q!lre!d'Q ! "it!d en interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+!M on Q'etQ l! ontest!i3n %(ede ser
!#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!M se %ide in#or"!i3n %or/(e no se s!beM on Q!lre!d'Q se
es%er! (n! ontest!i3n !#ir"!ti+!M es si"%le"ente (esti3n de tie"%oM no se %ide
in#or"!i3n sino on#ir"!i3n1 D1?15<
Los !d+erbios QstillQ ' Q'etQ %(eden ser de tie"%o ' onetores1
E!' di#ereni! entre QS&e 7or9ed #or t&ree &o(rsQ HEll! tr!b!.3 d(r!nte tres &or!s6 '
QS&e 7or9ed t&ree &o(rsQ HEll! tr!b!.3 tres &or!s6$ '! /(e l! %ri"er! or!i3n es
%!rte de (n %roeso e indi! /(e l(e,o &izo otr! os!$ "ientr!s /(e en l! se,(nd!
or!i3n no &!' ontin(!i3n '! /(e no es %!rte de (n todo1
E!' no"bres /(e %(eden (s!rse !d+erbi!l"ente1 E.4 S&e is "iles better t&!n &er
o(sin HEll! es "(&o "e.or /(e s( %ri"o61
Al,(nos !d+erbios de tie"%o o"o Q'esterd!'Q$ et1$ indi!n s3lo %!s!doM otros
o"o Qto"orro7Q$ et1$ indi!n s3lo #(t(roM otros o"o Qtod!'Q$ et1$ indi!n s3lo
%resenteM Qno7Q indi! nor"!l"ente %resente ' ! +ees #(t(roM sin e"b!r,o$ l!
"!'or %!rte de ellos %(eden (s!rse %!r! el %!s!do$ el %resente o el #(t(ro1
Al,(nos !d+erbios de tie"%o %(eden &!er de s(.eto on (n si,ni#i!do ' de
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l on otro1 E.14 Tod!' Nno"bre4 s(.etoO Nit4 no %oner
entre Utod!'V e UisVO is t&e d!' to do it HEo' es el dF! %!r! &!erlo6 ' UTod!'
N!d+erbio4 o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO it Ns(.eto4 t&e #r(itL 7e!t&er$ et1O is betterV
HEo' esL est "e.or6M mesterd!' Nno"bre4 s(.etoO 7!s S!t(rd!' HA'er #(eL er!
sb!do6L mesterd!' N!d+erbio4 o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lO it 7!s S!t(rd!' HF(eL
Er! sb!do !'er61
Los no"bres de l!s est!iones$ los dF!s ' %!rtes del dF! %(eden (s!rse en sin,(l!r '
en %l(r!l$ o"o en !stell!no$ on (n si,ni#i!do "(' %!reido %reedidos de (n!
%re%osii3n en GB ' USA o$ en in,l0s olo/(i!l$ sin %re%osii3n en USA
%rini%!l"ente1 E.14 S&e o"es 7inters Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL in 7inter
Nestnd!rO HEll! +iene enL d(r!nte el in+ierno6M T&e' ,o o(t Mond!'s Nolo/(i!l4
USA %rini%!l"enteOL on Mond!'s Nestnd!rO HS!len los l(nes6M Ee 7or9s d!'s
Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL b' d!' Nestnd!rOL "ornin,s Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"enteOL in t&e "ornin, Nestnd!rOL ni,&ts Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"enteOL b' ni,&t Nestnd!rO Hl tr!b!.! d(r!nte NoO %or el dF!L l! "!)!n!L
l! no&e6M S&e !"e T(esd!' Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL on T(esd!'
Nestnd!rOL T(esd!'s Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL on T(esd!'s Nestnd!rO
HEll! +enF! el "!rtesL los "!rtes6M Ee 7or9ed "ornin,s Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"enteOL in t&e "ornin, Nestnd!rO Hl tr!b!.!b! %or l! "!)!n!L %or l!s
"!)!n!s6M l!ter on Frid!' Nestnd!rOL l!ter Frid!' Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO
H"s t!rde el +iernes61
*(!ndo &!' dos !d+erbios o lo(iones !d+erbi!les de tie"%o .(ntos !l #in!l de (n!
"is"! or!i3n se s(ele %oner %ri"ero el /(e indi! (n "o"ento deter"in!do o el
de d(r!i3n "s ort!$ ! no ser /(e se! "(&o "s l!r,o /(e el otro o se le /(ier!
d!r 0n#!sis$ ' des%(0s el /(e indi! (n %erFodo de tie"%o "s l!r,oM en !so de /(e
se /(ier! %oner (no de los dos !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n tiene /(e ser el /(e indi!
(n %erFodo de tie"%o "s l!r,o1 E.14 Ee s%ent t&ree "ont&s in T!n,er l!st 'e!r Hl
%!s3 tres "eses en Tn,er el !)o %!s!do6M Ee 7ent !t si- l!st T(esd!' Hl se #(e !
l!s seis el "!rtes %!s!do6M S&e 7ent on >ednesd!' !t &!l# %!st ei,&t Nen#tio4
denot! /(e /(iere %(nt(!lid!dO HEll! #(e el "i0roles ! l!s o&o ' "edi!6M S&e 7ent
!t ei,&t on >ednesd!' HEll! #(e ! l!s o&o el "i0roles6M On >ednesd!' s&e 7ent
!t ei,&t HEl "i0roles ell! #(e ! l!s o&o6M Ee 7ent !t #i+e one d!' l!st 7ee9 Hl #(e
! l!s ino (n dF! l! se"!n! %!s!d!6M T&e'Zll ,o to t&e so(t& in M!' t&is 'e!r HIrn
!l s(r en "!'o este !)o6M T&is 'e!r t&e'Zll ,o to t&e so(t& in M!' HEste !)o irn !l
s(r en "!'o61
Los !d+erbios de tie"%o %(eden ir oordin!dos %ero s3lo on otros !d+erbios de
tie"%o1 E.14 S&e !"e 'esterd!' !ndL b(t not l!st "ont& HEll! +ino !'er 'L %ero no
el "es %!s!do6$ et1
Los !d+erbios de tie"%o /(e se re#ieren !l #(t(ro nor"!l"ente no %(eden ir on (n
+erbo en %ret0rito i"%er#etoL inde#inido e-e%to4
56 *on !l,(nos +erbos nor"!les o"o Q!rr!n,e$ e-%et$ s!'$ 7!ntQ$ et1$ (!ndo se
(s!n %!r! e-%res!r ortesF! on si,ni#i!do de %resente1 E.14 S&e 7!nted Ni 7!ntsO
t&e boo9 to"orro7 HEll! /(erF! Ni /(iereO el libro "!)!n!61 D1 =1;=1:1!
86 *(!ndo &!' otro !d+erbio re#erido !l %!s!do en l! "is"! or!i3n1 E.14 As #!r
b!9 !s j!n(!r'$ &e %redited ! risis ne-t "ont& Hm! en enero 0l %redi.o (n! risis
el "es /(e +iene61
Los !d+erbios de tie"%o %(eden ir on (!l/(ier +erbo ' "(&os de ellos %(eden
(s!rse detrs del +erbo QbeQ (!ndo si,ni#i! Utener l(,!rV ' el s(.eto se re#iere ! (n
s(eso$ (n !ontei"iento$ (n! !ti+id!d1 E.14 T&e birt&d!' %!rt' 7ill be !t se+en
HL! #iest! del ("%le!)os ser Ni tendr l(,!rO ! l!s siete61
E!' or!iones s(bordin!d!s !d+erbi!les /(e &!en l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio de
tie"%o1 D1 B15?1?$ B15?1B$ 5C1:B15$ 5C1:B155$ 5C1:B158
E!' or!iones s(bordin!d!s de rel!ti+o /(e &!en l! #(ni3n de !d+erbio de tie"%o
.(nto on el !nteedente1 D15C1:@1:
?15=1I En (!nto ! l! %osii3n de los !d+erbios$ los adverbios de frecuencia o"o
Qal,as, constantl, continuall, continuousl, ever, fre'uentl, generall,
/ardl# scarcel ever 4casi nunca+, never, normall, occasionall, often, once,
periodicall, rarel, regularl, repeatedl, scarcel, seldom, sometimes,
temporarill, unusuall 4excepcionalmente# sorprendentemente+, usuallQ$ et1$
nor"!l"ente +!n ! "it!d de l! or!i3nM (!ndo lle+!n 0n#!sis %(eden ir !l
%rini%io$ !(n/(e no "(' ! "en(do$ o inl(so !l #in!l$ ,ener!l"ente se%!r!dos %or
(n! o"!M estos !d+erbios de #re(eni! /(e %(eden ir ! %rini%io$ ! "it!d ' !l #in!l
de l! or!i3n son "od!les en l!s tres %osiiones ' se re#ieren ! tod! l! or!i3n o"o
los de ?1B1=15M s(elen ir detrs del +erbo QbeQ (!ndo no +! se,(ido de (n %!rtii%io
Hde6 %!s!doM estos !d+erbios s(elen tener s3lo (n! %!l!br!M en l!s or!iones
interro,!ti+!s no %(eden ir !l %rini%io1 E.14 Ee !l7!'s Nno en#tio4 "s (s!doO
drin9s 7!ter Hl sie"%re bebe !,(!6M Al7!'s Nen#tio4 "enos (s!doOL Ne+er
Nen#tioO does &e drin9 7!ter HSie"%reL N(n! bebe !,(! 0l6M S&e !l7!'s doesnZt
o"%l!in Nr!roO HEll! n(n! se /(e.!6L S&e doesnZt !l7!'s o"%l!in N"s (s!doO
HEll! no se /(e.! sie"%re6M Good7ill 7ill &el% 'o( !l7!'s Nen#tioO HL! b(en!
+ol(nt!d te !'(d!r sie"%re6M e+er Nen#tio4 olo/(i!lO s(& ! &!ndso"e bo'
Hsie"%re (n &io t!n ele,!nte6M I# e+er Nen#tioO t&ere 7!s one HSi !l,(n! +ez
&(bo (no6M It is #re/(entl' Nno en#tioO o(rrin,L o(rrin, #re/(entl' Nen#tioO
HEst o(rriendo #re(ente"ente6M T&e' r(n into tro(ble o!sion!ll' Nen#tioO HSe
"eten en lFos de +ez en (!ndo6M Does &e o#ten Nno en#tioO drin9 .(ieT HWBebe 0l
! "en(do z("oT6M Does &e drin9 .(ie o#ten Nen#tioOT HWBebe 0l z("o !
"en(doT6M O#ten Nen#tioO does &e drin9 .(ie HA "en(do bebe 0l z("o6M S&e
o#ten Nno en#tioO #elt (n&!%%' HEll! se sentF! ! "en(do in#eliz6M O#ten Nen#tioO
s&e #elt (n&!%%' HA "en(do ell! se sentF! in#eliz6M Peo%le o#ten Nno en#tioO sto%
s"o9in, 7&en t&e' !re ill HL! ,ente ! "en(do de.! de #("!r (!ndo est en#er"!6L
Peo%le sto% s"o9in, o#ten Nen#tioO 7&en t&e' !re ill HL! ,ente de.! de #("!r !
"en(do (!ndo est en#er"!6L O#ten Nen#tioO %eo%le sto% s"o9in, 7&en t&e' !re
ill HA "en(do l! ,ente de.! de #("!r (!ndo est en#er"!6M One Nen#tioO s&e
7!nted to be ! dotor HUn! +ez ell! /(erF! ser "0diH! N"s (s!do ' "e.orOL o66L
S&e one Nno en#tioO 7!nted to be ! dotor HEll! (n! +ez /(erF! ser "0diH! N"s
(s!do ' "e.orOL o66L S&e 7!nted to be ! dotor one Nen#tioO HEll! /(erF! ser
"0diH! N"s (s!do ' "e.orOL o6 en (n! o!si3n6M T&e' o"e so"eti"es Nen#tioO
HDienen ! +ees6M M!r' (s(!ll' Nno en#tioO %re#ers "e!t HM!rF! nor"!l"ente
%re#iere !rne6M Us(!ll' Nen#tioO &e doesnZt drin9 HNor"!l"ente 0l no bebe6M Ee
doesnZt drin9$ (s(!ll' Nen#tioO Hl no bebeH$6 nor"!l"ente6M S&e is so"eti"es Nno
en#tioO re!d' to o"e HEll! ! +ees est %re%!r!d! %!r! +enir61
QCften, rarel, seldomQ s(elen ir %reedidos de Q/(iteL +er'Q (!ndo +!n !l #in!l1
E.14 >e ,o /(iteL +er' o#ten HD!"os b!st!nte NGBO NoO "(' NUSAOL "(' !
"en(do6M Ee s"o9es +er' r!rel' ND1 =1:=O Hl #("! "(' r!r!"ente6M T&e' ,o to
Li+er%ool /(ite seldo" HD!n ! L1 b!st!nte NGBO NoO "(' NUSAO %oo ! "en(do61
UO#tenV s(ele ir %reedido de Q/(iteL +er'Q (!ndo +! !l %rini%io1
L!s lo(iones !d+erbi!les Qas usual, as a rule, for t/e most partQ$ %(eden ir !l
%rini%io nor"!l"ente ' t!"bi0n ! "it!d ' !l #in!l$ entre o"!s ,ener!l"ente1
Los !d+erbios de #re(eni! Mal,asM MneverM +!n !l %rini%io del!nte de (n
i"%er!ti+o1 D1 =15C51 UAl7!'sV no s(ele ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n ! no ser /(e
+!'! on i"%er!ti+os o on in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' del !(-ili!r on +!lor en#tio1
;Ever< se (s! en interro,!ti+! on el si,ni#i!do de U!l,(n! +ezV$ en !#ir"!ti+!
on o"%!r!iones$ et1$ on el si,ni#i!do de Usie"%reV$ detrs de l!s %!l!br!s
Qb!rel'$ &!rdl'$ nobod'$ no h no"bre$ not$ not&in,$ s!rel'Q$ on el si,ni#i!do de
Un(n!V ND1 =1:=O$ en or!iones /(e denot!n d(d!$ s(%osii3n ' en or!iones
ondiion!les on Qi#L 7&et&erQ on el si,ni#i!do de U!l,(n! +ezV ND1 =1:=O$ en
ne,!ti+! o !#ir"!ti+! o"%!r!ti+!L s(%erl!ti+! on el si,ni#i!do de Un(n!V$ detrs
de Qonl'Q en !#ir"!ti+! on el si,ni#i!do de U.!"sL n(n!L en H"iL t(L s(6 +id!VM
en !#ir"!ti+!$ ! +ees$ se tr!d(e %or Uen H"iL t(L s(6 +id!V1 E.14 Does &eL !n'bod'
e+er e!t ro!st &i9enT HW*o"e 0lL !l,(ien !l,(n! +ez %ollo !s!doT6M S&e is !s
&!%%' !s e+er HEll! es t!n #eliz o"o sie"%re6M It 7ill e+er re"!in so HPer"!neer
sie"%re !sF6M Nobod' e+er o"es HN!die +iene n(n!6M Ee 7onZt e+er o"e &ereL
Ee 7onZt o"e &ere e+er Hl no +endr n(n! !/(FL !/(F n(n!6M DoesnZt &e e+er
e!t ro!st &i9enT HWNo o"e 0l n(n! %ollo !s!doT6M I# t&e' e+er o"%l!in$ 111 HSi
se /(e.!n !l,(n! +ez$ 1116M I# e+er 'o( 7is& to borro7 t&is boo9$ 111 HSi !l,(n! +ez
/(ieres %edir %rest!do este libro$ 1116M S&e &!snZt e+er done itL S&e &!s ne+er done it
HEll! no lo &! &e&o n(n!6M I donZt t&in9 Ht&!t6 s&eZll e+er tr' HNo reo /(e ell! lo
intente n(n!6M More e-%ensi+e t&!n e+er HMs !ro /(e n(n!6M ItZs t&e bi,,est
o"elette e+er oo9ed HEs l! tortill! "s ,r!nde /(e se &!'! oin!do n(n!6M t&e
res%onse to t&e 7orst e+er Hseen6 tr!,ed' Hl! res%(est! ! l! %eor tr!,edi! n(n!
+ist!6M T&e onl' &(r& s&e &!s e+er +isited HL! 2ni! i,lesi! /(e ell! &!'! +isit!do
.!"sL &! +isit!do en s( +id!6M T&e' onl' e+er !"e &ere one HNo +inieron !/(F
n(n! "s /(e (n! +ezL S3lo +inieron !/(F (n! +ez en s( +id!6M ItZs t&e #irst ti"e
s&e &!s e+er been in t&is rest!(r!nt HEs l! %ri"er! +ez en s( +id! /(e ell! &! est!do
en este rest!(r!nte61
;Oever< se (tiliz! en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente !(n/(e ten,! (n sentido ne,!ti+o
ND1 =1:<OM +! sie"%re del!nte de (n i"%er!ti+oM (!ndo se (s! en interro,!ti+!
indi! sor%res! %or %!rte del /(e &!bl!M Qne+erQ$ /(e es en#tio$ %(ede ir !l
%rini%io de l! or!i3n %ero Qnot 111 e+erQ$ /(e no es en#tio$ no %(ede ir !l %rini%io
de l! or!i3n1 E.14 Ne+er do t&!t !,!in] H\No &!,!s n(n! eso otr! +ez]6M S&e is
ne+er Nen#tioOL isnZt e+er Nno en#tioO interested in t&ese t&in,s HEll! n(n! est
interes!d! en est!s os!s6M Does &e ne+er drin9T HWNo bebe 0l n(n!T Ni No "e
reo /(e 0l no beb! n(n!O61
UAl"ost ne+erV si,ni#i! lo "is"o /(e Qb!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' e+erQ H!si
n(n!6M no se %(ede deir Une!rl' ne+erV1
*(!ndo los +erbos +!n en %!si+! el !d+erbio s(ele ir ! "it!d de l! or!i3n del!nte
del +erbo nor"!l e-e%to on !l,(n!s lo(iones !d+erbi!les1 E.14 T&e 7ords "ost
o#ten (sed in t&is di!r' HL!s %!l!br!s "s ! "en(do (s!d!s en este di!rio6M It is
"(&L /(ite #re/(entl'L +er' #re/(entl' s!id HSe die "(&oL b!st!nte NGBO NoO
"(' NUSAO #re(ente"enteL "(' #re(ente"ente6M It is +er' "(& (sed HSe (s!
"(&Fsi"o6M T&e'Zre +er' o#ten told t&!t itZs i"%ossible HSe les die "(' ! "en(do
/(e es i"%osible61
UE+er !loneV no %(ede ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n1
Los !d+erbios de #re(eni! en ne,!ti+! +!n ! "it!d de l! or!i3n$ es deir$ detrs
de (n +erbo !(-ili!r ' del!nte de (n +erbo nor"!l$ %ero on !l,(nos !d+erbios
o"o Qfre'uentl, generall, normall, often, regularl, sometimes, usuallQ$ se
%(ede %oner el +erbo !(-ili!r detrs del !d+erbio on (n si,ni#i!do distinto o on
"s 0n#!sis1 E.14 Ee doesnZt o#ten ,o to &(r& Nolo/(i!lO Ni Ee seldo" ,oes to
&(r& Nliter!rioOO Hl no +! #re(ente"enteL ! "en(do ! l! i,lesi! Ni l r!r!"ente
+! ! l! i,lesi!O6$ %ero UEe o#ten doesnZt ,o to &(r&V HFre(ente"enteL A "en(do
0l no +! ! l! i,lesi!6M Ee doesnZt (s(!ll' drin9 Hl no bebe nor"!l"ente6$ %ero QEe
(s(!ll' doesnZt drin9Q HNor"!l"enteL E!bit(!l"ente 0l no bebe61
Al,(nos !d+erbios o"o Q!l"ost !l7!'s$ ne!rl' !l7!'s$ ne+er$ o!sion!ll'Q$ no
%(eden (s!rse on (n +erbo en ne,!ti+!1
Al,(nos !d+erbios o"o Qbarel, /ardl, rarel, scarcel, seldomV$ et1$ o
o"%(estos o"o Ub!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' e+erV$ et1$ se (s!n en !#ir"!ti+! s3lo1
Los !d+erbios interro,!ti+os Mfor /o, longN# /o, long ... forN 4[durante cu!nto
tiempoN+, /o, longN 4[durante cu!nto tiempoN+, /o, oftenN 4[con 'u
frecuenciaN+, since ,/enN 4desde cu!ndoN+, till >colo'uial?# until >literario?
,/enN 4[/asta cu!ndoN+M$ et1$ s(elen ir !l %rini%io o !l #in!l de l! or!i3n1
Los !d+erbios de #re(eni! de#inid! %(eden ir oordin!dos s3lo on otros
!d+erbios de #re(eni! de#inid!1 E.14 T&e' ,o t&ere t7ie !ndL or t&ree ti"es e+er'
d!' HD!n !&FL !llF dos 'L o tres +ees todos los dF!s61
Los !d+erbios de #re(eni! inde#inid! %(eden ir oordin!dos s3lo on otros
!d+erbios de #re(eni! inde#inid!1 E.14 S&e ,oes o#ten !nd re,(l!rl' HEll! +! !
"en(do ' re,(l!r"ente61
Los !d+erbios de #re(eni! ' el !d+erbio UnotV %(eden %onerse detrs de los
!d.eti+os e"oti+os h %re%osii3n4 !(sto"ed to$ !#r!id o#$ !n,r' !t$ !n-io(s !bo(t$
dis!%%ointed !t$ #ond o#$ interested in$ 9een on$ %le!sed !t$ %ro(d o#$ s&o9ed !t$
sorr' #or$ s(r%rised !t$ tired o#$ (%set !tL o+er$ (sed to$ 7orried !bo(t$ et1 E.14 S&e is
(sed to ne+er bein, !s9ed to oo9 HEll! est !ost("br!d! ! /(e n(n! le %id!n /(e
oine6M Ee is !s&!"ed o# not re"e"berin, t&is HA 0l le d! +er,Xenz! no reord!r
esto6$ et1
Al,(n!s lo(iones !d+erbi!les ' !d+erbios de #re(eni! o"o Qa fe, times, a
good# great deal, a lot, again 4otra ve)+, again and again, all too often 4con
muc/a frecuencia# mu a menudo+, annuall 4cada aLo# anualmente+, at all
times, dail, eac/ da# ,ee1# ear, ever da# ,ee1# ear, ever ot/er da#
,ee1# ear 4cada dos d(as# semanas# aLos+, ever so often 4de ve) en cuando+,
fortnig/tl, from time to time 4de ve) en cuando+, from time to time 4de ve) en
cuando+, /ourl > V ever /our? 4todas las /oras# cada /ora+, man times, etc.,
mont/l >V ever mont/? 4todos los meses# cada mes# mensualmente+, more
often t/an not 4la maor(a de las veces+, most das, etc., muc/, no, and again#
no, and t/en 4de ve) en cuando+, off and on# on and off 4de ve) en cuando+, on
Tuesdas, on occasion 4en alguna ocasin+, on occasions 4en algunas
ocasiones+, on several occasions, once a da# ,ee1# mont/, once ever four
,ee1s# mont/s# ears, once in a blue moon 4de Kascuas a Tamos# de guindas a
brevas+, onl too often 4con muc/a frecuencia# mu a menudo+, per mont/ 4al
mes+, per ,ee1 4a la# por semana+, 'uite often 4bastante >HI? >o? mu >@S=? a
menudo+, several das# times# ,ee1s, some da4s+# fortnig/ts# mont/s, etc.,
t/ree# four times, t/ree times a ,ee1# mont/, time and again# time after time
4repetidas veces+, too often 4demasiado a menudo+, t,ice a da# ,ee1# mont/,
ver often, ,ee1l >V ever ,ee1? 4todas las semanas# cada semana#
semanalmente+, earlQ$ et1$ s(elen ir #re(ente"ente !l #in!l ' "enos ! "en(do
!l %rini%ioM !l %rini%io es "s en#tio1 E.14 S&e sle%t ! lot 'esterd!' HEll! d(r"i3
"(&o Htie"%o6 !'er6M S&e sees (s ! lot t&ese d!'s HEll! nos +e "(' ! "en(do en l!
!t(!lid!d6M S&e o"es &ere ! lot Ni o#tenO HEll! +iene !/(F "(&o Ni ! "en(doO6M
T&e' do it d!il' HLo &!en di!ri!"ente6M S&e tried "!n' ti"es HEll! lo intent3
"(&!s +ees6 NoO M!n' ti"es s&e tried HM(&!s +ees ell! lo intent36M S&e doesnZt
7or9 "ost d!'s HEll! no tr!b!.! l! "!'or %!rte de los dF!s6 NoO Most d!'s s&e
doesnZt 7or9 HL! "!'or %!rte de los dF!s ell! no tr!b!.!6M T&e' do it "ore o#ten
t&!n not HLo &!en l! "!'orF! de l!s +ees6M T&e' donZt re!d "(& HNo leen "(&o
Ni on #re(eni!O6M Ee o"es &ere o## !nd onL on !nd o## Hl +iene !/(F de +ez en
(!ndo6M One ! 7ee9 Nen#tioO I ,o to M!n&ester HUn! +ez ! l! se"!n! +o' !
Mn&ester6M S&e 7ent t&ree ti"es ! "ont& HEll! ib! tres +ees !l "es6M T&e' %&one
(s t7ie ! "ont& HNos ll!"!n %or tel0#ono dos +ees !l "es6$ et1
Al,(nos !d+erbios de #re(eni! o"o Qagain, man times, 4ever+ no, and
again# 4ever+ no, and t/en 4de ve) en cuando+, on occasion, on occasions,
once, permanentl, temporaril, time and again, t,ice, ver oftenQ$ %(eden ir !l
#in!l ' "enos ! "en(do !l %rini%io o inl(so t!"bi0n ! "it!d de l! or!i3n$ sobre
todo (!ndo &!' tie"%os o"%(estos o (n +erbo %reedido de (n !(-ili!r1 E.14 On
o!sionL o!sions &e o"es e!rl' HEn !l,(n! o!si3nL !l,(n!s o!siones 0l +iene
te"%r!no6$ et1
QScarcel everQ %(ede ir ! "it!d o !l %rini%io %ero no !l #in!l1
Los !d+erbios Qt,ice, t/ree timesQ$ et1$ s(elen ir !l #in!lM Qt7ieQ %(ede ir t!"bi0n
! %rini%io ' ! "it!d1 E.14 Ee re!d t&e boo9 t7ie Hl le'3 el libro dos +ees6M T&e
roo" is t7ie !s lon,L do(ble its len,t& HL! &!bit!i3n es dos +ees "s l!r,!6M
T&e' e!t #o(r ti"es !s "(& !s 'o( Hdo6 H*o"en (!tro +ees "s /(e t261
Los !d+erbios Qt,o times, t/ree timesQ$ et1$ %(eden ir del!nte de l!s si,(ientes
e-%resiones4 #e7er$ less #!r$ too #!r$ !s "!n'$ "ore1
?15?1I En (!nto ! l! %osii3n de los !d+erbios$ !l,(nos adverbios de cantidad
o"o Qbitterl 4muc/o# extremadamente+, deepl, far, /alf 4medio# a medio# a
medias# en cierto modo+, /eartil, least, not onl, partl, perfectl 4totalmente#
absolutamente+, positivel >V activamente# realmente?+, practicall
4pr!cticamente >V casi?+, 'uite, rat/er, strongl, severel, trul, utterlQ$ et1$
%(eden %onerse ! "it!d de l! or!i3n1 E.14 Ee bitterl' ritiizedL ritiised NGBO (s
Hl nos riti3 "(&o6M Ee #!r %re#ers st(d'in, to 7or9in, Hl %re#iere on "(&o
est(di!r ! tr!b!.!r6M IZd #!rL "(& r!t&er be &ere t&!n !bro!d HPre#erirF! on "(&o
est!r !/(F ! est!r en el e-tr!n.ero6M It 7!s &!l# done HEst!b! ! "edio &!er6M I
&e!rtil' !,ree HEsto' o"%let!"ente de !(erdo6M I &e!rtil' reo""end t&is boo9
HReo"iendo tot!l"enteL de todo or!z3n este libro6M Le!st s!id$ soonest "ended
H*(!nto "enos se di,!$ "s %ronto se res(el+eL ol+id!6M I didnZt %!rti(l!rl' 7!nt
to do t&!t HNo /(erF! %!rti(l!r"ente esoL !/(ello6M T&e' %r!ti!ll' #ored "e into
.oinin, t&e !r"' HPrti!"ente Ni "s o "enosL !siO "e obli,!ron ! "eter"e en
el e.0rito6M T&e' %r!ti!ll' bro9e "' !r" HPrti!"ente Ni !siL %or %oo noO "e
ro"%ieron el br!zo6M T&e it' 7!s %r!ti!ll' deserted HL! i(d!d est!b!
%rti!"ente Ni !siO desiert!6M T&e' !renZt /(ite ,oin, in t&e ri,&t diretion HNo
estn 'endo o"%let!"ente en l! direi3n orret!6M An !,ree"ent t&e' ro(ndl'
onde"n HUn !(erdo /(e ens(r!n !te,3ri!"ente6M S&e stron,l' dis!,rees HEll!
est tot!l"ente en des!(erdo6M S&e (tterl' re#(ses to ,o HEll! se nie,!
rot(nd!"ente ! ir61
Si es (n tie"%o o"%(esto ' &!' dos +erbos !(-ili!res$ nor"!l"ente estos
!d+erbios de !ntid!d se %onen detrs del se,(ndo !(-ili!r1 E.14 S&e &!s been
,re!tl' eno(r!,ed b' t&e" HL! &!n !ni"!do "(&o61
Al,(nos !d+erbios de !ntid!d %(eden ir ! "it!d$ !l #in!l de (n! or!i3n ' t!"bi0n
del!nte del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do4 absolutel, altoget/er, badl, completel,
considerabl, dearl 4muc/o+, entirel, exactl, fairl, full, greatl, /ig/l,
intensel, more or less, perfectl, simpl 4simplemente# sencillamente >V slo?+,
some,/at, substantiall, terribl, totall, ver muc/ H"(&Fsi"o6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!
%(ede (s!rse ! "it!d de l! or!i3n on los +erbos Q!d"ire$ !"(se$ !%%ro+e$ bl!"e$
disli9e$ distress$ en.o'$ i"%ress$ li9e$ ob.et$ %r!ise$ s&o9$ s(r%rise$ t&!n9$ et1O$ et1
E.14 I !bsol(tel' !,ree HEsto' !bsol(t!"enteL tot!l"ente de !(erdo6L I !,ree
!bsol(tel' HEsto' de !(erdo !bsol(t!"enteL tot!l"ente6M T&e' b!dl' need t&e
"one'L need t&e "one' b!dl' HNeesit!n el dinero on (r,eni!6M T&e' o"%letel'
#or,ot t&e /(estion HOl+id!ron o"%let!"ente el te"!6L T&e' #or,ot t&e /(estion
o"%letel' HOl+id!ron el te"! o"%let!"ente6M Ee doesnZt o"%letel'L /(ite
!,ree 7it& &er Hl no est o"%let!"ente de !(erdo on ell!6M Eo7 !n &e
o"%letel' er!di!te %o+ert' in t&e 7orldT HW*3"o %(ede 0l err!di!r
o"%let!"ente l! %obrez! en el "(ndoT6M It i"%ro+edL stren,t&enedL +!ried
onsider!bl' HMe.or3L Se #ort!lei3L D!ri3 onsider!ble"ente6M EeZs not entirel'
s(r%rised HNo le sor%rende del todo6M T&!t entirel' de%ends onL onsists o# t&is HEso
de%endeL onsiste enter!"enteL o"%let!"ente de esto6M It is "!de entirel' o# bre!d
!nd &eese HEst &e&o enter!"ente de %!n ' /(eso6M I entirel' !,ree HEsto'
o"%let!"ente de !(erdo6L I !,ree entirel' HEsto' de !(erdo o"%let!"ente6M
S&e does it entirel' #or &er son HEll! lo &!e enter!"enteL 2ni!"ente %!r! s( &i.o6M
,re!tl' s(r%risedL onernedL in#l(ened H%ro#(nd!"enteL enor"e"ente
sor%rendidoL !#et!doL in#l(eni!do6M Ee !d"ires &er "ot&er ,re!tl' Hl !d"ir! !
s( "!dre %ro#(nd!"enteL enor"e"ente6M S&e disli9es &i" intensel' Hl le
des!,r!d! ! ell! enor"e"ente6M ! &i,&l' re,!rded "!n H(n &o"bre !lt!"ente
res%et!do6M T&e' t&in9 &i,&l' o# &i" HPiens!n bien de 0lL Lo tienen en "(&!
onsider!i3n6M T&is &o(se si"%l' needs %!intin, HEst! !s! si"%le"ente neesit!
%int!rse6M T&is &o(se needs %!intin, si"%l' HEst! !s! neesit! %int!rse
si"%le"ente6M Ee so"e7&!t in#l(ened (s Hl nos in#l('3 !l,oL (n %oo6M Boli+i!
intends s(bst!nti!ll' to red(e t&e b(d,etL Boli+i! intends to red(e t&e b(d,et
s(bst!nti!ll'L Boli+i! intends to s(bst!nti!ll' red(e t&e b(d,et N"enos
reo"end!bleO HBoli+i! se %ro%one red(ir s(Hb6st!ni!l"ente el %res(%(estoL el
%res(%(esto s(Hb6st!ni!l"ente6M S&e 7!nts to "eet 'o( +er' "(& HEll! tiene
"(&!s ,!n!s de +erte61
Al,(nos !d+erbios de !ntid!d s(elen ir !l #in!l de l! or!i3n o del!nte del
%!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do4 a bit, a tin little bit 4more# less+ 4un po'uitito 4m!s#
menos++, a good# fair deal 4bastante# muc/4o, a++, a good# fair deal more# less
4bastante# muc/4o, a+ m!s# menos+, a great deal 4muc/(simo+, a great deal
better 4muc/o me%or+, a great deal more# less 4muc/(simo m!s# menos+, a
little, a lot, all, an NUSA4 en interro,!ti+! ' !#ir"!ti+! en or!iones s(bordin!d!s
ondiion!les4 !l,oM %reedido de QnotQ4 n!d!L en !bsol(toO$ an more NGB
%rini%!l"enteO NoO anmore NUSA %rini%!l"enteO H!l,o "s6$ an less 4algo
menos+, at all Nen !#ir"!ti+! ND1 =1:<O detrs de Q&!rdl'L i#L 7it&o(tQ ' en otros
!sos %!r! d!r "s 0n#!sisM en interro,!ti+! detrs de Q!n'L e+erQ o detrs de (n
+erbo$ se tr!d(e %or U!l,oV o se %(ede de.!r sin tr!d(irM en ne,!ti+! se tr!d(e %or
Uen !bsol(toL n!d!VM %(ede ir detrs de (!l/(ier %!l!br! ne,!ti+! o"o Q+er'
"(&Q en ne,!ti+! o detrs de (n! %!l!br! /(e i"%li/(e ne,!i3nO$ a,full, closel
4mu# muc/o# a fondo+, enormousl, enoug/, extremel, far too muc/, /alf as
muc/ 4la mitad+, barel# /ardl# scarcel an 4apenas+, /eavil, immensel, in
t/e least# in t/e slig/test N%reedidos de QnotQ4 D1 =1:<O Hen !bsol(to6$ largel,
least, little, moderatel, more, most, not an more NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO
anmore NUSA %rini%!l"enteO 4a no 4m!s++, not an less, poorl, 'uite little,
roundl 4completamente# categricamente# rotundamente+, significantl,
slig/tl, so muc/, too muc/ 4demasiado+, tremendousl, ver little, ,ell1 E.14 A4
>!s &e sorr'T HWLo sentF! 0lT61 B4 Not ! bit o# it HEn !bsol(to6M Ee is ! bit s(r%rised
Hl est (n %oo sor%rendido6M Ee s!id it ! ,ood bit "ore se%ti!ll' NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL s9e%ti!ll' NUSAO Hl lo di.o b!st!nte "s es0%ti!"ente6M mo(
!re ! tin' little bit "ore s!tis#ied HEsts (n %o/(itito "s s!tis#e&o6M Ee &!s ! ,oodL
#!ir de!l Hl tiene b!st!nteL "(&Ho$ !66M Ee t!l9ed ! ,oodL #!ir de!l "ore HEll!
&!bl3 b!st!nteL "(&o "s6M Ee s(##ers ! ,re!t de!l Hl s(#re "(&Fsi"o6M Ee &(rts
'o( ! ,re!t de!l "oreL less Hl te &!e s(#rir "(&Fsi"o "sL "enos6M T&e' !re !ll
(%set HEstn o"%let!"ente dis,(st!dos6M It didnZt !##et &er !n' NUSA4 olo/(i!lO
HNo le !#et3 ! ell! n!d!L en !bsol(to6M T&e' 7ent o(t b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' !n'
HA%en!s s!lF!n6M Ee doesnZt s%e!9 !n' "ore NGB %rini%!l"enteO NoO !n'"ore
NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Hl '! no &!bl! H"s66M T&e' !re !,!inst .oinin, t&e %!rt' !t
!ll HEstn en ontr! de (nirse de !l,(n! "!ner! !l %!rtido6M S&e doesnZt li9e it +er'
"(& !t !ll HA ell! no le ,(st! n!d! en !bsol(to6M Ee li9esL en.o's it enor"o(sl' HA
0l le ,(st!L l dis#r(t! de ello enor"e"enteL "(&Fsi"o6M S&e li9es &i"
enor"o(sl' Hl le ,(st! ! ell! enor"e"enteL "(&Fsi"o6M T&e 7!ter le+el &!s
,one do7n eno(,& HEl ni+el del !,(! &! b!.!do s(#iiente"enteL lo s(#iiente6M
T&!t is #!r too "(& HEsoL A/(ello es de"!si!do6M It 7ill ost &!l# !s "(& H*ost!r
l! "it!d6M Ee relies &e!+il' on t&is "one' Hl de%ende "(&o de este dinero6M T&e'
!re l!r,el' de+elo%ed HEstn "(' des!rroll!dHos$ !s66M Ee 7!s le!st e-%etin, it Hl
no se lo es%er!b! ni lo "s "Fni"o6M T&e' 7ere ro(ndl' ritiizedL ritiised NGBO
HSe les riti3 !te,3ri!"enteL rot(nd!"enteL d(r!"ente6M Qmes$Q &e s!id ro(ndl'
HQSFQ$ di.o 0l !te,3ri!"ente6M Reso(res &!+e dro%%ed si,ni#i!ntl' HLos re(rsos
&!n desendido si,ni#i!ti+!"ente6M Ee 9no7s &er sli,&tl' Hl l! onoe (n %oo6M
Ee 9no7s 7ell t&!t 'o( 7or9 Hl s!be bien /(e tr!b!.!s6M T&e ste!9 7!s 7ell done
HEl #ilete est!b! bien &e&o61
*on+iene +er l! di#ereni! entre US&e doesnZt li9e it ! Rbit+V HA ell! no le ,(st!
n!d!6 ' US&e doesnZt li9e it ! Rlittle+|V HA ell! no le ,(st! "(&o61
Los !d+erbios de !ntid!d Qa bit muc/ 4un poco muc/o+, all out, /ard, /alf as
muc/ again 4la mitad m!s+, in full 4en su totalidad+, outrig/t, plent >@S=?,
some >@S=? 4muc/o# bastante+, to t/e fullQ$ s(elen ir !l #in!l1 E.14 Ee see"s to ,o
!ll o(t to disr(%t P!rli!"ent Hl %!ree ir on tod!s s(s #(erz!s ! interr("%ir el
P!rl!"ento6M Ee is %(s&in, &i"sel# too &!rd Hl se est e-i,iendo de"!si!do6M
>rite 'o(r n!"e in #(ll] H\Esribe t( no"bre entero]6M It r!ined %lent' NUSAO
HLlo+i3 "(&o6M Ee l!(,&ed so"e NUSAO Hl se ri3 "(&o6M It bot&ered t&e"
so"e NUSAO HLes %reo(%3 b!st!nte6M Ee en.o's li#e to t&e #(ll Hl dis#r(t!
%len!"ente de l! +id!61
*(!ndo l! or!i3n est en %!si+! los !d+erbios de !ntid!d ter"in!dos en Il'
%(eden ir del!nte o detrs del %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1
Los !d+erbios de !ntid!d Qfull, in part, in some respects Nin so"e re,!rds4 no
%onerO$ partlQ$ %(eden ir ! "it!d ' t!"bi0n !l %rini%io1
Los !d+erbios de !ntid!d Qincreasingl 4cada ve) m!s+, to a 4certain+ degree, to
a greater or lesser degree, to some degree, to a certain extent, to a ver large
extent, to some extentQ$ %(eden ir !l %rini%io$ ! "it!d o !l #in!l1
Los !d+erbios de !ntid!d Uto t/e limit, to t/e last man, to t/e teet/, to t/e nt/
degreeV$ et1$ +!n nor"!l"ente !l #in!l de l! or!i3n1
En l!s or!iones e-l!"!ti+!s o interro,!ti+!s /(e e"%iez!n %or U&o7V se %one el
!d+erbio de !ntid!d detrs de Q&o7Q1 E.14 Eo7 &!rd do 'o( st(d'T HW*2!nto
est(di!sT61
Los !d+erbios de !ntid!d +!n nor"!l"ente detrs del o"%le"ento direto ' no
entre el +erbo ' el o"%le"ento diretoM en !stell!no se %(eden %oner del!nte o
detrs del o"%le"ento diretoM sin e"b!r,o$ +!n entre el +erbo ' el o"%le"ento
direto (!ndo el o"%le"ento direto +! se,(ido de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de
rel!ti+o1 E.14 S&e lo+es t&e !t&edr!lL &ool!te +er' "(& HA ell! le en!nt! l!
!tedr!lL el &ool!te "(&Fsi"oL "(&Fsi"o l! !tedr!lL el &ool!te6$ %ero US&e
lo+es +er' "(& t&e !t&edr!lL &ool!te t&!t is &ereV HA ell! le en!nt! "(&Fsi"o
l! !tedr!lL el &ool!te /(e est !/(F61
El !d+erbio de !ntid!d QbestQ H"('6 +! nor"!l"ente del!nte de (n %!rtii%io Hde6
%!s!do o se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o on ,(i3n1 E.14 Ee is best 9no7n Hl es "('
onoido6M t&e bestI9no7n %erson Hl! %erson! "s onoid!61
Al,(nos !d+erbios de !ntid!d %(eden ir del!nte de !d.eti+os en ,r!do %ositi+o
o"o se "(estr! en ;1:515I8M !l,(nos !d+erbios de !ntid!d %(eden ir del!nte de
!d+erbios en ,r!do %ositi+o o"o se "(estr! en ?1;515I81
*on+iene distin,(ir entre Qb!dl'L serio(sl'L sli,&tl' &(rtQ H"('L seri!"enteL
li,er!"ente &erido N#Fsi!"ente4 en sentido liter!lO6 ' Qdee%l'L r!t&erL +er' &(rtQ
H%ro#(nd!"enteL "s bienL "(' &erido N"or!l"ente4 en sentido #i,(r!doO61
Otros !d+erbios de !ntid!d /(e %(eden ir t!"bi0n se,(idos de !d+erbios en ,r!do
%ositi+o son4 &e!d o+er &eels Hlo!"ente6$ et1 E.14 S&e is &e!d o+er &eels in lo+e
HEll! est lo!"ente en!"or!d!61
Al,(nos !d+erbios de !ntid!d %(eden ir del!nte de !d.eti+os en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o
o"o se "(estr! en ;18?1
Al,(nos !d+erbios de !ntid!d %(eden ir t!"bi0n se,(idos de !d+erbios en ,r!do
o"%!r!ti+o o"o se "(estr! en de ?1:=1
Al,(nos !d+erbios de !ntid!d %(eden ir del!nte de !d.eti+os en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o
rel!ti+o o"o se "(estr! en ;18B1
Al,(nos !d+erbios de !ntid!d %(eden ir del!nte de !d+erbios en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o
rel!ti+o o"o se "(estr! en ?1:@1
Al,(nos de estos !d+erbios de !ntid!d %(eden ir del!nte de (n %rono"bre1 E.14
T&e' 7ent o(t b!rel'L &!rdl'L s!rel' !n' NUSAO HA%en!s s!lF!n6M S&e !te b!rel'L
&!rdl'L s!rel' !n't&in, HEll! !%en!s o"F! Hn!d!66M T&ere !re %reio(s #e7 le#t
HJ(ed!n "(' %oos6M T&ere 7!s %reio(s little HE!bF! "(' %oo61
Se %(eden %oner nor"!l"ente los !d+erbios de !ntid!d Qama)ingl, a bit, b far,
clearl, even, far, fortunatel, %ust, a little, a little bit, lots >colo'uial?# a lot
>est!ndar?, muc/, openl, outrageousl, rat/er, reall, slig/tl, some,/at, still,
stri1ingl, surprisingl, a tin little bit, unbelievabl, unfortunatel, unusuall,
usuall, ver muc/Q$ et1$ se,(idos de Qtoo "(&Q h no"bre inont!ble o Qtoo
"!n'Q h no"bre ont!ble1 E.14 ItZs #!r too "(& oto%(s HEs on "(&o de"!si!do
%(l%o6M T&ere !re r!t&er too "!n' b!rns HE!' "s bien de"!si!do ,r!neros61
Q=lmostQ se (s! en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"enteM es "e.or no (s!r Q!l"ostQ en
ne,!ti+!$ %or/(e ! +ees %(ede est!r "!l1 E.14 Ee !l"ost didnZt !rri+e in ti"e Hl
!si no lle,3 ! tie"%o6M I !l"ost o(ldnZt &e!r 'o( H*!si no %odF! oFrte6M !l"ostL
ne!rl'L %r!ti!ll' e"%t'L i"%ossible H!siL !siL %rti!"ente +!FoL i"%osible61
En USA se %(ede (s!r en in,l0s +(l,!r Q"ostQ on el "is"o si,ni#i!do /(e
Q!l"ostQM no es reo"end!ble1 E.14 S&e ,oes to 7or9 !l"ostL "ost NUSA4 +(l,!rO
e+er' d!' HEll! +! ! tr!b!.!r !si todos los dF!s61
En iertos !sos no se (s! Qne!rl'Q sino Q!l"ostQ1 E.14 !l"ost ert!inl'L entirel'
H!si se,(r!"enteL o"%let!"ente6M T&is do, is !l"ost &("!n HEste %erro es !si
&("!no6M mo( !l"ost so(nd #orei,n H*!si s(en!s e-tr!n.ero6M I !l"ost 7is& 'o(Zd
o"e l!ter H*!si deseo /(e +en,!s "s t!rde61
QEnoug/Q (!ndo es !d+erbio +! detrs de los !d.eti+os$ !d+erbios ' %!rtii%ios de
%!s!do1 E.14 T&!t is &e!% eno(,& HEsoL A/(ello es s(#iiente"ente b!r!to6M ,ood
eno(,& Hs(#iiente"ente b(eno6M /(i9l' eno(,& Hs(#iiente"ente r%ido6M It is 7ell
eno(,& HEst s(#iiente"ente bien6M T&e "e!t is oo9ed eno(,& HL! !rne est
s(#iiente"ente oin!d!6M Str!n,el' eno(,&$ s&e isnZt &ere HEs b!st!nte e-tr!)o
/(e ell! no est0 !/(F6M S&e is ! deent eno(,& 7or9er N"s (s!doOL ! deent 7or9er
eno(,& N"enos (s!doO HEll! es (n! tr!b!.!dor! b!st!nte deente61
Todos los !d+erbios de !ntid!d e-e%to Qeno(,&Q +!n del!nte del !d.eti+o /(e
"odi#i!n1
*!si todos los !d+erbios de !ntid!d$ t!nto intesi#i!dores ND1 ;1:515O o"o
"oder!dores ND1 ;1:518O$ %(eden "odi#i!r el !rtF(lo deter"in!do e
indeter"in!do$ !d.eti+os ' %rono"bres !rdin!les$ !d.eti+os inde#inidos$
%rono"bres inde#inidos$ et1
Los !d+erbios de !ntid!d /(e tienen l! "is"! #or"! /(e los %rono"bres
inde#inidos ND1 <1:CO4 somet/ing, ant/ing, not/ing, no,/ere, little, a little, 'uite
little, ver little, more t/an, a lot more# less, 'uite a lot more# less, a little bit
less, lots >colo'uial?# a lot >est!ndar?$ et1$ se distin,(en de ellos %or/(e no
%(eden &!er l! #(ni3n de s(.eto$ o"%le"ento direto ni l! de o"%le"ento
indireto ni %(eden &!er de s(.eto %!iente en %!si+!M son !d+erbios de !ntid!d '
no %rono"bres inde#inidos (!ndo +!n del!nte de (n !d.eti+oL (n %rono"breL otro
!d+erbioL (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do o (!ndo +!n on (n +erbo intr!nsiti+o o detrs
de (n o"%le"ento diretoM %(eden ir t!"bi0n del!nte de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!do1
E.14 T&e b!lloon is s&!%ed so"et&in, li9e ! b!ll HEl ,lobo tiene l! #or"! de !l,o !sF
o"o (n! %elot!L (n b!l3n6M S&e is !n't&in, b(t &!%%' HEll! es (!l/(ier os!
"enos #eliz6M T&is t&eor' is not&in, so ne7 !s "ine HEst! teorF! no es en !bsol(to
t!n n(e+! o"o l! "F!6M T&e' !re no7&ere ne!r Sierr! Leone HNo estn ni on
"(&o er!L Estn le.Fsi"os de Sierr! Leon!6M It is no7&ere ne!r ri,&t HNo es
orreto ni on "(&o6M Ee is no7&ere !s ri& !s s&e is Nestnd!rOL &er Nolo/(i!lOL
s&e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO Hl no es ni on "(&o t!n rio o"o ell!6M Ee
is little (n%redit!ble Hl es %oo i"%redeibleL i"%reditibleL i"%re+isible6$ %ero
QS&eZs not +er' Nno se %(ede (s!r QlittleQ del!nte de (n !d.eti+o !#ir"!ti+oO sinereQ
HEll! no es "('L es %oo siner!6M It is ! little (ne-%ensi+e HEs (n %oo eon3"ioL
b!r!to6M T&e' !re little better t&!n &e is Nestnd!rOL &e Nliter!rio4 USA
%rini%!l"enteOL &i" Nolo/(i!lO HSon %oo "e.ores /(e 0l6M ! little too "(& H(n
%oo de"!si!do6M ! little e!rl' H(n %oo te"%r!no6M S&e is +er' little 9no7n HEll! es
"(' %oo onoid!6M T&e' 7ent o(t /(ite little HS!lieron b!st!nte %oo6M mo( li9e
&i" +er' little HA ti te ,(st! "(' %oo 0l6M Ee bene#its little Hl se bene#ii! %oo6M
S&e little re!lizedL re!lised NGBO &er sit(!tion HEll! %oo se dio (ent! de s(
sit(!i3n6M T&e' !re !n!l'sed NGBOL !n!l'zed NUSAO ! little bit less "in(tel' HSon
!n!liz!dos (n %o/(ito "enos "in(ios!"ente6M T&e' lo+e &er /(ite ! lot "oreL less
HL! /(ieren b!st!nte "sL "enos6M Ee li9es "e "ore Nestnd!rOL better Nolo/(i!lO
t&!n 'o(r sister HLe !i,o "e.or ! 0l /(e ! t( &er"!n!6M S&e ,oes o(t ! lot "oreL
less HEll! s!le "(&o "sL "enos6M Ee st(dies lots Nolo/(i!lOL ! lot Nestnd!rO Hl
est(di! "(&o6M Ee is tre!ted lots Nolo/(i!lOL ! lot Nestnd!rO better t&!n 'o(r sister
HA 0l se le tr!t! "(&o "e.or /(e ! t( &er"!n!61
QQuc/ N%(ede ir ! "it!d ' !l #in!l de l! or!i3nM en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!
%rini%!l"enteM !l #in!l de l!s or!iones !#ir"!ti+!s se s(ele (s!r Q+er' "(&Q ' no
Q"(&QM %(ede (s!rse del!nte de los %!rtii%ios de %!s!do Q!d"ired$ !"(sed$
disli9ed$ distressed$ i"%ressed$ li9ed$ %le!sed$ s!ddened$ s&o9ed$ str(9$ (%setQ$
et1M %(ede (s!rse t!"bi0n en in,l0s liter!rio del!nte de !l,(nos +erbos en
!#ir"!ti+!4 !d"ire$ !l!r"$ !%%rei!te$ onern$ deline$ der!n,e$ deterior!te$ disli9e$
en.o'$ e-!lt$ e-eed$ i"%ro+e$ inense$ inre!se$ in#l!"e$ in#l!te$ ins%ire$ o(tdo$
o(tr!,e$ o(tr!n9$ o+eresti"!te$ %re#er$ red(e$ re,ret$ restr!in$ s(r%!ss$
(nderesti"!te$ 7orsen$ et1O H"(&oL on "(&oL "('6$ ver muc/ H"(&Fsi"o6$
so muc/ Ht!nto6$ too muc/ Hde"!si!do6$ muc/ too Nse,(ido de (n !d.eti+oL
!d+erbioO Hde"!si!do6$ as# so muc/ Nse,(ido de Q!sQO Ht!nto 111 No"o 111 O6$
/o,ever muc/ H%or "(&o /(e6$ of muc/ H!%ro-i"!d!"ente6$ a bit muc/ H(n
%oo "(&o6Q son !d+erbios de !ntid!d ' no %rono"bres inde#inidos (!ndo +!n
del!nte de (n !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+oL (n !d.eti+o en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+oL (n
+erbo tr!nsiti+oL (n %rono"bre %osesi+o$ (!ndo +!n detrs de (n +erbo
intr!nsiti+o o detrs de (n o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 I "(& %re#er do,s to !ts
HPre#iero on "(&o los %erros ! los ,!tos6M S&e is "(& %le!sed HEll! est "('
ontent!6M S&e "(& !d"iresL !%%rei!tesL en.o'sL re,rets t&is HEll! !d"ir!L
!%rei!L dis#r(t! deL siente esto "(&o6M S&e 7!s "(& s!ddened b' t&e ne7s HA
ell! le entristei3 "(&o l! notii!6M T&e' donZt s%e!9 "(& HNo &!bl!n "(&o6M
S&e s%o9e "(& too #!st HEll! &!bl3 de"!si!do r%ido6M I li9e it +er' "(& HMe
,(st! "(&Fsi"o6M S&e li9es "il9 +er' "(&L +er' "(& li9es "il9 HA ell! le ,(st!
l! le&e "(&Fsi"oL "(&Fsi"o l! le&e6M so "(& t&e better Ht!nto "e.or6M S&e
didnZt so "(& !s ,i+e 'o( !n ide!$ !#ter !ll 'o(Zd &el%ed &er HEll! ni si/(ier! te dio
(n! ide!$ des%(0s de todo lo /(e l! &!bF!s !'(d!do6M S&e 7or9s too "(& HEll!
tr!b!.! de"!si!do6M T&e &o(se is !s "(& "ine !s 'o(rs HL! !s! es t!n "F! o"o
t('!6M It is !s "(& &ers !s 'o(rs HEs t!nto de ell! o"o t('o6M Ee isnZt so "(&
r(de !s inde%endent Hl no es t!n ,rosero o"o inde%endiente6M Eo7e+er "(& &e
st(dies$ &e doesnZt %!ss HPor "(&o /(e est(die 0l$ no !%r(eb!6M T&e' !re o# "(&
t&e s!"e o%inion HSon !%ro-i"!d!"ente de l! "is"! o%ini3n61
Q4T/e+ mostQ H"('L "(&oL el /(e "sL l! /(e "sL el "sL l! "s6 es !d+erbio de
!ntid!d ' no %rono"bre inde#inido (!ndo +! del!nte de (n !d.eti+oL (n !d+erbio
o (!ndo +! on (n +erbo intr!nsiti+o o detrs de (n o"%le"ento direto1 E.14 !
"ost e-%ensi+e %l!ne H(n !+i3n "(' !ro6M mo( !re "ost &("ble HEres "('
&("ilde6M Ee 7ins "ost Hl es el /(e "s ,!n!6M t&e "ost re!ti+e .ob Hel tr!b!.o
"s re!ti+o6M T&e' !rri+ed "ost e!rl' HLle,!ron "(' te"%r!no6M >&!t did s&e
en.o' Ht&e6 "ostT HWDe /(0 dis#r(t3 ell! "sT61
QOearlQ$ /(e se (s! en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"ente$ +! nor"!l"ente del!nte de
%rono"bres !se+er!ti+os sol!"ente ' es "e.or %oner Q!l"ostL %r!ti!ll'Q del!nte
de los %rono"bres no !se+er!ti+os ' ne,!ti+os ND1 =1:<O1 E.14 Ne!rl' e+er'bod'
!"e H*!si todo el "(ndo +ino6M E!rdl' !n'bod'L !n'one !"e Nestnd!r4 "s
(s!do4 "e.orOL Al"ost nobod'L no one !"e Nestnd!r4 "s (s!do4 %eorOL Ne!rl'
nobod'L no one !"e N+(l,!r4 "enos (s!doO HNo +ino !si n!dieL *!si n!die +ino6M
Pr!ti!ll' nobod'L no one !"e Nestnd!rO HPrti!"ente no +ino n!die6M Ee !te
!l"ost not&in, Hl no o"i3 !si n!d!6M T&e' e!t !l"ost !n't&in, H*o"en !si
(!l/(ier os!61
QNe!rl'Q %(ede ir %reedido de UnotL %rett'L +er'V %ero Q!l"ostQ no1 E.14 T&ere !re
not ne!rl' eno(,& %eo%le HNo &!' !si s(#iientes %erson!s6M EeZs %rett'L +er'
ne!rl' #inis&ed Hl '! &! ter"in!do !si61
Se %(eden (s!r Q!l"ostL ne!rl'L %r!ti!ll'Q del!nte de +erbos en !#ir"!ti+!$ del!nte
de Q!ll$ !l7!'s$ e+er'$ e+er'bod'Q ' "enos #re(ente"ente del!nte de +erbos en
ne,!ti+!1 E.14 Ee !l"ostL ne!rl'L %r!ti!ll' diedL #inis&ed t&is Hl !siL !siL
%rti!"ente se "(ri3L ter"in3 esto61
QOoQ %(ede (s!rse o"o !d+erbio del!nte de (n !d.eti+o o !d+erbio en ,r!do
o"%!r!ti+o en +ez de Qnot !n'Q$ /(e es "s olo/(i!lM (!ndo QnoQ +! !l %rini%io
de (n! #r!se no %(ede s(Hb6stit(irse %or Unot !n'QM %(eden tr!d(irse i,(!l (!ndo
+!n se,(idos de (n !d.eti+o %ero UnoV lle+! l! onnot!i3n de /(e los !d.eti+os
indi!n l! "is"! !ntid!dM sin e"b!r,o$ UnotV h !d.eti+o %(ede si,ni#i!r /(e tiene
"!'or !ntid!d del !d.eti+o ontr!rio1 E.14 Ee is no better t&!n &er Hl no es "e.or
/(e ell! Ni son %!reidosL "s o "enos i,(!les en bond!dO6L Ee is not !n' better
t&!n &er Hl no es "e.or /(e ell! Ni Ell! es "e.or /(e 0lO6M Et&el is no s&orter t&!n
j!9ie HEdel"ir! no es "s b!.! /(e j!ob! Ni E1 es "s o "enos t!n !lt! o"oL
"ide "s o "enos lo "is"o /(e j!ob!O6L Et&el is not s&orter t&!n j!9ie
HEdel"ir! no es "s b!.! /(e j!ob! Ni E1 es "s !lt! /(e j!ob!O6M S&e no lon,er
7or9s &ere Ni S&e doesnZt !n' lon,er 7or9 &ereO HEll! '! no tr!b!.! !/(F6M No
sooner &!d s&e !rri+ed t&!n t&e %&one r!n, HN!d! "s lle,!r ell! son3 el tel0#ono61
UTat/erV %(ede ir del!nte de (n no"bre ont!ble en sin,(l!r %ero no en %l(r!lM
(!ndo el sint!,"! no"in!l lle+! (n !d.eti+o se %(ede %oner en tres %osiiones
distint!s1 E.14 It 7!s r!t&er ! s(ess HF(e "s bien (n 0-ito6M It 7!s ! r!t&er ,ood
ide!L r!t&er ! ,ood ide!L !n ide! H7&i&L t&!t 7!s6 r!t&er ,ood HF(e "s bien (n!
b(en! ide!L (n! b(en! ide!L (n! ide! "s bien b(en!61 D1 ;15=158
Los !d+erbios de !ntid!d Qrig/tQ Ho"%let!"ente6 ' Q,ellQ %(eden %onerse
del!nte de l! %!rtF(l! !d+erbi!l de los +erbos !d+erbi!les$ os! /(e no o(rre on
!si nin,(no de los de"s !d+erbios1 E.14 T&e' #ill it ri,&t (% HLo llen!n &!st! el
bordeL o"%let!"ente6M T&e' le#t (s 7ell be&ind HNos de.!ron bien !trs61
Ruite Ho"%let!"ente NoO "(' Ndel!nte de todos los !d.eti+os ' !d+erbios en USA
' del!nte de !l,(nos !d.eti+os ' !d+erbios en GBOL o"%let!"ente NoO "(&HFsi"6o
Ndel!nte de +erbos en USA ' s3lo !l,(nos +erbos nor"!les o"o Q!,ree$
!%%rei!te$ belie+e$ en.o'$ #inis&$ (nderst!ndQ en GBOL b!st!nte NGB4 del!nte de
iertos +erbos o"o Qen.o'$ li9e$ 7!ntQ ' de "(&os !d.eti+os ' !d+erbiosOL tod!+F!
Ndel!nte de (n n("er!l$ \+!'! 111]4 se,(ido del !rtF(lo indeter"in!do ' (n no"breOL
b!st!nte NGBOL "(&Ho$ !6 NUSAOL b!st!ntes NGBOL "(&Hos$ !s6 Nse,(ido de (n
%rono"bre inde#inidoO61 E.14 Ee is /(ite s(re Hl est o"%let!"enteL "(' se,(ro6M
I /(ite !,reeL !%%rei!te itL belie+e itL (nderst!nd it HEsto' de !(erdoL Lo
o"%rendoL Lo reoL Lo entiendo %er#et!"enteL o"%let!"enteL tot!l"ente6M Ee
/(ite #inis&ed Hl ter"in3 o"%let!"ente6M S&e /(ite en.o'ed t&e birt&d!' HEll!
dis#r(t3 "(&Fsi"o del ("%le!)os6M I /(ite en.o'L li9e it HDis#r(to de elloL Me
,(st! b!st!nte NGBOL "(&o NUSAO6M /(ite t&e "ost e-%ensi+e dress Hel +estido
o"%let!"ente "s !ro6M /(ite so Ho"%let!"ente !sF6M /(ite e!sil' H"('
senill!"ente6$ R/(ite e!sil' NGBO Hb!st!nte senill!"ente6$ /(ite o#tenL ne!r H"(' !
"en(doL er!6$ R/(ite o#tenL ne!r NGBO Hb!st!nte ! "en(doL er!6M S&e is not
/(ite ten HEll! no tiene tod!+F! diez !)os6M ItZs /(ite ! !r] H\D!'! o&e]6M /(ite ! bit
o# 7or9 H"(&o tr!b!.o6$ R/(ite ! bit o# 7or9 Hb!st!nte NGBO tr!b!.o6$ /(ite ! lot o#
#l!+o(rs NGB %rini%!l"enteOL #l!+ors NUSAO H"(&os s!bores6$ R/(ite ! lot o#
#l!+o(rs NGBO Hb!st!ntes s!bores61
QJ(iteQ ' Qr!t&erQ %(eden "odi#i!r (n sint!,"! no"in!l en in,l0s olo/(i!l1 E.14 It
is r!t&er ! %it' HEs "s bien (n! %en!61
El !d+erbio de !ntid!d QsomeQ H!%ro-i"!d!"enteL (nHos$ !s66 %(ede !li#i!r ! (n
no"breM se (s! t!"bi0n en in,l0s olo/(i!l en USA on el si,ni#i!do de Q(n %ooL
b!st!nteL "(&oQ1 E.14 so"e 8C &ens H!%ro-i"!d!"enteL (n!s 8C ,!llin!s61
El !d+erbio de !ntid!d UtooV Hde"!si!do6 +! del!nte de los !d.eti+os ' otros
!d+erbios1 E.14 Ee is too le+er Hl es de"!si!do listo6M S&e s%o9e too /(i9l' HEll!
&!bl3 de"!si!do r%ido61
UVerV %(ede ir se,(ido de (n !d.eti+oL %rono"bre1 E.4 t&e +er' ne-t d!'
H%reis!"ente !l dF! si,(iente6$ t&e +er' s!"e d!' Hel "is"Fsi"o dF!6$ +er' little
"il9 H"(' %o! le&e6$ +er' H"('6M T&e' !re +er' b(s' HEstn "(' o(%!dos$ !s6M
+er' "(& H"(&Fsi"o6M Ee 7!s +er' "(& not !t t&e "eetin, Hl est!b! en l!
re(ni3n %ens!ndo en otr! os!6M S&e is +er' "(& 7iser HEll! es "(&Fsi"o "s
s!bi!61
W/atever# ,/atsoever Hen !bsol(to N+!n detrs de (n no"bre ' e/(i+!len ! Q!t
!llQO61 E.14 S&e &!s no rel!ti+es 7&!te+erL 7&!tsoe+er HEll! no tiene %!rientes en
!bsol(to6M T&ere is not&in, 7&!te+erL 7&!tsoe+er HNo &!' n!d! en !bsol(to6M T&ere
7!snZt !n' &!ne 7&!te+erL 7&!tsoe+er o# 7innin, HNo &!bF! nin,(n!
%osibilid!d en !bsol(to de ,!n!r61
Dentro t!"bi0n de los adverbios de cantidad estn los aproximativos o de
!%ro-i"!i3n H!%%ro-i"!tion !d.(nts6 /(e "odi#i!n ! (n +erbo$ (n !d.eti+o o
%rono"bre n("er!l !rdin!l$ (n !d.eti+o o %rono"bre inde#inidoM +!n
,ener!l"ente ! "it!d de l! or!i3n4 about H!%ro-i"!d!"ente6$ all but,
approximatel H!%ro-i"!d!"ente6$ almost, around H!%ro-i"!d!"ente6$ as good
as, barel# /ardl# scarcel H!%en!s6$ %ust 4after# before+ H%reis!"ente Hdes%(0s
deL !ntes de66$ 1ind of, nearl H!si6$ roug/l H!%ro-i"!d!"ente6$ some,/ere
H!%ro-i"!d!"ente6$ sort of$ et1 E.14 S&e is !bo(tL !ro(nd &is !,e HEll! tiene
!%ro-i"!d!"ente l! ed!d de 0l6M !bo(t t7ent' H!%ro-i"!d!"ente +einte6M S&e !ll
b(t died HEll! !siL %or %oo no Hse6 "(ri36M I &!d !l"ost #or,otten !bo(t it H*!si lo
&!bF! ol+id!do6M T&ere 7!s b!rel' !n'bod' t&ere HNo &!bF! !%en!s n!die !&FL !llF6M
S&e 9ind o# Nolo/(i!lOL sort o# Nolo/(i!lO li9es &i" Hl le ,(st! ! ell!$ "s o
"enos6M >e 9no7 ro(,&l' 7&ere t&e %!l!e 7!s HS!be"os !%ro-i"!d!"ente
d3nde est el %!l!io6M It is ro(,&l' t&e s!"e &ei,&t HTiene !%ro-i"!d!"ente l!
"i"! !lt(r!6M Ee !"e so"e7&ere bet7een t&ree !nd #o(r in t&e !#ternoon Hl +ino
!%ro-i"!d!"ente entre l!s tres ' l!s (!tro de l! t!rde6M S&e is so"e7&ere in &er
t7enties HEll! tiene +einte !)os ' %ioL +eintit!ntos !)os6M It ost so"e7&ere
!ro(nd ten t&o(s!nd e(ros H*ost3 !%ro-i"!d!"ente (nos diez "il e(ros6M It
&!%%ened so"e7&ere !ro(nd *&rist"!s HO(rri3 !%ro-i"!d!"ente %or
N!+id!des61
Al,(nos !d+erbios o"o Qb!rel'$ &!rdl'$ s!rel'Q$ no %(eden o"bin!rse on
Qne+er$ notQM se (s!n "s entre el +erbo nor"!l ' el o"%le"ento direto ' "enos
del!nte del +erbo nor"!l1
QAind o#Q ' Qsort o#Q s(elen ir ! "it!d de l! or!i3n '$ si &!' (n in#initi+o$ detrs de
UtoVM %(eden ir del!nte de (n !d.eti+o$ (n no"bre$ (n !d+erbioM ! +ees$ %(eden ir !l
#in!l t!"bi0n1 E.14 S&e tried to 9ind o#L sort o# %!int HEll! intent3 %int!r$ "s o
"enos6M EeZs done it$ 9ind o#L sort o# Hl lo &! &e&o$ "s o "enos61
QE!l#$ %!rtQ %(eden (s!rse t!"bi0n on !d.eti+os l!si#i!ti+os4 &!l# R(ssi!n H"edio
r(so61
Los !d+erbios %ro%orion!les$ "2lti%los$ "(lti%li!ti+os o "2lti%les Qdo(bleL
t7o#old Hel dobleL dos +ees "s6$ trebleL t&ree#old Hel tri%leL tres +ees "s6$
#o(r#old H(!tro +ees "s6$ #i+e#old Hino +ees "s6$ &(ndred#old Hien +ees
"s6Q$ et1$ s(elen ir !l #in!l o del!nte de (n no"bre1 E.14 Ee %!'s do(ble t&e rent
Ht&!t6 &e %!id l!st 'e!r Hl %!,! el doble de rent! /(e %!,!b! el !)o %!s!do6M S&e
e!rns t7o#old HEll! ,!n! el doble6M S&e e!rns treble t&!t !"o(nt HEll! ,!n! el tri%le
de es! !ntid!d6M It inre!sed t&irt'#old sine 5BCC HSe inre"ent3 treint! +ees "s
desde 5BCC61
L!s e-%resiones Q! bit$ "(&Q$ et1$ %(eden ir del!nte de l!s si,(ientes e-%resiones4
less #!r$ too #!r$ "ore$ too little$ too "(&M l!s e-%resiones Q#!r$ #o(r 9ilo"etres NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL 9ilo"eters NUSAOL 9ilo,r!"sL 9ilo,r!""es NGB
%rini%!l"enteOQ$ et1$ %(eden ir del!nte de (!l/(ier! de l!s si,(ientes e-%resiones4
#e7er$ less #!r$ too #!r$ "ore$ too "!n'$ too "(&1 E.14 T&e' sold ten 9ilo,r!"sL
9ilo,r!""es NGB %rini%!l"enteO too "(& "e!t HDendieron diez 9ilos de "sL
"s de l! (ent! de !rne6M S&e bo(,&t se+en 9ilos o# #r(it too "(& HEll! o"%r3
siete 9ilos de "sL "s de l! (ent! de #r(t!61
E!' or!iones s(bordin!d!s o"%!r!ti+!s /(e &!en l! #(ni3n de !d+erbios de
!ntid!d1 D1 B15?1B
Dentro de los !d+erbios de !ntid!d estn los adverbios focali)adoresL #o!les
H#o(sin,L #o(ssin, NUSAO !d+erbsL s(b.(nts6M no se %(ede %oner otro !d+erbio
o"o Q+er'Q$ et1$ del!nteM Q!loneQ %(ede ir %reedido de Q/(iteQ o"o !d.eti+o$
%ero no o"o !d+erbio ND1;1?OM %(eden ser de dos l!ses4
a+ &os 'ue limitan, restringen o seleccionan$ nor"!l"ente +!n del!nte del
sint!,"! no"in!l$ del sint!,"! %re%osiion!l$ de l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! ! l! /(e se
re#ieren %ero ! +ees no es !sF$ es%ei!l"ente en in,l0s ol/(i!l$ !(n/(e es #il
ded(ir ! /(0 se re#ierenM sir+en %!r! indi!r l! r!z3n %rini%!l %!r! !l,o o l!
(!lid!d %rini%!l de !l,o4 alone, at least, but 4slo# simplemente+, c/iefl,
entirel 4completamente# totalmente+, especiall, even, exactl, exclusivel, in
particular, %ust 4precisamente# simplemente# slo+, largel, mainl, merel,
mostl, notabl, onl, particularl, partl 4en parte+, practicall, precisel,
predominantl, prett muc/ 4m!s o menos+, prett nearl# prett ,ell 4casi+,
primaril, principall, purel 4puramente# meramente# estrictamente+, reall
4realmente >V mu?+, simpl, solel, specificall, unmista1abl
4indiscutiblemente+, virtuall 4casi+, et1 E.14 T&e o"%(ter %resents e-!tl' t&!t
&!llen,e HEl orden!dor %resent! e-!t!"ente ese des!#Fo6M S&e 7!s t&ere l!r,el'
be!(se o# t&e b(ri!l HEll! est!b! !llF "!'or"ente debido !l entierro6M ItZs %rett'
"(& t&e s!"e HEs "s o "enos lo "is"o6$ et1
Nor"!l"ente no +!n !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n e-e%to U!t le!st$ es%ei!ll'$ e+en$
.(st$ onl'$ %!rtl'$ si"%l'VM Ues%ei!ll'V no +! ,ener!l"ente !l %rini%ioM los
!d+erbios Ue+en$ .(st$ onl'$ %rett' "(&$ %r!ti!ll'$ %rett' ne!rl'L 7ell$ %(rel'$
re!ll'$ (n"ist!9!bl'V ,ener!l"ente %reeden ! l! %!l!br! ! l! /(e se re#ieren4 %(rel'
! ro(tine &e9 H%(r!"ente (n ontrol r(tin!rio6$ et1M U!loneV +! ,ener!l"ente !l
#in!l o detrs de l! %!l!br! ! l! /(e "odi#i!M Uonl'V$ ! +ees$ +! detrs de l! %!l!br!
! l! /(e "odi#i!M Uin %!rti(l!rV %(ede ir del!nte o detrs de l! %!l!br! ! l! /(e se
re#iere1
Los !d+erbios Qes%ei!ll'$ e+en$ "erel'$ %!rtl'$ si"%l'$ +irt(!ll'Q$ +!n ! "it!d de l!
or!i3n o del!nte de l! %!l!br! /(e "odi#i/(en1 E.14 *&i"%!nzees$ es%ei!ll'$ ,et
on %rett' 7ell 7it& (s HLos &i"%!n0s$ es%ei!l"ente$ se lle+!n b!st!nte bien on
nosotros6M Es%ei!ll' %eo%leL Peo%le es%ei!ll' in Ast(ri!s li9e ider
HEs%ei!l"ente ! l! ,ente en Ast(ri!s le ,(st! l! sidr!6M S&e "erel' s"iled HEll!
si"%le"ente sonri36M EeZs not "erel' brilli!nt$ &eZs ! ,eni(s Hl no es si"%le"ente
brill!nte$ es (n ,enio6M Ee si"%l' !nZt belie+e it Hl si"%le"ente no %(ede
reerlo6M S&e is ,one si"%l' be!(se s&e 7!snZt &!%%' HEll! se &! ido si"%le"ente
%or/(e no er! #eliz6M T&e' !ll &i" si"%l' UPeteV HLe ll!"!n si"%le"ente
UPedrHit6oV6M Dirt(!ll' not&in, &!s been s!id !bo(t it HNo se &! di&o !si n!d!
sobre ello6M It 7!s +irt(!ll' i"%ossible to deide HEr! !si i"%osible deidir61
QEvenQ ND1 =1:=O s(ele ir del!nte de l! %!l!br! /(e "odi#i! ' en in,l0s olo/(i!l !
"it!d de l! or!i3nM %(ede ir del!nte de (n !d.eti+o en ,r!do %ositi+o ' en ,r!do
o"%!r!ti+oM en in,l0s estnd!r es "e.or (s!r Ue+enV ' Uonl'V del!nte de l! %!l!br!
! l! /(e se re#ieren %!r! e+it!r !"bi,Xed!des1 E.14 E+en M!r' !"e HDino inl(so
M!rF!6M S&e e+en told "e t&e seret HEll! "e ont3 inl(so el sereto6M Ee doesnZt
9no7 e+en t&!t Nestnd!rO Hl no onoe ni si/(ier! eso6L Ee doesnZt e+en 9no7
t&!t Nolo/(i!lO Hl ni si/(ier! onoe eso61
El !d+erbio no orrel!ti+o Unot evenV %(ede ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n$ %ero no
&!' in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' del +erbo !(-ili!r1 E.14 Not e+en "' "ot&er 7!s t&ere HNi
si/(ier! "i "!dre est!b! !llF61
Q\ustQ %(ede %onerse ! "it!d de l! or!i3n o$ o"o Uonl'V$ del!nte de l! %!l!br!
/(e !li#i! !(n/(e$ ! +ees$ %(ede &!ber (n !"bio de si,ni#i!do entre l! %osii3n
! "it!d de l! or!i3n ' del!nte de l! %!l!br! /(e !li#i/(e1 E.14 Ee .(st !te t7o %e!rs
Hl si"%le"ente o"i3 dos %er!s N' no o"i3 n!d! "sO6M Ee !te .(st t7o %e!rs Hl
o"i3 si"%le"ente dos %er!s N' no otr!s os!sO6M Ee &!d .(st been t&in9in, Hl
&!bF! est!do %reis!"ente %ens!ndo61
El !d+erbio UonlV %(ede %onerse del!nte de (n !d.eti+o$ !d+erbio$ +erbo ' detrs o
del!nte de (n no"bre o %rono"bre1 E.14 ItZs onl' ,reen HEs s3lo +erde6M Gi+e "e !
9ilo onl'L onl' ! 9ilo] H\D!"e (n 9ilo sol!"enteL sol!"ente (n 9ilo]6M Gi+e &er
t&ree onl'L onl' t&ree] H\D!le ! ell! tres sol!"enteL sol!"ente tres]6M Onl' t&e'L
T&e' onl' o(ld o"e HS3lo ellosL Ellos s3lo %odF!n +enir61 D1 81;=
El !d+erbio Qonl'Q en in,l0s liter!rio %(ede %onerse !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n
del!nte del s(.eto$ ! "it!d de l! or!i3n del!nte de (n +erbo ' !l #in!l detrs del
o"%le"ento direto o del!nte del o"%le"ento diretoM (!ndo &!' (n
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l !l #in!l se %(ede %oner del!nte o detrs1 E.14 Onl' t&e
dotor is #ro" Geron! HS3lo el "0dio es de Geron!6M Onl' t&e "o(nt!in is ,i,!nti
HS3lo l! "ont!)! es ,i,!ntes!6M EeZs onl' .o9in, Hl est s3lo bro"e!ndo6M T&e'
onl' "!9e 7&eels HE!enL F!bri!n sol!"ente r(ed!s6M T&e' "!9e 7&eels onl'
HE!enL F!bri!n r(ed!s sol!"ente6M T&e' !n be seen !s le!r e-!"%les o# t&ese
ir("st!nes !nd &!bits onl' HP(eden +erse o"o e.e"%los l!ros de est!s
ir(nst!ni!s ' &bitos sol!"ente61
QOnl'Q en in,l0s liter!rio se %one del!nte de l! %!l!br! /(e "odi#i! ' %(ede ir !l
%rini%io$ ! "it!d o !l #in!lM %(ede !"bi!r el si,ni#i!do se,2n se %on,! en (n
l(,!r ( otroM en in,l0s &!bl!do +! ! "it!d de l! or!i3n ' se !ent2! l! %!l!br! ! l!
/(e "odi#i! on lo (!l no &!' !"bi,Xed!d1 E.14 Onl' &e !te !n !%%le 'esterd!' +
Nliter!rioOL REe onl' |+ !te !n !%%le 'esterd!' + Nolo/(i!lO HS3lo 0l N' n!die "sO
o"i3 (n! "!nz!n! !'er6M Ee onl' !te !n !%%le 'esterd!' + Nliter!rioOL Ee onl' R!te
!n !%%le 'esterd!' + Nolo/(i!lO Hl s3lo o"i3 N' no +endi3$ et1O (n! "!nz!n!
!'er6M Peter onl' "et P!trii! 'esterd!' + Nliter!rioOL Peter onl' R"et P!trii!
'esterd!' + Nolo/(i!lO HPedro s3lo +io N' no riti3$ et1O ! P!trii! !'er6M Peter "et
onl' P!trii! 'esterd!' + Nliter!rioOL Peter onl' "et P!Rtrii! 'esterd!' + Nolo/(i!lO
HPedro +io s3lo ! P!trii! N' ! n!die "sO !'er6M Ee !te onl' !n !%%le 'esterd!' +
Nliter!rioOL Ee onl' !te !n R!%%le 'esterd!' + Nolo/(i!lO Hl o"i3 s3lo (n!
"!nz!n! N' no (n! %er!O !'er6M Ee !te !n !%%le onl' 'esterd!' + Nliter!rioOL Ee onl'
!te !n !%%le R'esterd!' + Nolo/(i!lO Hl o"i3 (n! "!nz!n! s3lo !'er N' no otro
dF!O6M Peter "et P!trii! onl' 'esterd!'L 'esterd!' onl' + Nliter!rioOL Peter onl' "et
P!trii! R'esterd!' + Nolo/(i!lO HPedro +io ! P!trii! s3lo !'erL !'er s3lo N' no otro
dF!O61
En in,l0s &!bl!do se !ent2! l! %!l!br! ! l! /(e "odi#i! el !d+erbio de en#o/(e
QevenQ1 E.14 S&e 7or9s e+en !t Rni,&t HEll! tr!b!.! inl(so %or l! no&e61
*(!ndo UnotV +! ! %rini%io de l! or!i3n se,(ido de (no de estos !d+erbios en l!
%ri"er! %!rte de (n !d+erbio orrel!ti+o s(ele &!ber in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' del +erbo
!(-ili!rM l! se,(nd! %!rte$ /(e s(ele ser UHb(t6 !lsoV %(ede sobrHe6entenderseM
t!"bi0n se %(ede %oner sin in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' del +erbo !(-ili!rM si &!'
in+ersi3n el #oo de !teni3n no es el s(.eto sino el +erbo '$ si no &!' in+ersi3n$ el
#oo de !teni3n es el s(.eto1 E.11 Not onl' did s&e o"e b(t 111L S&e not onl' !"e
b(t 111L Not onl' s&e !"e b(t 111 HNo s3lo +ino ell! sino /(e 11161
b+ &os aditivos o /(e !)!den !l,oM son !#ir"!ti+os ' ne,!ti+os4 again, also, as
,ell, eit/er, e'uall 4igualmente# por igual+, furt/er 4m!s# m!s a fondo# m!s
detenidamente+, similarl 4igualmente+, too$ et1 El si,ni#i!do de l! or!i3n
%(ede !"bi!r en in,l0s liter!rio se,2n !i,! el !ento en (n! ( otr! %!l!br!1 E.14
RPeter | $ !lso + $ "et P!trii! 'esterd!' + Nliter!rioOL Peter R!lso "et P!trii!
'esterd!' + Nolo/(i!lO HPedro t!"bi0n +io ! P!trii! !'er N' otr!s %erson!s t!"bi0n
l! +ieronO6M Peter !lso "et P!trii! 'esterd!' + Nliter!rioOL Peter !lso R"et P!trii!
'esterd!' + Nolo/(i!lO HPedro t!"bi0n +io N' l! ll!"3 %or tel0#ono$ et1O ! P!trii!
!'er6M Peter "et !lso P!Rtrii! 'esterd!' + Nliter!rioOL Peter !lso "et P!Rtrii!
'esterd!' + Nolo/(i!lO HPedro +io t!"bi0n ! P!trii! !'er N' ! otr!s %erson!sO6M
Peter "et P!trii! !lso R'esterd!'L R'esterd!' !lso + Nliter!rioOL Peter !lso "et P!trii!
R'esterd!' + Nolo/(i!lO HPedro +io ! P!trii! !'er t!"bi0nL t!"bi0n !'er N' otros
dF!sO61
Los !d+erbios Uagain, also, e'uall, similarlV s(elen ir detrs del s(.eto o del!nte
de (n! %!l!br! /(e no &!,! l! #(ni3n de s(.eto ' /(e +!'! en#!tiz!d!M s(elen ir
detrs del +erbo QbeQ ' otros +erbos !(-ili!res1 E.14 T&e "!n !lso 9no7s !bo(t it HEl
&o"bre t!"bi0n est enter!do de ello6M Ee is !lso +er' %o%(l!r Hl es t!"bi0n "('
%o%(l!r6M T&e' !re si"il!rl' t&re!tened HEstn i,(!l"ente !"en!z!dos61
U=gainV %(ede ir t!"bi0n !l %rini%io se%!r!do %or (n! o"!1 E.14 A,!in$ t&!tZs
ontro+ersi!l HUn! +ez "s$ eso es %ol0"ioL ontro+ertidoL dis(tible61 QA,!inQ
%(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de tie"%o ' !d+erbio onetor %ero on distinto
si,ni#i!do1
En in,l0s olo/(i!l nor"!l"ente se %one QalsoQ$ ! "it!d de l! or!i3n ' des%(0s se
!ent2! l! %!l!br! ! l! /(e se re#iere1
El !d+erbio Uas ,ellV +! detrs de l! %!l!br! /(e "odi#i!$ !(n/(e ,ener!l"ente
%(ede ir sie"%re !l #in!lM +! en !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"enteM es "enos liter!rio /(e
Q!lsoQ1 E.14 Ee !s 7ell is 7illin, to ,o Hl t!"bi0n tiene ,!n!s de irHse66M Ee is
7illin, to ,o !s 7ell Hl tiene ,!n!s de irHse6 t!"bi0n6M Ee s!7 t&e" !s 7ell Hl les
+io ! ellos t!"bi0n61
QEit/erQ s(ele ir !l #in!l1 E.14 T&e' 7ill not ,o eit&er HNo irn t!"%oo61
Q=lsoQ %(ede ir en or!iones en !#ir"!ti+! e interro,!ti+! %ero nor"!l"ente no en
ne,!ti+!M %(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio onetor %ero on distinto si,ni#i!do1
*(!ndo &!' dos or!iones ne,!ti+!s se,(id!s se (s! ,ener!l"ente Qeit&erQ
N%reedido de QnotQO en l! se,(nd! ' ! +ees U!lsoV %ero no U!s 7ell$ tooV E.14 T&e
bo' doesnZt ,o #orL &!+e ! %ee !nd t&e ,irl doesnZt eit&er HEl &io no &!e %i%F ' l!
&i! t!"%oo6M Ee doesnZt 7or9$ !nd !lso &e doesnZt s"o9e N"enos (s!do4 Q!lsoQ
es !d+erbio onetor !/(F$ no !d+erbio de !ntid!d #o!liz!dorO Hl no tr!b!.!$ '
!de"sL t!"bi0n no #("!6L S&e didnZt ,o !&e!d 7it& &er t&re!t !nd t&e' &!+e
H$6!lsoH$6 not ,one !&e!d 7it& t&eir t&re!t N"enos (s!doO HEll! no si,(i3 !del!nte
on s( !"en!z! ' ellos t!"bi0n no &!n se,(ido !del!nte on s( !"en!z!6M Ee
doesnZt 7or9$ !nd neit&er does &e s"o9e N"s (s!doO Hl no tr!b!.!$ ' t!"%oo
#("!6L Ee doesnZt 7or9$ !nd &e doesnZt s"o9e eit&er N"s (s!doO Hl no tr!b!.!$ '
no #("! t!"%oo6L Ee neit&er 7or9s nor s"o9es N"s (s!doO Hl ni tr!b!.! ni
#("!61
No obst!nte$ si l! %ri"er! es !#ir"!ti+! ' l! se,(nd! ne,!ti+!$ se %(ede (s!r Qeit&er$
!lso$ !s 7ell$ tooQ$ en l! se,(nd!1 E.14 Peter 7or9s !nd doesnZt s"o9e eit&er N"s
(s!doO HPedro tr!b!.! ' no #("! t!"%oo6M Peter 7or9s !nd !lso doesnZt s"o9e
N"enos (s!doO HPedro tr!b!.! ' !de"sL t!"bi0n no #("!6M S&e 7or9s too "(&$
b(t !t le!st s&e doesnZt !lso s"o9e too "(& N"enos (s!doO HEll! tr!b!.!
de"!si!do$ %ero %or lo "enos no #("! t!"bi0n de"!si!do6M S&e 7or9s too "(&$
b(t !t le!st s&e doesnZt s"o9e too "(& !s 7ell N"enos (s!doO HEll! tr!b!.!
de"!si!do$ %ero %or lo "enos no #("! de"!si!do t!"bi0n6M Ee borro7ed t&e
"one'$ b(t &e didnZt ,i+e it b!9 eit&er N"s (s!do4 &!' (n! o"%!r!i3n entre 0l '
otr! %erson! /(e no lo de+ol+i3O Hl %idi3 %rest!do el dinero$ %ero no lo de+ol+i3
t!"%oo6M Ee borro7ed t&e "one'$ b(t &e didnZt ,i+e it b!9 !s 7ell N"enos
(s!do4 no &!' (n! o"%!r!i3n entre 0l ' otr! %erson!O Hl %idi3 %rest!do el dinero$
%ero no lo de+ol+i3 t!"bi0n6M mo( !n ,o no7$ b(t 'o( !nZt ,o to"orro7 N"s
(s!do4 no &!' (n! o"%!r!i3n entre 0l ' otr! %erson! /(e no %(ede irO HP(edes ir
!&or!$ %ero no %(edes ir "!)!n!6M mo( !n ,o no7$ b(t 'o( !nZt ,o to"orro7
eit&er N"s (s!do4 &!' (n! o"%!r!i3n entre 0l ' otr! %erson! /(e no %(ede irO
HP(edes ir !&or!$ %ero no %(edes ir "!)!n! t!"%oo6M mo( !n ,o no7$ b(t 'o(
!nZt ,o to"orro7 !s 7ellL too N"enos (s!do4 no &!' (n! o"%!r!i3n entre 0l '
otr! %erson!O HP(edes ir !&or!$ %ero no %(edes ir "!)!n! t!"bi0n6M >&en UnoV or
UnoneV is Nestnd!rOL !re Nolo/(i!lO (sed$ UnotV !nnot be (sed !s 7ellL too
H*(!ndo se (s! UnoV o UnoneV$ no se %(ede (s!r UnotV t!"bi0n6M T&is is interestin,$
b(t t&!t is not le!r eit&er N"s (s!do4 &!' (n! o"%!r!i3n entre dos one%tos o
os!sO HEsto es interes!nte$ %ero eso no est l!ro t!"%oo6M T&is is interestin,$ b(t
t&!t is not le!r !s 7ell N"enos (s!do4 no &!' (n! o"%!r!i3n entre dos one%tos
o os!sO HEsto es interes!nte$ %ero eso no est l!ro t!"bi0n61
QE'uallQ %(ede ir se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o$ (n !d+erbio$ (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM
%(ede ser t!"bi0n !d+erbio de "odo ' !d+erbio de "od!lid!d %ero on distinto
si,ni#i!do1
QFurt/erQ s(ele ir !l #in!l o del!nte de (n %!rtii%io Hde6 %!s!doM %(ede ser t!"bi0n
!d+erbio de l(,!r$ de tie"%o ' !d+erbio onetor %ero on distinto si,ni#i!do1
El !d+erbio QtooQ Ht!"bi0n6 s(ele ir !l #in!l de l! or!i3n no %reedido de (n!
o"!$ si "odi#i! !l %redi!do +erb!l$ ' %reedido de (n! o"! o"o !d+erbio de
"od!lid!d$ si "odi#i! ! tod! l! or!i3nM "enos #re(ente"ente %(ede ir t!"bi0n
en in,l0s liter!rio detrs del s(.eto$ entre o"!s$ si "odi#i! s3lo !l s(.eto$ o !l
%rini%io$ entre o"!s o"o !d+erbio de "od!lid!d$ si "odi#i! ! tod! l! or!i3nM
(!ndo +! !l #in!l es "enos liter!rio /(e Q!lsoQ1 E.14 Ee s%o9e Rtoo Hl &!bl3
t!"Rbi0n6M Ee$ Rtoo$ is &ere Hl$ t!"Rbi0n$ est !/(F6M Ee$ Rtoo$ is !R##eted b' t&e risis
Hl est t!"Rbi0n !#eRt!do %or l! risis6M EeZs too !R##eted b' t&e risis Hl est
de"!si!do !#eRt!do %or l! risis6M Is &e beo"in,$ Rtoo$ li9e N%re%osii3nO *lintonTL
Is &e beo"in, li9e N%re%osii3nO *linton RtooT HWSe est &!iendo 0l t!"Rbi0n
o"o *lintonT6M Is &e beo"in, too li9e N%re%osii3nO R*lintonTQ HWSe est
&!iendo 0l de"!si!do %!reido ! R*lintonT61
?15@1I *(!ndo &!' adverbios o locuciones adverbiales de modo, lugar tiempo
!l #in!l en (n! "is"! or!i3n s(ele %onerse %ri"ero el de "odo$ l(e,o el de l(,!r '
#in!l"ente el de tie"%oM si &!' (no de "odo ' otro de l(,!r$ s(ele %onerse %ri"ero
el de "odoM si &!' (no de "odo ' otro de tie"%o$ s(ele %onerse %ri"ero el de
"odoM si &!' (no de l(,!r ' otro de tie"%o$ s(ele %onerse %ri"ero el de l(,!r1 E.14
T&e' s!n, %er#etl' in t&e it'L to7n &!ll l!st 7ee9 H*!nt!ron %er#et!"ente en el
!'(nt!"iento l! se"!n! %!s!d!6M T&e' 7or9ed ent&(si!sti!ll' in t&e #!tor'
'esterd!' HTr!b!.!ron on ent(si!s"o en l! #bri! !'er6M It r!ined &!rd in *o+entr'
l!st 7ee9 HLlo+i3 "(&o en *1 l! se"!n! %!s!d!6M T&e bo' !te &(n,ril' !t &o"e
t&!t d!' HEl "(&!&o o"i3 on &!"bre en !s! eseL !/(el dF!6M S&e li+ed
!"!zin,l' in ! s"!ll o(ntr' HEll! +i+i3 sor%rendente"ente en (n %!Fs %e/(e)o6M
S&e s!n, /(ite 7ell in t&!t to7n HEll! !nt3 b!st!nte bien en es!L !/(ell! i(d!d6M It
is nor"!ll' ne+er done b' &i" HNor"!l"ente n(n! lo &!e 0l6M S&e 7or9ed
/(i9l' 'esterd!' HEll! tr!b!.3 r%id!"ente !'er6M Ee !"e &ere #or ! o(%le o#
7ee9s Hl +ino !/(F Hd(r!nte6 (n %!r de se"!n!s6M *o"e to "' &o(se #or
*&rist"!s] H\Den ! "i !s! %!r! l!s N!+id!des]6M Ee 7ent t&ere 'esterd!' Hl #(e
!llF !'er61
Sin e"b!r,o$ los !d+erbios de l(,!r o"o U!7!'$ b!9$ do7n$ #or7!rd$ &ere$ &o"e$
in$ o##$ on$ o(t$ ro(nd$ t&ere$ (%V$ +!n del!nte de los de !d+erbios de "odo se,(idos
de los de tie"%o$ si los &!'M %(ede$ ! +ees$ %onerse %ri"ero el de l(,!r$ l(e,o el de
"odo ' !l #in!l el de tie"%o$ si se /(iere d!r 0n#!sis !l de l(,!r$ %or (estiones
%o0ti!s o en on+ers!iones entreort!d!s1 E.14 T&e' ,o b!9 &!%%il' HD(el+en on
!le,rF!6M Ee ,oes #or7!rd slo7l' Hl si,(e !del!nte des%!io6M S&e !"e &ere
r!%idl' HEll! +ino !/(F r%id!"ente6M S&e ,oes on %e!e#(ll' HEll! si,(e !del!nte
!%!ible"ente6M T&e' st!'ed &ere niel' #or ! #e7 d!'s HSe /(ed!ron !/(F
!,r!d!ble"ente d(r!nte (nos dF!s61
Los !d+erbios de l(,!r U&ere$ t&ereV$ se %onen del!nte de los !d+erbios de "odo
e-e%to on los !d+erbios de "odo Ub!dl'$ &!rd$ 7ellV1 E.14 T&e' !re doin, 7ell
t&ere HLes +! bien !llF61
No obst!nte$ b!st!nte ! "en(do (!ndo &!' (n! lo(i3n !d+erbi!l de l(,!r ' otr!
de tie"%o$ se %(ede %oner l! de l(,!r %ri"ero o !l re+0sM si l! lo(i3n !d+erbi!l de
l(,!r +! !l #in!l lle+! 0n#!sis %ero$ si l! lo(i3n !d+erbi!l de tie"%o +! !l #in!l$ 0st!
no lle+! 0n#!sis %or/(e es el orden nor"!l1 E.14 T&e "eetin, too9 %l!e !t t&e
s&ool l!st 7ee9 Nno en#tioO HL! re(ni3n t(+o l(,!r en l! es(el! l! se"!n!
%!s!d!6M T&e "eetin, too9 %l!e l!st 7ee9 !t t&e s&ool Nen#tioO HL! re(ni3n t(+o
l(,!r l! se"!n! %!s!d! en l! es(el!61
Sin e"b!r,o$ s(ele %onerse %ri"ero el "s orto$ (n !d+erbio de (n! sol! %!l!br!$
' l(e,o el "s l!r,o$ (n! lo(i3n !d+erbi!l$ !(n/(e +!'! en ontr! de l!s nor"!s
sobre el orden de los !d+erbios1 E.14 S&e st(died e!rlier in t&e (ni+ersit' libr!r' HEll!
est(di3 on !nteriorid!d en l! bibliote! de l! (ni+ersid!d6M >e 7or9ed #or t&ree
'e!rs in ! s&ool t&!t is too bi, HTr!b!.!"os d(r!nte tres !)os en (n! es(el! /(e es
de"!si!do ,r!nde61
*(!ndo &!' (n! rel!i3n b!st!nte %ro#(nd! entre el +erbo ' (n !d+erbio$ ese
!d+erbio +! %ri"ero /(e los otros o"o en el !so de los +erbos on %!rtF(l!s4
+erbos !d+erbi!les intr!nsiti+os$ +erbos !d+erbi!les tr!nsiti+os rF,idos$ +erbos
!d+erbi!les tr!nsiti+os #le-ibles$ +erbos !d+erbi!lesI%re%osiion!les intr!nsiti+os$
+erbos !d+erbi!lesI%re%osiion!les tr!nsiti+os ND1?1;<O$ +erbos on %!rtF(l!s
%re%osiion!les ND1@18;O$ t!"bi0n on los +erbos %re%osiion!les ,ener!l"ente
ND1@18:O ' on !l,(nos otros4 U!rri+e !tL inV h no"bre de l(,!r$ be !t 7or9$ Ube
(nderV h no"bre de l(,!r$ o"e &o"eL o(t$ et1$ Uo"e toV h no"bre de l(,!r$
Udri+e toV h no"bre de l(,!r$ U#l' toV h no"bre de l(,!r$ ,i+e (%$ ,o b' !rL &o"e$
et1$ U,o o(t o#V h no"bre de l(,!r$ U,o toV h no"bre de l(,!r$ Uli+e inV h no"bre
de l(,!r$ U"o+e toV h no"bre de l(,!r$ s%end ! 7ee9$ et1$ Ust!' inV h no"bre de
l(,!r$ U7!l9 toV h no"bre de l(,!r1 E.14 Ee !rri+ed in M!drid 'esterd!' Hl lle,3 !
M!drid !'er6M S&e st!'ed in Ger"!n' in 5BBC HEll! se /(ed3 en Ale"!ni! en
5BBC6M T&e' too9 t&e #l!, do7n !re#(ll' HB!.!ron l! b!nder! (id!dos!"ente6M
S&e 7ent to N!irobi b' b(sL o!& NGBO l!st 'e!r HEll! #(e ! N!irobi en !(to!r
NEs%!)!OL !(tob2s el !)o %!s!do61
A +ees$ (!ndo el !d+erbio de "odo +! !l #in!l indi! 0n#!sis1 E.14 T&e' 7ent o(t
o# t&e &o(se +er' slo7l' Nen#tioO HS!lieron de l! !s! "(' lent!"ente6M T&e'
7ent +er' slo7l' Nno en#tioO o(t o# t&e &o(se HS!lieron de l! !s! "('
lent!"ente61
Al,(nos !d+erbios s(elen ir !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n no sol!"ente %!r! tener "s
0n#!sis sino t!"bi0n %!r! e+it!r /(e &!'! de"!si!dos !d+erbios !l #in!lM
nor"!l"ente no se %one "s /(e (n !d+erbio !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n4 si &!' (n
!d+erbio de tie"%o !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n$ el de "odo ' l(,!r +!n !l #in!l '$ si
&!' (n !d+erbio de l(,!r !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n$ el de "odo ' tie"%o +!n !l
#in!lM ! +ees$ se %(eden %oner dos !d+erbios !l %rini%io de l! or!i3n ' %(eden ser
de l(,!r$ de tie"%o ' de %(nto de +ist!1 E.14 T&e 7&ole d!' &e 7!s 7or9in, 7it& &is
tr!tor in t&e #ields HTodo el dF! est(+o 0l tr!b!.!ndo on elL s( tr!tor en los
!"%os6M No7 &e is %!intin, /(ietl' in t&e &!ll HA&or! 0l est %int!ndo
tr!n/(il!"ente en el +estFb(lo6M mesterd!' &e 7ent /(i9l' to Dienn! HA'er 0l #(e
r%id!"ente ! Dien!6M In so"e ities it is e!s' to dri+e #!st in Ht&e6 s(""er HEn
!l,(n!s i(d!des es #il ond(ir r%ido en Hel6 +er!no6M In S%!in$ !#ter t&e #i#ties$
li#e 7!s ! lot better t&!n d(rin, t&e #orties HEn Es%!)!$ des%(0s de los !)os
in(ent!$ se +i+F! "(&o "e.or /(e en los !)os (!rent!6M Soi!ll'$ no7!d!'s
t&ere is "ore #reedo" t&!n 'e!rs !,o HSoi!l"ente$ &o' en dF! &!' "s libert!d /(e
&!e !)os61
Los !d+erbios de "odo ' l(,!r +!n del!nte de los de #re(eni!1 E.14 S&e 7ent to
t&e b(t&erZs t7ie ! 7ee9 HEll! ib! ! l! !rnierF! dos +ees %orL ! l! se"!n!61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l los !d+erbios de #re(eni!$ (!ndo lle+!n 0n#!sis ' +!n
se%!r!dos %or (n! o"!$ +!n !l #in!l detrs de los !d+erbios de "odo ' tie"%oM sin
e"b!r,o$ en in,l0s liter!rio los !d+erbios de #re(eni! s(elen ir ! "it!d de l!
or!i3n del!nte de los !d+erbios de "odo ' tie"%o1 E.14 S&e #o(nd &er 7!' !ro(nd
e!sil'$ (s(!ll' Nolo/(i!lO HEll! s!bF! ir de (n l!do %!r! otro #il"ente$
,ener!l"ente6L S&e (s(!ll' #o(nd &er 7!' !ro(nd e!sil' Nliter!rioO HEll!
,ener!l"ente s!bF! ir de (n l!do %!r! otro #il"ente61
*(!ndo &!' (n !d+erbio de #re(eni! ' otro de tie"%o$ nor"!l"ente se %one
%ri"ero el de #re(eni!$ %ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l !l,(nos !d+erbios de #re(eni!$
(!ndo lle+!n 0n#!sis ' +!n se%!r!dos %or (n! o"!$ %(eden !l #in!l detrs de los
!d+erbios de tie"%oM nor"!l"ente se %one t!"bi0n %ri"ero el de tie"%o ' l(e,o el
de #re(eni!$ no %reedido de (n! o"!$ si el %ri"ero es "s orto ' el se,(ndo es
(n! lo(i3n !d+erbi!l1 E.14 S&e 7ent e+er' 7ee9end l!st 'e!r HEll! #(e todos los
#ines de se"!n! el !)o %!s!do6M S&e 7o9e (% e!rl' e+er' d!' o# &er li#e HEll! se
des%ert3 te"%r!no todos los dF!s de s( +id!61
*(!ndo los !d+erbios de tie"%o +!n !l %rini%io on 0n#!sis los de #re(eni! se
s(elen %oner !l #in!l1 E.14 L!st 'e!r s&e !"e t7ie HEl !)o %!s!do ell! +ino dos
+ees61
Los sint!,"!s !d+erbi!les s(elen ir del!nte de los sint!,"!s no"in!les ' los
sint!,"!s no"in!les s(elen ir del!nte de los sint!,"!s %re%osiion!les1
?15B1I Los adverbios pronominales #(nion!l"ente %(eden ser4
*+ Gnterrogativos1 D1 ?18CI5
2+ Telativos1 D1 ?188I:
2+ Exclamativos1 D1 ?18;
-+ Demostrativos4 !bo+e Ni o+er t&is or t&!t %l!eO Heni"! Ni sobre este o eseL
!/(el l(,!rO6$ belo7 Ni (nder t&is or t&!t %l!eO Hdeb!.o Ni deb!.o de este o eseL
!/(el l(,!rO6$ &ere Ni in t&is %l!eO H!/(F Ni en este l(,!rO6$ &ereR!#ter Nliter!rioO H!
%!rtir de !&or!6$ &ereRb' N"s (s!doOL R&ereb' Nliter!riosO H%or este "edioL %or l!
%resente6$ &ereRin Nliter!rioO Ni in t&isL in t&is %l!eO H!d.(ntoL en estoL !/(F Hdentro6
Nen este l(,!rO6$ &ereRto Nliter!rioO H! l! %resenteL ! esto6$ &ereR7it& Nliter!rioO LIR7ISL o
LIR7IuL H!d.(ntoL on estoL on l! %resente6$ &it&erRto Nliter!rioO H&!st! !/(F6$ inside Ni
in t&is or t&!t %l!eO Hdentro Ni en este o eseL !/(el l(,!rO6$ no7 Ni !t t&is "o"entO
H!&or! Ni en este "o"entoO6$ o(tRside Ni o(t o# t&is or t&!t %l!eO H#(er! Ni #(er! de
este o eseL !/(el l(,!rO6$ so Nliter!rioO Ni Hin6 t&is 7!'O H!sF Ni de est! "!ner!O6$ t&en
Ni !t t&!t "o"entO Hentones Ni en eseL !/(el "o"entoO6$ t&ere Ni in t&!t %l!eO
H!&FL !llF Ni en eseL !/(el l(,!rO6$ t&ereR!#ter Nliter!rioO LSeerR!4#teL NGBO ' LSerRY#terL
NUSAO Ni !#ter t&!tO H! %!rtir de entonesL de !llF en !del!nte6$ t&ereRb' N!r!ioO
LSeeRb!IL NGBO ' LSeHe6rRb!IL NUSAO H!lrededorL %or !&FL %or !llF6$ t&ereR#or LSeeR#o4L
NGBO ' LSeHe6rR#o4rL NUSAO H%or esto NoO eso Nestnd!rOL %!r! esto NoO eso N!r!ioO6$
t&ereR#ro" N!r!ioO LSeeR#ro"L NGBO ' LSeHe6rR#rA"L NUSA o LSeHe6rR#r!4"LO Hde
!&FL !llF6$ t&ereRin N!r!ioO LSeerRInL NGBO ' LSerRInL NUSAO Ni in t&!t %l!eO H!llFL
!dentroL ! ese res%eto6$ t&ereRo# LSeerRo+L NGBO ' LSerR!4+L NUSAO Hde esoL de !llF6$
t&ereRto LSeeRt(4L NGBO ' LSeHe6rRt(4L NUSAO H! elloL ! eso6$ t&ereR7it& Nliter!rioO
LSeeR7ISL NGB o LSeeR7IuLO ' LSeHe6rR7ISL NUSA o LSeHe6rR7IuLO Hon eso6$ t&(s
Nliter!rioO Ni Hin6 t&is 7!'O H!sF Ni de est! "!ner!O6$ tod!' Ni t&is d!'O H&o' Ni este
dF!O6$ et1
3+ Gndefinidos4 !l7!'s$ R!n'&o7L R!n'7!'L R!n'7!'s NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ !n'7&ereL
!n'%l!e NoO !n' %l!e NUSAO$ !n'7&ere else$ e+er$ e+er'7&ereL e+er'%l!e NoO
e+er' %l!e NUSAO$ e+er'7&ere else$ ne+er$ no7&ereL no%l!e NoO no %l!e NUSAO$
no7&ere else$ not&in,$ so"eti"es$ Rso"e&o7L Rso"e7!' NUSA %rini%!l"ente4
olo/(i!lOL Rso"e7!'s NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ so"e7&ereL so"e%l!e NoO so"e %l!e
NUSAO HenL %or !l,2n l(,!r6$ so"e7&ere else Nestnd!rOL else7&ere Nliter!rioOL
so"e%l!e else NUSAO HenL %or !l,2n otro l(,!r6$ et1 E.14 Ee didnZt ,o !n'7&ereL
!n'%l!e NoO !n' %l!e NUSAO Hl no #(e ! nin,2n l(,!r6M S&e 7ent e+er'7&ereL
e+er'%l!e NoO e+er' %l!e NUSAO HEll! ib!L #(e ! tod!s %!rtes6M T&e' ,o no7&ereL
no%l!e NoO no %l!e NUSAO HNo +!n ! nin,(n! %!rte6M mo( 7ent so"e7&ereL
so"e%l!e NoO so"e %l!e NUSAO HF(iste ! !l,2n l(,!r61
?18C1I Los adverbios interrogativos t!nto en estilo direto on el si,no de
interro,!i3n o"o en estilo indireto sin si,no de interro,!i3n &!en l! #(ni3n
de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!lM %(eden s(Hb6stit(ir ! tod! (n! or!i3nM s(elen ir !l
%rini%io en estilo direto$ %ero en in,l0s olo/(i!l %(eden ir !l #in!lM son no
,r!d(!blesM %(eden ir (nidos %or l!s on.(niones oordin!d!s U!ndL orVM los "s
i"%ort!ntes son4
*+ De tiempo4 ,/enN HW(ndoT6$ J,/enJeverN NoO J,/en JeverNL ,/en on
eart/NL ,/en in t/e ,orldNL ,/en in HodEs nameNL ,/en in /eaven4Es
name+NL ,/en t/e bla)esN Nolo/(i!lOL ,/en t/e /ec1N Nolo/(i!lOL ,/en t/e
/ellN Nolo/(i!lO HW(ndo de"oniosL di!blosT6$ ,/en elseN HW/(0 otro dF!TL W! /(0
otr! &or!TL W(ndo si noT6$ ,/enever elseN HW(ndo de"onios si noT6$ /o, lateN
HWon /(0L (nto retr!soT6$ /o, longN HWd(r!nte (nto tie"%oT6$ /o, oftenN
HWon /(0 #re(eni!T6$ /o, soonN HW(ndo H! "s t!rd!r6T61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientesM estos !d+erbios s(elen ir !l %rini%io
de l! or!i3n1 E.14 A4 >&enL H!t6 >&!t ti"e do 'o( ,o to 7or9T HW*(ndoL A /(0
&or! +!s ! tr!b!.!rT61 B4 I ,o to 7or9 !t nine HoZlo96 HDo' ! tr!b!.!r ! l!s n(e+e6M
>&ene+erL >&en on e!rt&L >&en in t&e 7orldL >&en in GodZs n!"eL >&en in
&e!+enHZs n!"e6L >&en t&e &e9 Nolo/(i!lOL >&en t&e &ell Nolo/(i!lO &!s &e
,oneT HW*(ndo de"oniosL di!blos &! ido 0lT6M >&en else o(ld &e o"eT HWJ(0
otro dF! %odrF! +enir 0lTL WA /(0 otr! &or! %odrF! +enir 0lT6M H#or6 Eo7 lon, 7ill
t&e' st!'T HWD(r!nte (nto tie"%o se /(ed!rnT61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l el !d+erbio %(ede ir !l #in!l de l! or!i3n1 E.14 And t&e' o"e$
7&enT Hm +ienen$ W(ndoT6M And t&e' l!sted$ &o7 lon,T Hm d(r!ron$ W2!nto
tie"%oT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!sM el orden nor"!l en l!s or!iones
s(bordin!d!s es s(.eto se,(ido de +erbo$ %ero ! +ees se d! l! in+ersi3n del s(.eto '
el +erbo o"o o(rre en !stell!no$ !(n/(e se! "enos orreto1 E.14 Ee doesnZt
9no7 7&en s&e 7ill o"e Hl no s!be (ndo +endr ell!6M Ee doesnZt 9no7 7&en
s&e is ,oin, Hl no s!be (ndo +! ! ir ell!6M >&o 9no7s 7&ere t&e' 7ill ,o
Nestnd!rOL 7&ere 7ill t&e' ,o N+(l,!rL !r!ioOT HWJ(i0n s!be d3nde irn ellHos$
!s6T6M >&o 9no7s &o7 lon, it too9 Nestnd!rOL did it t!9e N+(l,!rL !r!ioOT
HWJ(i0n s!be (nto tie"%o lle+3T61
2+ De lugar4 ,/ereN HWd3ndeT6$ ,/ere, o/ ,/ereN HWd3nde$ d3ndeT6$
R,/erReverN# R,/ere ReverN HWd3nde re!l"enteT6$ ,/ere on eart/N# ,/ere in t/e
,orld# ,/ere in HodEs nameN# ,/ere in /eaven4Es name+N# ,/ere t/e /ec1N
Nolo/(i!lOL ,/ere t/e bla)esN Nolo/(i!lOL ,/ere t/e /ellN Nolo/(i!lOL ,/ere in
4t/e+ /ellN Nolo/(i!lO HWd3nde de"oniosL di!blosT6$ ,/ere elseN HWd3nde si noTL
Wen /(0 otro sitio NoO l(,!rT6$ ,/ere ... fromN Nestnd!rOL ,/enceN N!r!ioO HWde
d3ndeT6$ ,/ereaboutsN HW%or d3ndeTL Wen /(0 %!rteT6$ ,/ereJto Nliter!rioOL
,/ere4un+JtoN N!r!ioOL ,/it/er N!r!ioO HW!d3ndeT61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientesM estos !d+erbios s(elen ir !l %rini%io
de l! or!i3n1 E.14 >&ere does s&e li+eT HWD3nde +i+e ell!T61 B4 S&e li+es in
Gr!n!d! HEll! +i+e en Gr!n!d!6M >&ere+erL >&ere on e!rt&L >&ere in t&e 7orldL
>&ere in GodZs n!"eL >&ere in &e!+enHZs n!"e6L >&ere t&e &e9 Nolo/(i!lOL
>&ere t&e &ell Nolo/(i!lO &!s s&e ,oneT HWD3nde re!l"enteL de"oniosL di!blos
&! ido ell!T6M Fro" 7&ere do 'o( st(d' t&isT HWPor d3nde est(di!s estoT6M >&ere
else is s&eT HWD3nde si no est ell!TL WEn /(0 otro sitio NoO l(,!r est ell!T6M >&ere
else did 'o( o"e #ro"T HWDe /(0 otro sitio NoO l(,!r +inisteTL WDe d3nde si no
+inisteT6M >&ere else does s&e ,o Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL ,o to Nolo/(i!l4 "enos
(s!doOT HWAd3nde si no +! ell!TL WA /(0 otro sitio NoO l(,!r +! ell!T61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l el !d+erbio %(ede ir !l #in!l de l! or!i3n1 E.14 And t&e' 7ent$
7&ereT Hm #(eron$ WH!6d3ndeT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!sM el orden nor"!l en l!s or!iones
s(bordin!d!s es s(.eto se,(ido de +erbo$ %ero ! +ees se d! l! in+ersi3n del s(.eto '
el +erbo o"o en !stell!no$ !(n/(e se! "enos orreto1 E.14 Ee doesnZt 9no7
7&ere s&e li+es Hl no s!be d3nde +i+e ell!6M >&o 9no7s 7&ere t&e %o7er o# t&e
,i!nt ends Nestnd!rOL does t&e %o7er o# t&e ,i!nt endT N+(l,!rL !r!ioO HWJ(i0n
s!be d3nde ter"in! el %oder del ,i,!nteT61
En el estilo indireto libre Q7&ereQ %(ede ir se,(ido de (n! or!i3n$ /(e es (n iniso
o !)!dido no nees!rioM no se %(ede %oner Qt&!tQ detrs del iniso1 D1 <18:151b$
=188;15
2+ De causa4 ,/N Nestnd!rOL ,/ereforeN N!r!ioO HW%or /(0TL W3"oT6$ ,/,
o/ ,/N HW%or /(0$ %or /(0T6$ J,/ Jever 4not+TL J,/Jever 4not+N HW%or /(0 Hno6
re!l"enteT6$ ,/ on eart/NL ,/ in t/e ,orldTL ,/ in HodEs nameNL ,/ in
/eaven4Es name+NL ,/ t/e /ec1 T Nolo/(i!lOL ,/ t/e bla)es T Nolo/(i!lOL ,/
t/e /ell T Nolo/(i!lOL ,/ in 4t/e+ /ell T Nolo/(i!lOL ,/ t/e devilTL ,/ t/e
dic1ens T Nolo/(i!lO HW%or /(0 de"oniosL di!blosT6$ ,/ elseN HW%or /(0 si noTL
W%or /(0 otro "oti+oTL W%or /(0 otr! r!z3nT6$ ,/it/erN N!r!ioO H%!r! /(0 Ni #or
7&!tT Nliter!rioOL 7&!t #orT Nolo/(i!lOO61
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientesM estos !d+erbios s(elen ir !l %rini%io
de l! or!i3n1 E.14 A4 >&' !re 'o( so &ee9'T HWPor /(0L *3"o eres t!n
des!r!doT61 B4 Be!(se I !nZt be ot&er7ise HPor/(e no %(edo se de otr! "!ner!6M
>&' e+erL >&' on e!rt&L >&' in t&e 7orldL >&' in GodZs n!"eL >&' in
&e!+enHZs n!"e6L >&' t&e &e9 Nolo/(i!lOL >&' t&e bl!zes Nolo/(i!lOL >&' t&e
&ell Nolo/(i!lOL >&' in Ht&e6 &ell Nolo/(i!lOL >&' t&e de+ilL >&' t&e di9ens
Nolo/(i!lO !re 'o( drin9in,T HWPor /(0 re!l"enteL de"oniosL di!blos ests
bebiendoT6M >&' else does it &!%%enT HWPor /(0 si no o(rreTL WPor /(0 otro
"oti+o N(O otr! r!z3n o(rreT61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l el !d+erbio %(ede ir !l #in!l de l! or!i3n1 E.14 And t&e' o"e$
7&'T Hm +ienen$ W%or /(0T61
En in,l0s liter!rio se %one U7&'T HW%or /(0T6V o U#or 7&!tV HW%!r! /(0T6 (!ndo +!
solo$ "ientr!s /(e en in,l0s olo/(i!l se %one U7&!t #orTV HW%or /(0TL W%!r! /(0T61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!sM el orden nor"!l en l!s or!iones
s(bordin!d!s es s(.eto se,(ido de +erbo %ero$ ! +ees$ se d! l! in+ersi3n del s(.eto
' el +erbo o"o o(rre en !stell!no$ !(n/(e no se! t!n orreto1 E.14 Ee doesnZt
9no7 7&' s&e is ,oin, Hl no s!be %or /(0 +! ell!6M >&o 9no7s 7&' &e !"e
Nestnd!rOL did &e o"e N+(l,!rL !r!ioOT HWJ(i0n s!be %or /(0 +ino 0lT61
-+ De modo4 /o,N Nse (s! %!r! el est!do de s!l(d ' el est!do e"oion!l de (n ser
+i+o on el +erbo QbeQ ' t!"bi0n %!r! i"%resiones en (!nto ! l! #or"! o "odo
on otros +erbosM (!ndo se &!e (n! %re,(nt! on Q&o7Q l! ontest!i3n tiene /(e
lle+!r (n !d.eti+o s3lo ,r!d(!ble %ositi+o o ne,!ti+oO HW3"oT ND1 <18:1;O6$
R/o,ReverN# R/o, ReverN HW3"o re!l"enteT6$ /o, on eart/N# /o, in t/e ,orld#
/o, in HodEs nameN# /o, in /eaven4Es name+N# /o, t/e /ec1N Nolo/(i!lO#
/o, t/e bla)esN Nolo/(i!lO# /o, t/e /ellN Nolo/(i!lO# /o, in 4t/e+ /ellN
Nolo/(i!lO# /o, t/e dic1ensN Nolo/(i!lO HW3"o de"oniosL di!blosT6$ /o, elseN
HW3"o si noTL Wde /(0 otro "odoTL Wde /(0 otr! "!ner!T6$ /o, aboutN Ni 7&!t
!bo(t 111TO HW/(0 te %!ree si 111T6$ ,/erebN N!r!ioO Ni b' 7&!t "e!ns4 estnd!rO
HW3"oT6$ ,/ere,it/N N!r!ioO Ni 7it& 7&!tT Nliter!rioOL 7&!t 7it&T Nolo/(i!lO
HWon /(0T6M todos estos !d+erbios interro,!ti+os de "odo &!en l! #(ni3n de
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientesM estos !d+erbios s(elen ir !l %rini%io
de l! or!i3n1 E.14 A4 Eo7 !re t&e'T Non el +erbo QbeQ se re#iere ! l! s!l(d ' !l
est!do e"oion!l %ero no ! l! !%!rieni! o %erson!lid!d de los seres +i+osO HW*3"o
estnT61 B4 T&e' !re 7ell HEstn bien6M A4 Eo7 did &e ,o to Indi!T HW*3"o #(e 0l !
Hl!6 Indi!T61 B4 Ee 7ent b' %l!ne Hl #(e en !+i3n6M Eo7 is 'o(r .obT HW*3"o +! t(
tr!b!.oT Nnor"!l"enteL !&or!O6M Eo7 is t&e 7e!t&erT HWJ(0 tie"%o &!eT
Nnor"!l"enteL !&or!O6M Eo7 is t&e 7e!t&er tod!'T HWJ(0 tie"%o &!e &o'T6M Eo7
does it #eel to be b!9 &o"eT HW*3"o te sientes de +(elt! en !s!T6M A4 Eo7 does
&e loo9T Nsol!"ente est!do de s!l(dO HWJ(0 !s%eto tiene 0lT61 B4 Ee loo9s oldL li9e
!n old "!n Hl %!ree +ie.oL (n +ie.o6M Eo7e+erL Eo7 e+erL Eo7 on e!rt&L Eo7
in t&e 7orldL Eo7 in GodZs n!"eL Eo7 in &e!+enHZs n!"e6L Eo7 t&e &e9
Nolo/(i!lOL Eo7 t&e &ell Nolo/(i!lO did &e es!%eT HW*3"o re!l"enteL de"oniosL
di!blos es!%3 0lT6M Eo7 else did t&e' !(se &erT HW*3"o si no l! !(s!ronTL WDe
/(0 otro "odo N(O otr! "!ner! l! !(s!ronT6M Eo7L >&!t !bo(t ,oin, no7T
HWJ(0 te %!ree si +!"os !&or!T6M >&ere7it& s&!ll it be s!ltedT N!r!ioOL >it&
7&!t 7ill it be s!ltedT Nliter!rioO HW*on /(0 se s!l!rT61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l el !d+erbio %(ede ir !l #in!l de l! or!i3n1 E.14 And t&e' o"e$
&o7T Hm +ienen$ W3"oT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!sM (!ndo U&o7V +! detrs de (n
no"bre %(ede nor"!l"ente s(%ri"irse en in,l0s olo/(i!l %ero$ si el no"bre +!
%reedido de (n !d.eti+o$ ,ener!l"ente no se %(ede s(%ri"irM en estilo indireto el
orden nor"!l en l!s or!iones s(bordin!d!s es s(.eto se,(ido de +erbo %ero$ !
+ees$ se d! l! in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' el +erbo o"o o(rre en !stell!no$ !(n/(e no
se! t!n orreto1 E.14 Ee doesnZt 9no7 &o7 s&e is ,oin, Hl no s!be 3"o +! ! ir
ell!6M It de%ends on &o7 'o( &!ndle it HDe%ende de 3"o lo &!,!s6M T&is is &o7L
t&e 7!' H&o7 N%eorO L t&!t N"e.orO L in 7&i& N"e.orO6 &e did it Hst! es l! #or"! en
Hl!6 /(e NoO o"oL o"oL en Hl!6 /(eL en Hl!6 /(e 0l lo &izo6M T&is is t&e s(r%risin,
7!' H&o7 N%eorOL t&!t N"e.orOL in 7&i& N"e.orO6 s&e t!l9ed to (s Hst! es l!
"!ner! sor%rendente o"oL en Hl!6 /(eL en Hl!6 /(e ell! nos &!bl361
QEo7Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o s3lo ,r!d(!ble ' &!e l! #(ni3n de
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 /(i9 is t&is !t&leteT
HW*3"o de r%ido es este !tlet!T6M Eo7 &e!% is itT HW*3"o es de b!r!toT6M Eo7
serio(s !re t&ese t&re!ts re!ll'T HW*3"o son de seri!s re!l"ente est!s !"en!z!sT61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l el !d+erbio %(ede ir !l #in!l de l! or!i3n1 E.14 And t&e' !re
/(i9$ &o7 /(i9T Hm son r%idos$ W3"o de r%idosT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 >&o told 'o( &o7 /(i9 t&is
"!n isT HWJ(i0n te di.o 3"o de r%idoL lo r%ido /(e es este &o"breT61
QEo7Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n !d.eti+o de di"ensi3n en in,l0s olo/(i!l$ en +ez de
Q7&!tQ del!nte de (n no"bre de di"ensi3n en in,l0s liter!rio$ ' &!e l! #(ni3n de
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1
!6 En estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 bi,L >&!t size is t&is
blin9erL blin9in, li,&tL indi!torL tr!##i!torT HW*3"o es de ,r!ndeL J(0 t!"!)o
tiene este inter"itenteT6M Eo7 bi, is t&isT HW*3"o es de ,r!nde estoT6L >&!t size is
t&isT HWJ(0 t!"!)o tiene estoT6M Eo7 bro!d is t&!t %l!inTL >&!t bre!t& is t&!t %l!inT
HW*3"o es de !n&! es! ll!n(r!TL WJ(0 !n&(r! tiene es! ll!n(r!T6M Eo7 dee% is
t&!t 7ellTL >&!t de%t& is t&!t 7ellT HW*3"o es de %ro#(ndo ese %ozoTL WJ(0
%ro#(ndid!d tiene ese %ozoT6M Eo7 &e!+' is t&!t lorr' NGBOL tr(9 NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOTL >&!t 7ei,&t is t&!t lorr' NGBOL tr(9 NUSA %rini%!l"enteOT
HWJ(0 %eso tiene ese !"i3nT6M Eo7 &i,& is t&is s9'sr!%erTL >&!t &ei,&t is t&is
s9'sr!%erT HW*3"o es de !lto este r!s!ielosTL WJ(0 !lt(r! tiene este
r!s!ielosT6M Eo7 lon, is t&!t ri+erTL >&!t len,t& is t&!t ri+erT HW*3"o es de l!r,o
ese rFoL WJ(0 lon,it(d tiene ese rFoT6M Eo7 old is t&!t bo'TL >&!t !,e is t&!t bo'T
HWJ(0 ed!d tiene eseL !/(el "(&!&oT6M Eo7 stron, is t&is b(ildin,T HW*3"o es
de resistente este edi#iioT6L >&!t stren,t& does t&is b(ildin, &!+eT HWJ(0
resisteni! tiene este edi#iioT6M Eo7 t!ll H! 7o"!n6 is s&eTL >&!t &ei,&t is s&eT
HW*3"o es de !lt! ell!L Hl! "(.er6TL WJ(0 !lt(r! tiene ell!T6M Eo7 7ide !re t&ese
tro(sersTL >&!t 7idt& !re t&ese tro(sersT HW*3"o son de !n&os estos %!nt!lonesTL
WJ(0 !n&(r! tienen estos %!nt!lonesT61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l el !d+erbio %(ede ir !l #in!l de l! or!i3n1 E.14 And t&e ri+er is
lon,$ &o7 lon,T Hm el rFo es l!r,o$ W3"o de l!r,oT61
b6 En estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s1 E.14 >&o s!id &o7 &i,& t&is
s9'sr!%er isT HWJ(i0n di.o 3"o es de !lto este r!s!ielosT6L >&o s!id 7&!t
&ei,&t t&is s9'sr!%er isT HWJ(i0n di.o l! !lt(r! /(e tiene este r!s!ielosT6M I donZt
9no7 &o7 t!ll ! "!n &e is HNo s0 3"o es de !ltoL /(0 !lt(r! tiene el &o"bre61
QEo7Q %(ede ir se,(ido de (n !d+erbio s3lo ,r!d(!ble ' &!e l! #(ni3n de
o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1
!6 En estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientes1 E.14 Eo7 slo7 does s&e ,oT
HW*3"o de lent! +! ell!T6M Eo7 /(i9L /(i9l' did &e o"eT HW*3"o de r%ido
+ino 0lT6M Eo7 #!r is itT HW*3"o est de le.osT6M Eo7 #!r !%!rt do t&e' 7or9T HWA
/(0 dist!ni! tr!b!.!n (noHs6 de otroHs6T6M Eo7 #!st do t&e' 7or9T HW*3"o tr!b!.!n
de r%idoT6M Eo7 lo(d do 'o( t!l9T HW*3"o &!bl!s de !ltoT6M Eo7 le!r does s&e
s%e!9T HW*on /(0 l!rid!dL *3"o de l!ro &!bl! ell!T6M Eo7 o#ten did 7e tr!+elT
HW*on /(0 #re(eni! +i!.b!"osT61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l el !d+erbio %(ede ir !l #in!l de l! or!i3n1 E.14 And &e !"e
/(i9l'$ &o7 /(i9l'T Hm 0l +ino r%ido$ W3"o de r%idoT61
b6 En estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!sM el orden nor"!l en l!s or!iones
s(bordin!d!s es s(.eto se,(ido de +erbo$ %ero ! +ees se d! l! in+ersi3n del s(.eto '
el +erbo o"o o(rre en !stell!no %ero es "enos orreto1 E.14 >&o !s9ed &o7
slo7 s&e ,oes Nestnd!rOL does s&e ,o N+(l,!rL !r!ioOT HWJ(i0n %re,(nt3 3"o de
NoO /(0 lent! +! ell!T61
*on el +erbo Qsee"Q se %(ede (s!r el !d+erbio interro,!ti+o Q&o7Q %ero no los
%rono"bres interro,!ti+os Q7&oL 7&!tQ1
E-isten otr!s onstr(iones de %osibilid!d on Q&o7Q4 &o7 o"e H1116T Nolo/(i!l4
no !"bi!O HW3"o es %osibleTL W3"o es /(e 111T6$ &o7 o"e 111T Nliter!rio4 !"bi!O
HWo"o esTL W3"o es %osibleT6$ &o7 !bo(t 111T HW/(0 te %!ree 111TL W' 111T6$ 7&!t
!bo(t 111T H ' 111 W/(0T61 E.14 A4 I didnZt e!t HNo o"F61 B4 Eo7 o"eT Nolo/(i!lO
HW*3"o es %osibleT6M Eo7 o"e &eL t&e' didnZt t(rn R(%T Nolo/(i!lO HW*3"o es
/(e 0l no !%!rei3L ellos no !%!reieronTL W*3"o #(e %osible /(e 0l no !%!reier!L
ellos no !%!reier!n NoO !%!reiesenT6M Eo7 o"es it t&!t 'o( donZt 9no7T
Nliter!rioO HW*3"o es /(e no s!besTL W*3"o es %osible /(e no se%!sT6M Eo7 !"e
s&e to 9no7 t&!t 'o( 7ere &ereT Nliter!rioO HW*3"o lle,3 ell! ! s!ber /(e est!b!s
!/(FT6M Eo7 !bo(t Mond!'T HWJ(0 te %!reeL m el l(nesT6M >&!t !bo(t t&e "one'T
Hm el NoO del dinero$ W/(0T61
3+ De cantidad4 /o, muc/N HW(ntHo$ !6T6M este !d+erbio interro,!ti+o de
!ntid!d &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1
!6 Estilo diretoM son or!iones inde%endientesM este !d+erbio s(ele ir !l %rini%io de
l! or!i3n1 E.14 Eo7 "(& do 'o( slee%T HW*(nto d(er"esT61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l el !d+erbio %(ede ir !l #in!l de l! or!i3n1 E.14 And t&e' %!id$
&o7 "(&T Hm %!,!ron$ W2!ntoT61
b6 Estilo indiretoM son or!iones s(bordin!d!sM en estilo indireto el orden nor"!l
en l!s or!iones s(bordin!d!s es s(.eto se,(ido de +erbo$ %ero ! +ees se d! l!
in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' el +erbo o"o o(rre en !stell!no$ !(n/(e no se! t!n
orreto1 E.14 >&o 9no7s &o7 "(& &e %!id Nestnd!rOL did &e %!' N+(l,!rL
!r!ioOT HWJ(i0n s!be (nto %!,3 0lT61
?1851I Con los pronombres interrogativos los verbos 'ue se con%ugan con el
auxiliar MdoM llevan necesariamente el verbo auxiliar MdoM delante del su%eto$
es deir &!' in+ersi3n del s(.eto ' el +erbo o"o o(rre norn!l"ente en l! #or"!
interro,!ti+!1 E.14 Eo7 did &e ,oT HW*3"o #(e 0lT61
El +erbo QbeQ %(ede ir se,(ido de (n no"breL %rono"bre /(e &!e l! #(ni3n de
!trib(toL %redi!do no"in!l1 E.14 >&ere is t&!t ,irlL s&eT HWD3nde est es! NoO
!/(ell! &i!L ell!T61 Los !d+erbios interro,!ti+os t!nto en estilo direto o"o
indireto +!n sie"%re !ent(!dos$ "ientr!s /(e los !d+erbios rel!ti+os no1
E!' (n! serie de +erbos /(e %(eden ir se,(idos de (n !d+erbio interro,!ti+o
ND15C1:?1:1!O1 E.14 It is le!r 7&ere to #ind &er HEst l!ro d3nde enontr!rl!6$ et1
En l!s res%(est!s se %(ede sobrHe6entender el s(.eto ' el +erbo de l! %re,(nt!
!nterior1 E.14 A4 >&!t did s&e 7!nt to 9no7T HWJ(0 /(erF! s!ber ell!T61 B4 HS&e
7!nted to 9no76 >&enL >&' &e !"e HHEll! /(erF! s!ber6 *2!ndoL Por /(0 +ino
0l61
?1881I Los adverbios relativos$ %rono"bres !d+erbi!les$ rel!ti+os !d+erbi!les o
rel!tores introd(en (n! or!i3n /(e on+ierten en ele"ento or!ion!lM
,ener!l"ente los !d+erbios rel!ti+os &!en l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!lM son no ,r!d(!blesM %(eden ser es%ei#i!ti+os ' e-%li!ti+osM los
especificativos son los siguientes4
*+ De tiempo"
!6 Si"%le4 ,/en H(!ndo6 Nliter!rio4 si +! detrs de (n no"bre re#erido ! tie"%o o
(n !d+erbio de tie"%o e/(i+!le !l %rono"bre rel!ti+o Nt!"bi0n se ll!"! !d+erbio
rel!ti+o Hrel!ti+e !d+erb6O es%ei#i!ti+o Qt&!tQ Nolo/(i!lO$ /(e se (s! "s$ ' ! l!
%re%osii3n QH!t6L Hin6L Hon6Q h Q7&i&Q Hen elL l!L losL l!s /(e6$ /(e se (s! "enosM
Q!tL inL onQ %(eden s(%ri"irse (!ndo se re#iere ! tie"%o el !nteedenteM Q7&enQ
%(ede s(%ri"irse$ ! +eesM detrs de Q!n'7&ere$ e+er'7&ere$ no7&ere$ %l!e$
so"e7&ereQ$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir Q7&ereQ o Qt&!tQO1 E.14 T&e "ont& H7&enL Hin6
7&i&L t&!t6 'o( %!ssed 'o(r dri+in, test No"%le"entoL !d'!ente de Q"ont&QO HEl
"es (!ndoL en Hel6 /(eL /(e !%rob!steL %!s!ste el e-"en de ond(ir6M It is Rno7
H7&enL t&!t6 s&e is le!+in, No"%le"entoL !d'!ente de Uno7VO HEs !&or! (!ndo
se +! ell!6M It 7!s ten 'e!rs !,o H7&enL t&!t6 &e bo(,&t t&e &o(se No"%le"entoL
!d'!ente de Uten 'e!rs !,oVO HF(e &!e diez !)os (!ndo 0l o"%r3 l! !s!6M T&e
d!' H7&enL Hon6 7&i&L t&!t6 &e 7!s born No"%le"entoL !d'!ente de Ut&e d!'VO
HEl dF! (!ndoL en Hel6 /(eL /(e n!i36M Do 'o( re"e"ber t&e ti"e H7&enL H!tL in6
7&i&L t&!t6 s&e s!id t&!tT HWTe !(erd!s de !/(ell! +ez (!ndoL /(e ell! di.o eso
NoO !/(elloT61
b6 *o"%(esto4 ,/enever Hsie"%re /(eL (!ndo /(ier! /(eL !d! +ez /(eL tod!s l!s
+ees /(e61
2+ De lugar4
!6 Si"%le4 ,/ence Hde donde6 N!r!io4 e/(i+!le ! l! %re%osii3n Q#ro" h 7&i&Q
HdelL de l!L de losL de l!s /(e6O$ ,/ere HdondeM e/(i+!le ! l! %re%osii3n QinL !tL to h
7&i&Q detrs de (n no"bre de l(,!r /(e &!e de !nteedente HenL ! elL l!L losL l!s
/(e6$ /(e se (s! "enos$ o ! Qt&!tL t&!t 111 inQ detrs de Q!n'7&ere$ e+er'7&ere$ &ere$
no7&ere$ %l!e$ so"e7&ere$ t&ereQM Q7&ereQ %(ede ser nor"!l"ente es%ei#i!ti+o
' detrs de (n no"bre %ro%io de l(,!r t!"bi0n e-%li!ti+o6$ ,/it/er N!r!ioO
H!dondeM e/(i+!le ! l! %re%osii3n Qto h 7&i&Q H!lL ! l!L ! losL ! l!s /(e661
b6 *o"%(esto4 ,/ereJat N!r!ioO Hen donde6$ ,/ereJin Nliter!rioO Hen elL l!L losL l!s
/(eL en dondeM e/(i+!le ! l! %re%osii3n Uin h 7&i&V Hen elL l!L losL l!s /(e66$
,/ereJto Nliter!rioO H!donde6$ ,/ere4un+Rto N!r!ioO Ni to 7&i&O H! Hlo6 /(e6$
,/erJever N!r!ioO HH!6 donde /(ier! /(eL en (!l/(ier %!rteL en el l(,!r /(e61 E.14
T&e %l!e 7&ene N!r!ioOL #ro" 7&ene Nliter!rioOL #ro" 7&i& Nliter!rioO t&e'
!"eL T&e %l!e t&e' !"e #ro" Nolo/(i!lO No"%le"entoL !d'!ente de Qt&e
%l!eQO HEl l(,!r de dondeL del /(e +inieron6M T&e it' 7&ereL in 7&i& 'o( st(died
Nliter!rioOL T&e it' 'o( st(died in Nolo/(i!lO No"%le"entoL !d'!ente de Ut&e
it'VO HL! i(d!d dondeL en l! /(e est(di!steHis66M T&e +ill!,e 7&ere Nestnd!rO s&e
died Hin6L !t 7&i& Nliter!rioO s&e died Hin6L Ht&!t6 s&e died in No"%le"entoL
!d'!ente de Ut&e +ill!,eVO HEl %(eblo dondeL en el /(e "(ri3 ell!6M ItZs &ere
7&ereL t&!t s&e 7!s born HEs !/(F donde n!i3 ell!6M T&e %l!e 7&ere Nestnd!rOL to
7&i& Nliter!rioO t&e' !re ,oin,L T&e %l!e t&e' !re ,oin, to Nolo/(i!lO HEl l(,!r !l
/(e +!n6M T&e to%i 7&ereH(n6to N!r!ioO &e re#erred HEl te"! !l /(e 0l se re#iri36M
T&e' te!& in s&ools$ in (ni+ersities$ 7&ere+er N!r!ioOL !n'7&ere Nestnd!rO
HEnse)!n en es(el!s$ (ni+ersid!des$ en (!l/(ier %!rte6M T&e to7n 7&ene
N!r!ioOL #ro" 7&i& t&e' !"e Nliter!rioOL T&e to7n t&e' !"e #ro" Nolo/(i!lO
HL! i(d!d de l! /(e +inieron6M T&e +ill!,e 7&erein Nliter!rioOL in 7&i& it 7!s
#o(nd Nestnd!rO HEl %(eblo en el /(eL en donde #(e enontr!do6M T&e %l!e 7&it&er
N!r!ioOL to 7&i& &e 7ent Nliter!rioO No"%le"entoL !d'!ente de Qt&e %l!eQO HEl
l(,!r !dondeL !l /(e 0l #(e61
En in,l0s +(l,!r detrs de U%l!eV se %(ede inl(so s(%ri"ir U7&ereL !t 7&i&L in
7&i&V1 E.14 Ee 7ent b!9 to t&e %l!e H7&ereL !t 7&i&6 &e &!d bre!9#!st Hl
re,res3 !l l(,!r donde &!bF! des!'(n!do6M T&e' bo(,&t ! %l!e H7&ereL in 7&i&6
to li+eL to li+e Hin6 H*o"%r!ron (n l(,!r dondeL en el /(e +i+irL %!r! +i+ir Hen 0l661
2+ De causa4
!6 Si"%le4 ,/ H%or lo /(eL %or el /(eL %or l! /(eL %or los /(eL %or l!s /(eM e/(i+!le
! l! %re%osii3n Qbe!(se o#Q o Q#or h 7&i&Q H%or elL l!L los L l!s /(e66M ! +ees$ se
%one !l #in!l de l! or!i3n %reedido de (n +erbo ' (n no"bre4 !(se$ "oti+e$
re!son$ et1$ (!ndo se sobrHe6entiende (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! !(s!l %ero$ si no
se sobrHe6entiende l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! !(s!l$ no se %one Q7&'Q detrs de l!s
%!l!br!s U!(se$ "oti+e$ re!sonV$ et1 E.14 T&e re!son H7&'L be!(se o# 7&i&L #or
7&i&L t&!t Nolo/(i!lO6 s&e !"e No"%le"entoL !d'!ente de Qt&e re!sonQO is t&is
HL! r!z3n %or l! /(e ell! +ino es 0st!6M S&e 7!nts to 9no7 Ht&e re!son6 7&' &e did it
No"%le"ento diretoO HEll! /(iere s!ber %or /(0 lo &izo 0l6M IZd li9e to 9no7 t&e
re!son 7&' HMe ,(st!rF! s!ber %or /(0L el %or/(06M S&e doesnZt s!' t&e re!son 7&'
HEll! no die %or /(0L el %or/(06$ %ero QEe le#t it t&ere #or ! re!sonQ Hl lo de.3 !llF
%or !l,(n! r!z3n61
b6 *o"%(esto4 R7&ere#ore N!r!ioO H%or lo /(e61
-+ De modo4
!6 Si"%le4 /o, Ho"o6 Ne/(i+!le ! l! %re%osii3n Qin h 7&i&Q Hen elL l!L losL l!s
/(e6O1 E.14 Ee doesnZt li9e t&e 7!' H&o7L in 7&i&6 s&e did it No"%le"entoL
!d'!ente de Qt&e 7!'QO HA 0l no le ,(st! l! #or"! o"oL en /(e lo &izo ell!61
b6 *o"%(esto4 /o,ever H%or "('61 E.14 Eo7e+er intelli,ent s&e "!' be HPor "('
inteli,ente /(e ell! se!61
3+ De cantidad4 /o,ever muc/ H%or "(&o /(e6$ /o,ever /ard H%or "s /(e6$
,/atever N+! detrs de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r o en %l(r!lO Hen !bsol(to Nen
ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!OL se!Hn6 el$ l!$ los$ l!s /(e se!Hn6 Nen !#ir"!ti+!O61 E.14
Eo7e+er "(& &e st(dies$ &e doesnZt %!ss HPor "(&o /(e est(die$ 0l no !%r(eb!6M
T&ereZs no %roo# 7&!te+er HNo &!' %r(eb! en !bsol(to6M T&e' !n o"e !n' d!'
7&!te+er HP(eden +enir (!l/(ier dF!$ se! el /(e se!61
6+ De medio4 ,/ereb Nliter!rioO Ni b' 7&i&O H%or elL l!L loL losL l!s /(eL %or elL l!L
lo (!lL %or losL l!s (!lesL %or donde6 Ne/(i+!le ! l! %re%osii3n Qb' h 7&i&Q
N%rono"bre rel!ti+o es%ei#i!ti+oO H%or elL l!L loL losL l!s /(e6O$ ,/ere,it/
N!r!ioO Hon el$ l!$ los$ l!s /(eL on /(06 Ne/(i+!le ! l! %re%osii3n Q7it& h 7&i&Q
N%rono"bre rel!ti+o es%ei#i!ti+oOO1 E.14 T&e s'ste" 7&ereb' N!r!ioOL b' 7&i&
'o( ,et t&e "ost HEl siste"! %or el (!l obtienes lo "-i"o6M T&e "e!ns 7&ereb'
N!r!ioO s&e too9 &er li#e HEl "edio %or el (!l ell! se s(iid36M T&e b!ll%oint H%en6L
biro NGBOL b!ll %en NGBO 7&ere7it& N!r!ioO &e 7!nts to 7rite HEl bolF,r!#o on el
/(e 0l /(iere esribir6M S&e doesnZt &!+e 7&ere7it& N!r!ioO to %!' HEll! no tiene
on /(0 %!,!r61
*o"o se %(ede +er en los e.e"%los it!dos$ (!ndo l! or!i3n s(bordin!d! de
rel!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l de tie"%o se %(ede o"itir l!
%re%osii3n del!nte del %rono"bre rel!ti+o1
?18:1I Los adverbios relativos explicativos HnonIde#inin,6 son los si,(ientes4
,/en$ ,/ere$ ,/M no se %(eden s(%ri"ir1 E.14 EeZll be &ere (ntil Nliter!rioOL till
Nolo/(i!lO Mond!'$ 7&en &e ,oesL 7ill ,o &o"e Hl est!r !/(F &!st! el l(nes$
(!ndo se +!L ir ! !s!6M Ee 7ent to M!l!,!$ 7&ere &e #o(nd ! .ob Hl #(e !
Ml!,!$ donde H0l6 enontr3 (n tr!b!.o6M S&e 7ent to Sori!$ 7&ere s&e &!s ! brot&er
HEll! #(e ! Sori!$ donde Hell!6 tiene (n &er"!no61
?18;1I Los adverbios exclamativos +!n sie"%re !ent(!dos t!nto en estilo direto
o"o indiretoM dese"%e)!n (n! #(ni3n e-%resi+! ' son no ,r!d(!blesM los "s
i"%ort!ntes son"
*+ De cantidad4
!6 Ao, muc/ Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO h s(.eto h +erbo] H\(nto h +erbo h s(.eto6M
&o7 "(& Nen !#ir"!ti+! s3loO h !d.eti+oL !d+erbio o"%!r!ti+o h s(.eto h +erbo]
H\ s(.eto h +erbo h "(&o h "s h !d.eti+oL !d+erbio6M estos !d+erbios
e-l!"!ti+os de !ntid!d &!en l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14
Eo7 "(& &e l!(,&ed] H\*(nto se ri3 0l]6M Eo7 "(& t&e'Z+e s!+ed] H\*(nto
&!n !&orr!do HellHos$ !s6]6M Eo7 "(& &e!%er t&is so#tener is] H\Este s(!+iz!nte es
"(&o "s b!r!to]6M Eo7 "(& better it is &ere] H\EsL Se est "(&o "e.or !/(F]61
b6 Ao, little h s(.eto h +erbo] H\/(0 %oo h +erbo h s(.eto6M este !d+erbio de
!ntid!d e-l!"!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1
56 En estilo direto1 E.14 Eo7 little &e l!(,&ed] H\J(0 %oo se ri3 0l]6M Eo7 little
t&e'Z+e s!+ed] H\J(0 %oo &!n !&orr!do HellHos$ !s6]61
86 En estilo indireto1 E.14 S&e is !"!zed H!t6 &o7 little &eZs &!n,ed HEll! est
!so"br!d! de lo %oo /(e 0l &! !"bi!do61
6 W/at a lot h s(.eto Nno"breL %rono"breO h +erbo] H\(nto h +erbo h s(.eto]6M
este !d+erbio de !ntid!d e-l!"!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento
ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 >&!t ! lot &e &!s s(##ered] H\*(nto &! s(#rido 0l]61
d6 =n h !d.eti+o o !d+erbio en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o on +erbo en ne,!ti+!M este
!d+erbio de !ntid!d e-l!"!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1
E.14 mo( !renZt !n' better] H\T2 no eres n!d! "e.or]6M Ee didnZt ,o !n' #!ster] H\l
no #(e n!d! "s r%ido]61
e6 So h !d.eti+oL !d+erbioM este !d+erbio e-l!"!ti+o de !ntid!d &!e l! #(ni3n
de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 ItZs so en.o'!ble] H\J(0 !,r!d!ble Hes6]6M It is
so ,oodL ne7] H\Es t!n b(enoL n(e+o]6M T&e' !re so &e!%L ,ood] H\Son t!n
b!r!tosL b(enos]6M Ee dri+es so 7ell] H\l ond(e t!n bien]61
#6 So littleP Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' en ne,!ti+!O H\t!n %oo]6M este !d+erbio de !ntid!d
e-l!"!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Ee &!snZt s(##ered
so little] H\l no &! s(#rido t!n %oo]61
,6 So muc/P Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' en ne,!ti+!O H\t!nto]6$ so "(& "ore t&!n h s(.eto h
+erbo] H\"(&o "s /(e h s(.eto h +erbo]6M estos !d+erbios de !ntid!d
e-l!"!ti+os &!en l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Ee &!snZt
s(##ered so "(&] H\l no &! s(#rido t!nto]6M S&e &!s e!ten so "(& "ore t&!n &e
&!sL &i"] H\Ell! &! o"ido "(&o "s /(e 0l]61
&6 T/at h !d.eti+oL !d+erbioM este !d+erbio de !ntid!d e-l!"!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n
de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 T&e #ood isnZt t&!t &e!%] H\L! o"id! no es
t!n b!r!t!]6M S&e doesnZt s%e!9 t&!t 7ell] H\Ell! no &!bl! t!n bien]61
i6 Too h !d.eti+oL !d+erbioM este !d+erbio de !ntid!d e-l!"!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n
de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Ee isnZt too #!st] H\l no es de"!si!do
r%ido]6M mo( !re too e!rl'] H\DienesL DenFs de"!si!do %ronto]61
.6 Too littleP Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' en ne,!ti+!O H\de"!si!do %oo]6M este !d+erbio de
!ntid!d e-l!"!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Ee &!snZt
s(##ered too little] H\l no &! s(#rido de"!si!do %oo]61
96 Too muc/P Nen !#ir"!ti+! ' ne,!ti+!O H\de"!si!do]6M este !d+erbio de !ntid!d
e-l!"!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Ee &!s s(##ered
too "(&] H\l &! s(#rido de"!si!do]61
l6 Ver h !d.eti+oL !d+erbioM este !d+erbio de !ntid!d e-l!"!ti+o &!e l! #(ni3n
de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 S&e 7!s +er' 9ind] H\Ell! #(e "(' !"!ble]6M
mo( 7ent +er' soon] H\F(iste "(' %ronto]61
ll6 Qost h !d.eti+oL !d+erbioM este !d+erbio de !ntid!d e-l!"!ti+o &!e l!
#(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 Ee is "ost 9ind] H\l es "(' !"!ble]6M
mo( !"e "ost e!rl'] H\Diniste "(' %ronto]61
2+ De modo4 /o,$ &o7 h !d.eti+o Hh s(.eto h +erbo6] H\/(0 h !d.eti+o Hh +erbo h
s(.eto6]6$ &o7 h s(.eto Hno"breL %rono"bre6 h +erbo] H\3"o h +erbo h s(.eto]6$
&o7 h !d.eti+o Ntodos los de =1:8O h o# h no"breL %rono"bre Hh in#initi+o on
UtoV6 H\/(0 h !d.eti+o h %or %!rte de h no"breL %rono"bre Hh in#initi+o6]6$ &o7 h
!d.eti+o h ! h no"bre h s(.eto h +erbo]$ &o7 h !d+erbio h s(.eto Hno"breL
%rono"bre6 h +erbo]$ t&!t Nindi! sor%res!O H\"ir! /(e]6M estos !d+erbios de "odo
e-l!"!ti+os &!en l! #(ni3n de o"%le"ento ir(nst!ni!l1 E.14 S&e drin9s !nd
&o7] HEll! bebe \' 3"o]6M Eo7 &e l!(,&ed] H\*3"o se ri3 0l]6M Eo7 nie Ht&is is6]
H\J(0 bonito Hes esto6]6M Eo7 &!%%' s&e is Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL is s&e Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doO to be !ble to +isit t&!t o(ntr'] H\J(0 #eliz ell! es N"enos (s!doOL es
ell! N"s (s!doO de %oder +isit!r ese NoO !/(el %!Fs]6M Eo7 t!ll H! "!n &e is6] H\J(0
H&o"bre "s6 !lto Hes 0l6]6M Eo7 &e &!s s(##ered] H\*3"o &! s(#rido 0l]6M Eo7 s&e
7or9ed] H\*3"o tr!b!.!b! ell!]6M Eo7 9ind o# Gr!eL &er to &el% H&i"6] H\J(0
!"!ble %or %!rte deL #(e Gr!i!L ell! !l !'(d!rHle6]6M Eo7 ,ood o# &er] H\J(0 bien
%or %!rte de ell!]6M Eo7 #!st s&e t!l9s Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL does s&e t!l9 Nliter!rio4
"enos (s!doO] H\J(0 r%ido ell! &!bl! N"enos (s!doOL &!bl! ell! N"s (s!doO]6M
Eo7 #!st s&e o(ld Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doOL o(ld s&e Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO t!l9]
H\J(0 r%ido ell! %odF! &!bl!r N"enos (s!doOL %odF! &!bl!r ell! N"s (s!doO]6M T&!t
&e s&o(ld do s(& ! t&in,] H\Mir! /(e &!er 0l (n! os! !sF]61
2+ De deseo4 t/at H\o.!l]61 E.14 O&$ t&!t 'o( 7ere &ere] H\O.!l est(+ier!s !/(F]61
?18<1I E!' algunos adverbios 'ue tienen la misma forma 'ue el ad%etivoM el
!d.eti+o lle+! !ento se(nd!rio (!ndo +! del!nte de (n no"bre ND1 ;1<1BO$ %ero el
!d+erbio nor"!l"ente no +! !ent(!do del!nte de (n !d.eti+o$ ! no ser /(e lle+e
0n#!sisM si se %one Nno ,r!d(!bleO o N!r!ioO ( otr! os!$ se re#iere !l !d+erbio$ no !l
!d.eti+o4 !bl!ze$ !bo(t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !bo+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !bo+e Rbo!rd Nno
,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ !bro!d Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!ross t&e Rbo!rd Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 !RrossIt&eIRbo!rdO$ !d R&o$ !#t Nno
,r!d(!bleO H!L en %o%!6$ !#ter Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !,ro(nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !&e!d Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R!ir"!ilL R!ir R"!il Nno ,r!d(!ble4 e/(i+!le ! Qb' !ir"!ilL !ir "!ilQO H%or
!+i3nL %or +F! !0re!O$ p l! R!rte Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ p l! R"ode$ !l#reso Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!li9e$ !ll Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !ll !Rro(nd Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 R!llI!Rro(nd4
USAO$ !ll Rd!' Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 R!llIRd!'O$ R!llIR#ired NUSA4 +(l,!r4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ !ll Rin NGB4 no ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 R!llIRinO Hen tot!lL on todo
inl(ido6$ !ll Rni,&t Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 R!llIRni,&tO$ !ll Ro(t Nno ,r!d(!ble$
%ero el !d.eti+o4 R!llIRo(tO$ !ll Rri,&t Nno ,r!d(!bleOL !lRri,&t Nno ,r!d(!ble4 olo/(i!lO
N%ero el !d.eti+o4 R!llIRri,&t4 USAO$ !ll Rro(nd NGB %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!ble$
%ero el !d.eti+o4 R!llIRro(ndO$ !ll too Ro#ten Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 R!llI
tooIRo#tenO$ !lone$ !nd!nte$ !nteIR"orte" NoO !nte R"orte" Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el
!d.eti+o4 R!nteIR"orte"O$ !n' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !%!rt$ !%lent' Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
! %osteriRori Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ! %riRori Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !%roR%os LR%o(L Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ !s&ore Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !Rs9e7$ !stern Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !str!'$ !stride$
!Rs(nder Nliter!rioO$ !t ! R,l!ne Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 R!tI!IR,l!neO$
!+er!,e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !7!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ !7#(l Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n en GB ' USA4 !7#(ll'4
estnd!rO$ !7r' LeRr!IL Ndetrs de (n +erbo nor"!l o"o !d+erbioO$ b!9 Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ b!9st!,e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ b!9 to Rb!9 N"s (s!do /(e on ,(iones4 no
,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 Rb!9ItoIRb!9O$ b!9 to t&e R7!ll Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el
!d.eti+o4 Rb!9ItoIt&eIR7!llO$ b!97!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ b!97!rd !nd R#or7!rd N%ero
el !d.eti+o4 Rb!97!rdI!ndIR#or7!rdO$ b!d Nolo/(i!lM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4
b!dl'4 estnd!rO$ b!9in, Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ b!reb!9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
b!re#oot$ b!re&e!ded$ b!r9in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO$ be!stl' N"enos (s!do4 GB
%rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleM sin e"b!r,o$ o"o !d.eti+o N"s (s!do4
olo/(i!l4 GB ' USAO es ,r!d(!bleO$ best Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ better N,r!d(!ble %ero no
%(ede ir %reedido de Q"oreL lessQO$ bet7een t&e R7!rs Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el
!d.eti+o4 Rbet7eenIt&eIR7!rsO$ bi, Nel !d+erbio es olo/(i!lO$ bi"ont&l' Nno
,r!d(!bleO H/(inen!l"enteL bi"ens(!l"ente6$ bitter N+(l,!rM &!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 bitterl'4 estnd!rO$ bi7ee9l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO H/(inen!l"enteL
bise"!n!l"ente6$ bl!sted Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ bleedin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ blind
NGB4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n en GB ' USA4 blindl'4
estnd!rO$ blin9in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ blisterin, Nolo/(i!lM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4
blisterin,l'4 estnd!rO$ blood' NGB4 +(l,!rM en GB ' USA el !d.eti+o ' el otro
!d+erbio Ubloodil'V se (s!n en in,l0s estnd!r ' en GB %rini%!l"ente el !d.eti+o
se (s! t!"bi0n en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ bloo"in, NGB4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
bod!io(s NUSA4 +(l,!rO$ bodil' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ boilin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ bri,&t N&!'
otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 bri,&tl'O$ bro!d Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4
bro!dl'O$ broilin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ b(9 NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ b(rnin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
!terHI6ornerHed6 NoO !tt'HI6ornerHed6 NoO 9itt'HI6ornerHed6 NUSAO$ &e!%
Nolo/(i!lM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 &e!%l'4 estnd!rO$ &e!%er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
&e!%est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &ie#l'$ &ord7ise$ &risti!nl'$ Rit'7ide Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
le!n Nno ,r!d(!ble4 olo/(i!lM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 le!nl'4 estnd!rO$ le!r
N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 le!rl'O$ le!rer$ le!rest$ ler9l' N%oo (s!doO$
lo97ise Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lose N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 losel'O$ loser Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ losest Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ old Nno ,r!d(!ble4 olo/(i!lM &!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 oldl'4 estnd!rO$ ollet Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ool N+(l,!rM &!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 ooll'4 estnd!rO$ o(nter Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(nterHI6Rlo97ise Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(ntr'HI6R7ide Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(nt'HI6R7ide Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o(rtl'
N%oo (s!doO$ o7!rdl' N%oo (s!doO$ r!9in, Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ r!s&$
RrissHI6ross Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hde #or"! entrer(z!d!6$ RrossIRo(ntr' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rross7ise Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ d!#t N+(l,!r4 no ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4
d!#tl'4 estnd!rO$ d!il' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ d!"n Nno ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ d!"ned Nno
,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ d!rn Nno ,r!d(!ble4 olo/(i!lO$ d!r9lin, Nliter!rioO$ d!rned Nno
,r!d(!ble4 olo/(i!lO$ d!'lon, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ de!d$ de!dl'$ de!d%!n Nolo/(i!lO$
de!r N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 de!rl'O$ de!t&l'$ dee% N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4
dee%l'O$ dee%er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ dee%est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ de R#!to Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
de(ed Nno ,r!d(!ble4 olo/(i!l4 r!roM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 de(edl'4
estnd!rO$ de+ilis& N!d+erbio de !ntid!d4 olo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doO Hs("!"ente6
N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 de+ilis&l' Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO Hende"oni!d!"enteL
on %i!rdF!6 o"o !d+erbio de "odo ' Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO o"o !d+erbio de
!ntid!d Hs("!"ente6O$ di##erent N+(l,!rM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 di##erentl'4
estnd!rO$ Rdin,IRdon, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ diRret N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 diretl'O$
dirt' No"o !d.eti+o si,ni#i! Qs(ioQ ' o"o !d+erbio Nolo/(i!lO si,ni#i! Qs(io
Ni de #or"! %oo &onr!d!OL ,roser!"enteQ ' en GB Qe-tre"!d!"enteQO$ disorderl'$
Rdo,,oneHd6 NUSA4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ do(ble Nno ,r!d(!ble4 &!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 do(bl'O$ do(btless Nno ,r!d(!ble4 &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4
do(btlessl'O$ do7n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do7nR&ill Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rdo7nri,&t Nno
,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 Rdo7nri,&tl'O$ do7nRri+er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
do7nRst!,e NGB ' URdo7nst!,e4 USAVO$ do7nRst!irs Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do7nRst!te
NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ do7nRstre!" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do7nRto7n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rdo7n7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do7nR7ind$ d(e Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 d(l'O$ do7nto7n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ do7n7!rd NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$
do7nR7ind Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ dri%%in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rd(t'IR#ree Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
e!rlier Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e!rliest Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e!rl'$ Re!rt&7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
e!sier$ e!siest$ e!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e!sterl'$ Re!st7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ e!s' N&!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 e!sil'O$ e##in, NGB4 no ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO H\!r!']L \!r!.o]6$
ei,&t#old Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ei,&t& Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 ei,t&l'O$
eit&er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ eno(,& ND1 ;1=515BO$ en Rs(ite Nno ,r!d(!ble4 +! s3lo detrs de
(n no"breO$ e+en Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 e+enl'O$ e+er' Rd!' Nno
,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 Re+er'd!'O$ e+il N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 e+ill'O$
e-eedin, No"o !d+erbio es !r!ioM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 e-eedin,l'4
estnd!rO$ e- R,r!ti! Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ e- oR##Hiio6 Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
e-R%ress Nno ,r!d(!bleM e-iste t!"bi0n otro !d+erbio4 e-%ressl'O$ e-Rte"%ore Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ e-tr!$ #!e to R#!e Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 R#!eItoIR#!eO$ #!ir
N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 #!irl'O$ #!lse N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 #!lsel'O$
#!lsetto Hen #!lsete6$ #!r$ #!r !7!'$ #!rt&er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #!rt&est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #!st
N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 #!stl'4 !r!ioO$ #!ster Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #!stest Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ #!t&erl' N%oo (s!doO$ #i#t& Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4
#i#t&l'O$ #ilt&' No"o !d+erbio Nolo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doO si,ni#i! Qe-tre"!d!"enteL
"('Q ' o"o !d.eti+o Nestnd!r4 %rini%!l"enteO si,ni#i! Q"(,rientoQM &!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 #ilt&il'4 estnd!rO$ #ine Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!ble4 &!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 #inel'4 estnd!rO$ #ir" N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 #ir"l'O$ #irst
Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 #irstl'O$ R#irstIRl!ssL R#irst Rl!ss Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R#irstIR&!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R#irstIRr!te Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ #it N&!'
otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 #itl'O$ #i+e#old Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #l!"in, NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
#l!t N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 #l!tl'O$ #li%%in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO Honden!d!"ente6$
R#ore&!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #orte Ndetrs de (n +erboO$ #ortni,&tl' NGB %rini%!l"ente4
no ,r!d(!bleO$ #or7!rd NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ #o(r#old Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ #o(rt& Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 #o(rt&l'O$ R#o(rt&IRl!ss
NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ #ree N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 #reel'O$ R#ree&!nd Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R#ree&old Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #reel!ne Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #reezin, Nolo/(i!l4
no ,r!d(!bleO$ #riendl' NUSA4 olo/(i!l4 "enos (s!do /(e U#riendlil'V en GB '
USAO$ #ri,,in, N+(l,!r4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%()eter!"ente6$ #(9in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4
+(l,!rO$ #(ll Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 #(ll'O$ #(ll R#!e No on ,(i3n$
%ero el !d.eti+o4 R#(llIR#!eO$ R#(ll Rti"eL R#(llIRti"e Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4
R#(llIRti"eO$ #(nn' Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n en
GB ' USA4 #(nnil'4 estnd!rO$ #(rt&er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ #(rt&est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
,!inl' Nliter!rio o"o !d.eti+o ' !d+erbioO$ ,&!stl' Nliter!rioO$ ,&ostl' N%oo (s!doO$
,in,erl'$ R,odd!"Hn6 Nno ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ R,odd!"ned Nno ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$
,odl' N%oo (s!doO$ ,ood N+(l,!rO$ ,r!tis Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ,re!t Nno ,r!d(!ble4
olo/(i!lM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 ,re!tl'4 estnd!rO$ ,ri" N+(l,!rM &!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 ,ri"l'4 estnd!rO$ ,ross N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 ,rossl'O$
&!l# ND1;1=515O$ R&!l#I!ndIR&!l# Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!l#IR&o(rl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R&!l#IR%rie Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!l#HI6R7!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&!l#IR'e!rl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
&!nd to R&!nd No on ,(iones4 no ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 R&!ndItoIR&!ndO$ &!nd
to R"o(t& No on ,(iones4 no ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 R&!ndItoIR"o(t&O$
&!%&!z!rd N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 &!%&!z!rdl'4 "s (s!doO$ &!rd N&!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 &!rdl'O$ &!rd !nd R#!st$ &!rder Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &!rdest Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R&!r("IRs!r("$ R&e!dHI6R#irst Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R&e!dlon, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R&e!dIRon Nno ,r!d(!bleO H#ront!l"ente6$ R&e!dItoIR&e!d Nno ,r!d(!ble4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO$ R&e!d7!rd$ &e!lt&' N+(l,!rM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 &e!lt&il'4
estnd!rO$ &e!+enl' N%oo (s!doO$ R&e!+en7!rd$ &e!+' N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4
&e!+il'O$ &ellis& Nolo/(i!l4 GBM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 &ellis&l'4 olo/(i!lO$
R&ell(+! Nno ,r!d(!ble4 +(l,!rO$ R&elterIRs9elter$ R&i,,led'IR%i,,led' Nolo/(i!lO$ &i,&
N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 &i,&l'O$ &i,&er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &i,&est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
&it&er N!r!ioO$ &o"e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &o"e7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &ot Nr!roM &!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 &otl'O$ &o(rlon, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ &o(rl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
R&o(se7i#el' N%oo (s!doO$ &(l9in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ill Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ i"%ro"%t(
Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ in Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inbo!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRo,nito Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ino""(niR!do Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ind(str'R7ide Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
RinIR&o(se Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRl!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inRs&ore Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ inside Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ inst!nt Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 inst!ntl'4
estnd!rO$ Rinterest R#ree Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 RinterestIR#reeO$ Rinteri" N%oo
(s!do4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ in R+itro Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rin7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 in7!rdl'O$ irres%eti+e NGB4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleM o"o
!d.eti+o es in,l0s !r!ioM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n en GB ' USA4 irres%eti+el'4
estnd!rO$ .oll' NGB %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 .ollil'4 estnd!rO$ .(st Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 .(stl'O$
9indl'$ 9in,l' N%oo (s!do ' liter!rio o"o !d.eti+oO$ R9neeIRdee% Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
9ni,&tl' N%oo (s!do ' liter!rio o"o !d.eti+oO$ l!nd7!rd$ l!r,e N&!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 l!r,el'O$ l!st Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 l!stl'O$ l!te N&!'
otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 l!tel'O$ l!ter Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ l!test Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lee7!rd
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ le#t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rle#tIR&!nded Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 Rle#tIR&!ndedl'O$ le#t7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ leis(rel'$ less Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
le!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ le+el N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 le+ell'O$ li,&t N&!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 li,&tl'O$ li9e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ li9el' Nno ,r!d(!ble4 estnd!r
(!ndo +! %reedido de Q"ostL /(iteL +er'Q$ et1$ ' olo/(i!l (!ndo no +!
%reedido de Q"ostL /(iteL +er'Q$ et1O$ little ND1 ;1=515=O$ li+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rli+el'
N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 Rli+elil'O$ lon,$ Rlon,IRdist!ne Nno ,r!d(!bleM t!"bi0n
se%!r!do sin ,(i3nO$ lon,er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lon,est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ loose N&!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 loosel'O$ lordl' Nliter!rio o"o !d.eti+o ' %oo (s!do o"o
!d+erbioO$ lo(d Nolo/(i!lM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 lo(dl'4 estnd!rO$ lo(der Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ lo(dest Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lo+el' Nolo/(i!l4 D1 ?1;515O$ lo7$ Rlo7IRdo7n
Nolo/(i!lO$ lo7er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ lo7est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rlo7IRinterest$ lo7l'$
l(bberl'$ "!l!%roR%os Nliter!rioO$ "!nl' N%oo (s!doO$ "!nnerl' N%oo (s!doO$
"!sterl' L!4L NGBO ' LYL NUSAO N%oo (s!doO$ R"!-i"(" Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs
de (n! !ntid!d4 D1 ;1<C$ ;1<8$ <15<$ <15?O$ "e!n Nolo/(i!l4 USAM &!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n en GB ' USA4 "e!nl'4 estnd!rO$ "iddlin, Nolo/(i!l4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ "idHI6R"ornin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"idni,&tl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R"id"ost
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "idR7!' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "idR7ee9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "idR7ee9l' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ "i,&t' Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n en
GB ' USA4 "i,&til'4 liter!rioO$ "ini"(" Nno ,r!d(!ble4 s3lo detrs de (n!
!ntid!d4 D1 ;1<C$ ;1<8$ <15<$ <15?O$ "in(tel' LR"InItliL o LIneIL Nno ,r!d(!bleO H!
!d! "in(to6$ "ont&l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "ore Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ "ost Nno ,r!d(!bleM
&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 "ostl'O$ "ot&erl' N%oo (s!doO$ "(& ND1 ;1=515;O$
n!tion7ide Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ne!r N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 ne!rl'O$ ne!rRb' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ ne!rer Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ne!rest Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ne7 N&!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 ne7l'O$ ne-t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ne-t Rdoor Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nie Nolo/(i!l4 D1
?1;515O$ ni,,!rdl'$ ni,&tlon, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ni,&tl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nine#old Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ nine to R#i+e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nint& Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 nint&l'O$ no Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RnonHI6Rsto% Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nort& Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rnort&HI6Re!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rnort&Re!sterl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rnort&HI6Re!st7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ nort&erl'$ Rnort&7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rnort&HI6R7est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rnort&HI6R7est7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ no7$ odd Nno
,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 oddl'O$ o##$ Ro##IR!irL Ro## R!ir Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Ro##HI6R&!nd$ Ro## R9e'L Ro##IR9e'$ Ro## Rli"its$ Ro## RlineL Ro##IRline Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Ro##HI6Rsreen Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##IRse!sonL Ro## Rse!son Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##HI6Rs&ore
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o## Rside Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro##HI6Rst!,e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro## t&e Rreord
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o9!'L OA Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ on Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RonIR!ir Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Ron Rbo!rd Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 RonIRbo!rdO$ Ron R9e' Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el
!d.eti+o4 RonIR9e'O$ Ron RlineL RonHI6Rline Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ on t&e R.ob Nno ,r!d(!ble$
%ero el !d.eti+o4 RonIt&eIR.obO$ on t&e Rs%ot Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 RonI
t&eIRs%otO H!llF "is"oL en !/(el "is"o "o"ento6$ one in ! Rli#eti"e Nno ,r!d(!bl$
%ero el !d.eti+o4 RoneIinI!IRli#eti"eO$ Rone on Rone NUSA4 no ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el
!d.eti+o4 RoneIonIRone4 USAO$ one Rti"e Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 RoneHI6Rti"eO$
RoneItoIRone Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rone R7ee9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onside
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RonIRsreen Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rons&ore Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ onside Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ onRst!,e Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ron7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o%%osite Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ orderl' Nr!roO$ ot&er7ise Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o(t o# Ro(rt Nno ,r!d(!ble$
%ero el !d.eti+o4 Ro(tIo#IRo(rtO$ o(t o# Rs&ool Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 Ro(tI
o#IRs&oolO$ o(t o# Rto7n Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 Ro(tIo#IRto7nO$ o(t o# t&e
R7!' N%ero el !d.eti+o4 Ro(tIo#It&eIR7!'O$ o(t o# R7or9 Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el
!d.eti+o4 Ro(tIo#IR7or9O$ o(tRri,&t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o(tRside Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro(t7!rd
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+erR!ll Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro+er!r" NGB
%rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleOL Ro+er&!nd NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleO H%or
eni"! de l! !bez!6$ o+erR#!r Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+erR,ro(nd NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
o+erR&e!d Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro+erl!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+erRlon, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
o+erR"(& Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Ro+erni,&t Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ o+erRse!s Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ o+er t&e Ro(nter Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 Ro+erIt&eIRo(nterO Hsin
reet!6$ %!r!llel Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!r Re-ellene Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R%!rt Rti"e Nno
,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 R%!rtIRti"eO$ R%!ssIR#!il NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R%!ssin,
N%oo (s!do4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ %!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %!t$ R%ellIR"ell$ %er R!%it!$ %er Rent
NGB %rini%!l"enteOL %erent NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %eris&in, NGB4
olo/(i!l4 &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 %eris&in,l'4 GBO$ %erson to R%erson Nno
,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 R%ersonItoIR%ersonO$ %i!nissi"o$ %iee"e!l Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R%i,,'b!9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %izzi!to Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %l!,('L %l!,(e'
Nolo/(i!les4 &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 %l!,(il'4 estnd!rO$ %l!in Nolo/(i!l4 &!'
otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 %l!inl'4 estnd!rO$ %lent' NUSA4 +(l,!r4 no ,r!d(!ble4 D1
;1:515O$ %l("% N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 %l("%l'O$ R%ointIRbl!n9 Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
%oorl'$ R%ostIR#ree NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R%ostIR%!id Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %reio(s N&!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 %reio(sl'O$ %rett' N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 %rettil'O$ R%ri"!
R#!ie Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %rinel'$ R%ro R#or"! Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ro"%t N!d.eti+o4 GB '
USA ' !d+erbio olo/(i!l4 GBM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n en GB ' USA4
%ro"%tl'4 estnd!rO$ %ro%er N+(l,!r4 GB$ %ero el !d.eti+o ' el otro !d+erbio
U%ro%erl'V se (s!n en in,l0s estnd!r en GB ' USAO$ R%ro Rr!t! Nliter!rio4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ R%ro Rte" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ %ro(d Nolo/(i!l4 &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4
%ro(dl'4 estnd!rO$ %(s&in, Nno ,r!d(!ble4 &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 %(s&in,l'O
H!si6$ /(!rterl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ /(eenl'$ /(i9 Nolo/(i!l4 &!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 /(i9l'4 estnd!rO$ /(i9er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ /(i9est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
r!s!ll'$ r!ttlin, Nolo/(i!l4 r!roO$ r!+in, Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4
r!+in,l'O$ re!l Nolo/(i!l4 USA4 no ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n en GB '
USA4 re!ll'4 estnd!rO$ re,(l!r N+(l,!rM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 re,(l!rl'4
estnd!rO$ RrentIR#ree Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ret!il Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ri,&t N&!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 ri,&tl'O$ Rri,&tIRdo7n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rri,&tIR&!nded Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
ri,&t7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ri,id N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 ri,idl'O$ ro!rin,
Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ ro!stin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ro(,& N&!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 ro(,&l'O$ ro(nd Nno ,r!d(!bleM e-iste otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 ro(ndl'O$
ro(nd t&e Rlo9 N"s (s!doOL !ro(nd t&e Rlo9 N"enos (s!doO Nno ,r!d(!bleM o"o
!d.eti+o se esribe on ,(iones del!nte de (n no"bre ' sin ,(iones detrs de (n
+erboO$ r(dd' NGB4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ s!ldin, Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
s!re Nliter!rioM e-iste otro !d+erbio4 s!rel'4 estnd!rO$ s&ol!rl' N%oo (s!doO$
sor&in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RsotIR#ree Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ se!"!nl'$ se!7!rd
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ seond Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 seondl'O$
Rseond Rl!ssL RseondIRl!ss Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RseondHI6R&!nd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ see"l'
N%oo (s!doO$ Rse"iRd!il' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rse"iR"ont&l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rse"iR7ee9l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se+en#old Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ se+ent& Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!'
otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 se+ent&l'O$ s&!r% N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 s&!r%l'O$
s&!r%is& Nolo/(i!lO$ s&eer Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4
s&eerl'O$ Rs&i%s&!%e$ s&ort N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 s&ortl'O$ Rs&o(lderIR&i,& Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ si9l'$ side b' Rside Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 RsideIb'IRsideO$
sidelon, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ RsideIRon NGB4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rsides!ddle Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
side7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rside7!'s Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ si,&tl' N%oo (s!doO$ sill' N"('
%oo (s!doM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 sillil'4 estnd!rO$ Rsin,leIR&!nded N&!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 Rsin,leIR&!ndedl'O$ sisterl' N%oo (s!doO$ si-#old Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
si-t& Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 si-t&l'O$ sizzlin, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rs9inIRdee% Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s9'HI6&i,& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s9'7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rsl!%d!s&$ Rsl!tternl'$ slo+enl'$ slo7 N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 slo7l'O$ slo7er Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ slo7est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s"!ll$ s"oot& N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4
s"oot&l'O$ so Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ so!9in, Nolo/(i!lO$ soddin, NGB4 +(l,!rO$ so#t N&!'
otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 so#tl'O$ soldierl' N%oo (s!doO$ solo Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ so"e
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso"eti"e NoO so"e ti"e Nno ,r!d(!bleO H!l,2n dF!6$ so%%in,
Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ so%r!no Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ sore N%oo (s!doM &!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 sorel'4 estnd!rO$ RsoIRso Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ sotto R+oe
Nliter!rioO$ so(nd N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 so(ndl'O$ so(t& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rso(t&HI6Re!st Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso(t&HI6Re!sterl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso(t&HI6Re!st7!rd Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ so(t&erl'$ Rso(t&7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso(t&HI6R7est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
Rso(t&HI6R7esterl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rso(t&HI6R7est7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s%!n9in, Nr!ro
' s3lo del!nte de (n !d.eti+o4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ Rs%otIRonL Rs%ot Ron NGB4 olo/(i!l4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ s%ri,&tl' N%oo (s!doO$ s/(!re N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 s/(!rel'O$
st!!to Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ st!, Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ st!r9 Nolo/(i!lM &!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 st!r9l'4 estnd!rO$ st!tel'$ ste!"in, Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ste% b' Rste%
Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 Rste%Ib'IRste%O$ Rste%7ise$ sti## N&!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 sti##l'O$ sti#lin, Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 sti#lin,l'O$ still
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ still' Nliter!rioO$ stin9in, Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 stin9in,l'4 estnd!rO$ RstoneIRold Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ str!i,&t Nno
,r!d(!ble4 &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 str!i,&tl'O$ Rstr!i,&tIR#!ed Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
str!i,&tR#or7!rd N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 str!i,&tR#or7!rdl'O$ str!n,e N+(l,!rM
&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 str!n,el'4 estnd!rO$ stron, Nolo/(i!lM &!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 stron,l'4 estnd!rO$ s(dden Nliter!rioM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 s(ddenl'4
estnd!rO$ s(n7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s(re NUSA$ %ero el !d.eti+o ' el otro !d+erbio
Us(rel'V en GB ' USAO$ s(rl' N%oo (s!doM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 s(rlil'4
estnd!rO$ s(r%!ssin, Nliter!rioM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 s(r%!ssin,l'4 estnd!rO$
s7eet Nolo/(i!lM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 s7eetl'4 estnd!rO$ s7i#t N&!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 s7i#tl'O$ s7i#ter Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ s7i#test Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t!nde"
Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ ten#old Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tent& Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio
t!"bi0n4 tent&l'O$ t&en Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&ere Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&i9 N&!' otro
!d+erbio t!"bi0n4 t&i9l'O$ t&i9er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&i9est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&in N&!'
otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 t&inl'O$ t&inner Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&innest Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&ird
Nno ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 t&irdl'O$ t&ird Rl!ssL Rt&irdIRl!ss Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ t&it&er N!r!io4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ t&ree#old Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&ro(,&L t&r(
NUSAO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ t&("%in, NGB4 olo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!ble ' !d.eti+o en GB '
USAM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n en GB4 t&("%in,l'4 estnd!rO$ t&(nderin,
Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 t&(nderin,l'4 estnd!rO$ ti,&t
N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 ti,&tl'O$ ti"el' Ho%ort(n!"ente6$ Rti%HI6Rto%$ Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ to !nd R#ro Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 RtoI!ndIR#roO$ to,et&er Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ Rton,(eIinIR&ee9$ to%less Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ Rto%s'IRt(r+' Nolo/(i!lO$
to(,& Nolo/(i!lM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 to(,&l'4 estnd!rO$ tr!+erse$ treble Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ trebl'$ tri"ont&l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tri7ee9l' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ tr(e N&!'
otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 tr(l'O$ t7o N( otro n2"ero !rdin!lO Rti"es Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
t7o#old N' los de"s n2"eros !rdin!les ! %!rtir de Ut7oV h #oldO Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nle!nl' LAnR9li4nliL N%ero el !d.eti+o se %ron(ni! LAnR9lenliLO$ (nder Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ R(nder!r" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nderRo+er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nderR,ro(nd Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (nderR&!nd$ R(nder"ost Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (nderRne!t& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(nder t&e Ro(nter Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 R(nderIt&eIRo(nterO Hb!.o "!no6$
(nder t&e Rt!ble Nno ,r!d(!ble$ %ero el !d.eti+o4 R(nderIt&eIRt!bleO$ (nderse!$
(nderR7!ter Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (ne!s' N+(l,!rM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 (ne!sil'4
estnd!rO$ (n,!inl' N%oo (s!doO$ (n9in,l'$ (n"!nl' N%oo (s!do4 no ,r!d(!bleO$
(nsee"l' Nr!roO$ (nti"el' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (% Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (%HI6Ro(ntr' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ (%HI6R#ront Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (%,r!de NUSAO$ (%R&ill Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
(%IR"!r9et Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R(%%er"ost Nliter!rio4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R(%ri,&t$ (%HI6Rri+er
Nno ,r!d(!ble4 detrs de (n +erbo o (n no"bre o"o !d+erbioO$ R(%side Rdo7nL
R(%sideIRdo7n Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (%Rst!,e$ (%Rst!irs Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (%Rst!te NUSA4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ (%Rstre!" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ (%Rto7n NUSA4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ R(%7!rd NUSA
%rini%!l"ente4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ (%R7ind Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ +erb!ti" Nno ,r!d(!bleO$
+er' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7!istIR&i,& Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7!llo%in, Nolo/(i!lO$ 7!r" N&!'
otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 7!r"l'O$ 7e!9l' LR7i49liL Nestnd!r %ero el !d.eti+o es
liter!rio4 r!roO$ 7ee9l' LR7i49liL Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7ell$ 7est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7esterl'$
R7estInort&R7est Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7est7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7&!9in, Nolo/(i!l4 no
,r!d(!bleO$ 7&!te+er Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ R7&oles!le Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7&o%%in,
Nolo/(i!l4 no ,r!d(!bleO$ 7ide N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 7idel'O$ 7ider Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ 7idest Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7ild N&!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 7ildl'O$
R7ill'IRnill' Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7ind7!rd Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7o"!nl' N%oo (s!doO$
7ondro(s N!r!io %ero el !d.eti+o es liter!rioM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4
7ondro(sl'4 liter!rioO$ 7orldl' N!r!ioO$ 7orldR7ide Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7orse Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ 7orst Nno ,r!d(!bleO$ 7ron, Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s estnd!r '
,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rM &!' otro !d+erbio t!"bi0n4 7ron,l'O$ 'e!rl' Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ 'eo"!nl'$ 'on N!r!ioOL 'ond N!r!ioOL 'onder N!r!ioO Nno
,r!d(!bleO$ zi,z!, Nno ,r!d(!bleO1 E.14 t&ree ste%s b!9 Htres %!sos !trs6M I !" not
too b!d HNo esto' de"!si!do "!l NoO Esto' b!st!nte bien N!d+erbioOL No so'
de"!si!do "!lo N!d.eti+oO6M Ee !ted b!dl' Nestnd!rOL b!d N+(l,!rO Hl !t(3 "!l6M
Is &e &(rt b!dl' Nestnd!rOL b!d N+(l,!rOT HWLe &!n &e&o "(&o d!)o ! 0lT6M ItZs
be!stl' &ot HE!e "(&o !lorL Est "(' !liente6M S&e !ts bi,L in ! bi, 7!' HEll!
#!n#!rrone!6M Ee s%ends bi,L in ! bi, 7!' Hl ,!st! "(&o6M Ee t!l9s bi,L in ! bi,
7!' Hl se d! i"%ort!ni!6M T&e' t&in9 bi,L in ! bi, 7!' HPl!ne!n l!s os!s ! lo
,r!nde6M ItZs %(blis&ed bi"ont&l' HSe %(bli! /(inen!l"enteL bi"estr!l"ente6M
T&e ro7d "o+ed bodil' to7!rdHs6 t&e e-it HL! "(ltit(d se diri,i3 en "!s! &!i! l!
s!lid!6M ItZs boilin, &ot tod!'L in &ere HEst "(' !lienteL E!e (n !lor es%!ntoso
&o'L !/(F6M It is broilin, &ot ND1;B18O HE!e (n !lor !&i&!rr!nte6M ItZs b(rnin, &ot
HEst "(' !liente6M It is r!9in, ,ood HEs s(%erb(enoL "(' b(eno6M S&e o"es
d!il' HEll! +iene di!ri!"enteL ! di!rio6M S&e is de!d tired HEll! est terrible"ente
!ns!d!6M EeZs de!dl' borin, Hl es terrible"ente !b(rrido6M T&e' loo9 de!t&l'
7&ite HEstn bl!nos o"o el %!%elL los "(ertos6M Ee t!l9s dirt'L #ilt&'L in ! dirt'
7!' Hl &!bl! ,roser!"enteL die +(l,!rid!des6M Ee is do7n Hl est !b!.oL triste6M
Ee ,ot (% e!rl' Hl se le+!nt3 te"%r!no6M Ee ,!+e !n !ns7er e!rl' Hl dio (n!
res%(est! %ronto6L Ee ,oes &o"e e!rl' in t&e e+enin, Hl Hse6 +! ! !s! te"%r!no
%or l! no&e6M T&e' s(##ered eno(,& HS(#rieron s(#iiente6M I 7ent #!r HF(i le.os6M
S&e !ns7ered #!st HEll! ontest3 r%ido6M T&e' s%e!9 +er' #!st HE!bl!n "(' r%idoL
r%id!"ente6M S&eZs #ilt&' ri& HEll! es e-tre"!d!"ente ri!L est %odrid! de
dinero6M Ee !"e #ortni,&tl' Hl +enF! !d! dos se"!n!s6M Ee dri+es #riendl'
NUSA4 olo/(i!lO Hl ond(e des%!io6M EeZs ,&!stl' %!le Hl est es%!ntos!"ente
%lido6M ! ,ood lon, d!' H(n dF! bien l!r,o6$ ! ,ood s&!r% 9ni#e H(n (&illo bien
!#il!do6$ ! ,ood &!rd sl!% H(n b(en bo#et3nL (n bo#et3n bien d!do6M It is ,oodIsized
HEs ,r!ndeL de b(en t!"!)o6M Ee listenedL s%o9e 7ell Nestnd!rOL ,ood N+(l,!r4
USA %rini%!l"enteO Hl es(&3L &!bl3 bien6M S&eZs ,ettin, !lon, 7ell Nestnd!rOL
,ood N+(l,!r4 USA %rini%!l"enteO HEll! est %ros%er!ndoL A ell! le +!n bien l!s
os!s6M ItZs &!l# oo9ed HEst "edio r(do6M T&e' bro!d!st &o(rl' HE"iten !d!
&or!6M S&e s%o9e ill o# 'o( HEll! &!bl3 "!l de ti6L Ee !n ill !##ord to b(' ! !r HM!l
%(ede %er"itirse 0l o"%r!r (n o&e6M ItZs .oll' NGB %rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lO
,ood HEst "('L l! "!r de bien6M S&e tre!ted (s 9indl' HEll! nos tr!t3
!"!ble"ente6M S&e t(rned le#t HEll! ,ir3 ! l! iz/(ierd!6M Ee 7or9s leis(rel' Hl
tr!b!.! lent!"ente6M ItZs /(ite li9el' HEs lo "s %rob!ble6M Ee 7ill "ostL +er' li9el'
NGBO o"e HLo "s %rob!ble es /(e 0l +en,!6L Ee 7ill li9el' NUSAO o"e Hl
+endr %rob!ble"ente6M little s!tis#ied H%oo s!tis#e&Ho$ !66$ ! little e-%ensi+e H(n
%oo !ro6M S&e desribed it li+el' HNoO Rli+elil'6 HEll! lo desribi3 +F+id!"ente6M Ee
st!'ed lon, Hl se /(ed3 "(&o tie"%o6M Ee did it lo+el' Nolo/(i!lO HLo &izo
"!r!+illos!"ente6M It #lies lo7 HD(el! b!.o6M lo7l' esti"!ted H%oo esti"!do6M Ee
did it "!sterl' Hl lo &izo "!,istr!l"ente6M S&e 7ent "ont&l' HEll! ib!
"ens(!l"ente6M "ore de%ressed H"s de%ri"idHo$ !66M "(& i"%ressed H"('
i"%resion!dHo$ !66M Ee li+es ne!rb' Hl +i+e er! Hde !/(F66M Ee did it ni,,!rdl' Hl
lo &izo t!!)!"enteL "iser!ble"ente6M #o(r ti"es ni,&tl' H(!tro +ees %or l!L !d!
no&e6M onl' &ere Hsol!"ente !/(F6M %oorl' lit H%oo !l("br!do6M Ee o"es
/(!rterl' Hl +iene tri"estr!l"ente6M Ee t&in9s r!s!ll' Hl %iens! %F!r!"ente6M
S&eZs re!l NUSA4 olo/(i!lO tired HEll! est "(' !ns!d!6M S&e loo9s re!l NUSA4
olo/(i!lO str!n,e HEll! "ir! de #or"! re!l"ente e-tr!)!6M T&e !o""od!tion is
RrentIR#ree HEl !lo.!"iento es libre de rent!6M Ee !ns7ered ri,&t Hl ontest3
orret!"ente6M ri,&t in #ront o# (s H.(sto en#rente de nosotros6$ ri,&t !#ter l(n&
Hin"edi!t!"ente des%(0s del !l"(erzo6$ ri,&t t&ro(,& t&e 7!ll Ho"%let!"ente !
tr!+0s de l! %!red6M ! si9l' ,reen olo(r NGB %rini%!l"enteOL olor NUSAO H(n
olor li,er!"ente +erde6M S&e t&in9s s"!llL in ! s"!ll 7!' HEll! no %iens! ! lo
,r!nde6M Ee st!rted s"!llL in ! s"!ll 7!' Hl e"%ez3 %or %oo6M T&ere is still 7!ter
HE!' tod!+F!L !2n !,(!6M S&e s%o9e still' Nliter!rioO LRstIlliL HEll! &!bl!b!
tr!n/(il!"enteL silenios!"ente6M S&e is stin9in, Nolo/(i!lO ri& HEll! es "('
ri!6M Ee is stoneIold sober Hl est tot!l"ente sobrioL no &! bebido ni (n! ,ot!6M
S&e did it tinsell' LRtInHt6sliL Ndos sFl!b!sO HEll! lo &izo ll!"!ti+!"ente6M t&e %eo%le
(%st!irs Hl! ,ente deHl %iso de6 !rrib!6M Ee s%o9e 7e!9l' Hl &!bl!b! d0bil"ente6M
S&e ,oes 7ee9l' HEll! +! se"!n!l"ente6M 7ell done Hbien &e&o6M S&e did it 7orse
t&!n I did Nestnd!rOL "e Nolo/(i!lOL I Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO HEll! lo &izo
%eor /(e 'o6M Ee did it 7ron, Hl lo &izo "!l6M Ee ,oes 'e!rl' Hl +! !n(!l"ente61
D1 ?15
?18=1I =lgunos adverbios pueden tener una forma seme%ante a los ad%etivos
otra terminada en 5l7 frecuentemente el adverbio terminado en 5l tiene un
significado menos amplio distinto del otro 'ue tiene la misma forma 'ue el
ad%etivoM el !d+erbio /(e tiene l! "is"! #or"! /(e el !d.eti+o s(ele tener (n
si,ni#i!do "s er!no !l !d.eti+o /(e !l otro !d+erbio /(e se #or"! !)!diendo l!
ter"in!i3n Il'M el !d.eti+o lle+! !ento se(nd!rio (!ndo +! del!nte de (n
no"bre$ %ero el !d+erbio /(e tiene l! "is"! #or"! /(e el !d.eti+o no +! !ent(!do
si +! del!nte de (n !d.eti+o4 !7#(l Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO ' U!7#(ll'VM
b!d Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO ' Ub!dl'VM bitter N+(l,!rO ' Ubitterl'VM blind
NGB4 olo/(i!lO ' Ublindl'VM blisterin, Nolo/(i!lO ' Ublisterin,l'VM blood' NGB4
+(l,!rO ' Ubloodil'VM bri,&t ' Ubri,&tl'VM bro!d ' Ubro!dl'VM &e!% ' U&e!%l'VM
le!n Nolo/(i!lO ' Ule!nl'V LR9li4nliL Ne-iste t!"bi0n el !d.eti+o Qle!nl'Q LR9lenliL
Hli"%ioHs6$ !Hs6 ('o !d+erbio es Qle!nlil'Q LR9lenlIliLOM le!r ' Ule!rl'VM le!rer '
U"ore le!rl'VM le!rest ' U"ost le!rl'VM lose ' Ulosel'VM old Nolo/(i!lO '
Uoldl'VM ool N+(l,!rO ' Uooll'VM d!#t Ld!4#tL NGBO ' LdY#tL NUSAO N+(l,!rO '
Ud!#tl'VM de!r ' Ude!rl'VM dee% ' Udee%l'VM de(ed Nolo/(i!lO ' Ude(edl'VM
de+ilis& N!d+erbio de !ntid!d4 olo/(i!l4 "enos (s!doO Hs("!"ente6 e in,l0s
estnd!r o"o !d.eti+oO ' Ude+ilis&l'V Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO Hende"oni!d!"enteL
on %i!rdF!6 o"o !d+erbio de "odo ' Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doO o"o !d+erbio de
!ntid!d Hs("!"ente6OM di##erent N+(l,!rO ' Udi##erentl'VM diret ' Udiretl'VM dirt'
Nolo/(i!lO ' Udirtil'VM do(ble ' Udo(bl'VM do(btless ' Udo(btlessl'VM Rdo7nri,&t '
URdo7nri,&tl'VM d(e ' Ud(l'VM e!s' e Ue!sil'VM e!sier ' U"ore e!sil'VM ei,&t& '
Uei,t&l'VM e+en Hinl(so6 e Ue+enl'V H(ni#or"e"enteL e/(it!ti+!"ente6M e+il e
Ue+ill'VM e-eedin, N!r!ioO ' Ue-eedin,l'VM e-%ress H%or orreo e-%r0s6 e
Ue-%ressl'V He-%res!"ente6M #!ir ' U#!irl'VM #!lse ' U#!lsel'VM #i#t& ' U#i#t&l'VM #ilt&'
Nolo/(i!lO ' U#ilt&il'VM #ine Nolo/(i!lO ' U#inel'VM #ir" ' U#ir"l'VM #irst ' U#irstl'VM
#it ' U#itl'VM #l!t ' U#l!tl'VM #o(rt& ' U#o(rt&l'VM #ree ' U#reel'VM #(ll ' U#(ll'VM #(nn'
Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO ' U#(nnil'VM ,re!t ' U,re!tl'VM ,ri" N+(l,!rO '
U,ri"l'VM ,ross ' U,rossl'VM &!%&!z!rd ' U&!%&!z!rdl'VM &!rd ' U&!rdl'VM &e!lt&'
N+(l,!rO ' U&e!lt&il'VM &ellis& Nolo/(i!l4 GBO ' U&ellis&l'V Nolo/(i!lOM &e!+' '
U&e!+il'VM &i,& ' U&i,&l'V Nen sentido !Hb6str!to sol!"ente ' se tr!d(e %or
U"(&oL "(' bienV$ et1OM &ot Nr!roO ' U&otl'VM inst!nt Nliter!rioO e Uinst!ntl'VM
in7!rd e Uin7!rdl'VM irres%eti+e Nolo/(i!l4 GBO e Uirres%eti+el'VM .oll'
Nolo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"enteO ' U.ollil'VM .(st ' U.(stl'VM l!r,e ' Ul!r,el'VM l!st '
Ul!stl'VM l!te ' Ul!tel'VM Rle#tIR&!nded ' URle#tIR&!ndedl'VM le+el ' Ule+ell'VM li,&t '
Uli,&tl'VM li+el' ' Uli+elil'VM loose ' Uloosel'VM lo(d Nolo/(i!lO ' Ulo(dl'VM "e!n
Nolo/(i!l4 USAO ' U"e!nl'VM "i,&t' Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO '
U"i,&til'V Nliter!rioOM "ost ' U"ostl'VM ne!r ' Une!rl'VM ne7 ' Une7l'VM nint& '
Unint&l'VM odd ' Uoddl'VM %eris&in, NGB4 olo/(i!lO ' U%eris&in,l'V NGBOM %l!,('
Nolo/(i!lOL %l!,(e' Nolo/(i!lO ' U%l!,(il'VM %l!in Nolo/(i!lO ' U%l!inl'VM %l("% '
U%l("%l'VM %reio(s ' U%reio(sl'VM %rett' ' U%rettil'VM %ro"%t Nolo/(i!l4 GBO '
U%ro"%tl'VM %ro%er NGB4 +(l,!rO ' U%ro%erl'VM %ro(d Nolo/(i!lO ' U%ro(dl'VM
%(s&in, ' U%(s&in,l'VM /(i9 Nolo/(i!lO ' U/(i9l'VM r!+in, ' Ur!+in,l'VM re!l
NUSA4 olo/(i!lO ' Ure!ll'VM re,(l!r N+(l,!rO ' Ure,(l!rl'VM ri,&t ' Uri,&tl'VM ri,id '
Uri,idl'VM ro(,& ' Uro(,&l'VM ro(nd ' Uro(ndl'VM s!re Nliter!rioO ' Us!rel'VM
seond ' Useondl'VM se+ent& ' Use+ent&l'VM s&!r% ' Us&!r%l'VM s&ort ' Us&ortl'VM
sill' ' Usillil'VM Rsin,leIR&!nded ' URsin,leIR&!ndedl'VM si-t& ' Usi-t&l'VM slo7 '
Uslo7l'VM s"oot& ' Us"oot&l'VM so#t ' Uso#tl'VM sore ' Usorel'VM so(nd ' Uso(ndl'VM
s/(!re ' Us/(!rel'VM st!r9 Nolo/(i!lO ' Ust!r9l'VM sti## ' Usti##l'VM sti#lin, '
Usti#lin,l'VM stin9in, Nolo/(i!lO ' Ustin9in,l'VM str!i,&t ' Ustr!i,&tl'VM
str!i,&tR#or7!rd ' Ustr!i,&tR#or7!rdl'VM str!n,e N+(l,!rO ' Ustr!n,el'VM stron,
Nolo/(i!lO ' Ustron,l'VM s(dden Nliter!rioO ' Us(ddenl'VM s(re N!d+erbio4 USA '
!d.eti+o4 GB ' USAO ' Us(rel'VM s(rl' N%oo (s!doO ' Us(rlil'VM s(r%!ssin,
Nliter!rioO ' Us(r%!ssin,l'VM s7eet Nolo/(i!lO ' Us7eetl'VM s7i#t ' Us7i#tl'VM tent& '
Utent&l'VM t&i9 ' Ut&i9l'VM t&in ' Ut&inl'VM t&ird ' Ut&irdl'VM t&("%in, NGB4
olo/(i!lO ' Ut&("%in,l'V NGBOM t&(nderin, Nolo/(i!lO ' Ut&(nderin,l'VM ti,&t '
Uti,&tl'VM to(,& Nolo/(i!lO ' Uto(,&l'VM tr(e ' Utr(l'VM (ne!s' N+(l,!rO '
U(ne!sil'VM 7!r" ' U7!r"l'VM 7ide ' U7idel'VM 7ild ' U7ildl'VM 7ondro(s
N!r!ioO ' U7ondro(sl'V Nliter!rioOM 7ron, ' U7ron,l'V1
Son ad%etivos4 !7#(l 7e!t&er Htie"%o &orrible6M ! b!d sto9bro9er H(n orredor de
bols! "!lo6M ! bitter drin9 H(n! bebid! !,ri!6$ ! le!n ,l!ss H(n +!so li"%io6$ old
#eet H%ies #rFos6$ ! ool drin9 H(n! bebid! #res!6$ ! d!#t t&in, H(n! os! tont!6$ !
di##erent 7orld H(n "(ndo di#erente6$ ! ,ri" sit(!tion H(n! sit(!i3n des!lent!dor!6$
t&e l!st d!' Hel 2lti"o dF!6M S&e too9 ! l!te b(s HEll! o,i3 (n !(tob2s t!rde6M !
"i,&t' 9in, H(n re' %oderosoL %otente6$ "ost %eo%le Hl! "!'orF! de l! ,ente6$ !
ne!r &otel H(n &otel er!no6$ in %l!in l!n,(!,e Hen len,(!.e senillo6$ ! %l("% &ild
H(nH!6 ni)Ho$ !6 re,ordetHe$ !66$ ! %reio(s "et!l H(n "et!l %reioso6$ ! %rett' dress
H(n +estido bonito6$ ! /(i9 !t&lete H(n !tlet! r%ido6$ t&e ri,&t %erson Hl! %erson!
!%ro%i!d!6$ ! ri,id r(le H(n! re,l! rF,id!6M I !" #eelin, ro(,& HMe siento "!l6M !
ro(nd b!ll H(n! %elot! redond!6$ ! seond !rdi,!n H(n! se,(nd! &!/(et! de %(nto
NoO rebe!6M ! s&!r% 9ni#e H(n (&illo !#il!do6$ ! s&ort l!d' H(n! se)or! b!.!6$ !
s"oot& .o(rne' H(n +i!.e sin %roble"!s6$ ! so#t te-t(re H(n! te-t(r! s(!+e6$ ! so(nd
onstit(tion H(n! onstit(i3n #(erte6$ ! s/(!re bo- H(n! !.! (!dr!d!6$ ! st!r9
li"!te H(n li"! d(ro6$ sti## le!t&er H(ero d(ro6$ ! str!i,&t line H(n! lFne! ret!6$ !
s7eet dre!" H(n d(le s(e)o6$ ! t&ird s&ot H(n terer dis%!ro6$ ! s7i#t "o+e"ent
H(n "o+i"iento r%ido6$ ! to(,& %erson H(n! %erson! #(erte6$ !n (ne!s' silene H(n
silenio in3"odo6$ ! 7ild !ni"!l H(n !ni"!l s!l+!.e61
Son adverbios4 !7#(l Nolo/(i!l4 USA %rini%!l"enteO ,oodL &ot H"(' b(enoL
!liente6M !7#(ll' ri& Hri/(Fsi"o6M S&eZs been &(rt b!d Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"enteOL S&eZs been &(rt b!dl' HLe &!n &e&o "(&o d!)o ! ell!6M ItZs bitter
N+(l,!rOL bitterl' Nestnd!rO old HE!e "(&o #rFo6M S&eZs bitterl' dis!%%ointed
HEll! est tre"end!"enteL !"!r,!"ente dee%ion!d!L desil(sion!d!6M T&e #ire
7!s b(rnin, bri,&t HEl #(e,o est!b! !rdiendo brill!nte"ente6M It s&ines bri,&tl'
HBrill! intens!"enteL +i+!"ente6M ItZs le!n Nolo/(i!l i o"%letel'O ,one HSe &!
!!b!do del todo6M S&e %l!'ed le!nl' LR9li4nliL HEll! .(,3 li"%ioL li"%i!"ente6M It is
le!r (t HEst bien de#inido6M T&e !r,o s!n9 le!r to t&e botto" HL! !r,! se #(e !
%i/(e &!st! el #ondo6M Ee s%e!9s le!rl' Hl &!bl! l!r!"ente6M Ee s%e!9s le!rerL
"ore le!rl' Hl &!bl! "s l!roL l!r!"ente6M S&e s%e!9s le!restL "ost le!rl'
HEll! &!bl! "(' l!ro NoO l!r!"ente6M Ee !"e lose Hl +ino er!6M S&e is
losel' onneted HEll! est estre&!"ente rel!ion!d!6M S&e t(rned t&e" do7n
old Nolo/(i!lO HEll! les re&!z3 #rF!"ente6M Ee s!id oldl' HDi.o 0l #rF!"ente6M S&e
%l!'ed &er %!rt oldl' HEll! &!F! s( %!%el #rF!"ente6M Pl!' it ool N+(l,!rO]
H\T3"!telo on serenid!d]6M S&e 7!l9ed ooll' HEll! !"in!b! on serenid!d6M Ee
t!l9s d!#t N+(l,!rO Hl &!bl! tont!"ente6M Ee !ts d!#tl' Hl !t2! tont!"ente6M It
ost &i" de!r HLe ost3 !ro6M Ee lo+es &er de!rl' Hl l! /(iere "(&o6M Ee di,s
dee% Hl !+! &ondo6M Ee is dee%l' o##ended Hl est "(' o#endido6M T&in,s 7o(ld
be done di##erent N+(l,!rO &ere HL!s os!s se &!rF!n de distint! #or"! !/(F6M Ee did
di##erentl' Hl lo &izo de di#erente "!ner!6M S&e !"e diret #ro" t&e s&ool HEll!
+ino diret!"ente de l! es(el!6M diretl' !#terH7!rds6 Hin"edi!t!"ente des%(0s6M
S&e is diretl' res%onsible HEll! es diret!"ente res%ons!bleL res%ons!ble diret!6M
ItZs do(btless tr(e HEs ind(d!ble"ente +erd!d6M ItZs do(btlessl' old HEst #rFo sin
l(,!r ! d(d!6M It is d(e 7est HEst %reis!"ente !l oeste6M Unless it is d(l' st!"%ed
HA no ser /(e est0 debid!"ente sell!do6M E!s' o"e$ e!s' ,o HAsF o"o +iene se
+!6L Ee 7!nts to do it e!s' Hl /(iere &!erlo s(!+e"ente6M T!9e it e!s']
H\Trn/(ilo]L \T3"!te l!s os!s on tr!n/(ilid!d]6M Ee did it e!sil' Hl lo &izo
#il"ente6M E+en !n idiot o(ld do it HInl(so (n idiot! %odrF! &!erlo6M T&e' !re
e+enl' "!t&ed HEstn "(' i,(!l!dos6M Ee is e+ilIte"%ered Hl tiene (n &("or de
%erros6M S&e e'ed (s e+ill' HEll! nos "ir3 "!l+!d!"ente6M AtL Pl!' #!ir] H\At2!
bien]L \j(e,! li"%io]6M Ee 7ent #!irl' &i,&er Hl #(e b!st!nte "s !ltoL ! (n! !lt(r!
b!st!nte "!'or6M It 7!s #!irl' %le!s!nt HF(e b!st!nte !,r!d!ble6M Ee %l!'ed &er #!lse
Hl se %ort3 "!l on ell!6M Ee !ns7ered #!lsel' Hl ontest3 #!ls!"ente6M T&!t s(its
t&e" #ine Nolo/(i!lO HLes +iene bien6M S&e &o%%ed it #inel' HEll! lo ort3L %i3
"(' #ino6M T&e' stood #ir" o+er t&e "!tter HSe "!nt(+ieron #ir"es en el !s(nto6M
S&e &it #ir"l' HEll! ,ol%e3 #ir"e"ente6M S&e s%o9e #irst HEll! &!bl3 %ri"eroL l!
%ri"er!6M Ee 7!s &osen #irstl' Hl #(e ele,ido %ri"er!"ente6M S&e l!(,&ed #it to
b(rstL b(st HEll! se desternill!b! de ris!6M T&e' did it #itl' HLo &iieron
!%ro%i!d!"ente6M Ee &eld &is &!nd o(t #l!t Hl "!nt(+o l! "!no e-tendid!L
&orizont!l6M S&e re#(sed #l!tl' HEll! se ne,3 rot(nd!"ente6M Ee ,ot it H#or6 #ree Hl
lo onsi,(i3 ,r!t(it!"enteL ,r!tis6M S&e tr!+elled NGB %rini%!l"enteOL tr!+eled
NUSAO #reel' HEll! +i!.!b!L +i!.3 libre"ente6M Ee 9no7s it #(ll 7ell Hl lo s!be "('
bien6M I (nderst!nd #(ll' 7&!t 'o( "e!nL I #(ll' (nderst!nd 7&!t 'o( "e!n
H*o"%rendo %er#et!"ente lo /(e /(ieres deir6M Ee t!l9s #(nn' Nolo/(i!l4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO Hl &!bl! r!ro6M ItZs 7or9in, ,re!t Nolo/(i!lO HEst #(nion!ndo de
"!r!+ill!6M Ee !d"ired &er ,re!tl' Hl l! !d"ir!b! en ,r!n "edid!6M Ee s!id ,ri"
N+(l,!rOL ,ri"l' Nestnd!rO Hl di.o ,r!+e"ente6M S&e s%o9e ,ri"l' HEll! &!bl3 en
tono ,r!+e6M S&e &it &!rd HEll! ,ol%e3 d(ro6M S&e !n &!rdl' belie+e it HEll! !%en!s
%(ede reerlo6M Ee is &!rdl' !7!re o# it Hl !%en!s es onsiente de ello6M T&e' !re
tre!ted &!rdl' H!n'6 better HA%en!s se les tr!t! "e.or6M Ti"e &(n,L l!'L 7ei,&ed
&e!+' on &is &!nds HEl tie"%o se le &!F! "(' l!r,o6M Ee is &e!+il' in debt Hl est
"(' ende(d!do6M It #le7 &i,& HDol3 !lto6M S&e is &i,&l' "oti+!ted HEll! est "('
"oti+!d!6M S&e did it irres%eti+e NGB4 olo/(i!lO HEll! lo &izo i,(!lL sin
i"%ort!rle6M Ee .(st s!id t&!t Hl si"%le"ente di.o esoL !/(ello6M S&e !ted .(stl'
HEll! !t(3 .(st!"ente6M Ee is .(stl' !lled ! 7inner HSe le ll!"! on r!z3n
,!n!dor6M Ee t!l9s l!r,e Hl se +!n!,lori!6M ItZs l!r,el' d(e to &er e##ort HEs debido
en ,r!n %!rte ! s( es#(erzo6M Sine 7e "et l!st HDesde /(e nos +i"os l! 2lti"! +ez6M
Ee !rri+ed l!te Hl lle,3 t!rde Ni "s t!rde de lo &!bit(!l o %re+istoM no se %(ede
(s!r Ql!tel'Q on este sentidoO6M Tr!ins !re r(nnin, t7o &o(rs l!te HLos trenes Nen
,ener!lO lle+!n dos &or!s de retr!so Ni "s t!rde de lo &!bit(!l o %re+istoM no se
%(ede (s!r Ql!tel'Q on este sentidoO6M T&is rest!(r!nt loses l!te on T(esd!'s HEste
rest!(r!nte ierr! t!rde Ni "s t!rde de lo &!bit(!l o %re+istoM no se %(ede (s!r
Ql!tel'Q on este sentidoO los "!rtes6M !s l!te !s 5BBC H!2n Ni reiente"enteL
2lti"!"enteM Ql!teQ %(ede tener los dos si,ni#i!dos %ero Ql!tel'Q s3lo tiene (n
si,ni#i!doO en 5BBC6M S&e is ,l!d l!tel' HEll! est ontent! reiente"enteL
2lti"!"ente6M H(%6 till Nolo/(i!lOL (ntil Nliter!rioO l!tel' H&!st! &!e %oo6M Ee
s%o9e too lo(d Nolo/(i!lOL lo(dl' Nestnd!rO Hl &!bl3 de"!si!do !lto6M EeZs
"i,&t' tired Hl est "(' !ns!do6M S&eZs "i,&til' dis!%%ointed HEll! est "('L
e-tr!ordin!ri!"ente dee%ion!d!L desil(sion!d!6M Ee 7ent ne!r Hl #(e er!6M
"ost !##eted H"(' !#et!do6M Eis #riends !re "ostl' #ootb!llers NGBOL soer
%l!'ers HS(s !"i,os son %rini%!l"ente #(tbolist!s6M T&e' !re ne!rl' re!d' HEstn
!si listos6M &er ne7I#o(nd %ros%erit' Hs( %ros%erid!d rei0nL reiente"ente
onse,(id!6M It is %l!in Nolo/(i!lO ridi(lo(s HEs tot!l"ente ridF(lo6M T&e' !re
%l!inl' +isible HSon l!r!"ente +isibles6M S&e #ell %l("% into t&e 7ell HEll! !'3
diret!"enteL dere&! !l %ozo6M Ee bo(ned !lon, t&e street %l("%l' Hl s!lt!b! !
lo l!r,o de l! !lle %or s( %eso6M T&ere !re %reio(s #e7 HE!' "(' %oos6M It is
%reio(sl' de#ended HEst +!liosFsi"!"ente de#endido6M T&is is %rett' b!d HEsto es
b!st!nte "!lo6M It see"s %rett' (nli9el' HP!ree "(' %oo %rob!ble6M S&eZs %rettil'
dressed HEll! +! +estid! ele,!nte"ente6M Do it ,ood N+(l,!rO !nd %ro%er NGB4
+(l,!rO] H\E!zlo del todoL o"o es debidoL bien]6M S%e!9 %ro%erl'] H\E!bl! o"o
es debidoL bien]6M E(rr' b!9$ /(i9 Nolo/(i!lO] H\D!te %ris! !l re,res!r$ r%ido]6M
I# 'o( donZt ,o /(i9 Nolo/(i!lOL /(i9l' Nestnd!rO$ 'o(Zll "iss t&e b(s HSi no +!s
r%idoL r%id!"ente$ +!s ! %erder el !(tob2s6M S&e s%e!9s re!l NUSA4 olo/(i!lO
,ood NUSA %rini%!l"ente4 +(l,!rOL re!ll' Nestnd!rO 7ell Nestnd!rO HEll! &!bl!
re!l"ente bien6M Ee !"e re!l NUSA4 olo/(i!lOL re!ll' Nestnd!rO soon Hl +ino
re!l"ente %ronto6M Ee needs &er re!l NUSA4 olo/(i!lO b!dL re!ll' b!dl' Nestnd!rO
Hl l! neesit! deses%er!d!"ente6M Ee did it re!ll' 7ell Hl lo &izo re!l"ente bien6M
Ee %!id t&e rent re,(l!r N+(l,!r4 USA %rini%!l"enteOL re,(l!rl' Nestnd!rO Hl
%!,!b! l! rent! re,(l!r"ente6M S&e o"es re,(l!rl' HEll! +iene on #re(eni!6M Ee
7!s bored ri,id Hl est!b! o"%let!"ente !b(rridoL !b(rrido o"o (n! ostr!6M S&e
!ted ri,idl' HEll! !t(3 rF,id!"ente6M T&e 7ind +eered ro(nd HEl +iento !"bi3 de
direi3n6M S&e 7!s ro(ndl' ritiizedL ritiised NGBO HEll! #(e d(r!"ente
riti!d!6M I o(ld s!re Nliter!rioO belie+e it HA%en!s %odF! reerlo6M T&!t is
s!rel' less ne,!ti+el' s%o9en o# HA%en!s se &!bl! de esoL !/(ello "enos
ne,!ti+!"ente6M Ee !rri+ed seond Hl lle,3 en se,(ndo l(,!rL el se,(ndo6M
Seondl' s&eZs not &ere HEn se,(ndo l(,!r ell! no est !/(F6M It is nine oZlo9 s&!r%
HSon l!s n(e+e en %(nto6M Ee e'ed &er s&!r%L s&!r%l' Hl l! "ir3 #i.!"enteL
!tent!"ente6M T&e' "o+ed s&!r%l' to t&e ri,&t HGir!ron br(s!"ente !L &!i! l!
dere&!6M S&e is r(nnin, s&ort o# "il9 HSe le est !!b!ndo l! le&e6M It 7ent
s"oot&L s"oot&l' HF(e s(!+e"ente6M Ee s%e!9s so#t Hl &!bl! s(!+e"ente6M S&e
9ills "e so#tl' HEll! "e "!t! s(!+e"ente6M Ee is so(nd !slee% Hl est
%ro#(nd!"ente dor"ido6M ! so(ndl' re!soned !se H(n !so s3lid!"ente
!r,("ent!do6M s/(!re in t&e "iddle H.(sto en el "edio6M T&e' &it &i" s/(!rel' on
t&e nose HLe dieron de lleno en l! n!riz6M T&e'Zre st!r9 Nolo/(i!lO n!9ed HEstn
o"%let!"ente desn(dos6M Ee %(t it st!r9l' Hl lo e-%res3 r(d!"ente6M EeZs
#rozen sti## Hl est o"%let!"ente &el!doL &el!do &!st! los &(esos6M S&e "o+ed
sti##l' HEll! se "o+i3 rF,id!"ente6M T&e' o"e str!i,&t &o"e HDienen diret!"ente
! !s!6M T&e' !re %l!'in, str!i,&t HEstn .(,!ndo li"%io6M T&e b(s 7!s o"in,
str!i,&t !t "e HEl !(tob2s +enF! dere&o ! "F6M Tell "e str!i,&t] H\DF"elo on
#r!n/(ez!]6M I !" ,oin, to tell 'o( t&is str!i,&tl' Nr!roO HTe +o' ! deir esto sin
rodeos6M T&e 7ind ble7 stron, Nolo/(i!lOL stron,l' Nestnd!rO HEl +iento so%l!b!
#(erte6M S(re NUSAO &e lo+es &er HPor s(%(esto /(e 0l l! !"!L /(iere6M T&is "(st
s(rel' be so HEsto se,(r!"ente debe de ser !sF6M It s"ells s7eet Nolo/(i!lOL s7eetl'
Nestnd!rO HE(ele !,r!d!ble"ente6M S&e did it s7eetl' HEll! lo &izo d(le"ente6M !
s7i#tI#lo7in, ri+er H(n rFo de orriente r%id!6M S&e !"e s7i#tl' HEll! +ino
r%id!"ente6M *(t t&e bre!d t&i9] H\*ort! el %!n en rod!.!s ,r(es!s]6M *(t it
t&i9l'] H\*3rt!lo ,r(esoL ,ordo]6M *(t t&e bre!d t&in] H\*ort! el %!n en rod!.!s
#in!s]6M ! t&inl' %o%(l!ted re,ion H(n! re,i3n es!s!"ente %obl!d!6M S&e !te t&ird
HEll! o"i3 en terer l(,!rL l! terer!6M T&irdl' &e "!' not o"e HEn terer l(,!r 0l
%(ede /(e no +en,!6M P(ll it ti,&t] H\A%ri0t!lo #(erteH"ente6]6M S&e is t!l9in, to(,&
HEll! est &!bl!ndo d(roL d(r!"ente6M T&e' tre!ted &i" to(,&l' Nr!roO HLe tr!t!b!n
d(r!"ente6M T&e' s&otL s%o9e tr(e HDis%!r!ron on %reisi3nL Di.eron l! +erd!d6M
S&e tr(l' belie+es it HEll! lo ree +erd!der!"ente6M Ee s%o9e (ne!s' N+(l,!rOL
(ne!sil' Nestnd!rO Hl &!bl!b! on di#i(lt!d6M S&e s!t (ne!sil' on &er &!ir HEll! se
sent3 on in/(iet(d en l! sill!6M S&e o%ened t&e door 7ide HEll! !bri3 l! %(ert! de
%!r en %!r6M S&e is 7ide !7!9e HEll! est o"%let!"ente des%iert!6M ! 7ideI
bri""ed #elt &!t H(n so"brero de #ieltro "(' !n&oL on !l!s "(' ,r!ndes6M It is
7idel' belie+ed t&!t itZs %ositi+e H*o"2n"ente se ree /(e es %ositi+o6M T&e' li+e
7ild HDi+en en est!do s!l+!.e6M It ble7 7ildl' HSo%l3 on #(ri!6M S&e didL
%ron(ned it 7ron,L 7ron,l' HEll! lo &izoL %ron(ni3 "!l61
E!' !l,(nos !d+erbios /(e ter"in!n en Il' /(e tienen (n si,ni#i!do (n %oo
distinto de los !d.eti+os orres%ondientes sin Il'4 b!rel' H!%en!s6$ %resentl'$ et1 E.14
Ee did it b!rel' H!n'6 better HA%en!s lo &izo "e.or6M It is b!rel' &ot HA%en!s est
!liente61
?18?1I Aa adverbios 'ue se pueden formar por derivacin aLadiendo4
*+ El prefi%o a5 delante de un nombre, ad%etivo o adverbio4 !bro!d$ !ross$
!s&ore$ !#oot$ !#lo!t$ !li9e$ !lon,$ !7!'$ et1 E.14 Ee is !s&ore Hl est en tierr!6M
T&e' !"eL 7ent !s&ore HDese"b!r!ron6M T&e' %(t "e !s&ore HMe
dese"b!r!ron6$ et1
2+ &os prefi%os audio5, bene5, dis5, extra5, multi5, super5, ultra5, un5, etc. E.14
disR&onestl' Hdes&onest!"ente6$ e-Rtr!ordin!ril' He-tr!ordin!ri!"ente6$
"(ltiRr!i!ll' H"(ltir!i!l"ente6$ s(%erRsensiti+il' Hs(%ersensible"ente6$
(ltr!enRtri#(,!ll' H(ltr!entrF#(,!"ente6$ (nRtr(t&#(ll' H#!ls!"ente6$ et1
2+ &as siguientes terminaciones o sufi%os4 I#!s&ion$ Il' Nindi! "odo$ orden$
,r!d!i3nM se !)!de %rini%!l"ente ! !d.eti+os ' ! !l,(nos no"bresO$ Ist'le$ /(e se
!)!de %rini%!l"ente ! !d.eti+os ' ! !l,(nos no"bres$ Iti"eHs6$ I7!rds NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL 7!rd NUSA %rini%!l"enteO Nindi! direi3n ' se !)!de !
no"bres$ %re%osiiones ' !d+erbiosO$ I7!'L I7!'s$ I7ise Nindi! "odo en GB '
USA ' direi3n en USAM %(ede indi!r %(nto de +ist! t!"bi0n ' en este !so son
!d+erbios de "od!lid!d de %(nto de +ist! ND1 ?1B1=1:18OM se !)!de nor"!l"ente
detrs de (n no"bre ' no (n !d.eti+oO1 E.14 si"%l' Hsi"%le"ente6$ r!bHI6#!s&ion
Ho"o los !n,re.os6$ %e!s!ntHI6#!s&ion H! l! "!ner!L !l estilo de los !"%esinos6$
A"eri!nHI6st'le H!l estilo !"eri!no6$ o(ntr'HI6st'le H!l estilo !"eri!no6M Ee
sle%t on t&e #loor j!%!neseIst'le Hl d(r"i3 en el s(elo !l estilo .!%on0s6M "e!nti"e
H"ientr!s t!nto6$ so"eti"es H! +ees6$ e!st7!rdHs6 H&!i! el este6$ no7!'L no7ise
Hde nin,(n! "!ner!6$ side7!'s Hde reo.oL de l!do6$ ot&er7ise Hde otr! "!ner!6$
len,t&7ise H! lo l!r,o6$ so(t&7!rdHs6 H&!i! el s(r6$ #or7!rdHs6 H&!i! !del!nte6$
&!l#7!' H! "it!d de !"ino6$ li9e7ise Hde l! "is"! "!ner!L de i,(!l "odo6$
lo97ise Hen el sentido de l!s !,(.!s del relo.6$ ostri&HI67ise Ho"o el !+estr(z6$
sn!9eHI67ise H! l! "!ner! de l!s (lebr!s61
No obst!nte$ &!' !d+erbios "(' #re(entes /(e no lle+!n ni,2n %re#i.o o
ter"in!i3nL s(#i.o1 E.14 t&ere$ et1
-+ Existen tambin adverbios reduplicativos 'ue se forman con citas o
repeticiones totales o parcialesM s(elen lle+!r (n !ento %ri"!rio en !d!
ele"ento1 E.14 RrissHI6ross Hen #or"! de Rr(z6$ R&!r("IRs!r(" H!loR!d!"ente6$
R&elterIRs9elter H!tro%eRll!d!"enteL ! l! desb!nRd!d!6$ R&i,,led'IR%i,,led' Hsin Rorden
ni onRiertoL de (!l/(ier "!Rner!6$ Rti%HI6Rto% H%erR#et!"ente6$ R(%side Rdo7nL
R(%sideIRdo7n H%!t!s !Rrrib!L !l reR+0s6M R7ell$ R7ell] H\Rb(eno$ Rb(eno]6$ et1
?18@1I Cuando se forma un adverbio a partir de un ad%etivo normalmente se
aLade 5l pero /a 'ue tener en cuenta 'ue4
*+ Si el ad%etivo tiene m!s de una s(laba termina en 5, se 'uita la 5 se pone
5il. E.4 !n,r' ' U!n,ril'V Hen#!d!d!"ente6M e!s' e Ue!sil'V H#il"ente6M &!%%' '
U&!%%il'V H#eliz"ente6M "err' ' U"erril'V H!le,re"ente6M %rett' ' U%rettil'V
Hbonit!"ente6$ et1
Los !d.eti+os de (n! sol! sFl!b! nor"!l"ente onser+!n l! I' del!nte de Il'$ %ero
!l,(nos tienen l!s dos #or"!sM si tienen l!s dos #or"!s$ I'l' es ,ener!l"ente "s
(s!do1 E.14 dr' ' Udr'l'V N"enos (s!doO o Udril'V N"s (s!doOM s&' ' Us&'l'VM sl' '
Usl'l'V N"s (s!doO o Uslil'VM s%r' ' Us%r'l'VM 7r' ' U7r'l'V$ et1
*(!ndo l! I' +! %reedid! de (n! +o!l no s(ele !"bi!r %ero &!' !l,(n!s
e-e%iones1 D1 5C15<188
2+ Si el ad%etivo temina en 5e se aLade 5l. E.4 sensiti+e ' Usensiti+el'V$ #ort(n!te '
U#ort(n!tel'V$ br!+e ' Ubr!+el'V$ et1
E!' e-e%iones en l!s /(e se /(it! l! Ie !l !)!dir Il'4 d(e ' Ud(l'VM eerie e
Ueeril'VM tr(e ' Utr(l'V$ et1
2+ Si el ad%etivo termina en 5le, precedida de consonante, se 'uita la 5e se
aLade 5 en ve) de 5lM l! Ile se %(ede %ron(ni!r o"o LIelL o LIlL$ %ero l!
ter"in!i3n Il' se %ron(ni! LIliL$ no %reedid! de LeLM (!ndo l! l es oHb6s(r! se
on+ierte en l l!r! !l !)!dir I'1 E.14 R!ble ' UR!bl'VM !%!ble LR9eI%ebHe6lL '
U!%!bl'V LR9eI%ebliLM R,entle ' UR,entl'VM Rni"ble ' URni"bl'VM Rnoble ' URnobl'VM
Rnot!ble ' URnot!bl'VM R%ossible ' UR%ossibl'VM Rsensible ' URsensibl'VM Rsi"%le '
URsi"%l'VM Rs(btle ' URs(btl'V o "enos #re(ente"ente URs(btlel'V NUSAOM Rs(%%le '
Us(%%l'V LRsA%liL o URs(%%lel'V H#le-ible"ente6 N%!r! distin,(irlo de
Us(%%l'V LseR%l!IL He-isteni!sL s("inistr!r6O$ et1
-+ Si el ad%etivo termina en 5ll aLade 5M el !d+erbio se %ron(ni! (n!s +ees on
(n! sol! LlL4 #(ll L#(lL ' U#(ll'V LR#(liL H%len!"ente6$ otr!s on LllL4 d(ll LdAlL '
Ud(ll'V LRdAlliL$ ' otr!s de l!s dos "!ner!s4 droll Ldro(lL ' Udroll'V LRdro(lHl6iL1
3+ Si el ad%etivo tiene una sola s(laba 'ue termina en #l# en la pronunciacin
pero no 5ll en la escritura, se pronuncia con dos eles al anadir 5l. E.14 ool L9(4lL
' Uooll'V LR9(4lliLM %!le L%eIlL ' U%!lel'V LR%eIlliLM sole Lso(lL ' Usolel'V LRso(lliLM
+ile L+!IlL ' U+ilel'V LR+!IlliLM 7&ole ' U7&oll'V /(e %(ede %ron(ni!rse LR&o(lliL
N"s (s!doO o LR&o(liL1
6+ Si el ad%etivo tiene m!s de una s(laba termina en 5l precedida de una vocal
se aLade 5l7 l! Ill' nor"!l"ente se %ron(ni! LliL1 E.14 be!(ti#(l ' Ube!(ti#(ll'V
LIliLM !s(!l ' U!s(!ll'V LIliLM (s(!l ' U(s(!ll'V LIliL$ et1
8+ Si el ad%etivo tiene m!s de una s(laba termina en 5ic se aLade 5all, aun'ue
no tenga el correspondiente ad%etivo en 5ical. E.14 eono"i e Ueono"i!ll'VM
&'%ot&eti ' U&'%ot&eti!ll'V$ et1
E!' e-e%iones4 %oliti ' U%olitil'V N%!r! distin,(irlo de Q%oliti!lQ '
Q%oliti!ll'QOM %(bli ' U%(blil'V1
9+ Si el ad%etivo termina en 5ical se aLade 5lM en !"bos !sos l! ! %(ede
%ron(ni!rse o"o LeL o de.!rse sin %ron(ni!r1 E.4 &istori!l ' U&istori!ll'VM
lo,i!l ' Ulo,i!ll'VM %oeti!l L%o(RetI9He6lL ' U%oeti!ll'V L%o(RetI9He6liL$ et1
0+ Si el ad%etivo termina con el sufi%o 5l como en Mfriendl, /eavenl, uglM,
etc., normalmente es me%or poner Min aM D el ad%etivo D M,a# mannerM o un
adverbio similar. E.14 li+el' e Uin ! li+el' 7!'L "!nnerVM lo+el' e Uin ! lo+el'
7!'VM li9el' ' U%rob!bl'V$ et1
*(!ndo l! ter"in!i3n Il' del !d.eti+o no es (n s(#i.o o"o en Q&ol'$ .oll'$ sill'$
s(rl'Q$ se %(ede #or"!r el !d+erbio de l!s dos "!ner!s4 &olil'L in ! &ol' 7!'M
.ollil'L in ! .oll' 7!'M sillil'L in ! sill' 7!'M s(rlil'L in ! s(rl' 7!'1
?18B1I &a 5ed de los ad%etivos terminados en 5ed, cuando se aLade el sufi%o#
terminacin 5l o 5ness, puede pronunciarse4
a+ Como #5d#, si va precedido de vocal se pronuncia as( en el ad%etivo. E.14
di,ni#iedl' Hde #or"! di,n!L on di,nid!d6$ &(rriedl' H%rei%it!d!"ente6$ s(bd(edl'
LsAbRd.(4dliL ' Ls A bRd(4dliL NUSAO Hten(e"ente6$ et1
b+ Como #5Id# o #5ed#7 delante de la 5ed va una consonante 'ue no sea r7 la 5ed
del ad%etivo se pronuncia #5d#, pero en algunos se pronuncia #5Id# o #5ed# ND1
=15?CO1 E.14 !bsorbedl' LYbRso4bIdliL NGB o LIedliLO ' LYbRso4rbedliL NUSA o LIIdliLO
H!bsort!"enteL on e"beles!"iento6$ !(rsedl' LeR94sIdliL NGB o LIedliLO '
LeR94rsedliL NUSA o LIIdliLO H"!ldii3n6$ !d+isedl' LYdR+!IzIdliL o LIzeIL
Hdeliber!d!"enteL intenion!d!"ente6$ !Rlle,edl' LeRledIdliL o LIeIL
Hs(%(est!"enteL se,2n se die6$ on#ir"edl' L9enR#4"IdliL NGB o LIedliLO '
L9enR#4r"edliL NUSA o LIIdliLO Hde #or"! on#ir"!d!6$
onstr!inedl' L9ensRtreInIdliL o LIneIL H#orz!d!"ente6$ deRser+edl'$
det!&edl' LdIRtYt[IdliL$ LIt[eIL o LIt[tliL Hdes!%e,!d!"ente6$ dis,(stedl'
Hre%(,n!nte"ente6$ "!r9edl' LR"!49IdliL NGB o LIedliLO ' LR"!4r9edliL NUSA o
LIIdliLO Hde #or"! "!r!d!6$ %ro##essedl' L%roR#esIdliL o LIseIL H!biert!"enteL
!%!rente"enteL "!ni#iest!"ente6$ n!9edness Hdesn(dez6$ r(,,edl' Hs%er!"enteL
d(r!"enteL b!st!"enteL resistente"ente6$ s!redness Hs!ntid!d6$ 7i9edl' H"!ld!d6$
(nreser+edl' LAnrIRz4+IdliL NGB o LIedliLO ' LAnrIRz4r+edliL NUSA o LIIdliLO Hsin
reser+!L #r!n!"ente6$ 7ret&edness Hdes,r!i!6$ et1
c+ Como #5Id# o #5ed# unas veces como #5d# otras, dependiendo de los casos
segBn suene me%or sea m!s f!cil de pronunciar7 delante de la 5ed va una r en
la escritura. E.14 !ss(redl' LeR[(erIdliL NGB o LIedliLO ' LeR[(He6redliL NUSA
o LIIdliLO Hsin d(d!L on se,(rid!d6$ b!dIte"%eredl' LbYdRte"%edliL NGBO '
LbYdRte"%erdliL NUSAO H"!l&("or!d!"ente6$ bl(rredl' LRbl4rIdliL NGB o LRbl4dliLO
' LRbl4rdliL NUSAO Hborros!"enteL on#(s!"ente6$ %re%!redl' L%rIR%eedliL NGB
o LIerIdliL o LIeredliLO ' L%rIR%erdliL NUSA o LIerIdliL o LIeredliLO Hon %re%!r!i3n6$
et1
Al,(nos !d+erbios o"o Uboredl'$ &!r"edl'$ diso(r!,edl'$ e-%erienedl'V$ et1$
no s(en!n bien ' no se (tiliz!n !%en!s %or/(e son "s di#Files de %ron(ni!r /(e
los orres%ondientes !d+erbios Uborin,l'$ &!r"in,l'$ diso(r!,in,l'$
e-%eri"ent!ll'V$ et1$ ' %or/(e no son nees!rios '! /(e si,ni#i!n !"bos lo
"is"o1
?1:C1I &os adverbios en grado positivo pueden intensificarse o atenuarse de
varias maneras4
*+ = travs de la entonacin" se da nfasis al adverbio significa ;reall
4realmente+ D adverbio<. E.14 Ee did it R7onder#(ll' Ni re!ll' 7onder#(ll'O Hl lo
&izo "!r!+iRllos!"ente Ni re!l"ente "!r!+illos!"enteO61
2+ Tepitiendo el adverbio. E.14 S&e s!n, 7ell$ 7ell HEll! !nt3 bien$ bien61
2+ = veces se usan la palabra ;li1e< para /acer una comparacin. E.14 Ee
7or9s dili,entl' li9e 'o( Hl tr!b!.! dili,ente"ente o"o t26$ et1
Al,(nos !d+erbios %(eden ir %reedidos de QitQ h el +erbo QbeQ ' se,(idos de QtoQ h
in#initi+oM %(eden ir se,(idos de l! %re%osii3n Q#orQ h no"bre o %rono"bre
%erson!l ob.eto !ntes del in#initi+o %ero no es nees!rio en l! "!'or %!rte de los
!sos %oner l! %re%osii3n Q#orQ del!nte de (n no"bre o %rono"breM !l,(nos
%(eden ir se,(idos de (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d! /(e e"%iee on Qt&!tQ en +ez de
QtoQ h in#initi+o ' sin Q#orQ h no"bre o %rono"breM "(&os de estos !d+erbios
%(eden ir %reedidos de los !d+erbios Q! bit$ ! little$ ert!inl'$ %rett'$ /(ite$
so"e7&!t$ too$ (ndo(btedl'$ +er'Q$ et1$ o se,(idos del !d+erbio Qeno(,&Q1
Al,(nos de los "s i"%ort!ntes son4 soon$ et1 E.14 It is soon H#or &i"6 to ,o HEs
%rontoL te"%r!no %!r! ir H%!r! /(e 0l +!'!661
?1:51I Kueden usarse para formar el comparativo de igualdad4 Q!s 111 !s 111Q en
!#ir"!ti+! s3lo ' Qnot !sL so 111 !sQ en ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+!M se s(ele (s!r UsoV$
(!ndo so +! %reedido de Q/(iteQ ' (!ndo UnotV +! !ent(!do1 E.14 Ee 7!l9s !s
silentl' !s s&e does Nestnd!rOL &er Nolo/(i!lOL s&e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO
Hl !"in!L !nd! t!n silenios!"ente o"o ell!6M Does s&e s%e!9 !s lo(dL lo(dl'
!s &e does Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteOT HWE!bl!
ell! t!n !lto o"o 0lT6M I donZt 7or9 !s /(i9l' !s 'o( do Nestnd!rOL 'o( Nolo/(i!l
' liter!rioO HNo tr!b!.o t!n r%id!"ente o"o t2L Dd1L +osotrHos$ !s66M I lo+e &er !s
"(& !s Nestnd!rOL !s "(& Nolo/(i!lO or "ore t&!n l!st 'e!r HL! /(iero NoO !"o
t!nto o "s /(e el !)o %!s!do6$ et1
Se %(eden (s!r !l,(n!s %!l!br!s o"o Q!t(!ll'$ !l"ost$ !%%!rentl'$ !s ! "!tter o#
#!t$ b!si!ll'$ b' !nd l!r,e$ (rio(sl' eno(,&$ e+er' bit$ e-!tl'$ #(nd!"ent!ll'$
#(nnil' eno(,&$ &!l#$ in ! 7!'$ in brie#$ in e##et$ in #!t$ in ,ener!l$ in re!lit'$ in
t&eor'$ indeed$ .(st e-!tl'$ "!n'$ "!'be$ "(&$ ne!rl'$ not /(ite$ o# o(rse$
%er&!%s$ %res("!bl'$ re!ll'$ re,rett!bl'L re,ret#(ll'$ re%(tedl'$ ro(,&l'$ see"in,l'$
so"e&o7$ t&eoreti!ll'$ (nderst!nd!bl'$ (ndo(btedl'$ (n(s(!ll'Q$ et1$ del!nte de
Q!s 111 H!s6Q N"s (s!doO en or!iones s(bordin!d!s o"%!r!ti+!s en !#ir"!ti+! o
ne,!ti+!L Qso N%reedido de QnotL nZtQO 111 H!s6Q N"enos (s!doO en or!iones
o"%!r!ti+!s ne,!ti+!s e interro,!ti+!s$ %ero Q.(stQ ' los !d+erbios "(lti%li!dores
o"o Qt7ie$ t&ree ti"esQ ' otros n("er!les se,(idos de Qti"esQ +!n s3lo del!nte
de Q!sQ ' no de QsoQ en or!iones s(bordin!d!s o"%!r!ti+!s !#ir"!ti+!s o
ne,!ti+!s1 E.14 S&e did it !l"ostL ne!rl' !s 7ell !s I did Nestnd!rOL "e Nolo/(i!lOL I
Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO HEll! lo &izo !si t!n bien o"o 'o6M It didnZt 7or9
e+er' bit so 7ell !s t&is ot&er one HNo #(nion3 del todo t!n bien o"o este otro6M
S&e doesnZt s%e!9 .(st !s le!rl' !s Nso4 no %onerO t&e' do Nestnd!rOL t&e"
Nolo/(i!lOL t&e' Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO HEll! no &!bl! %reis!"ente t!n
l!ro o"o ellos6$ et1
Sin e"b!r,o$ (!ndo Q.(stQ no #or"! %!rte de (n! or!i3n o"%!r!ti+! %(ede ir
se,(ido de QsoQ h !d+erbio en ,r!do %ositi+o1 E.14 Ee t!l9s .(st so s!dl' Hl &!bl!
%reis!"ente t!n triste"ente61
?1:81I El adverbio comparativo de superioridad se forma con MmoreM D
adverbio graduable en grado positivo o adverbio graduable D 5er el de
inferioridad con MlessM D adverbio graduable en grado positivoM QlessQ se %(ede
(s!r on !d+erbio de (n! o "s sFl!b!sM e-isten ino ti%os de o"%!r!ti+os !de"s
del o"%!r!ti+o de i,(!ld!d '! "enion!do4
*+ Comparativo de superioridad4 el !d+erbio e-%res! !l,o /(e +! ! "s ' s(ele ir
se,(ido de Ut&!nV "s el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n$ /(e %(ede ser (n
!d+erbioL (n no"bre o sint!,"! no"in!lL (n %rono"breL (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!1
E.14 T&e b!ll 7ent 7ider t&!n be#oreL e+er HL! %elot! se des+i3 "s /(e !ntesL
n(n!6M S&e .("%ed &i,&er t&!n !ll o# (s HEll! s!lt3 "s !lto /(e todos nosotros6M I
donZt lo+e &er "ore t&!n Nestnd!rOL "ore Nolo/(i!lO or !s "(& !s l!st 'e!r HNo l!
/(iero NoO !"o "s H/(e el !)o %!s!do6 o t!nto o"o el !)o %!s!do6$ et1
*(!ndo se o"%!r!n dos (!lid!des distint!s se s(ele e"%le!r Q"oreQ h !d+erbio
,r!d(!ble o no ,r!d(!ble en ,r!do %ositi+o h Qt&!nQ se,(idoHs6 de otro !d+erbio
,r!d(!ble o no ,r!d(!ble en ,r!do %ositi+o$ %or/(e no es re!l"ente (n
o"%!r!ti+o '! /(e le #!lt! el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3nM no obst!nte$ si el
!d+erbio del!nte de Qt&!nQ es no ,r!d(!ble$ el !d+erbio detrs de Qt&!nQ tiene /(e
ser t!"bi0n no ,r!d(!ble ' !l re+0s1 E.14 Ee 7ent "ore Rdo7n7!rdHs6 Nno
,r!d(!bleO t&!n b!97!rdHs6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hl #(e "s &!i! !b!.o /(e &!i!
!trs6$ %ero QEe 7ent #(rt&er do7nQ Hl #(e "s &!i! !b!.o6M Ee 7ent "ore
#or7!rdHs6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO t&!n b!97!rdHs6 Nno ,r!d(!bleO Hl #(e "s &!i!
!del!nte /(e &!i! !trs6$ %ero QEe 7ent #(rt&er #or7!rdHs6Q Hl #(e "s &!i!
!del!nte6M S&e s!n, "ore !l"l' N,r!d(!bleO t&!n 7ell N,r!d(!bleOL r!%idl'
N,r!d(!bleO HEll! !nt3 "s tr!n/(il!"ente /(e bienL r%ido6$ et1
*(!ndo se (s!n +!rios !d+erbios %reedidos de Q"oreQ$ se %(ede s(%ri"ir Q"oreQ
des%(0s del %ri"ero$ ! no ser /(e se les /(ier! d!r 0n#!sis1 E.14 Ee did it "ore
/(i9l'$ e##iientl'$ t&!n s&e did Nestnd!rOL &er Nolo/(i!lOL s&e Nliter!rio4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO Hl lo &izo "s r%id!H"ente6$ e#iiente"ente$ /(e ell!6 ' UEe did
it "ore /(i9l'$ "ore Nen#tioO e##iientl'$ t&!n !n'bod'L !n'oneV Hl lo &izo "s
r%id!H"ente6$ "s Nen#tioO e#iiente"ente$ /(e n!die61
2+ Comparativo de inferioridad4 el !d+erbio e-%res! /(e +! ! "enos ' s(ele ir
se,(ido de Ut&!nV "s el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n$ /(e %(ede ser (n
!d+erbioL (n no"bre o sint!,"! no"in!lL (n %rono"breL (n! or!i3n s(bordin!d!1
E.14 T&is is done less interestin,l' t&!n 'o( t&in9 HEsto se &!e "enos
interes!nte"ente de lo /(e rees6M T&is boo9 7!s 7ritten less ent&(si!sti!ll' t&!n
t&!t no+el HEste libro se esribi3 on "enos ent(si!s"o /(e es!L !/(ell! no+el!6M
Does &e lo+e &er less t&!n Nestnd!rOL less Nolo/(i!lO or !s "(& !s l!st 'e!r HWL!
/(iere NoO !"! 0l "enos H/(e el !)o %!s!do6 o t!nto o"o el !)o %!s!doT6$ et1
2+ Compararativo de graduacin4 (n !d+erbio en ,r!do %ositi+o +! %reedido de
dos U"oreL lessV (nidos %or l! on.(ni3n U!ndVM +!n sin el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l!
o"%!r!i3n1 E.14 S&e &its "ore !nd "ore 7e!9l' HEll! ,ol%e! !d! +ez "s
d0bil"ente6M S&e sin,s less !nd less le!rl' HEll! !nt! !d! +ez "enos l!ro6$ et1
-+ Comparativo de accin4 el !d+erbio +! se,(ido de (n o"%le"ento$ /(e es (n!
or!i3n$ ' s(ele ir se,(ido de Ut&!nV "s el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3n1
E.14 It is "ore e!sil' s!id t&!n done HSe die "s #il"ente de lo /(e se &!e6$ et1
3+ Comparativo de proporcin4 se onstr('e %oniendo Qt&eQ del!nte de !d!
!d+erbio e indi! (n %!r!lelis"oM el !d+erbio %(ede ter"in!r en Ier o ir en ,r!do
%ositi+o %reedido de Q"oreQ$ si es o"%!r!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d$ o ir en ,r!do
%ositi+o %reedido de QlessQ$ si es o"%!r!ti+o de in#eriorid!dM se %(ede s(%ri"ir Qit
isQ %or/(e se sobrHe6entiende$ %ero si es otr! #or"! +erb!l del +erbo QbeQ no se
%(ede s(%ri"irM si es otro +erbo$ no se %(ede s(%ri"ir ni el s(.eto ni el +erboM +!n
sin el se,(ndo t0r"ino de l! o"%!r!i3nM son or!iones s(bordin!d!s !d+erbi!les
o"%!r!ti+!sM se %(ede %oner (n !d+erbio o (n no"bre t!nto en l! or!i3n %rini%!l
o"o en l! or!i3n s(bordin!d!1 E.4 T&e #!sterL /(i9er Hit is6$ t&e better Hit is6
H*(!nto "s r%idoL r%id!"ente Hes6$ "e.or Hes66M T&e #!sterL /(i9er &e ,oes$ t&e
better Hit is6 H*(!nto "s r%idoL r%id!"ente +! 0l$ "e.or Hes66M T&e "ore
e##iientl' Hit is6$ t&e better Hit is6 H*(!nto "s e#iiente"enteL e#i!z"ente Hes6$
"e.or Hes66M T&e less Hit is6$ t&e better Hit is6 H*(!nto "enos Hes6$ "e.or Hes66M T&e
"ore "one' s&e &!s$ t&e better Hit is6 H*(!nto "s dinero ten,! ell!$ "e.or Hes66M
T&e "ore &e 7or9s$ t&e less s&e &el%s &i" H*(!nto "s tr!b!.! 0l$ "enos le !'(d!
ell!6$ et1
A +ees$ no se %one Qt&eQ del!nte del %ri"ero en in,l0s liter!rio1 E.14 S&e 7ent
#!ster$ t&e "ore s&e dro+e H*(!nto "s ond(F! ell!$ "s r%ido ib!61
Los !d+erbios interro,!ti+os ' rel!ti+os$ "(&os !d+erbios de l(,!r$ de tie"%o$ de
!ntid!d (!ndo se (s!n o"o intensi#i!dores del!nte de (n !d.eti+o$ no s(elen ir
en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! o s(%erl!ti+!1
?1::1I &os adverbios forman el comparativo el superlativo de superioridad
de la siguiente manera4
*+ &os siguientes adverbios forman el comparativo superlativo de forma
irregular" b!dl' H"!lL "('L "(&o6$ 7orse H%eor6$ 7orst Hel$ l!L los$ l!s %eor6M #!r
Hle.os6$ #!rt&er N"enos (s!doOL #(rt&er N"s (s!doM Q#(rt&erQ %(ede ser t!"bi0n
!d+erbio onetor ' si,ni#i! Q!de"sQO H"s le.os6$ #!rt&est N"enos (s!doOL
#(rt&est N"s (s!doO HelL l!L losL l!s /(e "s le.os6M l!te Ht!rde6$ l!ter H"s t!rde6$
l!test HelL l!L losL l!s /(e "s t!rde6L l!st Hen 2lti"o l(,!rL l! 2lti"! +ezL %or 2lti"!
+ez6M little H%ooL %o!6$ less H"enos6$ Ht&e6 le!st HelL l!L losL l!s /(e "enos6M "(&
H"(&oL "(&!6$ "ore H"s6$ Ht&e6 "ost Hel$ l!L los$ l!s /(e "s6M 7ell Hbien6$
better H"e.or6$ best Hel$ l!L los$ l!s "e.or661 E.4 b!dl' e-%l!ined H"!l e-%li!do6M
b!dl' &(rtL "ist!9en H"(' &eridoL e/(i+o!do6M T&e' need 'o( b!dl' HTe
neesit!n "(&o6M T&e' 7ent #!rt&erL #(rt&er HF(eron "s !ll6M T&e' 7ent
#!rt&estL #(rt&est HEr!n los /(e "s le.os #(eron6M S&e !rri+ed l!te HEll! lle,3 t!rde6M
Ee !rri+ed l!ter Hl lle,3 "s t!rde6M T&e' !rri+ed l!test HF(eron los /(e "s t!rde
lle,!ron6M Ee !rri+ed l!st Hl lle,3 en 2lti"o l(,!r6M >&en did 'o( l!st see &erT
HW*(ndo l! +iste l!L %or 2lti"! +ezT6M Ee ,oes o(t little Hl s!le %oo6M S&e is Ht&e6
le!st onerned o# t&e #o(r HEll! es l! "enos %reo(%!d! de lHos$ !s6 (!tro6M >&i&
.!9et s(its "e Ht&e6 bestT HWJ(0 &!/(et! "e /(ed! "e.orT6$ et1
*on los +erbos QneedQ ' Q7!ntQ se neesit! (s!r Q"ore b!dl'Q en GB %ero en USA
se %(eden (s!r l!s dos #or"!s4 "ore b!dl' NoO 7orseM en in,l0s liter!rio se %(ede
(s!r QillQ en +ez de Qb!dl'Q1 E.14 Ee be&!+ed ill to7!rds &is %!rents Hl se %ort3 "!l
on s(s %!dres61
2+ &os adverbios de una sola s(laba Mclose, deep, fast, /ard, long, near, soon,
,ideM, normalmente aLaden las terminaciones 5er para el comparativo de
superioridad 5est para el superlativo de superioridad4 &!rd Hd(r!"enteL d(ro6$
&!rder H"s d(r!"enteL d(ro6$ &!rdest HelL l!L losL l!s /(e "s d(r!"enteL d(ro6$
l!te Ht!rdeL on retr!so6$ l!ter H"s t!rde6$ l!test HelL l!L losL l!s /(e "s t!rde61 E.4
S&e !rri+ed ne!r HEll! lle,3 er!6M Ee !rri+ed ne!rer Hl lle,3 "s er!6M T&e'
!rri+ed ne!rest HF(eron los /(e "s er! lle,!ron6$ et1
No obst!nte$ !l,(nos de ellos %(eden ir %reedidos de Q"oreQ %!r! el o"%!r!ti+o
de s(%eriorid!d ' de U"ostV %!r! el s(%erl!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d$ sobre todo (!ndo
son (s!dos detrs de (n +erbo o%(l!ti+o ' +!n se,(idos de (n! or!i3n
s(bordin!d! /(e e"%iee %or Ut&!nV1 E.14 S&e 7or9ed lon,er N"s (s!doOL "ore
lon, N"enos (s!doO t&!n &e did Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO HEll! tr!b!.!b! "s tie"%o /(e 0l61
Los !d+erbios Qlo(d$ /(i9$ slo7Q$ %(eden !)!dir l!s ter"in!iones Ier %!r! el
o"%!r!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d ' Iest %!r! el s(%erl!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d$ %ero es
"e.or %oner Q"oreQ %!r! el o"%!r!ti+o ' Q"ostQ %!r! el s(%erl!ti+o h Qlo(dl'$
/(i9l'$ slo7l'Q1 E.14 T&e' o"eL ,o "ore !nd "ore /(i9l' Nestnd!rOL /(i9er
!nd /(i9er Nolo/(i!lO HDienenL D!n !d! +ez "s r%ido61
Sin e"b!r,o$ no s(elen to"!r Q"oreQ ni Q"ostQ los !d+erbios irre,(l!res
"enion!dos en 56 ' los si,(ientes de (n! sol! sFl!b!4 &e!%$ #!st$ &!rd Hen sentido
#Fsio6$ &i,&$ lo7$ ne!r$ l!te$ lon,$ t&i9$ t&in$ 7ide1
2+ Si tienen dos s(labas, pr!cticamente todos pueden ir precedidos de MmoreM
para el comparativo de superioridad de ;most< para el superlativo de
superioridad1 Unicamente pueden aLadir la terminacin 5er para el
comparativo de superioridad 5est para el superlativo de superioridad los
siguientes adverbios" earl Hte"%r!no6$ ;eas< en el comparativo4 E!sier s!id
t&!n done NoO More e!sil' s!id t&!n done HEs "s #il deirlo /(e &!erlo6$ o#ten$
seldo"$ %ero estos dos 2lti"os #or"!n nor"!l"ente el o"%!r!ti+o ' s(%erl!ti+o
de s(%eriorid!d on Q"oreQ ' Q"ostQ re%eti+!"ente1
Los !d+erbios /(e tienen l! "is"! #or"! /(e los !d.eti+os #or"!n el o"%!r!ti+o
' s(%erl!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d de l! "is"! "!ner!1
-+ Si tienen tres o m!s s(labas suelen ir precedidos de ;more< para el
comparativo de superioridad de ;most< para el superlativo de superioridad4
be!(ti#(ll' H&er"os!"ente6$ dr!"!ti!ll' Hdr!"ti!"ente6$ ridi(lo(sl'
HridF(l!"ente6$ %r!ti!ll' H%rti!"ente6$ et1 E.14 7onder#(ll'
H"!r!+illos!"ente6$ "ore 7onder#(ll' H"s "!r!+illos!"ente6 ' U"ost
7onder#(ll'V Hde l! #or"! "s "!r!+illos!61
3+ Con excepcin de los irregulares, cual'uier adverbio de una o m!s s(labas
'ue pueda formar el comparativo superlativo de superioridad aLadiendo las
terminaciones 5er 5est respectivamente puede aLadir, no obstante, MmoreM
MmostM cuando est! en paralelismo con otro adverbio precedido de Mmore,
most, less, leastM1 E.14 T&e 9ite ,oes "ore &i,& !nd "ore slo7l' t&!n t&is #l' HL!
o"et! +! "s !lt! ' "s des%!io /(e est! "os!61
En !so de /(e no se ("%l! est! re,l! se %onen sie"%re %ri"ero los o"%!r!ti+os
' s(%erl!ti+os de s(%eriorid!d ter"in!dos en Ier ' Iest ' l(e,o los %reedidos de
Q"oreQ ' Q"ostQ1 E.14 S&e "!de it /(i9er No U"ore /(i9l'VO !nd "ore &e!%l'
t&!n 7e did Nestnd!rOL (s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO HEll! lo
&izo "s r%id!"enteL r%ido ' "s b!r!to /(e nosotros61
6+ &a maor parte de los adverbios toman MmoreM MmostM para formar el
comparativo superlativo de superioridad los adverbios 'ue se forman
aLadiendo 5l aLaden MmoreM MmostM en el comparativo superlativo de
superioridad respectivamente tengan las s(labas 'ue tengan con excepcin del
irregular MbadlM1 E.14 Ee s!n, "ore !"(sin,l' Hl !nt3 de #or"! "s di+ertid!L
,r!ios!L entretenid!6M "ost !l(l!tin,l' Hde #or"! "(' !l(l!dor!L de l! #or"!
"s !l(l!dor!6$ "ore &!r"in,l' Hde #or"! "s en!nt!dor!6M S&e !ted "ost
&!r"in,l' HEll! !t(3 de #or"! "(' en!nt!dor!L de l! #or"! "s en!nt!dor!6M
T&e' sol+ed it "ost interestin,l' HLo sol(ion!ron de #or"! "(' interes!nteL de l!
#or"! "s interes!nte6M O# t&e t7o "en$ &e be&!+ed t&e "ore %olitel' HDe los dos
&o"bres$ 0l se o"%ort3 "s ort0s"ente6M "ore s(r%risin,l' H"s
sor%rendente"enteL de #or"! "s sor%rendenteL "s !so"bros!"enteL de #or"!
"s !so"bros!6$ et1
?1:;1I E!' (n! serie de adverbios 'ue son no graduables %or/(e no %(eden
#or"!r el o"%!r!ti+o se,(idos de Ier o %reedidos de U"oreV ni el s(%erl!ti+o
se,(idos de Iest o %reedidos de U"ostVM los !d+erbios no ,r!d(!bles no %(eden ir
%reedidos de nin,2n !d+erbio de ?1:= ni de ?1;5 /(e +!'! se,(ido s3lo de
!d+erbios ,r!d(!blesM los !d+erbios no ,r!d(!bles son4 ! #ortiori Nliter!rioO Hon
"!'or r!z3n6$ !bdo"in!ll'$ !bio,eneti!ll'$ !bo!rd$ !borti+el'$ !bo(t$ !bro!d$
!bsol(tel'$ !(s!ti+el'$ !idi"etri!ll'$ !o(sti!ll'$ !roni!ll' NUSAOL
!ron'!ll' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !ron'&!ll' NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ !tion!bl'$
!t(!ll'$ !ddition!ll'$ !d.eti+!ll'$ !d"ittedl'$ !do%ti+el'$ !d+erbi!ll'$
!erobiolo,i!ll'$ !eron!(ti!ll'$ !#!r$ !#ield$ !#ire$ !#l!"e$ !#lo!t$ !#ore N!r!ioO$
!#res&$ !#ter$ !#ternoons NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ R!#ter7!rd NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL
R!#ter7!rds NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ !,!in$ !,!inst$ !,,re,!tel'$ !,o$ !,ri(lt(r!ll'$
!,robiolo,i!ll'$ !,rolo,i!ll'$ !l!s$ !l&e"i!ll'$ !l,olo,i!ll'$ !ll$ !lle,edl'$ !ll
ri,&t Nestnd!rOL !lri,&t Nolo/(i!lO$ !l"i,&til'$ !l"ost$ !lo(d$ !l%&!beti!ll'$
!lre!d'$ !lti"etri!ll'$ !"%&ibio(sl'$ !"%&ibolo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ !"%&it&e!tri!ll'$
!n!erobi!ll'$ !n!,r!""!ti!ll'$ !n!lo,i!ll'$ !n!ll'$ !n!l'ti!ll'$ !lso$ !ltoR,et&er$
!l7!'s$ !"iss$ !"or!ll'$ !n!to"i!ll'$ !Rne7 Nliter!rioO$ !nn(!ll'$ !nteedentl'$ !nte
"eridie"L !1"1L !"L A1M1L AM$ !nten!t!ll'$ !nt&ro%olo,i!ll'$ !nt&ro%o"etri!ll'$
!ntibioti!ll'$ !ntiIelesiR!sti!ll'$ !ntit&eti!ll'$ R!n'&o7L R!n'7!'L R!n'7!'s
NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ !n' R"ore NGB %rini%!l"enteOL !n'R"ore NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$
!n't&in,$ R!n' ti"eL R!n'ti"e$ R!n'7&ereL R!n'%l!e NoO R!n' %l!e NUSAO$ !%!rt$
!%i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ !R%iee N+! s3lo detrs del no"breO$ !%%!rentl'$ ! %roR%os LR%o(L
Nliter!rioO$ !%%ro-i"!tel'$ !/(!ti!ll'$ !rbore!ll'$ !r&!eolo,i!ll' NGB
%rini%!l"enteOL !r&eolo,i!ll' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ !r&itet(r!ll'$ !ri,&t
Nliter!rioO$ !rit&R"eti!ll'$ !r&itet(r!ll'$ !ro(nd$ !s$ !side$ !sti,"!ti!ll'$
!strolo,i!ll'$ !stron!(ti!ll'$ !s'"%toti!ll' Nliter!rioO$ !to"i!ll'$ !ttrib(ti+el'$
!sti,"!ti$ !(diolo,i!ll'$ !(ri(l!rl'$ !(to,r!%&i!ll'$ !+er!,el'$ !R7&ile$ b!97!rd
NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL Rb!97!rds NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ b!teriid!ll'$
b!teriolo,i!ll'$ b!llisti!ll'$ b!n,$ b!rel'$ b!ro"etri!ll'$ b!si!ll'$ be!stl'$ be#ore$
beR#ore&!nd$ be&!+io(r!ll' NGBOL be&!+ior!ll' NUSAO$ be&ind$ belo7$ besides$
bet7i-t$ be'ond$ biR!nn(!ll'$ bibli!ll'$ biblio,r!%&i!ll'$ bi,!"o(sl'$ bil!ter!ll'$
bino"i!ll'$ bio&e"i!ll'$ bioeolo,i!ll'$ bio,eneti!ll'$ bio,eo,r!%&i!ll'$
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bi%!rtitel'$ bise-(!ll'$ bis'""etri!ll'$ Rblind#old$ blood' N+(l,!rO$ bloo"in, NGB4
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!lori"etri!ll'$ !rdio,r!%&i!ll'$ !t!&resti!ll'$ !te&eti!ll'$ !t&odi!ll'$
!to%tri!ll' Nliter!rioO$ !(s!lll'$ e!selessl'$ *elti!ll'L Aelti!ll'$ entri#(,!ll'$
entri%et!ll'$ &!r,e!bl'$ H&6!rto,r!%&i!ll'$ &e"i!ll'$ &e"(r,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$
&irolo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ &or!ll'$ &oro,r!%&i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ &rono,r!""!ti!ll'
Nliter!rioO$ &rono"etri!ll'$ ir(l!rl'$ leri!ll'$ li"!ti!ll'$ li"!tolo,i!ll'$
oe+!ll' Nliter!rioO$ o,niti+el'$ oinident!ll'$ olori"etri!ll'$ o""(t!ti+el'$
o"%!r!ti+el'$ o"%le"ent!ll'$ onei+!bl'$ ondition!ll'$ on,re,!tion!ll'$
oni!ll'$ onneti+el'$ onst!ntl'$ onstit(tion!ll'$ onstr(tion!ll'$ ons(lt!ti+el'$
Rons(""!tel'$ ons("%ti+el'$ onti,(o(sl'$ ontin(!ll'$ ontin(o(sl'$
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orreti+el'$ orrel!ti+el'$ orti!ll' Nliter!rioO$ os"eti!ll'$ os"i!ll'$
os"o,r!%&i!ll'$ os"olo,i!ll'$ osti+el'$ oRter"ino(sl'$ r!ni!ll'$
r!niolo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ r!nio"etri!ll' Nliter!rioO$ ret!eo(sl'$ ri"inolo,i!ll'$
RrossIRo(ntr'$ r'%to,r!%&i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ r'st!llo,r!%&i!ll'$ (lt(r!ll'$
("(l!ti+el'$ (rrentl'$ (sto"!ril'$ 'berneti!ll'$ 'li!ll'$ 'lindri!ll'$
'to,eneti!ll' Nliter!rioO$ 'tolo,i!ll'$ d!il'$ d!"nHed6 N+(l,!rO$ d!ti+el'$
de!t&lessl'$ dei"!ll'$ de"o,r!%&i!ll'$ dendro&ronolo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$
deno"in!tion!ll'$ de%!rt"ent!ll'$ det!&!bl'$ de(edl'$ de+elo%"ent!ll'$
de+otion!ll'$ di!riti!ll'$ di!,r!""!ti!ll'$ di!letolo,i!ll'$ di!"etri!ll'$
dieteti!ll'$ di,it!ll'$ dio%tri!ll'$ disRretel'$ disR.(nti+el'$ diss'""etri!ll'$
disRtrib(ti+el'$ diRtr!nsiti+el'$ di(rn!ll'$ di+isibl'$ dotrin!ll'$ do,,o NGB4 olo/(i!lO$
Rdo(bleIR/(i9$ do(bl'$ Rdo7n7!rdHs6$ do-olo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ dr!"!t(r,i!ll'$
dri%%in,$ d(l'$ d'n!sti!ll'$ Re!rt&7!rd NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL Re!rt&7!rds NGB
%rini%!l"enteO$ e!st$ Re!st7!rd NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL Re!st7!rds NGB
%rini%!l"enteO$ elesi!sti!ll'$ elesiolo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ ed,e7!'s$ eleti+el'$
eRletor!ll'$ eRletri!ll'$ eletro&e"i!ll'$ eletro"!,Rneti!ll'$
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entre Rno(s$ en+ironR"ent!ll'$ e%e-e,eti!ll' Nliter!rioO$ e%ide"i!ll'$
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e%isodi!ll' Nliter!rioO$ e/(i+!lentl'$ es%ei!ll'$ eRssenti!ll'$ etern!ll'$
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e(dio"etri!ll' Nliter!rioO$ e+enin,s$ eR+ent(!ll'$ e+erl!stin,l'$ e+erR"ore Nliter!rioO$
Re+er'7&ereL Re+er'%l!e NoO Re+er' %l!e NUSAO$ e+identl'$ e-ellentl'$
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#i-edl'$ #orRe+erL #or Re+er NGBO$ #or"erl'$ #ort&R7it& Nliter!rioO$ #ortissi"o$
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,!in#(ll'$ G!leni!ll' Nliter!rioO$ ,!l+!ni!ll'$ ,!l+!no"etri!ll'$ ,!"o,eneti!ll'
Nliter!rioO$ ,!stroRno"i!ll'$ ,ene!Rlo,i!ll'$ ,eRneti!ll'$ ,enot'%i!ll'$
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,l!nd(l!rl'L ,l!nd(lo(sl'$ ,no"i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ ,no"oni!ll' Nliter!rioO$
,nosti!ll' Nliter!rioO$ ,onio"etri!ll' Nliter!rioO$ ,o+ernR"ent!ll'$ ,r!R""!ti!ll'$
,r!n(l!rl'$ ,r!+i"etri!ll'$ ,r!+it!tion!ll'$ &!Rbit(!ll'$ &!l#$ &!rdl'$ R&e!dlon,$
&ebdo"!d!ll'$ Eebr!i!ll'$ Eebr!isti!ll'$ &eli!!ll'$ &eli!ll'$ &elio,r!%&i!ll'
Nliter!rioO$ &elio"etri!ll' Nliter!rioO$ Eelleni!ll'$ &ene Nliter!rioO$ &eneR#ort&
Nliter!rioOL &eneR#or7!rd Nliter!rioOL &eneR#or7!rds Nliter!rio4 GBO$ &er!ldi!ll'$
&erb!eo(sl'$ &ere$ &ere!Rbo(ts NGBOL &ere!Rbo(t NUSAO$ &ereR!#ter N!r!ioO$ &ereRb'
N"s (s!doOL R&ereb' Nliter!rioO$ &eredit!ril'$ &ereRin Nliter!rioO$ &ereinR!#ter N!r!ioO$
&ereo# N!r!ioO$ &ereRto Nliter!rioO$ &ereto#ore N!r!ioO$ &ere(nder N!r!ioO$
&ere(%on Nliter!rioO$ &ereR7it& Nliter!rioO$ &er"ene(ti!ll' Nliter!rioO$ &er"eti!ll'$
&er%etolo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ &eterose-(!ll'$ &e-!,on!ll'$ &isto&e"i!ll' Nliter!rioO$
&istolo,i!ll'$ &istorio,r!%&i!ll'$ &it&er Nliter!rioO$ &it&erRto Nliter!rioO$ &olisti!ll'$
&olo,r!%&i!ll'$ &o"eo%!t&i!ll'L &o"oeo%!t&i!ll' NGBO$ &o"olo,i!ll'
Nliter!rioO$ &orizont!ll'$ &or"on!ll'$ &o7$ &o7e+er$ &o7soRe+er Nliter!rioO$
&'dr!(li!ll'$ &'dro,r!%&i!ll'$ &'drolo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ &'dro"etri!ll'
Nliter!rioO$ &'dro%!t&i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ &'drost!ti!ll' Nliter!rioO$ &'eto,r!%&i!ll'
Nliter!rioO$ &',roso%i!ll'$ &'%erboli!ll'$ &'%erRriti!ll'$ &'%er%&'si!ll'$
&'%so"etri!ll' Nliter!rioO$ i&no,r!%&i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ i&t&'olo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$
iono,r!%&i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ ionolo,i!ll'$ ide!ll'$ identi!ll'$ ideo,r!%&i!ll'$
illiitl'$ i""ensel'$ i""(nolo,i!ll'$ i"%!ss!bl'$ i"%er!ti+el'$ i"R%eri!ll'$
i"%erR"issibl'$ i"%ossibl'$ in!%%li!bl'$ in R!"er!$ in&o!tel'$ ino""(ni!do$
inontest!bl'$ inontroR+ertibl'$ inRorri,ibl'$ inoRrr(%tibl'$ inre!sin,l'$
inre"ent!ll'$ in(r!bl'$ indeed$ inde-i!ll'$ indi,eno(sl'$ inRdoors$ ind(ti+el'$
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initi!ll'$ ino%er!bl'$ ins&ore$ inside$ inside o(t$ in sit( Nliter!rioO$ inst!ntl'$
inst!nt!neo(sl'$ inRste!d$ inRstinti+el'L inRstint(!ll'$ int!n,ibl'$ inte,r!ll'$
intention!ll'$ interiorl'$ interline!rl'L interline!ll'$ interR"edi!tel'$ intern!ll'$
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Nliter!rioO$ inRto-i!ntl'$ intr!+eno(sl'$ intrinsi!ll'$ in+!l(!bl'$ in+ersel'$ in+inibl'$
in+iol!bl'$ in+(lner!bl'$ iodo"etri!ll'$ iriRdesentl'$ irreonRil!bl'$ irreRdee"!bl'$
irre%!r!bl'$ in7!rdHs6$ i%so R#!to Nliter!rioO$ irres%eti+el'$ iso"etri!ll' Nliter!rioO$
j!obini!ll'$ .ointl'$ j(d!i!ll'$ .(d,"!ti!ll'$ .(dii!ll'$ 9ineti!ll'$ l!bi!ll'$
l!b'rint&i!ll'$ l!n9l'$ l!r,el'$ l!r'n,olo,i!ll'$ l!r'n,oso%i!ll'$ l!stl'$ l!tel'$
l!tentl'$ l!ter!ll'$ l!tterl'$ l!7#(ll'$ Rle!seHI6&old$ le!st7!'sL le!st7ise NUSAO$
Rle#tIR&!ndedl'$ le,!ll'$ len,t&7!'sL len,t&7ise$ less$ le+ell'$ le+iti!ll'$ le-i!ll'$
le-io,r!%&i!ll'$ le-iolo,i!ll'$ li9e7ise$ li"itlessl'$ li"nolo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$
line!ll'$ line!rl'$ lin,erin,l'$ lin,(isti!ll'$ li/(idl'$ lit&o,r!%&i!ll'$ lit&olo,i!ll'$
lit(r,i!ll'$ lo!ll'$ loo"oti+el'$ lo,!rit&"i!ll'$ lo,isti!ll'$ lo,o,r!%&i!ll'$
lon,7!'sL lon,7ise NUSAO$ lo-odro"i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ l(9e7!r"l'$ "!inl'$
"!nd!toril'$ "!ni!!ll'$ "!ni#estl'$ "!ni#oldl' Nliter!rioO$ "!no"etri!ll'$
"!n(!ll'$ "!t&lessl'$ "!t&e"!ti!ll'$ "!-i"!ll'$ "!'be$ "e!nti"eL "e!n7&ile$
"e!s(r!bl'$ "edi!ll'$ "ediin!ll'$ "edie+!ll'L "edi!e+!ll' NGB %rini%!l"enteO$
"e"br!no(sl'$ "ent!ll'$ "erilessl'$ "erel'$ "eridion!ll'$ "es"eri!ll'$
"et!boli!ll'$ "et!ll(r,i!ll'$ "et!%&r!sti!ll' Nliter!rioO$ "et!%&'si!ll'$
"et!t&eti!ll' Nliter!rioO$ "ete"%iri!ll'$ "eteorolo,i!ll'$ Met&odisti!ll'$
"et&odolo,i!ll'$ "etrolo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ "irobiolo,i!ll'$ "irolo,i!ll'$
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"on!r&i!ll'$ "on!sti!ll'$ "ono&roR"!ti!ll'$ "oRno,!"o(sl'$
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"ort!ll'$ "os!i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ "ostl'$ R"otionlessl' Nno ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s
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"(ltiRr!i!ll'$ "(nii%!ll'$ "(siolo,i!ll'$ "(tel'$ "(t(!ll'$ "'olo,i!ll'$
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%reedido de UsoL +er'VO$ nerolo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ neolo,i!ll'$ neolo,isti!ll'$
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ne7l'$ not(rn!ll'$ nod!ll'$ no&o7 N+(l,!rO$ no"in!ti+el'$ no"o,r!%&i!ll'$
no"olo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ none N+! se,(ido de Qt&eQ h !d.eti+oL !d+erbio en ,r!do
o"%!r!ti+o de s(%eriorid!d ND1 ;18?$ ?1:=O ' de Qtoo N"s (s!doOL so N"enos
(s!doOQ h !d.eti+oL !d+erbio en ,r!do %ositi+o ND1;1:518$ ?1;518OO$ nonet&eless$ no%e
Nolo/(i!lO$ Rnort&Re!st7!rd NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL Rnort&Re!st7!rds NGB
%rini%!l"enteO$ Rnort&7!rd NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL Rnort&7!rds NGB
%rini%!l"enteO$ Rnort&R7est7!rd NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL Rnort&R7est7!rds NGB
%rini%!l"enteO$ nosolo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ not$ not&in,$ notion!ll'$ no7$ Rno7!d!'s$
Rno7&ereL Rno%l!e NoO Rno %l!e NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ n(del'$ n("berlessl'$
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Nliter!rioO$ o"ni%otentl' Nliter!rioO$ o"nisientl'$ o"ni+oro(sl'$ one$
oneiroriti!ll' Nliter!rioO$ Ron7!rd NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL Ron7!rds NGB
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o%&t&!l"olo,i!ll'$ o%t!ti+el'$ o%ti!ll'$ o%tion!ll'$ or!ll'$ or!tori!ll'$ o%tion!l$
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%rini%!l"enteO$ %!l!eo,r!%&i!ll' NGBOL %!leo,r!%&i!ll' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$
%!l!eontolo,i!ll' NGBOL %!leontolo,i!ll' NUSA %rini%!l"enteO$ %!lli!ti+el'$
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%o"olo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ %ort!bl'$ %ossibl'$ %oste rest!nte NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
,ener!l deli+er' NUSAO$ %osRteriorl'$ %ost&("o(sl'$ %ost "eridie"L %1"1L %"L P1M1L
PM$ %ostn(%ti!ll'$ %otenti!ll'$ %r!ti!ll'$ %reession!ll'$ %relini!ll'$ %redi!ti+el'$
%rediti+el'$ %reHI6e"%ti+el'$ %re#!toril'L %re#!tori!ll'$ %re#i-!ll'$ %rel!ti!ll'$
%re"edi!ll'$ %re%!r!toril'L %re%!r!ti+el'$ %re%onder!ntl'$ %re%osition!ll'$ %resentl'$
%res("!bl'$ %re+enti+el'$ %re+io(sl'$ %ri"!ril'$ %rini%!ll'$ %ristinel'$ %ri+il'
Nliter!rioO$ %rob!tion!ll'$ %roed(r!ll'$ %ro#essori!ll'$ %ro%&eti!ll'$ %ro%&'l!ti!ll'$
%ro%rietori!ll'$ %rosodi!ll'$ %roso%o,r!%&i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ %rost&eti!ll'$
%se%&olo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ %s'&i!tri!ll'$ %s'&i!ll'$ %s'&o!n!l'ti!ll'$
%s'&obiolo,i!ll'$ %s'&o"etri!ll'$ %s'&o%&'si!ll'$ %(s&in,l'$ %'r!"idi!ll'$
%'ro&e"i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ %'ro"etri!ll'$ %'rote&ni!ll'$ /(!dr(%l'$ /(ite$
/(odlibeti!ll' Nliter!rioO$ r!bbini!ll'$ r!i!ll'$ r!di!ll'$ r!diobiolo,i!ll'$
r!diolo,i!ll'$ r!tHe6!bl'$ r!t&er$ re!ll'$ reessi+el'$ rei%ro!ll'$ ret!ll'$
retiline!rl'$ re("bentl' Nliter!rioO$ re(rrentl'$ rede"%ti+el'$ reddis&l'$
re#le-i+el'$ re,!rdless$ re,ion!ll'$ re,rett!bl'$ re"edi!ll'$ re"ittentl'$ re"o+!bl'$
re%e!tedl'$ re%ortedl'$ residenti!ll'$ res%eti+el'$ reti(l!tel'$ retros%eti+el'$
re+ersion!ll'$ r&e("!toid!ll'$ ri,&t$ ri,&tl'$ ri,&t#(ll'$ roent,enolo,i!ll' N"s
(s!doOL r{nt,enolo,i!ll'$ rot!ti+el'$ r(bri!ll' Nliter!rioO$ r(ino(sl'$ s!erdot!ll'$
s!ri#ii!ll'$ s!rtori!ll'$ seno,r!%&i!ll'$ sorb(ti!ll'$ sri%t(r!ll'$ sro#(lo(sl'$
se!"lessl'$ seondHl'6$ seond!ril'$ setion!ll'$ sedi"ent!ril'$ se,"ent!ll'$
see"in,l'$ seis"i!ll'$ seis"olo,i!ll'$ seleno,r!%&i!ll'$ se"!nti!ll'$
se"!%&ori!ll'$ se"!siolo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ se"il!ssi!ll'$ se"is!tiri!ll'$
sententi!ll'$ se%!r!tel'$ se%tenni!ll'$ se/(entl'$ se/(enti!ll'$ serolo,i!ll'$
ses/(ientenni!ll'$ se+er!ll' Nliter!rioO$ se-!n,(l!rl'$ se-enni!ll'$ RsideIRon NGBO$
RsideHI6s!ddle$ side7!'s$ si,&tlessl'$ si,n!ll'$ sil+i(lt(r!ll' Nliter!rioO$
si"(lt!neo(sl'$ sine$ sin,l'$ sinistr!ll' Nliter!rioO$ sinistrorsell' Nliter!rioO$
sin(soid!ll'$ s9'7!rd NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL s9'7!rds NGB %rini%!l"enteO$
s"!9L Rs"!9Ib!n, NGBO NoO s"!9IRb!n, NGBOL Rs"!9Id!b NUSAO H.(sto6$ so$
soiet!ll'$ soioeono"i!ll'$ soiolo,i!ll'$ soleisti!ll'$ solel'$ so"!ti!ll'$
so"!tolo,i!ll'$ so"e d!' N"s (s!doOL so"ed!'$ Rso"e&o7L Rso"e7!' NUSA
%rini%!l"ente4 olo/(i!lOL Rso"e7!'s NUSA4 olo/(i!lO$ Rso"eti"es$ so"e7&!t$
so"e7&ereL Rso"e%l!e NoO Rso"e %l!e NUSAO$ Rso(t&HI6Re!st7!rd NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOL Rso(t&HI6Re!st7!rds NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ Rso(t&7!rd NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOL Rso(t&7!rds NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ Rso(t&HI6R7est7!rd NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOL Rso(t&HI6R7est7!rds NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ so+erei,nl'$ s%!sti!ll'$
s%ei!ll'$ s%etroso%i!ll'$ s%ee&lessl'$ s/(!rel'$ st!inlessl' Nno ,r!d(!ble en
in,l0s estnd!r ' ,r!d(!ble en in,l0s +(l,!rO$ st!l!,"iti!ll'$ st!tion!ril'$
st!tisti!ll'$ st!t(toril'$ steno,r!%&i!ll'$ stereo,r!%&i!ll'$ stereo%&oni!ll'$
steri!ll'$ Rsto9IRstill$ sto"!&i!ll'$ str!i,&t$ str!i,&t!R7!'L str!i,&t Ro##$ str!i,&tl'$
str!te,i!ll'$ str!ti,r!%&i!ll'$ stroboso%i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ stro%&i!ll'$ str(t(r!ll'$
st'lo,r!%&i!ll'$ s(b!%i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ s(blini!ll'$ s(bRonsio(sl'$
s(b(Rt!neo(sl'$ s(bRli"in!ll'$ s(Rbordin!tel'$ Rs(bse/(entl'$ s(bRsidi!ril'$
s(bsRt!nti!ll'$ s(bst!nRti+!ll'$ s(essi+el'$ s(nlessl'$ s(n7!rd NUSA
%rini%!l"enteOL s(n7!rds NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ s(%erR&("!nl'$ s(%erl!ti+el'$
s(%ern!t(r!ll'$ s(%erRsoni!ll'$ s(%inel'$ s(%%le"ent!ril' N"s (s!doOL
s(%%le"ent!ll'$ s(%%orti+el'$ s(%%osedl'$ s(%r!Rn!tion!ll'$ s(%re"el'$ s(rel'$
s(r,i!ll'$ s7inis&l'$ s'll!bi!ll'$ s'llo,isti!ll'$ s'"%to"!ti!ll'$ s'n!%ti!ll'$
s'nedo&i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ s'neolo,i!ll'$ s'non'"i!ll'$ s'non'"o(sl'$
s'nt!ti!ll'$ s'nt&eti!ll'$ s'%&iliti!ll'$ s'ste"i!ll'$ t!&eo"etri!ll' NGBO$
t!&o"etri!ll'$ t!&',r!%&i!ll'$ t!&'"etri!ll'$ t!itl'$ t!t(!ll'$ t!n,enti!ll'$
t!-!bl'$ Rt!-IR#ree$ te!rlessl'$ te&nolo,i!ll'$ teetot!ll'$ tele"etri!ll'$ teleolo,i!ll'$
tele+ision!ll'$ ter"in!bl'$ ter"in!ll'$ ter"inolo,i!ll'$ terri#i!ll'$ territori!ll'$
Te(toni!ll'$ te-t(r!ll'$ t&eisti!ll'$ t&e"!ti!ll'$ t&en$ t&ene Nliter!rioO$ t&ene#ort&
N!r!ioOL t&ene#or7!rd Nliter!rioOL t&ene#or7!rds Nliter!rio4 GB %rini%!l"enteO$
t&eolo,i!ll'$ t&eoso%&i!ll'$ t&ere$ t&ere!bo(tsL t&ere!bo(t NUSAO$ t&ereR!#ter
Nliter!rioO$ t&ereRb' Nliter!rioO$ t&ereR#or N!r!ioO$ Rt&ere#ore$ t&ereR#ro" N!r!ioO$
t&ereRin N!r!ioO$ t&erein!#ter N!r!ioO$ t&ereRo# N!r!ioO$ t&ereon N!r!ioO$ t&ereRto
N!r!ioO$ t&ere(nder N!r!ioO$ t&ere(%on Nliter!rioO$ t&ereR7it& Nliter!rioO$
t&er"o&e"i!ll'$ t&er"od'n!"i!ll'$ t&er"oeletri!ll'$ t&er"o"etri!ll'$
t&er"oso%i!ll'$ t&is$ t&it&er N!r!ioO$ t&oro(,&l'$ t&o(,&$ t&ree ti"es$ t&rie
N!r!ioO$ t&ro(,&Ro(t$ t&(s Nliter!rioO$ tid!ll'$ ti"elessl'$ tit!ni!ll'$ tod!'$ to"orro7$
toni!ll'$ toni,&t$ too$ to%o,r!%&i!ll'$ to%olo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ tot!ll'$
to-iolo,i!ll'$ tr!9lessl'$ tr!nsontiRnent!ll'$ tr!nsition!ll'$ tr!nsiti+el'$
tre!son!bl'$ tri!n,(l!rl'$ trib!ll'$ trib(t!ril'$ tri,ono"etri!ll'$ trilin,(!ll'$
tri%%in,l'$ tro&!i!l'$ tro%i!ll'$ tro%olo,i!ll'$ t(ber(l!rl'$ t(ber(lo(sl'$
t(b(l!rl'$ t7ie$ t'%o,r!%&i!ll'$ t'%olo,i!ll' Nliter!rioO$ (lero(sl'$ (lti"!tel'$
("bili!ll'$ (n!"Rbi,(o(sl'$ (n!ni"o(sl'$ (n!7!res$ (nderR#oot$ (niRl!ter!ll'$
(ninteRrr(%tedl'$ (ni/(el'$ (n%r!ti!ll'$ (ns'""etri!ll'$ (nRti"el'$ (ntoR7!rdl'$
(ntr(l'$ (%ro!rio(sl'$ R(%7!rd NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL R(%7!rds NGB
%rini%!l"enteO$ R(%7!rdl'$ (tterl'$ +!,in!ll'$ +!in,lorio(sl'$ +!rio(sl'$ +e,et!ti+el'$
+eno(sl'$ +erb!ll'$ +eri#i!bl'$ +erti,ino(sl' Nliter!rioO$ +erit!bl'$ +er'$ +esi(l!rl'$
+esti,i!ll'$ +i!rio(sl'$ +itorio(sl'$ +irt(!ll'$ +is(!ll'$ +i+i%!ro(sl'$ +o!tion!ll'$
+oielessl'$ +ol!ni!ll'$ +ol(nt!ril'$ +oti+el'$ 7ellIni,& Nliter!rioO H!si6$ R7est7!rd
NUSA %rini%!l"enteOL R7est7!rds NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ 7&!tsoe+er Hen !bsol(to6$
7&en$ 7&ene N!r!ioO$ 7&ene+er$ 7&ere$ 7&ere!bo(ts$ 7&ereb' Nliter!rioO$
7&ere#ore N!r!ioO$ 7&erein Nliter!rioO$ 7&ereon Nliter!rioO$ 7&ere+er$ 7&eresoe+er
Nliter!rioO$ R7&ere(%onL 7&ere(R%on NGB4 "s (s!doO Nliter!rioO$ 7&it&er N!r!ioO$
7&oll'$ 7&'$ R7ill'IRnill'$ 7indin,l'$ 7it&in$ 7it&Ro(t$ 7itlessl'$ 7ordlessl'$
R7orld7ide$ 7rin,in, Nolo/(i!lO$ 7ron,l'$ -'lo,r!%&i!ll'$ '!& Nolo/(i!lOL 'e!
Nliter!rioOL 'e!& Nolo/(i!lOL 'e% Nolo/(i!lOL 'es HsF6$ 'esterd!'$ 'et$ zon!ll'$
zoo,eo,r!%&i!ll'$ zoo,r!%&i!ll'$ zooto"i!ll'$ et1$ ' otros de ;1:;15I<$ ;1:<$
?18<$ ?1:81
Los !d+erbios /(e tienen l! "is"! #or"! /(e los %rono"bres n("er!les ordin!les
son no ,r!d(!bles4 #irst Hen %ri"er l(,!r6$ seond Hen se,(ndo l(,!r6$ t&ird Hen
terer l(,!r6$ tent& Hen d0i"o l(,!r6$ t7entiet& Hen +i,0si"o l(,!r6$ et1
Ade"s de 0stos$ son no ,r!d(!bles todos los !d+erbios del !%Ft(lo s0%ti"o /(e
lle+!n detrs Nno ,r!d(!bleOM en tot!l son !l,(nos ientos ' !%!reen !si todos$ %ero
los !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles son "iles1
Los !d+erbios /(e est0n en #or"! o"%!r!ti+! ' s(%erl!ti+!$ bien on l!
ter"in!i3n en Ier o Iest res%eti+!"ente si son re,(l!res$ bien on otr! ter"in!i3n
si son irre,(l!res$ no %(eden ir %reedidos de Q"oreL lessQ o Q"ostL le!stQ
res%eti+!"ente4 e!rlier$ 7orse$ e!rliest$ 7orst$ et1
Los !d+erbios no ,r!d(!bles no %(eden #or"!r el o"%!r!ti+o se,(idos de Ier o
%reedidos de Q"oreQ ni el s(%erl!ti+o se,(idos de Iest o %reedidos de Q"ostQ
(!ndo +!n detrs de (n +erbo4 S&e 7ent t&ere Nno ,r!d(!bleO HEll! #(e !&FL !llF6M sin
e"b!r,o$ se %(ede e"%le!r Q"oreQ h !d+erbio no ,r!d(!ble (!ndo se o"%!r!n
dos (!lid!des distint!s$ %or/(e no es re!l"ente (n! o"%!r!i3n ND1 ?1:815OM !sF
"is"o se %(ede e"%le!r Q"oreL lessQ h !l,(nos de los !d+erbios no ,r!d(!bles
(!ndo +!n detrs de (n +erbo$ se,(idoHs6 de Qt&!nQ h no"breL %rono"bre
se,(idoHs6 de (n +erboM no es re!l"ente (n! o"%!r!i3n de !d+erbios$ %or/(e se
o"%!r!n dos one%tos distintos1 E.14 S&e s%o9e "ore %eriodi!ll' Nno ,r!d(!bleOL
(n!"Rbi,(o(sl' Nno ,r!d(!bleO t&!n I t&o(,&t HEll! &!bl!b! "s %eri3di!"enteL
de (n! #or"! "enos !"bi,(! de lo 'o /(e %ens!b!61
?1:<1I Aa adverbios absolutos 4absolute adverbs+ 'ue, aun'ue indi'uen una
cualidad en un grado mu alto se consideren no graduables en ingls
est!ndar$ son ,r!d(!bles en in,l0s +(l,!r ' %(eden ir %reedidos en in,l0s +(l,!r
de los !d+erbios Qless$ "ore$ "ostl'$ r!t&er$ so$ s(##iientl'$ too$ +er'Q$ et1M son
!bsol(tos4 !7#(ll'$ blindl'$ ir(l!rl'$ o"%letel'$ orretl'$ o+ertl'$ de!d H.(stoL
e-!t!"enteL o"%let!"enteL tot!l"ente6$ deliio(sl'$ di+inel'$ dre!d#(ll'$ e"%til'$
e/(!ll'$ e-tr!ordin!ril'$ #!lsel'$ #!t!ll'$ #l!7lessl'$ #r!(d(lentl'$ #(ll'$ inident!ll'$
inredibl'$ indei%&er!bl'$ indis%ens!bl'$ ine-or!bl'$ insensibl'$ in+isibl'$
"!,ni#ientl'$ "!r+ello(sl' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL "!r+elo(sl' NUSAO$ "!teri!ll'$
"oder!tel'$ "(ltiR#!rio(sl'$ %er#etl'$ %ossibl'$ /(intessenti!ll'$ re!dil'$ re"otel'$
ri,&tl'$ ro(ndl' Hredond!"ente6$ s!do"!so&isti!ll'$ s!#el'$ silentl'$ slee%lessl'$
s(%erbl'$ tirelessl'$ tonelessl'$ tr!nsientl'$ tr!nsitoril'$ tri("%&!ntl'$ (bi/(ito(sl'$
(nonsio(sl'$ (non+inedl'$ (neR/(i+o!ll'$ (n#!t&o"!bl'$ (ni#or"l'$
(ni+ers!ll'$ (nneess!ril'$ (ns!t&edl'$ (nso(ndl'$ (ns%e!9!bl'$ (n(sedl'$
(n(s(!ll'$ (n(tter!bl'$ (nneess!ril'$ (selessl'$ 7ei,&tlessl'$ et1
Al,(nos !d+erbios son no ,r!d(!bles en in,l0s estnd!r %ero se (s!n o"o
,r!d(!bles en in,l0s olo/(i!l4 !bs(rdl'$ !e%t!bl'$ !(r!tel'$ !"!zedl'$
!"!zin,l'$ !%%!llin,l'$ !sto(ndin,l'$ brilli!ntl'$ ert!inl' H%or iertoL %or s(%(esto6$
deter"inedl'$ dis,(stedl'$ dis,(stin,l'$ e-!tl'$ e-&!(stin,l'$ #!sin!tin,l'$ #r!n9l'$
,en(inel'$ &o%elessl'$ ob+io(sl'$ ridi(lo(sl'$ tr(l'$ et1
?1:=1I &os adverbios en grado comparativo de superioridad o inferioridad,
'ue son todos graduables en grado positivo, pueden ir precedidos en
afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa de algunos adverbios7 los !d+erbios
%(eden ser de !ntid!d$ de "od!lid!d$ de "odo$ de tie"%o$ de #re(eni!$
et1M !l,(nos son intensi#i!dores ' en#!tiz!doresM !l,(nos de estos
!d+erbios %(eden ir se,(idos de o"%!r!ti+os irre,(l!res n!d! "sM los
m!s usados son4
! bit Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %oo6$ ! #!rL ! d!"n N+(l,!rOL ! lon, si,&t
Nolo/(i!lO Nse,(idos de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"(&Fsi"o6$ ! ,ood bit
Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hb!st!nte6$ ! ,ood de!lL ! #!ir de!l Nse,(idos de
!d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hb!st!nteL "(&o6$ ! ,re!t de!l Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
H"(&Fsi"o6$ ! &ell o# ! lot Nolo/(i!l4 "s #(erteOL ! &e9 o# ! lot Nolo/(i!l4 "s
s(!+eO Nse,(idos de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"(&Fsi"oL (n! b!rb!rid!d6$ ! little Nse,(ido
de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %oo6$ ! little bit Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n
%o/(ito6$ ! lot Nestnd!rOL lots Nolo/(i!lO Nse,(idos de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"(&o6$ !
tin' little bit Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %o/(itito6$ ! to(& Nse,(ido de
!d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %ooL !l,o6$ !bsol(tel' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
H!bsol(t!"enteL rot(nd!"ente6$ !bs(rdl' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
H!bs(rd!"ente6$ !t(!ll' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hre!l"ente6$ !ll t&e
Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros s3lo en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o de s(%eriorid!dO
H"(&oL t!nto "s6$ !l"ost Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H!si6$ !"!zin,l'
Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO HinreFble"ente6$ !n' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosM en or!iones ne,!ti+!s se tr!d(e %or Un!d!V ' en or!iones interro,!ti+!s
' ondiion!les se tr!d(e %or U!l,oV o se de.! sin tr!d(irO$ !stonis&in,l' Nse,(ido
de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hsor%rendente"ente6$ b!rel' H!n'6 Nse,(ido de !d+erbios
2ni!"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o de s(%eriorid!dO
H!%en!s6$ bre!t&t!9in,l' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hi"%resion!nte"ente6$
brilli!ntl' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os
o ne(trosO He-tr!ordin!ri!"ente6$ b' #!r Nr!ro4 se,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hon
"(&o6$ !t!stro%&i!ll' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H!t!str3#i!"ente6$
ert!inl' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hiert!"ente6$ le!rl' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO Hl!r!"ente6$ o"%letel' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Ho"%let!"ente6$
onsider!bl' Nliter!rio4 se,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Honsider!ble"ente6$ onsistentl'
Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
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(n(s(!ll' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO He-e%ion!l"enteL in(sit!d!"ente6$ (s(!ll'
Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hnor"!l"ente6$ (tterl' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO Ho"%let!"enteL tot!l"ente6$ +!stl' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Hin#init!"ente6$ +er' little Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"(' %oo6$ +er'
"(& Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosM +er'4 no %oner O H"(&Fsi"o6$ +er' +er' "(&
Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"(&Fsi"o "(&Fsi"o6$ +irt(!ll' Nse,(ido de
!d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H%rti!"enteL !si6$ 7onder#(ll' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
H"!r!+illos!"ente6$ 7ret&edl' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hdesonsol!d!"enteL tre"end!"enteL
terrible"ente6$ 'et Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosM %(ede ir t!"bi0n detrs del otro
!d+erbioO H!2nL tod!+F!L inl(so6$ et1 E.4 Ee !rri+ed ! bit "ore e!rl' Hl lle,3 (n
%oo "s te"%r!no6M Ee s!id it ! ,ood bit "ore se%ti!ll' NGB %rini%!l"enteOL
s9e%ti!ll' NUSAO Hl lo di.o b!st!nte "s es0%ti!"ente6M S&e s!id it ! &ellL &e9
o# ! lot "ore le!rl' t&!n &e did Nestnd!rOL &i" Nolo/(i!lOL &e Nliter!rio4 USA
%rini%!l"enteO HEll! lo di.o "(&Fsi"o "s l!r!"ente /(e 0l6M T&e' !re t&ro7n !
little less !re#(ll' HSe tir!n (n %oo "enos (id!dos!"ente6M S&e didnZt o"e !n'
less /(i9l' HEll! no +ino n!d! "enos r%id!"ente6M Ee did it b!rel' H!n'6 better
HA%en!s lo &izo Hn!d!6 "e.or6M S&e ,oes b' #!r /(i9er N%oo (s!doOL b' #!r "ore
slo7l' HEll! +! "s r%id!"enteL lent!"ente on "(&o6M T&is sto7!7!' !"e #!r
ne!rer HEste %oliz3n +ino "(&o "s er!6M Ee !rri+ed #ort(n!tel' e!rlier Hl lle,3
!#ort(n!d!"ente "s te"%r!no6M T&e' o"e ,ener!ll' "ore /(i9l' HDienen
nor"!l"ente "s r%ido6M It is done &orribl' 7orse HSe &!e &orrible"ente %eor6M
>e e!t "(& #!ster t&!n e+er'bod' else H*o"e"os "(&o "s r%idoL
r%id!"ente /(e todo el resto de l! ,ente6M Ee 7!snZt &ere "(& lon,er Hl no
est(+o !/(F "(&o "s tie"%o6M T&is is s&o7n "(& "ore o%enl' t&!n 'o( t&in9
HEsto se "(estr! "(&o "s !biert!"ente de lo /(e rees6M S&e !"e no less
/(i9l' HEll! no +ino n!d! "enos r%ido6M Ee !"e none t&e /(i9er Hl no +ino
n!d! "s r%ido6M S&e !"e not !n' less /(i9l' Nliter!rio4 "enos (s!doOL S&e
didnZt o"e !n' less /(i9l' Nestnd!r4 "s (s!doO HEll! no +ino "enos r%ido en
!bsol(to6M Ee did it /(ite ! bitL /(ite ! little NGBO #!sterL "ore !re#(ll'L less
!re#(ll' Hl lo &izo (n %oo "s r%idoL "s (id!dos!"enteL "enos
(id!dos!"ente6M Ee is %ortr!'ed so"e7&!t less !%%e!lin,l' HSe le desribe (n
%oo "enos !tr!ti+!"ente6M S&e e-%l!ined it still "ore le!rl' N"s (s!doOL "ore
le!rl' still N"enos (s!doO HEll! lo e-%li3 !2n "s l!r!"ente6M It is t&is /(i9er
N"enos (s!doOL t&!t /(i9er N"enos (s!doOL t&!t "(& /(i9er N"s (s!doO HEs
t!nto "s r%ido6M T&e' didnZt !rri+e Rt&isL Rt&!t less /(i9l' HNo lle,!ron "(&oL
t!nto "enos r%ido6M S&e doesnZt oo9 Rt&!t "(& better HEll! no oin! "(&oL
t!nto "e.or6M Ee !rri+ed 'et less /(i9l' N"s (s!doOL less /(i9l' 'et N"enos
(s!doO Hl lle,3 !2nL tod!+F!L inl(so "enos r%ido6$ et1
El !d+erbio Qeno(,&Q se %one detrs de otro !d+erbio en ,r!do o"%!r!ti+o1 E.14 Ee
did it /(i9er eno(,& Hl lo &izo Hlo6 s(#iiente"ente "s r%ido61
?1:?1I El superlativo relativo$ /(e indi! (n o"%!r!i3n ,ener!l"ente entre tres
o "s seres +i+os o os!s$ va seguido de MofM, MamongM o MinM$ !(n/(e ! +ees
no se %on,! %or/(e se sobrHe6entiendeM se (s! Uo#V del!nte de (n no"bre en
sin,(l!r Hb(n&$ lot$ et16 ' en %l(r!lM se (s! UinV del!nte de (n no"bre en sin,(l!r
/(e se re#ier! ! (n l(,!r o ! (n ,r(%oM ! +ees$ es (n! o"%!r!i3n entre dos seres
+i+os o os!s sol!"ente1 E.4 S&e e!ts t&e /(i9est Ho# !ll6 HEll! es l! "s r%id! Hde
todos6 o"iendo6$ et1
E!' dos ti%os de s(%erl!ti+o rel!ti+o4 de s(%eriorid!d ' de in#eriorid!dM el de
superioridad se forma con una part(cula Mt/e# m# our# /is# /er# its# our#
t/eirM D adverbio en grado superlativo o adverbio en grado positivo precedido
de MmostM 4D Mof# among# inM Nest! 2lti"! %!rtF(l! no es nees!rio %onerl! si se
sobrHe6entiendeO6M el !d+erbio s(%erl!ti+o s(ele lle+!r Ut&eVM ! +ees en in,l0s
olo/(i!l %(ede no lle+!rlo %ero$ si se s(%ri"e Ut&eV$ es !"bi,(o '! /(e %(ede
tr!d(irse o"o Ulo "s h !d+erbioV o o"o U"(' h !d+erbioVM l! !"bi,Xed!d
e-iste sol!"ente en l! esrit(r!$ '! /(e en in,l0s &!bl!do (!ndo es s(%erl!ti+o
rel!ti+o +! !ent(!do el s(%erl!ti+o ter"in!do en Iest o l! %!l!br! Q"ostQ$ %ero
(!ndo es !bsol(to no +!n !ent(!dos ' se !ent2! el !d+erbio en ,r!do %ositi+o si
+! %reedido de Q"ostQ ' sin !ento (!ndo ter"in! en IestM %!r! los
!stell!no&!bl!ntes es reo"end!ble (s!r sie"%re Ut&eV (!ndo es s(%erl!ti+o
rel!ti+o ' sin Ut&eV (!ndo es s(%erl!ti+o !bsol(to1 E.4 Ee did &is RbestL S&e did &er
Rbest HlL Ell! lo &izo lo "e.or /(e %(do6M S&e tre!ted (s t&e R"ost (nderst!ndin,l'
Ho# !ll6 Nestnd!rOL S&e tre!ted (s R"ost (nderst!ndin,l' Ho# !ll6 Nolo/(i!lO HEll! nos
tr!t3 lo "s o"%rensi+!"ente H%osible6 NoO Ell! #(e l! /(e nos tr!t3 lo "s
o"%rensi+!"ente Hde entre todos66M S&e %!inted it t&e R"ost be!(ti#(ll' Nestnd!rOL
S&e %!inted it R"ost be!(ti#(ll' Nolo/(i!lO HEll! #(e l! /(e lo %int3 "e.or6M S&e
&el%s "e t&e R"ost Ho# !ll6 Nestnd!rOL S&e &el%s "e R"ost Ho# !ll6 Nolo/(i!lO HEll!
es l! /(e "s "e !'(d! Hde todos66M >&i& d!' s(its 'o( t&e RbestT Nestnd!rOL
>&i& d!' s(its 'o( RbestT Nolo/(i!lO HWJ(0 dF! es el /(e te +! "e.orT NoO WJ(0
dF! te +! "e.orT6M Ee does it t&e R"ost destr(ti+el' Nestnd!rOL Ee does it R"ost
destr(ti+el' Nolo/(i!lO Hl lo &!e de l! #or"! "s destr(ti+!6M Ee did t&e R7orst
o# !ll in bot& e-!"s HA 0l le #(e %eor /(e ! n!die en los dos e-"enes6M ItZs t&e Rbest
s&e !n sin, HEs lo "e.or /(e ell! %(ede !nt!r6$ et1
El superlativo relativo de inferioridad se forma con una part(cula Mt/e# m#
our# /is# /er# its# our# t/eirM D MleastM D adverbio en grado positivo D Mof#
among# inM Nest! 2lti"! %!rtF(l! no es nees!rio %onerl! si se sobrHe6entiendeO1
E.14 T&e' did it t&e Rle!st e-%ensi+el' Ho# !ll6 Nestnd!rOL T&e' did it Rle!st
e-%ensi+el' Ho# !ll6 Nolo/(i!lO HLo &iieron1lo "enos !ro %osible6$ et1
A +ees en in,l0s olo/(i!l se (s! el s(%erl!ti+o %!r! dos %erson!s o os!s n!d!
"s1 E.14 >&o did it t&e bestT HWJ(i0n lo &izo "e.orT61
?1:@1I El superlativo relativo puede ir precedido de los siguientes adverbios4
!bsol(tel' H!bsol(t!"enteL rot(nd!"ente6$ b' #!r Hon "(&o6$ !t!stro%&i!ll'
H!t!str3#i!"ente6$ le!rl' Hl!r!"ente6$ distintl' Hl!r!"enteL on l!rid!d6$
e!sil' H#il"ente6$ e-tr!ordin!ril' He-tr!ordin!ri!"enteL e-tr!)!"ente6$ #!r !nd
!7!' Hon "(&oL sin l(,!r ! d(d!s6$ #!t!ll' H#!t!l"ente6$ #ort(n!tel'
H!#ort(n!d!"ente6$ &orribl' H&orrible"ente6$ o%enl' H!biert!"ente6$ r!t&er H"s
bien6$ terribl' Hterrible"ente6$ tre"endo(sl' Htre"end!"ente6$ (n#ort(n!tel'
Hdes!#ort(n!d!"ente6$ et1$ t!nto si se #or"! !)!diendo l! ter"in!i3n Iest o"o si
se #or"! !)!diendo U"ostVM el !d+erbio +! del!nte de Ut&eV1 E.14 S&e %!inted it
e!sil' t&e soonest o# !ll HEll! #(e on #!ilid!d l! "s r%id! de todos en %int!rlo6M
S&e sin,s #!r !nd !7!' t&e best HEll! es l! "e.or on "(&oL sin l(,!r ! d(d!
!nt!ndo6$ et1
?1:B1I Al,(nos !d+erbios en ,r!do s(%erl!ti+o o"o Mbest, least, mostM$ et1$
pueden ir inmediatamente precedidos de MverM, aun'ue son todos no
graduables1 E.14 ItZs t&e +er' best HEs %reis!"ente lo "e.or6M Ee did &is +er' best
Hl lo &izo lo "e.or /(e %(do6M I 7is& 'o( t&e +er' best HTe deseo lo "e.orHito66M
T&!t is t&e +er' le!st t&!t I !n do HEso es lo "Fni"oL "enos /(e %(edo &!er6M !t
t&e +er' "ost Ho"o "-i"o6$ et1
?1;C1I El superlativo absoluto no indica comparacin7 se forma aLadiendo
;best 4mu 4bien+# me%or+# most 4muc/(simo+# least 4ni lo m!s m(nimo+< a un
verbo, poniendo Mmost 4mu# extremadamente+# leastM delante de otros
adverbios, aLadiendo la terminacin o sufi%o 5est con ciertos adverbios1 E.14 Ee
is best !Re%ted b' !ll Nestnd!rO Hl es "(' !e%t!do %or todos6M S&eZs best
reR"e"bered #or &er %oe"s Nestnd!rO HSe l! re(erd! "(' bien %or s(s %oesF!s6M
>&e!t ,ro7s best in t&e so(t& o# E(ro%e Nestnd!rO HEl tri,o ree "e.or en el s(r
de E(ro%!6M >&i& d!' s(its 'o( bestT Nestnd!rO HWJ(0 dF! te +! "e.orT6M S&e
&el%s "e "ost Nestnd!rO HEll! "e !'(d! "(&Fsi"o6M Ee 7!s le!st e-%etin, it Hl
no se lo es%er!b! ni lo "s "Fni"o6M S&e %!inted it "ost Rbe!(ti#(ll' Nestnd!rO
HEll! lo %int3 "(' bien6M Ee does it "ost desRtr(ti+el' Nestnd!rO Hl lo &!e "('
destr(ti+!"ente6M Ee t!l9ed "ost !R"(sin,l' Nestnd!rO Hl &!bl3 "('
di+ertid!"enteL ,r!ios!"ente6M S&e tre!ted (s "ost (nderRst!ndin,l' HEll! nos
tr!t3 "(' o"%rensi+!"ente6M S&e res%onded "ost (nR&!%%il' Nestnd!rO HEll!
res%ondi3 "(' desontent!"ente6M T&e' did it le!st e-R%ensi+el'L o#ten Nestnd!rO
HLo &iieron de (n! #or"! "(' eon3"i!L "(' %oo ! "en(do6M S&e did it
e!rliest 7&en s&e 7!s &(n,r' Nestnd!rO HEll! lo &!F! "(' te"%r!no (!ndo tenF!
&!"bre6M Ee did 7orst in bot& e-!"s Nestnd!rO HA 0l le #(e "(' "!l en los dos
e-"enes6$ et1
?1;51I &os adverbios en grado positivo en afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa
pueden ir precedidos de !l,(nos !d+erbiosM los !d+erbios %(eden ser4
*+ =dverbios de cantidad intensificadores enfati)adoresM son todos
!d+erbios de !ntid!d ' no de "odo$ !(n/(e ter"inen en Il'M si el ,r!do
%ositi+o es <C %(eden ir del <C !l 5CCM los "s i"%ort!ntes son4 ! bit too
Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %rini%!l"ente ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %oo de"!si!do6$ ! little too Nse,(ido de
!d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %rini%!l"ente ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO H(n %oo de"!si!do6$ ! little bit too Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%rini%!l"ente ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %o/(ito
de"!si!do6$ ! lot too Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hde"!si!do 111$ on "(&o6$ ! tin'
little bit too Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %rini%!l"ente ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %o/(itito de"!si!do6$ ! tri#le too Nse,(ido
de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %rini%!l"ente ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os
o ne(trosO H!l,oL (n %o/(ito de"!si!do6$ !ll Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Ho"%let!"enteL todHo$ !66$ !ll t&e "ore Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Ht!nto "sL
!2n "s6$ !ll too Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('L s("!"ente6$ !lto,et&er
Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Htot!l"ente6$ blindin,l' Nse,(ido de
!d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO He+idente"ente NoO l!rFsi"!"ente Nno
si,ni#i! Uie,!"enteV o"o Ublindl'VO6$ blood' NGB4 +(l,!r4 se,(ido de
!d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Htre"end!"enteL "('6$ o"%letel' Nse,(ido
de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles$ inl(idos los ,r!d(!bles !bsol(tos$ ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Ho"%let!"ente6$ d!"n N+(l,!r4 se,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('6$ do(bl'
Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hel doble de6$ entirel' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Ho"%let!"ente6$ es%ei!ll'L s%ei!ll' N"s (s!do en in,l0s
olo/(i!l on el "is"o si,ni#i!do /(e Qes%ei!ll'QO Nse,(idos de !d+erbios
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hes%ei!l"ente6$ e+er so NGB %rini%!l"ente4 se,(ido de
!d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('6$ e-eedin,l' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Hs("!"enteL e-tre"!d!"ente6$ e-essi+el' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
He-esi+!"ente6$ e-tr! Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO He-tr!L es%ei!l"ente6$ e-tre"el' Nse,(ido de
!d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO He-tre"!d!"ente6$ #!r Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
H"('6$ #!r too Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hde"!si!do6$
#ri,&t#(ll' NGB4 se,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hes%!ntos!"enteL "('6$ #(9in,
N+(l,!r4 se,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosM +! s3lo del!nte de (n !d+erbio o
(n !d.eti+oO Ho"%let!"ente6$ #(ll' Nestnd!rOL #(ll Nolo/(i!l4 r!roO Nse,(idos de
!d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Henter!"enteL o"%let!"enteL %er#et!"enteL "('6$ &i,&l' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO H!lt!"enteL "('6$ inre!sin,l'L inre!sedl' Nse,(idos de !d+erbios
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H!d! +ez "s6$ .oll' Nolo/(i!l4 GB %rini%!l"ente4 se,(ido
de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('6$ "i,&t' Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"ente4 se,(ido de
!d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('6$ "ore Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"s6$ "ost Nse,(ido
de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('6$ "(& "ore Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
H"(&o "s6$ "(& too Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hde"!si!do 111$ on
"(&o6$ onl' too Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('L s("!"enteL
de"!si!do6$ %!rti(l!rl' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Hes%ei!l"enteL %!rti(l!r"ente6$ %lent' NUSA4 +(l,!r4 se,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(tros
o !l #in!l4 D1?15?O H"('L "(&o6$ %rett' Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d+erbios
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles 2ni!"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosM no +! !ent(!do %ero (!ndo es
!d.eti+o sFO H"('L bien6$ /(ite Nno +! !ent(!do$ %ero el !d+erbio /(e +! detrs sF4
%(ede indi!r (n 5CCP (!ndo se tr!d(e %or Qo"%let!"enteL del todoQ t!nto en
GB o"o en USA on !d+erbios en #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ en #or"! ne,!ti+! o en
#or"! interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+! ,r!d(!bles$ inl(idos los ,r!d(!bles
!bsol(tos ND1 ?1:<O$ ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosM %(ede indi!r !si (n 5CCP (!ndo se tr!d(e
%or U"('V on !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles$ %ero no los ,r!d(!bles !bsol(tos$ en
#or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ ne,!ti+! e interro,!ti+! en USA ' s3lo en ne,!ti+! en GB$
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO$ r!t&er
NGB4 se,(ido de !d+erbios 2ni!"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('6$ r!t&er too Nse,(ido de
!d+erbios 2ni!"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"s bien de"!si!do6$ ri,&t NGB4 +(l,!r4
se,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('L tot!l"ente6$ sli,&tl' too Nse,(ido de
!d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %oo de"!si!do6$ so"e7&!t too Nse,(ido de !d+erbios
2ni!"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %oo de"!si!do6$ s(%re"el' Nse,(ido de
!d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hs("!"ente6$ too Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Hde"!si!do6$ tot!ll' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Htot!l"ente6$ +!stl'
Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hin#init!"ente6$ +er' Nen #or"! !#ir"!ti+!$ en
#or"! ne,!ti+! o en #or"! interro,!ti+! !#ir"!ti+! o ne,!ti+!4 se,(ido de !d+erbios
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosM +! s3lo del!nte de (n !d+erbio o (n !d.eti+oO H"('6$ +er' "(& Nse,(ido
de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('6$ 7ell Nse,(ido de !d+erbios 2ni!"ente
no ,r!d(!bles s3lo ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"('6$ 7&oll' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Ho"%let!"enteL tot!l"ente6$ et1 E.4 It is !ll !ro(nd HEst
o"%let!"ente !lrededor6M S&e doesnZt #ind it es%ei!ll' &!rd to oo9 HA ell! no le
res(lt! es%ei!l"ente di#Fil oin!r6M EeZs e+er so 7ell Hl est "(' bien6M >e
!"e e-tre"el' #!st HDini"os e-tre"!d!"ente r%ido6M T&!t is #!r o## HEso est
"(' le.os6M T&e' 9no7 #(ll 7ell t&!t 111 HS!ben "(' bien /(e 1116M Ee did it "i,&t'
/(i9 NUSAO Hl lo &izo "(' r%ido6M T&e' e!t "ore slo7l' t&!n 7e do Nestnd!rOL
(s Nolo/(i!lOL 7e Nliter!rio4 USA %rini%!l"enteO H*o"en "s des%!io /(e
nosotros6M S&e re"e"bered it onl' too le!rl' HEll! lo reord!b! "(' l!r!"ente6M
S&e o"es /(ite Ro#ten NUSAO HEll! +iene "(' ! "en(do6M ri,&t !t t&e b!9 H"('L
tot!l"ente !l #ondo6M S&eZs not #eelin, too 7ell HEll! no se siente de"!si!doL "('
bien6M Ee 7ent +er' r!%idl' Hl #(e "(' r%id!"ente61
A +ees$ se die Unot +er' 7ellV$ et1 en +ez de U+er' b!dl'V$ et1$ %or/(e es "s
di%lo"tioM 7ell !&e!d H"(' %or del!nte6M S&e dit it 7onder#(ll' 7ell HEll! lo &izo
"!r!+illos!"ente bien61
En in,l0s olo/(i!l se (s!n o"o !d+erbios intensi#i!dores !l,(nos !d.eti+os
o"o U,ood$ lo+el' NGB %rini%!l"enteO$ nie$ 7ellV$ et1$ se,(idos de U!ndV ' (n
!d+erbio on el si,ni#i!do de UbienV se,(ido de (n !d+erbio1 E.14 S&e 7or9s ,ood
!nd R#!st HEll! tr!b!.! bien r%ido6M T&e' e-%l!ined it lo+el' !nd Rle!rl' HLo
e-%li!ron bien l!r!"ente6M Go nie !nd Rslo7] H\Dete bien des%!io]61
En in,l0s liter!rio se (s! el !d+erbio intensi#i!dor Ubri,&t !ndV se,(ido de Ue!rl'V
on el si,ni#i!do de UbienL "('V1 E.14 T&e' !"e bri,&t !nd e!rl' HDinieron bienL
"(' te"%r!no61
Se %(ede %oner nor"!l"ente el !d+erbio QtooQ entre !l,(n!s de est!s %!l!br!s4
!"!zin,l'$ ! bit$ b' #!r$ le!rl'$ e+en$ #!r$ #ort(n!tel'$ .(st$ ! little$ ! little bit$ lots
Nolo/(i!lOL ! lot Nestnd!rO$ "(&$ o%enl'$ o(tr!,eo(sl'$ r!t&er$ re!ll'$ sli,&tl'$
so"e7&!t$ still$ stri9in,l'$ s(r%risin,l'$ ! tin' little bit$ (nbelie+!bl'$ (n#ort(n!tel'$
(n(s(!ll'$ (s(!ll'$ +er' "(&$ et1$ ' el !d+erbio en ,r!do %ositi+o1 E.14 ItZs ! bit too
l!te HEs (n %oo de"!si!do t!rde61
2+ =dverbios de cantidad moderadoresM %(eden indi!r (n! %ro%ori3n %!ri!l o
tot!l del !d+erbio en ,r!do %ositi+o %ero n(n! s(%eriorM si el ,r!do %ositi+o es <C
%(eden ir del C !l <CM los "s i"%ort!ntes son4 ! bit Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de
!d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %rini%!l"ente ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO H(n %oo6$ ! little Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %rini%!l"ente
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %oo6$ ! little bit Nse,(ido de
!d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %rini%!l"ente ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO H(n %o/(ito6$ ! tin' little bit Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%rini%!l"ente ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %o/(itito6$ !
little "ore Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H(n %oo "s6$ ! to(& Nse,(ido de
!d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %rini%!l"ente ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO H(n %ooL !l,o6$ ! tri#le Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%rini%!l"ente ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H!l,oL (n %o/(ito6$
!l"ost H!s6 Nen #or"! !#ir"!ti+! %rini%!l"enteO Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles
' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO H!si Ht!n66$ !%%ro-i"!tel' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H!%ro-i"!d!"enteL
"s o "enos6$ !s 111 H!s6 Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Ht!n 111 Ho"o66$ !t le!st
Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H%or lo "enos6$ b!rel' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios
2ni!"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(tros ' no %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles ni ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!blesO H!%en!s6$ &ie#l' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios
,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H#(nd!"ent!l"ente NoO
%rini%!l"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL en s( "!'or %!rte N!ntid!dO6$ o"%!r!ti+el'
Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Ho"%!r!ti+!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$
onsider!bl' Nliter!rio4 se,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Honsider!ble"enteL b!st!nte6$
e-l(si+el' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO He-l(si+!"enteL 2ni!"ente6$ #!irl'
Nse,(ido de !d+erbios 2ni!"ente en #or"! !#ir"!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosM si no +! !ent(!do$ no se %one en d(d! l! (!lid!d
e-%res!d! %or el !d+erbio ' si,ni#i! "!'or %ro%ori3n %ero$ si +! !ent(!do$ se
%one en d(d! di&! (!lid!d ' si,ni#i! "enor %ro%ori3nO Hb!st!nte Nindi! "enor
!ntid!d /(e Q/(iteQO6$ &!l#HI67!' Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
H%!ri!l"enteL "edio6$ &!rdl' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios 2ni!"ente en #or"!
!#ir"!ti+! s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H!%en!s N#re(eni! inde#inid! ' !ntid!dO6$ &o7e+er Nse,(ido
de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H%or h !d+erbio6$ in %!rt Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hen %!rte6$
in "!n' res%etsL in so"e res%ets Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os
o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hen "(&os
!s%etosL en !l,(nos !s%etos6$ 9ind o# Nolo/(i!l4 se,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
H"s o "enos6$ less Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$
ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"enos6$ "!inl' Nse,(ido de
!d+erbios 2ni!"ente no ,r!d(!bles s3lo ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H#(nd!"ent!l"ente
NoO %rini%!l"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dOL en s( "!'or %!rte N!ntid!dO6$ "erel'
Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os
o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hsi"%le"ente NoO sol!"ente N"odo '
!ntid!dO6$ "oder!tel' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios /(e no ter"inen en Il' s3lo
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
H"oder!d!"ente NoO "edi!n!"ente N"odo ' !ntid!dO6$ "ore Nse,(ido de
!d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H"s6$ "ore or less Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO$
ne!rl' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO H!si6$ ne!rl' !s H111 !s6 Nse,(ido de !d+erbios
s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o
ne(trosO H!si t!n6$ none too N"s (s!doOL none so N"enos (s!doO Nse,(idos de
!d+erbios %rini%!l"ente ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o
des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hn!d! de"!si!do6$ not !ll t&!t Nse,(ido de
!d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles '
ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hno t!n6$ not 111 H!t !ll6 Nse,(ido de !d+erbios ,r!d(!bles ' no
,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO
Hno 111 Hen !bsol(to66$ not ne!rl' !sL so H111 !s6 Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles
%ositi+os o !,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hni on
"(&o t!n6$ not %!rti(l!rl' Nse,(ido de !d+erbios s3lo ,r!d(!bles %ositi+os o
!,r!d!bles$ ne,!ti+os o des!,r!d!bles ' ob.eti+os o ne(trosO Hno %!rti(l!r"enteL