Analele Universitii Cretine Dimitrie Cantemir, Bucureti, Seria Istorie Serie nou, Anul 1, Nr. 4, 2010, p.

. 108-116 ISSN 2068 3766 (online); ISSN 2068 3758 (CD-ROM); ISSN 1584 3343 (print)

THE MILITARY PEREGRINI OF DACIA: ONOMASTICAL AND STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Rada VARGA, Assistant, PhD Student

Abstract: The Military Peregrini of Dacia: Onomastical and statistical considerations. The current paper is a tentative reconstruction, from a mainly onomastical point of view, of the peregrine social milieu that was formed and sustained by the presence of the auxiliary troops in Roman Dacia. Thus, the predominance of the Celtic names is to be remarked. This does not come as an unexpected aspect, as many of the auxiliary troops of Dacia come from provinces with a certain Celtic background. The Italic names, very important and all-present for the civilian peregrines, are well represented in the military society as well. What they mainly speak of is a rather vague cultural belonging to the West of the Empire and a considerable disposition consciously assumed or not to adjust to the Roman ways. The other categories of names come either as natural in Dacia (as the Thracian or Illyrian ones), either as not numerous and closely related to the troop in which the soldier serves. Besides the information that the analysis of these characters offers about the auxiliary troops of Dacia, it also provides us with important information on the lower social environments of the province. Keywords: auxiliary troops, citizenship, cultural identity, Dacia, onomastic, peregrines, social environment.

This study is built as an overview of the peregrini orbiting around the Roman army of Dacia. In the category of "military" peregrines should be included not only those enrolled in the auxiliary forces, additionally protected by military jurisdiction, but rather the whole human luggage that an army as the Roman one creates and engages. So, the quotes are necessary in this case. The current analysis is primarily quantitative and statistical, the analytical purposes being secondary. It is based on the epigraphic material from Dacia, trying to determine the share of military peregrines in this province, but also to reveal a series of inner structures of the group. We should start with a brief overview as it is not its major purpose of the status of the soldiers enrolled in an auxiliary troop. Being an auxiliary soldier brought, as a main consequence, the reward of citizenship. Moreover, citizens rights were granted to the veteran's family as well, at least until the year 140: to his wife (to one single wife, more precisely) and to their children, born before or after the parents became citizens. So, when we find a soldiers family mentioned on a military diploma, they arent peregrines anymore, but full-rights Roman citizens. As for the soldiers themselves, we cannot always determine their status before enrolment - and it is even less likely to establish if they had any connection to Dacia before coming here as military. Regarding the recruitment milieu of the auxiliary soldiers, it must be considered quite vast; only a small part of them could have came castris (from the canabae related to the legionary fort). Statistically it appears impossible for a significant part to come from the background mentioned above1. Anyway, these ones alone, if they can be identified as such, were at some point part of the category of ordinary peregrines of Dacia. For the province in question, the only valid example of this kind is Acilius Sabini f. Dubitatus castris2.

Babe-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Faculty of History and Philosophy, Centre for Roman Studies; radavarga@gmail.com. 1 Vittinghoff 1971, apud Vittinghoff 1994, 159. 2 IDR I 18.

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One more detail must be noted, concerning the relativity of the epigraphic evidence and the validity of the statistical results that it can offer. Discussing the military environment, one should not forget that it is a very productive one in terms of epigraphic evidence and that the percentages of militaries suggested by inscriptions alone are not the accurate, existing ones in the Danubian province. As an example, we can provide the case of northern Britannia, where there is a massive military presence and a quarter of the inscriptions found here were erected by soldiers (in Colchester, Essex, out of 13 funerary inscriptions published in the 80s, 4 belonged to soldiers3). Although the current statistics in not based on last-minute data, it seemed enlightening in the issue of epigraphic representativeness. Of course, these percentages do not represent the actual demographic numbers, but speak of a certain cultural reality and an assumed way of self-expression. Methodologically, we have considered for the present study the inscriptions pertaining to the military environment, where peregrines occur and at least one of the characters names is legible. Thus, at the present date, we have 65 names from military diplomas and other 60 from inscriptions a total of 125 names. As a first impression, visible from the diplomata is the greater number of children mentioned, compared to the wives (the ratio is about 13:14). Of course, this detail can be explained in many ways and the truth probably lies in the specificities of each separate case. It must be noted that this ratio changes dramatically in inscriptions, where the soldiers children are rarely mentioned. Regarding the same issue, we must not forget that some of the diplomas, though a minority, are dated after 1405, when the soldier's family is not mentioned anymore. The etymology and the linguistic structure of the names from the military milieu talk less about peregrine onomastics in Dacia and more about the background of the soldiers who served in the Dacian auxilia. I will subsequently present the "nationality" of these names: In the table above, we have presented the "ethnical" origin6 (I chose the term "ethnic" as indicative of the area associated to a name, as it is more appropriate in this case than "etymological") of all the names of the peregrini associated with the military environment. On Chart no. 1, we can note the percentages, as following: 29% Italic names, 25% names of Celtic origin, 20% Thracian names, 11% Semitic names, 7 % of Greek names, only 5% of Illyrian names, 2% possibly Germanic names and 1% of Iranian names. Some preliminary considerations must be made concerning the relation between the individual onomastics of the soldier and his troops characteristics. The first observation would be that generally the two features correspond: we find Celtic names in Gauls troops7, Semitic names in a Plamyrean troop8, Illyrians in Illyrian troops9 etc. This fact mainly appears as normal. But the majority, however, is supplemented by exceptions. Thus, for example, we encounter Thracian names, quite normal and rather common in Dacia, at soldiers from Illyrian10, Gaulish11 or Britons12 troops. The group numerically prevailing is that of the Italic names, situation concurring to the one of the civil peregrines. But their pre-eminence in front of the Celtic names, not radical, is also due to certain relativities. Some names, which I will illustrate below, are pre-eminent in the Celtic areas of the Empire, despite having a Latin etymology, and I have classified as such. Others, however, are ambiguous: they have a clear Latin etymology, their presence is relatively uniform in Latin Europe, but even so they are susceptible of a more massive presence in the Celtic-background regions. As a result of these ambiguities, I have classified them as Latin names, to avoid even more serious errors

Mann 1985, 204. 38 children and 3 wives became citizens. 5 For the 140 change and its effects on the family situation of soldiers, see Duani 1986 and Phang 2001. 6 For these ethnic determinations I have used, along with the specific bibliography, that I will not mention for every case, the Onomasticon and the Nomenclator, extremely useful for the province distribution of the names. 7 ILD 18 (Bolliconus Icci f., in Ala I Claudia Gallorum Capitoniana). 8 IDR I 5, 6 (Hadrianus Baricius Male f. and Hadrianus Hamasaeus Amapatha in Palmyreni Sagittari ex Syria-Numerus Palmyrenorum Porolissensis Sagittariorum). 9 IDR I 24 (Tutor Silvani, in Numerus Illyricorum). 10 IDR I 13 (Bitus Sola f. Besso in Numerus Equitum Illyricorum). 11 IDR I 16 (Heptapor f. Besso in Ala I Gallorum et Bosporanorum). 12 IDR I 20 (Mucatrali Bithi f. Bessus in Coh. I Brittanica milliaria).
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of interpretation. Leaving these methodological minuses behind, the Latin names are, in the end, the most uncertain ones as ethnic or cultural indicators and are the most difficult and most irrelevant to analyze. They are indiscriminately found everywhere: in a cohort of Gauls13, in a Commageni cohort14, in an ala of Pannonians15 etc. The abundance of Italic name in Dacias auxiliaries supports the theory according to which the Roman social imaginary has a less powerful component of strict territorial origin and a much stronger one of self-representation 16 . It should be noted that, surprisingly to some extent, the proportionality of peregrine Italic names is rather the same in the military and the civil environments. Beyond coincidence, these percentages suggest a relevant epigraphic representation of this certain onomastic group, an inclination towards the Western, Latin language, culture. We also note that some of the children of the "ethnically-relevant" name bearers often have Italic names17. This may be the out-coming of a family environment that we do not completely know (the origins of the mother, the areas of origin of some of the grandparents etc.), but it can also suggest the breaking of physical and cultural ties with the fathers provenience sphere. The fact is that these Italic names basically indicate a vague western cultural background and a high availability conscious or not to adapt to the Roman world. As the Italic names, the Celtic ones also follow predictable patterns, but there are atypical cases as well18. As stated before, I have considered some names suitable for this category due to their high frequency in the areas of a Celtic background and not strictly due to a certain Celtic etymology19. Especially for this group of names, but not exclusively, we must take into consideration the last garrison place of the troop, this detail often being of more relevance than the ethnic regional original indicator, provided by the name of the unit. Soldiers names sometimes come as proof of the regional recruitment (including group cohesion generated by a cultural environment, rather than by the strict similarities of a common ethnic origin), but also of the diversity of the Roman army20. Talking about diversity, we target the grand cultural opening of the Roman world21 especially the military one, mobile par excellence but also the possibility of consistent family variables in each case. Variables that, unfortunately, are known to us only through a few fortunate cases. Remarkable is the disproportion existing between the names of the militaries and the names of other characters from the military environment. More precisely, the majority of Celtic comes from the category of soldiers children, fairly present on the diplomas of the fathers in this ethnic case. This detail is not necessarily very eloquent, as it can be the result of mere chance, but it is nonetheless interesting for the way it makes the family environment of the auxiliary troops in Dacia to emerge. Thracian names are also common in the auxiliary troops of Dacia. Their presence is quite natural, as they are up to some point related to the pre-existing cultural substance of the province, as well as to its geographical location. Thracian names appear, unlike the Celtic ones, but resembling the Italic ones, mainly in inscriptions. In their case as well, it appears a consistent disparity between the military and the names of other characters, in definite favour of the first category (Chart no. 2 and Annex no. 2). As mentioned above, the Thracian soldiers come from in diverse troops, none of them being explicitly Thracian. The two names of male children that have been granted citizenship22 are unfortunately fragmentary the Thracian etymology appears most likely for them, but with no absolute certainty and it can be neither associated with the names of fathers nor other family members. An interesting case not unique, but illustrative of how the children are named in

13 14

IDR I 14 (Aulenus Her f.). IDR II 338 (Gaius i Rufus). 15 CIL III 294 (Gemellus, Terentius, Titus Deci sive Desi etc.). 16 Whittaker 2004, 4. 17 For example, IDR I 2. 18 Gallionus Suadali f. Boius in Coh. I Cretum sagittariorum (ILD 12). 19 Such names are Quintus (IDR III/3, 183, with its feminine form Quinta in ILD 13; Onomasticon IV 20; Kajanto 1965, 16), Primus (Onomasticon III, 161), Potens (Onomasticon III 156), Lucana (Onomasticon III 33) etc. 20 Such names are Quintus (IDR III/3, 183, with feminine variant Quinta n ILD 13; Onomasticon IV 20; Kajanto 1965, 16), Primus (Onomasticon III, 161), Potens (Onomasticon III 156), Lucana (Onomasticon III 33) etc. 21 I employ the term cultural with its most vast meaning, targeting society, religion, education, family environment etc. 22 ILD 17, 28.

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this eclectic environment is that when, in an Illyrian troop we encounter a character bearing a Thracian name, but an Illyrian patronymic. This is an interesting evidence for a mixed cultural heritage and most probably a mixed family23. The next numerical group is the Semitic (Syro-Pamlyrean) one. Within this group it can be perfectly proved, on a small scale, the remark concerning the eclecticism of the family environment of the peregrines bound to the auxiliary forces of Dacia: A single preserved diploma mentions a Syrian soldier's family. His wife and part of his children bare Italic names24. One child is named Arsama25, an Iranian name which can be considered as well as an influence of the cultural luggage of the father and another one a special case again is called Achilleus, Greek name in a Latinized form. It is noted that the supposed conservatism of the Asian groups is not necessarily confirmed (this conclusion is not based, of course, on this single case, but on the study of all the peregrines from Dacia26). It is obvious on Chart no. 2 that the percentage of Semitic names is the same for soldiers and for those associated with them (although the relevance of this detail is relative, because of the very small number of names; the latter statement is valid for the following onomastic categories as well). Finally, it is worth mentioning that the peregrine bearers of Semitic names are solely encountered in troops with a certified and explicitly stated regional character. Greek names appear in the civil environment in a very high percentage, which makes their usefulness, just as that of the Italic names, rather low. They are not usually the sufficient indicative for stating that the bearer had actual roots in the Greek language part of the Empire or in a Greek group. In the military, however, Greek names show up in a much smaller percentage. They mainly (almost exclusively) come from the diplomata. Here, inside the category of Greek names, we have a rare case, when the "ethnic" of the fathers name coincides with that of all his children27. Thus, Eupator Eumeni, gives citizenship to five children (four boys and a girl), all of them bearing Greek names. We do not know the mother's name, but we can fairly assume she as well had an Eastern background. Worth mentioning is that this Greek gregaliss troop was a vexilattio Equitum Illyricorum further evidence for the variety and diversity of the auxiliary environment. Anyhow, this is one of the very few cases where we can speak with certainty about an Eastern background, of Greek culture, among the peregrini of Dacia. The next class is that of the Illyrian names. In the civil environment, their abundance is largely due to the special historical circumstances that favoured the discoveries of Alburnus Maior. If the Roia Montan Illyrian names are excluded from the statistics, the Italic and Greek names prevail without doubt among the peregrines of Dacia. In the military environment, this category is rather poorly represented, with a rate of only 5%. The proportion military diplomas - inscriptions is close to 1, and the characters are exclusively military (Annex II). Thus, we have no spouses or children mentioned in diplomas, and for the funeral inscriptions, we either do not know who erected the soldiers monument28, or they were raised by heirs29, not by family members. The troops where we encounter Illyrian names are very diverse, from the atypical Numerus Maurorum Miciensium30, to the "commonplace" Numerus Illyricorum31. The following and last groups are the Germanic and Iranian ones. They are weakly - almost insignificantly represented, through percentages of 2% and 1%. The Germanic names are problematic in terms of onomastical identification and can be confused with the Celtic ones. We have catalogued the names taken here into consideration32 of Germanic rather than Celtic background, especially because of their association with Ala I Tungrorum Frontoniana. They are the names of a daughter and a son who

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Coca Tyru f. Sardica in Numerus Equitum Illyricorum (ILD 35). ILD 20. 25 Dana 2007, 70. 26 For a few examples outside Dacia, see Dana 2007, 74. 27 IDR I 10. 28 IDR III/3, 176; IDR III/5, 585. 29 IDR II 45; IDR III/5, 522. 30 IDR III/3, 176 (is Dassi even if we only have the patronymic preserved, it reveals a certain family background for the bearer). 31 IDR III/5, 585 (Tutor Silvani, who has a mixed name the ethnic of his own name is not in accord to that of the patronymic). 32 L. Aponia i Lelius (CIL III 801) and Cittius Ioivai (CIL III 807).

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erected the funerary monument for their soldier father and the name of an eques33 of the mentioned ala. Arsama34 is the only Iranian name and it had been already properly discussed. For a better understanding and integration of the peregrines of the military environment, I will subsequently provide some data on the civilian peregrines attested in Dacia. A complete image of the names - and thus, implicitly, although relatively, of ethnicity, cultural background and / or areas of origin identified for the peregrines of this province35 is given by Chart no. 3. What the comparison of the overall image with the more restrictive one of the military environment first puts into light is the percentage of Celtic and Thracian names, far greater in the latter. They are quite common in the extramilitary environment as well, but not with a comparable ratio. Unlike the Italic and Greek names, they can be better linked to a certain local or regional cultural background or a specific area of provenience of the bearer or his family. Italic names occupy the first position in both cases. But the Greek ones appear as a rarity among soldiers and their families, while their share in the overall of the peregrines from Dacia is considerably large. The other categories appear in insignificant percentages either in the civil environment, or in the military, thus disabling any relevant comparison. To complete the picture of the peregrine environment created around the auxilia Daciae, it would be necessary to take a look at the citizens who appear on the investigated inscriptions. I begin by mentioning that, generally, citizens do not appear on the inscriptions of these peregrine characters, connected in a way or the other to the military environment. There are some inscriptions (2, specifically), where two prospective citizens appear. Both are heirs, most likely of two deceased soldiers36. Also, some of the soldiers mentioned by diplomas seem to have had previous citizenship37. However, the inscriptions belonging to the military environment, but ignoring any peregrine presence, are not meant to be analyzed in this study, being the possible topic of a future research. What we can say about the peregrine environment engaged by the military factor is that it shows up as being rather well represented, compared to the civilian situation. The soldiers and their families represent about 25% of the peregrines certified in Dacia, a percentage quite significant. The characters discussed in this paper generally bear simple names. However, because of the link with the military troops, we have a higher percentage than among civilians of names that can be considered indicators of an authentic ethnic and / or cultural heritage. All the data structured above give us a clearer and more complete view on the relationship between the auxiliary troops basic profile and the soldiers who compose them, on the family relationships of the military in a frontier-province such as Dacia, marked by acceptance of eclecticism or by conservativeness, but as well as on our overall pattern of the peregrini from the province of Dacia.

For him, his brother and heir erect the monument; his name is the Italic Iustus. ILD 20. 35 Varga 2008, 242. 36 IDR II 45 - Linda Severus (heir) might be a citizen; IDR III/3, 172 - Valeria Cara Flavia (?); we dont exactly know her position, is probably a citizen. 37 IDR I 1 (M. Ulpius Adcobrovati f. Novantico), 3 (M. Ulpius Sacci f. Longinus Belgus), ILD 10 (M. Herennius Polymita Berensius).
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Bibliography ARDEVAN, R., 1993, O inscripie roman de la Gherla, Tibiscum, 8, Caransebe, p. 75-78. ARDEVAN, R., 2007, The Ala II pannoniorum in Dacia, Apulum, 44, Alba Iulia, p. 139-152. ARDEVAN, R., WOLLMANN, V., 2007, Cteva inscripii descoperite la Iliua, Revista Bistriei, 21, 1, Bistria, p. 241-253. DANA, D, 2007, Traditions onomastiques, brassages et mobilit de populations daprs un diplme militaire pour la Dacie Suprieur de 123 (RGZM 22), Acta Musei Napocensis, 41-42/1, 2004-2005 (2007), Cluj-Napoca, p. 69-74. DETSCHEW, D., 1957, Die thrakischen Sprachreste, Wien. DUANI, S., 1986, Pre Severan Diplomata and the Problem of Special Grants, n: Eck, W., Wolff H., Heer und Integrationspolitik. Die Rmische Militrdiplome als Historiche Quelle, Kln, Wien, p. 190240. ECK, W., PANGERL, A., 2008, Neue Diplome fur die dakischen Provinzen, Acta Musei Napocensis, 43-44/I, 2006-2007 (2008), Cluj-Napoca, p. 185-210. HOLDER, A., 1896-1907, Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz, 3 vol., Leipzig. HUSAR, A., 1999, Celi i germani n Dacia roman, Cluj-Napoca. KAJANTO, I., 1965, The Latin cognomina, Helsinki. KATII, R., 1964, Namengebung im rmischen Dalmatien, Die Sprache, 10, 1, Wiesbaden, p. 23-33. PHANG, S., 2001, The marriage of Roman soldiers (13 B. C. A. D. 235). Law and family in the imperial army, Leiden, Boston, Kln. MANN, J. C., 1985, Epigraphical consciousness, Journal of Roman Studies, 75, St. Andrew, p. 204-206. PROTASE, D., 1969, lments ethniques thraces et illyres dans Ala II Pannoniorum de Dacie, n: Bibauw, J., Hommages Marcel Renard, Bruxelles, p. 634-638. RUSSU, I. I., 1944, Onomasticon Daciae, Anuarul Institutului de Stusii Clasice, 4, 19411944, Cluj-Napoca, p. 186-233. RUSSU, I. I., 1966, Note epigrafice (IX), Acta Musei Napocensis, 3, Cluj-Napoca, p. 451-459. RUSSU, I. I., 1969, Illirii. Istoria, limba i onomastica, romanizarea, Bucureti. SALOMIES, O., 1987, Die rmischen Vornamen. Studien zur rmischen Namengebung, Helsinki. SOLIN, H, 1971, Beitrge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Personennamen in Rom, I, Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum, 48, Helsinki. SOLIN, H, 2003, Die griechischen Personennamen in Rom, Berlin, New York. STARK, J., K., 1971, Personal names in Palmyrene inscriptions, Oxford. VARGA, R., 2008, The peregrine names from Dacia, Acta Musei Napocensis, 43-44, I, 2006-2007 (2008), Cluj-Napoca, p. 233-246. VITTINGHOFF, F., 1971, Die rechtliche Stellung der canabae legionis und die Herkunftsangabe castris, Chiron 1, Mnchen, 299318. VITTINGHOFF, F., 1994, Civitas Romana. Stadt und politisch-soziale Integration im Imperium Romanum der Kaiserzeit, (Eck W., ed.), Stuttgart. ZAHARIADE, M., 2009, The Thracians in the Roman imperial army, Cluj-Napoca. ZGUSTA, L., 1964, Kleinasiatische Personenname, Prag. WHITTAKER, C. R., 2004, Rome and its frontiers: The dynamics of Empire, London, New York.

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Ethnical groups Italic38 Celtic41 Thracian44 Semitic47 Greek50 Illyrian53 Germanic56 Iranian58

No. of names 35 31 25 14 9 7 3 1

No. of names from diplomas 13 21 10 9 8 3 0 1

No. of diplomas 939 942 845 648 351 354 0 159

No. of names from nscriptions 22 10 15 5 1 4 3 0

No. of inscriptions 1840 843 1246 349 152 455 257 0

Table I. Ethnical structure of the peregrine names from the military environment.

Chart no. 1. The ratio of peregrines names in the auxiliary troops of Dacia.

Kajanto 1965; Salomies 1987. IDR I 2, 14, 18, 19; ILD 10, 13, 18, 20, 32. 40 IDR II 338; IDR III/1, 2; IDR III/3, 88, 104 i 116, 111, 123; IDR III/4, 319; IDR III/5, 615; ILD 692, 706, 805; CIL III 294*, 805, 807, 6245, 7635; Russu 1966, 456-457. 41 Holder 1896-1907. 42 IDR I 3, 4, 7, 17; ILD 10, 12, 13, 14, 18. 43 IDR III/3, 133, 172, 183; CIL III 294*, 766, 801; Ardevan, Wollmann 2007, 245. 44 Detschew 1957; Zahariade 2009, 320-325. 45 IDR I 13, 16, 20; ILD 17, 28, 32, 35; Eck, Pangerl 2008, 194 46 IDR II , 611; IDR III/1, 163; IDR III/5, 558, 559; ILD 440, 690; CIL III 294*, 799, 809; Russu 1944 p. 212, nr. 33; Russu 1969, 244; Ardevan 1993. 47 Stark 1971; Zgusta 1964. 48 IDR I, 2, 5, 6, 8, 15; ILD 20. 49 IDR III/1, 167, 170; CIL III, 837. 50 Solin1971; Solin 2003. 51 IDR I 10; ILD 15, 20. 52 IDR III/5, 615;. 53 Katii 1964, 23-33; Russu 1969. 54 IDR I 7, 11; ILD 38. 55 IDR II 45; IDR III/3, 176; IDR III/5, 522, 585. 56 For the Germanic names, the bibliography is awfully scarce. For Dacia, Husar 1999, 71-104, can be used. 57 CIL III 801, 807. 58 Dana 2007. 59 ILD 20.
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Chart no. 2. Compared ratio of the soldiers names and the names of the other characters from the military environment.

Chart no. 3. The peregrine names of Dacia. Annexes

Annex no. 1. The peregrini of the province Dacia.

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Ethnical groups Italic Thracian Celtic Semitic Illyrian Greek Germanic

No. of names 21 18 14 8 7 2 1

No. of names from diplomas 3 6 4 6 3 2 0

No. of diplomas 360 662 964 666 368 270 0

No. of names from inscriptions 18 12 10 2 4 0 1

No. of inscriptions 1461 1163 865 267 469 0 171

Annex no. 2. The comparative structure of the soldiers names and the names of the other characters. Table no. 1. The soldiers names.

Ethnical groups Celtic Italic Semitic Greek Thracian Germanic Iranian

No. of names 18 14 6 6 7 2 1

No. of names from diplomas 17 10 3 6 4 0 1

No. of diplomas 772 674 176 278 379 0 182

No. of names from inscriptions 1 4 3 0 3 2 0

No. of inscriptions 173 475 277 0 280 181 0

Annex no. 2. The comparative structure of the soldiers names and the names of the other characters. Table no. 2. The other characters names.

IDR I 14, 18, 19. IDR II 338; IDR III/1, 2; IDR III/3, 88, 104 i 106, 111, 123; IDR III/4, 319; ILD 692, 805; CIL III 294*, 6245, 7635; Russu 1966, 456-457. 62 IDR I 16, 20, 13; ILD 32, 35; Eck, Pangerl 2008, 194. 63 IDR II 611; IDR III/1, 163; IDR III/5, 558, 559; ILD 690; CIL III 294*, 799, 809; Russu 1944, p. 212, nr. 33; Russu 1969, p. 244; Ardevan 1993. 64 IDR I 3, 4, 7, 17; ILD 10, 12, 13, 14, 18. 65 IDR III/3, 133, 172, 183; IDR III/5, 615; CIL III 294*, 766, 801; Ardevan, Wollmann 2007, 245. 66 IDR I 2, 5, 6, 8, 15; ILD 20. 67 IDR III/1, 167; CIL III 837. 68 IDR I 7, 11; ILD 38. 69 IDR II 45; IDR III/3, 176; IDR III/5, 522, 585. 70 IDR I 10; ILD 15. 71 CIL III 807. 72 IDR I 3, 4, 7; ILD 10 (even if the massive presence of Lucana name in Gallia is not an indicator of origin, we consider it Celtic Onomasticon III 33), 13, 14, 18. 73 CIL III 766. 74 IDR I 2; ILD 10, 13, 18, 20, 32. 75 IDR III/5, 615; ILD 706; CIL III 805, 807. 76 IDR I 2; ILD 20. 77 IDR III/1, 167, 170. 78 IDR I 10; ILD 20. 79 ILD 17, 28, 32. 80 IDR III/5, 558, 559; ILD 440. 81 CIL III 801. 82 ILD 20.
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Analele Universitii Cretine Dimitrie Cantemir, Bucureti, Seria Istorie Serie nou, Anul 1, Nr. 4, 2010, p. 184-186 ISSN 2068 3766 (online); ISSN 2068 3758 (CD-ROM); ISSN 1584 3343 (print)

Abbreviations

A.M.A.E. The Archives of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bucharest Abwehr Amt Ausland/Abwehr im Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (German Military Intelligence; in German: defense) ActaMP Acta Musei Porolissensis. Anuarul Muzeului Judeean Slaj, Zalu b. born cal. calibrated (radiometric data) CC of RWP Central Committee of Romanian Workers Party CHNA, CC of RCP-Chancellery Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party Chancellery Collection (hereafter) CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin. CIMEC Institutul de Memorie Cultural, Ministerul Culturii i Cultelor, Bucureti CLEMAM Check List of European Marine Mollusca, Musum National dHistoire Naturelle, Paris: http://www.somali.asso.fr/clemam Col. collection com. comuna (commune) coord. coordinator Corviniana Corviniana. Acta Musei Corvinensis, Muzeul Castelul Corvinetilor, Hunedoara d. dead Dacia Dacia. Recherches et dcouvertes archologiques en Roumanie, Bucureti Dacia, NS Dacia. Revue darchologie et dhistoire ancienne, Nouvelle Srie, Bucureti Dpto Dipartamento Drobeta Drobeta. Anuarul Muzeului Porilor de Fier, Drobeta-Turnu Severin ECSC The European Coal and Steel Community ed(s). editor(s) ERAUL tudes et recherches archologiques de lUniversit de Lige, Lige ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (in Basque: Basque Homeland and Freedom) EU European Union FMES La Fondation Mditerranenne dtudes Stratgiques i.p. in press

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