Physics Paper 2 Answer F4 C1 Section A 1.

Physical Quantities Momentum Acceleration Electrical charge Type of quantity Vector Vector Scalar SI Unit kg m s -2 ms As
-1

Both instruments have two scales, main scale and Vernier scale.

b)i. Ratchet ii. To prevent over tightening by making a click sound when the micrometer screw gauge is ready to be read. iii. Thickness of 20 pieces of paper = 1.73 mm. Thus, thickness of 1 paper = 2. a) Internal calipers. To measure internal diameter of a tube b) Measured reading = 2.88 cm Positive zero error = + 0.02 cm Actual thickness = 2.88 - (+0.02) = 2.86 cm c) Micrometer screw gauge. This is because micrometer screw gauge has higher sensitivity which can measure a smaller length. 3. a) Ammeter b) 0.2 A c)i. Mirror ii. To avoid parallax error. d) The device is connected in series to the circuit. 4. a)i. Physical quantities are quantities that can be measured. ii. Base quantities are physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other quantities. iii. Derived quantities are physical quantities derived from combination of base quantities through multiplication or division or both. b)i. Distance and time. ii. Power and force. c) = kg m2 s-3 Section B 1.a)i. They show zero error. ii, Similarities: Both are used to measure small length. Both are used to measure length more accurately compared to metre rule.
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Differences: Instrument (a) is called micrometer screw gauge which can measure up to 0.01 mm accurately. Instrument (b) is Vernier calipers which can measure up to 0.01 cm accurately. b) Check the positive zero error shown by instrument (b). The actual reading of the diameter is obtained by subtracting the positive zero error from the measurement reading. Actual reading = measurement reading positive zero error Avoid parallax error while taking reading by positioning both eyes directly onto the scales. Increases the accuracy of the reading by taking three readings at three different points of the glass rod and find its average. c) A thin hollow tube is used as the capillary tube of the thermometer to increase its sensitivity as there is more obvious contraction and expansion of mercury when temperature changes. The bulb of thermometer which filled with mercury is small to increase its sensitivity. Mercury is used as the liquid because it is more sensitive to changes in temperature and expands uniformly. Mercury is opaque makes it easily to be read. Mercury does not stick to the glass wall or wet the tube and this will increase its accuracy. The tin wall of bulb increases the sensitivity of thermometer as heat transmitted through it easily. The calibration of thermometer is done by putting it in pure melting ice and steam to obtain ice point and steam point. The temperature scale is then obtained by dividing the temperature range between ice point and steam point into one hundred equal parts. Each part of scale represents 10C.

2.a) Sensitivity of a measuring instrument is its ability to detect a small change in the quality to be measured. b) Reading of ammeter P = 0.7 A Reading of ammeter Q = 0.72 A The scale in ammeter Q is more sensitive than that in ammeter P. The smaller the change of scale that can be measured by an instrument, the more sensitive is the instrument. The scale in ammeter P is 0.1 A while the scale in ammeter Q is 0.02 A. c) Structure X is a mirror strip. The mirror can help to prevent parallax error. When reading the ammeter, the eye must be in a position where pointers image is right behind the pointer. At this position, accurate reading is taken. d)i. Accurate measurement gives a value that is close to the actual value. ii. To measure the length of the hollow object: Use the nylon string and metre rule. Pull the string beginning from one end of the object to the other end of the object by following its curve. Mark the part of the string which touches the end of the objects. Straighten the string and measure the length from the beginning of the string to the marked part with the metre rule. To measure the thickness of the hollow object: Use the Vernier calipers. Measure the internal diameter at both ends. The internal diameter of the hollow object is obtained by calculating the average of the internal diameter at both ends.

The external diameters of hollow object at both ends are measured. The external diameter of hollow object is obtained by calculating the average of the external diameter at both ends.

The thickness of hollow object is obtained by calculation below: Thickness =