CHAPTER 2

STATES OF MATTER

Question

2.1

The volume of a gas is 350 cm3 at 100 kPa and 30 C. What is its volume when the pressure is increased to 250 kPa at the same temperature? Solution 2.1 P1V1 = P2V2 100 350 = 250 V V = 140 cm3

Question

2.2

A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 1.2 dm3 at 100 kPa and 25 C. At what temperature will its volume be 2.4 dm3 at 100 kPa? Solution 2.2 Using: V1 V = 2 T1 T2 1.2 2.4 = (25 + 273) (T) T = 596 K or = 323 C

Question

2.3

Calculate the volume of oxygen required for the complete combustion of 40.0 cm3 propane, C3H8. All volumes are measured under the same temperature and pressure. Solution 2.3 Equation of reaction: C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) From the equation: 1 volume of C3H8 requires 5 volume of O2 40.0 cm3 of C3H8 would require (5 40.0) cm3 O2 = 200.0 cm3

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Question

2.4

1.0 dm3 of gas X at a pressure of 100 kPa and 2.0 dm3 of gas Y at a pressure of 200 kPa were forced into a container of volume 0.50 dm3. Calculate (a) the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture, and (b) the total pressure of the mixture. Assume the temperature remains constant throughout the whole process. Solution 2.4 (a) For gas X: Using P1V1 = P2V2 (100 1.0) = P 0.50 PX = 200 kPa

For gas Y: Using P1V1 = P2V2 (200 2.0) = P 0.50 PY = 2800 kPa

(b) Total pressure = (200 + 800) kPa = 1000 kPa

Question

2.5

(a) Define an ideal gas. (b) Use the kinetic theory of gases to explain the following observations: (i) The pressure of a fixed mass of gas increases with temperature at constant volume. (ii) The volume of a fixed mass of gas decreases with increasing pressure at constant temperature. (iii) The volume of a fixed mass of gas increases with increasing temperature at constant pressure. Solution 2.5 (a) A gas that obeys the gas law: pV = nRT under all conditions. (b) (i) When temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particles increases. This leads to an increase in the rate of collision with the walls of the container, at the same time, the collisions are more energetic. (ii) Increasing pressure pushes the molecules closer to one another. This reduces the amount of empty space between the particles, causing the volume to decrease. (iii) When temperature increases, the pressure exerted by the gas will increase. To maintain the original pressure, the volume occupied by the gas must increase so as to reduce the rate of collision.

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Question
The graph of

2.6
pV against p for one mole of nitrogen gas at various temperatures is shown below. nRT

PV nRT

100 K 500 K 1200 K

Ideal gas

100 200 300 400 500 600 p/atm

Explain the shape of the curves. Solution 2.6 At pressure close to zero, nitrogen gas shows ideal behaviour. At a particular temperature, deviation increases with increasing pressure. At moderate pressures, presence of intermolecular attraction causes negative deviation. At high pressures, presence of intermolecular repulsion makes the gas more difficult to compress, giving rise to positive deviation. At a fixed pressure, deviation decreases as the temperature of the nitrogen gas increases.

Question

2.7

(a) State Daltons law of partial pressure. (b) What do you understand by the partial pressure of a gas? (c) 2.60 cm3 of argon at a pressure of 2.0 105 Pa, 12.5 dm3 of ethane at a pressure of 1.2 105 Pa and 0.80 dm3 of carbon dioxide at 2.8 104 kPa were introduced into a 4.0 dm3 vessel. The temperature remains constant throughout the process. (i) Calculate the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture. (ii) What is the total pressure of the mixture? (iii) If the carbon dioxide is removed from the mixture at constant temperature, calculate the partial pressure of the argon and ethane in the container, the total pressure of the mixture. Solution 2.7 (a) Daltons law of partial pressure states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases that does not react with one another is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the constituent gases. (b) (i) For argon: (2.0 105) 2.60 = p 4.0 p(Ar) = 1.30 105 Pa

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For ethane: (1.2 105) 12.5 = p 4.0 p(Ethane) = 3.75 105 Pa For CO2: (2.8 104) 0.80 = p 4.0 p(CO2) = 5.60 103 Pa (ii) Total pressure = (1.30 105) + (3.75 105) + (5.60 103) Pa = 5.11 105 Pa (iii) p(Ar) = 1.30 105 Pa p(Ethane) = 3.75 105 Pa Total pressure = (1.30 + 3.75) 105 Pa = 5.05 105 Pa

Question

2.8

Explain the following phenomena. (a) Increasing pressure can sometimes cause a gas to liquefy. (b) The volume occupied by one mole of ammonia at s.t.p. is less than 22.4 dm3. (c) Gases quickly take up the shape of their container and always fill it. (d) The noble gases become less ideal in their behaviour as one descends the group from helium to xenon. (e) A real gas is easier to compress at moderate pressure than at high pressure. Solution 2.8 (a) Increasing pressure pushes the gas particles closer to one another. The attractive force is then strong enough to hold the particles together causing them to condense. (b) Presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding pulls the molecules closer. (c) There are no intermolecular forces between gas particles. They are free to move around and thus they will distribute themselves throughout the container. (d) Going down the group, the size of the molecules gets bigger and the strength of the intermolecular forces between the molecules gets stronger, causing the deviation to be more profound. (e) At high pressures, intermolecular repulsion exists between the molecules. This makes the gas more difficult to compress. At moderate pressures, intermolecular attraction exists between the molecules, thus making them easier to compress.

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