International HRM as Per PTU syllabus Published by:-Prof. Rashid Hamid Prof. KOMAL & Prof.

Rohit Joshi
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS UNIT-2ND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MBA 4TH SEMESTER

Q no 1:-what do you mean by shift in culture? ANS:- A shift means change or moves the position, form or character of an individual. Shift in culture refers to the moving towards a different pattern of values, attitudes & behavior. A culture shift usually happens when another culture joins the current one. After a while they blend to make a different culture. They are probably talking about three different occurances when the community was conqeuered. Usually after the conqeur, the new ruler brings his people with him. Those people bring along their culture. Over time cultures blend and new ones are created or shifted into something new. Shift in culture refer to change in the culture of a given group or society. It is one of the most difficult change processes an organization can undertake. Many organization approaches are largely impersonal. Typically a small group of leaders and selected members of the organization cluster offsite to define new beliefs and values. After they disperse, a splashy announcement of the new culture is made, messages are posted to communication, vehicles such as internet websites, and motivational posters and slogans are circulated. This approach always fuel employee skepticism, so little changes. Part of the problem is that the right people may not be engaged in the communication process. Too often, only those at upper levels of the organization and the employees in direct contact with the hear about the new values- and the rationale underlying the pursuit in a compelling way. As a result, context is lost, information disorted, and motives questioned as news of yet another change programme travels through the organization. The most effective and efficient way to disseminate information about a culture change is instead to work through influential members of an organizations informal structure, who have credibility at many levels. Q.no 2:-Give the various factors which affecting cross cultural communication? Ans:- Cross-cultural communication is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavour to communicate across cultures. Intercultural communication is a related field of study.

Cross- cultural communication describes the ability to successfully form, foster, and improve relationships with members of a culture difference from ones own. It is based on knowledge of many factors, such as the other cultures values, percertions, manners, social structure, and decision-making practices, and an understanding of how members of the group communicate-verbally, non-verbally, in person, in writing, and in various business and social context, to name but a few.

The various factors affecting cross culture communication are as:In the age of globalization the workplace is becoming increasingly cross-culturally integrated making understanding and expertise in cross-cultural communication more crucial for executives, business leaders, workplace managers, and standard employees. In order to get a deeper understanding of and acquire skills in intercultural encounters at the workplace, those engaged in it must gain practical knowledge of the factors that impact cross-cultural communication. According to experts in the field of intercultural communication, some of those factors include: 1. Cultural Identity 2. Racial Identity 3. Ethnic Identity 4. Gender Role Identity 5. Individual Personality 6. Social Class Identity 7. Age Identity 8. Roles Identity This hub presents a very basic, beginning discussion on these eight factors that impact crosscultural communication. The Cultural Identity Factor:-

Cultural identity is the first factor that impacts cross-cultural communication. Culture is the values, attitudes, and ways of doing things a person learns during the socialization process in the particular place where they were brought up as a child. The cultural identity factor impacts crosscultural communication because the norms and practices a person acquires and practices in their country and local community will be different from and clash with the norms and practices of coworkers brought up in a different countries or societies. The Racial Identity Factor:The second factor to impact intercultural communication is the racial identity factor. The racial identity factor refers to how one's conscious membership in a particular race affects how they interact with folks in the workplace who come from different cultures. Like ethnicity mentioned below, racial identity is more of a factor in the United States for Asian Americans, African Americans, and Latin Americans than for European Americans. The Ethnic Indentity Factor:The ethnic identity factor is the third factor that impacts cross-cultural communication. The ethnic identity factor highlights the role ethnicity plays in how two co-workers from different cultures interact with one another. In the United States, white European Americans are less likely to take their ethnicity into account when communicating, but members of other ethnic groups such as African Americans, Latin Americans, and Asian Americans are more likely to consider their ethnic backgrounds in the communication process. The Gender Role Identity Factor:Another factor that impacts intercultural communication is the gender role identity factor. This means that communication between members of different cultures is affected by how different societies view the roles of men and women. The Individual Identity Factor:The individual identity factor is the fifth factor that impacts cross-cultural communication. This means that how a person communicates with others from other cultures depends on their own unique personality traits and how they esteem themselves.

The Social Class Identity Factor:A sixth factor which influences intercultural communication is the social identity factor. The social identity factor refers to the level of society that person was born into or references when determining who they want to be and how they will act accordingly. The Age Identity Factor:The age identity factor is a seventh factor that impacts cross-cultural communication. The age identity factor refers to how members of different age groups interact with one another. In old terms this might be thought of in terms of the generation gap. More hierarchical cultures like China, Thailand, and Cambodia pay great deference and respect to their elders and take their elders' opinions into account when making life changing decisions. Cultures like the United States are less mindful of their elders and less likely to take their advice into account when making important decisions. Such attitudes towards age cuase the age identity factor to impact intercultural communication at the workplace.

The Roles Identity Factor:The eighth factor that affects intercultural communication is the roles identity factor. The roles identity factor refers to the different roles a person plays in his or her life including their roles as a husband or wife, father, mother or child, employer or employee and so forth. How two members of a workforce from two different cultures view these various roles influences how they will interact with their fellow colleague or counterpart.

Q no 3:-Explain the barriers of effective cross cultural communication? Ans:- Cultural barriers are barriers brought about by cultural differences. Three ways in which culture interferes with effective cross cultural understanding include cognitive, behavioural and emotional constraints.

If you are to work effectively with people who are culturally different, you need to become aware of your own culture and how that impacts on others. As one textbook on professional communication puts it: e need to become more aware of the cultural basis of our own behaviours, perceptions, beliefs, and values. This enables us to see an interaction from a cultural perspective. It is not just the other person who is displaying culture-specific attitudes and behaviours. Personal values:Understanding your own values may not be easy, however. You have probably taken your cultural identity for granted, as you have grown up with it. You have never had to soul search or ask yourself about that identity. Your personal values may, in fact, constitute a barrier to crosscultural communication. Consider this list of common attitudes that may affect your ability to communicate. Two of the key elements from the list prejudice and ethnocentrism are discussed below. Prejudice:Prejudice arises from the pre-judging of someones characteristics simply because they have been categorised as belonging to a particular group. It is usually associated with negative attitudes to that group. Prejudice often has ethnic or racial overtones. Jan Elliott, a retired US school teacher, has developed an interesting approach to challenging such prejudice, with her blue-eyes/brown-eyes simulation game. In this game, children learn to experience the impact of prejudice and thus begin to understand the nature of racism. Ethnocentrism:Ethnocentrism is the assumption that the culture of ones own group is moral, right and rational, and that other cultures are inferior. When confronted with a different culture, individuals judge it with reference to their own standards, and make no attempt to understand and evaluate it from its members perspective. Sometimes ethnocentrism will be combined with racism the belief that individuals can be classified into distinct racial groups and that there is a biologically-based

hierarchy of these races. In principle, however, one can reject a different culture without in any way assuming the inherent inferiority of its members. Since ethnocentrism is often an unconscious behaviour, it is understandably difficult to prevent in advance. Fortunately, it is possible to deal with the problem if you reflect on your practice in a new environment such as a practicum placement. As an example, consider this report from a social work intern in the US about how his opinions about lower-class clients changed over time. An example of ethnocentrism can be seen in western journalists comments during the recent events in Afghanistan, in particular regarding the wearing of the burkha, a full-length gown and hood which women wear in public according to Islamic tradition. Many western commentators assumed that the burkha was merely a symptom of womens oppression and expressed surprise when women continued to wear it after Kabul was liberated from the Taliban regime. Many Islamic women make their own choice to wear the burkha and some have expressed exasperation with what they see as Western feminists preoccupation with it.These news reports and Islamic womens opinions on wearing the burkha illusrate the differences in cultural interpretations. Cultural relativism:Cultural relativism is in stark contrast to ethnocentrism it is the refusal to make any judgement on the cultural values of other individuals, institutions or cultures. While it avoids the problem of prejudice, it is inadequate, since it involves a denial or at least a suspension of your own values. You will find this more comprehensive discussion of cultural relativism and ethnocentrism helpful.

Culture shock:If the experience of contact with cultural differences is too challenging, this can result in culture shock, a response characterised by physical and emotional symptoms:

Culture shock is more than your initial mental adjustment to strange customs, new language, and perhaps water that isn't safe to drink. It is a very real set of symptoms that may include depression, anxiety, increased incidence of minor illnesses, and a sense of helplessness Although culture shock occurs most often when in a foreign country, it can occur after spending time in any new environment that challenges our cultural expectations and assumptions. Consider, for example, the previously described reactions of the university lecturer confronted with factory life (Lodge, 1988, Nice Work) and the teacher confronted by the realities of life in the outback (Cook, 1967, Wake in Fright). How do you think you would react if you found yourself working in an overly-bureaucratic system, or isolated as the only female in an all-male environment or the only male in an allfemale environment? If you did suffer problematic effects of culture shock in such a situation, you would need to protect yourself in the short term by:

Keeping the problems in perspective (e.g. by spending time outside the workplace environment).

Talking with your workplace supervisor or course coordinator. Seeking moral support from peers, friends and family (the telephone is your friend!).

In the longer term, you would need to come to terms with the challenging aspects of the culture. This is covered in the next section: Working well with cultural diversity.

Q.no4:- Explain the Guidelines of effective cross-cultural communication? Ans:- When working with colleagues and clients overseas, the way in which you communicate can make or break relationships and business deals. Take a minute to refresh your memory with our guide to effective cross-cultural communication:

1. Be aware of any current power imbalances. An openness to hearing other's perceptions of those imbalances is necessary for understanding each other and working together

2. Be prepared for a discussion of the past. Use this as an opportunity to develop an understanding from "the other's" point of view, rather than getting defensive or impatient. Acknowledge historical events that have taken place. Be open to learning more about them. Honest acknowledgment of the mistreatment and oppression that have taken place on the basis of cultural difference is vital for effective communication

3. Stop, suspend judgment, and try to look at the situation as an outsider

4. Recognise the extra strain imposed by language barriers and make allowances for a person from different culture to your own, without appearing patronising

5. Once trust is established try to talk openly about how your different cultural backgrounds might be causing communication to break down between you

6. If you are unsure how the other person is feeling about what they are saying then ask them early on in the conversation. For instance, you may be hearing anger in their higher volume speech when in fact the person is wanting to indicate emphasis and perhaps enthusiasm 7. Double-check that the other person has understood you by saying something like: I hope Ive made myself clear so far. Perhaps you could repeat back to me what youve understood. It might solve problems later.

8. Listen actively and empathetically. Try to put yourself in the other person's shoes. Especially when another person's perceptions or ideas are very different from your own, you might need to operate at the edge of your own comfort zone

9. Don't assume that breakdowns in communication occur because other people are on the wrong track. Search for ways to make the communication work, rather than searching for who is to

blame for the breakdown

10. Learn from generalisations about other cultures, but don't use those generalisations to stereotype, "write off," or oversimplify your ideas about another person. The best use of a generalisation is to add it to your storehouse of knowledge so that you better understand and appreciate other interesting, multi-faceted human beings

11. Don't assume that there is one right way (yours!) to communicate. Accept that your own background influences your perceptions. Keep questioning your assumptions about the "right way" to communicate. For example, think about your body language; postures that indicate receptivity in one culture might indicate aggressiveness in another, eg the use of eye contact

12. Remember that cultural norms may not apply to the behaviour of any particular individual. We are all shaped by many, many factors - our ethnic background, our family, our education, and our personalities - and are more complicated than any cultural norm could suggest. Check your interpretations if you are uncertain what is meant 13. Simple, clear, direct, honest and open the best style for communication across cultures

14. Know when your personal limitations may interfere with your ability to interact with someone who is different to you

15. Practice, practice, practice. That's the first rule, because it's in the doing that we actually get better at cross-cultural communication.

Q no 5:-Explain the dimensions of cross culture communication?

Ans:- Moving from one country to another, whether for business or pleasure, almost invariably cause culture shock , and the severity of the shock is directly proportional to the cultural distance between two countries . Hall, Laurent Robert moran has given four dimension to divide the countries. The division is most relevant for business communication and negotiations. The four dimension are: 1. Dealer focus vs relationship focus:-

Deal focused culture are task oriented , while relationship focused culture are more people oriented. Conflicts arise when DF managers are marketers communicate or negotiate with RF business persons. Many RF manager find their DF counterparts pushy , aggressive and offensively blunt. On the hand, DF managers often consider their RF counterparts dilatory, vague and inscrutable. In contrast, in DF culture found in northern Europe , north America, Australia and new zeland , people are relatively open to doing business with strangers. This means, in DF countries one can straight away talk business and get down to facts. The US highly DF, because Americans are raised in a mobile immigrant society. In RF countries, people get things done through relatives, friends , business contacts and connections. One has to have patience dealing with RF companies. For example, it took nine year for Volkswagen to negotiate with the government of china on the opening of automobile factory. And it took twelve years for Mcdonald to work out an agreement with the then soviet government to open the first golden arches restaurant in Russia.

2. Formal vs informal:-

Formal cultures tend to be organized in step hierarchies, which reflects major differences in status and power. In contrast, informal cultures value more egalitarian organizations with smaller differences in status and power. These contrasting values cause conflict at the conference table. Formal way of addressing people and maintaining proper protocol are ways of showing respect to people.

3. Rigid time vs fluid time:-

In rigid time socities, punctuality is critical, schedules are set in concrete, agendas, fixed and business meeting are rarely interrupted. Edward t. hall (1959) invented the term monochromic for these clock- obsessed , schedule-workshipping cultures. In contrast, are polychronic culture, where people place less emphasis om punctuality and are not observed with deadlines. Polychronic culture do not value scheduling of business meetings. In fact, several meetings-within meetings may be taking place simultaneously.

4. Expressive vs reserved cultures:There are three types of interpersonal communications A. Verbal communication has to do with words and the meaning of words. B. Para- verbal language refers to how loudly we speak those words, the meaning of silence and the significance of conversational overlap. C. Non- verbal communication ( also called body language) is communicating without using any words.

Expressive people tend to be uncomfortable with more than a second or two of silence during a conversation. In contrast, people from reserved cultures feel at ease with much longer silences. Japanese negotiatiors, for example , often sir without speaking for what seems like eternity to voluble Mexicans, Greeks, or American.

Q no 6:-Explain the process of cross cultural communication? Ans:- the main steps in cross cultural communication are as under:1. DEVELOPING CULTURAL SENSITIVITY:When acting as a sender, a manager must make it a point to know the receiver and to decode the message in a form that will most likely to be understood as intended.

This requires awareness on the managers part of his or her own cultural baggage. Cultural

sensitivity is really just a matter of understanding the other person, the context , and how the person will respond to the context.

2. CAREFUL ENCODING:In translating his or her intended words into symbols for cross cultural communication , the sender must use words, pictures, or gestures that are appropriate to the receivers frame of reference. Sender should avoid idioms and regional saying . literal translation is only limited answer to language differences. Language translation is only a part of the encoding process; the message is also expressed non- verbally . in the encoding process, the sender must ensure congruence between the non-verbal and the verbal message. 3. SELECTIVE TRANSMISSION: THE TYPE of medium choosen for the message depends on the nature of the message, its level of importance, the context and expectations of the receiver, the timing involved and the need for personal interaction, among other factors. For the most part, it is best to use face to face interaction for relationship building or for important transactions. Personal interactions give the manager the opportunity to get immediate verbal and visual feedback and to make rapid adjustments in the communication process.

4.CAREFUL DECODING OF FEEDBACK: Checking the decoded message by feedback is essential to ascertain whether the intended message has gotten across. Decoding is the process of translating the received symbols into the interpreted message. The main causes of incongruence are:

a. The receiver misinterprets the message; b. The receiver encodes his or her return message incorrectly; or

c. The sender misinterprets the feedback. 5.FOLLOW- UP ACTION:Manager communicate both through action and inaction. To keep open lines of communication , managers must follow through with action on what has been discussed and then agreed upon- typically a contract, which is probably the most important formal business communication. The management of cross- cultural communication depends largely on a managers personally abilities and behaviour. The behaviours wwhich are important for inter-cultural communication effectiveness are listed below:-

a. Respect, b. Interaction posture, c. Orientation to knowledge, d. Empathy, e. Interaction management, f. Tolerance for ambiguity, and g. Other-oriented role behavior.

Q.no 7:-What are the main forms of cross cultural communication? Ans:- The term communication is derived from the latin word communis or communicare which means to make common . thus communication means to make common the information, facts ,thoughts and requirements. Communication therefore is the exchange of thoughts ,messages , information by way of signals, speech or writing. According the Newman & summer communication is the exchange of thoughts ,ideas , opinion & emotions by two or more person.

Basic forms of cross culture communication:-There are two main basic forms of cross culture communication which are as follows: 1. NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION across cultures:-

THE most basic form of communication is non verbal . the term non verbal means without words thus non verbal communication is the communication without words. Long before human beings used words to think over, our ancenstors communicated one another by using body languages. They gritted their teeth to show anger, they smilled and touched one another to indicate affection . there are two type effective means of non verbal communication.

a. Non verbal form of communication includes such thing as red and green traffic lights, blowing of sirens and telephone ring. b. Another means of non verbal communication is body language , gestures etc.

2. VERBAL COMMUNICATION across cultures:Verbal communication involves the use of symbols that generally have universal meaning for all who are taking part in the process. It may be oral or written. a. Oral communication: oral communication is that channel of communication in which a message is transmitted in the spoken form. the term oral means anything part arising to the mouth. There are two component of oral communication, they are words and the manner in which words are pronounced . in oral communication the sender and the receiver exchange their ideas, thoughts, speech either during a face to face talk or through some mechanical or electrical device.

b. Written communication: in written or printed communication is generally considered the second basic form of communication . written communication is that communication in which information is exchanged in the written or printed form. It is the most formal of all types of communication. The scope of written communication has widened it covers electronic means like email & fax.

Q no 8:-what do you mean by cross cultural communication or intercultural communication? Ans:- The field of cross-cultural communication is a study that evaluates how people from different cultural backgrounds attempt to communicate. Cross-Cultural Communication is a necessary ingredient in cross-national understanding -understanding people from different cultural backgrounds. Cross-cultural communication is normally thought of as communication that takes place between members of whole cultures in contact or between their cultural spokespersons or representatives. Cross-cultural communication is distinguished from intercultural communication, which occurs between people sharing a common culture, and intercultural communication, which refers to exchanges in interpersonal settings between individuals from different cultures. Cross cultural communication implies interaction with persons of different cultures, ethnic, race, gender, sexual orientation, religion ,age and class background in addition cross cultural communication is a process of exchanging, negotiating,& mediating cultural differences through language, Non verbal gestures. Cross-cultural communication is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavour to communicate across cultures. Cross culture communication describes the ability to successfully form, foster, and improve relationships with members of a culture different from ones own . it is based on knowledge of many factors, such as the other cultures value, perception, manners , social structure , and decision making practices, and an understanding of how members of the group communicate verbally, non- verbally , in person , in writing , and in various business and social context. In other words, it refers to the presence of atleast two individuals who are culturally different from each other on important attributes such as value orientations, preferred communication codes, role expectation , and perceived rules of social relationship. ACCORDING TO JANDT,:- CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION IS COMPARING PHENOMENA IN DIVERSE CULTURES.

ACCORDING TO BENNETT,:- CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION IS THE CAPACITY TO INTERPRET VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION , AND CUSTOM IN CULTURAL STYLES DIFFERENT FROM OUR OWN. Cross-cultural communication has become strategically important to companies due to the growth of global business, technology and the Internet. Understanding cross-cultural communication is important for any company that has a diverse workforce or plans on conducting global business. This type of communication involves an understanding of how people from different cultures speak, communicate and perceive the world around them. Cross-cultural communication in an organization deals with understanding different business customs, beliefs and communication strategies. Language differences, high-context vs. lowcontext cultures, nonverbal differences and power distance are major factors that can affect cross-cultural communication.

Q no 9:-What are the main components of non verbal communication? Ans:1. Body Movements:All the body movements of a person combine to form body language, which is one of the biggest components of nonverbal communication. These actions are usually subconscious and may reinforce or contradict a person's statements. Foot tapping, drumming of fingertips and continual shifting signal anxiety or tension. Slouching, leaning on one foot and standing with arms crossed indicate a lack of confidence or a defensive disposition. People who keep an open stance or touch another person while talking tend to be thought of as friendly and engaging. Head nodding suggests agreement or understanding. 2.Facial Expressions:Smiling, frowning and grimacing are facial expressions that easily convey a person's attitude and are universally understood. Eye contact is a form of nonverbal communication as well. A person who stares directly at the person to whom she is speaking can be seen as threatening. Avoiding eye contact is considered a sign that someone is lying. Sideways glances or making eye contact

followed by quickly looking down are nonverbal communication techniques associated with romantic feelings. 3.Voice:In nonverbal communication, the way someone speaks offers as much information as the words spoken. Mumbling and talking in a low voice convey insecurity. A person who speaks in a loud voice implies that he is angry or powerful. Words said in a calm manner can indicate an attempt to sooth or comfort someone. Talking very fast or in a high-pitched tone are traits associated with anxiety or nervousness. 4.Distance:The distance between speakers is considered a component of nonverbal communication. How far a speaker is from her audience tends to be influenced by culture. Americans prefer a 3- to 4-foot space around them, while people from many Latin countries see no problem with a stranger standing only a foot away. You can infer a romantic connection when two people are standing close together or are holding hands while walking. A person who stands in an individual's personal space while speaking loudly or gesturing wildly displays aggression or hostility. 5.Touch:Touching a person while speaking to her can indicate many things. Someone with romantic feelings may touch his companion's face or stroke her hair. In business settings, a person who is trying to convince another of something may touch her wrist or shoulder. Hugging a person implies affection for that person. A person who is grabbed by a stranger would suspect aggression or danger. 6.Gestures:In addition to facial expressions and eye contact , other parts of our body move in a very meaningful manner. These movements are called gestures, i. e the physical movements of arms, legs , hands, torso and head . they play a very important role in conveying meaning without

using words. It is important to note gestures are not used individually but in relation to another person, and acquire meaning at particular times.

For example:- the thumbs up sign that mean good work or go ahead in the united states and most of western Europe is a vulgar insult in Greece.

7. Dress code:DRESS code includes clothing , hair, jewellery, cosmetics, etc. all these seems unrelated to body language. But on having a closer look we find that, they are very meaningfully related to our face, eyes, gestures, posture, etc. dress is an important aspect of non-verbal communication. The way a person dresses is often subjected to much interpretation . attire proclaims a person. The dress a person wears, besides announcing him or her , creates the first impression. In business organization the world over, the attire of a person has come to acquire much significance. Qno.1o:-WHAT IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN CULTURE & PERCEPTION? ANS:-Culture and perception are inextricably linked, because it is through peoples own culture that they view and perceive themselves and others in the world, as well as events and social and political happenings. Culture includes peoples background and upbringing as well as their religious and political beliefs. It also is based on factors such as a persons gender, race, ethnicity and nationality. Although people can easily develop an appreciation for and understanding of diverse cultures, their perception of people as well as their perception of historical and social events and their actions and beliefs likely will be heavily colored or influenced by their own culture.

People analyze what they observe and experience through their own cultural background, meaning culture and perception play a vital role in how people interpret and understand the world around them. Words or behaviors, such as hand gestures, that may be considered offensive or rude in one culture may be considered neutral and go unnoticed or be considered positive in

another culture. While it is considered polite in some cultures to burp after eating a meal, for instance, this is considered crude and socially unacceptable behavior in other cultures. The perception that people have of the world around them is often colored by their religious or political beliefs, so culture and perception also are connected in this way. Some people believe, for example, that the government should use money collected from taxpayers to help those in need, while others perceive this as promoting dependence on government handouts and condoning laziness. As an example of how culture and perception are connected, certain things that are deemed acceptable in one culture might be considered entirely unacceptable in another culture. For example, some cultures condone and regularly practice arranged marriages, whereby a female is told by her family whom she will marry usually a male from a family with similar social and economic standing. The marriage, in fact, may be arranged by the parents of both the male and the female, neither of whom has a choice in the matter. In such as case, the parents think they are doing the right thing by arranging a marriage that will contribute to their childrens futures. In other cultures, the idea of arranged marriages is perceived as wrong, if not taboo, and may even be considered an abhorrent idea that goes against the idea of human rights and freedom. It all comes down to a matter of culture and perception.

Q NO 11:-give the importance of demographic change? Ans:- Demography is the branch of social sciences concerned with the study of human populations, their structure and change (through births, deaths, and migration), and their relationship with the natural environment and with social and economic change. Demographic indicators could include population size, population growth rate, crude birth rate, crude death rate, total fertility rate, life expectancy and infant mortality . As well, it would include estimated and projected gender and age distributions according to medium, high, low and constant fertility variants. In short, demographic changes affect all areas of human activity: economic, social, cultural and political.

Demographics are the quantifiable statistics of a given population. Demographics are also used to identify the study of quantifiable subsets within a given population which characterize that population at a specific point in time. Demographic data is used widely in public opinion polling and marketing. Commonly examined demographics include gender, age, ethnicity, knowledge of languages, disabilities, mobility, home ownership, employment status, and even location. Demographic trends describe the historical changes in demographics in a population over time (for example, the average age of a population may increase or decrease over time). Both distributions and trends of values within a demographic variable are of interest. Demographics can be viewed as the essential information about the population of a region and the culture of the people there.

Demography Studies the population based on factors such as age, race, sex, economic status, level of education, income level and employment, among others. Demographics are used by governments, corporations and non-government organizations to learn more about a population's characteristics for many purposes, including policy development and economic market research. Importance of demographic change:1. The Variable of central interest are outcomes of biological processes. The study of demographic change therefore involves important elements of epidemiology, reproductive biology , and medicine / public health . these disciplines are particularly important in understanding the intermediate variables affecting levels of fertility and mortality.

2. The variables of central interest are properities of a collectivity rather than of individuals. This orientation has led to more emphasis on macro-level analysis that is now common in the social sciences, although population analysts also rely heavily on information about household and individual in order to elucidate the factors associated with demographic change.

3. Population size , growth and structure are related in ways that can be expressed in a series of mathematical identities. Demographers are continuing to develop and refine these identities a, which are useful in the measurement of demographic processes. This use of mathematics in population studies is quite distinct from that in most social sciences, where its function is to show the implication of certain behavioural assumption.

4. Demographers are much closer to the data production process than are most other social scientists. Data produced by and for demographers are widely used throughout the social science. Perhaps as a result of their familiarity with data collection activities, demographers tend to be more skeptical about data quality and to spend a higher fraction of research effort in data evaluation.

5. Some of the most significant demographic changes today are occurring in developing countries. As a result the leading population research institution are developing a majority of research efforts toward developing country studies, a higher concentration than in other social science except anthropology.

6. A large fraction of the research on causes and consequences of demographic change occurs in interdisciplinary population research centres within universities. Compared to centres in other social sciences areas, population research centres tend to be well funded.

QNo.12:-How culture- specific perception can be managed? Ans:-perception can be defined as the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret their sensory impressions, so as to give meaning to their environment. Perception is a complex cognitive process and differs from person to person. Peoples behavior is influenced by their perception of reality, rather than the actual reality. In comparison to sensation involves simply receiving stimuli through sensory organs, whereas the process of perception involves simply receiving raw data from the senses and filtering, modifying or transforming the data completely through the process through the process of cognition. The process of perception

consists of various sub-processes such as confrontation, registration interpretation and feedback.

Fallowing tools are responsible for managing cultural-specific perception:Communication:- Communication is the primary tool for managing perception to motive the desired behavior. Perception management concentrates on the perception of relevant target audiences. Recognition and Analysis of an existing perception is the starting point for its development, modification or maintenance. The content or visual design of perception management is oriented towards achieving the desires effect and perception. The success of any communication activity is therefore measured by its targeted effect and the perception achieved. Motivation:- Changing perception requires powerful combination of messages, messengers and media. One must alter the media used to reach key audiences. Tunes and symbols can be more important than substance as behavioural scientists say, reason persuades but emotion motivates. In todays world, one must create motivating communication, which have emotional relevance to the listeners that one wants to reach. Only those who manage to create a sufficient and satisfactory presence on the market, let alone leave a solid perception in peoples minds, have a change of long term success. However, making ones presence or values known requires effort and attention to detail as well as consistency and focus.

Q no.13:-Explain the importance of study of demographic change? AnsThe importance of studying demography is to identify changes within the population such as, the group of the population, mortality and morbidity rates, migration and also marriage. These change can help governments in their state and local policy evaluations and to address potential property tax revenue impacts.

Demography is very important, because when a country do demography then the government knows the population of the country and then the government knows hoe to distribute the resources between the provinces and more ever the government also take some positive steps to give relief to the people in a proper way. 1. The changing balance of the age group:- For social security, population ageing is at the heart of the challenge brought. For social security, population ageing is at the heart of the challenge brought by demographic changes. It needs to be emphasized that "ageing" relates not only to an increasing proportion of the elderly (or retired) population, but overall to a change in the balance of all age groups a diminishing younger population due to a declining fertility rate, an increasing working population that will eventually diminish in a rather near or distant future depending on the country, and of course an increasing number of older and very old persons who may require support depending on their state of health. What is more, in some developing countries, the impact of HIV/AIDS is an important feature of the demographic structure of the population, in view of the high prevalence among the 20-49 age group and the negative impact it may have on social security contributions. 2. The impact of ageint:- The impact of an ageing population on social security is manifold. It increases the dependency ratio between the non-working and the working population, as well as possibly even the dependency ratio between the non-healthy and the healthy. It has different impacts on the specific social security branches: for instance, threatening the sustainability of old-age insurance schemes, demanding innovative employment policies in view of the ageing of the working population, increasing needs for long-term care programmes etc. On a societal level, ageing will contribute to radically changing all aspects of life, contributing to the emergence of a long-life society a society in which a new generational contract will have to be agreed. All countries and all social security branches are challenged by demographic changes and ageing. How can social security adapt to face the ageing challenge and protect people in an adequate and sustainable way? Evidence shows that many social security institutions have taken measures to address these challenges, and this should provide inspiration to others.

3. The variables of central interest are outcomes of biological processes. The study of demographic change therefore involves important elements of epidemiology, reproductive biology, and medicine/public health. These disciplines are particularly important in understanding the intermediate variables affecting levels of fertility & mortality. 4. Population size, growth & structure are related in ways that can be expressed in a series of mathematical identities. Demographers are continuing to develop and refine these identities, which are useful in the measurement of demographic process.this use of mathematics in population studies, are quite distinct from that in most social sciences, where its function is to show the implications of certain behavioral assumptions. Q NO 14:- Outline various guidelines for making a shift in culture? Ans:- Various guidelines for making a cultural shift are as follows: 1. Formulate a clear strategic vision: In order to make a cultural shift effects, a clear vision of the firms new strategic, shared values, and behaviors is needed. The various provides the intension and direction for the shift in culture. 2. Display Top Management Commitment: it is very important to keep in mind that cultural shift must be managed from the top of the organization, as willingness to change of the senior management is an important indicator. The top of the organization should be very much in favor of the shift in order to actually implement the shift in the rest of the organization. 3. Model culture shift at the highest organization: In order to show the management team is in favor of the shift, the shift has to be notable at first at this level. The behavior of the management needs to symbolize the kinds of values and behaviors that should be realized in the rest of the company. It is important that the management shows the strengths of the current culture as well, it must be made clear that the current organisational culture does not need radical changes, but just a few adjustments. 4. Modify organization to support organisational change: The fourth step is to modify the organization to support organisational change. Cultural shift generally requires

supporting modifications in organisational structure, human resource system, information and control system, and management styles. These features can make people aware of the behaviors required to get things done in the new culture and can encourage performance of those behaviors. 5. Select and socialize new comers and terminate deviants: a way to implement a culture is to connect in to organisational membership, people can be selected and terminate in terms of their fit with the new culture. This is especially important in key leadership position, where peoples actions can significantly hinder or promote new values and behaviors. 6. Develop ethical and legal sensitivity: Shifts in culture can lead to tensions between organisational and individual interests, which can result in ethical and legal problems for practitioners. This is particularly relevant for changes in employee integrity, control, equitable, treatment, and job security. Q no.15:-what do you mean by demogrphics.what are its main variables? Ans:- Demographics or demographic data refers to selected population characteristics as used in government, marketing or opinion research, or the demographic profiles used in such research. Note the distinction from the term "demography" (see below.) Commonly-used demographics include race, age, income, disabilities, mobility (in terms of travel time to work or number of vehicles available), educational attainment, home ownership, employment status, and even location. Distributions of values within a demographic variable, and across households, are both of interest, as well as trends over time. Demographics are frequently used in economic and marketing research. Demographics relate to the characteristics of a general population. Those characteristics include income level, home ownership vs. renters, race, and religion. Heritage, education level, employment rate, types of jobs, type of neighborhood, and anything that has to do with the description of the people and the area in which they live.

Government policies can affect the demographics. They can cause people to leave or come into an area based upon government subsidies and programs for example. Some government policies can cause industry to shut down due to the increased costs of implementing the regulations. Obamacare for one example can make it too expensive to provide health insurance to employees,

so employers may cut back on the number of employees to help pay for those employees that remain on the payroll. Air quality standards could cause a coal fired power plant to shut down due to the cost of implementing the clean air standards. Demographic trends describe the changes in demographics in a population over time. For example, the average age of a population may increase. It may decrease as well as certain restrictions may be in place, for instance like in China if the population is high. The term demographics as a noun is often used erroneously in place of demography, the study of human population, its structure and change. Although there is no absolute delineation, demography focuses on population structure, processes and dynamics, whereas demographics is most often used in the fields of media studies, advertising, marketing, and polling, and should not be used interchangeably with the term "demography" or (more broadly) "population studies". Demographic variables Demographic Marketers and other social profilers often group populations into categories based on demographic variables. Some frequently used demographic variables are: 1. Union Membership

2. Industrial sector (public or private) 3. Current number in household 4. Age 5. Sex / Gender 6. Race/ Ethnicity 7. Education 8. Location of residence

9. Socioeconomic status (SES) 10. Income 11. Employment status 12. Religion 13. Marital status 14. Ownership (home, car, pet, etc.) 15. Language

16. Mobility 17. Sexual Orientation

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS UNIT-2ND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MBA 4TH SEMESTER Q no 1:- what do you mean by intercultural communication / cross cultural communication. Explain verbal and non verbal communication across cultures? Ans:- The term cross culture used in the intercultural literature to refer to the communication process that is comparative in nature (e.g., comparing conflict styles in cultures X, Y and Z), while the term intercultural is used to refer to the communication process between members of difficult cultural communication (e.g., business negotiations between a duties importer and an Indonesian exporter). To put it more succinctly, in intercultural communication, the degree of difference exists stemming from general group membership factors (e.g., ethnicity, gender, social class). Intercultural communication takes place when our cultural group membership factor (e.g., cultural norms and scripts) affects our communication process- on either awareness or an unawareness level. Individuals may be aware that some cultural differences exist between exists between themselves and the other group members. Nevertheless, they still need to learn the knowledge and skill to manage such differences constructively. On the contrary, individuals may not be aware at all that some cultural difference exists between themselves and dissimilar others. They may attribute the communication missteps to factors (e.g., personality flaws) other than culture-levels factors. They may also be totally oblivious that the seed of intercultural discord have been shown. The field of cross-cultural communication is a study that evaluates how people from different cultural backgrounds attempt to communicate. Cross-Cultural Communication is a necessary

ingredient in cross-national understanding -understanding people from different cultural backgrounds. Cross-cultural communication is normally thought of as communication that takes place between members of whole cultures in contact or between their cultural spokespersons or representatives. Cross-cultural communication is distinguished from intercultural communication, which occurs between people sharing a common culture, and intercultural communication, which refers to exchanges in interpersonal settings between individuals from different cultures.

Definition:Intercultural communication is defined as the symbolic exchange process whereby individuals from two (or more) different cultural communication negotiate shared meanings in an interactive situation. The major characteristics of this definition include the following concepts: symbolic exchange, process, difference cultural communities, negotiate shared meanings, and an interactive situations. Verbal Communication Verbal communication is most obviously different from non-verbal communication in that it requires words to be spoken. Because of this, verbal communication is more deliberate and less open to misinterpretation or misunderstanding. When it is important that you get your precise meaning across clearly, verbal communication is the way to go. Merriam & Webster:-Verbal communication is The sharing of information between individuals by using speech. Individuals working within a business need to effectively use verbal communication that employs readily understood spoken words, as well as ensuring that the enunciation, stress and tone of voice with which the words are expressed is appropriate. Non-verbal Communication Non-verbal communication is a broader category. The first form of non-verbal communication are gestures and other cues produced by the body. Nodding, touching and using hand gestures are all forms of non-verbal communication. Tone of voice, volume and eye contact are other

forms. These forms of communication are subtler and more subjective. You may not be aware of the non-verbal communication that your body language produces. Non-verbal communication can enhance or undermine your verbal communication. Merriam & Webster:- Behavior and elements of speech aside from the words themselves that transmit meaning. Non-verbal communication includes pitch, speed, tone and volume of voice, gestures and facial expressions, body posture, stance, and proximity to the listener, eye movements and contact, and dress and appearance. Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source (speaker)and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver (listener) Basically it is

sending and receiving messages in a variety of ways without the use of verbal codes (words). It is both intentional and unintentional. Most speakers / listeners are not conscious of this. It includes but is not limited to:
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

touch glance eye contact (gaze) volume vocal nuance proximity gestures facial expression ? pause (silence) intonation dress posture smell word choice and syntax sounds (paralanguage)

Nonverbal communication is hugely important in any interaction with others as its importance is multiplied across cultures. This is because we tend to look for nonverbal cues when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous, as they are more likely to be across cultures especially when different languages are being used. Since nonverbal behaviour arises from our cultural common sense -- our ideas about what is appropriate, normal, and effective as communication in relationships -- we use different systems of understanding gestures, posture, silence, special relations, emotional expression, touch, physical appearance, and other nonverbal cues. Cultures also attribute different degrees of importance to verbal and nonverbal behaviour. Low-context cultures like the United States and Canada tend to give relatively less emphasis to nonverbal communication. This does not mean that nonverbal communication does not happen, or that it is unimportant, but that people in these settings tend to place less importance on it than on the literal meanings of words themselves. In high-context settings such as Japan or Colombia, understanding the nonverbal components of communication is relatively more important to receiving the intended meaning of the communication as a whole. Some elements of nonverbal communication are consistent across cultures. For example, research has shown that the emotions of enjoyment, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise are expressed in similar ways by people around the world. For instance, it may be more social acceptable in some settings in the United States for women to show fear, but not anger, and for men to display anger, but not fear. At the same time, interpretation of facial expressions across cultures is difficult. In China and Japan, for example, a facial expression that would be recognized around the world as conveying happiness may actually express anger or mask sadness, both of which are unacceptable to show overtly. Also, in business world, eye contact is very important. In Asian cultures such as India or Pakistan, eye contact with a senior or an elderly person is not supposed to be a respectful gesture. On the other hand , in North American culture, eye contact is a necessity to gain other persons trust and respect. Another facet of this discussion is the space required by an individual. In low context cultures such as North America, having a space around an

individual is very important. For example, in a research held at MIT, North American individuals wanted to work in a space where they are alone and can enjoy working by themselves, whereas, on the other hand in Chinese culture, the individuals wanted to work together in a big room. Hence nonverbal communication is very important to understand. Q NO 2:-Explain Cultural Differences in Non-verbal Communication? Ans:- Nonverbal communication expresses meaning or feeling without words. Universal emotions, such as happiness, fear, sadness, are expressed in a similar nonverbal way throughout the world. There are, however, nonverbal differences across cultures that may be a source of confusion for foreigners. Let's look at the way people express sadness. In many cultures, such as the Arab and Iranian cultures, people express grief openly. They mourn out loud, while people from other cultures (e.g., China and Japan) are more subdued. In Asian cultures, the general belief is that is is unacceptable to show emotion openly (whether sadness, happiness, or pain). Let's take another example of how cultures differ in their nonverbal expression of emotion. Feelings of friendship exist everywhere in the world, but their expression varies. It is acceptable in some countries for men to embrace and for women to hold hands; in other countries, these displays of affection are discouraged or prohibited.

Gestures and Body Positioning Gestures are specific body movements that carry meaning. Hand motions alone can convey many meanings: "Come here," Go away," It's okay," and "That's expensive!" are just a few examples. The gestures for these phrases often differ across cultures. For example, beckoning people to come with the palm up is common in the United States. This same gesture in the Philippines, Korea, and parts of Latin America as well as other countries is considered rude. In some countries, only an animal would be beckoned with the palm up. Many American business executives enjoy relaxing with their feet up on their desks. But to show a person from Saudi Arabia or Thailand the sole of one's foot is extremely insulting, because the foot is considered the dirtiest part of the body. Can you imagine the

reaction in Thailand when a foreign shoe company distributed an advertisement showing a pair of shoes next to a sacred sculpture of Budda

Facial Expressiveness

Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For instance, in American culture the smile is typically an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other functions. A woman's smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show affection, convey politeness, or disguise true feelings. For example many people in Russia consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even suspicious behavior. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians don't smile enough. In Southeast Asian cultures, a smile is frequently used to cover emotional pain or embarrassment. Vietnamese people may tell the sad story of how they had to leave their country but end the story with a smile.

It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of individual and ethnic differences in the United States. People from certain ethnic backgrounds in the United States tend to more facially expressive than others. The key, is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotions are different. If we judge according to our own cultural norms, we may make the mistake of "reading' the other person incorrectly.

Eye Contact Eye contact is important because insufficient or excessive eye contact can create communication barriers. In relationships, it serves to show intimacy, attention, and influence. As with facial expressions, there are no specific rules governing eye behavior in the United States, except that is is considered rude to stare, especially at strangers. In parts of the United States, however, such as on the West Coast and in the South, it is quite common to glance at strangers when passing them. For example, it is usual for two strangers walking toward each other to make eye contact,

smile, and perhaps even say "Hi," before immediately looking away. This type of contact doesn't mean much; it is simply a way of acknowledging another person's presence. In general, Americans make less eye contact in bus stations, for example, than in more comfortable settings such as a university student center. Conversation Distance Unconsciously, we all keep a comfortable distance around us when we interact with other people. This distance has had several names over the years, including "personal space," "interpersonal distance," "comfort zone," and "body bubble." This space between us and another person forms invisible walls that define how comfortable we feel at various distances from other people. The amount of space changes depending on the nature of the relationship. For example, we are usually more comfortable standing closer to family members than to strangers. Personality also determines the size of the area with which we are comfortable when talking to people. Introverts often prefer to interact with others at a greater distance than do extroverts. Culture styles are important too. A Japanese employer and employee usually stand farther apart while talking than their American counterparts. Latin Americans and Arabs tend to stand closer than Americans do when talking. When one person's nonverbal language matches that of another, there is increased comfort. In nonverbal communication across cultures there are similarities and differences. Whether we choose to emphasize the former or the latter, the "silent language" is much louder than it first appears. Q no 3:-Explain causes and consequences of demographic change? Ans:- While the emphases on the role of demographic change for economic and social dynamics has also increasing during the last years, some of the current scientific debate suffers from some problems. First of all, the issue is often tackled within the boundaries of a specific discipline (e.g. demography, economics, social policy),often without the interdisciplinary approach that is crucial when analyzing the causes and consequences of demographic change. Second, the interaction between science and policy-makers on the one side shapes perhaps too much the research agenda, on the other side has not been aimed at producing sufficient evidence on the impact of policies in this field. This problem can be turned into a challenge not only for only for policy- makers on the impact of policies in this field. The problem can be turned into a

challenges not only for policy-makers but for researchers, with great possibilities for analysescultural, economic and institutional variation. Causes of demographic change:Demographic change results from decreasing fertility and increasing longevity. Both were made possible by medical advances against the background of economic prosperity and the welfare state. Low fertility may to a certain extent be considered an expression of preference. Additionally, with social security system. Increasing labour force participation of even higherskilled women also reduces fertility as long as child-cares operations are insufficiently, the organization of work not adopted not to family needs and gender equality not achieved. The exact of demographic change is determined by interactions between fertility, morality, migration and the current age situated. A high fertility slows against down and increases population growth, whereas high life expectancy increases ageing and growth. The currently age situated strongly influences the amount of births and deaths and thus population growth as well as the future age structure. Finally, net migration can have a substantial impact on growth and the age structure of a region. Consequences of Demographic change:On an individual level, demographic change is a story of success: longevity increases alongside with years spend in good health. On an economy wide scale, it is a challenge to social security systems and is believed to threaten economic growth in highly developed economies while favouring it in developing countries. Consequences on the firm level are less studied, so far, general topics are: 1. Ageing and shrinking of the labour force. 2. Productivity of the older. 3. Incentive design. Knowledge transfer, and 4. Work organization in ageing teams.

Qno 4:-What is demographic change. How to responding to demographic change? Ans:- Demographic changes also known as demographics or demographic data are the characteristics of a human population. These data includes gender, race, age, income, and disabilities. Mobility types of data are used widely in sociology, public policy, and marketing to come up with ways to improve lifestyles, plan infrastructure and bring about resources closer to

the people.These are the changes in population which affect the working population in a place in the future. For example, a decrease in the rate of births in a place translates to fewer workers available to work in the industries in that location and an increase in the life expectancy means that more people will be able to be employed and draw more pensions. Demographic trends describe the changes in demographics in a population over time.For example, the average age of a population may increase over time.it may decrease as well.certain restrictions may be set in place changing those numbers.for instance in china with the one child policy.worldwide the number of people 65 or older is increasing faster thanever before.most of this increase is occurring in developed countries.in the united states the percentage of people 65 or older increased from 4 percent in 1900 to about 13 percent in the late 1990s. Demographic changes involve traits of a population, such as the old-age income adequacy, public finance sustainability, total fertility rate, crude rate of net migration, at-risk-of-poverty rate, and so many more. Responding to demographic change:An analysis of current issues and key trends points up a number of key social and economic changes. These include demographic shifts, including issues relating to age and retirement; and a significant increase in migration of labour cost across the globe. The challenges resulting from demographic development must be thaken seriously. Various isssues and recommendations of demographic change are as fallow: 1. Demographic change and labour market policies: Active and inclusive labour market policies aimed at young people and older workers must be drawn up in close cooperation with the social partners. This requires defining a better policy to cover the entire duration of a career , which in turn closely related to life long trsining . policies must be combined with measures to improve the situation for young and older workers on the labour market. 2. Demographic change and migration: International migration is one of the increase for many reasons. The most important causes Are related to the considerable economic, social and political gap between relatively rich, democratic and stable but ageing societies within the country, and poorer , less stable but

youthful and demographically growing societies outside the country. The pull and push factor remain a reality on both ends and the link with the demographic challenge is inevitable . in this respect, migration is part of the reality and will have to be addressed as a positive challenge and not as a negative threat. 3. Situation faced by young people: Employment and the fight against unemployment remain fundamental, if not primary, concern for young people , just ahead of demogcracy and human rights. Young people are indeed more fragile and vulnerable than their elders at a time when employment is particulary unstable. For two third of young people , employment means short-time contracts, part-time work without the option of working full-time , temporary work, seasonal work, undeclared work, child labour and so forth. Moreover, the employment situation is not without consequence for young peoples daily lives: they are more financially dependent on the state and their parents, they continue to live with their parents much longer ; development of interim situations between the parental home and their own accommodation; living with a partner and starting a family later on its life; clear loss of hope. If we are to combat all these problem , they clearly we must look at the long term future where young people are not part of the problem but rather part of the solution. Engcouraging young people to become independent the case, in leaving them to cope with a situation that leaves them without hope for the future. today comes down to giving them back the right to make their own life-style choice and not, as is currently 4. Situation faced by older people: Longer life expectancy and therefore a greater number of older people is currently being presented as a burden that will become ever greater, particularly as regard the need for long term care which tends to increase with age. This is Another area where proposals must be innovation and primarily, or almost exclusively , directed at the family. Of course the family can play a certain role and appropriate assistance must be provided.

5. Other recommendations:

1. Increase attention on socio-economic and demographic with respect to culture;\ 2. The promotion of culture of forward looking age management within companies both in terms of young people entering or older people leaving the market , and adapting methods to this, 3. More innovative work organization & human resource management policies. 4. Reconciliation of work & family life,relevant in all age groups. 5. Working conditions,health & safety including defining and taking account of the arduous nature of work. 6. The issues of security,stability &,above all quality jobs for all remain a priority.

Q No.5:-How effective communication can play a great role in international marketing? Ans:-In today global economy, business cannot ignore the importance of cross cultural communication. Businesses are finding that it is in their best interest to learn about national, cultural & ethnic groups they need to communicate with to grow their businesses.knowladge of language & local customs are important to that growth as a misstep can cause a lost sale or a delayed project. Effective communication plays an important role in international marketing in following ways:1. A Global Market:One of the most important implications of communications in global business is that is makes it possible to have a global market to sell your products. This cannot take place, however, without an adequate communications infrastructure that makes it possible for someone living in Kansas City, Missouri, to sell $50,000 worth of products to a willing consumer in Tokyo, Japan. It also makes marketing to people in other cultures possible through the use of communications technologies that automatically translate from one language to another.

2. Cutting Costs:Effective communication is essential to any business, and this is amplified on the global scale. Selling products in a global market can be expensive. This unnecessary expense can be eliminated by hiring competent professionals with demonstrated skills in writing. Because communication is what ties the various constituent opponents of a business together, having clear and effective communication is essential to keeping costs low by eliminating inefficiency due to poor communication. 3. Overcoming Cultural Barriers:Another way in which communication is necessary in global business is that it helps business professionals overcome cultural barriers that can potentially hinder business. Communication across international boundaries makes it possible to have ongoing business relationships with other companies or potential consumers by providing understanding of their world view and cultural characteristics. The Internet makes it possible for people of two different cultures to come together through mutual understanding and tolerance of each other's perspectives. 4. Networking:Global business has opened up numerous opportunities for those in the business world to network with other professionals all over the world. Without effective communication, the ability to establish working relationships with other business professionals becomes much more difficult. Effective communication and the ability to network with other like-minded professionals can be a source for continued success in the future. Without communications sys tems, however, none of this can even be possible 5. Increase Productivity

Effective communication increases productivity because it empowers those working in the organization. The more information each employee has, the more he will feel empowered to execute his tasks with confidence and direction. When an employee has an accurate understanding of what needs to be done and how to get the task accomplished, she will be more willing and motivated to do it. Effective communication empowers people to do their jobs right the first time.

Q NO.6:-culture as an important factor in peoples response to change comment? Ans:- Creating culture and the using is to mediate between themselves and the environments is a uniquely human characteristic. It represent a set of problem solving solution to the environment, and it is something that must be taught and learned, shared by group of humans. In the most general sense, it represent the major adaption for the human group. Because of it represents for human, and what it is, some of its general characteristics are quite germane to change process. Conservatism , competition and cooperation are characteristics of all culture that serve to generate responses, to guide actions and reaction in the change setting. In a very real sense, conservatism, cooperation and competition are complementary characteristics of human and their cultures. In many cases, they will be determining forces generating a group response to proposed change. They can serve to stimulate change , or they can underlie a group reluctance even to entertain the possibility change. They tend to guide the specific actions and reactions of participants in both internal and multicultural settings. In change involving culture contacts, cultural characteristics become even more significant influences because contact means culture conflict. 1. Conservatism:Conservatism is a basic characteristic of all cultures and serves as a major underlying force in the change process. Individuals and groups require continuity. People need to know how to get from one day to the next. In acquiring culture, people are taught the right way to do this. Initiate taught what to believe and what to do as they become members of culture grouping. This is how members of culture group get to know the right way for them. Because people use culture to respond to the pressures of their environment, any suggestion of changing that adaptation represents a threat to them and the group of which they are a part. To suggest a alteration in culture or any of its parts threatens the knowing so essential to human activity , and the security that comes with it. Human personality , so pliable at birth, hardens as the culture pattern are acquired. The resulting shared culture pattern become engraved in peoples mind and heart, and it emerges as the ethnocentric attitude characterizing all individuals and culture groups. It result in a basic conservatism comes with knowing the truth, the truth and correct ways, to think , believe, and act. This satisfies the need for continuity for individuals and groups. People have to believe their culture does this. In fact, it may or may not do it very well. This suggests that

conservatism is closely linked to ideal culture, form of culture they acquire during the enculturation process. There is little argument with the fact that culture are basically conservative, and this cannot help but influence any suggestions about changing them, the suggestion comes from within the culture or form outside it. The intensity of cultures role in the change process can increase in multicultural settings because of ethnocentric. Ethnocentric attitude acquired by members as they had to learn it. COMPETATION Despite the conservatism that seems to go along with culture learning, humans are competitive, both as individuals and as group. All animals are competitive within the environment. Whereas most animals rely on physical adaptation to enhance survival, humans use culture. Whether it is for satisfying basic needs within the limitations of the physical environment or satisfying derived needs generated out of their cultural adaptation for meeting basic needs, humans compete with other animals and themselves. In competing with other animals in the nature or physical environment, humans heve gained the edge. In the sense, the superior cultures, those with the more successful adaptations, have always dominated those less successful adaptation. Competition characterized the interaction of specific constituent and scene cultures. It characterizes the world of business and organisational cultures as each group vies for position, prominence and power within cultures and on the international scene where religion is characterized by diversity each form competes for dominance. In complex society, the

organnisational system can even complete with each other e.g. political with economic, religious with political and economic etc. in the social structure of societies, competation begins with the family, and characterizes the interactions of families minority groupings and social classes. The strigles between minority racial, and ethnic groups in complex societies are well known. On a world wide level, the artificially created nation-states vie for dominance, positions of influence and status. As physical and socio culture environments change, these specific constituents and scene cultures constiently change o enhance their survival, to better position them selves to compeate with others, and to achieve their own goals. COPERATION

Cooperation is another human characteristic that is integrated into the learned culture patterns of people as they become members of cultural groupings. The human animal needs to associate with others with its kind. The fact that culture itself is shared introcduces the idea of population into culture as one of its main characteristics. Cooperation is obviously tied to both the conservatism and the competativeness of culture in positive and negative ways. First a coprative effort is required to get things done that societies must get done if they are going to survive. The more complex the system, the more cooperation is recquired. Recognizing this, culture groups make group cooperation a major tenet of the culture transmission and acquisition processes eg, in the educational system of the American culture socializing the individual to the group is a major consideration during the first few years of school. It is critical to teach the elements of the groups social relation , to convey the rules of social behaviour and the expectations people within the group have with respect to one another. This results in conformity to a set of prescribed social beliefs and practices expected of all members of a culture group. These two things create the corporative setting which the enables the group as a whole to do what they must. It also ensures the continued vialibility of their shared culture. People have divised all manner of social groupings to foster corporation, for it enhances their compatitativeness as individuals and groups it represents one o the most significant ways that humans remain competitive. From the smallest of human groupings of kinship and association, to the larger, artificially created nation states and the world of nation, human groups corporate to maximize their goals in meeting of kinds of needs. Proposing any change is tide to this general characteristic of human groupings and their cultures. It is also related to the conservatism of groups as they come to believe their particular way of believing or doing is the right or only way. Q no 7:-Elucidate the Role of effective communication in international management and cross culture management? Ans:1.Helps to meet global demands:- with global business transactions continually increasing, the need for effective communication to meet global demands is also increasing. Managers and employees must know how to effectively communicate with the companys international counterparts. The difference is cultures required managers to understand terms commonly used in America that another culture finds offensive. Companies that prepare workers to excel with

verbal and non-verbal communication skills finds it easier to enter into global market places than companies that do not prepare its employees. Effective communication is important for businesses looking to expand beyond its domestic borders. 2.Helps managers to move towards constructive contructive intercultural management:communication is critical factor in the cross-culture management issues. Particularly management issues which are of interpersonal nature, involving motivation, leadership, group interaction, and negotiation. Culture is conveyed and perpetuated through communication in one form or another. Culture and communication are so intricately intertwined that they are, essentially, synonymous. By understanding this relationship managers can move towards constructive intercultural management. Facilitates team building:- effective communication in the workplace helps employees and managers to form highly effectively teams. Employees are able trust each others and management. Effective communication reduces unnecessary competation within departments and helps employees work together harmoniously. The result of a team that works together is high productivity, integrity, and responsibility. Employees know their roles on the team and know they are valed. managers are able to correct employees mistakes without creating a hostal work environment. A manager who openly communicates with his subordinates can foster positive relations that benefit the company as a whole. Determine the success of international business transactions:- communication, wheather in the form of writing, talking, listening, or via the internet, is an inherient part of a managers role and takes-up the majority of a managers time on a job. Managers spend between 50 and 90 per cent of their time talking to people. The ability of a manager to effectively communication across cultural boundaries will largely determine the success of international business transactions or the output of a culturally diverse workforce. It is useful, than, to breakdown the elements involved in the communication process. Improves employee morals:- An improvement in employee moral can result from effective communication although pay is a concern for many workers, it is not their only concern. Employees apperciate good communication coming from management. It provides a healthy work environment. When employees are satisfied with their jobs, they are able to efficiently

perform their duties with a position attitude. Failing to communicate effectively in a workplace leads to frustration and confusion among employees. However, managers can alleviate such problems by keeping the links of communication open.

Q no.8:-Write a note on factors affecting shift in national culture? Ans:-National culture is influenced by following factors:1. Economic factor:economic factors are the basic elements affecting financial matters such as labour, interest rates , government policies, management and taxation, economic factor influence shifts in national culture. The possession of wealth does not in itself lead to economic development. For example:- the most important country in Africa, Nigeria, has received approximately $ 300,000 million in oil revenues, since its independence, but is probably now poorer than when oil was first discovered there in the 1950s. because these revenues were controlled entirely by the government , participation in government because the royal road to fast and fabulous illicit wealth. A general correlation occurs between wealth and individualism. Despite some exceptions, the wealthier countries tend to be more individualist and the poorer more collectivist. It also seems that as a country becomes more developed , the culture shifts towards greater individualism. How does economic advancement modify the persons dependence on the groupand in the long run, modify the culture so that collectivist values give way to individualist values? First, when private enterprise capitalism offer rewards to individual effort, more innovative member of the society begin to depend on their own resources in order to secure wealth. An entrepreneurial middle class users its growing economic power to buy freedom from collectivist norms of conformity and group consensus in making decisions. In time , the values expressed by the new class create new norms.

2. For intervention and influence on shifts in local cultures:Intervention by an outside power may causes a major shift in the culture . this can be termed as foreign intervention. Occupations by western colonialists profoundly influenced the cultures of many less developed economies, during the nineteenth centuries. In some cases, the effect were entirely negative. The introductory case of the guarani people show how interventions, first, the colonial Spanish and then by a local non-indigenous power- trades supported by the Brazilian government, have almost extinguished the culture. But usually the effects are not so drastic, and mix positive and negative effects can be seen. A key insight is that true behaviour change will not occur, without an accompanying change in belief. As we will see, effective leaders manage at the level of peoples beliefs. They do so because beliefs dictate actions that produce results. Extinguishing old, negative , worn-out beliefs, that cannot produce positive actions, and equally important, shifting people to new, positive , useful beliefs , stands as the central task of managing culture change.

3. Education and shift in national culture:The countrys educational system is a formal structure by which the cultural values of the community are disseminated to its new members, its children, and young adults . in addition, educational structure and methodology: 1. Reflect notions of what cultural change is desireable, 2. Create conditions for and against change. On one hand , the educational system aims to produce model citizens. On the other , its aim to create agents of change. Formally system vary in how far they aim at preserving official values , and how far they are in developing needs for change. In Saudi Arabia, post- primary education is segregated between the sexes, and few women progress beyond secondary levels. Islamic values are the guiding influence. Islam teaches that language has divine origins, is precise, and so on useful distinction can be drawn between the dictionary definition of a word and its significance.

4. Technology and shift in national culture:-

Financial wealth is likely to influence the process of social change and cultural shifts when it contributes to economic development. In practice , this means when the wealth is applied in technological innovation. Technological development has following main stages:

Technology influence values at macro as well as micro level. Its detail below: 1. Technology influence at macro level:

Technological innovation must be accompanied by a willingness to adjust to the social consequences of the innovation. The precise social impact of development is influenced at a macro level by the extent of the investment in appropriate technology; and at a micro level, by the impact that the new technology has upon the values of those implementing it. At a macro level, Japanese development in the 1970 and 1980 shows the interplay between technological policy and culture; how value influence the choice of technology, and how its application influences social development and ensures adjustment in the culture. Export were relatively low-tech into the 1970s typified by steel, ships , and textiles. A fear of over- dependence on a single market prompted Japanese companies to move many of these industries off-shore and invest at home in high technology. This switch in technological focus coupled with the shorter shelf-life of technological skills in the new industries had the effect that increasing numbers of workers became technologically obsolete when still in mid- career . dropout from other industries had to be re-trained in order to say in the workforce. 2. Technological influence at micro level:

At a micro level, how does a technology influence the behaviour of individuals directly associated with its implementation?, within the organization , technology gives member the power to:

1. Create the : a. Same numbers of old products or services more efficiently, b. Greater numbers of old products or services, 2.Create new products or services, 3. Develop new organizational structures and systems.

In practice, most companies pass through these steps in sequence. That is, the experience of using technology to achieve current production goals gives an impetus to planning new production goals, and this leads to thinking about modifying processes within the company in order that these and future goals may be better achieved. Step(iii) may be implemented in order to achieve a strategic goal, eg:- when re-engineering . when information crucial to operation procedures is transferred to technology , the functions of supervisors, are weakened. When the company sheds its supervisors, it loses a layer of junior management. This flattening of the organization influences members experiences of relationships with superiors, subordinates, and peers.

Q NO.9:-Give the concept of culture- specific perception. Explain the impact of culture in perception? Ans:- The perceptual and culture specific approaches are used to explain the understandings of inter-culture competences. The perceptual approach is used to identify clusters of attitudes or perceptions. These attitudes or perceptions, in fact, include the ability to reduce Psychological stress, to communicate effectively and to improve interpersonal relationships. Inter-cultural comperence should include these abilities. The cultural-specific approaches is used to identify culture-specific perceptions and behaviours, because peoples adaptation to the specific rules of interaction in a particular culture

is explored in the culture specific approach. In Lustig and Koesters work the components of inter-cultural competence, such as context, appropriateness and effectiveness, knowledge, motivation, and also investigated. These components as Lusting and Koester suggested, can be used to improve inter-cultural competence. impact of culture in perception:Sensation:Sensation is the neurological process by which we become aware of our environment. Of the human senses, sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, including pain, temperature, and pressure. The world appears quite different to other forms of life with different sensory ranges: A bat, for example, senses the world through ultrasound; a snake does so through infrared light; some fish sense distortions of electrical fields through receptors on the surface of their bodiesnone of these directly sensed by humans. But is there significant variation in sensation among individual humans. Nisbett has demonstrated that humans sense and perceive the world in ways unique to their environments by contrasting Eastern and Western cultures. Ancient Greeks had a strong sense of individual identity with a sense of personal agency, the sense that they were in charge of their own destinies. Greeks considered human and nonhuman objects as discrete and separate. And the Greeks made a clear distinction between the external world and our internal worlds. Thus, two individuals could have two different perceptions of the world because the world itself was static, unchanging, and independent of perception. It was through rhetorical persuasion that one could attempt to change anothers perception. The attributes of individual objects are the basis of categorization of objects and categories are subject to behavioral rules that could be discovered and understood by the human mind. Thus rocks and other objects are in the category of objects that have the property of gravity. The Chinese counterpart to the Greek sense of personal agency was harmony. Every Chinese was a member of a family and a village. The Chinese were less concerned with controlling their own destinies but more concerned with self-control so as to minimize conflict with others in the family and village. For the Chinese, the world is constantly changing and every event is related to every other event. The Chinese understood the

world as continuously interacting substances, so perception focused on the entire context or environment. Chinese thought is to see things in their context in which all the elements are constantly changing and rearranging themselves. Effect of Culture on Sensing How much alike, then, are two persons sensations Individuals raised in diverse cultures can actually sense the world differently. For example, Marshall Segall and his associates (Segall, Campbell, & Herskovits, 1966) found that people who live in forests or in rural areas can sense crooked and slanted lines more accurately than can people who live in urban areas. This demonstrates that the rural and urban groups sense the same event differently as a result of their diverse cultural learnings. The term field dependence refers to the degree to which perception of an object is influenced by the background or environment in which it appears. Some people are less likely than others to separate an object from its surrounding environment. When adults in Japan and the United States are shown an animated underwater scene in which one large fish swims among small fish and other marine life, the Japanese describe the scene and comment more about the relationships among the objects in the scene. The Americans were more likely to begin with a description of the big fish and make only half as many comments about the relationships among the objects. Not surprisingly, when showed a second scene with the same big fish, the Americans were more likely to recognize the big fish as the same one as in the first scene (Nisbett, 2003). More recently, Kitayama, Duffy, Kawamura, and Larsen (2003) showed Japanese and European Americans a picture of a square with a line inside it (see Figure 3.1). They were then given an empty square of a different size and asked to either draw a line the same length as the one they had seen or a line of the same relative length to the one they had seen. The European Americans were significantly more accurate in drawing the line of the same length while the Japanese were significantly more accurate in drawing the line of relative length. Differences in the environment and culture affected sensation. The researchers then compared Americans who had been living in Japan and Japanese who had been living in the United States. The time for both was a few years. Given the same picture and task, the Americans who had been living in Japan were close to the

Japanese in the original study while the Japanese who had been living in the United States were virtually the same as the native-born Americans. While other explanations are possible, one strong suggestion is that even living for an extended time in new culture can modify sensation and cognitive processes.

PERCEIVING Culture also has a great effect on the perception process (Tajfel, 1969; Triandis, 1964). Human perception is usually thought of as a three-step process of selection, organization, and interpretation. Each of these steps is affected by culture. Selection The first step in the perception process is selection. Within your physiological limitations, you are exposed to more stimuli than you could possibly manage. To use sight as an example, you may feel that you are aware of all stimuli on your retinas, but most of the data from the retinas are handled on a subconscious level by a variety of specialized systems. Parts of our brains produce output from the retinas that we cannot see. No amount of introspection can make us aware of those processes. In an interesting study by Simons and Chabris (1999), participants viewed videotape of a basketball game. They were told to count the number of passes one team made. In the video, a woman dressed as a gorilla walks into the game, turns to face the camera, and beats her fists on her chest. Fifty percent of all people who watch the video dont see the gorilla. Mack and Rock (1998) argue that we dont consciously see any object unless we are paying direct, focused attention on that object. When we need something, have an interest in it, or want it, we are more likely to sense it out of competing stimuli. When were hungry, were more likely to attend to food advertisements. Organization The second step in the perception process is organization. Along with selecting stimuli from the environment, you must organize them in some meaningful way. When you look at a building, you do not focus on the thousands of possible individual pieces; you focus

on the unified whole, a building. Turning a picture upside down, for example, can trick you into focusing on individual components rather than your unified concept of the object in the picture. One argument is that you somehow grasp some set of attributes that things have in common. On that basis they are grouped together in a category provided by language that gives the conceptual categories that influence how its speakers perceptions are encoded and stored. The philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (18891951), however, concluded that there needs be no such set of shared characteristics. Your language provides the symbol to group perceptions of any kind together. Interpretation The third step in the perception process is interpretation. This refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding. The same situation can be interpreted quite differently by diverse people. A police officer arriving at a crime scene can be experienced by the victim as calming and relief giving but by the criminal as fearsome and threatening. Here, too, the effect of culture is great. As you encounter people of your own culture, you constantly make judgments as to age, social status, educational background, and the like. The cues you use to make these decisions are so subtle that its often difficult to explain how and why you reach a particular conclusion. Applying these same cues to someone from another culture may not work. People in the United States, for example, frequently err in guessing the age of Japanese individuals, such as judging a Japanese college student in her mid-20s to be only 14 or 15.