DO VS DOES To make a question in English we normally use Do or Does. It is normally put at the beginning of the question.

Affirmative: You speak Spanish. Question: Do you speak Spanish? You will see that we add DO at the beginning of the affirmative sentence to make it a question. We use Dowhen the subject is I, you, we or they. Affirmative: He speaks Spanish. Question: Does he speak Spanish? When the subject is he, she or it, we add DOES at the beginning to make the affirmative sentence a question. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the question. We will see the reason why below. We DON'T use Do or Does in questions that have the verb To Be or Modal Verbs (can, must, might, should etc.) Word Order of Questions with Do and Does The following is the word order to construct a basic question in English using Do or Does. Do/Does Do Does Subject I / you / we / they he / she / it Verb* The Rest of the sentence

have / buy cereal for breakfast? eat / like etc.

*Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part. Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc. Examples of Questions with Do and Does: Do you speak English? Does John speak French?

Do we have time for a quick drink? Does it rain a lot in the South? Do they want to come with me? Does she like chocolate?

Short Answers with Do and Does In questions that use do/does it is possible to give short answers to direct questions as follows: Short Answer (Affirmative) Yes, I do. Yes, you do. Yes, we do. Yes, they do. Yes, he does. Yes, she does. Yes, it does. Short Answer (Negative) No, I don't. No, you don't. No, we don't. No, they don't. No, he doesn't. No, she doesn't. No, it doesn't.

Sample Questions

Do you speak English? Do I need a dictionary? Do you both speak English? Do they speak English? Does he speak English? Does she speak English? Does it have four legs?

However, if a question word such as who, when, where, why, which or how is used in the question, you can not use the short answers above to respond to the question.

Question Words with Do and Does The order for making sentences with Questions words is the following:

Question Word What What Where When How

Do/Does do does do do do

Subject you she you you you

Verb have for breakfast? have for breakfast? live? study? spell your name?

The Apostrophe S - ('S) Possessive Case - Genitive Case Also called the possessive case, the genitive case is when we add apostrophe S (s) to show possession, that something belongs to another or a type of relationship between things. e.g. Woodwards house, Your brothers friend The meaning of Xs Y is: = The Y of X = The Y belonging to X (Y is normally a thing) = The Y which has some relation with X (Y is often a person) The Rules: We normally use the s with people, animals though it can also be used with places, organizations and companies (which suggest a group of people). It is not common to use the s with non-living things. 1. Singular nouns add 's (apostrophe S) My mothers house is next to the beach. (= the house of my mother) Jasons car was stolen last night. (= the car of Jason)

Tomorrow, were all going to see the museums new art exhibit. 2. Plural nouns ending in s only add the apostrophe ' (without the S) The two sisters house is next to mine. (= the house of the two sisters) The plumbers tools were rusty. (= the tools of the plumbers) The players boots were dirty and smelly after the game. (= the boots of the players) Notice that the pronunciation is the same for certain possessives: My friends house = the house of my friend = 1 friend My friends house = the house of my friends = 2 or more friends You can usually distinguish whether the speaker is referring to one or two friends by listening to the context of what the speaker says. 3. Plural nouns not ending in s: add 's Be careful not to trip over the childrens toys. (= the toys of the children) The womens bathroom is currently flooded with water. The presidential candidate is often called the peoples favorite politician. 4. Singular noun ending in s: It depends a. Most names: add 's (apostrophe S) They had a really good time at Jamess barbecue last Friday. We spent the day admiring Francess new car. b. Classical or religious names: add ' (only the apostrophe) Jesus disciples carried out the teachings of Jesus. Sophocles plays are still performed today. 5. Possessive nouns as part of a phrase

Sometimes more than one word/noun is a possessive. The same rules as above are still valid: The King of Spartas wife was called Helen. The President of Chiles speech was very long. I accidentally took someone elses bag home by mistake. I had to give my boss three weeks notice that I was leaving the company. If there are two owners of something, we add 's to the final name: Rick and Steves car is quite old. But, if each person owns a car, then add 's to both names: Ricks and Steves cars are quite old. Notice how the verb is in plural form. 6. No Noun If the meaning is clear, we can use the possessive without a noun after it. Her hair is longer than Jills. (= Jills hair) We ate at Billys last night. (= Billys Diner or Billys house) Whose bag is this? Its Janes. (= Janes bag)

Have - Has - Go - Goes Simple Present Tense Conjugation of Have and Go To Have = To show possession / a quality To Go = to show movement (travel) in a specific direction

Subject

To Have

The Rest of the sentence

I / you / we / they he / she / it

have has

an old bike. a new car.

Subject I / you / we / they he / she / it

To Go go goes

The Rest of the sentence to class every day. to the movies on Friday.

Usually we only add 'S' to a verb when we conjugate it in the third person but notice how To Have and To Go are slightly irregular (though they still both end in S).

Have and Go in Negative Sentences To make a negative sentence in English with To Have and To Go we use Don't or Doesn't followed byHave or Go (never Has or Goes). Affirmative: You have a pen. Negative: You don't have a pen. You will see that we add don't between the subject and the verb. We use Don't when the subject is I, you,we or they. Affirmative: He has a pencil. Negative: He doesn't have a pencil. When the subject is he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject and the verb to make a negative sentence. Notice that we don't use the normal third person conjugation (has, goes) in negative sentences. We use the base form of the infinitive as seen below.

Word Order of Negative Sentences

The following is the word order to construct a basic negative sentence in English in the Present Tense using Don't or Doesn't. Subject I / you / we / they he / she / it don't/doesn't don't have doesn't cereal for lunch. To Have* The Rest of the sentence

Subject I / you / we / they he / she / it

don't/doesn't don't

To Go*

The Rest of the sentence

go doesn't

to classes every day.

* Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part. Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc. Examples of Negative Sentences with Have: You don't have a clue. John doesn't have many friends. We don't have time for a rest. It doesn't have four wheels. They don't have the correct answers. She doesn't have a nice dress. Examples of Negative Sentences with Go: You don't go to university. John doesn't go to parties.

We don't go to work on the weekend. It doesn't go fast. They don't go to the beach. Questions with Have and Go To make a question in English with To Have and To Go, we normally use Do or Does at the beginning of the question. Affirmative: You have a girlfriend. Question: Do you have a girlfriend? You will see that we add DO at the beginning of the affirmative sentence to make it a question. We use Dowhen the subject is I, you, we or they. Affirmative: She has a boyfriend. Question: Does she have a boyfriend? When the subject is he, she or it, we add DOES at the beginning to make the affirmative sentence a question. Notice that we don't use the normal third person conjugation (has, goes) in questions. We use the base form of the infinitive as seen below.

Word Order of Questions with Do and Does The following is the word order to construct a basic question in English using Do or Does. Do/Does Do Does Subject I / you / we / they have he / she / it a new bike? Verb* The Rest of the sentence

Do/Does

Subject

Verb*

The Rest of the sentence

Do Does

I / you / we / they go he / she / it to school?

*Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part. Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc. Examples of Questions with Have and Go: Do you have a dictionary? Does Mary have a dictionary? Do we go to all the meetings? Does she go to all the meetings?

Short Answers with Have and Go In questions that use do/does it is possible to give short answers to direct questions as follows: Short Answer (Affirmative) Short Answer (Negative)

Sample Questions

Do you have a car? Do you go to church? Do I have time? Do I go to work today? Do you both have time? Do you both go to school? Do they have a car?

Yes, I do.

No, I don't.

Yes, you do.

No, you don't.

Yes, we do.

No, we don't.

Yes, they do.

No, they don't.

Do they go to the pub? Does he have a car? Does he go to university? Does she have a car? Does she go to the gym? Does it have four wheels? Does it go slow?

Yes, he does.

No, he doesn't.

Yes, she does.

No, she doesn't.

Yes, it does.

No, it doesn't.

However, if a question word such as who, when, where, why, which or how is used in the question, you can not use the short answers above to respond to the question. Noun + To Be + Noun English Grammar Rules Nouns are words that name things. Some common nouns include those used for animals, countries, food, languages, cities and countries. When we are explaining things, we use Noun + To Be + Noun: English is a language. (Noun + To Be + Noun) A chicken is a bird. (Noun + To Be + Noun)

Singular Noun + IS + Singular Noun We use IS between the two singular nouns. Champagne is a drink. Paris is a city. France is a country. French is a language. Europe is a continent.

Note that we normally use an article (A / AN) before a singular noun.

Articles + Nouns 'A' or 'AN' are articles. In English we normally use articles before singular nouns. A is used before a word that begins with a consonant. AN is used before a word that begins with a vowel. Vowels: A, E, I, O, U. Consonants: B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z. For example: Chile is a country. (A before consonant) Santiago is a city. (A before consonant) An apple is a fruit (A before consonant) A dog is an animal. (AN before vowel) A mosquito is an insect. (AN before vowel) Qantas is an airline. (AN before vowel)

Plural Noun + Are + Plural Noun Singular Noun + IS + Singular Noun Plural Noun + ARE + Plural Noun Note that we do not use an article (A / AN) with a plural noun. For example: A dog is an animal. (singular) Dogs are animals. (plural) Spanish is a language. (singular)

Spanish and Italian are languages. (plural) Cities are places. (plural) Countries are states. (plural) Past Tense Irregular Verbs List English Grammar Notes Part One The following is a list of Irregular Verbs in English: Verb arise babysit be beat become bend begin bet bind bite bleed blow Past Simple arose babysat was / were beat became bent began bet bound bit bled blew Past Participle arisen babysat been beaten become bent begun bet bound bitten bled blown

break breed bring broadcast build buy catch choose come cost cut deal dig do draw drink drive eat fall

broke bred brought broadcast built bought caught chose came cost cut dealt dug did drew drank drove ate fell

broken bred brought broadcast built bought caught chosen come cost cut dealt dug done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen

feed feel fight find fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang* have hear hide hit hold

fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held

fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen gotten given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held

hurt keep know lay lead leave lend let lie ** light lose make mean meet pay put quit read *** ride

hurt kept knew laid led left lent let lay lit lost made meant met paid put quit read rode

hurt kept known laid led left lent let lain lit lost made meant met paid put quit read ridden

ring rise run say see sell send set shake shine shoot show shut sing sink sit sleep slide speak

rang rose ran said saw sold sent set shook shone shot showed shut sang sank sat slept slid spoke

rung risen run said seen sold sent set shaken shone shot shown shut sung sunk sat slept slid spoken

spend spin spread stand steal stick sting strike swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw

spent spun spread stood stole stuck stung struck swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw

spent spun spread stood stolen stuck stung struck sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown understood

understand understood

wake wear win withdraw write

woke wore won withdrew wrote

woken worn won withdrawn written

* HANG - Hang has two different meanings. The first is "to attach (or hang) something in a high position" (e.g. on the wall or on a hook). In this case we use the above verbs Hang-Hung-Hung. BUT when Hang means "to kill someone by putting a rope around someone's neck and leaving them in a high position without any support", we use different verbs: Hang-Hanged-hanged. This verb is typical of public executions in the past. (e.g. They hanged him in the main square.) ** LIE - Lie has two meanings. When it means "to put your body in a horizontal position" (normally on a bed) it uses the Lie-Lay-Lain verbs. BUT it is regular Lie-Lied-Lied when it has the other meaning of "not to say the truth". *** READ - Even though they are written the same, the pronunciation is different in the Past Tense and Past Participle form.

Part Two The following verbs can be regular or irregular: Verb burn Past Simple burned OR burnt Past Participle burned OR burnt dreamed OR dreamt learned OR learnt

dream dreamed OR dreamt learn learned OR learnt

smell

smelled OR smelt

smelled OR smelt

The second form (burnt, dreamt etc.) is more common in British English.

Part Three Verbs that have the same form in Present, Past and Past Participle form: Verb bet broadcast cut hit hurt let put quit read set shut spread Past Simple bet broadcast cut hit hurt let put quit read set shut spread Past Participle bet broadcast cut hit hurt let put quit read set shut spread

All of the verbs above are written and pronounced the same in the three forms EXCEPT for Read which is written the same but pronounced differently.

Present Tense - Third Person English Grammar Rules Normally in the present tense we add S to the end of the verb in the 3rd person (He, She, It). Verb Speak Play Give Make 3rd Person Speaks Plays Gives Makes

He speaks three languages. She drinks coffee every morning. My dog hates my cat. Irregular Verbs Irregular verbs in English in the present tense follow very simple rules. The only change that is made to these verbs is in the third person for He, She or It. 1. If the verb ends in SS, X, CH, SH or the letter O, we add + ES in the third person. Verb Kiss Fix 3rd Person Kisses Fixes

Watch Watches Crash Crashes

Go

Goes

A mechanic fixes cars. She watches soap operas every afternoon. He kisses his wife before he goes to work.

2. If the verb ends in a Consonant + Y, we remove the Y and + IES in the third person. Verb Carry Hurry Study Deny 3rd Person Carries Hurries Studies Denies

Isabel studies every night. The baby cries all the time. He denies all responsibility.

Negative Sentence To form the negative we use the auxiliary do not. Again, the only variation occurs in the 3rd person where we use does not.

Positive

Negative

I talk She talks You sleep He sleeps

I do not talk She does not talk You do not sleep He does not sleep

Carol studies Carol does not study We study We do not study

In the negative, the main verb is always in the bare infinitive (without TO). It doesn't change for the third person. We don't put an S on the end of the verb in the negative form. In the examples above - talk, sleep and study do not change in the 3rd person. He speaks Italian He doesn't speak Italian. Remember: Do not can be abbreviated to Don't and Does not can be abbreviated to Doesn't. Possessive Adjectives English Grammar Rules Possessive adjectives are used to show possession or ownership of something. While we use them when we refer to people, it is more in the sense of relationship than ownership. The possessive adjectives in English are as follows: Possessive Adjective My Your

Subject

I You

He She It We You (pl) They

His Her Its Our Your Their

The possessive adjective needs to agree with the possessor and not with the thing that is possessed. Examples My car is very old. Her boyfriend is very friendly. Our dog is black. Their homework is on the table. Like all adjectives in English, they are always located directly in front of the noun they refer to. (Possessive Adjective + Noun) We do not include an S to the adjective when the noun is plural like in many other languages. Examples: Our cars are expensive. (Correct) Ours cars are expensive. (Incorrect) However, the verb that is used needs to be in agreement with the noun - if the noun is singular then the verb is singular; if the noun is plural then the verb is plural. Examples: My pen is black. (Singular) My pens are black. (Plural)

Our child is intelligent. (Singular) Our children are intelligent. (Plural)

Its vs. It's Be careful not to confuse its and it's. Its = The possessive adjective for It. It's = a contraction of it is.