RATE OF REACTION 1.

Concept Map

Average rate of reaction

Rate of reaction at a given time

Observable changes in chemical reaction

Rate of reaction Collision Theory to explain factors affecting rate of reaction

Factors affecting rate of reaction

2. Rate of reaction

(a) Rate of reaction is the sat which reactants react to form products in a
chemical reaction. (b) Classify the following reaction as fast or slow reaction No. ! " $ & ( + Example Corrosion of iron nail tri#ing a match %hotosynthesis Neutrali'ation )cid with reacti*e metal Ripening of manggo Fast or low Reaction

(c) For a fast chemical reaction

,ime ta#en for the reaction to complete is s.. ,he reactants are - con*erted to the products ,he rate of reaction is h

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(d) For a slow chemical reaction

,ime ta#en for the reaction to complete is l.. ,he reactants are s con*erted to the products ,he rate of reaction is l

Rate of reaction ..
(e) ,he rate of reaction can be determined by measuring the time ta#en for an observable chemical change to occur. Rate of reaction < 2bser*able chemical change ,ime ta#en (f) ,he obser*able chemical changes in a chemical reaction are (i) . (ii) (iii) . (i*) (*) .. (g) 3efinition= Rate of reaction is the change of a o!nt of reactant " pro#!ct per !nit ti e.
Rate of reaction = change in selected quantity tim e taken

Example= (i) 0f (6.6 cm$ of hydrogen gas is collected in "6 seconds during a chemical reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid . >hat is the rate of reaction?
R ate of reaction = increase in volum e of hydrogen tim e taken gas

Rate of reaction <

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<

cm$ s@!

(ii) 0f time ta#en for (.6 gram of magnesium ribbon reacts completely with dilute hydrochloric acid is "(sA what is the rate of reaction?
Rate of reaction = decrease in m ass of m agnesium tim e taken

Rate of reaction <

<

g s@!. graph.

$. %!itable observable changes to #eter ine the rate of reaction fro For the reaction bellow BnC2$(s) C ".Cl(a-) D BnCl"(a-) C C2"(g) C

."2(l)

#etch the graph for=

Concentration of .Cl E moldm@$ /ass of BnC2$ E g

,imeEs Concentration of BnCl" E mol dm@$ Folume of C2" gas E cm$

,imeEs

,imeEs Concentration of .Cl E mol dm@$

,imeEs

1 A s@! tim e
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(d) 0n a chemical reaction in*ol*ing release of a gasA it is easier to determine the rate of reaction by measuring the *of gas at a certain time inter*al. (e) Rate of reaction can be measured as a*erage rate of reaction or the rate of reaction at a particular gi*en time. (f) )*erage rate of reaction is the a*alue of the rate of reaction within a specified period of t. (g) Rate of reaction at a gi*en time is the a rate of reaction at that instant Example= ;raph of the total *olume of gas liberated against time for a reaction where gas is gi*en off Folume of gasEcm$

,o determine the rate of reaction at a gi*en time t! s

" / ! F

@ 3raw a tangent (line 3E) at the point / on the graph. @ 3raw a right@angle triangle 3EF @ /easure the length of 3F and EF. @ Calculate the gradient of the tangent 3E ,imeEs

t!

;radient of the tangent at any point on the cur*e Rate of reaction at time t!

=
<

change in volume of the gas change in time

length of DF length of EF

cm$s@!

)cti*ity= ,able bellow shows the burette reading of hydrogen gas collected at different time inter*als when magnesium ribbon react with hydrochloric acid
,imeEs Iurette readingEcm$ Folume of gas collectedEcm$ 6 (6.66 $6 $+.66 +6 "(.66 76 !H.66 !"6 !!.66 !(6 G.66 !G6 +.66 "!6 (.66 "&6 &.66 "H6 &.66 $66 &.66

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(a) Calculate the *olume of gas collected (b) %lot a graph of *olume of hydrogen gas collected against time.

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(c) Iased on the graph plottedA determine (i) the a*erage rate of reaction in the first " minutes

(ii) the a*erage rate of reaction in the second minute

(iii) the o*erall a*erage rate of reaction

(i*) the rate of reaction at ! minute

(*) the rate of reaction at $ minutes

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(d) Compare the rate of reaction obtained in (i*) and (*). Explain your answer.

(e) >rite a balance chemical e-uation of the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.

&. Factors affecting rate of reaction I. Effect of total s!rface area of reactant on the rate of reaction.

(a) For a fixed mass of solid reactantA the smaller the si'e of the reactant the higher the rate of reaction maller si'e of a solid reactant 5arger t exposed surface area Rate of reaction is h. Examples

(i) (ii) (iii)

Cube sugar dissol*es slower than that of fine sugar of the same mass in same amount of water and temperature /eat cut into small pieces coo# faster than meat cut into big lump of the same mass. %owdered 'inc reacts faster than granulated 'inc of the same mass with hydrochloric acid of the same *olume and concentration.

(b) Experiment to in*estigate the effect of total surface area of calcium carbonate on the rate of reaction %roblem statement=

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.ypothesis= Fariables= (i) manipulated *ariable= (ii) responding *ariable= (iii) fixed *ariable= /aterials= )pparatus= %rocedure= (3iagram)

Results= (i) Experiment 0 using large marble chips= ,imeE minute Iurette readingEcm$ Folume of gas collectedEcm$ 6.6 6.( !.6 !.( ".6 ".( $.6 $.( &.6 &.( (.6 (.( "$.(6

&7.(6 &(."6 &".6 $7.66 $+.(6 $&.66 $!.G6 "7.(6 "H.G6 "+."6 "&.(6

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(ii) Experiment 00 using crushed marble chips= ,imeE minute Iurette readingEcm$ Folume of gas collectedEcm$ 6.6 6.( !.6 !.( ".6 ".( $.6 $.( &.6 &.( (.6 (.( !6.66

&7.66 $7.66 $$.66 "G.(6 "(.66 "!.(6 !7.66 !+.H6 !&.H6 !$.66 !!.(6

!. %lot the graph of total *olume of gas collected against time ta#en for the reaction for experiment 0 and 00 on the same axes. ". Iased on the graphA calculate (a) the o*erall rate of rate of reaction for the first ( minutes of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and (i) large marble chips=

(ii) crushed marble chips

(b) ,he rate of reaction at ".( minute for (i) large marble chips=

(ii) crushed marble chips=

$. Iased on your answers in "(a) and "(b)A how does the rate of reaction differ?

&. >hat is the factor that causes the difference in rate of reaction?

(. >rite a balanced chemical e-uation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.

+. Explain why does the rate of reaction decreases with increase of time.

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H. 0f both reactions are allowed to react until completionA is the total *olume of gas collected the same? Explain your answer.

G. 0f the marble chips used in the experiment is in excessA what is the maximum total *olume of gas collected? J ! mole of gas at room temperature occupies a *olume of "&dm$K

Conclusion=

II. The effect of concentration of reactant on the rate of reaction. (a) >hen concentration of reactant increasesA the rate of reaction increases. ;i*e one example for the abo*e statement.

(b) Experiment to in*estigate the effect of concentration of sodium thiosulphate with hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction %roblem statement= .ypothesis= Fariables= (i) manipulated *ariable= (ii) responding *ariable= (iii) fixed *ariable= %rocedure= (3iagram)

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Results= Experiment Folume of 6."moldm sodium thiosulphate solutionA F! cm$ Folume of distilled water addedEcm$ Folume of !.6mol hydrochloric acid addedEcm$ ,otal *olume of reactant Ecm$ Concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution usedEmoldm@$ ,ime ta#enEs
@$

! &( 6.6 (.6 (6.6

" &6 (.6 (.6 (6.6

$ $( !6.6 (.6 (6.6

& $6 !(.6 (.6 (6.6

( "( "6.6 (.6 (6.6

!+

"6

"H

&!

G$

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!Etime A s@! !. %lot the graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution used against time ta#en for the reaction. ". %lot the graph of concentration of thiosuphate solution used against !Etime. $. >hat does the *alue of !Etime represents?

&. Iased on your graphA state the relationship between (i) the concentration of sodium thiosulphate and the time ta#en for the reaction.

(ii) the rate of reaction and the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution.

(. >hat is colour of the precipitate formed and name the precipitate.

+. >hat is the time ta#en for the mar# LMN to disappear if the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution used is 6.!6 mol dm@$?

H. >rite a balanced chemical e-uation for the reaction in this experiment.

G. >rite an ionic e-uation for the reaction in this experiment.

7. 0f dilute sulphuric acid of the same concentration is used to replace hydrochloric acid in this experimentA predict the rate of reaction and explain your answer.

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Conclusion= III. The effect of te perat!re on rate of reaction. (a) 0ncrease in temperature of reactionA increases the rate of reaction. ;i*e two examples for the abo*e statement. (i) (ii) (b) Experiment to in*estigate the effect of temperate on the rate of reaction between thiosulphate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid. %roblem statement= .ypothesis= Fariables= (i) manipulate *ariable= (ii) responding *ariable= (iii) fixed *ariable= %rocedure= (diagram)

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Results= Experiment ,emperatureEoC ,ime ta#enEs !EtimeA s@! !. %lot the graph of (i) temperature against time and (ii) temperature against !Etime. ". Iased on your graphA what is the relationship between rate of reaction with temperature. ! $6 (( " $( &G $ &6 &" & &( $H ( (6 $$

$. >rite a balance chemical e-uation for the reaction of this experiment.

&. why is the *olume of sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid fixed for each experiment?

(. >hat is the time ta#en for the mar# LMO to disappear when the temperature is +6oC?

Conclusion=

I' Effect of catal(st on the rate of reaction. (a) Catalyst is a substance which a (b) pecial characteristic of catalyst .. the rate of a chemical reaction while

it remains c. unchanged at the end of the reaction

Catalyst alters the r of a chemical reaction

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,he a of products formed remain unchanged with or

without the catalyst

Folume of hydrogen releasedEcm$

)itho*t catalyst )ith catalyst

,imeEs

2nly a small amount of catalyst is needed to achie*e a bchange

in the rate of reaction 0ncreasing the amount of catalyst used generally will i.the

rate of reaction Catalyst may undergo p.. changes Catalyst remains c unchanged during the reaction

,he m..and chemical composition of the catalyst remain the

same before and after the reaction /ost catalyst are t elements or compounds of

transition elements such as ironA nic#el and copper(00) sulphateA Cu 2& Catalyst is s.. in its actio Example= >hen copper(00) sulphate solution is added into a reaction between 'inc and sulphuric acidA the rate of reaction increases but the final -uantity of hydrogen produced is the same the reaction of 'inc with hydrochloric acid without copper(00) sulphate solution. (c) Experiment to in*estigate the effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution. %roblem statement=

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.ypothesis=

Fariables= (i) manipulated *ariable= (ii) responding *ariable= (iii) fixed *ariable= )pparatus= /aterials= %rocedure=

2bser*ation= Test t!be )

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Observation

1$

I 3iscussion) !. >hat is the effect of manganese(0F) oxide on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution?

". >hat is the function of manganese(0F) oxide in this experiment?

$. >rite a balanced chemical e-uation for the reaction in this experiment.

&. >ill the mass of manganese(0F) oxide change at the end of the reaction in test tube I?

Conclusion=

(+) Experiment to in*estigate the effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of reaction
for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution. %roblem statement=

.ypothesis=

Fariables= (i) manipulated *ariable= (ii) responding *ariable= (iii) fixed *ariable=

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)pparatus= /aterials= %rocedure=

Results= (i) Experiment !A using 6."g of manganese(0F) oxide ,imeEs Iurette readingEcm$ Folume of gas cm$ 6.6 6.( !.6 !.( ".6 ".( $.6 $.( &.6 &.( (.6 (.( +.6

&7.H6 &G.H6 &H.!6 &(.H6 &&."6 &$."6 &".66 &!.!6 &6."6 $7.(6 $7.66 $G.&6 $G.66

(ii) Experiment 00A using 6.+g of manganese(0F) oxide ,imeEs 6.6 6.( !.6 !.( ".6 ".( $.6 $.( &.6 &.( (.6 (.( +.6

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Iurette readingEcm$ Folume of gas cm$

&7.66 &$.+6 &6.(6 $G.66 $+.66 $&.(6 $$.66 $!.H6 $6.(6 "7.H6 "7.66 "G."6 "G.66

!. %lot the graph of total *olume of gas against time for experiment 0 and experiment 00 on the same axes. ". Iased on your graphA calculate the rate of reaction at !"6 seconds for each of the reaction . (i) Experiment 0=

(ii) Experiment 00=

$. .ow did the rates of reaction in experiment 0 and 00 differ?

&. >hich experiment shows the higher rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide?

(. 0f both experiments are allowed to proceed until completionA is the total *olume of gas collected in both experiments the same? Explain your answer.

Conclusion=

(e) )pplication of catalyst in industry. /ost catalysts are transition elements or compounds of transition elements. Catalyst is specific in its action and only a small amount is re-uired in a chemical reaction. In#!strial process .aber %rocess Contact %rocess *ro#!ct pro#!ce# E+!ation Catal(st

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2stwald %rocess .ydrogenation of *egetable oil Crac#ing of petroleum )cti*ity= !. E-uation below shows the decomposition of sodium chlorate solution using manganese(0F) oxide as a catalyst "Na2Cl(a-) D "NaCl C 2"(g) For the following experimentsA s#etch graph (i) *olume of gas against time Experiment ! Experiment " !66 cm$ of 6.( moldm@$ Na2Cl C /n2" (6 cm$ of !.6 moldm@$ Na2Cl C /n2"

,ol*me of oxygen-cm3

Time-s
Explain your answer

(ii) *olume of gas against time Experiment ! Experiment " ( g /agnesium C (6 cm$ of 6.( moldm@$ hydrochloric acid at room temperature ( g /agnesium C (6 cm$ of 6.( moldm@$ hydrochloric acid at (62C

,ol*me of oxygen-cm3

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Time-s

2(

Explain your answer ". For the following experimentA s#etch the graph *olume of hydrogen against time Experiment ! Experiment " Experiment $ & g of excess 'inc powder C !66 cm$ of sulphuric acid 6.( mol dm@$ C (cm$ copper(00) sulphate solution at room temperature & g of excess 'inc powder C !66 cm$ of sulphuric acid 6.( mol dm@$ room temperature & g of excess 'inc powder C (6 cm$ of sulphuric acid 6.( mol dm@$ at room temperature

,ol*me of hy+rogen-cm3

Time-s
Explain your answer

,. Collision Theor( (a) For a chemical reaction to occurA the particles of the reactants must collide with each other. .owe*erA not all collisions result in a chemical reaction to form products. (b) )ccording to collision theoryA only those collisions which

with the c orientation and

achie*ed a m. amount of energy called activation energ( A

Ea will result in chemical reaction (c) Collisions of particles of reactants that result in chemical reaction is #nown as --------- collision
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(d) Activation energ( . EaA is defined as the minimum amount of energy of collision that is re-uired for particles of reactant to react or to produce e. collision.

(i) Exothermic reaction

(ii) Endothermic reaction

!nergy !a

!nergy

Reactant

!a Reactant .ro+*ct

.ro+*ct

(e) 4sing Collision ,heory to explain the factors affecting the rate of reaction. !. ,he effect of increase in total s!rface area of reactant. 4sing solid reactant that is smaller in si'e. >hen si'e of solid reactant is smallerA the total surface area increases ,he fre-uency of collision of particles of reactant increases ,he fre-uency of effecti*e collision increases ,he rate of reaction increases. ". ,he effect of increase in concentration of reactant.

0ncreasing the concentration of reactant will increase the number of particles

of reactant per unit *olume. ,he fre-uency of collision of particles of reactant increases. ,he fre-uency of effecti*e collision increases. ,he rate of reaction increases. $. ,he effect of increase in temperature of reaction o o o o o Iy increasing the temperature of the reactant 0ncreased in temperatureA increases the #inetic energy of the reactant particles. ,he fre-uency of colliding particles possesses energy higher than the acti*ation energy increases. ,he fre-uency of effecti*e collision increases ,he rate of reaction increases.

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&. ,he effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction. )ddition of a positi*e catalyst to a chemical reaction pro*ides an alternati*e path of reaction that re-uires a lower acti*ation energy. ,he fre-uency of effecti*e collision increases ,he rate of reaction increases. Energy profile diagrams to show the effect of catalyst on rate of reaction. Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction

!nergy !a Reactant
EaO

!nergy

.ro+*ct
EaO

Reactant .ro+*ct
Ea P )cti*ation energy without energy EaO P )cti*ation energy with energy '. The effect of press!re on rate of reaction. (i)

!a

,he effect of pressure only affects the rate of chemical reaction when the reactants )re in the gaseous state. Eg= N"(g) C $."(g) "N.$(g)

(ii) 0ncreased in pressure by increasing the concentration of gas or by reducing the *olume of the *esselA o the number of particles per unit *olume increases. o ,he fre-uency of collision among the reactant particles increases o ,he fre-uency of effecti*e collision increases o .ence the rate of reaction increases. )cti*ity= !. Complete the following table= Experiment ,wo set of experiment is carry out between
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Factor affect the rate of reaction

#etch of graph

Explain using collision theory ,he rate of reaction in exp 0 is than exp 00

,ol*me of gas cm3

23 Time/ s

marble chip and hydrochloric acid= Exp 0= Excess of 'inc powder and (6 cm$ of 6.( moldm@$ hydrochloric acid Exp 00= Excess of 'inc granule and (6 cm$ of 6.( moldm@$ hydrochloric acid Reinforce e/ercise0 !.

,he gradient of the cur*e for

exp 0 is . than exp 00 Binc powder has . total surface area Fre-uency of collision of 'inc and . increases Fre-uency of collision increases

>hich of the following can be used to determine the rate of the reaction? 0 00 000 0F ). I. C. 3. Release of gas per unit time. Change of colour intensity per unit time. Formation of precipitate per unit time. 0ncrease in the mass of reactant per unit time. 0 and 00 000 and 0F 0A 00 and 000 00A 000 and 0F

".

)n e-uation of a reaction is as follows

2Fe20 1reen

Cl2

2Fe30 0 2ro3n

2Cl

0n the reaction represented by the e-uation abo*eA it was found that the change of colour from green to brown was faster when the reactant mixture was heated. ,his was due to the 0. 00. 000. 0F. ). I. C. 3. $. decrease in the acti*ation energy. increase in the fre-uency of effecti*e collision . increase in the #inetic energy of ferrum(00) ions and chlorine molecules. increase in the fre-uency of collision between ferrum(00) ions and chlorine molecules. 0 and 00 only 00 and 000 only 0A 000 and 0F only 00A 000 and 0F only

,able & shows the total *olume of gas collected at regular inter*als in a reaction. ,ime E s Folume of gasE cm$ 6 6 $6 ".6 +6 $.H 76 (." !"6 +.& !(6 H.$ !G6 G.+ "!6 G.+

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>hat is the a*erage rate of reaction in the second minute ? ). I. C. 3. 6.6&6 6.6&( 6.6($ 6.6+" cm$s@! cm$s@! cm$s@! cm$s@!

&.

,he e-uation below represents the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.

242O2(a5)

242O(l)

0 O2(g)

>hich of the following are produced when ! mole of hydrogen peroxide is decomposed completely ? J! mole of gas occupies "& dm$ at room conditionQ )*ogadroOs constant = + M !6"$ mol@!K 0 00 000 0F ) I C 3 ( " moles of water !" dm$ of oxygen gas $ M !6"$ of oxygen molecules !." M !6"& of water molecules 0 0 00 00 and and and and 000 only 0F only 000 only 0F only

)n experiment is carried out to study the rate of reaction between marble and hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas. Experiment ubstances 0 Excess marble and (6.6 cm$ of " mol dm@$ hydrochloric acid 00 Excess marble and !66.6cm$ of ! mol dm@$ hy+rochloric aci+

,ol*me of CO2-cm3

6 66

,ol*me of CO2-cm3

6 66

Time-s
I

Time-s
3

,ol*me of CO2-cm3

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66 6 Time-s

,ol*me of CO2-cm3

6 66 Time-s

,he reaction between hydrochloric acid and 'inc produces hydrogen gas. ,he reaction is complete in (6 seconds and the maximum *olume of gas produced is "( cm$. >hat is the a*erage rate of the reaction? ). I. 6.( cm$ s@! !.6 cm$ s@! C. ".6 cm$ s@! 3. &.6 cm$ s@!

,he diagram shows the energy profile of a reaction. Ea is the acti*ation energy for this reaction.

!nergy

!a Reactant !a7 .ro+*cts Reaction path

>hat will change the acti*ation energy from Ea to EaO? ). ,emperature C. Concentration I. Catalyst 3. ,otal surface area G >hich of the following explains the meaning of effecti*e collision? ). I. C. 3. 7 ,he collision where its energy is less than the acti*ation energy. ,he collision that has a low energy ,he collision which ta#es place before a reaction ,he collision that causes a reaction

,he diagram shows the set up of the apparatus for an experiment to determine the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and sulphuric acid.

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>hich of the conditions ta#e mar# LMO to

following combination of the shortest time for the diappear from sight?

) I C 3 !6

ulphuric acid odium thiosulphate ,emperature FolumeEcm$ ConcentrationE FolumeEcm$ ConcentrationE EoC mol dm@$ mol dm@$ !6 !.6 (6 6.( $6 !6 !.6 (6 6.( &6 !6 6.( (6 6.( $6 "6 6.( &6 6.( ( the decomposition of "(cm$ hydrogen peroxide solution gas.

0n an experimentA of 6.! mol dm@$ produces oxygen

,ol*me of oxygen gas-cm3

. 8 Time-s

0f the experiment is repeated using another solutionA which solution will produce cur*e R? ). I. C. 3. !! "( cm$ of 6.!( mol dm@$ hydrogen peroxide "6 cm$ of 6.!( mol dm@$ hydrogen peroxide !( cm$ of 6.!( mol dm@$ hydrogen peroxide !6 cm$ of 6."( mol dm@$ hydrogen peroxide

,he following statements are related to the collision theory of a reaction. 0. 00. 000. 0F. ,he total surface area of the reactant particles increases. ,he #inetic energy of the reactant particles increases. ,he fre-uency of the collision between the reactant particles increases. ,he number of the reactant particles per unit *olume increases.

>hich of the following combinations is true about the effect of the rise in temperature on the reactant particles? ) I 0 and 00 only 00 and 000 only C 3 000 and 0F only 0 and 0F only

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!"

0f you want to coo# !66 potatoes within a short timeA which is the most suitable method? ) I C 3 Ioil the potatoes in a pan Ioil the potatoes in a pressure coo#er team the potatoes in a steamer Fry the potatoes in a wo#

!$

>hich of the following reactants produces the highest rate of reaction with 'inc powder? ) I C 3 "( cm$ of sulphuric acid 6.! mol dm@$. "( cm$ of ethanoic acid 6.! mol dm@$. "( cm$ of nitric acid 6.! mol dm@$. "( cm$ of hydrochloric acid 6.! mol dm@$.

!&

>hich of the following mixture of limestone and (6 cm$ hydrochloric acid will gi*e the highest initial rate of gas produced ? ) ( g limestone powder with 6." mol dm@$ hydrochloric acid I ( g limestone granules with 6." mol dm@$ hydrochloric acid C !6 g limestone powder with 6.! mol dm@$ hydrochloric acid 3 !6 g limestone granules with 6." mol dm@$ hydrochloric acid (C"2&"@ (a-) C !+ .C (a-) C " /n2&@ (a-) D !6 C2"(g) C G."2 (l) C "/n"C (a-) Ethanadioic ion manganate (F00) ion ,he abo*e e-uation represents the reaction between ethanadioic acid with acidic potassium manganate (F00) . 0f excess of acidic potassium manganate (F00) was usedA the rate of reaction can be determined by the ) time manganese ion produced I time to decolourised the potassium manganate (F00) solution C mass of manganese salt produced at a gi*en time 3 time ta#en to collect a certain *olume of carbon dioxide

!(

!+

0n a catalytic reactionA a catalyst will increase the rate of reaction because a catalyst will ) decrease the acti*ation energy of the reaction I increase the particle energy C decrease the effecti*e collision fre-uency 3 increase the rate of collision between particles Experiment /ass of copper (00) oxideEg Folume of hydrogen peroxide Ecm$ Concentration of hydrogen peroxide Emol dm@$

!H

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0 00

! !

(6 !66

!.6 6.(

,able " ,wo experiments were carried out to measure the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with copper(00) oxide as the catalyst A with conditions shown in the ,able ". >hich of the following graphs shows *olume of oxygen releases against time for Experiment ! and Experiment " ? ) ;as *olume experiment 00 experiment 0 time I ;as *olume experiment 0 experiment 00 time ,otal gas *olume Ecm$ v v/2timeEs !G !6 "6 $6 &6 Figure & Figure & shows the graph of total *olume of gas against time for the reaction between marble and dilute hydrochloric acid. From the graphA it can be deduced that ) the rate of reaction at !6th second is lower than the rate at the "6th I second C total *olume of gas collected for the first "6 second is v/2 cm$ 3 total *olume of the gas collected in this experiment is v cm$ the maximum rate of gas released is at the &6th second )mong the acids belowA which will gi*e the highest initial rate of reaction when ! g of calcium carbonate powder was added to it ? ) (6.6 cm$ 6.! mol dm@$ nitric acid I (6.6 cm$ 6.! mol dm@$ sulphuric acid C (6.6 cm$ 6.! mol dm@$ ethanoic acid 3 !66.6 cm$ 6.! mol dm@$ hydrochloric acid 6 3 ;as *olume C ;as *olume experiment 00 experiment 0 time experiment 0 experiment 00 time

!7

"6 ,he reactions between hydrochloric acid and 'inc produces hydrogen gas. ,he
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reaction is completed in (6 seconds and the maximum *olume of gas produced is "( cm$ . >hat is the a*erage rate of the reaction? ) I C 3 6.( cm$ s@! !.6 cm$ s@! ".6 cm$ s@! &.6 cm$ s@!

Reinforce E/ercise for %tr!ct!ral 1!estions an# Essa( 1!estions. !. ,he rate of reaction is affected by se*eral factors. 2ne of the factors is the si'e of particles.

One kilogramme of meat, cut into big pieces, takes a longer time to cook compared to one kilogram of meat cut into smaller pieces.
(a) Explain the abo*e statement based on the si'e of the particles. J" mar#sK (b) ) student carried out three experiments to in*estigate the effects of the factors influencing the rate of reaction. ,able ! shows the results of the experiments.

(i) >rite the chemical e-uation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. Calculate the maximum *olume of hydrogen gas produced. J Relati*e atomic mass= /gA"&Q molar mass *olume= "& dm$ mol@! at room conditionK J& mar#sK (ii) #etch the graphs for the *olume of hydrogen gas against time for Experiment 0A 00 and 000 on the same axes. J$ mar#sK
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(iii) Calculate the a*erage rate of reaction for Experiment 0A 00 and 000 in cm$ s@!. J$ mar#sK (i*) Compare the rates of reaction between Experiment 0 and Experiment 00A and between Experiment 00 and Experiment 000. >ith reference to collision theoryA explain why there are differences in the rates of reaction in the experiments. JG mar#sK ". )n experiment was conducted to find out the effects of temperature on the rate of reaction. (6cm$ of sodium thiosulphate solution 6.6( mol dm@$ at $6oC was put into a "(6cm$ conical flas#. ,hen the conical flas# was placed on an LMO sign on a piece of white paper. !6cm$ of hydrochloric acid !.6 mol dm@$ was added to the sodium thiosulphate solution and sha#en. )t the same timeA the stop watch was started. ,he stop watch was stopped as soon as the LMO sign was no longer *isible. ,he same steps of the experiment were repeated for sodium thiosulphate solution which was heated to $(oCA &6oCA &(oC and (6oC. Figure ! shows the readings of the stop watch for each of the reaction at different temperatures.

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(a) Record the time for each reaction in the spaces pro*ided in Figure !. (b) Construct a table and record temperatureA time and !Etime for this experiment.

(c) (i) 3raw a graph of temperature against !Etime on the graph paper. (ii) Iased on the graph in c(i) A state the relationship between the rate of reaction and temperature. (d) %redict the time ta#en as soon as the sign LMO to be not longer *isible if this experiment is repeated at ((oC.

(e)(i) tate the *ariables in*ol*ed in this experiment. /anipulated *ariable= Responding *ariable= Constant *ariable= (ii) tate how you would manipulate one *ariable while #eeping the other *ariables constant.

(f) tate the hypothesis for this experiment.

(g) From the abo*e experimentA the student found a relationship between temperature and rate of reaction. ,he same situation can be applied in our daily li*esA for exampleA #eeping food that is easily spoiled in the refrigerator. 4sing your #nowledge of chemistryA state the relationship between temperature and the rate at which food turns bad.

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$(a) Food stored in a refrigerator last longer than food stored in a #itchen cabinet. Explain why. J& mar#sK (b) ) group of pupils carried out three experiments to in*estigate the factors affecting the rate of a reaction. ,able H shows information about the reactants and the temperature used in each experiment. Experiment 0 00 000 Reactants Excess calcium carbonate chips and $6 cm$ of 6.( mod dm@$ hydrochloric acid Excess calcium carbonate chips and $6 cm$ of 6.( mod dm@$ hydrochloric acid Excess calcium carbonate powder and $6 cm$ of 6.( mod dm@$ hydrochloric acid ,able H. ;raph H shows the results of these experiments. ,emperature EoC $6 &6 &6

(i) Calculate the a*erage rate of reaction for experiment 0. J" mar#sK (ii) Iased on ,able H and graph HA compare the rate of reaction between= Experiment 0 and Experiment 00 Experiment 00 and Experiment 000 0n each case explain the difference in rate of reaction with reference to the collision theory. J !6 mar#sK
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(iii) ,he chemical e-uation below shows the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. CaC2$ C ".Cl CaCl" C C2" C ."2 ;i*en that the relati*e atomic mass of C<!"A 2<!+A Ca<&6 and the molar *olume of any gas is "& cm$ mol@! at room temperature and pressure. Calculate the maximum *olume of carbon dioxide gas produced in Experiment 00. J& mar#sK &. 3iagram + shows two experiments to in*estigate one factor that influences the rate of a reaction.

(a) >hat is the factor that influences the rate of reaction in both experiments? J! mar#K (b) ,he reaction in the experiment is represented by the following e-uation=

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CaC2$(s) C ".Cl(a-)

CaCl"(a-) C C2"(g) C ."2(l)

(i) )mong the products stated in the e-uationA which is the most suitable to be chosen to determine the rate of reaction? J! mar#K (ii) tate one reason for choosing the product in +(b)(i) J! mar#K (c) tate two controlled *ariables in both experiments. !. ". J" mar#sK (d) ,he results for both experiments are represented by graph +.

8*antity of pro+*ct

Key: !xperiment 6 !xperiment 66 x Time

Iased on ;raph += (i) Experiment 00 has a higher rate of reaction. .ow does the graph show this? J! mar#K (ii) >hat has happened to the reactants at time x? J! mar#K

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