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Conservation of mass: mass balance Darcys law: equation of motion (relationship between flow rate, formation and fluid properties and pressure gradient) Equation of state: relationship between compressibility, density and pressure
Basic assumptions:
Single phase radial flow One dimensional horizontal radial flow Constant formation properties (k, h, ) Constant fluid properties (, B, co) Slightly compressible fluid with constant compressibility Pore volume compressibility is constant (cf) Darcys law is applicable Neglect gravity effects
RADIAL SYSTEM
r+r
RADIAL SYSTEM
mass in
mass out
r+r
volume element
CONSERVATION EQUATION
(M as flow in) r - (M ass flow out) r+r =
CONSERVATION EQUATION
(M as flow in) r - (M ass flow out) r+r =
( 2 r rh)t + t ( 2 r rh)t
D ivide both sides by 2 r rh t
DARCYS LAW
k p v= r S ubstitute D arcy's law into the continuity equation 1 k p ( ]= [r ) r r r t of the products of term s Expand the derivatives p p 1 k [ ) + r ( )( )] = (r + r t t r r r r Apply the chain rule to the derivatives of and p p p 2 1 k ) + r ( )( ) ] = [ [ + (r ] r p p r r p t r
EQUATION OF STATE
T he relationship betw een com pressibility, density and pressure is given by: 1 co = p T he definition of pore volum e com pressibility is: 1 cf = p U se the above equations to replace the derivatives of and p p p 1 k [ ) + rc o ( ) 2 ] = [ co + c f ] (r r t r r r
DIFFUSIVITY EQUATION
Divide both sides of the above equation by k and multiply by to obtain: 1 p p 2 ct p (r ) + co ( ) = r r r r k t ct = co + c f
To linearize the diffusivity equation we need to make the assumption that the pressure gradients are small and use the assumption that fluid compressibility is small. p 2 Therefore the term co ( ) is small compared to other r terms and can be neglected. The linearized diffusivity equation becomes: 1 p ct p (r ) = r r r k t
ct 1 p p 2 p 1 p = (r ) = 2 + r r r r r 2.637 104 k t r The above equation is second order (highest derivative with respect to space is two) linear partial (it has derivatives with respect to two independent variable r and t) differential equation. To solve it we need two boundary conditions and
an initial condition.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
1. T he flow rate at the w ellbore is given by D arcy's law : kh p q= (r ) r=rw at r = rw for t ; 0. 141.2 B r 141.2 qB p (r ) r=rw = r kh
Rate Time
Pressure
w ill behave like an infinite acting system , then far aw ay from the w ellbore the pressure w ill rem ain at p i . p = p i as r for any value of any tim e.
Radius
pi
INITIAL CONDITION
Since the promlem under investigation is time dependant, the initial pressure should be known at time t = 0.
Radius
DIMENSIONLESS VARIABLES
T o m a k e t h e e q u a t i o n a n d i t s s o lu t i o n m o r e g en er al fo r a n y flu i d a n d re s e rv o i r s y s t e m it, is m o re
co n v e n i e n t to e x p re s s i t in d i m e n si o n le ss var i a lb les.
D i m e n s i o n less p r essu r e: kh( p i p ) pD = 1 4 1 .2 q B D i m e n s i o n le ss t i m e: tD
2 .6 3 7 1 0 4 kt = c t rw2
D i m e n s i o n le s s r a d i u s : r rD = rw
DIMENSIONLESS VARIABLES
Differential equation: 2 p D 1 p D p D + = 2 rD rD rD t D Boundary conditions: p D (rD ) rD =1 = -1 rD pD = 0 as rD for any value of t D Inital condition: p D (rD ,0) = 0 at t D = 0 for all values of rD (1)