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Lesson goals
At the end of this topic, student should be able to:-
Evaluate the dam and its storage Consider the design concept of dam and spillway structures
Introduction
Dam is any artificial barrier and its appurtenant works constructed for the purpose of holding water or any other th fluid. fl id Detention/Retention Basin is any structure that functions as a dam. Typically, it serve multiple purposes, Typically purposes including water supply, flood control, hydroelectric power generation navigation, generation, navigation and water based recreation activities.
Introduction
Types of reservoir
Valley a ey da dam reservoir, ese o , da dam co constructed st ucted in a valley a ey relies e es on the natural topography to provide most of the basin of the reservoir. Dams are typically located at a narrow part of a valley downstream of a natural basin. The valley sides act as natural walls with the dam located at the narrowest practical point to provide strength and the lowest practical cost of construction Bank-side reservoirs may be constructed to store the water pumped from the river. The use of bank-side reservoirs also allows a water abstraction to be closed down for extended period at times when the river is unacceptably polluted or when flow conditions are very low due to drought.
Service reservoirs store fully treated potable water close to the point of distribution. It perform several functions including g ensuring g sufficient head of water in the water distribution system and providing hydraulic capacitance in the system to even out peak demand from consumers enabling the treatment plant to run at optimum efficiency.
Type of dams
Gravity concrete dam, is a solid concrete structure that uses its mass to hold back water. It requires massive amount of concrete to provide the weight necessary to withstand the hydrostatic force exerted by the water impounded behind the dam.
Buttress dam have triangular supports called buttresses on the downstream side to strengthen g it and to distribute water p pressure to the foundation. Used to support a foundation that too week to stand the pressure of gravity dam.
Concrete arch dam, has a curvature design that arches across a canyon and has abutments embedded into solid rock walls. Requires less concrete but must have solid rock as anchor for the abutments.
Earthen embankment dam, more than 50% of the total volume of an earthern th d dam consists i t of f compacted t d earth th materials. t i l Normally N ll have h an impervious core of clay or other material of low permeability that prevent water from rapidly seeping through or beneath the foundation of structure. Have drain installed along the downstream toe of the dam.
Diversion dam , a dam built to di t water divert t from f a waterway t or stream into a different watercourse.
List of dam location in Peninsular Malaysia: Johor Machap dam, Sembrong dam, Sultan Iskandar Reservoir, Bekok dam. M l k Jus Melaka J d dam, D Durian i T Tunggal ld dam Perlis Timah Tasoh dam Perak Bukit Merah dam, Perting dam, Pontian dam, Kemeriang dam, Temenggor dam, dam Piah dam. dam Pahang Repas Baru dam, Perting dam, Pontoan dam, Chematu dam, Chereh dam, Chini dam, Kelau dam. Kedah Beris dam. dam Kelantan Bukit Kwong dam, Pergau dam. Langkawi Padang Saga dam. Penang g Itam dam, , Mengkuang g g dam, , Teluk Bahang g dam. N.Sembilan Gemencheh dam Selangor Batu dam, Langat dam, Selangor dam, Semenyih dam, Subang dam, Tinggi dam. Terengganu Kenyir dam. KL Klang gates dam.
Dam wall must have sufficient strength i. to stand permanently under its own weight ii. resist the water pressure in the lake (greater the depth of water stored behind the dam and the greater the water pressure on the dam wall. A dam must have some way of releasing water in controlled amounts as it is needed ( ie an outlet valve of some type).
Uses of dams
Dams are usually built for one or more of the following reasons: i. ii. ii iii. iv. v. To provide a supply of water for towns, cities and mining sites To contain and store waste (tailings) from mines; To provide a supply of water for the irrigation; To generate electricity in hydro-electric power stations; To help control or mitigate floods
Dam failures
Dam failures are of particular concern because the failure of a large dam has the potential to cause more death and d t ti destruction th than th failure the f il of f any other th man-made d structure. This is because of the destructive power of the flood wave that would be released by the sudden collapse of a large dam.
Dam failures
The most common causes of dam failures are: 1) O Overtopping t i of f embankment b k t dams d due d to t inadequate i d t spillway discharge capacity to pass flood waters, 2) Faults in construction methods, 3) Geological problems with the dam foundation, 4) Landslides which fall into the storage reservoir, 5) Earthquakes can certainly cause damage to dams
The Service Spillway Design Flood (SSDF) for existing dams is the same as shown for the new dams on Table 1.
Finite element analysis. Finite element models are used for linear elastic static and dynamic y analyses y and for nonlinear analyses y that account for interaction of the dam and foundation. Provides the capability of modeling complex geometries and wide variations in material properties. (ie; stresses at corners, around openings, tension zones, thermal behavior and d couple l thermal th l stresses t and d etc t Dynamic Analysis The structural analysis for earthquake loadings consists of two parts: an approximate resultant location and sliding stability analysis using an appropriate seismic coefficient and a dynamic internal stress analysis using sitedependent earthquake ground motions
SPILLWAYS
A spillway is built in a reservoir to allow the flow of water to safely move downstream when the reservoir is full; The spillway capacity must accommodate the maximum design flood; A spillway is shaped as a rectangular concrete channel that connects the upstream and downstream regions of a weir; A spillway ill i located is l t d at t the th top t of f the th reservoir i pool. l Dams may also have bottom outlets with valves or gates which may be operated to release flood flow, and a few d dams l k overflow lack fl spillways ill and d rely l entirely ti l on bottom b tt outlets..
Free overall F ll spillways, ill ogee spillways, ill d drop i inlet l t or morning i glory spillways, and chute spillways are common types.
Functions of a Spillway
The principal function of a spillway is to pass down the surplus water from the reservoir into the downstream river, th there are precisely i l seven functions f ti th t can be that b assigned i d to t spillway as follows: 1. Maintaining normal river water functions (compensation water supply) 2. Discharging water for utilization 3 Maintaining initial water level in the flood-control 3. flood control operation 4. Controlling floods 5 Controlling additional floods 5. 6. Releasing surplus water (securing dam and reservoir safety) 7. Lowering water levels (depleting water levels in an emergency)
Classification of spillway
Spillways have been classified according to various criteria such as;a) Most prominent feature b) According to function c) According to Control Structure a) According to the most prominent feature i. Ogee g spillway p y ii. Chute spillway iii. Side channel spillway iv Shaft spillway iv. v. Siphon spillway vi. Straight drop or overfall spillway vii. ii Tunnel T l spillway/Culvert ill /C l t spillway ill viii. Labyrinth spillway ix. Stepped spillway
Classification of spillway
b) According to Function i. Service spillway ii Auxiliary spillway ii. iii. Fuse plug or emergency spillway c) According to Control Structure i. Gated spillway ii. Ungated g spillway p y iii. Orifice of sluice spillway
OGEE SPILLWAY
OVERFALL SPILLWAY
CHUTE SPILLWAY
LABYRINTH SPILLWAY
SHAFT SPILLWAY
TUNNEL/CULVERT SPILLWAY
SIFPHON SPILLWAY
STEPPED SPILLWAY
Maximum pool elevation Flood storage capacity Normal pool elevation Minimum pool elevation Dead storage Firm & secondary yield Active storage
DAM
Trap efficiency(%)
Example 1
A reservoir covers an area of 850 km2 and has an average depth of 18.7m. The inflow to the reservoir is from a river with an average flowrate of 2500 m3/s and a suspended sediment concentration of 250 mg/L. Estimate the rate at which the depth of the reservoir is decreasing due to sediment accumulation and the time it will take for the reservoir storage to decrease by 10%. Assume that the accumulated sediment has a bulk density of 1600 kg/m3.
yr
x 0.25 kg
m3
1.97 x1010 kg
yr
strorage capacity 1.59 x1010 Ratio of storage 0.2 see chart 10 annual inf low 7.88 x10
0.93 x 1.97 kg
yr
1.83 x1010 kg
yr
yr
3 m 11 .45 x10 6
yr
This rate, it will take approximately 138.5 yrs for the reservoir capacity to decrease by 10% due to sediment accumulation. Since 93% sediment is trapped, pp , 1.83x1010kg/yr g y sediment load delivered by river, Sediment release from the reservoir =
Therefore, reservoir reduce the suspended sediment g to 65 mg/L g =( (74%) ) concentration = 250 mg/L Reservoir trap efficiency (93%) reduction suspended sediment cont. (74%)
Planning Guidelines
Recommended steps in the planning and investigation of dam and reservoir projects are as follows : i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Identification of project objective approximate magnitudes Selection of a dam and reservoir site Preliminary sizing and determination of dam type Preliminary y surveys y Hydrologic Investigations Hydrologic analysis